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 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
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 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 1980 
 
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 Maps or plates too large to be entirely included 
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 illustre la m^thode : 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 * 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
1 
 
 THE HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 jdf ^micnntenliM (lejreveiTiids pere;! v»;irmcS ae t^.isiflsarrasin.ou ml fnsfveii' Ic )« yfdmt^ni 
 
 ancien noiiverneur de laville 'ile CaslelsarrasiTi. 
 
 SwWlUUttac Oci Cviutil immwioaf \V liWUlMnajill.Uui(rt.€t(<KiiK.^//fl!' 
 
 ( r (lilirrjIiMl iu ifltvi'ifrmi) 
 
 
 Old Cakmiu.itk Ciu'Kcii— nuw a 1'rison — whrue Cadiliac's honks kki'ose. 
 
 'I'liu picluri' and liiirriiij; ;ire rtproiliuid from the pniiitiiiK prtsmtiil in tin: City of Detroit 
 l)y tlic Miiiiicipulily uf Custclsiirrusiii, in I'ruiicc. 
 
 DETROIT AND MICHIGAN 
 
 OR 
 
 $be m^tvopolis Illustrated 
 
 A CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLOIM^:dia OF THE 
 
 PAST AND PRESENT 
 
 |N^'-^'I>1N. A KUI.. KKCOKn OK TKKKrroK.AL OAVS ,N MICHH; 
 AND TIIK ANNALS OF WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 " native here, aiul In the man.., Ikiri " 
 
 AN 
 
 nF.TRori' 
 SILAS FARMER & CO 
 
 CoKNEK „■ .MoN,<„u Avenue am, Far.mek Sikekt 
 1884 
 
Coi'Ykr;ht, 1884, iiv Sii.AS Fakmiik. 
 
 Ai.i. RiiiHTs Resekvkd. 
 
 KIwlrotytM'd and I*rf.ntt')I by 
 TiiK Dktkiiit Kkkk rui':i<H C'iiMImny. 
 
DEDICATION 
 
 ^URING the progress of this work many friends have greatly aided me in many ways; 
 one of them, like myself a native of the city, not only assisted me in the manner of 
 others, but also gave me special encouragement, saying, oftener doubtless than he 
 remembers: "Don't let yourself be hurried'; take time to do it well." These 
 I thoughtful, helpful words were privately spoken. I delight in this public acknowledgment of the 
 long-time friendship and hearty generosity that inspired their utterance, and gratefully dedicate this. 
 
 THE FIRST HISTORY OF DETROIT, 
 
 TO THOMAS W. PALMER, 
 
 THE FIRST SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN 
 
 NATIVE TO DETROIT. 
 
 Ty best wish is that he may serve the nation, state, and city in as many ways and as effectively 
 IS he has served 
 
 The Author. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 " And so I i»'nnf(l 
 It down, unlll ai Itnxlh it cainc to lu' 
 Kor Irnt^'tli and liri'ailtli, I lit' hiv'ncss wliiili you sro." 
 
 iSunyan's " A/io/of^y," 
 
 In the summer of 1874 I planned ;i volume entitled "A History of Detroit," with the purpose of 
 issuinv( the work during the National Centennial. As i)reparations projfresseci, the impossihility of 
 produein.if a eomplete history in so short a time beeame increasingly apparent, and the plan was 
 abandoned. 
 
 After the original plan was given up, the work of gathering information went forward year by 
 year, with the purpose of publishing only when no more material w;is known to be obtainable. During 
 this period, many have asked why the volume was not thiished, and to not a few, the necessity of .spending 
 so nuiih time was not clearly apparent. 
 
 To me the advantages of delay have been daily manifest. 1 now fully understand that a local 
 history bears to general history the same relation that a microscopic examination bears to one made with 
 the naked eye; and that this is especially true when the history of ;i city nearly two hundred years okl is • 
 lobe unfolded, and a work of permanent value i^njduced. The main purpose has been to write a history 
 of Detroit, but the relation of the city to the territorial government was such that 1 have been compelled 
 to give more of detail concerning the early history of Michigan than can be founil in all other published 
 histories. 
 
 Time, patience, discrimination, and large expenditures of money have been essential factors in 
 the prei)aration of the volume; I, however, have had no regrets, for the work has been a labor of lo\e, and 
 1 have l)een increasingly glad that it was my privilege to write the history of my birthplace. 
 
 In view of the strange and interesting incidents connected with the history of Detroit, and the fact 
 that it epitomizes the history of half the continent, and furnishes much information that is duplicated in 
 the annals of no other city, it seems strange intleed that no one has heretofore attempted a comprehensive 
 view of our fair domain. Undoubtedly there are those who could have woven a finer web, but none 
 could be more earnest or enthusiastic, and the work has waited many years for more skilful hands. If 
 nativity, continuous residence for twoscore years, and passionate love for the Queen City of the Straits confer 
 any fitness for the work, so much, at least, is mine. I have studied Cadillac's own writings, handled 
 tomahawks and scalping-knives stained with the blood of a century ago, read original letters written by 
 Gladwin and Clark, and, bending over the moldering dust of Hamtramck, " the friend of Washington," 
 have received inspiration for my task. 
 
 I am compelled to believe that no stranger or resident of i< ■ vears could have accomplished what 
 I have attempted. Without an intimate knowledge of the city, continuing through many years, various 
 I obscure and buried facts could not have been unearthed, and historic problems that have eluded all 
 previous research would have remained unsolved. A chemist sometimes finds out what elements there 
 are in one substance by adding others : in history one can understand certain facts only as he studies 
 j them in connection with collateral circumstances. Many topics are so closely related that the history of 
 either could not be written without a knowledge of the othir. 
 
 A good history is like a landscape, in that many things are brought at once within the range of 
 I vision ; and it should resemble a photograph, preserving those mintite points which give character to the 
 subject. Facts of little value in themselves are often of great import when considered with attendant 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 i 
 
 circiimstanres, Stars of the first magnitude are easily found : it is the little asteroids that escape 
 observation, and as these are discovered various planetary disturbances are explained. 
 
 In local history, details, deemed of trilling importance, are often unrecorded. These are, therefore, 
 difficult to obtain, but tiie knowledge th :y give is frecjueiuiy essential as a key to important facts. Items 
 that would be unimportant in a national history are in the highest degree appropriate and useful in locil 
 annals. I have .s<jmetimes found that a single fact bore such relation to various subjects that allusion to 
 it, or at least knowledge of it, was necessary to an intelligent presentation of several themes. Some 
 facts were so far away in the dim regions of the past that patient search and close r bservation were 
 required to find them, and more than once, a week has been spent in obtaining a single date. It is 
 believed that a special feature of the book — the giving of definite dates of a great number of occurrences 
 — will add much to its practical value. The giving of so many dates has compelled the use of forms of 
 expression that might else have been avoided, the interjection of a date often robbing a sentence of its 
 smoothness; but as the work was designed for reference, mere rhetoric has been sacrificed to definiteness 
 of detail. 1 have sought for seasoning, but have not desired to serve up that alone. The facts have 
 certainly been gathered. I have made no jiretence of gathering, but have been conscientiously thorough. 
 Incomplete literary work, alike with sham, mechanical endeavor, is the bane of the age ; the one often 
 destroys life, and the other debilitates that appreciation of the true which constitutes one of the joys of 
 existence. 
 
 The search for information has often been pursued under diHiculties that might have been 
 discouraging if I had not often been rewarded by the discovery of interesting facts, entirely unknown 
 before. To obtain such facts the mind must be historically magnetized, so that, moving through .stores (jf 
 material, it will instinctively gather that which is appropriate and useful. If I have failed to do this, it 
 has not been for \-\ck of a high ideal. 
 
 Duyckinck describes the style of Dr. Johnson as consisting in " inimitable generalization supported by 
 picturesque detail, and animating suggestions enlivened by epigram and antithesis." Could there be a 
 better standard.-' The tracing of .some facts has been like the tracking of a hare; again and again it has 
 been necessary to go back on the path, and renew the search, and at times, while rummaging in the garrets 
 of old French houses and later dwellings, amid the dust and must of a century, I have almost forgotten 
 to what age I belonged, and have for the time lived in the midst of past regimes. 
 
 As Columbus, when he saw branches of trees and .seaweed drifting from the west, was led by the 
 law of induction to infer the existence of America, so a true historian, by the presence of certain facts, 
 foreknows the existence of others, and, like Columbus, he is ready to sail upon every sea in search of wh.it 
 is known but undiscovered, and as he searches for one truth, innumerable others come like reefs and 
 islands into view. When found, he gloats like a miser over a new acquisition, and delights to recur to, 
 and call the fact his own. In the search for material I have traversed many untrodden ways, and 
 searched unnumbered papers and places that will not again yield information. 
 
 In local history, division and detail are inseparable and essential. It is as impossible to carry along 
 in one narrative all the various themes pertaining to the history of a city, as to reproduce in one 
 photograph the f.'ices of an entire family, giving the appearance of each in childhood, youth, and age. 
 
 The method pursued in this work of treating each subject by itself has involved much adtled labor, 
 and gives opportunity for clo.ser criticism than would otherwise be possible. The plan, in the fullness 
 with which it has been attempted, is believed to be original. The chronological relation of each import- 
 ant fact to every other is shown in the annals at the close of the volume. Many so-called local histories 
 should have a more general title ; they give comparatively few items on local affairs, because the obtaining 
 of new facts involves much trouble, and it is easier to generalize than to particularize, to copy than in 
 obtain from original sources. 
 
 My aim has been to offer so complete a list of subjects, such fullness of information, and sm h 
 thoroughness of classification, as to make the volume a model of its kind ; and in no instance was the maj ir 
 portion of the information in any chapter obtained from any one person, book, or manuscript. In certani 
 
 fl subjects 
 
 <jH of the tim 
 
 ™ istics, and 
 
 the varied 
 
 ^ often quot 
 
 /; have the < 
 
 If sor 
 
 resisted an 
 
 If to 
 
 I have us be 
 
 [even in loc 
 
 [(Icscribe. 
 
 [tain parts < 
 
 [ble all pers 
 
 7api)ropriate 
 
 (the thousai 
 
 pounty prio 
 
 |he names 
 
 books and 
 
 M'taincd oi 
 
 because I \ 
 
 J^nd dates. 
 
 'Jecol lection 
 
 In the 
 
 •uhlications 
 
 ladison, \\ 
 
 Society of 
 
 listorical S 
 
 llso been ni 
 
 foiumbus, ( 
 
 dvania Col 
 
 ave all bee 
 
 loni the f(i 
 
 |aven and 
 
 I'racuse, T 
 
 llvania; HI 
 
 ansing, Kj 
 
 |eme,is. Hi 
 
 t)rt Huron, 
 
 iairie du C 
 
 |lllinois; C 
 
 I'cru in 
 
 ^lifornia ; ^ 
 
 rginia; Fr 
 
 |Louisiana 
 
 |nada; anc 
 
 The wh 
 
 ton a larg 
 
 I Wavne C 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 ; escape 
 
 hcreforc, 
 ;. Items 
 
 in local 
 lliision to 
 Some 
 tion were 
 te. It is 
 t'urrcnccs 
 
 forms (if 
 nee of its 
 :fmiteness 
 'acts have 
 thorough, 
 one often 
 e joys of 
 
 lave been 
 
 unknown 
 
 1 stores of 
 
 do this, it 
 
 iported by 
 
 here be a 
 
 j;ain it has 
 
 he }i;arrets 
 
 forgotten 
 
 ed by the 
 ;iin farts, 
 h of what 
 reefs and 
 recur to, 
 
 ways, and 
 
 ^rry alona; 
 •c in one 
 
 ijje. 
 led labor, 
 fullness 
 h inipon- 
 il histories 
 obtaining 
 py than to 
 
 and such 
 the maj'ir 
 In certain 
 
 subjects, I have intentionally preserved coliocjuial forms of expression, because they help to show the spirit 
 of the times, and constitute part of the history of the period. I have desired to exhibit the character- 
 istics, and the growth of the city in its varied aspects, and to trace in connected form the development of all 
 the varied orms of its social and governmental existence. Instead of summarizing their contents, I have 
 often quoted at length from original documents, in the bel' ^.f that others besides myself would be glad to 
 have the exact language used. 
 
 If some of the chapters seem to lack interest, I can only say that certain subjects have obstinately 
 resisted any other treatment than the plain recital of facts. 
 
 If to be a reliable historian, one must be always cool, and calm, and unimpassioned, as some would 
 
 [have us believe, then 1 must acknowledge tiiat 1 was untitled for my task. It seenis to me, however, that, 
 
 [even in local history, the historian should be full of both the fervor and the flavor of the times he would 
 
 [describe. If it be thought that some statements are too highly colored, I can only say that concerning cer- 
 
 Itain parts of our story, I have felt that no description could do full justice to the reality. As far as possi- 
 
 jble all persons known to have been specially connected with the growth and government of the city are 
 
 appropriately mentioned, and no feature proved more difTicult than the gathering and proper spelling of 
 
 ihe thousands of names contained herein. Almost without exception the ofilicial records of the city and 
 
 comity prior to the last thirty-live years are so meager and so carelessly written that the obtaining of 
 
 ^he names of many regularly elected officers was only possible by comparing and consulting various 
 
 books and par^rs that had no necessary relation to the information sought. Many items have been 
 
 bbtained only after hundreds of personal interviews, and the obtaining of the information was only possible 
 
 because I was able to bring it to the memory of persons interviewed by reminding them of collateral facts 
 
 l^nd dates. With the aid of definite data obtained from written tecords, I have been able to test the 
 
 ecoliections of aged persons, and to verify statements that otherwise would have been valueless. 
 
 In the search for material I have personally examined, or caused to be examined, the collections and 
 lubiieations of the American Antiquarian Society, at Worcester, Mass., the State Historical Society, at 
 ladison, Wis,, the Western Reserve and North Ohio Historical Society, at Cleveland, Ohio, the Historical 
 |()ciety of rcnnsylvania, at Philadelphia, the Massachusetts Historical Society, at Boston, the Chicago 
 lislorical Society, and the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, at Cincinnati. Examination has 
 iso been made of hundreds of old manuscripts and documents at Ottawa, Albany, Indianapolis, Pittsburgh, 
 |()Uimbus, Cincinnati, and New York. The New York Colonial Documents in ten volumes, and the Penn- 
 Ivania Colonial Archives and Records in twenty-nine volumes, also the Calendar of N'irginia State Papers 
 ive all been carefully read. From one letter to scores of letters, with information, have been received 
 from the following places: Boston, Cambridge, Lowell, Salem, and Worcester in Massachusetts; New 
 laven and Norwich in Connecticut; Newport in Rhode Island; New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Buffalo, 
 Lrracuse, Troy, West Point and Manlius in New York; Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh in Penn- 
 "^Ivania; I'.lizabeth and Trenton in New Jersey; Ann Arbor, Algonac, Armada, Albion, (irand Rapids, 
 ansing, Kalamazoo, Jackson, Jonesville, South Haven, Three Rivers, Traverse City, Mackinaw, Mt. 
 Qenie.is, Birmingham, Howell, liattle Creek, Northville, Owosso, Monroe, Meridian, Michigan Centre, 
 Port Huron, Ponliac, Plymouth, Petersburgh, Palmyra, and Portland in Michigan; Madison, Milwaukee, 
 Praiiie du Chien, Calamine, Darlington, and Plymouth in Wisconsin; Chicago, Jacksonville, and Springfield 
 in Illinois; Clevelc'ind, Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Columbus, and Dayton in Ohio; Indianapolis, Richmond, 
 and rem in Indiana; St. Louis and Jefferson City in Missouri; Denver in Colorado; San Francisco in 
 California; Washington and Georgetown in District of Columbia; IJaltimore in Maryland; Richmond in 
 Vlri;inia; Frankfort, Louisville, Lexington, and Newport in Kentucky; Marietta in Georgia; New Orleans 
 in Louisiana; Jacksonville in Florida; Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec, Kleinbergh, Brockville, and Hamilton in 
 Gfcnada ; and from Di'blin, Ireland ; London, England ; and Paris, France. 
 
 The whole list of letters received numbers 2,166. From the State and War Departments at Wash- 
 ington a large amount of valuable information not heretofore published was obtained. The old volumes in ' 
 the Wayne County register's office, and the plat-books, have all been inspected ; also the registers and files 
 
 
Vlll 
 
 PRF.FACK. 
 
 In the probate office, tlur records of tlie coumy comiiiissioners and Hoard of Siiper\isors. aiul other records 
 in the olliecs of the comity clerk, county auditors, and county treasurer. incUidiiig many old township records 
 and proceedin>(s of the Hoard of Klection Canvassers. As havinj; direct connection with city matters, .ill 
 the old records of the Governor .iml Jud.i{es, and their procecdin.us as a land hoard, have l)een re.ul, ;md 
 with them a variety of petitions, memorials, and rcjiorts made to the (Governor .-md Judi^es, the Hoard of 
 Trustees, and the Common Council; also the records of the Hoard of Trustees of the town of Detroit, 
 bejrinninji with 1802, all of the proceedings of the Common Council from 1815 to the present, tojjether 
 with innumerable ordinances which from time to time have been passed. Tiie annual messages of mriyors 
 and reports of the several city ofl'icers have been consulted, and every rejiort m.ide by the W.-iter. Fire. 
 I'olice, and House of Correction Commissioners ;uul the Ho.ird of I'ublic Works h;is furnished material for 
 the work. I have also made use of the printed reports of the Hoard of Kducati< and iiave read, mostly 
 in manuscript, the proceedin),'s of their several meetintrs, i)e,ijinninj,' with 1842. h published Directory 
 
 of Detroit has been studied, and every m.ip of the city, either large or small, consulted; also the registers 
 and records of several of the old fire companies, and several hundred miscell.meous pamphlets, 
 
 During the progress of the work I have been .lided in every possible way by those who have made a 
 specialty of preserving information concerning the city. And first of ;ill. I name with grateful thanks 
 Judge James V. Campbell, who has, at all times, given without stint the advantage of his exception.illy 
 reliable and complete knowledge of the past. Hut for his unfailing courtesy ;md long-continued help. I 
 shoukl have h;id much less courage in going on with the work. With his n.ime 1 must also associate the 
 name of that kind and courteous gentleman, C. C. Trowbridge, who so lately passed to his reward. He 
 laid his memory and his manuscripts under contribution to furnish scores of items for this volume. No 
 one equalled him in knowledge on many subjects connected with Detroit. Miscellaneous information of 
 great variety and much interest was gleaned from the files of newspapers which 1 was fortunate in tinding 
 nearly complete, for every year from 1817 to the present time. All were carefully looked over, — for 
 some years tiles of two and three papers were examined. — a total of twenty thousand copies having been 
 consulted. In many of them, even the advertisements were scanned for items ;md suggestions. This effort 
 alone occupieil several months. For the use of various files 1 am under particular obligation to William E, 
 Quinby. of The Detroit Free Press; William Stocking. L. F. H;irter, and H. F. H.iker, of The Post and 
 
 ■ Tribune; and James H. Stone, C. H. Hackus, and F. (i. Holden. formerly connecteil with the last-named 
 paper. The files of The Evening News and the personal knowledge of its founder and chief proprietor. 
 James E. Scripps. were also laid under contribution. It is not too much to say that, without an examina- 
 tion of the newspaper files, it would have been utterly impossible to prepare a history of the city which 
 would have been at all complete, bi addition t(j the local newspapers, the files of The National Intelli- 
 gencer at Washington from 1800 to 1817, of The Alexandria Herald from 1810 to 1825, of The Philadelphia 
 Aurora from 1798 to 181 5, and also old files of The Pittsburgh Commonwealth, The (Quebec (iazette, and 
 a full series of Niles's Register were examined. All of these publications were issued before any 
 paper was published at Detroit, and they contained many facts not found elsewhere. Even the hotel 
 registers have furnished some items of interest, and the reports of business, charitable, literary, and 
 educational institutions and societies have been systematically obtained and digested. 
 
 The reports of the Supreme Court, and certain of the court files, calendars, and "short books" have 
 contributed valuable facts, and reference has been had to various volumes in the Har Library. 'I'hrough the 
 courtesy of C. I. Walker, secretary of the Historical Society organized many years ago, by General Cass, 
 H. R. Schoolcraft, and other distinguished men, I had access to and have copied many of the original 
 records, documents, and manuscripts, on different subjects, collected by that organization. Judge Walker's 
 own library, including his private scrap-books, were also generously opened to my inspection ; al.so 
 scrap-books owned by Samuel Zug, George W. Osborn, J. E. Pittman, I^evi Rishop, and others. Several 
 old wills in the probate office, the private diaries of individuals, and in several instances family records 
 
 ' have furnished incidents and items. Many of the older families brought out for examination old 
 hair-trunks and wooden chests full of papers, and several score of these receptacles of the past 
 
 were diligently 
 and Hamilton ' 
 vidiials have bet 
 Wondbridge. W 
 The (ild ac( 
 farts. Much de 
 and General Wil 
 in 1796. The v( 
 Hurton, were wi 
 aid of H. Prudlu 
 the history of 
 Vicar-General, 
 had to the pri\ 
 work. The clerj 
 exception, have 
 such facts as wcr 
 H. P. Haldwin. ( 
 Clair I'apers ne 
 were published i 
 exceeding interes 
 manuscript volun 
 personally examii 
 In order to 
 direction journey: 
 de la Grave, Caui 
 descendants, anc 
 dered by Messrs. 
 by the services an 
 gratification of fir 
 dantly compensat 
 Through the 
 Registrar at Quel 
 nearly threescore 
 material extracte 
 pertaining to De 
 use ">f by Mrs. 
 collated. Inforn 
 Indiana. Kentuck 
 territorial docuiiK 
 officers for every 
 messages ; the re 
 the territorial off 
 complete coUectif 
 Lansing, were, v 
 States from ihe 
 debates, and the 
 several census re 
 Ottawa, and the 
 promise of any ii 
 
 I 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 were diliRcntly examined. In many of the old papers the signatures of Hradstrcet, Carlton, Vaiidreuil, 
 and Hamilton were frequently seen. Among the valuable manuscripts, which by ihe courtesy of indi- 
 viduals have hvvn consulted, were the papers of Judges Woodward and May, also those of the Abbott, 
 WDodbridge. Witherell, I'almcr, Cooper. Ikush, and Campau families. 
 
 The old accoiuit-books of the Macomb family and of Thomas Smith have afforded many curious 
 facts. Much desirable information was secured by an examination of the original letter-books of D. Henly 
 and deneral Wilkins, covering the period just i)ri()r and subseciuciit to the surrender of the post of Detroit 
 in 1796. The very complete abstracts of titles in Wayne County, prepared by K. C. Skinner an C. M. 
 liiirton, were willingly placed at my service, and through the courtesy of Rev. Father Anciaux, and vs.. 1 the 
 aid of H. I'rudhomme, the records of St. Anne's Church, dating from 1704, were examined. In preparing 
 the history of the Roman Catholic churches and their schools, I was especially aided by the 
 Vicar-C>eneral, F. Hennaert, and the Secretary of the Diocese, Rev. C. P. Maes. Access was also 
 had to the private library of Hishop Borgess, who has evinced in various ways his appreciation of my 
 work. The clergymen of every denomination, and the officers of societies of every kind, almost without 
 exception, have cordially exhibited the official records in their care, and have aided in obtaining from them 
 such facts as were desired. Hy persevering effort, continued for nearly a year, and with the help of Senator 
 H. P. Baldwin, ex-President R. B. Hayes, and (iovernor Charles Foster, 1 obtained access to the St. 
 Clair Papers nearly two years before they were opened to the public eye, and long before they 
 were published in book form. When read in connection with other facts, some of the letters are of 
 exceeding interest. The twenty-six volumes of Sir William Johnson's Manuscripts at Albany, and the 
 manuscript volumes of the Haldimand and Simcoe Papers at Ottawa, several luhidred in number, were 
 personally examined, and many entirely new and hitherto unknown facts gleaned therefrom. 
 
 In order to obtain information relating to Cadillac I pushed my inquiries to France, and under my 
 direction journeys of inquiry and search were made to Aix, Fumel, Castelsarrasin, Montauban, St. Nicolas 
 de la (">rave, Caumont. Angeville, Mombeau, and Toulouse. Inquiries were made among relatives and 
 de.scendants, and old notarial and parish records were examined. In these endeavors the aid ren- 
 dered by Messrs. Flamens and Tau|)iac, of Castelsarrasin, was of great value, and I was specially aided 
 hy the services and suggestions of Hon. George Walker, the United States Consul-General at Paris. The 
 gratification of finding the place and date of birth of the lounder of Detroit, heretofore unknown, abun- 
 dantly compensated for the trouble and outlay. 
 
 Through the aid of L. P. Sylvain of the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and T. P. Bedard, Provincial 
 Registrar at Quebec, copies of the official correspondence of the governors of New France, contained in 
 nearly threescore large manuscript folios, were examined, and a large amount of valuable and entirely new 
 material extracted therefrom. Access was also had to the copies of original documents and letters 
 pertaining to Detroit, obtained in London and Paris by General Cass, only part of which were made 
 use ^( by Mrs. Sheldon, and a number of other French manuscripts have been translated, and 
 collated. Information has been obtained directly from the State officers of Massachusetts, Ohio, 
 Indiana, Kentucky, and Michigan, and I have examined all the laws of the Northwest Territory, the 
 territorial documents of Indiana and Michigan, the State Laws of Michigan, the reports of Michigan State 
 officers for every year, and all the Legislative Council, House, and Senate journals, and the governors' 
 messages ; the registers of the official acts of the territorial governors, and copies of the correspondence of 
 the territorial officers, with the Departments at Washington, still on file at the national capital. The very 
 complete collection of books and manuscripts concerning Michigan, collected by the late W. S. George, of 
 Lansing, were, with his nearty permission, consulted with much advantage. The laws of the United 
 States from the first to the last Congress, with scores of published volumes of congressional annals and 
 debates, and the immense tomes known as the American State Papers and American Archives, and the 
 several census reports from 18 10, have all been used. All the volumes in the Library of Parliament, at 
 Ottawa, and the Library of Congress at Washington, and all the rich resources gathered at Madison, giving 
 promise of any information, have also been examined. 
 
 1 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Of published works more immediately connected wiili Detroit, use has In-cn made of the Historical 
 and Scientific Discourses of Messrs. Cass, Sciioolcraft. anti Whitin^^ ; Mrs. Sheldon's and Lanman's Histories 
 of Michigan; Blois's Gazetteer; Campbell's Outlines of the Political History of Michigan; Lanman's Red 
 I5ook; Schojlcrafts Memoirs. Clark's History of the Wyandotts; the four volumes of Collections of the 
 Michigan Tioneer Society, Roberts' Sketches of Detroit, and M. Rameau's Notes Historiques sur la Colonic 
 Canadienne de Detroit. A great number of miscellaneous works in the State, Public, Mechanics', Young 
 Men's, Cass, and University of Michigan Libraries have been consulted ; and among those which have 
 afforded a few items, the following volumes should be noted •. Atvvater's History of Ohio, Albach's 
 Western Annals, Armstrong's Notices of War of 1812, Adventures of Daniel Boone, Barber's Historical 
 Collections of Ohio, B^urnet's Notes on the Northwest Territory, Bancroft's History of the United States 
 (ten volumes). Bell's History of Canada, Butler's History of Kentucky, Brown's View of the Campaign of the 
 Western Army, Bang's History of the M. E. Church (four volumes), Butterfield's Crawford's Campaign 
 against Sandusky and Washington-Irvine Letters, Caniff's Settlement of Upper Canada, Craig's Olden Time. 
 Campbell's Life of William Hull, Coffin's 1812 — the War and its Moral, Carver's Travels, Cist's 
 Miscellany, Colden's Five Nations, Collin's History of Kentucky (two volumes), Clark's Proofs of the 
 Corruption of General James Wilkinson (two volumes). Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society 
 (forty-one »'olumes), Dillon's History of Indiana, Dubuisson's Report of the Siege of Detroit, Dawson's 
 Life of Harrison. Darby's Tour from New York to Detroit, Drake's Life of Tecumseh, De Peystcr's 
 Miscellanies, Mis. EUet's Pioneer Women of the West, Forbes's Trial of General Hull, P'rench's Historical 
 Collections of Louisiana (five volumes), Gayarre's History of Louisiana, Garneau's History of Canada (two 
 volumes), Hildreth's Pioneer History, Hull's Memoirs, Hennepin's Travels, Hecke iwaelder's >' ■ 'e, 
 Jefferson's Correspondence (seven volumes), James's Military Occurrences, Ketchim's Buff nrl -he 
 Senecas (two volumes), Lossing's Fieldbook of War of 1812, Laverdiercs Champhin (s.x volum La 
 Hontan's Travels, Loskiel's History of the Missions of the United Brethren, McAfee's History of f Late 
 War, Mackenzie's Life of Commodore Perry, McI3onald's Western Sketches, Manti's History of ; Late 
 War in North America, McKenny's Tour of the Lakes, McCiung's Western Sketches, Menic/irs of 
 Chevalier de Beauchene, Memoire de Bougainville, Memoire sur la Canada, Marshall's Kentucky, Monnette's 
 History of the Valley of the Mississippi (three volumes), Margry's Relationes Incdites, and also his five 
 volumes on Early French Discoveries, Official Correspondence of the War of 181 2, Ontwa, the Son of the 
 Forest, Pouchot's Memoirs (two volumes), Parknian's La Salle and the IDiscovery of the (Jreat West, Old 
 Regime in Canada, and Conspiracy of Pontiac, Pickett's History of Alabama, Roger's Diary of the Siege of 
 Detroit, Roger's Journal, Stoddard's Louisiana, Shea's Translation of Charlevoix's New France (six 
 volumes), Smith's History of Canada, Smith's History of Wisconsin, Schoolcraft's Aboriginal Tribes of 
 North America (six volumes). Stone's Life of J. Ikant, and Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Spark's 
 Letters to Washington (four volumes), Theller's Canada in 1837, Todd and Drake's Life of Harrison, 
 Tasse's Les Canadiennes de I'Ouest, Williams's American Pioneer, Weld's Travels in North America, 
 Wilkinson's Memoirs, and Young and Smith's Life of Governor Cass. 
 
 The above list of books very nearly represents the bibliography of Detroit. A notable sentence which 
 appears in many of the works was originally uttered by General Cass in an address before the State Historical 
 Society. He said, " No place in the United States presents such a series of events interesting in themselves 
 and permanently affecting, as they occurred, its progress and prosperity. Five times its tlag has changed, 
 three different sovereignties have claimed its allegiance, and since it has been held by the United States, 
 the government has been thrice transferred ; twice it has been besieged by the Indians, once captured in 
 war, and once burned to the ground." Apparently every one who has wru en on Detroit was impressed 
 with the elegance with which Governor Cass epitomized the history ot this region. In the course of my 
 researches I have found the extract given in whole or in part by several score of writers, and almost with- 
 out an exception, no credit was gi en to the author of the paragraph, which is panoramic in the complete- 
 ness with which it presents our histo.7. 
 
 For personal letters containing items of interest on many subjects, I have been indebted to Francis 
 
 
 Parkman, the i 
 
 tucky ; to C. C. 
 
 North Ohio, Hi; 
 
 author of Hisi 
 
 * O. H. Marsh.i 
 
 to the Hon. Th( 
 
 History of the 
 
 Worcester, Mas 
 
 and his co-labor 
 
 of the Magazine 
 
 the Dominion 
 
 She.i, the well-ki 
 
 of various histc 
 
 Peyster, lineal 
 
 author of the R 
 
 has answered st 
 
 F. Saunders, lib 
 
 the Ohio Historic 
 
 city, called atten 
 
 suggestions and 
 
 Wood, of Albion, 
 
 C. Fargo, of New 
 Taylor, of Michig 
 John T. Blois, aul 
 Michigan " is wid 
 sies to Henry Gi 
 afforded every pos 
 Clerks C. H. Borg 
 
 For translati( 
 indebted to L. L. 
 James A. Girardii 
 have aided me w 
 Messrs. William 
 Christian, (jreror 
 Connor, Alexande 
 
 D. B. Duflield, S 
 M. W. Field, * Re 
 
 E. C. Hinsdale, Mr 
 
 C. B. Howell, Wil 
 Jones, *R, F. Join 
 Ladue. A. C. McC 
 Minchener, James 
 Raymond, A. B. R 
 Dr. Morse Stewarl 
 
 D. Wilkins, W. B. 
 H. N. Walker, J. ( 
 
 The work of 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XI 
 
 I'arkinan, tlie noted historian of the old French reifinio, to R. H. Collins, author of tlie History of Ken- 
 tucky ; to C. C. Haldvvin, Chas. Whittlesey, and H. N. Johnson, of Cleveland, of the Western Reserve and 
 North Ohio, Historical Society ; to Prof. C. E. Anthon of New York ; to *John IJ. Dillon, of Indianapolis ; 
 author of History of Indiana; to * Rev. Martin Kun(li,l,^ of Milwaukee; to *Dr. Leonard Bacon; to 
 * O. H. Marshall, of the Buffalo Historical Society, author of sever.il monographs on historical subjects; 
 to the Hon. Thomas Reynolds, of Ottawa; to Benjamin Suite, also of Ottawa, author of the most recent 
 History of the French Canadians ; to S. F. Havens, Secretary of the American Antiquarian Society at 
 Worcester, Mass.; to L. C. Draper, LL. D., Secretary of the State Historical Society of Madison, Wis., 
 and his co-laborer D. S. Durrie, librarian of the .same society ; and to John Austin Stevens, former editor 
 of the Ma.ijazine of American History. 1 am also specially indebted to Douglass Brymner, Archivist of 
 the Dominion at Ottawa, and his polite assistants, Messrs. Alexander Duff and C. Rose ; to Dr. John G. 
 Shea, the well-known Catholic author; to Benson J. Lo.ssiny, Chas. Gayarre, of New Orleans, author 
 of various historical works on Louisiana; to Hon. Frederick Do I'eyster and General J. Watts De 
 Peyster, lineal descendants of Major Arent S. De Peyster, and to Charles Lanman, of Georgetown, 
 author of the Red Book. The librarian of Congress, A. R. Spofford, with great patience and cordiality, 
 has answered scores of letters, and aided me in securing much information not otherwise obtainable, 
 F. Saunders, librarian of the Astor Library, performed similar services; Julius De.\ter, secretary of 
 the Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society at Cincinnati, and Robert Clarke, publisher, of the same 
 city, called attention to facts that resulted in obtaining matter of great interest and value. Various 
 suggestions and items, some of them highly important, were obtained by correspondence with M. B. 
 Wood, of Albion, *Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, of Prairie du Chien, E. M. McCiraw, of Plymouth, Wis., James 
 
 C. Fargo, of New York, William Sutton, of Battle Creek, Judge John E. Parke, of Pittsburg, Re"\ George 
 Taylor, of Michigan, John Smith, Jr., of Romeo, L. M. Miller, of Lansing, and B. O. Williams, of Owosso. 
 John T. Blois, author of the Gazetteer of 1839, and Mrs. E. M. Sheldon Stewart, whose " Early Days of 
 Michigan " is widely esteemed, have personally furnished items of value. I am indebted for many courte- 
 sies to Henry Gillman, librarian of the Public Library; both he and his predecessor. Prof. H. Chaney, 
 afforded every possible facility and privilege. 1 have also been the recipient of many favors from City 
 Clerks C. H. Borgman, Louis Dillman, and Alexander A. Saenger. 
 
 For translations of a number of old French letters, documents, and manuscripts I am specially 
 indebted to L. L. Barbour. I also secured much valuable aid from Messrs. Bela Hubbard, J. C. Holmes, 
 James A. Girardin, *Levi Bishop, T. P. Hall, R. R. I-Hliott, and J. C. W. Seymour. To name all who 
 have aided me would be impossible, but 1 must, in justice to myself, mention the helpful courtesy of 
 Messrs. William Barclay, Herbert Bowen, Dr. William Brodie, J. J. Bardwell, Walter Crane, M. P. 
 Christian, (irerory J. Campau, D. J. Campau, Jr., *W. K. Coyl, S. B. Coyl, *Z. Chandler, Dr. L. 
 Connor, Alexander Chapoton, Adam Couse, E. V. Cicotte, H. A. Chaney, Levi E. Dolsen, P. E. De Mill, 
 
 D. B. Duffield, S. T. Douglass, Henry Doty, S. D. Elwood, J. R. Elliott, J. S. Farrand, C. J. O'Flvnn, 
 M. W. Field, *Rev. George Field, L. L. Farnsworth, Mark Flanigan, M. H. Gascoigne, Chauncy Hurlbut, 
 E.C. Hinsdale, Mrs. W. Y. Hamlin, * Richard Hawley, Rev. M. Hickey. Ma;; Hochgraef, 1). Farrand Henry, 
 
 C. B. Howell, William Harsha, Walter S. Harsha, G. A. Hough, John H. Harmon, James F. Joy, J. Huff 
 Jones, *R. F. Johnstone, John Kendall (of the Fire Department), L. P. Knight, Henry W. Lord, W. N. 
 Ladue, A. C. McGraw, Frederick Morley, J. F. Munroe, L. R. Meserve, Mrs. Andrew Myler, George H. 
 Minchener, James McKay, John Owen. Thomas W. Palmer, Philo Parsons, George W. Paltison, Francis 
 Raymond, A. B. Raymond, C. N. Riopelle, Robert E. Roberts, A. Sheley, F. H. Seymour, Henry .St.irkey, 
 Dr. Morse Stewart, J. M. B. Sill, Elisha Taylor, J. E. Tryon, Henry M. Utley, * Caleb \'an Husan, *William 
 
 D. Wilkins, W. B. Wesson, Dudley B. Woodbridge, Jefferson Wiley, *J. L. Whiting, *A. S. Williams, 
 H. N. Walker, J. C. Warner, and Dr. C. C. Yemans. 
 
 The work of procuring originals from w hich to make illustrations of pa.'Jt scenes, the selecting and 
 
 *A11 tlicse Imvu passed away while thu work was in piuKress. 
 
XII 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 obtainiiijf subjects for enijravings to represent the present period, and the gatherinjj of data for some of the 
 specially important pictures, proved both difficult and expensive. In certain representations I was fortunate 
 in securirij( the aid of C. W. Sumner, who successfully carried out my desires. 
 
 Where any picture has been produced without an original from which to copy, the utmost care has 
 been taken to have the illustration conform to the facts, and the few drawings for such pictures, 
 before being engraved, were submitted for criticism to competent persons. In the various parts of one 
 picture there are facts obtained from a daguerreotype, from an old photograph of a still older lithograph, 
 from an original architect's plan, from a pencil-sketch by a former carpenter who has for many years been 
 an esteemed minister; several old deeds were also consulted, and all the facts obtained, as well as the results 
 of a dozen interviews with competent critics, are embodied in the engraving. In producing the engravings 
 the aim has been historic accuracy rather than artistic effect, and what may be lacking in the finish of 
 some pictures is intended to be more than made up in the fullness and range of illustrations contained in 
 the volume. 
 
 In making the engravings of buildings and scenes of the present day, the photographs, in nearly 
 every case, were taken specially for this work ; and in collecting all of the materials, where information 
 was to be obtained, no question of time, or toil, or cost has been considered. Every person, place, book, 
 or depository promising information upon any subject relating to the city has been laid under contribution. 
 Every clue has been followed, every suggested receptacle searched, and every individual interviewed that 
 there was reason to suppose could aid in the work. 
 
 In collecting and compiling, the following plan was pursued. I first searched everywhere for 
 everything of interest on every subject, and carefully copied what was found. All the facts were ne.xt 
 classified by subjects, and then arranged in chronological order. Each subject was afterwards taken up 
 separately, and written out as fully as the facts obtained would allow. I'oints or details found to be 
 lacking were noted, the necessary details looked up, and the several subjects were then again rewritten. 
 Finally, during the ten years the work has been in preparation, careful attention has been paid to all events 
 pertaining to the history of the city ; these have been noted and added as they occurred, and up i< the 
 time of going to press the several subjects are believed to be complete. Both in the text and in the 
 illustrations certain information is given, which, if not of great present value, will become of service as 
 the years progress. 
 
 In putting into shape the materials I have gathered I have sought to be candid and accurate, and 
 hope that no evidences of narrowness or bigotry can be shown. The variety of subjects made ;iiiy 
 methodical and proper classification very difficult. The arrangement finally adopted was carefully 
 thougiit over, and is believed to be as convenient and appropriate as possible. A small amount of space 
 has been devoted to business interests. Without stores and manufactories no city could exist, and the 
 establishments represented find legitimate place in a history intended to be complete. In view of the 
 magnitude of the work and the minuteness of the information it contains, it will be strange indeed if no 
 errors are discovered ; every effort has, however, been made to insure accuracy, and the author will 
 greatly appreciate the courtesy of any person giving information that will in any way add to the 
 value or completeness of future editions. 
 
 The full and careful index was compiled, partly as a labor of love, because of his interest in 
 the work, by Prof. Henry Chaney, formerly Librarian of the Public Library. The mention of this fact 
 is a guarantee that it has been prepared with scholarly care. 
 
 In the final completion of the volume I have been materially aided by the courteous and competent 
 foreman of the Free Press Book Room, Mr. Louis Beckbissinger ; he has made numerous practical 
 and valuable suggestions, and has faithfully supervised the w-ork. 
 
 With these statements I confidently submit the volume to all who have an appreciation of local history ; 
 and if the public experience in reading, a tithe of the pleasure that I have found in gathering and gleaning. 
 I am sure of grateful remembrance. 
 
 Detroit, August, 1884. 
 
 S. F. 
 
 Detroit : Its 
 
 Records. — 
 Woril Dctn 
 Relation to 
 pearance. — 
 field. 
 
 The River, Isla 
 
 A Natural 
 V^olume of 
 .sence of Dai 
 Facilities. — 
 and Docks, 
 Tiirce Old 
 Fishing at C 
 
 Soil and Produc 
 tiori.-^V'ast I 
 Native Woo 
 Place— Wea 
 itors. — Migr 
 Enormous P 
 Indian Farn: 
 Importance c 
 Dead Bodies 
 plies from tlu 
 Tiffin's False 
 Tobacco to 1 
 Schoolcraft's 
 
 Cadillac's Grant. 
 
 Cadill.'ic's Tr 
 Conditions o 
 Rei>()rt. — Ca 
 Governor aiu 
 Jr. — The M; 
 Illegalities of 
 Claims. — (in 
 French Claim 
 Names of Coi 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I.— LOCALITY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Detroit: Its Names, Location, and Surroundings. — An Old City.— Remarkable Facts. — Unique 
 Rt'coicis. — Indian Desiijnations. — Their Meaninj;^. — A Prophetic Name. — Later Names. — The 
 Word Detroit. — Corporate Titles. — Location of City. — lioiindaries. — Latitude and Lonj^itude. — 
 Relation to Other Cities. — Conformation of Cround. — Mrs. Jameson's Description. — Present Aj)- 
 pearance. — Adjacent Townships and Villages, — Hamtramck, Springwells, Crosse I'ointe, Green- 
 
 field. 
 
 3-5 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 The River, Islands, Wharves and Docks, Streams and Mills. — The River. — Orijjinal Scenery. — 
 A Natural and National Boundary. — Lenj^th, Width, Depth, Character of Bottom. — Harbor. — 
 Volume of Water. — Current. — Elevation above Sea. — Condition in Winter. — Ice Supply. — Ab- 
 .sence of Danj-er. — Highest and Lowest Levels. — Causes of Rise and Pall. — Temperature. — Boating 
 Facilities. — Excursions. — Names of Islands. — Origin of Names. -^ Curious Statements. — Wharves 
 and Docks. — The River Line. — Improvement of River Front. — Early Docks. — Length of Docks.— 
 Three Old .Streams. — Courses and Names of Streams. — Accident on the Savoyard. — Bridges. — 
 Fishing at Congress Street. — Transformations. — Old Mills. — Their Location. 6-10 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Soil and Products, Game, Grain, and Fruits. — Cood Soil. — Different Strata. — Cadillac's Descrip- 
 tion. — V^ist Prairies. — Rows of Trees. — Fruits. — Wild Animals. — Game Birds. — Large Buffaloes. — 
 Native Woods. — Swans and Ducks. — An Indian's Illustration. — Serene Skies. — A Desirable 
 Place.— Weaving Buffalo Wool. — Numerous Wolves. —Wolf Scalps.— Pigeon Roosts. — Bear Vis- 
 itors. — Migratory Game, —.Song Birds. — Flowers. — Berries. — Wild Honey. — Maple Sugar. — 
 Enormous ' Production. — Indian Mococks. — De Peyster's " Sugar Makers." — Early Harvests. — 
 hulian Farmers. — Scarcity of Provisions. — Help from Montreal. — Bougainville's Description. — 
 Importance of Detroit. — A Thousand Bushels of Wheat Burned. — A Famine Imminent.— Two 
 Dead Bodies on the Beach. — Continued Scarcity. — Clouds of Ducks. — Sportsmen Drowned. —Sup- 
 plies from the King's Stores.— Acreage under Cultivation. — Apples and Cider.— Pears and Poems.— 
 Tithn's False Report. — Enormous Vegetables. — First Wagon-load of Flour. — Exporting Flour. — 
 Tobacco to Baltimore. — Remarkable Fruits. — First Agricultural Society. — Fish and Fi.sheries. — 
 Schoolcraft's Eulogy. — The State Fish Hatchery. u-16 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Cadillac's Grant.— French Farms or Private Claims.— Lands Covered by City.— Seigneurial Rights.— 
 Cadillac's Traditional Grant. — Its Limit.— His Claims. — Grounds of Claim. — His Concessions.— 
 Conditions of his (irants. — Singular Requirements. — (irants within Stockade. — Aigremont's 
 Report, — Cadillac's Departure. — His Property. — Cadillac's Claims Conceded. — Intrigues of 
 Governor and Intendant. — The King's Decree. — His Purpose Defeated. — Memorial of La Mothe, 
 Jr. — The Maichen's Deed. — A Vague Conveyance. — Misstatements. — The Facts Analyzed. — 
 Illegalities of Commandants. — The" Beauharnois Grants. — Their Order,— Explanation of Old 
 Claims, — (;rants by English Commandants, — Indian Deeds. — The French Farms. — Settlement of 
 French Claims.— Doings and Reports of Commissioners.— Surveyors' Blunders.— Careless Clerks.— 
 Names of Commissioners. 17-23 
 
 [xiii] 
 
XIV 
 
 TABLK OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The Public Domain. — The Park Lots and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. —The Governor and 
 Judges' Plan. — Land Boards. — Thf Coniiiion Fifkl. - Co-opiTative Labor. — The Commons. — 
 United States l'ro|)crty. — The Wilkins Letter. — Claim of Iniiabitants. — Memorial to Coni^re.ss. — 
 Statements of Hull and Woodward. — Indij^nant Inhabitants. — Action of C.overnor and Judges.— 
 Lots -.'ersus I'astures.— Renewed Complaints. — The Park Lots. — Location. — When Surveyed.— 
 Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. — Date of Survey. — Governor and Judges' Plan. — Size of Ancient 
 Lots. — Meetini; under Pear Trees. — Woodward's Persuasions. — Cientle's Humorous Description.— 
 Woodward's I'erformances. — Discontent of People. — The (iovernor and Judges' Regulations. — 
 Prices of Lots. — Hull and Woodward Visit Washington. — The Act of 1806. — Convivial Legis- 
 lators. — .Mysterious Transactions. — Suspicion of Inhabitants. — Unnecessary Delays. — Bad Man- 
 agement. — Protests of People. — Plan of Division. — Classification of Inhabitants. — More 
 Mancjeuvring. — Liberal Constructions. — Donation Lots. — Room for Criticism. — Changes in 
 Plans. — -Changes in Numbers of Lots. — Woodward's Letter to Madison. — The Book of Sections. — 
 The Woodward Plan. — Its Advantages. —Washington the Model.— The Plan Inoperative. — Why 
 Changed. — The Olficial Map. — Unlawful Powers. — Peculiar Management. — No Financial 
 Report. — Remarkable Confidence. — A Uniijue History. — The Detroit Fund. — Secretaries of Land 
 Board. — Termination of Trust — The Transfer of 1842. — Report of Hubbard and O'Flynn. — Old 
 and New Lot Numbers — Land Board Sessions of Common Council. 24-31 
 
 C H A P T E R V I . 
 
 Maps of Detroit. — City Boundary at Different Periods. — Cass and Brush Farms. — Military 
 
 Reserves. — Plans of 1749 and 1754. — The T. Smith Plan. — The J. O. Lewis Map. — Mullctt's 
 Map. — I'armer's Map. — Later City Maps. — Area of Town in 1 802. — Extent of (jovernor and 
 Jutlges' Plan. — Changes in City Boundaries. — The Cass and Brush F'arms. — Dates of Original 
 (irants. — Improvements. — Desirable Locations. — Military Reserves. — A Powder Magazine in 
 E.Kchange. — Laying out the Reserve. — Changes in Plan of 1807. 32-36 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Public Surveys. — United States Land Office. — The King's Surveyors. — First American Surveys.— 
 Location of Office. — Names of Surveyor-Generals. — United States Land Office. — First Sales of 
 Lands. — Prices. — Receipts from Public Lands. — Early F2migration. — Amazing Numbers. — E.xtensive 
 Sales. — E.xtravagant Speculation. — Paper City Period. — Incidental Details. — Cruel Joke. — The 
 Bubble Bursts. — Bounds of Land District. — Prices of Lands. — Original Patents. — F'ees of 
 Ofhcers. — Names of Registers and Receivers. 37-38 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Deeds, Mortgages, and Titles.— Past and Present Prices of Lands. — Notarial Records. — Recording 
 of Deeds and Mortgages. — Present System. — Abstracts of Title. — Deriviition of Titles. — Evi- 
 dences of Title. — Clouded Titles. — Record of Subdivisions. — Names of County Registers. — City 
 Registers. — Incredible Prices. — Normal Values. — First Sale of Park Lots. — Prices Paid. — Cost of 
 Various Tracts at Different Periods. 39-41 
 
 PART II.— HYGIENIC. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Climate of Detroit. — Favorable Climate. — Bougainville's Statement. — Weather Diaries. — In- 
 lluence of River and Lakes. — Mean Temperature. — Characteristics of Winters. — Clear Atmos- 
 phere.— Unrivalled Firmament. — Delightful Autumns.— Flquable Rains. — Weather Indications.— 
 Course of Winds. — Excci)tional Seasons.— Raining Ink. — Earthquake Shocks. — Ice livery Month.— 
 Flowers in Winter. — Extensive Fires. — Dense Fogs. — Boats Running Every Month. — Continuous 
 Sleighing. — Ryan's Prophecies. —July Frosts. — April Snows. — Wind Storms, etc. 4^-47 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Diseases.— Doctors. —Medical Societies. — Small Death Rate. — Reasons for. — The Usual Diseases.— 
 Record of Deaths. — Fever and Ague. -Dp. Sappington's Pills. — F:pidemic in Army. — Hun- 
 -The Cholera in 1832. — Instructions and Proclamations. — Vessels Ordered Away. — 
 
 dreds Die.- 
 
 i 
 
 Cht)lera o 
 Yi)siianti. 
 Strange 1 
 Rites Sho 
 Regulation 
 English 
 Names of 
 
 Cemeteries. — 
 
 Places. — 1 
 Remains.- 
 Memorial. 
 Lots. — Co^ 
 Ground. 
 Convenienc 
 Uses. — Eh 
 Gateway. 
 Naine. ^ \\ 
 When Oper 
 ous Custor 
 Names of C 
 
 Health Officer 
 
 Boards. — I 
 lations. — T 
 Grand Sewc 
 Expenditure 
 Commission 
 
 Water and Ws 
 
 the Plank. ~ 
 Works I'ro 
 Boring for V 
 Information. 
 Works. — Va 
 Water. — Inc 
 Rates. — A 
 sioners. — Di 
 
 The Parks and 
 
 Grand Circus 
 Location and 
 Condition. — - 
 1874. — E.xcil 
 and Resistan 
 timity. — Bell 
 Island. — Its 
 tures. — Esta 
 Dogs. — Onl) 
 
 French and En 
 
 Regents. — T 
 Regulations. - 
 
TAIJLK OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XV 
 
 Cholera on the Henry Clay. — Sufferings of Troops. — Excitement at Detroit. — Mails Stopped at 
 Ypsilanti. — Travelers Driven frjui Rochester.- — Bridges Torn up. — Highways Blockaded.— 
 Strange Inconsistency. — The Cholera in 1834. — Extensive Mortality. — Burning Pitch. — Burial 
 Rites Shortened. — The Nurse Corps. — Father Kundig's Work. — Mortality of 1849. — Council 
 Regulations. — The Scourge in 1854. — Medicine Men. — Early French Surgeons. — Long Titles. — 
 English J'hysicians. — Names of Former Physicians. >t„,i:„„i c.,,.:,,*:..^ h„. c /-> :.._.:._ 
 
 Names of OHicers. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 -Medical Societies. — Dates of Organization. — 
 
 48-51 
 
 Cemeteries. — Burials and Sextons. — County Coroners.— An Expressive Phrase. — Indian Burial 
 Places. — DalyelFs Crave. — An Iconoclastic Age. — Burial (Grounds of Fort Shelby. — Removal of 
 Remains.- An Old Tombstone. — First Catholic Cemetery. — Transfer of Remains. — An Old 
 Memorial. — Mt. Elliott Cemetery. — When Opened. — Number of Interments. — Number of 
 Lots. — Cost of Grounds. --Management, — Trustees. — Hamtramck's Crave. — Protestant Burying 
 Ground. — Location. — How Disposed of. — First City Cemetery.— Its Division. — A Religious 
 Convenience. — Cemetery Lane. — Second City Cemetery. — Location. — Management. — Later 
 Uses. — Elmwood Cemetery. — History of Purchase. — Cost of Grounds. — The Chapel. — The 
 Gateway. — Trustees. — Superintendents. — Woodmere Cemetery. — Location. — Significance of 
 Name. —When Opened. — Names of Officers. — Regulations. — Jewish Cemeteries. — Location. — 
 When Opened — Lutheran Cemetery. — How Controlled. — Oflicers. — Burials and Sextons. — Curi- 
 ous Customs. — City Sextons. — Duties. — Names of Sextons. — County Coroners. — Duties. — 
 Names of Coroners. 52-58 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Health Officers. — Drains and Sewers. — Scavengers. — First Board of Health. — Subsequent 
 Boards. — Powers of. — Present Organization. — How Constituted. — Names of Members. — Regu- 
 lations. — The Health Officer. — Sewers. — Experiments. — Private Ditches. — The Savoyard. — A 
 Grand Sewer. — Lack of System. — Stupid Contractors. — Board of Sewer Commissioners. — Large 
 Flxpenditures. — Regukition.s. — Size of Sewers. — Length and Cost of Sewers. — Names of Sewer 
 Commissioners. — Scavengers and Duties. 59-6i 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Water and Water Works. — Public Drinking Fountains. — Water Pure and Plentiful. — Walking 
 the Plank. — Primitive Methods. — First Regulations. — Public Wells. — Water Peddlers. — Water 
 Works Proposed. — Berthelct's Pump. — Water Works Established. — Poor Arrangements. — 
 Boring for Water. — Pumping by Steam. — Cass's Speech. — Works Purchased by City. — Seeking 
 Information. — Springs in Northville and Southfield. — Propo.sed Utilization of. — Progress of Water 
 Works. — Various Reservoirs. — The Hamtrjimck Works. — Plan i nd Description of. — Analysis of 
 Water. — Increased Size of Pipes. — Statistics by Decades. — Locations of Water Office. — Water 
 Rates. — A Stern .A.dvertisement. — Names of Assessors, — Collectors, — Engineers, — Commis- 
 sioners. — Drinking Fountains. 62-72 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The Parks and the Boulevard. —Pastures and Pounds. — Judge Woodward's Foresight. — The 
 Grand Circus.— Former Marshes. — Improvements. — Removal of Fences. — Parks and Donors. — 
 Location and Names. — Campus Martins. — Origin of Name. — A Place of Rendezvous. — Former 
 Condition. — Present Appearance. — Superintendents of Parks. — The Park Question of 1870 and 
 1874. — F^xciting Meetings. — ^ Plans and Counter Plans. — Mayor Moffat in the Way. — Persistence 
 and Resistance. — The Struggle Ended. — Belle Isle Park. — Wise Planning. — Favorable Oppor- 
 tunity. — Belle Isle Purchased. — Park Commissioners. — Improving the Park. — History of the 
 Island. — Its Names. — The Boulevard. — Plans for. — Names of Conmiissioners. — F'ormer Pas- 
 tures. — Establishment of Pounds. — Regulations. — Names of Pound-Keepers. — Numerous 
 Dogs. — Only Eight Left. — The Dog Pound. 73-8o 
 
 PART III.— GOVERNMENTAL. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 French and English Rule. — French Motives. — ^ Political Ambition. — Religious Zeal. — Kings and 
 Regents. — The Surrender. — Powers of Commandants. — List of French Governors. — English 
 Regulations. — Creation of Upper and Lower Canada. — List of English Governors. 83-84 
 
XVI 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Territorial and State Governments. — Virginia's Claim. — Grounds of Claim, — Release of Slate- 
 Claims. — Creation of Northwest Territory. — Aiithorsliip of Ordinance of 1787. — Dane versus 
 Cutler. — Tlie Northwest Territorial .Seal. — Description and Meaning. — Names of Territorial 
 OHicers. — Division of Territor ;. — Creation of .State of Ohio. — Wayne County Delegates Excluded.— 
 Detroit under Indiana Territiry. — Extensive Juristliction. — Creation of Territory of .Michigan. — 
 Michigan Territorial Seal. — Increased Size of Territory. — First Delegate to Congress. — First Legis- 
 ■ lative Council. — Enlarged Boundary. — First State Constitutional Convention. — Delegates from 
 Wayne County. — Convention Proposals. — Adoption of Constitution. — Territorial Ollicers. — State 
 of Michigan. — Curtailment of Boundary. — Trouble with Ohio. — A New Convention. — Negative 
 Decision. — Democratic Convention. — Congressional Provisions Accepted. — Formal Admission of 
 ..State. — Event Celebrated. — The State .Seal. — Second Constitutional Convention. — Delegates 
 from Wayne County. — Differences between Constitutions of 1835 and 1850. — Third Constitutional 
 Convention. — Constitutional Commission of 1873. — Capital Removed to Lansing. — Names of 
 State Officers. 85-93 
 
 CHAP T K R X VII. 
 
 Legislatures and Laws. — Legislatures under English Rule. — Place and FJate of Sessions. — Legis- 
 lature of Northwest Territory. — Places of Meeting. — A Linguistic Feat. — The (icneral Assembly. — 
 Cry of Fraud. — Names of Members. — Pliant I'rinciples. — Forgiving Electors. — Mob at Cliilli- 
 cothe. — Detroit Pistols. — Indiana Territorial Assembly.— Proposed Members from Detroit. — 
 Michigan Territorial Legislature. — Scarcity of Laws. — Sunday Sessions. — Places of Meeting. — 
 Personal Difficulties. — Curious Legislation. — Morbid Fears. — Remarkable Enactments. — Names 
 of Members and .Secretaries. — Cientle's Criticisms. — Suspicions of People. — Woothvard's Lame 
 Defence. — (ientle Arrested for Libel. — Citizens .Seek Redress. — Citizens Outwitted. — AUigalive 
 Laws. — Proposed Blue Laws. — Blasts and Counter Blasts. — Legislative Refreshments. — Withcrell 
 Tcrsiis Woodward. — The Several Codes. — Petitions to Congress. — Facts and ( Irievances. — 
 Relief Provided. — Joy of Citizens. — A Proper Prayer. — Members of Legislative Councils. — The 
 Green Bay Council. — Compilations of Laws. — First State Legislature. — Last Session in Detroit. — 
 Extra Sessions. — Number of Members. — Districts Including Wayne County. — Names of Sena- 
 tors and Representatives. 94-101 
 
 CHAP T E R X V I I 1 . 
 
 Presidential Electors, Cabinet Officers, and Members of Congress from Detroit. — Presidential 
 Visits to the City. — Constitutional Links. — Presidential Electors. —Michigan's Choice. — Cabinet 
 Officers from Michigan. — Territorial Delegates. — United States Senators. — Representative Dis- 
 tricts. — Names of Representatives. — Pay of Congressmen. — Visits of President ,ind Vice-Presi- 
 dents, — Harri.son, Monroe, Johnson, Van Buren, Taylor. — Grant's Residence in D roit. — An Inter- 
 view in Washington. — X'isits of Fillmore, Pierce, Johnson and Hayes. — Garfield's Visits to and Ser- 
 mons in Detroit. 102-107 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Political Parties and Campaigns. — Elections. — The Political System. — Party Names and Meth- 
 ods. ^ Political Meetings. — Gaining Votes. — Novel Methods. — Interesting Campaigns. — Log 
 Cabins and Hickory Halls. — Monster Whig Meetings. — Political Processions. — Democratic Barbe- 
 cues. — Peculiar Resolutions. — Party Uniforms. — Bonfires. — Torch Bearers. — Union Political 
 Meetings. — Visits of Noted Politicians. — First Territorial Elections. — \'iva Voce Voting. — Arbi- 
 trary Proceedings. — Original Election Districts. — Remarkable Ballots. — Changes in Time of 
 Election. — Changes in Qu.alifications of Voters. — The First St;ite Election. — Humoroc.s Incidents. — 
 The Last Two-Day Election. — How Foreigners Become Voters. — Time of Election 01 Various Ofii- 
 cers. — Colored Voters. — Woman Suffrage. — Remarkable Unanimity of Voters. — Local Issues.— 
 Curious Coincidence. — Qualifications of Voters. — Registration. — Voting Precinct.s. — Preparations 
 for Election. — Canvassing Votes. — Number of Voters in Various Years. 108- 1 17 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Wayne County: Its Establishment and Boundaries. — County of Illinois. — Kent County.— Wayne 
 County. — Sargent's Proclamation. — Sharp Correspondence. — St. Clair's Dissatisfaction. — The 
 County Name. — General Wayne's Letter of Thanks. — Original Boundary.— Changes in Boundary. — 
 Copies of Proclamations. 1 18-122 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 County Officers and their Duties. — County Commissioners. — Early Finances. — 1 )ue Bills Issued. — 
 Names of Commissioners. — Board of Supervisors. — Few Powers. — Valuations and Assessments. — 
 Growth of City Representation. — County Auditors. — Importance of Of.ke. — Powers and 
 
 1 )uties. — N 
 County Cler 
 of .Scho(jls. 
 Surveyors. - 
 
 The Townships 
 
 First TownsI 
 Township. 
 Derivation o 
 
 The .^arly Gov( 
 Judges. — R( 
 
 Court of Ge 
 Citizens. — F 
 Judges. — \\\ 
 cials. — A SI 
 countable ( )Hi 
 
 The Common C 
 Year.— City 
 
 Time of Sess 
 of Aldermen. - 
 Terms of M( 
 Seals. — Descr 
 
 Mayor. — City Cle 
 Office and N: 
 
 Pv-.wers. — Nan 
 of Clerks. — Ci 
 of Officers. — (, 
 
 Aldermen, — Theii 
 
 Aldermen. — 1\ 
 Aldermen by V 
 
 The Wards : Thei 
 
 City.— Date of 
 
 French and Englii 
 and Finances. 
 
 Characteristic 1 
 Licenses, — In^ 
 Remedy. — Fin 
 When Payable 
 The Detroit I 
 Improvements 
 dered. — Due 
 Cannot Borrov 
 Finances. — Sa 
 More Shinplasi 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XVll 
 
 Duties. — Names of Auditors. — County Treasurer. — History of Office. — Names of Treasurers. — 
 Coimty Clerii. — History of Ofiicc. — Office Records. — Names of Clertcs. — County Superintendent 
 of .ScIkjoIs. — Names of Superintendents, — Drain Commissioners. — Duties and Names. - County 
 Surveyors. — Duties and Names. 123-126 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Townships of Wayne County. — Derivation of Township Names. — Township Officers. — 
 
 First I'ownsliips. — Vai^ue i>oundaries. — I'Mrst Systematic Divisions. — Date (f Creation of Each 
 Township. — Ciians^es in Names and I5oundaries. — Obsolete Names. — lioundaries in 1883. — 
 Derivation of Names. — Townsliip Officers. — Duties. — List of Township Supervisors. 127-132 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 The Sarly Government of Detroit. — Incorporation as a Town. — Rule of the Governor and 
 Judges. — Revival of Local Government. — Covernmental (lenealogy. — Interesting Details. — 
 Court of Oeneral Quarter Sessions. — thirst Town Corporation. — How Obtained.— (iralitude of 
 Citizens. — First Town Officers. — Subsequent Elections and Ajipointments. — Rule of Oo\ernor and 
 Judges. — An Anomalous Oovernment. — Autocratic Methods. — Strange Doings. — Orasping (Offi- 
 cials. — A Sham Charter. — Insulting Absurdities. — (iovernor and Judges still at the Helm. -- Unac- 
 countable Officials. — Revival of Local Government. — First City Charter. — Names of Trustees. 133-135 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 The Common Council or Board of Aldermen. — Board of CounciJmen. — Ordinances. — Official 
 Year. — City Seals. — Creation of Common Council. — Powers of. — Seeking Light. — Place and 
 Time of Sessions. — Number of Members. — Ouorum. — Rules. — Standing Committees. — Poard 
 of Aldermen. — Presidents of Board of Aldermen. — The City Council or Board of Councilmen. ^ — 
 Terms of Members. — Names of Councilmen. — Ordinances. — Oflicial Year. — The Several City 
 Seals. — Description of Seals. — Significance of Present Seal. 1 36- 1 39 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Mayor. — City Clerk. — City Attorney. — City Counsellor. — City Historiographer. — Duties of each 
 Office and Names of the Incumbents. — Creation of Office of Mayor. — Former Duties. — Present 
 Pcwers. — Names of Mayors. — City Secretaries. — City Clerk. — Duties. — Office Records. — Names 
 of Clerks. — City Attorney. — Duties and Names. — City Counsellor. — City Historiographer. — Names 
 of Officers. — Object of Oftice. 140-141 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Aldermen. — Their Duties and Names. — Office First Named. — Aldermen at Large. — First Ward 
 Akicrmen. — Aldermanic Courts. — Pay of Aldermen. — Names of Aldermen at Large. — Names of 
 Aldermen by Wards and Years. . 142-146 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 The Wards: Their Establishment and Boundaries. — Wards for Fire Districts. — First Division of 
 City.-- Date of Creation of Each Ward. — Changes in Boundaries. — Present Boundaries. 147-148 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 French and English Taxation. — Territorial Taxes. — State and County Taxes. — City Taxation 
 and Finances.— United States Taxes. — Ta.xes Payable in Wood. — Early Territorial Ta.xes. — 
 Characteristic Letter. — Territorial Tax Gatherers. — Law of 1805. — An Old Ta.x Roll. — Territorial 
 Licenses. — Investigation by Grand Jury.* — ^ Hull's Wasteful E.xtraviigance. — People without 
 Remedy. — First Sale of Lands for County Ta.xes. — State and County Taxes. — How Apportioned. — 
 When Payable. — Percentages. — Ta.x Sides. — Ta.xation Statistics by Decades. — First Town Tax. — 
 The Detroit Fund. — Valuation of 181 7. — Corporation Receipts and Expenditures in 18 19. — 
 Improvements of 1827. ^ The Congressional Gift. — Official Mismanagement. — Property Squan- 
 dered. — Due Bills Issued. — Their Depreciation. — Sham Improvements. — City Wants §50. — 
 Cannot Borrow. — The City Devours its Substance. — Death and Taxes. — Condition of City 
 Finances. — Saving the Wreck. — Better Methods. — First Real Estate Tax. — First City Bonds. — 
 More Shinplasters. — Watching a Trunkful. — Protest of the Butchers. — Display of Wisdom. — 
 
XVlll 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Burning Shinplasters. — Chief Expenses by Decades. —Valuation by Dec.'ides. — Increasinif 
 Wealth. — Tax I'cr Capita by Decades. - Sinkinif Fund. — Receipts for I-iiiuor Taxes. — Annual Tax 
 Estimates.— How l'rc|)ared. — How Assessed. — When Due. — Increased I'ercentaifc. — Tax .Sales. - 
 Collection of Back Taxes. - Special Assessments. — i'ropertv Liable to Taxation. - List of i'".xemp- 
 tions. — Chanijfes in Fis'.':il Year. — The Treasure'-'s Accounts. —Explanation of l'"in.incial Methods. — 
 City Depository. — U. S. Revenue Taxes. — Stamped Paper. — \'ari()us Laws. — First Collection 
 District. — Tax Rates. — Amount of Ci)llections. — Names of Assessors and Collectors. 149-160 
 
 C H A I' T E R .\ .\ I -X. 
 
 Citizens'Meeting. — Board of Estimates. — Auditors, Comptrollers, Accountants.— City and Ward 
 Assessors. — Board of Review. — City and Ward Collectors. — City Treasurers. — Receivers of 
 Taxes. Citizens' Meciin).;s. — Tax I'stiinates. — Excitini^' Meetini^s. — Ciii/.eiis' Meelinj^s Abol- 
 ished. — Board of E.stimates Created. — Lowers of the Board. — Names of Members. — City Auditor 
 and Duties. — Name Chanjred to Comptroller. — Names of Comptrollers. — City Accountant. — 
 Duties. — Names of Accountants. — City .and Ward Assessors. — Ciian,t,a's in Otlice. — Tamperinij 
 with Rolls. — Names of Assessors. — Board of Review. — Duty of the lioard. — Names of Mem- 
 bers. — City and Ward Collectors. — Peculi.ir Official Notice. — Names of Collectors. — City Trea.s- 
 urer. — Duties of Otlice. — Names of Treasurers. — Receiver of Ta.\es. — Duties of Office. ^ — 
 Names of Receivers. i6i-i68 
 
 Court. — Ju 
 tcrs. — Coui 
 Wliipped. 
 of Ch.'incery 
 Appointees. 
 History of 
 Names of Ji 
 
 Mayor's Court. - 
 Notaries 
 
 Fines Remitt 
 Names of 
 Sessions. - 
 Comnn'ssioiic 
 Justices of 
 Admissions 
 ment. 
 
 K 
 
 I' 
 
 PART IV.-JUDICIAL. 
 
 CHAPTER X.X.X. 
 
 Justice in the Olden Time. — United States Circuit Court. — District Court. — United States 
 Oilicers. — Bankruptcy Court. — Judicial Powers of Flarly Comm.intlants. — .Serious Complaints.— 
 First Le,iijal Provisions. — Patriarchal Commandants. — A Woman Hanjj^ed. — Trader Murdered by 
 his Slaves. — Conflicts between Commandants and ( lovernors. - The Office of Notary. — Com- 
 plaint an^ainst Dejean. ^ His Ac(|uitt<'d. — The First Jutli^es. — The 'I'ri.al and Hanj;inj,M)f Coutinci- 
 nau and Ann Wyley. — John Dodvje's Letter. — Hamilton's Opi)ressi()n of Dodi^e and Other Citi- 
 zens. — A Detroit Dunijeon. — ^ Dejerm as a Jailer. — I)od>;e's Escajie and Threatenin.tjs. — Hamil- 
 ton Indicted. - His Appeal to H.ildim.and. — First Justices. — United States Circuit Court. — 
 Bounds of Circuit at Different Periods. ^Juri.sdiction. — Place of Sessions. — Names of Judj^es 
 and Clerks. — United States District Courts. — When First Held. — Selection of Jurors. — N;imes 
 of Jud.ijes and Clerks. — United States Attorney. — Duties. — Names of Attorneys. — United 
 .States Marshal. — Powers. — Names of Marshals. — Commissioners for United States Courts. — 
 Duties. — Names of Commissioners. — Masters in Chancery. — Duties and Names. — The First 
 Bankruptcy Act. — The Second Bankruptcy Act. — Third Bankruptcy Act. — Bankruptcy Court. — 
 Duties. — The Judge. 171-177 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 Supreme Courts of the Territory and the State. — Supreme Courts of Northwest Territory. — Legis- 
 lative and Judicial Duties Combined. — Court Methods. — A Festive Occasion. — Names of the 
 Judges. —(Origin of a Name. — Supreme Court of Indiana Territory. — Names of Judges. — Supreme 
 Court of Michigan Territory. —Jurisdiction. — Varied and KemarkaDle Powers. — Time and Place 
 of Court .Sessions. — Sessions at Midnight. — Sessions in the Small Hours of the Morning. — Bar- 
 room .Sessions. — Ses.sions on a Wood-pile. — Bread and Meal in the Court Room. — Whiskey 
 Offered the Judges. — Rules and Counter Rules. — Sessions with only a Judge Present. — Dcisions 
 not to Serve as Precedents. — Hanging under an ex-Post-Facto Law. — How a Lawyer Flailed to 
 Help His Client. — Branding and Execution of Indians. — The F^xecution of Simmons. — Woodward 
 and His Eccentricities. — Legal Somersaults, — Peculiar Dress. — Si.xteen Cujis of Tea. — literary 
 Egotism. — Complaint of Orand Jiuy. — The (lazette Articles. — A Mockery of Justice. — The Case 
 of the United States against British Officers. — Ludicrous Account of the Arrest and Trial. — 
 Public Denunciation of Woodward. — Additional Eccentricities. — Congress Provides for Retirement 
 of Judges. — New Judges appointed. — Names uf Judges ami Clerks, — Supreme Court of State. — 
 Changes in Place of Sessions. — Time of Sessions. — Names of Judges. — Clerks and Reporters. 178-188 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 District Court. — Orphans' Court.— Court of Quarter Sessions. —Court of Common Pleas. —Court 
 of Chancery. — County Courts. — Circuit Courts.- District Criminal Court.— Di-strict Courts 
 of Territory. — Jurisdiction. — Boundaries of District. — Court Appointments. — .Session under a 
 Green Bower. — Changes in Boundary oi District and Jurisdiction. — Names of Justices. — Orphans' 
 
 e 
 
 Morals. — City 
 
 Needed. — Po 
 Markets. — Tl 
 Official Retrif 
 Police. — Nigli 
 ments. — Paid 
 First Police 
 politan Comn: 
 ('•ranted. — N; 
 and Captains. 
 Po'icemen. — B 
 Yearly St.item 
 Health Fund. - 
 Duties and Na 
 
 The Jails and th 
 
 New Pickets. ■ 
 Used as Jails. 
 Jail. — F2rectioi 
 Prisoners. — M 
 Mayor Hyde's 
 approves. — St.- 
 Management. - 
 Names of Sup^ 
 
 Forts and Defense 
 
 An Important 
 Periods. — Enl; 
 Citadel. — I'.rei 
 Injured by Bac 
 Officers. — Inte 
 Erected. — Fla 
 Wayne. — Loc£ 
 tion'. — Object. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XIX 
 
 Court. — Jurisdiclioii Transferred. — The Probate Court. — Obsolete Duties. —Judiifes and Kc).jis- 
 UTs. — Court of (Icncral (Quarter Sessions. Jurisdittinn. - Names of Jiulj^cs. - I'risoners 
 Wliip|)ed. — Services Sold. — Court of Common I'leas. Jurisdiction. — Nann's of Judj^es. — Court 
 of Ciiancery. — Object of. — Names of Jud^^es and Reporters. — Masters in Clianccry. — Names of 
 Appointees. — County Courts. — Jurisdiction. — Names of Judges and Clerks. — Circuit Courts. — 
 History of Wayne Circuit. — Selection of Jurors. — I'lace of .Sessions. — The County ikiildinij. — 
 Names of Judges and Clerks. — District Criminal Court. — Object of. — Judges. 181; vj^ 
 
 C H A 1' r E R X X X 1 1 I . 
 
 Mayor's Court. — Recorder's Court.— Police Court.— Superior Court.— Commissioners. — Justices. 
 Notaries.— Lawyers. —Detroit Bar Library. -Mayor's Court. — Aldermanic Judges and Justices. — 
 Kims Remitted. — I'risoners Working on Streets. — Recorder's Court. — Original Duties of Recorders. — 
 Names of Recorders. — Names of Judges and Clerks. — Police Court. — Jurisdiction. — Place of 
 Sessions. — Police Justices and Clerks. — Superior Court. — Jurisdiction. — Judges and Clerks. — 
 Conuiiissioners of Hail. — Circuit Court Commissioners. — Powers. — Names of Commissioners. — 
 Justices of the Peace. — Jurisdiction. — Names of Justices. — Notaries. — Powers. — Lawyers. — 
 Admissions to iJar. — The liar Association. — A Witty Retort. — The Bar Library. — Its Manage- 
 ment. 19s 200 
 
 CHAP T E R XXXIV. 
 
 Morals. — City Marshals. — Police. — Sheriffs. — Prosecuting Attorneys. — Constables. — Reforms 
 Needed. — Pontcharirain's Recommendations. — Difficulties in the Way. — No Sabbath. - Sunday 
 Markets. — Their Discontinuance. — IMur Law Proceedings. — Higher Standards. — Reni;irkable 
 Ofiicial Retribution. — The Ordeal of Fire. — Duties and Names of City Marshals. — The Earliest 
 Police. — Night Watchmen. — Volunteer Watchmen. — Service not Sustained. — Midnight Refresh- 
 ments. — Paid City Watch Asked for. — Ojjposition of Citizens' Meeting. — The Merchants' Police. — 
 First Police Commission. — Increasing Need of Police. — Riot of 1863. — ICstabli.shment of Metro- 
 politan Commission. — Opposition to ihe Commission. — Winning its Way. — Additional Powers 
 (iranted. — Names of Commissioners. — Superintendents. — Secretaries. — Attorneys. — Physicians 
 and Captains. — ^ .Salaries. — Oualifications of Policemen. — Regulations and Suggestions. -. Special 
 Po'iccmen. — Bradford Smith's Work.-- Mounted Police. — Number of Force. — FLxpenses.— Arrests. — 
 Yearly .Statements. — Police Stations. — Their Location, Date of ICrection, and Cost. — Life and 
 Health Fund. — Relief Society. — Sheriffs. — Duties. — Names of Sheriffs. — Prosecuting Attorneys. — 
 Duties and Names. — Constables. — Duties and Names. 201-213 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 The Jails and the House of Correction. — Location of Jails. — New Jail Purchased. — Pills for 
 New Pickets. — Insufficient Jails. —Juil Hired of James May. — Proposed Purchase. — Buildings 
 Used as Jails. — Jail Erected by \.}overnor and Judges. — An Unoccupied Jail. — Tearing down a 
 Jail. — Erection of Clinton Sireec Jail. — Second Jail on Clinton Street. — Average Number of 
 Prisoners. — Management. — A Prisoner's Joke. — Detroit Hou.se of Correction. — Its Origin. — 
 Mayor Hyde's Efforts. — Brock.vay's Suggestions. — Estimates Ordered. — Citizens' Meeting Dis- 
 approves. — St.ite Aid Sought. — I-'avorable Citizens' Meeting. — Building ICrected. — Organization. — 
 Management. — Money Making. — (Occupation of Prisoners. — Efforts for their Improvement. — 
 Names of Superintendents and Inspectors, 214-218 
 
 PART v.- MILITARY. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 Forts and Defenses. —Pensions and Pension Agents. — Military Officers in Command at Detroit. — 
 
 An Important Post. — Early Posts in Michigan. — Finst Fort at Detroit. — Condition at Different 
 Periods. — Enlargements. — How Garri.soned. — Citizens Ta.xed for Repairs. — New Stockade and 
 Citadel. — Erection of F"ort Lernoult. — Why Built. — Description of. — Clark's Hopes. — F""ort 
 Injured by Bad Weather. — .Stockade Partially Removed. — Strength of Garrison. — Visits of Noted 
 Officers. — Interesting Letters. — New Stockade. — Fort .Shelby. — Successive Garrisons. — Arsenal 
 ICrected. — F'lag-stafif Blown down. — Distinguished Arrivals. —The Fort Demolished. — Fort 
 Wayne. — Location. — Cost. — Rebuilding. — Fort Croghan — Order for its Erection. — Its Loca- 
 tion. — Object. — Becomes a Play-Ground. — Detroit Barracks. — Their Location. — Arsenal at 
 
XX 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 l)i-;irl)()rn. - - K.irly I'l'iisioii I..iws. - IViisioncrs Paid from Dctmit. Nanu-s of IVnsion Avjcnts. - 
 Kri'iich Coinmaiulams. Naiiu's. I imc of Scrvi.c. I'.nnlisli Coiiimaiidaiils. Names. Tiiiu' 
 of Service. - AiK-aloti- of Colonel I'.M,<laml. Amerie.m Commandiiiv; Ollicers .it I'orls .uid K.ir- 
 racks. — Districts and Departments KntbraeiiiK Detroit. - Names uf Commandin,i{ ticnerals. 2^1 J30 
 
 CHAPI'i: K WWII. 
 
 Early Indian Attacks. — The French and English, or Seven Years' War. — Indian Attac k of 1703. — 
 A Doi; M.ikes 'i'nuible. ()ll,i\v;i.s irrsus Miamis. Sliootinj; of K.itlier del ll.ille.— A Monlli's 
 Siei^e.— Disaffection of llie Mi.iinis. ~ Cadiil.ie Compels a IVaec. 'I'lic Attack of 1712.— Dii liiiis- 
 soii'.s Defense. — Methods of Attack. — Krencli Inj^cniiily. — Tlic Imixcs Defeated. - Immense 
 Sl.uiinlUer. - - Indian 'riirciteninijs. — Tlie French .md' I''.n,nli'sli War. - Occasion of. -- Scalp Money. 
 Human Scalps ;is Merchandise.'- Proposed ,\tt;ick of 1747- - I''xpostire of the Plot. Tlu' h'ort Re- 
 inforced. Unfriendly Indians to he put to De.itli. — Arrest of Indians. -Oriijaiii/.ation of Ohio Com- 
 pany. -Uneasiness of the l''rench. ~ 'r.'ikin.< Possession of the Ohio X'allcy. -Colonists I'.ncoiir.it^cd. 
 ~ \V;ishi!ii;ton's Mission. —The I'lttslnirvjh Fort.— Its Capture by the I'Yench. Dcfe.it of Cicneral 
 Hraddock. — Dishonest Olticers. - -French Activity. — The FuKlish Retake the Piti'')uri;h Fort. — 
 Defeat of Fnijlish by P.irty from Detroit. — New Defenses at Detroit. Relief sei to Niaijara. — 
 Niagara Surrendered. Troops and Provisions .Accunuil.itcil ;it Detroit. — Ouebee Captured.— 
 Caiiaila Surrendered to ICnulish. -Major Rt)j;crs Takes Po.s.sessioii of Detroit.-- Sir Win. John.son 
 Arrives. — His Treaty with Indians. 231-234 
 
 C H A P T I'. R X X N \- 1 I I . 
 
 The Conspiracy of Pontiac. — Friendship of French and huli.ms. — Pontiac's Project. — Preliminary 
 Movcnuiiis. -Coinicil of Indi.ins. — Prciiar.itions for .Attack. — Tiie Plot Revealed. —Cladwin's 
 Prep.ir.iiions. — I'oniiac Surprised. - His Rcvenvfc. - The Killin.ij of Sir Robert D.avers. — The 
 Indi.ins Invest the Fort. — The First \'ictims. - Proj^rcss of the Sieije. — Houses Destroyed. — 
 Council with Indians. — Pontiac's Treachery. -- Attempts to Starve tiie C.arrison. - Supjilics from 
 Niairara. — The IJlacksmith's Armory. — Sujiply Hoats Captured by Indi.ins. - Pe.ice between French 
 and English. — A Concert Civen. — The Prayer Hell Rin,ns. —Scarcity of Provisions. - Relief 
 Arrives. — Movine Reinforcements. — Ponti.ic Seeks French Aid. — The French Orijanized for 
 Defense. — F.irmers Seekinjf Refinjc — Indi.m Fire Crafts. — Indi.ins Sue for Peace. — Arrival of 
 Dalyell. — His I'\)olish \'enture. — The li.utle of P.Ioody I lije. — Di'fcit and Disaster.— The Crave 
 of D.ilyell. - .Arrival of Supjilies. — A Fetter from Cdaiiwm. - Wilkins' Relief I'.xpediiion. — Short 
 Supplies at Detroit. -- Troofis .Sent to Ni;ij;ara. — Termin;ilion of .Sieije. -~ I'"estivities in the l-'ort. — 
 Hnulstreet's Expedition. — Its Arrival at Detroit. — His Council with the Indians. — They Yield 
 Allei^iance. — \'i.sit of Capt. Croyhan. 235-241 
 
 c H A p r 1-: R X X X i x . 
 
 The Revolutionary War. — British and Indian Wars and First American Occupation of Detroit. — 
 French and Spanish Intrigues. — Martial Law Proclaimed. - F.ni;lish Fears and Plans. — Liciitenant 
 tiovernors Created. — Object and Powers of Oilice. — Misstatements Corrected. — Lieutenant (iov- 
 ernors 7'i-rsus Comm;indants. — Ciovernor Hay and His Troubles. — His .Surname. -De Peyster's 
 Dislike. — Importance of Detroit. — Army .Activities. — Incitinj;' the Sav.ages. — Distribution of (ioods 
 and Trinkets.— E(iuipment of War Parties. — Ojipression of American Sympathizers. — Interesting 
 AlVidavits. — Loyalists at Detroit. — French OlTicers and Indian Companies. — Wholesale Employ- 
 ment of .Savat^es. — A P>;irbarous Warfare. — Lord .Suffolk's Justification. — Chatham's Scathing 
 Reply. — Scalping l\irties Co and Come. — Scalping Knives and Scalps Hought and Sold. — Singing 
 War Songs. - Cioods for the Indians. — Enormous Supiilies. — An Oflicial Estimate. — Long Headed 
 Squaws. — Congre.ssion.il ICft'orts with Indians. — Proposed Expedition against Detroit. — Foster's 
 Expedition from Detroit. — A Song by Col. De Pey.ster. — More Expeditions from Detroit. — A 
 Proclamation by Hamilton. — The Attack on Fort Henn-. — Capture of Daniel Boone. — Detroit 
 Forces at Wyoining. — Captain Bird and His Love Affair. — Simon Kenton as a Prisoner. ^ — His 
 Escape. — John Leeth's Exp-riences. — Hamilton's Expedition against X'incennes. — Col. Clark's 
 Counter Movement. — Col. X'igo's EfRcient Aid. — Clark Marching to Vincennes. — The Jovial 
 Drummer. — Hamilton's Surrender. — Supplies Captured. — Rejoicing at Detroit. — ILimilton and 
 Other OlVicers in X'irginia. — Jefferson Justifies Their Imprisonment. — Washington Favors Leniency. — 
 Hamilton and Hay Paroled. — Character of Hamilton. — Mcintosh's I'-xpedition against Detroit. — 
 Brodhead's Desires. — Information Sought from Zeisberger. — Clark's Plans. — La Balm's Expedi- 
 tion. — Immense Expenditures for Clark's Forces. — Failure of Clark's Expedition. — Was''-'igton's 
 Desire to Capture Detroit. — English Movements at Detroit. — Thousands of Savages lu i..ed. — 
 Bird's Expedition. — Ruthless >iassacre of White Settlers. — The Delaware Indians and Their 
 Neutrality. — The Moravian Missionaries. — Their Removal to Detroit. — Williamson's Expedition 
 
 again.sl the 
 is Defealedl 
 to Detroit, 
 as Captive.s.| 
 Report. 
 Indi.ins I'ju| 
 Erected on 
 The J.iy ll 
 /\rrangem(i| 
 Henley and 
 (Hiestion. 
 Intrigues in 
 Conduct. 
 
 Indian Wars fr| 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 .It Tippec.ini 
 
 The War of 181 
 
 Called for. 
 Cicner.il I lull 
 at Springwe 
 C.inadi.ins. — 
 Van Horn's 1 
 British .and ! 
 British I''rect 
 II nil's Reply. 
 The British 
 Disgust of th 
 Catches a Tai 
 Rec.ipture ol 
 Killed. .Sc.alpi 
 Sympathy. — 
 Mortality ;im<i 
 Troops .Marel 
 Crogli.m's Sir 
 Perry's \'ictor 
 of the Th.inii 
 ease. — Pits ii 
 against Mac! 
 Expedition. — 
 — Plentiful a 
 Madison's Lei 
 
 The Surrender o 
 " Dearborn's 
 
 His Denunci; 
 Lossing. — H 
 tions. — Dishc 
 Defenders. — 
 Real Issue. — 
 foggery. — P? 
 chronism. — . 
 Half Truths. - 
 Cass. 
 
TAni.K OF CONTF.NTS. 
 
 XXI 
 
 aisMinst till' I )('l;i\varcs. — lie Massacres the Christian liidians. — (.ol. Crawford's Kxpcdilioii. - lie 
 is Dtfcalcd and liurnrd, - Dc I'l ysti-r Asi<s the Indians for " Live Mi-at." — Kiiiirn of War Parties 
 to Detroit. Coiintin)^' tin- Sial|)s. — Ki'cpinis' I ally of tin- ncjitii Wlioops. — Woinen and Cliildrcn 
 as Captives.-- Humane Condiut of C<rtain < )l(i( ers. - l'ro|)osed Surrender of Detroit. Dou).jlass's 
 Keport. N (•),;( >tiat ions to ()l)lain I'ossession of Detroit. -- Hritisli rnv\illin).jness to Surrender. — 
 li\dians Iju-our.ij.jrd to Continue the War. Defeat of ( lenerals il.unier and St. Clair. British Kort 
 Mri'eted on tiie Miami. Tlie McKee Letters. -- (ieneral Wayne Defe.its the I'.nijiisii and liuhans. — 
 The Jay 'I'reaty. - 'I'iie Western Posts Nielded. A Letter from C.eneral Wasiiini;lon. P'inal 
 Arr.ini^ements for Surrender. - The Date of I'.nj^lish Dep.irture.- Anierie.ins in I'ossession. — The 
 Henley and llamtramek Letters. — 'festimony of S(|uire Reynolds. -Complete .Settlement of ^he 
 Ouestion. dirty and His Horse. N'isit of lloiindary Line Commissioners. — I'"reiieh and Sp.mish 
 Intrivjiies in Detroit and the West.- - Powers' Mission to (ienenil Wilkinson. — Wilkinson'.s Suspicious 
 Conduct. 242-271 
 
 CHAPTKR .XL. 
 
 Indian Wars from 1790 to 1812. — Impertinence .-md Inhumanity of L'.nijlish onicers. - I'nre.st at 
 Detroit. Preparations for Defense. British Presents to tin- Indians. - I larrison Defeats Indians 
 at 'I'ippecanoe. — Citizens of Detroit Ask Conijress for Troops. 272-273 
 
 CHAPTIIK Xl.l. 
 
 The War of 1812. — The Riijht of Search. - Attack on the Chesapeake. — War Declared. — Militia 
 Called for. Mritish Activity. — Musterinij of Detroit Militia. — Army (iathered at Dayton. — 
 ("leneral I lull Takes Command. — Hull's Matfj^ajjc and Muster Rolls Captured. - 1 lull's Army Arrives 
 at Sprin,;;wells.— Cass's Mission to Maiden. — The Army Cross to Sandwich. — Proclamation to 
 Canadians. — Various Detachments Sent out. - Captain IJrush Arrives at the Raisin.— Defeat of 
 Van Horn's J'^scort. — The Army Returns to Detroit. — Miller Sent to Relief of Brush. — Defeat of 
 British and Indians. -\h- .Arthur Seeks to Aid Miller. — Miller Ordered bai k to Detroit. — The 
 British I'.reet Batteries. — Further Klforls to Relieve Brush. — Brock Demands Surrender of Detroit. — 
 Hull's Reply. — Cuttintf down a Pear Tree. — Detroit Bombarded.-- Incidents of the Cannonade. — 
 The British Cross to Sprinvjwells. - Colonel Anderson's Opportunity. — The Fort Surrendered. — 
 Disjjju.st of the Militia. — Amount of Stores Surrendered. — Removal of Stores. — Captain Klliott 
 Catches a Tartar. — Was Hull a 'I'raitor ? — Stranj^o Stories. — Mrs. Dodemead's Joke. — I'lans for 
 Recapture of Detroit. — Battle of Frenchtown. — Winchester's Defeat. — Wounded Americans 
 Killed. Scalped, and Burned. — (iatherinij the Remains. — Ransominjj; of Prisoners. — Womanly 
 Sympathy. - Proctor's Inhumanity. - - American Citizens Ordered to Leave. — Their Protest. — Oreat 
 Mort.ility ainonj^ Indians. — Indian Outraijes. — Indian Cajitives. — Her Mother's Scalp. - American 
 Troops .Marchinjf to Detroit. -~ I'rovisional Methods. — Harrison's Messajje to Major Crojjhan. — 
 Cro.nhan's Sinijular Reply. — His Arrest and K.xplanation. — His Defense of Fort Steven.son. — 
 Perry's Victory. -- Proctor Leaves Detroit. — The Old Flaij. — Christeninji; of Fort Shelby. — IJattle 
 of the Th.imes. — Sheriffs and Auctiotieers Appointed for Canada. — Troops Decimated by Dis- 
 ea.se. — Pits instead of Cotlins. — An Inijenious Ruse. — Fxpedition aijainst Fort Talbot. — Ivxpeilition 
 against Mackinaw. — Indian Depredations at Detroit. — The Killinj^ of McMillan. — A Volunteer 
 E.xpedition. — McArthur's Rillemen Arrive. — Insolence of British Ofiicials. — Date of Reoeeupation. 
 — I'lentiful and Positive Testimony.— A Question Settled. — Di.stress after the War.-- President 
 Madison's Letter to Congress. — Relief Afforded by (Government. 274-288 
 
 CHATTER XLII, 
 
 The Surrender of Detroit. — An Analysis and Review of " Hull's Trial," " Hull's Memoirs," and 
 " Dearborn's Defense." — Trial of General Hull. — His Case Considered. — Efforts in his Behalf. — 
 His LJenunciations. — Relatives as Defenders. — General Dearborn's Defense. — Candor of Mr. 
 Lossing. — Hull's Ingratitude. — His Discreditable Administration. — His Vituperation and Accusa- 
 tions. — Dishonesty of his Statements. — Specimen Stultifications. — Base Insinuations of Certain 
 Defenders. — His Memoirs. — Misrepresentations. — Inconsistent and Reckless Statements. — The 
 Real Issue. — Opinions ■Jvr.y//.f ?" acts. — Simplicity as an Excuse for Carelessness. — Specimen Petti- 
 foggery. — Pathetic Nonsense. — A Coward's Reason. —Afterthought Excuses. — A Fatal y\na- 
 chronism. — A Wonderful Surplus. — Remarkable Effrontery. — Clark's Absurd Argument. - 
 Half Truths. — Letters from John Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Governor 
 Cass. 289-298 
 
XXll 
 
 TARLi: OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CMAI'TER XLIII. 
 
 The Black Hawk War.— Toledo War— Patriot War— Mexican War. — Cause of Hl.u k I lawk Wan- 
 Troops from Mifhijjan. — Di'p irtiiii' of (luards and I )raj^jooii.s. — I'l'ic Kciiirii to Dclruit. — 
 Arrival of U. S. Troops. - Mlack Hawk in Detroit. -VUv Toledo \V;ir. - Cause of. — Laws and 
 Counter Laws. — Militia on the iNL-ireh. — 'i'lie Sheriff and his I'o.sse. liouiidary Line Skirmish. — 
 Arrests in Toledo. — Michij.;an Militia at Toletlo. -A .Midniijht Court. -- Jiulvjes on the Ktui. — 
 (lovernor Mason Superseded. — Return of Troops. — Humorous War Soiij^f. -- impromptu Celebra- 
 tion. — i'risoners Released. - Governor Horner's Reason. — Ohio Victorious. — The Patriot War. — 
 Dissatisfied Canadians. — Events at lUitfalo. — Refux:ees at Detroit. - Hiuiters' Lodijcs. - Patriot 
 'Sympathizers. — Stolen Arms. — Ciovernor Mason's i''.xpedition. — Sutherland's Forces. Capture 
 of Theller. — Arrival of U.S. Troops. — Activity of lirady (aiards. - The Patriots Caiuionadeil. — 
 Excitement at Detroit. - Patriot Camn near lUoody Rim. — Cenerai Brady Disperses Patriots. — 
 Patriots Attack Windsor. — Their Defeat. — Theller's I'scajH- and Trial. — Otiiet Restored. — The 
 Mexican War. — 'I'roops from Detroit. — (iener.'il Scott's Commendation. — Prematiu'e Ciiebration. — 
 Victory of Palo Alto. — Captain Taylor's Joy. — t)tllicers of the Michigan Troops. — Return of the 
 Troops. — State Expenses for Troops. 299-304 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 The War with the Somli. — The Irrepressible Conflict. — The Hero of Fort Sumter. — War Begins.— 
 Union Meetini(s. — I'.quippinvj the I-'irst Infantry. — Individual Loans.— The Oath of Allegiance. — 
 Flag Raisings. — War Meetings. — Mustering of First and Second Regiments. — The C.imi) of Instruc- 
 tion. — More Regiments Raised. — Union Political Convention. -Camp Hackus Established.— Cele- 
 bration of Victories. — Passports to Canada. — Return of Ceneral Willcox. — Ward Drills. — Dejiar- 
 ture of Regiments. — Riot of 1863. — Cettysburg and \'icksburg. — Comforts for the Soldiers. — 
 Return of Regiments. — Hurley and his Plot. — Other Rebel Plots. — The City to be Burned. — 
 Victory at Richmond. — News of Lincoln's Death. — Hagley's Eulogy. — The Funeral Procession. — 
 Entertaining Returning Troops. — Old Battle Flags. — Number of Soldiers and Los.ses. — Relief 
 Organizations. — Ol'licers. - Synopsis of Work. — Relief and Bounty Funds. — How Apportioned. — 
 Total Amounts Expended. — .Soldiers' Monument. — Organization of Association. — Raising the 
 Funds. — Nauici: of Olikers. — Description of Monument. 305-312 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 Militia and Military Companies. — First Regulations. — Uniforms Unnecessary. — Parades at Detroit. — 
 Hull's Martinetism. — A Peculiar Law. — Militia Ollicers. — Absurd Regulations. — (lorgeous 
 Uniforms. — The {'.overnor'.'-- Clothing Store. — Dissatisfaction of Inhabitants. '— Uniforms Miist be 
 Procured.— Gentle's Description of Military Doings. — An Awkward Captain and His Awkward 
 Squad. — Trouble between Hull and Griswold. — Military Courts. — Amusing Excuses. — Military 
 Companies. — Date of Organization. — Officers and Incidents. 3 13-3 '8 
 
 PART VI.— SOCIAL. 
 
 CHAPTER XL VI. 
 
 Original Inhabitants of Detroit. — Indian Agents. —Eiirly Visitors. — First Inhabitants. — Various 
 Theories. — Probable Order of Occupation. — Humboidt's Opinion.— Indian Mounds.— E.xamina- 
 tions. — Contents. — Probable Object. — Names of Tribes. — Cannibals. — Location of X'illages. — 
 Indian Dress. — Amusements. — Habitations. — Occupations. — Origin of Indian Names.— The 
 Council Fire, —Visits of Noted Indians. — Methods and Requests. — Stephenson's Metaphor.- 
 English Gifts. — American Largess. — Indian Dandies. — Quaint Designations. — Indian Agents.— 
 Indian Treaties. — First White Visitors. — Remarkable Journeys. — Champlain and Detroit. — Mar- 
 quette.- Joliet.—Galinee.— La Salle and the Griffon. — Tonty and La Forest. — La Hontan.— 
 
 Charlevoix. 
 
 321-325 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 Biography of Cadillac. — The Founding and Growth of Detroit. — Manners and Customs. — Marriage 
 Laws. — Masonic and Odd Fellows' JJocieties. — Cadillac's -al Name. — Date and Place of 
 Birth. — When Baptized.— His Father's History. — Other i- -latives.— His Signature. — Careless 
 Recording. — The Family Name. — Proofs of Identity. — His Early Life. — Rare 'Abilities. — Deter- 
 mined Character. — A Cosmopolite. — His Marriage. — Residence in Acadia. — His Wife's Devotion. 
 
 
 — Her Co 
 Mt. Desei 
 Esteem. 
 I caving 
 Jealousy ( 
 Death aiu 
 C.-ulillac .It 
 cils. — Opi 
 StatiMnent 
 I'irst BirtI 
 I'!nc()(ir;ige 
 Reports, 
 of New C 
 Obsolete r, 
 age of ( 
 names.- 
 tic Anin 
 Emi)loymei 
 tive Atmi 
 Early Soci 
 Event. - 
 Club. — Ma 
 A Mride wit 
 Societies. — 
 
 Slavery and the 
 
 Sla/es. — P 
 dolph Oppoi 
 Unfriendly 
 Detroit. — 'I 
 Association. 
 .\rrivals. — ' 
 I' I Try Raid. 
 Disgraceful 
 Case. — Col( 
 
 Recreations and 
 
 Amusement! 
 Conquest. — 
 by Mail.— L 
 gerald. — Pic 
 America. — 
 Games. — O 
 of Garden. - 
 on Piety Hi 
 on Jefferson 
 Carnival. — I 
 Cricket Clul 
 
 Music and the 
 
 Parish Chori 
 Singers. — F( 
 Detroit Phil 
 Union. — Or] 
 First Piano 
 Bands. — Lii 
 Location of 
 and inventor 
 Art Exhibiti( 
 
TABLE OV CONTENTS. 
 
 • t • 
 
 xxm 
 
 — I Icr Coura.iLjc. — Names of their Children. — History of Child.en. — Mis Wife's I>ast Home. — The 
 Mt. Desert Cirant. — 1 he Cirr'goires. 'I'iieir Miirial I'lace. -Cadiliae's Position. — (loveriimental 
 Ksteein. — Appointed to .Mackinaw. - His Return to <2iiel)ec. — Desires to I'ound Detroit, Date of 
 leavinif Detroit. — Appointed Ciovernor of I-ouisiana. -Arrival at Mobile. — His Activity. — 
 Jealousy of As.soeiates. — l-aler Misrepresentations. — Appointed ( lovernor of Castelsarrasin.His 
 Death and lUirial. — 'I'he Koiindinif of Detroit. — Cadillac's I'lans. — Obstacles in the Way. — 
 Cadillac at (Quebec. — (loinj^' West. — IJeaiichene's Narrative. — Hirthday of Detroit. — Indian Coun- 
 cils. — Opposition to Colony. — V'audreuil NeiLjIects Orders. — Intrivjues at Tr.idinjj Company. — 
 Statement of Cadillac's Son.— Boldness of First Settlers. — Roy.il JJIood. — St. Anne's Records. — 
 l-'irst Birth, Marriaj^e and Death. —(Irowth of J'opulation. — Arrival of rroniincnt Families. — 
 Fncoiirai^rement to Settlers. — Ii --easinii I'rosperity. — Aeadians at Detroit. - Knj^dish Census 
 Reports. — First American Settlers. — Bostonians. - Poetical Praises. — Potent Maps. - Thousands 
 of New Comers. — Kmi^ration .Sorij.;. — Arriv.il of X'arious Nationalities. — Intercstinj^r Facts. — An 
 Obsolete Opinion. — Cen.sus by Decades. — Percent of Increase, — Number of Families. — Percent- 
 .ijje of Children. — Population Possibilities. — Old Time Manners, — Rouj^h \'oya)>;es. — Nick- 
 names. — Styles of Dress. -- A Sonnet on a Bonnet. — Subjects of Thouj^ht.- Provisions. — Domes- 
 tic Animals. — Su)j;ar and Fish Scales. — A Delicious Drink. — ("lOvernor Cass's Testimony. — 
 Employments of First Settlers. — Unscientific Farmers. — Cientlemcn by Occupation. — A Conserva- 
 tive Atmosphere. -- A Place to F.njoy Fife. — Characteristics of People, -Personal Appcar.ince, — 
 F.arly Social .\dvantages. — Old School Flospitality. — Pertinent Testimony. — Noticeable Social 
 Fvent. — Bani|iiet to C. C. Trowbridije. — New Year's Calls. — Social Societies. — The Dctrf)it 
 Club. — Marria>,'e Laws. — Indi.-m Wives. — Importation of Younjj Fadies. — Weddinjj Festivities. — 
 A Bride with a Doll, — Territorial Marria).;e Laws. — Later Re,v;ulations. — Masonic and Odd Fellows' 
 Societies. — Date of Institution of Lodjjes. — Incidents. — Places of Meetings. 326-343 
 
 CHAPTER .XLVIIL 
 
 Slavery and the Colored Race. — First Slaves. — Indian Servants. — Orders for Slaves. — Prices of 
 Sla.'cs. — Peculiar Expressions. — .Slavery Prohibited. — -Efforts to Repeal Prohibition. — John Ran- 
 dolj.h 0|)i)oses. — Colored Militia. — -Taxes on Sl.ive Properly. — C.radual Extinction of Slavery. — 
 Unfriendly Laws. — Kidnapjiin,^ Slaves. — Riot of 1833. — I-lscape of Blackburn. — lOxcitemeni at 
 Detroit. — Troops from Fort Or.itiot. — Anti-Slavery Society. — Officers of .Society. — The Liberty 
 Association. — Fugtive Slave Loan. — Arrest of Rose. — l'ndcri,'round Railroad. — Frequent 
 Arrivals.— Humoious Handbill. Anti-Slavery .Sentiment. — John Brown in Detroit. — The Harper's 
 Ferry Raid. — ("elebr.uion of Emancipation. — The Riot of 1863. — Faulkner's Arrest and Trial. — A 
 Disgraceful Mob. — Houses Fired. — Colored People Beaten and Killed. — Sequel to Faulkner 
 Case. — Colored People Ask for Citizenship. — Citizenship Bestowed. 344-348 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 
 Recreations and Amusements. — Sporting Facilities. — Skilful Maidens. — Natural Gayety. — Sunday 
 Amusements. — Foot Racing. — The French Champion. — Sir Wm, Johnson's Visit. — Miss Curie's 
 
 Conquest. — Old Time Civilities. -The Grosse Pointe 
 
 by Mail. — Lady Musicians. — War and Merriment. - 
 
 gerald. — Picnic on Belle Isle. — Racing on the Ice. - 
 
 America. — Characteristic Challenge. — Woodbridge 
 
 Games. — Obsolete Laws. — McKinstry's Enterprise. - 
 
 of Garden. — First Museum. — The Higgins' Collection. — Dor'or Cavalli's Mu.seum. — Coasting 
 
 on Piety Hill. — Early Skating Rinks. — Recreation Park. — 'I .e Zoological Garden. — F'oot Ball 
 
 on Jefferson Avenue. — Billiard Tables. — Noted Malches. — Novel FLntertainments. — Authors' 
 
 Carnival. — Roller Skates and Velocipedes. — City Lic(.'nse Fees. — The Turn-Verein. — The 
 
 Cricket Club. — Gymnasiums. — Shooting and Fisl ing Clubs. — Boat Clubs and Regattas. 349-353 
 
 Roatl. — Dancing all Night. — Compliments 
 -Miss Powell's Visit, — Lord Edward F'itz- 
 - Winter Picnics. — Michigan against North 
 
 Grove. — Old Time Rambles. — Children's 
 Sports at Michigan Garden. — Description 
 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 
 Music and the Drama. — Art, Artists, and Inventors. — N,iture's Vocalists. — Fifes and Fiddles.-- 
 Parish Choristers. - Hot Flip and Songs. — Primitive Halls. — Local Vocalists. — Visits of Noted 
 Singers. — Former Teachers. — Musical Organizations. — Harmonic Society. — Musical Association, — 
 Detroit Philharmonic, — Concordia Society, — Nicolai Philharmonic, — ^ I)etroit Musical. — Chorus 
 Union, — Orpheus Musical. — Arion Glee Club. — Schumann Society, — Siengerbund Meetings. — 
 First Piano and Organ. — Detroit Composers, — Successful Compositions. — Leaders of Brass 
 Bands, — Lincoln's Ojjinion of Kern. — Gideon's Band, — Recent Bands, — Military Theatricals. — 
 Location of Theatres, — Visits of Noted Actors. — Bronson Howard and His Plays. -- Art, Artists, 
 and inventors, — Works of Randolph Rogers, — Stanley's Paintings, — Portraits by Bradish, — Fine 
 Art Exhibitions. — Works by Local Artists. — Exhibition of Noted Paintings, — Dunlap's " Bearing 
 
XXIV 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 the Cross" "Calvary." and "Christ Rojertcd." — West's "Christ Healing the Sick."-— Teale's 
 "Court of Death."— Rossitcr's "Return of the Dove" and " Miriam."— Dubufc's "Adam .md 
 Eve "—rower's "(".reek Slave."— riiotoijrapliic Work. — The Art Loan. — Local Artists.— Museum 
 of Art. — Subscriptions towards Site. — Cift of J. K. Scripps.— Detroit Inventions. — Hurt's .Solar 
 Compass — Edison's Early Visits.— An Omnivorous Reader. —Van de I'oele's Liijht.- h elix Meier s 
 Clock.— Smith's Automatic Clock.— Hrown's Cold Pens. — Day's Snow Plow. — Wilder 's Propeller 
 Wheel.— Davis's Refrigerators.— Flower's Double-Faced Valves. 354-364 
 
 PART VII. ARCHITECTURAL. 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 
 Houses and Homes. — Stores and Business Buildings. — House and Store Numbers. — Lighting and 
 
 Heating. — Lo.i^ Houses.— I!irch-I?ark Roofs.— Acadi;ui Simplicity. — lUiildini^s Multipiymv:.— Stone 
 Quarries. — Intere-stini^ Discovery. — Oriijinal Cellar Kitchen. — The River Front. — Picture of Speci.il 
 Interest. — A Street View in 1800. — The Cass House. — Judj^e Campbell's "Cas.sina." — Moran and 
 Lafferty Houses. -- First Brick Residence. — Various Occupants. — The Campau House. — A French 
 House. — Growth of City. — Recent Statistics. — Noted House Movinvr. --Cravel and Slate Roofs. — 
 Brick Rows. — Effects of Street Cars. — Increase of Elaboration. — Residence Streets. — Lawns and 
 Shade Trees. — Remarkable Facts. — Business Corners. — Former Desinnations. — FMrst Hiick 
 Stores. — A Prize Conundrum. — Introduction of Plate Gla.ss. — Olfice Buildings. — Names of Busi- 
 ness Blocks. — Location and D.ate of Erection. — House and Store Numbers. — Primitive Fire 
 Kindlers. — First Matches. — ISayberry Candles. — Tallow Dips. — Burning Fluid. — Coal Oil. — 
 Electric Lights. — .Street Lighting. — ('.as Inspectors. — Keeping Warm. --Stove Renting. — Coal 
 Introduced. — Inerea.sed Use. — First Steam Heating. — Steam Supply Company. — Boilc In- 
 spection. 3'j7-47 I 
 
 CHAPTER LII. 
 
 Council Houses. — Court House or Capitol. — Cit/ Halls. — Opera Houses and Public Halls. — 
 
 Council Houses. — Locations. — Indian Council House. — When Built. — Governor Cass's Testi- 
 mony. — Woodworth's Statement. — Various Occujiants. — City Council House. — A Moving History. — 
 The Court House. — Changes and Delays. — A Mistake .Somewhere. — Peculiar Contract. — Laying 
 of Corner-Stone. — Dinner by Contractor. — Completion of Capitol, — An Appropriate Address. — 
 Scrip for Contractors. — The Cupola. — A Favorite Lookout. — Old City Hall. — .Selection of .Site. — 
 Erection of Building. — Campus Martins Lime Kiln. — Completion of Building. — Flntertainments 
 in. — Building Vacated and Demolished. — New City H >ll. — 'The Site. — Description of Building. — 
 View from Tower. — The Clock. — Old Cannons. — 1 he Hubb.ird Statues, — Cadillac, La Salle, 
 Marquette, and Richard. — F.arly Public Halls. — The Old Session Room. — Old ^'<)nng Men's 
 Hall. - Firemen's Hall. — Merrill Hall. — Young Men's Hall. — Arbeiter Hall. — St. Andrew's I lall. - 
 Detroit Ojiera House. —Whitney's Opera House. — Harmonic Hall. — Former Music Hall. — Other 
 Public Halls. — Building Inspectors. 472-479 
 
 CHAPTER L I I I . 
 
 Old Taverns and New Hotels. — The Dodemead House. — Smyth's Hotel. — Sagina Hotel — Woodworth's 
 Hotel. — Uncle Ben. — The Long Room. — American or Wales Hotel. — Harriet Martine.au 's De- 
 scription. — The First Mansion House. — ICverything by Turns. — Prominent Landmark. — Attractive 
 Resort. — Yankee Boarding-House. — Franklin House. — Eagle Hotel. — Cliff's Tavern. — New York 
 and Ohio House. — Michigan Exchange. — The National. — Rus.sell House. — St. Joseph House. — 
 Detroit Cottage. — Andrew's Railroad Hotel. — Second Mansion House. — United States Hotel. — 
 Central Railroad House. — Coyl House. — Commercial Hotel. — Indiana House. — Western 
 Hotel. — Grand River House. — ( ioodman House. — Northern Hotel. — Perkins Hotel. — Johnson's 
 Hotel. — Bagg's Hotel. — Buena \'ista House. — Biddle House. — ^ City Hotel. — American Temper- 
 ance House. — Grand Circus Hotel. — Merchants' F^xchange. — Peninsular Hotel.- Blindbury's 
 Hstel. — Antisdel House. — Garrison House. — St. Charles Hotel. — Tremont House. — Revere 
 House. — Leland House. — The Madison. — Waverly House.— Howard or Griswold House. — Earned 
 House. — Railroad Exchange. — Finney House. — Brighton House. — Hotel F>ichson. — Ei.senlord 
 House. — Hotel Henry. — Hotel Renaud. — Gollinet or Bern.ird House. — The Brunswick. — 
 Standish House. — Rice's Hotel. — The Kirkwood. — Dates of Opening. — Names of Proprietors. 
 etc, 480-488 
 
TADLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXV 
 
 chai>ti:r li v. 
 
 Important Fires, — Fire Marshal. — Fire Limits. — Ciiimney Sweeps. — Notable Fires. — Dates and 
 Incidents. — Fire of 1703. — Indian Incendiaries. — Cadillac Injured. — Fire of 17 12. — Buildings 
 Demolished. — The Fire of 1S05. — Resultant Changes. — Premonitions. — -The Laborer's I'ipe. — 
 Old Fire Pump. — The Hatter's Vat. — Inhabitants in Double Line. — Excited People. — Loading the 
 Ikiats. — The Town Destroyed. — Houses outside the Stockade. — Dilhet's Account. — Majestic and 
 Frightful Sight. — Crippled Child. — Munroe's Letter to Harrison. — Well-Baked Bread. — Hull's 
 Accommodations. — ^"(iathering Building ALaterials. — Horrible Suspicion. — Strange I'roclamation. — 
 Relief Contributions. — How Disposed of. — Later Conflagrations. — Dates. — Locations. — Owners 
 of Property. — Fire Commission Records. — Yearly List of Fires and Losses. — Fire Mar.shal. — 
 History of OfTice. — Duties and Names of Marshals, — Fire Limits. — Changes in Limits. — Chimney 
 Sweeps. — Time's Changes. 489-500 
 
 CHAPTER LV. ' 
 
 The Old Fire Depj ment. — The Steam Fire Department. — The Fire Department Society. — The 
 
 Swab Brigade. — I'^irs as Extinguishers. — -Engine of 179S. — Sweeping the Chimneys. — Fire 
 Bags. — Keg and Bucket Safeguards. — Roof Ladders. — Bucket Line. — Trustee's Orders.- — Dis- 
 obedience Fined. — A Widow's Wit. — Morbid Fears. — Town Inspectors. — Suburban Inspectors. — 
 Battering Rams. — Axemen. — Battering-men. — Firemen. — Missing Hooks and Rams. — Informa- 
 tion Sought. — Fire Engines Wanted. — I'roposed Lottery. — Sunrise Practice. — Shouldering Tubs. — 
 Unwilling Citizens. — Broken Resolutions. — luigine- House Site W^anted. — Watchman's Cry. — 
 Candles in Windows. — Noise and Terror. — Arrival of No. i. ^ Lazy Citizens. — Triangular Bell 
 Wanted. — Xo. 2 Organized. — First Review Day. — Reservoir on Wheels. — I'nderground Reser- 
 voirs. — ^ First Hose Company. — No. 3 Organized. — Engine Hou.se for No. 2. — New Fire Ordi- 
 nance. — Wands for Ollieers. — Caps and 'Prumpets. — Fire Buckets for Hou.scs. — Fire Wardens 
 and Duties. — Tolling the Bells. — The Steeple Watch. — Districting the City. — No. 4 Organized. — 
 Heroic Firemen. — Coats Burned Off. — A Poor Corporation. — -Singular Resolution. — No. 5 Or- 
 ganized. — Visiting Firemen. — More Companies Organized. —Annual Parades. — Oay Decorations. — 
 Well-Dressed Firemen. — ^ Highest Water. — Broom Carrying. — False Alarms. — Jealousies. — Politi- 
 cal IntUience. — Firemen's Balls. — Daring Deeds. — Starting for a Fire. — Rival Companies. — 
 .Successful Tricks. — Exciting Scenes. — Washed ( )ut. — Night Refreshments. — Newspaper Thanks. — 
 Firemen's Songs. — Company Mottoes. — Department in 1851. — Engine-House Furnishings. — The 
 First Stream. — ^ Increase of Rivalry. — Costly Jealousies. ^ Sidewalk Ordinance. — Displeased Fire- 
 men. — Disbanding Companies. — C)lci Citizens to the Rescue. — New Companies Organized. — The 
 Firemen's Dog. — Unworthy Firemen. — First Trial of Steamers. — \'olunteer Companies Disband. — 
 The Old Machine and Hose. — Characteristic Song. — First Steamers Ortlered. — I'aid Companies 
 Provided for. — First Fire-Alarm Telegraph. — Chief Engineers of Volunteer Department. ^ Steam 
 Fire Department Created. — Military Management. — Full and Careful Reports. — Department 
 Expenses aiul Inventories. — Engine Houses. — Steamers. — Hose Carriages. — Automatic Conveni- 
 ences. — Chemical Engines. — A Protective Company. — New f^ire-Alarm Telegraph. — Its Con- 
 struction. — How Operated. — The Box Alarms. — How Given. — Hydrants and Reservoirs. — 
 Organization of Commission. — Names of Commissioners. — Secretaries. — Engineers. — Surgeons.— 
 The Firemen. — A Creditable Force. — Firemen's .Association. — Fire Department .Society. — Organi- 
 zation. — Objects. — Hurlbut's Letter. — Firemen's Hall. — Description of. — \'an Dyke's .Services. — 
 Appreciative Testimonial. — Cemetery Lot and Monument. — Improvement of Mali. — Management 
 of Society. — Legislative Provisions. — Names of l^residents and Secretaries. 501 523 
 
 PART VIII.— RELIGIOUS. 
 
 CHAPTER LVL 
 
 Roman Catholic Missionaries and Priests. — Churches. —Bishops and Dioceses. — The Catholic 
 Union. — Catholic Pioneers. — Jesuit Visitors. — Tireless Zeal. — Oreat Ability. — Priestly K.xplorers. — 
 A Religious Settlement. —First Chapel. — Valliant and Del Halle. — Cadillac's Preferences. — 
 Franciscans Hold the Fort. — Burning of Chapel. — St. Anne's I^ecords. — Carefully I'rescrved.— 
 Authenticity Attested. — Interesting Extracts. — The First Entry. — Del Halle's Death and Burial.— 
 Frequent Removal of Remains. - E.xtracts from Records. — New Church Erect' d. — ^The Church 
 Burned. — Visit of Charlevoix. — Arrival of Bonaventure. — Completion of New Church. — Crespel's 
 Narrative. — Richardie's Huron Mission. — Pothier and Sail eoauve. — Death of Pothier. — Visit of 
 
XXVI 
 
 TAHLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Bishop roiitl)rianci. -Riverside Ciiapeis. — The Reel Chapel. — Roprition Exercises. — Services Dur- 
 injf I'oiUiac War. — Trustees and I'ew Rents. — Arrival of Father Richard. — I'niversal Ksteeni.— 
 Richard's Loyalty. — His Election to Conijress. — Death and Uiirial. —Memorial Window. — Church 
 Burned in 1805. — Services after the Fire. — Church Troubles. — 15ishop Fla.ijcl's Interdict. — His 
 Arrival. — Ditficulties Settled. —(ireat Rejoicings. — Departure of Bishop Flaj^et. — The Melcher 
 Farm Church. — Incorporation of St. Anne's. --The F^rst Trustees. — The Church Property.— 
 When Obtained. — The Consideration. —An Unveritied Tradition. —The Building of St. Anne's.— 
 Father Richard's Adverti.sement.— Counterfeit Shinplasters. — Steeple on Fire. — A Sleepy Pro- 
 phecy. — Original Ajjpearance of Church.— Customs of the Past.— Curious Official Letter. — A Peculiar 
 Advertisement. — Church Processions.— A \'aluable Bequest. — Priest's House. — Capacity of 
 Church. — Bounds of Parish. — Names of Priests. — Date of Service. — Floly Trinity Church. — First 
 , Building. —Its Removal. —New Building. — Cost.— Seating Capacity. —Average Attendance. —Value 
 of Property. — Yearly E.Kpenses. — The Mamie Disa.ster. — Memorial Tablet. — Bounds of Parish. — 
 Names of Priests. — Terms of Service. — St. Mary's Church. — First Services in Cernian. — ICrection 
 of Building, — Size. — Number of Sittings. — Value of Property. — Names of Priests. — Time of 
 Service. — Franciscan Residence. — Boundaries of Parish. — The New Church. — SS. Peter and 
 Paul Church. — Consecration Services. — Size and Cost of Building. — Mrs. Keveny's Ciift. — 
 Value of Property. — Names of Priests. — Terms of Service. — Bounds of Parish. — St. Jo.seph's 
 Church. — Original Location. — First lUiilding. — Priest's Residence. — New Church. — Cajiacity. — 
 Value of Property. — Church Beneficial Society. — Bounds of I'arish. — Names of Priests. — Terms of 
 Service. — St. Anthony's Church. — Location. — Cost. — When Completed. — Capacity. — Names of 
 Priests. — Terms of Service. — St. Patrick's Church. — Location. — When Completed. — Cost. — Date 
 of Enlargement. — Priest's House. — Value of Property. — Names of Priests. — Terms of Service. — 
 Bounds of Parish. — St. Vincent de Paul Church. — Location. — W' hen Consecrated. — Cost. — 
 Capacity. — Priest's House. — Value of Property. — Bounds of I'arish. — Priests and Terms 
 of Service. — Our Lady of Help Church. — Location. — When Consecrated. — Cost. — 
 Capacity. — Value of Property. — Bounds of Parish. — Priests and Terms. — St. Boniface Church. — 
 When (Organized. — .Services in School Ikiilding. — Priest's House. — Names of Priests. — Bounds of 
 Parish. — Church Erected. — Date of Consecration. — Value. — St. Albert's Church. — Location. — 
 Date of Consecration. — Cost of Church, — Capacity. — Bounds of Parish. — Names and Terms of 
 Priests. — New Church Building. — .St. Aloysius Church. — Location. — Purchase. — Purchase of 
 Buildings. — Improvements. — Capacity. — Bounds of Parish. — Services of Father \'an Dyke. — 
 Value of Property. — St. Joachim's Church. — Original Name. — Location. — Cost. — Bounds of 
 Parish. — Value of Property. — Name of Priest. — Church of the Sacred Heart. — Locatioii. — Cost.— 
 Capacity. — Average Attendance. — Nainesand Terms of Priests. — Bounds of Parish. — Value of 
 Property. — St. Wenceslaus Church. — Location. — Cost. — Capacity. — Naines of Priests. — Church 
 of the Holy Redeemer. — First Ser\'ices. — Location. — Cost. — Capacity. — Bounds of Parish. — 
 Priests in Charge. — St, Cassimer's Church. — Location. — Combined Church and School Building. — 
 Cost. — Date of Consecration. — Name of Priest. — Bounds of Parish. — St. Boiiavetiture Church 
 and Monastery. — Location. — Size of Building. — Cost. — Grotto t)f the Blessed Virgin Mary. — A 
 Peculiar Structure. — Location. — Beautiful Avenue. — Cost of Grotto. — Description. — Roman 
 Catholic Bishops and Dioceses. — First Diocese in New France. — Names of P.ishops. — Dates of 
 Consecration. — Vicar-Generals. — Secretaries. — Catholic Union Society. — \\ hen Organized. — 
 Objects. — How Managed. — Presidents and Secretaries. 527-549 
 
 CHAPTER LVIL 
 
 Earliest Protestant Ministers. — The Moravians. — Later Missionaries and Clerical Visitors.— 
 First Regular Protestant Services. — First Protestant Clergymen in Detroit. — English Army 
 Chapl.iins. — Moravians Brought to Detroit. — Departure of Moravians. — Their Return. — First 
 Protestant Services. — Interesting Details. — The Moravians on the Huron. — NewCinadcnhuctten. — 
 Consecration of Church. — Moravian Visits and Baptisms. — Leaving New (inadenhuettcn. — A 
 Chaplain of the Queen's Rangers. — Gen. Wayne's Army Chaplain. — E.xtract from Journal. — Arri- 
 val of David Bacon. — Revs. Badger and Hughes. --Mrs. Bacon Leaves for Connecticut. — Return 
 with Wife and Brother. — His Sermons and his Hearers. — Visit of a Moravian Minister. — 
 Messrs. Badger and Hughes again. — Dr. Leonard Bacon's Birthplace. — Incident of his Infancy. -- 
 Bacon Visits Maumee and Mackinaw. — Goes to Ohio. — Visit of Daniel Freeman. — Services by 
 Rev. Mr. Pollard. — Rev. Nathan Bangs Arrives. — Account of Visit and Services. — Lot Asked for 
 Protestant Church. — Rev. Wm. Ca.se Appointed to Detroit. — Bravery and Success. — Methodist 
 Episcopal Church Organized. — First Protestant Church in Territory. — Names of Meinbers. — F'arly 
 Methodist Preachers. — Mitchell, Holmes, Ryan, and Hopkins. — American Army Chaplains. — Death 
 of Rev. J. T. Wilmor. — Arrival of Joseph Hickco.v. — Low State of Morals. — A Rigid Law. — Plain 
 Talk by Mr. Hickcox. — Services by Rev. Gideon Lanning. — The Rouge Church. — Methodist 
 Ministers: Davis, Di.xon, Kent, Finlay, Morey, and Strange. — Rev. John Monteith Arrives, — His 
 First .Sermon. — Evangelistic Society Organized. — .Services at Council House. - Judge Woodward's 
 Proposed Society. — Robert Abbott's Advertisement. — Burying Ground Granted to Protestant 
 
 i 
 
 Society. 
 
 Bills. 
 
 Successd 
 
 The Methoc 
 
 First M.| 
 Names 
 Visitors. I 
 Building! 
 erty. — l| 
 and StaiJ 
 Erection] 
 Names 
 Church. 
 Mal'fitt. 
 Library 
 Church. 
 Names.— I 
 of New ^ 
 F'ormer 
 and Tern 
 cation. 
 Property. 
 Street Ch 
 Number 
 Sixteenth 
 erty. — N 
 Services. - 
 When De 
 Date of 
 Asbury ^ 
 Organizal 
 by Decad< 
 cated. — ( 
 Church. — 
 John Ste' 
 Brick Chi 
 cades. — • ] 
 Building. ■ 
 Zion Afri 
 bands. — 
 Location. 
 Street Pn 
 Society I 
 Ikiilding. 
 of Pastor: 
 
 The Protesta 
 Reformed 
 
 House. — 
 Names of 
 Erection ( 
 bers bv 
 Consjcrat 
 Chime of 
 Decades. 
 Building. 
 Church. - 
 Memorial 
 John's CI 
 Location. 
 Assistant 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXVll 
 
 Society. — Erection of Church. — Dedication of Building. — Sabbath Collections. — Clnircli Due 
 Bills. — Pew Rents. — First Protestant Society Incorporated. — L eparture of Mr. Monteith. — Mis 
 Successor. — First Protestant Society Becomes a Presbyterian Church. 55o-55^ 
 
 CHAPTER LVIII. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal Churches. — Events of Interest to the Denomination. — Circuit Riders. — 
 First M. E. Society. — First Church Buildinj^. — Notice of Meetin.if. — Incorporation of Society. — 
 Names of Corporators. — Relation to the Rouge Society. — Reminiscences by Dr. Brunson, — Inciian 
 Visitors. — Christian Courtesies. — (iathering Materials for Building. — Location.-- Description of 
 Building. — Christian Indians. — Interesting Meetings. — Old-Time Records — Sale of Church i'rop- 
 erty. — Erection of New Church. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Erection of Woodward Avenue 
 and State Street Ciiurches. — Consolidation of Woodward Avenue and Congress Street Societies. — 
 Erection of Central Church. — Cost of Property. — Church Societies. — Members by Decades. — 
 Names and Terms of Pastors. — Church Societies. — Central Morning Mission. — Congress Street 
 Church. — First Services. — First Trustees. — Location of Building. — Sermon by Rev. John N. 
 Mal'fitt. — A Comprehensive Lecture. — Donation Parties. — General Grant as a Pew-Holder. — 
 Library Association. — Enlargement of Church. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Burning of 
 Church. — Subsequent Services. — Number of Members by Decades. — Tabernacle Society. — Former 
 Names. — First Church Building. — Old Location. — Extensive Repairs. — Sale of Property. — Purchase 
 of New Site. — Church and Chapel Erected. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Simpson Church. — 
 P'ormer Names. — When Organized. — First Building. — New Location. — New Building. — Names 
 and Terms of Pastors. — Palmer Memorial Church. — Former Name. — Original Location. — Dedi- 
 cation. — Improvements and Alterations. — Yearly Expenses. — Members by Decades. — Value of 
 Property. — New Location. — New Church. — New Name. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Fort 
 Street Church. — Preliminary History. — Erection of Building. — Location. — Cost. -— Dedication. — 
 Number of Members. — Names and Terms of Pa;itors. — Yearly Expenses. — Value of Property. — 
 Sixteenth Street Church. — Location of Building. — Date of Dedication. — Cost. — Value of Prop- 
 erty. — Number of Members. — List of Pastors. — Junction Church. — Original Location. — Early 
 Services. — New Site. — Names of Pastors. — Value of Property. — Delray Church. — Location.— 
 When Dedicated. — Cost. — First Pastor. — Wesley Church. — Its Beginnings. — Cost of Building. — 
 Date of Dedication. — Cass Avenue Church. — Location. — Cost of Chapel. — First Pastor. — 
 Asbury Mission. — Location. — Cost. — Date of Dedication. — First German Church. — Date of 
 Organization. — First Meetings. — Erection of Church. — Location. — Value of Property. — Members 
 by Decades. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — Second German Church. — Location. — When Dedi- 
 cated. — Cost. — Members by Decades. — Names of Pastors. — Thirty- second Street German 
 Church. — Location. — When I )edicated. — Cost. — First Pastor. — Lafayette Street African Church. — 
 John Stewart's Mi.ssion. — First Colored Society. — First Building. — \'arious Removals. — First 
 ]3rick Church. — Location. — Cost. — Extensive Repairs. — Value of Property. ^ Members by De- 
 cades. — Names and Terms of Pastors. — I^benezer African Church. — When Organized. — First 
 Building. — Chapel Purchased. — When Dedicated. — Value of Property. — Names of Ministers. — 
 Zion African Church. — First Building. — When Dedicated. — Names of Ministers. — Society Dis- 
 bands. — New Organization. -- Place of Meeting. — Names of Ministers. — French Church. — 
 Location. —Cost of Building. — Name'- of Pastors. — Society Disbanded. — Church Sold. — Pine 
 Street Protestant Methodist Church. — Date of Organization. — Location. — Names of Pastors. — 
 Society Disbanded. — Bethel Evangelical Association Church. ^ — Date of Organization. — First 
 Building. — Cost. — New Location, — New Building. - - Members by Decades. — Names and Terms 
 of Pastors. — Events Interesting to Methodists. — Names and Terms of Presiding Elders. 559-580 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 The Protestant Episcopal Churches. — Bishops, Dioceses, and Conventions. — Anglo-Catholic and 
 Reformed Episcopal Churches. — St. Paul's Church. — When Organized. — Meetings at Council 
 House. — Part of Old Burying-Ground Obtained. — First Church. — Enlargement of Church. — 
 Names of Rectors. — Service Described by Mrs. Jameson. — Sale of Woodward Avenue Properly. — 
 Erection of New Church. — Names of Rectors. — Annual Expenses. — Value of Property. — Mem- 
 bers bv Decades. — Christ Church. — When Organized. — Location. — First Building. — When 
 Cons-crated. — Addition Built. — Chapel Erected. — Cost. — Church Erected. — Cost. — Size. — 
 Chime of Bells Donated. — Names and Terms of Rectors. — Memorial Window. — Members by 
 Decades. — Mariners' Church. — Mrs. Anderson's Bequest. — Special Legislation. — Erection of 
 Building. — Cost. — Names of Rectors. — Members by Decades. — Value of Property. — St. Peter's 
 Church. — First Services. — Building Erected. — Partially Burned. — Extensive Improvements. — 
 Memorial Window. — Value of Property. — Members by Decades. — Names of Rectors. — St. 
 John's Church. — Date of Organization. — H. P. Baldwin's Gifts. — Cost of Chapel and Church. — 
 Location. — Names of Rectors. — Missionary Work. — Value of Property. — Members by Decades. — 
 Assistant Rectors. — Grace Church. — First Services. — Erection of Building. — Location. — Cost. — 
 
xxvm 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 E. W. Hudson's Oift. —J. W. Waterman's Donation. —Value of Property. — Members by Decades.— 
 Names of Rectors. — St. Stephen's Clnircli. — Location. -- When Consecrated. — Names of Rt-c- 
 tors. — Kmaniiul Memorial Church. — First Services. - Erection of liuildinc:. — Mrs. Med' ry's 
 Gift. — New Location. — Names of Rectors. — Value of Property. — All Saints' Chapel. First 
 Services. — Location. —Cost. — Rectors in Charj^e. — St. James Church.— When Established. — 
 Location. — A Church Purchased. — New Iklildinl,^ — \'alue of Property. — Names of Rectors. — 
 Mission of the Messiah. - Location. — Cost of P>uilding. — Value of Property. — Names of Rec- 
 tors. — St. Mary's Mission. — When Established. — Chapel ICrected. - - Location.— Cost. — Ministers 
 in Charjre. — Mission of the (Jood Shepherd. — First Services. — Huildinjf Faceted. — Location. — 
 Value of Property.— Ministers in Chaige. — St. Thomas' Mission. ~ Location. — When Estab- 
 lished. - St. Barnabas Mission. — Location. — When F^stablished. — Cost of Buildinif. — Rectors. — 
 Holy Trinity Mission.— First Services. — Ministers in Charj^e. — St. Luke's Memorial Chapel.— 
 Location. — Erected by C. C. Trowbridije. — Object. — St. Matthew's Colored Church. - First Ser- 
 vices. — First Building. — Names of Ministers. — New Building. — Cost. — Ministers in Charge.— 
 St. Joseph's Memoriaf Chapel. — Location. — Cost. — Donated by Mrs. Medbury. —Trinity Church. — 
 When Incorporated. — Place of Meeting. — .Services Discontinued. — St. Mark's Church. — First 
 Services. — New Location. — Building Erected. — Services Discontinued. — Property Sold. — Diocese 
 of Michigan Created. — Piishops. — Conventions. — Episcopal Residence. — Diocesan Fund. — The 
 Church Association.— Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church. — Places of Meeting. — Names of 
 Clergymen. — Epiphany Reformed Episcopal Church. — Date of Organization. — Location. — Minis- 
 ters. - Emanuel Reformed Episcopal Church. — Places of Meeting. — Date of Incorporation. — 
 Services Discontinued. 52*~593 
 
 CHAPTER LX. 
 
 The Presbyterian Churches. — Occasions of Interest to Presbyterians. — First Presbyterian Church. — 
 Date of Organization. — Names of Original Members." — First Church Property. — First Session 
 Room. — 15rick Session Room. — Sale of Church. — New Building Erected. — Cost. — When Dedi- 
 cated.— Tower Clock. — Property Sold. — Burning of the Church. — Utilizing the Old liell. — Services 
 after th'j Fire. — Church on Cratiot Avenue. — Cost. — When Dedicated. — Names of I'astors. — 
 Duffield Memorial Tablet. — Value of Property. — Members by Decades. — School for Chinese. — 
 Scotch or Central Church. — First Services. — Building Erected. — Names of Ministers. — New 
 Building. — Cost. — Change of Name. — Members by Decades. -Fort Street Church. — First 
 Services. — First Building. — Second Building. — Cost. — Names of Ministers. — Extensive Repairs. — 
 Burning of Church. — Opera House Services. — Church Rebuilt. — J. D. FJ ayes' Gift. — Members by 
 Decades. — Eighth Ward Mission. — Jefferson Avenue Church. — First Services. — I'.rection of 
 Building. — Names of Ministers. — Members by Decades. — The Frontenac Avenue Mission. — 
 Westminster Church."^ First Services. — Washington Avenue Building. — Names of Ministers. — 
 Sale of Property. — Parsons Street Chapel. — New Church. — Members by Decades. — Calvary 
 Church. — Location. — When Organized. — Building Dedicated. — Ministers. — Members. — Union 
 Church. — Brockway's Mission. — First Building. — Present Building. — Names of Ministers. — \'alue 
 of Property. — Memorial Church. — The First Mission. — Places of Meeting. — .Memorial Buildings. — 
 Memorial Windows. — Historical Lectures. — Trumbull Avenue Church. — Cost. — Location. — 
 Ministers. — United Presbyterian Church. — Society Organized. — lUiilding Purchased. — Extensive 
 Improvements. — Names of Ministers. — Number of >iembers. — French and German Church. — 
 When Organized. — Building I-Lrected. — Location. — Society Disbanded. — Property .Sold. — 
 Reformed Church of /America. — When Organized. — Location of Building. — Ministers. — Mem- 
 bers. — Occasions of Interest. — Presbyterian Alliance. 594-604 
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 The Baptist Churches. — Occasions of Interest to the Denomination. — First Church. — Ser\'ices in 
 University Building. — Erection of Frame Building. — Building Sold. — First Brick Church. — Mrs. 
 Jameson's Description of Church and Services. — Names of Pastors. — Second Brick Church. — 
 Cost. — When Dedicated. — The Cass Avenue Church. — Size and Cost. — Members by Decades. — 
 Second Church (colored). — Places of Meeting. — Property Purchased. — Members by Decades. — 
 Names of Ministers. — Lafayette Avenue Church. — When Organized. — First Services. — Erection 
 of Chapel. — The Church Building. — Names of Pastors. — Alembers by Decades. — Site for New 
 Church. — First German Church. — When Organized. — First Meetings. — Location of Church. — 
 Cost. — Number of Members. — Names of Pastors. — Zion Church (colored). — When Organized. — 
 Name of Pastor. — Members. — Eighteenth Street Church. — When Organized. — Builciing Dedi- 
 cated. — Value of Property. — Names of Ministers. — Twelfth Street Church. — Origin. — Location. — 
 Building. — Pastor. — Members. — Church luilarged. — .Second German Church. — Location. — Build- 
 ing. — Pastors. — Clinton Avenue Church. — Location. — Chapel Erected. — Pastor. — The Church 
 Building. — Shiloh Church. — Organization. — Places of Meeting. — Pastors. — French Church. — 
 When Organized. — Dedication of Church. — Members by Decades. — Pastor. — Tabernacle 
 
 Church. 
 Names ( 
 Cost of 
 tions. — 
 
 The Congn 
 
 Church. 
 Finney. 
 Decades 
 Debt an( 
 Avenue 
 Name o 
 sion. - 
 
 Congregi 
 
 The Lutherai 
 
 Second 
 nial I'^xen 
 St. Mark' 
 Evangelii 
 Building, 
 gelical Ch 
 When On 
 municanti 
 Pastor. — 
 Matthew's 
 R formed 
 Names ol 
 Location, 
 ized. — CI 
 Building. - 
 Owners. — 
 
 The Christiar 
 Church. - 
 Statistic: 
 
 ing. — A 
 Building. - 
 Church. — 
 Congregal 
 Improvem 
 (Universa 
 Thiril Av 
 First Sen 
 Sliaary Z( 
 ing. — Na 
 Members. 
 Average i 
 
 The First Su 
 Conventi( 
 
 ing. — Ot 
 rizing. — : 
 Industrial 
 tendents. 
 Unions. - 
 
1 
 
 TAHLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Church. -- When Orijaiiized. — Howard Street Cliapel. — New Ikiiklini;. — W'lieii Deilicated. — 
 Names of I'astors. — Sale of Property. — Reniiiants of Society. — Park Street Church. — Location. — 
 Cost of lUiildiiijr. — I'astors. — Union with First Church. — Occasions of Interest. — State Conven- 
 tions. — liaptist Social U nion. 605-6 1 2 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 The Congregational Churches. — Notable Congregational Gatherings. — First Conercjjational 
 Church. — Preliminary .Services. — Society Organized. — Building Erected. — Visit of i'resident 
 Finney. — Names of Pastors. — The Fort Street Church. — Value of Property. — Members by 
 Decades. — Second Church. — When Organized. — Erection of Chapel. — The Church lUiilding. — 
 Debt and Difficulty. — Names of i'astors. — Value of Property. — Number of Members. — Trumbull 
 Avenue Church. — Origin. — Original Location. — New Location. — Organization of Church. — 
 Name of Pastor. — Springwells Church. — Location. — 15uilding. — Pastors. — Harper Avenue Mis- 
 sion. — Location. — Management. — Mt. Hope Mission. — Location. — Management. — Notable 
 Congregational Gatherings. 613-616 
 
 CHAPTER L X I I I . 
 
 The Lutheran Churches. — St. John's German Evangelical Church. — First Services. — First lUiilding. — 
 Second Building. — Names of Pastors, — Third Ikiilding. — Members by Decades. — Semi-Centen- 
 nial E.xercise. — St. Paul's German J'lvangelical Church. — Location. — Building. — Cost. — Pastor. — 
 St. Mark's German Evangelical Church. — Location. — Building. — When Dedicated. — Trinity 
 Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — First Ikiilding. — Addition Erected. — New 
 Building. — Cost. — Names of Pastors. — Communicants by Decades. — IJethlehem German Evan- 
 gelical Church. — Location. — Communicants. — Pastor. — Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church. — 
 When Organized. — First iJuilding. — Location. — New Church. — ■ New LoCtition. — Pastor. — Com- 
 municants. — Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — Building. — Location. — 
 Pastor. — .St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — Building. — I'astors. — St. 
 M.itthew's Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — Building. — Pastors. — Zion German 
 R formed Church. — First Building. — Second Building. — Location. — Communicants by Decades. — 
 Names of Pastors. — St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — When Organized. — 
 Location. — Pastor. — .Salem German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Location.^ When Organ- 
 ized. — Church Building. — Pastors. — St. Luke's German Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Location. — 
 Building. — Pastor. — St. John's Independent Lutheran Church. — Location. — Building. — Former 
 Owners. — Pastor. 617-623 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 
 The Christian Church. — The New Jerusalem Church. — The Unitarian Church. — The Universalist 
 Church. — The Third Avenue Mission Church. — Jewish Congregations. — General Church 
 Statistics. — First Christian Church. — Places of Meeting. — Names of Pastors. — Present Build- 
 ing. — A Donation. — Members by Decades. — Church of Christ. — Location. — Howard Street 
 Building. — Plum Street Building. — Members by Decades. — Mission Building. — New Jerusalem 
 Church. — First Services. — Names of Ministers. — Church Buildings. — Members by Decades. — 
 Congregational Unitarian Church. — Organization. — Erection of Building. — Names of Ministers. — 
 Improvements to Building. — Members by Decades. — New Church Site. — Church of Our F'ather 
 (Universalist). — P'irst Service. — Erection of Building. — Cost. — Pastor. — State Convention. — 
 Third Avenue Mission. — Organization. — I'astor. — The Building. — Beth El Jewish Society. — 
 First Services. — Purchase of Church Buildings. — Names ot Rabbis. — Members of Society. — 
 Sliaary Zedec Jewish Society. — When Organized. — I*urchase of Church Building. — New P)uild- 
 ing. — Names of Rabbis. — Church Statistics by Decades. — Number of Buildings. — Number of 
 Members. — Percentage of Members. — Sittings. — Percentage of Sittings. — Statistics for 1880. — 
 Average Attendance. — Church E.xpenses. — Value of Property. 624-630 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 The First Sunday School.— Mission Schools.— Sunday School Statistics, Sunday School Unions, 
 Conventions, and Celebrations. — The First Sunday School. — Notice in (Gazette. — Date of Open- 
 ing. — Object. — Officers of the Association. — Plxtracts from Annual Report. — E.xtensive Memo- 
 rizing. — School for Colored Children. — Books Used. — Mission Schools. — E.xtinct Missions.-- 
 Industrial School Mission. — Sunday School Statistics for 1863, 1870, and 1880. — Names of Superin- 
 tendents. — Number of Officers, Teachers, and Scholars. — Average Attendance. — Sunday School 
 Unions. — Conventions and Celebrations. 631-637 
 
XXX 
 
 TAHLi: OF CONTENTS. 
 
 C H A P T F, R L X V I. 
 
 Union Religioua Societies. — Union Meetings.— Revivals and Revivalists. — Voiinp Men's Christian 
 Association. — First Society. - Wiicn Orijanixed. — Names of Ollici-rs. — Location of Rooms. — 
 Orj^anization Disbands. — Yoiinij Men's Ciiristian Union. — Dale of ( )rjj;anization. — Ollieers. — 
 Metiiotl of Work. — Termination of Society. — The I'resent Association. — When Ory:anized. — 
 Location of Rooms. — International Convention. — The Farmer Street Property. — Dedication of 
 Huilding. — Increased Prosperity. — Mr. Skiff's Bequest. — Lines of Work. — New Location De- 
 sired. —Sale of Property. — New Rooms. — The Boys' Brancii. — Presidents and (ieneral Secre- 
 taries. — The Railroad Branch. —When Organized. — Location of Buildini,^. — City, County, and 
 State Bible Societies. — Dates of Orijanization. — Officers —Work. — Union Bethel Society. — When 
 Organized. — Place of Services. — Chaplains. — City Tract Societies, — Dates of Oriranization. — 
 Officers. — Methods of Work. — Detroit Evangelical Alliance. — Object. —When Organized. — 
 Officers. — Detroit Ministerial Union. — Organization. — Meetings. — Union Prayer Meetings. — The 
 Morning Meeting. — When Organized. — Places of Meeting. — The Noon Meeting. — Revivals and 
 Revivalists. — Visit of Rev. E. P. Hammond. — The Whittle and Bliss Meetings. — Services of Rev. 
 G. F. Pentecost. — Meetings of Harry F. Sales. 638-643 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII. 
 
 Poverty and Its Relief. — The Poor Commission. — City Physicians. — The County Poor. — Poveny 
 and Its Relief. — Methods under Northwest Territory. — Overseers of the Poor. — Directors of 
 Poor. - Manner of Relief. — Unworthy Recipients. — Large Benefactions. — Names of Directors. — 
 The Poor Commission. — Office Methods. — Names of Commissioners. — City Physicians. — Duties. — 
 Districts. — Names. — Crosse Pointe Hospital. — The County Poor. — Early Methods. -- Present 
 System. — Names of Superintendents. — County Poorhouse. — First Locatioii. — Remarkable Fact. — 
 Father Kundig's Services. — Legislative Appreciation. — The Poor Farm. — Location. — Buildings. — 
 Management. — County Insane Asylum, — Original Size. — Additions. - County Physicians. 644-649 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIII. 
 
 Charitable and Benevolent Societies and Institutions. — Yankee Innovations. — Moral and Humane 
 
 Society. — Organization. — Object. — Young Men's Benevolent Society. — Presidents. — Secretaries. — 
 E.\penditures. — Detroit City Mission Board. — Utopian Plans. — Lodging House. — Catholic Female 
 Association. — Kundig's Wards. — Successful F'air. — Building Erected. — Officers of the Associa- 
 tion. — St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum. — When Organized. — Various Locations, — Present 
 Building. — Superiors in Charge. — Ladies' Protestant Orphan Asylum. — When Organized. — First 
 Officers. — Asylum Opened. — Donations. — Building Erected. — Reorganization. — Principal Offi- 
 cers. — St. Mary's Hospital. — When Opened. — Location. — Clinton Street Building, — New Building. — 
 Regulations. — St. Andrews' Society. — Organization. — Object. — Officers. — Working Men's Aid 
 Society. — Building. — Location. — Objects. — Lafayette Benevolent and Mutual Help Society. — 
 When Organized. — Object. — Location of Building. — Officers. — Industrial School. — Organiza- 
 tion. — Object. — Original Location. — Removal. — Obtaining Funds. — New Building. — Manage- 
 ment. — -Practical Features. — Names and Terms of Officers. — St. [f)sepli's Retreat. — Former 
 Name. — Location. — Object. — Building. — Crounds. — St. Luke's Hospital, Church Home, and 
 Orphanage. — Origin. — Original Location. — The Fort Street Property. • — Large Bequests. — Trus- 
 tees. — Management. — Officers. — Hebrew Widows' and Orphans' Society. — Organization. — 
 Objects. — Officers. — Harper Hospital. — Walter Harper. — His (jift. — Provisions of Deed. — 
 Nancy Martin's Donation. — Trustees and Management. — Buildings Erected by Government, — Soldier 
 Patients. — Ordinary Patients. — Recent Bequests. — New Building. — Location. — Cost. — Accom- 
 modations. — Home of the Friendless. — Origin. — First Location. — High Street Building. — Warren 
 Avenue Building. — Aims and Management. — The Home Messenger. — Officers. — St. Anthony's 
 Male Orphan Asylum. — Location. — Value of Property. — Objects. — Officers. — Women's Flospital 
 and Foundlings' Home. — Its Origin. — First Location. — Present Site. — Design of Institution. — 
 How Sustained. — Officers. — House of Providence. — Object. — Management. — Original Building. — 
 Present Location. — Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Aid Society. — When Organized. — Original Loca- 
 tion. — Removal. — Membership. — Beneficiaries. — Officers. — Italian Benevolent Society. — When 
 Organized. — Object. — Officers, — Little Sisters' Home for the Aged Poor. — First Building. — New 
 Location. — New Building. — How Maintained. — Inmates, — Sister Superiors. — The Thompson 
 Home. — Its Founder. — Original Quarters. — Erection of Building. — Object. — Conditions of Admis- 
 sion. — Officers. — The Working Women's Home. — When Organized. — Locations. — Object. — 
 Officers. — Zoar Orphan Asylum. — Location. — Building. — Inmates. — Detroit Day Nursery and 
 Kindergarten Association. — When Organized. — Object. --Location of Building. — Officers. — Convent 
 of the Good Shepherd. — Location. — Object. — Roman Catholic. — Beneficial Societies Names. — 
 When Organized. — Detroit Association of Charities. — Object. — Methods. — Officers. 650-666 
 
 I 
 
 R 
 
 Early Metho 
 Papers an 
 
 Opportunit 
 Names of 
 gan Essav 
 The Detrbi 
 able Li!)el 
 Printers' D 
 graph. — 
 Literary ( 
 A Clever 
 sonian Den 
 the Lakes. 
 Farmer's 
 Michigan 1 
 crat. — Am 
 L'Amie de 
 News. — W 
 Wellman's 
 The Monti 
 Musical H 
 Offering. — 
 The Penin;- 
 ent. — The 
 Magazine. 
 News. — Tl 
 Magazine of 
 of the Wee 
 The Shrapi 
 Sun. — The 
 The Penins 
 Advance. — 
 Manufacturt 
 The Wester 
 Canadienne. 
 Bulletin. — 1 
 Period. — T 
 Our Diocest 
 Price Curre 
 tol. — The ] 
 de Detroit, 
 man. — Ros 
 Michigan \V 
 Popular T^i 
 Graphic. — 
 Sun. —The 
 view. — Thi 
 Our Church 
 Times (No. 
 Therein. — 
 Express. — • 
 Enquirer. — 
 Tribune. — 
 The AUgem 
 Commercial 
 ticultural Joi 
 Western H- 
 Leader. — T 
 County Cot 
 IVeparation; 
 
TAKLE OF CONTKN TS. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 PART IX. -LITERARY. 
 
 C 1 1 A I' T E R L X I X . 
 
 Early Methods of Publishing. — The First Newspapers. — The Newspaper Graveyard. — Living 
 Papers and Periodicals. — City Printers. — Newsboys. — The Town Crier. — Church Notices.-- 
 Opportunities Improved. - First Newspapers in Canada and the West. — Defunct Publications. — 
 Names of Editors and Publishers. — Characteristics. — Dates of First and Last Issues. — The Michi- 
 gan Essay. — Misstatements Corrected. — Definite Information Obtained. — The Paper Described, — 
 The Detroit Gazette. — The Type and Press. - - Amusing Notices. — A Carrier's Address. — Remark- 
 able Libel .Suit. — Editor Imprisoned. — Public Dinner in the Jail. — Release of Mr. Sheldon.— 
 Printers' Discouragements. — The Michigan Herald. — The Gazette Fran9aise. — The Detroit Tele- 
 graph. — Herald of Literature and Science. — Michigan State Register. — Evening Spectator and 
 Literary Gazette. — The Spy in Michigan. — The Detroit Morning Post. — McGinnis versus Bagg. — 
 A Clever Retort — The Craftsmen of Michigan. — Michigan Observer. — The World. — The jeffer- 
 sonian Democrat. — The Day Hook. — The Michigan Agriculturist. — The Eglantine. — The Mirror of 
 the Lakes. — The Journal of Education. — Si)irit of '76. — The Western Farmer. — Michigan Farmer. - 
 Farmer's Companion. — The Western Rural. — The Rat Gazette. — Michigan Christian Herald. — 
 Michigan Literary Gem. — The Washingtonian. — The Daily Times. — The Constitutional Demo- 
 crat. — American Citizen. — Western Catholic Register. — The Daily Gazette. — Detroit Magazine. — 
 L'Amie de la Jeunesse. — American Vineyard. — Evangelical Observer. — Detroit Register. — Daily 
 News. — Western Excelsior. — Michigan Journal of Homoeopathy. — Western Literary Miscellany. — 
 Wellman's Literary Miscellany. — Northwestern Advocate. — Daily Herald. — American Gleaner. — 
 The Monthly Hesperian. — The Medium. — Le Citoyen. — Peninsular Fountain. — Northwestern 
 Musical Herald. — Western Evangelist. — Commercial Bulletin. — The Republican. — Student's 
 Offering. — -The Atlantis. — The Catholic Vindicator. — The Guardian. — The Daily Times No. 2. — 
 The Peninsular Journal ot Medicine. — Medical Independent. — The Peninsular and Independ- 
 ent. — The Michigan Homoeopathic Journal. — The Michigan Journal of Education and Teachers' 
 Magazine. — Waymarks in the Wilderness. — The Little Wolverine. — The Ashlar. — The Evening 
 News. — The Bremen's Journal. — Preston's Bank Note Reporter. — Brown's Reporter. — The 
 Magazine of Travel. — The Young Men's Journal. — The Transcript. — The Herald. — The Spirit 
 of the Week. — The Michigan Democrat. — The True Democrat. — Der Radicale Democrat. — 
 The Shrapnel — Froth. — The Christian Unionist. — The Journal of Commerce. — The Daily 
 Sun. — The Peninsular Herald. — The New World. — The Review of Medicine and Pharmacy. — 
 The Peninsular Journal of Medicine (No. 2). — The Medical Journal. — The Western Medical 
 Advance. — The Price Current. — 1 he Monitor. — The Mechanic and Inventor. — The Scientific 
 Manufacturer. — Journal of Commerce (No. 2). — Sunday Times. — The Odd Fellows' Wreath. — 
 The Western Catholic. — Baptist Tidings. — L'Impartial. — The Anti-Roman Advocate. — L'Etoile 
 Canadienne. — The Song Journal. — Our Mutual Friend. — The Popular Appeal. — The Commercial 
 Bulletin. — Leather Apron. — Our Yankee Land. — The Pulpit. — The Mystic Star.— The Boy of the 
 Period. — The Michigan Journal of Homoeopathy. — Michigan Edition of Northwest Reporter. — 
 Our Dioceses. — The Sunday Guest. — The Better Age. — The Wolverine Messenger. — The Weekly 
 Price Current. —The Little People. —Truth for the People.— Michigan Truth teller.— The Capi- 
 tol. — The Evening Star. — The Travellers' Illustrated Railway Reporter. — Le Courier. — Le Journal 
 de Detroit. — The Herald. — The Sontag Zeitung. — Marine Record. — The American Work- 
 man.— Rose's Nose. — The Red and Wliite Ribbon. —The Western Era. — The National. — The 
 Michigan Weekly Sun.— The Socialist. — The Michigan Homestead. — The Penny Times. — The 
 Popular T^ra. — The Family Journal. — Moore's Masonic Messenger. — Public Spirit. — Detroit 
 Graphic. —The Sunday Herald. — The Times. — The Lever. — Detroit Illustrated. — The Sunday 
 Sun. —The Daily Mail. — Commercial Law News. — The Pursuivant. — The Northwestern Re- 
 view. — The Liibor Review. — The Detroit Gazette. —Our Catholic Youth. — The Anglo Catholic. — 
 Our Churches. — Michigan Trade Review. — The Unionist. — The Evening Telegram. — The Daily 
 Times (No. 3). — The National People. — Living Papers and Periodicals with Publications Merged 
 Therein. — Northwestern Journal. — The Journal. — The Courier. — Daily Advertiser. — Daily 
 E.xpress. — Free Democrat. — Michigan Organ of Temperance. — Temperance Advocate. — Daily 
 Enquirer. — ^ Democrat and Enquirer. — Daily Tribune. — Peninsular Freeman. — Advertiser and 
 Tribune. — Free Union. — Daily Post. — Post and Tribune. — Free Press. — Commercial Bulletin. — 
 The Allgemeine Zeitung.— Michigan Volksblatt. — Michigan Staats Zeitung. — Journal and Herald. — 
 Commercial Advertiser. — American Observer. — The Familien Blaetter. — Agricultural and Hor- 
 ticultural Journal. — Michigan Farmer and State Journal of Agriculture. — Progress of the Age. — 
 Western Home Journal. — Evening News. --Daily Union. — Michigan Christian Herald. — Public 
 Leader. — Michigan Christian Advocate. — The Amphion. — Die Stimme der Wahrhcit. — Wayne 
 County Courier. — Medical Advance. — Leonard's Illustrated Medical Journal. — The Index. — New 
 Preparations. — Therapeutic Gazette. — Daily Hotel Reporter. -- Michigan Railroad Guide. — The 
 
XXXll 
 
 TABLE OK CONTENTS. 
 
 Family Circle. — Detroit Lancet. — Medical Age. — Michigan Medical News. — Detroit Clinic. — A 
 New Idea. — Michijjan A. O. U. \V. Herald.— Detroit .Society News.— Every Saturday. — Chaff. — 
 Marine News.— Family Herald. — Home Messenj^aT. — The indicator. -Western Newspaper Union. — 
 Manufacturer and Inventor. — Western Land (iuide. -Detroit I'laindealer. — The Spectator. -Michij^an 
 Mirador. — Detroit Commercial. — 'I'he Evenin).j Journal. — The Times. — American Meteorobvjical 
 Journal. — Editors. — I'ublishers. — Dates of First Issues, — Incidental Items. — City Printers. — News 
 Boys. 669-693 
 
 CHAPTER LXX. 
 
 Early Book Printing. — Books and Booksellers. — Almanacs. — Gazetteers. — Directories. — Maps 
 
 of Michigan. — Oovernor Hamilton's Proclamations. — The Macomb Press. — Feather Richaril's 
 Enterprise. — First Books and Printers. — Disposition of Father Richard's Type. — Books and Book- 
 sellers. — Former Standard Authors. — The First Bookstore. — Later Establishments. — Names of 
 
 Proprietors. — Dates of Changes. — Almanacs Printed at Detroit. — Titles and Publishers State 
 
 Ciazetteers. — When Issued. — Publishers. — City Directories. — Dates of Issue. — Names of Pub- 
 lishers. — Number of Pages and Names. — Maps of Michigan Issued at Detroit. — P. E. Judd's 
 Proposals. — Orange Risdon's Prospectus. — John Farmer's Map. — The First Issue. — Extensive 
 Circulation. — Remarkable Accuracy. — Later Maps. 694-699 
 
 CHAPTER LXXI 
 
 Citizen and Visiting Authors. — Cadillac's Writings. — Later Authors and Their Works. — Anthon. — 
 Adams. — Aikman. — Atchinson. — Allen. — Bangs. — Bacon. — Brownson. — Boardman. — Buchanan. — 
 Baraga. — Bagg. — Burt. — Bibb. — Bishop. — Brinton. — Brearley. — Ballard. — Bates. — Beard. — Blodg- 
 ett. — Brunson. — Buckley. — Brown. — Buck. — Backus. — Cass. — Chipman. — Chase. — Cooke. — Carter. — 
 Castor. — Carleton. — Campbell. — Chaney. — Coyle. — Codde. — Couse. — De Peyster. — Dufiield. — 
 Dolan. — Dowling. — Davenport. — Donovan. — F2cldy. — Ellis. — Edouard. — Fasquelle. — F^ox. — Fitch. — 
 Fuller. — Field. — Ford. — Forbush. — Fairbanks. — Ciillman. — Griffith. — Goadby. — Gilchrist. — Girar- 
 din. — Holmes. — Hubbard. — Henry. — Houghton. — Howard. — Howe. — Hawley. — Hailmann. — 
 Hamlin, — Howell. — Haigh.— Hall. — Harris. — Isham. — Inglis. — Jacobs, — Jennison. — Jones. — Kirk- 
 land. — Kalisch. — Kelso. — Kitchell. — Lodge. — Lord. — Lundy. — Lambie. — Leonard. — Laidlaw. — 
 Levington. — Lewis. — Mackenzie. — Macomb. — Morris. — Mayhew. — McCoskry. — Munger. — Mc- 
 Carty. — Mason. — McCracken. — Maes. — Mercer. — Merwin. — Newberry. — Nail. — Noble. — Owen. — 
 O'Brien. — Perkins. — Pilcher. — Potts. — Poole. — Post. — Pierson. — Pattison. — Peavey. — Rich- 
 ards. — Roberts. — Robertson. — Rayne. — Robinson. — Russell. — Ryan. — Rouse. — Shattuck. — 
 Schoolcraft. — Sheldon. — Snelling. — Smith. ^Silver. — Seaman. — Stebbins. — Scripps, — Smart. — 
 Shurley. — Stewart. — Sill. — Silber. — Seymour. — Stokes. — Stowe. — Trumbull. — Thomson. — Tyler.— 
 TurnbuU. — Theller. — TenBrook. — Trowbridge. — Thompson.— Thomas. — Terry.— Throop.—Tripler.— 
 Taylor.— Tibbets. — Tuttle. — Van Fleet. — Varney. — Woodward. — Whiting.— Webb. — Witherell. — 
 Willis. — Walker. — Ward. — Watson. — Willcox. — Waterman. — Warner. — Wilkins. — W' anless. — 
 Wight. — Winder. — Washburn. — Wooley. — Young. — Zundell. Visiting Authors: La Salle. — 
 Galinee. — Hennepin. — La Hontan. — Tonty. — Charlevoix. — Crespel. — Rogers. — Carver. — Zeisberger. — 
 Lord Fitzgerald. — Volney. — Weld. — Burnett. — Heriot. — Watson. — Earl of Selkirk. — Darby. — 
 Morse.— Finley.—McKinney.—Colton.— Kinzie.— De Tocqueville.— Beaumont.— Hoffman.— Mar- 
 tineau. — Marryatt. — Marshall. —Webster. — Jameson. — Marsh. — Marcy. — Grimes. — Lanman,— 
 Buckingham. — Barnard. — Fuller. — Parkman. — Beecher. — Stowe. — Geikie.— Cooper. — Greeley.— 
 Agassiz. — Cabot. — Atwater. — Bancroft. — Bremer. — Seward. — Ellet. — Kidder. — Chambers. — 
 Ampere.— Albach.— Hopkins. — Bacon. —Vincent.— Pardee. — Lossing. — Wise. — Eddy.— Clark.— 
 Trollope. — Peto. — Haven. — Custer. — Eggleston. — Newman. — Lee. — Allcott. — Fanny F'ecn. — 
 Parton. — Taylor. — Disturnell. — Newman' Hall. — Newton. — Mueller. — Thompson. — Locke. — 
 White.— Holmes.— McCosh.— Casgrain.— Russell.— Hurst. — Simpson.— Merrill. — Peck.— Foster.— 
 Warren. — Wiley. — Suite. — Tanguay. — Kelton. — D'Aligny. — Fallows. — Webb. — Atkinson. — 
 Duffield. Author Visitors from the University: Angell. — Adams. — Brunow. — Boise.— Cooley. — 
 Cocker. — D'Ooge. — Dunster. — Douglass. — Evans. — Franklin.— Ford. — Frieze. — F'rothingham. — 
 Gray. — Herrington. — Johnson.- -McLean. — Morris. — Olney. — Hayne. — Palmer. — Prescott. — Peck. — 
 Rose.— Stowell.— Tappan. — Vaughn.— WinchcU.— Watson.— Whedon.— White.— Wood. Lectures 
 by: Phillips. — Shillaber. — Hayes. — Youmans. — King. — Prentice. — Maury. — Taylor. — White. — Hale. — 
 Burlingame. — Simpson. — Raymond. — Emerson. — Curtis. — Holland. — Everett. — Brownlow. — 
 Brown. — Abbott. — (ireeley. — Du Chaillu. — Twain. — McCarthy. — Field. — Douglass, —Cook. — 
 Wiliard. — Capel.— Arnold. — Benjamin. — Fowler. — Burritt.— Shaw. — Saxe. — Milburn. — Bungay. — 
 Punshon. — Guard. — Beecher. — Dickinson. — Hawkins. — Proctor. — Morris. — Train. — Talmage.— 
 Tilton. — Vandenhoff. — IngersoU. — Gough. 700-709 
 
 Literary, His 
 
 Detroit A 
 Lectures. 
 Property. 
 Lyceum. - 
 tution. — ' 
 Ollicers. - 
 ized. — Fii 
 New Bui I 
 Society. • 
 Museum. - 
 
 Private Schoo 
 
 McDouga 
 cours. — B 
 Payne. - 
 field. — Den 
 Healy.— K 
 ment. — Te 
 Bellows. — 
 man. — Blu 
 Cochran. — 
 Moir. — Hi 
 Schools. — 
 wood. — R 
 Schools of 
 tion of Bi 
 Brown. — Z 
 ing. — Chur 
 Communaut 
 Pupils and 
 Charity An 
 School. — T 
 Jo.seph's Scl 
 Help. — St. 
 School. — H 
 the Sacred 
 Evangelical 
 German Re 
 Zion F2vang 
 School. — St 
 Number of i 
 
 The University 
 
 Curious At 
 Parvo. — hi\ 
 tion of I5uild 
 New Corpor 
 Schools. — ' 
 Walker. — C 
 Cochran's. - 
 Detroit Mec 
 Advantages. 
 
 The First Cot 
 
 Ordinance o: 
 quent Scho( 
 Fairs. — Act 
 
TABLE OP' CONTENTS. 
 
 XXXlll 
 
 CHAPTER L X X I I . 
 
 Literary, Historical, and Scientific Societies. — Lotteries and Literature. — First City Liiirary. — 
 Detroit Athena;um.~ Location. — Manai,'ement. — Yoiinyf Men's Society. — Wlien Orj^^ini/cti. — 
 Lectures. — First Hall. — Eiectioneerinii;' Slethods. — New Location. — Dedication of Mall. — Sale of 
 Property. — Removal to Merrill IMock. — Society IJisbanded. — Names of Presidents. — 'Ilie 
 Lyceum. — When (Jrganized. — 1 "irst Officers. — Woodward's Phraseolojj^y. — Extracts from Consti- 
 tution. — The Lyceum of Michiij; n. — Orijanization and Oti'icers. — Historical Society of Michij^an. — 
 Officers. — Lectures. — CoUedions. — I'resent Status. — Detroit Mechanics' Society. — When ( )riran- 
 ized. — First Officers. — Dt nation from City. — I lall l'>ected. — Manaj^ement. — Value of Property. — 
 New l?uiidint( ICrected. — Misfortunes. — Presidents and Secretaries. — Wayne County Pioneer 
 Society. — Object and Oflicers. — Detroit Scientific Association. — Objects. — Officers. — Contents of 
 Museum. — Various Locations. — Officers. 710-714 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIIL 
 
 Private Schools and Seminaries. — Church Schools. — Early Educational Facilities. — Truant Roys. — 
 McDougall's Vow. — Children of the Reiiiment. — Old Schools and Teachers. — (larrit. — Re- 
 cours. — Balpour. — Pattison. — Uurrell. — Donovan. — Serrier. — David liacon. — (iouj^h. -- Curtis. — 
 Payne. — Rowe. — Danforth. — Cook. — The (Gazette's Warninjj;. — Teachers. — IJanvard. — Urook- 
 field. — Deming. — (Goodwin.— Youny. — Trowbridvije. — Brownson. — Kinney. — Carpenter. — Shepard. — 
 Healy. — Kinnicutt. — Hathon, — Jerome.— Tucker. — First !■ emale Seminary. — Location. — Manage- 
 ment. — Teachers. — Williams — I'arrand.— Wilson.— Coe. — Howe. — Crane. — Tappan. — Nichols. — 
 Bellows. — Marsh. — Fay. — Abbott. — W. A. Bacon. — Elms. — Himes. — Weed. — Clancy. — East- 
 man. — Blois, — Mitchell. — Meany. — Vail. — Fitch. — Millette. — Higgins. — O'Brien. — Fowler. — 
 Cochran. — Curtis. — Brewster. — Clements. — Bryant. — Hurd. — Grinold. — Branigan. — West. — 
 Moir. — Hurlbut. — Zinger. — Kuhn. — Miss Hunt's Seminary. — Location. — Patrons. — Select 
 Schools. — Teachers. — Funke. — Stutte. — Campbell. — Soldan. — Hosmer. — Emerson. — Ellin- 
 wood. — Rockwell. — Reighley. — I3etroit Female Seminary. — Location. — Principals. — Private 
 Schools of Patterson and Romer. — German American Seminary. — Curious Legislation. — Erec- 
 tion of Building. — Management. — Later Teachers. — James. — Leonard. — Jones. — Schantz. — 
 Brown. — Ziegler. — Liggett's Home and Day School. — When Established. — I^ocation. — lUiild- 
 ing. — -Church Schools. — Cadillac's Plans. — leather Richard's Schools. — Educational Enterprise.— 
 Communaute de Ste. Marie. — The Church P'arm .School. — St. I'hilip's College. — Professors. — 
 Pupils and Pranks. — Sisters of Ste. Claire Seminary. — Female Charity School. — Sisters of 
 Charity Arrive. — Catholic I'Vee Schools Established. — St. Vincent's Seminary. — Ste. Anne's 
 School. — Trinity Catholic School. — St. Mary's School. — Schools of SS. Peter and Paul. — St. 
 Joseph's School. — St. lioniface School. — St. Vincent de I'aul School. — School of Our Lady of 
 Help. — St. Albert's School. — Polish Franciscan Convent. — St. Joachim's School. — Sacred Heart 
 School. — Holy I^edeemer .School. — St. Cassimer's School. — St. Anthony's School. — Academy of 
 the Sacred Heart. — I^etroit College. — St. John's German Evangelical School. ^ — St. Mark's (German 
 Evangelical School. — St. Matthew's Lutheran School. — Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School. — Zion 
 German Reformed School. — .Salem Lutheran .School, — Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran School. — 
 Zion Evangelical Lutheran School. — St. Paul's Lutheran School. — St. l^aul's German Evangelical 
 School. — St. I'eter's German Evangelical School. — Cost of Buildings. — Number of Teachers. — 
 Number of Scholars. — Charges for 'Puition. — Various Statistics. 71 5-727 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIV. 
 
 The University of Michigan. — Commercial Colleges. — Medical Colleges. — University Schools, — 
 Curious AssiuTiption. — Birthday of University. — A Comprehensive Corporation. — Multum m 
 Parvo. — Large Words, — Statutes of University. — Obtaining Funds. — Singular I'roceedings. — Erec- 
 tion of Building. — First Teachers. — Monteith. — Dickie. — Shattuck. — Farmer. — Cost of Tuition. — 
 New Corporation Created. — Lancasterian Schools. — University Removed to Ann Arbor. — Branch 
 Schools. — Teachers at Detroit Branch. — Fitch. — Meigs. — Bissell. — Harvie. — Howard. — 
 Walker. — Gray. — I5a.Kter. — Loundsberry. — Close of School. — Commercial Colleges. — Gregory's. — 
 Cochran's. — Goldsmith, Bryant, & Stratton's. — Mayhew's. — Spencer, Felton, Loomis, & Co.'s. — 
 Detroit Medical College. — Michigan College of Medicine. — Homoeopathic ColIc"-' -Faculty. — 
 Advantages. — Number of Graduates. 728-754 
 
 CHAPTER LXXV. 
 
 The First Common Schools. — The Board of Education, Its Schools and Its Management. — 
 
 Ordinance of 1787.— Lands Granted for Schools. —School Act of 1809. — Act of 1827. —Subse- 
 quent Schools. — City Divided into Districts. — The Free School Society. — Tomato Catsup and 
 Fairs. — Act of 1833. — Special l^rovisious for Detroit. — Barren Results. — Law of 1837. — Edu- 
 
XXXIV 
 
 TAnLK OF CONTKNTS. 
 
 cational Factllties. — Committee of Investijfation. — Election of Sciiool Inspectors. — Common 
 Sciioois in 183S and 1839. — Districts. —Teachers. — School Books. — Statistics. — Location of 
 Schools. — Ai)|K)rti()nmcnt of I'riniary Sciiool Fund. — Names of Inspectors. — Directors and 
 Moderators. — .School Statistic; and Manajrenicnt in 1840 and 1841. Mectinyj to i'romote Free 
 Schools. — F.ncouraj,Hn).( Results. -Hooks Used. — The iJible in the Schools. — iVlitions and Pro- 
 tests. — Text |{ool<s and Date of Introduction. --.Sciiolars. -Conditioiis of Admission. — ■ Avera),{e 
 Attendance by Decades. — Nnml)cr of Scholars for I'.ach Teacher by Decides. -- Yearly Cost per 
 Capita by Decades. — Health Reyulaiions. - Primary and Midtlle .Scliools. — L'nion System.— 
 Classil'ication and ("IradinJ,^ — .School Hours. — Terms. — Vacations. — Lenjjthy Service of Mr. 
 Nichols. — A One Siileil Resolution. — A Patriotic Resolve. — Special Teachers, — Music. — I'en- 
 manship. — Drawinj;;. — Reading'. — School Huiidinjjs. — A Capitol Steal. — Names of IUiildin).{s. — 
 Reason for Names. — Location. — -Date of iM-eclion. — Description.^ Tlie Ilijjh School. — When 
 Kstablished. — Location, — Military Drills. — Princi|)als. - - Coiulition of .Vdmission. — Yearly Num- 
 ber of Pupils.-- Alumni Association. —Sep.u'ate Colored Schools. — I^iual Opporlimities Asked. — 
 Reciuest Refused. — Persistence of Colored People. — Their 'I'riumph. — Ye.arly Sl.iti.stics. Value 
 of School Property. — Children in City. — Pupils Enrolled. — Average .Attendance. — Number of 
 Sittinjjs. — Annual Expenditures, — -Number of Teachers. — Number of Schools.-- Salaried (Jllicers. 
 — Superintendents. —Clerks. — Messcniifcrs — Supervisor of Repairs and Huildinir. --Names of 
 Presiilents and Secretaries. — I'inancial Resources. — Cirowth of .School Taxes. — Reci'ipts from 
 Primary School Finul. — Number of Ins|)eclors in X'arious N'ears. — Ward Inspectors Disconlinui'd. — 
 Inspectors at Large Provided for. — Sessions of Hoard. — -Description of Seal. — Names and Terms 
 ' of Inspectors. 755-758 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVI. 
 
 The Public Library. — Constitutional Provision for District Libraries. — First Receipts from Fines. — 
 Dilliculty of Obtaininij Fines. — Results of Increased \'ii(ilance. — Opening- of District Library. — 
 Library Huildinir in Rear of Capitol. — Larger (Quarters Needed. — Centre Park Cir.'inted for Library. — 
 Erecti(jnof Huikling. — Yearly Receipts from Fines. — Library Commissioners. — Librarians. - Regu- 
 lar' ns. — Classification. — Valuable Works. — Number of \'olumes. — Number of Patrons. — Yearly 
 St : sties. 75y-762 
 
 PART X.— COMMERCIAL. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVI I. 
 
 Merchants and Trading. — Custom House and Collectors. — The Board of Trade. — A Commercial 
 Colony. — Cadillac's Expectation. — Hroken Faith. — The Trading Company. — Montreal Jeahjusy. — 
 Exorbitant Prices. — Dishonest Agents. — Cadillac's Offer. — He Obtains Control. — Intrigues of the 
 Trading Company. — Cadillac Arrested.— His Acquittal. — Trading Permits. — Tonty's E.xactions. — 
 Names of Early Traders. — Defrauding the (iovernment. — English Regulations. — Ccmimissicjiiers 
 of Trade. — Large Powers. — Had Character of Certain Traders. — Mohawk Merchants. — .Sharp 
 Practices. — A Tankard for a Hoy. — Enormous Q'^''^'^'^'''^^ '^^ Goods. — Description of a Trading 
 Store. — Merchants in 1767. — Later Merchants. — The Fur Trade. — Methods of Trade. — Large 
 Profits. — Slow Returns. — Indian Visitors and Ooods. — French and English Accounts. — Old 
 Ledgers. — Licenses. — Business Establishments in 1819. — Dickering. — Flush Times of 1836. — 
 Otficial Auctioneers. — Jealous Merchants. — Changes in Trade Methods. — Mabley's Stores. — Old 
 Establishments. — The Drug Business. — Large Importations. — Mercantile Capital. — Changes in 
 Business Centres. — Street Merchants. — Street Cries. — Fir.st Seed Store. — D. .M. Ferry & Co.'s 
 Establishment, — Travelling Agents, — Retail Delivery. — Show Windows. — Curious .Signs. — Ad- 
 vertising Methods. — Commercial Agencies. — Objects and Managers. — Merchants and Manufac- 
 turers' Exchange. — Objects and Officers. — Custom Hon.se Regulations. — Bounds of District. — 
 Duties of Collector. — Bonded Warehouses. — Imports and l'".xp()rts. — Names of Collectors. — Board 
 of Trade. — First Organization. — First Officers. — Places of Meeting. — Forwarding and Commission 
 Houses. — Present Board of Trade. — First Officers. — Commencement of Daily Sessions. — Yearly 
 Statements. — Joint Stock Building Company. — Dedication of Building. — International Commercial 
 Convention. — Telegraphic Reports. — New Hall. — Arbitration Committee. — Inspectors. — Fees and 
 Commissions. — Conditions of Membership. — Presidents and Secretaries. 765-792 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVI il. 
 
 Markets. — Marketing and Prices. — Departed Glory. — Market Greetings. — French Ponies and 
 Carts. — Old Time Methods. — Market Place Idlers. — Former Woodward Avenue Market. — Loca- 
 tion. — Cost, — Discontinuance. — Berthelet Market. — Various Agreements. — Careless Officials. — 
 
 Final Dis 
 Cost. — S 
 Market. 
 
 Duties, 
 linucd. — 
 Hours. - 
 Me.it Ins; 
 Duties of 
 Hay Mar 
 Articles ai 
 
 Manufacturinj 
 
 tion. — Su 
 Mines. - 
 •Sand I)cp( 
 ing Materi 
 F;ivorat)le 
 Locations. 
 Co. — Detr 
 Detroit Br 
 Works.—: 
 Wire and 
 Work.s.- 
 and Steel ^ 
 Co. — Nati 
 Co. — Dell 
 ceutical IVl 
 Works. — 
 Shulte Bro 
 Tobacco I' 
 & Co.'s Cil 
 & Warren 
 Mannfactu 
 Detroit Wi 
 tory. — Hui 
 
 The Liquor T 
 
 Brandy for 
 Suspicious 
 Tavern Lie 
 City Vote? 
 Prayer. — !■ 
 Decision. — 
 Increased 
 Remonstrai 
 Women's 
 Dealers. — 
 Order Meei 
 creased.— 
 Union Com 
 
 Banks and Cui 
 
 rency. — P( 
 Halifax Cu 
 Jury. — Pro( 
 Issues. — F 
 States Ban! 
 Facilities. — 
 United Stat 
 Confidence 
 Banking Li 
 Bank Notes 
 sioners. — I 
 
TABLE OF CONTKNTS. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 Final Disposition of Property. — City Hall Market. — Various nuilclinj>^s. — Dates of Erection and 
 Cost. — Street Set apart for Market. — 'i'lie Wasliiiij^rton Market. Location. — Cost. — Ciosiii); of 
 Market. — The Cass Market. — Location. — Cost. — Site ( iiveii by ( ienerai Cass. — Market Clerks. — 
 Duties. — Names and Terms of Clerks. — Market Keijiiiations. — Sunday Markets. — When Diseon- 
 limied. —Opening and Closing of \Lirket. — Resolution of Citi/eiis. — "Servants" Disobey. — Market 
 Hours. — Forestalliii)^. — I'rivate Meat Markets. — Market Rents. — Fees from Market Wajjons. — 
 Meat Inspector. — The 'Xi-^ww Uaker. — Prices Fixed for Him. — Sealer of \Vei,i,dits and Measures. — 
 Duties of Sealers. — Names and Terms of Oflicers. Wood Markets. — Inspectors and Districts. — 
 
 LoL.'itions. — W'eijjh Masters. — Names and Terms, — Vrices of Different 
 
 793-801 
 
 1 lay Markets. — Various 
 Articles at Various Times. 
 
 CHAPTKR L.X.XIX. 
 
 Manufacturing Advantages. — Articles Produced. — Leading Establishments. — Favorable Loca- 
 tion. — Superior Advantajjfcs. — Raw ^L•lterials F3asy of Access. — Lake Superior Iron. — Famous 
 Mines. — (Irindstone (Quarries. — Lumber Manuf.icturinij. — Plaster Beds. — Clay, Limestone, and 
 Sand Deposits. — Manufacturinjf Sites. — Unlimited Water Sui)ply. — Cheap Fuel. — Prices of lUiild- 
 inij Materials. — Water Communication. — Railroad Facilities. — Low Taxation. — Livinj^ Kxpen.ses. — 
 Favorable Climate. — Manufacturinvj Capital. — Articles Manufactured. — Leadin,i( Kstablishments. — 
 Locations. — Ollicers. — Pniducts. — Localities Supplied. — Michijjan Car Co. and Detroit Car Wheel 
 Co. — Detroit Steel and Spring; Works. — Peninsular Car Works. — Russel Wheel and Foundry Co. — 
 Detroit Brid.^^e and Iron Works. — Fulton Iron and I'.nj^ine Works. — Huhl Iron Works. — Flaxle Iron 
 Works. — Michiifan Malleable Iron Co. — Michel's Woo(l Workinjj Machinery E.stablishment. — National 
 Wire and Iron Co. — Detroit Safe Co. — Detroit Bronze Co. — The E. T. Barnum Wire and Iron 
 Works. — The Detroit .Stove Co. — The Michijjan Stove Co. — Peninsular Stove Co. — ICureka Iron 
 and Steel Works. — Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Co. — Middlelirook and Post Manufacturinj.^ 
 Co, — National Pin <"').— The Detroit F'ile Works. — Detroit Emery Wheel Co. — Union Door Knob 
 Co, — Detroit .Stam^ "jj Co. — Parke, Davis, & Co., Manufacturinjif Chemists. — The Stearns Pharma- 
 ceutical Manufactunnj,^ Co. — Hubel's Capsule Laboratory. — Michigan White Lead and Color 
 Works. — Detroit White Lead Works. — Detroit Linseed Oil Co. — Berry Bros. Varnish Factory. — 
 Shulte Bros. Soap Factory. — Laitner Bros. Brush Factory. — American ICajjle Tobacco Co. — Banner 
 Tobacco Factory. — Scotten's Hiawatha Tobacco F'actory. — (ilobe Tobacco Factory. — Burk. Rich 
 & Co.'s Cigar Manufactory. — Hargreaves Manufacturing Co. — Richardson Match F^actory.--Clough 
 & Warren Organ Co. — .\L J. .Murphy & Co.'s Spring Bed and Chair Factory. — Gray & Baflty, 
 Manufacturing Upholsterers. — Sutton Slanufacturing Co. — Mumford, F()ster,& Co.'s Last Factory. — 
 Detroit Willow Ware F'actory. — Pingree & Smith's Shoe Factory. — Vail & Crane's Cracker Fac- 
 tory. — Hugh Johnson's Carriage Flstablishment. — The Johnston Optical Co. 802-836 
 
 CHAPTER LXXX. 
 
 The Liquor Traffic and Temperance Efforts. — Early Difficulties. — Plots and Counter Plots. — 
 Brandy for the Sav.-iges. — One Class at a Time. — Cadillac's Brewery. — (leneral Rum Store. — 
 Suspicious Circumstances. — ICarly Territorial Licen.ses. — City Ordinances. — Disorderly Indians. — 
 Tavern Licenses. — First Temperance Society. — Later Organizations. — Local Option in 1845. — 
 City Votes against Licenses. — State Prohibition of Licenses. — ("lOUgh's Lectures. — A Long 
 Prayer. — State Law of 1853. — Tne Vote on its Adoption. — The Carson League. — Justice Bagg's 
 Decision. — Resolution of Liquor Dealers. — Prohibitory Law of 1855. — Success and F'ailure, ^ 
 Increased Number of Saloons. — Petition of Ladies. — The Sunday Ordinance. — Petitions and 
 Remonstrances. — Final Action. — Young Men's Father Mathew Temperance Society. — The 
 Women's Crusade. — The Women's Christian Temperance Union. — State Meeting of Liquor 
 Dealers. — The Liquor Tax Law. — Council I'avors Liquor Dealers. — Moffat's Vetoes. — Law juid 
 Order Meetings. — Supreme Court Decisions. — The Red Ribbon Movement. — Liquor Taxes In- 
 creased. — Receipts from Liquor Tax. — Brewers' Convention. — Women's Christian Temperance 
 Union Convention. — Order of White Cross. 837-845 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXI, 
 
 Banks and Currency. — Insurance and Insurance Companies. — Card Money or Playing Card Cur- 
 rency, — Pontiac's Due-Bills. — Wampum. — Its Manufacture. — Peltry Currency. — York and 
 Halifax Currency. — Merchants' liills. — Cut Money. — A Public Nuisance, — Action of Grand 
 Jury. — Proctor's Bills. — Ohio Currency. — Heavy I3iscounts. — Shinplasters of 18 17, — Irresponsible 
 Issues. — Father Richard's Scrip. — Governor and Judges' Scrip. — Unreliable Bills. — The United 
 States Bank. — Go\ rnment Deposits Withdrawn, — State Banks as Fiscal Agents, — Extended 
 F"acilities, — Bewildering Prosperity. — Enormous Importations. — Extravagant Expenditures. — New 
 United States liank. — Jackson's Specie Circular, — Panic of 1837, — Suspension of Detroit Banks. — 
 Confidence Gone. — F'ortunes Lost, — Disaster Everywhere. — Dishonest Debtors. — Wildcat 
 Banking .Law. — Mushroom Banks. — Bogus Certificates. — Nails and Window Glass as Specie. — 
 Bank Notes by the Bushel. — Wayne County Wildcats. — Officers and Directors. — Bank Commis- 
 sioners. — Dishonesty of Bank Oflicers. — Bank Notes as Wall Paper, — The City in a Quandary.— 
 
XXXVl 
 
 TAIJLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Panic of 1857. — Tts Results. — Crisisof rSfio. — Stiimp-'l'.-iil Ciirrnuy. Treasury Notes. - Disap- 
 pcarancc of Coin. — I'ostajfo Stamps as Chaiij^a-. — Mfrcaiitile Scrip and Tokens. — I'ost.'il Ciir- 
 rcney. — First ('ireeni)aiks, - Knormoiis Premiums fordoid. — Xatioiial U;mks Created. - I'aiiir of 
 1873. — Cireenijacks Keaeli Par. - I'lie Dctniit hank. -- I'elitioii for I'.stahiislimeiU. Hank ll:'ild- 
 inir. — Contle's History ( .' Hank. — Ai)siird Pni|)osilions. - Peculiar Transactions. — Fxtended Circu- 
 lation.- Amazinv; Issues. -The ("lovernor .ind [udjfes as Promoters and Stockholders.- Conj^'^ress 
 Disapproves of the Hank. — The Hank Continues IJusiness. — Ciovernor lluil's Si.itement. - liank 
 of Michiijan, — When Ortjjani/ed. — First Shareholders. — Directors. Kel.ition to Other li.uiks. — 
 Names of I'residcnls and Cashiers. — Various l.oeations. — tlreetion of Hank Huilding. — Hranch 
 Hank of ISronson. - Successful Manaijement. — The I'ide Turns. - Termination of Hank.-— Farmers 
 and Mechanics' Hank. — St. Jo.seph Hranch. — l.ar{,'e ()per;itions. -- l'",normous Dividends. — Siisoen- 
 sion of 1S37. — Casliier's Duties. - Presidents and Casliiers. - Michitjan Insunune Company Hank. — 
 Its Hankinjr Powers. — I'residenfs and (.'.ishiers. Panicof 1S57. — Orijanization of National Insurance 
 Hank. - Michi^j.in St.ite Hank. Pri'sidents .'ind Casiii'/rs. — Suspensi'^n of H.ink. — Proposed State 
 Hank of Michigan. —Revival of .Miciii.^j.ui State! Hank. - Successful Termination of Career.— Hank 
 of St. Clair. — Ollieers. — Detroit .Savinifs Hank.- First Othcers. — Kem.irkable Care, — Cashiers and 
 Director". - Peninsular I .nik. — Names of Corporators. — Profitable Husiness. — Disasters Come. — 
 Husiness Wound Up. -State Hank of Michi).jan. — ( )riicers. - Merited into First National Hank, — The 
 New Or^.-iiM/ation. — Presidents and Cashiers. — Reorjjanization of 1882. -Directors and Ollieers. — 
 Second National Hank. — Ollieers and Directors. — Reorj^ani/ed as Detroit National Hank. -Anurican 
 National Hank. — Presidents and Cashiers. — Merchants and Manufacturers' Hank. — Reorganized as 
 a National Hank. — Officers and Directors. — Tiie .Meciianics' Hank. — Officers. — The Peojile's Sav- 
 in<;s Hank. — Officers. — (Jerman American Hank. — Wayne County Savinijs Hank. — Officers and 
 Location. — Safe Deposit Co. — Object. — Advantajjes. — The City Hank. — When Discontinued. — 
 Michi),'an Savii\c;s Hank — Location and Officers. — The Market Hank. — Location and Officers.— 
 Commercial National Hank. — Officers. — Directors. — The State Savinijs Hank. — Officers. — Dime 
 Savinjjs Hank. — Officers. — Plymouth and Wyandotte Hanks and Officers. — ''rivate Hankers. — Past 
 and Present Firms. — Lejjal iloiidays. — (iiowth of Hank Ca|)ital. — Insurance and Insurance Com- 
 panies. — I'^'iriy Aijents. — Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Comjiany. — Miciiijran Mutual Life 
 Insurance Company. — Western Union Mutual Life and Accident .Society. — Commercial Mutual 
 Association. — Michigan Fire and NLarine Insurance Company. — Standard Life and Accident Insurance 
 Company. 846-875 
 
 PART XL-COMMUNICATION. 
 
 CHAPTER L XXXII. 
 
 The Post Oiifice and Mails. — Telegraph and Telephones. — Army E.xpenses. — Indian Messengers. — 
 First Post Road. — Post Office Established. — Irregular Mails. — Hlowing the Horn. — Daily Mails 
 from East Hegin. — Mail Regulations in 1832 and 1837. — First Mails through Canada. — Postal 
 Rates at Various Times. — Singular Provisions. — Introduction of Envelopes and Stamps. — First Postal 
 Cards. — Receipts for Postage at Detroit by Decades. — The Registry System. — Money Orders and 
 Postal Notes. — Amounts Sent and Received. — Free Delivery System. — (Irowth of Service. — Office 
 Force and Salaries. — Various Po.st Office Locations. — Erection of Government Huilding. — Loca- 
 tion. — Description. — Names of Postmasters. — How Abbott Received Norvell. — Telegraphs and 
 Telephones. — First E.xhibition of Telegraph. — The Speed, O'Reilly, and Sno- • Lines. — First Mes- 
 sages East and West. — "The Telegroff Wurking." — Location of Offices. — Northern Michigan 
 Line. — River Cables. — First News by Atlantic Cable. — Ceneral Rejoicings. — United States Tele- 
 graphic Co. — Atlantic and Pacific Lines. — American Union Line. — District Telegrapli Systems. — 
 Apparatus and Messengers. — First E.\hibition of Telephone. — Growth in Use of Telephone. — 
 State Telephone System. 879-886 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIII. 
 
 Journeying. — Transportation Facilities. — Express Companies. — First Horses. — French Ponies. — 
 Ride and Tie Method. — Indian Trails. — Hridle Paths. — To Washington and Back on Horseback. — 
 French Carts. --The First Carriage. — First Four Wheeled Wagon. — Governor Cass as a Bor- 
 rower — Fin Stages. — Stage P.outes and Time. — Public Hacks. — Omnibus Lines. — Transporta- 
 tion Facilities. — Freight Rates. — Pack Horses. — Opening of Erie and Welland Canals. — Naviga- 
 tion of the Huron. — The Five Million Loan. — Internal Improvements. — Defunct Enterprises.— 
 St. Mary's Fails Ship Canal. — Freight Lines. — Great Changes. — River Ferriage. — Bridge and 
 Tunnel Projects. — Plans and Counter Plans. — Wheat lilcvators. — Drays and Trucks. — Package 
 and Baggage Co. — Express Companies. — When Established, — Location of Offices. — Names of 
 Agents. " - 887-892 
 
 lee 
 
 Railroads. — 
 
 ing the I 
 R.iils.— 1 
 Ko.id Ex 
 O.ikl.iiuK^ 
 < )riicers 
 Subscripti 
 Excursion 
 Notices, 
 pl.aints. — 
 and Atw; 
 with Mic 
 Cleveland 
 Cars. — I 
 Canada S 
 to Variou 
 tive.— - Fir 
 and Tol 
 Aid Soug 
 Aid from 
 gance. - ' 
 G. T. June 
 cm R. R. 
 pletion of 
 R.R.— $2 
 Route anc 
 Where Lo 
 
 Navigation or 
 
 Upper Lai 
 .Ste. Claire, 
 Later \'ess 
 from " ( iaz 
 Steamboat 
 Detroit an 
 Liverpool. 
 Detroit. — 
 and Depan 
 Later Ferr 
 
 United States 
 Harbor Ir 
 
 Navigators 
 Methods 01 
 Their Coi 
 Districts. - 
 River. — L 
 Saving Sei 
 Improvenu 
 Steamboat! 
 tors. — Na: 
 tions. — Dt 
 Marine He 
 Surgeons a 
 
 Military and I 
 roads. — S 
 
 Highways. 
 Fuel. — Sl( 
 Unsatisfact 
 
TABLE OF C^iN /ENTS. 
 
 1 
 
 xxxvii 
 
 CMAPTKR I, XXXIV. 
 
 Railroads. — The Prophecy of the Cia/ettc. — I'oiuiac and Detroit Railroad. — New Corporation. — Hiiild- 
 ini.,' tile Road. — Sinl<-I loles. — Tirst Locomolive. — I'irst I'lssenvjer Coaclies. — Slow Time. — Strap 
 Rails.— Kirst I'assenj^er Depot. — M.xtension Down Ciratiot Ro.id. — Traek Torn Up by the I'eople. — 
 Road Extended to Campus Martins. — Depot llnildin^'s. — New I'roprietors. —Consolidation with 
 Oakland it Ottawa R. R. — Date of Completion to Various Stations.-- Kinaneial History. — I'rincipal 
 Ollicers and Terms. — Miehi,;jan Central Railroad. - Orivjinal Estimates. — Local .Subscriptions. — 
 Subscriptions fronj City of Detroit. — Ri-markable ICconomy. -Completion of Road to Vpsilanti. — 
 Excursion and Celebration. — A Locomotive and I'rain Drawn by llorse-l'ower. — Newspaper 
 Notices. — Road <)j)encd to Ann Arbor. — Date of Completion to Various I'oints. — lV,.itical Com- 
 plaints. --.Sale of Road. — Proposed Cut. in Woodward Avenue. — The Track on Woodward Avenue 
 and Atwater Street. — Tiiird Street Depot First U.sed. — I'roperty on River and at Junction. — Strife 
 with Michijfan Southern R, R. — Road Completed to Chicaj^o. — Lines of Moats to lUiffalo and 
 Cleveland. — Railroad Conspiracy Cise. - Dates of Extensive Fires. — Introduttion of Sleeping 
 Cars. — Passenijer 'Pratru; and Ea.ninj^^s by Decades. — Principal Oll'icers and Terms. — Chicai^'o & 
 Canada Southern R. R. — Fast Time. — Ollicers. — Detroit iV Pay City R. R. — Date of Completion 
 to Various I'oints. — Lake Shore &. Michigan .Southern R. R. — Orij^nnal Charter. — First Loc<imo- 
 tive, — First (Jround Broken. — Date of Openinij between Various Stations. — Sale of Road. — Detroit 
 and Toledo Line. — Local Ot'ticers and Terms. — Detroit, Hillsdale & .Southwestern R. R. — City 
 Aid Souj^ht. — Voters Refuse. — Completion of Road. — Oreat Western R. R. — Meetinij in and 
 Aid from Detroit. — Road Completed to Windsor. — Oreat Celebration, — Mun'Mpal Extrava- 
 jjanee. — Third Rail Laid. — Ferriajre of Freij^dit and Passeni^er Cars. — Chicajjo, Detroit & Canada 
 O. T. Junction R. R.— Detroit Aj,;ents. —Flint & Pere Marciuette R. R. — Detroit, Lansinvf it North- 
 ern R. R. — City Aid Sou^jht. — $300,000 Voted. — Law Unconstitutional. — Bonds Inv.ilid. — Com- 
 jiletion of Road. — Detroit, Mackinaw & NLiripiette R. R. — Officers. — Detroit, Butler it St. Louis 
 R. R. — $200,000 Donated by Citizens, — Ajjents at Detroit,— Cincinnati, Hamilton iV Dayton R. R. — 
 Route and Ajj^ents. — Detroit Union R. R. Station and Depot Co. — R. K. Bridges and dates. — 
 Where Located. — A Double Bridge. 893-906 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXV. 
 
 Navigation on Rivers and Lakes. — Canoes and Dig-outs. — Birch Bark Canoes. — Expedition to 
 Upper Lakes. — ^ NLackinaw Boats. — Pirogues. — The First Sail Vessels. — The (Iriffon and Lake 
 Ste. Claire. — Celebration of 1879. — Schooners During Pontiac War. — Revolutionary War Vessels. — 
 Later \'essels. — Chicago Colonized from Detroit. — Arrival of the " W;ilk-in-the-Water." — Notice 
 from " Oazette." — The "Superior" and Her .Successors. — The .Steamboat Michigan. — Increase of 
 Steamboat Travel, — V^enturesome Vessels. — Campau's Opinion. — Sinking of the Atlantic. — 
 Detroit and Cleveland Line. — Its History, — Names of Boats and Routes. — Direct Shijiments to 
 Liverpool, — Tugs. — Detroit Dry Dock Co. — Officers and Facilities. — List of Steamers Built at 
 Detroit, — Yearly List of First Arrivals and Departures, — Number and Tonnage of Vessels Arriving 
 and Departing. — The First Ferries. — Rates of Ferriage. — The Horse-Boat. — Osborn's Poem. — 
 Later Ferries. — Harbor and Harbor Masters. 907-917 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVI. 
 
 United States Lake Survey. —Lighthouses and Their Construction. — Life Saving Service. — 
 Harbor Improvements, — Inspector of Steamboats. — Signal Service. — Marine Hospital. — 
 
 Navigators' Charts. — Survey of J.akes Petitioned for. — First Appropriation. — Immense Benefits. — • 
 Methods of Work, — Issuing of Charts, — Valuable Instruments. — Officers in Charge. — Lighthouses. — 
 Their Construction and Repair. — Lighthouse Engineers. — Names and Terms. — Lighthouse 
 Districts. — Care of Lighthouses and Buoys. — Supply and .Storage l^epot. — Lighthouses on 
 River. — Location. — When Erected. — Kind of Light. — Names and Teriu' of Inspectors, — Life 
 Saving Service. — District Head(]uarters. — Appliances. — Stations. — Superintendents. — Harbor 
 Improvements. — First Appropriation. — Yearly Expenditures. — Officers in Charge. — Inspectors of 
 Steamboats. — Duties of Inspectors. — Engineers and Pilots' Licenses. — Supervising and Local Inspec- 
 tors. — Names and Terms. — The Signal Service. — When Organized. — The Takuig of (Observa- 
 tions. — Description of Instruments. — Weather Maps and Storm Signals. — Names of Observers. — 
 Marine Hospital. — Description of Building. — How Supported. — Patients and Disbursements. — 
 Surgeons and Stewards. 918-924 
 
 CHAPTER L XXXVII. 
 
 Military and Plank Roads. — Streets and Street Paving. — Side and Cross Walks. — Street Rail- 
 roads. — Street and Road Officers. — Board of Public Works. — Lack of Roads. — (Government 
 Highways. — When Established. — Proposed Lottery to Build a Road. — Bad Reads and Costly 
 Fuel. — Sloughs and Delay. — Restricted Traffic. — First Plank Roads. — Pioneer Experiments. — 
 Unsatisfactory Results. — Improved Methods, — Large E.xpenditures. — Great Advantages. — Rates 
 
XXXVlll 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 of Toll. — Length of Roads. — Number of Gates. — Streets and Street Paving. — Picturesque 
 Scenes. — Narrow Ways. — Fast Driving Prohibited. — A Blessing in Disguise. — Woodward's Fore- 
 sight. — Wide Avenues. — ^ Encroachments of Citizens. — improper Subdivisions. — Supervision of 
 • Plats. — Street Openings. — Costly Experiences. — Widening of Streets. — ^ Closing of Streets. — 
 Notable Instances. — Cemetery Lane. — Bolivar Alley. — Dequindre Street. — Peculiar Localities. — 
 Corktown. — Dutchtown. — Kentucky. — Polacktown. — i'iety Hill. — Peddler's Point. — Swill Point. — 
 The Potomac. — The Heights. — A Lon Street. — Lafayette Avenue in Winter. — Characteristics 
 of Woodward Avenue. — Griswold Street Features. — A Pun in Verse. — Former Condition of 
 Streets. — Stalled Teams. — Convict Labor. — First i'aving. — Kind and Location. — Specifications 
 of 1835. — Extensive Wood Paving. —Moffat's Opposition. — Paving ]5onds. — Repairing and Re- 
 paving. — Street Cleaning. — .Street Sweeping Machines. — I^ength of Paved Streets and Alleys. — 
 Primitive Sidewalks. — Brick, Plank, and Stone Walks. — Cross Walks and Crossing Sweepers. — The 
 Streets in 1850. — Poetical Description. — Care of Sidewalks. — Claims for Accidents. — Street Rail- 
 roads. — Names of Lines. — Routes. — When Opened. — Length of Routes. -- Niunber of Cars and 
 Horses. — Time of Trip. — Rates of Fare. — Taxation of Lines. — Transit Railroads. — Location. — 
 How Operated. — Road Supervisors and Duties. — Road Districts and Officers. — Ward Supervisors 
 and Overseers. — Street Commissioners and Duties. — City Surveyors. — Duties and Names. — Commis- 
 sioners on Plan of the City. — Duties and Names. — Commissioners of Orades. — Powers. — Names 
 of Commissioners. — Board of Public Works. — Whep Established. — Po'vers and Duties. — Names 
 of F2ngineers and Coi imissioners. 925-936 
 
 C H A P T E R L X X >. V II I . 
 
 Street Names and Th2ir Origin. — Changes in Names. — A Curious Melange. — Names of Past and 
 Present Streets. — First Record of Names. — Origin of and Reason for Names. — Changes in 
 Names. — Dates of Changes. — Woodward's Puns. — McCabe's Names for Alleys. — Historiographer's 
 Report. — Street Names as Historic Memorials. 937-94^ 
 
 PA.RT XII.— SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIX. 
 
 Annals of Detroit. — History Epitomized. — Different Epochs. — Curious, Significant, and Interesting 
 Events. — Local, Religious, and Political Meetings. — Governmental and Business Changes. — import- 
 ant Judicial and Military Occasions. — Noted Meetings and Conventions. — Date of Visits of Authors, 
 Statesmen, Politicians, and Prominent Personages. — Noted Celebrations. — Important Citizens' Meet- 
 ings. — Notable Storms and Disasters. — First Arrival and (departure of Steamboats. — Railroad 
 Trains. — Telegraphic Messages, — Local E.xcitements of Various Kinds. — Dates of Interesting 
 Exhibitions. — Lectures. — (kunes and Entertainments. — The First Street Lighting. — Water 
 Pipes. — Steam Fire Engines. — Street Railroads, Etc. 95 '-976 
 
 French Farms or Private Claims. — 
 
 firmation. — Later Designations. 
 
 A P P E N D I X A . 
 
 Acres in Claims. — Names of Original Claimants. — Datds of Con- 
 — Discrepancies in Numbers. — Duplicate Numbers, 977-982 
 
 APPENDIX B . 
 
 City Charters, Amendments, and Special Laws. — The First Corporation.— Later Charters. — Amend- 
 ments. — Chief Characte. istics. 983-988 
 
 I 
 
 Old Carm 
 
 
 where Ca 
 
 2 
 
 Map show 
 
 
 and ok 
 
 3 
 
 Windmill 
 
 
 and th 
 
 4 
 
 Reduced 
 
 
 and Ju( 
 
 S 
 
 Plan of D( 
 
 6 
 
 Map of the 
 
 7 
 
 Reduced f; 
 
 
 the Go 
 
 
 Plan, 
 
 8 
 
 Map of ad 
 
 9 
 
 Specimen 
 
 
 photogi 
 
 10 
 
 Entrance t 
 
 II 
 
 Map of Mt 
 
 12 
 
 Entrance t 
 
 13 
 
 Entrance tc 
 
 14 
 
 The Old R 
 
 
 Street, 
 
 15 
 
 Old Reser 
 
 16 
 
 Plan of Ne 
 
 17 
 
 The New > 
 
 
 and To 
 
 18 
 
 One of the 
 
 19 
 
 Plan of Be 
 
 20 
 
 Police Stat 
 
 21 
 
 Superinten 
 
 22 
 
 Map of N( 
 
 
 dinance 
 
 
 and 17c 
 
 23 
 
 Seal of No 
 
 24 
 
 Map of N 
 
 
 May 7, 
 
 25 
 
 Map of In 
 
 
 30, 180: 
 
 26 
 
 Seal of Im 
 
 27 
 
 Map of T 
 
 
 Januan 
 
 28 
 
 Seal of Te 
 
 29 
 
 Map of 
 
 
 April 1 
 
 30 
 
 Map of ] 
 
 
 April I 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 L 
 
 1 Old Carmelite Church (now a prison), 
 
 where Cadillac's bones repose, Frontispiece. 3' 
 
 I'ACiK 
 
 2 Map showing route of former streams 32 
 
 and old river line, 9 
 
 3 Windmill Point, on Bela Hubbard Farm, 33 
 
 and the river in 1838, 10 34 
 
 4 Reduced fac- simile of the Governor 35 
 
 and Judges' Plan, 30 36 
 
 5 Plan of Detroit in 1749, 32 
 
 6 Map of the city in 1 796, 33 37 
 
 7 Reduced fac -simile of the Lewis Map of 
 
 the (Governor and Judges' proposed 38 
 
 Plan, 34 
 
 8 Map of additions to the city limits, 35 39 
 
 9 Specimen of tornado work. From a 40 
 
 photograph, 47 
 
 10 Entrance to Mt. Elliott Cemetery, 53 41 
 
 1 1 Map of Mt. Elliott Cemetei y, 34 
 
 12 Entrance to Elmwood Cemetery, 56 42 
 
 13 Entrance to Woodmere Cemetery, 56 
 
 14 The Old Round House, foot of Orleans 43 
 
 Street, 65 
 
 15 Old Reservoir and Embankment, 66 44 
 
 16 Plan of New Water Works, 67 
 
 17 The New Water Works Engine-House 45 
 
 and Tower of Stand Pipe, 68 
 
 18 One of the Water Works Engines, 69 46 
 
 19 Plan of Belle Isle Park, 76 
 
 20 Police Station, Belle Isle, 77 47 
 
 21 Superintendent's House, Belle Isle, 77 
 
 22 Map of Northwest Territory under Or- 48 
 
 dinance of 1787 and Treaties of 1783 
 
 and 1795, 85 49 
 
 23 Seal of Northwest Territory, 86 
 
 24 Map of Northwest Territoiy, Law of 50 
 
 May 7, 1800. 86 
 
 25 Map of Indiana Territory, Law of April 51 
 
 30, 1802, 87 
 
 26 Seal of Indiana Territory, 87 52 
 
 27 Map of Territory of Michigan, Law of 
 
 January 11, 1805, 88 53 
 
 28 Seal of Terrif^-y of Michigan, exact size, 88 54 
 
 29 Map of Michigan Territory, Law of 55 
 
 April 19, 1 816, 88 
 
 30 Map of Michigan Territory, Law of 56 
 
 April 18, 1818, 89 
 
 [xxxix] 
 
 PAfiK 
 
 Map of Michigan Territory, Law of 
 
 June 28. 1834, 89 
 
 Map of State of Michigan, Law of April 
 
 20, 1836, 90 
 
 Great Seal of State of Michigan, 91 
 
 General Grant's Old Home, 104 
 
 Fac-simile of letter from U. S. Grant, 105 
 
 Election Cut from Advertiser, October 
 
 22, 1840, 109 
 
 Election Cut from Advertiser, October 
 
 15, 1852, no 
 
 Election Cut from Tribune, November 
 
 5, 1856, I ID 
 
 Election Scene, — First State Election, 1 1 2 
 Reduced fac-simile of First Proclama- 
 tion establishing Wayne County, 1 18 
 Map of Wayne County, Proclamation of 
 
 August 15, J 796, 1 19 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Law of May 7, 
 
 1 800, 1 1 9 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Proclamation of 
 
 July 10, 1800, 1 19 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Law of Apiil 
 
 30, 1802, 120 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Proclamation of 
 
 January 14, 1803, 120 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Law of January 
 
 11,1805, r2o 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Proclamation 
 
 of November 21. 1815, 121 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Proclamation 
 
 of October 18, 1 816, 121 
 
 Map of Wayne County, J'roclaniation 
 
 of July 14, 1817, 121 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Proclamation 
 
 of January 15, i8i8, 122 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Proclamation 
 
 of September 10, 1822, 122 
 
 Map of Wayne County, Law of No- 
 vember 20, 1826, 122 
 Township Map of Wayne County, 1 29 
 Seal of the City, 138 
 Fac-simile of i2>^-cent shinplaster of 
 
 1838, tS3 
 
 Fac-simile of 18^- cent shinplaster of 
 
 1841, 154 
 
xl 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I'Alili 
 
 57 Fac-simileof 25-centsliinplasterof 1838, 
 
 58 Fac-simileof 50-cent sliinplaster of 1837, 
 
 59 Former County Buildiiii;, soutlieast cor- 
 
 ner of Griswold and C^onqjress Streets, 
 
 60 Gratiot Avenue Police Station, 
 
 61 Trumbull Avenue Police Station, 
 
 62 Central Poli<-e Station, 
 
 63 Grand River Avenue (sub) Police Station, 
 
 64 Police Headquarters, 
 
 65 Old Block House, Jefferson Avenue, 
 
 66 Old Jail, on site now occupied by Public 
 
 Library, 
 
 67 Sheriff's Residence, Jail, and Police 
 
 Court Room, 
 
 68 Detroit Hou.-^e of Correction, 
 
 69 Superintendent's House — House of Cor- 
 
 rection, 
 
 70 Old U. S. Arsenal, corner of Jefferson 
 
 Avenue and Wayne Street, 
 
 71 Officers' (2uarters at Fort Wayne, 
 
 72 Old Pontiac Tree, 
 
 73 Pontiac's Conspiracy revealed, 
 
 74 Signature of J. F. Haintramck, 
 
 75 Reduced fac-simile of Hull's Proclama- 
 
 tion to the Canadians, 
 
 76 Reduced fac-simile of printed Articles of 
 
 Capitulation of General Hull, 
 ^]^ Reduced fac-simile of Proctor's Proclam- 
 ations of 181 2 and 1 81 3, 
 
 78 Presentation of Colors to First Regiment, 
 
 79 Triumphal Arch erected in honor of Col. 
 
 O. B. Willcox, 
 
 80 Death of Lincoln. — Meeting on the 
 
 Campus Martins. April 16, 1865, 
 
 81 Soldiers and Sailors' Monument, 
 
 82 Fac-simile of Cadillac's Signature, 
 
 83 Detroit Club House, 
 
 84 Old Masonic Hall, 
 
 85 Old Odd Fellows' Hall, Woodward 
 
 Avenue, T857, 
 
 86 Odd Fellows' ilall, head of Monroe Ave. 
 
 87 Handbill of Underground Railroad, 
 
 fac-simile, Yz si,Te, 
 
 88 The John Brown House, 
 
 89 Recraation Park, Entrance and Recep- 
 
 tion Building, 
 
 90 Concert handbill of fifty years ago, 
 
 fac-simile, yi size, 
 
 91 Harmonic Hall, 
 
 92 Store of C. J. Whitney, 
 
 93 Store of Roe Stephens, 
 
 94 The Watson Gallery, 
 
 95 Randall's Photographic Studio, 
 
 96 Plan of Art Loan Building, 
 
 97 Former Store of M. S. Smith &: Co., 
 
 98 Present Store of M. S. Smith & Co., 
 
 '55 
 
 99 
 
 .56 
 
 00 
 
 194 1 
 
 01 
 
 207 
 
 
 207 
 
 02 
 
 208 
 
 03 
 
 208 
 
 04 
 
 209 
 
 OS 
 
 215 
 
 06 
 
 
 07 
 
 215 ' 
 
 08 
 
 216 
 
 09 
 
 217 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 218 
 
 II 
 
 
 12 
 
 224 
 
 >3 
 
 225 
 
 14 
 
 239 J 
 
 '5 
 
 241 
 
 
 268 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 275 
 
 18 
 
 
 '9 
 
 278 
 
 20 
 
 
 21 
 
 279 
 
 22 
 
 306 
 
 23 
 
 
 r24 
 
 307 
 
 25 
 
 
 26 
 
 309 1 
 
 27 
 
 312 1 
 
 28 
 
 326 
 
 29 
 
 340 
 
 30 
 
 342 
 
 31 
 
 
 32 
 
 343 1 
 
 33 
 
 343 I 
 
 34 
 
 
 35 
 
 347 ■ 
 
 36 
 
 34« 
 
 37 
 
 
 38 
 
 352 1 
 
 39 
 
 
 40 
 
 354 1 
 
 41 
 
 355 
 
 42 
 
 356 
 
 43 
 
 356 
 
 144 
 
 359 
 
 '45 
 
 360 
 
 146 
 
 361 
 
 147 
 
 363 
 
 148 
 
 363 
 
 •49 
 
 View of Detroit in 1796, 
 
 River front of Cass and Jones farms in 
 1819, 
 
 Part of St, Anne Street (now Jefferson 
 Avenue) in 1800, 
 
 The Old Cass House on Larned Street, 
 
 Old Moran House, 
 
 The Old Lafferty House, 
 
 Residence of (iov. Wm. Woodbridge, 
 
 (jovernor Hull's Residence, 
 
 The Campau House, 
 
 Former Gothic Residence of T. H. 
 Hinchman, 
 
 Reduced fac-simile of Map showing lo- 
 cation of all buildings in 1853, 
 
 The James AbboiL Rpsidence, 
 
 The John Palmer Residence, 
 
 The John Farrar Residence, 
 
 The John Farmer Property, 
 
 The Cass Residence on Fort Street, 
 
 The Duffield Homestead, Woodward 
 Avenue, 
 
 The Brush Homestead, Randolph Street, 
 
 Residence of William Barclay, 
 
 Former I^esidence of Solomon Davis, 
 
 Residence of Mrs. James A. Van Dyke, 
 Francis Palms, 
 James Flattery, 
 R. H. Hall, 
 E. B. Wight, 
 A. H. Dey, 
 A. C. McGraw, 
 A. E. Brush, 
 John S. Newberry, 
 James McMillan, 
 W. G. f hompson, 
 H. R. Newberry, 
 Thomas Ferguson, 
 S. D. Miller, 
 Robert P. Toms, 
 Mrs. H. E. Benson, 
 
 The Thomas Palmer Homestead, 
 
 Residence of W. K. Muir, 
 
 Chauncy Hurlbut, 
 George McMillan, 
 Hugh Moffat, 
 George S. Davis, 
 S. B. Grummond, 
 Mrs. Charles Ducharme, 
 S. D. Elwood, 
 Wm. B. Wesson, 
 J. Greenslade, 
 J. Michels, 
 C. I. Walker, 
 John Owen, 
 G. V. N. Lothrop, 
 
 Pacb 
 
 367 
 
 150 
 '5' 
 
 Residenc( 
 
 368 
 
 152 
 153 
 
 
 368 
 
 ■54 
 
 
 369 
 
 '55 
 
 
 372 
 
 156 
 
 
 372 
 
 
 
 373 
 
 '57 
 
 
 373 
 
 158 
 
 Former R 
 
 373 
 
 '59 
 160 
 
 Residence 
 
 374 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 162 
 
 The De( 
 
 375 
 
 163 
 
 R.esidence 
 
 376 
 
 164 
 
 
 376 
 
 .65 
 
 
 377 
 
 166 
 
 
 377 
 
 167 
 
 
 111 
 
 !68 
 169 
 
 
 378 
 
 170 
 
 
 378 
 
 171 
 
 
 379 
 
 172 
 
 
 379 
 
 '73 
 
 
 380 
 
 "74 
 
 
 380 
 
 '75 
 
 
 38« 
 
 176 
 
 
 381 
 
 177 
 
 
 382 
 
 178 
 
 
 382 
 
 179 
 
 
 383 
 
 180 
 
 
 383 
 
 181 
 
 
 384 
 
 182 
 
 Former Re 
 
 385 
 
 •83 
 
 Residence 
 
 386 
 
 184 
 
 
 386 
 
 185 
 
 
 387 
 
 186 
 
 
 387 
 
 187 
 
 
 388 
 
 188 
 
 
 38S 
 
 189 
 
 
 389 
 
 190 
 
 
 389 
 
 191 
 
 
 390 
 
 192 
 
 
 390 
 
 «93 
 
 
 391 
 
 194 
 
 
 391 
 
 '95 
 
 
 392 
 
 196 
 
 
 392 
 
 '97 
 
 
 393 
 
 198 
 
 
 393 
 
 199 
 
 
 394 
 
 200 
 
 
 394 
 
 201 
 
 
 395 
 
 202 
 
 
 395 
 
 203 
 
 
 396 
 
 204 
 
 
 t\ 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 xli 
 
 
 
 Pagk 
 
 
 
 Pai;k 
 
 150 
 
 Residence of Charles Root, 
 
 396 
 
 205 
 
 Residence of J. G. Dickinson. 
 
 424 
 
 151 
 
 Henry P. Baldwin, 
 
 397 
 
 206 
 
 Edward Burk, 
 
 425 
 
 152 
 
 J. F. Joy, 
 
 398 
 
 207 
 
 J. E. Scripps, 
 
 425 
 
 153 
 
 Mrs. Zachariah Chandler. 
 
 398 
 
 208 
 
 H. H. LeRoy. 
 
 426 
 
 '54 
 
 H. A. Newland, 
 
 399 
 
 209 
 
 E. S. Heineman. 
 
 426 
 
 '55 
 
 Caleb \'an Husan, 
 
 399 
 
 210 
 
 Mrs. L. R. Medbury, 
 
 427 
 
 .56 
 
 Alfred Chesebrough and 
 
 
 21 1 
 
 C. J. Whitney, 
 
 427 
 
 
 Charles Biincher, 
 
 399 
 
 2 1 2 
 
 n. Whitney. Jr., 
 
 428 
 
 '57 
 
 Allan Shelden, 
 
 403 
 
 2'3 
 
 John Pridgeon, 
 
 428 
 
 .58 
 
 Former Residence of George S. Frost, 
 
 400 
 
 214 
 
 J. S. Farrand, 
 
 •429 
 
 '59 
 
 Residence of Benjamin Vernor, 
 
 401 
 
 215 
 
 Samuel Heavenrich, 
 
 429 
 
 160 
 
 Don M. Dickinson, 
 
 40 r 
 
 216 
 
 Mrs. H. S. Frue, 
 
 430 
 
 161 
 
 Mrs. N. W. Brooks, 
 
 402 
 
 217 
 
 R. W. King, 
 
 430 
 
 162 
 
 The De Garmo Jones Residence, 
 
 402 
 
 218 
 
 William C. Williams, 
 
 43' 
 
 163 
 
 Residence of Alexander Delano, 
 
 403 
 
 219 
 
 Philo Parsons, 
 
 431 
 
 164 
 
 Mrs. T. F. Abbott, 
 
 403 
 
 220 
 
 F. W. Hayes, 
 
 432 
 
 165 
 
 J. P. Phillips, 
 
 404 
 
 221 
 
 W. W. Leggett, 
 
 432 
 
 166 
 
 Clement Lafferty, 
 
 404 
 
 222 
 
 J. Babillion, 
 
 433 
 
 167 
 
 Emily Ward, 
 
 405 
 
 223 
 
 J. L. Edson, 
 
 433 
 
 !68 
 
 Henry Heames, 
 
 405 
 
 224 
 
 Joseph Black, 
 
 434 
 
 169 
 
 Edwin Reeder, 
 
 406 
 
 225 
 
 A. G. Lindsay, 
 
 434 
 
 170 
 
 W. E. Lovett, 
 
 406 
 
 226 
 
 R. H. Fyfe, 
 
 435 
 
 171 
 
 F. Buhl. 
 
 407 
 
 227 
 
 B. F. Farrington, 
 
 435 
 
 172 
 
 Beia Hubbard, 
 
 408 
 
 228 
 
 Henry Stephens, 
 
 436 
 
 '73 
 
 Daniel Scotten, 
 
 408 
 
 229 
 
 C. D. Farlin. 
 
 437 
 
 '74 
 
 C. H. Buhl, 
 
 409 
 
 230 
 
 George F. Moore, 
 
 437 
 
 '75 
 
 Wm. Brodie, 
 
 409 
 
 231 
 
 John Burt, 
 
 438 
 
 176 
 
 M. S. Smith, 
 
 410 
 
 232 
 
 Wells Burt, 
 
 438 
 
 177 
 
 T. D. Buhl. 
 
 410 
 
 233 
 
 William A. Moore, 
 
 439 
 
 178 
 
 George W. Bisseli, 
 
 411 
 
 234 
 
 W. H. Stevens, 
 
 439 
 
 179 
 
 E. Y. Swift, 
 
 411 
 
 235 
 
 Thomas W. Palmer, 
 
 440 
 
 1 80 
 
 Wm. A. Butler, 
 
 412 
 
 236 
 
 L. L. Farnsworth, 
 
 441 
 
 181 
 
 W. H. Tefft, 
 
 412 
 
 23/ 
 
 Mrs. E. C. Eaton, 
 
 44t 
 
 182 
 
 Former Residence of Alfred Russell, 
 
 4'3 
 
 238 
 
 C. A. Newcomb, 
 
 442 
 
 183 
 
 Residence of George C. Langdon, 
 
 413 
 
 239 
 
 C. C. Bowen, 
 
 442 
 
 184 
 
 D. M. Richardson, 
 
 414 
 
 240 
 
 W. Boeing, 
 
 443 
 
 185 
 
 George H. Hammond, 
 
 4'4 
 
 241 
 
 C. R. Mabley, 
 
 443 
 
 186 
 
 Neil Flattery, 
 
 4'5 
 
 242 
 
 Charles ICndicott, 
 
 444 
 
 187 
 
 Rt. Rev. C. H. Borgess, 
 
 415 
 
 243 
 
 W. J. Waterman, 
 
 444 
 
 188 
 
 J. W. Waterman, 
 
 416 
 
 244 
 
 il. K. White, 
 
 445 
 
 189 
 
 Robert McMillan, 
 
 416 
 
 245 
 
 G. S. Wormer, 
 
 445 
 
 190 
 
 the late M. I. Mills, 
 
 4'7 
 
 246 
 
 A. H Wilkinson, 
 
 446 
 
 191 
 
 John Moore, 
 
 417 
 
 247 
 
 D. M. Ferry, 
 
 446 
 
 192 
 
 Mrs. John J. Bagley, 
 
 418 
 
 248 
 
 Simon Keavenrich, 
 
 447 
 
 193 
 
 the late S. F. Hodge, 
 
 418 
 
 249 
 
 George C. Codd, 
 
 447 
 
 194 
 
 David Preston, 
 
 419 
 
 250 
 
 G. M. Traver, 
 
 448 
 
 '95 
 
 J. S. Vernor, 
 
 419 
 
 251 
 
 Elisha Taylor, 
 
 448 
 
 196 
 
 E. W. Voigt, 
 
 420 
 
 252 
 
 A. E. F. White, 
 
 449 
 
 197 
 
 J. B. Wayne, 
 
 420 
 
 253 
 
 James V. Campbell, 
 
 449 
 
 198 
 
 J. A. Roys, 
 
 421 
 
 254 
 
 George Jerome, 
 
 450 
 
 199 
 
 Alanson Sheley, 
 
 421 
 
 255 
 
 G. S." Frost, 
 
 451 
 
 200 
 
 G. 0. Robinson, 
 
 422 
 
 256 
 
 C. W. Noble. 
 
 451 
 
 201 
 
 David Ward. 
 
 422 
 
 257 
 
 the late H. P. Bridge. 
 
 452 
 
 202 
 
 0. W. Shipman, 
 
 423 
 
 258 
 
 Former Residence of W. and W. S. 
 
 
 203 
 
 F. P>. Dickoison, 
 
 433 
 
 
 I larsha, 
 
 452 
 
 204 
 
 William Cowie, 
 
 424 
 
 259 
 
 Residence of T. P. Hall, Grosse Pointe, 
 
 453 
 
xlii 
 
 260 
 
 261 
 
 262 
 263 
 
 264 
 
 265 . 
 
 266 
 
 267 
 268 
 269 
 
 270 
 
 271 
 
 272 
 
 273 
 274 
 
 275 
 
 276 
 
 277 
 278 
 
 279 
 280 
 281 
 282 
 
 283 
 284 
 285 
 286 
 
 287 
 288 
 
 289 
 290 
 291 
 292 
 293 
 
 294 
 295 
 296 
 
 297 
 298 
 299 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Paue 
 
 Residences of John S. Newberry and 
 
 James McMillan, Cirosse Fointe, 
 Residences of H. B. Ledyard and Hugh 
 
 McMillan, Grosse Pointe, 
 Residence of J. I. David, Grosse Isle, 
 Residence of the late Edward Lyon, 
 
 Grosse Isle, 
 The Smart Block — Present site of Mer- 
 rill Block, 
 View of north side of Jefferson Avenue 
 
 and Griswold Street in 1837, 
 Northwest corner of Woodward Avenue 
 
 and Larned Street in 1862, 
 The Abbott Block in 1845, 
 The Rotunda Building, 
 View of southwest corner of Griswold 
 
 and Larned Streets in 1870, 
 The Canipau Building — D. Preston & 
 Co.'s Bank ; Commercial National 
 Bank, 
 The Newberry & McMillan Building, 
 The Coyl Block, 
 The Merrill Block, 
 The Ferry Building — Newcomb, Endi- 
 
 cott, & Co.'s Store, 
 The Wesson Building — Taylor, Wool- 
 
 fenden, & Co.'s Store, 
 The Cleland Building, 
 The Moffat Building, 
 J. E. Pittman's Coal Dock, foot of Rio- 
 
 pelle Street, 
 Old Council House — original appearance. 
 Council House — as enlarged, 
 Old Court House or Capitol, 
 Fac-simile of Scrip issued by the Gov- 
 ernor and Judges, 
 Old City Hall and Surroundings, 
 The City Hall, 
 Arbeiter Hall, 
 Detroit Opera House — Stores of J. L. 
 
 Hudson, 
 W^hitney's Opera House, 
 Former Music Hall, — now White's 
 
 Grand Theatre, 
 Woodworth's Steamboat Hf)tel, 
 The Mansion House, 
 National Hotel in 1846, 
 The Russell House, 
 Andrew's Railroad Hotel and Pontiac 
 
 Depot, 
 Perkins' Hotel, 
 Eisenlord House, 
 
 Burning of First Presbyterian Church, 
 Old No. i,^"The Goose Neck," 
 An Old Fire-bucket, 
 Old Firemen's Hall, 
 
 
 300 
 
 454 
 
 301 
 
 
 302 
 
 455 
 
 303 
 
 456 
 
 304 
 
 456 
 
 
 
 305 
 
 457 
 
 
 
 306 
 
 457 
 
 
 
 307 
 
 458 
 
 
 458 
 
 308 
 
 459 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 459 
 
 310 
 
 
 311 
 
 461 
 
 312 
 
 462 
 
 
 463 
 
 313 
 
 464 
 
 
 
 314 
 
 465 
 
 315 
 
 
 316 
 
 466 
 
 
 467 
 
 317 
 
 468 
 
 318 
 
 
 319 
 
 470 
 
 320 
 
 472 
 
 321 
 
 472 
 
 
 473 
 
 322 
 
 474 
 
 323 
 
 476 
 
 324 
 
 477 
 
 
 478 
 
 325 
 
 
 326 
 
 478 
 
 
 479 
 
 327 
 
 
 328 
 
 479 
 
 
 480 
 
 329 
 
 48 1 
 
 330 
 
 482 
 
 331 
 
 483 
 
 332 
 
 
 333 
 
 484 
 
 
 485 
 
 334 
 
 487 
 
 335 
 
 495 
 
 336 
 
 503 
 
 337 
 
 505 
 
 
 506 
 
 338 
 
 Pa(;ii 
 Old No. 5 Engine House, Clifford Street, 507 
 A " Mose" of the Olden Time, 508 
 The Banner of Old No. 4, 510 
 Old Joe, the Firemen's Dog, 51 1 
 Clifford Street Engine House, and 
 Steamer No. 3 ready for Funeral Pro- 
 cession of President Lincoln, 512 
 Fire Commissioners' OfTice and Engine 
 
 Houses, 513 
 Engine House, corner of Larned and St. 
 
 Antoine Streets, 514 
 Engine House, corner of Larned and 
 
 Riopelle Streets, 514 
 Engine House, corner of Fort .Street and 
 
 Elmwood Avenue, 515 
 
 Engine House, Eighteenth .Street, 515 
 Engine House, Hastings Street, between 
 
 Congress and Larned Streets, 516 
 Engine House, Alexandrine Avenue, 516 
 Engine House, corner of High and Rus- 
 sell Streets, 5 1 7 
 Engine House, corner of Sixth and 
 Baker Streets, 5 1 8 
 Engine House, Montcalm Street, 518 
 Engine House, Clifford Street, 519 
 Engine House, Sixteenth Street, head of 
 Bagg Street, 520 
 A Steam Fire Engine, 521 
 Firemen's Hall, Jefferson Avenue, 522 
 First Page of St. Anne's Records, 528 
 Residence erected by Bishop R&se, 533 
 St. Anne's Catholic Church, original ap- 
 pearance, 534 
 St. Anne's Catholic Church, present ap- 
 pearance, 534 
 Holy Trinity Catholic Church, 536 
 Memorial Tablet in Holy Trinity Catho- 
 lic Church 537 
 St. Mary's Catholic Church, 538 
 Residence of Franciscan Fathers of St. 
 
 Mary's Church, 538 
 
 Priest's Residence St. Anne's Church, 538 
 Catholic Church and former Cathedral 
 
 of SS. Peter and Paul, 539 
 
 Original St. Joseph's Church, 540 
 
 St. Joseph's Catholic Church, 540 
 
 .St. Anthony's German Catholic Church, 541 
 
 St. Patrick's Catholic Church, 541 
 St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church and 
 
 Priest's House, 542 
 
 Catholic Church of Our Lady of Help, 542 
 
 St. Boniface Catholic Church, 543 
 
 St. Albert's Catholic Church, 544 
 St. Aloysius Catholic Pro-Cathedral and 
 
 Priest's House, 544 
 
 New St. Albert's Catholic Church, 545 
 
 339 
 
 340 
 
 341 
 342 
 343 
 
 344 
 
 345 
 
 346 
 
 347 
 
 348 
 
 349 
 
 350 
 
 35' 
 
 352 
 
 353 
 
 354 
 
 355 
 
 356 
 
 357 
 358 
 
 359 
 360 
 
 361 
 
 362 
 363 
 
 364 
 365 
 366 
 
 367 
 
 368 
 369 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 xlii 
 
 II 
 
 1>ai;f£ 
 
 339 St. Joachim's French Cathulic Church 
 
 and School, 
 
 340 Sacred Heart German Catholic Church 
 
 and School, 
 
 341 St. Wenceslaus Catholic Church, 
 
 342 Catholic Church of Holy Redeemer, 
 
 343 St. Cassimer Catholic Polish School and 
 
 Church, 
 
 344 St. Bonaventure Catholic Ciuirch and 
 
 Monastery, 
 
 345 Crotto at Church of the Assumption — 
 
 Connor's Creek, 
 
 346 First Protestant, afterwards Trinity Cath- 
 
 olic Church, 
 
 347 Fac-simile of Scrip issued by First Pro- 
 
 testant Society, 
 
 348 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor- 
 
 poration of First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, 1st page, 
 
 349 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor- 
 
 poration of First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, 2d page, 
 
 350 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor- 
 
 poration of First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, 3d page, 
 
 351 Reduced fac-simile of Articles of Incor- 
 
 poration of First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, 4th page, 
 
 352 First Methodist Episcopal Church — ori- 
 
 ginal brick building, 
 
 353 First Methodist Episcopal Church, corner 
 
 Woodward Ave. and State Street, 
 
 354 Central Methodist Episcopal Church — 
 
 Chapel and Parsonage, 
 
 355 Congress Street Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, 
 
 356 (Jriginal Lafayette Street Methodist Epis- 
 
 copal Church, 
 
 357 Tabernacle Methodist lOpiscopal Church, 
 35S Walnut Street Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, 
 
 359 Simpson Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 
 360 Jefferson Avenue Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, 
 
 361 Palmer Memorial Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, 
 
 362 Fort Street Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 
 363 Sixteenth Street Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, 
 
 364 Junction Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 
 365 Uelray .Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 
 366 Wesley Methodist ICpiscopal Church, 
 
 367 First German Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, 
 
 368 Asbury Methodist Episcopal Chapel, 
 
 369 Cass Avenue Methodist Episcopal Chapel, 
 
 546 
 
 370 
 
 371 
 
 546 
 
 372 
 
 547 
 
 
 
 373 
 
 547 
 
 
 
 374 
 
 548 
 
 
 548 
 
 
 
 375 
 
 556 
 
 376 
 
 557 
 
 377 
 
 
 378 
 
 
 379 
 
 560 
 
 380 
 
 
 381 
 
 561 382 
 
 
 383 
 
 562 
 
 384 
 
 
 385 
 
 
 386 
 
 563 
 
 
 
 387 
 
 565 
 
 
 
 388 
 
 566 
 
 
 
 389 
 
 568 
 
 
 
 390 
 
 570 
 
 
 
 391 
 
 570 
 
 
 570 
 
 392 
 
 571 
 
 393 
 
 571 
 
 
 
 394 
 
 572 
 
 395 
 
 572 
 
 396 
 
 573 
 
 397 
 
 
 398 
 
 573 
 
 399 
 
 574 
 
 400 
 
 574 
 
 401 
 
 574 
 
 402 
 
 
 403 
 
 575 
 
 404 
 
 575 
 
 405 
 
 575 
 
 406 
 
 Pa(;k 
 
 Second German Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Ch' rch, 576 
 Thirty-second Street German Methodist 
 
 Episcopal Church, 576 
 Lafayette Street African Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, 577 
 Ebenezer African Methodist Episcopal 
 
 Church, 577 
 Hethel Church of Evangelical Associa- 
 tion — Original Building, 578 
 Bethel Church of Evangelical Associa- 
 tion — Second Building 578 
 St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, 582 
 Christ Protestant Episcopal Church — 
 
 Original Building, 583 
 
 Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, 583 
 
 St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, 584 
 
 St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church, 585 
 
 Grace Protestant Episcopal Church, 586 
 St. Stephen's Protestant Episccpal 
 
 Church, 587 
 Emanuel Memorial Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church, 587 
 All Saints' Protestant Ejiiscopal Mission, 588 
 St. James's Protestant Episcopal Church, 588 
 Protestant Episcopal Mission of Messiah, 589 
 St. Mary's Protestant Episcopal Mission 
 
 Chapel, 589 
 Good Shepherd Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Mission, 589 
 St. Barnabas' Protestant Episcopal Mis- 
 sion, 590 
 Holy Trinity Protestant Episcopal Mis- 
 sion, 590 
 St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Memo- 
 rial Church, 590 
 Original St. Matthew's Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church, 591 
 St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Church, 591 
 St. Joseph's Protestant Episcopal Memo- 
 rial Chapel. 591 
 Epiphany Reformed Episcopal Church, 592 
 View of Churches on Woodward Ave- 
 nue in 1849, 594 
 First Presbyterian Church, 595 
 Central Presbyterian Church. 596 
 Fort Street Presbyterian Church, 597 
 Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, 598 
 Frontenac Avenue Presbyterian Mission, 599 
 Westminster Presbyterian Church, 599 
 Calvary Presbyterian Church, 600 
 Union Presbyterian Church, 6oi 
 Memorial Presbyterian Church, 601 
 Trumbull Avenue Presbyterian Chapel, 602 
 United Presbyterian Church, 602 
 
XllV 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Hagb 
 
 407 Dutch Reformed Clnirch, 
 
 40S Original Ikiilding of First IkiptistCiiurcii, 
 
 409 Baptist Clnirch, corner of Fort and Oris- 
 
 wold Streets — First Ikkk Building, 
 
 410 Baptist Church, corner of Fort and C Iris- 
 
 wold Streets — Second Brick Building, 
 
 41 1 Cass Avenue Baptist Church, 
 
 412 Second Baptist Church (colored), 
 
 413 Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church, 
 
 414 First Cicrman Baptist Church, 
 
 415 Eighteenth Street Baptist Church, 
 
 416 Twelfth Street Baptist Church, 
 
 417 Second German Baptist Church, 
 
 418 Clinton Avenue Baptist Chapel, 
 
 419 Clinton Avenue Baptist Church, 
 
 420 French Baptist Church, 
 
 421 First Congregational Church — Original 
 
 Building, 
 
 422 First Congregational Church, Fort Street, 
 
 423 Second Congregational Church, 
 
 424 Trumbull Ave. Congregational Church, 
 
 425 Springwells Congregational Church, 
 
 426 Harper Avenue Congregational Mission 
 
 Chapel, 
 
 427 Mt. Hope Avenue Congregational Mis- 
 
 sion Chapel, 
 
 428 View of Monroe Avenue and St. John's 
 
 Church in 1872, 
 
 429 First (lernian Evangelical Protestant St. 
 
 John's Church and School, 
 
 430 Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
 
 431 St. \L'irk's German Evangelical Church, 
 
 432 St. Paul's German Evangelical Church, 
 
 Seventeenth Street, 
 
 433 Original Immanuel Evangelical Luth- 
 
 eran Ciuircl\ 
 
 434 Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
 
 435 Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church, 
 
 436 St. Paul's ICvangelical Lutheran Church, 
 
 Joseph Campau Avenue, 
 
 437 St. Matthew's Evangelical Lutheran 
 
 Church, 
 
 438 Zion German Reformed Church, 
 
 439 St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran 
 
 Church, 
 
 440 Salem German Evangelical Lutheran 
 
 Church, 
 
 441 St. Luke's German Evangelical Church, 
 
 442 St. John's Independent Lutheran Church, 
 
 443 Washington Ave. Christian Church, 
 
 444 Disciples of Christ Church, 
 
 445 Mission Church of Disciples of Christ, 
 
 446 New Jerusalem Church, 
 
 447 Congregational Unitarian Church, 
 
 448 Church of Our Father — Universalist, 
 
 449 Third Avenue Mission Chapel, 
 
 603 
 
 450 
 
 605 
 
 45' 
 
 
 452 
 
 605 
 
 453 
 
 606 
 
 454 
 
 607 
 
 455 
 
 607 
 
 456 
 
 608 
 
 457 
 
 608 
 
 458 
 
 609 
 
 459 
 
 609 
 
 460 
 
 610 
 
 
 610 
 
 461 
 
 610 
 
 462 
 
 611 
 
 463 
 
 
 464 
 
 613 
 
 465 
 
 614 
 
 466 
 
 6IS 
 
 
 615 
 
 467 
 
 616 
 
 468 
 
 
 469 
 
 616 
 
 
 
 470 
 
 616 
 
 
 
 471 
 
 617 
 
 472 
 
 
 473 
 
 618 
 
 474 
 
 619 
 
 475 
 
 619 
 
 476 
 
 
 477 
 
 619 
 
 478 
 
 
 479 
 
 620 
 
 480 
 
 620 
 
 481 
 
 620 
 
 482 
 
 
 483 
 
 621 
 
 484 
 
 
 485 
 
 621 
 
 486 
 
 622 
 
 
 
 4S7 
 
 622 
 
 488 
 
 
 489 
 
 622 
 
 490 
 
 623 
 
 491 
 
 623 
 
 
 624 
 
 492 
 
 625 
 
 493 
 
 625 
 
 494 
 
 626 
 
 495 
 
 626 
 
 496 
 
 627 
 
 497 
 
 628 
 
 498 
 
 I'agk 
 
 Beth El Synagogue, 628 
 
 Synagogue of Shaary Zedec, 629 
 
 County Insane Asylum and Poorhouse, 649 
 St. Vincent's Catholic Female Orphan 
 
 Asylum, 651 
 
 Protestant Orphan Asylum, ' 652 
 
 St. Mary's Hospital — original building, 653 
 
 St. Mary's Hospital — new building, 653 
 
 Old Industrial School, 655 
 
 New Industrial School, 655 
 
 St. Joseph's Retreat for the Insane, 656 
 St. Luke's Hospital, Church Home and 
 
 Orphanage, 656 
 
 Harper Hospital — original building, 658 
 
 Harper Hospital — new building, 659 
 
 Home of the Friendless, 660 
 
 Women's Hospital and Foundlings' Home, 662 
 
 House of Providence, 662 
 The Little Sisters' Home for the Aged 
 
 Poor, 663 
 
 The Thompson Home, 664 
 
 Zoar Orphan Asylum, Springwells, 665 
 Detroit Day Nursery and Kindergarten 
 
 Building, 665 
 Convent of Mission of the Good Shep- 
 herd, 666 
 Post and Tribune Building, 684 
 Free Press Building, 687 
 Evening News Building, 688 
 Michigan Christian Herald Pjuilding, 689 
 A Newsboy, 692 
 Detroit News Company's Store, 696 
 Old Female Seminary, Griswold Street, 716 
 The Liggett Home and Day School, 719 
 German American Seminary, 719 
 Trinity Catholic School, • 721 
 St. Mary's Catholic School, 722 
 St. Joseph's Catholic School, 722 
 St. Vincent de Paul Catholic School, 723 
 Our Lady of Help Catholic School, 723 
 St. Albert's Catholic School, 724 
 Polish Franciscan Convent and Mother 
 
 House, 724 
 Aciidemy of the Sacred Heart, 725 
 Detroit College, 725 
 Trinity Lutheran School, ^ 726 
 Old University Building, Bates Street, 730 
 Goldsmith, Bryant, & Stratton's Busi- 
 ness University, 732 
 .Michigan College of Medicine, 734 
 First Public School Building, 738 
 Old Second Ward Public School, 745 
 The Barstow School, 745 
 The Houghton School, 746 
 The Tappan School, 746 
 The Jackson School, 746 
 
 499 
 
 The John 
 
 i;oo 
 
 The Niche 
 
 501 
 
 The Cam] 
 
 i;o2 
 
 The Wilk 
 
 503 
 
 The Lincf 
 
 504 
 
 The FranI 
 
 505 
 
 The Cass 
 
 506 
 
 The Cass 
 
 S07 
 
 The High 
 
 508 
 
 The Dulfu 
 
 509 
 
 The Firna 
 
 510 
 
 The New 
 
 511 
 
 The Web.' 
 
 512 
 
 The Trow 
 
 5'3 
 
 The Bisho 
 
 514 
 
 The Bisho 
 
 5'5 
 
 The Jeffer: 
 
 516 
 
 Seal of the 
 
 5'7 
 
 The Public 
 
 518 
 
 Fac-similc 
 
 5'9 
 
 Stores of I 
 
 1520 
 
 Stores of I 
 
 521 
 
 Store of G 
 
 S22 
 
 Stores of ( 
 
 323 
 
 Store of F 
 
 524 
 
 Store of R 
 
 525 
 
 Stores of I' 
 
 S26 
 
 Stores of 7 
 
 527 
 
 Seed Wart 
 
 528 
 
 Seed Farm 
 
 529 
 
 Stores of L 
 
 530 
 
 Stores of C 
 
 531 
 
 Stores of L 
 
 533 
 
 Store and 
 
 5,33 
 
 Store of P. 
 
 5,34 
 
 Store of M 
 
 535 
 
 Establish ni 
 
 536 
 
 Stores of J 
 
 537 
 
 Stores of J 
 
 5,38 
 
 Stores of \ 
 
 539 
 
 Stores of E 
 
 540 
 
 Stores of A 
 
 541 
 
 Stores of I* 
 
 542 
 
 Stores of I 
 
 543 
 
 Stores of I 
 
 544 
 
 Stores of C 
 
 545 
 
 Stores of A 
 
 546 
 
 Stores of h 
 
 547 
 
 Store of A 
 
 548 
 
 Store of A 
 
 549 
 
 Stores of 1 
 
 550 
 
 Store of D 
 
 55' 
 
 Stores of V 
 
 552 
 
 Old Board 
 
 553 
 
 Stores of L 
 
 554 
 
 New Boarc 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 X 
 
 Iv 
 
 Pa<;b 
 
 499 The John Owen School, 747 
 
 500 The Nichols' School, 747 
 
 501 The Campbell School. 747 
 
 502 The Wilkins School, 748 
 
 503 The Lincoln School, 748 
 
 504 The Franklin School, 748 
 
 505 The Cass School — oriij;iiial appearance, 749 
 
 506 The Cass School — as enlarged, 749 
 
 507 The High School, 750 
 
 508 The Dnflickl School, 750 
 
 509 The Firnane School, 751 
 
 510 The New Irving School, 751 
 
 511 The Webster School, 752 
 
 512 The Trowbridge School, 752 
 
 513 The Bishop School — original appearance, 753 
 
 514 The Hisiiop School — as enlarged, 753 
 
 515 The Jefferson School, 754 
 
 516 Seal of the Board of Education, 755 
 
 517 The Public Library, 759 
 
 518 Fac-simile of a Trader's License, 768 
 
 519 Stores of Beattie, Fitzsimons, & Co., 769 
 
 520 Stores of H. P. Baldwin 2d & Co., 769 
 
 521 Store of George Kirby, 770 
 
 522 Stores of C. R. Mabley & Company. 771 
 323 Store of Flattery Bros., 772 
 
 524 Store of R. H. Fyfe & Co., 772 
 
 525 Stores of Farrand, Williams, & Co., 773 
 
 526 Stores of T. B. Rayl & Co., 773 
 
 527 Seed Warehouse of U. M. Ferry & Co., 774 
 
 528 Seed Farm of D. M. Ferry & Co., 775 
 
 529 Stores of L. A. Smith & Co., 776 
 
 530 Stores of G. & R. McMillan, 776 
 
 531 Stores of Dean, Godfrey, & Co., ']•]^ 
 
 532 Store and Residence of P. Blake, 777 
 
 533 Store of P. A. Billings, 778 
 
 534 Store of Mumford, Foster, & Co., 778 
 
 535 Establishment of Thorndike Nourse, 779 
 
 536 Stores of James E. Davis & Co., 779 
 
 537 Stores of John J. Dodds & Co., 780 
 
 538 Stores of William Reid, 780 
 
 539 Stores of Edson, Moore, & Co., 781 
 
 540 Stores of Allan Shelden & Co., 782 
 
 541 Stores of F. Buhl & Co., 783 
 
 542 Stores of Heineman, Butzel, & Co., 783 
 
 543 Stores of Heavenrich Bros., 784 
 
 544 Stores of Charles Root & Co., 784 
 
 545 Stores of A. C. McCiraw & Co., 785 
 
 546 Stores of H. A. Ncwland & Co., 785 
 
 547 Store of A. R. & W. F. Linn, 786 
 
 548 Store of A. C. Bacon & Co., 786 
 
 549 Stores of T. 11. Hinchman & Sons, 787 
 
 550 Store of Dwyer & Vhay, 787 
 
 551 Stores of W. J. Gould & Co., 788 
 
 552 Old Board of Trade Building. 788 
 
 553 Stores of Ducharme, Fletcher, «Sc Co., 789 
 
 554 New Board of Trade Building, 789 
 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 
 59 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 66 
 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 
 71 
 72 
 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 
 n 
 78 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 88 
 
 89 
 90 
 
 9' 
 92 
 
 93 
 94 
 
 95 
 96 
 
 97 
 98 
 
 99 
 600 
 601 
 602 
 603 
 604 
 605 
 606 
 
 Page 
 
 Store of B. F. Farrington & Co., 789 
 
 .Stores of Standart Bros., 790 
 
 Stores of Phelps & Brace, 790 
 
 Stores of Rathbone, .Sard, & Co., 791 
 
 Stores of Buhl Sons & Co., 791 
 
 Former Woodward Avenue Market, 793 
 
 Vegetable Market, 794 
 
 Old Washington Market, 795 
 
 Central Market Building, 796 
 
 Michigan Car Co.'s Works, 803 
 
 Detroit Steel and Car Spring Works, 805 
 
 Russel Wheel & Foundry Co.'s Works, 805 
 
 Detroit Bridge & Iron Works, 806 
 
 I-'ulton Iron & Engine Works, 806 
 
 Buhl Iron Works, 807 
 
 Eagle Iron Works, 807 
 
 Michigan Malleable Iron Co., 808 
 Michels' Wood Working Machinery 
 
 Factory, 808 
 
 National Wire & Iron Co.'s Works, 809 
 
 Detroit Safe Co.'s Works, 809 
 
 Detroit Bronze Co.'s proposed building, 810 
 
 Detroit Stove Co.'s .Stores, 811 
 
 The Barnum Wire and Iron Works. 812 
 
 Detroit Stove Co.'s Works. 813 
 
 Peninsular Stove Co.'s Works, 814 
 
 Eureka Iron Co.'s Works, Wyandotte, 814 
 
 Michigan Stove Co.'s Works, 815 
 
 National Pin Co.'s Factory, 816 
 
 Detroit File Works, , 816 
 Detroit & Lake Superior Copper Co.'s 
 
 Works, ' 817 
 The Middlebrook & Post Manufacturing 
 
 Co.'s Works, 818 
 
 Detroic Stamping Works, 818 
 
 Detroit Emery Wheel Co.'s Works, 819 
 
 Parke, Davis, & Co.'s original Laboratorv, 820 
 
 Parke. Davis, & Co.'s present Laboratory, 821 
 
 Laboratory of Frederick Stearns & Co., 822 
 
 Capsule Factory of F. A. Hubel, 822 
 Boydell Bros. White Lead and Color 
 
 Works, 823 
 
 Detroit White Lead Works, 824 
 
 Detroit Linseed Oil Co., 824 
 
 Berry Brothers' Varnish Factory, 825 
 
 Schulte's Soap and Candle Factory, 825 
 
 A. Laitner's Store and Brush Factory, 826 
 
 The first Tobacco Factory in Detroit, 826 
 
 The American Eagle Tobacco Factory, 827 
 
 The Banner Tobacco Factory, 827 
 
 The Globe Tobacco Factory, , 828 
 
 Scotten's Hiawatha Tobacco Factory, 828 
 
 Hargreaves Manufacturing Co.'s Factory. 829 
 
 Burk, Rich, & Co.'s Cigar Factory, 829 
 
 Richardson's Match Factory, 830 
 
 The Clough & Warren Organ Factory, 831 
 
xlvi 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 607 Gray & Haffy's Furniture and Upliolstcr- 
 
 ing Establishment, 
 
 608 M. J. Murphy & Co.'s Spring Bed and 
 
 Chair I'actory, 
 
 609 The Sutton Pail Factory, 
 
 610 A. Dondero's Willow-ware Factory, 
 
 611 Pingree& Smith's Shoe Factory, 
 
 612 Vail & Crane's Cracker and Hiscuit Fac- 
 
 tory, 
 
 613 Carriage Factory and Store of llugii 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 614 Fac-simile of one of Father Richards' 
 
 Shinplasters, 
 
 615 Fac-simile of Note of Detroit City Bank, 
 
 616 Fac-simile of Note of Detroit Ikuik, 
 
 617 Fac-simile of Note of Bank of Michigan, 
 
 618 Fac-simile of Note of Farmers and Me- 
 
 chanics' Bank, 
 
 619 Fac-simile of Note of Michigan Insur- 
 
 ance Bank, 
 
 620 Detroit Savings Bank, 
 
 621 Fac-simile of Note of The Peninsular 
 
 Bank, 
 
 622 Fac-simile of Note of The State Bank, 
 
 623 First National Bank, 
 
 624 People's Savings Bank, 
 
 625 Wayne County Savings Bank, exterior 
 
 view, 
 
 626 Wayne County Savings Bank, interior 
 
 view, 
 
 627 View of the Vaults of the Safe Deposit 
 
 Company, 
 
 I'\(.B 
 
 
 
 628 
 
 832 
 
 629 
 
 
 630 
 
 832 
 
 
 833 
 
 631 
 
 833 
 
 
 834 
 
 632 
 
 
 633 
 
 835 
 
 634 
 
 
 63s 
 
 835 
 
 
 
 636 
 
 847 
 
 637 
 
 85. 
 
 
 857 
 
 638 
 
 860 
 
 639 
 
 861 640 
 
 863 
 864 
 
 641 
 642 
 
 865 
 
 866 
 
 643 
 
 867 
 868 
 
 644 
 
 869 
 869 
 
 645 
 
 646 
 647 
 
 870 
 
 648 
 
 Paos 
 
 Michigan Savings Bank, 871 
 
 State Savings Bank, 873 
 Office of Detroit Fire and Marine Insur- 
 ance Company, 873 
 Office of Michigan Mutual Life Insur- 
 ance Company, 874 
 The Post-Office, 883 
 Railroad Ferry Dock, 890 
 Detroit & Milwaukee Depot in 1865, 894 
 Fac-simile of M. C. R. R. Ticket of 
 
 1838, 896 
 
 Original Michigan Central Freight Depot, 898 
 Old Depot lUiiklings of Michigan Central 
 
 Railroad on Third Street, 899 
 
 New Michigan Central Depot, 900 
 First Locomotive in the West and old 
 
 Passenger-car, 902 
 Double Railroad Bridge at Baker and 
 
 Fifteenth Streets, 905 
 
 Jefferson Avenue Railroad Bridge, 906 
 Fac-simile of Collector's Entry on arrival 
 
 of the Walk-in-the-Water, 909 
 General Offices of the Detroit and Cleve- 
 land Steam Navigation Company, 911 
 Docks and Yard of the Detroit Dry 
 
 Dock Company, 912 
 Iron Ship-building Docks of Detroit Dry 
 
 Dock Company at Wyandotte, 913 
 
 The Ferry-boat Argo, 916 
 Government Storehouse — Lighthouse 
 
 Department, 920 
 
 The Marine Hospital, 923 
 
PART I. 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
America hi. 
 
 callfd old. D( 
 
 tory is unique 
 
 New Yorl<, New 
 
 settled, and lor 
 
 well, the Sieur 
 
 our border, and 
 
 The city was f( 
 
 built St. I'etersl 
 
 When Cadili 
 
 and the South ! 
 
 and there was i 
 
 the United Stat( 
 
 was like a bit 
 
 World, and no 
 
 one or two in tli 
 
 common with ( 
 
 records read lil< 
 
 mediieval scent 
 
 strangely intern 
 
 Cradled in romii 
 
 the school of c( 
 
 her ])osition as 
 
 stantial of all th( 
 
 to the days of t 
 
 old castle on the 
 
 added to the ai 
 
 tlements, so De 
 
 past, graced anc 
 
 present. Even 
 
 most cities. At 
 
 nated by no les< 
 
 has had three dil 
 
 In the old trac 
 
 was known by th 
 
 ti-a, A Great Vil 
 
 phetic of its fut 
 
 tun-ong. Circuit! 
 
 location at the t 
 
 called the site of 
 
 sarondia, which 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 DETROIT: ITS NAMES. LOCATION, AND SURROUNDINOS. 
 
 NAMK.S. 
 
 America hi..s but few cities tiiat can properly be 
 cailfd old. Detmit is one of tliese, and its his- 
 tory is unique and peculiarly interestinj^j. Before 
 New York, New ( )rleans, Philadelphia, or Boston was 
 settled, and lonjf before the time of Oliver Crom- 
 well, the Sieur de Ciiamplain had nearly readied 
 our Ijorder, and the Indians had described our site. 
 The city was founded before Peter the Creat liad 
 built St. Petersburg. 
 
 When Cadillac came the East India Company 
 and the South Sea Bubble had not been heard of, 
 and there was not a newspa|K'r or a post-oHice in 
 the United States. The first colony here established 
 was like a bit of France in the wilds of the New 
 World, and no city in the Eastern States, and but 
 one or two in the South and West, have anything in 
 common with our earlier life. Some of the old 
 records read like a page of Froissart, and visions of 
 medi;fval scenes and pictures of savage life are 
 strangely intermingled in the records of our past. 
 Cradled in romance, nurtured in war, and trained in 
 the school of conservatism, the city new glories in 
 her position as the most attractive and most sub- 
 stantial of n\\ the cities whose traditions reach back 
 to the days of the " Grand Monarch." Like some 
 old castle on the Loire, with cresting, tile, and finial 
 added to the ancient towers and moss-grown bat- 
 tlements, so Detroit stands, a proud relic of the 
 past, graced and crowned with all the gifts of the 
 present. Even in its names, it is favored above 
 most cities. At different times it has been desig- 
 nated by no less than six distinct appellations, and 
 has had three different corporate names. 
 
 In the old traditions of the Algonquin Indians, it 
 was known by the name of Yon-do-ti-ga, or Yon-do- 
 ti-a, A Great Village; its first name was thus pro- 
 phetic of its future. It was also called Wa-we-a- 
 tun-ong. Circuitous Approach, on account of its 
 location at the bend c the river. The Wyandotts 
 called the site of Detroit Toghsaghrondie, or Tysch- 
 sarondia, which name, variously spelled, will be 
 
 hi 
 
 found in the old Colonial Documents, published by 
 the State of New York ; it has been modernized into 
 Teuscha Grondie, and has reference to the course of 
 the river. The Huron Indians called the place 
 Ka-ron-ta-en, The Coast of the Strait. 
 
 When first settled, the location received the name 
 of Fort Pontchartrain, in honor of Count Pontchar- 
 train, the then French Colonial Minister of Marine. 
 As the number of inhabitants increased, and the 
 settlement grew into a village, it received its present 
 name from the word dctroit, or strait. Its popular 
 cognomen, the City of the Straits, is thence derived. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that the name of the 
 oldest city in the Canadian Dominion and the first 
 capital of that region, the place from which Cadillac 
 and the first settlers came hither, is derived from the 
 Algonquin word qitcbcis or (jiic/idtr, signifying a 
 strait ; the cities of Detroit and Quebec thus bear 
 names similar in origin and signification. 
 
 The early French colonists applied the name 
 Detroit to the settlements on both sides of the river, 
 calling one North Detroit, the other South Detroit. 
 It is also known that early French travelers desig- 
 nated all of the waters between Lakes Erie and 
 Huron as the di'troit. This generalization has led 
 several modern authors into the error of locating 
 events here that really occurred on the river St. 
 Clair. 
 
 The city's corporate names have been as follows : 
 By Act of January i8, 1802, it was designated as 
 the " Town of Detroit." By Act of October 24, 
 181 5, it was called the " City of Detroit." On April 
 4, 1827, it was enacted that the corporate name 
 should be "The Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen of 
 the City of Detroit." On February 5, 1857, it was 
 enacted that the name should be " City of Detroit." 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 The city is located near the head of the river, on 
 its northerly and westerly banks. The eastern 
 boundary is about four miles from Lake St. Clair, 
 and the western, nearly twenty miles from Lake 
 
LOCATION — SURROUNniNCS. 
 
 Erie. The river separates the Hritish Province of 
 Ontario, formerly Upper Canada, from tiie State of 
 Michijjan, County of Wayne. The tity is bounded 
 on the nortli hy tlie townsliips of ("iieenfield and 
 Hamtrameiv, on tlie east by 1 lamlramci-:, and on tlie 
 west by thf township of .Sprinjjfwells. Reolconinij 
 from the ll;igstaff on the City Hall tower, Detroit 
 lies in latitude 42° 19' 50.28" north; and longitude 
 83° 2' 47.63' west of (Ireenwii-h, England, and 5' 
 59' 45-83" west of Washington, I). C. Our time is 
 therefore 23 minutes 59.06 seconds slower than that 
 of Washington. Rome a id Constantinople are in 
 nearly the same latitude, ai< 1 Havana and Calcutta 
 are longitudinally in the sam range. Upon a globe 
 the city appears as opposite lie northwest corner of 
 the Chinese luiipire, and on \n air line, it is about 
 one thousand miles northeast < f New Orleans, or the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and seven In ndred miles west of 
 New York and the Atlantic Coist. 
 
 The older portions of the cit ', including all south 
 of Adams Avenue, are built on a succession of 
 ridges runnini; parallel with ti.e river, their general 
 direction being from east to \ 'est. Counting from 
 the river to Adams Avenue, there were at least four 
 ridges. At the corner of Woodward and Jefferson 
 Avenues the ground is twe ity-two feet iibove the 
 river. From "\Voodwaixl A\ enue the ground slopes 
 gradually away to the west until, at Second Street, 
 the roachvay is on a leve' with the wharves. An- 
 other ridge is shown .".t Fort Street. It crossed 
 Woodward Avenue and extended beyond Farmer 
 Street. The third ridge was just south of the ('.rand 
 Circus; and the property of H. H. Leroy on the 
 west side of Woodward Avenue shows that the 
 street at that point has been graded down nearly 
 four feet. At High Street, and again at Fremont 
 Street, the rise of ground is quite noticeable. At 
 the Holden Rojid the elevation is fully fifty-two feet 
 above the river. 
 
 " Beautiful for situation," the city wins the praises 
 of all who look upon it. No one has more faithfully 
 portrayed its appearance, and the feelings of a visi- 
 tor, than Mrs. Jameson. She says ; 
 
 The day h.is been most intolerably hot; even on the lake there 
 was not a breath of air. But as the sun went down in his glory, 
 the breeze freshened, and the spires and towers of the city of 
 Detroit were seen against the western sky. 
 
 The schooners at anchor, or dropping into the river, the little 
 <auioes flitting across from side to side, the lofty buildings, the 
 enormous steamers, the noisy port and busy streets, all bathed in 
 the light of a sunset such as I had never seen, not even in Italy, 
 almost turned me giddy with excitement. 
 
 Since her visit in 1837, the city has both gained 
 and lost in beauty. The old pear-trees no longer 
 form a setting to the houses of white and red, and 
 the tints of gray and brown have mostly disap- 
 peared. Rarer architecture now looms amid the 
 
 trees and richer coloring greets the eye, and those 
 who come to see, linger to admire, 
 
 .SURROUNDINO.S. 
 
 A large portion of the adjoining townsliip of 
 Hamtramck is built up near the river, and iron 
 smelting, stove and hollow-ware manufacturing, and 
 other kindred industries are extensively carried on 
 there. Stores and shops line the main road, — an 
 extension of Jefferson Avenue, and many elegant 
 residences are located on the river-side. Belle Isle 
 lies in front, and opportunities for boating are unsur- 
 passed. The new City Water Works, with receiv- 
 ing basins, substantial engine-houses, and other 
 buildings, are in the extreme eastern corner. Here 
 also are Linden Park, the Driving Park, and the 
 (lerman Shooting (Irounds, and Milwaukee Railroad 
 Junction. The villages of Leeville and Norris are 
 also within the township limits. This latter suburb 
 is about six miles from the city. It was laid o^t in 
 August, 1873, by Colonel P. W. Norris, after whom 
 it is named. He purchased the grounds in 1865. 
 The vill.ige is located about thirty feet above the 
 forks of Connor's Creek, on gently undulating 
 ground; the soil is dry and .saiuly, but very fer- 
 tile, Prairie Mound, once a faxorite haunt of the 
 Indians, and one of their burial-])laces, is in full view 
 of the village. 
 
 An abundant supply of good well-water is easily 
 reached. All the streets and avenues are seventy 
 feet wide ; one is one hundred feet wide and extends 
 to Woodward Avenue. A large Orphan Asylum, 
 controlled ' ■• the Lutheran Church, is here located. 
 Near the ,s the crossing and .station ""f the 
 
 Bay C- and Trunk railroads. 
 
 '^ , .ip of Springwells, on the southwest 
 
 b of Detroit, contains a noted railroad junc- 
 
 tio.., iginally called the (".rand Trunk Junction ; the 
 post-office name is now Detroit Junction. Connec- 
 tions are here made between the Michigan Central, 
 (irand Trunk, Detroit, Lansing & Northern, Lake 
 Shore «& Michigan Southern, Flint & Pere Marquette, 
 and Detroit & Butler railroads. The car shops of 
 the Michigan Central Railroad, consisting of four 
 large and other smaller buildings, were located here 
 in 1873, and many railroad employes have built 
 homes near by. Here, also, are the extensive car 
 manufacturing shops of the Michigan Car Company, 
 — an establishment unrivalled by that of any other 
 car-building company in the United States. The 
 extensive dry docks and ship yard of John P. Clark, 
 the Baugh steam forge establishment, the leather 
 manufactory of the late Marshall Jewell, and the 
 large tobacco manufactory of Daniel Scotten, several 
 large nurseries and extensive brick-yards, the smelt- 
 ing works of the Detroit & Lake Superior Copper 
 Company, the village of Delray, the Detroit Glass 
 
SL'RROUNDINC.S. 
 
 Works, Fort Wayiu-, St. Luke's Hospital, and Wood- 
 mcre Ccmetfry are in this town. 
 
 'I'hc shore hne of drosse I 'ointe township, which 
 joins Ilanitramck on the north, is washed l)y the 
 clear i)hie waters of Lake St. Clair, The township 
 is celehrated for its cherries. It is the summer re.'^ort 
 of a numlier of Detroit families, who have erected 
 elegant residences and determined its future as the 
 
 most desirable and attractive .stiburb that Detroit 
 can ever |)ossess. A liifhtiiouse, on what is known 
 as Windmill I'oint. marks the entrance of the river 
 into the lake, and is the chief landmark of the 
 vicinity. 
 
 The township of (ireentleld adjoins the city on the 
 north. Here is the immense seed farm of U. M. 
 I'crry i5t Company, embracing three hundred acres. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE RIVER. ISLANDS, WHARVES AND DOCKS, STREAMS AND MILLS. 
 
 THE RIVER. 
 
 London has its Thames, Paris, the Seine, Rome, 
 the Tiber, and new York, the Hudson; but in 
 everything the Detroit excels them all. It is no 
 wonder that the first visitors came by water wiicn 
 such a stream flowed by them and beckoned them 
 along. All the early travelers bore testimony to the 
 beauty of the river and the volume of its waters, 
 which the population of a score of the largest cities 
 cannot diminish or defile. Then as now islands, 
 like emeralds, were strung along its way, and myriads 
 of wild fowl then fed upon its shores; its waters 
 did not "dash high on a stern and rock-bountl 
 coa.st," but were so still and calm and clear that 
 the smoke of wigwams, nestled on their banks, was 
 mirrored on their smooth surface. Scores of canoes 
 were hauled up on the ri\ er-side, while others flashctl 
 along the current or plied to either shore. Later 
 on, windmills stretched their broad ar.ns to the 
 breeze, and, with fish-nets hung on reels, formed the 
 landmarks of their day. 
 
 The Detroit River is undoubtedly one of the most 
 remarkable in the world. It forms a natural boun- 
 dary between the United States and Upper Canada, 
 separating liie Slate of Michigan from the Province 
 of Ontario ; the boundary line opposite Detroit is 
 about midway of the i^tream, and for most of the 
 distance neares. the Canadian shore. The United 
 States thus has jurisdiction over the larger portion. 
 It was declared to be a public highway by Act of 
 Congress December 31, 1819. From Windmill 
 Point Liglu, at the foot of Lake St. Clair, to Bar 
 Point, where the river empties into Lake Erie, the 
 distance is 27 miles, 151 5 yards. The distances 
 between other established points are as follows : 
 From Windmill Point Light to foot of Isle La Peche, 
 1534 yards; from Isle La Pec he to foot of Belle Isle, 
 3 miles, 254 yards; from Belle Isle to Woodward 
 Avenue, 2 miles, 347 yards; from Woodward Avenue 
 to head of Fighting Island, 7 miles, 780 yards ; from 
 Fighting Island to Bois Blanc Lighthouse, 1 1 miles, 
 640 yards; from Bois Blanc Lighthouse to Bar 
 Point, 2 miles, 1480 yards. 
 
 The greatest width of the river is three miles ; in 
 its narrowest point, opposite the city, it is a little 
 over half a mile wide. Its average width is one 
 
 [6] 
 
 mile. The depth varies from ten to sixty feet, with 
 an average of thirty-four feet. The river bottom, 
 for the most part, is sa 'y or stony. It is navigable 
 for vessels of the laij^est class, is almost entirely 
 free from obstructions of any sort, and offers one of 
 the largest and safest harbors in the world. Lon- 
 don is the largest port, but more tonnage passes 
 Detroit than e\-er enters the Thames. 
 
 The waters of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, 
 and St. Clair, of Green, Saginaw, and Georgian 
 Bays, also of thousands of streams that enter them. 
 How into the Detroit. It is, in fact, the natural 
 drain or channel for the pas.sage of waters from 
 eighty-two thousand square miles of lake surface, 
 and one hundred and twenty-five thousand square 
 miles of land, thus rivalling the Ohio, which is more 
 than forty times as long. 
 
 The current is rapid and generally uniform ; the 
 maximum velocity is 2.44 miles per hour, the mean 
 velocity, 1.79 miles. It is estimated that two hun- 
 dred and twelve thtnisand cubic feet of water pass 
 the city each second of time. 
 
 More fresh water is discharged through this river 
 than through any other in the world except the Ni- 
 agara and the St. Lawrence. The incline amounts 
 to one and one half inches per mile, or three feet for 
 its entire length. The elevation above sea-level, at 
 a point opposite the Marine Hospital, is five hundred 
 and seventy-seven feet. The river is not generally 
 frozen over until the latter part of December or 
 January ; but in extreme cold weather the ice is from 
 twelve to twenty inches thick. 
 
 Previous to 1854, persons and teams frequently 
 crossed over on the ice ; and on February 10, 1855, 
 the river was so completely frozen that a little shanty 
 was erected in the middle, in which liquors were 
 sold. 
 
 The breaking of the ice by the daily trips of the 
 Railroad Ferry Boats, since 1854, has precluded any 
 further crossing on foot in front of the city. Such 
 is the rapidity of the current that the river is soon 
 cleared of tloatitig ice. The gathering of ice is an 
 extensive business, and from 50,000 to 100,000 tons 
 are annually stored for summer use. The water sup- 
 plied to citizens amounts to 6,000,000,000 gallons 
 yearly. 
 
THE RIVER — ISLANDS. 
 
 Si 
 
 The river is usually tranquil and never danijer- 
 ously rough. The water is of a bluisli tinij^e, and in 
 transparency and purity is unrivalled. 
 
 Like other bodies of water, the river rises and 
 falls, but unlike rther large rivers, the variations are 
 never so sudden or extreme as to cause any incon- 
 venience, and build ngs are erected at the v.'ater's 
 edge without fear of damage. 
 
 In the year 1800, again in 1814-1815, and also in 
 1 827-1 828, a'.u in 1838, the river rose from three to 
 si.\ feet above its usual level, remaining so for two 
 or three years, rnd then subsiding quite rapidly. 
 
 The mean annual rise is about sixteen inches dur- 
 ing July or August. The low-water period is in 
 February or March. The highest recorded level 
 was on June 2, 1838, when the water was only two 
 and eight tenths feet below the water table of the 
 Water Works Engine House. One of the lowest 
 levels recorded was in the winter of 1819, when the 
 water was eight and five tenths feet lower than 
 usual. 
 
 A succession of wet seasons, or winters of heavy 
 snows, causes it to rise, and the reverse occurs in 
 dry seasons. The most marked effect is produced 
 by winds ; the river is perceptibly lowered when a 
 southwest wind strikes it, and the water is driven 
 into Lake St. Clair and blov- n down into Lake ICrie. 
 In March, 1873, a strong wind of this kind lowered 
 the river some five feet below its mean level. A 
 northeast wind will reverse the above conditions 
 and cause it to rise proportionately. 
 
 The temperature of the water varies from 33° 
 Fahrenheit for the winter months to jy for the sum- 
 mer season. The variation between the surface and 
 the bottom is about 3". 
 
 The breadth, general safety, and smoothness of 
 the river make it specially inviting for boating and 
 yachting, and in later years many persons have 
 availed themselves of the facilities afforded. Sev- 
 eral noteworthy reg.ctas have been held here, and 
 boatmen all concede thiit no finer location can be 
 found for a trial of skill. During the suni' ;r sea- 
 son, excursions up and down the river, and to differ- 
 ent islands, are of almost hourly occurrence. 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 The islands vary in size from one to several thou- 
 sand acres. Two of them are located above, and 
 twenty below the city. Beginning at the head of 
 the river, the first is Isle La Peche, or Isle of the 
 Fishes, also called, in 1810, Peach Island. It is 
 situated on the Canadian side of the river, and was, 
 during the summer months, the home of Pontiiic. 
 Belle Isle, the City Park, is described in the article 
 on Parks. Beginning nt a point six r-.les below the 
 city are the islands known as Fighting, Mud, drassy, 
 Grass, Mama-Juda, Crosse, Turkey, Stoney, Slo- 
 
 cum's. Humbug, Fox, Elba, Calf Snake, Hickory, 
 Sugar, Bois Blanc, Horse, Cherry, and Tawa, or 
 Celeron. Fighting Island, also called in 1796, (Ireat 
 'I urkey Island, was originally occupied by the Wyan- 
 dotts, and in 1858 it was sold by the Canadian Gov- 
 ernment for their benefit. In 18 10 Indian intrench- 
 ments were plainly visible on the northeast end of 
 the island, and from these warlike appearances the 
 island took its name. 
 An old French memoir of the date of 171 7 says: 
 
 Two leajfUfS from Kort Detroit is .in island called Isle aux Din- 
 des. It is so called because 'I'urkeys are always to be found there. 
 It contains only very little timber, only prairie. Four or five years 
 ago, a man named Le Tonnerre, principal Chief of the Foxes, and 
 two of the same tribe, were killed there by the Hurons, settled at 
 Detroit The two Foxes who were with I,e Tonnerre were de- 
 voured by wild beasts, crows, or other vermin; but the body of Le 
 Tonnerre was still uninjured .1 year afterw.-ird, not an animal hav- 
 in.vi tcuched him. 
 
 Grosse, or Great Island, is the largest in the 
 river. The French memoir just quoted says : 
 
 It is very nne and fertile and extensive, being, as is estimated, 
 horn six to seven leagues in circumference. There is an extraor- 
 dinary quantity of apple trees on this island, and those who have 
 seen the apples on the ground sa)' that they are more than half a 
 foot deep; the apple trees are planted as if methodically, and the 
 apples are as large as small pijipins. Abundance of excellent mill- 
 stones are found on this island; all .iround it are very fine prairies. 
 It was a long time doubtful whether Detroit should not be founded 
 there. The cause of the hesitation was the apprehension that the 
 timber might some day fail. 
 
 At one time, the locating of Fort Wayne on this 
 island was seriously considered, and on some 
 accounts it would have been an extremely favorable 
 situation. The banks rise abruptly from the water 
 in many places to fully twenty feet in height. In 
 1776 Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton gave William 
 Macomb leave to occupy the island, and on July 5, 
 1793, Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe gave his family 
 permission to continue. 
 
 Several citizens of Detroit have elegant residences 
 here, and there are many fine farms and homes. 
 The Canada Southern Railroad extends to the 
 island, connecting by ferry with the Canada shore. 
 
 Mama-Juda Island contains twenty-nine acres, 
 and is named from an old squaw, who, prior to 1807, 
 used to camp there year after year, during the fish- 
 ing season. She finally died on the island. 
 
 Slocum's Island, of about two hundred acres, is 
 owned by G. B. Slocum. 
 
 Humbug Island, of some forty acres, just below, 
 is also owned by Mr. Slocum. It is not inappro- 
 priately named, for it is rather a part of the main 
 land than an island. 
 
 Elba Island, in 181 7, was thickly covered with 
 trees. 
 
 Bois Blanc, or Whitewood Island, on the Cana- 
 dian side of the river, Wcis occupied by the Huron 
 
8 
 
 ISLANDS — WHARVES AND DOCKS — STREAMS AND MILLS. 
 
 Indians in 1742, .ind contained a villaije rci(v;lariy 
 laid out and inliabited by st-vral hundred people. 
 Father Pothier was in charjje of a mission anionnj 
 them, but in 1747 they became estranijed from tlie 
 French and he returned to Detroit. Tlie followinjr 
 year the difficulties were settled, and a Huron Mis- 
 sion was established at Sandwich under charj^e of 
 Fathers Pothier and De la Richardie. 
 
 In 1796, when the British yielded up Detroit, they 
 erected a blockhouse on this island, but as the 
 United States protested that it did not belonjf to 
 them, they for the time yielded the point, and soon 
 after erected a fort at Maiden. 
 
 In 181 3, during; the tlj^ht which preceded Perry's 
 victory, Tecumseh and his Indians were here 
 encamped. When the patriots were in possession 
 in 1838, they denuded it of the trees in order to get 
 better range for their cannon. 
 
 Celeron Island, of seventy acres, is so named 
 after Sieur dc Celeron, once Commandant of Detroit. 
 
 WHARVES AND DOCKS. 
 
 By the building of wharves and docks, and the 
 extension of the shore by " made land "the river is 
 continually encroached upon. At the foot of Wood- 
 ward Avenue, it once came up sevi'iity-seven feet 
 north of the north line of Atwater .Street; and 
 between Woodward Avenue and Wayne Street it 
 covered half the space o'-cupied by the blocks 
 between Atwater and Woodbridge Streets. At 
 Cass Street it covered a part of wiiat is now Jeffer- 
 son Avenue. On T. Smith's map of the town as it 
 was in 1796 are shown two wharves tailed respect- 
 ively Merchants' and Public or King's Wharf. 
 
 One of the earliest "-ecords concerning the wharves 
 recounts the voting of a ta.x, on "July 26, 1804, of 
 twenty-eight pounds eight shillings New York cur- 
 rency for repairing wharf." The wiiarf repaired was 
 probably that formerly known as King's Wharf, still 
 in use in 1823. 
 
 In 1819 permission was granted to II. Berthelet to 
 build a wharf at the ffiot of Randolph Street. 
 Wharves were also built, about this time, by Mr. 
 Hudson and Mr. Roby. As the city grew, an increas- 
 ing amount of rubbish and refuse was deposited on 
 the low grounds at the river's edge. This created 
 an almost con.stant nuisance, and from time to time 
 efforts were made to correct the evil. On July 3, 
 1820, a ta.\ of five hundred days' labor was voted to 
 be spent "on the border of the river." In 1826 the 
 permanent improvement of the river front was begun 
 by the depositing, along the margin, of earth from 
 the embankment of Fort Shelby. During the 
 following years up to 1834, the work was continued 
 at an expense of over $10,000. 
 
 One of the improvements of 1827 was known as 
 the Steam Mill Wharf. The City Council voted to 
 
 give the perpetual use of sixty feet in width on 
 Woodward A\enue, fnjm Atwater Street to the 
 channel of the river, to a Steam Mill Company, for 
 the erection of a mill, provided it was built within 
 two yeiirs; the City also expended $3,000 in tilling in 
 and building a dock for the site of the mill, which 
 was never erected. Since that time the work has 
 gone on until good and substantial docks, nearly live 
 miles in length, now line the river along the city 
 front. 
 
 STREAMS AND MILLS. 
 
 Within the present city limits threa different 
 streams once tlowed on their winding way, buoying 
 up the light canoe, or turning the mills of the French 
 settlers. 
 
 The courses of these streams, in their relation to 
 present street lines, in so far as old deeds, maps and 
 observations furnish data for judgment, are indicated 
 on the accompanving inap. 
 
 The Savoyard Creek, b - nch of the Huron, or 
 Xavier River, as it is variously called, had its rise in 
 a willow swamp on the (luoin I-'arm, near where 
 Riopelle Street now crosses Congress. In 1821 the 
 south bank of the stream was one hundred and 
 ninety-one feet north of the south side of Lamed 
 Street; meandering westward, it reached Woodward 
 Avenue at Congress Street, and here a wide bridge 
 spanned the stream. At other places, single jilanks 
 enabled pedestrians to cross. In 1822 L. E. Dolson, 
 then a boy of nine years, was jumping on one of 
 these foot bridges on Congress Street, just east of 
 Griswold, when the plank broke, letting him fall into 
 the water, which was about eight feet deep. 1 be- 
 coming entangled in the reeds and rushes ^ lich 
 were plentiful at the bottom, he barely escaped 
 drowning. 
 
 The stream, in early times, was much used in go- 
 ing to and from the river ; and boy-anglers found 
 successful fishing at the corner of Woodward Ave- 
 nue and Congress Street. Its outlet was at a point 
 on the Jones Farm close to the Cass line, about 
 where Fourth Street intersects Woodbridge Street. 
 Prior to May, 1826, there was a jog in Woodbridge 
 Street at this point, and an okl bridge which crossed 
 the creek, not being in line with the street, was re- 
 moved by order of the Common Council, and a new 
 one of stone was built in proper line. A channel, 
 walled with wood, was also constructed from the 
 bridge to the river. On December 4, 1826, a certi- 
 ficate was issued to De (iarmo Jones for §422.31 for 
 constructing said bridge and channel. 
 
 In course of time, and increasingly as the years 
 went on, the people li\ing near the border of this 
 stream used it as a drain, and after Fort Shelby was 
 demolished, the bottom and sides, for some dis- 
 tance, were planked with lumber from that fortifica- 
 
 tion. It til 
 and, as sudl 
 so offensivel 
 was com|i(l 
 a deep and I 
 A "grand si 
 
 
 mm 
 
 sion. The c 
 yard from tin 
 its banks can 
 The strean 
 after Judge 
 Creek, from 
 here in 1780 
 pan's River. 
 
STREAMS AND MILLS. 
 
 lidii. It tluii I)tH:ain(; prnctically an open sewer; ereeted tlie first .^list-mill on tlie stream, just north 
 
 and, as sueli, lost all its primeval charms, and grew of what is now ]'"ort Street, and near tlie railroad 
 
 so offensive and malodorous that in 1836 the city crossinjr. The stream supi^lied water sullieient to 
 
 ■was eomiielled, at a great expense, to convert it into run the mill six or eight months of the year, 
 a deep and covered .sewer by enclosing it in stone. Parent's Creek, or IMoody Run, is the real historic 
 
 A "grand sewer" it became, and still fulfils its mis- stream. It was first named, presumably, after 
 
 Mai- SH0W1.no KoLTli Ol" FuK.MliK biKEAMS, A.NU UlO KlViiU Ll.NH, 
 
 sion. The creek is said to have been named Savo- 
 yard from the fact that one of the earliest settlers on 
 its banks came from Savoy. 
 
 The stream more recently known as May's Creek, 
 after Judge May, was formerly called Cabacier's 
 Creek, from Joseph Cabacie, or Cabaeier, who lived 
 here in 1780. It was designated in 1747 as Cam- 
 pau's River. It is claimed that Jacijues Peltier 
 
 Joseph Parent, a gunsmith, whose name appears in 
 St. Ann's records on May 21, 1707. Only a few 
 yeru's ago the entire course of the stream could be 
 traced; now nearly half its length is lilled in, and 
 its channel will soon be entirely obliterated. 
 
 The name was changed to liloody Run after the 
 defeat and slaughter of Captaii\ Dalyell and his 
 company by the Indians, on July 31, 1763. 
 
10 
 
 STREAMS AND MILLS. 
 
 On John Farmer's map of Michiiran for i<S30, a 
 mill is marked on tiiis stream, just south of what is 
 now Jefferson Avenue. There was also, at one 
 time, a mill where the stream crossed tiie flratiot 
 Road. 
 
 Knagjj's Creek was just outside the present western 
 
 limits of the city, and the course of the stream 
 can still be traced. Near its terminus, on the Hela 
 Hubbard Farm in Springwells, was located the 
 old Knagsr's Windmill, built in 1810. It was in 
 use till about 1840, and was torn down in 1853 or 
 1854. 
 
 WlNU.MU.l. I'OINI (ON 15KLA Hl.iJllAKl) I'AKM) ANll llIK Rl\KK IN l8j8. 
 
 Almost 
 available foil 
 jj^ood crops v| 
 
 In boring 
 in 1829, tht 
 reached : all J 
 clay, with \\ 
 fifteen feet; 
 limestone, si: 
 A small str; 
 reached, and 
 
 Three mile; 
 of where the 
 is a broad be! 
 with drainage 
 
 The natun 
 Cadillac in a c 
 one of the Fn 
 
 The business of 
 have not the aliilii 
 better pen than ni 
 account of it, I w 
 but a channel or li 
 length, according 
 escapes slowly an 
 and crystal waters 
 are so many seas < 
 Fronlinac, and wl 
 Lawrence, mingle 
 
 Its borders are 
 beautiful waters Is 
 bordered by lon>t 
 felt the careful hai 
 younji and tild, so 
 and quantity of t 
 produced them. 
 vine, which has r 
 builds a thick rool 
 ing down the top 
 with its embrace. 
 
 Under these br 
 timid deer and fai 
 collect the apple; 
 Here the cautious 
 to gather the gra| 
 large and glutton( 
 tridge, woodcock, 
 cover the country 
 high forests of fi 
 which sweetens tl 
 of the pitiless re; 
 which fatten wo 
 tion. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTS, GAME, GRAIN, AND FRUITS. 
 
 Almost all of the land in the city and vicinity is 
 available for jrardeninjj; and farming, producing 
 good crops with but little fertilizing. 
 
 In boring for a well on P'ort Street, near Shelby, 
 in 1829, the following strata were successively 
 reached : alluvial earth, ten feet ; yellow and blue 
 clay, with veins of quicksand, one hundred and 
 fifteen feet ; sand and pebbles, two feet ; geodiferous 
 limestone, sixt) leet; lias limestone, sixty-five feet. 
 A small stratum of carbonate of lime was then 
 reached, and then more lias limestone. 
 
 Three miles from the river, and a few rods south 
 of where the railroad crosses Woodward Avenue, 
 is a broad belt of land, of a lower level, which proves, 
 with drainage, both rich and fertile. 
 
 The natural products were well set forth by 
 Cadillac in a description written October 8, 1701, to 
 one of the French officials. He said : 
 
 The business of war being so different from lliat of writinj;, I 
 have not the ability to make a portrait of a country so worthy of a 
 better pen than mine; but since you have directed me to render an 
 account of it, I will do so, pninisinj; that the Detroit is actually 
 but a channel or river of medium breadth and twenty-five leagues in 
 length, according to my estimate, * * * through which flows imd 
 escapes slowly and with snfliciently moderate current, the living 
 and crystal waters of Lakes Superior, M ichigan, and Huron (which 
 are so many seas of sweet water) into Lake Krie, 1-ake Ontario, or 
 FroiUeuac, and which liiudly, together with the waters of the St. 
 Lawrence, mingle with those of the ocean. 
 
 Its borders are so many vast prairies, and the freshness of the 
 beautiful waters keeps the banks always green. The prairies are 
 bordered by long and broad rows of fruit trees which have never 
 felt the careful hand of the vigilant gardener. Here, also, orchards, 
 young and old, soften and bend their branches, under the weight 
 and quantity of their fruit, towards the mother earth which has 
 produced them. It is in this land, so fertile, that the ambitious 
 vine, which has never wept under the knife of the vine-dresser, 
 builds a thick roof with its large leaves and heavy clusters, weigh- 
 ing down the top of the tree which receives it, and often stifling it 
 with its embrace. 
 
 Under these broad walks one sees assembled by hundreds the 
 timid deer and faun, also the squirrel bounding in his eagerness to 
 collect the apples and plums with which the earth is covered. 
 Here the cautious turkey calls and conducts her numerous brood 
 to gather tlie grapes, and here also their mates come to All their 
 large and gluttonous crops. Oolden pheasjtnts, the quail, the par- 
 tridge, woodcock, and numerous doves swann in the woods and 
 cover the country, which is dotted and broken with thickets and 
 high forests of full-grown trees, forming a charming perspective, 
 which sweetens the sad lonesomeness of the solitude. The hand 
 of the pitiless reaper has never mown the lu.\uriant grass upon 
 which fatten woolly buffaloes, of magnificent size and propor- 
 tion. 
 
 There are ten species of forest trees, among them we the walnut, 
 white o«k, red oak, the ash, the pine, white-wooc and cotton- 
 wood; straight as arrows, without knots, and almost without 
 branches, except at the very top, and of prodigious size. Here 
 the courageous eagle looks fi.xedly at the sun, with suflicient at 
 his feet to satisfy his boldly armed claws. The fish are here 
 nourished and bathed by living water of crystal clearness, and their 
 great .'ibuudance renders them none the less delicious. Swans are 
 so numerous that one would take for lilies the reeds in which they 
 are crowded together. The gabbling goose, the duck, the widgeon, 
 and the bustard are soi''' lant that to give an idea of their num- 
 bers I must use the ex;> > ion of a savage whom I asked before 
 arriving if there was much game. " So much," he said, " that they 
 draw ".'* "n lines to let the boats pass through.'* ♦ * ♦ In a 
 word, .1' climate is temperate, and the air purified through the 
 day and night by a gentle breeze. The skies are always .serene 
 and spread sweet and fresh influences which makes one enjoy a 
 trancpiil sleep. 
 
 If the situation is agreeble, it is none the less important because 
 it opens and closes the door of pass;ige to the most distant nations 
 which are situated upon the borders of the vast seas of sweet 
 water. None but the enemies of truth could lie enemies to this 
 establishment so necessary to the increase of the .i;lory of the king, 
 to the progress of religion, and the destruction of the throne of 
 liaal. 
 
 In addition to the animals named, other early ac- 
 counts tell of elk, moose, wolves, bears, rabbits, 
 otters, lynxes, wildcats, beavers, and musk-rats; and 
 say they were very numerous in the vicinity of De- 
 troit. So numerous and large, indeed, were the 
 wild bisons, that the making of garments from their 
 wool was seriously considered. 
 
 Between 1820 and 1830 the howling of the wolves 
 was frequently heard in the edge of the town. 
 Bounties of three and four dollars were paid by the 
 county for killing them; and no small share of the 
 taxes was devoted to paying for wolf scalps. 
 
 In 1824, and also in other years, myriads of wild 
 pigeons made their roosts in the forests of the 
 county. They were so numerous that hundreds 
 could easily be killed with a walking stick. 
 
 As late as the fall of 1834 deer were abundant 
 within a morning's walk, and black bears would oc- 
 casionally perambulate the streets. Wild turkeys 
 and quails were numerous up to about 1850, and 
 frccjuenlly stray ones came into the city, and innu- 
 merable flocks of ducks and geese, in their annual 
 migrations, swept over the town, often flying so low 
 that their notes could easily be heard. 
 
 The surrounding woods and meadows have always 
 been enlivened with the songs of meadow-larks, 
 
 ["] 
 
Id 
 
 fiOlI. AND PRODUCTS, GAME. GRAIN AND FRUITS. 
 
 r()l)ins, brown thriislies, aiul l)()l)(>]iiiks; and year hy 
 year briiLilit-pliiniaged Ininiming birds flit about the 
 trumpet-vines. 
 
 It was not alone tlie y;ayly-featiiere(l birds that 
 made tiic plaee a pleasant one. In the forests were 
 wild honeysuckles, and the e)j;lantine, or Michij^an 
 rose. Snow-berries and lleurs-de-lis were scattered 
 here and there, and the perfume of locust blossoms 
 often filled the air, while river and streams were 
 bordered with the white and blue of the pond-lily 
 and the sweet flai^. Strawberries, whortleberries, 
 cranberries, and raspberries were indii^enous, and 
 melons, beans, and othei' vegetables were cultivated 
 by the Indians before the whites appeared. In addi- 
 tion to those named by Cadillac, the forest included 
 trees of beech, birch, hickory, niajile, elm, butter- 
 nut, cedar, basswood, and coniferous trees of various 
 kinds. 
 
 In the way of sweets, the wild bees stored up 
 honey in the trees. The maples also contributed 
 their store of .sweetness. In 1819 one hundred and 
 fifty thousand pounds of maple siij^ar were produced 
 in Michigan, and in September, 1825, one merchant 
 advertised forty thousand pounds for sale. Charle- 
 voix says the Indians did not know how to make 
 sugar out of the maple sap until the French mission- 
 aries came. Prior to that time, they made only 
 syrup. They soon became experts, and a "sugar 
 bush," to them, was better than a farm. 
 
 Maple sugar was used almost e.xclusively until 
 recent years. Loaf sugar was the only other kind 
 kept for sale, and was used only on state occasions. 
 The maple sugar was brought in by the Indians in 
 mococks, which held all the way from four ounces 
 to fifty pounds. One of the smaller mococks was 
 a toothsome prize for children in days gone by, 
 and wail appreciated far more highly than the 
 French bon-bons of to-day. The method of making 
 this sugar, together with several points regarding life 
 in those days, is set forth in the following lines, writ- 
 ten by Colonel De Peyster while at Mackinaw 
 
 THE MAPLE SUGAR MAKERS. 
 'l\sK—7'/te Jolly Beggars. 
 I'll slinij my p.ipoos' cradle,' said KitcliL-nL-yoe's Meg, 
 With kettle, bowl, and ladle, and scoutawaba^ ke«. 
 
 CiioKUs — A sug'rin>{ 1 will go, will go, will go, will go, 
 A sug'ring I will go. 
 
 Nasib and Charlotte I'arlie, of whom the lads are fond. 
 Shall drag^ their father early out to the twelve-mile pond. 
 Chokls— A sug'ring I will go, etc. 
 
 Come Nebenaquoidoquoi, and join the jovial crew, 
 Sheeshib and Matchinoquoi shall tap a tree with you. 
 CHOKLii— A sug'ring I will go, etc. 
 
 • The Indian child, swaddled upon a flat board, and carried upon 
 the squaw's back by a band across the forehead, by which it is at 
 night often hung on a tree. 
 
 3 Rum, which they take with them to make sweet grog of the 
 liquor when half boiled, to entertain their friends who may walk 
 out to see them. 
 
 * On a bftrk sleigh, he being lame. 
 
 P.right Kesis, deign to aid us, and make the s;ip to rui\, 
 I'.ninga,* who arrayed us, at least should have a tun. 
 CiioKi s — A sug'ring 1 will go, etc. 
 
 In kettles we will boil it, on fires between the rocks, 
 And lest the snow should spoil it, there tramp it in mococks.' 
 CiioKis — A sug'ring 1 will go, etc. 
 
 Of all our occupations, sweet sug'ring is the best. 
 Then girls and their relations can give their lovers rest. 
 CnolJl'S — A sug'ring 1 will go, etc. 
 
 Rut when the season's over, it will not be amiss, 
 That 1 should give my lover a sissobacpiet kiss.* 
 CiioKis— A sug'ring I will go, etc. 
 
 As to cereals, old records show a good harvest in 
 1703, and abundant supplies for a garrison of one 
 hundred and fifty men. Up to about 1706 almost 
 the only gniin grown was Indian corn. Cadillac 
 then procured eight tons of French wheat and other 
 grain from Quebec. After this there was a good 
 supply of wheat, which, then as now, was sown in 
 both spring and fall. 
 
 The Ilurons and Ottawas were excellent farmers 
 and raised large quantities of corn. In 17 14 twenty- 
 four hundred bushels \\-cre sent from Detroit. Agri- 
 culture was, however, greatly neglected, and the con- 
 ditions on which grants of land were made tended 
 to discourage any intelligent efforts at farming. 
 
 In 1747, owing chiefly to the number of Indians 
 who gathered here and consumed the supplies, pro- 
 visions were very scarce, and M. de Longueuil was 
 compelled to apply to Montreal for help. On Sep- 
 tember 23 a convoy of provisions arrived under com- 
 mand of M. de Celeron, escorted by one hundred 
 and fifty men, including merchants and servants. 
 Their coming saved the settlers from starvation. 
 
 M. Bougainville, in his memoirs on Detroit, under 
 date of 1757, says: 
 
 There are two hundred habitations abundantly provided with 
 cattle, grains, and flour. The farmers can raise as many cattle as 
 they want, as there is abundant pasture. * * ♦ They gather, 
 in ordinary years, two thousand five hundred measures of wheat 
 and much oats and corn. They formerly sowed some fall wheat, 
 but very often that seed produced only rye. A farmer of that 
 place assured me that he sowed two measures of very good wheat, 
 but the product was only rye. They sow during the months of 
 February and March, and gather in the month of July; the pro- 
 duct in wheat is usually twenty mciisures for one. * ♦ It would 
 be well for the authorities to encourage the inhabitants of Detroit 
 in the cultivation of their land and afford them facilities for selling 
 their produce. It would be a great advantage to procure from 
 them all the provisions needed in the garrisons of the forts Presque 
 Isle, Marchand, Rivi^re-de-Hceuf, and Duquesne. 
 
 These provisions would cost less than those sent from Montreal, 
 as the expenses of transportation from there are excessively high; 
 and there is such great dilViculty in getting the provisions that the 
 garrisons are often in danger of being in need. 
 
 * The commandant's lady, who at this time of the year generally 
 gives the neighboring squaws each a chintz shift, and some ver- 
 milion, and other articles. 
 
 ' lioxes made of birch-bark, sewed with the fibre of the spruce- 
 tree root (called watap), holding from thirty to fifty pounds each. 
 
 'A sweet kiss. The Indian maidens are remarkable for white 
 teeth and sweet breaths. 
 
 NotwithstJ 
 was raised iii 
 her 9, 1763.1 
 about one tl 
 In 1768 then] 
 half acres of 
 hundred and I 
 duced; but \\\ 
 became imml 
 
 The Annul 
 tains a lettei| 
 which says : 
 
 Letters from 1 1 
 that several boati 
 Lake Erie, in whi 
 great that they hil 
 they h.td found il 
 kill the ravens ai| 
 subsistence. 
 
 Many other bo 
 Detroit, and seve 
 lost. 
 
 Ten years 
 trouble for wa 
 March 10. 178c 
 Bolton at Nia^ 
 habitants here 
 ounce of flour 
 Many will be a 
 the fall wheat, 
 having had a cji 
 he said, " I am 
 ant Bunbury i\ 
 drowned by the 
 flying in clouds 
 they had been ( 
 of sport, have i 
 
 This acciden 
 
 On March i: 
 ernor Sinclair, ; 
 greatest trancji 
 inhabitants beii 
 assistance of th 
 The same ye; 
 eighty-three ac 
 cultivation. 
 
 From a very 
 cherry trees wc 
 of Detroit. ( 
 noted varieties 
 Apple is partici 
 called Pomme 
 was noted for 
 and freely used 
 of fish and cidt 
 lars. Immense 
 in height, with 
 with large, thit 
 
SOIL AND PRODUCTS. GAME. GRAIN. AND FRUITS. 
 
 13 
 
 Notwitlistaiuliiijif v.'irioiis disooura.i^cnicnts. wlieat 
 was raised in considerable quantities. On Septem- 
 ber 9. 1763, tiie barn of Mr. Reaiime, containinjf 
 about one thousand bushels of wheat, was liurned. 
 In 1768 there were five hundred aiul fourteen and a 
 half .icres of land under cultivation, and ninety-seven 
 hundred and eiiflity-nine French bushels of corn pro- 
 duced; but in 1770 food was so scarce that a famine 
 became imminent. 
 
 The Annual Register, an Enijlish jieriodical. con- 
 tains a letter from Paris, dated March 19. 1770, 
 which says : 
 
 I.ettfrs from Di-troit by Monday's New York mail inform us 
 tliat several boats with jjoocls have been seventy clays erossinyj 
 Lake Krie, in which time the distress of the people has been so 
 great that they have been obliged to keep two hnman bodies, that 
 they had fo\ind iinburied upon the shore, in order to eollec t and 
 kill the ravens and eagles, that came to feed on them, for their 
 subsistence. 
 
 Many other boats have been frozen up within forty miles of 
 Detroit, and several traders' small boats with goods have been 
 lost. 
 
 Ten years later the inhabitants were apain in 
 trouble for want of certain kinds of provisions. On 
 March 10, 1780, Colonel De Peyster wrote to Colonel 
 Bolton at Niagara, sayinvj ; " The distress of the in- 
 habitants here is very j;reat for want of bread, not an 
 ounce of Hour or a tfrain of corn to be purchased. 
 M.iny will be at a loss for ijrain to put in the ground; 
 the fall wheat, however, has a good appearance from 
 having had a cjuantity of snow." In the same letter 
 he said, " I am sorry to inform you, sir, that Lieuten- 
 ant Bunbury and Mr. Godfrey, the conductor, are 
 drownetl by the overturning of a canoe. The ducks 
 flying in clouds jiast the fort, the gentlemen, forgetting 
 they had been desired not to go in canoes, too eager 
 of sport, have lost their lives." 
 
 This accident occurred the day before he wrote. 
 
 On March 12. 1780. he wrote to Lieutenant-(iOV- 
 ernor Sinclair, saying: "Everything here is in the 
 greatest tranciuility except the cry for bread, the 
 inhabitants being so much in want that without the 
 assistance of the King's stores, many must starve." 
 The same year, however, twelve thousand and 
 eighty-three acres of land were reported as under 
 cultivation. 
 
 From a very early period the pear, apple, and 
 cherry trees were prominent features in the scenery 
 of Detroit. Our orchards have produceil many 
 noted varieties of fruit, among which the .Snow- 
 Apple is particularly famous. In 1796 a large apple 
 called Pomme Caille, deep red from skin to core, 
 was noted for its flavor. Cider was largely made 
 and freely used a century ago. In 1818 our exports 
 of tish and cider were valued at si.xty thousand dol- 
 lars. Immense pear trees, a hundred feet and more 
 in height, with trunks from one to three feet thick, 
 with large, thick limbs and heavy foliage, were at 
 
 once the pride and pest of their owners; for then, 
 as now, boys and pears afliliated. Almost every 
 farmer had from one to half a dozen of these 
 trees, which produced from thirty to fifty bushels 
 each. 
 
 The seeds or young trees from which they were 
 grown were probably brought from France. None 
 of the early travelers mention their e.xistence, and 
 .'lithe )ugh they were once numerous they have largely 
 dis;i]ipeared. 
 
 In the absence of further facts concerning these 
 grand old trees, their memory deserves to be honored 
 l)y the insertion of two poems that they inspired. 
 The first, giving them legendary origin, w.ts written 
 several years ago by L. J. Bates; twenty-three out 
 of the thirty-three verses are given : 
 
 THE MISSION PEARS. 
 
 In his deerskin covered chair 
 Overlooking blue St. Clair, 
 
 Ripiiling to its marshy edges, 
 Sat the Jesuit father, thinking. 
 And the sumuier odors drinking 
 
 I'rom the wind-blown, wa\y sedges 
 Wide the mission lodge before, 
 "I'wixt the forest aud the shore. 
 * * * * * 
 
 Twice and thrice, with zeal unspent, 
 Urgent missives had he sent 
 
 To the Jesuit colleges 
 In far France, o'er land and ocean, 
 liegging help of their devotion 
 
 To convert the sa\'ages. 
 That the Church might foimd and keep 
 Reahn and empire broad and deep. 
 ***** 
 
 " Send me one of burning zeal, — 
 Someone who can speak and feel. 
 
 That these heathen stocks shall hear him; 
 St)meoni' with an holy miction, 
 ICIoquent in evtu'y function. 
 
 Hold, that savage heiirts may fear him; 
 Someone patient, quick to teach; 
 Someone wise, and strong to preach. 
 ***** 
 
 Nigii two hundred years ago, 
 Sat the father, thinking so, 
 
 In the Jesuit mission garden, 
 Looking o'er the St. tHair marshes 
 Spreading to the forest arches, 
 
 While, each side, an Indian warden, 
 Crim and silent in his place. 
 Stood and watched his master's face. 
 
 Stirred the leaves upon the trail 
 From the forest, and a pale 
 
 Face, impressed with wasting sorrow, 
 Toward them came, young, sad, exalted; 
 I!y the father's chair it halted, 
 
 And a siid voice siiid, " (iood morrowl " 
 While the stranger bent his knee. 
 " I.o, a missive sent to thee." 
 ***** 
 
 Long his countenance he bent 
 O'er the missive, strangtdy sent 
 
 From the far-off Jesuit college: 
 " Him we send, though young, is fervent. 
 
14 
 
 SOIL AND I'RODUCTS, GAME, C.RAIN AND FRUITS. 
 
 Faithful, resolute, observant, 
 
 Valiant, earnest, full of knowledge, 
 Kloquont and wise of speech; 
 Patient, ti^nder, quick to teach." 
 
 And the wise Superior wrote, 
 In a separate sealed note 
 
 Most discreet, a private letter, 
 Telliiij; of a lady, fairest 
 Of I lie belles of France, and rarest, 
 
 liound in haled marriage fetter, 
 Fondly by this youth adored, 
 Murdered by her jealous lord. 
 »**•»■ 
 
 " Work him ever, night and day, 
 Klse his heart will eat awiiy, 
 
 And a j^'allant life be wasted. 
 Use hini, for his soul's salvalion,— 
 Give him constant occupation. 
 
 IJeath he hath already tasted, 
 And its after-coniiuK pain. 
 Work may make hiui whole again." 
 
 Soon this pale-faced eloquent, 
 Ever on his tasks intent, 
 
 Won the love of all around him. 
 All the children loved hini nearly, 
 All the wi>inen held him dearly; 
 
 Flinty hearted warriors found him 
 Full of strange attractiveness 
 With his strong, sad gentleness. 
 
 Hut when every task was done. 
 Often, at the set of sun. 
 
 When the sky, with glory gleaming, 
 Flooded the blue- waters sparkling. 
 Reedy marsh and forest darkling. 
 
 Would he stand, .is one day-dreaming. 
 Gazing o'er the fair expanse, 
 While his heart returned to France. 
 ***** 
 
 Once, as thus he stood distrait, 
 Like a soul o'erbcme by fate. 
 
 The good father, coming on him, 
 Saw him ])luck from out his bosom 
 Withered jx'ar and clover-blossom. 
 
 While to siii'Ut tears Ihey won him, 
 On his head the father laid 
 Disapproving hand, and said: 
 
 " Son, this world thou hast put off, — 
 Earthly love or earthly scoff, 
 
 Nevermore, hast vowed, shall move thee. 
 Much it grieves me, in this fashion, 
 Then, to witness mortal passion 
 
 Call me, loving, to reprove thee. 
 Give those tokens to my care, 
 And betake thyself to prayer." 
 
 " Father, for each erring soul 
 One hath died to make it whole: 
 
 .Me unworthy! me heart-broken! 
 Two for me, — most imdeserving! — 
 For my sin have died imswerving; 
 
 And I look upon this token 
 As my penance, seeing there 
 All my sin and my despair. 
 
 ***** 
 
 Long the father walked apart. 
 Deep communing with his heart, 
 
 While the brother knelt and waited; 
 Then, at last, the father, standing. 
 
 Spoke in kindness, not commanding: 
 
 " Son, thy penance is abated. 
 This thy token holds within 
 That which may relieve thy sin. 
 
 "Genuine love, though at its worst, 
 R.irely hath been wholly cursed; 
 
 Still some spark of good is in it. 
 In thy passion, so forbidden. 
 May we tind one blessing hidden, 
 
 And from out the evil win it, 
 Possible that good may be 
 Cure or comfort imto thee. 
 
 " Son, I bid thee rise and itand, 
 Look upon thisiu-e<ly land! 
 
 In thy within'<l pear lies dormant 
 Nature's power to bloom, and bless 
 This unfruitful wilderness. 
 
 Here is healing for thy torment! 
 Many and many a voii e of prayer 
 Long may bless thy withered pear, 
 
 ' * « * * * 
 
 "Son, thine own hand shall prepare 
 Mold, and plan' the seed with care; 
 
 Haply with it may be buried, 
 For a noble resurrection, 
 Murdered love, luiblest affection. 
 
 Faith and truth that so miscarried. 
 Peace and rest descend on thee. 
 First fruit of the earliest tree!" 
 
 Thus, like souls redeemed from sin, 
 Did the mission pears begin 
 
 In the ancient Jesuit garden; 
 And the shoots, as they ascended. 
 Prayerfully were watched and ti^nded, 
 
 Till the wood could grow and harden. 
 Often, in their early years, 
 Watered by repentant tears. 
 
 Then, to other missions sent. 
 Wandered far the eloquent. 
 
 Till forgotten for another; 
 And the father slept, immortal 
 Many years; when, at the portal, 
 
 lient a sick and feeble brother. 
 Craving rest, from travel sore, 
 At the mission's welcome door. 
 
 In the sunset red, cme day, 
 Lo, the stranger dying lay 
 
 Underneath the pear-trees, laden 
 With their ripe fruit, bent and swaying. 
 Where the happy children, playing, 
 
 Little man and rosy maiden. 
 Loved to visit. On each child 
 Sweet the dying brother smiled. 
 
 Glowed the west.'rn sky like fire. 
 
 " This," he muttered, " this is Loire, 
 
 Rippling through the sedges slowly 
 Of his marshes. I.o, my lady 
 Walks the old pear-orchard shady! 
 
 O beloved, purged and holy. 
 Thou dost bring deliverance. 
 Home, and peace, and love, and — France! " 
 ***** 
 
 Old French settlers — work and place 
 Blended with a mighty race. 
 
 Mightiest earth hath ever vaunted: 
 S'.ill the old faith rarely falters, 
 
 A 
 W 
 
 M 
 Y. 
 
 Ai 
 VI 
 
 Stil 
 
 Sc 
 
 The follow 
 H. Coyle, ti 
 
SOIL AND PRODUCTS. GAME, GRAIN AND FRUITS. 
 
 15 
 
 Though It kneels nt <iUi<'r altars, 
 
 Til the nrij,'hl)(irinv; city plaiUcd: 
 At tin; shrhic i>f nond St. Aim, 
 Worships still the habitan. 
 
 Many a thrifty Missiim Pear 
 Yet o'erliKiks the hitie St. Clair, 
 
 Like a veteran, faithful warden; 
 And their hraru his, gnarled and oUh'ii, 
 Yield their jniey fruit and >;iil(len. 
 
 In the aneient Jesuit >,'ard( 11 
 Still, each year, their blcissonis dame, 
 Scent and hUxiTn of sunny I'ranee. 
 
 The following verses were wriltiii in iiS4y 1)\ W, 
 H. Coyle, tlien ;i resident of tiie eity: 
 
 TO THK OLD I'KAK TKKKS OK DKTKon'. 
 
 An lun.dred years and more ye have stood • 
 Thriiuj,'h sunshine and thnuiyh storms, 
 
 And slill, like warriors elad in mail. 
 Ye lift your stalwart forms. 
 
 Proud in your iniyht ye challenge the winds 
 
 As in your palmy days; 
 And ye laugh in scorn at the howliuK blast 
 
 And the lightning's lurid blaze. 
 
 Ve have seen the boy in his childhood jilay 
 
 111 your loiil shades, blithe iind brave. 
 And havi' moaned with thi' evening's suininer breeze 
 
 o'er the old grandsire's grave. 
 
 From your lofty tops o'er the river blue 
 
 Ye have looked, long, long ago. 
 As the Siivage leaped on the shilling sands 
 
 With sealping-knife and bow. 
 
 'Neath your leafy boughs the painted chief 
 
 Has pitched his peaked lent. 
 And the council fire tlinmgh your quivering leaves 
 
 Its silver smoke has sent. 
 
 l-'rom the frontier fort ye have sei'ii the flash. 
 
 And heard the cannons boom. 
 Till the stars and stripes in victory waved 
 
 Through the battle's glare and gloom. 
 
 When the ancient city fell by the llames. 
 
 Ye saw it in ashes expire, 
 liut, like true sentinels, kept your posts 
 
 111 the blazing whirl of fire. 
 
 And where tall temples now lift their spires 
 
 And priest and iieopU' meet, 
 Ye have seen the giant forest oak 
 
 And the wild deer bounding fleet. 
 
 W'here the white-sailed ship now rides the wave 
 
 Ye have watcheil the bark c.moe. 
 And heard in tin; iiigiit the voyager's song 
 
 And the Indian's shrill halloo. 
 
 The lingering few " vieux habitans " 
 
 Look at ye with a sigh. 
 Anil memory's tear-drop dims their gaze 
 
 While they think of the times gone by. 
 
 Oh! those were honest and happy times, — 
 
 The simple days of old. 
 When theii; forefathers qiiafTed and laughed. 
 
 And lived for more than gold. 
 
 One by one, like brown autumnal leaves, 
 
 They are falling to the ground, 
 And soon the last of that honored race 
 
 'Neath the yew-tree will be found. 
 
 Live on, <ild trees, in your hale jfrceil age! 
 
 Long, long may your shadows last. 
 With yiair blossomed boughs and golden fruit, 
 
 Loved emblems of the past." 
 
 The interior of the State was for many years 
 deemed almost useless for agricultural purposes. 
 
 On November 30, 181 5, Edmund Tiflin, Surveyor- 
 Cieneral at Chillieothe, wrote to General Meigs, 
 Commissioner of the Land Oflu-e at Washington, 
 that in the whole of Michigan Territory there was 
 "not one acre in a hundred, if there would he in a 
 thousand, that would in any case admit of cultiva- 
 tion. It is all swampy and sandy." On December 
 II he again wrote: "Subsequent accounts confirm 
 the statements, and make the country out worse, if 
 possible, than I had represented it to be." 
 
 Detroit and the private claims near by were repre- 
 sented as being somewhat better, without so many 
 swamps and lakes, but the region as a whole was 
 said to be extremely sterile and barren. Such repre- 
 sentations must have been founded on unjjardonable 
 ignorance or knavery. No .State in the Union has a 
 larger proportion of excellent farming lands. The 
 wheat crop in 1879 amounted to thirty-five million 
 bushels, and the productions of our gardens, fields, 
 and orchards are unexcelled. 
 
 In 1821 II. IJerthelet raised Tl pumpkin that was 
 six feet eight inches in circumference, and after it 
 had been picked three weeks it weighed one hun- 
 dred and seventj'-four pounds and twelve ounces. 
 The pre\ious year, two seeds planted at Grosse 
 Pointe produced thirteen hundred and fourteen 
 pounds of pumpkins. 
 
 As early as 1823 water-melons weighing from 
 thirty-.si.x to forty-four pounds were frequently seen, 
 and beets weighing eighteen poiuids and water- 
 melons weighing forty pounds were common. 
 
 The following item from the Gazette of December 
 13, 1825, tells its own story: 
 
 Better Prospects. — We mention as a. singular f.ict, and <ntii<ly 
 new in this territory, that a w.igon-load of FLOL'R arrived in 
 town last week from the interior. It was made at Colonel Mack's 
 Mills at Pontiac, and we understand that there are several hundred 
 barrels there which will be brought in soon. 
 
 This notice marked an era, and soon after Detroit 
 had bread to eat and Hour to sell. In 1827 she made 
 her hrst export of Hour to the amount of two hun- 
 dred barrels. About this same time, in 1828, she 
 began to contribute what some would call one of the 
 luxuries of life to other places, " sending coals to 
 Newcastle" in the shape of one hundred hogsheads 
 of Michigan tobacco shipped to Baltimore, besides 
 packages to other places. 
 
 In 1827 a pear, weighing thirty ounces, was grown 
 by Judge Sibley; it was seven and a half inches 
 long and fourteen and a half inches in circum- 
 ference. 
 
i6 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTS, C.AMK, GRAIN AND FRUITS. 
 
 On Nowmbor 13, 1833, Mr. Moon t-xhihiud a 
 bfft two f('(.t ;iiul six iiiclKs loiiy; and Iwo kcl and 
 five iiulu's in cinunifi'iviux'. It uiiji^lu'd sfvcntoeii 
 pounds wiliiont tin: top. in Juno. 1S4S, a straw- 
 berry nearly tiirce inilies in di.inu'ter was ji^rown i)y 
 Horace ilalioik; .and in I1S54. in tiie (.garden of John 
 Farmer, on Monroe .Avenue, one tree prodciced plums 
 nieasLUinjr nearly six inches in eircumferenee, .and 
 the peach trees were heavily laden with peaches .is 
 larjje as any ever seen in this market. A i^ardiii 
 near by produced a pot.ito of such immensi'. size 
 that it furnished a full supply of that edible for four 
 meals to ;i family of two. A (luint-e tree in the s.ime 
 y.arden produced (juinces one of which weighed 
 nearly three p(junds. 
 
 Notwithstanding- the productiveness of the .soil, 
 provisions, in e.irly days, were very de.ar. The 
 reason is given in the Detroit (iazette of January, 
 1819; it s.iys : "There are families owning; from 
 one hundred to two hundred acres of land in the 
 vicinity of the city who are in the constant luibit of 
 buyinvr their bread at the baker's and vegetables of 
 their more enterprising neighl)ors." 
 
 In US37 so much interest was taken in the raising 
 of fruits ;uh1 gr.ain that a meeting was held on .April 
 24 at the City Hall to org.uii/.e .in .Agricultural ,'ind 
 Horticultural Society. Colonel McKinstry acted as 
 chairm.m ;ind H, G. Ilubb.ird ;is secretary. .An 
 organization was effected which continued in exist- 
 ence for some twenty years, and its annual exhibition 
 was looked forward to as among the most interest- 
 ing events of the year. 
 
 In ancient days, as now, whitefish, sturgeon, ])ick- 
 erel, pike, perch, black b.ass, catfish, sunfish, and 
 bullheads were plentiful. Large numbers of fish — 
 from the half-pound perch to the one-lnindred-and- 
 twenly-pound sturgeon — are caught yearly. Who 
 that has lived here so long does not remember the 
 large reels that twenty years or more ago were so 
 often seen along the river-bank, with the fishers' 
 nets hung upon them .•' 
 
 Of all species, the whitefish is most numerous and 
 highly prized. Schoolcraft thus sings their praise : — 
 
 All friends of unnd living by tureen and dish 
 
 Concur in exaltinn tliis prince of a (isli, 
 
 So fine in a platter, so teniptiii),' a fry, 
 
 So rich on a gridiron, so sweet in a pie, 
 
 That even before it the sahnon must fail, 
 
 And that niiKhty bonne-bouche, the land beaver's tail. 
 
 ****** 
 Its beauty and Havor no person can doubt, 
 When seen in the water or tasted without; 
 And all the dispute that opinion ere makes » 
 
 Of this kiuK of lake-lishes, this deer of the lakes, 
 Rej^ards not itsch oiceness to ])onder or sup, 
 But the best mode of dressing and serving it up. 
 
 In 18 1 8 whitefish were worth only three dollars 
 
 jHT barrel, ;ind bo.it-ioads were sold for fifty cents 
 per hundred. 
 
 In 1S23 there were t.iken at Hog I.sland twelve 
 huiuircd b.irrels, then worth from four to ti\'e doll.ars 
 per b.irrel. On the grounds they were sold ;it from 
 four to eight shillings per hundred. In 1823 the 
 c.itch w.is not so l.irge, and they .sokl at from two ttj 
 three doll.irs per hundred. In the early part of the 
 week ending October 23, 1824, at the fishery on 
 Grosse Isle, twenty-five and thirty thous.md white- 
 fish were caught in a single day. In 1825 they were 
 worth six and .seven dollars per barrel, and thousands 
 of barrels were shipjied to Ohio and New York. 
 
 In 1S27 they were so numerous that fifteen thou- 
 .sand wefe taken with a single seine, in five hauls. 
 The citch in Detroit River from 1836 to 1840 
 averaged about thirty-five hundred b.irrels per year, 
 worth eight dollars per barrel. In 1880 there were 
 caught about twelve thousand h.alf-barrels, worth 
 four dollars and seventy-five cents each. 
 
 The importance of fish ;is ;in article of food 
 induced the establishment, in 1873, of a State Fish 
 Commission. The first fish h.itchery in the .State 
 w.is successfully operated in the winter of 1873-1874, 
 by N. \V. Clark, — about one million I'ue hundred 
 thousand young tish being producetl. On .April 14, 
 1874, five thousand young whitefish were deposited 
 in ^'erkes Lake, I'lymouth Township. On M.irch 
 '3> 1875, three hundred and sixteen thousand young 
 fish were deposited in the Detroit River. On 
 August 3. 1876, the Commission resolved to estab- 
 lish a hatchery at Detroit. A cheap frame building, 
 twenty by fifty feet, was erected at Number 475 
 Atwater .Street, near Deciuiiulre; with the ap|)ar;itus, 
 it cost $1,300. It was completed .September 25, 
 1876, and fully equipped by November i. Between 
 November i .and 12, 1876, four hundred .and five 
 female fish were stripped on the fishing grounds and 
 ten million eggs i)rocured; nearly twice as many 
 male fish were alsf) .stri])ped. .and the h.atchery w.as 
 set in operation. .More recently largd tish are kept 
 in the hatchery, and eggs are obtained more easily. 
 The tirst eggs hatched out on M.arch i, 1877. L^p 
 to 1S83, nearly one hundred millions of fish had 
 been prodticed. In the spring of 1883. thirty-eight 
 millions were hatched out, and many of them were 
 deposited in the Detroit River. When from eight 
 to fifteen days old, the young fry are shipped to such 
 places as the superintendent may designate. In 1 8S3 
 a new building for the hatchery was erected on the 
 northeast corner of Lafayette Street and Joseph 
 Campau .Avenue. 
 
 In the winter months, and especially in March or 
 April when the hsh are hatching, the institution is 
 well worth a visit. 
 
 Tkk city of 
 only the ancii 
 and .some pul 
 sons until gr.i 
 sible th.at the 
 several years 
 dillac, but if 
 temj)or.iry or C' 
 In the more se 
 were made of 
 control of l.irg 
 celed out to p 
 neur, were cult 
 out to ordinary 
 agreed upon. 
 
 The terms or 
 were not left tr 
 the Coutume di 
 king. When a; 
 in a new jilace, 1 
 the fort and ce 
 lease or sell. 
 
 Antoine de la 
 troit, is said to h 
 arpents square, 
 uniform measun 
 it at 192.24 feet, 
 than a square ;u 
 used as interch; 
 Indian agent at 
 said that Cadilla 
 two hundred an 
 were true, it woi 
 the farm knowi 
 Cass Farm, in fr 
 rear by Grand R 
 reached to the p 
 Original docui 
 Quebec, show th 
 .sides of the Dett 
 and it is not pro! 
 claim if previous 
 domain of only f 
 the entire strait 
 curred in establ 
 the general ben 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 CADILLAC'S GRANT.— FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS. 
 
 Thk city of Detroit, as now laid out, imliules not 
 only the ancient town, but several adjoining farms, 
 and some pulilic land never owned by private per- 
 sons until granted by the L'nited States. It is pos- 
 sible that the French occupied the site of Detroit 
 several years before the founding of the city by Ca- 
 dillac, but if so, the previous occupation, whether 
 teni|)orary or continuous, involved no personal rights. 
 In the more settled portions of New France, grants 
 were made of seigneuries giving the seigneur entire 
 control of large estates, which, were generally par- 
 celed out to purchasers, or, if retained by the seig- 
 neur, were cultivated by his own people, or farmed 
 out to ordinary lessees on such terms as the parties 
 agreed ujion. 
 
 The icrms on which lands might be sold by him 
 were not left to his own option, but were fixed by 
 the Coutume de Paris or by special decrees of the 
 king. When an olticer was alUnved to build a fort 
 in a new place, he was f reijuently made proprietor of 
 the fort and certain adjacent lands, which he could 
 lease or sell. 
 
 Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, the founder of De- 
 troit, is said to have been granted a domain of fifteen 
 arpents square. The arpent, however, was not a 
 uniform measure. The United States standard fixes 
 it at 192.24 feet. A woodland arpent is a little more 
 than a square acre ; but arpents and acres are often 
 used as interchangeable terms. Mr. C. Jouett, the 
 Indian agent at Detroit in 1803, so used them. He 
 said that Cadillac's grant was fifteen acres square, or 
 two hundred and twenty-five acres in all. If that 
 were true, it would now be bounded on the east by 
 the farm known as the Brush Farm, west by the 
 Cass Farm, in front by the Detroit River, and in the 
 rear by Grand River Street. As usually regarded, it 
 reached to the present line of Adams Avenue. 
 
 Original documents, copies of which are on file in 
 Quebec, show that he claimed all of the land on both 
 sides of the Detroit, from Lake Erie to Lake Huron; 
 and it is not probable that he would have made this 
 claim if previously there had been f^ranted to him a 
 domain of only fifteen arpents square. He claimed 
 the entire strait because of the great expense he in- 
 curred in establishing the first colony, because of 
 the general benefits accruing to New France from 
 
 the peace he secured with the Iroquois, and also for 
 the reason that the establishment of the fort at De- 
 troit prevented the English from reaching the west- 
 ern Indians. 
 
 In pursuance of his claim, he made a (joncession 
 to his eldest .son of a tr.act of land on the riv^r, be- 
 ginning at tlie entrance into Lake Erie, w ith a front- 
 age of six leagues, and extending five leagues back 
 from the river. This concession included Grosse 
 Isle and all the adjacent islands. 
 
 In support of his demand for all the lands on the 
 strait, Cadillac said tliat he had est.ablished French 
 or bulians here and there along the whole course of 
 the river. There can be doubt that he was granted 
 power by the king to dispose of land on the river, 
 for tliere is abundant evidence to that effect in a 
 'etter from Pontchartrain, dated June 14, 1704, and 
 .^Iso in the decrees of June 14, 17, and 19, 1706. 
 Under these decrees he made two grants, now in- 
 cluded in the city, and known as Claims No. 12 
 and No. 90, or the Ciuion and Withcrell Farms. 
 The grant to Francois Fafard de Lorme embraced 
 what is now known as Private Claim 12 and part of 
 13. It was made March 10, 1707, and covered a 
 strip of land four hundred feet wide by four thou- 
 sand feet long, or nearly thirty-two acres. De Lorme 
 was to have the privilege of trading, hunting, and 
 fishing, but was not to kill hares, rabbits, partridges, 
 or pheasants. He was to pay annually, on March 
 20, five livres as seigneurial dues or rental, and ten 
 livres for the right to trade. He was to commence 
 improvements in three months, and was to plant, or 
 help plant, annually, a May-pole before the door of 
 the seigneur. He also bound himself to have his 
 grain ground at the public mill, and to pay toll, at 
 the rate of eight pounds for each minot, — a measure 
 of three bushels. He could not sell or give his land 
 as security without consent; and in case of sale, 
 Cadillac was to have the first right to purchase. He 
 was also to furnish timber for vessels and fortifica- 
 tions when desired; and further promised not to 
 work as a blacksmith, cutler, armorer, or brewer, 
 without special permit. He might import goods, 
 but could employ no clerks unless they lived in De- 
 troit; and he was not to sell liquor to Indians. 
 
 Other conditions, common to grants in this period, 
 
 [•7] 
 
i8 
 
 CADILLAC'S GRANT. 
 
 were that the graiiti-es should pay, on St. Martin's 
 D?y, a certain number of fowls, so many ilozfti oi^ijs, 
 or a definite number of measures of j^'rain for each 
 front arpent <K-cupicd ; ;ukI in addition to havinvf 
 their jjrain (ijround in the seimieur's mill, they were 
 obli^fcd to have their brc.id baked in his ovens. 
 
 At Deti.iit the Ixiundariesof these farms, or claims, 
 were detincil by ditches. The I'rivate Claim now 
 known as No. yo was j^ranted by Cadillat' to Jacob 
 de Marsac Jouira, dit Desrodies, on the same day 
 that the jjrant was made to De Lorme. He also 
 made two other grants of the same size, — one to 
 M. St. Aubin .and tiie other to the willow IJeaus- 
 seron. Cadillac also granted to Michel Camjjau a 
 piece of land tifty-lhree feet lon,v( upon St. Antoinc 
 Street, anfl .seventeen feet on .St. Ann Street, within 
 the stockade, for which he was to pay an annual 
 rent of five livres and five sous. For a riylu to 
 trade, ten livres additional were oharijed. The 
 rents were payable on March 20, in furs or " silver 
 money when there shall !)e any." The jj^rantees 
 were to pay eight livres per minot for the grinding 
 of their grain. No transfer could be made without 
 the consent of Cadillac, and with every transfer a fee 
 was to be paid him. In case the grantees neglected 
 or did not wish to ])lant the May-pole, they were 
 required to pay three livres in silver or peltries. 
 
 Cadillac also grantctl a lot inside the fort to M. 
 Malette. Other lands within and without the pick- 
 ets were granted by him to Messrs. Langlois, Tru- 
 deau, Magnau, Des Rivieres, De Ruisseau, Com- 
 paret, Dufresne, Hubert, Lacroix, and Monier. 
 
 In 1708 M. d'Aigremont officially reported that he 
 caused the lands at Fort Pontchartrain to be meas- 
 ured, and found that there were three hundred and 
 fifty acres improved, of which La Mothe had one 
 hundred and fifty-seven acres, and the French in- 
 habitants forty-six acres; that sixty-three inhab- 
 itants p(jssessed lots inside the fort, and twenty-nine 
 of them farms outside. M. d'Aigremont arrived 
 at Detroit July 15, 1708, and remained nineteen days. 
 The records of St. Ann's Church, under dale of July 
 29, 1708, note his jjresence under the following name 
 and title: " Franijois Clarembault, Esq.,Sieur d'Ai- 
 gremont, Navy Commissary in Canada, sub-delegate 
 of the Surveyor, and King's Deputy for surveying 
 the Military Posts in Canada." 
 
 In 1 7 10 Cadillac was appointed Governor of Loui- 
 .siaria. In the summer of 171 1 he was relieved of 
 the command at Detroit, and on his departure his 
 property was placed in the care of Pierre Roy. 
 After he left, there were so few immigrants, and 
 the settlers were so much discouraged, that no 
 grants were made for many years. It appears evi- 
 dent that while Cadillac was in Louisiana his inter- 
 ests at Detroit received but little attention. Set- 
 tlers, however, began to murmur at the demands 
 
 made upon them under the concessions he had 
 granted, and in April, 1716, the king revoked all 
 grants made by Cadillac on the ground that they 
 were not given in ordinary form, .and that too much 
 was ex.'ictcd of the occu|)ants. This deircc, how- 
 ever, was accomp.initd with a provision which left 
 the settlers in possession .as before. 'I'he next year 
 Cadillac returned to Fr.ince, .and in 17 19 or 1720 the 
 king directed that lie be put in possession of the 
 l.'uuls which he h;id cleared at Detroit, together with 
 the rights th.at he hail in connection with lands he 
 had conceded to others. He w.as .also to be put in 
 possession of the buildings, furniture, and cattle 
 which he left when he went to Louisi.ina, together 
 with the increase of the live stock. His other claims 
 he was to bring before an olficer for adjudication, 
 and ;i patent was to be granted to him for the lands 
 within two years. 
 
 M. V.uidreuil, the Ciovernor. and Megon, the In- 
 tendant of New France, jjrob.ably at the instigation 
 of Tonty (then in comm.and h(!re), and presumably 
 ill the interest of those occupying the Lands cl.aimed 
 by Cadillac, offered v.arious reasons why it would be 
 impolitic anil impossible to carry lait the directions 
 of the king. In connection with their protests they 
 stated in their mcmori.al of N()vcmi)er 4, 1721, that 
 there were then only four who h.iil farms outside the 
 fort, and th.at thirty others had locations inside the 
 stockade. The king responded to these protests by 
 a decree, dated May 19, 1722, which conceded to 
 Catlill.ic all the land he had cleared and rights over 
 that which he h.ad gr.anted to others, except that the 
 dues exacted from traders were thereafter to be paid 
 only to the commandant of the post. He also di- 
 rected that Cadillac should h.ave two years from the 
 date of the decree in which to have his claims sur- 
 veyed. No evidence can be found that the claims 
 of Cadillac were ever surveyed and defined in ac- 
 cordance with the intent of the decree. On the 
 contrary, Vaudreuil and Begon, in a letter dated 
 October 14, 1723, said: "The Lands cleaied by M. 
 de la Mothe are not yet surveyed, neither do we 
 know what he has conceded, the revenues of which 
 must be paid to him." 
 
 It is not probable that the lands and claims of 
 Cadillac were .settled according to the king's decree, 
 .and it is clearly evident that the governor-general, 
 intendant, .and local commandants evinced a masterly 
 inactivity in bringing his claims to a final and just 
 conclusion. The proof th.at his claims were left in 
 vague and unsatisfactory shape is made almost con- 
 clusive by the following facts. In 1730, the year of 
 Cadillac's death, his eldest son, in a memorial to 
 Count Maurepas, said that his father had the promise 
 of the post of Detroit, with the title of seigneur. 
 Now, this son was with Cadillac, and old enough to 
 be aA ensign, when his father came ; and if his rights 
 
 
 had been de 
 
 creeof 172^, 1 
 
 about it and I 
 
 view of the c; 
 
 amination of t 
 
 was first he.i 
 
 C. A. Desnoy 
 
 Lower Canat 
 
 Detroit. It p 
 
 land on the 1 
 
 to IJcrnard M 
 
 and heirs of C 
 
 obtained froii 
 
 1873, by Levi 
 
 Volume I. of 1 
 
 gives .a tran.^ 
 
 the jiropcrty i; 
 
 toine de la Mdi 
 
 and her s.aiil .si 
 
 sess .at Detroit 
 
 consisting of i 
 
 with the buildii 
 
 .and enjoyment 
 
 ing gr.anted on 
 
 Council of St.at 
 
 said ileceaseil ; 
 
 .arrearages of sii 
 
 property whicl 
 
 quantity .and co 
 
 Detroit. Indui 
 
 to said vendors 
 
 leases, buildings 
 
 ever they may a 
 
 It will be nocii 
 
 1738, makes no 
 
 cept the one of A 
 
 that Cadillac's cl 
 
 years, evidently 
 
 tent and numbe 
 
 and his claims 
 
 doubtedly h.ave 
 
 Deed. The mo 
 
 f.act that just w 
 
 clearly known. 
 
 which would not 
 
 been fully adjust 
 
 that the deed " c 
 
 rights and prop 
 
 " the whole of I 
 
 sold for about 
 
 without a knowl 
 
 It was never co 
 
 council that Cad 
 
 appurtenances." 
 
 granted were to 
 
 much uncertaint 
 
 embraced. Ac 
 
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS. 
 
 ^9 
 
 had been definitely settled accordin]Lf to the kinif's de- 
 cree of 172::. his soil would uiuloiihtL'dly have known 
 about it and have so stated in his nuMiiorial. This 
 view of the case is made still more certain by an ex- 
 amination of the Maichens Deed, so called. This deed 
 was first iicard of in Detroit in 1872, when Rev. J. 
 C. A. Desnoyers, curate of the parish of St. i'ic, in 
 Lower Canada, forwarded it to l). N. Lacroix, of 
 Detroit. It purported to be a deed for ;i tract of 
 land on the Detroit, executed on Au,;;ust 28, 1738, 
 to licrnard Maichens, of Marseilles, by the widow 
 and heirs of Cadill.ic. 'I"he deed was subsecjuently 
 obtained from the same priest, on November 29, 
 1873, by Levi liishop, and on paj^es 343 .and 344 of 
 Volume 1. of tiie Pioneer Collections of Micliij;an, be 
 ),Mves a translation of it. The deed conveys " All 
 the property generally left by the said dece.ised An- 
 toine de la Mothe C'ldill.ie, and which .said Mad.ime 
 ;uid her said sons, in eonse(|iicnce of his death, pos- 
 sess at Detroit, upon L.ike Ijie, in North America, 
 eonsistini( of cleared lands forty arpents in depth, 
 with the buildin,i(s ;ind ;uiim;il stock toijcther in title 
 .'inil enjoyment ; with the ri,v;ht of huntinj; and tlsh- 
 inif ijranted on the ujlh of May, A. D. 1722, by the 
 Council of State of His Maje.sty, for the benefit of 
 said deceased ; with the right of ([uit rents and 
 arrearages of such rents in stock and other mov.ible 
 property which .appertains thereto, and in such 
 ([uantity and consistence ;is belongs llu'reto, in said 
 Detroit. Including in this sale all that may belong 
 to said vendors in regard to s.aid lands, fruits, f.irms, 
 leases, buiklings, stock, arrearages, and rents wher- 
 ever they may appear." 
 
 It will be noticed that this deed, although made in 
 1738, makes no .'illusion to any gr.uit or de-ree ex- 
 cept the one of May ly, 1722. That decree provided 
 that Cadillac's claims should be .surveyed within two 
 years, evidently in order to cL'iermine llieir real ex- 
 tent and number. If such survey had been made, 
 and his claims clearly defined, the f.ict would un- 
 doubtedly h.'ive been referred m in the Maichens 
 Deed. The most casual examination discloses the 
 fact that just what was beinjj^ con\eyed was not 
 clearly known. The deed tleals only in generalities, 
 which would not be the case if Cadillac's claims hatl 
 been fully adjusted. The statement of Mr. Bishop 
 that the deed "conveyed the site of Detroit, with all 
 rights and property thereto belonging," and that 
 " the whole of Detroit and its appurtenances were 
 sold for about ten thousant* dollars," was made 
 without a knowledge of the real I'p.cts in the case. 
 It was never conceded by either he king or the 
 council that Cadillac owned ' all of Detroit and its 
 appurtenances." Only the lands he had cleared or 
 granted were to be restored to him, and there was 
 much uncertainty as to how much would thus be 
 embraced. Accompanying the deed (which was 
 
 only a duplicate) there was a letter dated Boston. 
 August 20, I7y8, addressed to a .Mr. Sicart, signed by 
 Mine, (iregoire, granddaughter of Cadillac, setting 
 forth that Maichens paid only half of the purchase 
 price, and left for Detroit inmietliately after getting 
 the deed ; that they h.id since been unable to hear 
 from him or get ny satisf.iction as ti> the further 
 sum due, although the property conveyed was by 
 the deed mortgaged to the family of Cadillac until 
 paid for in full. The object of this letter was to 
 induce some lawyer to recover the projierty, and 
 Mme.( Iregoire pro|)osed togiveone<iuarterof all that 
 might be realized from the claim. The probability 
 is that .Maichens himself, at that early day, never 
 realized as much as he actually paid for whatever 
 c.'ime into his possession. 
 
 Only about ten years before writing the above 
 mentioned letter, Mme. (Iregoire had obtained from 
 the Commoinve.ilth of Massachusetts a grant of Mt. 
 Desert Islanil .mil portions of the main land. Her 
 claim for that estate was based on a grant made to 
 Catlill.ic. prior to his arrival at Detroit, in evidence 
 of whii'h she furnished a copy of the king's decree 
 describing and granting the lands. Her success in 
 securing this grant would undoubtedly have caused 
 her to make a more earnest effort to obtain the grant 
 ;it Detroit had there been like conclusive evidence 
 of her rights. 
 
 It is matter of record that there was much confusion 
 for many years concerning the lands of Detroit. 
 La I'orest, Tonty, and S.'ibrevois all made grants, 
 but none of them had authority to do so. About 
 1720 Tonty comiJelled the inhabitants to bring their 
 contracts of concession to him, imd he retained the 
 greater part of them. 
 
 On \lay 14, 1728, Louis XIV. gave permission to 
 lease the farms at Detroit; ruid on March 15, 1732, 
 he directed the settling of all I.ukIs granted, on pain 
 of forfeiture. In 1734 Beauharnois, CJovernor-Cien- 
 eral, and IIoc(iuart, Intendant of New France, began 
 to grant farming lands at Detroit. These conces- 
 sions were subject to much the same conditions indi- 
 cated in the grant by Cadillac to De Lorme. The 
 first lands granted were the farthest from the fort, 
 antl each new grant was a little nearer the fort than 
 the one preceding; conseiiuently, in each case, the 
 gr.ints were bounded by the unconceded lands of the 
 fort. In fact, nine different claims are described as 
 being bounded on one side by I'ort Pontchartrain. 
 An iinportant condition of the grants was that, with- 
 in two years, a patent of confirmation should be 
 obtained from the Crow ., but this was almost uni- 
 versally neglected. The following grants were con- 
 firmed by Louis XV. on February 22, 1735; they 
 had been granted by the govtrnor and intendant on 
 the dates appended : P. C. 1 5, to Jean Gilbert, dit 
 sans pere, on July 9, 1734; P. C. 16, to Charles 
 
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS. 
 
 Chene, on July 14, 1734; 1'. C. 18, to Jacques Cam- 
 pau, pert, on July 10, 1734. This last grant was also 
 contirnu'd to Nicholas Campau, pere, and P. C. 38, 
 to Jean Cass St. Aubin, pere, on July 15, 1734. 
 
 The following twenty-three grants were made on 
 the dates named, but for some reason were not con- 
 firmed by the king. It will be noticed that ail the 
 first grants were on the east side of the town ; the 
 last grant on the east was made on May i, 1747, on 
 the very day that the first grant to Robert Navarre 
 was made on the west side of the fort. 
 
 Present No. 
 of claim. 
 
 Grants on East Si'cfe of 7 men. 
 
 Aments To whom Krantid. Datf of ,i.;raiit. 
 
 5, 2x40 — Jean Chapatone 
 
 (chirurgien), June 18, 1734 
 91 and 14, 5x40 — Pierre Kustache, July 3, 1734 
 733. 5x4o~I.()uis Campau, July 5, 1734 
 9, 4x40 — St. Marsac l)es- 
 
 rocher, pere, July 6, 1734 
 7, 4x40 — Pierre Meloche, July 8. 1734 
 19, 4x40 — "Named" Moran, July 1 1, 1734 
 257, 4x40 — Fran(;ois Cilbert, 
 
 dit sans pire, Sept. 10, 1736 
 26, 4x40 — Ciaeten Seguin, 
 
 dit Lederout, Sept. 10, 1736 
 E. part of 2, 3x40 — Jean Bt. Beau- 
 
 bien, May 30, 1745 
 
 W. part of 2, 2x40 — Jean Maria 
 
 Barios, May i , 1 747 
 
 I, 2x40 — Eustache Gamelin,May i , r 747 
 
 U1M 
 
 \JfVX4AM/t^ 
 
 27. 
 
 vJijikvC ^ (ufrVwf 473 
 
 24. 
 726, 
 
 55. 
 55. 
 
 55. 
 44. 
 
 474. 
 77 and 78, 
 
 Grants on J J 'est Snfe of To^cn. 
 22, 3x40 — Robert Navarre, May 
 3x40 — Antoine Robert, April 
 3x40 — Charles Chene, " 
 2x40 — La \'euve Vital 
 
 Caron, " 
 
 2x40 — Pierre Labadie, " 
 3x40 — Lacharie Cicot, " 
 3x40 — Franejois Burrois, " 
 2x40 — Jean Bt. Debutes, 
 
 dit St. Martin, " 
 2x40 — Jacques C.odet, " 
 3x40 — Claude Audrey, 
 
 dit St. Andrie, " 
 2x40 — Alexis Delille, " 
 8x40 — " iN'amed " De- 
 
 quindre. 
 
 I, I 
 I, I 
 
 747 
 750 
 
 May 16. 1753 
 
 It is net claimed that the above list includes all of 
 the grants that were rrade. A Canadian official 
 list of old claims shows that M. Chauvin .eceived a 
 grant of two arpents by forty on June 16, 1734, 
 " bounded on one side»towards the east northeast 
 by the land of Faffard de Lorme which he holds of 
 Sieur de la Mothe Cadillac." This would identify 
 
 the grant with what is now known as P. C. 182, nr 
 the Mullett Farm. It is also known that on Septem- 
 ber I, 1736, a grant of a farm two arpents wide, 
 lying next west of a grant made to Francois Lauzon, 
 was conceded to Charles Bonhomme, dit Beaupre, 
 on September i, 1736. Also that a farm of the 
 same size, lying immediately east of the fort and 
 between it and the present Brush Farm, was granted 
 to Pierre Reaume on April i, 1750. The knowledge 
 of this last grant explains the existence of the old 
 claims on the east which interfered with the Gov- 
 ernor and Judges' Plan. 
 
 The farthest claim on the east of the city, granted 
 by the governor and intendant, so far as shown by 
 the Proceedings of the Land Commissioners, was 
 Claim 26 in the town of (irosse Pointe. Going 
 west toviards the city, the following claims, not 
 shown to have been granted by the governor and 
 the intendant, are interspersed with those which they 
 are known to have granted, and with the six claims 
 that were fully approved by the commissioners. 
 Their order is as follows: Numbers 688, 7^4, 387, 
 7-S' 337. 152, 10, 644, 723, 155, 734, 180, 679, 100, 
 (^7^' 573. 1 1. 453. 454. 609, 14, 8, 17, 182, 181, and 6. 
 
 The farthest claini on the west of the city shown 
 in the Proceedings of the Commissioners to have 
 been granted by the governor and the intendant is 
 P. C. Jj, or the Hubbard l'\'irm. ( ioing east towards 
 the city, the folk.wing claims, in their order, are not 
 shown to have been granted by the governor and 
 the intendant, viz.: Numbers 21, 20, 727, 728, 729, 
 338, 228, 227, 248, 247, 246, and 592. Between the 
 two extremes there are thus embraced thirty-eight 
 claims that were, very likely, granted by the governor 
 and the intendant, but no evidence of the kind was 
 presented to the Conunissioners of Claims. In fact, 
 it seems to have been impossible, in the case of all, 
 or nearly all, the claims, to show a chain of title 
 from the time of the original grants ; and as the 
 claims were confirmed in accordance with possession 
 and improvements on a given date, there was but 
 little use in ]iresenting any of the original grants to 
 the commissioners. 
 
 An idea once prevailed that affairs in remote 
 French posts were conducted without much regard 
 to legal correctness. The more closely the question 
 is examined, the more careful the local authorities 
 api^ear to have been ; and if all the facts could be 
 ascertained, it is not unlikely that the claims con- 
 firmed by the L^nited States on purely equitable 
 grounds might have been more generally based on 
 perfect rights than has been supposed. There can 
 be no doubt that the British Government looked 
 upon most of the French titles as clear. In imita- 
 tion of the French commanders, the English lieu- 
 tenant-governors and commandants gave possessory 
 rights in and near Detroit, some approved by the 
 
 Privy CouiK 
 grants could 
 grants to inc 
 made by th 
 authorities ; 
 king's prod 
 grants, and t 
 and America 
 or with, the 
 assumed to o 
 occupancy, 
 were those 
 granted by tl 
 Robert Na\-a: 
 of their dead 
 were on thcj 
 when the trib 
 
 The front 
 occupied by tl 
 this was gen 
 orchard; and 
 and corn fick 
 give river fron 
 keep the cccu 
 and safety. T 
 tended to be 
 from two to fi\ 
 had a river fro 
 hundred feet, \ 
 half miles. 
 
 Within the f 
 
 the entire |)()pu! 
 
 side as well as ( 
 
 ade for a great 
 
 As late as 17 
 
 by one hundred 
 
 within the pici 
 
 subject to fines 
 
 charges, ini-lud 
 
 the fort in repai 
 
 While Michi,t 
 
 tory. Congress, 
 
 States Laws, V^ 
 
 Register and Ri 
 
 commissioners 1 
 
 under French ai 
 
 the commission 
 
 and rejected all 
 
 by F. P. Matche 
 
 drum, and P. ( 
 
 They decided t 
 
 them were not f 
 
 by the French 
 
 Paris, of Februa 
 
 made by the Br 
 
 prior to the tre 
 
 between the Ui 
 
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS. 
 
 21 
 
 Privy Counril, and some not acted upon ; but such 
 jrrantj could never le,i(ally become absolute. .Several 
 grants to individuals on the west of the town were 
 made by the Indians, and approved by the local 
 authorities ; but none of these were valid. The 
 kinif's proclamation of 1 763 expressly forbade such 
 grants, and they were never lawful. By both British 
 and American law, all Indian purchases must be by, 
 or with, the consent of the Government which is 
 assumed to own the ultimate title, subject to Indian 
 occupancy. Among the more notable Indian grants 
 were those of the Na\-an"e and Campaii farms, 
 granted by the Potawatamies to Isadore Chene and 
 Robert Navarre, to keep in order the resting-places 
 of their dead. Their village and place of grazes 
 were on these lands, and the grants were made 
 when the tribe removed from this neighborhood. 
 
 The front of the French farms on the river was 
 occupied by the dwelling-house and garden ; back of 
 this was generally a very valuable and beautiful 
 orchard ; and in the rear of the orchard were wheat 
 and corn fields. The farms were narrow, so as to 
 give river fronts to as many as possible, and also to 
 keep the occupants close together for convenience 
 and safety. The depth of the farms was always in- 
 tended to be forty French acres, the width varied 
 from two to five acres, or in other words, the farms 
 had a river frontage of from four hundred to nine 
 hundred feet, with an average depth of one and a 
 half miles. 
 
 Within the fort the building-lots were small, and 
 the entire population — those holding farm lands out- 
 side as well as others — had homes inside the stock- 
 ade for a great many years. 
 
 As late as 1778 the largest lots were twenty-five 
 by one hundred feet. It is probable that ail the lots 
 within the pickets were permanently disposed of, 
 subject to fines of alienation, and to certain annual 
 charges, including a contribution towards keeping 
 the fort in repair. 
 
 While Michigan was still a part of Indiana Terri- 
 tory, Congress, by Act of March 26, 1804 (United 
 States Laws, Volume II., page 227), appointed the 
 Register and Receiver of the Detroit Land Office as 
 commissioners to examine and report on all claims 
 under French and English grants. Under this Act 
 the commissioners examined a number of claims, 
 and rejected all except three, viz., !'. C. 16, claimed 
 by F. P. Matcher, \\ C. 18, claimed by Oeorge Mel- 
 drum, and P. C. 90, claimed by J. M. Beaubicn, 
 They decided that the other claims presented to 
 them were not founded ujion any legal grant made 
 by the French ("lovernmcnt ])rior to the treaty of 
 Paris, of February 10, 1763, f)r upon any legal grant 
 made by the British subsequent to said treaty, and 
 prior to the treaty of peace of September 3, 1783, 
 between the United States and Oreat Britain; 01 
 
 upon any resolution or Act of Congress had subse- 
 quent to said treaty of peace. 
 
 By Act of March 3, 1805 (United States Laws, 
 \'olume II., page 343), they were authorized to ex- 
 amine and report on claims actually possessed and 
 improved on July i, 1796, the official date on 
 which the Territory passed from the British into the 
 possession of the American (iovehinient. 
 
 They were also to examine into claims based on 
 all grounds whatever ; and persons were to have till 
 November i, 1805, to file their claims, which were 
 to be surveyed at the expense of the Government. 
 Before the commissioners had forwarded their first 
 report to Congress Detroit was destroyed by the fire 
 of June II, 1805. Under the provisions of the law 
 of 1805 in connection with the law of 1804, the com- 
 missioners subsequently reported on six classes of 
 titles, viz.j I. Grants by French governors confirmed 
 by the King of France. 2. (}rants .by French gov- 
 ernors not confirmeil by the king. 3. Occupancies 
 by permission of French commandants without grant, 
 and jierhaps without evidence of the permission, but 
 with long and undisturbed possession. 4. Occu- 
 pancies under I'rench possession, without any per- 
 mission, but with undisturbed possession. 5. Simi- 
 lar titles, together with purchases un Indians 
 under ISritish rule. 6. Occupancy and possession 
 under American Government, and purchases from 
 Indians. They sent three reports to the Secretary 
 of the Treasury, one dated December i, another 
 December 16, 1805, and the third March 6, 1806. 
 They again reported in favor of the three claims ap- 
 proved under the first law, and also in favor of P. C. 
 15, claimed by Phillis Peltier, and P. C. 38, claimed 
 l)y the heirs of Antoine Morass. These five claims 
 tl . y nortcd as valid so far as original title was con- 
 ccrneii, but it was not claimed ih.it the chain of title 
 since the original gnmt was complete. The sixth 
 claim confirmed by the commissioners was that of 
 Charles and Nicholas Guoiii, ;in(l cmbr.iccd what is 
 now known as P. C. 12 and 13. It was claimed in 
 one |)arccl, and was conlirmcd in separate tracts. 
 Tlu'y also icpnrlcd claims for many other tracts 
 b;ist'(l (in owncrshi|) and occup;ilion. 
 
 The Amcricin State' Papers stale that the commis- 
 sioners foiintl only six titles that had been confirmed 
 by the king. This is undoubtedly an error, caused 
 by inci .. . j; the two grants of Cadill.ic with the four 
 grants that were actually confirmed by the king. 
 The State Papers also say that eight claims were con- 
 firmed, which error is apparently caused by counting 
 the two grants of Cadillac twice. 
 
 On March 3, 1807 (United States Laws, Volume 
 II., page 437), Congress confirmed the six tracts al- 
 ready alluded to, and also all tracts reported upon 
 by the commissioners which were occupied, im- 
 proved, and .'.ettled upon prior to and on July i, 
 
2:2 
 
 FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAlMf^. 
 
 1796, and that had continued to be occupied up to 
 the date of tlie Act. By Law of April 25, 1808 
 (United States Laws, Volume IL, pai^e 502), claim- 
 ants were allowed until January i, 1809, to file their 
 claims. 
 
 By the Act of 1807, the claims were to be sur- 
 veyed under the direction of the surveyor-general. 
 All certificates issued by the commissiom .'s were re- 
 quired to be entered at the land office at Detroit be- 
 fore January i, 1809. The claims confirmed under 
 this last Act included nearly all the orij^inal private 
 claims in Wayne County, not excepting the inevita- 
 ble six French grants, which were again confirmed 
 as held by po.ssession. The claims were surveyed 
 by Aaron Clreely, and his map is referred to on page 
 158, Volume v., of the American State Papers in 
 connection with the Abraham Cook Claim. His 
 manuscript map was afterwards engraved. 
 
 On April 23, 1812 (United States Laws, Volume 
 IL, page 710), Congress confirmed the claims as sur- 
 veyed by Aaron (ircely under direction of the sur- 
 veyor-general, making his survey authority even 
 where It did not correspond with the description of 
 the claims as conlirmed by the commissioners. 
 There is abundant evidence that in making his sur- 
 veys he frequently gave extra measure by adding 
 die length of his "Jacob's staff" from one to three 
 times. Tradition says a bottle of wine or brandy 
 had something to do with this proceeding. 
 
 Other surveyors, among them Joseph Fletcher and 
 John MuUett, were afterwards employed in surveying 
 the rear concessions. 
 
 The patents for the lands confirmed reached De- 
 troit just before or during the War of 1812, and were 
 seized or destroyed by the liritish. 
 
 In addition to grants of lands fr at ing on the river, 
 the commandants at Detroit are said to have made 
 grants known as " second," " rear," o-- back com-es- 
 sions, whereby the depth of the farms was extended 
 to eight arpents. Many persons claimed of the 
 Commissioners of Claims a similar duplication of 
 their farms upon the plea that the lands claimed had 
 always been used for obtaining wood, and that the 
 Government would have granted these rear conces- 
 sions at any time if asked. On September i, 1807, 
 the commissioners reported to Congress, recom- 
 mending that as the arable land fronting on the 
 river was exhausted, and mostly without wood for 
 fires, lands in the rear be added as asked for. 
 
 Hy Law of April 23, 1S12, it was provided that 
 additional lands might be granted for farms that had 
 been confirmed only forty arpents in length, and 
 claims for the additional land were to be filed before 
 December i, 181 2, but no farm was to be over eighty 
 arpents in depth. 
 
 By Act of March 3, 1S17 (United States Laws, 
 Volume III., page 390), the time for the filing of 
 
 claims for back concessions, under Act of 181 2, was 
 extended to December i, 1818. On May 11. 1820 
 (United States Laws, \'olume III., page 572), Con- 
 gress revived the powers of the commissioners, and 
 authorized them to decide on claims presented under 
 Act of 1817, and they were to report on or before 
 October i, 1821. This Act was construed as reviv- 
 ing all the powers j^ossessed by commissioners under 
 former Acts; and several original claims, confirmed 
 under Act of 1820, are contained in Report or Book 
 Number 4, in Volume V., page 146, of American 
 State Papers, entitled, " A Report of Absolute 
 Claims." The last Act pertaining to the hearing 
 and deciding upon claims by commissioners was 
 passed on February 21, 1823 (United States Laws, 
 Volume III., page 724). It provided that the Act 
 of 1820 should.be in force until November i, 1823, 
 and that the final rt'port of the commissioners should 
 be laid before Congress and the Secretary of the 
 Treasury. The Act also confirmed claims reported 
 on under Act of 1820, as reported by the .Secretary 
 of the Treasury. The numbers of the claims in 
 Wayne County, filed under the several Acts, range 
 from I to 734. Many of tlie numbers between these 
 two extremes are for claims in other parts of the 
 then Territory of Michigan. The total number of 
 claims confirmed in Wayne County was only two 
 hundred and sixty-eight. 
 
 Rear concessions were granted for about one hun- 
 dred claims. The number of acres granted origin- 
 ally to claims ranged from less than one half an acre 
 to six hundred and forty acres, and the rear conces- 
 sions covered from three acres to three hundred acres. 
 Judging by the testimony given before the commis- 
 sioners, there must have been a very general, and 
 apparently a concerted, effort among many claimants 
 to swear through each other's claims. The com- 
 missioners themselves reported that the records of 
 the earlier Boards had been so mutilated that it was 
 impossible fully to understand them. The unravel- 
 ling of the history of the claims is made difficult also 
 by the fact that the different Boards designated the 
 same books by different numbers. \'olume I. is 
 sometimes called I., sometimes II. , and then ap- 
 pears as number III. These errors were appropri- 
 ately supplemented by the careless transcribing and 
 transposing of the names of claimants, surveyors, 
 and clerks, — the same names being spelled in .several 
 ways. As late as 1823, at least thirteen original 
 claims were confirmed by Commissioners of Claims 
 that had been left unconfirmed by the first commis- 
 sioners. To these claims they gave new numbers. 
 In the list of claims' most of them are designated 
 by the new numbers. The only other tract in Wayne 
 County., aside from the Ten Thousand Acre Tract, 
 
 > See Appendix A. 
 
 bearing a s 
 surveyed, is 1 
 Rouge. It i 
 the British oc 
 in the War 
 fitted out. 
 of the lands 
 came to be 
 first commiss 
 and Frederic 
 On April 16, 
 man, and 01 
 
FRENCH FARMS OR PRIVATE CLAIMS. 
 
 23 
 
 bearing a specific name or number, and separately 
 surveyed, is the Ship Yard or University Tract on the 
 Rous^e. It is called Ship Yard Tract because, durinjj 
 the British occup.'ition, and also under American rule 
 in the War of 181 2, vessels were there built and 
 fitted out. It was selected at an early date as part 
 of the lands devoted to the University, and thus 
 came to be called also the University Tract. The 
 first commissioners were George Hoffman, Register, 
 and Frederick Bates, Receiver of the Land Office. 
 On April 16, 1806, Peter Audrain succeeded Hoff- 
 man, and on April 4. 1807, James Abbott suc- 
 
 ceeded Bates. Under Act of 1807, the Secretary 
 of Territory, Stanley Griswold, was added to the 
 Commission. On March 18, 1808, Reuben Atwater 
 succeeded Griswold, and up to October, 18 14, 
 the Commission consisted of Audrain, Atwater, 
 and Abbott. In 18 14 William Woodbridge suc- 
 ceeded Atwater. In 1819 Jonathan Kearsley suc- 
 ceeded Abbott. In 182 1 H. B. Brevoort succeeded 
 Audrain, and he, in 1823, was succeeded by John 
 Biddle. The last commissioners were Woodbridge, 
 Kearsley, and Biddle. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.— THE PARK LOTS AM) THE TEN-THOUSAND-ACRE 
 THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS. 
 
 TRACT. 
 
 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 
 
 During French rule the lands outside the stock 
 ade and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Pontchar- 
 train were, in part at least, cultivated in common by 
 the inhabitants. Lands similarly situated at Kas- 
 kaskia, Illinois, were guaranteed in perpetuity by the 
 king to the inhabitants and used by them as a "com- 
 mon field ;" and rights of the same nature are known 
 to have been exercised by the inhabitants of Detroit. 
 The " common field " was usually enclosed, and 
 each head of a family had a portion entirely at his 
 disposal, subject only to such regulations as would 
 prevent injury to the rights of others. Under these 
 general regulations, the field was usually cultivated 
 simultaneously by its several owners, and much of 
 the work done in common. Outside of these cul- 
 tivated lands were the "commons," used for pastur- 
 age by all alike. 
 
 It would not have beei\ expedient to allow the 
 lands adjoining the fort to be built upon to any 
 great extent. A certain amount of open space about 
 the stockade was necessary as a protection both 
 from fire and from the Indians. If houses were too 
 near together, they might afford a place of ambush, 
 be used to shoot from into the fort, or serve as look- 
 outs wherefrom to discern the numbers and the 
 preparations of the garrison. A few houses were 
 built outside, but they proved a source of danger 
 and annoyance, and were repeatedly torn down. A 
 letter addressed to James McHenry, Secretary of 
 War, by John Wilkins, Jr., Quartermaster-general, 
 ancestor of the late Colonel Wi''iam D. Wilkins, 
 gives interesting particulars of :i a status of the 
 commons and other property at Detroit, at the 
 time it was first surrendered to the United States. 
 It reads as follows : 
 
 PriTsnuRGH, 17 February, 1797. 
 Sir,— 
 
 The United States have succeeded to a great deal of property at 
 Detroit. The whole ground on which the town of Detroit is 
 situated seems, originally, to have been reserved by the British f(jr 
 the use of the fort; but the merchants and tradesmen preferring to 
 live under the protection of the garrison, grants of lots have been 
 given to them, which, in time, have formed a regular town. 
 
 But there yet remains around the town a quantity of vacant 
 ground, which, of course, becomes the property of the United 
 
 States. This, from its situation, is valuable. But in order to pre- 
 serve it, the.e will be a necessity of preventing any persons build- 
 ing on it, or the United States should have it laid out in lots and 
 sold. 
 
 The vacant ground I allude to is without the pickets; within 
 the i)ickets, exclusive of the fort and barracks, there are a number 
 of houses and lots of ground, which the United Stales have suc- 
 ceeded to, such as the council-house, store-houses, wharf, etc., 
 and two large gardens for the garrison; and outside of the pickets, 
 a ship-yard, consisting of a number of work-shops. I was in- 
 formed, when at Detroit, that there were a number of other 
 buildings than those we got possession of, which had belonged to 
 the British Government, but that, since thiir removal, were 
 claimed by people living in their. These claims ought to be 
 inquired into. 
 
 The public domain or commons included at least 
 all of the northern half of " the Governor and 
 Judges' Plan," and practically all of the land beyond 
 lying between the Cass and Brush farms within a 
 distance of three miles from tiie river. 
 
 A few years subsequent to the date of the Wilkins 
 letter, the Northwest Territorial Legislature adopted 
 the following instructions to their delegate to 
 Congress : 
 
 ir/iereas, The inhabitants Of Wayne County, in the town of 
 
 Detroit, have, time out of mind, enjoyed a small piece of land 
 
 adjacent to the town, as a public common, for the use of the 
 
 . inhabitants, imtil partially dispossessed by military authority, 
 
 therefore, 
 
 Resolvedy That Paul Fearing, Esq., be instructed to use his 
 endeavors to have the right of the Siiid common confirmed by the 
 United States to the inhabitants aforesaid. 
 
 No action was taken by Congress on this or 
 other claims in this region imtil 1803. The Govern- 
 ment then directed Mr. Jouett, the Indian agent at 
 Detroit, to "inquire into and report the situation of 
 the titles and occupation of the lands private and 
 public." In accordance with instructions, Mr. 
 Jouett made a report concerning claims and settle- 
 ments on the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers, but it 
 contained little of permanent value. In a communi- 
 cation presented to the House of Representatives on 
 January 17, 1805, in regard to the settlement of 
 claims for farms, signed by Francois de Joncaire 
 and others, the following passages occur : 
 
 Your memorialists further solicit the attentiim of Congress in 
 favor of the claims set up by the citizens of Detroit to the com- 
 mons or domain adjoining said town; and request that the siime, 
 by law, may be confirmed to them and their successors with power 
 
 [24] 
 
 in said corpo 
 with lots for 
 
 We state ;is 
 firnie<l by m, 
 grant was ma 
 was laid out, 
 heirs and sue 
 commons, wlii 
 siu-li by the 
 encroachment' 
 
 But unfortii 
 itself nor the 
 either lost or 
 places without 
 iallsts. 
 
 On Augu 
 
 Woodward, 
 
 inhabitants 
 
 a grant froi 
 
 it as a comn 
 
 country. T 
 
 it will pro!) 
 
 wh;it disposi 
 
 At the reti 
 
 and Judge \\ 
 
 1S05, as to 
 
 Their report 
 
 bank of the r 
 
 nions; and t 
 
 the existence, 
 
 charter from 
 
 commons as 
 
 either the proj 
 
 such as indivi( 
 
 "The Com 
 
 memorial froi 
 
 House of Re] 
 
 Mr. (Gardner ] 
 
 tants, praying 
 
 land, amountii 
 
 joining the sai 
 
 fee simple, to 
 
 use in cominoi 
 
 reservations a: 
 
 seem meet." 
 
 This petitior 
 Public Lands, 
 Governor and 
 posed of the pi 
 It is very do 
 dispose of thes 
 no means unt 
 the right, .uid 
 property. Ph 
 as Park Lots, 
 them were sold 
 did not meet tl 
 June 3, 181 1, a 
 ernor and Judg 
 
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 
 
 25 
 
 in said corporation to make sale of a part to accoininodatu persons 
 with lots for bnikliiiK, and to re){nlate tin; nse of tin; residue. 
 
 We state as a fart j^cnerally believed in this country, and con- 
 firmed hy many a^ed persons now livinj^ in this district, that a 
 grant was made hy the French (iovernment at the time said town 
 was laid ont, vesting and conferring in the then inhahitants, their 
 heirs and sncc(;ssors, both the ground plat of said town and the 
 commons, which have ever since been held, used, and enjoyed as 
 such by the inhabitants, to the excepti(m of some unwarrantable 
 encroachments by individuals upon the siune. 
 
 Itut unfortunately for the citizens of said town, neither the grant 
 Itself nor the record thereof can now be found, the grant being 
 either lost or wrongfully withheld, and the record removed to 
 places without the district and wholly unknown to your memor- 
 ialists. 
 
 On Aiij^ust 3, 1805, Ciovcrnnr Hull wrote to Jiidi^e 
 Woodward, who was then in \Vashi/iy;ton, tlin*. tlie 
 inhabitants claimed the common " in consequence of 
 a grant from the French ( 'lovernment, and have used 
 it as a common pasture since the settlement of the 
 country. Their title to it is, at least, doubtful, and 
 it will probably rest with Congress to determine 
 what disposition sliall be made of it." 
 
 At the recjuest of the Covernment, Governor Hull 
 and Judge Woodward made a report, on October 10, 
 1805, as to the title to the town and commons. 
 Their report says, " The circumjacent ground, the 
 bank of the ri\er alone excepted, was a wide com- 
 mons ; and though assertions are made respecting 
 the existence, among the records of Oue!)ec, of a 
 charter from the King of France conferring this 
 commons as an appurtenance to the town, it was 
 either the property of the I'nited .States, or, at least, 
 such as individual claims did not pretend to cover." 
 
 " The Commons " was the subject of another 
 memorial from the inhabitants of Detroit to the 
 House of Representati\es. On February 17, 1808, 
 Mr. Oardner presented a memori,-,il of the inhalii- 
 tants, praying " that the title to a certain parcel of 
 land, amounting to about two thousand acres ad- 
 joining the said City of Detroit, may be granted, in 
 fee simple, to the corporation thereof, for the free 
 use in common of all the memorialists, untlcr such 
 reservations as to the wisdom of Congress shall 
 seem meet." 
 
 This petition was referred to the Committee on 
 Public Lantls, but was never reported on ; and the 
 Ciovernor and Judges assumed control of and dis- 
 posed of the property. 
 
 It is very doui)tful whether they had any right to 
 dispose of these lands, anil their legal right was by 
 no means unquestioned ; they, however, claimed 
 the right, ind having the power, disposed of the 
 property. The lands were laid out, and designated 
 as Park Lots, and on March 6, 1809, forty-one ;>f 
 them were sold at auction. \qt\ naturally, the sale 
 did not meet the approval of the inhabitants, and on 
 June 3, 181 1, a petition was presented to the Gov- 
 ernor and Judges, praying them to annul the sale, 
 
 and convey the lots to be " held by the inhabitants 
 of the town of Detroit forever as a commons." 
 
 The records state that tlije petition was received 
 and read, and the jirayer thereof not granted. 
 
 This decision the older inhabitants received with 
 mingled grief and indignation, one of them saying, 
 " It has come to pass that the lands on the common, 
 that our ancestors and ourselves owned more than 
 one hundred years before the Congress of the United 
 States or the Governor and Judges of Michigan 
 owned one foot of land on the face of the earth, are 
 now exhibited for sa'e at public auction, to the origi- 
 nal proprietors, on the humiliating conditions that 
 we pay twenty prices for it." 
 
 The laying out of a portion of the commons, south 
 of what is now Adams Avenue, into regular city lots 
 was also protested again.st. Addressing the chief 
 executive of the Territory, one of the inhabitants 
 said, " Governor, if you had laid out the commons in 
 lots of from six to twelve acres, they would have 
 made us good meadows or pastures for our cattle in 
 the summer season, and we could afford to pay a 
 handsome price for them ; but the lots you are now 
 attempting to sell are not worth the deeds and re- 
 cording. Believe us, Governor, no town will ever 
 exist in these marshes." 
 
 Others of them, in a memorial to the President, 
 complained "that the Governor and Judges had 
 lavished between five and six hundred dollars of our 
 taxes in digging wells and erecting pumps on the 
 commons, near half a mile behind the town of De- 
 troit, where no town, in our opinion, will ever exist, 
 and no wells be necessary; and when they were 
 about half finished, the enterprise was abandoned." 
 
 All of these protests and memorials were, how- 
 ever, alike unavailing. The Governor and Judges 
 were a law unto themselves, and continued to do as 
 they pleased. 
 
 THK PARK LOTS AND THK TKN-THOUSAND-ACRE 
 TRACT. 
 
 The Park Lots and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract 
 together constitute the ten thousand acres which the 
 Governor aivl Judges, by Act of 1806, were author- 
 ized to lay out, adjacent to Detroit. The Ten- 
 Thousand-Acre Tract, so-called, is separated from 
 the rest of the land because it was not sur\-eyed 
 until several years after the Park Lots were laid out. 
 
 The Park Lots lie on both sides of Woodward 
 Avenue, and extend northwards for nearly two and 
 a half miles frtim Adams Avenue. They were 
 ordered surveyed by the (Governor and Judges on 
 December 14, 1808. James McCloskey, the sur- 
 veyor, was instructed " to commence his survey north- 
 west of the street which runs through the Grand 
 Circus, parallel with the same street, and to begin 
 
26 
 
 THK C.OVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS. 
 
 with lots of five acres, and increase the size of lots 
 as he proceeds." 
 
 The land was surveyed into eij(hty-six parcels or 
 lots, numbers i to 46 inclusive lyinij on the east, and 
 the rest on the west side of Woodward Avenue. 
 Owinji; to the fact that the lines of the Cass and 
 Brush farms narrowed the domain on its northern 
 extremity, the lots were irregular in size and in num- 
 ber of acres. 
 
 The Tcn-Tliousand-Acre Tract was surveyed by 
 Joseph Fletcher in 1816 into forty-eij^ht lots, of one 
 hundred and sixty acres cacii, and twelve lots of 
 eighty acres each. Half of these smaller lots are 
 situated on the eastern, and half on the western side 
 of the tract. 
 
 THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGKS' PLAN. — LAND 
 HOARDS. 
 
 Prior to the tire of 1S05, the town embraced an 
 area of about two acres. Immediately after the fire, 
 some of the inhabitants erected temporary dwellings 
 in the midst of the ruins of tiieir former homes. 
 Others determined to take possession of portions of 
 the commons and buikl thereon. According to a 
 report made on June 24, 1805, by Matthew Ernest, 
 Francois Lasalle, and Charles Moran, there were 
 sixty-two proprietors of lots in the okl town. The 
 size of lots varied from twenty-four to one hundred 
 and sixty-one feet frontage, and from twenty-four 
 to one hundred and twenty-five feet in depth. On 
 Monday, July i, 1805, the inhabitants assembled 
 under the pear-trees in the Public Garden and 
 informally adopted a plan similar to the old one 
 including a portion of the commons. Judges 
 Woodward and Bates, who were present, prevailed 
 on them to defer further action until the arrival 
 of the governor, and they concluded to wait two 
 weeks. On the evening of the same day the 
 governor arrived. In a letter written August 3, 
 1805, he says, ".Vfter a conversation with the 
 judges it was determined to attempt to convince the 
 proprietors of the impropriety of their proceedings. 
 * * * * They very readily agreed to relinquish 
 their plan and wait for our arrangements. We 
 immediately fixed on a plan, and employed the best 
 surveyor we could find in the country to lay out 
 the streets, squares, and lots. If possible, the plan 
 shall be forwarded by this conveyance. 1 hope it 
 will be approved by the Government." 
 
 The people considered that not more than two or 
 three days would be necessary to lay out and reg- 
 ulate the new town. But they were doomed to 
 disappointment, , 
 
 A few days after the meeting under the_ pear- 
 trees Judge Woodward was appointed a standing 
 committee to lay out the new town agreeable to the 
 plar chey had adopted ; and his Britannic Majesty's 
 
 surveyor, Thomas Smith, was brought over from 
 Upper Canada to assist in that arduous undertaking. 
 Mr. John Gentle, who wrote a full account of the 
 proceedings to a Pittsburgh paper, says : 
 
 After a few days spent in preparing their apparatus, the judge 
 l)c;,'an his (ipcrations on a height t'nnti,k;u<iiis to the fort. There 
 he placed his instrmuinis, astronomical and astrological, on the 
 siiinniit of a hiiye stone, which stone shall ever remain a monu- 
 ment of his indefatigable perseverance. ' 
 
 i'nr the space of thirty days and thirty nights he viewed the 
 diurnal evolutions of the planets, visilile and invisible, and calcu- 
 lated the course and rajiidily of the blazing meteors. To his pro- 
 found obsenations of the heavenly regions the world is indebted 
 for the discovery of the streets, alleys, circles, angles, and squares 
 of this magnilicent city, — in theory e<|ual in magnitude and splen- 
 dor to any on the earth. 
 
 Hut the most arduous and tedious performance was the laying 
 out and measuring the marshes a mile bai:k from the town into 
 streets, lots, circles, and grand squares, measuring and unineasur- 
 itig them, arranging and deranging them, for the space of two full 
 months more. The patience of the people was at h'ugth exhausted; 
 and they became so clamorous at List that the Ciovernor and 
 Judges were constrained to rest from their labors and agree to 
 make a division of the lots. 
 
 The inhabitants were told to go and choose lots, and if more 
 than one chose the s;une lot, the legislature would decide which 
 should have the choice. They reasoned against this mode of 
 division, because they well knew it would not succeed; but it was 
 of no use. Several went and chose the same lot; the legislature 
 was applied to for a decision, and a dispute took place between 
 the legislature and the pi'ople. In consequence, jis was intended, 
 this mode of divisi(m was abandoned. 
 
 liy way of killing time, the judge went to work again with his 
 instruments, and mea.sured the commons over and over for about 
 three weeks nv re. A few lots were then advertized for sale at 
 auction, aw these conditions; — If the proprietors of U)ts in the old 
 town purchased, they were at liberty to otTset the lots they pur- 
 chased with their old lots, foot for foot; and if the okl ground was 
 not sulTicient to cover the new, two cents would be e.sacted per 
 foot for the overplus; atul .all purchasers were to give bonds, pay- 
 able in five years in five installments, to William Hull, Esq., his 
 heirs, etc., etc. 
 
 The first lot was purchased by James .Abbott, who was instructed 
 by Judge Woodward to bid it up for him, for five hundred dollars. 
 The ne.\t, by James Henry, at three hundred dollars: he had old 
 ground to cover with. The ne.xt, by Charles Curry, at six hun- 
 drid dollars: he also had ground to cover with. The next was bid 
 up to two thou.s;uid six hundred dollars, by Henry and Abbott. 
 
 The average price of the fourteen lots sold was now taken, and 
 fixed .IS a general mc^dium for all future sales. .Many applied 
 afterwards for lots; but nime could be obtained unless they agreed 
 to pay the fixed average price, which was three hundred dollars 
 on the lower side of the main street and two himdred and fifty 
 on the upper side. .As no title ccnild be given, no payments were 
 required to be made tmderone year. 
 
 Early in November, 1805, Governor Hull and 
 Judge Woodward left for Washington, carrv'ing 
 with them a plan to aid in obtaining desired legisla- 
 tion. The plan embraced the old .site and also most 
 of the so-called Commons or Public Land, which 
 was almost entirely destitute of trees for a mile or 
 more on all sides, and afforded a fine location for 
 the proposed new city. 
 
 ' The stone referred to was undoubtedly the same immense 
 boulder that lay on the Campus Martins, at the junction of Mon- 
 roe and Woodward Avenues, until the street was paved, when it 
 was buried out of sight. 
 
 This pi; 
 time the 1 
 year 1815 
 of it. 
 
 The visi 
 resulted in 
 which auti 
 out a new 
 adjacent, 
 thous;uKl f( 
 of .scventct 
 in Detroit 
 profess or c 
 balance of 
 a court-hou 
 It would 
 then were c 
 of convivi.i 
 saying tint 
 wine to trc 
 purpose of i 
 All of the 
 are involved 
 in passing 
 variance wit 
 expected. 
 
 The givins. 
 United State 
 well, to enab 
 and a jail, s 
 when it was 
 Territory for 
 than sutficiei 
 large enough 
 country. It 
 comparatively 
 Detroit, were 
 crnmcnt so - 
 firmation of 
 lay on both s 
 land matters 
 that .some of 
 desire on the 
 possess them ^ 
 of the Territoi 
 
 The delay 
 forced the inh 
 there, in impn 
 and fall of i8( 
 was taken; an 
 with the plans 
 erected that y 
 deeds had be 
 These delays c 
 be no question 
 pose to delay a 
 lots staked 01 
 
THE GOVERNOR AND Jl'DCES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS. 
 
 ^7 
 
 This plan was, probably, lost or destroyed at the 
 time the Hritisli were in i)()Ssession in 1812; in tlie 
 year 1815 careful search failed to reveal any trace 
 of it. 
 
 The visit of Hull and Woodward to Washington 
 resulted in the passaije of the Act of April 21, 1806, 
 which authorized the Ciovcrnor and Judges to lay 
 out a new town and ten thousand acres of land 
 adjacent, and to convey a lot, not to exceed live 
 th(jusand feet in size, to every person above the aije 
 of seventeen years who owned or inhabited a house 
 in Detroit at the time of the fire, and wlio did not 
 profess or owe allej^iance to any foreign power. The 
 balance of the lands were to be devoted to erectini;- 
 a court-house and jail. 
 
 It would appear that members of Coni^ress even 
 then were credited with bein,n' open to the inlUiences 
 of conviviality, for Judije Woodward is quoted as 
 saying tl, it he expended three hundred dollars in 
 wine to treat the members of Congress with the 
 purpose of influencing them to pass the bill. 
 
 All of the transactions of the (iovernor and Judges 
 are involved in mystery; and the action of Congress 
 in passing the Act of 1806 seems strangely at 
 variance with what might naturally have been 
 expected. 
 
 The giving away of ten thousand acres of valuable 
 United States land, and many of the town lots as 
 well, to enable the Territory to build a court-ht)use 
 and a jail, seems a strange proceeding, especially 
 when it was claimed that the surplus taxes of the 
 Territory for 1805 alone would have been more 
 than sufficient to build a court-house and a jail 
 large enough to accommodate the s|5arsely inhabited 
 country. It is said that the lands were then f)f 
 comparatively little value; but if lands, in and near 
 Detroit, were of so little worth, why was the dov- 
 ernment so dilatory .and so careful in the con- 
 firmation of the private claims, so-called, which 
 lay on both sides of the town? Looking at these 
 land matters in all their bearings, it is no wonder 
 that some of the inhabitants thought there was a 
 desire on the part of some of the officials to dis- 
 possess them of their property and drive them out 
 of the Territory. 
 
 The delay in the defmite adoption of any plan 
 forced the inhabitants to remain scattered here and 
 there, in improvised abodes, all through the summer 
 and fall of 1805. Winter came, and still no action 
 was taken ; and such were the delays in connection 
 with the plans of 1806 that not a single house was 
 erected that year; up to May, 1807, only nineteen 
 deeds had been given for lots in die new town. 
 These delays cannot be justified ; indeed, there can 
 be no question that had there not been a settled pur- 
 pose to delay action, plans might have been adopt'?d, 
 lots staked out, and proprietorship agreed upon, 
 
 much earlier, and all such action would have received 
 whatever of congressional sanction was necessary. 
 All the old records, and the earliest deeds, show that 
 there was gross mismanagement and vexatious delay 
 in the distribution of lots. 
 
 The first meeting of the Governor and Judges as 
 a Land Board was on September 6, 1806, and 
 during the month various resolutions were adopted 
 in relation to the manner in which lots should be 
 dis])oscd of. Corner lots, and thf)se most valuable, 
 were to be sold, and others not so advantageously 
 situated were to be given away. This plan did not 
 meet tile ajiproval of the citizens, and on October 6, 
 1806, a public meeting was held and the citizens 
 protested against it vigorously. On October 1 1 the 
 people were retiuested to present such a plan as 
 they would ap|)rove, and on October 16 a plan was 
 presented which was substantially adopted just one 
 month later. 
 
 Under this plan the inhabitants of the town, at 
 the time of the fire, were divided into three classes : — 
 
 1. Those who owned lots in the town at the time; 
 
 2. Those who owneci or occupied houses; 3. Those 
 individuals who resided in the town, but who did 
 not own or occu]n' any lot or house. Those persons 
 in .ne first class who had im|)roved their lots subse- 
 quent to the tire were allowed to retain the lands 
 occupied or enclosed by them; but as the lots, ac- 
 cording to the new plan, were, in some instances, 
 larger than they had before occupied, they were re- 
 quired to pay from two to three cents per square 
 fooi for any excess in size. 
 
 Towards Christmas the governor, by agreement, 
 decider; the rights of all the claimants, one by one, 
 and located the donation lots; and about New Year 
 every person, male and female, who lived in the 
 town when it was burned, and whom the governor 
 judged eligible, to the number of two hundred and 
 fifty-one, drew their donation lots. 
 
 About three weeks after, the board came to- 
 gether, and the governor introduced the question 
 " Whether those who came to Detroit since it was 
 given up to the Americans by the British, who had 
 not taken the oath of allegiance, should receive do- 
 nation lots," and delivered a lengthy speech in favor 
 of said class of claimants. Judges Woodward and 
 Griffin seemed also at first inclined to favor giving 
 them lots, but the final decision was against such 
 claimants. About two thirds of the two hundred 
 and fifty-one person.^ who had drawn donation lots 
 but a few days previously were, by this decision, 
 deprived of them. So the farce went on, the people 
 being alternately threatened and cajoled until many 
 of them became almost ready to yield their old 
 holdings and leave the Territory. 
 
 Eventually the terms of the Act of 1806 were very 
 liberally construed, and not only individual owners 
 
28 
 
 THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND HOARDS. 
 
 and (uxLipaiits but in some cases their wives, and 
 even tlieir slaves, were the recipients of donation 
 lots. 
 
 The claims allowed to individuals in all three classes 
 were boujjht up, traded, and transferred, in many 
 instances never being owned for any length of time 
 by the persons to whom the lots were given. 
 
 There would seem to be no end to the opportunity 
 for legitimate criticism of the proceedings of the 
 Governor and Judges. One would naturally sup- 
 pose that the Congressional Act of 1 806 was intended 
 to relieve, as far as possible, the necessities of those 
 who suffered by the fire. That was the ostensible 
 object of the Act; but in fact the most valuable lots 
 were sold to and taken up by persons who were not 
 sufferers by the fire, nor even residents of the town 
 when it occurred. The ( iovernor and Judges sought, 
 by various methods, to compel the people to purchase 
 lots, and the donation lots were offered rather as a 
 sort of bonus than as a gift. 
 
 The Donation Files are in the office of the city 
 clerk. File Number One contains a list of claim- 
 ants to lots under the first, second, and third classes, 
 with the numbers of lots according to the old plan. 
 File Number Two contains a list of unsettled claims. 
 File Number Three gives a list of proprietors and 
 residents of the town on June 11, 1805. There 
 are one hundred and fifty-eight receipts for donation 
 lots. 
 
 The difficulty of distributing the donation lots 
 satisfactorily, and the tn)ul)les between the Governor 
 and Judges, are indicated in the following e.xtract 
 from a letter by Judge Woodwaird to James Madison, 
 then Secretary of State. He says : 
 
 The town titles will be definitely arranged as soon as the mili- 
 tary reservation is made. We gave great diss;itisfaction in the dis- 
 tribution of the donations. Mr. Bates and myself were clearly of 
 opinion that the donations should not be suffered to run foul of the 
 adjustment of the ancient titles. The governor gave way to the 
 public storm. As their wish was, however, impracticable in its 
 own nature, not from the mere reluctance of those who were to 
 make the distribution, we have been constantly obliged to pain- 
 fully tread back upon our own steps; and none of us have given 
 satisfaction to the people. Perh.ips none could have done it under 
 the jealousies and dissensions existing among them. But they 
 would have been more respectful towards the Government if it had 
 been steady and firm. On one side desiring nothing wrong, and 
 not to be driven from what they knew to be right on the other. 
 
 The plar of 1805 was superseded by the plan of 
 1806, made by Abijah Hull. This plan differed 
 from that of 1 805, both in the size and the boun- 
 daries of the lots. What is probably the original is in 
 the city clerk's oftice; it is pasted on a piece of stif 
 paper, and bears on its face the words " Abijah 
 Hull, Derby, Conn." (the birthplace of Governor 
 Hull) and the words " Abijah Hull, Detroit, Mich.," 
 together with a rough outline of two buildings, evi- 
 dently intended to represent the capitol and the 
 penitentiary. 
 
 There is also in the city clerk's office a plan on 
 parchment, mounted on rollers, entitled, "Copy of 
 Plan of 1806, by Abijah Hull, Detroit, Mich., ' bear- 
 ing the words, " The figures in black ink denote the 
 plan of 1806, the figures in red denote the plan of 
 1807." This last-named plan was fully identified in 
 1877 by J. F. Munroe as the copy of the Abijah Hull 
 plan, which was made by him while in A. E. Hae- 
 thon's employ, from Brush's abstract of titles and 
 the Governor and Judges' papers. 
 
 In 1807 Abijah Hull prepared plans of sections 
 I, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. These plans, in the shape 
 of some of the k)ts, and also in the numbering, 
 differ from former plans. This series of section plans, 
 called the " Hook of Sections," was adopted by the 
 Governor and Judges, all the plans being attested 
 with the signatures of William Hull, Governor, and 
 Peter Audrain, Secretary. The certificate of the 
 county register as to the recording of these plans was 
 not attached until December 23, 1 848. 
 
 All of the sections named are marked as approved 
 on April 7, 1807, except Section No. 7, which 
 was approved April 13, and Section No. i, which 
 was approved on April 27 of the same year. Sub- 
 sequently to 1807, Aaron Greely appears to have 
 been employed by the Governor and Judges as sur- 
 veyor, and he is said to have deviated from all the 
 previous plans. Deeds were issued in accordance 
 with lots as shown on the several plans, and grants 
 were made that conformed to none of the plans, but 
 simply confirmed titles to tracts of land in the old 
 town and adjoining domain, the boundary lines being 
 described by old landmarks regardless of later plans. 
 
 The main features of the plans of 1S05, 1806, and 
 1 807 were undoubtedly the same, and do great credit 
 to the foresight of tlieir author. Judge Woodward. 
 His views of the future of Detroit were nearly a 
 century in advance of his time. 
 
 In the light of existing facts, no one who studies 
 the original plan can avoid wishing that it could have 
 been adhered to. The portions of the city of which 
 we are most proud and which are most admired by 
 strangers, our main avenues, the Campus Martins, 
 the Grand Circus, and the smaller public squares, 
 are all parts of Judge Woodward's plan. His 
 diagonal streets and avenues have produced several 
 locations of special prominence which afford excep- 
 tional opportunities for architectural display. Pecu- 
 liar and pleasing vistas result in many places from 
 the triangular intersection of .streets arranged for in 
 his plan. 
 
 That the plan was suggested by Judge Woodward 
 is evidenced by the fact that seven pages of his 
 Private Memorandum Book, commenced March 
 29, 1802, are occupied with a map of the city of 
 Washington cut into .sections. Anyone who looks 
 at this book, and examines the old plan of 1806, 
 
 ii; 
 
 will be coni 
 from sugge 
 ton. That 
 years befoi 
 from Alexai 
 ling Detroit 
 near his old 
 by a Freiic 
 portions of \ 
 city thus ha 
 remembrant 
 latest Goven 
 
 The Go\ 
 old claims ; 
 in so far as <• 
 was largely 
 proprietors w 
 them foot fi 
 owners prefer 
 up or exchanv 
 the new street 
 so far as it w; 
 original shajie 
 Avenue, and 
 below (}riswol 
 of 1807. The 
 of Jefferson A- 
 ward and sou 
 confirmed as o 
 A space one 
 the Askin or 1 
 Michigan Avcn 
 Mr. Askin, and 
 the fire, never y 
 On Novembe 
 quest of Goven 
 a plan of the cit 
 they sought una 
 seemingly at the 
 Thomas Smith ( 
 could be found 
 tions," so far as 
 plan about six 
 have been endor 
 use was made ol 
 no trace of it cai 
 The Governor 
 original Act of 
 ings; but they r 
 Act approved M; 
 mit a plat of the 
 John Farmer of 
 Lewis Cass and 
 mon Sibley, and 
 of Detroit. The 
 hundred and fift 
 warded to Coiun 
 
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN. -LAND UOARDS. 
 
 29 
 
 will be convinced that it was made by Woodward 
 from suggestions afforded by the plan of Washing- 
 ton. That city had been laid out only fourteen 
 years before. When Mr. Woodward came here 
 from Alexandria, he was full of plans for remodel- 
 ling Detroit after the national capital, wiiich was so 
 near his old home. The capital itself was laid out 
 by a French engineer. Major Lenfant, who took 
 portions of X'ersailics as his model. Our old French 
 city thus has features in its plan which perpetuate 
 remembrances of the capitals of its earliest and its 
 latest Government. 
 
 The Governor and Judges' Plan covered some 
 old claims and also the Government Reserve; but 
 in so far as any of the owners yielded to the plan, it 
 was largely of choice. In all cases where the old 
 proprietors were willing, lands were exchanged with 
 them foot for foot ; but in several instances the 
 owners preferred to retain tiieir old holdings, giving 
 up or exchanging only so much as was covered by 
 the new streets. The entire front of the old town, 
 so far as it was in private hantls, was retained in its 
 original shape, and hence the lots south of Jefferson 
 Avenue, and extending west from a point not far 
 below (jriswold Street, do not conform to the plan 
 of 1807. The same is true of scattered lots north 
 of Jefferson Avenue, as well as some east of Wood- 
 ward and south of Jefferson Avenue, which were 
 confirmed as original private holdings. 
 
 A space one arpent wide from the west part of 
 the Askin or Brush Farm, and extending back to 
 Michigan A\enue (perhaps a little farther), snkL by 
 Mr. Askin, and partly built up several years before 
 the fire, never yielded to the plan. 
 
 On November 17, 1808, James McCloskey, by re- 
 quest of Governor Hull and Judge Witherell, made 
 a plan of the city, laying it out at right angles, which 
 they sought unavailingly to have adopted. In 1816, 
 seemingly at the request of the Governor and Judges, 
 Thomas Smith examined all deeds and records that 
 could be found, and, taking Hull's "Hook of Sec- 
 tions," so far as possible, as a guide, prepared a new 
 plan about six feet square. This plan apjiears to 
 have been endorsed by the Governor and Judges, as 
 use was made of it at various public land sales, but 
 no trace of it can now be found. 
 
 The Governor and Judges were required, by the 
 original Act of Congress, to report their proceed- 
 ings; but they made no report until Congress, by 
 Act approved May 30, 1830, required them to trans- 
 mit a plat of the city. In accordance with this law, 
 John Farmer of Detroit was engaged by Governor 
 Lewis Cass and Judges William Woodbridge, Solo- 
 mon Sibley, and Henry Chipman to prepare a plan 
 of Detroit. The map was drawn on a scale of two 
 hundred and fifty feet to one inch, and was for- 
 warded to Congress by the Governor and Judges, 
 
 with other documents, on January 8, 1831. Much 
 opposition was made to it by many citizens at the 
 time, as private interests were not consulted in its 
 preparation, only the official and legal representation 
 of lots being given. On February 12, 1831, the 
 Committee on Territories reported a bill in favor of 
 the map as drawn by John Planner; but as the Gov- 
 ernor and Judges were found to have full power in 
 the matter, no further action w.as thought necessary. 
 The map, on a reduced scale, is reproduced in Vol- 
 ume V. of the American State Papers, Public Land 
 Series ; and a fac-simile, one third the size of that 
 reproduction, is given. It is the only ofTicial map 
 forwarded by the Governor and Judges, or recog- 
 nized by Congress, and is frecjuently referred to in 
 law cases where the highest authority is desired. It 
 will be noticed that the sub-divisions of the Military 
 Reserve, although laid out several years before the 
 map of i83[ was made, are not shown on the map; 
 the reason lies in the fact that the Reserve was laid 
 out by the city, and not by the Governor and Judges, 
 
 The Governor and Judges made no report to Con- 
 gress in regard to their management of the Park 
 Lots or the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract. J. F. Mun- 
 roe says that when the papers of the Governor and 
 Judges were turned over to A. E. Haethon. city 
 surveyor, there was among them a sur\-ey of these 
 lands, and that Haethon neglected to give it*to his 
 successors. His otTice was subsequently destroyed 
 by fire, and the survey was undoubtedly burned. 
 
 The Governor and Judges, first in charge, un- 
 doubtedly assumed unlawful power in giving away 
 lots to various churches and societies, and exceeded 
 their authority in many particulars. None of these 
 powers were included in the Act creating the Land 
 Board. The ease with which their sessions changed 
 from land-board to legislative, and from legislative 
 to judicial, as the exigencies of the case seemed to 
 them to demand, was something marvellous even for 
 that time of transition. They were not asked to 
 present any detailed account of their management as 
 a Land Board or of the disposition of their trust ; 
 and no report was ever rendered by them as to the 
 disposal of a single lot, or of a single dollar received 
 from the sale of lots. Different persons served in 
 connection with the important trust, and as no ac- 
 count of their acts was ever officially called for, they 
 cannot well be blamed ; but it certainly was a mani- 
 festati(jn of great confidence or of great carelessness 
 to suffer any set of men to wield so much power 
 without requiring from them any report. 
 
 There were at their disposal ten thousand acres of 
 land immediately adjoining the city, over four hundred 
 city lots in the best and oldest part of the town, and 
 all of the lands known as the Park Lots, lying north 
 of Adams Avenue and on both sides of Woodward 
 Avenue, between the Cass and Brush farms, and ex- 
 
 f^U^fS 
 
30 
 
 THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS. 
 
 k 
 
 -i: 
 
 tendinjf nearly to the present railroad crossing, a 
 distance of two and one half miles ; and the old capi- 
 tol, the jail, .ind a few scatterinij lots, comprised the 
 net proceeds of their far-seeinij efforts. 
 
 Redixed Fac-simile of the Governor and Jt•uG)•;^' Plan. 
 
 That no account was rendered is made apparent 
 by the fact that the memorial of a committee of citi- 
 zens to Congress, in January, 1823, printed in the 
 Detroit Gazette, says that no statement of the receipts 
 or expenses of the Territory had ever been made 
 
 public, and that even the appropriation taws had not 
 been published, except in one or two instances. The 
 article also s»t forth, " Th.it the ("lovernor and 
 Judges, as trustees of the Detroit fund, hatl already 
 
 been in the management 
 of that trust for sixteen 
 years, and no court-house 
 is as yet built, or any 
 steps taken towards build- 
 ing one; no account has 
 ever been rendered of their 
 ])roti'e(.lings in the man- 
 agement said fund, 
 either for iformalion 
 of the . i-)V whose 
 benefit th s' '"'^ ^'>'^^^ made, 
 or to Congress who made 
 tile grant. 'I'hat one of 
 the judges is dii-ectiy and 
 voluntarily interested to a 
 \cry large extent in the 
 funds of that trust ; and we 
 have reason to believe, 
 from his conduct as a 
 member of the Land 
 Board, that that interest 
 has a direct inlluence on 
 the management of the 
 concerns of that trust." 
 The tiiiant'ial transactions 
 connected with their doings 
 under the Act were kept 
 by the treasurer of the 
 'I'erritory in an account 
 called the " Detroit Fund ;" 
 but tile most diligent search 
 has failed to tind any re- 
 cord or statement of re- 
 ceipts or expenses credited 
 or charged to the fund dur- 
 ing the tirst twenty years 
 of their administration. 
 
 The following persons 
 acted as secretaries of the 
 Land Board : 
 
 I'eter .\udrain, 1806-1809 
 Josepii Watson, 1809-1818 
 A. K. Wing . 1 8 18-1822 
 A. G. Whitney, 1 822-1824 
 K. A. Brush . i 824-1826 
 H. Chipman . 1826-1829 
 
 L. B. Sturges 1829 
 
 K. A. Brush 1830-1832 
 
 Thomas Rowland 1832- 1834 
 
 A. S. Kellogg 1834-1837 
 
 After the State was admitted into the Union, there 
 
 remained 
 Ie;(aily con 
 maincd of 
 trust was tc 
 Tilt; last 
 Land Boarc 
 c<invcycd a 
 Their funct 
 For twen 
 regular city 
 controlled a 
 committed l( 
 sity for the 
 passed awaj 
 authority ce 
 of closing up 
 W'hen tlu 
 still undispos 
 cured to thci 
 erally was in 
 On April 2 
 Council was 
 the Detroit 
 the recorder 
 to Congress, 
 city of the b 
 
 On August 
 
 a memorial w 
 
 1838, $200 w 
 
 kins for maki 
 
 memorial. N 
 
 the work of pt 
 
 April 14 a nici 
 
 of the council 
 
 passed a law 
 
 aldermen the si 
 
 and directing t 
 
 law which auti 
 
 The law also rt 
 
 January i, 184 
 
 they neglected 
 
 On .Septemb 
 
 rected to take 
 
 documents; an( 
 
 bard and C. J. ( 
 
 full examinatior 
 
 administration, 
 
 originally comm 
 
 On Xovembei 
 
 ate report, with 
 
 complete li.-,t of 1 
 
 suiting from the 
 
 Governor and Ji 
 
 the new plan ai 
 
 bers according t( 
 
 tracing early owi 
 
THE GOVERNOR AND JUDGES' PLAN.— LAND BOARDS. 
 
 31 
 
 remained neithur territorial jrovernor nor judges 
 le;(aily com|)etent to deal with such lands as re- 
 mained of the orii^inal trust, ;iiul of necessity the 
 trust was terminated. 
 
 The last session of the ("lovemor and Judj^'cs as a 
 Land Hoard was held on July i, ii^3f>. when they 
 conveyed a lot to the Detroit Voun.ii Men's Society. 
 Their functions ceased two days after. 
 
 For twenty-two years after the estahlisiiment of a 
 regular city j^overnment, the Clovernor and Judges 
 controlled and disposed of the property ori;.;inally 
 committed to them, altiiouj^h the occasion and neces- 
 sity for the lontinuance of their trust had long before 
 passed away; and not until five years after their 
 authority ceased was .anyone charged with the duty 
 of closing up their affairs. 
 
 When their regime closed various city lots were 
 still undisposed of, the titles of others were not se- 
 cured to their rightful owners, and the business gen- 
 erally was in a confused and unfinished state. 
 
 On April 25, 1837, a Committee of the Common 
 Council was appointeil to in(iuire into the state of 
 the Detroit Fund, and on May 9 the council directed 
 the recorder to prepare documents to be presented 
 to Congress, in order to obtain the transfer to the 
 city of the balance of the funds, or lots. 
 
 On August 5 the recorder presented the form of 
 a memorial which was adopted ; and on March 24, 
 1838, S200 were ordered to be paid to Ross Wil- 
 kins for making investigations and jireparing the 
 memorial. No action w.'is taken by Congress, and 
 the work of petitioning was repeated in 1840. On 
 April 14 a memorial was signed by all the members 
 of the council; and on August 29, 1842. Congress 
 passed a law making the mayor, recorder, and 
 aldermen the successors of the (iovernor and Judges, 
 and directing them to take an oath to carry out the 
 law which authorized them to sit as a Land Board. 
 The law also required them to report, on or before 
 January i, 1844. This last requirement, however, 
 they neglected to observe. 
 
 On September 27, 1842, the city clerk was di- 
 rected to take charge of all the old Land Board 
 documents; and on December 20, 1842, Bela Hub- 
 bard and C. J. (^'Flynn were appointed "to make a 
 full examination and rejiort concerning the origin, 
 administration, and present condition of the trust 
 originally committed to the Governor and Judges." 
 
 On November 26, 1844, they presented an elabor- 
 ate report, with many interesting details, including a 
 complete li.-.t of the changes in numbers of lots, re- 
 sulting from the various and conflicting plans of the 
 Governor and Judges. The numbers according to 
 the new plan are the numbers now used, the num- 
 bers according to the old plan being of value only in 
 tracing early ownership. 
 
 l.l>r OK I HANOES IS NIMDBRS OF LOTS. 
 
 Olll 
 
 I'lun. 
 
 New 
 I'liin. 
 
 Si;(ii(>N I. 
 
 i(' 
 37 
 J8 
 ■♦J 
 44 
 45 
 4rt 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 4.) & 50 
 
 50 iSi 51 
 
 5' 
 
 53 
 
 5J 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 1591k 60 
 
 6i» *. 59 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 64 
 
 65 
 66 
 17 & 115 
 68 
 84 
 86 
 87 
 
 10 
 40 
 4« 
 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 5' 
 ja 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 
 II 
 63 
 64 
 
 65 
 66 
 
 67 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 JO 
 
 ■/' 
 73 
 73 
 74 
 92 
 
 93 
 94 
 
 Old 
 
 New 
 
 Plan. 
 
 IMun. 
 
 5> 
 
 59 
 
 i 5' 
 
 60 
 
 1 33 
 
 6i 
 
 1 54 
 
 62 
 
 1 ;5 
 
 63 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 11 
 
 u\ 
 
 \ 39 
 
 67 1 
 
 1 6i 
 
 11 
 
 8j 
 
 84 
 
 99 
 
 87 -i" 97 
 
 103 1 
 
 Old 
 I'lun. 
 
 SKCTtON 3. 
 
 Skci'ion 2. 
 
 4' 
 4-; 
 43 
 44 
 43 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 4 'J 
 5" 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 •9 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 I() 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 & 
 
 24 
 
 2t 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 -•3 
 
 
 
 =7 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 v> 
 
 27 
 
 3< 
 
 & 
 
 3'-! 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 i'> 
 40 
 
 4'' 
 
 4' 
 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 
 56 
 107 
 108 
 
 Sectio.v 4. 
 
 49 
 50 
 5> 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 53* 5; 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 55 
 =6 
 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 
 Skction 6. 
 
 49 
 5' 
 5> 
 5.' 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 II 
 81 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 8s 
 
 New 
 I'lun. 
 
 Old 
 Plan. 
 
 33 
 48 
 
 49 
 50 
 5' 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 3? 
 40 
 
 4' 
 42 
 
 43 
 44 
 43 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 4' 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 
 Skction 7. 
 
 31 
 
 31 & 32 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 »3 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 3S 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 »7 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 M 
 
 3' 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 4> 
 
 4> 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 47 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 5' 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 5' 
 
 53 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 SS 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 
 It 
 69 
 70 
 7' 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 
 II 
 77 
 
 II 
 81 
 83 
 
 New 
 
 Plan. 
 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 63 
 63 
 64 
 65 
 66 
 
 7' 
 7-' 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 
 Section 8. 
 
 & 23 
 
 2i 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 y-" 
 
 3' 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 4> 
 82 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 5" 
 51 
 52 
 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 3' 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 
 4> 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 
 46 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 50 
 S' 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 
 Their report showed that the city had become the 
 absolute owner of twenty-nine lots, with possible or 
 part title in nearly seventy others. Ever since 1842, 
 as occasion has required, land-board sessions of 
 the council have been held, decisions made, and 
 deeds issued to claimants and purchasers. Sessions 
 have also been held from lime to time to perfect 
 titles of properf originally deeded by the G<)\-ernor 
 and Judges, am, define the powers and rights of 
 the city as to various parks laid out on the original 
 plan. In 1880 a session of the council as a Land 
 Board was held to perfect the title to a portion of 
 St. Ann's Church property. It seems hardly possi- 
 ble that Congress by the Act of 1842 intended to 
 give the city government, for an indefinite length of 
 time, the peculiar power it has since continued 
 to exercise, and a limitation of its power in this 
 direction would probably be no injustice. 
 
MAPS OF DICTROIT.- 
 
 CMAPTER VI. 
 
 CITY noUXDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.— CASS AND BRUSH 
 FARMS.— MILITARY RESERVES. 
 
 MAI'S OK DKTROI r. 
 
 Thk earliest plans or maps yet discovered were 
 made in 1749 and 1754 by Joscpii (laspard Chausse- 
 gros do Eery, a French lieutenant and enj^inccr. A 
 few of his papers fell into tiie possession of Father 
 Louis Antoine I'otiiicr, and in 1S45 Jacques \'ii,aT, 
 of Montreal, made copies of some of them, includinjj 
 the maps named. In 1854 C. I. Walker obtained 
 tracinj^s of them, one of which is here reproduced. 
 The only differences between the plans of 1749 and 
 1754 are as follows: In the plan of 1754 the 
 
 stockade is extended a little farther east, and the 
 location of a bake-house and store-house are 
 marked, while the location of tlie cemetery is not 
 desijrnatcd. From an examination of the ])lan of 
 1749 it will be seen that in its general outline and 
 method of layini,^ out the streets, it is almost a fac- 
 simile of tiie earliest map of New Orleans. The 
 next oldest plan of Detroit is the one made by T. 
 Smith in 1816, showinj; the city as it was in 1796. 
 In 1877 what is believed to be the orii,nnal copy of 
 this map was in the possession of Eugene Robinson, 
 
 
 
 rmU4*^ 
 
 Till] 
 
 i.^M' 
 
 AoguBt aoth, 1749. 
 
 BEFKBEHCKR. 
 
 A. — OunimandaQt's Boiue, 
 B— Qiiard House Bud Barracks, 
 r.— Powder Magaxine. 
 P.— Parish Churcb. 
 X.— Prieit's HouM). 
 F.— Cemetery. 
 Q.— Boyal Qardens. 
 H.— ludlvidual Qardeoa. 
 
 HPaSCHCHH 
 
 S-_ c 5- 
 
 Plan of Detroit in 1749. 
 [3-'] 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 II 
 
 Si 
 ( 
 
 It w;is bnii 
 Henry Hiri 
 Tlie pl.iii ill 
 was maili' fi 
 of the n).i|) 
 cations of I 
 17'/)." 
 
 About 18. 
 and pui)lislu 
 prob.ilily, ;i 
 the proposcc 
 r8o^), uiili 
 buil(!ini;s ;is 1 
 of piihlicaiio 
 a scale of li\ 
 inch, and wa 
 Joiin Mullet 
 sanction. 
 se.ssed by 
 others. An 
 map with " 1; 
 title, and wit 
 the lots, was ii 
 A. (iirardin in 
 j,Tai)hcd by C( 
 Huffalo, New \ 
 of the ori;,nnal 
 in \'olume V, 
 State I'.ipcrs, 
 in connection 
 the (lovcrnor a 
 simile, reduced 
 given. 
 
 In 1830 Johr 
 
 published a m; 
 
 however, laid do 
 
 no Icsral existei 
 
 siiow the lines o 
 
 lots, the bounda 
 
 whic-h Iiad been 
 
 ("■overnor and Ji; 
 
 also reproduced, 
 
 in title, in \'()lun 
 
 can State Paper 
 
 ries. In 1878 J, 
 
 copy of the on'ir 
 
 five hundred copi 
 
 been sol3 at a do 
 
 Tlie plan of 18 
 
 Farmer, is descri 
 
 of the GoveriKir j 
 
 was drawn by 
 
 office of district 
 
 1835, and was th< 
 
 accurately the si/( 
 
 ated the old land 
 
 30.X44 inches. It 
 
MAI'S OF Di.rkoir. 
 
 33 
 
 It was b(ni;,'ht by A. K. Ilactlum, of Dt-troit, of 
 Ilniry MiTlIiflct, of Mniilrt'a!, for liftcfii dollars. 
 Tlie plan in Mrs. Siicldon'.s " History of Mi(lii;;an " 
 was niailc from it by J. F. Miiiinte. 'I'lie full tiiK' 
 of the map is " I'l.iii of the Town and Fortili- 
 cations of Detroit as tlu-y stood before tlu: yrar 
 17./)." 
 
 About 1825 J. <). 1,1'wis, of Detroit. (Mivfravec' 
 and published a small maj) of the city, whieh is, 
 probably, a fair representation of 
 the propo.sed plans of 1805 .'uid 
 iiSo(^), with the addition of publii: 
 huildinifs as they existed at the time 
 of pnblicaiion. 'I'his map is on 
 a scale of five hmidred feet to one 
 inch, and was, probably, drawn by 
 John Mullett; it had no oflicial 
 sanction. In 1877 copies were pos- 
 sessed by Sidmy D. Miller and 
 others. An en,t,n-aved copy of the 
 map with "1807" attached to the 
 title, and without the numbers of 
 the lots, was in possession of James 
 A. (iirardin in 1878. It was litho- 
 i^raplied by Compton tS: Ciibson, at 
 HulTalo, New York. A copy of one 
 of the ()ri;.,dnal maps is reproduced 
 in \'olume \'. of the American 
 Stale I'apers, I'ublic Land Series, 
 in connection with the report of 
 the C.overnor and Jud;^es. A fac- 
 simile, reduced to one half size, is 
 given. 
 
 In 1S30 John Mullett made and 
 published a map of the city. It, 
 howcNi'r, laid ilown alleys which had 
 no let(;il existence, and failed to 
 show the lines of many I'laims and 
 lots, the boundaries of and rii^hts to 
 which had been recognized by the 
 ("rovernor and Judges. This map is 
 also reproduced, with a slight change 
 in title, in \'olume \ . of the Ameri- 
 can State I'apers, I'ublic Land Se- 
 ries. In 1878 J. C. Holmes had a 
 c<)[)y of the original map, of which 
 five hundred copies are said to have 
 been solcl at a dollar a copy. 
 
 The plan of 1831, drawn by John 
 F'armer, is described in connection with the history 
 of the (lovernor and Judges' Plan. The next map 
 was drawn by John Farmer while holding the 
 olTice of district surveyor. It was published in 
 1835, and was the first map of Detroit which gave 
 accurately the si/e of the lots, and carefully deline- 
 ated the old land lines. The size of the map was 
 30x44 inches. Its price was three dollars. It had 
 
 a very large sale and lias furnished the groimd-work 
 for all the maps of the city that have .since been 
 made. The copyright of this map was .sold to J. 
 H. C'olton (.\: Co., and it was siibsi'quently publisheil 
 by A. 1'.. Ilaethon. He issui-d two editions, dated 
 1846 and 1856 respectively. 
 
 In 1837 Morsel: Brother issued a hastily prepared 
 map of the city; and in 1853 Henry Hart published 
 a maj) showing the loc.itionof the buildings. In 
 
 PLAN or rHL TOWN ikFORTinCAr/ONSorDETRO/T 
 
 JIa thfv stouU he/ore the year tystS. 
 t^om T'tmiOta Map miuif Mniy Jo" Hitl, m'tfi nHriitiont from JMes 
 ~~~~' ' 'iiinrii /null Oie tfrir lff/in> hiient , .ihnmn^yils 
 
 ~ rtlaliun to tHr prvurnl f/tan f/ the Citu 
 
 &ea/e ^00 /eel to/ ineli'. 
 'tTTTrri, •^■•■l-oftillon ^ titii fy* Ponlthnrlraintn-iyoi 
 
 ■-• ''i„M,',r,nfl,i:"J 
 
 Mai' ok iiiK Cnv i.N 1790. 
 
 1858 J. F. Munroe, city surveyor, issued the best 
 map made from 1835 till then. On account of the 
 growth of the city, it was necessarily much larger 
 than any tliat preceded it. A new edition was pub- 
 lished in 1868. In 1 87 1 Eugene Robinson, city 
 sun'eyor, compiled a large map, which was published 
 by Calvert & Company. A second edition was 
 issued in 1879. 
 
^■i^- f^ 
 
 MAPS OF DETROIT.— CITY BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 
 
 Several sma!! maps of the city have been pub- 
 lished in connection with the city directories, that of 
 James Dale Johnson being the first. Complete 
 small street maps of the city were first published in 
 1863, and have been issued almost yearly since, by 
 the firm of S. f^armer & Company. In 1875 this 
 firm issued the first edition of a " Map of the City of 
 Detroit and Its Environs." It was drawn by C. H. 
 
 Reduced Fac-simile ov the Lkuij Map o? riiB Governor and Judges' Proposed Plan. 
 
 Ellis, is four by five feet in size, and shows all of 
 Detroit with a larj^'e portion of the adjoininjj- town- 
 ships of Hamtranick, Springwells, and (ireenfield, 
 im^luding the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract and the 
 village of Norris; it takes in the new Water Works 
 and Belle Isle, on thi. east, and extends far enough 
 west to include Foit Wayne, Delny, the Grand 
 Trunk Junction, and Woodmere Cemetery. Both 
 
 sides of the river are shown, with the Canadian vil- 
 lages of Walkertown, Windsor, and Sandwich. 
 
 CITY BOUNDARY AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 
 
 In 1803 Mr. C. Jouett, the Indian agent, wrote to 
 the War Department that "of the two hundred and 
 twenty-five acres granted to Cadillac in 1701, only 
 
 four were occupied by the 
 town and Fort Lernoult; 
 the remainder, except 
 twenty-four acres added 
 to Williani McComb's 
 farm, is a conmion." The 
 boundaries of the town, 
 by the Act of 1802, were 
 as follows: — "Bounded 
 in front by the river, or 
 Strait of Detroit; east- 
 wardly by the division 
 line between John Askin, 
 I'.sq., and Antoine Beau- 
 bien ; westwardly by the 
 division line between the 
 farms belonging to the 
 heirs of the late William 
 McComb and Pierre 
 Chcsne ; extending back 
 from said river two miles, 
 at an equal width rear as 
 in front." 
 
 The Pierre Chesne 
 Farm is now known as 
 the Jones or Crane Farm. 
 The adopted Plan of 
 the Ciovernor and Judges 
 left out the Brush and L. 
 Beaubien farms on the 
 east, and the Cass Farm 
 on the west, and extended 
 only about one mile back 
 from the river, thus re 
 ducing the limits of t'. 
 town on three sides. 
 
 On (\-tobcr 24, 181 5, 
 the city limits were ex- 
 tended so as to include 
 the Cass Farm for a dis- 
 tance of two miles from the river; but by Act of 
 March 30. 1820, the Cass Farm was again thrown 
 outside of the city. 
 
 The Witherell P'arm, which became part of De- 
 troit by the Act taking effect April 4, 1836, was left 
 outside of the city by the Ac', of February 15, 1842. 
 By Act of April 12, 1873, parts of the townships 
 of Ilamtramck and Greenfield were added to the 
 
 city, but the 
 was illegal. 
 
 It thus api 
 have been c 
 limits have, li 
 extended no 1 
 the accompar 
 planations, gj 
 Detroit at difi 
 
 Amoiig all t 
 probably none 
 Cass and Bru.' 
 original Gover 
 
 Hat or Die 8 
 
 (HTYOF 
 
 r 
 
 lit 
 
 z^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 |£i 
 
 M 
 
 Tel 
 
 r« 
 
CITY IJUUNDARV AT DIFFJIRICNT I'KRlODS.— CASS AxM) 15RUS11 FARMS, 
 
 35 
 
 citv, but the .Supreme Court decided that tlie Act 
 was illegal. 
 
 It thus appears that the boundaries of tiie city 
 have been curtailed no less than four times. Its 
 limits have, however, been actually and permanently 
 extended no less than seven times, as appears from 
 the accompanying map, which, with the above ex- 
 planations, gives a complete showing of the area of 
 Detroit at different periods of time, 
 
 CASS ANU liRUSlI KARMS. 
 
 Among all the old claims embraced within the city, 
 probably none are so frt'(|uently mentioned as the 
 Cass and Brush farms. These farms bounded the 
 original Covernor and Judges' Plan, the lirush Farm 
 
 lying on the easterly, and the Cass Farm on the 
 westerly side of the town. 
 
 Portions of the tract now included in the Cass 
 I'arm were granted to Robert Navarre on May i, 
 1747, and other portions, in 1750, to three several 
 persons, — Messsrs. Harrois, (jodet, and St. Martin. 
 The Pontiac Manuscript shows that the person last 
 named was occupying a ])()riion of the farm in 1763. 
 On March 29, 17.S1, it was purchased at auction of 
 the estate of Jacijues St. Martin by \V. Macomb for 
 ^1060. About this time, twenty-four acres are said 
 to have been added to the tract, without authority so 
 far as is known. The tract now known as the 
 Cass Farm embraces Private Claim No. 55, con- 
 tlrmed, bythe United States Commis.sioners, tojohn, 
 William, and David Macomb on November 16, 1807; 
 
 
 tf 
 
 Plat o[ lie Several AUns ^ 
 
 CITY OP DETECITr^i 
 
 Sonflili'M ofl 0.000 jcretnct. 
 
 
 ULaj 3, 1875. 
 
 1^1 May 3, 1875 
 
 jgal 
 
 I -I 
 I 
 
 DETKOIT RIVER 
 
 .\Iai' Of Additions m C in Limits, 
 
 _^uJ — 
 
36 
 
 CASS AND BRUSH FARMS.— MILITARY RKSKRVKS. 
 
 il 
 
 and also Private Claim No, 59-2, which was confirmed 
 to the same parties on December 31, 1808. 
 
 The occasion of the transfer to Covernor Cass was 
 as follows: — The ordinance of 1787, and Acts creat- 
 ing subsequent Territcjrial (Governments based on 
 that ordinance, rccjuired the governor to be a free- 
 holder to the extent of at least one thousand acres of 
 land. Governor Cass, in order to conform to this 
 law, after he had brougiu his family from Ohio, pur- 
 chased of the Macombs in 1816 the farm which has 
 since borne his name, and about the same time 
 bought a large tract near the mouth of the river. 
 
 The front of the farm was originally a very high 
 bank, the river coming up to where stores are now 
 located at the intersection of Jefferson Avenue and 
 Second Street. The bank was dug away and the 
 streets graded in 1836, twenty-five thousand cords 
 of earth being removed. In September and October 
 of that year lots on the " Cass front," embracing 
 that part of the farm between Larncd Street and the 
 river, were offered for sale at auction, the entire 
 tract having previously been sold to a company of 
 ten persons for one hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The property was then so far away from the 
 center of the city that the lots would not sell, and 
 after spending a large amount of money in improve- 
 ments, the majority of the original purchasers were 
 very glad to have General Cass take back the prop- 
 erty at the price they had originally agreed to pay 
 That part of the farm between Lamed Street and 
 Michigan Avenue, was laid out in May, 1841, the 
 portion north of Michigan Avenue in 1851, the lots 
 north of Grand River in 1859. 
 
 The land now known as the Brush Farm was con- 
 ceded to Eustache Ciamelin on May i, 1747, and on 
 March 15, 175^, by consent of Commandant Bellestre 
 it was transferred to Jacques Pilet. On October 31, 
 1806, the farm, except a few lots on the western side, 
 was conveyed by John Askin to Elijah Brush. The 
 entire farm, as far north as High Street, was laid 
 out into lots in 1835, and north of High Street in 
 1862. A large number of the lots have always been 
 leased, ilie rental being determined by a valuation 
 of the lots, new appraisals being made from time to 
 time as agreed upon. The southern entls of both 
 the Cass and Brush farms were built upon and im- 
 proved many years ago, but the larger part was not 
 sold or leased until improvements had been made 
 on either side; consciiuently the owners were able, 
 on account of the demand for central property, to 
 affix conditions of sale that have been greatly to the 
 advantage of themselves and purchasers. Houses 
 of a certain value were required to be erected within 
 a definite number of years, and thus these farms are 
 now largely covered with elegant and comfortable 
 residences, nnre being found on them than in any 
 other part of t)ie city. 
 
 MIM'l'ARY RKSKRVKS. 
 
 When the English surrendered the city in 1796, 
 the grounds occupied by the fort, the citadel, and 
 other government buildings became the special 
 property of the Uniicd States Government. The 
 plan of the Governor and Judges was made to 
 include the government property, but as they had 
 no control over it, the plan was so far inoperative, 
 and the Reser\'es remained in possession of the 
 United States until May 26, 1824, when Congress 
 gave to the city the Military Reserve between 
 Lamed Street and Jefferson Avenue, bounded west 
 by the street leading to the public barn (now Wayne 
 Street), and east by the line of the large Reserve, 
 near the line of the present Griswold Street. On 
 May 20, 1826, Congress granted the balance of the 
 Military Reserves to the city, including the grounds 
 occupied by Fort Shelby,— reserving only the arsenal 
 and military store-keepers' lots, — the grant being 
 conditioned upon the building, by the corporation, 
 of a magazine outside of the city. 
 
 In accordance with the provisions of the Act, the 
 city, on November 8, 1830, advertised for proposals 
 for building a powder magazine for the United 
 States, on the '"■••atiot Road, near what is now Russell 
 Street, where the barracks were afterwards located. 
 The magazine was completed in September, 1831. 
 The city was put in formal possession of the Reserve 
 on September 11, 1S26, and on April 4, 1827, the 
 Legislative Council gave the Common Council 
 power to alter all that part of the Governor and 
 Judges' Plan lying north of Larned Street, south of 
 what is now Adams Avenue, and between Cass and 
 Brush Streets. Individuals owning lots within the 
 boundaries designated, whose rights were disturbed, 
 were to have other lots assigned them, or be paid 
 the value of their lots. Against this action many 
 citizens protested vigorously; and on the same din- 
 that the Act was passed <-. memorial was sent to 
 Congress praying that body to prevent the proposed 
 change in the plan. The protest was of no avail, 
 and by ordinance of April 23, 1827, the city pro- 
 vided for obtaining the consent of lot-owners to the 
 plan of the new sub-division as laid out by John 
 MuUett. His plait ■ as finally agreed to, and on 
 May 16, 1827, a public auction of lots on the site of 
 the old fort took place at Military Hall, one of the 
 old buildings of the cantonment. The conditions of 
 sale were that a stoT)e, brick, or frame house, two 
 stories in height, be erected on each lot before the 
 expiration of the time for the last payment, or else 
 all previous payments and rights to the lot were to 
 be forfeited. Some buildings belonging to the old 
 fort were fitted up for tenants, and for several years 
 the city performed the part of landlord. For further 
 particulars as co the sale of lots see chapter on Taxa- 
 tion and Finances. 
 
 In the earlit 
 surveyed undt 
 officer appoini 
 method preva 
 an old docun 
 interest : 
 
 In consequence ( 
 inl\al)itants that tli 
 and tliat they do nr 
 primitive grants, ai 
 tliereforj, Mr. Janu 
 surveyor, I have aj 
 for the future his si 
 decisive; and all wh 
 form tliereto. 
 
 Given under my ] 
 
 From Other c-l 
 was the survexo 
 Thomas Smith 
 .McXiff acted its 
 
 Under the An 
 16, 1812, Aaron 
 veying private cl, 
 surveys under a 
 181 5, and the sin 
 pleted in 1S57. 
 office of surveyoi 
 Michigan was rei 
 William Johnson 
 subsecjuent ap])c 
 1851, Lucius Lyi 
 1853 to 1857, Le 
 Emerson. The ( 
 1857, and the Re 
 Commissioner of 
 records show thi 
 miles or 36,128,6. 
 
 r-MTKt 
 The first Land 
 was established ai 
 March 26, 1804. 
 of president Mo 
 auction sale of lai 
 the Counril Hon 
 ranged from §2 tc 
 being §4. I'p to 
 sold on credit, onl 
 
CHAPTKR VII 
 
 PUBLIC SURVKVS.— UNITED STATI'.S LAND OFFICE 
 
 PUBLIC SURVEYS. 
 
 In the earliest days of the settlement, lands were 
 surveyed under the direction of the kiny, by an 
 oftieer appointed for the purpose, and the same 
 method prevailed under English rule. This copy o( 
 an old document making such appointment is of 
 interest : 
 
 In consequence of repeatid complaints made by several of the 
 inhabitants tliat their neighbors have encroached on their farms, 
 and that they do not actually possess the quantity spe ified in the 
 primitive grants, and for which they pay rents to His Majesty; 
 therefore, Mr. James Sterling being an experienced and ajiprox'ed 
 surveyor, I have appointed hint Ring's Surveyor at Detroit; and 
 for the future his surveys onl>' shall be looked upon as valid and 
 decisive; and all whom it may concern are hereby ordered to con- 
 form thereto. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal at Detroit, April 21, 177^. 
 
 Hi;nuv Ha -si; it, Major ami Commandant. 
 
 From other old records it appears that Philip Frey 
 was the surveyor on March 27, 1785. He appointed 
 Thomas .Smith his deputy on May 8, 1787. P. 
 McXiff acted as surveyor in 1794 and 1799. 
 
 Under the American Ciovernment, by law of May 
 16, 1812, Aaron (ireely was paid $5,565.92 for sur- 
 veying private claims in Michigan. The first public 
 surveys under a general law were commenced in 
 181 5, and the survey of the entire .State was com- 
 pleted in 1857. In the month of May, 1845, the 
 office of surveyor-general for the district including 
 .Michigan was removed from Cincinnati to Detroit. 
 William Johnson was then surveyor-general. The 
 subsecjuent ajipointees were as follows: 1845 to 
 1851, Lucius Lyon; 1851 to 1853, Charles N(jble ; 
 1853 to 1857, Leander Chapman; 1857, Charles J. 
 Emerson. The office was closed at Detroit May 1 1, 
 1857, and the Record of Surveys deposited with the 
 Conmiissioner of the Land Office at Lansing. The 
 records show that the State contains 56,451 sciuare 
 miles or 36,128,640 acres. 
 
 UMtKD ST.\TKS L.VND OFFICE. 
 The first Land Office in what is now Michigan 
 was established at Detroit under Act of Congress on 
 March 26, 1804. On May i, 1818, a proclamation 
 of Pri .sidcnt Monroe authorized the first public 
 auction s.ilc of lands in Michigan. It tocic place at 
 the Council House on July 6, 181 8. The prices 
 ranged from $2 to $40 piT acre, the average price 
 being $4. I'p to 1826, United States lands were 
 sold on credit, only a small amount being required 
 
 to be paid down. In 1826 the law requiring full 
 payment went into effect, and sales were greatly 
 reduced. The receipts for United States lands sold 
 at Detroit up to 1830 were as follows: One half year 
 of 1820, $2,860.32; 1 82 1, $7,444.39; 1822, $17,359.38; 
 1823, $30,173.34; 1824, $61,917. 15; 1825, $92,332.55; 
 1826, $41,125.13; 1827, $34,805.45; 1828. $17,433.72; 
 1829, $23,329.48. Total, $718,548.36. 
 
 From 1825 to 1837, the immigration from the 
 Eastern States increased so rapidly that business 
 flourished, and by the purchase and clearing of 
 lands large sums of money were brought into and 
 scattered about the Territory. As early as 1833 
 capitalists began to come from New 'S'ork to invest 
 in wild lands. In 1836 the number of immigrants 
 was simply amazing; the steamers and sailing ves- 
 sels were literally loaded down with people who 
 came to settle in Michigan and the West. From 
 five hundred to seven hundred frecjuently arrived on 
 a single boat. During the month of May public 
 lands weic entered so rajiidly that on Monday, May 
 9, the register had lu close his door and receive ap- 
 plications through the window, and the receipts at 
 the Land Office between the ist and the 25th of the 
 month were $278,000. The total amount received 
 at the three Michigan land offices, namely, Detroit, 
 Kalamazoo, and Monroe, was over $1,000,000. Dur- 
 ing the year the total sales in Michigan amounted to 
 the enormous suin of $7,000,000. Numerous asso- 
 ciations were formed for the purchase of wild lands 
 and embryo city sites, and at the mouth of everj- 
 western river, and almost e\cry township corner, 
 towns were laid out. "(')n paper," creeks were 
 magnified into streams, and comparatively insignifi- 
 cant streams were tr.insfornuil into large rivers 
 floating steamboats and other water-craft, while on 
 the land the speculatiir's dreams took form in 
 imaginary hotels, churches, schools, and railroads. 
 Absolute forests were in imagination transformed 
 into cities, and sold at ten thousand per cent ad- 
 vance. The laying out and making maps of these 
 "paper cities" kept tlie few draughtsmen then in 
 Detroit busy all day long and far into the night. 
 Hundreds of dollars, in the "wildcat" currency of 
 the times, were frequently paid for a draughtsman's 
 services for a single day. Leading men of both 
 parties formed pools with fifty or a hundred thousand 
 dollars, and committed the amounts to the discre- 
 
 L<7] 
 
l8 
 
 UNITED STATES LAND OFFICE. 
 
 lion of agents who were to be compensated by a 
 sliare of the protits in the lands purchased. 
 
 The details of some of these enterprises are so 
 ludicrous as to be hardly credible. There remain to 
 this day survivors of the crowds which, in the heii,dit 
 of the season, occupied the entire width of Jefferson 
 Avenue in front of the Land Office, each individual 
 awaiting his turn to enter and secure his prize. Some- 
 times large sums were given to .secure the services of 
 the fortunate man at the head of the column by 
 another who was far in the rear. Horses were merci- 
 lessly driven and killed in the race to reach the 
 Land Office. In one instance, at midday, two men 
 on horseback were .seen turning the corner of Wood- 
 ward and Jefferson Avenues, hastening at full speed 
 to the Land Office. It turned out that they were 
 victims of a cruel joker in Genesee County. Each 
 of them had ridden all night, breaking dtnvn two 
 horses apiece in the seventy-mile race, in order to be 
 the first to enter a certain tract of land. The 
 sequel .showed that they desired to purchase entirely 
 different parcels. Men who one day were the pos- 
 sessors of meadow or pasture lots near some village 
 or city found themselves, the ne.xt day, the proprie- 
 tors of innumerable fractions into which their acres 
 had been subdivided, and could hardly believe they 
 were the same persons who, so short a time before, 
 had been hewers of wood and drawers of water. 
 
 It is utterly impossible to describe, in terms which 
 the present generation would comprehend the actual 
 condition of the public mind at that period. This 
 abnormal activity began to sh(nv itself in 1S34, 
 grew rapidly in 1835, and culminated in 1836; and 
 when the panic came, the sites of many " paper 
 cities " could be bought for less than the price of 
 wild land, and to this day are owned and assessed 
 as farm lands. At the present time the Detroit 
 District of the United States Land Office embraces 
 parts of the counties of Muron, Sanilac, Lapeer, 
 St. Clair, Macomb, Oakland, Livingston, Ingham, 
 Jackson, Washtenaw, Wayne, Hillsdale, Lenawee, 
 and Monroe. All the government lands, however, 
 in these counties are sold. The district also em- 
 braces the counties of Cheboygan, Presque Isle, 
 Alpena, Montmorency, and Otsego, in parts of 
 which government land is for sale. In 1880 about 
 one hundred thousand acres were still subject to 
 entry. Lands within six miles of an existing or pro- 
 posed railroad are held at twenty shillings per acre. 
 All other government lands are sold for ten shillings 
 per acre. No credit is given, and payment must be 
 made in cash, or lands may be selected, and obtained 
 by the use of Bounty Land Warrants or United 
 States scrip, so called. This scrip is of the nature 
 of ;i due-bill, issued by the Government to holders 
 of land ilaims, in some of the Southern and Western 
 
 States, at the time certain territory was ceded by 
 foreign governments. 
 
 The Land Ollice contains a record of the names 
 of the original purch.asers of all government lands in 
 the counties above named; and where parties have 
 failed to call or send for the patent issued by the 
 Government and have it put on record, the names 
 of original owners can be obtained only from this 
 office and the Land Office at Washington. When 
 payments are made for lands, a receipt is given for 
 the money, and a record is forwarded to Washing- 
 ton. The government patent or deed is then issued. 
 The receipt of the receiver for the payment of the 
 price of a piece of land is considered good evidence 
 o* ownership, but unless the go\ernment patent or 
 deed is placed on file the chain of title is not com- 
 plete in the county records. That many persons 
 neglect to obtain their patents is evident from the 
 fact that there are between twenty ana thirty thou- 
 sand uncalled-for patents in the office at Detroit. 
 There are two officers connected with this office, 
 one is designated as the "register," the other as 
 the "receiver," and each of them has a salary of 
 five hundred dollars per year and one half of the 
 fees. The fees consist of two per cent, on the 
 gross value of all selections for which cash or 
 land-warrants are received, and two per cent, on 
 the cash valuation of lands taken up under the 
 Homestead Act. There is also a government fee 
 of ten dollars when the amount of land entered 
 is over eighty acres, and five dollars when eighty 
 acres or less are entered. The total receipts by the 
 United States from sales of land in Jlichigan, up to 
 June 30, 1883, amounted to $18,501,522. 
 
 The following persons have served as registers 
 of the Land Offic-e : 
 
 1804 and 1805, George Hoffman; 1806-1 821, 
 Peter Audrain; 1 821-1823, Henry B. Brevoort; 
 1823-1837, John Biddle; 1837-1839, Thomas Hunt; 
 i839-i84i,01mstead Hough; 1841-1847, Robert A. 
 Forsyth; 1847-1849, Elisha Taylor; 1849-1853, 
 Lorenzo B. Mizner; 1853-1857, Daniel J. Campau; 
 1857-1861, Charles F. Heyerman; 1861-1863, J. G. 
 Peterson; 1863-1869, Arnold Kaichen; 1869-1871, 
 Addison Mandell; 1 871- 1877, Frederick Morley; 
 1 877-1 883, Joseph B. Bloss; 1883- , Adam E. 
 Bloom. 
 
 The receivers of the Land Office have been as 
 follows: 
 
 1 804- 1 807, F"rederick Bates; 1807-18 19, James 
 Abbott; 1819-1851, Jonathan Kearsley; 1851-1853, 
 Ezra Rood; 1853-1857, Elisha Taylor; 1857-1861, 
 Jacob Beeson; 1861-1865, H. K. Sanger; 1865-1869, 
 Edward Le Favour; 1869 to October, 1 881. John M. 
 Farland; 1881 to July, 1882, E. W. Cottrell; 1883- 
 , Lyman G. Willcox. 
 
 DEEDS 
 
 DEED 
 
 Under Fi 
 recorded by a 
 By law of Jui 
 the office of 
 concerning th 
 Territory was 
 that deeds mi 
 court. An A 
 ized the regit: 
 by Act of No 
 to be recordec 
 
 On April 
 
 provide a bool 
 
 January 29, li 
 
 created, and tl 
 
 the recording 
 
 and mortgage: 
 
 which are nur 
 
 which they are 
 
 consultation. 
 
 the register is r 
 
 ically the name 
 
 with a referenci 
 
 name is record 
 
 numerous and I 
 
 in almost all tn 
 
 to abstracts fun 
 
 The most th 
 
 history of land^ 
 
 Skinner & Bur 
 
 thousands of d- 
 
 the compilation 
 
 stored in an el 
 
 him especially fc 
 
 Upon so imp 
 
 estate there oug 
 
 A very few lots i 
 
 English rule, am 
 
 be shown. AH 1 
 
 derived primaril 
 
 ondarily: ist, fi 
 
 farms were coni 
 
 missioners; 2d, I 
 
 were authorized 
 
 the " Mayor, Re( 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 DEEDS, :iORTGAGES, AND TITLES — PAST AND PRESENT PRICES OF LANDS. 
 
 DEEDS, MORTGAOES, AND TITLES. 
 
 Under French and English rule, all deeds vere 
 recorded by a notary in a book kept for the purpose. 
 By law of June i8, 1795, of the Northwest Territory, 
 the office of register was created. The first Act 
 concerning the registering of deeds under Michigan 
 Territory was passed August 29, 1805; it provided 
 that deeds might be recorded with the clerk of any 
 court. An Act, passed on January 19, 181 1, author- 
 ized the register of probate to record deeds; and 
 by Act of November 4, 181 5, deeds were required 
 to be recorded in his office. 
 
 On April 12, 1827, the register was directed to 
 provide a book for the recording of mortgages. On 
 January 29, 1835, the office of county register was 
 created, and the register of probate ceased to have 
 the recording of deeds or mortgages. The deeds 
 and mortgages are recorded in separate volumes, 
 which are numbered or lettered in the order in 
 which they are filled. The records are open to free 
 consultation. Under the Revised Statutes of 1S46, 
 the register is required to keep and record alphabet- 
 ically the name of every party to eac-h instrument, 
 with a reference to the book and page where the 
 name is recorded. These index volumes are so 
 numerous and the arrangement .so incomplete that 
 in almost all transfers of real estate reference is had 
 to abstracts furnished by private parties. 
 
 The most thorough and comprehensive abstract 
 history of lands in Wayne County is possessed by 
 Skinner & Burton. Mr. Skinner has spent many 
 thousands of dollars and years of labor in making 
 the compilations and collections, all of them being 
 stored in an elegant fireproof building erected by 
 him especially for their preservation. 
 
 Upon so important a question as the title to real 
 estate there ought to be nothing vague or uncertain. 
 A very few lots are held under deeds obtained under 
 English rule, and for these a long chain of title can 
 be shown. All other titles to lands in the city are 
 derived primarily from the United States ; and sec- 
 ondarily: 1st, from persons to whom old French 
 farms were confirmed by the United States com- 
 missioners; 2d, from the Governor and Judges, who 
 were authorized to convey by Congress; 3d, from 
 the " Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen" of the city. 
 
 and later the Common Council, who were made the 
 successors of the Governor and Judges, and who 
 also received some of the Military Reserves as a 
 gift from the United States; 4th, from the United 
 States, who deeded directly some of the Govern- 
 ment Reserves ; and 5th, from the State, which 
 issues deeds for lands on which the ta.xes are not 
 paid to any one who will pay the amount due. * 
 
 To constitute a perfect title there should be a 
 chain of deeds starting from some one of these 
 classes, and continuing, without a break, down to the 
 latest claimant or owner; and each new deed should 
 be signed by all the parties to whom the property 
 had previously been deeded, or their heirs or assigns. 
 If any of the parties have married since the deed 
 was made to them, the deed should be signed by 
 the new parties, and the man and wife should in all 
 cases unite in the signing of deeds. 
 
 If any of the parties making a new deed are the 
 heirs of parties who made the last conveyance, it 
 should be so stated in the deed. The description of 
 the property conveyed should be the same in each 
 deed; or, at least, it should be carefully examined to 
 see that it covers the same land. To make it certain 
 that there are no tax titles on the land, the books of 
 the county and city treasurers should be examined, 
 or, as is usual, a certificate or statement should be 
 obtained from each of these officers showing that 
 nothing is due for taxes or spet ial assessments. If 
 the land has been sold for taxes, this is a cloud 
 upon the title that needs to be removed, aiul the 
 books in either office will show who has acquired the 
 tax title. 
 
 A w.irranty deed from a responsible party is con- 
 sidered to insure a perfect title, but as mistakes may 
 happen in the making out of deeds, and parties may 
 cease to be able to make good their warranty, the 
 safe course is to make sure that the abstract of title 
 shows the title to be vested in the party or parties 
 who convey. A quit claim deed from parties in 
 whom the title to land is clearly vested, is consic'ered 
 as good as a warranty deed. If any mortgages have 
 been given covering the land, it should be seen that 
 they are all discharged by the parties to whom they 
 were given. A discharge may be made either by a 
 written document, which should be placed on record, 
 
 I39] 
 
40 
 
 PAST AND PRESENT PRICES OF LANDS. 
 
 or by the mcrtt^aijee writinv,^ " nischarifed " on the 
 face of tlie orii^iiial record, with the date and their 
 name. 
 
 By law of March 9, i S44, deeds from the Gov- 
 ernor and Jud)j;cs were reiiuired to be recorded at 
 length; and a transcript of the same was to be 
 prima facie evidence in cases where the original 
 deed would be evidence. 
 
 A further law of May 7, 1847, provided that it 
 should not be necessary to have or prove the 
 acknowledgments of the Mayor and Aldermen, in 
 the case of deeds duly executed by them. An Act 
 of April I, 1850, provided that in the case of deeds 
 and conveyances from the (iovernor and Judges 
 heretofore recorded, but not acknowledged, the 
 record of such deed, or a certified copy, should be 
 evidence in case it is proved the original deed is lost. 
 
 In addition to the other records, in the office of 
 the register of deeds, all subdivisions of property 
 in the city or county, and all plats affecting the 
 division of property, are required to be filed. 
 
 Up to January i, 18S1, the county register re- 
 ceived no salary, hired his own clerks, and was paid 
 solely by the fees of the office, which were estimated 
 to amount to from ten to twelve thousand dollars 
 yearly. By law of 1879, his salary is fixed by the 
 county auditors at not less than twenty-five hundred 
 dollars nor more than three thousand dollars per 
 annum, and all the fees are required to be paid into 
 the county treasury. The county registers have 
 been as follows: 1835, R. S. Rice; 1836, C. W. 
 Whipple; 1837-1841, George R. Griswold; 1841 
 and 1842, Josiah Snow; 1843-1847, Silas A. Bagg; 
 1847-1851, C. V. Selkrig; 1851-1855, Henry Cam- 
 pau; 1855 and 1856, H. R. Nowland; 1857-1861, 
 H. S. Roberts; 1861 and 1862, H. M. Whittlesey; 
 1863 and 1864, E. N. Eacroix; 1865--1869, W. E. 
 Warner; 1 869-1 873, Alonzo Eaton; 1873 and 1874, 
 John W. McMillan; 1875-1879, Charles Dupont; 
 1879 and iSSo, Henry Plass; 1881 and 1882, J. I. 
 Mitchell; 1883- , C. M. Rousseau. 
 
 Under Act of July 28, 1818, the governor was 
 authorized to appoint a city register for Detroit, to 
 record all papers concerning real estate. A further 
 law of March 27, 1820, provided that his compensa- 
 tion should be the same as that of the register of 
 probate ; and all deeds and mortgages, in order to 
 be valid as against any new purchaser, were re- 
 quired to be recorded before December i, 1821. A 
 law of July 14, 1830, authorized the register to ap- 
 point a deputy, and by law of March 22, 1837, the 
 office was abolished and its duties combined with 
 those of the county rej^ister. The following persons 
 served as city registers : 1 798- 1 804, Peter Audrain ; 
 1 806- 1 8 1 8, Joseph Watson ; 1 8 1 8- 1 822, A. E. Wing ; 
 1822 and 1823, A. G.Whitney; 1823-1825, E. A. 
 Brush; 1825, P. Lecuyer; 1826-1830, John Whip- 
 
 ple; 1830-1835, Theodore Williams; 1836, C. W. 
 Whipple. 
 
 PAST AND TRKSKN'T PRICKS OK LANDS. 
 
 In 1760 M. de Ik-llestre, the French commandant, 
 paid M. V'ernet a sum equal to $2,500 for two lots 
 whose combined s! 'e was onl)- 30x50 feet. In 
 1767, under English rule, /220, New York currency, 
 was paid for a lot forty feet wide on .St. James 
 Street extending througti to St. Ann's Street. 
 These prices for that early period seem enor- 
 mous; yet it is well known that such prices were 
 freciuenlly paid. Judge Woodward, in a letter 
 dated March 6, 1806, states that property in the old 
 town of Detroit bore so enormous a value that he 
 "would not n;uiie it, as it would be deemed incredible." 
 
 The protection afforded by the stockade, and the 
 privileges of trading, had much to do with the value 
 put on lots within the pickets. After the town 
 passed under the control of the United States, real 
 estate resumed its normal value, and prices became 
 more definite. According to tiie rei)ort of a com- 
 mittee appointed by the proprietors of lots, after the 
 fire of 1805, the value of lots 27x54 feet was 
 $123.50, and of lots 161x175 feet, $614.50. The 
 total value of all lots owned by the sixty-nine pro- 
 prietors was $14,205.50. 
 
 After the fire, and the distribution of the lots, the 
 highest sum paid for the excess was seven cents, 
 and the average four cents per square foot. 
 
 On March 6, 1809, forty-one of the Park Lots, 
 containing five and ten acres each, were sold at auc- 
 tion, the auctioneer being p.iid one fourth of one per 
 cent commission. The conditions of sale were one 
 fourth cash, one fourth in six months, and the remain- 
 ing half in twelve months from date of sale. 
 
 Upon these terms the following persons bought 
 the lots indicated, at the prices named : 
 
 Purchaser. No. of Lot. Price. 
 
 John Palmer 81 ... $55 00 
 
 Jacob Sanders 21 ... 21 50 
 
 Daniel Stevens 51 and 52 . . . 27 13 
 
 William Scott 40 ... 20 00 
 
 1 1, 12, 13, 14 ... 195 62 
 
 Riciiard Sniythe 72 and Tl . . . 23 78 
 
 " 53 ;i'iil 54 ■ ■ ■ 30 50 
 
 Solomon Sibley 49 and 50 . . . 24 74 
 
 22 and 23 . . . 26 87 
 
 42 and 43 ... 45 62 
 
 " 74. 75. 7^>. 77. and 78 ... 123 52 
 
 " " 8 .md 9 ... 1 1 5 00 
 
 B. Woodworth ... 24, 25. 26, 27 . . . 70 00 
 
 John R. Willianas 55 ... i- 55 
 
 47 and 48 ... 31 37 
 
 44and45 ... 45 62 
 
 ... I, 2, 3, and 4 ... 188 75 
 
 John Whipple 68 and 69 ... 22 20 
 
 As late a 
 fiftt-en doll 
 purchaseil I 
 the "Cass 
 west cornel 
 with a fron 
 by one hunc 
 $2,010. In 
 on the nori 
 bridge Stre 
 1817 the In 
 Bates and I, 
 two hundrec 
 On \\m\ 15, 
 & Co. for $2 
 in the vicinit 
 auction by tl 
 purchasers w 
 Rowland sai 
 money are so 
 ing about tw 
 would not giv 
 In 1829 Da 
 Avenue, for n 
 for S200. 
 reported that 
 unsold, which 
 of less than se 
 On June id 
 tained the folic 
 
 HiiyiiiK and .sell 
 with sptciilators, h 
 from ten to tweni 
 (jovernor Cass has 
 back as Lariied Str 
 
 In January, 1 
 over three hunc 
 of property cha 
 of the city pape 
 
 As proof of the r; 
 ten acres of land, ( 
 without any l)uildin 
 
 On June 15, 1 
 near Cass Stre 
 from S300 to ^\ 
 
 On October 
 the amount of 
 water lots .selliiv 
 
 In Janu.-iry, \\ 
 of ( Inswold anc 
 Bank of Michig; 
 July 25. 1859, it 
 for $12,550. Tl 
 feet on Griswoli 
 bought ten acret 
 Woodward A\'( 
 On May 28, 18, 
 
PAST AND PRESENT 1M<ICES OF LANDS. 
 
 41 
 
 As late as 181 7 the Park Lots were valued at only 
 fiftt-en dollars per acre. In 181 5 Governor C;iss 
 purchased five hundred acres of land, now known as 
 the "Cass Farm," for $12,000. In 1816 the south- 
 west corner of Jeffer.son anil Woodward Avenues, 
 with a frontaj^'e of forty feet on Jefferson Avenue 
 hy one hundred on Woodward Avenue, was sold for 
 $2,010. In November, 1816, Lot 49, 40x80 feet, 
 on the northwest corner of Griswold and Wood- 
 bridjre Streets, was sold to 15. Stead for $1 1.90. In 
 1817 the University Lot, on the northwest corner of 
 Bates and Lamed Streets, eij^hty feet on Earned by 
 two hundred and ten on Bates Street, sold for §80. 
 On April 15, 1864, it was bouj^ht by Farrand, Sheley, 
 & Co. for $22,010. In 1819 a large number of lots 
 in the vicinity of the present City Mall were sold at 
 auction by the (lovernor and Judj^es. Among the 
 purchasers was Judge Sibley. After the sale Major 
 Rowland said to C. C. Trowbridge, " A fool and his 
 money are soon parted. Sibley has just been buy- 
 ing about twenty lots at seven dollars each, anil 1 
 would not give him seventy cents each." 
 
 In 1829 Da\iil Cooper bought the lot on Michigan 
 Avenue, for many years occupied by his residence, 
 for $200. On October 27, 1829, Robert Abbott 
 reported that there were .seventy-four city lots still 
 unsold, which were then worth $5,000, or an average 
 of less than seventy dollars each. 
 
 On June 10, 1835, the Journal and Courier con- 
 tained the following : 
 
 liiiyiriK and sclliin,' is the order of the day. Our cl.j 
 with speiuliitors, who are all on tiptoe. Several snii)j fortun ., 
 from ten to twenty thousand dollars have already been niauo. 
 ( lovernor Cass has disposed of the front part of his farm, as far 
 back as Lamed Street, for $100,000. 
 
 In January, 1836, real estate was \eiy active, and 
 over three hundred and hfty thousand dollars' worth 
 of property changed hands. In February, 1836, one 
 of the city papers .said : 
 
 As proof of the rapidly inoriasinK v.tIiic of property in thi lity, 
 t(m aeres of land, one mile from the ri\'er on tlic Pontiac Koail, 
 without any huiitiin.ys, has been sold fur $io,o(x:). 
 
 On June 15, 1836, several lots on Jefferson ,\vcmic, 
 near Cass Street, were sold at auction, bringing 
 from $300 to $450 per foot front. 
 
 On October 18, 1836, lots on tht; Cass front, to 
 the amount of $190,000, were sold .at auction, the 
 water lots selling at from $146 to $220 per foot. 
 
 In Janu.'iry, 1843, the lot on the southeast corner 
 of Ciriswold and Congress Streets was sold by the 
 Bank of Michigan to the county for $1,800, ;ind on 
 July 25, 1859, it was sold at auction to C". H. Buhl 
 for $12,550. I'he lot has a frontage of thirty-tive 
 feet on Ciriswcld Street. In 1842 Colonel- Winder 
 bough! ten iicres of land on the northeast corner of 
 Woodward Avenue and High Street for $1,500. 
 On May 28, 1846. forty-two acres were purchased 
 
 for the proposed Elmwood Cemetery, for $1,858. A 
 lot on Jefferson Avenue, ne.irly oppo.site the Ex- 
 change, fifty-two feet front by seventy feet deep, 
 was .sold at auction, February 17, 1851, for $6,400, or 
 about $1 23 per foot front. The same year St. Paul's 
 Church Society sold sixty feet front by one hundred 
 feet dee|), on Woodward Avenue, where the church 
 then .stood, for $12,642, and four years later the 
 adjoining property, on the south, was sold by the 
 Presbyterian Church for $50,000. 
 
 In 1848 and 1850 II. R. Andrews bought the 
 ground on which the Detroit Opera House is located 
 for $6,500. In 1 86 1 it was sold by the executors of 
 his estate for $23,500. In 1867 it was sold for 
 $50,000, and in 1868 Dr. E. M. Clark paid $55,000 
 for the property. 
 
 The ground and building occupied by the First 
 National Bank were sold at auction October 4, 1855, 
 for $24,000, one third cash, and the remainder in 
 two years, without interest. 
 
 I n February, 1 860, the property on southwest cor- 
 ner of Criswold and Congress Streets, eighty feet 
 front on C.riswold by one hundred feet on Congress 
 Street, was sold to C. II. Buhl for $334 per foot 
 fn)nt. 
 
 in 1862 Mr. E. S. Heineman bought the house 
 and grounds on the north corner of Woodward 
 Avenue and Ailelaide Street for $20,000. 
 
 In 1863 the ti\e lots now occu[)ied by the Central 
 M. E. Church were bought for $8,600. In October 
 >f tli^ same year the lot on the northeast corner of 
 L : .;ress and Ranilolph .Streets, with a frontage of 
 fifty-four feet on Randolph Street by ninety feet on 
 Congress Street, with the buililing, sold for $9,000. 
 On November 11, 1863, two lots on the north side 
 of Jefferson .Avenue, near Wayne Street, twenty-five 
 feet front each, sold for $83 per foot front. 
 
 On July 10, 1873. one hundred and fifty-two lots 
 at the Grand Trunk Junction were sold for an aggre- 
 gate of $55,455; anil on July 18 ninety-two more 
 lots were sold for the sum of $28,1 10. 
 
 The lot on the northwest corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue and Griswojil Street w.is sold to Albert Ives 
 in September, 1876, for $27,000. 
 
 The size of lots varies accoriling to the fancy of 
 those who make the subdivisions. The usual sizes 
 are 30x100 and 50x150. According to the loca- 
 tion, either business or residence lots sell at from 
 $10 to $i,5ix) per foot frontage. Among the ni.iny 
 persons who have laid out large tracts into city lots, 
 Messrs. F. J. B. Crane, W. B. Wesson, Walter Crane, 
 John Gibson, and J. W. Johnston have been cspe- 
 ci.illy prominent. They have enriched themselves, 
 and promoted the intere.sts of the city by their busi- 
 ness sag.'icity, and it is l.irgely owing to their efforts 
 that so great a proportion of our inhabitants are 
 freeholders. 
 
PART II, 
 
 HYGIENIC 
 
Thk dim; 
 
 the early tra 
 
 here in 1757 
 
 l)c'auty and f 
 
 iiavinif ainins 
 
 snow. Tile i 
 
 find tlieir livi 
 
 All investi; 
 
 nioditled by t 
 
 late it seems t 
 
 is seldom sub 
 
 as are comino 
 
 mer temperat 
 
 A diary of th( 
 
 of July to th( 
 
 days, showed 
 
 twelve cloudy 
 
 fell. A recorc 
 
 five days, fnjir 
 
 1819, showed 
 
 thirteen variaL 
 
 snow. In the 
 
 perature in No 
 
 January 30', ar 
 
 ing the years 
 
 about the same 
 
 Boston, Buffak 
 
 The unconir 
 
 tumns and the 
 
 often been the 
 
 temperature, di 
 
 surfaces of this t 
 
 as soon as it fall 
 
 hardly sufficien 
 
 open winter is 
 
 spring, the pro 
 
 being about tw 
 
 always followe( 
 
 Our deepest anc 
 
 in February, \\ 
 
 Winter often " 
 
 then, with a bou 
 
 The region is 
 
 phere, the inten; 
 
 its moonlight, ar 
 
 of its sunsets. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 TIIK CLIMATIC OF DICTUOIT 
 
 Thk climate of Detroit very favorably impressed 
 the early travelers. M. tie IJoiigainville, wlio was 
 here in 1757, says: "The atmosphere is of j^aeat 
 beauty and serenity. It is a maj,Miiti(ent climate, 
 havinjf almost no cold weather, and only a little 
 snow. The cattle stay in the fields all winter and 
 find their li\iii)^ there." 
 
 All investij^ations indicate that the climate is 
 modified by the surroiindiniij bodies of water. Of 
 late it seems to be more variable than formerly, but 
 is seldom subject to such e.\tremes of heat and cold 
 as are common to the latitude. The mean of sum- 
 mer temperature is 67 ; in winter the mean is 26 . 
 A diary of the weather, kept in 1816, from the 24th 
 of July to the 22(1 of October, or for ei,i,duy-nine 
 days, showed that fifty-seven d;iys were fair and 
 twelve cloudy, and that <jn twenty days showers 
 fell. A record kept at the fort for one hundred and 
 five days, from Xovember 15, 1S18, to l-ebruary 28, 
 1819, showed forty days clear, forty days cloudy, 
 thirteen variable, and tweK'c cloudy, with rain and 
 snow. Ill the winter of 1818-1819 the average tem- 
 perature in November was 43 , in December 25 , in 
 January 30', and in February 33 ' l'"ahrenheit. Tak- 
 inj^ the years toi^ether, the mean temperature is 
 about the same as that of Elmira, Albany, Portland, 
 Boston, Buffalo, and Rochester. 
 
 The uncommon beauty and serenity of the au- 
 tumns and the usual mildness of our winters have 
 often been the subject of remark. The increased 
 temperature, due to the extensive and open-water 
 surfaces of this region, causes the snow to melt almost 
 as soon as it falls. In manywinters the snow hr- '^een 
 hardly sufficient for go(jd sleighing. A - <d 
 
 open winter is ordinarily succeeded by an early 
 spring, the proportion as to c( id or late springs 
 being about two to one. Cold, snowy winters are 
 always followed by cold and backward springs. 
 Our deepest and longest lasting snow usually occurs 
 in Februar)-, which is also the coldest month. 
 Winter often "lingers in the lap of Spring," and 
 then, with a bound, leaps into the arms of Summer. 
 
 The region is noted for the clearness of its atmos- 
 phere, the intense blue of its sky, the brilliancy of 
 its moonlight, and the gorgeous and glowing colors 
 ol its sunsets. Indeed, in these particulars, it not 
 
 only exi-cls the Eastern States, but rivals the far- 
 famed skies of southern Italy. We have in a single 
 month more cle.ir firmament, and of an inteiiser blue, 
 th.in th.it land has in half a year. 'i"he autumn here 
 is one of the most enjoyable of the sea.sons, afford- 
 ing a wonderful contrast to the dull, wet seasons of 
 Fur.ipeaii countries in the same latitude. I'lie latter 
 part of November is usually so mild that it is known 
 and enjoyed as the Indian .Summer. True, the 
 leaves are mostly gone from the trees, and nature 
 would seem cheerless but for a dreamy haze and a 
 springlike mildness in the atmosphere that more 
 than atones for the lost glories of summer. 
 
 The climate is the driest in the United States, 
 east of the head-waters of the Mississijipi. The 
 rains are ijuite etjually distributed through all but 
 the winter months, and they have only one sixth of 
 the entire precipii.ition. Crops seldom suffer for 
 want of moisture. .Vbout the end of September it 
 is usual to expect a r.iiny period of some days' dura- 
 tion, known as the "e(iuinoctial storm," but often- 
 times no such storm appears. During midsummer 
 violent rains of brief duration frequently come to 
 cool and clear the atmosphere, and a feature peculiar 
 to this locality is the rains that so often occur 
 during nights which are preceded and followed by 
 cloudless days. 
 
 In the months of December and February there 
 is the least rainfall. From February to June there 
 is a gradual increase. The mean fall of the spring 
 months is 2.8 inches. In June, the month of largest 
 precipitation, it amounts to 3.9 inches, and the mean 
 of the summer is 3.1 inches. The mean for Septem- 
 ber reaches 3.3 inches; in the autumn it is 2.4 
 inches. The average yearly rainfall, for the period 
 between 1840 and i860, was 3;^ feet. The greatest 
 fall of rain was in 1855, it being 6 feet; the least was 
 2^ feet in 1859. 
 
 As a rule, warm summers, if succeeded by dry, 
 pleasant autumns, are followed by mild and open 
 winters. Cold summers and autumns are ordinarily 
 succeeded by cold winters, the exceptions being 
 about one to two, and the probabilities are four to 
 one that early springs will be followed by warm and 
 pleasant summers. 
 
 In winter the prevailing winds are west or west- 
 
 L.sl 
 

 
 V2 
 
 ^ 
 
 /a 
 
 ^l 
 
 'a 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 7 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 Iri- IIM 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 IIIIII.6 
 
 
 ^-b^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 

 Q, 
 
 1 
 
 iV 
 
46 
 
 CLIMATIC OF DF/I'KOIT, 
 
 crly. In thi; spriiii;, for nearly half tlic time, cast and 
 northeast winds i)rcvail. The winds vary from cast 
 to west and from northeast to soulii, seldom romin.sf 
 from tile northwest, in summer soiitiiwest winds 
 are most prevalent ; east and west winds are also 
 fre(iuent, but tiiere are few northwest or southeast. 
 Autumn brin,v,'-s westerly winds, varying from south- 
 west to south. Takini; the yearly averaj>:e, probably 
 two thirds of the winds are southwest, west, and 
 northwest. 
 
 Of course tliere are exceptions to all the above 
 ji;eneral rules, and some of these exceptions, j^leaned 
 from old records and letters, will astonish the "old- 
 est inhabitant." Jonathan Carver states that in 
 October, 1763, dense black clouds hunj,^ over the 
 city, from which fell rain of a sulphurous odor, and 
 of such dark color that some was collected and used 
 as ink. The winter of 1779-1780 was the most 
 severe on record. Horses and cattle died from 
 exposure to the cold, and in the spring hundreds of 
 them were found dead in the woods. On .May 16, 
 1780, C(jlonel De Pey.ster wrote to Colonel Bolton 
 at Niagara, saying: "After the most severe winter 
 ever remembered at Detroit, this is the earliest we 
 think prudent to venture a vessel to Fort Erie." In 
 the spring and summer of 1782 the rains, the most 
 violent ever known, washed away ;i large portion of 
 the embankment of Fort Lernoult. Farly in i 784 
 an extraordinary frost set in, extending all over this 
 region. The oldest resitlent could not remember 
 any such dee]) snow as that of ilie succeeding win- 
 ter ; in some places it was live or six feet deep, 
 and caused great distress. .\s late as .March 6 the 
 snow was four feet deej). In Lake St. Clair, a mile 
 from the shore, the ice was three feet thick, and it 
 did not disappear until May. 
 
 The winter of 1811-1812 brought an earthquake 
 in place of storms. Its first and most destructive 
 manifestations occurred at New Madrid on the Mis- 
 sissippi. On December 16, 181 1, it destroyed the 
 entire village, which was located on a bluff, fifteen 
 feet above high-water tnark, sinking it five feet un- 
 der water. .Sand-bars and islands disappeared, 
 lakes sixty miles long and one hundred feet deep 
 were formed, and the air was fu" of suljihurous 
 vajjor. Up to December 21 shocks were of daily 
 occurrence, and they were felt at intervals until late 
 '.1 February. They were especially severe about 
 thirty miles below New Madrid, and were felt all 
 over the valley of the Ohio as far east as Pittsburgh. 
 They were especially noticeable at Detroit on Janu- 
 ary 22 and 23, on the 24th, at 7 P. M., and also on 
 February 7, 1812. 
 
 In i8r6, at Detroit, ice formed every month in the 
 year. From the 14th to the 20th of .\pril, 1821, 
 eight inches of snow fell. The winter of 1S23 was 
 very mild. Flowers blossomed in the winter out of 
 doors, and a ves.sel arrived from Sandusky on Janu- 
 
 ary 13. On May I. 1S24, there was a foot of snow 
 on the ground. In 1826 the winti:r wiis so mild 
 that grass is said to have grown ,-i foot in January. 
 November 12, 1827, was remarkable as being a very 
 dark day. In October, 182S, there were extensive 
 fires in the woods, caused by lack of rain, and last- 
 ing for two weeks. They began on the Huron 
 River, and ran over a large portion of the State. It 
 was impossible to see hou.ses along the road. Arti- 
 cles exposed gathered a sticky residuum from the 
 smoke. It was humorously said that a pig which one 
 man killed became good bacon while he was dressing 
 it. 1829 was a dry season, but the traditional "six 
 weeks of sleighing in the month of February" were 
 duly enjoyed. On December 4. 1833, there was no 
 ice, and steamers and schooners were arriving and 
 departing. February 22, 1834, there was a great 
 gale of wind that l)lewdown chimneys and unroofed 
 houses. Fi'bruary 8. 1835, the mercury was below 
 zero all over the country. The winter of 1838 was 
 particularly mikl. ( )n Januai'y 8 the steamer Robert 
 Fulton arrived from lUilT.-ilo. March 23, 1840, a 
 snow-storm beg;ui which lasted eighteen hours, and 
 eight inches of snow fell. In 1S45 .steamers arrived 
 from Buffalo every month in the year. 
 
 In 1853, with the exception of a slight shower on 
 September i.^, there was no rain all the summer and 
 autumn, up to October 21. Fires in the woods were 
 numerous, and the fog in Detroit was disagreeable 
 and druigerous, old citizens actu;dly losing their way 
 in the .streets. The spring ;uid summer of 1855 
 were rainy, and the wheat w;is generally damaged; 
 the winter was cjuite severe. In January and Febru- 
 ary, 1856, there was continuous sleighing. In the 
 fall of 1856 and the winter of [857 the public were 
 amused with the prophecies of W. W. Ryan in 
 regard to the weather. On January 27 he gave a 
 lecture at the City Hall. In 1859 there was frost 
 every month, and especially heavy frosts on the 
 4th and loth of June and the 3d and 4th of July did 
 great damage to fruits and vegetables. January i, 
 1864, there was a sudden fall in temperature from 10° 
 above freezing point on December 31 to 20 "below on 
 January i. The summer of 1865 was one of the 
 hottest for many years, and much rain fell; the In- 
 dian Summer, extending all through November, was 
 particularly warm. From the 19th to the 20th of 
 January, 1866, the temperature fell 60°. On the 2d 
 and the 4th of May, 1867, there was a frost. On 
 the I.St and the 2d of March, 1868, immense quan- 
 tities of snow fell, almost stopping travel. Other 
 snow-storms came on the 2d, 3d, 4th, 7th, i8th, and 
 25th of .Vpril; in fact, all through the month, and all 
 thrr)ugh May, there were frosts, which were especially 
 noticeable on the i8th. On .\pril 12, 1869, there 
 was a light fall of snow, and on the next day a heavy 
 snow-storm. On October 23, while the trees were in 
 full foliage, six inches of snow fell, and many trees 
 
CLIMATE OF DKTROIT. 
 
 47 
 
 were broken with its weight. On April 26, 1870, 
 over one hundred vessels were waitin.u^ at the St. 
 Clair Flats for the iee to move out of the ehannel, 
 where it was fully ten feet in heitjht. 
 
 On April 20, 1871, ice one fourth of an ineh in 
 thickness formed at ni^dit; and on Auj^nst 17, 18, and 
 ig there were iieavy frosts. .\o rain had fallen for 
 a lonjj time, and it was very dry. In .September and 
 October there were extensive fires in Michij^an and 
 the West, followed by the i^reat fire in Chica,t,^o. 
 December 23, 1871, there was a severe wind-storm. 
 The winter which followed was very severe. 
 
 April 13, 1872, occurred a storm of wind, which 
 did much damai^e to vessels and poorly built houses. 
 
 January 29, 1873, was the coldest day of the 
 season, the mercury ranj^injj^ from 18 to 35' below 
 zero. April 3 two inches of snow fell. On December 
 4 a wind-storm did much damage, blowing down 
 chimneys and signs ami unrooting houses. 
 
 April 5, 1874, snow fell sullicit'nt for good sleigh- 
 ing, and on May 7 ic-e formed. The next month, on 
 June 28, the mercury was 98' in the shade. 
 
 On March 3, 1875, snow fell fifteen inches on a 
 level. On June 27 there was an occurrence entirely 
 unusual. -Vbout 6 i'. M. a whirlwind commenced 
 near the corner of Ash and Williams Streets, and 
 made its way across Crand River Avenue, a dis- 
 tance of nearly a mile, sweeping a track fully one 
 hundred and fifty feet wide, destroying thirty-three 
 small buildings and injuring twenty-eight others. 
 Two persons were killed and ten slightly injured. 
 
 March 20, 1876, there was a severe snow-storm. 
 July 5, there was a very heavy wind; trees were 
 uprooted, carriages and wagons overturned, vessels 
 dragged their anchors, and the ferry-boats were 
 compelled to stop running. In December ice 
 
 twelve inches in thickness was fornu'd in the river. 
 On the 15th and i6th, there was a very severe wind, 
 and the snow and ice were piled up in great masses 
 in front of the city. 
 
 On January 15, if'77, there was a heavy snow- 
 storm, which for a time stoi)ped all travel. Febru- 
 ary 7 was extraordinarily warm, and on March 20 
 there was a sh.irp snow-storm, accompanied by 
 thunder and lightning. It so affecti'd the ek'ctrical 
 apparatus in connection with the City Hall bell that 
 at every fia.sh the bell struck one. 
 
 In 1878 no ice formeil until February g. There 
 was no snow until February 1 1, and boats kept on 
 running. For a week in the July following, the 
 mercury ranged from 90° to ioo\ On July i there 
 was a very heavy thunder-storm and much rain. 
 
 In J;uniary and February, 1879, there were no 
 frosts, but on the 6th and the 17th of June this 
 remissness of the winter was atoned for. (^n July 
 10 there was an immense fall of rain, flooding the 
 sewers and filling cellars. On August i hailstones 
 as large as walnuts fell in great quantities; during 
 the last week in January, 1S81, and the first two 
 weeks in the February following, we had clear 
 weather and sunshine every day, and the ground 
 was entirely free from snow. 
 
 The first two weeks of February, 1883, were in 
 marked contrast ; there were several inches of snow, 
 and the trees during the entire period were covered 
 with sleet and ice. During the night of Monday, 
 May 21, there was a heavy wind, accompanied with 
 rain, which turned to hail and snow the next morn- 
 ing, the storm continuing at inter\-als all the day. 
 On the night of Septemlx'r 8 there was a heavy 
 frost, which did great damage to fruits and vege- 
 tables. 
 
 SPFcrMEN OP Tornado WoKK, {Fyoin a f<l,otofrafh.) 
 
CII AI'TER X. 
 
 DISEASKS.— DOCTORS. Ml'.DlCAI. SOflKTII'lS. 
 
 DISK, ASKS. 
 
 Di'VCRorr camiot he riTomniciulcd as the paradise 
 of ])liysicians. 'I'lu; j^ciieral inildiu-ss of llic climate, 
 liic pure breezes from tile river and lal<e, tlie com- 
 plete system of drainavje, for which there are excep- 
 tional facilitit'S, the inexhatistible supply of sujierior 
 water, the abinidance anil \ariety of tish, meat, 
 fruits, and wj^alables in its markets, the fa\'orable 
 sanitary contlitions, resiiltini,^ from our wide and 
 well-kept streets, the enlightened and efficient 
 efforts of the Health Officers and Sanitary Police, 
 the almost entire absence of tenement houses, and 
 the fact LJiat a lari^e majority of the inhabitants own 
 their homes, are ;ill to be taken into account in 
 explaininj^ its fortunate contlition as one of the most 
 healthy cities in the world. 
 
 In cases of disease, these ailvantai^es are favor- 
 able to the physicians, niakintj their prescrijjtions 
 more effective and increasinj>; the averaije of cures. 
 The doctors thus i;et full credit for their skill, and 
 this fact, added to other desirable features, makes 
 the city attracti\e to physicians as a place of resi- 
 dence, notwithstandintr its jreneral healthfiilness. 
 
 Durinyj the last forty years the prevailing; diseases 
 have been malarious fever, rheumatism, pneumonia, 
 choleraic affections, croup, and pleurisy. There 
 have also been occasional visitations of the ordi- 
 nary epidemic and contaii^ious diseases, such as 
 influen/.a, measles, sciirlet-fever, small-pox, etc., 
 and within twenty years typhoid, or rather typho- 
 malari.il fc\ers and diphtheria have been added to 
 the above list, whic-h, it will be observed, embraces 
 only the diseases common to temperate climates. 
 Detroit has an advanta^^e over other ordinarily 
 healthy cities in the same latitude, in that these dis- 
 eases, when they occur, are exceptionally mild in 
 type. The yearly death-rate averacfes only about 
 twenty for every i.ooo persons. The total number 
 of deaths reported in iSSowas 1,074; in 1881, 1,709; 
 in 1882, 2.712; and in 18S3, 2,957. 
 
 Old records show that in 1703 the small-pox 
 made severe inroads upon the infant colony. It is 
 also undoubtedly true that the first American settlers 
 suffered mucli from fever and ai;;ue, and whiskey, as 
 an antidote, wiis freely used by almost every one. 
 
 In Course of time quinine was substituted, and this, 
 combined with other remedies, was tlrst atlmiiiistered 
 under the n.ime of Dr. Saj^pinv^ton's I'ills. 
 
 In the fall and winter of 1813 a sex'ere epidemic 
 prc\ailed in Oeneral I larrison's army. Hundreds of 
 soldiers died, and were buricil near the fort. The 
 remo\al of their remains in 1826, ai the time the 
 Military Reserve was laiil out into lots, was doubt- 
 less one of the causes of the illni'ss of that vcar 
 which carried away II. J. Hunt, A. C. Whitney, and 
 other prominent citizens. 
 
 The first serious cpiilemic amoni^ citizens occurred 
 in 1832, and in anticipation of its cominj^- the Hoard 
 of Health, on June 25, issued ])rinted instructions 
 for the prevention and cure of the cholera, includinj); 
 lists of medicines and prcscriinions for children and 
 adults. The mayor's proclamation, ajipended to 
 these instructions, forbade vessels from any other 
 port to approach within a hundred yards, or to land 
 any person until after an examination by a health 
 oflicer. 
 
 On July 4 the .steamer Henry Clay arrived; she 
 was on her way to Chicai^^o with three hundred and 
 .seventy soldiers for tlu' Ulack Hawk War, under 
 command of Colonel T\\ij;j>-s. On July 5 one of the 
 soldiers died of cholera, and the vessel was immedi- 
 ately ordered to Hoij Island. From there she went 
 on her way, but the disease attacked so many of the 
 troops that it was useless for the vessel to proceed, 
 and she was compelled to stop at I'"ort (Iratiot. 
 From there the soldiers betjan to make their way to 
 Detroit, but many of them died on the road, and 
 were devoured by wild beasts ; only one hundred 
 and hfty reached the city, arrixiny; here about July 
 8. They then embarked on the steamboat \\'m. 
 Penn, but the disease compelled them to leave the 
 vessel, and they went into camp at Siiringwells, 
 where they remained until the scouixc had expended 
 its force. 
 
 Meanwhile, on July 6, two citizens died of the dis- 
 ease, and a panic was at once created. Many per- 
 sons left their business and tied from the city. In 
 the country the excitement was even greater than at 
 Detroit. On the arrival of the mail-coach at Ypsi- 
 lanti, the driver was ordered by a health officer to 
 
 [48] 
 
disi:asi;s. 
 
 49 
 
 stop, thai an examination of passt-iijujfrs niii^lit be 
 made. The driver rcfllsinl,^ his iiorscs were fired 
 on ; one was killed, and tiie driver iiitnself had a 
 narrow escape. At other jiiaci's fences wert' l)iiilt 
 across tile roads, and traveit'rs were compelled to 
 turn b.tck. At Rochester persons from Di'troit wt're 
 turned out of the hotel and their ha.i^.^ane thrown 
 after theni, and the [jridijes were tniMi ii]) to prevent 
 persons from enteriniithe vilLij^e. At I'ontiac ai)o(ly 
 of men were armed, and si'ntinels were stationed 
 on the hii^hw, y to ]ire\-ent ingress. One of the 
 citi/t'ns of this latter place, Dr. I'oriei-. canu' here to 
 investii^ate the tliseast', hut on his relui"n he was 
 refused admiltanee to his own home ;uid com|)elletl 
 to revisit our city. In Detroit the lioard of Health 
 issued ren'iiiar bulletins, ;nul the court and jury- 
 rooms in the old capitol wxre used for hospital ]nir- 
 poses. Hy .Auj,Mist i 5 the epidemic was ])ractical!y 
 over. The deaths, nini'ty-six in number, could be 
 ir.'iced in most instances to iiUemper.ance ar,(l care- 
 lessness. 
 
 Two years later the disease ai;;iiu .appeared, ;uul 
 this time with added horrors. It l)ei;;in its work of 
 destruction the first of .\uniist, .and continued till the 
 last of Se|)teml)ei. The i^featest number of deaths 
 in any one d.ay was sixteen. In twenty days there 
 were one hunilred and twenty-two di-.aths fi'om 
 cholera, .and tifty-seven from other causes. Ninety- 
 five of these victims were str.an^'ers. Se\-en per 
 cent of the population died in a month. 'J'he old- 
 est and best citizens, as well as those conipar.ati\'ely 
 unknown, were numbered amoni( the dead. Busi- 
 ness was hardly thoui;ht of. 'I'he air appe.ari'd un- 
 usually oppressive, and to |)urify it l.irne ki'ttles of 
 pitch were burned at ni^ht in front of v.arioiis houses, 
 and at interv.als aloni^ the streits; the burial rite was 
 shortened; and persons were not .allowed to enter 
 or leave the city without inspection .and due del.iy. 
 It h.ad been the laistom to toll the bell on llu' occa- 
 sion of a death, but the tolling' became so fre()uent 
 th.at it iiKa'cased the i),anic, ,and w, as therefore discon- 
 tinued. 
 
 Mayor Trowbridi^e w.as especially .activt'. D.ay 
 after day he visited the hospital, .and in m.any w.ays 
 cared for the sick, most honor.ably fultdliuj;- his 
 duties as the chief m.a^istrate of the city in its time 
 of {greatest nwd. ;\ nurse corps w.as ort;'.ani/ed. .and 
 anioni; those who (L^.ave sjieci.al and |ierson.il .atten- 
 tion to the p.atients were Drs. Whitiny, Rice, .and 
 Chapin, Peter Desnoyers, Z. Ch.andler, John i''.armer, 
 and W, N. C.ariienter. 
 
 Some of the p.atients were s,a\ed by the c.ire of 
 volunteer attendants .after they h.ad been i^iven up by 
 the reinul.ar physici.ans. In the case of one ni.in thus 
 fr'wvu o\-er, Mr. I'.irmer .asked if he mii;ht ni\e the 
 man some " No. 6." The .answer w.as " ^'es ; ^ixc 
 him anienic if you want to," meanini; that the 
 
 man's case w.as hojieless. Some " No. '') " was .ad- 
 ministered; the man's jnilse ri'turned. he ii^ot better, 
 .an.d in three d.ays w.as uji .and ,at his work. 
 
 Tall, strong-, bnive l.ather M.artiu Kiuulii;- out- 
 shone .and oultlid .all others by his tireless devotion 
 to the sick .and tlu- dyini;. So(jn after the cholera 
 madt' its appear.ance, l'"ather Kundi.i^ bou,i(ht the old 
 l'resl)\ teri.in Clninh, which h.ad just been moved to 
 till' northwest corner of li.ates Street and Michi).;an 
 (ir.and .Avenue, .and divided it into two ap.artments, 
 for m.ale .and female patients rt'specti\ely. ( )ut of 
 four rows of pews, every second one was removed, 
 and his hosiiital w.as re.atly, A one-horse ambulance 
 was then prepared, .and mornintj after mornini;', ni,v;ht 
 after nii^ht, he wint here and there, j.j<atlu'rinn' in the 
 sick .and t.akini^- them to the refuse which combined 
 s.anctuary .and hospit.al. lie w.as so much of the 
 time .amoinf the p.alients that he was .axoided on the 
 stia'cts lest he should s[)re.ad thi' cont.i)L;ion. I'viiig 
 |)alients, as the\' p.issed .aw.ay, connnitted their chil- 
 dren to his care, and ilie trust was f.aithfully admin- 
 istered. The Le.nisl.alure, on March i.S, 1H37, voted 
 him $3,000 in .acknowletl^inent of his services ; but, 
 as is show 11 elsewhere, he w.as never fully reimbursed 
 for the expenses he iiKan'red. 
 
 1''.u1k r Kuiulii;' w.as ably seion.ded by the Catholic 
 Kemale Association and by the Sisti'rs of St. ClairC' 
 Mi'. Alpheus While .also rendered el'licient aid, not 
 only ncL^K'ciiiu.;- his business himself, but xi\in,i,^ also 
 the time of his employees. 
 
 In June, 1X49, the reappearance of the cholera 
 w.as feared, ,and the follow ini( notice appeared in the 
 daily papers : 
 
 riiK piMiMt: scHooi-s:. 
 
 I-'ritla)', the jjtl in-^t. li;i\iii,i.; l)i'.'n a|)|j.)iiUt-il l)y liis Honor, ttie 
 Mayor, iis a clay of prayir, fastiiij;, and Uianks^'iviu>; in view of 
 an ini|)i'nding and tfrril)le yet witliluld cpidrniir, llir I'nljlic 
 Stliools of till.- cily will llirrcforc l)c- dismissed for tliat day. 
 
 l.K\l lilSllcil', 
 Chiih-num Vt>nniiittie on Sihools. 
 
 .At this time the citizens turned out in force to 
 clean up the city and to sei' that .all nuisances were 
 abated. The Common Council, ,at the sin.;-,ijestion of 
 the lioard of Health, n.issed an ordinance forbiddinjr 
 the sale of fresh tlsh, oysters, fruits, xeoetables, \'eal, 
 or pork. On |ul\' 9 the first death took place. July 
 16 there were three deaths. July 18 there were 
 four, and on the i9ih there were ten ca.ses of 
 choler.a. On tlu' 23d three died, and on the 25th 
 .seven deaths were reported. The niort.ality con- 
 tinued to iiu fease, the .a,n'nTe,y;ate of interments for 
 the month bein;;' se\en hundred .and eighty-one. 
 The avcr.aife of deaths from choler.a w.as twelve per 
 day, and on several days the number of deaths 
 r.ani^ed from thirty-tive to forty. From the 1st to the 
 2oth of Aui^ust the number of deaths was two hun- 
 dred .and ei,nhty. 
 
50 
 
 DISEASI'.S. — DOCroKS.-MKDICAL SDCIIuTIKS. 
 
 The scoiiri,re, at tliis tiiiK', was a national one, rtnd 
 by ])n)claniati(iii of I'lvsidcnt Taylor ilie first l''ri(lay 
 ill August was oi)scrvc(l as a day of fasliiiy^ and 
 prayer. Soon after this tlu; mortality decreased, and 
 on Aui^iist 22 a Committee of the L'oiineil, ap|)ointed 
 to make a daily re|)ort, was disehai'm'd, and the ordi- 
 nance prohihitini,' the sale of certain fruits, meats 
 and ve,ijetal)les was rescinded. < )n Aii.i,aist 25 the 
 disease a^ain broke ont, nii^ed with vinilence until 
 the early part of SeptembiT, and then i^radiially snb- 
 sided. Its last victim died on Sei)tember 12. 
 
 In 1X54 the ]iestilence ai(ain visited the city, and 
 the |);i|)ers made daily a|:)pe;ils tociti/.ens to " sprinkle 
 lime." It made its appearance in the latter |),irt of 
 May. In Jnne the number of deaths avera,v;x'(l two 
 or three per day. In July the number of deaths 
 from all causes was two hiuidred and fifty-nine, a 
 majority beini;' ri'ported as from cholera. Diu'iny 
 Augtist the scourge disap[)earetl. 
 
 llOCl'OKS. 
 
 " Medicine men " are no modern innovation. 
 The red men of the forest used Umg words and mys- 
 terious decoctions long before the French chintr- 
 i^eoiis came. The Wa-be-no, a secret society of In- 
 dian prophets, or medicine men, once held its annual 
 meeting near Springwells, and their mystic incanta- 
 tions and incomprehensible compounds formed a 
 fitting prelude to the cabalistit; signs and abbreviated 
 Latin of their regular and irregular successors. 
 
 The old records of St. Anne's Church contain the 
 names, not only of the cures, but of the healers as 
 well, and as early as May 9, 17 10, the name of 
 M. Henry Hellisle, Cliiniri^con, was inscribed there- 
 in. The names of others appear, on the following 
 diites : November 26, 1715, M.Jean Haptiste For- 
 ester; January 20, 1720, .M. Pierre Jean Chapaton, 
 Jr. February 8, 1755, the name of (iabriel Christo- 
 pher Legrand, "Surgeon-Major of the Troops," 
 appears. The records also show that, as a titled 
 surgeon, he outranked any of his predecessors or 
 successors. He was the ".son of (iabriel Louis Le- 
 grand, ICsq., Sieur de Sintre, Viscount de Mortoim, 
 Chevalier of the Royal and Military Order of St. 
 Louis, and of Henriette Catharine de Creniay." 
 
 A return of January 12, 1761, by Cieorge Croghan, 
 of i)ersons employed by the (iovernment at Detroit, 
 contains the name of " Doctor Antoney," at " live 
 shillings per day." This is undoubtedly meant for 
 the name of Dr. (leorge C. .Inthon. He came to 
 Detroit on November 29, 1760, with Major Rogers, 
 and was the .sole medical officer of the post. The 
 troops of the army and navy, the inhal)itants, and 
 the Indians, all alike in turn were patients of tliis 
 gifted physician. He resigned on August 4, 1786. 
 In 1780 the name of Dr. William Menzies ap- 
 pears. 
 
 The earlier physicians carried medicines and little 
 scales, wi-ighing out their pre.scri])tions ,'it the houses 
 of their ii.'itients, .and their long<'ues, powdered hair, 
 ■and rul'tk'd shirt-fronts enforced the rt'spi'cl which 
 their jirofession conimandetl. In his reflation to 
 their pt'rson.il well-being, the doctor often comes to 
 be esteemed and ri'verenced .among men as much 
 as the i),istor. His touch .and his tread become 
 known .and loved, .and his (luestions .and his (|uassia 
 even are longed for. The n.imes of some of the 
 physici.ans of the ])ast .are "as ointment poured 
 forth." ;ui(l their memory lingers like the perfume of 
 cedars; strength .and gr.ice were theirs. Among the 
 most widely known of the i)hysici.ins of former days 
 were the following : 
 
 William McCroskey, William 15rown, Stephen C. 
 Henry, J. L. Whiting, M.irsh.tU Ch.apin, Dougkis 
 Houghton, 1".. lliu-d, Zin.i I'itcher, A. L. I'orter, R. 
 S. Rice. Slulomilh S. ilall, .1. R. 'i"erry, ( '.eorge B. 
 Russell, .\br.ih.am S.iger. [. 1>. Scovel, L. I'. Starkey, 
 Robert McAIillan, T. 11. Cl.ark, V.. A. Theiller, H. P. 
 Cobb, L. H. Cobb, F. (i. Di'snoyers, I'"rancis Breck- 
 enridge, Justin Rice, Linus Mott, J. H. Bagg, E. W. 
 Cowles, Pliny Power, Moses (kmn, J. C. (lorton, E. 
 B.atwell, C. S. Trii)ler, C. N. Fge, Ira M. Allen, J. 
 M. .\lden, David Inglis, F. H. Dr.ike, Cieorge Bige- 
 low, F. \L Clark, .\. L. Lel.and, J. J. Oakley, Lsaac 
 S. Smith, N. 1). Stebbins, S. B. Thayer, S.'m. Ax- 
 ford, Rufus Brown, I). Day, F. R.ane, A. B. Palmer, 
 L. C. Rose, M. P. Stewart, S. (L Armor, A. S. Hea- 
 ton, and I). O. F.arr.ind. 
 
 The physicians now resident in Detroit are located 
 conveniently all over the city. Many of them are 
 established on .anil near Lafayette Avenue, and those 
 desiring treatment by any of the popular "pathies " 
 of the day can l^e acconunodated. 
 
 Two .Medical Colleges gradu.ate .a large niunber of 
 students every ye.ar, sever.al excellent hosjiit.als afford 
 exceptional clinical advantages, and .a number of 
 valuable medical joinai.als .are published in the city. 
 
 MKDK Af, .SOLIKTIKS. 
 
 While the doctors have often been enabled to 
 keep their patients alive, their own societies have 
 over .and .ag.ain died for want of care and because of 
 improper treatment. It is evidently easier to com- 
 pound drugs th.an to harmonize the views of mem- 
 bers of the profession, and a di.agnosis of some 
 " Society" cases would perhaps reveal .symptoms of 
 ment.al poisoning. 
 
 The first society w.as authorized by an Act of the 
 Legislative Council of June 14, 1819. Under this 
 Act the physici.ans .and surgeons of the Territory 
 were .authorized to meet in Detroit on July 3, 1819, 
 to form a medical society, 
 
 The Act also i^rovided for the formation of county 
 societies, who were authorized to e.xamine persons 
 
 si'i'king tc 
 fee of Sio 
 without su 
 .aster of so 
 these org.ai 
 Society w; 
 president ;i 
 ye.ars later 
 organized. 
 Medical Si 
 lived for t 
 on .August 
 n.ame w.as 
 aiul W. 1 1 
 organizatio 
 A W.ayi 
 org.anized J 
 for ten ye; 
 Honid'opat 
 org.anized 
 J.anu.ary 20 
 this institu 
 1878-1SS1. 
 1882, R. ( 
 Porter. 1 
 1S83 
 maintained 
 
MEDICAL socii:tii:s. 
 
 51 
 
 si.'fkiiin' to jiracticc, and to t;rant diplomas. A 
 ka; of Sio was to l)c \xM for v;n-\\ diplonia, and 
 without siuli (li|)loina no one inii^lit practice. Dis- 
 aster of sonic l<in(l soon terminated tile existence of 
 these ()rt,^'uii/.ations. In 1839 tlu' Micliiyan Medical 
 Society was in existence, with D. ( ). Iloyt as 
 president ;ind !■".. \V. Cowles as secretary. A few 
 years later the Sydenham Medical Society was 
 orc^anizcd. It ceased in I1S4S. The Wayne County 
 Medical Society w.is ori^ani/.ed in May, 1S66, and 
 lived for ten years. It was then dish.anded, and 
 on An,!L;iist (7, hS;^, n new society by the .same 
 name was ori;ani/,ed. William Jirodie, president, 
 and \V. 11. Rouse, secretary, have served from its 
 organization. 
 
 A Wayne County I lomneopathit: Institute was 
 orirruiized July 3, i<S6S, and continued in existence 
 for ten years. It was succeeded, in 1878, by the 
 Ilonid'opathic Collejije of I'hysici.ans and Sur.i,^eons, 
 orii^ani/.ed October 2\, 1878, and incorporated on 
 January 20, 1879. The presidents and recorders of 
 this institute have been as follows : Presidents,— 
 1878-1881, K. X. Sprani^er; i88[. C. C. .Miller; 
 1S82, R. C. Olin; 1883, J. McCuire; 1884, I'hil. 
 I'orter. Recorders, — 1878-1883, J. C. Gilchrist; 
 1883 , J. M. Cririin. Since April, iSSo, it has 
 
 maintaineJ a Free Dispensary, which is a con- 
 
 tinu.ition of a I'rce Iloma-oiiathic Dispensary organ- 
 ized by a number of ladies in 1876. 
 
 The Detroit Academy of Medicine was organized 
 on .September 18, 1869, at the ollice of Richard 
 Inglis. The otlicers h.ivi' been ,'is follows: I'resi- 
 deiits, — 1869, Rich.ird Inglis; 1870, !•;. W. Jenks; 
 
 1871, II. I". I.yslir; 1872, J;uiies F. \oyes; 1873, 
 Henry A. Cleland ; 1874, K. L. Shurly; 1875, C. B. 
 (filbert; 1876, ("leorge I'. Andrews; 1877, Leartus 
 Connor; 1878, A. 15. Lyons; 1S79 ;md 1S80, Theo- 
 dore A. .McC.r.iw; 18S1, 11. (). Walker; 1882- 
 
 , Judson llr.idlcy. .Secretaries, — 1869, W. II. 
 Lathrop; 1870, .A. I>. Lyons; 1871, L. Connor; 
 
 1872, A. H. Lyons; 1873, i'"r;uik Livermore; 1874, 
 A. li. Lyons; 1875. II. (). W.alker; 1876 and 1877, 
 James I). Munson; 1878, ]•;. A. Chapoton; 1879 
 and 1880, J. \V. Robertson; 1881, A. K. Carrier; 
 1882, Morse Stew.irt, Jr.; 1883- , A. H. Lyons. 
 
 The Detroit Medical and Library Association was 
 organized October 4, 1876, and incnr|iorated March 
 12, 1877. The officers have been as follows: 
 Presidents, — 1877, J. .V. lirown ; 1878, A. .S. Ileaton; 
 1879, K. L. Shurly; 1880, II. A. Cleland; 1881, 
 T. A. McC.raw; 1882, X. W. Webber ; 1883 
 R. A. Jamieson. .Secretaries, - 1877 and 1878,'!'. 
 F. Kerr; 1879, F. D. Porter; 1880- , Willard 
 Chaney. 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 
C]':Mi'/n:uii:s. 
 
 C II A I'T I': R XI 
 
 Al.S AND Sl'.Xl'ONS. ColNTV Ci )Ri )NI:RS. 
 
 cIvMi;ii:kii.s. 
 Till': fcnii'teries of the past ami the present aiv 
 naturally tlu'idcd into ci^lit classes, \i/. : Tlu- old 
 Indian burial ])laccs, the Military, Catliolir. I'roiis- 
 tant, t'ily, Jewish, .and l.iilhci'.in ;>;rnunds, ;uul the 
 ccniftrrics of piixalc i'oi-porati<ins, 
 
 lihii'aii lUiiial I'liUiS. 
 
 " They h;i\'c put tin- s.iiid o\rr him " w;is the 
 common Indi.m rxprrssion whm lcllini;(if the death 
 of one of the tribe, I )iie of ihi' plares where the 
 hiilian de.ad were buried was the N,i\arre' I'';irm, 
 more lately known as the llrt'voort [''.nan. I><iih 
 the village! and the buri.al place of the I'oi.iwat.imies 
 were there, and the tiibe deeded tiie entire' f.iian to 
 Robert \';i\-;iri-e on M.iy 26, 1771, The ikwl s.iid, 
 "We ,i;'i\-e him this land fore\-ei- that he m,i\- culti- 
 vate, till! same li'^ht ,a lire thereon, ,ind take c.ire of 
 our de.ad ; and for suret\- of oui" word we h.ive 
 made oin- mai'ks, sup|)orted by two br.anches of 
 w.ampimi." .\t v.arions times since the det'd w.as 
 made the march of im|)ro\ement and the siiovel 
 of tile Milesian have si'riously disturbed the le- 
 m.ains of the dusky foiaiis there buried. In 1S67, 
 while W'oodbrid.ne .Street w.as bein,v^\!L;raded, twenty- 
 live or thirty skeletons were exluuned. There were 
 also fountl several pipe-bowls, to^ellier with tom.a- 
 hawks .and llints in i;re,it number. ( )ther remains 
 have been found within the last few years, 
 
 Milita>y Binyi/i^' {hnuiids. 
 
 As early .is \'](^'s, and prob.ibly nmch e.irlier, the 
 j^routid inmiediately in t!ie re.ar of the present First 
 N;ition;il I5ank Vwis used .as a milit.iry i)iu-i;il-place. 
 After the l)attle of Bloody ISriiljre, or liloody Rini, 
 the reiiKiins of Captain D.ilyeii,' anil other oflicers 
 who perished in lh.it fe;M-ful mass.acre, were buried 
 there. In i(S47, while workmen were exc.av.atini;- 
 for ;i buildini;- near die northeast corner of Ciriswold 
 and \Voodbridj;e Streets, skeletons .and portions of 
 oId_ tonil).st()ne.s were found; .and one stone w.as 
 broken up and put in the cellar-w.ill. It is ;i s.ad 
 cnmment.'irv on the spirit of the .a-c tli.it there is 
 scarce a ii;nive or i^nivestone left, or even .a record 
 of the present pl.ice of burial of those who dieil at 
 
 Detroit ,a ccnlurv ai;o. .VII, ,ill, h.ive dis.ippe.ired I 
 The tombstone of ll.amtr.amck .alone I'ein.ains as a 
 memorial stone for the: thous.ands who p.assed away 
 before him. 
 
 In i.Si;, .and lan-r, ,1 poi'iiou of the ,i;i'oiinils be- 
 loni^inv; to I'ort .Slulbv, .and even the j^i.aci^: itself, 
 w.as used .as .a buri.al-pl.nc. Seven bundled soldiers 
 Were buried West of the fort in the winter of 1S13- 
 1S14. ( )n < >et(]ber 51, 1X17, Lieutenant John 15r(.oks 
 w.as burn d 011 iju' ,i:;roun(ls of the fort, I'lieri: was 
 ,1 lon;^' fimcr.al procession, and the servii'es were con- 
 ducted by Rev. .\lr. I.,arned, 
 
 After the jL;rantinn- of the .Milil.i:-y Ki'serve to the 
 city, the street commissionei-, on .Vui.;nst 27, 1X27, 
 was directed to re-inter, in the new cemetery, the 
 bones of soldiers which were exposed by ^r.adinn' 
 .about tlie foit ; .and .1 l,ir>^-e number were removed. 
 'Idle .i^roiind w.as located bctwi-en .Michigan .and La- 
 f.iyette .Avenues, and ociuipied .a ji.art of both blocks 
 between \\'a\ ne .and I'ii'st Streets. In 1 .S 
 
 33' 
 
 wlieii 
 
 > Often written Ualzell 
 
 Cass Street w.as Wwv^ pawd, many cot'fms were dut; 
 up, .and exc.av.ations for cell.ars in th.at loc.ality have 
 frequently unearthed other old i;r,ives. In 1869 
 twenty-live bodies Were duv;- up on Ca.ss Street, and 
 in i.S.Si, while prep.ua'ni;- found.alions for a new block 
 on the coiaier of MichiL;",in A\enue .and Cass Street, 
 the rem.iins of sever.al bodies \wxii revealed. 
 
 The little enclosure showai ;it the left in the pic- 
 ture of Deti'oit in I7</) is bi'liewd to h.i\e been a 
 ijr.avey.ai'd, .and from ;i comp.iia'son of ni.aps and 
 pl.ans it seems prob.ible that the bones alluded to in 
 the Detroit Journ.al of December 9, I1S29, were from 
 this little niilit.ary bnri.al-|il;ice. The [ourn.al .s.ays: 
 
 'I'lu- uiMkiiu-ii ciiipl.ijTcl hj- Maj.)r Si h wail/ in niinn ill,., i-urth 
 fiDiii priiiiiMS adjiiiiiini; tlu; .Maiisimi It.mse in this city disciivcred 
 a toiiibst.iiu; iiisciilird til t'.nsi.is'ii Jiiliii ( layu of jist Kiijiniciit of 
 KcKit. Masonic cmhlnns aro iiii;TavLd ml it. '\\\k date is 1778. 
 
 What was done with tiie stone is now unknown. 
 
 Catholic C 'riiti-trrics. 
 The location of the earliest known burial-pl.ace is 
 showai on the in;ii)s of 1749 .and 1796. The records 
 of St. Anne's Church st.ate tli.at on June 25. 1755, 
 certain bodies were tr.ansferred from the old ceme- 
 tery to the new one. This new cemetery w.as inside 
 of the stock.ade,.and covered a portion of the irroiinds 
 of St. Anne's Church, then located on wli.at is now 
 Jefferson Avenue, between C.riswold and Shelbv 
 
 [52] 
 
 Streets, 
 n.ames of 
 other per>- 
 were buri 
 stock.ade 
 
 1755. •■i'kI 
 time to bri 
 
 cluna-h. 
 buried abo 
 nesses w h( 
 .a portion 
 from time 
 been iii.adi 
 m.ains li.av 
 was laid ( 
 old )j;r.ive\ 
 feeliui;, .aiu 
 (juadr.ani^ii 
 church, I'.ai 
 and Judm"- 
 f|Uestion w 
 l*'l;mcl, in 
 Anne's rec 
 rem.ains fro 
 
 1817, llu- 111 
 wc, nndcrsii^ni 
 ini'iit (if .1 ci It 
 strt'tt, wlirre 
 Cliurili c,f St. 
 ([iiirfd tiTfiiiiH 
 liiiryiiii; ,i;niiin 
 I lulu, is, aiitl a 
 
 It was as 
 St, Anne's 
 l..arned Stfi 
 
 
 ^g^v rrHv--v;.^-:- : 
 
ci:.\ii:ri;Kii.s. 
 
 .■^0 
 
 Stri'fts. TIk' nconls of St. Anne's fluircli \^]\r tlic 
 iiaini'S of a nuinhci" of priests, coinniandaiiis, and 
 otlier piTsons of (lislinciiou who, at \ai-ious ])crio(ls, 
 wiTi.' burieil i'\tn within the •iiureh w.ills, Tiie 
 stoei<a<lc was enlaiXfd just l)efore tlie removal in 
 1755, and tliis seems to have i)een di'emed a litiini; 
 time to brinj; certain rt'mains into,y;roim(l ne.irer llie 
 ehureh. It is well known that many |)ersons were 
 buried about the old ehnreh, and lhei-e are livini;- wit- 
 nesses who, as late as i<Si.S, s;iw i;ra\es oeeiipyini,;' 
 a portion of what is now Jeffi'rson Avenue ; and 
 from time to time since then, as (■xca\;itions ha\e 
 in'cn made for sewers and cell.irs in tile vicinity, re- 
 mains have i)een nncovcri'd. W'lu'n the new town 
 was laid out in i.S(y), the (iiies'.ion of .allowinv;' the 
 old >rra\'eyar(ls to remain ^as'e rise to much hard 
 fi'i'linit;', and for ni'arly a do/en \eai's there w;is ;i 
 (|ua(lrani;iilar stru!iri;k' lutwei'n two p.arlics in the 
 cluu'ch, fathei- Richard, tlu' pi'icst, ,ind the ( lovcrnor 
 and Judi^i'S, as to the \-acatinj4 of the ^-rounds. The 
 question was not st'ttled until the arriwil of I'lishop 
 Fla.i^et, ill iSiS. The following; transcript from St. 
 Anne's records ni\'es the dati' of removal of certain 
 remains from the old i^routids : 
 
 1817, llir liist (l.iy cif .M:iy ;iii(l ihr lUih of tin- stmie nioiitli, 
 wr, iimliisiKiKd priest n-i'tiir l^l St. .Ainu's, liavc' maiU: (lisiiUif- 
 min; iif a ci-rtiiiii (inaiitity iif l)iiiits friim tlic iniddii' nl tin- in.iiii 
 strc(l, wlurc wcri' foriniTly tin- i>lil liiiryin.i,' y;iniMi(ls ami ukl 
 Cluirili cif St. Anne. Wc- hiiriiil tlnsi! rcinaiiis, with all tlu^rr- 
 (liiiri-d ii-i-fmuiiii s, ui Ji Miiiaii; ).;ra\-i-, in the mi(l<lli' of tin- new 
 huiyini; Kruunil ; lliis in pi-iisun<c of the inulcrsij,'nicl, I'.tiumi'j 
 I Uiliois, uiul a .uriat number of pioplr. 
 
 (Sixiud) I'', r 1 1' N N !■: riiimts, 
 
 ( ;,\i:Kn I. Rii 11 \i;ii. 
 
 It was as a i/zc/y /;7' i/;fi> for these ,!i.;rounds that 
 St. .Anne's Church recei\-i'd the lai;i.;e, tract un 
 L.anieil Street, east of liates Street, 
 
 .\n old memorial, dated .April 22. 1S07, addressed 
 to the (lovi'rnor and Jii<lv;('s, says: 
 
 .\liont the year ]y<t'> or '117 it was (Icrtncd ixpi-dienl for tin- 
 liiiiilii .■iiid liialili of tlic inli.ilpitanis of tlir amicnt town of I'l'- 
 troil (I oiisidiTin^' till- ).;rcal li-ni;ili of time tlial the small spaee of 
 ).;ronnd ,'idjaeeiit to the i hnreh has heeii used as a pulilic plan- of 
 interment I that .i new linrial-.tfroniid should he allotted to (iiiri<in- 
 ^rev;ation on the then pnhlii: eoinnions. .\< eordinj..'I>' the ground 
 wliiih We now hold was ])ieketed in, with the approbation ol Ihi' 
 (orporation of liitmit, and tln^ <'ojisi'nt of ('dlonel llamtranxk, 
 the military (imnnandanl of this plac f, nniler whose jnrisdietioii 
 the etitiunnns was then in some measure eonsidi-red. 
 
 The statements of the memorial are conrirmed l)y 
 a letter from I'eter .Aiiih.iin to ( iovernor St. Cl.iir. 
 dated November i, i7y<S, on file at Columbus, < )hio. 
 It says: 
 
 1 think it my duty to inform your I'.xcelleney that the com- 
 mamlaru of this post has v;ranli-tl an aert; of v^roiind on tln^ com- 
 mons joining' the town, to he nsi-d a^ .i linryim; ,i;romid liy the 
 Roman Catholics. This i,;rant aiiswirs a \ ery ^ood pnr|)os<', as 
 the old hnryinj.; ;;romul jomini^ their ehnreh and within the pickets 
 K sM full that it IS a real pidilie nuisance, and h;is been preseiiteil 
 as such liy sexer.d utand juries. 
 
 Thei^rouiids on I.;irned Street, thus obtained, con- 
 tinued to be used up to 1S27, when the city j^a\c the 
 C.itholics the use of one half of the then new City 
 Cemetiry on the ISi'aubien I'arm. 
 
 Mount l-'.lliott C '(•iiirtrry. 
 This is located on the l.eib I-';irm, and is bounded 
 bvCerman .Street on the north, Macomb .Street on 
 the south, .M(}uiit Mlliott .\\enue on the east, and 
 J''.lmwdod C'eiiU'li'rv on the west. In 181S2 it con- 
 tained siNtv-li\'e acres. The first imrchase of 
 eleven acres w;is made on .An,t;iist 31, I1S41. 'fhe 
 cemetery is named after Robert T. l'".lliott, one of 
 the original pi-ojectors and |)urchasers. His own 
 
 interment, the first in the 
 grounds, took place on 
 September 12, 1841. I-'rom 
 that day to January, 1884, 
 the aggregate of inter- 
 ments reached about 25,- 
 765, not including the re- 
 mains of 1,490 graves 
 removed from the old City 
 Cemetery on the Beaubien 
 Farm in the fall of 1869. 
 
 The ground is laitl out 
 into about 6,000 lots, of 
 which upw.ards of 4,000 
 ha\e been sold at ])riccs 
 r.anging from $25 to S300. 
 Single graves are sold at 
 a tixed |irice and the pcxir 
 are buried free. The cost 
 of the several piirelia.scs of 
 land up to 18S4 amounted 
 to $45,190, and nearly an 
 
 * 
 
54 
 
 ci:mi:i'i:kii'.s. 
 
 equal amount lias bctii txiHiuIrd fnr inipidM- 
 iiiLiits. 'I'lic ci'Muacry was (>|)t'n((l in Si'|)t<inl)rr, 
 1841, and was conscrrati'd liu' same year liy liishop 
 Lcfcvrc. A second lot of .i,M'ound was lonsccralcd 
 
 Wa 
 
 R.'br .-iZ.ti 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 ai 
 
 III 
 
 iilii 
 
 m 
 
 mmm 
 ifiiiii 
 
 \'f \^ ■••'•'■!'' Ki'<fv[';i;'l.': K 
 
 Lii:.;iliiC'i:Etid:£li:t; 
 
 , 11,. 1. 1 1 1 II M 1 M i> . ii; \ ^l..l;l . |i:.,i.i ;i 1.1 1 ':/. f.rt 
 
 LLi.L'A-'J-LUJJ.b.LLLlL-'J f Ni 1 1 ll ■ 1 I II 1 1 . \/^/, I I'l 1 
 
 *: — .'Vi rt ,' • ■ ■ ■ ' — 'J ■ .' ■ ■ ■i,'^,',' ll."., wiifii •. ,,' 
 
 iUiLia; liltKjiWiWIyy 
 
 ^itilw 1; ; i^yj-v. CI' ':■+:•:■ W "SniiS wl 
 
 iil 
 
 
 Map of Mr. Elliott Cemetery, 
 
 l)y the sanir prelate on Deeeniher 7, iSd,, anda later 
 purchase by liishop ilorj^'ess on ( irtoher ifi, iSISi. 
 
 A stone jt^ateway was eom|)leted in .September, 
 1 882, at aeostof §6,000. The eemetery was originally 
 undiT the direct care of the bishop of the diocese. 
 On November 5, 18^15, it was incorporated, and 
 placed in the care of twi'Ke trustees, two each beinitt 
 ilecled from the parishes of St. I'eter and St. I'aul, 
 St. .\nne"s, .St, Mary's, Holy Trinity, St. Joseph's, 
 and St. Patrick's. <M those tlrsi chosen only Messrs. 
 I'.llioti and Ihlfron i-emain on the board. The 
 Hoard of 'I'rustees in 1883 was as follows: From 
 the Church of St. i'eter ;uid I'.aul, Richard K. I'.lliott, 
 Henry I ). IS.irnard; fi-om St. .\nne's, Alexander V.. 
 \'i,!L;er, [osi'|)h W. Moore; from .St. Mary's, {'"rancis 
 I'et/, Josi'ph Scluilte; from Holy Trinity, Jeremiah 
 
 Calnon, John .Mon;it;h;in; from .St. Jost'ph's, 
 
 , .\. I'l'tx; from St. I'atrick's, John Heffron, 
 
 C. J. O'Klynn. 
 
 When the v;r"und was tn-st opened it was placed 
 in ehariiie of !'. ISiirns, who in 1872 was suecei'ded 
 by John Ktid. ( >ne of the chief points of interest 
 is the ^fasi' ;c,ul tombstone of Colonel John l''rancis 
 ll.imtramck. the tlrst American conun.andant at 
 Di'troit. Ik: was oriv^in.illy binaed in the iLjraxi'yard 
 of St. Anne's, but in July, 1866, uiuk'r the super- 
 inti'iidenc cof K. R. I'.lliott, the remains were ri'moved, 
 placi'd in an oaken e.asket, and (k'posiled in Mount 
 Illliott. '{'he i;ra\'e is locati'd at the intersi'ction of 
 .Shaw^■ and Resurrection Avenues. The inscription 
 on the stone is as follows : 
 
 S;iilV(l 
 
 to tlie Mciunry (if 
 
 Jolni I-"rani-is IlanUranu k, I"'s(i., 
 
 C'oldiicl (if till- I^t t'liiti-il SiMtis Ki>;im(]it of Infantry 
 
 and 
 
 Cdinnianilant of 
 
 T)ctr(iit and its I Jcpcndcniit^s. 
 
 He departed litis life mi tlii! iitli of Ajiril, i.So;, 
 
 Aged 45 years, 7 ntontlis iV ;>S days. 
 
 'I'rne Patriotism, 
 
 And a /ealoiisattaelimeiit to Nation, d lilierly, 
 
 Joined to a !andal)li' anil>ition 
 
 Ii il hii'i 'nto Military serviee at an early 
 
 period of his life. 
 
 lie \v;is it soldier even before he was a man. 
 
 lie was an aeti\-e participator 
 in all the I lan^'ers, I liHienlties and honors 
 
 of the Re\-olntionar)' War; 
 
 And his heroism and nniform good eondnet 
 
 proetn'ed him the attention and personal th.mks of 
 
 tlie immortal Washington. 
 
 'the I'nited .States in him have lost 
 
 A valuable olVieer and a i;ood citi/en, 
 
 And Soeietyan I'sefiil and I'leasant Member; 
 
 to his family the loss is inealeidable, 
 
 and his friends will never forxt't 
 
 the Memory of Ilamtramek. 
 
 'this hnndile monument is placed over 
 
 his Remains 
 
 by the oO'ieers who had the Honor 
 
 to ser\'e under his command — 
 A ymall but Ki'ateful tribute to 
 liis merit 
 
 and 
 his worth. 
 
■ 
 
 ci:mi:i'i;kii:s. 
 
 n.T 
 
 
 Proft •s/a lit Ci nil trrit -.v. 
 
 'I'lie earliest record foiieerniiix a I'rotestani ceiiu- 
 tery is eoiitaiiii'ii in the proeeediiij^s of liu' Hoard of 
 Trusu-es for October 3, 1S03. It says, "It is well 
 known that the Protestant hnryiny;- iLfroinid is in very 
 bad order, and Chai'les Curry is re(|iiested to oi)eu a 
 subscription for that object." 
 
 The jrround referred to covered a portion of what 
 is now Woodward Avenue, between Larned and 
 Con>(ress Streets, and was probably a part of the 
 same j^rounds shown in the niajis of 1749 and I7<X). 
 In iSiS it was known as the Mniilish buryini;- 
 ground, and nn'ctinirs of eiti/ens were held on July 
 18 and 25, to consider the necessity of enclosini^ 
 tile .irrounds; and on beini;' imitioned to ilo so, the 
 trustees resolvetl to enclose them, by tax if neces- 
 sary. On July 2(), i<Si(;, a portion of this buryinij 
 pround was ijranted by the Govirnor and Judv;es to 
 the Kirst Protestant Society, It was used for burials 
 up to June, 1827, and then the city passed an ordi- 
 nance forbidding- its further use for such purjioses. 
 'I'he remains of persons buried in the j.j'rounds were 
 removed at various times as necessity demanded. 
 A notice from the trustees, reciuestin.vr the remov.al 
 of the remains by friends, was published as late as 
 February 5. 1851. 
 
 City Crnirfrn'is. 
 
 The establishment of the first City Cemetery 
 jjrew out of a nieetini;' of cili/ens hekl on December 
 16, 1826, when a conuiiitlee was ajipointed to report 
 ujion a site for burial ])urposes outside of the city. 
 The Conuuon Council then took action, and a com- 
 mittee was appointed to proc-ure suitable .iijroiuHls. 
 On March 22, 1827, they reported that they had 
 purchased of Antoine Heaubien two and one 
 half acres for a burial ground, for which they paiil 
 S500. At the same meeting the mayor submitted a 
 resolution for the payment of the S500 which had 
 been borrowed from the Hank of Michigan. The 
 purchase was fully consummated on June i, 1827, 
 and on June 19 the council appointed a committee, 
 consisting of Recorder \i. l*. Hastings and Alder- 
 man P. J. Desnoyers, to divide the grounds into two 
 equal parts, am' these parts were thereafter desig- 
 nated respectively as the Catholic and the Protestant 
 Cemetery. The lots had been laid out previous to 
 this division, and when the dividing fence was erect- 
 ed it ran directly across many of the lots. This fact, 
 however, proved of great practical convenience, for 
 many families, who had both Protestant and Catholic 
 relatives, bought these lots lying along the line of 
 the fence, and buried their Catholic friends on one 
 side and their i'rotestant relatives on the other; thus 
 the sanctity of the ground was preserved, while in 
 the same lot, and yet in two different cemeteries, 
 
 those of op|)osite faiths reposed in jjcace. On Sun- 
 days this |)lace was a favorite resort, lii'ing within 
 easy walking distance, scores and hundreds of chil- 
 dren and grown peo|)lc, on pleasant S.ibbaths, wan- 
 dered about the grounds, reading and comparing 
 the tombstone inscriptions. The lir'^t lots in the 
 Protest.'int* portion of the cemetery were sold at 
 auction on March 26, 1828, atid the money received 
 was used for imiirovements. i'he grounds lay be- 
 tween Cir.itiot and Clinton Streets, and extended a 
 little e.ist of St. .\nloinc Street, bounded on the west 
 by what is now known as Paton Street. Tliis last 
 street was then called (. iinetcry l.ane, and extended 
 from the (Iratiot Road to Jefferson .Avenue. In 
 1836 a gate was erected at the entrance on Jeiferson 
 Avenue, midway In'tween lieaubien and St, .Vntoine 
 Streets. The lane was laid out in 1827, partially 
 enclosed in 1836, and fully enclosed in 1843. In 
 June, 1845, a petition was circulated to have it 
 opened, but it was ilecided that the city had no 
 rights therein. After 1855 no interments were 
 allowed to bi' made in the cemetery, and in Feb- 
 ruary, 1859, Mullett Street was opened through the 
 grounds. A large portion is now designated as 
 Clinton Park. 
 
 The second City Cemetery dates from May 31. 
 1834. The mayor on that day bought at auction, 
 for $2,010, lifty-tive acres of the Ciuoin l''arm, just 
 north of the Oratiot Road, and now bounded on the 
 west by Russell Street. The tract was deemed too 
 large for a cemetery, and thirty-tive acres were di- 
 vitled into lots and sold. A plan of tlu' grounils was 
 adopted on .September 30, 1835, and the price of 
 lots was tixed at §10 for full, and §5 for hall lots. 
 Originally the city sexton had charge of the grounds 
 and sold the lots, l-'rom 1841 to 1863 sales were 
 made by the city clerk, and after 1863 the comji- 
 iroller was charged with the care of the plan and the 
 sale of lots. On April 20, 1869, it was ordered that 
 no more bodies be buried in the grounds, and on May 
 14, 1879, an order of the Circuit Court was issued 
 vacating the cemetery. This gave the city full con- 
 trol over it for other purposes, and since then the 
 wtjrk of removing the graves has gone rapidly for- 
 ward. One thousand foin- lunidred and ninety-three 
 bodies were removed in 1880, at a cost of $2,019, 
 and buried at (Iro.sse Point, a portion of the hospital 
 groimds having been set apart for the purpose ; in 
 1881 one thousand .six hundred and sixty-eight 
 additional bodies were removed, and during 1882 the 
 work was completed by the removal of the remains 
 of one thousand three himdred and fifty-seven 
 bodies. The House of Correction and one of the 
 Hay and Wood Markets occupy a portion of the 
 ground ; and, as opportunity offers, the city is per- 
 fecting its title to the entire cemetery by buying 
 up the rights of lot-owners. 
 
56 
 
 ti:Mi:i' 
 
 l-'.liiiWi>i>ii ( \ nil li rv. 
 This bc.'Uilil'ul (.■cnicUTy lirs in llir rasirrn p.iri nl 
 tin- city, 'i'iic v;n>iiiui is nl .1 li'.;lii. pornns iiaiiiir. 
 .■md from its natural (■iiiifiiiinaiinn adniirahlv adaplci! 
 Iiir the pnrpiiM'. Parent's C'rcrk, or lilcmiK Unn. 
 winds uraci'lully thnni'^ii tiic ,v;rinmds and adds 
 niiich to till' attraction of ilic place, Tlif' money to 
 purchase tin.' lirst lui'iy-uiie avrcs was obtained by 
 
 Kn ru ASc h: ro Ivi.mw unn 1'i;mi' ri'uv. 
 
 subscription. The land cost Si. S5S,, and was con- 
 tracted for in the spriii^of i.S4(). <)n()ctober S, fol- 
 lowing;', the cemeterv was optiU'd, and l!ie next (l,i\-, 
 at .an auction s.ale, the subscril)ei\s li.id their clume 
 of the lots. Those of the subscribers who did not 
 want lots, luul thi'ir siibscrii)tions refunded. 'I'he as- 
 sociation was iiicoiporated by special .\ct on Mai'ch 
 5, 1849, ;uul ttniler tlu' .\ct all moneys recei\ed fi-oni 
 sale of lots, over ,ind .above the cost of the i^rounds. 
 must be tle\'oted to their impro\'ement. Tlu' deed 
 for the tirsc purchase was il.ated July 10, 1S5C. The 
 date .and cost of sul)se(|uent |)iircliasi's are as fol- 
 lows : .\u!L;iist 26, 1851, 1 1 1", ■'„ acres, ;isi.2oo; De- 
 cember 6. 1851, Lots 21 and 22 of Tiiint i'arm, 
 $f)oo; January 24, 185;!, 2 ,-„-„ acres. S200 ; .Se|nem- 
 ber 12, 1864, live acres of 1). C Whitwood, !S3,5<>o; 
 May 12, 1871, 1133 acres, $16,000. ilythe opening;' 
 of (icrman Street three and one third acres \ww 
 left outside the eiU'.osure. leaviiiiL;' se\eiit\-ei,t;ht aci-( s 
 in the ^-rounds. In 1852 a t.isteftil .and substantial 
 monument was erected on the i^founds ilesi.i,;iiateil as 
 the .Strangers' Lot. 
 
 The Chapel was built in 1855, and cost S4.000. 
 It is a Xorman ("lothic structtiri' of (|uarried linie- 
 .';tone, .about thirty-four fei't lon;^- by twenty wide. 
 
 The stone i^atcway, fronting;- Mlmwood ,\venuc, at 
 the head of i.'roi^han Street, was completed in 1870, 
 and cost §6,000, The size of lots \',iries from 1 5 x 20 
 to 20x30; the prices in 1850 wei\' from Si 5 l" 
 
 SliHM.nh, ( )n J.uiu.iiy I, |S,S4. there were about 
 ;,yi() lot-owners, and 35 lots were still unsold. 1 In 
 loi.il number of interments ,it lh,it daii' w.as 21,421. 
 The lirst trusties were .\. D. I'r.iser, president; 
 |ohn »)v\cn, irc.isurcr; 1 lcnr\ l.edy.ird, se< ret.iry ; 
 I.', (. I'rowbrid'^e, Ur.icl (.'oe, and J. .S. jciuicss. 
 On August <■), 1834, t'. 1. Walker look the |)l,icc of 
 Israel i.'oe, removed lo New N'ork, ( )n JiiK 1'', 
 |8()|, I). 1;. DuHield w,is I'Iccted in pl.ice of 
 II. l.edy.ird, ;md C. 1. W.ilkei- becime secre- 
 tary. (>n June 14. 18(12. (.'.ilcb \',in IJusen 
 bcc.ime .1 triislee in pl.icc of J. S. Jenness, 
 removed from the cilv. < )n .\pril 4, 1868, 
 Mr. \\ alkcr rcsi^^iied, ,ind William .\. llutlcr 
 w.is then clc< led , I trustee and I). I'l. DiiHii'ld 
 chosen sccrci,ir\-. ( )n (;uui.u'v 11, 1878, 
 K. I', I'oms siicceed'd A. D. I'i'aser as .a 
 trustee, anil 188;,. .alter the de.ith of C, t'. 
 Ti'owbrid'^c. > pl.ice w.as filled by tlu' ap- 
 poinimcnl of A. II. 1 )e\ . l-'i'om the limi' 
 the cenuiery w.as opened until M.ay 2, 1870, 
 at which (kite the office w,is discontinued, 
 Robert I'lcll .acted , IS collector and .avji'iil of 
 the tiaistecs. 
 
 The supcrinlendenis h;ui' been .as fol- 
 lows: \\ ill. I ludson lo .\pial, i855;Thom,is 
 .Matthews to .\pril, 185O; and I ). ( d.adew it/, 
 to .\u;.;ust 5. 1808; William K. ll.amillon 
 w.as .appointed .St'ptembcr 3, 1 808, ,and his successor, 
 ' '.cor^i' 11. Harris, on M.anh 1. 1875. Mr. Harris 
 resioiud l'"el)ru.ary y. 1876, and on April 12, 1876, 
 -A. W'. lll.iin w.as a[)pointed. 
 
 // 'oiuliiuTi- (. )■//.■, ■/,7-\>, 
 This cemetei-y lies in the town of Spring-wells, four 
 .and one h.ilf miles from the City ll.ill, ,uul oc(ai|)ies 
 part of the Ship \ .u'd Tract. It is bounded west 
 
 EntranxI' Tn WcinoMii:!;!- Ci- Mr rpuv. 
 
 by IS.aby Creek, .a wide b.ayou, which extends within 
 the i;rounds ; on the south tlu' i^rounds .are bounded 
 bv fort Street, .and on the I'.ast bv the Dix Cross 
 
 Ko,ul. Wo 
 ro.tds, is li 
 entr.Mice. 
 notice th.at 
 rivci' Koiiv; 
 of the cei 
 " mere," .1 
 The i;roui 
 are exem| 
 ptirposes, .1 
 The .iss 
 reor!u;,ani/i( 
 last year il 
 0, 1808, tlu 
 entrance, 
 |80(;, the 
 John J. 1; 
 Smiih. M. 
 son. ( 1. W 
 Willi.un I' 
 Kirby. .\i 
 cers were e 
 Hudson, \ 
 M. S. Smii 
 llubb.ard, 1 
 The oilic 
 !•;. N'. Swift 
 C. 1. W'.aike 
 as .addition; 
 M. W'. rieli 
 S. J. Murpl 
 ■['In; ceil' 
 1869. when 
 The numbe 
 there were 
 numbi'r of i 
 from the ol 
 ber, 1868, t 
 ten cents ,a 
 the city po 
 twenty-live 
 The i^a-m 
 All erectio 
 prohibitt'd. 
 graves are 
 corporation 
 lises. and | 
 purpose of 
 No corp; 
 over one 1 
 waatiniL;' froi 
 Skills is supi 
 
 The Re 
 Wasbinirtd 
 I'"lmwooil 
 
CKMi:il'.RIi:S. Ill KIAl.S AND Si XIONS. 
 
 57 
 
 Ki),i(l. WniKimcic St.iiion. on tlic f.. S. (.1- C. S, K.iil- 
 
 I'dads, is loiaii'il wiiliiii casv walkini;' distaiu'c nl' ilic 
 untiMiKi.'. It is a iiiiiicidciicc wurtliv of passiiii; 
 iiotiic iliat a liicalily kiKuvii as World's I'.nd. mi llic 
 rivrr K(iin;c, is (|uitc nrar the ^numds. 'riir iia'iic 
 (i| tile ccini'U'ry is a comixniiid dl "wodd" and 
 " iiuTc," and is su.i;,m'sti\i' dl its wodds and waliTs. 
 riu' i;rdiinds iMnbracc two hundred and Iwn a<ris, 
 art: i'.\('ni|)l Ironi lasalidii, well ada|ilrd foi' burial 
 piu'iidsis, and capahli' of hi'ini; made very allracti\c. 
 
 Tin: assdciatidu was ornani/.cd |ul\' iS, i.S^;, and 
 rcdrv;ani/fd ICbruaiy 19, i.Sdi;, and in llir fall dl this 
 last year the lirsl inii'rnuius wcrr niaili'. ( )n April 
 (), 1K6.S, till' board autliori/cd the cdnsiruciidu dl the 
 liitrancc, and in iiS0(7 it was built. ( )n May 10. 
 iSb(;, tin: rollowinj; persons were chosi'ii directnis : 
 John J. Ha.nU'y, K. \V. Iliidsdii. r. I. Walker, M. S. 
 Smith, M, \V. Field, I'.ela Hubbard, I). M. Kirhard- 
 soii. {]. W. I.ldyd, Daniel Scditeu. I'.. A. Mllidtt, 
 William I'helps, Amos (.'. Ilubbard, ,ui<l ( icdi'i^e 
 Kirby. At a subsf(|iient miciiu's; the Idllowin;^ dlll- 
 rers were elected: |dlm J. lianles', prisident ; K. \\ . 
 Iiudsd:i, siee-presidiiit ; C. I. Walker, si'irtt.uy ; 
 M. S. Sniiili, treasurer: Moses W. i'ield and lUla 
 llubb.ird, l'.\t'eiiti\c Committee. 
 
 ■["hi; olliet'rs in i883\vi're k. W.<'.illett. ]iresident ; 
 I',. N'. Swift, viei'-|M\'sideiit : M. .S. Smith, ire.isurer: 
 C. I. Walkir, seeri'tary : with the followinv; i)ersdns 
 ;is additional diri'etors: (1, W. Latimer, K. \'. .Swift, 
 M. W, I'ield, I'hild i'.-irsons, 11. Ilubbard, j. Creusel, 
 S. J. Murphy, K, W, .\lleii, and ( leor.nc Kirby, 
 
 'riie eentetery w.is form.ill)' di'dieated July 14, 
 18O9, when .an addri'ss was deliwred by L'. I. Walker. 
 The niimbi'r of lot-owners up to 1 S.S4 w.is 1,487, and 
 thei-i: were about 17,000 lots still for sale. The 
 numbi'r of internu'iUs, i-xelusive of the 2,000 removed 
 from the old Caty Cemetery, w.'is (1,541. Ii; Novem- 
 ber, iSfxS, the city contr.ieted for about the a( ri's, at 
 ten ct:nts a s(|uarc foot, to be used for the burial of 
 the eitv poor. The ordinaiA price foi" lots is from 
 twenty-live to tilty cents a siiuai'e ffiot. 
 
 The jL^eneral rules of the cemetery are as follows: 
 All erections known ,ls lie.id ;uul foot boards are 
 prohibited. .Ml f;imily burial lots and all sinii^ic 
 ,Hi'a\es ;irc sodded .ind kept in iL^ood oriler by the 
 eorpf)ratidii without char,i.;e. I ledijes, wooiK'ii trel- 
 lises, and posts and chains .are not allowed for the 
 purpose of enclosure. 
 
 No corpse is allowed to reni.ain in tln' i)iiblic vault 
 over one week, tmless |iermis.Mon is obtained in 
 writiiii;- from the |iresi(lent or secretary. V. \V. 1 lii,'- 
 (.(ins is superintendent ; otTioe at the cemetery. 
 
 /( Ti i/s// C, 'iiiiii •n'cs. 
 The Ref.)rm Conirreiration Heth Kl Temiile, on 
 Washini^tnn Avenue, opened a i-einetery .uljoinini,' 
 KImwood about uSjo. It was formally recotjnized 
 
 as ,1 cemetery by the council on July 1^), iRf^n.biit 
 no rc'.^ul,u' iccord df interments w.is kej)! till abdut 
 1S70. It is UdW used <inl_\ by thdse who own lots 
 then'; no new lots are sold. On .April 5, 1X7^. the 
 conv;renation contracted with the olliccrs of Wood- 
 mere for the sole ((iiiirdl of about three acres in 
 St'ction I' north. 
 
 In i.Sfi4 the conj;re,i;.ition of Sh.tary Zi dec pur- 
 ch.iscd one ;uid dUc h.ilf .acres for ccmetcr\ juirpcises 
 nc.ir the D. iS. M. K. K. junclidn, for $450. In 1.S82 
 h.ilf an ;icrc w.is used by the connri-i;ation of Heth 
 Isr.acl. one fourth of an .acre by the Detroit l.ddyc 
 Kesher Shel ll.isal, .and three fouiths of ,111 ,icre by 
 the ori^dn.il purchasers. 
 
 I.titlirrtui Ci'iiirfrrv. 
 This cemetery, cdni.uninvi ti'ii acres, is located 
 ■ ihoul ihrei- miles from the City il.ill, on the k-ft- 
 h.ind side of the (ir.itiot Kn.id, on the .Mi'ldrum 
 I' .arm. It w.is purch.iscd J.mu.ir),- 1 1. iSfiS, at a cost 
 df fiJ.fioo. It is contrdlli'd b_v the cdn,vifet;.itidn df 
 the Trinitv l.iither.an L'hurcli on the cdrner df 
 (iralidt Avenue and Prospect Slrei'l. The |)i ce df 
 Idts is S30. The dfticers in i(S83 were, II. .\. Chris- 
 tiansen, secrel.iry, and C. 11. Hcyer, ticisunr, with 
 Christian Schroederas superintendent. 
 
 Ill'KIAl.S .\N1) Sl'.XI'ONS. 
 
 'I'he use df hearses in Detroit dates from about 
 1830. Trior to their inirdductidn. colVms wi-re I'ar- 
 ried to the^faNe upon biers or bars, borne somitimes 
 upon the shoulders, and ofliii carried by h.and. AX. 
 the funeral of a pi'rson of wealth, the bearers were 
 pi-o\ided with loiii;' white liiu'ii scarfs. The.se scarfs 
 were tied with linen cambric, which, accordinj^- to 
 custom, was used for the bosoms of the shirts which 
 the bearers were e.xpicted to h.ive made from the 
 scarfs. 
 
 • l'"ormcrly there was i^reat carek'ssness in the 
 ki'e]iin);- of the records by cemetery ollicials and 
 sixtons. At llu' i)risent time i)ermits for burials 
 must be obtained from the health ol'ticer, aiul are 
 issued only upon evidence within his knowledjj^e 
 as sui'h oHicer, or upon the eertiticale of a reputable 
 physician, or a coroner. 
 
 .\ city sexton w.is appointed as e.irly as 1827, but 
 the office was not detinitely created until March 17, 
 1829. It w,is the duty of the sexton to su|)erintend 
 interments in the Protestant j.;rdund, and he was 
 paid by the .inidimts rt'ceived for his services, which 
 weri: iircscribed by ordin.mce. It was possibly at 
 this time that 
 
 'riic (IcHtor l<ikl tlic su.xton, 
 .Vnd till' si'Xlcin tdllcd tlir lirll, 
 
 as an ordinance allowed the latter tifty cents for 
 "tdllinjLT." On September iS, 1829. the council was 
 petitioned to prevent the further tollinij; of the bell, 
 
58 
 
 IJUKIALS AM) SKXroXS. COUXrv CORONKKS. 
 
 uiul liiis pari of liis dulios ccasi'd fur a time. In 
 1S41 it was made his duty lo rt'porl llu' nanu'S of 
 all persons dyinii' in ihc ciiy, with liic cause oi 
 dealii, aud liie name of the alteiidinv^ piiysician. 
 More recently il was his duty to tile the physician's 
 certilicate with the city clci k. I le was also charn'ctl 
 with the care of the i;'rounds of the City Cemelei'y. 
 lie was ap|)oinled by the louncil on nominalion of 
 the mayor. l''rom 1.S63 he iiad a salary of ,SJO(> 
 per year in addition to the amounts allowetl to he 
 char.ijed for the burial of |>aupers. 
 
 i>y ordinanci; of iSjo the amount allowed was ftS 
 if burieil in {''.Imwood oi' Mt. l-Mliolt. and $1) if buried 
 in Woodnicre. < )n an order fiom the Director of 
 the Poor, it was the duty of the siwton to ,i;i\e anv 
 |)ers()n, dyiiii;' without means, or the body of any 
 pauper or criminal, ;i burial. i>\- ;i I'harli'r .lUKMid- 
 ment in iS7() the ollice terniin.ated with that year, 
 aiul the duties were transferred to the Commission- 
 ers of the i'oor. 'l"he followinj^ persons served as 
 city sextons: 
 
 '1827, K. W. ii.irnes; 1S2S-1S33, Isr.ael Noble; 
 '833-1835, C.eori^e Combs; i.S35-i84f, I. Noble; 
 1841 -1844, C. II. I'.ckHlf; 1S44 1847. R. C, .Scadin ; 
 1847 1850. James Sutherland; 1850-1852,!'".. .Myers; 
 1852-1857, I". Dcinccke; 1S57-1859, 1*. Clessen ; 
 [859 i8^)i, .\. T. Ray; i8()i, foscph Parkinson; 
 1862-1864, \'. Ccisi; 1864, \\:i I'iattery; 1865-1868. 
 Thomas Roche; 1868 -1871, V. (nist; 1 871 -1874. 
 Georire Heron ; 1874-1876, R. IJronson; 1876-1878, 
 James Hickey; 1878, V. Ceist. 
 
 COUXrV CORONERS. 
 
 The olfice of coroner is as old .as the Northwest 
 Territory. Under Michii;an Territorv, hv .Act of 
 .September 13. 1805. the territori.il m.irshal was con- 
 .stituted coroner, .Act of Xovembor 3, 181 5, pro- 
 niled th.it coroners should be .'ipiiointed by the 
 .^■overnor. .\ct of .April 21, 1825, provided for their 
 election on the second Tuesday of October for 
 terms of three years, I'nder Constitution uf 1835 
 
 the term of ollice w.is two ye.ars. iiy l.iw of 1836 
 two were lo he t'kicted instead of oiu' as before. 
 The Constitution of 1850 m,i(k; no |)rovision for the 
 ollice, and none were elected between 1851 ;uid 
 1857. The Revised St.itutes of 1857 revived the 
 ollice. 
 
 In any case where death is sudden, .and not to be 
 accounted for on n.itur.il ^romids, the coroner may 
 hold .an in(|uest. The fees ,ire p.aid by the county 
 .auditors ,ind ,iie ,is follows: For \iewini;' .a l)ody, 
 §3; for e.ich mile tr.aveled in ,i(oinv;- to the pl.ace, ten 
 cents; for e.ich subpdin.i serveil on witnesses called 
 to ;iitl in determinimj cause of death, twenty-live 
 cents; for administeriim' oath to witnesses, ten cents. 
 Jurymen serviui^' on coroner's inciuests are |)aid $2 
 per day. Six persons constitute .1 jury. 
 
 The names of the coroners, with their terms of 
 service, .are ,as follows; 
 
 1796, llermin I'.berts; i7()9,and 1801, John Dode- 
 mead; 1803, Joseph ILirrison; 1804, Joseph Wilkin- 
 son; Xovember 21, 1815 to 1836, Henj.amin Wood- 
 worth; 1836, I J. Wood worth, A. S. Schoolcr.ift ; 
 1837 1840. 1). Petty, .V. V.Murray; 1840, .A. Y. 
 .^blrr,■iy, D.iviil l'"rench; 1841 ,uid 1842, J.ames 
 Ilanaier, J.imes (tunninv;'; 1843, J.imes licaubien, 
 John Sinons; 1844, W. W, 1 lowland, J. P.. Spra'.;iie; 
 1S45 .and 1S46, i'.aschal M.ison, .Alexander I.cid- 
 beler; 1S47-1S50, John 11. Hill, H. R. Xowl.md ; 
 1850, C. W. J.ickson, .\lanson ' ., ; 1851 .and 
 
 1852. D. I). Hustis; K.Lewis 7, v ;> :)r.^;e Moran, 
 
 U.aniel Murray; iS58-iS',i, v.. \\ utile, A. W. 
 Spr,n,aie; i86r -1S63, !•;. L.tiiden , C. H. P.,ir- 
 rett; 1863-1865, J. W. D.ily, iben Iftiston; 
 
 1865-1867, Timothy McCarthy, J. '.Daly; 1S67 
 1869, P. M. Austin! J. W. IXaly; 1869-1873. John 
 (".n.iu, James C.ahill; 1873. .\.. !■". Jeniiin,v;s, J. S. 
 (iritlin; 1874, X. 1$. Rowley. J. S. Gritlin; 1875 and 
 1876, X. H. Rowley. J.ames C.ihill ; 1877, Peter O.iks, 
 John Wilson; 1878 .and 1879, Peter Oaks, .Ad.im 
 Schulte; 1880, .A. Schulte; i88r, A. !■:. Carrier, J. I). 
 Richards; 1S82, W. V. Clark, A. !•:. Carrier; 1S83- 
 , M. Dt'i'.ne. J. Locke. 
 
 J 
 
 Thk tir 
 found in 
 board was 
 S. Rice ; 
 ded ; .am 
 the .aldi'rm 
 into ,a 1)0.1 
 ai;-;iin led 
 Several ph 
 poor, .and < 
 ize for th 
 led to tin- 
 sistini^' of 
 Pitcher. 
 tKUices of I 
 alderm.an 
 pointed byl 
 to be city | 
 of Police C 
 a member 
 tuted a qv 
 No rei^ular 
 called toj^i 
 They wen 
 The bo.arii 
 the health 
 e.xpeiKlitun 
 
 The ord 
 until 1864, 
 as membei 
 physicians, 
 under the 
 Gorton, C. 
 1866 -1 87 1 
 O. F.arr.aiK 
 H. Drake; 
 C. C. Vem 
 J. H. Cars 
 
 1877. 1:. 1 
 E. Leach: 
 martin, an 
 Mor.se Stc 
 .An eiuii 
 law of ^Ll 
 ing physi( 
 
Cii aptI':r XII. 
 
 ni:Ai;rii oi'kickrs. drains and si:\vi:rs. sca\'i:\(;i:rs. 
 
 TiKAr/nr or rrcr.Rs. 
 
 Tlir, first meiuinn maclr (if a Iioard of Mcaltli is 
 found in tlic Couiiril l'roceedin.i;s of 1S31. Tlic 
 board was composed of Drs. J. L. Whiiinij and R. 
 S. Rice; in 1S32 Drs. Henry and Ciiapin UTre ad- 
 ded; and on account of tlie prevalence of cholei,'.. 
 the aldermen also, occasionally, resolved themselves 
 into a Iioard of Health. In 1837 fear of sm;ill-pox 
 a^ain led the council to institute a Health I'lOard. 
 Several physicians were appointed U) vaccinate the 
 poor, and on April i :: they were rei|ucstt'd ici orj^an- 
 ize for thai purjiosc. In iS4(; the fear of cholera 
 led to the appointment of a Hoard of Health, oon- 
 sistin.i;- of Drs. I,. H. Cobb, R. S. Rice, and Z. 
 I'itclu'r. A boanl was also pro\uletl for by ordi- 
 iKuiccs of 1861 and 1870. It consisted of the senior 
 alderman of each ward and four physicians, ap- 
 pointed by the coimcil, two of whom were recjuired 
 to be city physicians. Tiie president of the lioard 
 of Police Commissioners, by virtue of his oriicc, was 
 a member of the board. I''i\e members consti- 
 tuletl a (quorum; the city clerk kept tlu: records. 
 No regular meetini^s were lu'ld, but members were 
 calletl toijelher whenever it was deemcLl tlesirablc. 
 Tln'V were jiaid $1.50 for each session attended. 
 The l)(jartl had power to do all things needlLil for 
 the health of the city, but matters involvin;..; special 
 e.Npentlitures required the approxal of the council. 
 
 'I'he ordin.anci' of 1861 was not fulK' carried out 
 until 1864, and the first a[ipoinlments of physici;uis 
 as members of the bo.ard were made that year. The 
 physicians, other th.in city physicians, appointed 
 under the ordinance were as follows: 1804, j. C. 
 (iorton, C. li. IJarrett ; i8(')5,Z. Pitcher, C. ISrumme ; 
 1 866 -1 871, Z. I'itcher, William P.rodie; 1871, D. 
 O. Farrand, II. K. Smith; 1873, \V. A. Chandler, E. 
 H. Drake; 1873, K. H. Drake, H. F. f.yster; 1874, 
 C. C. Venians, A. Harrowman; 1875, (i. A. I''o.ster, 
 J. H. Carstens; 1876, T. F. Kerr, J. H. Carstens; 
 1877, !•:. Leach, A, F. Hoke; 1878, H. \. Torrey, 
 K. I.eacli; 1879, (). A. Foster, E. Leach, P. P. Cil- 
 niartin, and Duncan McLeoil; 1880, D. O. I'.ifrand, 
 Morse Stewart, and John Minterman. 
 
 An entirely new organization was provided by the 
 law of May 26, 1881. Under this law three practic- 
 ing physicians are appointed by the council on 
 
 nomination of the mayor; the first appointees were 
 to ser\e for one, two, and three years t'acli, and then 
 beginning with 1882, one was to be appointed yearly 
 on the third Tuesday of June, for a term of three 
 years. These physicians, with the mayor, cou){> 
 iroller, and presideiu of the Police Hoard, con- 
 stitute till' Hoard' of Health. The medii:al nu'iiibers 
 of tlic bo.ird on June i, 1881, were as follows: D. 
 O. Farrand appointed for one year, John I'linter- 
 man for two years, and Morse Stewart for threi' 
 years. In 1882 tin bo.ud rem.iined the same. In 
 March, 1883, on tlu' death of Dr. Farrand, T. A. 
 McCraw was appointi'd as !iis successor. 
 
 In i88[ the bo.ird appointed O. \V. Wight as the 
 health ofiicer, at a salary of bj.ooo jier year. 
 Lbuler his supervision the Health Department has 
 obtaineel ;m efliciency ne\'er bt'fore posses.-eil. All 
 buri.il permits are issued from his ollice, and full 
 statements of the age of the deceased, cause of 
 death, name of attending physici.an, and place of 
 buri.il ;ire required to l)i' lileil with this ol'licer. 
 Monthly statements of these and other facts pertain- 
 ing to the health of the city are regul.irly jirinted and 
 issued. The Health ( )Hicer has the aid of the sani- 
 tary siiuad of the Police Dep.artment, and placards 
 all houses where infectious diseases e.xist, using for 
 cases of small-pox notices printeil on yellow cards, 
 for scarlet fe\e;', red cards, and for diphtheria, blue 
 cards. .\n o\-ersight is kept of such premises as are 
 placardi'd, and after the recovery or death of the 
 (),itient, they ;ire disinfected. 
 
 The scavengers and meal inspector are reiiuired to 
 co-operate with the Hoanl of Health, and legislation 
 is hoped for t',;it. 'f obt.ained, will securi' pure ice, 
 |)iire milk, propi.r \entilalion, good plumbing, and 
 freedom Ironi wbnoxious sewer-gas and coal-smoke. 
 
 DR.MNS AM) .SKWKR.S. 
 
 An .\ct of \\m\ 24, 1824, gave the council power 
 to |irovide for the construction of sewers, but the 
 desirability of building them seems to have been for 
 many years an unsettled question. On March 12, 
 1827. a committee consisting of Lewis Cass, John 
 liiddle, J. Kcirsley, D. C. McKinstry, P.J. Desnoy- 
 crs, and John Mullett presented a lengthy report to 
 the council, in which they said : " In regard to com- 
 
 [59] 
 
6o 
 
 DRAINS AND SIAVI'.RS. 
 
 inoii sc'WiTS, (loiibls havi' hvcw (.■sprrssnl rrsprrtini^ 
 thi'lr oltcct upnn tlu' i)ul)lir lu'-iltli. yci \\c art' in- 
 clined ti) ihiiiic it WDiiKl hi' i'X|)(.'clicin to make an cx- 
 perinuMit iiycstaiiiisiiini^one in \\'(i()(li)riil,!^x' Strict." 
 In tile li,i;lit of facts tliat now exist, such a report 
 sii^ned l)y siii'li persons seems curious iiuleed. 
 
 On May i, 1827, it was determined to " ni.ake an 
 experiment," and tlie coiun-il adopletl the following : 
 
 AVfc/rvi/, lliat I he drain or raviiii- cdinmoiily lallod tlur River 
 Savoyard, lie (k-ipcmd from the outlet into llic Oclroit Kivir, 
 throiiK'li tin- farm of ('.ovt-nior t'ass, to tlie line nf the Military 
 Reservation, with the consent of the proprietor of said farm ; and 
 that a drain in eontinnation thereof he extended tlimtmh the said 
 reservation in the alley lietwien t'onitrcss anil l.arn<d Streets tc^ 
 its easterly termination. 
 
 This plan w.is carried out, and the timbers from 
 old Fort Shelby were used to form the sides of an 
 open sewer which followed the course of the stream. 
 At that time, even the ditches in -the streets were 
 made and owned by private parties; and on June 20, 
 1828, the council appointed a committee "to confer 
 with the |iroprietor of the ditch leadinit;' alonn' Hati'S 
 Street to the .v^reat sewer, with a view to j^urchase 
 the same for the use of the city." ( >ld records show 
 that the city expended Si.-?^. in 1S28, in di,v;xin,^' 
 these open sewers or ditches. These primitive drains 
 offended the eye and outraged the nostrils for se\cral 
 years. 
 
 Hut little real iirogress was made in building 
 drains or sewers until May 20, 1835, A committee 
 of the council then i)resented an elaborate re])ort on 
 the subject, and recommended the construction of 
 wliat is known as the (Irand Sewer. This was 
 agreed to, and in December, 1835, the council 
 offered a premium of $100 for an acceptable plan for 
 draining the city between the Cass and Brush farms, 
 A plan was adopted, and in 1836 the first under- 
 grnund sewer was built, at a cost of $-2, 607. It is 
 still doing e.vcellent .service, and deserves its name 
 of •'(Irand." Its route is from Heanbien Street on 
 Fort to Randolph, through .Michigan (irand Avenue 
 to Bates Street, along Bates and Congress to (Iris- 
 wold, diagonally across (iriswold to the alley between 
 Congress and Larned Streets, along the alley to 
 First Street, and down First Street to the river. It 
 is constructed of stone, having side walls eighteen 
 inches thick, with a brick arch of two feet spring. 
 The bottom is paved with hard-burned brick. It is 
 four feet six inches wide and live feet high in the 
 clear; the average depth of the exca\alion is ten feel. 
 In the main it follo\ the route of the Savoyard. 
 
 The sewer proved such a success that others fol- 
 lowed, and from year to year the number has in- 
 creased. For many years, however, there was no 
 general system, and contractors were often careless, 
 and ignorant of the first principles of drainage. It 
 is a fact of record that during 1849 sewers in the 
 
 I'"irsi and l-'ifth ward;., and on K;indolph Street, were 
 so constructed that, wlicn nearly complete, it was 
 found the water, instead of taking the ilirtction 
 desired, ran towarils the locality sought to be 
 drained. In 185^1 the great sewer in Woodward 
 .\\eniie south of Congress Street w.'is built, and for 
 months ;ifterwar(ls immense banks of earth remained 
 in the street as moiuuniiiis of the stupidity and mis- 
 management of contractors ;ind olVicijils. I'litil 1857 
 all ])riv;ile sewers wi-re built by indi\iduals, of such 
 materials and in such places as they pleased. The 
 result was that many lots \vere without drainage, 
 and others with only ]iartial or defective drains. 
 The city charter of 1857 remedied these evils by 
 |)roviding for a board of three sewer commissioners, 
 to be nomin.iled by the mayor and appointed by the 
 council. They seized without p;iy, and were origin- 
 ally appointed for terms of three, four, and five years, 
 and then for live years each. More of system was 
 now introduced; all sewers, public .and ]-)riv.ite, were 
 placed under their control ;uid built by their direc- 
 tion, and no drain could be put in without their ap- 
 pro\-al. 
 
 Sewers are called j^ublic sewers wlien built by 
 order of the Common Council ;ind paid for by jiub- 
 lic tax for genentl drainage inir[)oses, 'I'hese are 
 almost inv.'triably built in the streets. Lateral sewers 
 are usually built in the alleys, and are paiil for by 
 .special assessnuiit ii|)on the particular lots bene- 
 fitted, each lot paying according to the number of 
 square feet it contains. The theory is that every 
 lot is entitled to dniinage; and on the petition of 
 even one person, a lateral srwer may be built in order 
 to ilrain his lot, and the adjoining loi - must help to 
 pay the cost. Persons desiring to connect a drain 
 with a lateral .sewer are required to pay §1.00 for the 
 privilege of the connection, which is made, without 
 further charge, by the Board of I'ublic Works. 
 
 By .Vet of April 13, 1871, the city was authorized 
 to issue §300,000 in bonds for the purj^ose of build- 
 ing sewers, provideil the citizens' meeting approved. 
 Under this law, in 1872, §80,000 were raised by the 
 sale of bonds, and the number of |')ublic sewers was 
 largely increased. In 1874, on the creation of the 
 Board of Public Works, the powers of the .sewer 
 commissioners were transferred to that body. By 
 Act of February 18, 1875, the council was again 
 ,iuthori/.ed to issue $300,000 in bonds for sewer pur- 
 poses; and under the two laws of 1871 and 1875 
 bonds for building jiublic sewers, to the amount of 
 §397,500, were issued. Both public and lateral sew- 
 ers are built of brick; the connections from houses 
 are generally of sewer pijie, although wood is some- 
 times used. The main sewers \ary in size from 
 21 X 28 inches to 6x8 feet, and are from twenty to 
 forty feet below the surface. Lateral sewers are 
 generally of egg shape, and 1 5 x 20 inches. 
 
 The ])! 
 gress Stre 
 neling un 
 the surfac 
 city. Tbi 
 on the strt 
 it has sini- 
 
 The tot. 
 to 1884, is 
 length of 
 and they 
 
 The su 
 Jackson ; 
 Matthew 
 l-'inehart. 
 
 The me 
 ers were 
 ton, Jamc 
 Jackson, . 
 clay, T. 1 1 
 Sheley, T. 
 A. Shelev, 
 Bagg, W. 
 
DRAINS AM) SKWKRS.— SCAVENGERS. 
 
 6i 
 
 
 The pulilii- sewi-r in Ciriswokl Siivct, from L'on- 
 jrress Street to the river, was Ixiiil in i<S77, by tun- 
 iieliiij^ under tlie street instead of excavatinitf from 
 the surface, and was liie lirst seui'r so built in tin- 
 city. The nietliod i)rove(l advanta,i;eoiis, as travel 
 on the street was not materially interfered with, and 
 it has sinci' been ^I'mrally .adopted. 
 
 The total leni^th of i)ul)lic sewers built from iS^$, 
 to 1884, is 80 miles, .and the cost $2,056,872. The 
 Icnti^th of l.ater.il sewers built since 1855 is 1 1 1 miles, 
 and tliey h.a\e cost $581,099. 
 
 'l"he superintendents of sewers were, 1852, C. 
 Jackson; 1.S53, Stephen ^^artin ; [854, J. M. D.ivis, 
 Matthew Oliver; 1855, II. C. Moors; 1856, Isaac 
 Kinehart. 
 
 The members of the Board of Sewer Commission- 
 ers were .is follows: 1857, C. Ilurlbut. A. Chapo- 
 ton, James She.irer; 1858, J. Hou.irhton, C. \V. 
 Jackson, A. Chapoton; 1859, C. Hurlbut, W. Bar- 
 cl.iy, T. H. Hinchman ; 1860-1863, W. Barclay, A. 
 Sheley, T. H. Hinchman; 1863-1866. W. Barclay, 
 A. Sheley. A. Chapoton; 1866, A. E. Bissell, .\. S. 
 Bai,% \V. Barclay; 1867-1871, A. E. Bissell, Wil- 
 
 liam Barclay, A. Sheley; 1871, W. II. Coots, Wil- 
 liam Barclay. A. I".. Bissell ; 1872-1874, A. E. I'.issell, 
 Harvey Kini^, W. 11. Coots. 
 
 The followin'.( persons served as enirineers of 
 sewers: 1859-1862, E. W. Smith, 1862- 1874, I'hos. 
 Ledbeter. 
 
 scavkn<;i:ks. 
 
 The olTice of scaveiiji^er was created by ordinance 
 of 1S52, which provided that a scavenj^er should 
 be appointed yearly by the council. 
 
 By ordinance of 1855 si'wr.il scavcnv^ers mi^ht be 
 appointed, ,ind they were authori/.ed to charge eit^ht 
 cents a cubic ft)ot for the cleaninvr of vaults and 
 drains, in 1883 the le.i^al charije was twelve cents. 
 In 1864 that part of the business pertaining to the 
 removal and burial of dead animals was lirst done 
 by contnict. Ordinances of 1863 and 1870 provide 
 that, by payin,if one dollar and .tjivintr surety for 
 faithful services, any proper person may be licensed 
 by I lie mayor as a scavenij^er. They arc under the 
 direction of the Board of Health. 
 
C H AI^TE R XIII. 
 
 WATKK AM) WAl'IilK-W'ORKS.— I'UIJLIC DRIXKINCr KOI 'XT A INS. 
 
 wm 
 
 WATFR AXn \V.\ ll'R-WORKS. 
 TiiK first settlors had no nu'd lor wi'lls, pn,t,nnes, 
 pumps, or ri'siT\dirs. Tlic water .iIoiiil; the sliore 
 was not (lelik'il bv sewers and I'eluse troin shop and 
 factory; instead of eontainini;- inipiirities, it washed 
 and whitened the sanely beaeli and was everywhere 
 as clear as a diamond. 
 
 I'laeh farnihoirsc hail its sin.i^le roiii^h-iiewn lov;- or 
 |i!ank iirojectiiiii;' into the stream, and barefootfd 
 maidens, niorniny;' by morninv;, "walked the plank," 
 ilaslu'd a bucket into th.e river, and with the rope to 
 which it was attachetl drew out tlie w.ater for their 
 daily needs. There were no assessors to in(|uire 
 how m;mv the family included. " Shni-ol'fs" wx're 
 unknown. The supply was hterally "as free as air," 
 and whosoe\er would nii.nht tir.iw or drink. 
 
 .\s the settli'inent li'rew, buckets ,^a\e partial jilace 
 to barrels, therefore the wharf was used, and when 
 the " iiostoni.ans " came they brouiL^ht "rules .and 
 rej;ulations." ( )ne of the earliest Acts of the Hoard 
 of 'I'rnstees was the jxissai^e on July Uk 1N04, nf an 
 ordin.ince reciuii'iiiLj each person t.ikiin; w.iter fi'oin 
 the Merchants' Wharf to |)ay one doll.ir in adv.ance, 
 for the privilege of so doini^'. This did not please 
 the l'"rench and on .\uyust 6, the oi-din,ince was 
 repealed, .\fter the tire of 1805 the Ciowrnor and 
 Judi^i's i-oncluded th.at it was not safe to rely alto- 
 vjcther upon the I'iver for a writer siipi^k. and they 
 undertook to |)ro\ide public wells. ( )n November 
 29, iSof), ;in accoimt w.as presented l)\- (ieort^-e Huff 
 for " sniithwork done ;it the pimips," and on 
 December 3 followini,^ the .governor was appointed 
 a committee " to cause the pimiiis to be stored and 
 painted." 
 
 .\n appropriation bill, passed by the C.overnor and 
 Judi^es on March 20, iSo;, contains the followinv,^ 
 item: " Kor completinjr wells and puni|)s in the 
 vicinity of the court-house and prison, §100 charv,'-e- 
 able to Detroit ImukI." Their records for M.irch 
 2<S, 1807, slate th.il the ni.arshal is ".authorized to 
 complete the wells ;md pumps in the vicinitv of the 
 court-house by causing; the said wells to be i\vvp- 
 ened, and walled with bricks or stones, and c.iusinn- 
 the said pimips to be put in complete order for use," 
 One of the last ii.imcd wells w.as on Jefferson 
 
 [.-,.] 
 
 A\'cnue ni'.ar Wayne Street, Wells were .also i>ro- 
 vided on the commons back of the town, in the 
 rci^ion of tlu' s(|u;irt' now (lisii,(n,att'd ;it the Campus 
 M.irtius. The di,i;xin;,^' of wells in this locality t,^ave 
 j;reat olTencc to the people, ISolh cattle .and jjcrsons 
 fell uuo them, .and on M.ay 7, 1808, the (ir.and Jury 
 presented "the wells on the dom.iin .as ;i d.ani;erous 
 nuis.ance." In consequence of this .action, on De- 
 i-ember 15, 1808, the m.arsh.al w.as " directed to dis- 
 pose of the pumps, stone .and otluM" .articles which 
 h,a\e heretofore been furnished for the wi'lls on the 
 commons." ( )n M.arch 7, 1809, W. McD. Scott pre- 
 sented ,in .account of H' .i4- 5'-' f'"' *^'"'^pensis incurred 
 in di,i;;v;in,i;' public wells, which w.as duly allowed. 
 One of the wells with .a pumj') w.as located on 
 the noi'th side of Jefferson .\\enue between bates 
 and R.andolph Streets, On Kebru.ary 3, i8iy, Mr. 
 Stead w.as p.aid $30 for rep.airini^' well and puttiny^ 
 in a pump. It w.as worked with .a windl.ass, and 
 w.as in use. for sever.al years. In 1S2S the city p.aid 
 $2. 37 for tilling- it u]), 
 
 Dinani; these years w.ater w.as fi-ei|uently carried in 
 buckets suspended from the ends of a woodiai yoke, 
 borne uiion the shoulders. It was .also h.auled in 
 b.arrels in the old two-wheeled l-'ri'iu'li carls, .and 
 sold at sixpence per barrel. Two b.arrel were con- 
 sidered .a load, .and from them, <as the carts Jo^-^ed ' 
 o\er tlu' rou,i;ii, imp.aved streets, much water was 
 distributed aloni;' the w.ay. 
 
 The erection of w.ati'r-works w.as |iul)liely su^tj- 
 ijested by the trustees of the city for the tlrst time 
 on February 25, 1820, on which d.ite .1 notice \\',as 
 published inviting' i)ropos:ils, to be made before June 
 I, for till' e.\clusi\-e jirivilej^e of erectinn' such works. 
 
 The lii-st |)ro|iosition, from John W. Tompkins, 
 was received March 21, 1820. His offer was not 
 s.atisf.actory, and meantime the .authority of the cor- 
 ]ior.ation to t^r.ant the exclusive ri^ht for sup|)lyini,'- 
 the city with w.ater havinv;- been called in question, 
 on June t H. J, Hunt was .aii|iointed to examine .and 
 report on the subject, I lis report was doubtless 
 s.'itisf.aetorv for further propos.als were invited, and 
 on July 27, 1S20, the trustees voted to meet Au.n'iist 
 10, to receiw them. The iiroceedini^s of the trus- 
 tees do not indii-aie that .any proposals were received 
 
WATER AM) WATKR-WURKS. 
 
 at lliis iiu'i'tiiii;', aiid on Octdbcr i9"S2tJ was ap- 
 propiiatcd towards t'xpfiise of ili.^.i^in^' a will in 
 Jefferson Avfiiuc already trecit'd near Dr. William 
 Hrown's." 
 
 The sul)ject of water-works contiiuied to he a,L;i- 
 taled, and on jiiiu' i, 1823, a meetim,-- of citizi'ns was 
 held at the coinicil-honse to consider a |)i'oposiiion 
 from ("ieori;\: Deininy for fiirnishim;- the eily with 
 water, and on June 4 they rt'solved that "it is ex- 
 pedient to jiromote tile enter|)i-ist: of ( leori^e Deinini^ 
 and liis assoi'iates for snpplyini;- the eity with water, 
 and that upon e(|uital)le comlitions we fa\'or his 
 havinif ex("liisi\'e privileges for a certain nmnhi'i' of 
 years." The enterprise was " without l)oitoni," or 
 tlie resolution "leaked," for no water-works were 
 obtained. 
 
 The next step in the history of our water siijiply 
 was the passa.^^e of an Act on Au,i,fust 5, 1824, 
 "authori/.ini;- Peter 15erthelet to erect a wharf on the 
 river Detroit in the continuation of Randolph Strec;t 
 and runnini,^ to the slii|) channel of said river," pro- 
 vided "that the said I'eter lierthelet, his heirs and 
 assii^ns, shall at all times during; the existence of the 
 above j^rant, at his own or their own expense, erect, 
 make, and kt'ep in repair, at some convenient place, 
 at or near the end of said wharf, next the channel of 
 the river, a i^ood and suflicient pump, at which ail 
 persons who may reside in the city of Detroit shall 
 be at all times free of wharfaj^e or other expenses, 
 entitled to take and draw water for their own use 
 and convenience; and for that purpose a free use 
 of said wharf shall be j,nven, for carts, wai^ons, 
 sleii^hs, or other machinery to be used in drawini,^ 
 and carrying away the water." The dock and 
 pump were duly erected, and the pump remained 
 until March 19, 1835, when it was removed by the 
 City Council. 
 
 The pump, althoui^h an improvement, \v;is still 
 an uns.aiisfactory method of oht.iinimr water, and 
 occasioned much c()m[)laint. The same year that 
 Berthelet's pump was authorized, the father of Jacob 
 S. l'"arrand, Ik'tluiel Farrand, who was then en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of pmnps at Ain^elius, 
 Cayn.t;;a County, New York, learned of the condition 
 of affairs, and conceivetl the idea of ijettini;- the 
 ri^ht to ert'Ct water-works at Di'lroit. lie came 
 on foot to the city, and submitted his proposi- 
 tion to the council on l''ebruary 16, iiS25, and on 
 l'"ebruai"y i<; a meetini;' of citizens was held to con- 
 sider his offer. It UKt their approval, and on I'V-b- 
 ruary 21 the council api^ointed a committee to con- 
 clude the contract. The next day they passed an 
 "Act (j^rantiniL^ to liethuel I'.irrand and his lev^ril 
 representatives the sole and exclusive ri,nht of water- 
 ing; the city of Detroit and for otluT purposes." Mr. 
 Farrand went home, and in May, accompanied by 
 Rufus Wells, he again arrived in Detroit. He at 
 
 once commenced operations, spending the stmimer 
 in cutting and rafting tamarac logs from the Clinton 
 River for the inu-pose of making pipes. Refore the 
 works were fairly established, Mr. \\\!ls ])urchased 
 Mr. l'"arrand's interest, and on March 3[, 1827, an 
 ordinance w.is passed "gr.anting to Rufus Wi'lls, or 
 his legal representatives, the exclusive right of sup- 
 plying the city of Ditroit with water." ,\ fiuther 
 ordinance, passed October 10, 1827, granted addi- 
 tional rights. 
 
 The piniip-house was located on the Berthelet 
 Wh.arf. It was a fnime building, twenty feet s(|uare, 
 witli two pumjjs of the inches bore. Hy means of 
 horse-iiower the water was forced into a forty-gallon 
 cask, located in the (•u|)()la of the pum|)-house, which 
 was forty feet above the wharf, from where it was 
 conveyed by wooden logs to the reservoir located on 
 Randolph Street, at the rear of the lot now occupied 
 by Firemen's Hall. The reservoir was sixteen 
 fi'ct s()uare, built of white oak j^lank, two inches 
 thick and six feet long, caulked with oakum ; it 
 restt-d on a frame of timber sixteen feet high, was 
 covered with a shingle roof, and had a capacity of 
 9,580 imperial grdlons. A fevv wooden logs con vcNcd 
 water through i^ortions of Ji'ffi-rson .Avenue, 1, anted 
 and Congress Streets. All the arrangements were 
 \ei-y pi'imitive ; iqion one occasion a wooden jilug at 
 one of the houses on Larned .Street was carelessly 
 knocked out, and the cellar was soon tilled with water, 
 and the reservoir nearly emptied, causing almost 
 e\ery jien-stock to fail. The company were re(|uired 
 to put in service pipes, and for both |)ipes and water 
 families paid but $10 jier year in ([uarterly instal- 
 ments. 
 
 After a few years, other parties became interested 
 with Mr. Wells, and in June, 1829, as it was e\-i(lent 
 that works of grealtr ca|)acily were needed, the 
 Hydraulic Company, as the association was calli'd, 
 riceiveil from the city a gi^aiit of the south end of 
 Lot 8, — the second lot from the southeast ccjrner of 
 Wayne and Fort Streets. On this lot they were to 
 erect a new reservoir, and bore for water, the idea 
 having gained jorevalence that water could be had 
 more easily from a well than from the river. On 
 August 6, 1829, The Gazette contained this item: 
 
 'I'lio Ilydiiinlif C'<impaiiy (if tins city aio linriiii; fur water im 
 the ^ili; (if tin; (lUt fnrt, llu; hi,<li(.'st >;niiMKl within tin; limits (if tliu 
 iMirpdratiim. 'I'licy ha\'': pciictratcd diu' hiuulrftl anti t\V(_-nty fuc^t 
 jiild aru still K"'"i,' "H witli lliiir labor. 
 
 After boring a hole four inches in diameter to the 
 dei)th of twr) lumdred and sixty feet, one hundred 
 and forty-four feet of which was tubed with cast-iron 
 tubing, the pebbles and quick.sand Jiccumulated in 
 the pipe, and early in April, 1830, the project was 
 abandoned. The chief engineer of the company, at 
 this time, was Mr. {'"ailing, who seenis to have been 
 appropriately nann.'d. 
 
64 
 
 WAIl.K AM) \\A TI'.K WoKKS. 
 
 Tlu' coini);!!!)- now dctermini-d to ay;aiii rrcrt 
 ])iiniiMii,i( wdrksaiul resort to iln' rivur, and in virw ol 
 till' nivaicr t'\|)fiisi' tlial tlu'v must incur, they soui^iil 
 to be relieved from furnishiui;- seiviee pipes and pen- 
 storks, to obtain an e.Mi'nsinn (if the time durini;- 
 wiiirh tliey were to ii,i\i' the exeUisive privilc.ne of 
 su|)plyin,i; water, and also to \x'. released from the 
 obligation of surrenderiiv^- their works without com- 
 pensation at the lermin; lion of their charter. After 
 various nu-etinyjs .and e.ciietl discussions, their ile- 
 inands were granted, and in 1830 new works were 
 constructed. 
 
 Tile reservoir, located on the I'Drt Street lot, was 
 of brick, eiv^hteen feet s(|uare and nine feet deep, 
 enclosed with wood; it held ci.Sii v^allons. On 
 .August 4, 1S30, the i-oinpany comnu'iici'd layini;' 
 water-|)ipes from the ri\ei- to Jefferson A\i'iiue, just 
 al)o\-e the M.ansion House; their new works went 
 into operation at :: i'. M. on Monday, October 11, 
 1830. A lai^i' crowd .gathered at the engine-house 
 to witness tlu- letiinv;' on of ihe water. 'I'he wooden 
 pi|)es, i)ut toireth.er with iron thimbles, lay just under- 
 neath tlu; i^'round, and thiir course could be easily 
 traced by ilu' water which oo/cd out, tlm im[)erfect 
 joints allowing' it to leak at every length. Governor 
 Cass, who with others was ])resent to witness the 
 letting on of the watei\ was called upon for a 
 speech. Moiuiling ;i b.irrel ni'ar by, and casting his 
 eye over the route of the \i\pc. hv. began by saying: 
 "Fellow-citizens, what an age of |)rogress I " No 
 one then thought his words sarcastic. The pump- 
 ing was tionu by a ten-horse-power engine belong- 
 ing to the Detroit Iron Works, located on the corner 
 of Jefferson A\enue .and Cass Street. The engine 
 did double duty, supi)lyiug power for its owm-rs .as 
 well as for the I lydraulii" Comp.any. In conse(|uence 
 of a defect in the boiler, cUiring a whole week in 
 November, 1831, no water could be pum|)ed. At 
 this time there were but two lines of wooden logs 
 of three ini'hes bore. 
 
 In 1 83 1 an aildition.al reservoir w.as constructed, 
 adjoining the old one ; it w.as built of o.ak i)lank, was 
 forty feet S(|u;irc, ivn ft-et dt'cp, .and held iii),6.So 
 gallons. The reserx'oir lirst built rem.ained in use 
 until 1839, when it w.as sold ant! taken ilown. The 
 other one w.is ust'd occ.isionally up to 1842, during 
 which year the 1. gs were relaid, m.iny of them 
 having been imp.iired by frost in the winters of 
 1830 .and 1831, At the s.ame time a twenty-horse- 
 power engine w.as built, and located in a building 
 erected for it on the north side of Woodbritige 
 Street, l)etwccn Wayne and Cass Streets, 
 
 The company supplied water until 1836, losing 
 money e.ach ye.ar, .and hearing const.ant .and well- 
 grounded compl.aints th.it I he w.ater w.as neither 
 ile.ar, pure, nor wholesome, .and very uncertain as to 
 quanuty. Finally a Committee of the Council w.as 
 
 .ippointed to ivsamine tiie matter. 'I'lu'' reporied 
 that the comp.any h.ad f.iiled to fult'ill their contract, 
 ,in<l th.it their ch.irUi' w.is null and \did. .After 
 much discussion, it was decided th.it the city would 
 buy the works, and on May 18, 1S3''), a Connnittic 
 of the Council |-cpoited th.it they h.ad purch.ased .all 
 the re.il and |)erson.il est.ite of the Hydr.aulii- Com- 
 pany for $20,500, the property to be surrendered 
 June I, 1836, .and to \)v p.aid .''or in city bonds bear- 
 ing six per cent interest, due on |une 1, 1856. A 
 special session of the council was ne.Kt held on June 
 9, w hen it w.as 
 
 Ki-xi'/rvif, tliat Nnali Siittiin lie, and he !s Iicnhy appuinti-d, 
 as .ivtciU fur this I'Miaid, tn piiMcrd ti) Uir cilics iif I'iUsbiiiK, I'liila- 
 dilpliia, N'.'W \'iirk, tn iXMiiiiiic tlir watrr-wcirks in tliose <itii:s, 
 and (il)l.ilii all iiucdful iiiluniiathiii in n-.uard to llii' (Dnstiiii lii>n 
 and iipitrali.in tluTi-of ; and tlu: said a;;rnl tn hi' .•uitlinri/icl and 
 rniiiowi^rcd to fontr.-irt in ihr ludialf nf ilu' <nrpnr,iticin i>( this city 
 for cast and wrought inm pipes for condnctin).,' ihc walur into the 
 cily. 
 
 A'c.vo/, v</, lliat till- snniof $1 icj he approprialid for lhc> ih-frayinv; 
 the expenses of the agent of the corporation, a)id that a warrant 
 for that anionnt be issned on thu 'I'reasnry. 
 
 A committee w.as also .appointed to jnirch.ase ,a 
 w.ater lot .ai)o\-e the cily, upon which to erect works. 
 ( )n June 15, 1836, the recorder reported that they 
 h.id "purch.ased from M.ajor Antoine Dctiuindre 
 three water lots in front nf the Detiiiindre F.ann, with 
 ,1 front of 350 feet on the river, for §5,500." 'I'he 
 work of buikling w.as begun ,at onrc. and on June 
 30, 1836, John I'arr.ir w.ts .appointed to superintend 
 .and inspect the ereciioii of the wharf. It is e\i(lent 
 th.at there were some misgivings as to the success or 
 desirability of the pl.m for obt.aining w.ater from the 
 ri\fr, for on the s.ame d.ay the council jirocecdings 
 show the pass.age of the following resolution : 
 
 /u-xi'/t'ii/, that I )avid I'rench and II. W'ilinarth be appointed 
 ,1 eoinniillee to examine i he several springs in Xorthville and 
 Sonthlii Id, also others in ihe vieniity, lo ascertain if a snflicient 
 qnantilyof |>nre water can bi; obtained from lln-ni to snjiply this 
 city, and Uie probable' lo^i of con\eying it hiliier. 
 
 On August 3 Mr. French reported th.at l)y a con- 
 centration of several sjirings in the town of F.arming- 
 ton an abund.ant supply of pure w.ater could be 
 obtained. Nothing further came of this report, .and, 
 in the light of later experiences, one cannot help 
 wondering whetlier tlie members of the council had 
 not been drinking something, besides water when 
 they adopted the resolution. 
 
 Meantime the newly i)urchased works continued 
 to l)e used, .and in 1836 an ordinance w.as ])assed 
 "that, on ,a])i)lication, w.ater m.ay be conveyed 50 
 feet from front line of lots to be kept flowing at 
 least twelve hoiu's out of the twentv-four. pro\ided 
 the corpor.ation does not h.ave to make more than 
 100 feet of new pipe to supply any one applicant," 
 
 In 1837 work was begun on the reservoir .at the 
 foot of Orleans Street. In 1838 iron pipes, the first 
 
 in the cily, 
 
 dolph Sire 
 
 eontr.acl w; 
 
 Sutton to b 
 
 tain.ar.ac h>'^ 
 
 a forty-live- 
 
 voir, and In 
 
 or roiind-hi 
 
 the old ^: 
 
 \\'illi.im Jii 
 
 work, wiiic 
 
 superinicnd 
 
 lifty feet hi; 
 
 feet in hcigl 
 
 sixiy feet in 
 
 tion of the 
 
 piers .and ari 
 
 st.airw.ay, wi 
 
 out over the 
 
 from which 
 
 olden lime : 
 
 things to be 
 
 Old Ro( 
 
 The rcser\ 
 States stand 
 and forty t( 
 and in p.arli.i 
 house w.as li 
 .M.arch 27, .am 
 Meanwhile t 
 .ai)|)arent that 
 and in anlici 
 side of the cii 
 '•'^'47. g.'ive c( 
 eslal)lishcd. 
 
 In 1 8 50 ,ar 
 hundred-ant 
 
\VATI:K AM) WATl'.R WORKS. 
 
 65 
 
 ill tlu; city, wvw laid on Ji-I'ferson Avciuic, Trom Ran- 
 dolph Slrcrl. U) W Iwaiil Avciun.'. In 1S40 a 
 
 contrai't was made with L'harlfS Jackson and Noah 
 Sutton to build an i'n,:^inc-iiouse, lay niiu' niiks of 
 taniarac loj^s, four and one half of iron pipis, fuinish 
 a forty-rivc-horsc-powLT cnj^inc, civet tlic iron reser- 
 voir, and finish its tower. The plan of the reservoir, 
 or ronntl-house, was copied by Noah Sutton from 
 the old Manhattan Works of New \'oi-k Cit\-. 
 William lUirnell was the contractor fni the brick- 
 work, wiiich was completed in 183S. John Scott 
 superintended the construction. The lirick part was 
 fifty feet lii.^h, surrounded by a wooden top twenty 
 feet in liei.trht. The iron tank, twenty fei't lii^ijh .and 
 sixty feet in diamett-r, was located in tlie upper por- 
 tion of the building;-, restinvj on numerous brick 
 piers and tu'ches. A narrow, crooked, and winding' 
 stairway, with a rou.v^h, wooden [ilalform extendins^' 
 out o\er the reser\dir, led to the top of the building, 
 from which a fine \iew could be obtained ; in the 
 olden time a visk to this reservoir was one of the 
 ihinj^s to be enjoyed In" all visitors. 
 
 UlU KiiLM) lioLMi, luul ul- OKLli.\NS STUUUT. 
 
 The reservoir had a capacity of 422,979 United 
 States standard gallons, and weighed one lumdred 
 and forty tons. It was in constant use until 1857 
 and in partial use until 1S60. In 1866 the round- 
 house was torn dow'i. The work was begun on 
 March 27, and the old land mark soon disappeared. 
 Meanwhile the rapid growth of the city made it 
 api)arcnt that more extensive works were needed, 
 and in anticipation of the erection of reservoirs out- 
 side of the city, a charter amendment of .March iC), 
 1847, gave control over any works that .should be 
 established. 
 
 In 1S50 an .additional pumiting engine of one- 
 hundred-and-rtfty-horse-power w;is set up. ]'"vcn 
 
 with these addition.al facilities, the supply of water 
 was uncertain, .and in 1851 four acres of land on the 
 Muileit l''ai-m wiM\: purchased as a site for a new 
 ris(r\iiir. This investment gave rise to nuK:h tlis- 
 cussion, and in the winter of 1851 and 1852 the 
 papers were til'ed with arguments and communica- 
 tions for and against i)roposals to si'il the water- 
 works to ;i priv.ate corptjration. l'"in;diy, by (jrdi- 
 anee passed I'ebru.iry 24, 1852, the management of 
 the works was vested in a board of five trustees, 
 and a year later, on February 14, the same trustees, 
 by .Act of the Legislature, were constituted a IJoard 
 of Water Co nmissioners. Vmm this time the 
 bo.ard had control of all the property of the water- 
 works, which, on December 30, 1862, was conveyed 
 to them by deed of the council. 
 
 I'he continued incri'ase of the city and its pro- 
 spective wants letl the connnissioners to disj^ose of 
 the four acres on the .Mullett i^'arni ; and in 1854 
 they i)urchased ten acres on the JJeciuindre l-'arm, a 
 mile and a h.alf from the river, at a cost of §7,363. 
 'J'his ground, the highest in the city available for the 
 pur[)ose, is twenty feet higluT than the level at the 
 corner of Jefferson and Woodward .Avenues. 
 
 .\ nvw resei"\oir\vas begun upon this site in 1S54. 
 It was first used in .\ovember, 1857, but was not 
 fully completed until i860. It is bounded by Wil- 
 kins, Calhoun, Riop.'lle, and I)e(|uindre Streets, and 
 consists of two basins enclosed by a sloping em- 
 bankment thirty feet high, composed princij)ally of 
 clay. The embankment is one hundred and three 
 feet thick at the base and fifteen feet wide at the 
 top. The outside is h.andsonu'ly sodded. The 
 basMis were originally lined with brick. After a few 
 months' use, heiuier and more durable material was 
 deeiiK'd necessary, and stone, with brick for a few 
 feet at the top, was substituted. Steps lead from 
 the northwest corner to the top of the embankment, 
 upon which tiiere is a gravel w.ilk 1,003 feet long. 
 The two b.isins are surrounded by a neat fence, and 
 a flight of steps from top to bottom of the interior of 
 each affords easy access for cleaning or repairs. 
 The dividing wall between the basins contains a 
 stairw.ay leading to the shut-ol'fs, so that water can 
 be let on or shut off from either basin without inter- 
 fering with the other. I'ach basin is two hundred 
 feet sijuare al the top, one hundred and fourteeii 
 feet sciuare at the bottom, and twenty-eight and one 
 half feet deep; and together they cover an area of 
 530 X 320 feet, or nearly four acres. The capacity of 
 the two is 9,000,000 gallons. The water is forced in 
 and distributed through pipes two feet in diameter. 
 The total cost of the reservoir, aside from the 
 ground, was §116,287.58. A keeper resides on the 
 grounds, and on week-days from April i to Decem- 
 ber I, from 9 A. At. till sunset, and on Sundays from 
 2 I'. M. to sunset, the grounds are open to visitors. 
 
66 
 
 WA'll'.K AM) \\AI1;K works. 
 
 As tlic top is sc'venty-scvcn and one lialf feet above 
 the river, it ronimaiuis an .'xtensive view of the 
 northeastern portion of tlie city. 
 
 Tile various extensions and enlargements de- 
 manded increased expt'ndiiuri's, and the commis- 
 sioners were autliorized l)y Ac t of l"ei)ruary (>. I'S^,. 
 to i)orrow §350.000, and an Act of l''ci)ruary 10, 
 1857, ).',a\e power to l)orr()W an additional §250,000. 
 In July, 1858, a new pipe was sunk in the river, the 
 inlet end heinjL;' one hundri'd ,ind si'\-enty-t"ive feet 
 from the wharf-line, .and the iiuality of the water o!)- 
 tained was jrreaily iniprovi'd. 
 
 In 1.S56 a new euj^ine was contrncted for, to be 
 built in New \'orl<. It was completed and deliv- 
 ered, l)ut f.ailed to do the work ai^reed upon, and 
 was rejected by the eonnnissioners, who refused to 
 pay for it. A suit was instituted against them, anti 
 a decision reiulered under which the contractors 
 recovered §26,500. In 1S62 a new env^ine w.is pro- 
 cured, which cost §25,000. Attain it i)ecame neces- 
 sary to enlarije the capacity of the works, and on 
 February 17, 1869, the Legislature authorized the 
 
 hoard to borrow $2 5o,oixj. A furtlier .\ct of .April 
 5 i;;ive power to levy a t.ix of three cents a foot 
 fronta^-e on all vacant lots passed by the supply 
 ]iipes, with power to .sell the lots after a certain time 
 if the taxes were not i)aii!. Comparatively few per- 
 sons paid the t.ax, and in June, 1876, the law was 
 decided to be illei^al, and .all moneys collected under 
 it have been, or are li.ible to be, refundi'd. 
 
 Durinif 1870 m.uiy persons who lived adjoininj,^ 
 the city petitioned to be served from the water- 
 works, and in October the pipes, for the first time, 
 were extended outside the corporation. In this same 
 vearthe ever-recurrinir considenition of enl.ir.i^cment 
 was ;n;;un :\ iirominent theme, and the<|uestion of ;in 
 entirely new location occasioni'd nnich research and 
 investiii;;ition. \'arious jilans .and locations were 
 discussed bv city oflicers, priv.ate citizens, and the 
 Water Ho.ird. 'I'he I.enisl.itiu-e, on March 8, 1873, 
 j;;ive the board power to borrow §r,ooo,ooo for the 
 pin-pose of erecting- new works, .and the Act pro- 
 vided for the r.aising of §75,000 yearly by direct t.ax. 
 the surplus over the necessities of the board to be 
 
 KeSEKVOIR and K.MUA.NK.MEM llKUVtEN RiOl'ELLE ANU DecJUI.NUKE SiKEETS. 
 
 .set ap.art .as 
 
 12, 1873, (1 
 
 board, ])ro\ 1 
 
 their use, .11 
 
 works outsi 
 
 enl.aru'enicn 
 
 seventy ;tcri 
 
 .site for the 1 
 
 the ( Irosse 
 
 the river, ;i 
 
 I'riv.ite Cl.ii 
 
 about four n 
 
 of the locati 
 
 (), W. (;re< 
 
 the ni.'iyor :i 
 
 ligate the s 
 
 works. '11 
 
 1874. 'l"he; 
 
 and .advised 
 
 recommendc 
 
 of the bo.ard 
 
 services on tl 
 
 eral Weitzel, 
 
 August 18, ; 
 
 The reasons 
 
 th;it the woi 
 
 from .'uljoinii 
 
 .all seasons o( 
 
 from .a river i 
 
 and, by mci 
 
 from iin])urit 
 
 settling basin 
 
 invited, and t 
 
 W.alton, & \\ 
 
 in December 
 
 three years, ; 
 
 the first time 
 
 The inlet 
 
 twenty-seven 
 
 angles with t 
 
 stream ; it is ( 
 
 thick, five fe 
 
 twenty-tive fe 
 
 the ri\-er, wh 
 
 two feet of \v 
 
 from the wes 
 
 ends .and one 
 
 bottom four : 
 
 tiftv-seven ft 
 
 height six feet 
 
 the whole len; 
 
 'l"he water 
 
 strainer, intlu( 
 
 basin, thence, 
 
 into effluent 
 
 wells to the p 
 
 the forty-two 
 
WAILR AND WAIllK WORKS 
 
 si:t apart as a sinking- fund. A further Act of April 
 12, i<S73. (k'Tuu'd with iiuicli dft.iil tlio jxiwrrs of the 
 board, i>ro\idcd for coiulcniniiijL^' priw'ti.' jjropirty for 
 thi'ir usi', and ,v;a\'c tluMii powir to erect and control 
 works outside the city. In furtlicranee of plans for 
 enlar^enicnt, tiie board, in janu.iry, ICS74, Ijou^lit 
 seventy acres for $35,000 of Roijert P. Toms as a 
 site for tile new works. Tlic ianil lias a frontage on 
 the (Irosse I'oinli: Road of 9fi7 feet and extends to 
 tlie river, a distani'e of 2,715 fi'it ; it covers jiiirls of 
 I'riv.ite Claims Nos. 337 and 257 in ilamiramck, 
 ai)out four mile, from the City Hall. The wisdom 
 of the location w.is called in (jui'stion, nm\ Cii'iierals 
 I). W. (ireene ;ind C. \\\'it/el were appoiiiteil by 
 the ni.iyor and the lioard of I'ublic Works to inves- 
 tigate the subject of location and of the i)roposed 
 works. Their report was presciiticl in iXun'ust, 
 1S74. 'I'liey approved of the location purchased, 
 and ;id\isi'd the erection of works substantially as 
 reeommiiuh'd by I). I'"arrand Henry, the enii;ineer 
 of the board. The bill of ( leneral dreene for his 
 services on this occation was !ii>i,i34and that of (ien- 
 eral Weit/el, S'.*574o5- Tluse bills were presented 
 Au]L;tist iS, and orderi'd paid on August 24, 1874. 
 '["he reasons v;iven in favor of the new location were 
 that tile works would be beyond the reach of tire 
 from adjoininjf liri'iiiises, and woukl be accessible at 
 all seasons of the year; the water would be obtained 
 from a river channel seldom or never contaminated, 
 and, by means of settlinif basins, coultl be freed 
 from impurities. Proposals for constructing the 
 settlin.iLj basin, docks, and a short slip or canal were 
 invited, aiul the contract was let to Messrs. Lacey, 
 Walton, iS: Walker for §106,130. W^ork was beyun 
 in December, 1874, the works were completed in 
 three years, and on December, 15, 1877, water for 
 the first time was supplied therefrom. 
 
 The inlet pipe is near mid-channel, in about 
 twenty-seven feet of water, and is sunk at ri^dit 
 anodes with the current, with the j^nitini;- side down 
 stre.am; it is of wrou,!L(ht iron, one fourth of an inch 
 thick, live feet in diameter, made in lengths of 
 twenty-tive feet, and extends eleven hundred feet into 
 the river, where it is enclosed by a crib in twenty- 
 two feet of water, the water tlowin^' into the ])i])e 
 from the west. The strainer is of pine lumber, the 
 ends and one side ei.nlit inches thick, the top and 
 bottom four inches tliick. The extreme len,t;th is 
 tiftv-seven feet, width seven feet eij^lit inches, 
 height six feet. The tjratinjr, extending on one side 
 the whole length, is of hard-wot-d slats. 
 
 'llie water is forced by gravity thnnigh the 
 strainer, influent pipe, and gate-well into the settling 
 basin, thence, intercepted by submerged bulkhead, 
 into effluent gate-well, effluent pipe, and strainer 
 wells to the pump wells, whence it is pumped into 
 the forty-two-inch mains; these are so connected 
 
 DErROll 
 
 Pr.AN OF Detroit Water-Works. 
 
 ii 
 
6S 
 
 \\ Al I:K AM) W A I I.U \\i »klsS. 
 
 that I'iilu r or hoili can In; used ; tln'v nin by difffr- 
 fiit nmtis.oiu: i6,oo() kvt in Iin;,flli, tln' (itlur jS.ooo 
 feet, to tlie snpplyiiiij mains. 
 
 Tilt; scttliiijj basin is ihri't; bundii'd and siMy-livc 
 feet wide and tli(' two sides measure. se\cn Iniiulrcd 
 and fifty and eij^ht jiimdrcd feet ns|HMii\cly. it 
 varies in deptli from ihirteen fe<l al the eiiannt 1 or 
 soiilli bani< to si'venteeii feet on the nortli or engine 
 siile at low-water niaii< ; it is sepai'aled from tlie 
 ri\er liy a natural l)aiii< of solid eai'ili two liimdi'ed 
 feet in widlli; on the other thi'ie sides tlnre are 
 jtlank walls supported hv |)ilcs di'i\rn se\'cn h rl in 
 blue clay; outside of tiu; |)lank walls there are solid 
 embanknu'iits of blue clay, |)uddled in by hand, 
 from elcecn to fnmleen fi'et wide. 1)11 the west 
 side the embankment, which is eoeeri'd with plank, 
 eonneets with and le.ids to the <loek, which is nine- 
 teen hundrt'd feet louv;' and twi'nl\-li\e feci wide. 
 West of the embankment is a canal forty-live feet 
 wide: .and seventeen feet dei p. About se\'i'ntv-live 
 fi'ct from the north bank of iln' setllini;- basin is :i 
 siibmeri;'ed bre.ikw.ilcr, which prevents ,i direct em-- 
 riMit from tlu' inlet to the outlet pipe, .and facili- 
 t.ates the dc|)osit of ;uu- sedimcntai'y m.itler. i'lu.' 
 l)asin ha.s ;ui ari'a of something;' ox'i'r si\ .aeres, 
 and the ])ipe eonvi'yini,^ the water from it to the 
 well in the en,;,nne-!iouse, like the inka pi'pc, is 
 six feet .above the bed of the basin, thus ;illow- 
 
 inyf ;ill sediment U) f.ill below the mouth of the 
 
 Tile upper i)ortiiin of the ;.;roniids is occnpied by 
 eo.al-housi', setllin;;- b.isiii, .and i ,uial ; the lower por- 
 tion is reser\'ed for the site nf .m .addition.i! basin, 
 shoulil it be n-i|uired. Thi' v^ruinuls .idjacent to the 
 street .are i^r.lded, seeded, .ind orn.imented with 
 slirubl)cr\- .and two sm.ill l.ikes; driveways li;id tu 
 the eni^ine-hou^c. 
 
 The en'.;ine-hoiise, of brick, st.ands nearly in the 
 centre of tlu' upinr h.ilf of the i^rounds, eiu;hl lum- 
 dred feet from the front line. The hci;^bt of the 
 buildin;,;' to the lop of the m.iin w.alls is forty feel, 
 to the pe.ik of tlu' roof Se\'enl\--li\a' feet, .and to the 
 ti>p of the tower one hundred ;uid fciurieen feet. 
 The eimine-rooin proper Is'i^ x (») fei'i. .and is o|)en 
 to the roof. Two boiler-houses ioiii the rear, .and 
 ,are each lift\--ilirce .and six tenths by foi-|\--se\cn and 
 four tenths feet inside nu'.asurement. with .a hei'.;lii 
 of forty fei't. A sp.ice of thirty-sexcn fi'ct between 
 them is used ,as store-roo , w.ash-i"ooni, .and woi'k- 
 shop. The brick chimnevs on the outer w.al! of e.ach 
 biiilei--roi]ni ,are li\'e feet in dianieler inside, .and one 
 hunili-ed ;ind twenty feet hi,L;h. There .are two coni- 
 poimd-be.un ]nmi|)in^- <'ni,^ines, both (k'sii^iied bv 
 John 1^. j-alwards, .and each of them c,i|),il)le of 
 pumiiin:< 24,000,000 y.allons d.aily. A tluVd envjine 
 of the same kind will be completed durin,;,,^ 1884. 
 
 The Nuw Wati;u-Wukks Engini; Hucm;, and Tuuek or Stand I'li't, 
 
 One of llii 
 
 i)uilt l)y til. 
 
 was compli 
 
 side b-on \\ 
 
 'I'he t'Ui; 
 
 Works lias 
 
 in di.imeter 
 
 inches in di. 
 
 is eomjiosei 
 
 inch stei'l pi 
 
 hve feet Ion 
 
 six inches 
 
 centre eolm 
 
 sii|)ports ll 
 
 forms the 
 
 forty-four f( 
 
 fei't in di.ui 
 
 base, .and si 
 
 inches .at tli 
 
 tot.ai heii^ht 
 
 pl.ate to top 
 
 fifty feet tli 
 
 The lly-whei 
 
 four feet in d 
 
 weiv;iis.il)oui 
 
 the cr.aiik sh, 
 
 inelies in di.n 
 
 Tile eni;in 
 
 the Kiverside 
 
 differs slii{litl 
 
 built by the 
 
 eomotive \\'( 
 
 hi,nli sti'.am c 
 
 four inches nil 
 
 l)ump three f( 
 
 inch iiKire di.-n 
 
 be.ani of thi: 
 
 eomposet! of 
 
 fourtli-incii s 
 
 twenty - live 
 
 inches loii^- I 
 
 six inches wid 
 
 3,350 |)oimds 
 
 lly-wheel is t 
 
 feet four inch 
 
 eter and wei 
 
 forty tons. 'I 
 
 inir wells .are 
 
 wide, ,and tw 
 
 four feet thic 
 
 weighs ni'.irlj 
 
 boilers, iisiiail 
 
 ei.t(ht feet in 
 
 lonir; heit;jii f 
 
 cit,--!!! feet eiy 
 
 e.aeli iioiler, s 
 
 surf.aee, 1,36^ 
 
WAI KK AM) W All.K WOKKS. 
 
 Oy 
 
 One of till- c'lv^Hiii's was first nsfd in 1S77. and was 
 built by till' Detroit Loroniotive Works; tiic dtlier 
 was niniplcicil in iSSi l)y S. I'". Ilodnc, at llic Kivir- 
 side h-(in \Viirl<s. 
 
 'I'lie c'nv;ini' built by the Detroit Locomotive 
 Works lias a hii;h steam cylinder, forty-two inidies 
 in diami'ter, and a low steam cylinder, eii;IUy-foin' 
 inches in diameter, with six-loot stroke. 'I'he beam 
 is composed of si.\ half- 
 indi steel plates, twenty- 
 live feet loiij;- by five feet 
 si.\ inches wide. The 
 ci'iitre column, which 
 supports till' be.'im and 
 forms the ;iir vessel, is 
 forty-four feet hiv;h. ten 
 ft'ct in diamc'ter at tlu' 
 b.ise. ,uid sewn feet t"i\'e 
 inches ;it the top. The 
 total hei;^hi from b.ase 
 pl.ate to top of be.im is 
 tlfty fet't three inches. 
 The lly-wlu'cl is twi'iUy- 
 four feet in di.imeter. and 
 weij^iis .about tliii'ty tons ; 
 the crank sh.ift is tifteen 
 inclii's in diameter. 
 
 'I'he I'lmiiu: built by 
 tlu; Riverside IronWorks 
 differs slii.;luly from that 
 built by the I )etroit Lo- 
 comotive Works. The 
 hinh steam cylinder has 
 four inches more, and the 
 pump three fourths of an 
 inch more di.anieter. '{'he 
 beam of this eiii^ine is 
 composed of four three- 
 fourth-inch steel pl.ates, 
 twenty- live' feet foiir 
 inehes ion.^ by live feet 
 si.K inches wide, weii;hin,n- 
 3,350 pounds ea<h. Tiie 
 tly-wheel is twenty-four 
 feet foiu" inches in diam- 
 iter and wtMv^hs nearly 
 forty tons. 'I'he pum]-)- 
 
 injr wells .an- forty-one feet lonj.^, twenty-one fc " 
 wide, and twenty-two feet deep, with walls about 
 four (vvl thick. Kiivh eni;ine with its air-pumps 
 weighs nearly live hundred tons. There are ei^ht 
 boilers, usually called marine boilers, each of them 
 eijirht feet in diameter by nineteen feet si.\ inches 
 loPif ; heivjht from bottom of furnace to top of shell, 
 eiv;ht feet ei,i,dit and one li;i!f inches; wei^dit of 
 each boiler, .seventeen and one half tons; he.ilini,^ 
 surf.ace, 1,364 S()n.ire fi'ct. The st;uid-|)ipe aids in 
 
 sectiriii),' a uniform ]iressiire of water throtivfh tlu; 
 force mains; it is ni.ade of boiler iron rind lias ;i 
 diameter of live feel at the base ,and thirty inches 
 ,il ihe top, the |)lates r,in,v;ini;' from live eitjhths to 
 three sixteenths of an inch in thickness. It has ;i 
 hei(.,du of one luindred and thirty-two feet from the 
 foundation upon whieli it rests. The tower which 
 encircles il is built of the best (|ualily of jjiessed 
 
 I i.Mc >>i liii. K.N(,im;s. 
 
 brick; the base or lower section is extended out- 
 ward from the main shaft to allow of a p.issa^ew ay 
 or wstibule to the windin,i^- stairw.iy one hundred 
 and twenty-four feet hiyh, which leads to an ob- 
 si'rvatory at the top. There are two luindred and 
 four steps. 
 
 An analysis of the water by I'rofe.ssor Dou).,dass in 
 1S54 showed the contents of i.oocj j;ramiues to be ; 
 suliih.ite of |)ot,assi;i. .00:283 j;r,immes; snlpli.'ite of 
 sod.i. .0075; c.iibon.ile of linu', .033; phos|ih;ite of 
 
ro 
 
 \v.\'Ii:r and \\.\i'i:k works. 
 
 liiiH', .0311 ; alumina, .0105; silira, .(loy, ami car- 
 bonatoof inm, .(XJS14 ; oratntai nf .ui^Soy v,rrammt's 
 of solid luatltT in 1,000; in olIuT words, ;i i^-.illnii of 
 w.itiT rontaiiK'd only 5.72^ ijrains of solid nialtcr, 
 and this of siidi niincr.ils, in siicii proportions, as to 
 1)1- of no re.il detrinifiit. 'I'lif iron pijic from wliicli 
 tile water for analysis was takfu cxtcndi'd only 
 twrnty-fivo feet l)cyond the wh.irf-line. An .malysis 
 of a i,;allon of water l)y I'rofessor A. li. Lyons in 
 September, 1S79, from w.iter obiaii.cd at the new 
 works j^ave tiie foilowinij result : pot.issium, trace; 
 sodium chloride, .229; sodium carbonate, .394; cal- 
 cium sulphate, 1.043; calcium carbonate, 3.353; 
 maijnesium carbonate, 1.209; alumina, .241 ; ferrous 
 carbon.ite, trace; silica, .306. Toi.il, 6.775 j(rains. 
 
 The cost of the new works, including the .tjrouiKis, 
 up to J.iniiary, US84, was §1,271,739. 
 
 .Ml .ifenenil distribution pipes are laid at the ex- 
 pense of the city ;is fast as the commissioners deem 
 necessary; and all ajjplications for extensions m;iile 
 at the office are carefully considereil. Service pipes 
 are recjuired to be put in by a licensed |)liniiber, at 
 the expense of the individual. 1 'lumbers p.iy live 
 dollars a year to the board as a license fee. A con- 
 trast between the methods and facilities of the p.isl 
 and the present is sugi,n'stetl in the following item 
 from a daily paper of July, 1850 : 
 
 /Viim/ii-r.— Why is it lliiit in a city of 25,i.wj {..habitants, with 
 oiu: Hydraulic Wiirks, and the very t..\ttnsiv<; iiDprovuineiits evt ry- 
 wherc going forward, that we have no professional plnnibtr aniung 
 us? 
 
 Petitions to make connections with the water- 
 pipes must be made at the otlice, on blank forms 
 there furnished, and a charge of $1.75 to Si-oo for 
 service cock and for connecting must be paid when 
 the permit is granted. Between the first day of 
 December and the tir.stdayof March no connections 
 are allowed to be made without special permit. 
 
 Up to January i, 1884, there were 16,978 .service 
 connections in the iron pipes, and 8,278 in the 
 wooden logs; tliere was a total of one hundred 
 and sixty-two miles of in n pipe, and seventy-eight 
 miles of wooden logs. The iron pipe varies in size 
 from three to forty-two inches in diameter, and 
 the bore of the wooden logs from two and one 
 quarter to four inches. The winter of 1874-1875 
 being remarkably cold, the water-pipes were more 
 generally affected than ever before, and many of the 
 street mains froze and burst, causing serious incon- 
 venience. 
 
 In 1827 the force mains, or main pipes, delivering 
 to the supply pipes consisted of tamarac logs o( 
 four-and-one-half-inch bore. In 1830 three-inch 
 iron pipes were used, in 1840 ten-inch pipes, in 1854 
 twenty-four-inch pipes, and in 1875 pipes of three 
 feet six inches in diameter were first employed. 
 
 The following l.iblc gives a good idea of the 
 grouili ,iu(l extcni of the water-works: 
 
 
 Valnr of 
 
 Amount of 
 
 
 Workn. 
 
 Diht. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 rMsi 
 
 • rii.-'4" 
 
 $ a.sJ,77' 
 
 1 Si K 1 
 
 'ph.„7Hi 
 
 l.^.,..., 
 
 .H7,, 
 
 1,170,. 70 
 
 Hw-., 
 
 1K8,. 
 
 ^,7S",7'"' 
 
 l.5".!i'"«' 
 
 ,HH, 
 
 .l,,li'v»«. 
 
 1,555,01.10 
 
 18711 
 1880 
 188 ) 
 
 Water 
 Kati'H. 
 
 $ -.5,482 
 4V.4J4 
 '-■7. 1 4.1 
 
 ^85,^.58 
 
 No, of 
 Kaniilii'H. 
 
 ''S'ASO 
 M.7'7 
 a2<7H:) 
 27,087 
 
 IntiTi'.Ht 
 paid. 
 
 •4J.8.t7 
 54i757 
 
 (jy,()IO 
 'I4.j-'J 
 
 Gallons 
 punipud. 
 
 C'oKt of 
 operutiiig. 
 
 Mi5U 
 
 33."«) 
 
 45.7.)J 
 
 54.4.M 
 
 Atlles of 
 ripcagu. 
 
 .1o3<';3',74! 
 
 /H 
 
 87.i,..|0,4si 
 
 (>^ 
 
 i,8tj6,c,(i< 1,1.08 
 
 i.'ij 
 
 .">i.'i52ii/'.'i)3»o 
 
 21 V 
 
 7.l7'^.3-'7."'» 
 
 242 
 
 Tlu: office w.'is at one time located in the old City 
 II.ill. In i85-' it w.'is removed to the old l''iremen's 
 II.ill, on the corner of li.-ites and l.jirned Streets. In 
 July, 1862, it w;is moved to ;i store in the central 
 portion of the ISiddle llou.se Block, and in .M.iy, 
 1872, to the north side of Jefferson Avenue, between 
 Bates and Randoloh Streets. < )n S.'iturday, June 16, 
 1877, the office w;is established on the e;ist side of 
 Oriswold Street, midw.ay between Miihig.in Avenue 
 and Sl.ite .Street, in a building speci.illy erected for 
 the purpose, and renteil to the connnissioners. 
 
 Under ordinance of 1836 the water rates were as 
 follows: I''ach common dwelling-house, §10 yctrly ; 
 each dwelling "larger than common," with one 
 horse or cow, $' 2 ; each family in house with .several 
 families, $8; each livery with four horses, §10; each 
 store, $6 ; each office, $5. The t.tx was to be paid 
 six months in advance, and no w.iter sui)plie(l for 
 less than six months. As at i^resent managed, in 
 May and June of each year personul inspection and 
 intiuiry is instituted throughout the city ; and from 
 facts thus obtained a list of consumers is made. 
 On the last business day in June the rolls are 
 confirmed, .and are fin;il and conclusive except as 
 aflditional assessments may l)ccome necessary by 
 increased use of water. Any reduction claimed 
 by reason of diminished use of water can apply 
 only to the succeeding (|uarter. The jiresent rates 
 for each house range from five dollars upwards, 
 with special rates for varying circumstances and 
 particular kinds of business. If not paid within 
 the first month of the quarter, five per cent is added; 
 if not paid before the expiration of the quarter, ten 
 per cent is added ; and if not then paid, the supply 
 of water is shut off, and before it is let on again, not 
 only the water tax but an extra charge of fifty cents 
 for turning on the water rnust be paid. 
 
 A law of 1873 required the board to charge for the 
 pipes, and double rates for water supplied to persons 
 living outside of the corporation. After ten years, 
 trial, in 1883, discretionary power was given to the 
 board as to the amount to be charged. 
 
 W ;iicr 111 
 be s.tid to 
 there were 
 indic.itors i 
 <cnls, in 
 g.illons reg 
 
 When tl 
 superintend 
 lei'tions. I 
 city collecti 
 catcs the .- 
 th.it d.iy 
 
 I'.W ViiCK w 
 Room iviry rii 
 receive tin? del 
 does not |iay ii 
 the I'onncil, .-i 
 joking. 
 
 IlKTHiirr, A I 
 
 In 1848, 
 assessr )rs o 
 council. \ 
 tion of the 
 the collector 
 
 The asse* 
 council wert 
 ham ; 1 849, 
 D. Clairoux, 
 Francis Mel 
 
 By appoir 
 -sors and col 
 N. Case, T. 
 
 From iSj 
 superintendc 
 W.'IS $500 a ; 
 elective oflic 
 the Water C 
 
 The follov 
 1827-1833, 
 French ; 1 8 
 ward M. M 
 1843, 15. B. 
 1 846- 1 848, J 
 ley, N. C.rei 
 1854, K. .Mc; 
 
 The engin 
 Charles How 
 min Keeney 
 J. I'!, lulwan 
 pointed gent 
 served until 
 appointed ch 
 new works \ 
 when the ofli 
 Superintendc 
 and contiiUR 
 1877, he was 
 
WATKR AXI) WATl'.K WORKS. 
 
 ;i 
 
 Water mt'tcrs wtTi' tcstfd in 1854., hut can hardly 
 1)1' said to have lu'cii in usr 'iiilil I1S74, and ''> ''*^^3 
 tiirri' wiiv but thirty-two iiicttrs and tucivi' watcr- 
 indiiators in the city. 'I'iic r.itc in 1S75 was two 
 cents, in 1XS3 one cent for eacii )nc hiindreil 
 jfallons re,;;istere(l. 
 
 W'luii tile city took ciiar^ft' of tiie works, liic 
 superintendent ii.id eii,irv;c of assessments .md eol- 
 li'ctions. hi I.S45 the rates were eollerted i)y tiu' 
 city eolleelor. '\'\k' followinv( .■id\eriiM'nient indi- 
 cates tiic sternness of iiu'.nicipal niana^'ement in 
 tii.it day 
 
 I'Av \nt u Wm UK Tanks,— I will hv iit iho Cdiiimim Cmiiuil 
 kdiiiii I'M r>' iMiirniiiK' fmin (in until lialf-past twilvc ii'ilmk tn 
 rt-cciv).' tlur ili'liiii|ii('iit w.itir-tiix .. I'Acry mail and winiiaii wlm 
 (liit'H ni>t pay up hy .M<itiilay, tlif .isl instaiu, will In- npculid tn 
 tllr C'ininiil, and tin; water in i"itv rasr shnt olf. 1 am nut 
 
 jiikiniiC. 
 
 MdKdAN II \ IKS, t'/V^ Colleitor 
 Dktuoii', April m, 1S4:;. 
 
 In i(S48, under a permissive ordinance of 1842, 
 assessors of w.iter-r.iies witc ap|)oiiUe(l bv the 
 council. At tile pri'sent time, .'md since the crea- 
 tion of the W'.iter Commission, the bo.ird appoints 
 the collectors. 
 
 The assessors of water-taxes aiipointed by the 
 council were as follows: 1S48, W. Haniay, I".. Hen- 
 ham; 1849, N. I). Carinnter, <}. S|iencer ; 1850, !.. 
 I). Clairoux, John V., Norton; 1851, \. T. Taylor, 
 Francis Mt Don.iiil. 
 
 Hy appointment of the commissioners, the asses- 
 sors and collectors in 1883 were: James Fenton, L. 
 N. Case, T. K. I'utnam, and I'. F. .Seitz. 
 
 From 1836 to 1849 the council apptjinted the 
 suiierinteiident of the works. 'I'he salary in 1839 
 w;is S500 a year. I>y charter of 1849, it became an 
 elective office, and so remained up to the creation of 
 the Water Commission in 1853. 
 
 The f()ll()wini( jiersons starved as superintendents: 
 1827-1833, A. v.. Hathon; 1833-1837, David 
 French; 1837, S.inford iSriltain; 1838-1S40, fid- 
 ward Ah McCiraw; 1840-1843. William Hanlay ; 
 1843, '*• '^- Moore; 1844-1846, David Thompson; 
 1846-1848, James Stewart; 1848, Washinij^ton l>ur- 
 ley, N. Cireusel ; 1849-1851, David Kdsall; 1851- 
 1854, K. ,\Ud)onald. 
 
 The enjrineers have been as follows: 1830-1840, 
 Charles fhiward ; 1840, E. Fl. Rees ; 1841, Benja- 
 min I\^eeney ; 1 842-1 861, F. M. Wing; 1861- , 
 J. F:. Edwards. In 1853 Jacob Houghton was ap- 
 pointed ifcneral superintendent and enir'ncer and 
 served until 1861. In 1872 I). Farrand 1 enry was 
 appointed chief engineer. Under his supe ision the 
 new works were carried into sucessful o]ieration, 
 when the office ceased. B. 15. Moore was aiijiointed 
 Superintendent of FIxtension and Repairs in 1850, 
 and continued to serve until his death. In April, 
 1877, he was succeeded by Henry I5ridge. Robert ¥.. 
 
 Roberts w;is ;ippointetl secret;ir\' on the organi/.alion 
 of the bo.ird, .and continued in ollice until 1872, 
 when hi' was sueceeiled by Meiiry Starkey. Cieorgc 
 v.. Kun/e, the receiving clerk, li.is bi'cn in the oflice 
 since 1872. 
 
 The /\ct creating the W.itcr Commission n.imed 
 five commissioners, who were to serve for three, 
 four, live, six, and seven years res|)eetively ; ,ind in 
 April, 1856, ;ind ye.irly thereafter, one was to be 
 elected annually by the Common Couik il for the 
 term of five years. They were to serve without 
 compensation, liider l.ivv of 1879 their terms were 
 to begin on the first Tuesd.iy of M.iy, and by .\ct of 
 1881 members of the commission c.in be appointeil 
 only on the nomin.ition of the ni;iyor. The board 
 organi/ed .\hiy 16, 1853, .and consisted of S. Conant, 
 president; J. A. Vandyke, W. R, Noyes, F'.. A. 
 iirush, .111(1 II. Fedyard. In 1855 James A. \'.in- 
 dyke died, .and \. I). Fr.aser was aiipointed to till 
 his pl.icc. At the expiration of the term of S. Co- 
 nant in 1859, he w.is succeeded by J. D. ^h)rton, and 
 the sjime ye.ir John \'. Reulile was appointed suc- 
 cessor to Henry Fedy.ird, who removed from the 
 city. In 1861 J. V. Reuhle entered the army, and 
 his pLice vv.is lilled by Chaiiney Hurlbut. His term 
 expired in 1863, and S. (i. Wight w.is apjiointed. 
 In 1865 W. R. Noyes resigned, and the v.acancy was 
 hlled by the appointment of Jacob S. Farr.and. In 
 the same year the v.ac.-incy occasioned by the ilece.ase 
 of J. D. Morton w.as tilled by the .-ippointmeiu of 
 John Owen. In 1868 F. A. Brush resigned, and 
 Caleb \'an Husan vv.as ajiixiinted, .and the term of 
 S. (i. Wight h.aving exjiired, Ch.auncy Hurlbu' w.as 
 again appointed a member of the bo.ard. 'I'he term 
 of A, D. Eraser closed in 1871, and Samuel F. 
 Hodge succeeded him, and the next year Elijah 
 Smith took the place of Caleb \;in Ilusar.. He w.as 
 ;uic(eeded in 1877 by Mich.ael M.artz. In 1879 
 James Beatty was appointed in iil.ace of S. '". Hodge, 
 and John I'ridgeon in |)l.ice of John Oacii. The 
 bo.ird in 1883 consisted of J. S. Farrand, C. Hurl- 
 but, M. M.artz, J. Beatty, and J. I'ridgeon. 
 
 Regular meetings of the commissioners .are hekl 
 monthly on the Wednesd.ay after the first .S.iturd.iy 
 in each month. About forty persons are const.antly 
 employed by the board, with salaries varying from 
 $100 to Ji2, 200 yearly. During the summer season, 
 \ .en new pipes and extensions are Laid, from sev- 
 enty-five to one hundred and fifty addition.al men 
 are employed, .and $6o,ocx3 is yearly paid out for 
 salaries and labor. 
 
 ■"UIU.TC DRINKING FOUNTAIN.S. 
 
 ]5oth .jzens and dumb animals are indebted to 
 
 Moses W. F^itiJ for the suggestion of jiublic drinking 
 
 fountains. Fie petitioned the council in regard to 
 
 them on May 23, 1871. On the 30th a committee 
 
72 
 
 PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS. 
 
 reported favorably, and on Jiuk' 27 Uic toin|nrollL'r 
 was directed to advertise for seven. Nine more 
 were ordered in July, 1S74. 'I'liey are generally 
 plaeed at liie intersection of streets. In iSS-; foun- 
 tains were located -it the corner of McDoni^all and 
 Jefferson, Orleans and I'Yanklin, Ki(i]H'lle :an\ ( 'ii-;itiot, 
 dratiot and Randoipli, Congress and iiatcs, Fort 
 
 anil Wootluard, foot of Woodward, First and Jeffer- 
 son, Twenty-lirst and Woodbridi^e, Tweiftli and 
 I'ort, Fourteentii and Micliiv^an, Twenty-fourth and 
 Miciiijran, Cass and I.i'dyard, (Irand River and 
 Truniinill, Twelfth and liaker, and at Fast and 
 West Hay and Wood Markets. It is the duly of 
 the gas inspector to earc for them. 
 
 Tin 
 
 Wi: are 
 
 ward for 
 
 l)ordered \ 
 
 gestions w 
 
 of tile (io\ 
 
 for tile pla 
 
 avenues. 
 
 Circus is I 
 
 slKule of t 
 
 or watc tl 
 
 hard to ri 
 
 jionds .-uul 
 
 tlie bulifn 
 
 refuse of i 
 
 citizens coi 
 
 tile directi( 
 
 raised from 
 
 In 1846 
 
 southwest 
 
 and also a 
 
 Clifford, tc 
 
 directed th 
 
 — the tirsi 
 
 the other I 
 
 the further 
 
 out trees a 
 
 west side c 
 
 attention, a 
 
 laid out in 
 
 1866, the 
 
 Campus M 
 
 August 27, 
 
 Hall, for tisi 
 
 co.x. In if 
 
 Circus Park 
 
 Adelaide Cr 
 
 In order t 
 
 and grass, t 
 
 1866, when 
 
 days. In Ji 
 
 all the park 
 
 fence of the 
 
 same time, c 
 
 All the sr 
 
 apjireciated 
 
CHAPTER XIV 
 
 THE I'AUKS AM) I'lll'; liOl J. i:\ARl).- I-ASITRIIS AND POUNDS. 
 
 TItF. I'ARKS AND 'IIIE nOTU.KVARD. 
 
 Wk arc nrlainly iiululncd to Chki Justice Wood- 
 ward for our hall'-acrc parks antl l)road avciuics 
 bordcri'd willi thrifty elms and maples. His su.;;- 
 i;cstious were cmbodictl in one of tiie earliest Acts 
 of the (lovernor anil Judv^es, which made provision 
 for tile planliuJL;' of tries on tlie streets, s(|uares, and 
 a\eiun's. of all the smaller parks, the (irand 
 Circus is the most beautiful. As we rest in the 
 .shade of the trees, enjoy the plash of the fountains, 
 or watc the children at play upon the lawns, it is 
 hard to re;ili/,e that up to 1844 these parks were 
 ponds ;nul marshes, enii\eni'd only by the musit- of 
 the bullfrog;', and used as a place of dc])osit for 
 refuse of every kind. in that year a number of 
 citizens combined for their improvement, and, imder 
 the direction of II. M. Leroy, the i;roinuls were 
 raised from one to four feet. 
 
 In 1S46 the coiHicil ;ii)pro])iiated a lot on the 
 southwi'st I'orner of ClilTord and Ailams Avenue, 
 and also a lot on wi'St side of Macomb A\enue near 
 ClilTord, to pay for additional im|M'o\emcnts, and 
 diri'cted that the lots be sold at auction on July 26, 
 — the lirst lot to be sold for not kss than $150, and 
 the other for at least §125. In the s|)nn,i^' of 1853 
 the further sunt of S'. 500 was ixpendcd in setting 
 out trees and building fences. Tlu' |iark on the 
 west side of Woodward A\enue receixed the most 
 attention, a fountain being there erected antl walks 
 laid out ill the summer of i860. In September, 
 1 866, tln' speaker's stand was movid from the 
 Campus Martins to tlie j^ark. It was erected on 
 August. 27, 1862, on the p.^es'-nt site of the City 
 Hall, for use at the reception if Ceneral O. Ii. Will- 
 cox. In 1874 a fountain vis p acrd in the Mast 
 Circus I'ark. Two years lat^r it was removed to 
 Adelaide Campau Park, and replaced by another. 
 
 In order to insure the perfect rooting of the trees 
 and grass, the parks wc-e kept closed until May, 
 1866, when they were opened to the publii- on Sun- 
 days. In July, 1873. the fences wiTc removed from 
 all the parks except the Clinton and Cass. The 
 fence of the latter park was reduced in height at the 
 same time, and in 1879 w;is entirely removed. 
 
 All the smaller parks have been much used and 
 appreciated since they were thrown open. Linden 
 
 Park, located in the township of I lamtramck, is three 
 miles from the City Hall, about three fourths of a 
 mile beyond the eastern limits of the lity, and half a 
 mile north of the ri\er, between Lincoln and Bald- 
 win .Avenues. It contains twenty-five and seventy 
 one-luuKlredlhs aiTi'S. It was given to the city by 
 .Moses W. i'icld, on Oitober 1, 1875, upon condition 
 that the city a])proi)ri.ile §3,000 annually for im- 
 proving it. On February 25 Mr. Field gave an- 
 other piece of land .six hundred feet wide, on the 
 north side of the park, and so modified the condi- 
 tions of his tirst gift that, upon sjiending $4,500 in 
 improving the groinids, the city should have a full 
 title. Including l.indi'U Park, seven of the ihirtieii 
 parks have been given by iiulividuals. The list is as 
 follows: 
 
 Namk. 
 
 KIlOM 
 
 C'lawfdril 
 
 Ci.ss 
 
 SlaiU(Pii 
 
 Maicmil) 
 
 Aiielaiclit'ain 
 pan 
 
 I.CHAIUIN. 
 
 \ llltlT-l-c. Clf 5II1 
 
 ( aiui t Mt.hard, 
 \ hitcrsrc. of 5tli 
 I ami lli){li, 
 \ :il Si 1)1 1. i.ed- 
 ( yai<l aiul liaKK 
 1 liinrsif.iif i7tli 
 ( and Mariiiullr 
 1 liilcisic.iil' i7tli 
 * and Ki)sr, 
 
 hilirstct. 
 
 C'atiipaii and 
 / I'lintDn Avcs. 
 
 ( .1\ KN II V. 
 
 ("rant' iV ^V(■ss^>n 
 
 C'ranr \' Wesson 
 
 Lewis Cass, 
 
 ' S. K. Stanlon, 
 
 [ S. K. Stanton, 
 
 It. i. \ I). J.I 
 i C'anipaii, i 
 
 WllKN r.l\ KN. 
 
 Dei-. -S, 1850 
 
 I )cc. ■.■8, 1850 
 
 July ui, i860 
 
 July ;•!, 1861 
 
 Inly 23, 1861 
 
 Sept. 6, iSCs 
 
 Centre Park, named February i, 1840, is between 
 Farmer, Farrar, and (iratiot .Streets, and is occupied 
 by the Public Library. School Park, between Ciris- 
 wold, Rowland, and State Streets, is occupied en- 
 tirely by the High School buildings. Clinton Park 
 is part of the old City Cemetery. It was dedicated 
 as Clinton P.irk on August 7, 1868. It is located 
 between Cinitiot, Clinton, Paton, and .St. Antoine 
 Streets. Randolph Park was .so named April 27, 
 1869; it was formerly called Miami Square and also 
 North Park. East Park is located between Farmer, 
 Pates, and Randolph Streets. In 1883 it was given to 
 the police commissioners as a site for anew building 
 to be occupied as their headquarters, West Park 
 lies between West Park Place, Park Place, and State 
 Street. The following table shows the number of 
 acres in each park, except lielle Isle : Adelaide 
 Campau, 95-100 acres; Linden, 25 and 71-100; 
 
 l7d 
 
■4 
 
 THE PARKS. 
 
 Kaiul(il|)li, 24-100; CriUiT (ii- Library I 'ai'k, 27-100; 
 Scliodl. 524-1000; Wist, 524-1000; ('.rand Circus, 
 4 and 5c;5-iooo; CiiiUon. 1 and 32-1000; l^iton, 
 703-1000; Crawford, 703-1000 ; Siaiitoii. ()ii-iooo; 
 Maccinii). 4.S<;-iooo ; and Cass. 4 and iS-ioo. I'olal, 
 40 and 53-100 acrts. 
 
 The most prominent inihlic s(]tiarr is tin- Camptis 
 Martins, so namrd afirr tlu- prinripal s(iu;iri' at 
 Marietta, tiic lirst settlement and capital of the 
 Northwest 'IVrritory. That s(|uare was named 
 Campus Martins by tin; directors and agents on July 
 2, 1788, lu'cause tlu; blockhouse stood in the centre 
 of it. The Campus Martins of ancient Rome was 
 the most celelirated of its parks or public i^rounds. 
 It was at first set apart for military exercises antl 
 contests, but afterwards became a public park or 
 pleasure-iL,n'()uiKl, with i,^'irdens, theaters, batlis, etc. 
 It received the name of Martins from beini,M)riyin- 
 ally consecrated to Mars, the Ciod of War. One 
 would think that our Campus Martins hail i)een 
 dedicaed to every deity, for everythinij in ttirn has 
 centered at this hub of the city. It has been occu- 
 pied as a hay and wood mai'ket, as a standin.n-ijlace 
 for farmers' waj^ons, and a rendezvous for hucksters 
 and peddlers of e\ery kind. Here patent medicine- 
 men, •• linhtniniL;' calculators," cheap jewelry auc- 
 tioneers, peddlers of knife-shar|)eners, cements, toy- 
 balloons, oranjLjes and bananas, have tilled the air 
 with their cries: and " liftin,;;'," "strikini.c," "electri- 
 cal" ami " lun,n' testinv;" machines have all been 
 operatetl on this famous square. Huije bontires 
 have often illuminated the snrrotindinij^ buildin.i;s, 
 and hundreds of political speeches have here beiMi 
 made to the thrones that so many limes gathered at 
 this strand old mcetinii^rplace. It was not always so 
 attractive as now. Roii^h. muddy, unpa\eil, and 
 uneven, onlv a prophet could have foreseen the 
 present beauty of the place and its surroundinj,fs. 
 The first ste|) towards its im|irovement was m.ide on 
 April 22, 1S35, when the reconler of the city stib- 
 mitteil a resolution for a committee to cause the 
 Cam]ius Martins to be graded, encloseil. planted with 
 trees, and sodded. The resolution was adopted, and 
 the recorder and .\itierman I'almer were a|i|)oiiUed 
 as said committee. Under their direction the s(|uare 
 was j^raded down fully four feet, and the earth duij 
 away used to till in the \alley of the Savoyard. The 
 decoratinif was left until more recent years; and now 
 the wide walks, the jilats of grass, the fountains, the 
 Hower-beds, and the view afforded, are worthy of any 
 city. 
 
 A Committee on Parks was first appointed on 
 May 30, 1854; and in 1863 'i superintendent was 
 appointed to ser\-e durincf the summer season. 
 Since 1 870 the smaller parks have been under the 
 care of the Board of Public Works. The followinj^ 
 persons have served as Sii|)erinti'ndents of P.irks: 
 
 i8()2, Timothy Ryan; i8'>3, C. K. Jones; 1864- 
 i8()7, Timothy Ryan; 1867, Luke Daly and A. 
 Illnmma; 1868-1870, Cieori^e llenrion; 1870, 
 Au,i(ust Cioebel. 
 
 No history of the parks would be complete without 
 some reference to the Park Oueslion which a.vjitated 
 all Detroit fi-om 187010 1873. The desirability of 
 a pai'k or parks and a boulevard had been the sub- 
 ject of numerous articles in the daily jiapers tlurinj;" 
 the fall of 1870, and on June 24, 1871, an informal 
 meetimj of citizens was held at Yoiinif Men's Hall 
 to consider the subject. The project of layin.y; out 
 a laru^e park met with .ijreat favor, ami on April i 5 
 the Leij;islature passed an Act appointinj.f commis- 
 sioners to receive i)ropositions for sites and iij'ivinn' 
 them power to decide as to kication. 
 
 The commission met and orjjanized, and soon re- 
 ceived offers from various parties for locations in all 
 parts of the city and its suburbs. They deeided 
 that the most desirable location was a tract of land 
 in Hamtramck, a little over three miles from the 
 City Hall, embracinif parts of Private Claims 180 
 and 734, with a river frontavje of half a mile. The 
 decision of the commission was unsatisfactory to 
 many, but the council approved their action, and on 
 November 21, 1871, a resolution was offered anthor- 
 i/ini>' the i:omptroller to prepare bonds to the amount 
 of $2C)0,0(X) to pay for the ijrounds. 
 
 The resolution was postponed for two weeks, 
 >vhen, on December 27, at the call of the mayor, a 
 citizens' meetimj was held in the Circuit Court room, 
 to vote on tile question of issuing' the bonds. There 
 was an immense crowd present, and amid ^reat con- 
 fusion the vote was (lecla"eil carried; but there was 
 so much doubt and dissatisfaction that neither the 
 council nor the citizens re!L;arded the vote as decisixe. 
 In order to obtain a more satisfactory \'ote the 
 council, on April 19, 1872, requested the mayor to 
 call another meetinjL,^ to reconsiiler the ([uestion. 
 Accorilin.i;ly, on May i, a meetinvr was held at the 
 Ciriswold Street front of the City Hall. Aijain a 
 j^reat crowd assembletl. There was plenty of 
 amusement and much confusion, but no decision 
 was reacheil. 
 
 This was the last so-called citizens' meeting. It 
 was unsatisfactory to all good citizens, who were gen- 
 erally agreed that some better methoil of approving 
 the ta.\ estimates should be devised. Meantime, on 
 March 14, 1873, the Legisl.iture, by .special Act, 
 gave the Park Commissioners power to purchase 
 the grounds, and directed "the council to provide 
 means to pay for them." Soon after they passed 
 Acts abolishing citizens' meetings, providing for a 
 Board of I'.stimates, and annexing a large part of 
 the townships of Hamtramck and (Ireentield to the 
 city. It was generally believed that these .Vets were 
 drawn in the interest of those who wished to have 
 
TllK I'AKKS. 
 
 75 
 
 the park located m Ilamtranu'k, and the opponents 
 of the park united in an endeavor to seeiire a Hoard 
 of Estimates who would oppose tlie purciiase of tiie 
 ])ark. On Apiil 2 liiey iu'ld a l.iri;e nieetinij at 
 Vounij Mens Hall, and so successful was their pro- 
 test that on Ajiril 7 a ho.ard was elected composed 
 of persons known to be unfavorable to the location 
 of the park in I lamtramck. 
 
 The (piestion, however, was still iinseltled, as both 
 the council .and the P.irk Commission desired to 
 ]iurchase the i;rouiiil selecteil for the jiark. Those 
 opposed to the plan did not relin(iuish their efforts, 
 and on Auv^ust iS and 21 anti-park ineetinv^s wci-e 
 held to protest a,i;ainst the iirovidiiii;^ of money by 
 the council to pay for the lands contracted for. The 
 I'.irk (."ommissioners, howe\cr, proposed to C(jmplete 
 the purchase. The question of their ri,i,dit to tlo so 
 was broui;ht before the Supreme Court, and on 
 December 3, 1S73, they reported to the council 
 that the t'ourt h.id decided they had no power to 
 bind the lily to pay for the lands; they tlu'refore 
 asked the council to d<'tcn.iine what action they 
 shoukl lake. The coiuicil look the .!L;roim(l that, as 
 the I'ark Act said, "Thecoimcil sh.all provide money 
 to pay for the pun-hasc of the |>ark," they were under 
 ()i)lij;ations todo so. and on December 1 2 they recom- 
 mended the issue of boiuls to the amount of §200,- 
 000, and directed the com|)trolkr to prepare them. 
 On Det'cmber 16 Mayor Moffat disapproveil of 
 the action of the council, as the law creating the 
 Board of T'-stimates provided that no bonds should 
 be issued unless authorized by them, and the coim- 
 cil, on the same ilay, again directed the coni])troller 
 to prc|)are bonds. On December 30 the I'ark 
 Commissioners reported that they h.id bought the 
 lands. Meantime the bonds had not been prepared, 
 and on January 6, 1H74. the council again directed 
 the mayor and comptroller to issue them. On Jan- 
 uary 9 Mayor Moffatt returned un.approved that 
 part of the proceedings relating to the.se directions 
 for the same reasons given by him on December 
 16, and said moreover that the council was without 
 authority over his actions and could not compel him 
 to sign the bonds. The council, for the third time, re- 
 peated its order to issue the bonds, and on February 
 20 ilirected the city councillor to take legal proceed- 
 ings to compel the mayor to sign the Park Bonds. 
 The council jiersisted and the mayor resisted, and 
 finally the(|uestion was brought before the Sujireme 
 Court, where, on May 12, 1874, it was decided that 
 the purchase must be ajiprovetl by the Board of 
 Mslimates. Their ajijiroval could not be obtained, 
 and the subject drop]>ed. 
 
 Thus ended one of the most persistent and bitter 
 conflicts in regard to municipal matters that ever 
 transpired in Detroit. The iilea of purchasing Belle 
 Isle for park |>urposes was first conceived by 1.. I.. 
 
 I'arbour. He consulted the several owners, ob- 
 taineil refusals of their interests, and arranged that 
 the contracts to sell shoukl be made in the names of 
 several gentlemen whom he interested in the sub- 
 ject. On .Apfil 8, 1879, the.se gentlemen. Messrs. 
 Cieorge C. Langdon, J. J, Ikigley, liela Hubbard, C, 
 1. Valker, .M. S. Smith, and D. O. Farrand, sent a 
 communicaticjn to the council suggesting that the 
 city purchase Belle Isle; they stated that they had 
 procured agreements which would give the city the 
 entire island for S200.000, and that the ])r()i)osal was 
 entirely devoid of any personal or pecuniary interest. 
 Another communication from leading citizens |ie- 
 titioned the council to seek legislation for the pur- 
 pose of buying the island ami building a bridge. It 
 was a favo'.ible time to present the i^roject, for the 
 (luestion of bridging or tunneling the; river for rail- 
 ro;ul purposes was then being discussed. The 
 communic-.aiion w.is f.isorably received, ami a reso- 
 lution was .adopted |iraying the Legisl.ature to ])ass 
 an .Vet .auchori/.ing the city to issue bonds to the 
 ;imount of $700,000 to purchase ISelle Isle and con- 
 struct ;i bridgi'. 
 
 .Many cili/i'ns objei'ted. but on May 27, 1879, the 
 Legislature authorized the city, with consent of the 
 lio.ird of ICstimates, to issue bomis for the amount 
 •jiroposed, a portion of them to be used to secure the 
 building of eitlu'r a bridge or a tunnel. The Act 
 also g.ive the council power to improve [larks either 
 within or without the city limits. 
 
 On M.iy 27 the Legislature ]iassed an additional 
 Act authorizing the council, with consent of the 
 lioard of ICstimates, to purchase the island and 
 improve it as a |)ark, to issue bonds for not more 
 th.an $200,000, ami giving them power to erect a 
 bridge to the island. 
 
 On June 30 the Bo.irtl of F.stimates approved of 
 the purchase, and on September 25 it was consum- 
 mated. The care of the park was next considered, 
 and on December 23. 1879, acting under the old 
 Park Act of 1871, ^Layor Langdon nominated and 
 the council confirmed six commissioners. On Jruiu- 
 ary 3, 1880, they organized, and on May 28. 1880, 
 the council voted to turn over the park to their care. 
 The next day, during the absence of Mayor Thomp- 
 son, Charles Fwers, as acting mayor, apjiroved of 
 the proceedings of the council. During that same 
 day Mayor Thom|ison returned, ami in a communi- 
 cation to the council disapproved of their action of 
 the 28th. on the ground that the Act under which 
 the commission had organized was a nullity. He 
 also claimed that the approval of the action of the 
 council by the acting mayor was not legal, inasmuch 
 as he had not been absent from the city long 
 enough to make action upon the iiroceedings neces- 
 sary. The opinion of Mayor Thompson was sus- 
 tained by the Suprt'iiie Court in a decision rendered 
 
76 
 
 Tin 
 
 'Al 
 
 \()\riiil)ur lo, i(S,So, anil a iiir- 
 tlur (Ifcision on Jiiiu- 1 5, 1881, 
 (IccLiii'd that tlu' commi.ssioni'rs 
 apixiiiitcd by Mayor l.an^doii 
 had no iii;al control over lU'lU; 
 Isle Park. 
 I'ndcr ordinani-f of Au,ij;usl 29, 
 
 1881, Mayor 'I'honipson nonii- 
 nati'd the followiiii,^ persons as a 
 JJoard of I'ark Commissioners: 
 M. I. Mills, A. Marxhausen. \Vm. 
 A. Moore, and James McMil!..ii, 
 for terms of one, two, thrt'i', and 
 four ye.-irs I'espectively, and a 
 commissioniT w.is to he ap- 
 pointed annually. W. \'>. Mor.ui 
 sueeeedeil M. I. Mills on Srp- 
 lember 1, 1SS2. J;is. MrMill.an 
 resit^ned in iSHj, and was suc- 
 ceeded in 1884 by I). M. Ferry. 
 
 The board ()rv;.'Uii/.ed on Seji- 
 li'iiiber 8, i8Si ; on Deeiinber 
 17 elected |ohn Stirling;' as sec- 
 retarv, and soon after eonii'acted 
 with Frederick l.;iw ( )linsteadto 
 lay out the park. A sin-\cy was 
 made by luij^t'iie Robinson in 
 
 1882, and the work of ])lannini; 
 and ]irep,iri!i,t;' the island for 
 park ]nii-piises was l)C'.;un. In 
 1882 the coimcil appropriated 
 §20,000 for the park, andy4,(.x)() 
 additional was reci'ived loi' rent 
 of lishinv;' i^rounds, ice pri\i- 
 k'j^'cs, n'StaiH'ants. vie. ( )f these 
 amoi'nts,Si4,5o4 wire expended 
 in that \far. Hy law of March 
 28, 1883, the board was i;i\en 
 full CDUti-nl (iver all taxes le\ii'd 
 for the |)urpose of maintainin;;- 
 the park, 
 
 .\lnindant indications of the 
 .nppreciation of the jjrivi levies of 
 the island are .atforded in tln' 
 fact that between June 1 ,ind 
 October i, 1882, 268,000 ailults 
 visited the park. 
 
 Durinjr 1 883 the eircidar canal 
 at the upjier end of the island, 
 shown in the proposed ])lan, was 
 C()m|)leted at a cost of about 
 $11,000. The canal is live feet 
 deep and fifty feet wide. 
 
 DinMniL,^ the i'ViMich ()ccui)ancy 
 of Detroit, Belle Isle, a portion 
 of it at least, w.is treated as an 
 .appendage of the j^arrison atid 
 
 BS 
 
 ^ s. i> 1i^^:;:^-^■^•.^::;^•:v^-^^■■^^•;\V:".;i•7;:••v,•,•?^^/■,7 
 
 
 V,.,! ., 
 
 i^v:;v|(:K^;.V.f':-*. 
 
 ;<>>.■•.'•■'■>•, 'i }'/'?'•■■■■."'%■■-.'''■. •• 
 rv".v •l'"-? '.' • ' 11 .f/ 
 
 
 L_ 
 
 
 used as a 
 the i;overni 
 IJouville Di. 
 was not coi 
 tions that 
 control ovei 
 On May 
 diseovend, 
 and thtding 
 
rill': i'AKKs. 
 
 // 
 
 Poi.in- Station, T1i:m,I' Tsi.k. 
 
 used as a place for pasturai^H-. On June 12, 1752, 
 the ^overnDi" and inlendanl s^ranled the island lo M. 
 Douville Dequindiw but it is ])roljable that this ^rant 
 was not {•onhrnud by the kin^', as there are indica- 
 tions that the (iovernnient continued to exercise 
 control over it. 
 
 On May 9, I7''>3, when I'ontiac's conspiracy was 
 
 and two childrt'n, killed tlicni. and also the twenty- 
 four cattle belon^iiii;' to the .garrison, which had 
 been left in their char^^e. During;- the subse([ucnt 
 siei^e most of the wood for the fort was o!)taiiu'd 
 from the island In* scndin;^' larv;^' j)arties there tuuler 
 the protection of armed schooners. 
 
 On May 4, I7(')S, deort^e III. and liis council ,v;avc 
 
 discoveri'd, a jiarty of Indians crossed to the island, to Lieutenant deoriLje McUou;^all permission to 
 and fmdinir there Serjeant James Fisher, his wife oceuin' the island so lung as the military establish- 
 
 Superintendent's House, Belle Isle P.\kk. 
 
78 
 
 ■||II': I'AKKS. 
 
 nioiit was i-i)iuiiuif(l .ii Dciroit, provided ili.ii lu' 
 could do so williout causing ilissaiisfactioii to tlu- 
 Indians, and that tlu' iinproveini'nis lie made should 
 bu of such character as to be of service in su|)|)lying 
 the wants of the fort and i^arrison. On June 5 of 
 the followinjr year Lieutenant McI)oui,mII bou.v^ht the 
 island of the Ottawa ami Chippewa Indians for live 
 barrels of rum, three rolls of tobacco, three jiounds 
 of vermilion, and a belt of wanipinn. an acUHtional 
 three barrels of rum and three poinuls of paint to 
 be delivered when possession was taken. The \alue 
 01 the isl.md was estimated at /194 lo.v. 
 
 In 1771 Lieutenant McDou.nall had it surveyed 
 by a Mr. Boyd, who reported that it contained 
 seven hundred and four acres. The same yiar Mc- 
 Douvjall built a dwellin,i,r-house .and out-buildini;s, 
 and his tenant, one Cassity. cultiv.ated about thirty 
 acres. After ,'i few years John Lou,i;hton took L'as- 
 sity's lease. There were then two farms on the 
 island, comprisinjf eij^hly acres of cultivated land, 
 together with houses and barns. One of the farms 
 was cultivated by a man n.anied Ridley. 
 
 On January 15, 1778, Lieutenant-Ciovernor Ham- 
 ilton wrote to Ciovernor Carlton as follows: 
 
 Tlu" iiihahiKiiUs li:iviii.i; n-pri-sciiU'd to m<- tin; Icissi'S mul c.aiiiai;!' 
 tlii-y siifTtr l>y briiiv; iliprivcd nf tlii: cuiniiumaKi' of H(j>; Ulaiul, J 
 have diriitcd Captain McI lini.naH's hmtlur-in-law, wlio is his 
 attciriiry at this place, to acquaint him that, unless 1 have your 
 excellency's orders to the contrary, the inhabitants shall \)i: re-in- 
 stated in the possession of it on the ist day of May, 177 I, which 
 is time snilicieni for him to prove a riv;ht. 
 
 Meantime McDoug.ill died. ;iiul < ieiieral Ilaldi- 
 mand, who had succeeded ( loxi'i-nor Carlton, wrote 
 to \Lijor He I'eyster at Detroit that the eyecutors 
 of Colonel McDougall must not be allowed to olTer 
 Isle ail Cochon for sale, as he intended to recl.tini it 
 for the use of the garrison at Detroit. I ies.iid further 
 that Mrs. McDougall "need not be alarmed"; that 
 he would see that her rights were protected. 
 
 On July 13, 17S0, in a letter from llaldimandto 
 De I'eyster, after informing him that in ortler to 
 raise food and diminish expenses he proposed to 
 have ground cultivated at each post, he added : " 1 
 have therefore to desire you will immediately re- 
 claim for his Majesty's use the ground commonly 
 known by the name of Hog Island, and appropriate 
 it to the above-mentioned purpose, exactly upon 
 the .same ti'rms and fooling with those at Ni.igara, 
 agreeably to the enclosed articles." The articles 
 alluded to provided that he should establish set- 
 tlers upon the islanti, and furnish them with 
 implements. This letter c-ontained also this direc- 
 tion: "As I wish to m.ike Mrs. McDougall a reason- 
 able compensation for wh.it houses, etc., ni.iy be 
 found upon the island, you will please to appoint 
 proper persons to a|)praise theni and tr.insmit ine 
 their report." 
 
 Accordingly, on .September 5, 1780, the buildings 
 
 on Hog Isl.md were a|)pr;iiscd by Nathan W illianis 
 ,111(1 |. r.. Craiie, nia.ster carpenters. Their report 
 w;is as follows : 
 
 I (Kvehin,;,' iionse £■■?•' i olil h.irn willioula top. £ iR 
 
 1 " " (o A fowl lioiiS( 
 
 I " " 10 Some hnnbc lo 
 
 Total (N. V. currency) £ 334 
 
 On September 9 De IVyster wrote to Ilaldiniand, 
 saying: "I propose to settle Mr. Riddle's family, 
 with three other families, on the island as soon as 
 possible, reserving p.irt of tb.e meadow ground for 
 the gr.t/.ing of the king's cattle." 
 
 On October lo he wrote: "Agreeably to your 
 excellency's di'sirc, I have fixed loyalists upon Hog 
 Island conformable to the terms prescribed. * * * 
 The island is, however, sut'licient for two substantial 
 families only, there being much meadow ground and 
 swamp on it, and it being absolutely necessary to 
 preserve a run for the king's cattle; that being the 
 only place of security. * * * 1 have sent your ex- 
 cellency ;i sketch of the island, which contains only 
 .seven hundreil and sixty-eight acres." 
 
 ICventually William .McComb, guardian of the 
 heirs of McDoug.ill, petitioned Sir l'"rederick llaldi- 
 m.iiui, the govenior-generai, for redress against De 
 I'l-yster, who then otfered six hundred guineas for 
 the isl.uid. This offer was rejected, and De I'ey- 
 ster w.is compelled to restore the island, and to 
 erect a barn ;ind furnish ;i scow as compensation for 
 the use of it. 
 
 On November ii. 1793, the heirs of McDougall 
 sold the island to Willi.tm McComb. Like all titles 
 originating jirior to American occupancy, the claim 
 to this island was passed upon by the United .States 
 Commissioners. The deed from the Indians was of 
 but little force, ;is neither the llritish nor the Ameri- 
 can Covernment recognized deeds from Indians to 
 private parties; but as the McCombs were in posses- 
 sion before the .Vmericans came, the commissioners, 
 on November 6, 1809, confirmed the island, or si.K 
 hundred and forty acres of it, to the heirs of William 
 McComb. No one claim at that time was allowed 
 lo incliule more than six hundred and forty acres, 
 and then, and even as late as 1833 (when surveyed 
 by J. Miillett), it was considered doubtful if the 
 island contained that amount of land. On January 
 7, 1817, the register of pnjbate and a committee 
 assigned the island to D. B. McComb, as one of the 
 heirs of William McComb. On March 31, 1817, D. 
 15. McComb conveyetl it to H. Campaii for $5,000, 
 which amtnint, tradition .says, was paid in bills of 
 suspended Ohio banks. On November i, 1823, the 
 United Stales Commissioners on Claims recom- 
 mended that, the entire island be confirmed to D. 
 Campau. 
 
 The island has borne no less than four different 
 names. Originally called Mah-nah-be-zee, " The 
 
 Swan," by 
 French Isle 
 with rallU- 
 allowed to 
 eventually i 
 island cami' 
 Island. Di 
 island bec.a 
 [licnic p.irtit 
 announced i 
 picnic party 
 Accordingly 
 having assei 
 called to tl 
 elected seen 
 was rcsolvei 
 lielle Isle 
 (|uently patri 
 The isl.iiK 
 ni,'i|)le. and 
 natunil lawn 
 city, two avi 
 to end, and 
 around the 
 found to CO 
 extent it is n 
 During th 
 1S71 to 1875 
 tage that wo 
 ing entirely 
 subject was 
 the Legislati 
 Commissiom 
 the townshi 
 Springwells, 
 Public Work 
 The menil 
 the first Mo 
 three years, 
 and all were 
 authori/.eil u 
 hundred am 
 in llamtran 
 might be a 
 condemn aiv 
 way that ro.i 
 ized to cons 
 established, 
 by general t; 
 The first ( 
 Hamtrainck 
 (ireusel: Cii 
 The com 
 A. S. liag 
 C. Clippcrt. 
 The routt 
 That portioi 
 
 ./ 
 
TIIK I!()ULi:\'ARD. -I'ASrUKKS AM) I'OlJNDS. 
 
 79 
 
 Swan," by the Indians; it was rc-nanii'd by liu; 
 l''rc'ncli Isle Si. Claire. At one lime il was overrun 
 with rattlesnakes, ;inil a luiinber of hoi^s were 
 allowed lo run al l;iri(e in order to (k'slroy llieni; 
 eventually tlie ho,;;s beeaine so numerous thai ihe 
 isl.uid eame lo be known as Isle au Coelions, or lloij 
 Isl.and. Durini,^ the years jusl previous lo 1845 the 
 isl.ind became a very |)o|)ul,ir plaee of resort for 
 picnic p.iriies, ;uid jusl prior lo July 4, i<S45, ii was 
 announced in the d.iily p.ipers llial on the Fourlh ,1 
 picnic parly would ,i;ive it a more eu|5honious name. 
 Aceordinjfly, about five o'clock i>. M., a l.iri;e number 
 havinji^ assembled on the island, .\Iori(;in Hates was 
 calleil to the chair, .and William Duane Wilson 
 elected secretary; .and on motion of .Mr. (ioodell, it 
 w;is resolved lh.it ihe island be known hereafter .as 
 Helle Isle, possibly in honor of the ladies who fre- 
 quently patronized it on picnic occasions. 
 
 The isl.ind is covered with beautiful hickory, o.ak, 
 maple, .and elm trees interspersed with numerous 
 n.atur.d Lawns. At the time of its purchase by the 
 city, two avenues, lifty feet wide, e.xtended from end 
 to end. and it was possible also to drive entirely 
 around the shore. It w.as surveyed in 1882, and 
 found to contain nearly 690 aires; in its jjreatest 
 extent it is 10,800 feet lon^f and 2,400 feet wide. 
 
 Durinir the .av^il.ilion of the I'.irk (jueslion from 
 1871 to 1875 much w.is said concerninjr the advan- 
 t.a.ne that would be tlerived from ;i boulev.ard extend- 
 ing entirely around the city. Six years later the 
 subject w.as aif.iin .a.nit.aled. and on .M.ay 21, 1879, 
 tlie Le^islaliu'e provided for a Ho.ird of IJoulevard 
 Commissioners, lo consist of one person each from 
 the townships (jf Creentield, llamtr.imck, an'd 
 Sprinijwells, lotjelher with the m.iyor and Board of 
 Public Works of Detroit. 
 
 The members from the townshijis were chosen on 
 the first Monday in .\pril, 1880, and were to serve 
 three years, or until their successors were elected, 
 .and .ill were to serve without pay. The board was 
 authorized lo l.ay out .1 boulevartl, not less than one 
 luindreil .and fifty feet wide, from Jefferson Avenue 
 in ll.amtr.amck to such .a point in Sprini^wells as 
 mi,n;ht be .a.^reed upon, .and were jriven power to 
 condemn and take possession of Lands in the same 
 way th.it ro.ads .are opened ; they were also author- 
 ized to construct .and imjinive the bouk'v.irtl when 
 established, the cost of the boulevard to be raised 
 '^y general l.axation from both city and townships. 
 
 The first commissioners for the townshi|)s were : 
 Hamtramek, J. V. Reuhle; Sprins^wells, John 
 Cireusel; Cireenfield, I^. Chope. 
 
 The commissioners for 1883 were: Hamtr.imck, 
 A. S. H.ajft^; Greenfield, K. Chope; Sprinv^wells, 
 C. Clippert. 
 
 The route was established on February i, 1882. 
 Th.at portion between Woodward Avenue and Rus- 
 
 ,sell Street w.as ijiven !)y property owners on the 
 route, .111(1 the boulev.ird w.is formally dediciU'd on 
 September 28, 1882. Tlie List of the (k'cds of land 
 for the bouk'V.ird from Woodw.ird .Avenue to 
 Twelfth Street was obtained in November, 18S3. 
 
 I'.ASI'URKS A.NI) POUNDS. 
 
 A Lirire portion of the commons about the stock- 
 ade of Detroit w.is once used for pasiurai^e, .and in 
 eomp.ir.ilively recent years much of the Land within 
 the city limits w.is unenclosed .and used as public 
 pr()i)erty. Prior lo 1850 the milkman's bell was un- 
 known , almost every f.imily ki'pt .a cow or cows, or 
 boui^ht milk of their iiei,i;hl)ors. The cows were 
 turned out. in the mornini;-, and found their way to 
 unoccupied Lands, where they browsed .at their 
 leisure, or ptM\h.iiu-e, if lliis public feed ,i;rew scarce, 
 they were driven lo .and from .an enclosed field. 
 These (usioms h.ave .almost entirely p.assed .aw.iy. 
 The milk-carls traverse every street, antl the call of 
 "Co' bos!" "Co' bos!" can no longer be numbered 
 among the street cries of Detroit. 
 
 Prior to the tire of 1805 the narrowness of the 
 stri^ets m.ade it necess.ary ih.il .anim.als .and fowls 
 should be prevented from running .at Large. Pounds 
 wi'fe therefore established .and pound-ki'epers a|i- 
 l)oinled at an early d.ate, .and if .age confers dignilv 
 on an olFice, then that of pound-keeper is the most 
 " ancient .and honorable " in the city, for there is none 
 other so (*1(1. 
 
 On M.irch 12, 1801, ICli.is W.illen w.as .apjiointed 
 pound-keeper, and the old records of the Court of 
 Common Pleas for W.ayne County of that date have 
 this entry : 
 
 'I'ln^ t'ourt iif C'omnicin IMcas, «itli tlii' a|)pr(il);itinn of Major 
 limit, cimimaiiiliiiv; oIVhit nf llic Kanison of Ditroit, order that 
 tlic yard of tlu' INiiimil lloiisci \n: iisi'd as a I'ouiul. 
 
 The eoun<il house referred to w.as located near 
 the river, between what .are. now (Iriswold and 
 .Shelby Stri'cts. Although the dignity of that local- 
 ity m.iy be somewh.it disturbed by this reminiscence, 
 there can be no doubt of its truth. 
 
 Ihider ordin.ince I'f iSjO ;uiy person could t.akc 
 up an animal running .at Large and be p.iid twelve 
 .and one h.ilf cents .1 (Lay for its kee|)ing. Notice was 
 to be given within twelve hours to the m.arshal, .and 
 after advertising four days any .anim.al was .sold. 
 The marsh.al received ten per cent on tot.al proceeds 
 for his services ; the person impounding h.ad one 
 h.alf of the b.iLince, .and the other h.alf w.as to go to 
 the Poor Fund. None of the e.arly ordinances as to 
 pounds were strictly enforced, .aiul up to very recent 
 times cattle were allowed to roam at their owai sweet 
 will in various parts of the city. By ordinance of 
 1855 two pound-keepers might be, and in 1861 two 
 were nHjuired to be, appointed to serve for eight 
 months, at a salary of $45 a month. Under ordi- 
 
 / 
 
 
 V" 
 
8o 
 
 I'ASIl'Ki:S AND POUNDS. 
 
 nam i' of March 2.\. 1S70, amciulrd May 4. llir pniiiKls 
 were lo 1)1' (ipti) hclwccii Apiil I and l)((inil)(r 1, 
 and ilic keepers were paid $<>o pei' nidnlli Ini- the 
 liiin (if eii^lit nKinllis. /\fler 1.S74 lluy were 
 appninied for ilie full year, and |)aid tlw same 
 iunounl per imintli. 
 
 The |)nunds are loealed on ihe same ]L^rounils as 
 the Wdod and hay markets, Tlie followiiij; persons 
 havi: sei'ved as pound-keepers: 1^54, I'. I.. Shaw; 
 l<S55, IVter I.aderool ; 1.S56, J. J. Keid, D. !.. Shaw; 
 1857, A. 15. Solis, J. Normandin, William Parry; 
 1.S5S, C. C.ehhart, C. k. I'a^e; iS5(>an(l iSf.o, J. C. 
 Seluilt/., !•■. h'ulda; 1.S61, II. II. Covcrl. John C.reen- 
 wood; i.S62,j. Stork, John Urennan ; iiS^^atid iS(i4, 
 J. Stork. K. Sulliv.in; i.Sd^ ,ind iSr/), N. |Mn,v;l)hit, 
 John Ivers; 1X67, J. Dicier, J. Ivers; iS^.S. J. 
 Dieler, (i. (). W'.iiki'r; iS^h;, ,\, l',inl)its, ( '.eoriL^e 
 Kidetle; 1X70, .\. T.inhiis. J.imes Joy; 1.S71 .and 
 1S72, Harris Jacobs, Kohcrt Watson; i.S7',,ind iiS74, 
 A. Peine. I'". C, Neipoth ; 1.S75, A. Peine, J. I\ifs; 
 i87('). Noali Sutton, (;eori..e Cr;il)l) ; 1S77. Charles 
 Schmidt. H, Keiliy ; 187.S, K. W'. Pind.ir. T. 
 M.ihoncy; 1879, I'lastern District. !'.. I'iert/., W'est- 
 rrn District. D.J. Spinninvj; iS.So, ri.istern District, 
 D.J, Mri.nxs. W'l'sti'rn District. II, Ja<ol)s; iS.Si ;md 
 1882, I'lastern District. Thomas Rooks, Western 
 District, Henry Cross; 1883. Mastern District, II, 
 Stehner, Western District, II. dross. 
 
 in icSc), the Law provided ih.it tiu'ownerof "every 
 don three months old and upw.irds, kept bv anv one 
 person or family, sh.ill pay a t.ix for the same of 
 fifty cents." There cm he no doubt that .1 doi; t.ix 
 w.is then necessary, hir in 1805, with only live ium- 
 dred .and twenty-t'ne heads of families, there were 
 two hundred .and nineteen do^s in the town of 
 Di'troit. .\ like jiroportion now would -ivt' eivht 
 thousand doi^s, but there wei^e only .about two thou- 
 sand licensed in 1883. 
 
 Doy;s were deemed I'ssenti.al .as ,1 protection av(,iinst 
 the Indians in just t inn, and some f.imilies evidently 
 believeil in " pruteclion." Duriny die War uf 1812, 
 
 .alter tUe ,irri\.il ol I l.uri-^on's troops, a I' reni hman 
 c.imc one day to the oIlMcr of the d.is, .md com- 
 l)lained, " The soldiers 1,1st ni.^lu killed most all my 
 d(n;s." " liow ni.iny did they kill.^" •• \ine." — 
 "llow 111, my li.ive yon left.''" "()nly eii^hi," 
 Considering llu' condition of iliinv;s which then 
 (j.Nisted, and continued to exist for many years, it is 
 no wonder tli.al the <|ueslion, " Would ,1 diminu- 
 tion of doi^s ill the city of Detroit and its \iriniiy 
 ri'dound to the imblic benelii?" was proposed in 
 1819. .as .a subject for disiai.ssion in the Detroit 
 lyceimi. 
 
 C"oniin.i; down to recent years, we lind that ,111 
 or<lin,iiu'i: providini^' for the li( cnsini; of doi^s w.is 
 apjirovid on M,iy 2, 1881, and ,1 do,n-pouiid estab- 
 lished on July 1. No recoiil W.IS kept of the num- 
 ber of doi^s impounded until NoNcmbcr 1, 1881. 
 [''roiii ih.al date up to November i, 1882, there 
 were c.iptured iii^hleeii hundred .and sixly-eiv;ht 
 unlicensed do!L;s, .and of this iinmber lifleeii hundred 
 .and sixteen wert' drowned, oiu' hundred .and foiir- 
 tei'ii redeemeii on p.aymeiit of the pound or license 
 fei', seveiity-s( veil released on proof of h.axinj; been 
 licensed, sevi'iitv-livc sold, sixty i;i\en to mcdic.il 
 colleges for dissection, I'lii^hteen escaped, .and eii;lit 
 died a natur.al death. The luimher of doj;s 
 captured in 1883 was liftcv-n Imiulred .ind six. 
 Drowned dovjs .ari: di'lixi'red to the city scavenger. 
 
 I'nlicensed dot;s ari' caiitiired by iiR-.uis of ,a net 
 attached to .a loni^ pole, .and are then deposited in .1 
 covered w.in'on for coina'yaiice to the pound. A 
 |ioliceman is det.ailed to catch tlu' dovjs. .and there is 
 .also ;i driver for the w.ai^dii. The license fee for 
 m.ile doii^s is one doll.ar. for fem.ales two doll.irs, .and 
 ten cents ,addiiion,il must be p.aid for the br.ass 
 license-check which is re(|iiired to be .att.achcd to 
 the coll.ir of .all doiis. The money from licenses, 
 .and all moneys obt.ained tliroui,di the doj^-pound, are 
 reiinired to be paid to the city treasurer. 
 
 The (Ion-pound is located .at the foot of Uiopclie 
 Street and is in charge of a iiolicem.aii. 
 
PART 111. 
 
 GOVERNMENTAL 
 
Tiir, fiRl 
 
 I'" ranee, aiK 
 
 iiieius, wert 
 
 Fraiieu to 
 
 Added lo t 
 
 ainbilioiis I 
 
 will) feared 
 
 furlher die 
 
 Jesuit order 
 
 where the L 
 
 traveled. C 
 
 deeds done i 
 
 discoursetl ii 
 
 M. de Cliani 
 
 eminent ela 
 
 Canada, .ind 
 
 was varioi 1 
 
 or Canada. 
 
 During- l''r 
 
 tliree ri'irent 
 
 its surroiindi 
 
 May 14, i6i( 
 
 ix^ent, and 
 
 Louis .\|||., 
 
 kin,i(slii|), T 
 
 appointed as 
 
 1642. (Jurir 
 
 was captured 
 
 possession, w 
 
 treaty of Mai 
 
 to tile I'"rencl 
 
 iiis widow, A 
 
 Cardinal .Max 
 
 in oi'fiee nnti 
 
 Austria endec 
 
 of fourteen, 
 
 deati^, .Septen 
 
 then became 
 
 XV., then on 
 
 king. I^urin 
 
 Canada was 
 
 General Jeffn 
 
 1760, Detroit 
 
 mandant Belli 
 
 1763, by the ' 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 FRENCH AND KNCl.lSll KILI':. 
 
 Tlir. lish of Newfrniiidlaiul, tlio furs of Novv 
 FraiU'f, and l''rciu!i jealousy of Spanish arhirvc- 
 iiiciUs, wvix- all priiiiL' I'aclors in llu' ciforis made l)y 
 I'Yaiiic to ohiaiii possession of this new world. 
 Added to these, there were political and I'tliijions 
 ambitions that knew no limit, inearnati'd in nu'n 
 who feared noihiniLf and would dare e\erytliinv; to 
 further the interests of /<r Iwlh' h'raiii,- and the 
 Jesuit order. I'luy went everywiiere. and evi'ry- 
 where the l.ily and the Cross marked the route they 
 traveled. Colonies (ollo\\ed in their w.ake, and ;ill 
 deeds done in eaeh wt're spread before the kin^, and 
 diseoursed iii)on by his ministers, from the time 
 .M. de Champlain visited the Lakes, the I reneh ( iov- 
 ernnu'nt cLiimed this re,v;ion as its own. .\\\ of 
 Canada, and what is now known .is the Northwest, 
 w.is varioi ly desiifiiated ;is New I'raiue, l.oiiisian.i, 
 or Canada. 
 
 During' !•' reneh rule, no less th.in three kin,u;s .and 
 three rej^eiits e.\ereised authority over Detroit ,uid 
 its surroimdimis. .\fter the death of i lenry i\'.. on 
 M.iy 14, 1610, his widow, Mary de Mediei, bt'cime 
 re.nent, ■a\\(\ eoininui'd ;is sueh until \(i\~. wlien 
 Louis .Nil!., ;it the a^e of sixteen, assumed the 
 kiii,i(ship. The eele[)rated Cardinal Richelieu w.is 
 appointed as iiis prime minister, and served until 
 1642. DuriniL; his sway, on July 29, 1629, Quebec 
 was captured by tiie Mnglish, and remained in tlu'ir 
 possession, with i.ouis Kertk as ,y;overnor. until the 
 treaty of March 29, 1632, when it was surrendered 
 to the French. Louis XI II. died May 14, 1643, and 
 his widow, Anne of Au.tria, l)ecame recent, with 
 Cartlin.il Mazarin as prime minister. Ik- continui'd 
 ill oilice until 1661. The regency of Anne of 
 Austria endetl in 1651, ,and Louis .\'1V., at the ;ii;e 
 i)f fourteen, bei'amc kini^;'. lie reigned until his 
 deatlj, September 1, 1715. The Duke of Drie.tns 
 then became rey^ent, servinii; until 1723, when Louis 
 .W'., then only thirteen years old, was crowned 
 kinj;. Durinj.^- his rei^-n, on Sejitember S. 1760, 
 Canada w,as siu'rendered by Marquis Wuidretiil to 
 (icneral Jeffrey Amherst, and on November 29, 
 1760, Detroit was niveii up by the French Com- 
 mandant IJellestre to Major Robert Ro.ijers. in 
 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, sometimes called the 
 
 Tro.ity of W-rsaillps, it was fully surrcnflcred, .ind 
 (ieorvfe III. ol FnjL^'land became the sovereii^n ol 
 Detroit. I'our kin;^s, therefore, h.i\'e ruled this 
 re,i,don. 
 
 L'luler the French ( 'lovernment, .1 j{overiU)r-v;en- 
 eral, .appointed by the kin.i;, comm.anded at (Hiebec. 
 Local coinm.indants were appointed for Detroit ,ind 
 other jxists with jilmosl plen.u'y power, but they 
 were supposed to, and probably did, conform theii 
 authority as far as |)ossibk' to French law. They 
 Were held iv'sponsible to the ^o\'ernor-i;eneral, to 
 whom they reporit'd. 
 
 rile followin,i4 is a list of the I'"rencii j^overnors of 
 Ni-w fr.mce: 
 
 1CKJ3 |C)I2, M. Cli.auvin, Commander de Chastes, 
 and M. de .Monis. 
 
 1612-1619, S.imiiel (U' Chani|)lain, with Prince de 
 C'onde as actinj.^ governor. 
 
 1619 1629, .Admiral .Montmoreuci as acting j,;ov- 
 ernor. 
 
 1633 1635, Samuel de Champlain. 
 
 1636, M. de Chateaufort. 
 
 1637 1 647, M. de Montm.iijny. 
 
 1647-1651, M. d'.Xillebout. 
 
 1651- 1656, M. Je.in (k' Lauson. 
 
 1656-1657. M. Ch.irles de Lauson-Charny. 
 
 i657-i65tS, M. d'.\illei)out. 
 
 1658-1661, X'iscount tlWri^fcnson. 
 
 1661-1663, IJ.iron d'.\\an.trour. 
 
 1663-1665, Clu'v.ilier de Saffrey-Me.sy. 
 
 1665-1672, Chev.ilii'r de Courcelles. 
 
 1672-1682, Comte Frontenac. 
 
 1682-1685, M. Lifebere de la Barre. 
 
 i685-i68(;, M.ir(|uis de Denonville. 
 
 1689-1699. Comte Frontenac. 
 
 1699-1705, Chev.ilier de Callieres. 
 
 1705-1726, Mar(|uis de X'audreuil. 
 
 1726-1747, M;u"(|uis de P.e.auh.irnois. 
 
 1747-1749, Comte de la Cialissonere. 
 
 1749-1752, Marquis de la Jon(|iiire. 
 
 1752, Baron de Loni^ueuil, acting jrovernor 
 
 a short time. 
 
 175- ''755' Marquis Dtiqucsne de MennevilU'. 
 
 '755 '760. Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de \'au- 
 dreuil-Caviijjnal. 
 
 [83] 
 
84 
 
 |-Ki:\CII AM) I.NCLISII RUI.i:. 
 
 Aflir tliir siirrciulir of C^.iii.id.i by ilic Mar<|iiis 
 Vaiidiviiil to riciicral Amiicrst, tlic folliiwiiij; mili- 
 tary .v:"\'''''>'"'s wi^n: a|)i)iiiiitt(i : CiriuTal Jami's 
 Miiir.iv li> commaiiil at <)iii'Ih'i'. ( ii'iicral <iai;i; at 
 Moniiiil, and t ojoncl itciilon at 'I'liicc Kivcrs. 
 
 Ill I7^>5, by i)r<irlaiii.iii()ii of ( iiorj^c III, the 
 boiiiidaiv of (JiicIkt and odiir indvinccs was cstab- 
 lislicd, bill no pari of the territory iiortluvcst of tlu' 
 Ohio was ini ludfd in any of the proviiu'fs tlifii 
 '■rfali'd. 'I'lic sail." prociainalion appointed (ieiu'ral 
 James Murray i^Dvernor-^eiierai. and pro\'id< d for 
 his forniiiij; a eouneil composi'd of llie iieiiteiiant- 
 .H()\ernors of Montreal ami Tliri-e Rivers, the chief 
 jiistiir, the inspcetor of nisioins, and eij,du leading; 
 citizens. 
 
 On Jiiiu; 22, 1774, under the sn-e;il!ed Onebec! 
 Act, a civil .ijovernmein w.is first provided for the 
 territory which included Detroit. ISy the terms of 
 this Act the lei^isl;iti\'i' power w;is xcsled in the 
 ifo-'.'riior, lieiiteii .iii-n'overiior or comm.inder-in- 
 ciiief, ,ind a (■oimcil of noi less ili.in se\cnieen nor 
 moH' than t weiitv-ihree persons, to be ,ip|)oinli'd by 
 the kiivi;. 
 
 None of the v;o\-ernor-n'ener;i!s. however, exercised 
 :iny authority over this re,v,don, except r'ls milil.iry 
 ollicers. As under I'Vcnch i^^ovi'mmeiil, so .ilso 
 under lui]L,dish rule, the resident coinaiaiidunt exer- 
 
 cised the fiinrtions of both a civil and a military 
 olTiccr, subject to the orders of the ronim.'mdiii); 
 j,;cner;il ; and all |)osts west of Detroit were j^ov- 
 erncd from this est.iblishmeiit. 
 
 A l;i\v divi(liiiv( the |)rovincc of Oiubi'c into the 
 two jrcncral provinces of rpperand Lower C'.inada 
 bec.imc opcr.itivc on Dicember 26, 1791, and ;is the 
 Ott.iu.i kiver w,is the dividing line, Michij^an there- 
 after formed p.trt of I'pper (.'an.id 1. 
 
 The followini; is .1 list of the lJi;;lisli j,rovcrnors : 
 
 17(10 1763, ("icncral Jelfri'y Amherst. 
 
 '7^'3 I7f'^>. <lener.il J,imes Miirr.iy. 
 
 1766 , r.uilius I'.melins Irvine (President of 
 
 l''.\eciiti\c C'oiincili, for 3 months. 
 
 17^/) 1770, Sir (liiy t arleton ( Lieut. -Ciovernor). 
 
 1770 1774, I lecioir. t'r.im.ilie ( President of \'.\- 
 eeiitive (.'oiincil). 
 
 '774 ^77^' ^i'' • ''ly ^'arleton. 
 
 1778 1784, (leiier.il P'rederick I I;il(lim;md (Lieiit.- 
 < ■|0\<-rnon. 
 
 17S4 . I leiiry ll.imilton 1 l,ieni.-( i<ivrnor). 
 
 1785 , Idlonel Henry Hope (President of 
 
 Coiineil). 
 
 1785 171;-. < ".iiy t-'arlcton, .'IS Lord Dorchester. 
 
 1792-171/), John ( ir;ives Simeoe ( Lieut. -( "lovernor 
 of Upper Canada). 
 
 
 'rill. (|ue 
 orij^in.il col 
 the West h, 
 of X'ilxinia 
 the other .St 
 fact th.it sh 
 attem|)ted h 
 Territories 1 
 1 77«. as a|)|i 
 
 P-'K'f 557). t 
 
 territory on 
 
 i\tississi|)pi, i 
 
 Colonel Join 
 
 .shown by a 
 
 to the Pies 
 
 American Si 
 
 that I'odd 
 
 [-e,v,fr;is, .md 
 
 various .acts 
 
 This would 
 
 of the rights 
 
 I )issensi()n 
 
 States hinder 
 
 of the St.ites 
 
 'l"o prepar 
 
 passed in Oc 
 
 to be ceded .• 
 
 benefit of the 
 
 therein shoiil 
 
 one hundred 
 
 mill's s(]nare. 
 
 March 1 , 17 
 
 Virjrinia, on } 
 
 19. 1785; am 
 
 and .May 30, 
 
 inj,' Detroit w 
 
 On July 13 
 for the ^ovcs 
 States northv 
 of Beverly, M; 
 .School of Cai 
 with the auti 
 how^ever, no [ 
 ordinance wer 
 ago as Octol 
 
C " \ I'Tl': R \v\. 
 
 TKKuriouiAi. AM) SI All: ( ;( »\i:knmi:n'is. 
 
 TiiK (|iicsti()M as to what State, i)y virtue nf its 
 oriijinal toloiiial charter, pDssfsseci this portion of 
 the West has been freiiiieiitly ilisciissed. I'he elaiiu 
 of \'iri^'iiiia seems as well founded as that of any of 
 the (It iier Slates, and her elaiinswere forlilied by the 
 faet thai she was the only colonial Slate thai ever 
 atu-nipted to exercise .iMthority or jurisdiction in the 
 Territorii's north .ind west of the < )liin. In ( )ciol)(r, 
 1778, as .appears by llie Statutes at i.arvje (Vol. l.\., 
 p.-ii^e 557), tile Assembly of \'irifini,i or;,Mni/',ed llie 
 territory on the west of tln' ()liii>, .idj.icent to the 
 Mississi|)pi, iiilo the county of Illinois, and .ippoiiMcd 
 Colonel John Todi I milil.iry coinm.uid.mt. It is ;ilso 
 shown by a letter from W'inihrnp .S.uniiU, .iddressed 
 to the {'resident on biK' .?'. I7'><>. and <|unied in 
 American Si.ue I'.ipei^, Public Land Sciies, \'ol. I., 
 tiiat Todd tr.uisfcrred cert.iin powers to a Mr. 
 Lt'),(ras, and ili.u .1 i-ouii w.is held ,ti \'iucennes ;uul 
 various ;icts performed undiT diicction nf its judges. 
 Tiiis would seem to i)c almost conclusive e\iilenec 
 of the rivjhts of V'irj,nnia. 
 
 Dissensions in rei^ard to the claims of the several 
 States hindered the form.iiion of the Union; l)ul all 
 of the States finally surrendered their cl.iims. 
 
 To |)ri'|)are tiie w.iy for the ci-ssioii, .i l;iw was 
 passed in October, 1780, i)rovi(liiij; ih.it the territory 
 to be ceded should l)e disposed of for the common 
 benelit of the whole Union ; th.it the .Sl.ites erected 
 tiierein should be of suilai)le extent, not less lii.in 
 one hundri'd nor more liian one hundred and fifty 
 miles s(|uari'. After the passavje of this l.iw, on 
 March 1, 1781, New York released her claims; 
 Viririnia, on March 1, 1784; Massachusetts, on A|)ril 
 '9. '785; and Connecticut, on .September 14, 178^), 
 and .May 30, 1800. I'he particular rei^ion embrac- 
 injr Uelruit was ceded by Massacliusetts. 
 
 VV/f Xort/norsf Trrr/fory. 
 On July 13, 1787, Conjrress passed ;in ordinance 
 for the irovernment of the territory of the United 
 States northwest of the river Ohio. Natli.in D.me, 
 of iJeverly, Massachusetts, founder of the Dane Law 
 School of Cambridije. has been (fcnerally crediti'd 
 with the auliiorship of the ordinance. There is, 
 however, no jirobability that the vital points of the 
 ordinance were oriijinated by Mr. D.ine. As lonj; 
 aj(o as October, 1841, ;in article apprared in the 
 
 North American Review eontniiiin,i>j eopions extracts 
 from the diary of Dr. M.in.isseh I'ntler, in which lie 
 distinctly claimed tlii* ;iulhorslii|), without .imend- 
 nieiit, of portions of the ordinance. /\s the ordi- 
 nance was expressly fr'-ned in the interest of the 
 laiul I'ompany he represcnti'd, it is pri'sumably the 
 portion excludiiij; s!,iv<'r)- .uid providing for schools 
 that is .ittribut.iblc to him. Lurlhcr evidence of bis 
 ■ lutiiorship is contained in .an ei.ibor.ite article in the 
 s.inie periodic.il for .April, 1876, written by William 
 
 Mai- oi' 'I'i:kki iiiKi.M. Hoindakv. No. i. 
 
 V. I'ooie, libnirian of the Public Library of Chieajio. 
 lie shows that .at the time the ordinance \\;is fr.imed 
 tlu' country w.is in debt .and in i^reat need of money; 
 ;md that the ordin.ance w.is desiijned to insnri' the 
 sale to Dr. M.massi'h Cutler. ;it;ent of the Ohio Com- 
 p.any of .Vssoiiates, of one and one h.alf million acres 
 of Land in the Northwest Territory. Further, by 
 the history nd l.iniju.aire of .all the prect'dini,' pro- 
 jiosed ordin.iiii'es, and of the committees on them ; 
 by a com|)aris()n of the I.in;j[uaije of the ordinance as 
 p.issed, with the .style of Mr. Dane .and the state- 
 ments of his own bioj^rapher ; by the names of the 
 eommittee who reported the final ordinance ; by an 
 an.alysis of the vote by which it was passed ; by a 
 history of the orijaniz.ition in 1 786 -1787 of the Ohio 
 
 [85! 
 
■ 
 
 86 
 
 TERRITORIAL AND SI ATK CUVKRNMICN IS. 
 
 Company of Asscjciates ; and, finally, hy direct ({no- 
 tations Ironi Dr. L'ulkr's o\\ n ni(.inoiaiul;i. in which 
 there are evidences ol I'lear-luaded business capa- 
 city, ,in<l rare abili'v as a writi-r, diploiual. and cor- 
 respondent, he pro\cs that Dr. Culler was the aulhor 
 of the lanv^na^e u hich i^ixes character tt) that most 
 reniarkabk' document. 
 
 Ml". I'oole ;ilso shows that ( "icneral St. Clair, tlu'ii 
 presidiMit of Cuni^ress, was induced to aiil in the 
 promotion of the scheme by the |)i-(iniise of bein:.,^ 
 made irov-ernor; and lh.it W'inll- <\t Sargent, the 
 first secretary of the Northwest Ti rrilory, was one 
 of the ollicers of the conipan\- which founiled the 
 first settlement at .Marietta, Ohio. 
 
 The ordinance provitled for theappointmi'iit, from 
 time to time, by C()n;<re.ss, of a i^overnor, who.sc 
 commission siiould continue in lorce three years, 
 unless sooner re\i>ked. lie was to reside in the 
 district, and, while actiiii;- as _s.,a)vernor, was requireil 
 to have therein a freehold estate of one thousand 
 acres of land. The secretary, whose commission 
 was to continue in force for four years unless 
 revoked, was also to reside in the district, and was 
 refjuired to possess five hundred acres of land ^ liile 
 in otiice. 
 
 Hy law of 1793 the United States Secretary of 
 State was directed to provide a seal for the ollicers 
 of the Territory. The seal furnished was really 
 syi. oolic. It shows the short, thick trunk of a 
 prostrate tree, evidently a Iniekeye, felled t)y a wood- 
 man's .axe, while near by stands an apple-tree laden 
 with fruit. The l)uckeyc is a species o! the horse- 
 chestnut, indit;enous to and very numerous on the 
 banks of the OIiIq .and tributary streams, and not 
 found elsewhere. I'mm this f.act the tree derives 
 
 
 »&um 
 
 Seal (11- Noitinwiisr I'ljiiainuv. iJi.vact she.) 
 
 its specific name, O/t/oinisis. 'l"he abund.mce of 
 these trees .cj-ave tiie name (jf Ikickeye .State to Ohio. 
 The tree is called i)nckeye from the resemblance of 
 the nuts to the beautiful brown eyes of the native 
 deer. The presence of the buckeye tree was an 
 
 unfailintf evidence of the richest soil, yet the trei- 
 w.is worth little except for its sli.ule. 'l"he fellint; of 
 the useless buckeye, .•iiul the substitution of the 
 fruit-tree, i^i\es force to the motto, " .Meliorem lapsa 
 loc.ivit." (The f.illen h.is in.ide room for ;i better.) 
 'ilie aptness of the seal ;ind motto is enforceil by 
 the fact th.it Ohio orch.irds, .almost from the first, 
 h.ave been noted for the profusion and i;ood quality 
 of their fruit. In cai^ly il.iys most of the supply for 
 Detroit c.anie from that .State!. 
 
 The first tt'rritorial oniccrs were .aiipointed on 
 July 13. 17.S7. They were as follows: Arthur St. 
 Cl.iir, irovernor; Scamuel II. Parsons, J.ames M. 
 \'arnum, and John Cleve Symmes, jud,i,res ; and 
 Winlhrop S.iixent, secretary, (iovernor St. Clair 
 continued in ollice, even after the Territory of Indi- 
 an.a was created, and \v;is the only i^'owrnor this 
 ret^ion h;ul under the Northwest Territory. Win- 
 thn)|) Sarj^^'iU was succeecK'd on June 2<S, 1798, by 
 William Henry ll.arrison. and he in turn by Ch.arles 
 \\'illinj.j Hyrd. John Rice Jones w.is attorney-ijen- 
 eral in 1800, and William .Mcintosh, territorial 
 treasurer in 1801. 
 
 Hy law of May 7, 1800, 
 the Northwest Territory 
 was divided, and the 'I'er- 
 ritoryof I ndi.ana created; 
 .and on April 30, 1802, 
 Conj.;ress provided th.at 
 when the citizens of the 
 ri'^ion to be called Ohio 
 adopted ;i constitution, 
 conformiin;- to (xrt.iin 
 londitioiis prescribed by 
 Cons^fess, the rei^ion in- 
 cludin)i^])etroit should be 
 attached to the Territory 
 of Indian.a. Althou,t;h a 
 ni.ajority of the people of 
 the Territory were; op- 
 posed to the holdinir of 
 a convention, and the 
 creation of the .State of 
 Ohio, yet a convention was called. It bej;an at 
 Chillicothe on November l, 1802, and clo.sed Nov- 
 ember 29. Notwithstanding;- the fact th.at the jiro- 
 posed State of Ohio embraced a portion of what 
 was then W.ayne County, and the population of the 
 entire county w.is < ounted to make up the re(|uisite 
 numberof inh.abit.ants for a State, yet delejr.ates from 
 \\'ayne County were not admitted to the convention. 
 Neither was the constitution which the convention 
 framed submitted to vote of the peoi)le. 
 
 The convention nioditied the conditions made by 
 Congress, the modifications wcreacce|ned on Marcli 
 J, 1803, and the admission of Ohio w.is thus com- 
 pleted. 
 
 N. W. TERRITORY 
 
 "TN^.M.iy'V, J 800 
 
 ' Kentiicfiy R. 
 
 'i'|-.l;Kr]C)UlAl. ]!lil NDAin-. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Half o 
 includiny- 
 Territory 
 zens, and 
 
 The ofll 
 nection w: 
 
 M M 
 
 governor, \\ 
 Oibson (it 
 Logan mad 
 generals, J. 
 
 Sral c 
 
 officials of l! 
 relation to D 
 a temponiry 
 on Septeinbei 
 inindred and 
 Assembly, am 
 in.ition th.itth 
 
TKRRITORIAL AND STAIi: (lOVERNMENTS. 
 
 87 
 
 Half of what is now tlie State of Miclii;^an, 
 iiicliulin.L;' ])ctroit, was thus aniK'xcd to liuliana 
 Territory willK)iit tiie wish or ronscnt of liic citi- 
 zens, and ill ik-l'iance of tiicir protests. 
 
 The Tcnifory of fiii/iaiia. 
 The officers of Indiana 'territory, durincf otir con- 
 nection with tiiat coninionwcaltii, were as follows: 
 
 INDIANA TERRITQffT 
 
 Ajiril 30, ia03. 
 
 M \l' 01.- Th.Uia hIKl M. Imm Ml \l;\ . — Nci. ). 
 
 governor, \\illi;ini Henry llarrison; secretary, John 
 tjibson (it was to him tiiat the ceii'i)rateci chief 
 Logan made his noteil s|iee(li in 1774): attorney- 
 generals, J. R. Jones and licnjamin Park. The 
 
 Seal ok Inoian.v I'liUKEioKV. (Exact size.) 
 
 officials of Indiana seemed indifferent as to their 
 relation to Detroit, or realized that it was only oi 
 a temporary character. A vote of the 'territory 
 on Septeniher ir, 1804, showed a majority of one 
 hundred and thirty-eight in favor of a (ieneral 
 Assembly, and Ciovernor Harrison issued a procla- 
 mation that till' Territorv had passed into liie second 
 
 grade of government. On Saturday, (Jctober 13, 
 1804, a town-meeting was held in I)-troit to petition 
 the ( "ieneral ( 'lovernment for a separate territory. 'I'iie 
 "Annals of Congress," pages 20 and 21, show that 
 on December 5, 1804, Mr. Worthington presented 
 the petition of James May and others, praying that 
 that part of Indiana Territory north of an east and 
 west line, extending to the southern boundary of 
 Lake Michigan, may be a separate territory. On 
 December 6 Mr. Worthington also presented the 
 petition of " The Democratic Republicans of the 
 County of Wayne, in the Territory of Indiana," 
 signed by their chairman, Robert Abbott, praying 
 for a division of said Territory. It recei\ed the 
 same lefereiic as tile previous petition of James 
 May and others. 
 
 While these proceedings were being iiad, an Act 
 of March 2(1, 1804, which took effect October i, 
 1804, placed under the government of Indiana all of 
 till! newly acijuii'ed Territory of Louisiana which lay 
 north of an cast and west line on the thirty-third 
 degree of north latitude. !'"or a pt'riotl of three 
 months Detroit was thus included in a territori.al 
 government which had jurisdiction over all of the 
 present .Slates of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Min- 
 nesot.'i, .Missouri, Arkansas, and Nebraska, nearly 
 all of Kansas and Wyoming, o\er one third of Col- 
 orado and Indian Territories, ai. " all of Dakota, 
 Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. 
 
 T/ic Tcrn'tory of M/o/iii^aii. 
 
 On January 1 1, 1805. by a law to take effect June 
 30, 1805, (.Congress dividetl Indiana Territory into 
 two tciritories,'nan!etl Indiana and Michigan. The 
 latter was to include that i)art of Indiana Territory 
 lying north of a line drawn east from the southern 
 end of Lake Michigan to Lake Ilrie ; and on July 
 2, 1805, the oath of office was administered at De- 
 troit to the C.ovenior .and Ju.lges. .-\ territorial seal 
 was adopted on July <;, 1805, |)rol)ably identical with 
 the private se.il of ( lowrnor Hull. A seal, designed 
 expressly for a territorial seal, was described by 
 Ciovernor Cass, and reiorded on December I, 1814. 
 The motto, " randem tit surculus arl)or" (The shoot 
 at length becomes a tree), iiulicated that a measure 
 of independence was secured by a separate territorial 
 government. 
 
 On February 16, 18 18, the people of tlic Tf-rritory 
 voted on the tiuestion of passing to what was known 
 as the second grade of government, and, strange to 
 say, the majority w.is against it. In April, 18 16, 
 Congress took a strip from the southern p:irt of the 
 Territory, and incluck'd it in the bounds of the new 
 State of Indi.ina. Two years Later, on April 18, 
 i8t8. Congress increased the si/e of the Territory by 
 adding to it all of what is now the State of Wiscon- 
 sin .and the western half of tlu' I'pner I'eninsiila. 
 
88 
 
 TERRITORIAL AND STATE (GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 By Act of Congress of July i6, 1819, the Territory 
 was authorized to elect a dele.i;ate to Con,i(ress. On 
 March 3, 1823, Coni^ress transferred tile ,i,n)vernnient 
 of the Territory from the Ciovernor and Judiijes to 
 the governor and a council of nine persons, to be 
 
 MICHIGAN TERRITORY 
 
 — or— » 
 
 Jdniiarjr 11^1 80S* 
 
 Map uf Tekkitokiai, HofNDAKv. — Ni 
 
 Skai. <iv riiK I F'.KKi 1 i»Kv i>i' Mu,iii(.AN'. {H.vact si'zc.) 
 
 MICHIGAN TERRITORY 
 
 BY-LA.-W- 
 
 01 
 
 APRIL, 18, 1816. 
 
 Mat ok I'kkkiiiiuiai. Ucjcnuakv. — Nu. 5. 
 
 selected by the President from ei,v(hteen persons 
 elected by the people of the Territory. 
 
 r>y Act of January 29, 1827, the people of the Ter- 
 ritory were authorized to elect thirteen persons to 
 constitute the le,ii;islative coinicil. A second addition 
 to the territorial limits of Michigan was made on 
 June 28, 1834. All of the present States of Iowa, 
 Minnesota, Wisc-onsin, .Michi]L;,'ui. and a large part of 
 Dakota, were then included in Michigan Territory. 
 On January 26, iS35,the legislative council provided 
 fur the election, on April 4, of eighty-nine delegates 
 to a convention, to form a State constitution. 'I"he 
 convention assembled at Detroit on May 11, 1835, 
 and concluded its l.ihors on June 24. 
 
 The following delegates from Wayne County were 
 present at the convention : Caleb Harrington, John 
 McDonnell, Amnion Brown, John R. Williams, 
 Theophilus I". Tallman, Alpheus White, (ieorge W. 
 Eerrington, Amos Stevens. Asa II. Otis, Conrad 
 Ten Eyck, Charles !•". Irwin, Louis Heaufait, Wm. 
 Woodbridge, I'eter \'an livery, John Hiddle, J. 1). 
 Davis, and John Norvcll. 
 
 The convcniion proposed to Congress that certain 
 lands be sit a]iart for the establishment of schools 
 for the university, and for the eri'ction of public 
 buildings; ami also that the State have a certain 
 number of the salt s|irings, and a percentage on the 
 sales of all public lands lying within the State. It 
 also asked that the northern boundary should be 
 fixed in accordance with the provisions of the ordi- 
 n.iiice of 1787 and the Act of 1805, which created 
 Michigan Territory. 
 
 The constitution, thus jirepared, was adopted by 
 the people at an election held the tirst Monday of 
 October, 1835. 
 
 The officers of the Territory of Michigan, so far 
 as known, were as follows. The list is necessarily 
 somewhat incomplete, becau.se the records of ap- 
 pointments by the governor, ijrior to 1814, were 
 destroyed in the War of 1812: 
 
 (.f)VKKN01iS. 
 
 William Hull, March 1, 1805, to October 29, 181 3. 
 
 Lewis Cass, October 29, 181 3,' to August 6, 1831. 
 
 (ieorge H. I'orter. August 6, 1831, to July 6, 1834. 
 
 Stevens T. Mason. July 6, 1834, to September 
 20, 1835. 
 
 John S. Horner, .September 20, 1835, to Novem- 
 ber 2, 1835. 
 
 SKI KttTAKIKS. 
 
 Stanley C.riswold, March 1, 1805, to March 18, 
 1808. 
 
 Reuben Atwater, March 18. 1808, to October 15, 
 1814. 
 
 Wm. Woodbridge, October 15, 1814, to January 
 •^15,1828. 
 
 James V 
 Jolin T. 
 Stevens 
 1835. 
 
 Ma 
 
 John S. I 
 ber 13, 183: 
 
 FrcdiTick 
 
 Elijah l!ri 
 13. 1813. 
 
 Robert A! 
 1830. 
 
 Levi Cook 
 
 Rtibert Abb 
 -Solomon Sil 
 (George Mel 
 Richard Sm 
 James McCI 
 
 James May, ( 
 
 r,cf)rge Mc 
 
 August 2, 18 18 
 
TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 89 
 
 James Witheirll, January 15,1828, to May 20, 1 830. 
 John 'I". Mason, May 20, 1830, to July 12, 1831. 
 Stevens T. Mason, July 12, 1831, to September 30, 
 1835. 
 
 MICHIGAN TERRITORY 
 
 ■B-X"_Xj-A."V7' 
 April 18, 1818. 
 
 Mat (II' 'rKRKMiiiuiAi, linrMiAK'v.— Ni). 6 
 
 John .S. Horner. Septenii)er 30, 1835, to Novem- 
 ber 13, 1S35. 
 
 TRKASIRKRS. 
 
 Frederiik ISate.s, 1805 to November 26, 1806. 
 
 Klijaii ISrush, November 26, 1806, to December 
 13, 1813. 
 
 Robert Abbott, December 13, 181 3, to January i, 
 1830. 
 
 Levi Cook, January i, 1830, to February 19, 1836, 
 
 \. MICHIGAN TERRITORY 
 
 Juno 28, 1834. 
 
 Map of Tkrritoriai. FiorNDARV.— No. 7. 
 
 AL'DITOKS OF PUBLIC AiCOLNTS, 
 
 Robert Abbott, 1809 to February 19, 1836. 
 Solomon Sibley, October 4, 18 14, to 181 7. 
 (".corii;e McDoujjall, October, 1 814, to 1817. 
 Richard Smyth, December 21, 1817. 
 James McCloskey, August 8, 1817. 
 
 ' ADJI'TANT-r.KNKKAI.S. 
 
 James May, October 3, 1805, to September 29, 1806. 
 ("tcorije McDougall, September 29, 1866, to 
 August 2, 1818. 
 
 Joim U. Williams, August 2, 18 18, to April 14, 
 1829. 
 
 l)e darmo Jonis. .April 14, 1829, to October 23, 
 1829. 
 
 W. L. Ncwberrv, October 23, 1829, to March 14, 
 1831. 
 
 John ]•". Schwartz, March 14, 1831. 
 
 JrUCH-ADVnCATIiS. 
 
 A. C. Whitney, to September, 1823. 
 
 B. F. H. Witherell, Sept<'ml)er, 1823, to — . 
 
 ofAKTKHMASTKK-CKNKKAI.S. 
 
 James McCloskey, August 14, 1818, to — . 
 
 .skai.fuf; or i.kathkr. 
 
 Calvin Haker, August 10, 1822, to — . 
 Jefferson Morris, Mar-Ji 7, 1834, to — . 
 
 yV/f S/it/(- of Mii/i/ji^an. 
 
 The history of tlie legislation in regard to the 
 boundaries of the Territory and the State of Michi- 
 gan is a history of alternate enlargement and con- 
 traction of her possessions. The autocratic and un- 
 justitiable exclusion of delegates of Wayne County 
 from participation in the convention which carved 
 ont the State of Ohio has already been mentioned. 
 In 1828 a pro]iosition was made in Congress to 
 organi/.e a Territory by the name of Huron, and to 
 make the Lake Superior region 
 a part of it. On February 1 5, 
 1828, a meeting of citizens of 
 Detroit was held to protest 
 against it, and the project failed. 
 The next effort of this kind, in 
 1835, was more successful, and 
 is described in connection with 
 the Toledo War. 
 
 On March 18, 1836, a public 
 meeting was held in Detroit to 
 protest against jiermitting Ohio 
 to possess the territory in dis- 
 pute, which consisted of about 
 four hundred and seventy scjuare 
 miles on the southern boundary 
 of the State. Meantime, by .Act 
 of April 20, 1836, which took 
 effect on July 3, 1836, the State of Wisconsin was 
 created. 
 
 All protests against the curtailing of the southern 
 boundary were unavailing; and on June 15, 1836, 
 Congress passed an Act admitting Michigan as ;i 
 State, i^rovidcd she would accept of boundaries 
 which gave the disputed territory to Ohio. A few 
 days later, on June 23, Congress passed another Act, 
 accepting the proposition of the convention of 1835, 
 with some modifications, which denied to Michigan 
 the boundary she claimed. This last proposition of 
 
90 
 
 TKRRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 /""^STATE OF MICHIGAN 
 
 "1 
 
 April 20, 1.838. 
 
 .MaI' ()|- TlilCKITOUI.M. LiOLND.\K\ .— \<l. S. 
 
 Congress occnsiuncd nuR-h controvi-rsy, at;itatinir 
 the public mind all throu,v;h 1836. Meetings wi-iv 
 held in Detroit, on September 2 and October \ 2, to 
 oppo.se the yielding- of the territory to Ohio, and 10 
 arranyje for the election of county ofticc vho would 
 oppose it. Finally the legislature of Miciiigan Ter- 
 ritory, by .Vet of July 20, ICS36, [irovideil lor the 
 election of deleg.ites to a convention, which was to 
 be assembled to settle the ([uestion. The lollowing 
 delegates from Wayne County were elected on .Sep- 
 tember 12: Titus Dort, 1). C. McKinsiry, Louis 
 Beaufait, B. B. Kercheval, .Amnion Brown, Kli 
 Bradshaw, 11. A. Noyes, ;mtl John McDonnell. The 
 con\enlion nu't .at .\nn .\rbor September 2(>. 1836, 
 antl decided ag;iiiist ,'iccepling admission with the 
 bound.iry ,-isiiroposed by Congress. On November 14 
 following the Democnitic County Commiliee issued ,1 
 circul.ar, recommending llu' holding of .another con- 
 vention at .\nn .Arbor on Decembir 14. 'i'hey 
 urged th;it the pi'ople of the St.ate elect dck-g.itcs to 
 such .a convention, .s.iying that, although the vole of 
 the Washlen.iw County deleg.ates defeated tln' .ac- 
 ceptance of ihi' proposition of Congress, tlii' peojile 
 of that county had since then clectt'd numbers of 
 the Legislatiu'e who were in fjuor of acctining the 
 terms of Congress. They further urgetl th.at speedy 
 action was nec-essary, in order to secure to the new 
 State ,a share of the surplus reveinie th.at Congress 
 was about to distribiili', and .also the i)ercent.ige on 
 sales of public Lands in Michig.an. 
 
 C.ovi'rnor M.asou favored the project, .and the 
 coinention was held .as proposed. 'l"he following 
 persons were jiresent, .as dek'g.ates from W'.ayne 
 County: John R. Willi.ams, Ross W'ilkins. Charles 
 Moran, Mar.shall J, Bac<in, D. Cioodwin, B. I'. II. 
 Witherelt, J. K. Schw.artz, Reynold C.illett, I'.li lir.id- 
 sh.aw, II. A. Noyes, IClihu Morse, Warner Tutlle, 
 .\. V. Murr.ay. James iUicklin, Josiah Mason, .and 
 Charles F, Irwin. 
 
 This last convention un.inimously resolved to 
 accept the prescribed conditions of admission; .the 
 v.ilidity of its action w.as- recognized by Congress, 
 and on J.anu.ary 26, 1837, the St.ate was, by ,1 new 
 
 Act, form,il!y ailmitlcil .as the twenly-si.\th Stale of 
 the Cninn. 
 
 It thus apjiears that a convention, called by a 
 political jj.arty ,as sui'h, brought .aboiu the .admission 
 of .Michigan as .1 .St.ate. A suggesti\e feature of 
 the convention was the f.act th.at there weri' no 
 deieg.ites ]iresent from .Monroe County, in which 
 Toledo w.as tlu'ii loc.iti'd. The .action of the I'on- 
 vention that jii'ovided for the admission of ( )hio in 
 1802, .and refused to .admit dek'gates from Wayne 
 County, was thus fully e(|ii.alk'd. 
 
 The people were now ri'licvi'd of an .anom.alous 
 government, neither territori.al nor st.ate. Without 
 specitic congression.il .authoritv, tlu'\' h.ad possi'ssi'da 
 state go\ei"ninent, wilii .a full set of ollicers, for a 
 period of nearly two and .a (|u.irter years behire the 
 St.alt' was ri'cognizctl as such by Congress. I'nder 
 the ordin.ance of 1787, the people of the Territory, 
 howi'Vir, h.ul .1 right to .a st.ate goxernment, as the 
 Territory cont.ained sixty thous.and inhabitants. 
 
 The citizens were exceedingly pleased at the final 
 si'ttlement of the (|ueslion of .admission to the 
 I'nion ; .ui ! on l''el)ru.ir\- 9, 1837, .a great cek'lir.a- 
 tion w.as h.ad in honor of tlu' event. The Brady 
 Ciiiards p.ar.aded, twenty-six guns were fired, Jefferson 
 AviMuie w.as illumin.ated, .and bontires tl.amed every- 
 whi'rc. 
 
 .\ State st'.al w.as .adopted by the constitutional 
 convention of 1835. On June 2 the president of the 
 convention st.itetl th.at lu' h.ad receixcl ;i ci"sign for 
 .a sell ; ,ind on the same day .Mr. W'ilkins of Lena- 
 wee offered the following: 
 
 Kt-^i'/vcif, llKit till' pri->ii(li.m (if llu- ciMivciilinn tciulir to Iloii- 
 or.dilr l.iwis Ciss lli<' 111. inks uf lliis i .nivriitiuii, nprociitiiii; llic 
 piiipii- (if iMiiliij,'an, feu llu- liaiulMinie .SuiU: Seal presented by 
 him til llie fcirllu'iimiiiK Stall'. 
 
 This resolution was Laid on the table, .and adopted 
 on June 22. On the s.ime d.iy ih.at the design was 
 presented, on motion of .Mr. .Norvell of Wayne, the 
 follnwing was .a(lo|)ted ;is p.art of the ])rop()sed con- 
 stitutidii: ".\ gre.at seal sh.ill be |)rovided by the 
 gf)\ernor, to cont.ain de\ice .and inscription, desia'ibed 
 in papers relating thereto, signed by the president of 
 the coiu'cntion, .and depnsited in the office of the 
 Secret.ary of 'I'erritory." Concerning the mottin's 
 on the seal, D. 15. I )iirfieki. in .a letter to Ceneral John 
 Robertsnn, (juoted in his " Fl;igs of Michig.an," gives 
 this information: lie s.ays, " When a Law student 
 with M.ijiir Lewis Cass, in the year 1841, we h.ad 
 some ci)n\crs;ition on the subject, .and .as I now recall 
 it, he then slated th.at * * the late C.eneral 
 
 C.iss .selected and modilieil the celebrated inscription 
 upon the bl.ack marble slab that marks the tomb of 
 Sir Christoiiher Wren in the crypt of St. I'.aul's 
 C.athcdr.il, of which he w.as the distinguished archi- 
 tect." That insifipiion reads, "Si inonumentuin 
 rci|uiris, cinaimspice," (If ymi re(|iiire a monu- 
 ment, look iiroiind vou.) 
 
 In view e 
 
 its peninstiL 
 
 inscrii)tioii ; 
 
 "iiuaris pi 
 
 " monunieni 
 
 iK'w form, 
 
 pcninsuLa, L 
 
 f.acls .as t(i 
 
 surmised lli, 
 
 tion of Mil 
 
 iirilish terrii 
 
 by the desii 
 
 hold the tei 
 
 Ohio. The 
 
 prominent pi 
 
 ventioii th.it 
 
 the seal s.iys 
 
 li.and. The 
 
 cdly, the ide; 
 
 not ,a soldier, 
 
 " Tuebor," I 
 
 fil-'I'.M' SfAl I 
 
 After fifleei 
 
 ' 1 
 W.as deemed 
 
 second coiistii 
 
 .at L.ansing. ! 
 
 The following 
 
 County: l(. J. 
 
 I 'iter Dt'snoye 
 
 Cibson. Tlu' 
 
 the people, .an 
 
 November, 18: 
 
 1851, The ci 
 
 Constitution of 
 
 By the Constit'i 
 
 officers. H,'xce])t 
 
 were .appointet 
 
TERRITORIAL AM) STATI-: ( ;()\'I:RN.MI:N TS. 
 
 91 
 
 111 view of tlu' (listiiinuishiiiv^' fcatiiri' of tlic Stale, 
 its ])L'ninsular cliaractcr, ('.cnci'al Cass moditied tiic 
 iiiS(Ti|)tioii as ^ivcn on W'l-cn's torn!) 1)\- sui)stitutiii,ii^ 
 "(jiia-ris |nniiisulam aiiKinam" for tlie words 
 " iiionunuMitimi re(|iiiris," so tliat tlu' niotlo, in its 
 new form, wniild rcid " if you seek ;i |)lc,-is;int 
 peiiiiisul;i, lool< around you." Mr. Dullicld li;id no 
 facts as to wliy tin- word luihor w.is used, hut 
 surmised tli.at it li.id refei-ence to tiie fi'ontier ])osi- 
 tion of Miciiii^an, ,is ;i defender on tiie border of 
 Ili'itisli tei'i-iloi"\'. More proij.ihly it w.as sui^xested 
 bv tile desire and deii'rmin.ition of the iK'oj-)le to 
 hold tile territory on the south, then claimed by 
 Ohio. The lioldiny- of that tt'rritoi-y occupii'd a 
 prominent place in the discussions of the \t.'ry con- 
 vciuioii that adopted the se.il. The (k'scription of 
 the se;il s.ays ih.at it shows a ni.an with ;i \^\\\\ in his 
 h;uKl. 'I'lie word " m.in " was evidenlly used design- 
 edly, the ide.a bi'inj^- tli.it it was a citi/.eii or settler, 
 not a .soldier, that stoi-d ready with his gun, sayinj;', 
 " Tuebor," I defend. 
 
 f'.ui-:Ai- S|-\i 111 rin-; Siaii-; o|- Mu iiu.an. {I'.xact si.r.) 
 
 .\fter lifleen wars of i^i'owth, . a new constitution 
 w,is deemed desii-,ible ; and on June 3, 1.S50, the 
 second constilulion.il con\enlioii o|)ened its session 
 ;it I.ansini;-. It concluded its work on .\u,t;iist 15. 
 The following;' persons were delei^ates fi^oni W'.avne 
 County: 11. J. .\l\oril, J. II. ISavin, Amnion lirown, 
 Peter Desnoyers, K. E. I'.aton, II. I'r.ilick, ;uul John 
 (libson. The new constitution was submittetl to 
 the jieople, ;uid approved on the lirst Tuesday of 
 Xovembcr. 1X50, becoming;' opi'nitive on January i, 
 1851. Tlu! chief points of dilfereiice between the 
 Constitution of icS^j.aiul th.it of 1X50 ;ire ;is follows: 
 I5y the Constitution of 1X35, ;il!-iudvies .and all State 
 piVicers. ^except the i^oNcrnor ;ind l(euten;uit-i;'o\'eriior, 
 werc^ appointed, ;u,id iheii' sal.iries determined, by 
 
 tile lA'nisI.ature. The Constitution of I1S50 made 
 these otticers elective, :{m\ tixi'd their s.al.iries. The 
 oriiL^injiI constitution |)ro\ided tli.at the Lei^islaturc 
 niii^ht est.ablish courts, ;uid .appoint reiicnts of the 
 university; tli.at of 1X50 presci-ibed what courts 
 should be established, .allowing' only municip.al 
 courts to be created by the l.ei;islature. .and pro- 
 vided for the election of rev;eiits of the university. 
 The Constitution of 11X35 pi''>vided for .annual ses- 
 sions of the I.i'nislature; th.at of 1850. for biennial 
 sessions. 'I'lie one of 1S35 prohibited the passa}.(e 
 of Laws for j^i'iieral corporate orij.ani/.ations, and 
 authori/ed s|)eci,il ch;irtei-s; that of 1 850 prescribed 
 a courst' directly the reverse. The first constitution 
 providi'd that |)riv;ite ])roperty niii^ht be taken for 
 jiublic use by allowini^ just compensation, and the 
 |iovvers of bo.ards of sii|)ervisors were (luite re- 
 stricted. The Constitution of 1850 m.ade more 
 slrin;.;i'nt provision ,is to takiiiv,"' private pro[)erty for 
 liublic use, .and i;.ive larger le,i;isl;itive ])ovver to 
 boards of supervisors. The Constitution of 1835 
 said iiolliiiijj; .about the licensing;' of the sale of licinor: 
 th.at of 1850 pi'ohibiti'd the Lei^isl.ature from .author- 
 i/.inir licenses for its s.ile. 
 
 .\ ihiid coiistitution.al convention came toi^ether 
 ;it I.,iiisiiin-. on M.iy 15. 1867, .and continued in ses- 
 sion until .\ui;ust 22. The dilci^.ali'S from W'.ayne 
 County were Robi'rt McClelland, I ),iiiii'l Cioodwin, 
 I'eti-r Desnoyers, Win. .\. Smith, Jonathan Shearer, 
 •and W. I".. W'.arner. The result of their labors was 
 disapprovi'd by the people. 
 
 In 1873 a coiistitution.al commission, iirovicled for 
 by the I.e.nisLiture, held sessions .at L.ansiiiv^, from 
 Au.v;ust 2j to ( )ciober i''), 1873. Asliky Pond anil 
 ]•-. W. .Medd.iUv;h were dcleiL^.ites from the lirst dis- 
 trict, which embr.aced W'.ayne County. Nearly .all 
 of the recommeiulations of the commission f.iik'il 
 of .adoption. 
 
 The Constitution of 1835 ]-)rovided tli.it Detroit 
 should be the c.apit.il uniil 1847, when the tiiial 
 location w.is to be determined by the LeiijisLiture. 
 Cnder a bill ;i|iproved M.irch if>, 1847, the capital 
 vv.is lociti'd at I..uisini;, .and on December ::5 it was 
 there est.ablished. 
 
 The n.anie Lansim;' w.is probably it^iven to that 
 town bi'c.ause its first settlers came from i.,aiisinv;. 
 Toni|)kins Cmintv. X. \'., which town w.as n.amed 
 .after John Lansiiiv;-, Ch.anct'llor of the .State of \ew 
 NOrk from 1801 to 1814. 
 
 The State officers .and their terms of office, h.ave 
 been : 
 
 'I'llUMS 
 
 Sti'vens T. M.ason 
 William Woodbridj^x' 
 J. Wright ( iordon (,aciin,ii:) 
 |oiiii S. Il.arrv 
 
 iii-:(.A\. 
 
 KNIIKI). 
 
 if^35 
 
 1840 
 
 1840 
 
 I 84 I 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 1842 
 
 1846 
 
92 
 
 TERRITORIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 
 \i 
 
 KMS 
 
 
 T 
 
 KKMS 
 
 
 llH(i.\.N. 
 
 KNDKl). 
 
 
 HHCAN. 
 
 i:ndkd. 
 
 Alphcus Felch .... 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 William Jenney 
 
 . . 1879 
 
 1883 
 
 William L. (ireenly (artiii..;) 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 Harry A. Conant 
 
 . 1883 
 
 
 I'Ipaphroditus Ransom 
 
 1848 
 
 1850 
 
 
 
 
 John S. Harry .... 
 
 1850 
 
 1852 
 
 S/ii/r 'rr(Uisiirrrs. 
 
 
 Robert McClelland 
 
 1852 
 
 '853 
 
 Henry Howard . 
 
 1836 
 
 '839 
 
 Andrew Parsons (acting; i 
 
 ■853 
 
 1855 
 
 Peter Desnoyers 
 
 ■ . 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 Kinsley S. Binj^ham . 
 
 .855 
 
 1859 
 
 Robert .Stuart 
 
 1840 
 
 184I 
 
 Moses Wisner .... 
 
 1859 
 
 1861 
 
 George W. Germain 
 
 . I84I 
 
 1842 
 
 Austin niair .... 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 John J. Adam 
 
 1842 
 
 1845 
 
 Henry H. Crapo .... 
 
 1865 
 
 1869 
 
 George Rcdlield 
 
 . . 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 Henry ]'. Baldwin 
 
 I 869 
 
 '873 
 
 George B. Cooper 
 
 1846 
 
 1850 
 
 John J. IJa^Iey .... 
 
 "873 
 
 1877 
 
 Bernard C. Whitemore . 
 
 . 1850 
 
 1855 
 
 Charles M. Crosswell 
 
 1877 
 
 I88I 
 
 Silas M. Holmes . 
 
 • >855 
 
 1859 
 
 D. H. Jerome .... 
 
 1881 
 
 1883 
 
 John McKinney 
 
 . . 1859 
 
 1861 
 
 J. W. Bejjole . . • . 
 
 1883 
 
 
 John Owen .... 
 
 1861 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 Ebenezer ( ). Grosvenor . 
 
 . 1867 
 
 187I 
 
 Liciifriiintf-GoTi-riiors 
 
 
 
 Victory !'. Collier 
 
 1871 
 
 1875 
 
 Edward Mundy .... 
 
 ■835 
 
 1840 
 
 William B. McCreery 
 
 . . 1875 
 
 1879 
 
 J. Wrii^ht (iordon 
 
 1840 
 
 I84I 
 
 B. D. Pritchard . 
 
 1879 
 
 1883 
 
 T. J. D;ake (actiiij;) 
 
 I84I 
 
 1842 
 
 Edward H. Butler . 
 
 . 1883 
 
 
 Origen 1). Richardson 
 
 1842 
 
 1846 
 
 
 
 
 William L. (ireenly 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 , I U(f //(>?■-( rfl 
 
 rr(t/s. 
 
 
 C. P. Hush (acting) 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 Robert Abbott . 
 
 1836 
 
 1839 
 
 William M. Fenton 
 
 1848 
 
 1852 
 
 Henry Howard 
 
 . . 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 Andrew Parsons 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 luirotas 1*. Hastings . 
 
 1840 
 
 1842 
 
 G. R. Griswold 
 
 '853 
 
 1855 
 
 Alpheus Felch 
 
 . 1842 
 
 1842 
 
 George A. Coe .... 
 
 1855 
 
 1859 
 
 Henry L. Whipple 
 
 1842 
 
 1842 
 
 I'xiinund B. Fairfield 
 
 •859 
 
 1861 
 
 Charles G. Hammond 
 
 . 1842 
 
 1845 
 
 James Birney .... 
 
 I86I 
 
 I86I 
 
 John J. .\dam 
 
 • 1845 
 
 1846 
 
 Joseph R. Williams 
 
 I86I 
 
 1862 
 
 Digby V. Bell 
 
 . 1846 
 
 1848 
 
 Henry T. Backus 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 John J. Adam 
 
 1848 
 
 1851 
 
 Charles S. May .... 
 
 1863 
 
 1865 
 
 John Swegles, Jr. . 
 
 . 1851 
 
 1855 
 
 E. O. Grcsvenor .... 
 
 1865 
 
 1867 
 
 Whitney Jones . 
 
 • 1855 
 
 1859 
 
 Dwight May .... 
 
 1867 
 
 1869 
 
 Daniel L. Case 
 
 . . 1859 
 
 1 861 
 
 Morgan Bates .... 
 
 1869 
 
 1873 
 
 Langford (i. Berry 
 
 1 861 
 
 1863 
 
 Henry H. Holt .... 
 
 1873 
 
 1877 
 
 Emil Anneke . 
 
 . 1863 
 
 1867 
 
 Alonzo Sessions .... 
 
 1877 
 
 I88I 
 
 William Humphrey 
 
 1867 
 
 1875 
 
 M. S. Crosby .... 
 
 1881 
 
 
 Ralph Ely 
 
 • • 1875 
 
 1879 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 W. Irving Lattimer 
 
 1879 
 
 1883 
 
 St'cretari'cs of Sfafe. 
 
 
 
 William C. Stevens 
 
 . 1883 
 
 
 Kintzing Pritchette 
 
 1835 
 
 1838 
 
 
 
 
 Randolph Manning 
 
 .838 
 
 1840 
 
 A/foriuy-C!f 
 
 wrah. 
 
 
 Thomas Rowland .... 
 
 1840 
 
 1842 
 
 Daniel LeRoy . 
 
 . 1836 
 
 1837 
 
 Robert P. Eldridge 
 
 1842 
 
 1846 
 
 Peter Morey 
 
 1837 
 
 1841 
 
 Gideon O. Whittemore . 
 
 IS46 
 
 1848 
 
 Zephaniah Piatt 
 
 . 1841 
 
 1843 
 
 George W. Peck 
 
 1848 
 
 1850 
 
 YAon Farnsworth 
 
 1843 
 
 1845 
 
 George Redtield .... 
 
 1850 
 
 1850 
 
 Henry N. Walker . 
 
 . . 1845 
 
 1848 
 
 Charles H. Taylor 
 
 1850 
 
 1853 
 
 George V. N. Lothrop . 
 
 , 1848 
 
 1851 
 
 William Graves .... 
 
 '853 
 
 i8;s 
 
 William Hale . 
 
 1851 
 
 1855 
 
 John Me Kinney 
 
 1855 
 
 18^9 
 
 Jacob M. Howard . 
 
 • • 1855 
 
 1861 
 
 Nelson G. Isbell .... 
 
 1859 
 
 1861 
 
 Charles Upson . 
 
 1861 
 
 1863 
 
 James B. Porter .... 
 
 1 86 1 
 
 1867 
 
 Albert Williams 
 
 . . 1863 
 
 1867 
 
 Oliver L. Spaulding 
 
 1867 
 
 1871 
 
 William L. Stoughton 
 
 1867 
 
 1869 
 
 Daniel Striker .... 
 
 1871 
 
 1875 
 
 Dwight May . 
 
 . 1869 
 
 •873 
 
 E. G. D. Holden 
 
 1875 
 
 1879 
 
 Byron D. Ball . 
 
 1873 
 
 •874 
 
 Isaac Marst 
 .\ndrew J. ! 
 Otto Kirchn 
 J. J. Van Rii 
 
 Conn, 
 Digby V. Be 
 Abiel Silver 
 Porter Kibbc 
 .Seymour B. ' 
 James W. S^i 
 .Samuel S. L; 
 Cyrus Hewit 
 Benjamin D. 
 Charles A. F 
 Leverett A. ( 
 Benjamin F. 
 
lERRlTURIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 93 
 
 Isaac Marston . . 
 Andrew J. Smith 
 Otto KiiTlincr 
 J. J. Van Riper . 
 
 CoiiDii/'sstoncys of S/atr 
 
 I)i,i(l)y V. IJell 
 Abie! Silver 
 Porter Kibbee 
 Seymour 15. Treadweil 
 James W. .Sanborn 
 Sanniei S. I.acey 
 Cyrus Hewitt 
 Henjamin I). Pritchard 
 diaries A. Edmonds 
 Leverett A. Clapp 
 Benjamin F. Partridge . 
 
 Terms 
 
 
 'I'kkms 
 
 IlKOAN. 
 
 KNI>KI). 
 
 
 IIKl.AN. 
 
 l'..SI)KI). 
 
 . '874 
 
 1875 
 
 James M. Neasmith 
 
 1879 
 
 1883 
 
 1875 
 
 ■877 
 
 Minor S. Newell 
 
 . 1883 
 
 
 . 1877 
 
 1881 
 
 
 
 
 I88I 
 
 
 Superintendents of Pulilic 
 
 Instruction 
 
 
 Lull,/ Office. 
 
 
 John I). I'ieree 
 
 ■ 1838 
 
 1841 
 
 . 1844 
 
 1846 
 
 Kranklin Sawyer, Jr. . 
 
 1841 
 
 i«43 
 
 1846 
 
 1850 
 
 Oliver C. Comstoek, Sr. 
 
 . 1843 
 
 1845 
 
 . 1850 
 
 1855 
 
 Ira Mayhew 
 
 1845 
 
 1849 
 
 • '855 
 
 1859 
 
 Francis V/. Shearman 
 
 . 1849 
 
 1855 
 
 . 1859 
 
 1 86 1 
 
 Ira Mayhew 
 
 1855 
 
 1859 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 John \I. (irei>ory . 
 
 • 1859 
 
 1865 
 
 . 1865 
 
 1867 
 
 Oramel Horsford 
 
 1865 
 
 '873 
 
 1867 
 
 1871 
 
 Daniel H. Briu^gs 
 
 • 1873 
 
 1877 
 
 . 1871 
 
 •873 
 
 Horace S. Tarbell 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1873 
 
 1877 
 
 Cornelius A. Gower 
 
 . 1878 
 
 1883 
 
 . 1877 
 
 1879 
 
 Hersehel R. Gass 
 
 1883 
 
 
C U A VT 1<: R XVII. 
 
 LEGISLATl'RKS AND LAWS. 
 
 TllK firsl l.ci^islaiurc iiinliT Mni^lish nilc was 
 called l)y proclainalion from Kinn'sion, in tlu' name 
 of iIk- kini;. (in July I'l, \7')2. l.ieulcnant-i^ovi'rnor 
 Sinicnr. of Canada, llu-n drtiiK-d ihc limits of ninc- 
 tfi'n connti'.'s. Krnl C(.iini\' includi'd llu' rri^ion 
 L-mbracini; Detroit, and w;is to li;i\c two mem- 
 bers of the l.ei;isi;itnre. In Anv;ust, 179J, an ek'C- 
 tion was held, .ind Win. M.aeomb and Wm. Cirant 
 were electetl as members of the' first Legislature of 
 L'pper Canada from the eoimty of Ketn. 
 
 The k';.^isl;iti\e session beiujan .Si-pieinbi-r 17, at 
 Newark, now Ni;ii;ar;i, and closed ( )etober 15. 179-- 
 The seconil session bt'i^an at Newark on M;iy 31. 
 1793. and lasted till July 9. The third session 
 bi'^'.an June 2, 1794. and closed July 9. 'I'he fourth 
 session lasti'd from Julv (>, 1795, to Autjust 10. and 
 the fifth from M.iy 10 to June 3, 179C). 
 
 Under the .\ct of Congress of 1 7S7. the (iovernor 
 and Judj^es of the Northwi'st Territorv constituted 
 the Legislature. T1h'\' anivcd at Marietta on Julv 
 9. i7cS8. and their lirst enactments were dated from 
 that ])l;ice, and published bv bt'lnt;- nailed on a tree 
 on the l).inks of the Muskinmim. As Detroit was 
 in possession of the ]-'.nt;iish, none of their laws 
 were in force here until .after July 11. 179C1. The 
 laws of the (io\ernor and Ju(.lv;es weri' issued from 
 Marietta, X'incennes. and Cineinnati. 'I'his last 
 named ]ilace w;is orinin.illy c.ukcI Losantiville ; it 
 was so named by Israel Ludlow, one of the ori'^in.al 
 proprietors. As the town was opposite the mouth 
 of the Lickiniu;' River, he took the lirst lettt'r of th;a 
 name, the Latin word os (the mouth:, the (Ireek 
 word ii//// (oppositei, ;uk1 the l-"rench rv//,' la towni. 
 and btiilt np the n.ame, thus rivalliiij;' in his ini^emiity 
 the linguistic fe.ats of our Judj^e Woodwaril. Cin- 
 cinn.iti was made the seat of justice on January 2. 
 1 790. and in 1 795 the Governor and Jud,i(es assembled 
 there to revise their former rej^tilations and adopt 
 new laws. 
 
 By the ortlinance of 1787. as soon as there were 
 five thousand free male inhabitants in the Territory, 
 an assembly was to he elected, with one member for 
 each live hunilrvMl free white males. \\'hen the 
 number of delejj;;ates reached twenty-tive, the assem- 
 bly was to r(\i|fiil;itt' the nitio of representation, 
 Havini;; ascert;iined ih.at there were in the i^erritory 
 
 the requisite number of male citizens, over iwenly- 
 une years of a.^v. (iovernor -St. Cl.iir, on ( )ctol)er 29, 
 I 791, issued ;i procl.im.ation. directini;- the electors to 
 choose repi-csentali\(S to a ( '.cncr.il Assemblv, which 
 he oi'dercd to convi'iie at L'incimi.iti on |;uuiarv 22, 
 1799. Three members were allotted to W.avne 
 Cotmty, and ;m election was held on the third Mon- 
 day of Deci'iiibcr, 1799. Owini;- to some informality 
 or fraud, .another election w.is dei'iiied necessarv, 
 and w.is held at Detroit, and in other parts of 
 Wayne Cotmty. on J.inuary 14 and 15, 1799, result- 
 uv^ in the I'k'Ction of Solomon Sibley, J.icob \'is,i.;fr. 
 :o^d Ch.irles ]■". Ch.ibert Jonc.aire. .Although the 
 .\ssi-mbly was to ha\'e met on J.anuary 22, 1799, its 
 sessions did not bei^in tmtil l'\'l)rii;u'v 4. 
 
 •An upper house or council, .as it w.as ( rilled, was 
 created, consislini;' of Uvc pe|-sons, selected b\' the 
 rri'sident ;uid contirmed by Cons^ress, from pi'rsons 
 nominated by the Assembly. This first council con- 
 sisted of J.inies Lindl.iv, J.acob lUirnct, Henry \',ui- 
 derburi;-, D;i\id \',mce, and Robert ()li\er. 
 
 ( )n the i-re.ation of the Territory of Indi.ana. Judi^e 
 Wanderbur!.;'. who li\ed within its limits, lost his seat 
 in till' council ; Solomon Sibley, of Detroit, was ap- 
 liointed in his pLici', ;md Jon;ithan Schiefllin was 
 t'lected Sibley's successor in the Le,i;isl<alive y\s- 
 sembly. The dele<;;ites from W.ayne County, at the 
 first session of the second Asst'iiiblv, on November 
 23. R^oi, consisted of Ch.arles !•'. ChabiTt Jonc.aire, 
 (ieori;e McDoun'.all, and Jon.ath.ui Schieltlin. It is 
 ;i curious f.act. illustnitini;- the ])lianl j)rinciples .and 
 politics of that day, th.at Schiel'Hin .and Jonc.aire, both 
 of whom served under (ioNi'rnor Hamilton, and 
 joined with the IiKh'ans in killiniL;' and sc.alpini;' the 
 white inhabitants in the Territory, wert' afterwards 
 elected to represent in the Territorial Li\v;'isl;iture the 
 very re.^ions they had ravajreil. 
 
 As late as iNLay, 1797, Jonathan SchiefHin h.ad 
 officially declared himself an l'"nsr|ish subject, and 
 affirmed th.at he did not intend to become an Amer- 
 ican citizen, 
 
 .After the nomination of ten persons as coiincilmen 
 hv the .Assembly, it was proroi^ued by the vjovernor, 
 until September 10, 1799. ;it which time he ordered 
 it to assemble at Cincinnati. Wlu'ii the .\ssembly 
 convened, there w.as present only one member of the 
 
 f4] 
 
 council, Jacu 
 
 .Messrs. (ioi 
 
 Ily SeptemI) 
 
 rived, and b 
 
 session till i: 
 
 business, tin 
 
 the .AssembI 
 
 inj,' Novembi 
 
 Aii.ifiist 20. I 
 
 the seat of ; 
 
 cothe, and 01 
 
 at that pl.ice. 
 
 On Novell 
 
 a,y;ain met at 
 
 Janii.iry 23, 
 
 governor, to 
 
 d.iy of the f( 
 
 mov.al of the 
 
 inh.ibitants ol 
 
 the house ,it ' 
 
 were bo.ardii 
 
 dticed ,a br.aie 
 
 iSefore the A 
 
 law of .\|)ril ; 
 
 X'an to Indi.ai 
 
 not t.ake full e 
 
 plied with, ;m 
 
 3. 1803. 
 
 l-nder liu 
 
 provicK'd for i 
 
 nor Harrison. 
 
 time for holdii 
 
 sembly, to m.e 
 
 procl.am.ation 
 
 and no electi< 
 
 sent. Other 
 
 I'"ehru;iry 7, r, 
 
 n.ames were to 
 
 which number 
 
 council. .Am 
 
 James .May am 
 
 Jefferson decli 
 
 with the pi'rso: 
 
 Harri.son. Mt 
 
 1805, Michijrai 
 
 nor and the th 
 
 I^ci^dslature, m 
 
 business. 
 
 The first lav 
 dated July 9. if 
 for the Territoi 
 nor and Judije 
 as a whole at 1 
 had been draf 
 desi^-n.ated as ' 
 printed in Was 
 Woodward wr( 
 
l.lUilSl.A 1 LKLS AM) LAWS. 
 
 9.-^ 
 
 coiiiicil, Jacol) lUiriK'l.aiul l)ui fourrcprfscMU;ili\fs, — 
 Messrs. (iofiirlli, McMillan, Sinilh, and I.udlow. 
 15y .ScptcnibtT 24 the rest (if i\\v iiuiiibirs had ai- 
 riwd, and i)()th houses nrnani/.ed, and conliiuied in 
 session till Deceniher 19. wiu'n, havinj; Ihiishcd their 
 business, the ,i;'o\crnor. at their re(|uest, ])roro)L;Lied 
 tlic Assembly until the first Monday of the follow- 
 injr November. After the closing' of the session, on 
 Au,i;ust JO, I7<>S, Con.i^ress |i;issed ;i law removin.vf 
 the seat of nnvernnK'nt from Cineiniiati to Chilli- 
 cothe, and on November 3, iSoo, the Assembly met 
 at that pl.ice. 
 
 On November 23, i<Soi, the denerai Assembly 
 ai^-.-iin met ,it Chillieothe, continuin.t;' in session imtil 
 January 23, iiSo2, when it w.is adjourned by tiie 
 governor, to meet at Cincinnati on the fourtii .\b)n- 
 day of the followinjL;' November. The projxised re- 
 mov.ii of the seat of jrovernment did not pk'ase the 
 inhabitants of Chillicothe, and some of them att.icked 
 the house at wiiicli tiie ijovernor ruid Mr. Schiel'tlin 
 were boardinv^. The member from Detroit pro- 
 duced ;i bnice of pistols, and the mob soon dispersed, 
 liefore the Assi'Uibly a.y;ain conventd, Coni^ress, by 
 law of .April 30, 1S02, attached what is now ^bchi- 
 H'.m to Indiana Territory. The law, howevt'r, did 
 not take full effect until certain conditions were com- 
 plied with, .'ind these were not fullilk'd until March 
 3, 1.S03. 
 
 I'nder indian.a Territory, no I.ev;islature was 
 pi-o\ided for until called by proclamation of (iovci'- 
 nor llarrisoii. lie t'lxed Jaiui;u-y 3, \^o^. ;is the 
 time for holdini;- ,an election for members of an .\s- 
 semblv, to n;eet ;it X'incennes on l'"el)ru.UT I. The 
 proclamation did not reach W.ayne County in lime, 
 and no election was held, anil no representatives 
 sent. Other representatives .assembled, and on 
 Kebru.ary 7, iiSoj, they elected li-n persons, whose 
 names were to be forwarded to the I'rt'sideut, from 
 which number he w.as to select five to constitute the 
 council. .Amonvf the ten n.inies sent wt-re those of 
 James M.ay.and James Henry of Detroit. President 
 Jefferson declined to seli'cl, ;is he was unacquainted 
 with the persons, ;uid left the selection to Ciovernor 
 Harrison. Meantime, by Law taking- effect JuiH' 30, 
 1805, .MichijL^an Ti'rritory was created, 'I'he ijo\er- 
 iior and the three judj.;es, who were constituted the 
 Lev;islature, met on July 4, 1S05, and organized for 
 business. 
 
 The first law passed and jniblished by them was 
 dated July 9, 1S05. It describi'd and adopted a .seal 
 for the Territ(jry. The laws adopted by the C.over- 
 nor and Judi^es, prior to -May, 1806, were adopted 
 as a whole at that time. Mo.st, if not all, of them 
 had l)een draftetl by Judx;e Woodward, and were 
 desiii^^nated as " the Woodward Code." They were 
 printed in Washinijton, and on June 18, 1807, Judj^e 
 Woodward wrote to the Secretary of State that "the 
 
 laws of the Ti'iritory had just arrived, and that 
 hitherto tiiert' had been but one copy in the 'I'erri- 
 tory, and of the Norihwestern and Indi.ina laws 
 there is not a com|)leie copy in iht' Tirritory." 
 
 In view of their ollici.il position, the disregard of 
 the Sabb.ith by the Ciovernor .'ind J udi,a-s is especial- 
 ly noticeable. Oti Sunday, I'ebru.iry 26, 1807, one 
 of the jud.vjes introduced a bill, which was re.ad three 
 times .anil i)assetl; other sessions were also held on 
 the S.abbath. 
 
 Many of their sessions were held in Richard 
 .Smyth's ta\ern, on Woodw.ird Avenin', near Wood- 
 bridi^c Street. There w.as constant disa>;feenient 
 and trouble between ( loxcrnor lliill .and Judi4e 
 W'ondw.ird; and on ,all points of dil'ference, the \()te 
 jjener.illy stood ilull .and li.ates, or Witherill, a,i;ainst 
 Woodward and ( 'irillin. Jud.ire Woodward also dis- 
 aj^reed with .St.ank'y Ciriswold, the secretary of the 
 Territor\. ( )u M.irch, 17, 1808, he wrote ;ts follows 
 concernin.i;- the i^overnor and the .secretary: 
 
 I lia\i' fniiiid it cinliarrassirn; ami aliiicist an impc>»il)l<- lask to 
 a\'<ii(l tlu- cninity ft tiirir rrsiniti\( aclhtTrtUs, aifiir(liii>i as I 
 liapix'ii t(p 1)1- sill 1 i's>i\ily sii>|iii till of fasiirinv; ihf mu; nr tilt; 
 (itlicr. 'I'lic only imulc I I'niild adopt was tti a\'uid, as f.ir as pfac- 
 tlialilr, paitiriilar inlcriiiiitsr with lintli. I'or sixtrin mimtlis past 
 I liavf had tin intriTdiirsL' whatrvrr with the sicrilary, and fir 
 abuiii ciiiht inonlhs imiic with thr ,i,;ovi:niiir. 
 
 .Anions;' the curiosities of the k'v;isl;ition of this 
 peiiod w;is the jjassaj^i- ol .an .\ct on September 14, 
 iiSio, "To rci^iiLate tlu' inti'rn.al ,nd\ernnu'nt and 
 ]iolice of tile se\er,il districts of the 'territory of 
 Michi^-.iu." It pro\i(led for the election of live 
 st'lectmcu, or councilors, in each district, with |)ower 
 "to |iro\ide for the su]i|)ort of the poor, for the 
 iii.iinten.ance and repair ol roads ,aiKl bridi^es, .and, 
 j^eiKi-ally. for the internal yovi'mnu'iit .and police of 
 the district, for the education of youth, and for these 
 .and otiiei- pui-posi's sli.tll k'vy .and collect rates and 
 taxes." ruder this iVct, Richard -Smylli, C.abriel 
 Ciodfrov, .Sr., IV'ter Desiioyers, .Vui^tistus 1!. Wood- 
 w.ird, and lames McL'loskey wi'fe elected for the 
 district of Detroit, 011 October 8, 1811, and in 1812 
 the s.ame iiersoiis were si'rvinv;', excejit that H. J. 
 Hunt h;nl takt'ii the jiLice of .\. 11. Woodw.ard. 
 
 The Ciovernor ;ind Jiidi;es seeiiieil to ha\e a 
 morbid fear tli.it sonu' of the old lui^i^lish laws 
 woukl remain in force, .and therefore, at intervals of 
 every few years, ,a new Act was jiassi'd, abolishintj, 
 either s]iecit:call\' or generally, all Acts of the lui^iish 
 rarliament. .An .Act of February 21, 1821 (jiai^e 
 Soo, section 12, of N'ohmie I. of Territorial Laws), 
 repeals "so miu-li of any law, or supposed law, as 
 miiiiht operate to require four kni.n'hts ifirt with 
 swords to be on the jury for the trial of the issue, 
 joined in an action of rinht, be, and the same is 
 abolished, abroij.ated. and repealed." An Act of 
 M,iy 1 1, 1820 (p.ane 586, X'olume L), abolished trial 
 by battle, .and this w.as ayain specitieally .abolished 
 
96 
 
 LKc;iSI..\ riKKS AM) LAWS. 
 
 l)y law of Felmiary 21, 1.S21 (pa,i(e 802). As laic as 
 April 12, 1827, a law ,i;ra\rly provitkd that "tlu' 
 bcnctit of cleri,ry siiall be, and thi' same is lniThy 
 abolished." The term "eleri^y," orii^inally limited 
 to ecclesiastics, had lout; been construed to mean 
 any person who could read, and all such, at one 
 time, were exempt from capital punishment. I5c- 
 tw'cen 1820 and 1824, a few laws were adopted, and 
 printed in |)amphlct form. 
 
 The followini^ judi^es, with the j^overnor, or the 
 secretary of the 'I'erritory as actinjj |i(overnor, consti- 
 tuted the I.etjislature; 1805 to November, 1806, .\. 
 IJ. W'oodwaril, I''. Hates, John ('irillin; November, 
 1806, to October, 1808, A. H. Woodward, John 
 ("irit'fin; October, 1808, to June 7, 1824, .\. 15. Wood- 
 ward, John (IriHin. James Witherell. The following- 
 jXTsons acted as setTctaries to the noxcrnor and 
 judj;cs in their legislative cai)acity: 1805 to 1807, 
 I'eter .Audrain; 1807 to 1817, Joseph Watson; 1817, 
 John Stockton; 1818 to 1823, A. O. Whitney; 1823 
 to 1825, !■:. A. Brush. 
 
 .Many of the doings of the (iovcrnor and Judges 
 were so utterly de\()i(l of justice ;iiul such ;i mock- 
 ery of government that the inh.ibilants, almo.si ,// 
 /f/ussc, were enr;ii;cd and distrusted. There is 
 abundant evidence that the picture of their mis- 
 doings could sc.ircely be owrdr.iwn. So inlolcr;ible 
 did their action become that John (lentle, in 1807, 
 published in The Philadelphia Aurora an.d Pittsburgh 
 Oa/.ette a scries of articles detailinj^ the ni-ie\aiices 
 of the people in lannLiajLje that was far from beini;- of 
 the tenor the author's name mi^lit indicate. 
 
 These artiiles criticized not only the doings of the 
 (Governor and Judges as legislators, but also their 
 court proceeiliui^s and tluir .actions as a Land Hoard; 
 and intimated that they were conlrollin;^ for their 
 own pecuniary advantajre the lots in the city 
 and the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract, and that the 
 Detroit iSank was a .scheme desii^iied to further the 
 same object. Ciovernor Hull and Judge Woodward 
 especially were charjred with intriv^ue, deception, and 
 untruth; and the charires were apparently proven. 
 It was believed by many of the ijeo|)le that Hull was 
 in league with .Varon Hurr, and that his design was 
 to impoverish the people and drive them out of the 
 Territory, that his plans might be more easily carried 
 out ; some even affected to believe, or did believe, 
 that the burning of the town the day before the 
 arrival of the ("lovernor and Judges was a part of 
 their conspiracy. 
 
 It was claimed in the articles of Mr. Cientle, ami 
 also in other published articles, that (Governor Hull 
 fabricated stories of Indian attacks and e.xcited false 
 alarms, in order to divert the thoughts of the people 
 from his wrong-doing. 
 
 It does not appear that Oovernnr Hull nwade any 
 published reply to the articles of Mr. Gentle ; he cer- 
 
 tainly did iini in llic |);ipcr which coni.iiucd the 
 charges, in 1808 Judge Woodward replied in a 
 series of articles published also in the Pittsburgh 
 Commonwealth. His defence consisted chielly in 
 attributing the articles to spite, caused l)y the rejec- 
 tion of the author's claim for a donation lot, and in 
 denying that he was in any way interested in lands. 
 The records, however, show that, if not then inter- 
 ested, he soon after became an extensive owner of 
 real estate in this regioi; and though a jlesire for 
 retaliation may have inciteil the articles of Cientle, 
 their truthfulness, at least in the main, must be con- 
 ceded. Judge Woodward made no attemjit to 
 defend Cioxernor I lull ; on the contrary, he intimated 
 strongly that the governor was interested in the 
 1 )etr()it H.ink, as ;i matter of speculation, and conceded 
 that he had been prcci|)itate in erecting fortifications 
 and stockades. 
 
 The i-h.irges of Mr. (ieiille seem more than half 
 pro\en by the lame defence of Judge Woodward, 
 and by his testimoin in regard to (lovernor Hull. 
 In so far as Woodward was concerned, the articles 
 in the Delrnii (la/.elte of October and November, 
 1822, man)- of them writtin by James I). Doty, 
 afterwards ( lOvernor of Wisconsin, show that Wood- 
 ward's conduct w.is so unexampled, so extrav.igantly 
 illcg.'il, that any one in ol'lici.al position, who, having 
 the power to prevent or expose his ;ict!on, neglected 
 to do so, mu'.l have been I'ither in sympathy with 
 him or cowartll\- in the extreme, 
 
 .\t the time Mr. Cicntle published iiis articles, 
 there w.is no jKiper issued in Detroit. Oentle says 
 he published ;i portion of one (jf the articles in 
 Detroit. John L. Talbot, in his sketch of I'arly times, 
 written nearly forty years .ago, says this was done by 
 writing each .article, which was then "hung out tlur- 
 ing the tlay from the houses, guartled by arms, and 
 t.ikeii in ;it night." 
 
 The fact that they were resisted and det'ied in De- 
 troit greatly t'x.ispenited the Ciovcrnor and Judges. 
 Mr. Cicntle was .attacked in his own house by some 
 of their friends, but was protected by Mr. Campau. 
 It is stated in the ( iazctte for November i, 1823, 
 that he was indicted for libel. " When arraigned, 
 he i)leatl th.at he was guilty of the writing and \n\h- 
 lishing, and offered to prove the truth of every fact 
 stated." In those days, however, the truth of a libel 
 could not be given in e\idence, and he was found 
 guilty. The majority of the people, however, did 
 not approve of the \erdict. 
 
 One of iiis articles says : 
 
 A meelinj; of the citizens cif I )etr(iit was Uijiiin called to draft a 
 nicinorial to tile Keneral kii\ eminent, praying for redress of onr 
 grievances. K. H. and (1. .Mel)., \vh.) still remained ntniter, now 
 came forward (or rather were sent forward by the governor), and 
 declared in favor of the people, and hy the force of their eloquence 
 changeil the intention of the meeting into a resolve that a com- 
 mittee he chosen to draft an impeachment against Judges W^iod- 
 ward and Bates, and they had the address to have themselves 
 
 chosin (in the 
 iind II. K. .\|^„ 
 several (lays, fr 
 was appoinli-il I 
 of jndgc; Dales, 
 court. I'rogres! 
 (ill at last It was 
 
 A memori 
 
 taiits, d.ited 
 
 to the Presii 
 
 and Woodw 
 
 'i'he Oovei 
 
 the yVct app( 
 
 laws of the ( 
 
 best suited t 
 
 they violated 
 
 ordinance of 
 
 of merely ad( 
 
 States, they 
 
 laws of one .^ 
 
 different St.at 
 
 origin of ;i tei 
 
 following st.it 
 
 true. They v 
 
 States before 
 
 the laws of .> 
 
 Virginia, won 
 
 tences from tl 
 
 the laws t^f K 
 
 of Connecticu 
 
 trouble themst 
 
 the original S 
 
 find, .\ftor a 
 
 whole subject, 
 
 ing statement ( 
 
 Several allempts 
 
 the (Jovcrnor and 
 
 IjeiTig and good go' 
 
 ancient and proviri 
 
 distinguished hy ih 
 
 The governor fir- 
 
 after the usual rout 
 
 elates, we suppose, 
 
 Hut we were, as iisi 
 
 Judge Woodward d 
 
 l'ro\-ed, which cov. 
 
 cxhihiting, at one vi 
 
 odized I hat was eve 
 
 thieves for the g',,ve 
 
 this Territiiry of tin 
 
 enlarged, and Impro 
 
 circinnstances of A 
 
 forward in great nur 
 
 our disapprohation 
 
 suhordiriation hy h 
 
 although symbolical 
 
 doctrine of non-resi 
 
 the reports of their 
 
 people out of doors 
 
 'loors, the (iovcrnor 
 
 the adoption of the 1 
 
 They made Ia\ 
 
LLLilbLATL Kl.S ANU LAWS. 
 
 97 
 
 (liiisiii iin llic- comiuittit:, iil.iin{ with Jiiiiics Aliliuit, J. Ilaivi y, 
 ,111(1 II. K. Martin. I'lii! .ciiiiiuitt. c •.at at Mr. li.s, iiml lal.i.n.l 
 Hcvir.il (lays, fr;iiiiiii< llir inipcu limciil. .Ml oil a Miildi ii, Mr. 11. 
 was apiHiiiiliil by llic Kovcnmr treasurer nf llie I'errildry, in |il,ii ■■ 
 (if jiuUe Hates, mult;. M( I >. w.is appniiiled clerk el llie dislri. I 
 cDiirt. l'r(i<ress (if tlie iiiipe.K liineiit w.is then liy clenrees relaxed, 
 till ,it List it W.IS till, illy ali.mdiiiii il 
 
 A memorial, si^nicd l)y alxmt fniir liiiiulrfd inliahi- 
 laiits, ilalud Si-pUnuljcr i, hSoS, \v,is, hdwivcr, stiU 
 It) the I'rcsidi'iU, prayiiv< for Uif rinii.v,il of Hull 
 and Woodward, l)iit it was unheeded. 
 
 The (iovenior and Jiidvces were empowered, by 
 the Act api)oiiUinv; ihem, to ", adopt " .such of the 
 laws of the orij^in.il thirteen States as they deemeil 
 best suited to the needs of the Territory, 'i'hat 
 they violated both the letter and the spirit of the 
 orilinanee of i/'S; is .ibiindantly evident. Inste.id 
 of merely ailoptin,;;- l.iws from some of the oriv^inal 
 States, they would take the title of the .\et from 
 law.s of one State ami i>arts of Acts from laws of 
 different States, and this so fretjuently that the 
 oriirin of a territorial law could not be traeeti. 'i'he 
 followinir statement m.iy be t.aken as almost literally 
 true. They would "parade the laws of the ori:snnal 
 States before them on the table, and cull letters from 
 tile laws of .Maryland; syllables from the laws of 
 N'iri^inia, words from the laws of New NOrk, sen- 
 tences from the laws of Pennsylvania, \erses from 
 the laws of Kentucky, and chapters from the laws 
 of Connecticut." Ami many times they did not 
 trouble themselves to make seiections from laws of 
 the oriirinal States, but used any tliat they could 
 find. After a full and c.mdid e.x.iminaiion of the 
 whole subject, I h.ave no doubt that even the follow- 
 ing statement of Mr. (lentle was true: 
 
 Sevural atlempts were made about this time, December, iSort, by 
 the (lovcrnor and Jiidnes to revive and introdiK c, fur the well- 
 being and >{iiod Kovernnient of this Territory, that famous code of 
 anciiMU and provincial laws, by the N'i'w Kn>;l:ind folks, commonly 
 distin,i;nished by tin: appellation of the I'lhie Laws of Connecticut. 
 
 ■file ,1,'overnor first [iresinled his vcrsiiin to the I.i.-ijislatiire, and 
 after the usual mutino of ilispiil.ilion, it was rejected by his asso- 
 ciates, we siipiiose, for its lyranniial and de .tniclive teiuleiii y, 
 lint wit were, as usual, e.itrexiously mistaken ; for the day luUowiiii,' 
 Jndv'e Wuiidwaril displayed a second edition, enlari;ed and im- 
 proved, which covered the surface of several sheets of paper, 
 exliibitin>,', at one view, the most rcMiied system of birbarity meth- 
 odized lliat was ever proposed, even by the ringleader of a den of 
 thieves for the K'.vernuK'nt of banditti. The transmigration into 
 this Territory of the aforesiiid lUue Laws of Coniiecti( ut, revised, 
 enlarged, and improved, "as far as necessary, and suitable to the 
 circumstances of Michigan," e.xcited serious alarm. We went 
 forward in great numbers to the li'gislative board, and manifested 
 our disapprobation and abliorrence of this diabolical system of 
 subordination by horrid grins and dismal smiles, expressive, 
 although symbolically, of our aver..,i()n to, and disbelief in, the 
 doctrine of non-resistance and passive obedience. I''indiiig, by 
 the reports of their spies, that the sentiineuts entertained by the 
 people out of doors coincided with the grimaces of those within 
 doors, the (Jovernor and Jud,'es deemed it expedient to ))ostpoiie 
 the adoption of the liliu' Laws until a more conveniint season. 
 
 They made laws themselves, ami fretiueiitly passed 
 
 IS 
 
 <.(1 
 
 
 r.s 
 
 1)S 
 
 los 
 
 .£. 
 
 loS 
 
 them without deliberation. .\ sinele judv;f would 
 draw up ;i law, .'ind tin n r.irry it arouml t<i the lodv;- 
 in.^s of the other judnfs to be there sij;lied. The 
 ]i;()\frnor. on one occasion, midertook to si,v;n a law, 
 and publish it, without the re(|uisite majority of the 
 bo.ird. The ju(lv;fs pronouneed this a violation ol 
 tlu: l.iw. and a i mitest arose. The v,'overnor issued 
 an inll.immatory iiroclam.itioii, c.illin.^ the milit.iry 
 lo his aid ; the judj.;es declared his .action c.ilumn'ous, 
 deuiumced him for e.illinv;' for ;ii<l from the military 
 ;iuthorities, ;uid deeided th.at if they j^rjintcd the 
 mand.imus, retiuesled by the Liw in (iiiestion. they 
 would subvert their own decisions. This ended the 
 matter, .and the di.niiity of the court w.is linally sus- 
 t.iined. The jud;<cs often siibmeri^fd their ilii^iiity 
 ,ind reversed their own decisions, but they h.id no 
 idea of allowin.;^ others to do it for them. 
 
 Thom,di the Governor and |ud,i;es observed no 
 rei^iil.ir i)l,tce or time of meetinif for ollicial duties, 
 the time for refreshments was duly observed, as the 
 foliowinv,^ .luthentic copy of a bill against the Terri- 
 tory clearly shows: 
 
 October .•«, i8o^). 
 
 'I'l'iuijniiivV lit Mi(.iiii;.\.N'. 
 
 To James May, Dr. 
 Six bottles of cider Sept. cj, for u>e of l.egislatiin , 
 
 Six black bottles ' 
 
 Three [lint tumblers, double Hint ( ut, " . . 
 
 Six bottles cyder September It, for use o( "... (is 
 
 During the winter of dSoS I1S09. while Judge 
 Woodward was absent at W;tsliinglon, under the 
 supervision of Judge Witherell m.iny r.idical changes 
 wt're m.ade in the Laws, forty-four new .Acts were 
 p.issed, and what was called the Withei'ell Code, 
 took the place of the Woodward Code. When 
 Judge Woodward returnetl, he rt fused to recogni/,e 
 the leg.alilyof the .Acts passed in his .absence, assert- 
 ing th;it they were not properly .attested, and the 
 business of the courts was greatly deranged, in 
 connection with this dillicully. on .August 24. uSio, 
 Judge Witherell introiluced the following preamble 
 and resolution: 
 
 U7if>'i;ts, by the mosc cxtraordin.iry and tinwarraiUable stretch 
 of piiwc-r ever attempted to be exercised by the Judiciary over the 
 Legislature and a fri e government, two of the judges of the 
 Supreme Court of this Territory, at the September term of said 
 Court in i8i«^, did declare and decide on the bench of sjiid court, 
 in their judicial capacity, that the laws adopted and published the 
 preceding winter, by the (lovernor and two of the Judges of s;iid 
 Territory, were uncon.stitutional, and not binding on the pe(.ple of 
 the said Territory, under the frivolous pretext that they were 
 sigiu (1 only by the ( lovcrnor as presiding officer ; and whereas, by 
 till' said declaration and decision of the said judges, the peace and 
 happiness, the rights ; nd interests, of the good people of this 
 'Territory have been and are still very much disturbed and put in 
 jeopardy ; and whereas the good people of this 'Territory, after 
 nearly one year and a half ac(];iaintance with the said laws, have 
 manifested strong wishes that the same, with a few exceptions, 
 should b(' continued in operation in the said Territory, in order to 
 effect which and remi.N-e all diiibt on the subject, 
 
 Kfiv/TVi/, that the (lovcrnor and Judges, or a majority of them, 
 do proceed immediately to sign said laws. 
 
98 
 
 I.I,(ilSr..\IIKi:s AND I.WVS. 
 
 'riiis icsoliiiidii w.is considered .iiid lejeeted ; and 
 for nearly a yi'ar then- ensued alternate vietnry and 
 defeat for l)otli parlies. Kinally Jtidv;e Witlufell 
 triinnphed, al least in part; and many of the laws 
 iii question are emhraeed in the reprint of the terri- 
 Ic; iai laws. It should \)v ineniioned here th.it the 
 severest eriti<isnis were ap|)lied to the doin.v;s of llu' 
 it'jfislativc board before Jiid.vje Witherell was a|)- 
 pointi'd. In iiSi6, durint^' the adniinistr.itioii of 
 Ciovernor Cass, some I'lUire l.iws. and portions of 
 others, were eollected. and printed al Detroit in one 
 volume, ,ind this w.is desi^rnated .is the Cass 
 Code. In iS::o they were a,i;ain collected, and 
 those printed at that time are known as the Code 
 of 1820." 
 
 In tile winter of iSiy, and until November 27, 
 1820, JtKl.i;e Woodward absented himself entirely 
 from the lei-islative bo.ii-d. Judv^e (Iritlin took no 
 interest in the nn'isioii of the laws and drew up but 
 one statute. 1 e is (jiioted as havini^ said that the 
 others made a mere driidye of him. 'l"he eccen- 
 tricities of Jud^e Woodward became at len,i(lh ut- 
 terly unbearable. The people were weary of being 
 governed by four men none of whom were chosen 
 by themselves. From being restive they became 
 determined. On March 11, 1822, a meeting was 
 held at the Council House to petition Congress "to 
 separate the juilicial from the legislative power, and 
 to vest the latter in a certain number of our citi- 
 zens." A petition was duly drawn up and for- 
 w.arded, setting forth the fact that Congress had 
 failed to correct or review the acts of the Ciovernor 
 and Judges, except in the single instance of the Act 
 incorporating the Hank of Detroit and praving theni 
 to take action in behalf of the peoiile. On October 
 26, 1822, a numerously signed call brought the citi- 
 zens together in the CouikmI House, and again ;i 
 committee was appointed to draw up a petition to 
 Congress. The names of the committee were, John 
 Diddle, A. K. Wing, John L. Leib, James McClc 
 key, A. G. Whitney, .Shubael Conant, Ric 
 Smyth, John S. Roby, David C. McKinsir 
 Dequindre, Calvin Haker, John Meldrun: 
 Sheldon, Kbene/.er Reed. 
 
 In January, 1823, they sent to the Judiciary Com- 
 mittee of Congress what was called a "statement of 
 facts," giving reasons why a change in the govern- 
 ment of the Territory was necessary. Their state- 
 ment, printed in the Detroit Gazette for January 24, 
 1823, says: 
 
 The legislative board do nut meet tn do business at the time 
 fixed by their own st.-jtiites for that purpose, and thev h.ive no 
 known place of meeting ; and when they do meet, no public notice 
 of the time or place is Kiven ; and when that can be ascertained by 
 inquiry, they are found sometimes at private rooms or offices, 
 where none have a riitht, and few except those immediately inter- 
 ested in the passage of the laws have the assurance to intrude 
 themselves, or can find room or seats if thev should. Laws 
 
 iiir (ii,|iiinlly jKisMd iind ulliirs n pcilrd, which lake effect 
 lioiil llii: il.ilr, an<l vitally alfi i l tin- ri,<lils of the clli/iim, an<l 
 arc nol proinulyaletl or made known to ihu tommunily for iiuiny 
 
 lUoUtlls. 
 
 This .statement of f.acts was effective, and on 
 March 3. icSj^, Convjiess eiiacied ih.ii the govi'rn- 
 inent of the Teriitory be transferred to the governor 
 and .1 council. The people wen: to elect eighteen 
 persons, from whom the 1 'resident w;is to .select 
 nine, who should, on conlirmation of the .Senate, 
 constitute the COtmeil of llu: Territory. The m.iil 
 which .irrived at Detroit at noon on Thursd.iv. 
 .M.inli 27, I(Sj3, brought the news of the p.issagc of 
 this l.iw. Colonel Smyth, of the Sagina Hotel, was 
 at once ri'ciuested by sewral citizens to pre|)are ,1 
 sujiper. .\t sunset CajJlain Woodwortli's companv 
 fired a federal salute, with an extra gun or two for 
 Michigan; ;ind at eight o'clock there was music and 
 firing of guns and crackers. Supper was .servetl 
 .soon after, Ciovernor Cass presiding. 
 
 On June 7, 1824, the first tcrrittirial council was 
 held in Detroit. One of the sessions was opened 
 with prayer by Rev. Father Richard, the Catholic 
 priest, who jirayed that "the legisl.ators may make 
 laws for the people, and not for themselves," — a 
 prayer that might be ajjpropriately made at every 
 se.ssion of a legisl;itive body, i'.y Act of February 
 5, 1825, provision was made for in<'reasing the si/e 
 of the council by the election of twenty-six persons, 
 from whom the I 'resident was to select thirteen, to 
 constitute the council. 
 
 \iy Act of April 12, 1S25, Wayne County was 
 made the first district, and was to elect eight of the 
 twenty-six i^ersons whose names were to be for- 
 warded to the President. I5y Act, approved Jan- 
 uary 29, 1827, the people were authorized tti elect 
 thirteen persons, who should constitute the council, 
 without requiring the approval or confirmation of 
 the President. The passage of this Act caused 
 ■ ':h rejoicing. 
 
 The members of the legislative council from 
 sV'ayne County were as follows: Fii"^ Legislative 
 Council, June 7, 1824, Abram Fdwards. Second 
 Legislative Council, November 2, 1826, Abram 
 Mdwards, Henry Connor, Robert A. Forsyth. 
 'I'hird Legislative Council, May 5, 1828, Henry 
 Connor, William Brown, .Abram Kdwards, John 
 McDonnell. Fourth Legislative Council, May 11, 
 1830, William Urown, William Hartow, John Mc- 
 Donnell, William A. Fletcher. Fifth Legislative 
 Council, May i, 1832, John McDonnell, Jo.seph W. 
 Torrey, Charles Moran. Sixth Legislative Council, ' 
 January 7. 1834, Charles Moran, John McDonnell, 
 Elon Farnsworth. 
 
 A second session of the sixth legislative council 
 was held at Detroit, lasting from August 17 to 25, 
 1835. They passed an Act providing for the elec- 
 
 tion of a (It 
 
 oils other / 
 
 What is 
 
 IcgisLiiive I 
 
 uary 6 to 1 
 
 of John S. I 
 
 tioii Coiigrc! 
 
 Territory o 
 
 adopted I,, 
 
 pri.ition to si 
 
 Wisconsin 1 
 
 was afterwa 
 
 council, vi/. 
 
 I'lic Territor 
 
 senied. ( iov 
 
 W. .S. H.imil 
 
 w;is secret.ir\ 
 
 In 1X24 till 
 
 tion of the 1,1 
 
 of these e.irl' 
 
 plele .set of ai 
 
 In 1855 the 
 
 and published 
 
 «. '«36, Willi; 
 
 pare a vmh- , 
 
 wards appoin 
 
 Harrington ai 
 
 the governor 
 
 session of the 
 
 cd, .111(1 becam 
 
 '«3S. Ill 1 84 
 
 Judge San ford 
 
 laws, which is 
 
 ••V>-" In If 
 
 compilation in 
 
 the " Compilet 
 
 James .S. Dewi 
 
 prepared .1 sinii 
 
 ill two volumes 
 
 of 1871." My 
 
 preiKired by Ju 
 
 authorized to b 
 
 clia.se of nine tl 
 
 was orderetl. 
 
 The laws of 
 
 J^in,!^'. and since 
 
 systematized wli 
 
 and local laws ii 
 
 in aiK/tlier. Coj 
 
 county clerk, wli 
 
 all judges and j 
 
 county officers, t 
 
 e.-'.oh township, a 
 
 and 1874 copies 
 
 obtained were | 
 
 volumes. The c 
 
 in that it omits . 
 
I.i:(.ISI..\ ll'Kl'.S .\\1» I AWS. 
 
 99 
 
 tion (if ;i (lcl(v;,itf to Coii.nTrss, tovfctluT with iiiimcr- 
 olis nlluT Ai Is. 
 
 What is soMut' nes dcsiv^iiati'd as the si'vciiih 
 Ifyjisi.iiivtr cDiiiicil was held at (Ircfii Itay frnm jaii- 
 iiaiy 6 to IV 1H36. It was calicdhy prcM lamaiinii 
 of Joiiii S. I lorner, actiiij^f )r()v<Tnor, in oiilcr to peti- 
 tion C'onj^ri'ss to provide for tlii' 01 viani-^ation of the 
 'I'l-rritory of Wisconsin. A nienioi iai was also 
 adopted to hi' pri'senled to ConjLjrcss for an .ippro- 
 prialion to secure liie iniprovenii'nl of the l''o.\ anil 
 Wisconsin rivers. Only three eonnties, in what 
 was afterwards Wisconsin, were represented in the 
 conncil, vi/., iSrown, Milwaukee, and Crawford, 
 'riie 'i'erritory now known as Iowa was also repn- 
 senlcd. ( "lovenior 1 lorncr not heinjf present. Colonel 
 W. S. li.aniillon w.is eiiosen president. A. (i. i'illis 
 was seeret.iry. 
 
 In i.S_'4 the ie.iLfislative ixiard pui)!isiu'd a coniiiila- 
 tion of the laws tlu'n in force. Most of the copii's 
 of these early laws have disappearetl. and a com- 
 plete set of all the laws cannot now he founil. 
 
 In I1S33 the Laws were ajL^ain condenseil, arranijed, 
 and published by the le.vfislative council. On March 
 S, 1.S36, William A. Kletcher was api)()intcd to pre- 
 |)are a code of laws for the State. He was after- 
 wards ;ip|)ointed chief justice, and Messrs. \i. H 
 I l.irrin,i;lon and E. Y. Roberts were appointed by 
 the yrovernor to complete the work. At an extra 
 session of the !,ej,Mslature the re\isions were accept- 
 ed, and became the law of the State in September, 
 183S. In iH^(). by authority of the Legislature, 
 Judj^e Sanford M. ( Ireen i)ri'pari'tl a revision of the 
 laws, which is known as the " Revised Statutes of 
 i.S.|.6." In 1857 Thomas M. Cooley prepared a 
 com|)ilation in two volumes, which is desiirnated as 
 the "Compiled Laws of 1S57." In 1S71 Jiiilne 
 James S. Dewey, by authority of the Leijislatiux', 
 prepared ,1 similar compilation, which was publisheil 
 in two volumes, under the title of "Compiled Laws 
 of 1 87 1." I5y law of M.iy 4. 1883, a compilation 
 prep.ired by JudiL^e .Vndrew llowell, of Adrian, was 
 authorized to be received as evidence, and the pur- 
 chase of nine thousand copies, at live dollars each, 
 was ordercnl. 
 
 The laws ot i\u"li session are published at Lan- 
 sinjL;', and since 1871 they have been somewhat 
 systematized when published, by issuing; the private 
 anil local laws in one volume and the jreneral laws 
 in aiu/ther. Copies of all the laws are sent to the 
 county clerk, who furnishes them free of charnje to 
 all judjijes and justices, revjents of the university, 
 county otlicers, to the supervisor and town clerk of 
 e.''A'h township, and also to the city clerk. In 1871 
 and 1874 copies of such territorial laws as could be 
 obtained were published by the State, in three 
 volumes. 'I'he compilation, however, is incomplete, 
 in that it omits all the laws passed at the second 
 
 session of the sixth lei;isl;ilive council, A list of 
 early l.iws, known to be missini;'. is j,(i\in in one 
 of the volinnes; since Hun ,1 number of them have 
 been found. 
 
 I'nder a provision of the Constitution of 1835, 
 ;ind ,inticip;itin,;( .admission us a State, one reijular 
 .and oni' extra session of the Lt-ijisl.iture w.is lu'ld 
 in 1S35 and 1836, before the State w.is form.illy 
 .idmilted to the Union. The first reifular St.ate 
 Lenisl.iluri' be).;.in its st.'ssioii Janu.ary 2, 1837. 
 .\nnu.il sessions were lu'ld up to 1851, since which 
 time, in iiccordance with tin; Constitution of 1850, 
 regular sessions hav: been held every two years. 
 
 The last rei^ular session in Detroit I'losed on 
 M.irch 17. 1847, The sessions since then have been 
 held at L.msin.v;, which city, .after th.it year, became 
 the .State cipit.il. l'|) to 1 883 nine extra si'ssions 
 had been held, the occasions for thi'Ui and their 
 diites beiniLj as follows: In 1851. to provide for 
 payinv;- the indebtedness of the State and for a new 
 lei^isl.iti\e ,ind com^ressional apportionment, also to 
 provide for elections .and other matters m.ide neces- 
 s.iry by the new I'onstitution. in 1858. to redistrict 
 the State for circuit courts, and to provide for payinj,' 
 Sl.ite bonds. In 1861, to provide men and means 
 for the w.ir tlvn in proijress, and to furnish relief 
 for f.amilii's of \olunteers. In 1862. to consider the 
 (juistion of assuminif a portion f)f the direct tax 
 projjosed to be U'vied by the Cnited States, and to 
 provide for enrollinv,' the militi.a. In 1 864, to provide 
 for lillini^ the St.ite (|uota of troops, to provide a 
 St.ue bounty, .and to .arr.in^e for receivin.if the votes 
 of soklii'is in the fu'ld. In 1870, to provide for 
 submiltiii).;' an amendment to the constitution, 
 .iuthorizin;( ji.iyment. by counties, of bonds \'oteil by 
 them in aid of proposed r.ailroads. In 1S72, to make 
 new .apportionments for representatives to Conj^^ress, 
 anti provide for investitj.ation of the St.ate l;md otlice. 
 In 1874. to ])rovide for exlendin,i( time of comiiletion 
 of r.ailroail from M.ackinaw to Marqnette, and to 
 m.ike |)rovision for submitting;' the nuestion of woman 
 sulfr.ixe at ;i State election. In 1882. to m.ake a new 
 congressional apportionment, provide a new tax law, 
 :md to aid sufferers by fires in Lastern Michigan. 
 
 liy Constitution of 1835, the Stale Ilouse of 
 Representatives was to consist of not less than 
 fortv-eight nor more than one hundred members. 
 The Sen.ite w.as to number, .as near as possible, one 
 third .as m.any members as the House. Under Con- 
 stitution of 1850. the Ilouse was to consist of not 
 less than sixty-four nor more than one hundred, 
 and the Senate w.as to have thirty-two members. 
 
 By .an amendmcr"; to the constitution, adopted 
 November 8. 1874. the House of Representatives 
 may consist of not less than sixty-four nor more 
 than one liundrcd persons. No township or city may 
 be divided to form repre.« 've districts ; but all. 
 
1(H) 
 
 i.i:c.isi..\TrKi:s and laws. 
 
 friim I'ach city, ;ii'c lo hv i-k'cird on a ,;;t-ncral licki't. 
 Couiuii's (.■ntitk-il to more than one r(.'i)iTSfiU.iti\c, 
 are to \k- ilividi'il for fk'ciion purposrs, l)y lln' Hoard 
 of Siipi'r\isors. 
 
 W'ayiKJ coinily has always l)ccn in the first sena- 
 torial district of tile State. The c-onvention of 1S35 
 pro\iik'd tliat it akme sJioukl constitute tlie tirst dis- 
 trict, with three senators. ISy law of .\pril 3. 1838, 
 the first district was t(- have i)iit two senators. My 
 law of April 12, 1841, Wayne. Macomb, St. Clair, 
 Sanilac, and Huron Counties were constituted the 
 first senatorial district. 
 
 By .\ct of March 10, 1846, the first district was 
 composed of Wayne, Macomb, and St. Clair Conn- 
 ties. An Act of June 27, 1851, provided that 
 Wayne County should be divided into several dis- 
 tricts, as follows : 
 
 First District : Third, Fourth, Si.xth, aiul Seventh 
 Wards, Mamtramck and Cros.se I'l inte. 
 
 Second District: First, Second, Fifth and 1-ighth 
 Wards, Sprin^wells, Cireenfield, Fcorce, and Mon- 
 guas;on. 
 
 Third Di.strict : lirownstown, Huron, Sumpter, 
 Taylor, !\omulus, \'an lUiren, Canton, riymouth, 
 Livonia, Xankin, Dearborn, and Riclford. 
 
 Hy .\ct of February 13. 1S55, Wayne County was 
 divided as follows : 
 
 First District ; Third, Fourth, and Seventh Wards, 
 Hamtrainck, and drosse I'ointe. 
 
 Second District : Second, Fifth, and Sixth Wards. 
 
 Third District: Firs and Kii;hth Warils, C.recn- 
 field, Sprini^wells, 1-Lcorce, and .Monv;iiai.(on. 
 
 Fourth Di.strict: Plymouth, Livonia, Redford, 
 Dearborn, X.uikin, Canton, \'rui lUiren, Romulus, 
 Taylor, Hrownstown, Huron, and Sumpter, 
 
 ISy .\cts of M.ircli 15, 1861, and .May 1, 1875, the 
 distritts in Wayne County were as follows: 
 
 First District: Second, Third, Fourth, Seventh, 
 and Tenth Wards, C]reenfield, Ilamtramck, and 
 Gros.se 1-ointe. 
 
 Secoiul District: First, Fifth, Si.\th, Eighth, and 
 Ninth Wards. 
 
 Third District : All towns except the three above 
 named. 
 
 The names of State senators from Wayne County 
 in various vears have been as follows: 
 
 '•^35 ''"^j?' J'>hn McDonnel 
 
 Conrail 'I'en Fyck, 
 Wm. Woodbridi,^', 
 
 Jonathan 1). l)a\is. 
 
 1838-1839, 15. 11. Kercheva 
 John McDotmell. 
 
 1840 1S41, Dc vl.irmo Jones, 15. !■". H. Witherell 
 
 1S42, Jonathan Shearer, Lyni.m ("iranger. 
 
 1843 1844, Jonath.m Shearer, 
 
 1845-1846, William Hale, -'' 
 
 1847, A. T. Mc Reynolds, John E, Schwartz. 
 
 1848, John I'". .Schwajtz, (ieo. \{. ("iHswold. 
 
 1849, (}eo. R. Ciriswold, Titus Dort, 
 
 1850 1851. .\. Il.arvey. Titus Dort. 
 
 1853, C. R. C.riswo'.d, .■\. 11. Stowcll, H. Fr.ilick. 
 
 1855, r>. Wight, Ci. Jerome, N. L.idd. 
 
 1857, A. H. Redfiekl, (i(.'o, Jerome. 11. l.edyard, 
 J. L. Near. 
 
 1859, \. Dudgeon, H. ISarns, T. F. Hrodhead, 
 W. 1:. U'arner. 
 
 i86[, Willi.un .\dair, H. 1'. Haklwin, H. T. 
 U.ackus, J. 1.. Near. 
 
 1863. Wm. .Vdair, W. C. Duncan, W. E. W.irner. 
 
 1865, \\'m. .\d.iir. Joseph ( iodfrey. .\d;un Minnis. 
 
 1867, Paul dies, .\lanson Slieley, Oliver C. Abell. 
 
 1869, \\'m. Adair, Lorenzo M, Mason, Elliot T. 
 .Slocum. 
 
 1871, James W. Romeyn, Alanson Sluley. Robt. 
 D. !••• ;s. 
 
 187^,. W. li. Wesson. D. M. Richardson, W. C. 
 
 /J' 
 Sutton. 
 
 1875. 
 1877, 
 
 Wm. Atlair, John Cireusel, James I. David. 
 Wm. Adair, Thos. H. llinchman, Matthew 
 Markey. 
 
 1S79, J. D. Weir, T. W. Palmer. W. W. Duflield. 
 
 18S1, James Caplis, John (ireusel, Thos. .Morrison. 
 
 1883, James W. Rome\n, John Creusel, James 
 Hueston. 
 
 The convention of 1835 provided that Wayne 
 County should have eight rejiresentatives. .Subse- 
 quent apportionments have given it the following 
 numbir of representative's: .Act of 1838, seven. 
 Acts of 1841 and 1846, six. .Act of 1851. seven. 
 Acts of 1855, 1861, and 1871, nine. .Act of 1875, 
 ten. 
 
 The names of representatives have been as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 1835-1836, Peter Van Every, Chas. W. Whiiv 
 ple, Jonathan P. Foy, Amnion lirowii, il. .\. Noyes, 
 Cic'o. W. Ferrington, John Strong, Elias liradshaw. 
 
 1837, Chas. W. Wliip]ile, Wm. Munger, Job 
 Smith, loliii M.iriin, .\mnioii Urowii, N. P. Th.ayer, 
 Caleb lierriiigton, Cieo. W. I''erriiiglon. 
 
 1538, \. W. lluel. Louis Beauf.iit, Levi Cook, L. 
 tloodnian, J. M. Howard, Joshua Howard, Chas, 
 Moraii, Theodore Williams. 
 
 1539, Louis lieaufail, J. L. Near, A. Mack, Harry 
 Saunders, l'2benezer Eaton, 'I'. 1'". Sheldon, Titus 
 Dort. 
 
 1840, Chas. Moran, Joshua llo'.v.ird, 1). J-",, ilar- 
 baugh, A. T. McReynolds, H. T. liackus, Wm. S. 
 (■regory, John l'"orbes. 
 
 1841,' John Piddle, A. T. Mather, F. A. Harding, 
 Roswell Root, luirotas Morton, L. E. Dolsen, Shad- 
 rach C.illett. 
 
 1843, Titus Dort, James (Umning, Thos. Lewis, 
 John Norvell. John .Scott, 15. F. H. Witherell. 
 
 1843, Ceo. A. O'Keefe, D. H. Rowland, J. C. 
 Vaughan, Peter Codfroy, .A. ^'. Murniy, Daniel 
 Goodell. 
 
 W 
 
 H. 
 Pel 
 
 '844. J- 
 Hlindbury, 
 Davui h'. 
 
 '845. A 
 Schwartz, 
 Pullen. 
 
 1846, G 
 Eye!-. l.:iij 
 Lewis 
 
 1S47. !•:( 
 Heiv.y i.>al 
 Geo. 15. Th 
 1848. Je( 
 Noves, Hii-i 
 P.uel. 
 
 1849 
 ley. Jr 
 Ttitilc. 
 1850, 
 Sackett 
 paiigli. 
 
 1851, 15. 
 Alfred 15. G 
 1853, Fir: 
 Callagh.in, ^ 
 Irwin. Thii 
 District : W 
 Warner. 
 
 '855. 
 A.sa P. 
 
 Aubin. 
 District: W. 
 JCdwards. 
 
 '857, Firs 
 
 O'Flynii, .M. 
 
 Second Distri 
 
 CiiV.cy. Fot 
 
 L)istnct : Wn 
 
 '8y^, First 
 
 13. P. Hush 
 
 Second Distr 
 
 J- P. Wallae 
 
 weather. Fifi 
 
 1 86 1, First 
 Wm. Phelps, 
 Second Di.stri 
 J- S. Tibbits. 
 District : Ira I 
 1863, First I 
 ton, L. ^L .M 
 Second Distric 
 
 mVsI 
 .Mo( 
 Th 
 
LKC.lSI.AllRi:s AM) LAWS. 
 
 lOI 
 
 1844, Jolin V. R.nihlc. Jr.. H. \. Walkrr, John 
 l>lin(ll)urv, Harry Sauiulcrs, J'.lijah IlawKy, Jr., 
 I)a\i(l 1 1. Row land. 
 
 i<S45, Aiidrrw Ilarvi'v, \\'m. O. I'losi-, John \'.. 
 Scliwartz, Arcli. V. Murray, Win. Munj.^tr, N. W. 
 'I'ulk'n. 
 
 1846, ("r. K, Hand, {ic(irt;c' Moran, Conrad 'I'ci. 
 Eye!-, Elijah Ilawlcy, Jr.. M. i:. Ames, Ihos. 
 Lewis 
 
 icS47, I'ldward C. Ealon. tu'o, W. Ecrrinsjjton, 
 Hop; y l'"rali(i<, J.inu's .\hl'';irlan, (ico. W. Moore, 
 ('(.'(). H. Tliroop. 
 
 1848, Jed. !'. C. lunnions, Cyrus Howard, ISitiuiel 
 Noyi's, Hinun H. Stone, .\hrani P. \'ounj;', A. W. 
 lUii'l. 
 
 i84(;, Will. I". Cliitlcndcn, Orrin David, K. Haw- 
 k'y, Jr., ("H'ornc Mor.in, Amos Ste\cns, Warren 
 'Lutlle. 
 
 1850, H. 1). Carpenter, Jonathan Hudson, David 
 S.ackett, lletiuiel Noyes, As;i IL Otis, Hiram Mills- 
 p.ui,i;ii. 
 
 1851, B. E. Hyde, Jonatlian Shearer, Levi Eaton, 
 Alfred B. (lulley, Jared Se.xton. (ieori^^e Martin. 
 
 1853, First District: Wm. K. Chittenden, J. O. 
 CalL'iJLihan, John Reno. Seennd Di.strict : W. W. 
 Irwin. Third District: Thos. I'. Matthews. Fourth 
 District: W. LL (iregnry. Eifth District: W. ]•:. 
 Warner. 
 
 1855, First Di.strict: H. H. Wells, Pliny Power, 
 Asa !'. Moorman. Second District : F. C. St. 
 Aubin. Third District: Chas. Noble. Foiu'th 
 District: W. H. Grevjory. Fifth District: Arthur 
 Edwai'ds. 
 
 1857, First District: Sheldon McEnij^hl, C. 
 O'Flynn, ^L .\. Chase, i:. Kanter, J. >L Davis. 
 Second District: S. Ludlow. Thiril District : A. B. 
 ■'iul'ey. Fourth District: W. H. C.reiroiy. Eifth 
 Disfict : Wm. Muni;er. 
 
 iSjv First District : A. W. Buel, T.J. Campau, 
 D. P. Bushnell, John McDermott, Paul Cics. 
 .Second District: R. H. Connor. I'hird District: 
 J. B. Wallace. Fourth District: Ceo. A. Stark- 
 weather. Fifth District: J. I. David. 
 
 18(11, First District: J. F. .ly, J. Ci. Peterson, 
 Wm. Phelps, T. W. Lockwood, Wm. Chapoton. 
 Second District: John Strong;. Third District: 
 J. S. Tibbits. Fourth District: A. J. Leetch. Fifth 
 District : Ira Davis. 
 
 1863, First District: T. W. Lockwood, .\. Chapo- 
 ton, L. M. Mason, S. G. Wii^dit, Wm, W.irner. 
 Second District : H. W. Ucarc. Third District : 
 
 .\lex. Tinham. Fourth District: li. Ilod;^kinson. 
 Fifth District: R. i:. Clark. 
 
 1865, l'"irst District: Wm. S. I>ond, J. Lo^;ui 
 Chipnian, P.aul (lies, Rich.ird Ilawley, Wm. P. 
 Wells. Second District: Bi'iijamin May. Third 
 District: Titus Dort. Fourth District: John M. 
 Swift. Fifth District : Moses R. Xowland. 
 
 iHr.;, JMrst District; I'.dw.ard C. Walker, Thos. I). 
 I lawlcy, 'Thos. R. SiH'iice, Jefferson Wiley. Wm. 
 W;irnir. .Second District: Chas. P>. Chauvin. 
 'Third District: C. C. Smitli, Fourth Distri.'t: 
 C.eo. W. Swift. Fifth District: Jared A. Se.xton. 
 
 1869, First District: J. W. Romeyn, C. N. Rio- 
 pelle. P. KUin, W. Purctll, 'T. W. Harris. Second 
 Distr: t : IVter 'Ternes. Third District: R. \'. 
 lirii^ns. Fourth Di.strict : Ceo. W. Swift. I'ifth 
 District: James Stewart. 
 
 1871, First District: Lyman Cochnine, W. C. 
 Hoyt, J. CireuscI, J. Ciibson, J.imes Mc(iones;al. 
 Second District: L. Dalton. 'Third District: B. 
 Pier.son. I'ourth District: O. R. Patten,v;il. Fifth 
 District: P. D. I'earl. 
 
 1S73, First District: J. C.reuscl, J. Burns. II. 1). 
 Edwards, J. Ciplis. J. J. Speed. Si'cond District: 
 M. M.-irkey. Third District : O.D.Pierce. Fourth 
 District: Winfield Scott. Fifth District: Henry 
 Cordon. 
 
 1S75, First District : Cleveland Hunt, J.ames Daly, 
 Wm. Livingston, Jr.. J.ames Craig. Peter Klein. 
 Second District : Michael Cireiner. Third District: 
 H, N. Ocobock. Fourth District : D. I>. Northrop. 
 Fifth Di.strict : Cady Xeff. 
 
 1S77, First District: R. ILiwlcy, F. .\. P>aker, 
 P. MeCiinnis, E.. F. Conely, Stephen Martin, Louis 
 Dillman, Paul dies. Second District: (ieo. W. 
 Crand.ill. Third District: Myron Coon. Fourth 
 District : Thos Morrison. 
 
 1S79, First District: A. doebel, J. C, Donnelly, 
 F. A. Noah. Ceo. H. Hopkins, J. E. dirardin, J. 
 Kuhn, deo. W. Moore. Second District : I". W. A. 
 Kurth. 'Third District: I"., W. Cottrell. Fourth 
 District : Joseph Waltx. 
 
 1881, First District; deo. H. Hopkins, deo. B. 
 Remick, .\d;im 1'.. Bloom. Robert \'.. Bolt,a'r. M. \'. 
 Bor;.,Mnan, Chas. I'wers, Henry Klei. .Second Dis- 
 trict; C. P.. Hubbard, Third Di.strict: i:. W. 
 Cottrell. Fourth District : A. P. Youns,'. 
 
 1SS3. First District: (k'o. H. Hopkins, Robert E. 
 Boli^er. Conrad Bittin,i,aT, W. IL Coots, L. A. Brant, 
 John Devlin. O. N. Case. Second District: IL W. 
 Riopelle. Third District : George TinhaiTi. Fourth 
 District; M, IL Ellis. 
 
CHAPTER XVI 1 1 
 
 i'ri;sii)i:n riAL i;i.ix tors, cai'.ixi:i" oificiiks, and mi:mi'.i:rs of conc.rkss 
 
 FRO.M DF:TRU1T.— rRLSlDENTlAL \1S1 TS TO THE CFIV. 
 
 ruKsinKxriAi, klkciviks, cAHiNrr officers, 
 
 AND MIC.MDKUS OK t()N(;KKSS. 
 
 Til K direct connection of liic Stale .uid tlic city 
 wilii tiic ( 'io\ iTiiniciU of the riiilcd Slates conies 
 primarily lliroU)i;ii the appointiiienl. by vole at the 
 |)rcsidentiai elections, of as many presidential elec- 
 tors as the whole number of United States senators 
 and reiM\'sentati\es to which tlie State is to be 
 entitled when the I'resident I'lected comes into olfH'e. 
 
 These iiresidential electors are l)ound by honor 
 alone to cast the vole of the Slate in favor of the 
 candidate of the ticket upon which they were 
 elcclcti. 'I'hey are required to meet on the first 
 Wednesday of December, in their own Stales, and 
 dciiosit their xotes. The record of their votes is 
 then cerlit'icd to and sealed, after whii-h some one is 
 ap]ioinled to (leli\(.T it personallv to the ])resi(lenl of 
 the Senate, at \\"ashin,v;ton, before the lirst Wednes- 
 day in Janu.ary followini^' their meelinij. Another 
 copv is sent bv mail to the same olticer, and a third 
 deiJositcd with the jud.i^e of the district. 
 
 Only .St.iies fully achnilted into the I'nion may 
 choose i)rcsidential electors. 
 
 The first presiilenlial election in which Michi,i;an 
 participated was the thirteenth, it was held in the 
 fall of 1836, and placed Martin \'an iUiren in the 
 presidential office. The names of the ijrtsidential 
 electors of Michijran, who have lived in Detroit, are 
 as follows ; 
 
 Thirteenth i:lection, David C. McKinstry; four- 
 teenth, none from Detroit; fifteenth, Louis Heaufait ; 
 sixteenth, L. M.Ma.son; seventeenth, D. J. Campau; 
 ei,i{hteentli, none from Detroit; nineteentli, Oeorye 
 W. Lee and Rufus Ilosnier; twentieth, none from 
 Detroit; twenty-fir.st, William Doeltz and John 
 lUirt; twenty-second, V.. 15. Ward and Hennan 
 Kiefer; twenty-thinl, William Doeltz; twenty-fourth, 
 E. n. lUitler. 
 
 All the presidential candidates voted for by Michi- 
 jjan have been elected except Cicnerals Cass and 
 Fremont, and Detroit has furnished the foUowinif 
 cabinet officers : (General Lewis Cass, Secretary of 
 War under i'resident Ja(~kson, and Secretary of 
 Stale under I'resident Buchanan; Ciovernor Robert 
 
 I. 
 
 McClelland, Secretary of Interior under President 
 I'ierce; anil Zachariah Cliaiuller, Secretary of In- 
 terior untier {'resident (irant. 
 
 I'luier the Northwest Territory the following iier- 
 sons were dele]i(ates to the L'niled .States Conj.;-ress : 
 1799-1800, W. 11. Harrison; i<Soo-i8oi, William 
 McMillan; 1801-1803, i'aul Fearini,^ During our 
 connection with Indiana Territory W. 11. Harri- 
 son was ajfain cho.sen delei^ate. 
 
 As a 'i'erritory, Michij,^'in had no repre.sentative 
 in Con,i;|-es.. .inlil, by Act of February 16, 1819, .she 
 was authorized to elect a delegate. 
 
 The following persons servetl as delegates for the 
 terms named ; all of them, except Messrs. \\'ing and 
 Jones, were residenls of Detroit: 1S19- 1821, Wil- 
 liam Woodbridge ; 1821-1823, -Solomon Sibley; 
 1823-1825, C.abriel Richard; 1825-1S29, A. E. 
 Wing; 1829-1831, John liiddlc ; 1831-1833, A. E. 
 Wing; 1833-1835, Lucius Lyon; 1835-1836, Cieo. 
 W. Jones. 
 
 I'liited .States senators are elected every si.x years 
 by a majority vote of the State Legislature in joint 
 convention. Of the sixteen different senators elected 
 under the Stale organizati- 1, the following nine 
 ha\e been from Detroit: I036-1840, Lucius Lyon; 
 1836-1841, John Norvell; 1840-1845, A. S. Pf)rler; 
 1841- 1847, Willi.am Woodbridge; 1845-1857, Lewis 
 Cass; 1857-1875 and 1 879-1 881, Zachariah Chan- 
 dler; 1862-1871, Jacob M. Howard; 1881-1883. H. 
 1'. r.aldwin; 1S83- , Thomas W. Palmer. 
 
 I'liited States representatives for the .several dis- 
 tricts are elected directly by the people, for terms of 
 two years. The population of the State at the time 
 of its .admission entitled it to only one represent.-ilive, 
 but its growth was such ;is to treble the number in 
 1843, The counties of Wayne, i\lonroe, Lenawee. 
 W.ishlenaw, and Ilillsd.ile were, by Act of March 2. 
 1843. m.ide the first district. The census of 1850 
 showed that the State was entitled to four represeiU.i- 
 tivcs, ;uid the Act of June 26, 1851, made the first 
 district to consist of the counties of Wayne, Wash- 
 tenaw. J.'ickson, and Living.ston. In 1861 the State 
 h;ul become entitled to .six representatives; .and an 
 Act of March 15 provided that the first district 
 
 should eml 
 Leii.iwee. .1 
 of 1870 sho 
 sentatives, c 
 first district 
 census of 
 eleven rejire 
 State Law 
 County as tl 
 Under tht 
 repre.sentati\ 
 persons ha\-- 
 the whole i 
 Detroit : Ja( 
 McClelland. 
 Field, A. S. 
 Lord, and W 
 The p.iy ( 
 various laws, 
 teniber 22, i 
 day while all 
 each twenty 
 J}y law of A 
 §1,500, withoi 
 This law was 
 ary 22, 181S, 
 d.ay, and eigh 
 Uy law of A 
 $6,000 for tl 
 Dec-ember 23, 
 tiiey were to 
 A law of .Mar 
 with actual t 
 se.ssion. 
 
 I'RKSIDI 
 
 The city h.i^' 
 the presence ( 
 visit or subse( 
 The lirst w.is ^ 
 on \Liy 10, I 
 ag.iin, on the ti 
 ber 29, 1813, ( 
 September 8. 1 
 
 The first tin 
 presidenti.il vis 
 ticipated iiitolli 
 th.it President 
 Oener.ils Prow 
 were .at the mo 
 three miles of 
 of citizens w.is 
 Woodbridge in 
 as .secretary, .im 
 Sibley. M.ajor y 
 A, ]■:. Wing, Ch, 
 
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS— PRESIDENTIAL VISITS. 
 
 10 
 
 slioultl eiiibrai^o the counties of Wayne, Monroe, 
 Lenawee, and Hillsdale. The United States census 
 of 1870 showed a population entitled to nine repre- 
 sentatives, and an Act of March 29, 1872, made tiie 
 first district to consist of Wayne County only. The 
 census of 1880 showed a population entitled to 
 eleven representatives, and the apportionment under 
 State Law of March 14, 1882, continued Wayne 
 County as the first di.strict. 
 
 Untier the several enlariifcments of the number of 
 representatives, uj) to 1883, si.xty-seven different 
 persons have been elected from Michiifan, and of 
 the whole number the followinji^ ten were from 
 Detroit: Jacob M. Howard, Lucius Lyon, Robert 
 McClelland, A. W. Buel, W. A. Howard, M. W. 
 Field, A. S. Williams, John S. Newberry, Henry W. 
 Lord, and William C. Maybury. 
 
 The pay of senators and representatives, under 
 various laws, has been as follows : By law of Sep- 
 tember 22, 1789, they were each paid six dollars a 
 day while attendinij the session, and six dollars for 
 each twenty miles traveled in goini; to Convjress. 
 By law of March 19, 18 16, they were to be paid 
 §[,500, without mileage, for each Conj^rcss attended. 
 This law was repealed in 1817, and by law of Janu- 
 ary 22, 1818, each was to be paid ei^ht dollars a 
 day, and c'v^ht dollars for each twenty miles traveled. 
 By law of August 15, 1856, they were to receive 
 $6,000 for the two sessions, also mileage. On 
 December 23, 1857, the law was so amended that 
 they were to receive §250 per month and mileage. 
 A law of .March 3, 1873, fixed their pay at SZ-Soo. 
 with actual traveling expenses for one trip each 
 session. 
 
 PRKSIDKNI'I.M, VISITS Vn TIIK CI rV. 
 
 The city has been favored, at different times, with 
 the presence of pt:rsons who, at the time of their 
 visit or subse(|uently, filled the ollice of President. 
 The first was W. H. Harrison, who was in Detroit 
 on May 10, 1803, as (iovernor of the Territory, 
 again, on the first day of the rc-occupalion, .Septem- 
 ber 29, 1813, on October 6 following, and also on 
 Sei)teml)er 8, 1815. 
 
 The lirst time that Detroit was honored with a 
 presidential visit was on August 13, 1817. I'nan- 
 ticipated iiUelligcncc was nci'ived, about 8 A. M., 
 lliat President Monroe, with (iovernor Cass ;ind 
 (ienerals Brown and Macomb with their suites, 
 were at the mouth of the river, and would be within 
 three miles of the city at Wn o'clock. A meeting 
 of citizens was immediati'ly calk'd, with Willi.im 
 Woodbridge in tlu' ch.iir and Major Charles Larncd 
 ■ IS secretary, and a committee, consisting of Solomon 
 Sibley, Major A. Edwards, Captain J. McCloskey, 
 A. E. Wing, Charles Larncd, Colonel Stephen Mack, 
 
 Captain Antoine Dequindre, and O. W. Miller, was 
 appointed to make suitable arrangements for a 
 reception. At ten o'clock a large number of citi- 
 zens, in carriages, on horseback, and on foot, col- 
 lected at Springwells, and proceeded to the river 
 Ecorce, where the presidential party had arrived in 
 barges from the ves.sel. Solomon Sibley, on behalf 
 of the titizens, congratulated the President on his 
 arrival. A procession was then formed, which 
 escorted the I'resident to the city. When opposite 
 Fort Shelby a .salute was fired ; the procession then 
 moved on through the principal streets, escorting the 
 President to the residence of (iovernor Cass. At 
 night the city was illuminated — the bill for which, 
 paid to Abram Edwards by order of the Common 
 Council, amounted to the sum of §23.26 ; the ves.sels 
 in the harbor were tastefully decorated with lights, 
 and there was a display of fireworks, under the 
 direction of Lieutenant Howard of the United States 
 Ordnance Department. 
 
 The following day the city authorities waited upon 
 the President, and an address was delivered, by 
 Major Charles Earned, on behalf of the city author- 
 ities and the citizens. The day after, at 8 A. M., 
 the troops of the post, under command of Lieu- 
 tenant-colonel Smith, were reviewed by the Presi- 
 dent and (ieneral Brown; after which a sword, 
 voted by the Legislature of New York to General 
 Macomb, was presented to him by Governor Ca.ss. 
 
 ( )n I'"riday evening a ball was given at B. Wood- 
 worth's Steamboat Hotel, the President and other 
 notables being in attendance. On Sunday President 
 Monroe attendeii divine service in the old Indian 
 council-house, located on the site now occupied by 
 Firemen's Hall. He remained in Detroit five day.s, 
 during which time he receivetl many testimonials of 
 regard, among which was the gift of a carriage and 
 s])an of horses, presented by the city. On Monday, 
 August 18, he was accompanied by a number of 
 citizi'iis to Springwells, where he embarked in a 
 b.irge, to meet a vessel waiting for him at the mouth 
 of ih -iver. 
 
 Our next visitor in this list was a vice-president. 
 Colonel R. M. Johnson, rei>uted to have killed 
 Tecumseh. He was here in ;ittendance on a demo- 
 cratic meeting, held .September 28, 1840. l']x-Presi- 
 dent Martin \'an Buren made Detroit a visit on 
 {•"rid.iy, July 8, 1842, on his return from a trip to 
 L.ike Superior. The steamer l''airport, bearing a 
 party of cili/ens, went up to Lake St. Clair, and 
 met the Gre.it Western, on whi<li he was a pa.ssen- 
 ger. The two bo.ils were Lashed together, rmd 
 Major Kearsley, chairman of the committee of 
 arr.ingements, welcomed the noted politician and 
 ex-president. At 3 r. M. the !)oats arrived at the 
 city, where Mr. \'an iUireii w.is welcomed by ^L-»yor 
 
■HHHHIH 
 
 104 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITY 
 
 lloui^lium and (iowrnor ISarry. A procession of 
 citizens ami military was then formed, and he was 
 escorted tliroiij;!! tiie jirincipal streets to tlie Ameri- 
 can Hotel. A (ompany ,i;athered on tlie tipper 
 l)alcony. and lie replied al some len^tii to an address 
 l)y Alderman Ten Eyck. In thi' evenini;-, and also 
 on Saturday niorninv,'', a reteption was heitl at the 
 hotel, ;ind on Saturday evenin.i;- Mayor I Ioii,!L;iiton 
 ,y;ave him a reception at the residence of Dr. i'itchcr. 
 On Sunday morniiii; Mr. \'an Ikiren attended the 
 Mcthodi.st Church, ;ind in the afternoon visited the 
 Roman Citholic and I'pi.scopal Cluirciies; in the 
 evening' .another reception w;is held at the hotel. 
 On Monday mornin,i<- he visited .Ann .Arbor, return- 
 ini;- in the afternoon, when a foiu'th adtlress was 
 made by John P.. Schick, on behalf of the (".erman 
 citizens. At X I'. .M., on .Mond.ay, he took his 
 departure for Cleveland on the steamer Fairport, 
 receiving- a i)artin,iL( salute of twenty-six guns. 
 
 In i<S45 ("icneral Zachariah Taylor, afterwards 
 twelfth President of the United States, was here 
 on a visit to Captain Joseph Taylor, his brother, 
 then stationed at Detroit. 
 
 President Cir.ant ;it one time lived in Detroit, as 
 the accompan\in!L( letter shows. 
 
 On his first .arrival Lieutenant (irant boarded at 
 the Nation.il Hotel. In July, 1849, he moved to 
 the house, still st.indini;- on its original site, known 
 as No. 233 Fort Street ICast. From there he moved 
 to wh.'it, in Liter years, was known as the ISacon 
 House, whicti he occupied in company with C.'ipt.ain 
 Core. The house stood on the northeast corner 
 of Russell Street .'md Jefferson .Avenue. It was 
 sold and juoved away in 1X73. C. R. Hacon has in 
 his possi'ssion p.art of a pane of ,i;iass, from one 
 of the chamber wiiulows. on whicli is the name 
 " Lieutenant I'. S. Crant.;" it is believed that he 
 traced it while an occupant of the house. His 
 occupani\- of the Fort Street house is verified by 
 the fact that the directory for 1850 contains the 
 following': "C.r.ant, Lieutenant I'. S. .A. N. S. I*'ort 
 street bet. Russell .and Riv.iril." The l'"ree Press 
 of M.iy 25, 1850, contained this advertisement : 
 
 For Sali\ Roit^ or E.wlutngi: — A two-story dwell iiiK-liouse on 
 Fort StriTt, bi'twciii kivaril and Russfll Strcrls, now occupied hy 
 Lieutenant (Irani of tlie I'. S. A. possession ^iven innnediat('ly. 
 I'"or further particulars inipiirc of (i. M. Rich, on the corner of 
 Fort and Randolph Streets. 
 
 On many occasions Ciener.'il C.nmt h;is sliown a 
 lively interest in the welfare of his old home. His 
 remembrance of old ac(|uaintances in Detroit has 
 always been hearty, and appreciative. Even those 
 not jiersonally acquainted have noticed his j^iad 
 rei'oi;iiition of former citizenship. The writer well 
 remembers the morninj^ of Deeen;ber 17, 1S64. 
 
 Ilavinij called at the White House to see Mr. Nico- 
 lay, tlie President's secretary, 1 was directed by the 
 jiorter to j^o up stairs. Re.achin.i,'' the landinv;' 1 
 found the doors leading; from the hall all closed, 
 with no indication as to which mi.ij^ht .ijive admit- 
 tance to Mr. Xicolay. Retracing- my stejis, 1 said to 
 the porter, "The doors ;ire all closed, and 1 did not 
 find him." A cheerful, bright-f.aced boy near by 
 s;iid, " 1 think 1 can find him. Come up stairs 
 again." And u]5 we went, he with a sort of Hying 
 leap, as though he felt at home, and surely he had a 
 right, for he was none other than "little Tad." I 
 h.'ive alw.'iys been gl.id for this brief knowletlge of 
 one so dear to "our Lincoln." Opening the door of 
 one of the rooms. Tad called out, " Is Nick here.''" 
 
 
 Ciii.\i:i{.\i. Gk.xnt's Old Ho.mk on I-'uki Si kicki'. 
 
 The reply was, " He is at the War Department." 
 To the War Department I went, and there learned 
 that (inint had come from the army, then before 
 Richmond, and was in consultation with Lincoln 
 and Stanton in an adjoining room. Possibly a dozen 
 persons were waiting in the lorridor. Very soon 
 .Mr. Stanton came out, and immediately after fol- 
 lowed the tall, thin form of Lincoln — thinner and 
 homelier th;in any represent.ation 1 have ever seen; 
 his eyes were s.'id, and manner burdened. Stanton 
 made some ri'iiiark, which did not reach my ear. 
 Instantly Mr. Lincoln responded, in a tone vibrant 
 with .anxiety and care, and .almost harsh in its ini- 
 periousness, "What's that, Mr. Secretary?" A 
 moment more, and he w.is gone. Immediately after 
 C.eneral Grant appeared, .and there was at once a 
 rush to greet him. One gentleman stej^ped up, .say- 
 ing, "I am from New Ilamjishire. we occasionally 
 hear of you up there." "Ah," .said (Irant, " I hope 
 
 ^ 
 -? 
 

 :^ 
 
 if^'^^^^^i^J^ 
 
 
 F.\l-S1M11,I! Ill' T.KTTKR FROM OkNKK.M. U. S. OkANT. 
 
io6 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL VISITS To THE CITY. 
 
 yoti 11 hear of me in Richmond soon." I tiien jjave 
 my residence. "From Detroit.?" said he. "Why, 
 I used to live there once. Have yon seen Charley 
 Trowbridvje lately.'*" The name of Detroit proved 
 a passport to his attention, and he evinced jjreat 
 willinijness to hear of his old iiome. it so happened 
 that a detaileil account of (leneral Sherman's 
 advance on Savannah liad ajipeared that morninif 
 for the first time; the papers were also full of den- 
 eral Thoni;is' victory over Hood. To an allusion to 
 the jjood news from Sherman he replied, "Yes, and 
 (ieneral 'I'homas is doinir splendidly, splendidly." 
 
 On Aui,nist 12, 1865, he visited Detroit, and 
 received a welcome that must have been ijratifyin^;. 
 He was accompanied by his wife and four childien. 
 At Port Huron he was met by a committee wl.i'-h 
 had jjjone there for the jiurpose, and on n^achinij 
 Detroit, at 1 1 A. M., he was ijreeted by immense 
 thronj^s, which almost block.ided the streets. 
 
 In the eveniiii.;- he held ;i reception at the Riddle 
 House, where addresses were made by 'I'hcodore 
 Romeyn and Jacob M. Howard. Later in the evcn- 
 inji^ he visited Ex-CIovernor Cass. On Sunday he 
 attended .St. Paul's Church. Monday morning-, with 
 a party of .about one hundred, he enjoyed an excur- 
 sion on the United States steamer .Miehi,iL;an. In the 
 evening Senator Chandler gave a reception in his 
 honor ; and at 4 P. M. on Tuesday he departed from 
 the city. On June 15 and 16, 1882. he again visited 
 Detroit, participating in the reunion of the Army of 
 the Potomac. 
 
 On September 27, 1849, \'ice-President Millard 
 Fillmore paid a visit to Detroit. He was the guest 
 of Mayor Howard, who gave a reception in the 
 evening. 
 
 Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President, was 
 here one day. ruid part of another, in June, 1861, on 
 a visit to Kx-Secretary McClelland. 
 
 Andrew Johnson came September 4, 1866, while 
 "swinging round the circle" and " ^ipholding the 
 Constitution " in true stump-speaker .style. 
 
 President Hayes, with his wife and two sons, 
 accomi^anied by General W, T. Sherinan, arrived 
 September 18, 1879. The mayor, George C. Lang- 
 don, with a party of citizens, went down to Grosse 
 Isle to meet the steamer Northwest, which was on 
 her way to Detroit with the presidential p.arty. 
 The steamer was hailed, the reception party taken 
 on board, and the President duly welcomed. A 
 response was made by General Sherman. On reach- 
 ing Detroit, at 9 A. M., the party proceeded to the 
 resideni'c of Ex-Governor Baldwin, by whom they 
 were entertained. About eleven o'clock, escorted 
 by the military, the party \nsited the Fair Grounds, 
 where the President delivered an address. While 
 Mrs. Hayes w;is on the grounds, Messrs. Pingree & 
 
 Smith, leading shoe manufacturers, eausetl the 
 measure of her foot to be taken, and an elegant pair 
 of I'Vi-nch kid buttoned boots were cut out, made, 
 and ])resented to her, all the work being done ui 
 twenty-three minutes. 
 
 In the evening a reception look place in the lower 
 corridor of the City Hall, which was eleg.intly decor- 
 ated for the occasion. An immense throng was in 
 attendance. The following day President Hayes 
 visited the Fair Grounds, Recreation Park, and the 
 Nation.al I'in Factory. A recejition was given at 
 I-2x-( iovernor lialdwin's in the evening, and the fol- 
 lowing night the jiarty left the city. 
 
 Our I'ity was honored more th.an we then knew 
 by the jiresence of the lamented Garfield. He 
 visited Detroit no less than four times, on two occa- 
 sions, at lea.st, accompanied by Mrs. Garfield. At 
 each visit he was the guest of Rich.'ird Hawley. 
 His first visit was ])rob;ihly in the summer of 1863. 
 Ill comp.my with Mrs. R. il.awley, J. ('•. and T. D. 
 Hawley, he and his wife went to M.ircpiette, return- 
 ing to Detroit the latter part of .September or e.arly 
 in October. On the way down, two of the boat's 
 crew (iu;:.rrelled, and were just about to attack each 
 other, one being armed with a knife, ami the other 
 with a heavy b.ar of wood or iron. Word was 
 brought to the captain, who seemed to hesitate; not 
 so the strong-armed Garfield, who, rushing below, 
 laid hold of the men with a power that thoroughly 
 subdued them, then flung them apart, and the strife 
 was ended. 
 
 One Sunday afternoon in the summer of 1864, 
 probably in August, he spoke briefly in the Jeffenson 
 Avenue Christian Church. In the evening he spoke 
 from Romans xiii., 1-7, on the general subject of the 
 duty of the Christian to the State, or " Christianity 
 in its Relation to Civil Government." On one of his 
 visits, believed to be this one, he delivered a political 
 address in Merrill Hall. On another occasion, in the 
 fall of 1866, he ag;iin .spoke in the Jefferson Avenue 
 Christian Church. Rev. A. J. Hobbs, then pastor 
 of the church, says, " He was with us on Lord's 
 day. He declined to occupy the pulpit, morning or 
 evening, but con.sented to speak at the communion 
 meeting in the afternoon. His subject was, 'Christ, 
 the Tried Stone.' The Scripture was Isaiah .xxviii., 
 16, ■ Heboid, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a 
 tried .stone, a pri'cious corner stone, a sure foun- 
 datiiMi, he that believeth shall not make haste.' He 
 described the various practical tests to which build- 
 ing stones are subjected, to prove their cap.ibility of 
 resisting heat or frost, moisture or pressure. He 
 then reviewed the tests to which Jesus Christ h.ul 
 been subjected, and at l.ast the final tests of Geth- 
 semane and of the cross, showing thus his true 
 divinity and fitness to be the foundation of the 
 
PRESIDENTIAL VISITS TO THE CITY. 
 
 107 
 
 temple of (iod. The whole discourse was instruc- 
 tive, impressive, tender, and calculated tn prepare liis 
 hearers for a joint participation, witli himself, in tlie 
 Lord's Supper, which was then celel)rated." 
 
 Mrs. Jolm Iharvey has a clear renunthr.anct' of 
 the sermon, as has also 1', C. Cjray, who recalls the 
 
 circumstance of walkinj; with him to church, their 
 w.'iy takinij tliem p.ist the |irescnt City Hall, whose 
 foundations were tlien heint,^ l.iid. It was undoubt- 
 edly those \cry found.ation stones that suijijested 
 the tluuK' of his brief but weil-remeinbered dis- 
 course. 
 
ciiai'ti-:r XIX 
 
 roiji'ifAr. I'Ai-t rii:s and campaicns. -i:i.i:c"I'1()\s. 
 
 I'Ol.niCAl, I'A Kill's AND C AM I'A M AS. 
 
 Till'. Anuiicin sysicm of novfrniiu'iit is hasi'il 
 upon llic supposition tiiat tlu' propic will always 
 ffi'l tnoiij;h inliTi'sl in llir nianai^iiiunl of local 
 and national affairs to pi-<i\i(lc for cirtain pnlinii- 
 narii's for ck'Otions withoul bi'iiii;' rc<iuircd to tlo so 
 by slatntc. 
 
 'riu- ])rini,iry I'lcnicnts in all flections arc the 
 nominations, and tlu'sc .arc usually arraniijcd by self- 
 appointed coniniiltees, or Jjy coniinitti'es appointi'tl 
 at a political nieelinir. A caucus is held, .uul 
 nominations m;ide I'hui TOir, by ballot, or by sclccl- 
 ini( (U'le^ati's to a noniinatinj^ coiuention. 
 
 The expenses of conventions and jiublic nu'etiiins, 
 includinj,^ the ])rinliiiif of tickets, etc., are voluntarily 
 l)rovi(k'(l for by tin; various candidates. Tlie ex- 
 penses directly connected with the holdini,^ of an 
 eli'ction, such as the proxidiin,^ of |iollini;- pl.ices, 
 publishinv,^ registration lists, ;ind jiayinv;- insjiectors 
 and clerks, are defrayed by the city. 
 
 The followini,'- caucus notice of the olden time, 
 I)efore party politics j^overned city elections, is from 
 the Detroit (lazette: 
 
 City K/ivtion. 'I'lu rili/iiis of Dclmit are rrtiuisiid to nui't 
 at thr lldtc'l ol t'itptaiii llcnjajiiiii W'cpiuhvoilli to-niorriiw cvcii- 
 iiiK, at ( aiullc li>;liliii>;, for tlm piirposi! i)f lakin.n into coiisiilir- 
 aliim till! propriity cif foniiiii),' a li. kit, loin- siippurtcd at the 
 rlritidii (if ciirpirraliciM cilTiicrs, on Miiiulay ni:.\t. 
 
 Diikoi r, SeJ<U-iiU'er 3, 1824. 
 
 One of the earliest political parties bore tlie 
 name of "Democratic Republicans." 'I'his party 
 had an existence in Wayne Couiity almost as soon 
 as the coiiniy was ori^ani/ed ; and ever as late as 
 iiS4o a call for ,1 meetiiiir of members of that i)arty 
 was published in The Detroit Free Press. 
 
 The Democratic party afterwards succeeded to 
 the first half of the old name, and about 1832 the 
 Whiy; party ijave the Cirst sii^ns of vii^orous life. In 
 the interest of the latter jiarty. D.iniel Webster 
 deliveri'il a speech on the tinanccs, July 1 1, 1837, in 
 a v,'rove on the Cass i'"arm, located, ;is the city is 
 now laid out, near l-"irst Street, am' between I'"ort 
 and l,.ifayette Streets. Some tifteen hundred ladies 
 and irciiilcnicn were iiresent at the meelini,r, .after 
 which, at 4 i'. \i., a dinner was served under tlu* 
 trees to .about live hundred people. Mr. Webster, 
 
 with his f.amily, came to the city on July S, p.artly 
 to \isit his son, Daniel !•". Webster, .1 Lawyer, then 
 residiuj;' in 1 )etroit. 
 
 We of the pre flit day have littk; realization of 
 the intensity of the party feelinij lh.it existed, espe- 
 cially bi'lweeii the ye.irs 1830 aiul 1S44. In the 
 effort to win a victory at the polls, ;iny and every 
 method was ileemed lenitimale. \'olcrs by the 
 dozen, and even by the hundred, were imported, 
 previous to elections, .and their expenses p.iid. 
 Many other methods employed in those days to 
 inlluence votes were no better tli.iil those more 
 recently in vo,;;uc. Wh.at was done, however, was 
 tlone oiienly. The followini; notice is from The 
 .Advertiser, of M.arch 30, 183S: 
 
 I'oilie Voi'r. Till' Whijits will ilisttihuti- diii' hiiiulnil ilcillars, 
 i]i l)n-a(l a[ul pork, ainoii),' the city poor lo-iiiorrow rvmiiij;. hen: 
 iiotiii: of llic lionr and place will lie kIvcii in llie Tnornini; pa|ier. 
 
 Accordingly, on Saturd.iy they distributed brc.ad, 
 pork, .and lish to .ill who called at their hcadi|uai-- 
 ters; and in some inst.inccs the s.ame persons c.alled 
 attain and ;ii;;iin, and their clforts to obi.iin ,as much 
 as possible were supplenunled l*y the elforts of 
 others who c.anu; eviai from Canada to obt.iin a 
 share of the i)ouniy. 
 
 On election d.iy, .\pril 2, both parties were out in 
 full force; and there was .an abundance of noisy 
 music, processions, wliiskey, and broken hc.ids. 
 Surely, we need not retjret the " fornur times." 
 
 'I"he presidenti.il c.im]).ii.i;n of 1840 is remembered 
 by many .is the time wlien. ,is tlie stump-spi.akers 
 said, "the |)r;iiries were abl.aze, the settlements in 
 fl.ames, and the woods on lire with i rtthusi.istic 
 zeal." " 'I'ippecanoe and Tyler too" .and " I'olk 
 and Dali.as" were the p.irty Shibboleths. And al- 
 most every four corners in the west h;id its Tippe- 
 canoe club, with loy^-cabin .and h.ird cider. 
 
 On April 15, 1840, ,a Ioil,^ cabin w.as niised on the 
 northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue .and Randolph 
 Street, a bottle of Il.arrison br.and h.ird cider ix'inv,^ 
 pl.aced beneath each corner of the buildim;-. The 
 cabin mcasurtjd forty bv fifty feet, would hold nearly 
 one thous.and people, and cost one thous.and dollars. 
 On one side of the door w.as ,1 grindstone, with a 
 scvthe hanji'lnij abo\e it ; over the door w.as a musk- 
 rat-trap. Stuffed owls, wildcats, .and r.iecoons, .1 
 
 [.oRl 
 
 live bear, ,ai 
 tilt: place, 
 of the Decl 
 
 ini,rto|l's |.";,| 
 
 Sl.ates. Sir 
 
 <'orn, .and il 
 
 pended froii 
 
 displ.iyed CI 
 
 lion, roiiv;iil\ 
 
 of dedicitioi 
 
 were ctllcd i 
 
 I'rcid, and si 
 
 he.irts and ii 
 
 A|)ril J I \\ 
 
 .'iiui .at 4 I'. I 
 
 entr.anci; of i 
 
 they had pre] 
 
 the attend.m 
 
 room. The 1 
 
 att.achrd to tl 
 
 • IS ,1 cliandelit 
 
 w.as soimdeil, 
 
 tile sitk's of 1 1 
 
 hominy, musi 
 
 parched corn 
 
 drniik with h; 
 
 On June 1 1 
 
 lield on CeiK 
 
 l'"ort .Mei^s. 
 
 I)resenee to th 
 
 i'Vee p.ass.ajTi 
 
 attend. Delev 
 
 the St.atc TJi 
 
 •md then m.irc 
 
 the < lener.al V 
 
 Macomb, were 
 
 two thousjind i; 
 
 a s.iliile of twe 
 
 'i'he meeting- w 
 
 a sham b.mk: \ 
 
 works .and h.an 
 
 .t^r.itilicition of 
 
 that lime, this 
 
 hekl in [he W 
 
 tember 30, by 
 
 Detroit, at wine 
 
 were present. ; 
 
 public houses 
 
 citizens, even th 
 
 constr.ained to o 
 
 tlll•on,l,^ I'iven t 
 
 provided with b 
 
 two persons slep 
 
 and three w.aifoi 
 
 came in from !■ 
 
 I'lynioiith .111(1 I 
 
 came, on bo.tts ,t 
 
rOLITKAl, fAMl'AlC.NS AND I'.l.l-.CIloNS. 
 
 109 
 
 live l)(ar, .111(1 ;i l'.il)l(' were amdnv; tlic altraclinns i<( 
 \\\v. place. 'I'lu: Willis were (jccDiMtcd willi ,1 ('npy 
 (if tin; I )('cl.'ir,ili()ii of ln(lc|)cnilcni'c . 111(1 i)f W'.isli- 
 ini;t(iirs l'";iri'\\cll .\(l(lrcss, .-lud ;i m.ipof tlic I'liiicil 
 St.ilcs. Striii'^s (if dried .ipples, i)iimpkin, ;iii(l seed 
 (■(irii, ;ind llilciies (if venison .iiid bicoii were sus- 
 lieiided from lie.nns .ind r.iflers. 'I'liere were .also 
 displ.iyed e.iric.itiires of the \'.iii liiireii .idministr.i- 
 tioii, roiiv;hly fr.innd with barl<. I'rior to the d;iy 
 of (ledie.ition. by notice in the Adxcrliser, the l.idies 
 Were called ti|)oM to siip[)ly for the occasion "corn- 
 bread, and such other loj;-cal)in fare as their kind 
 hearts and iM.^eniiity iii.iy diet.ate." 
 
 April _M w.is Iked ii|)on ,is the d.ay of dedication, 
 .and .at 4 1'. M. the cabin w.as thrown open for the 
 t'nlr.ance of the W'hii; ladies with the i^ootl ihinns 
 they h.ad prei)ariil. in tin; evening it was dedicatt'd, 
 tin; .attendants l)riM),;in),j candles lo ilhiniinatt' the 
 loom. The main lii,dit, however, came from candles 
 .att.aehed to the roots of a tree hiinij from the roof 
 .as ;i ch.andi'lier. After the addressi's a dinner-horn 
 w.is sounded, and then, from invitin.t,^ tables aroinul 
 the sides of the room, piimpkin-pie, pork and licans, 
 hominy, mush .and milk, johnny-caki-, venison, and 
 p.arched corn were ser\i'd to all .alike. Toasts, 
 drunk with h.ird cider, linished the d.iy. 
 
 On Jinie 1 1, 1840, .an immense W'hi^ mei'tin^^ w.is 
 held on ( leni'ra! Il.irrison's old li.ittle-.nroiind .at 
 i'ort Meii^s, the ,;^ener;il himself .addim;' by his 
 prt'sence to the enthusiasm of the occasion. 
 
 I'Vee p.ass.aij^e was proxided for those who would 
 .itiend. I )elei;;ites came to Di'troit from .all over 
 the St.ate. They met at the cabin, h.ad .1 free lunch, 
 .and then m.arched to the wharf. I'ive stcimbo.ils. 
 tlu; ( "lener.al V'.anci', l'"rii', Michij^r.an, Huron, .and 
 .M.acomb, were lo.aded with these political passengers, 
 two thousand in ,ill, .and at y A. .M. on June lu, .afttr 
 ;i s.alute of twenty-six y;{\ns, they went on theii- w.iy. 
 'I"he meetinv,^ W.IS a j^re.il success. J l.arrison sjxike, 
 ,a sh.im b.attle w.is fought, .and in the evi'iiini; lire- 
 works ,and h.ird cider "ti/./.eil" t'\-erywhere, to the 
 Hr.iliticition of twenty thous.and pcM'soiis. I'p to 
 that time, this w.as the l.ai\!i;i'st political .i^'.athcriui;' 
 held in the West. It w.is supplemented, on Sep- 
 tember 30, by .1 ,t;re.it St.ate W'hi.i;' meetini;- in 
 Detroit, at which, it w.as estimati'd, fifteen thousand 
 were present. So i^M-cat w.as the: multitude th.it the 
 public houses could not cont.ain them, .and .all 
 cili/ens, even those of opjiosili; political f.aitli, wi're 
 constrained to open their houses to .accomnd.ati: the 
 thronj^. lueii then the numbia' w.as too irre.it tobt: 
 provided with lu'ds; at one priv.ate hotise, twenty- 
 two persons slept on the parlor Hour. (Jne hundred 
 and three wai^ons, cont.iininij six liundred persons, 
 came in from i'",armin,nton, .anil seventy-three from 
 I'lymouth .and Livonia, it mined, but .still they 
 came, on bo.ats .and cars, on foot and on horseback. 
 
 till it seemed .as if the ('( mntry would be de|)opiil;ite(l. 
 riu' (ielev;,ition from Dearborn came in .a loi.^ cabin 
 drawn by twenty yoke of oxen. The ,iii;inj;cments 
 for feediniLi these muliitiides were fortunately ample. 
 One delei;,ition brought .1 johnny-cake twelve feet 
 lonj;. W'illi.ims I'v Wilson's w.arehouse w.as the 
 proxision depot, .and there two t.ables, each one 
 hundred .and twenly feet lon.i;, weri' .spread with over 
 a ton of food. 
 
 The procession was .an immense aff.iir. lis prin- 
 cip.al ft.itui-e of .attraction w.is tlu' ship t'onstitulion, 
 full ri]ijj;ed ,an<l m.anned, .and dr.awn by six j;r.ay 
 iiorses. Some dele).;ates carried ll.ai^s .and b.aniier.s, 
 ■and otliirs busied themselvi'S by keepinir in motion 
 .a hu,ne leather ball, some fifteiii feet in di.amelcr, 
 silminv; .as they waait, " The b.all is rolliiiij on." A 
 newsp.aper cut of a scene simil.ar to this Last 
 appeared in almost every Whii; p.aper of that d.ay. 
 
 1''.i.f:( iiciN Ci r, ii;(im .\i)Vi:k i isic u, ()<; idiuck j.', iH.\n. 
 
 In tlu" eveninij meetiiii^^s were held at the Capitol, 
 City ll.all, Lo,i( Cabin, and the N'ellow W.arehouse. 
 Ily such nn.ans the finht w.as won. Duiiii).; the 
 camp,iiiL;ii barl)e( lies wci'e freiiueiil, .at which oxen 
 were ro.isted whole, .and other jtroxisions were 
 furnished to the crowds who came toj^ether to liear 
 soiui; noted s|)e.iker. 
 
 On SeptembiT 28, 1840, a Dcmocr.alic !)arbe(ue 
 w,is held on tlu; Cass l'';irm. Colonel Kich.ird .M. 
 Johnson, \'ice-l 'resident of the I'nited .Slates .and 
 one of the heroes of the W.ar of 1812, w.as |)reseiit. 
 Crowds came to hear him, but llu' enthusi.asm on 
 the other side w.as ;n;,ainst tlieiii, ;ind many of the 
 r.ank and file "only kept their spirits u]) by iiourinv; 
 spirits down." .Mthoimh defeated in th.it year, a 
 resolution, a(lo|)ted a few yi-.ars Later .at .a Democratic 
 meetinv;' in the sixth w.ird, shows some members of 
 that p.arty still e.a.i;er for the fr.ay. It ri id : 
 
 /u'i('/7'('(/, that we uinmsc tin- inaiiy-riainrd monster, now di-sij.;- 
 natiil Wliij^.is'iry, and frailcssly ciijj.inc llial, tliou^li In- hail ;is 
 many hfads as names, wir wonid chop them olT, and tianiph: his 
 nondescript carcass in the I!la( k Swamp. 
 
 (iKouia': Kiniii, Seoitary. 
 
 DiciKiiir, Mnrth •.c, iS.( ■. 
 
 The ])residenti,al cimp.ai,i,m of 1844 was li.ardly 
 li'ss excitini; tli.an th.at of 1840. I'"ach ji.arty erected 
 buildinifs for their meetini^s. The \Vhi)r cabin was 
 iiicknametl the C'ooii Pen; that of the Demoerats 
 
I lO 
 
 I'ol.irU Al. I'.WII'AKiXS AM) I'.I.IX TK »\S. 
 
 was c.illfd Ilickiiry Hall. As In'forc, lai^i- ^^^atll(•r- 
 iiijfs look |)laiL'. 'I'lic \\'liit;s licid a flay and I''iv- 
 liii),diuysfii mfctin.n', fur WayiU' and St. Clair 
 coiintii's, on Octdhcr 17, 1844.. This linic tlir I )finn- 
 crals were victurii)us. 
 
 " Tii.vr Sa.mk Old Cou.s." 
 Ki.KCiio.M C'lT, A|)\i:kti'.i;i!, 0( T(ir.i-;i; is, 1852. 
 
 The RL'[)ubliian parly, orvjani/id at Jackson in 
 1856, was the first to make use of rc\v;iilarly otru-eml 
 political coni]Kinifs. They were uniformed in caps 
 and calces, anil hcinjj^ well drilled, presented an at- 
 tractive appearance. M.'iny thousands of them 
 came together in Detroit on October 2 to attend a 
 
 Ki,i-:( riov ("i r, 'J'kmu'NI'., N'(>\'KMHKK>5, 7856, 
 
 State Repul)li<an meeting, which w,is held on the 
 v.'icant lot now occupied by the Ccntr.il Methodist 
 Episco]xiI Church. 
 
 These were the d.iys of bonfiri's and firch.ills, ,iiul 
 often sevi'r.il c:irds of wood wert' burned on the 
 Campus M;irtius, whole b.irrels of rosin giving bril- 
 liancy to the llimes. The ;iitive help of mischievous 
 boys could ;ilw;i\s be counted upon to ,idd fresh 
 fuel to the ])ilc; and woe to die unlucky merch.ant 
 who h.id left boxes or barrels in sight, for they were 
 confisc.ited ;it on<-c, ;ind the huge pyr.unids and 
 the hopes of m.my c.indid.ites wt'iit U|) in smoke 
 together. lioth p.irties eventually avaik'd them- 
 selves of drilled torch-bearers, whose ni.in(i;uvres 
 enlivened the campaign, as they marcheil to " ranch " 
 or " wigwam." 
 
 During the campaign of I1S60, when Lincoln was 
 running for his first ]iresidential term, there w;is a 
 grc.it Republican meeting, In Id on September 4, at 
 which thirty-tlve hundri'd \\'ide-.\wakes were on 
 parade. In the evening the multitude listened to a 
 speech from lion. William II. Seward. On the 
 fifteenth of the following month, an immense Demo- 
 cratic throng gathered to hear ;in address from Hon. 
 Stephen .\. Douglass, the " Little Cjiant" of Illinois, 
 and candidate for the presidency. 
 
 So great w;is the desire for harmony, in the early 
 days of the war with the South, that a uni(jn politi- 
 cal convention, held on October 26, 1861, c(jmposed 
 of members of both political parties, decided to 
 nomin.ite but one city ticket. 
 
 During the campaign of 1864 a grand Union and 
 Republican demonstration was held on the first of 
 November. Thirty thousand strangers were present. 
 Orations were delivered by Hon. Salmon P. Chase 
 and others, .and an immense proccssi(,n took place 
 at night. In the election of this year the soldiers in 
 camp and field were allowed to vote, commissioners 
 being .appointed by the State to afford them the 
 opportunity of so doing. 
 
 (^n October 28, 1866, just prior to the State elec- 
 tion, (General I!. F. lUitler m.ide ;i speech at the I). 
 & M. R. R. Depot; and on November i following, 
 Hon. Schuyler Colfax spoke in Young Men's Hall. 
 
 KLKCTIONS. 
 
 Territorial Elections under Northwest Territory. 
 
 When the first election was held, Detroit had 
 only a township org.inization. The occasion was as 
 follows: In 1798 a census showed that there were 
 five thousand or more inhabitants in the Territory, 
 and in accordance with the i)rovisions of the ordi- 
 nance of 1787, C.overnor .St. Clair issued a procla- 
 mation, ordering an election to be held on the third 
 Monday of December, 1798, to elect delegates to a 
 General Assembly to be held at Cincinnati. Mven 
 in this first election there was the cry of fraud, and 
 Judge May went to Cincinnati to consult Cfovcrnor 
 
 St, Clair in n 
 
 .another electi 
 
 ary 14 and 1 
 
 "i'oee. The si 
 
 judge of the 
 
 inspectors. 1 
 
 of their powe 
 
 tli.it the cand 
 
 adjourning fn 
 
 first day. Di 
 
 ninety-eight \ 
 
 election, in a 
 
 finished on tli( 
 
 al Cincinnali, 
 
 four times to 
 
 mended to tlii 
 
 nerve in their 
 
 Wheri'upon ok 
 
 one hundred d 
 
 ers. This fact 
 
 An Act of 
 
 election for rep 
 
 which was to 
 
 1800, and eve 
 
 were to be ope 
 
 remain open l 
 
 adjourned till i 
 
 be kept open u 
 
 The same A( 
 
 twenty-one ye; 
 
 former citizens 
 
 been two year 
 
 provided they |: 
 
 county, or any I 
 
 imi)rovements. 
 
 An Act of D 
 
 election district 
 
 County, and th 
 
 polls to open at 
 
 .Saturday, Septe 
 
 Ses.sions, at De 
 
 the three elect 
 
 First Di.stnct, fi 
 
 River, inclusivel 
 
 to be the centra 
 
 trict, from Rod 
 
 Detroit as the 
 
 Milk River Poin 
 
 Territorial Ei 
 The only gene 
 zens of Detroit 
 Indiana Territor 
 held to determ 
 (lenerai Assemb 
 and thirty-eight 
 favor of an Ass 
 
KI.KC'I IONS. 
 
 I I I 
 
 St. Clair in n ■)>;,• in I in il. As a rrsiill of liis visit, 
 aimliicr cii'itioii was ordered. Il was lui<l on Janu- 
 ary 14. and 15. 17'/;. 'liu' votin.i; was done :'/;'ii 
 7>(Ht'. 'i'iif siicriff, with I'lUr McNilf, and amitlifr 
 jud).ji' of the Court of Cdnunon Picas, acted as 
 inspectors, 'i'hey were very ari)ilrary in the exercise 
 of tlicir powers, rcfusinj,' sonic votes on tlie .uround 
 tiiat tiie caniiidatc voted for w.is not eiij;il)lr, ;ind 
 adjourninjr from ten o'clociv to tliree o'clo( k on liic 
 tu'st day. Durin.ij; tiic two d.iys, one iiundred and 
 nincty-cijrjit votes were called. Concernini.; this 
 election, in a letter coninienced on the 14th and 
 finished on the 15th, addressed to James May. then 
 at Cincinnati, I Vter .Audrain says: " McNiff came 
 four times to tlu' stri'ct iloor, and earnestly recom- 
 mended to the friends of Wisewell to e.\ert every 
 nerve in their power to yet more votes for him. 
 Wheri'upon old Cissne and Christian Clemens offerid 
 one hundri'd dollars for ten voies to several bystand- 
 ers. This fact can he proved upon oath." 
 
 An Act of December 6, 1799, provided for an 
 election for representative to the Ciencr.il .Vssembly, 
 which was to sit the second Tuesday of ( )ctober, 
 1800, and every two years thereafter. The polls 
 were to be opened between 10 anil 1 1 A. M., and to 
 remain open till 5 \\ M. the tirst day, to be then 
 adjourned till 10 A. M. next day, when they were to 
 be kept open until 5 I'. M. 
 
 The same Act provided that free male inhabitants, 
 twenty-one years (;ld, resiilents of the Territory, 
 former citizens of other .Slates, or perso' , who had 
 been two years in the Territory, should be voters, 
 provided they possessed fifty acres of land in any 
 county, or any land in their own county which, with 
 improvements, was worth one hundred dollars. 
 
 An Act of December 9, 1800, provided that three 
 election districts should be established in Wayne 
 County, and that elections should be by ballot, the 
 polls to open at 10 A. M, ;md to close at 5 I'. M. On 
 Saturday, September 5, 1 801, the Court of Quarter 
 Sessions, at Detroit, deter'iiined that the bounds of 
 the three election districts should be as follows: 
 First District, from the foot of the Rapids to Rocky 
 River, inclusively, the Presbytery on the River Raisin 
 to be the central point, or voting place. Second Dis- 
 trict, from Rocky River to Milk River Point, with 
 Detroit as the voting place. Third District, from 
 Milk River Point to Lake Huron. 
 
 Territorial Elections under Indiana Territory. 
 
 The only general election participated in by citi- 
 zens of Detroit while under the government of 
 Indiana Territory was that of September 11, 1804, 
 held to determine whether the people wanted a 
 General Assembly. Duly a majority of one hundred 
 and thirty-eight, in the whole Te.ritory, -vere in 
 favor of an Assembly; but in accordance with the 
 
 l.iw, ( "loveriior I I;irrison issued ;i pnicl.iniation order- 
 ing .in election in e.uii count)-, nn J.tuu.uy \, 1N05, 
 to elect deleg.ites to ihe Assi'mbly. This |)ro(l.tm;i- 
 tinii did not rcich W.iytu- County in lime, and 
 therefore no ekciion was held. 
 
 Territorial I'.leetions under Mie/ii^an Territory. 
 
 The lirsi U'rritorial election was held on Mond.iy, 
 February 16, 1818. to decide whelher .1 Cicner.il 
 /Xssi'iiibly should be held, and ihe second grade of 
 gtivernmenl adopleil. .\ majority of votes were 
 c.ist ag.iinst the proposition. 
 
 liy Act of I'ebruary 16, 1819, Congress provided 
 for ihe election of a delegate to that body, and all 
 free while male citizens, above the age of Iwenly- 
 one years, who had resided in the Territory one 
 year, .iiul paid a county or Urrilorial tax, wcw made 
 voters. 'Ihe time for hokling this election was fre- 
 quently changed. It was tirst held on the tirst 
 Thursday in September, 1X19. In 1S24 the lime 
 was changed to the tirst Monday in Ajiril. In 1825 
 the last 'I'tiesday in May was selected, and the elec- 
 tion was to occur every second year. 
 
 At the election for delegates in 1825 there were 
 three candidates, Austin JC. Wing, John Hiddle, and 
 ("■abriel Richartl. The ins|)ect()r's return of voles 
 gave Hidille seven hundred and thirty-two. Wing 
 seven hundred and twenty-eight, and Richard seven 
 hundred and twenty-two. 
 
 That the number of votes for the three candidates 
 was so nearly eijual, in an otiice voted for by all 
 electors in the region now covered by both the 
 Stales of Wisconsin and Michigan, was a most 
 remarkable showing, and probably no similar in- 
 stance luis ever occurred. Father Richard con- 
 tested the election, on the ground thai his supporters 
 were intimidaled and maltreated by sluriffs and 
 constables. The Congressional Committee decided 
 that there could have been little intimidation, 
 when his votes so nearly equaled those of the other 
 candidates. 
 
 In 1827 the time for the election of delegates was 
 changed to the second Monday of July, the polls to 
 be open between the rising and the setting of the 
 sun. In 1835 the first Monday of November was 
 fixed as the time for holding the election. 
 
 Members of the Legislative Council were tirst 
 elected on the last Tuesday of May, 1825. liy Act 
 of April 13, 1827, the day of election was changed 
 to the first Mond.-vy of November. 
 
 On Ajiril 4, 1835, an election was held for dele- 
 gates to the constitutional convention. Under the 
 first Constitution, all voting was done by ballot. 
 The first election was held the first Monday in 
 October, 1835. and continued two days. 
 
 The constitution provided that the electors should 
 be while male persons, twenty-one years of age, 
 
i;i.i.iri<)NS. 
 
 wlio resided ill the Sl.ite at tile time of tile ad(i|ninii 
 iif tin; eoiistitiitiDii, or for six iiioiitlis preeediiiiL; any 
 clrctioii, and iimvidi-d also that they siioiild iiave 
 resided in tlic district voted in. It will Ix- nntieed 
 tiiat this provision reduced the time of ri'sidcncc for 
 voters from one year to six niontlis, and it also did 
 away with the former reciiiirement that votiTS should 
 he tax-payers. As a consi'(|iience, and for tiie lirst 
 time, jfreat numbers of fiM"eiv;n-l)iirii persons had 
 the jirivilej^e of votin.i(, and many of the lili/eiis 
 wt-re j^ffeatly dispK'asi'd ; one of the papi'i's com- 
 plained that a majority ol the votes cast were those 
 of llritish aiKJ ( ■■ernian subjects. 
 
 Ill arraiiifin^r the iireliniinaries for tin- Siale dov- 
 ernment, deleiL^^'iles to .i coinentioii held to consider 
 the {|nestion of acceptini; tiic ixnindaries of tlu' State 
 l)i\'scril)ed by Ldni^ress were elected on the second 
 .Monday of SeptembiT, i^>3''). 
 
 l'"ollowin.i^ the custom of elections, as held under 
 the territorial govcrmnciits, a law of 1836 provided 
 
 that the polls should be kept open for two d.iys ;it 
 the eli'ctioiis of .Si.it(; and coimly oMicers. 
 
 Some of the scenes which occurred at the Stati' 
 electi<in of 1X37 are portrayed in a p.iiutinv,^ made 
 by T. II. (). 1'. I!uniliam, an artist, and a publisher 
 of th.ii period. Mrs. .\, S. W'illi.inis, for m.iny 
 years the forlnn.ate possi'ssor of the picture, h.is 
 kindly pi'rmitted it to be en^T.ivcd for this work. 
 The l.trire building- on the ri^lil will be reco],,Mii/ed 
 ;is the old City I bill; the buildin;^ in the ci'iiter, 
 with the cupola, represents the old J.iil, then occu- 
 pyiiii,Mhe site of the iiresent Public l.ibniry. The 
 houses on the left, and iie.ir the foreground, were on 
 the site of the Detroit • )pcni Mouse. C. C. Trow - 
 bridvfe was the Whivf c.mdid.ite for -nvernor, and 
 Stevens T. M.ison, who was the secret.-iry of the 
 Territory and ;ict ill;;- governor, was the Deiiiocr.itic 
 nominet'. A portion of a W'hi.v;' procession, ha\iiiv;' 
 passed down on the further side, is seen .idv.uicinyf 
 towards the front of tiic City I bill. In the center 
 of the picture, and forming' a ii.irt of the Wlii.i;- pro- 
 cession, is the Ship of State, witli various mottoes, 
 
 Eluction Scene.— First State Election. 
 
 one o wl 
 
 l<i.i(lits. a 
 
 ill),; the ins 
 
 eriior, C. C. 
 
 offered to tl; 
 
 of I.apeer;" 
 
 'I'ile pole of 
 
 procession o 
 
 surniouiiled 
 
 a tish. 'I'll 
 
 l)anuer, Ii.ivl 
 
 period. At 
 
 just .'ippro.ic 
 
 ch.ir.icter of 
 
 on his inevii 
 
 not shown in 
 
 .ifarlanded ,11 
 
 After these 
 
 citi/ens from 
 
 on city wuxV 
 
 chnitic thicke 
 
 that carried t 
 
 front of Still; 
 
 Kinsiry, (ieo: 
 
 of the Mornir 
 
 known cip, , 
 
 and procl.iimi 
 
 dates. The 
 
 near the cen 
 
 represents tin 
 
 hands, and |) 
 
 On the ticket 
 
 T. .Mason." 
 
 ereijrns," one 
 
 in air, from \ 
 
 yahela. 
 
 In those d, 
 
 prime politic.il 
 
 men of worth 
 
 and trustees, \ 
 
 they used thei 
 
 days of "auld 
 
 Under the . 
 
 ojiened betwe 
 
 continued ope 
 
 authorized to c 
 
 when all pre.se 
 
 On Monday 
 
 iiS45, a two ( 
 
 time, an Act o 
 
 elections then 
 
 Tuesday of N< 
 
 Under the 
 classes of jiers 
 male citizen, e\ 
 the State on th 
 
KLJX'noNS. 
 
 1 1 
 
 diiv' (I uliii li reads, " P'rio Trade and Sailors' 
 Ki,;;hls, a l)aiiiHr fdllnws the Sliip of Stale bear- 
 in,^ tlic iiisiri|)tioii, "Wlii); Noiiiiiiatiim for (iov- 
 eriior, C. C. Tnnvljrid.^je." The hill which is hv'm^ 
 offered to the hoy with the basket is on the " IJank 
 of Lapeer;" tin: other inseriplions can all be read. 
 'I'he jiole of the banner carried at tlu' iiead of the 
 procession on llu' exlrenie left, it will i)i: notici'd, is 
 snrnionnted with a lo.if of bread, a piece of pork, and 
 a tish. 'I'hese emblems, and tiie motto on liie 
 banner, have referi'nce to actual occurrences at thai 
 period. At the lii'ad of a Democratic pioeession, 
 just approachimj on the e.vtriiiie rij;ht, is .seen a 
 character of the jjcriod, -the ri'(|oub'ai)le Stillson 
 on his inevilai)le horse. Following' him, althouijh 
 not siiown in the picture, were sever.il yoki: of o.xen, 
 j,jarlandi'd iind decor.aled with libbons and lla,i;s. 
 After tiiese cime some two hiuulnd newly made 
 citizens from tlie i'".merald Isle; they were employed 
 on city work, and as tiny .ill voted the "Dimmy- 
 ihralic thicket," they formed the "balance of power" 
 th it earrietl the day for M.ison. (lathered about in 
 front of .Stillson are repri'si'tilalions of Major Mc- 
 Kinsiry, (ieor).;eC. Hates, F. II. Il.irris, Kingsbury 
 of the Mornini; I'ost,and Frank Sawyer, in his well- 
 known cap, all supposed to be eagerly disputing, 
 and proclaiming the praises of their favorite cantli- 
 dates. The bl.iek-coated and silk-hatted figure, 
 near the center of the picture, towards the left, 
 represents the candidate, "'I'om Masun," shaking 
 hands, and presenting a ticket at the .same time. 
 On the ticket are the words, " For Ciovernor, Stevens 
 T. Mason." Near him, on the right, are two "sov- 
 ereigns," one with a pick, the other with bottle high 
 in air, from which flows a stream of old Monon- 
 gahela. 
 
 In those days the possession of muscle was a 
 prime political necessity; and there are living staid 
 men of wt)rth and solidity, men now deacons, elders, 
 and trustees, who, when in the mood, will tell how 
 they used theii boots and their fists on the election 
 days of "auld ling syne." 
 
 Under the Act of March 21, 1S37, the polls were 
 opened between the hours of 9 and 11 a. m., and 
 continued open until 4 i'. M., the inspectors being 
 authorized to close the polls temporarily at any time 
 when all present had voted. 
 
 On Monday and Tuesday, November 3 and 4, 
 1845, a two days' ekn-tion was held, for the last 
 time, an Act of May 16, 1846, providing that State 
 elections thereafter should be lield on the first 
 Tuesday of November. 
 
 Un'ler the Con.stitution of 1850 the following 
 classes of jiersons were made voters: every white 
 male citizen, every white male inhabitant residing in 
 the State on the fourth day of June, 1835, and every 
 
 white male inh.ibit.ant residing in tin; Slate on J.inu- 
 ary 1, 1850, also eviry man who has declare<l his in- 
 tention to become a citizen of the United .Stales, si.\ 
 inniiihs jjrior to an election, or who, having nsided 
 in the State two yi-ars .'ind six montlis, declares his 
 intention as afores.iid; besides the above every 
 civilized male Indi.in, not a member of any tribe, 
 was also constitutitl .111 elector. I'iach elector, how- 
 ever, must be owr twi'iity-one years of agt, and 
 must have nsided in the State three months, and in 
 the .rard, wnere he proposes to vote, for the ten 
 clays next i)i"i'ci>(ling an election. 
 
 'I'he declaration of intcn'iion to become a I'itizen 
 is called "taking out firsl i).ii)ers." 'i'lu'se are is- 
 sued usually by the county clerk, but may be issued 
 by any judge or clerk of any court of record h,iv- 
 ing ;i common-law jurisdiction. These jiapers (|ual- 
 ify tlu: holder to vote .and hold local offices. I'lukr 
 "second papers," so-c;illed. the holder may be 
 elected to State, legislative, ;uul United Slates 
 oflices; but these papt'rs cannot bi' issued, until two 
 ye.'irs after the "first papers" have been taken out. 
 
 On June 27, 1851, an Act w;is passt'il fixinj^ the 
 lime for the .St.ile election on tlu' firsl Tuesday after 
 the first Monday of Niwember, and no change has 
 since been made. State officers are elected every 
 two years, the election being held in those years in 
 which the last figure in the date of the year is an 
 even numlier. County officers are elected at the 
 same time as State officers, and all of them for two 
 years, except the judge of probate, who is elected 
 for four years. Township officers are elected yearly 
 on the first Monday of April. Two judges of the 
 Supreme Court and two regents of the university 
 are also elected on the fir.st Monday of April, every 
 two years, for terms of eight years each. 
 
 Colored people were first allowed to exercise the 
 right of suffrage at the State election of November 
 s] 1870. 
 
 After the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment 
 to the Constitution of the United States, some per- 
 sons claimed that it gave the right of suffrage to 
 women. Upon this supixisilion, at an election for 
 State officials, on April 3, 1871, Mrs. Nannette Card- 
 ner, who had previously registered her name in the 
 ninth ward, was allowed to deposit a vote, but the 
 act was protested against as illegal. The subject of 
 woman suffrage was soon after agitated all over the 
 State, and the I.egislature submitted the question of 
 conferring the right to hold office upon women, in 
 the form of a constitutional amendment. 
 
 At the election which decided the ciuestion, com- 
 mittees ()f ladies were stationed at the various poll- 
 ing places, and nvittoes in favor of woman suffrage 
 invited the attention and the ballots of voters. 
 
 The suliject was thoroughly canvassed and dis- 
 
114 
 
 ELIXTIONS. 
 
 ciisscd. aiul in Novcmln-r, 1S74, tlu' pt'oplL. by vole 
 of 1 35,957 against 40,077, dcciiii-d ayainsl ilic anicnd- 
 ment. 
 
 ( 'ity h'.lictioiis. 
 
 Under Act of Januai-y iS, iSoj, incorporatinjr tiic 
 town of Detroit, tiic tirst i)iirily local clci'tion was 
 held on May 3 of that yi-ar. 
 
 The Act of September 13, 1806, which gave the 
 eity its tirst city ch.irtcr, provided tiiat tlie first elec- 
 tion for members of the I'ppcr House of the Com- 
 mon Council should be held on the last Montlay of 
 September of the same year ; members of the Lower 
 House were to be elected on the fust Monday of 
 October; and all jiersons over twenty-one years old, 
 who had rented a house within a year, and i)aid 
 their public taxes, were made voters. 
 
 The city charti'r of October 24, 1815, ordered a 
 special election for October 30 of the same year, 
 and provided that the regular election should be on 
 the first Monday in .May. 
 
 In those earlier days there were but few issues in 
 the corporate elections, and oftentimes there was 
 practically but one eandidate in the field. At the 
 city election, on April 4, 1825, John R. Williams was 
 chosen mayor by a total of one hunilred and two 
 votes against eleven scattering. 
 
 Three years later John lliddle was elected to the 
 same otilice, by a total of one hundred and ninety- 
 nine votes, five other persons receiving one vote 
 each. 
 
 By Act of September 4, 1824, a special election 
 was to be held for city officers on September 6, and 
 regular eity elections thereafter were to take place 
 on the tirst Monday of April. Under this law, up 
 to 1833 or later, it was customary for persons to 
 apply to the Common Council to have their names 
 registered as vott'rs. 
 
 An Act of March 27, 1839, ordered an election 
 for city ofticcrs on the third Monday in April follow- 
 ing, and provided that after iS39the city election 
 should be held on tlie tirst Monday in March. 
 
 At the time of the city election of 1853, it was 
 believeil that the regul.ir Democr.itii' nominations 
 had been made in the interest of persons opposed 
 to the public-.school system. An independent Demo- 
 cratii' ticket was therefore nominated, and success- 
 fully elected. 
 
 Two years later occurred the great struggle in 
 whiih the so-called Know-Nothing p.irty sujiiiorted 
 what was styl'-d the native American element. 
 The candidate of this party for mayor received 
 2,026 votes, against 2,798, rmd they elei-ted their 
 aldermanic candidates in the tirst, second, hfth, and 
 sixth wards, or one h.ilf of the whole iuimi)er. 
 
 On February 12 of this yc.ir a charter amendment 
 provided that after 1855 the city election should be 
 
 held on the tirst Tut'sday in February. Two years 
 later, on ]'"ebru.iry 5, 1857, a new law provided th.it 
 the city I'lection should be held on the tirst 'I'uesday 
 after the tirst Monday of November. 
 
 In c.ise ,1 vacancy ociuirs in the otiice of mavor, 
 councilman, or ;ilck'rm;in more than si.\ months 
 ]irior to tin; time of an .annu.il election, the Com- 
 mon Council must order a special election. When 
 possible, these speci.il elections .are held on the tirst 
 Monday of April, the time ti.\ed for the election of 
 certain state oliicials. \\s special Act, the .school 
 inspectors are also required to be elected at that 
 time. 
 
 .Several noticeable coincidences have occurred in 
 connection with city elections. In 1862 the rival 
 candidates for tlie office of .school inspector, in both 
 the third and the fifth ward received the same 
 number of votes ; and the same state of facts 
 e.visted in the first ward as to candidates for over- 
 seer of highways. ^Vnother curious incident oc- 
 curred in connection with the regular city elections 
 of November, 1868 and 1869. On both oc>-asions 
 Lucien Zink was a candidate for overseer of high- 
 ways in the tenth ward ; and at both elections 
 there was a tie-vote between him .-"id his competitor. 
 By provision of the charter, in such cases the presi- 
 dent of the council determined by lot who should 
 hold the office; and each year the drawing was in 
 favor of .Mr. Zink. In the same ward, in April, 1873, 
 three hundred and thirty-live votes were cast for 
 each of two rival candidates for the Board of Esti- 
 mates. 
 
 Much interest was felt in the election of April 7, 
 1873, at which a lioard of Estimates was elected 
 who were opp<;sed to the expending of money for a 
 public park. The local election of November 2, 
 1875, also excited much iiiterest, Alexander Lewis 
 being elected mayor on what was called the Law 
 and ( )rder Ticket, supported by those who favored 
 the closing of saloons on the Sabbath. 
 
 During the winter of 1877 a State law was passed 
 re([uiring s.iloons t(j be closed on all election days, 
 and on Noveir.ber 6, 1877, for the first time in the 
 history of Detroit, the saloons were closed on the 
 day of an election. 
 
 Under Acts of 1824 and 1827, the mayor fixed the 
 time when polls should be ojiened. At the election 
 of April 5, 1830, the polls were opened at 9 .\. M. and 
 closed at 10 i'. M. Five years later, on April 4, they 
 were openetl at 8 A. M. and closed at 6 P. M. At 
 the present time they are opened at 8 A. M. and 
 closed at 5 V. M. 
 
 Qualifications and Rf;^istrafion of Voters. 
 
 By Act of 1802 all freeholders or householders 
 paying an aiuiual rent of forty dollars were consti- 
 
 tuted voter 
 provision, i 
 Mrs. IVove 
 others by j 
 'Si 5. retail 
 tion of voti 
 of the vote; 
 the electors 
 
 An Act 
 wJiite males 
 resided in 1 
 might vote, 
 must have n 
 the ten d.iys 
 nieals were t 
 dence. 
 
 By Act of 
 a voter must 
 to thirty day 
 the time of 
 provided tha 
 three month 
 March 12, i; 
 voter should 
 resided, or v 
 located. 
 
 In 1859 ;i r 
 
 designed to p 
 
 law and subst 
 
 13. '871, and 
 
 the city, with 
 
 Board of Aid 
 
 con.stitute the 
 
 districts, and 
 
 Registration. 
 
 the |)urpose 01 
 
 voters, are hek 
 
 years, countim; 
 
 second Wediu 
 
 tion, and cont 
 
 1'. M. In the y 
 
 tration is not n: 
 
 Thursday, Frid 
 
 general State e 
 
 also on the sect 
 
 ceding the regu 
 
 the purpose ol 
 
 sessions of the 1 
 
 can be written 
 
 re()uest of the i 
 
 board, or to .soi 
 
 voter of that w 
 
 required to be pi 
 
 tian and surnan 
 
 the day and yea 
 
 the dwelling and 
 
 .street name, ther 
 
KLKCTIONS. 
 
 115 
 
 tutcil voters, without rcfcrc-iicc to sex. Under tliis 
 provision, at tiic election of 1.S04., four ladies voted, 
 Mrs. I'rovencal and Mrs. Coates in person, and l\v(j 
 others by j^roxy. The city eharter of Oetobir 24, 
 1S15, retaini'd the same provision as to (inalitiea- 
 tion of voters, hut also provideil for tiie arceptiniL^ 
 of the votes of such other piTsons as a majority of 
 the electors voted to admit to llu' pri\ilci.;e. 
 
 An Act of May 3, kSji, provided lliat all free 
 white males over twenty-one years of av;e, who had 
 residi'd in the city one year, and piM a city tax, 
 mi;^ht vote. ]>y law of March 27, 1.S39, a person 
 must have resided in the ward in which he voted for 
 the ten days prior lo tin: election, the ward in which 
 meals were taken being reckoneil the place of resi- 
 dence. 
 
 r>y Act of April 13, 1841, the time diirinj;- which 
 a voti.r must have resided in a w.ird was extended 
 to thirty days. The Constitution of 1X30 restoretl 
 the time of residence in a ward to ten days, and 
 provided that voters neeil reside in the city only 
 three months instead of one year. An Act of 
 March 12, 1861, proviiled that 'lie residence of a 
 voter should be construed lo be where his family 
 resided, or where his regular boarding-i)lace was 
 located. 
 
 In 1859 a registr.'ition law was enacted which was 
 designed to previ'nt fraudulent voting. Under this 
 law and subsequent laws of February 5, 1S64, April 
 13, 1871, and the charter of 1S83, the aklcrmen of 
 the city, with enough other jiersons rqipointeil by the 
 Hoard of Aldermen to make two for eacli district, 
 constitute the Registration Hoards for the several 
 districts, and together they form a City Hoard of 
 Registration. .Sessions of the District Boards, for 
 the purpose of making an entirely new registry of 
 voters, are held in each election district every four 
 years, counting from 1880. Sessions bej.;''! ' ^ the 
 secontl Wednesday pret'eding the Novembei elec- 
 tion, and continue four days, from 10 A. M. to 8 
 I'. M. In the years when a new and general regis- 
 tration is not made, st'ssions are held on the second 
 Thursday, Friday, and Saturday next preceding the 
 general State election, from 10 A. M. to 8 r. m., and 
 also on the second Friday and .Saturday next pre- 
 ceding the regular charier and spring elections, for 
 the purpose of revising the registry lists. The 
 sessions of the board must be public, and no name 
 can be written in tlie register without the i)ersonal 
 recjuest of the a|ii)licant, unless he be known t 
 board, or to .some member thereof, as a qualified 
 voter of that ward and district. All names are 
 recjuired to be plainly written in ink, with the Chris- 
 tian and surname in full; and opposite eai h name 
 the day and year of the entry, with the number of 
 the dwelling and name of the street, or if there is no 
 street name, then a description of tlie locality of the 
 
 dwelling in which the voter lives. The board are 
 recjuiri'd to ask each person unknown to them whether 
 he is (.iitillcd to vote, and whether he has previously 
 registered or resided in any other district; and no 
 l)erson may be registered in any tlistrict who is not, 
 .'it the time of ri'gistralion, a resident of said dis- 
 trict, and (lualil'ied to vote. At the close of each 
 session (jf the Board of Registration, the registration 
 lists must be signed by each member of the board, 
 and deposited with the city clerk. At least two 
 Weeks before any session of the Board of Registra- 
 tion, these lists are printed and pcjsted up in each 
 ilistrict. 
 
 The City l>oard of Registration, composed of the 
 I)istrict Boards, convenes at y A. M. on the Monday 
 preceding every election (except it be a special elec- 
 tion for ward officers), and e.\aniines the registers of 
 the several districts. No name may at this time be 
 added lo the voting list, but if any name is found 
 regisleri'd in two or more districts, the examining 
 olficer may designate on the registers in which dis- 
 trict the person is, and in which he is not entitled to 
 vote. A i)erson who has changed his residence to 
 some other district between the time of the last 
 meeting of the Board '.)f Registration and the day 
 of election, cannot vote ; and no iierson can register 
 on election ilay withcnit stating on oath that sickness 
 of himself or some ne"" relative, or absence from 
 the city on business, pre . ^nted his registering at the 
 proper time. 
 
 I'.lctiion J)/str/its. 
 
 Prior to 1828 the polls were held at the old Coun- 
 cil House on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and 
 Randolph Street, at the City Council House on 
 Larned Street, and sometimes at W'oodworth's 
 Hotel. After the erection of the City Hall, and up 
 to 1839, that was used as the polling place. 
 
 On ;\pril 15, 1839, elections were held in the 
 several wards for the first time, the places for hold- 
 ing them being designated by the Common Council. 
 
 The charter amendments of March 12, 1861, 
 >.arch 27, 1867, April 13, 1871, and March 29, 1872, 
 gave the council power to divide wards into two or 
 more election districts. An Act of 1872 provided 
 that no election district should embrace i)arts of two 
 wards, or contain less than five hundred electors. 
 
 L'nder these provisions, in .Vugust. 1868, for the 
 first time, several of the larger wards were divided 
 into ekction districts, (^ther wards were subse- 
 tiucnlly divided, and the boundaries of districts 
 changed. 
 
 After the entirely new arrangement of ward 
 boundaries made in 1881, the Common Council, by 
 ordinance of August 30, laid out the following elec- 
 tion districts : 
 
 FiKsr Warik — First District, all that portion 
 
ii6 
 
 ELECTIONS. 
 
 north of Brady Street ; Second District, all that 
 portion between I5rady Street and Adelaide Street; 
 Tliird District, all that portion between Adelaide 
 Street and Adams Avenue ; fourth District, all that 
 portion south of Adams Avenue and east of Ran- 
 dolph Street; Fifth District, the portion south of 
 Adams Avenue .and west of R.-UKloljih Street. 
 
 Second Wakd: — First District, the portion 
 north of Bagg Street ; ieccjud 1 )istrict, the portion 
 between B;igg and High Streets; Third District, 
 the portion between High Street and ;i line running 
 through Adams ,\ venue to (H-and River Avenue, 
 thence westerly along said avenue to the intersection 
 of First Street; Fourth District, the portion lying 
 between the Third District and Michig.an Avenue ; 
 Fifth District, the portion lying south of Michigan 
 Avenue. 
 
 Third Ward: — First District, the portion lying 
 south of the center line of l''ort Street ; Second 
 District, the portion lying north of the center line 
 of Fort Street, to (initiot Avenue ; Third District, 
 the portion lying north of the center line of Cratiot 
 Avenue and south of the center line of Wilkins 
 Street ; F"ourth District, the portion north of Wil- 
 kins Street. 
 
 Fourth \Vari>: — First District, .south of the 
 center line of Michigan .\venue ; .Second District, 
 between the center lines of Michigan and (Irand 
 River Avenues ; 'I'hird District, between the center 
 line of Pitcher Street and drand River Avenue; 
 Fourth District, north of the center line of Pitcher 
 Street. 
 
 Fifth Ward: — First District, south of the 
 center line of Fort Street; Second District, between 
 the center lines of Fort Street and (Iratiot Avenue; 
 Third District, between the center lines of dratiot 
 Avenue and Witson Street ; Fourth I3istrict, north 
 of the center line of Watson Street. 
 
 Six in Ward- — First District, .south of the 
 center of Abbott Street ; Second District, between 
 the center lines of Abbott and Plum Streets ; Third 
 District, between the center lines of Plum Street 
 and Grand River Avenue; Fourth District, north 
 of the center line of (Irand River Avenue. 
 
 Skvknih Ward:— First District, all .south of 
 the center line of Fort Street ; Second District, 
 between the center lines of Fort and Maple Streets; 
 Third District, between the center lines of Maple 
 and Alfred Streets ; Fourth District, north of Alfred 
 Street. 
 
 Eighth Ward: — First District, .south of Baker 
 Street ; Second District, between Baker and Locust 
 Streets; Third District, between Locust and Myrtle 
 Streets ; Fourth District, north of Myrtle Street. 
 • Ninth Ward: — First District, .south of Cro- 
 ghan Street ; Sc-ond District, between Croghan and 
 JaySt.eets; Third District, between Jay and Detroit 
 
 Streets; Fourth District, portion north of Third 
 District. 
 
 Tk.vth Ward: — First District, .south of Baker 
 Street; Second District, between Baker Street and 
 Michigan Avenue; Third District, between .Michi- 
 gan Avenue and Myrtle .Street; Fourth District, 
 north of Myrtle Street. 
 
 I"i,i:vi.:nth Ward: -First District, .south of 
 Fort Street ; .Second District, between Fort and 
 Catharine .Streets; Third District, between Cath- 
 arine and ("icrman Streets; Fourth District, north of 
 German Street. 
 
 TWKi.K lit Wa r I ) : -Mrst 1 )istrict, south of I?aker 
 Street; Second District, the portion lying between 
 Baker St^'eet and a line running along lUitternut to 
 Twenty-fourth Street, thi'uce southerly through 
 Twenty-fourth to the alley north of Michigan 
 Avenue, and thence to the city limits ; Third 
 District, all that portion lying north of Second 
 District. 
 
 Thirtf.knth Ward : -First District, .south of 
 the center line of Fort Street; .Second District, 
 bet\veen Fort and ("icrman Streets; Thiril District, 
 north of German Street. 
 
 /■'./(•</ /('lis, /i(Hi> loiitiui/tti. 
 
 The Bn,ii-d of .Mdcrmen, from time to time, deter- 
 mines the several places at which the polls shall be 
 held, and the city clerk advertises their location. 
 Two inspectors of election for each district are 
 appointed by the Board of yVldermen, and one other 
 is selected viva voce by the electors on the opening 
 of the polls. The inspectors of each district appoint 
 two clerks, whose duty it is to keep a list (jf all persons 
 voting at the election. Tlie ballot-l)o.\es, the printed 
 registry lists for each ward or district, and all neces- 
 .sary books and blanks for the election are furnished 
 by the city clerk to the in.spectors of election. It is 
 the duty of the inspectors to challenge the vote of 
 any person whom they suspect is not a qualiticd 
 voter. The Inspectors must preserve order at the 
 polls, ;uid they are authorized and reiiuired to cause 
 the JU-rest of any person who disturbs the good order 
 of the polling places. 
 
 From the time of the incorporation in 1802, the 
 voting has always been by ballot. Each person de- 
 livers his h.illot, folded, to oiu' of the inspectors, in 
 presence of the board. The ballot must be of paper, 
 written or printed, or ])artly written and partly 
 printed, containing the names of all the ]ier.sons for 
 whom the elector intends to vote, and designating 
 the office to which each person is intended to be 
 chosen. 
 
 After the polls are closed the insiiectors must 
 carefully count the number of ballots, and compare 
 the number with the number of electors registered 
 on the poll lists. If the ballots in the bo.\ shall l)e 
 
 found to e 
 
 poll list.s, t 
 
 of the insj: 
 
 and destro 
 
 equal to t 
 
 agreeing, < 
 
 stated, the 
 
 estimate tli 
 
 result. Su 
 
 ■'ind at lent 
 
 each office, 
 
 votes were , 
 
 person; am 
 
 be (leliverec 
 
 After ex; 
 
 two hours o 
 
 of e.'ich (lis 
 
 true return t 
 
 and ballots, 
 
 the clerk of 
 
 number is 
 
 the Board o 
 
 chosen form 
 
 They must n 
 
 at three o'cl( 
 
 office, or in 1 
 
electi'j:is. 
 
 117 
 
 found to exceed the whole number of names on the 
 poll lists, they must be rcplarcd in the l)ox, and one 
 of the inspectors must publicly draw out therefrom 
 and destroy unoj^ened, so many ballots as shall be 
 equal to the excess. 'I'hw ballots and poll lists 
 aujreeinj;, or beinij made, to aijree, in the manner 
 stated, the board must then proceed to canvass and 
 estimate the votes, and draw up a statement of the 
 result. Such statement shall set forth in words 
 and at length the whole number of votes i^iven for 
 each office, the names of the persons for whom the 
 votes were i^iven, and the number of votes for each 
 |ierson; and one of saiil statements shall forthwith 
 be delivered to the city clerk. 
 
 After examining; the votes, and within seventy- 
 two hours of the closing; of tlie polls, the inspectors 
 of each district must make and certify a full and 
 true return thereof, which, totjether with the poll lists 
 and ballots, must be delivered, carefully sealed, to 
 the clerk of the city; at the same time one of their 
 number is chosen to represent his district in 
 the Hoard of City Canvassers; and the persons so 
 chosen form the Hoard of Canvassers for the city. 
 They must meet on the Saturday next after election, 
 at three o'clock in the afternoon, at the city clerk's 
 office, or in the common-council chamber, and pro- 
 
 ceed to open and canvass the said returns, and de- 
 clare the result of the election. 
 
 When two or more jierscjiis are found to have an 
 ecjual number of votes for the same office, the elec- 
 tion is determined by the drawinj^ of lots, in the 
 presence of the Hoard of Councilmen. The name of 
 each person, written on a sej^arate slip of paper, is 
 deposited in a box or other receptacle, the presi- 
 dent of the Hoard of Councilmen draws out one of 
 said slips, and the person whose name is drawn is 
 considered elected. 
 
 The mode of conductin),^ State and county elec- 
 tions is the same, except that the returns are made 
 to the county clerk, and the inspectors, appointed 
 by the inspectors of election in townships and wards 
 to attend the county canvass, constitute the Hoard 
 of County Canvassers, and meet on the Tuesday 
 next followinir the election, before one o'clock in the 
 afternoon, at the office of the county clerk, who is 
 secretary of the board. 
 
 The followinij table of votes cast in Detroit, in 
 various years, will ^Wc some idea of the (growth of 
 citizenship: 1820, — 66. 1825,-115. 1835, — 261. 
 1840, — 671. 1845, — 1,368. 1850,-1,443. 1855, — 
 4,824. 1860,-8.389. 1870,-11,323. 1875,-13,058. 
 1880,- 21,676. 
 
Clly\PTi':R XX 
 
 'I'Ih; acli 
 i"''S[)(iii(l(ni 
 .111(1 ill a I, 
 
 Iji;r6, \yc)( 
 
 WAYNK COnNTV: IIS i:s rAllLISHMKXr AND liOUNDARII'.S. 
 
 ^ 
 
 r- 
 
 VlRC.INlA, in 1778, ffcrU'd all of ihc N'ortlnvist 
 Territory into a county called Illinois, .Sul)sc(|iuiiily, 
 and before the surrender by llie ISritish, by procla- 
 mation of l,ieiitenant-(k)vernor Sinieoe, on July 16, 
 1792, all of what is now Michii,'-an, with other terri- 
 tory exteiidini; norlhwa-d as far as Hudson's liav, 
 was included in the county of Kent. Under 
 
 American ,i,a)vernmint tin: county of Wayne, the 
 third ori^fani/ed in the Northwest Territory, was 
 established b\- proclamation on Aui,Mist 15, i7</i, by 
 W'inthrop Sari,a'Ml, secretary of the Territory, .and 
 actini4' iinv,.|-,,,„- A fac-siniile of the procl.un.ition 
 is here ^'i\('n. The size of the ori^in.il is fifteen 
 by eii^hteeii inches. 
 
 
 fy- 
 
 y- an-^rtjm X ^if..,,, f,^,,/;,j,H7r:iA/f 
 
 />Kifi.-'^t ^ ^■"■'■'■^'■t ^- ' 
 
 /^- 
 
 
 / \ / \ 
 
 
 
 
 ^OMefttl*, » ft'nm~y^ctfii9t^^Af,» 
 
 
 ■-/•^■L. 
 
 '•"7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ki.n.yt„,/^^C^.t,.^gy^ 
 
 Mit ..- -*»;tr^ 
 
 u.^C^^tA 
 
 T' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 -Zit-i A- 
 
 ^^euef^- 
 
 
 
 rA'^MC-' ^/^^'t-^ &Me^t .^^^a, 
 
 Fac-Similk oi- FtKsT PrcocLAMATioN R?!TArw.rsmN(; Wwnk County. 
 
 u\m~ 
 
 L 
 
 Ma 
 
 Dkah Sir;,— 
 "ii my ;iiriv,il 
 
 tiKlllxlll fit tc, ;„,. 
 
 sinci' li;irn<rl, iIk. 
 (■•Mintry lli.-n-.ilii,i 
 aniDiiK wlidin is \| 
 
WAVNI", CorNTN'. I'I'S I'.S'I'MU.ISI IMl-.NT AND IK )t N DAk II'.S. 
 
 119 
 
 'I'lu; aclidii iif S;ir.v;fiil ,i;a\r rise In a sliarp I'or- 
 rcs|)(iii(lciicc hiiwccn liini .iihI ( ii)\(rii(ii" Si. t'laii', 
 and ill a Ictlci' to I hm. jaiiics Koss, dalcil Scpicni- 
 bcr 6, 171/y, CiDvcrnor Si. Clair says : 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 BY PEOOLAMATION 
 
 , — or- — 
 
 Angaat 16. 1789. 
 
 Mlvaijlins. 
 
 CO 
 
 R Mmn. 
 /iiiiTCliilljcQtl[e.J 
 
 Cleielaiij. 
 Cuyahoga R, 
 
 LsurcDS. 
 
 / -V-^Tuscarawas R. 
 Muskingum R. 
 
 ^v»A^ ^«%r. 
 
 MaI' ni'' CcilMV liDllNDAUV. No. I. 
 
 Di'AU Sir,— 
 
 Oil my iirriv:il ;il lliis pLiri', I foiiiid ll>;it tin- wrri'l.iry li;i(l 
 tli'.niv(lit (U li) nrcoinpatiy (iiiii-ral W'aym; to 1 >rtrnit, .'uul I Iia\'i* 
 siiuc Irarnicl, ihniif^h nut from liiinsill, tli.it hi' lias laiil ntit llir 
 ctniUry ihcrralxtiits intd a roimty, .'ind appi)ii)trtl tli'- (ilVirrrs. 
 anions wlioni is Mr. Audrain, prmh'inni.iry. 
 
 'I'h.at c'irt'uin^taiii I- iias;ii\iii me s.'itistail ion, tlnMi^;h 1 am dls- 
 plrasi-d at tiic prnrri'din).; ;^rni-r.'illy, for it was nnl m)' intriitiDn to 
 li.ivr moved in tin! Iinsnicss niitil I ii.id nrilvi'd tlii' din i i ions (jf 
 llir Prcsidrnt, wliirh I li.nl rrason torxprtt; jiiid two >io\rrnors at 
 one ;ind I In! same tinitr in the samt; <-onnlry, and pt-rhapH conntrr- 
 ai lin.i,' i.'ii li ollnr, ninsl impn ss tin si- ni w .snlijcrts mifavoralily 
 witli rrsprct to llir i;ii\'rrmiii'nt tlicy li.i\(* fallrii imdcr. Sonir 
 I xpi (liinl, liowiAc r, niiiilit have- In c n Imindto niidcr lln- impio- 
 |iric ly less slrikihv;, li.id I ;4iiiic to I )i iimIi ; Iml I lie si c ril.'iry liavinx 
 l.ilrly );,iiii' III Mil liiliinai iiiar, my nirilihv; liirii tlu'ir, in ilic liltli: 
 linn- I cniild jiossilily st.-i\', w.is \-rr)' nnn-rlain. 
 
 I'nim oliur letters it apjiears that Cioveriinr .St. 
 (lair was at l'ittsl)iiri;h when the eoimty was ori^aii- 
 i/.ed, and Sar;.;cnl claimed lli.it his .ariimi was insti- 
 lled hy the facts, lie cnnsniled the eili/.ens as to 
 what name should ]k- i;iven to the eoiinlv, and ihey 
 agreed th.it it should be named after ( iennal 
 Anthony Wayne, who was then in the eiiy, and sent 
 him an address, notifyin;.; him of tiie fact. In reply 
 lhe\- receiv'ed the follow iii'j: 
 
 M \)' iM ("iHNI\* jJiiIMi Mv'W \.^ 
 
 MaI' 01- C'OIMV I! 
 
 7',' till- Ciirr ,iv</ Inha/'itiinii of I'elyi'i/^ umi the Officers^ CitH 
 ,ind Military, of the ( 'oimly ,■/ /' n ynr : 
 
 < H S I'l.KMliN,- 
 
 I liavr ri'Ci'ivrd with innt li iilrasiirr yonr polilr .iddriss iif tills 
 d.iii', w'hit'h not only diinaiids my xrattfiil arknowlt'd^inint for 
 till flattering tistimoniis it lontains of your eslci'in, lint attords 
 nir an oppiirtnnity to nmurk with what plcasiirr I liavr oliscrvrd 
 till-' Kiiiiial salisfartion wliirli has appiarrd to prevail .'inii>n>; the 
 citi/ens of 1 letroit and its nei>;hliorhiiod upon the eslalilislimeiit of 
 the i^overnnieiit of the l!iiited Slates, and the alai rily and laud- 
 alile desirtr they have <'\ iiii ed to promote the due exeeution 
 thereof; acondint so wise, while it merits the warm re>;ards of 
 their fi-llow-i iti/eiis of the I'nion, must insure to themselves all 
 till- adv,nilav;es whii h will flow from and l«: the natural i-ITect of 
 the administration of j;ood I.iws, under so liap|iy a noverninent. 
 
 I will with much pleasure riimniunieati- to the President the 
 w.irm sentiments of zeal and altai hinent whiih you have expressed 
 toward ilie l ioMriinii lit of the t'nited States; and I lannot permit 
 
I20 
 
 WAVNI'; COl^XrV; ITS KSTAIILISFIMKNT AND nol'N'DARlKS. 
 
 myself to (Upart hciiif without a-siiriiii; you tliiit I shall always 
 lake a piTiiliar iiitrrest ill whatever may eoiitriliulc- to |ironii>le 
 the happiness aiui prosperity of tliis luiiiity^ to whith my name 
 lias tin; honor to lie attached. 
 
 I have the honor to he, vientlenu ii, \\ ith much esteem^ 
 \'our most ohetlienl antl \ery hninhh; ser\ant, 
 
 ANr'v W.WNK. 
 Mkadi.h- AuriiKs, liinKon, .\'(K'e)ii/;i- 14, 1711(1. 
 
 ^ WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 \ 
 
 Aftor formation of 6tatO 
 of Ohio, 
 
 By Law of April 30, 1802, 
 
 
 Map 111- CoLNTv Ijoindakv.— No. 4. 
 
 The boundaries of the county, as defined I)y Sar- 
 gent, were as follows: " ]ieginnin,ir at the month 
 of the Ciiyahoija Ri\er, npon Lake Erie, and with 
 the said river to tlie portaj^e between it and the 
 Tnscarawa braiuli of tlie Miiskinijuni, tlunee down 
 the said branch to the forks, at the carrying place 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 BY PEOCLAMATION 
 JanuaTjri4, 18C3* 
 
 Mai' op County Bounoarv.— No. 5. 
 
 al)()ve I'ort Lawrance,' thence by a west line to the 
 eastern boundary of Hamilton County (which is a due 
 north line from the lower Shawnese Town, upon the 
 Sciota River), thence by a line west-northerly to the 
 southern part of the portage, between the Mi.'imis of 
 the Dliio ;iiul the .St. .M.iry's River, thence by a line 
 also wi'st-nortlirrly to the southwestern part of the 
 portage, betwcin the Wabash .and the .Miamis of 
 Lake lu'le, where Fort Wayne now stands, thence 
 by a line west-northerly to the most .southern part 
 of Lake Michigan, thence along the western shores 
 of the .same to the northwest part thereof (including 
 the lands lying upon the streams emptying into the 
 said lake I, thence by a due north line to the terri- 
 torial boundary in Lake, .Superior, and with the .said 
 boundary through Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Lrie, 
 to the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, the place of 
 beginning." 
 
 The creation of the Territory of Indiana, by Act 
 of .M.iy 7, iSoo, reduced the limits of the county 
 about one half. Its boundaries were fiu-ther cur- 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 .Alloc formation of MichigoQ 
 Terntory, 
 
 Byliaw of Jan. 11, 1808. 
 
 Map 
 
 CoUNTV r.OfNUAKV.— No. (J. 
 
 tailed by proclamation of July lo, iSoo, under whicli 
 that part of W.iyne County lying cast of a point about 
 five miles west of the present city of Sandusky was 
 included in a new county, named Trumbull. The Act 
 of April 30, 1802, which created the Slate of Ohio, 
 attached this region to the Territory "f Indiana. It 
 thereftjre became necessary to define tlie bmuulary 
 anew; and on January 14, 1803, William Henry 
 Harrison, governor, and commander-in-chief of 
 
 1 AUhongh the orijijinal Siiys " I'orl I.awrancc," it is evidently a 
 n'i.-,tako arising from the iiromiiuiation, as the fort in (piestion 
 was named Laurens, in 1778, in honor of the president of Congrcs.s. 
 
 Indiana 
 cennes : 
 
 1, Willi:,,, 
 the aiilhorit 
 of the 'I'trt 
 formed i,i il 
 di'siirnateil 1 
 the hound. ir 
 point where 
 
 c.vtromity of 1 
 lin<- passini; I 
 Ihenee north : 
 <lary of thi> IJn 
 point where ar 
 extii'inity of I 
 alon^' the last 1 
 
WAYNE COUNTY: ITS ESTAHLISHMENT AND BOUNDARIES. 
 
 121 
 
 Iiuliaiin Tcfritory, issued the ful'uwiiig from Vin- 
 cennes : 
 
 I, Willinm Henry Harrison, ^ovvrnor of Indiana Territory, by 
 the anthority vested in me liy tlie ordinance for tile government 
 of tlic Territory, do ordain and deelare that a eonnty sliall In- 
 formed in the nortlieaslern part of ihi' Territory, to be known and 
 desii,'nated by the nain<' and style of the county uf Wayne. And 
 the boundaries of said eounty shall be as follows; liejj'nninK at a 
 point where an cast and west line, passing through the southern 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 BY PEOCLAMATION 
 
 • — ot- — - 
 
 Novembor 21, 1815. 
 
 Map of Coini v I'oi'NDARv.— No. 7. 
 
 extremity of Lake Miehiean, would intersect a north and south 
 lini' passini; throui;h tin- most westerly extreme of said lake, 
 theme north aloni; the last mentioned line to the territorial lioun- 
 dary of the United .Stales, thence aloni,' the s;iid boUPr!:;-y lim' toa 
 point when' an east and west line, passing through the southerly 
 evtremily of Lake .Miihigan, would intersect the same, thence 
 along the last mentioned line to the place of beginning. 
 
 Tlic creation of tiie Tcrrilory of Miehi,i(an in 
 1805 riiani;((i tile western boundary of tlie county, 
 slijrlitly reduiini; its size. 
 
 The next cii;in,i,re in boundary was made by proc- 
 lam;ition of (lovernor Cass on November 21, 1815. 
 Under the terms of that ilocument, tiie county was 
 made to include all of the Territory of Miehijiran to 
 wliich Indian title had been e.\tin,i,niishc(l. 
 
 liy the terms of the treaty of ("ireenville, of 
 Alienist 3, 1795, the foHowinjr territory constituted 
 the re).;ion to wliicli tlie Indi.in title had been e.xtin- 
 iruishetl, and therefore detinetl the limits under his 
 proclamation: " IJej^inninijat the mouth of the Miami 
 River of the Lakes, and runninv,r thence up to the 
 middle thereof, to the mouth of the ,iLjreat Au.^lai/e 
 River; thence running due north, until it intersects 
 a parallel of latitude to be drawn from the outlet of 
 
 PereMarq'teR. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 BY PfiOCLAMATION 
 JulyTdTiai?. 
 
 lllttM. y~~. 
 
 COPVRIQHriailV, BY SILA* FARMER, 
 
 MaI' Ol- COLNTV IJol-NDAKV.— No. y. 
 
 -t WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 S BY FEOOLAMATION 
 ^_^ 1 October W, 1815. 
 
 Mai' of County I!oi;nuahv.— No. 8. 
 
 Lake Huron, which forms the river St. Clair; thence 
 runninjj^ northeast, the course that may be found 
 will lead in a direct line to White Rock in Lake 
 Huron; thence due ca.st until it inter.sccts the boun- 
 dary line between the United States and Upper 
 Canada, in said lake ; thence southwardly following 
 the same boundary line down said lake, through the 
 river St. Clair, Lake St. Clair, and the river Detroit 
 into L.ikc Erie, to a point due ea.st of the aforesaid 
 Miami RiviT ; thence west to the place of begin- 
 ning." Also, "The post of Micliilimackinac, and 
 all the land on the island on which that post stands, 
 and the main land adjacent, to which the Indian 
 title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the 
 French or ICnglish governments ; and a piece of the 
 main land to the north of the island, to measure six 
 miles on Lake Huron, or the Strait between Lakes 
 Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back 
 
1 22 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY: ITS ESTADLISIIMl'-N T AND r.OUNDARIKS. 
 
 from the water oi the L;;ke or Strait ; and also the 
 Island de Bois Blanc." 
 
 These two tracts included all of the present 
 county of Wayne, and also the now existing coun- 
 ties of Washtenaw, I.ivinijston, Lenawee, Macomb, 
 Monroe, St. Clair, Lapeer, and Oakland, with a large 
 portion of Jackson, Ingham, Shiaw.'issce, Genesee, 
 Tuscola, .Sanilac, and Huron counties, together with 
 the Islands of Mackinaw and liois Blanc, and a small 
 .strip of land on the main land north of these 
 islands. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 BY PBOOLAMATION 
 
 January 16, 1818. 
 
 Mai' oi- Cell Niv Udindakv. — Ml 
 
 Less than a year after, on October i8, i8i6, 
 deneral Cass issued a new proclamation, adding the 
 district of Mackinaw to the county. That district 
 h.iil been created by proclamation of Governor Hull 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 ■BY rEOOLAMATION 
 September 10, 1822* 
 
 on July 3, 1S05, and its boundary was defmed to 
 "begin at the most western ;uul northern point of 
 the 15ayof .Saginaw, .and shall nuuhence westw.irdly 
 to the nearest part of the river Marquette ; thence 
 along the southern bank thereof to Lake Michigan ; 
 thence due west tp the middle thereof; thence 
 north, east, and .south with the lines of the Territory 
 of Michig.in and the United States to the center of 
 Lake Huron; thence in a straight line to the begin- 
 ning." 
 
 It will be noticed that by this proclamation the 
 county consisted of two tracts, entirely separate 
 froni each other. On July 14, 1S17, the boundary 
 of the county was curt.iiled on the .south by the 
 organization of Monroe County, which took in all 
 of the old county of Wayne south of Town 3, of 
 Ranges i to 9, to the Huron River. 
 
 ■'Vta^ 
 
 VJ^ 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 
 Aftor organization of Wash- 
 tenaw County. 
 
 By Act of Nov. 20. 1826. 
 
 iMaJ oi- CulNTS' Hc3l'M>ARV. — No. II 
 
 Mai- cm-' Cuinty Hoindakv. — No. 12. 
 
 By proclamation of January 15, 181 8, organizing 
 Macomb County, the " base line " of the United 
 States survey in Michig.an became the northern 
 boundary of Wayne County. 
 
 The present limits of the county were established 
 by proclamation of Governor Cass on September 10, 
 1822. On the same date Washtenaw County was 
 laid out, to include all of the present county of 
 Washtenaw, and also the four southeast towns of 
 what is now Ingham County, the eight most eastern 
 townships in Jackson County, and the southern half 
 of the present Livingston County. Washtenaw 
 County, however, was attached to Wayne County 
 until it should be organized ; and for all practical 
 purposes it remained a part of Wayne County up to 
 the definite organization of Washtenaw County on 
 November 20, 1826. 
 
 L\ the 
 
 aff.airs w 
 
 crs, ajipt 
 
 Under an 
 
 the appn 
 
 office wa: 
 
 to be chc 
 
 Ready 
 
 county n( 
 
 the con in 
 
 issuing, u| 
 
 From that 
 
 bills of the 
 
 $1.50. $1. 
 
 $10.00. I 
 
 per cent d 
 
 iniS33i.ssi 
 
 On Octobe 
 
 ami clerk, and 
 
 Under t 
 
 issued two 
 
 hundred ar 
 
 and fifty of 
 
 By Act ( 
 
 commissioni 
 
 of 1838 rev 
 
 abolished b) 
 
 transferred 1 
 
 Board of Su] 
 
 Under Nc 
 
 sioners wen 
 
 Jacques Can 
 
 Territory, iS 
 
 Joncaire, Fr 
 
 James Henr 
 
 William Bro 
 
 wards; 1819, 
 
 1820, Abran 
 
 McCIoskey ; 
 
 A. Edwards, 
 
 Levi Cook, J( 
 
 L. Cook, J. V 
 
 James Williar 
 
 lett, J. Shean 
 
tjitiiar*" 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS AND TIIKIR DUTIES. 
 
 County ConiDiissioHi'rs. 
 
 In the early days of the county its financial 
 affairs were managed by three county commission- 
 CTS, appointed by the Court of Ouarter Sessions. 
 Under an Art of May 30, 1818, the governor became 
 the appointini,^ power. On April 21, 1825, the 
 office was made elective, and commissioners were 
 to be chosen on the second Tuesday of October. 
 
 Ready money to meet the obligations of the 
 county not being forthcoming, as early as 1818 
 the commissioners began tlie issue of due-bills, 
 issuing, up to 1827, an average of §2,000 per year. 
 From that time to 1S33 they issued §1,000 yearly in 
 bills of the denominations of $1.12;^, $1.25, $1.37;^, 
 Si. 50, $1.62;^, $1.75, $i.87X, $3.00, $5.00, and 
 §10.00. In 1830 these due-bills were at twenty-five 
 per cent discount, but the board persevered, and 
 in 1833 issued bills for §3,000, and in 1S34. for §1,000. 
 On October 7, 1837, the Board of Supervisors 
 
 Ri-sch'Cti, that $4,000, in small bills, be signed by the president 
 and clerk, and dclivirtd to the treasurer for change. 
 
 Under this resolution, the treasurer and clerk 
 issued two hundred and fifty bills of §10 each, two 
 hundred and fifty of §5.00 each, and two hundred 
 and fifty of $1.00 each. 
 
 By Act of April 12, 1S27, the office of county 
 commissioner was abolished. The Revised Statutes 
 of 1838 revivt^ the office, and it continued until 
 abolished by Act of February 10, 1842, which Act 
 transferred the duties of the commissioners to the 
 Board of Supervisors. 
 
 Under Northwest Territory, the county commis- 
 sioners were: 1800 and iSor, B. Huntington, 
 Jacques Camjiau, Jacob Visger. Under Indiana 
 Territory, 1803, Charles Curry, Charles F. Chabert 
 Joncaire, Francis Lasalle; 1804, Charles Moran, 
 James Henry. Under Michigan Territory, 1818, 
 William Brown, John R. Williams, Abram Fxl- 
 wards; 18 19, James McCIoskey, Robert Abbott; 
 1820, Abram Edwards, William Brown, James 
 McCloskcy; 1821,?. J. Desnoyers; 1822 and 1823, 
 A. Edwards, P. J. Desnoyers, J. P. Sheldon; 1824, 
 Levi Cook, John Whipple, John P. Sheldon; 1825, 
 L. Cook, J. Whipple, P. J. Desnoyers; 1826-1827, 
 James Williams. L. Cook, J. Whipple; 1839, R. Gil- 
 lett, J. Shearer, B. F. Fox; 1840, S. Conant, J. 
 
 1 
 
 Shearer, B. F. Fox; 1841, Adolphus Brigham, S. 
 Conant, J. Shearer ; 1842, Peter Godfrey, S. Conant, 
 
 A. 
 
 ]>righam. 
 
 Board of Siipeniisors. 
 
 This body, in connection with the auditors, per- 
 forms duties f)riginally attended to by the Court of 
 General Quarter .Sessions and the county commis- 
 sioners. By the Act of March 20, 1827, creating 
 the board, they were authorized to examine, settle, 
 and allow all accounts, and estimate the yearly 
 expenses of the county; they were also authorized 
 to repair county buildings, and to offer bounties for 
 the killing of wolves and panthers. Their sessions 
 were to be of not more than eight daj's' duration, 
 and they were to be paid §1.00 per day each. An 
 Act of March 20, 1837, increased their pay to §2.00, 
 and it was subsequently made §3.00 per day. An 
 Act of June 30, 1S28, required them to meet the first 
 Tuesday in October. 
 
 Under Act of June 26, 1832, sessions of the board 
 were held on the first Tuesdays of March and 
 October. By Act of 1842 they were retjuired to 
 meet on the first Monday of July and third Monday 
 of September; but since the revision of the statutes 
 in 1846, they have met only in October. 
 
 Since the Act of 1844, creating the Board of 
 Auditors, the supervisors have had no control over 
 the county expenditures, and might be called with 
 propriety the Board of County Assessors. For a 
 representative body, they have remarkably few legis- 
 lative powers. Their chief duty consists in ec|ual- 
 izing the valuations of property and apportioning to 
 each city and township its proportion of the taxes to 
 be raised, these apportionments being based on the 
 assessors' books of the city and the township rolls 
 of the several townships. 
 
 Under Acts of April 13, 1827, and April 17, 1833, 
 which treated the City of Detroit constructively as a 
 township, the city, up to 1841, was represented on 
 the board only by its one super\'isor, elected for the 
 purpose. After an existence of eleven years, under 
 the General Statutes of 1838, the Board of Super- 
 visors was discontinued, and its duties transferred 
 to three county commissioners. By Act of February 
 10, 1842, the office of county commissioner was 
 
124 
 
 eouN■^^■ ()i'Fin:Ks and -i'iii'-ir Driiiis. 
 
 abolished, aiul a llnard of Supcrxisors was a,i;aiii 
 proviili'd for. I'licir first lUfi'tin^j was luld on the 
 first Monday of July, 1843. An Act of l''i'l)riiary I'l, 
 1S42, iiro\i<lc'd tliat the waril assessors of Detroit 
 shfiiild act as supervisors. A siii)se(iuent Aet of 
 January 30. uSjO, provick'd that tiic city shynld ha\e 
 hut lliree assessors, instead of one for eaeli ward, or 
 six in all. The eity thus lost three members of the; 
 ho.ird. I lowiAer, it soon rei;,iiiu(l its (|uot.i. for by 
 Aet of .\pril 8, 1S51, the alderman of e.ieh ward 
 has'iny; the shorti'st term w.is .authorized to ;iet ;is a 
 supervisor on the ho.ird, .-ind on l''el)ru.iry 5. I1S57. 
 the Lei.^isl,iture .authorized the eity .assessor .and both 
 aldermen from e.uh w.ird to meet with the bo.ird. 
 
 Up to ilie date of tliis last Aet, iinav.iiliny strug- 
 iLiles h.id been ni.ade ye.arly by the rcpresent.it ives of 
 the eity to secure siuh an e(iu;iIizatioii of the t.ixt's 
 .as they deemed just, but their efforts were almost 
 entirely futile. 
 
 Since the Aet of iS57the city h.a.s had an cver- 
 incri'.asinu; number of members on the, bo.ard; and 
 had the representatives of the eity at any time 
 nnited in any effort, they might have effected their 
 purpose, as they liad votes enough to outninii- 
 ber the represent.atives from the rest of the county; 
 but the justice of their cause, or their skill in m.in- 
 .agement, has en.abled the supervisors from the 
 townships to preserve nearly the s.inie pro rata of 
 assessment between city and county that has pre- 
 v.iili'd for m.any ye.irs p.ast. 
 
 When .any ch.ange is made in the relative amount 
 of taxes to be p.iitl by city and county, it h.as 
 nsu.illy bi'en done by r.aising or lowering the v.il- 
 uations on eiihiT side, thus naising or lowering the 
 percentage of the total t.ax th.it I'ither w.as to i);iy. 
 The eity, in 1S83, w.as paying nearly five si.xths of 
 the tot.al of the county t.axes. 
 
 The board meets on the second Monday in (Octo- 
 ber of e.ach year; speci.al si'ssions may be lield to 
 extend the time for payment of t;ixe"s, or for .any 
 pur|)ose deemed imi)ortant. 'I"lie k'ngth of their 
 sessions is not limited, but they are allowed by l.iw 
 to draw p.ay for only fifteen tlays, whicli is the usu.al 
 duration of their sessions. 
 
 The increase in the number of persons composing 
 the bo.ard, and in the number of members from I)e- 
 trf)it, is shown by the following t.able : 
 1837 1S30, y members, i of them from Detroit. 
 1830 1833, 10 " I " 
 
 1S33 1834, 12 •• I " 
 
 1834- '835. '3 " I " 
 
 1 835- '839. i^^ ■■ ' " 
 
 1839-1842, No board in existence. 
 
 1842- 1847, 22 members, 6 of them from Detroit. 
 1847- 1848, 23 " 6 •' 
 1848-1850,24 " 6 '• 
 1850-1851,21 " 8 " 
 
 1851 1S37, 1(1 mcmhci's, 3 (if I'll in liom i)(troii. 
 
 1857-1870,3'; •• 21 •■ 
 
 1S70-1873. 41 •• 21 " " " 
 
 iS73-'87^'. 43 " ^3 
 
 ■87^-7— .47 _ •• -V 
 
 It will be noticed th.it the luimlHT of members 
 from country townships reached its maximum in 
 1848; the only increase in the board since then. 
 outside of members from Detroit, being two mem- 
 bers from W'y.mdolte, .atlmilti'd since 1S70. A 
 reference to the artiile on townships will show in 
 what year each township was first representeil on 
 the board. 
 
 Hoard • ' tty Auditors. 
 
 This board divi( . die IJoard of Supervisors 
 
 the honor of succeei ng to the j)owers of the county 
 commissioners. The ofliee w.is created by Act of 
 M.ireh 11, 1844. Three .auditors were to be elected 
 in November, 1845, who were to decide, by lot, 
 their first terms of one. two, .and three years t'.ich. 
 Auditors subsi'iiuently chosen wen; to be eUctcd for 
 three years, one annu.illy at each jjeiier.il election; 
 .and not more than one member of tin: bo.ard w.is to 
 be elei'ted from the s.ame township, \ill.age. or city. 
 The city of Detroit, though it alw.ays p.aiil more 
 th.an two thirds of the county taxes, w.as often with- 
 out represent.alion on the board, dreiier eijiLility 
 was secured by the Act of M.iy 31, 1883, which pro- 
 vided th.it two members of the bo.ard must be 
 residents of Detroit, iiy Act of February 12, 1855, 
 in ease of the expiration of a term of office in a year 
 when no gener.il election w.as to be held, the ISo.ard 
 of Su|)ervisors were authorized to fill the vacancy. 
 
 In importance, the office is .second to none in the 
 county. The bo.ird h.ive v.astly more power in 
 county matters th.an .aldermen have in city affairs. 
 They h.ave almost entire control of the county funds, 
 and although they report to the ISoard of Supervisors, 
 they .are not subject to their directions, neither are 
 they responsible to them, or in f.act to any one but 
 the chief executive of the St.ite. It is their business 
 to estimate the .amount annually needed for county 
 expenses, to audit ;ill bills, .and to m.ike all disburse- 
 ments on beh.alf of the county. They appoint three 
 superintendents of the poor .and two county phy- 
 sicians. 
 
 .Section loof Article loof the Constitution of \hi^o 
 provides th.at they shall h.ave "exclusive power to 
 prescribe .and fix the eompens.aiion for all .services 
 rendered for, and to adjust all (^l.aims against " the 
 county, "and the sum .so fixed or defined .sh.all be 
 subji'ct to no .appeal." 
 
 The powers of the auditors were further enlarged 
 by Act of M.ay 24. 1879, and since J.anuary i, 1S81, 
 they h.ave h.ad ]iower to " determine the number of 
 clerks to be employed in .all county offices and thg 
 
 wages 
 
 the Cor 
 They a 
 jieiiditii 
 all t.ix I 
 to p.iy 
 
 the Judi 
 
 Clerk, .1 
 
 each," 
 
 kind, col 
 
 are rei|u 
 
 my." ■ 
 
 nierly $ 
 
 April 13 
 
 pnnided 
 
 \'\\ it .at ; 
 
 th.an §2. 
 
 sal.ary. 
 
 The fo 
 
 '«4S. ^ 
 iS4^>. W 
 1847 ,84 
 
 Fr.alick ; 
 liain li. II 
 Brown; 
 <^uirk; 18 
 
 '85s '85/ 
 i857-i8r)c 
 i860, M. 
 
 1 86 1. Chai 
 
 1862, W. 1 
 
 1863, J„hi 
 
 1864. John 
 1867, JoIh: 
 1867, John 
 J. i'atton. . 
 A. 15lue M 
 'V'isger, ,Sai 
 J. S. Tibbi 
 betts. I'. C. 
 T. C. Limb 
 1879, \\'illi.-i 
 1880 1883. 
 
 1 883- 1 884, 
 
 1884- 
 
 Sheah.an. 
 
 This ofiice 
 of the NortI 
 appointment 
 who w.as req 
 live per cent 
 as compen.sa 
 cember 17, i 
 Under the T 
 gan, the govt 
 By law of Nc 
 
COUNTY OFFICKKS AND I II KIR DUTIES. 
 
 125 
 
 waj^cs to \h: paid lluin, In li\ tl\c ((impinsalinii of 
 tliu coroiKTs and tlu: salaries of all county olllci-rs. 
 Tlu'y also ki'ij) a rrcord of all tin- receipts and ex- 
 penditures of till- C'ounty 'Ircasiin'r, coinitersii^iiini; 
 all lax receipts issued by him. 'I'liey are authorized 
 to |)ay tin: Triasurer from !j)3,txxj lo ;i|(5,(xx>; and 
 tile Jud,v;c of Probate, I'roseeutin);- Attorney, County 
 Clerk, and Ke.nister of Deids, from §2,500 to 83,500 
 each." ruder the same Act, "All fees of whatever 
 kind, collected for sir\i<es performed in these ollici'S, 
 ari' ri'(|uii'ed to be turned o\-cr to the C'ounty 'I'reas- 
 iny." The s.ilary of each auditor, which was for- 
 merly if;i,o<xj, was incrt'ased to §i,joo by Act of 
 .April 13, 1.S73, and a further Act of .May n;, i<S<S3, 
 provided thai ihi' circuit jud,;;es of the county mi^ht 
 fix it at any amoimt, not less than $i,2ixj, nor more 
 than §2,500. The larger sum was tixed as the 
 salary. 
 
 The following;' persons havi: si'rsed ;is auditors : 
 1845, William 1!. Hinit, Job Smith, A. II. tJtis; 
 1846, William l>. limit, J. .Smith, II. Kralick; 
 1847 184S, Amnion lirown, William 15. Hunt, II. 
 Kralick; 1849-1852, II. .Saunders, .\. ISrown, Wil- 
 liam H. Hunt"; 1S52, S. I'oup.ird, James Sal'ford, A. 
 Mrowii; 1853, S. I'oupard, James Salford, I). L. 
 (jiiii'k; 1854, J. Safford, 1). L. (Hiirk, M. Anderson; 
 1855 1857, M. .Anderson, S. l'oii|)ar(l, ("■. Carson; 
 1857-1860, M. Anderson, (i. C.irson, I). Saekctt; 
 i860, .M, Anderson, ("ico. Carson, W. II. Craij,'; 
 
 1861, Charles Steward, M. Anderson, W. II. Craii^; 
 
 1862, W. II. Crail^^ Charles Steward, William Taft; 
 
 1863, John Hull, Charles Steward, William Taft; 
 
 1864, John Hull, C.eo. Carson, William Taft; 1864- 
 1867, John I'atton, (icorije Carson, Heiij. Sackett; 
 1867, John I'atton, .Alex. liluc, Henj. Saekctt; 1868, 
 J. I'atton, .Alex. Hlue, J.imes ,A. \'is,v;er; 1869-1873, 
 A. Hlue, Michael Kennedy, J. A. \'isi;er; 1873, J. A. 
 Vis^iT, Samuel /uij, John S. Tibbetts; 1874, S. Zu^, 
 J. S. Tibbetts, I". C. Limbockcr; 1875, J. S. Tib- 
 betts, T. Ci. Kimbocker, J.imes Ilolih.in; 1876-1878, 
 T. (i. Kimbocker, J. Ilolihau, William .Sales; 1878- 
 1879, William Sales, II. U. Thayer, C. K. I'ill.ird; 
 1880 1883, W. Sales, J. Ilolihan, C. K. I'illard; 
 1883-1884, W. Sales, Alex. Mitchie, (',. V. I'illard; 
 1884- , W. -Sales, Ale.x. Mitehie, Jeremiah 
 
 Slicahaii. 
 
 Couii/y Ticasurcy. 
 
 This oflk-c dates from .Auijiist i , 1792, under an Act 
 of the Northwest Territory which provided for the 
 ap|)oinliiiciit by the i^overnor of a county treasurer, 
 who was recjiiireil to njive $1,500 bonds, and received 
 live per cent of tlni moneys comiiijjf into his hands 
 as compensation for his services. Hy Act of De- 
 cember 17, 1799, his bonds were increased to $3,000. 
 Under the Territory of Indiana, and also of Mielii- 
 jifan, the governor continued to appoint the treasurer. 
 By law of November 25, 181 7, he was to be paid by 
 
 ,1 pircent,i,i;i; on all moneys which he receiveil and 
 paid out. Under the same law Duncan Reid 
 bec.ime the lirst and only assessor the county has 
 ever had. Under .Act of April 21, 182,, the com- 
 mission of the treasurer then in oHice ceased, and 
 .after iSj6 county treasurers wi're elected. The 
 term lasted but a year, liy Act of \\>\\\ 13, 1827, 
 till' ti'rm w.is lengthened to three years. Act of 
 June 26, 1832, made the treasurer the auditor as 
 well, but his action was subject to re\ision by the 
 Hoard of Supcrsisors. An Ai't of .April 13, 1833, 
 provided that the treasurer should ntain for his 
 .services not over three per cent of the moneys 
 received by him; and any excess o\er one luuidred 
 dollars was to bi' cri'dited to the coiuitv. 
 
 Under and since the Constitution of 1835, the 
 treasurer has bi'cn elected for terms of«two years. 
 The |)rotits of the ollice, in former years, consisted 
 not only in the salary received, but in the interest 
 received on county funds, deposited with, or loaned 
 out, to b.inks or individuals. Up to 1881 the tre.is- 
 urers furnished their own books, and took them 
 aw.iy when their term closed. Many important 
 details of i)ast doings are, therefore, not in possession 
 of the public. An Act of May 27, 1879, i)rovitled 
 that after January i, 1881, the books of the treas- 
 urer should be provided and o\\ ned by the countv, 
 aiul that the treasurer shoukl deposit his receipts 
 daily in .some bank, to be ilesijrnated by himself and 
 the auditors jointly, and that the funds should be 
 drawn out only on the order of the auditors and the 
 treasurer. 
 
 Under law of May 24, 1879, and from January i, 
 1881, the .salary of the treasurer has been $5,000. 
 I lis assistants are paid by the county. 
 
 The county treasurers have been as follows: 
 
 1801-1805, Mattl; w Krnesi; 1805, Richard 
 Smyth; November 26, 1817, to October 17, 1825, 
 Conrad Ten Kyck ; October 17, 1825/833, I'eter 
 Desnoyers; 1833-1836, D. Krench ; 1836, IClliot 
 Cray; 1 837-1 840, O. Spencer ; 1840-1843, K. C.il- 
 lett; 1843-1845, I'eter Desnoyers; 1845-1850, D. 
 J.Campau; 1850, J. H. .Schick; 1851 1855, (i. M. 
 Rich; 1855 1857, William Ilarsha; 1857-1861, G. 
 M. Rich; 1861-1863. John IJloyiik ; 1863-1867, 
 Georye Miller; 1867-1869, E. P. Henoit ; 1869- 
 1873. Paul Gies; 1873-1875, John K. W. Thon ; 
 1875-1879, Geori^e II. Stellwa.v,a'n ; 1879-1883, 
 
 Kin 15. Crosby ; 1883- , 15. N'ounijblood. 
 
 County Clerk. 
 
 This otfice was unknown to Wayne County until 
 created by Act of May 8, 1820, which provided 
 that the clerk of the county courts should act 
 as clerk of the county. On November 5, 1829, 
 additional provision was made for this officer, and 
 he was to be paid by the fees received. 
 
126 
 
 COUNTY OFl'lCKKS AND TIIKIR DUTIES. 
 
 Fonnurly llic clirk rcicivuil $2,500 a year and 
 fees, his deputy clerks bein^' paiil by the eoiiiuy. 
 All Act of April 19, 1873, iiu-rcascc! his salary to 
 $6,000, witl) fees additional, ami he was to p.iy his 
 own assistaiUs. I5y law of 1879, ami since January 
 I, 1881, all fees received by him arc p.iid to tile 
 county treasurer, ami his salary, nf noi more tiian 
 $3,000, is fixed by the county auditors. 
 
 From 1850 to 1.873 ''"^ county clerk, or liis 
 deputy, was clerk of the Sujireme (.Hurt of the 
 State at the terms held in Detroit. At tiie present 
 time he is clerk of the Hoard of Supervisors and of 
 the Circuit Court. All of the township oliicers 
 report to him. All the records of liic Circuit (.'ourt, 
 the n.tlurali/.ation papers, ,-uid tiie election n'turns 
 for the county ari' ilepositeil in his otlice. All arti- 
 cles of incorporation of I'dl societies, and business 
 corporations of every kind, .also partnership a,v(ree- 
 nients, ;ind ;ill niarriai.;es, and the ycarl;- record of 
 births and deaths .are recorded in his ollice. 
 
 The county clerks li.ive been as follows: 1826, 
 riiilip l.ccuyer; 18:17 ''"'I i'^-8, Jerenii.ih \'. k. Ten 
 Eyck; 1829-1832, J.anies H. Whipple; 1.S32 1836, 
 Isaacs. Rowland; 1.S36, (1. .Mott Willi.uns ; [S37, 
 T. K. Tallm.ui; 1838-1841, Charles I'cltier; 1841 
 and 1842, Theodore Williams; 1843-1847, Cicorvre 
 R. driswold; 1847 ;uid 1848, 1). C. llolbrook; 1849 
 and 1850, S. .\. U.iv^if; 1851 ami 1852, Jeremiah 
 Van Rensselaer; 1853-1857, K. Hawley, Jr.; 1857 
 1861, Knos T. Throop; 1861 .ind 1862, D.ivid 
 Walker; 1863 and 1864, J.ireil I'atchin; 1865 1869, 
 J. D. Weir; 1869-1873, Stephen 1'. rurdy ; 1873- 
 1877, Ray Il.-.ddock; 1877-1879, Jeremiah She.ihan ; 
 1879-1883, R. A. Liijjrett ; 1883- , J. J. Knright. 
 
 County Siipcrintiiidi-nt of Schools. 
 
 This oll'ice was created by Act of March 13, 1867, 
 with the desiijn of promotinij the ell'iciency of coun- 
 try schools. The salary w;is from $1,000 to $1,500. 
 The ollice was abolished by Act of March 20, 1875, 
 which provided for township superintendents. 
 
 The followinii; persons served as County Su])er- 
 intendents: 1867-1873, Lester R. Brown; 1873- 
 1876. G. C. Gordon. 
 
 Drain Commissioners. 
 
 Provision was first made for this office by i.iw of 
 M.in li 15, 1861, wlu'ii the JSoard of Supervisors was 
 ,i;ivcn [lower to .appoint three Drain Commi.ssioners. 
 iJy i.iw of March 22, 1869, only one was to be 
 chosen, .and he w;is to be I'Iccted on the first Mon- 
 day in April, to .serve for one ye.ir, and not to be 
 paid over $4.cx) a d.iy. A further l.iw of April 13, 
 1871, provided for the election of a dr.iin tomiiiis- 
 sioiuT in each township, to locate and construct 
 ditches for drain,i,i;e purposes; .iml all ditches were 
 to be m.ide under his direction. 
 
 The followiivi; have served as county comniis- 
 sioniTs : 
 
 18C1 1864. T. I'. M.irtin, L. J. Ford, F. M. Wing; 
 1864 1866. T. 1'. Martin, Ale.x.ander Hluc, 1.. J. 
 Ford; 1866, J.ared D.ividson, D.ivid S.ickctt, Il.ir- 
 vcy Mer.-ell; 1867-1869, H. Mcrrell, J. D.avidson, 
 I'clcr 'I'crnes; 1869-1871, H. .Mrrrell ; 1871 1S73, 
 Amos Otis; 1873, .Scth Smith; 1874, T. 1'. .M.trtin; 
 1875-1884, Wellington Kills; 1884. W. Whitacre. 
 
 County Siin><yor, 
 
 This olfu cr is the legitimate successor of the office 
 of district surveyor, which w.is .authori/ed by Acts 
 of September 14, 1806, .and June 8, 1819. The offi- 
 cer was .ippoinlcd by the governor, and p.iid by the 
 fees received, liy .\ct of July 31, 1830, each county 
 was designated ;is ;i si!r\eyor's district, and one sur- 
 veyor for e.ach was to be a[)pointed by the governor. 
 Under and since the Constitution of 1835, county 
 surveyors are elected with other county officers, 
 serve two years, and they h.ive no s.alary. 
 The following have .served as county surveyors : 
 1830, John Mullett; 1831-1837, John F.'irmer; 
 1837 1841, Fli lir.idshaw; 1841-1S49, V.. liawley, 
 Jr.; 1849-1851, Willi.im H. Brown; 1851-1853, 
 Henry Brevoort, Jr.; 1853 1855, Thom.is Camp.iu; 
 1855-1860, N.Thelan; i860, David Gninger; 1861 
 1863, William B. Kna])p; 1863-1865, William Ives; 
 1865-1869, \. Thckm; 186(^-1873, A. H. Wilmarth. 
 1873 1875, K. J.Goodell; 1875-1877, L. D. Harris; 
 1 877- 1 88 1. C. H. Ellis; 1 881- , E. Goodell. 
 
 TDK 
 
 J5Y laM 
 
 (>. 1790, t 
 
 ized to (I 
 
 'y, as e.u 
 
 li.nl been 
 
 troit, M;i 
 
 1802, or 
 
 K.'inized. 
 
 n.aw was 
 
 the towns 
 
 elude the 1 
 
 it w.is ;ig;i 
 
 include dr 
 
 Cass est.il) 
 
 tr.imck, M, 
 
 'I'lie re.i 
 
 river const 
 
 townships. 
 
 n.irrowed t 
 
 divided int 
 
 crc.it ion of 
 
 ^^^7' l)ounc 
 
 of Detroit, 
 
 Brownstowi 
 
 lin. On Oc 
 
 !^hips were ( 
 
 which ceasi 
 
 towiisliip iia 
 
 .'ind by ;i lau 
 
 townsiiip of 
 
 sa.ne townsl 
 
 niation of Cii 
 
 ship of Dear 
 
 Act of Marcl 
 
 to Dearborn. 
 
 On .M.irch 
 
 W.IS formed ( 
 
 wells. On M 
 
 W.IS formed 
 
 I-ivoni.i w.as 
 
 been einbr.ice: 
 
 then in Nank 
 
 formed out o 
 
 By law, takiiii. 
 
ClIAPTEK XXII 
 
 'JMII': TOWNSIIII'S Ol' 
 
 WAVNM C()lINrV.-I)i;kl\'AII()N OK ■lOWNSIIII' 
 
 T<j\VNsiiii' ofiici;ks. 
 
 NAMi:;;.-- 
 
 Tf)\vNsirn's. 
 
 By law of tlic Northwest 'iLrritory, of Novenilxjr 
 6, i7yo, the Court of Quarter Sessions was autlior- 
 ized to (lividi- couiuit's into towuships, /Vcconliiii,^- 
 ly, as early as November i, I7<>S, four townsliips 
 liad l)i'eu createil ill Wayne County, namely, De- 
 troit, M.ukiiiaw, S;irv;ent, and Il.imtramek. In 
 iSoj, or earlier, the township of .St. Clair was or- 
 j^^anized. On June 8, 1803, the township of Macki- 
 naw was newly defined. On December 2r, 1S03, 
 the township (jf Detroit was e.xtended .so as to in- 
 clude the f.irin of John Askin, and on June 4, i>So5, 
 it was aj^ain e.xtended as far as Huron River, and to 
 include (Irosse Isle. On January 5, 181.S, Ciovernor 
 Cass established the townships of .Sprinirwells, Ilam- 
 traiiick, .Moj;u;i}ro, Huron, and St, Clair. 
 
 The rear lifie of the Private Claims aloniL,^ the 
 river constituted the western boundary of these 
 townshi|)s. It was not until the county had been 
 narrowed to its present dimensions that it was all 
 divided into townships. Simultaneously with the 
 creation of the Hoard of Supervisors, on April 12, 
 1827, bound.iries were established for the townships 
 of Detroit, Sprinvjwells, llamtramck, Monyuagon, 
 Urownstown, I'lymouth, JCcorce, Huron, and Buck- 
 lin. On October 29, 1S29, Nankin and I'ekin town- 
 ships were created out of the towusiiip of liucklin, 
 which ceased to exist. On I\Iarch 21, 1833, the 
 township name of Pekin was changed to Redford, 
 and l)y a law which took effect on April i, 1S33, the 
 township of Dearborn was created out of part of the 
 .sa.ne township. On October 23, 1S34, by procla- 
 mation of Ciovernor Porter, the name of the town- 
 ship of Dearborn was changeil to IJucklin, and by 
 Act of March 26, 1836, it was changed back again 
 to Dearborn. 
 
 On March 31, 1833, the township of Greenfield 
 was formed out of i)art of the township of Spring- 
 wells. On March 7, 1834, the township of Canton 
 was fornu'd out of Plymouth, The township of 
 I.ivonia was created on March 17, 1835; it had 
 been embraced, first in the township of Bucklin, and 
 then in Nankin. The township of Romulus was 
 formed out of Huron, by Act of the same date. 
 By law, taking effect April 6, 1835, Van Buren was 
 
 formed out of part of Huron. Sumpter was org.m- 
 ized on .April (>, 1840. On l-'ebruary 16, 1842, apart 
 of P.rownstown was attached to Monguagon. On 
 March ly, 1845, the n.ime of Romulus was changed 
 to Wayne, and on January 26, 1848, was changed 
 back again to Romulus. Taylor was created out of 
 Kcorce, on April 1, 1847, and Crosse Pointe out of 
 llamtramck on .\pril i, 1848. On March 3, 1849, 
 Crosse Pointe was increased in size by the addi- 
 tion of territory from llamtramck. On .April 2, 
 1850, Creeiitield was enlarged by the aiklition of 
 territory from Springwells, and on March 25, 1873, 
 it was diminished by taking from it certain territory, 
 which was added to Springwells. 'I'lie At'ts of 1832 
 and 1836, enlarging the limits of the I'ity, took cer- 
 tain territory from Hamtramck, a i)ortion of which 
 was restored in 1842. In 1857 and in 1875 other 
 territory from Hamtramck was added to Detroit. 
 The township of Springwells contributed a portion 
 of territory to Detroit, by .Acts of 1849, 1857, and 
 1875; and a small portion was al.so taken from 
 Greenfield and atlded to Detroit in 1875, 
 
 In 1883 the limits of the several townships were 
 as follows : 
 
 . Bro7unstinun was bounded on the north by the 
 town line between Towns 3 and 4 .south of 1< 10 K ; 
 on the south by the Huron River; on the east by 
 a line running .south through the centers of Sections 
 2, II, 14, 23, and 26, and thence east on the south 
 line of Sections 26 and 25 to the Detroit River ; and 
 on the west by the town line between Ranges 9 
 and 10. 
 
 Canton included all of Town 2 South Range 8 
 east. 
 
 Dearborn was bounded on the north by the town 
 line between Towns i and 2 south of Range 10 
 east ; on the south by the town lines between Towns 
 2 and 3 of l^ange 10 east ; on the east by the town 
 line between Ranges 10 and 11 ea.st, the west boun- 
 daries of Private Claims 670 and 31, and a line there- 
 from extending to the river Rouge. 
 
 Kcorce was bounded on the north by the river 
 Rouge; on the .south by the town line between 
 Towns 3 and 4 south of Ranges 10 and 1 1 ; on the 
 east by the Detroit River ; and on the west by the 
 
 [•^7] 
 
i_>S 
 
 !)i:kl\ AIION OF ToWNhllll' NAMIIS. 
 
 ■si liiu' of l'ii\;iU' Chiiii 
 
 1 ;i , and 11k- scclmn liiir (i 
 
 II lo lasl. lyirij; \mm of ilic wtsL line of Stctioiis 
 
 llii: wisl side of Sictions 2, ii. 14. j;,. 2(>. and 
 of 'I'owu 3 Soiiili Kaiim' 10 last. 
 
 (/ /■<ISS( 
 
 I'oiiili' was homuk-d o; 
 
 11 tl 
 
 \v north l)\- 
 
 til 
 
 CDimty liiK'; on tin.' soiitlt and lasl liy Drtioit l\i\ir 
 anil Laki; St. (.'lair; on llu' wist by tlu' si'ction iinr 
 on west sidi' of Sirtions .: and i 1 in Town 1 south 
 of K;;n,v;i' \i I'ast, by tiic north iinr of Private Claini 
 394 and Connor's LiTi-k, thr sitlion line on east side 
 of Seetion 11, and the west line of Private Claim 725. 
 
 Liiiiiifii/d was bounded i n the nor'li by the 
 countv line; on the south by a line runnini; east and 
 West throu;^h the lenter of Se tions 4, 5 inu (< in 
 I'owii 2 of Kan;^e I I east, extendinj; east initil it 
 interseels a line drawn parallel with the east line of 
 I'rivate claim 2(^0, ,iiul thenei; ea.>t aloni; the rear 
 line of farms to the line of Twelfth .'■Hreet, in the eity 
 of Detroit, and the south line of the Ten- Thousand- 
 Aere 'I'ract to the I'ontiai- koad ; on the east by 
 the town line between l\.in,ii;es 1 i and 1 2, the north 
 line of the 'I'en- Thousand- Aere Traet, and tin- 
 I'ontiae koad; on the west bytlietown liiie between 
 kani.;es 10 and 1 1. 
 
 Haiiilrtviiik' was bounded on the north by the 
 county line; on the .south by the Detroit kivirand 
 the south line of the Ten-'rhousand-.Aere Traet and 
 the quarter line of Seetion 2iS; on the east by the 
 west bounilarv of Crosse I'ointe; and on the \\est 
 by the i:ast boimilary of Cireenlield and the eity of 
 Detroit. 
 
 Huron ihcluded all of Town 4 south uf Kaiii,re y 
 east. 
 
 Lh'oniii ineliided all of Town 1 south of Range 
 
 9 east. 
 
 Jfoni^iicii^oii was bounded on the north l)y the 
 town line between Towns 3 and 4; on the south by 
 the south line of .Seetions jj and 26 in 'Town 4 
 soutli, Range 10 ci, it, and incUideil ali of (Irossc 
 Isle on the east; on the west it was boinided Ijy a 
 line I'lnning nortli and south thn ugh the eenter 
 of Seetions 2, 1 1, 14. 23, and 26. 
 
 .\'ii Ill-Ill ineliidetl all of 'Town 2 south of Range 9 
 east. 
 
 Plymouth included all of I'own i soutli of Range 
 S east. 
 
 Rciiford included all uf 'Town i south of Range 
 
 10 cast. 
 
 Romulus ineluiled all of 'Town 3 souih of Range 9 
 east. 
 
 S/)r/ii^:o,//s was boinided on the north by the 
 .south boundary of tM-eeiilield ; on the south by the 
 river Rouge; on the cast by the cast line of Private 
 Claim 78; and on the west liy the cast boundary of 
 Dearborn. 
 
 Suiiifitrr included all of Town 4 south of Range 
 8 cast. 
 
 Tayloi included all of 'Town 3 soiilh of Range 
 
 II, 14, 2},, 26, ,-ind 
 
 /■ 
 
 lillltl! 
 
 liicluileil 
 
 .f 1 
 
 own 
 
 soutli o 
 
 Range 8 e.isl. 
 
 lilKI\\rin\ (11- TOWNSIIII' NAMI'S. 
 
 I l.imtr.iiiuk w.is named in honor of C'oloiiel John 
 !•'. Ilamtramck, tirst Ciiited ,Siates eoniniaiider of 
 Detroit. 
 
 '\\\v name of .Springwells has reference to the 
 numerous s|iriiigs which there .iboiind. 'The early 
 settlers called this region lielle-fontaine. 
 
 Ilidwnstown ileri\eil its name from .Xdani lirown, 
 an T".nglislim,in, who, when about eight years old, 
 was c.i|niired in N'irginia in ( )ctober, \'](i\, by the 
 W'y.indolte Indi.uis, among whom he grew up, be- 
 coniing one of the iirincipal chiefs of the tribe. I le 
 lived at, or iie.ir, what is now Ciibrali.ir, and had 
 charge of the archives of the tribe, lie was living 
 as late as 1812 or 1813. 
 
 Moiiguagon, o'- Maguagoii, was the name of a 
 Potowataniie chief, who li\ed on the Detroit as early 
 as 1755. 
 
 Plymouth township was probably named in honor 
 of the first iVnicrican settlement at Plymouth Rock. 
 
 Rcorce takes its name from the ri\er l^corcc, or 
 Bark River, which llows through the township. It 
 w.is so called by the I'"rciich and Indians because of 
 the birch and other barks procured along its banks. 
 
 'The name of Huron comes from the old Indian 
 trilie which frequented this region, 
 
 Hucklin was named after William iUicklin, a jus- 
 tice of the peace, ;ind the lirst white settler in the 
 township which bore his name. 
 
 Concerning the names of Nankin, Pckiii, and 
 Canton, the following facts appear in the Legislative 
 Journal. A law of April 12, 1827, prohibited the 
 incorporation of any township having the same 
 name as any post-ot'tice then existing'; in the I'nitcd 
 .States. 'The legislative council, : )raiU or forget- 
 ful of this law, on October 20, i8_.y, p...,scil an Act 
 creating the townships of Lima and Richl.uul out of 
 the township of P>uckliii. (io\crnor Cass returned 
 the bill the iie.Nt day, unapproved, for the reason ih.at 
 it coiiilicteil with the kiw in question. 'The council 
 then determined to se'.ect names that Wdulil dupli- 
 cate no oth'Ts 111 America, 'i'hcreuiion the names of 
 X.inkin and Pekin were substituted in the bill, and 
 the townships were duly created. It is a coinci- 
 dence worth noting that in 1829, the year these 
 townshii)s v.cre named, the first ymeriian mission- 
 ary started for China. 'The name of Pekin was 
 changed to Redford in 1833,1)111 tin ncM year the 
 townsl«p of Canton was created, the council being 
 apparently determined to have two Chinese names. 
 
 Redford, or Ro.igc-ford, is probably so called 
 because of the fording of the river Kouge, which 
 
 1^ 
 
'lOWXSllll' ()| 1 ICKRS. 
 
 129 
 
 llows llirouj^li this towiisliii), by llic Indians w lini 
 till tluii" WAV from llif iinriii lo Kdii Maldm, to 
 ivciivc tliL' annual j;ilis of tin.' iiriiisli ( ioxcrnnKiit. 
 
 I)iaii)orM was nanuil in iionor of ( itiiiTal I Iciiry 
 I)i-ail)orn, of the I'liilnl Stairs Army. 
 
 'I'iii; vriy n.inif of I iri'i'iilicKI sn;^\;rsis its orii^in, 
 and its j^iwn licids arc IjoiIi hi-aiitifnl and prodiic- 
 tivf. 
 
 Livonia, as a lownsliip naiiu", is donhlliss liu: 
 iX'sull i)f an rffori to pi'muiv a name noi dnplicati'd 
 tisfwlurc in tlu' I niird .M.itrs; ii is iTohai)!)' named 
 after one of llie \wstern provinces of Kiissi.i. 
 
 l\omiilus reminds 11s at oiuc uf the founder and 
 i<in;;- of aneieiil l\on\e. 
 
 \'an lliireii is nanieil after Martin \'an ISureii, 
 i.i!L;litli I'residi'ni of llie I nited .Slates, wiio was 
 nomin.iled llie year llie township was erealu!.!. 
 
 Siiniphr. ,iltliouj;li ineorreetly spelled by the aiidi- 
 lion uf Uie letter/, commemorates the name uf the 
 revoiiilionary patriol, (leiieral Thomas .Sunilcr, one 
 of llie independent Southern yenerals, who, willi 
 M.uion, ditlsiieli \alianl .serviic. 
 
 (iros.su roiiUc is so iiaincd because of il.s size, ami 
 its projection into Lake .St. L lair. 
 
 'i'aylor w.is n.inied in lioiior of ( leiier.il Zachary 
 'I'.aylor, iwelftli I'ri-sidciit of the Inited St.iles, ,ind 
 hero of the Me\ic,m W'.ir, which eloseil the year 
 llie luwiislii[) was or;.^ani/ed. 
 
 riiWNsiii I' I Ml icr.Ks. 
 
 I'lulir the Northwesl Territory, ,1 law of January 
 i.S, iSoj, pro\ided fnr thi' election in e.icli township, 
 on the lirsi Mond.iy in .\i)ril, of one or more super- 
 visoi's. ,1 township clerk, three irustees or man.ii^i'rs, 
 two or more overseers of the poor, three feiiee- 
 viewei's, two appi'.iisers of houses, one lister of ta.\- 
 ablc properly, and one or more constables, I'lider 
 Micliii^.in i'crrilory the same oltices existed. lly 
 law of M,u"cli 30, 1SJ7, town eleclions were held as 
 before, and ihe followini^ township olliiers were 
 provided for; a supervisor, town cleik, three or li\i' 
 assessors, a I'olleclor, two o\ersi'ers of the poo|-. 
 three lomniissiouers of hij^hways, ami as iiiaiiv 
 fe ■e-viewers, constables, and pouml-masiers as the 
 |)eoiile cliosi- to elect. l>y Revised Stalules of iSjS, 
 the town oUuers were to ct)iisist uf a supervisor, 
 clirk, treasurer, three assessors, a collector, three 
 school ins[)t3Cturs, two directors of poor, three com- 
 
 OAhLAXV CO 
 
 
 
 
 ^i>' /•■ 
 
 
 MACO.UB CO. 
 
 
 
 ', n- j t-j. i^■vV 
 
 Aivsnoe CO. 
 
 l'o»N-.|lll' M.M' OK WaVM'. CdCNTY, 
 
I30 
 
 TOWNSIlll' ()|-|-ici:rs. 
 
 niis.sidiicrs (jf liij;li\\ay>, and siiih ntni:l)cr of justict-s 
 Jis tin: people (li-sirt(l. I»y Kcxisid Staliitrs of 
 ICS46, tin; olliccrs wtTc tin; same, <m cpl llial llicru 
 was to 1)0 no in-asiirtT or rolluclor, aiul biiL two 
 assessors. 
 
 TIk" ('oiisiiuilinii of 1.S50 i)ro\i(lc(l for llu; clfction, 
 on till- lirsl Monday of Api'il, of a supervisor, a 
 elerk, a (diiiniissioiicr, and an oscrsecr of lii.i,;li\vays 
 for I'aili (lisiricl, a treasurer, not more lli.ui four 
 constables, ;ind .1 school inspector, this l.ist oHici; 
 lo lie lilird by the <lcrk. A law of April 13, 1.S71, 
 providid for drain <-onnnissioners. 
 
 The supervisor is .it the he.id of the township 
 j^oNcrnnient. Ili' ni.ikcs the ;issessnient roll, .and is 
 allowed $J.<j<J .1 day for his services. The town 
 I Icrk keeps the town reiiirds .and .1 re;;ister of 
 ih.ili'l niori'^a^cs; he receives $1.50 .1 d.iy for the 
 time employed in his duties. Tlu' commissioner of 
 hi^liw,i\s deterniines the number of ro.id distiicis, 
 .and receives S'-j" •' day for lime em|)loyed. There 
 is .in overseer of hi^hw.iys, or p.ith-m.isier, for e.ich 
 ro.id district; he is elected by the |)eoi)le, rvVvr Toir, 
 the numbi r of such othiers bein.if determined by tin; 
 luimber of ro.id districts. 'I'hey serve without p.ay. 
 The township treasurer ( ollccts the town t.i.\es, .anil 
 rei ei\es olR- pir ((.lit oil .'ill .inioiuits colliMled be- 
 fore J.iniiary 1 of e.icli year, .and four pw cent on 
 .amounts collccled after that d.itc. The inspector of 
 schools determines the bounds of school ilislricts, 
 .and receiv(;s ^2x)o per d.iy. A townshi]') superin- 
 tendent of schools w.is provided f(.ir by Act of 
 Man h 20, i<S75. lie inspects the schools, and, with 
 the inspector, m.ay ch.inj^e the bounds of school dis- 
 tricts. I ic; receives $2.00 .a d.iy for time spiiit in his 
 duties. 
 
 K.\(T|)tin.yf those for Detroit, the only n.iniLs found 
 of supervisors .servin;^' prior to 1S27 .are .as follows : 
 
 I l.imir.tm<k : ilSi^!, Henry Connor .and John Mel- 
 drum ; i.Siv. Willi. nil Little; 1823, I' \'.in livery. 
 
 .S|)riii!i;wells : i.Si.S, W'.irreii llow.ard; i.Sk^, I'r.iii- 
 cis L'icolle; 1S21, James .M.ay. 
 
 Monv;ii.i.ni)ii : 1 8 i.S, Jason Thurston ; i8i(j, A. C. 
 Truax ; 1.S20, 15. Rowley; 1822, Arleiii.as llosmer. 
 
 The ii.imes of the super\isors of .all townships 
 .and ( ities, e.M ciil Detroit, •ince 1827 .are as follows: 
 
 ll.wii K.AMi K : 1827 1853, C. .Mor.in, 18^; 
 1837. I'. \'.in I'A'ery ; 18^7 1841, I.oiiis I5e.iuf.iit; 
 1841, John Kirby; 1X4J. I.ouis lle.iufait; 1843, 
 .\nlhonv D.imito; 1844, W, I',. 1 hint ; 18 4:;, (■,eor^re 
 .\lo|•.ln ; 184O, I,. .Mor.in ; 1847. Jed. I'. C. Kmnioii^ ; 
 1848, A. Daiiiito; \H^>) 1 .S6j, John M. .M.a- k ; i,Sr,2 
 iHfx), Henry W. Deaic ; i.S6(y 1871, I,.iwreni c \V. 
 D.illon ; 1871, II. W. Dc.ire; 1872 1875, J.imes 
 llolih.in; 1875, John Kevciiy; .876 1883, J.imus 
 A. X'lsj^cr; 1883 , W. C. M.thonev. 
 
 Si'KINOWKI.I.S: 
 
 1827 1830, I'eier (iodfrny; 1830, 
 
 1837 l,S.4i), j'eler ( lodfroy ; I 840, (ieor;;e \\ . r.idell; 
 1841, I'cter (iodfroy; i,S.j2 1845, .S.iiiiuel Trudell ; 
 1845, William I l.arsha ; 184O, Joseph ll.aron; 1.S47 
 |84(>, S.amuel Medill ; 1849 1851, .S. Trudell ; 1851 
 183,, W, \V. Irwin; 1855, Hernaid II.k kill ; 1856, 
 S. Iriidell; 1857 185(^,11. Il,ij;i;erty ; 1859,11. M. 
 D.ivis; i8ri() 1863, II. i|;n;v;crty ; i8f)3 180^, Ij-ne.st 
 k.anspach ; i8()9 1875, II. Il.ii;!^erly ; 1873 1881, 
 Conr.ad Clippert ; 1881 1884, I,. 1). I l.mmrty ; 1884 
 . J. II. Cli.sby. 
 
 .\ln\(,r AdD.N ; 1827 1829, A. C. Tru.a.N ; 1829, 
 James Willi.ams; 1830 1832, Ar.i Spr,it;ue ; 1832, 
 II. I', rowers; 1833, Henry K.aymoiid ; 1834, 
 kii hard .Sin\th; 1835 1838, II. j'. Tout is ; 1838, 
 John .\. kiicker ; 1839 1842, A. C. Tni.ax ; 1.S42 
 1844, Thom.is Lewis; 1844, W. J. AKurd; 1845, 
 II. .S.iunders ; 184^1 1849, (',. I!, l-iloi iiin ; 184(^,11. 
 (if.iy; 1850, 1 1. S.iiinders ; 1851 1855, J. I. D.avid ; 
 1855, Thom.is Lewis; 185^1, II. .S.iunders; 1857 
 1859, J,inics( .ampbcll ; nS^i;, D.ill.as N'orvell ; i86(j 
 i.Sr,4, Willi.iin l\es; 1 S64 i8r,C,, D.ill.as Ndrvell ; 
 i.S^O, ,\. Dudv^con ; 18^17, W'm. Ives ; 1868, (.'. Ives; 
 18^,9 1871, John (lee ; 1 87 I , J.iines I. D.ivid ; 1872, 
 .\lvin .\. Turner; 1873 1875, J.imes 1 1, \reel.iiid ; 
 1875 1877, D.miel Ke.anme; 1877 1879, Willi.iin J. 
 Duddlison; 1879, James 1 1. X'reel.and ; 1880, W.J. 
 Duddl(son; 1881, John C lee ; 1882-1883- , Louis 
 Ciidh. 
 
 l)Ki)WNsi')\v\ : iX-\7, Mo.ses Roberts; 1828 
 1830, .Sell) Diinh.im ; 1830, C, Ilrown; 1831. D. C. 
 \reel.iiid; 1832, D. Smiih ; 1833 1835, John T'orbes ; 
 ■'^35 '"^.^7» I honi.is ll.irrym.iii ; 1837 1840, John 
 I'orbes; 1840, John fook ; 1841 1844, 'Thos. I l.irry- 
 ni.in; 1844, I). (.. \reel.aii(l; 1845, II. I'. X'.aii Lleve; 
 i.S4r), John Forbes; 1847, Jo.seph Seidell; 1848, J. 
 T'orbes; 1849, John Cook; 1850, li. T'. Knapp; 
 1851, J. L. N(.ir; 1852 1854, ( leorj^e Carson ; 1854- 
 1857, li. I'. Kn.ipi); 1857, J. W. \'an Riper; 1858, 
 li. 1'. Kn.api); 1859 1861, J. N. Iliti li< r.i k ; 1.861- 
 l.Sr,5, John W. \an Riper; 1,865-1,868, J. N. Ilitcli- 
 co(k; 1868, 15. I'. Kii.api); 1869, W. II. Hooper; 
 187 J 1875, William Stolid ; 1875, John Wood; 
 t876 1878, Samuel T. Hendricks; 1878- , Win. 
 F. Stollet. 
 
 I'l.vMotrni : -1827 i8jo, William l5.artovv; 1830, 
 R. Root; 1831, J.ames I'urdy ; 1832-1834, I'hilo 
 'T.iylor; 1834, Roswell Root; 1835, I. M. Mead; 
 1836, II. .\. Noyes; I037, Jon.ath.in .She.irer ; 1838. 
 J.imes De Mott ; 18^9, Roswell Root; l84(j 1842, 
 Henry li. Ilolbrook; 1842 1845, F. J. I'eiinim.an; 
 1845 1847, II. li. Ilolbrook; 1847 1849, J. She.irer; 
 |84(;, H. T"rali( k ; 1850, T",. J. I'cnnim.in ; 1851, J. 15. 
 Covert; 1852, II. T'ralick ; 1853 1855, J. .S. 'Tibbetts; 
 1855, C. .\. St.irkwe.ather; 1856, J. S. Tibbetts; 1857, 
 II. linidley; 1858 i860, ('.. A. St.irkwe.ather ; i860- 
 1.S62, Willi.am 'T.ilft ; 1862. C. A. St.irkwe.ather; 
 
 K. A. Forsyth ; 1831 1837, William Woodbridj^c , 1863 1866, Winlield Sc<nt ; 1866 1872, Hir.im li 
 
 I'h.iyer 
 
 rii.ayer 
 
 '■^9. \ 
 
 H. H. I 
 
 ( loodcll 
 
 ( ioodcll 
 
 •inl Sutii 
 '«47.J.( 
 
 ."y 
 Ill.'Ko 
 Amos 1/ 
 ford; iX 
 Crowfoot 
 nier; i,S3 
 '^40. Er; 
 ■1". J. Do 
 '''^'49. Jos 
 
 1852 (.S54 
 
 '•vans; (,s 
 T. Kv.ans; 
 •"^niiiji; |,s^ 
 
 iX.Su, II. I 
 . Joscp 
 
 'if'cKi.ir 
 
 N \ N K I .\ 
 "• ^'h.inij); 
 Aiiiiiion lir, 
 ^\\ifi; i.S4( 
 '•'''-12, .M. .sv 
 
 \olney W'ij 
 
 '^5". A. |!r, 
 
 l>. Walker; 
 
 W'.ilkcr; i,S: 
 
 Slr.ii-lii ; I.S' 
 
 W.ilkcr; i,S6 
 
 •"^1' llw.i^cii ; 
 
 S.iiniiel A, ( 
 
 ''VS '878, J,, 
 
 >>^7') 1881, ( 
 
 H.iywciod; |,s 
 
 i'i:Ki\ • I 
 
 Ferrini-toti. 
 
 I'tr.DIOK.i,. 
 '''^'4-'. Hir.im S 
 '■'''45. A. Sloek 
 
 '''4<j. <;. W. F 
 
 <;• V\'. Ferrin;^ 
 D. S.ii kett ; i.S 
 '^■ivid .S,„kitt; 
 '^"'M'cr, i,S66 I 
 •"^"lilli; i,SY„;, y 
 ■'^'K'ch.in ; ;X7i 
 ''^"^'•1 It. I'ierc^ 
 ^Voodriiff, i,S7,* 
 
TOWNSIIII' Ol'FlCF.kS. 
 
 '.>' 
 
 riiaycr; i<S7J, W mricld Scnlt ; 1875 1.S75, II. 11. 
 I'liayir ; 1.S75 i,S7,S, W . S( oil ; i,S7.S, I Ic iir\ 1 liinl ; 
 1X71;, W. .Scoll; iiSiSu hSSj, S. J. S|)riii;;(r; 1882, 
 il. I!. I'liaycr: 1.S.S3 . C. I). Durln-. 
 
 I'.i ipKi.'i: : il-iJ7-i8jv, J. I i< oiic ; 1.S29 183^, I). 
 <i<ii)(|(ll; 1835 18;/), John raliiur; 1836 |83(;, Jonas 
 ( ioiidcll ; 1839, C'hailis Sliwaid; 1840 184J, Kii li- 
 ■nnl Stillilf ; 184: i84r), John I'.iddic; 184^,, J. Xisi^cr; 
 1847. J. (ioodcll ; 1848 1856, I,. C'icolU-; 1856 iXOj, 
 E. V'isj^i-r; i86j 1867, Janus A. \'is,i;cr; 1867 
 , llyaiiiiilii; !•'. Ki(i|)( lie. 
 
 IliiuoN; i8j7 i8jv, l'i(js|)cr l.anicnsc; i8_'(;, 
 Amos 1 loWL- ; 1830, A. M( Natli ; 1831, J. (raw- 
 ford; 1832 1S34, I!, liiadsliaw ; 1834 1836, Joliii 
 Crowfoot; iX^i'i, S. II. Downs; 1837, /Xilcinas I los- 
 nicr; 1838, I',. rira<lsliaw; 1839, Martin II. P'ord ; 
 1840, jj-aslus I'ricsl; 1841, John Crowfoot; t842, 
 T. J. Downs; [843 t84'^), John Crowfoot; i8.[C) 
 t849, Joscpl) I'Aans; 1849 1852, I.. Scviraruc ; 
 1852 (854, \V. S. liosnicr ; [854 i8r,8, Jomi)Ii 
 i'.vans; 1868 1871, Moses K. Now land ; i87i,'!'lico. 
 T. I'.vans; 1872, A. I'. 'I'liaycr; 1873 1875. C. W, 
 Smith; 1875, J(jsc|)h Wall/,; 1876, Ih nry \Vav;ir ; 
 1877 1879. 11. !,. Slollcl; 1879. Myicn II. i:ilis ; 
 1880, II. I.. .StolKl ; 1881 1883, M. 11. i;iiis; 1883 
 , josijili Wall/.. 
 
 IIiickiin: 1827 1830, Marcus Swift. 
 
 Nankin: 1830 1833, Man us Swift; 1833, C. 
 D. Cham)); 1834, /Xdolpims r.rit;liam ; 1835 1838, 
 Ammon I'irown; 1838,(1. D.Chnl)!); 1839, Marcus 
 Swifl; 1840, \'. Wii^him.ui; 1841, S. I". Cady ; 
 1842, M. Swift; 1843, .Ammon llrown; 1844 1846, 
 \'ohicy Wi-hlman; 184(1, I'.. Ilawlcy, Jr.; 1847 
 1850, .\. I'.rowii; 1850 1855, W. iMJmoiids; 1855, 
 I). Walker; |85(), W. i:dmonds ; 1857 1859, D. 
 Walker; 1859 i8()i, Wilh'am I'.dmonds; i8()i, D. 
 Slr.iii^ht ; 1862 1864, W. l''.dmoiids; 1864, D.ivid 
 W.ilkir; i8(.5 i8(,8, J. J. rainier: i8(.8 1870, (ieo. 
 St( llwa;,;iii ; 1870 1872, William ImJuioikIs ; 1872, 
 SamiK-l A. C.idy; 187^, 1875, ( ,e()i\;c Slellwa,;;e!i ; 
 1875 iS78,John I'.. Wallaic; 1 878, Oscar S. Slrai.i.;hl ; 
 |87<; 1881, ( hailes II. Cady; 1881, W illi.iui II. 
 Il.iywood; 1882 , C. II. (adv. 
 
 I'KKiN • 1830 1832, C. Ten l^yck ; 1832, C. W. 
 l''erriin;loii. 
 
 KmiIiikh: 1833 1840, C W. l'"ciTiiv.4toii ; 1840 
 1842, I liiam Sc;,;iir; 1842 1845,(1. W. lerrini.;toii ; 
 1845, .\. St(M kwcll ; 1846, I'. K. riioiii|)son; 1847 
 |84(;, {',. W. l''errin;,;ion : 1849, .\. Stockwcll ; 1850, 
 ('.. W. I'crriin^loii ; 1851, D. Walker; 1852 1856, 
 D. Sacketl; 1856 1862. Alfred Harris; r8C2 1864. 
 D.ivid Sa. keit ; i8'S4, Alfred Harris; 1865. |. J. T. 
 /ic'^lcr, i8r,r, i8r,8, J. J. I'rindU;; i8r)8. William A. 
 Smith; i8ri9, A. J. Wi\om ; 1870 1872, Jetcniiali 
 Sliech.iii; 1872 i.i74, Alfred Harris; 1874 1876, 
 Ansel H. I'ierre; 1876, John M. Lee; 1877, A. S. 
 Woodruff, 1878, Asa H. Wilmarlh; 1879 1881, H. 
 
 I. Iiurijiss; 1881, Da\ id < ieiiey ; 1882 , John 
 
 M. I.ee. 
 
 Di:\KH((KN: [833 1839, C. 'ren V.yrk ; 1839, 
 Cyrus Howard; 1840, M.iriin \'roonian ; 1841 '1844, 
 W. <;. i'orter; 1844, Tiins Dort ; 1845, T. M. 
 .Swceiicy; 184(1, Joshua Howard; 1847 185(1, Titus 
 Doll; 1850, Cyrus Howard; 1851 1855, II. Wi;,^lit- 
 iii.ui; 1855, T. Dort; 185^1 1858, II. Wiv^hlm.iii ; 
 1858, T. Dort ; 1851;, H. Wi^litmaii ; i860 1862, K. 
 C.ardiier; 1862, T. Dort ; 1863 1867, Willi.un Daly ; 
 1867, T. Drui; 1868 1870, Willi.uii D.ily ; 1870 
 1872, J.tred ,\. Sexton; 1872, Cli.ii les N. I'.r.iin.ird ; 
 1873 1876, Willi.am Daly ; 1876 1 S78, John Coshcy ; 
 1878 1881, W. Daly; 1881, Charles N. Ilraihard ; 
 1882 , W. Daly. 
 
 C.UKKNiiii.i) : 1833, N. I'. 'I'liaycr; 1834, John 
 r.urb.ink ; 1835, J.icol) lianai^cr; 183(1 18^8, \. 1', 
 'I'liaycr; 1838, I,. ( ioodman ; 1831;, Is.iai W. T iillon ; 
 1841), D,i\id Smart ; 1841, Willi.im C. Maples ; 1842 
 
 1846, John lllindbury; 1846, Jolin C. Williams; 
 1847 1852, A. II. Otis; 1852 1854. J. Mcl'.irlaiic; 
 1854, A. II. Otis; 1855. J. M( I'.irlanc; i83(), John 
 .Stron;^ ; 1857 18(14, J.inics Mcl'.irlane ; |8(')4 18(19, 
 I'clcr Teriies; 1869 1871, C.eorne F. I'll lard ; 1871, 
 Anlhony 'rernes ; 1872 1878, Cicornr I'. I'ill.ird ; 
 1878, Waller Ikiidcison; 1879, William A. Mcl'.ii- 
 laiic; i88l) 1882, Waller Henderson; 1882 1884, 
 Willi.im A. Mcl''arlaiic; 1884 , W. Henderson. 
 
 ( animn: 1834 1836, J.imes Salford; kSjC) 1838, 
 A. \. Murray; 1838 1845, riiilandcr l!ird; 1845. 
 A.Skvciis; 1846, I). I). Cady; 1847 1852, J. Sahord; 
 1852 i85(), David Cady; 1856 i8(.i, J. .S.illord ; 
 i8()i 1873, lir,idshaw llodvjkiiison ; 1873 1878, John 
 Huston, 2(1; 1878 1884, J, lines .\. .Sal ford ; i88.| 
 , II. F. Horner. 
 
 I.ivonia: 1835 1839, Adoljiluis ISrij^ham; i83(; 
 
 1841, (J. C. i.tacli ; 1841, Joshua I'.aiK y ; 1842, W. 
 'rmile; 1843 1845, Luther Dean ; 1845 1847, (.'. C. 
 I.ea(h; 1847 i85(j, S. I!. Smith; i85(j 1853, Charles 
 Nohlc; 185;,, A. J. Crosby; 1854 1857, C.C. I.eaih; 
 1857, C. Noble; 1858, S. Smith; |85(;, C. C. I.ea(li; 
 18(10 18C2, J. S. 'libbctls; |8(.2. S. I',. Smith; 1863 
 Charles Noble; 18(14 18^7, Alc.x.uidcr Dlue ; 1867, 
 K. I.. .\lc.\;in(ler; 18(18 1870, S. 15 Smith; 1870 1872, 
 Ira J. Ilradncr; 1872. William II. Smith; 1873-1875, 
 kansom 1.. AlcNandcr; 1873 1881, Willi.im T. Kal- 
 icnbury; 1881 1883, John I.. X'roomaii ; 1883, W. 
 H. Fwini;; 1884 , .Abram Sirins^er. 
 
 K(i\li;i,us: 1835 i83(>. I). J. I'lillcn ; 1839, Setli 
 Marsh; 1840, N. W. I'ullcn; 1841, 11. 15. Atlams ; 
 
 1842, N. W. I'ullcn; 1843, John T". Smith ; 1844 
 
 1847, John Carr; 1847, N. W. I'ullcn; 1.S48. A. 1'. 
 N'ouii^;; |84<;, 1,. ISi^elow ; 1850 1853, (1. W. 
 Moore; 1853 1857, A. j. I'nllcn; 1857 i85(;, J. C. 
 W'inkleman; 18391868, A. J. I'lilleii ; 1868, 
 .Ambrose I'. Ndiin^; i86<> 1872, l^'dward Hiii.i,d(' ; 
 1872, Cieorgc Frosl; 1873, Hiij;li iiradlnirn ; 1S74 
 
13-' 
 
 TOWNSIIll' nl'l ICl'.kS. 
 
 1.S77, William Whit.u ic ; 1.S77 1X71^, Kdjicii C. 
 Mini; i.S7'> iSXi, \\ ill:. 1111 Wliil.Kif; 1881, K. 
 Hin,v;l(: , i<S.Sj , I'ciii ( . Ilinl. 
 
 Van liiKi n : 18^3 18 57, l-.hi m/.tr ('. l''..it(pn ; 
 1857, J. ('. \;uiv;lm, 18 j8, IvC'. l-ildii ; 18 (v. J"l> 
 Smilii; 184.) 1845, J. I'. Wiiii^lm ; i8.|^ i8.|v 1-li 
 Itradsli.tw ; 1845 1847, (i.op^c Jrwcil ; 1847, J. 
 Iliirl ; 1848, I ('. WuikIiii; 184V. '••• *• l.ilon; 
 1850. k. I', (lark; 1851 i8i;5, 1,. S. AmIciMm; 
 1855 i8(.;;, Willi, 1111 !•'.. W'ariitr; 18(15, Jaiiics C 
 \'aiiv;lui; i8h(, 18(18, I., k. I'.iowii; 18^)8 187^, ('. 
 J. I'.ailnw ; 187^ 1877, W. !■■.. W'.iiiici-; 1877. ( ,ill)crt 
 I'.niwn; 1878, W'. !•'.. Waimr; 187.; 1881, Jaiiirs 
 A. SicMiis; 1881 . I|(iii\ 1 1 ivis. 
 
 Sl'MlM IK : 1840 184.1, h.i 1'. I'.cach; 184^-, 
 kdhirl Mcirill ; \X.\] 1847, M. 1 1. I'lird ; 1847 184.;, 
 •S. ISciincll ; |84(;. \1. II. hold; |8!;() 1858, I', I', 
 Martin; 1858. 11. I'himl) ; 185.; i8r,5, T. I'. M,,riiii ; 
 186^, Miiirav Slirniian ; 18^4 1871,!". I'. Martin; 
 1871 1875, W'.liiii'^tnii i:ilis; 1875 1878, V. I'. 
 Martin; 1878, |()s.|)li ('. Merrill; 1879, Illias 'I'. 
 inv^i'isoij; 1880, j. I'.nina|i; 1881 , (li.irlis 
 
 M-'rivil. 
 
 I W i.oK; — 1847-184V, JarciJ 1di;.\Iuii; ib4'j-i85i, 
 
 rclrr (iian, 1851 18(14, *liailis .Sltwaid, 18^)4, 
 (i. ('. I'ulnani; i8()5 1871, J.inics l'.\;iiis; 1871, 
 John A. \iooniaii; 1872, J.uiics I'.vaiis ; 1873 
 1878, j. J. \rooiiiaii ; 1878 i88i), I'dcr lioll/ ; 1880, 
 <;. I', (o.ui; 1881 188;, I'ticr Hull/; 1883 
 I' . A. .Srliiiinan. 
 
 (iKossh; I'oiNii:: 1848, ( ;corv;c Moraii ; i84(^, 
 l);iniil ( orliv ; 1850, ( iroii;!- M;irtiii; 1851 1858, 
 k. M. Kirl)y; 1858. k. Il.( oniior; 1851;, J, A|)|)ly; 
 i8fi() 1863, k. M. Kiilis ; i8()} 1871. John C. 
 I'iil<ii<r; 1871 1875. k. M. Kiihy; 1875 
 
 I),l\i(l Troliililrv. 
 
 ( I I \ III W's wiMii 11 : 1870, Jolm Moivjan and 
 Is.i.ic Simnv; ; 1871, l.iMiidri I cr^nsoii ,inil (. hark:s 
 Wilks; 187J, ( icurv;c Mars and 1 .onis Stil/ci ; 1873, 
 <ii(jr',;<- M.irx and 11. 11. I liy; 1874, ( .cor^c .\lar.\ 
 ,iiid lames Kiiisi ii ; 187:;, ( .eoii^c M.irx .and ( Ni ar 
 S.inhiirn; 187(1, !• r;ineis Min4)hv and Jos( |ih < iirardin; 
 1877, ( ;<'ori^e M.ii\ and i'atriek I'ury ; 1878, k. W'. 
 I.einhton .ind J. J. Thoii ; i87i>, K. W. I,(iv;hluii 
 ;iiid |. I'. Del.o; 1880 |88.;, k. W'. I.ei'^hloii and 
 k. M.ison; 1882, Jul. Drennan and .S. 1). Ilinds; 
 1885, |. l)renn;in and S. J. I ..iwiciicc ; 1884, Charles 
 S(.liullarl arnJ h. j Lavvrcnti;. 
 
C II A V'VKR X X f I I 
 
 ■rill'. KAKi.N' <invi:K\Mi:\r oi' Di.iKorr. incokpokation as a 'iowx. kni.i: ok 
 rill'; (.()\ i;k\(»i-; and h;|)(;i;s.' ki:\'i\'AI. ov i.ocai. (;()\'i;k\Mi;N t. 
 
 I'fir, F.MM.v r,ovr.u\'\ii-.v r of i>i rnoir. 
 
 'I'lic v;iivciiiiiiciil .mil iIk' Im ,iI .ill.uis uI hciroii 
 li.ivc .iKv.iys !( c ciM-d .illciilinii. Kiii^s, (|iiicris, and 
 (■.inllll.lls, .lie lll)isl|i)|)s. I.KJics of lliv;ll (lri.;rcc, ;;i)V- 
 ti"ii(ii-v;iii(rals, and i;iniials nf \\\r i( lii^iuns nrdcis, 
 all ill Inrn have v;i\iii liccd in mailers loiiccrniiig 
 llic " ( 'oiiiny (if ilic StiMJi. " 
 
 kcli'^ious priijfcis. iDmincrcial ciiicrpriscs, (.(rave 
 poiilic.ii sciicmrs and rniin .imdiiis were inlcr- 
 \vii\cn wiili ilir m.in.iv;i'nicnl nj ilu' |ii)sl. Al 
 iliirri'cni limes, p.iiii.ireji.il, miiii.iiy, aiilDir.iiie, and 
 
 re|)lesenl.lli\c Inel In ids lia\ e liefe held su'.iy. I )e- 
 l.iils cif some (if llie doings mider these dilferenl 
 forms ol pouer allord r.ire iieins in the hisiory 
 (il I he |i.l>l. 
 
 {"lie v;riu\lh .md proi^l'ess of Ine.il ^ovemmenl. 
 under .\meiie.iii rule is shoun ill ihe eliroiiolimieal 
 lalile of eli.ulers and laws.' I)iirinv; ihe i'l't'iicli 
 ii'i^iiiii-, local aiilliority was vested almost exclu- 
 sively in llie eomm.ind.iiils. I'nderihe l.iicr years 
 (if I'lnnlisli rule, the Court of < ieneral (hi.irter Scs 
 sions exercised many of l he preroi^aiivi's appertain - 
 int; to recent muuiiipal v;(i\'ernmeiits. 
 
 INCdUI'OK \ I lo.N. 
 
 After alownship orv;ani/.iiion w.is ohlained, tlu; 
 same ((Uirl ih.il i;r.iuie(l il administei( d the few 
 simple rev;Mlalions that the small si-ttiemeni re(|iiirfd. 
 
 In January, i8()», .i petilion of citi/.ens of Detroit 
 W.is |)reselited to the I .ej.jislat lire of the Northwest 
 'reiritorv, ,it ( hillit olhc, askiiiy; for tlie iin i upor.itioii 
 (if the lown. To this end ,i iiill w.is iiitrodui ( il in 
 the Assemhly hy Solomon Silile\'. The I'pper 
 I louse or ('ouiicil |)roposi(l wirimis ;unendments, 
 lull ihe .Assemlily would not ,i',;ree to ilu in. I'inally 
 a eommiltee of conlerelK !• W.IS ,ippointed, and as 
 tile result of their dejilieralions, the liil! was p.issed 
 in its ori;,;in.il form on j.inuarv i'^. Tlic .\i I w.is to 
 t.ike elfeci on the jirst of l''el)ru.irv. .\t the lirst 
 elecliiill of the corpo'Mtidn, the freedom of the 
 lowii W.IS ('(inferred upon Mr. .Sifiley in rec(n.;iiition 
 of his efforts in lieh.ilf of ihc hill. Tiie Act named 
 ihe follov'.iiiiLj persons as (illiecrs, and tliey were to 
 serve iinlil .in election should he lield : 
 
 .\|l|Mlllll\ II. 
 
 Tnistcos, John Askiri, Jniiu DndciTifafl, James 
 Ileiiry, ( h.irles l''rancis ( lir.irdin, .and Joseph (am- 
 |i.iu ; Sei rei.iry, j'eler Audr.iin; Assessor, Kolierl 
 Ablioll ; Collector, J.icoli C'lelllelis ; .M.ush.ll, I'.ii.is 
 W.illell. 
 
 At tin: lirst nieeiinij of ihe trustees, on l'"el)ruary 
 (J, 1802, Messrs. (iir.irdiii .iiid W.ilien wert- .ihseiit 
 from homo, J.imes Henry w.is appoinied ( h.iirm.m, 
 and John hodeine.id. iriMsurer. J.unes I'eliier w;is 
 m.lde inessi ii^( I ol the liustees. 
 
 The lirsl election, on .\I.iy \, iSo.!, icsiilled in the 
 rctelllion of .ill the old I riistees except John .\skill, 
 ( ieori^c Meldrum l)eiii;>f clecled in his ste.id. Tin; 
 secrel.iry, .assessor, and in.irsh.il were continued in 
 ollice. W'illi.im Smith w.is elected eolleitor; lu; 
 resii,;iie(!, .iiid llu: iriislees .ippointed (dnr.id Seek. 
 ■|'1k; old ch.iirm.m .ind trti.xsufer were re.ipiioinied. 
 
 ( )n M;iy J, iSo^, the follow iiiv; ollieers ucrc 
 cIccIimI : Trustees, Koliiit Alilioti. ( h.iries Ciirrv, 
 J.unes ,\I, IV, I). W. Scott. I'., r.riisli , Se( rel.iry. I'eler 
 Audr.iin, Assessor, 1. Mct'l'.ie; C(ille( lor, John 
 lieiitley. M.irsh.tl, Kich.ird .Smyth. 
 
 J.imes M.iy w.is .appointed ch.iirm.in, Robert 
 Abliolt ire.isiirer, .and Louis I'eliier messeiiirer. 
 
 'i'lu! <'leciion of .\I.iy 7, 1X114, resiilhd in the .111- 
 poiiitmeiit of ili(t followinv; ollnirs: 'rruslees, 
 .Solomon Siblev. |.inies Aliboll, lleiiry iierllielet, 
 Joseph Wilkinson, Kicderick it.iles; Sec rel.irs', I'eler 
 Audr.iin; .\ssessor, John W'.ilson ; Cdlleeior, I'eter 
 I )esnovers ; M.iishal, 'riiom.is Mc('r.ie. 
 
 .\t .1 iiieeliii;.; Ill the inistees on M.i\- 11, 1804, 
 Solommi Silile\- w.i, iii.ide 1 li.iiriii.in, ,iiid the former 
 
 tre.lSlirer .Uld messclivjer were eolllinued. ( )u 
 
 Ai||.;usl 6, I.S(>4, |. I'.te. ri(|tlelle w.is .ippoilUed (ol- 
 Ici tor in pl.n e of Mr. Desiiovers, who w.is .ibseiil, 
 .111(1 on I )ecemlier \, |S()4, John Connor w.is .ippointed 
 m.iish.il in pl.iee of '!'. McCr.ie, " who lias lefl llio 
 coiintrv." 
 
 The List olCiccrs elected under llie Acl were 
 chosen on M.iy (■>. iSot;. .and were .is follows; Trus- 
 tees, l.iines Abbott. Dr. W'illi.im Hrown, Dr. Joseph 
 Wilkinson, {■■fed li.iies, .and John W'illi.ims ; .Se( re- 
 t.irv. I'. Audr.iin; Assessor, J. W.itson; Colleclor, 
 J. lite. I'i(|nelle; M.irsli.al, Joiin Connor. The 
 Iriisleis were sworii in mi May 11, and on the s.uiio 
 
r->4 
 
 RULE OF THE GOVERNOR AND Jl'DCES. 
 
 clay ai)i)()iiunii'ius \wvc mado as follows : Joseph 
 Wilkinson, chairman; Jaiiu's Ahholt, tn-asiircr ; 
 1.. IVItiiT, nn'ssciivicr ; and John Connor, cliTk of 
 m.'irki't and police olliccr. 
 
 Just one nionih later tht: fire of June ii wiped out 
 not only the town, but the corporation as well, and 
 iiuroiluced the administration of the ("lovernor and 
 Judijes. 
 
 KIM.K OF TIIK C'.dVKRMtR AND JUIiCKS. 
 
 This title desijrn;ites a form of (government unlike 
 anythinir afforded by tiu' history of ,iny other \)\:n\: 
 in the Uniti'd Slates. An irresponsible ;ind uncon- 
 trolk;d autocracy f.istened itself upon the pt'ople, .tnd 
 for a lonv;' st'ries of ve.ars this anom.ilous government, 
 a strani^e compound of lei^ality .and assumption, 
 held absolute sw.iv. exercisint;' almost unlimited con- 
 trol over the lands and laws, the persons .and 
 pro|)erty. of the town. A condition of affairs ex- 
 isteil. at once so exceptional .and so sintjular, that the 
 relation of .ntu.il f.icts seems like ;i record of feudal 
 times. To obt.iin anythiui^- like ;i clear conci'ption of 
 those days this .article .should be re.id in connection 
 with the ch,ii>ters on " I.ev^isl.itures and Laws," 
 " I'ublie Dom.iin .and Ciovernor and Judyfcs' I'l.an," 
 "Supreme Court of the Territory." '• IJanks and 
 n.inkinvr." and " Militi.i." 
 
 liy a str.mi^e conjunction a( oirctmistances. the 
 Oovernor and Judges of the Territory, who liad 
 btuii .ip|iointed Janu.ary 1 1. just live months previous 
 to the tire, arrived on the tl.iy following; tliat event. 
 There was l)ut little left in the town for the old 
 trustees to exercise authority upon, ;ind both trustees 
 and people n.atur.illy turned for assistance ,and 
 counsel to their territori.il riders. The Ciovenior 
 and Jud,!.(es. havinij a whole Territory to care for, 
 niiii;ht very ajipropriately h.ive av.ailed thi'inselves of 
 the services of the ollicers of the town in the en- 
 deavor to bring order out of chaos, especially as the 
 very Act that created the corporation of 1X02 had 
 been p.'issed upon .and .approved by the body that 
 appointed the (iovt'rnor .and Judges, and bisides, 
 there were among the trustees and citizens men who 
 Were the efjiLils of the new territori.il ollicers in 
 learning antl ability, and fully capable of acting in 
 any capacity. 
 
 (iovernor Hull ;ind Judge Woodward, however, 
 seeing an opportunity to obt.iin increased power ;md 
 p.atron.ige. did not f.iil to improve it. Tiny ])assed 
 by all the prominent citizens of Detroit, ignored the 
 officials and the corporation of 1802, and procured 
 the p.isKage of the Act of April 21, 1806, which 
 gave to them alone the pov\-er to lay out a new town 
 and dispose of the town lands. I'rom this time 
 they acted in a (htal cap.acity, becoming, in fact, the 
 executive ollicers of the town, iis well as (,f the Ter- 
 
 ritory. That they intended to do away with the 
 old .i\ct of 1802, and control the .administr.ation of 
 loi al affairs, is evident from the f.act that on Si'p- 
 temi.er 13, 1806, they p.issi-d .an Act [irovidiiig for 
 the inc<"'i)or,ilion of the city of Detroit, tlie real aim 
 of which is shown in the liMtcrs of John (lentle, pub- 
 lished in the rillsburgh Conunonwi'.ilth. The Act 
 itself, still in existence in the original manuscript 
 signed by tlu- Ciosernor .md Judges, shows th.it Mr. 
 ("icntlc's statemeius ;ire true, .and th.al all the jiower 
 was re.illy \esled in the m.iyor. .ind th.it he was 
 .appointed by the g<i\'i'rnor, who thus rel.iincd the 
 ultim.ite control over the affairs of the city. Mr. 
 Cientle says: 
 
 'I'liis siiniimr the lojjisl.uive Im.ird passrd a l.'iw inriirp(>i..tinK 
 tlic town (if Dclniit iiUi) a city. 'I'tu' jjovcTiinr cuiifrrnd ihi' 
 ntayorsliip on Siilniiion Sil)lcy, wlio a<l\'rrl Ucd tlir (-ili/t-ns t*» 
 assf-mlilr fur tlur piirpcmc nf rhoosiii!^ a first and srcind <'inni('it, 
 ti) ciinsist of tlirci! nicildnrs I'acli. Arcordinvjly llir followini; 
 prrsons wrrc rlcitcd: l''irst ('onncil, Stanley (Iriswold, Jolni 
 llarviy, IN Icr Dcsnoycrs; Scioml C'onniil, Isaai: Jonis, Joint 
 tii-nllf, Jantrs I tocK-incad. 
 
 A fiw days afUr tin; (dcctinn, Solomon Sibley relinqnislied tlis 
 tnayorsliip, and l''.!ijali i'.rnsli was appointed by llie >;oviTnor 
 mayor of tin; rily in liis stead. Some time in the nionl'i of 
 |le(tnilier followini;, tlx' (lovernor and Jn(li;<s weri' com milting 
 some depredations upon the striits nf llie new town, entin ly 
 111 PI kint; np one, layin.i; it out in lots, and disjxisin^; of them al an 
 mormons price, to the >;reat dam.i>;i' of the adjoining settlers; uii(. 
 removing; .inotluT street aliont fifty feet, on purpose to make thu 
 liank form the corner of the two streets, and eiilarKi- the .iveinie to 
 the j;overnor's mansion, to tin; >;real damage (if the prim ipal 
 ian>;e of honsi s in tlut new town. I'hesi: ilai^rant infra( lions on 
 the rights and privileges of thu citizens did not fail to allrac t the 
 .nltcnlion of the city coinicil. They assemliled to cvaniiiie, for 
 the first time, the corporation law, and to ascertain the extent of 
 their jnrisdiction. lint how ureal was their astonishment when 
 they disi (ivered that the w hole of thu corporation powers centred 
 in the mayor alone. 
 
 ♦ ***•♦♦♦♦**♦ 
 
 'I'hat the dec lions of the ciinncils was .1 mere mockery, .and an 
 insult lo the iniderstandinKs of the c!li/cns, will evidi ntly appear 
 liy the following exlra( t from the corporation law itself: "And l)e 
 it farther enacted, that every Hill, or Act, having passed l)y a 
 majority of both chambers, before it becomes a law shall be pre- 
 sented to the mayor, :ind if not approved by him shall not take 
 cffeil.or be(oriie a law, but shall be retnrned, with his objeit ions, to 
 till chamber in whi( h it last passed, thereto remain (for here it 
 sloppedl /« xf,ifii quo until the day of Jiul.v,'nient, without fnrlher 
 reionsideration." lint they ought lo have added a few more 
 words, to the following etTect: Who shall enter the obj( i lion at 
 large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it, and if after such 
 reconsideration, two thirds of that chamber shall agree to pass the 
 I'ill, it shall be Sent, together with the objections, to the other 
 « handier, by \vhi( h it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved 
 of liy two thirds of them it shall Iiecome a law, etc. 'I'lieii the 
 powir of the iwochamliers would lie complete, and in exiict simili- 
 tmle with tin' power vested in ('very (ither body lorporate in the 
 Christian world, lint as the Detroit (^ iporation .\tt now stands, 
 <if wl.il h the forejjoing extract is the most important p.irl, I defy 
 the most enliijhtened age to produce anything so ridienlonsly 
 alisnrd. Hy it the mayor is dothed with an .ibsohite negative in 
 all cases whatsoever, and by it the two coiiniils are clothed wilh 
 absohite insignific.ince. They are, if i may be allowed the expres- 
 sion, a body without Rllts. Instead of having power to open one 
 street, and prevent the removal of another, they had not power to 
 open a hog-pcn, or prevent the removal of ii hen-roosl. 
 
RF.VIVAI. OF LOCAL COVKRNMKNT. 
 
 i:>5 
 
 So i,ac;it was tlu- iiKlij^natioii of tlic people tlial 
 offu-ers were clccu-d but once iiikIct this corpora- 
 tion, and on l-'cbruary 24, 1809, tlie law was re- 
 pealed. The next act in the farc-e was the repeal, 
 on Septeml)er 16, 1810, of all laws jiertaininy; to 
 Miehiiran that liad bcH'n adopted l)y the Levjislature 
 of tlu; Nortiiwest Territory. This j,oive tlie k^al 
 finish to the Act of 1802, and, as had been the case 
 from the d.ite of the fire, tlie (ioveriior ;ind Jndvjes 
 conliiiiieil to exercise control o\cr tlie affairs of the 
 town. They had lots to sell and lots to \i\\t.: aw.iy ; 
 they lired salutes, buried the dead, and supi)orted 
 the pau|H'rs. 
 
 In an old play, Robin Rouijhhead is rei^resented 
 as sayinij^. on coniiiiir into possession of a fortune, 
 "There sha'n't be any widows, for I 'II marry 
 them all, nor any orph.ms, for 1 '11 f.ither ibem 
 all"; and if there had been no objection, the dov- 
 ernor and Judjjes, seemint,dy, would have been 
 e(|iially vjenerous. In ;i word, they .acted as alnion- 
 ers-jrencnil, p.iyinij out moneys from the Detroit 
 Fund without consult.ition with any man or body 
 of men, and renderinij no account therefor. This 
 st.ite of aff.'iirs continued until after lie War of 
 1812. 
 
 kKVI\ \l, ()|- !,()( Al, (;f)VKRNMKN r. 
 
 b'niler the j^'overncjrship of (ieneral Cass, an Act 
 of October 24, 1815, restored the control of local 
 aff.iirs to the people. Five trustees were elected on 
 October 30 to .serve until the first Monday of .NLiy, 
 i8i(), .after which d.ate olTicers were to be electeil 
 yearly. The followini^ persons served as trustees: 
 1S15, Solomon .Sibley, chairman, J.imes Abbott; 
 iSif), (',eori;e McDoufj.'ill, ch.iirm.m, Stephen Mack, 
 A. Kdw.irds, O. \V. Miller, i'der Desimyers, and 
 Oliver Williams, the last named in place of Mc- 
 I )ou,i(.iII for about two months; 1817, Abraham Fd- 
 wards cliairman, S. Mack, Charles Larned O. W. 
 Miller. Antoiiie I)e(juindre; 1818, John R.Williams, 
 ehairm.m, L. Deciuindre, Richard Smyth, C. Ten 
 I'lyck, Joseph C.imi\m; 1S19, J.imes MrCloski-y. 
 cliairman. A. I)e(|iiindre. .Xbr.ih.im Weiidill, James 
 Connor. Thom.'is I'.ilmer; 1820, James Abbott, 
 chairm.in, J. McCloskey, 1'. J. Desnoyers. 'ihom.is 
 Rowland, John Hunt; 1821, A. ('■. Whitney, ehair- 
 m.m. A. K. Win^^ Levi Cook, S. Con.int. J.icob 
 Eilert ; 1822, A. < '.. Whitney, chairman, A. K. Winn, 
 Calvin Baker, Levi Cook, Ch.arles Willcox; 1823, J. 
 Abbott, ch.iirm.in, Louis Defjuindre, IL J. Hunt. 
 John P. Sheldon, C. Uakcr. 
 
CHAP T K R X X I V. 
 
 Till". COMMON COUNCIL OR iiOARD OF ALDKUMKN.- I'.OAKD OF COKNCILMEN. 
 oRniNANCilS. OFFICIAL VFAR.— CITY SISALS. 
 
 COMMdN ((UN( II., 
 
 TllK vjoveriiiiu'ni uiulcr tiic ii.iiiif of " i'lu' Hoard 
 f)f Triistcfs" came loan iinl. and tiu' Common Coiiii- 
 ri! was created by Ail of .\ii'.;iist 5, 1.SJ4. i'lic tirsi 
 .session was iield on Se|)tiini)ir Ji, 1.S24. The iiew^ 
 ol'l'ii-ials were e\'idenl!\' determint'd to jiave ,ill tlie 
 "lii,du" possii)le in order to the proper dis('liarv;e ol 
 their (Itities. as tiu' proci'edin;^s for September 25 
 show that tin- marshal uas ordered to '• pureiiase 
 for tile use of tile eouiifii and m.iyor's eonrt four 
 brass eandlesiieks, two pairs of sniitfers, ten |)oniuls 
 of sperm candles, and a bo.x for the safe Iseepini; of 
 the s.mu'." 
 
 'The si'ssioiis wore held at v.irious places as eoii- 
 veiiience seemed to dictate, sometimes at the store 
 oroHice of one of t lie aldermen; sometimes at \Vo(jd- 
 worth's Hotel; and now and then at tlio old Coun- 
 cil Mouse. When the i ity came into possession of 
 the Military Reserve, one of the old biiildinirs, kimwii 
 as Military I lall. located just wt'st of I'"ort Shelby. 
 was .i|)propriated, and a .session held therein on No- 
 vember 15, 1836. On May i, 1.S27, a nieetini;- \v,is 
 held on the banks of the river Savoyard, between 
 Oiswold and Ca.ss Streets, for the purpose of e.x- 
 aniinin,i( the stream with a view to i-haii'^inir its 
 course. On M;iy iS. 1827. a session w.is held ;it the 
 market on Woodw.ird Avenue, just south of Jeffer- 
 son Avenue. From iS^/to 1.S34 si'ssioris wert' held 
 in .Military I Fall, which w.is newly ehrist'Mied as the 
 Council House. On .November 10. 1X34, it was de- 
 cided to hold sessions in the old Council House, on 
 the corner of Jefferson .Avenue and R.indolph Street. 
 In icS^j sessions were held in Williams' I'.lock, on 
 the southeast corner of Jefferson .Avenue and Hates 
 Street. The <'iiy Hall was conipk'ted the same 
 year. ;ind a small mom ii the first story w .as used 
 for the niectiiii^sof the i'()un(il. The old I'irenu'n's 
 H.all, on the northwest ( orner of L.irned .ind IS.ites 
 Streets, w.is the next pi. ice of nleetinl,^ 'i"he I'irst 
 .session w.as held there on DecemtuT 24. iS^)' "' -'"i 
 upper room. In the suu.,ner of i,S52 the council re- 
 turned to the old City H.all, the upper p.irt of which 
 h.ad been fitted up for its use. This continued to 
 be the place of meetiiiv; until Julv iS, i,S7i. wluii 
 the old buildini,^ W.IS formally v.icited, uid sessions 
 
 were tlu're.ifter held in the council ch.amber of the 
 iH'W e'iiy I l.ill. 
 
 In 1825 si'ssions were held on Mond,i\ e\ciiinvi. 
 Ourim;' the choler.i season of 1834 sessions wt're 
 held twici' .ad.iy. On .\\m\ 13. 1835.it w.is resoKed 
 to nu'ct on Wednesd.iy evcniiii;. Oi; .\uv;iist 31, 
 183^), the linu' w;is ch;inv;ed to Tuesda\ . After 
 .\u,;;i; -, 1838, the council for ;i short time held its 
 sc'-^ions ;it 2 I'. \l. on Tuesd.iys. Cnder Act of 
 .■.|.ril 5. 1869, the council, on June 8, bc^j.in holdin.ij 
 sessions on Tuesd.i)- .and I'rid.iy cxeiiinns of e.ii'h 
 week. .\ct of June 6. 1881. provided th.it but oiu' 
 si'ssion .1 wi'ck should thereafter be held. ,uid .ifter 
 th.il d.ite si'ssions were held on Tiiesd.iy I'Veninn'. 
 Speci.il mei'tinns I'an be liild on the call of the 
 president, thouijli no business can be ir.uis.acti'd that 
 is not mentioned in the call. 
 
 I'nder .Act of 1824 live .ildermen. together with 
 till' m.ivor ,aiid ri'corder. constituted the cmnicil. 
 An .Act of 1827 iniTeased the number of .ildermen 
 to seven. I'nder Act of 1839 two .ildernuii from 
 each w.ard. with the mayor ;ind recorder, composed 
 the fourteen members of the council. In 1848, by 
 the creation of tlu' seventh ward, two more mem- 
 bers were .added. The new eighth w.iril. in 1849, 
 )i;.ive two additional members, , and in 1857 the ninth 
 ■and tenth w.ards. four more; but .as the .Act of 1837 
 jirovided that the m.avor ;uid recordi'r should no 
 longer sit as members, the council consisted of but 
 twenl) members. In 1873 the twelfth w.ard .added 
 two members, .and for .about two weeks in 1874 two 
 meml)ei-s from the then illei^.allv constituted elesenlh 
 w.ard sat with the council. In 1875 by the creation 
 of the eleventh .uul thirteenth w.ards, four members 
 were .added, increisiii!,; the number of members to 
 t wenl\-six. 
 
 ( )ri'.^in,ally. .a m,ijoiii\- of ail the members, includ- 
 hv^ tlie ni,iyor ,iiid ri i-order, edustiiuii d ,1 (|uorum. 
 Cnder .Act of i83(;, the presence of the niasur. 
 recorder, .and six .aldermen w.is necess;irv. liv 
 .\ct of 184S till- m.iyor, recorder, .and live .aldermen 
 formed .1 iiuorum. I'>\ .\ct of 1S51 the m.ayor 
 ,and .a m.ajority of the ,ilil< rmen were suHicient ; 
 since |8|;7 .a iiLijoi-ity ol .all the .aldermen constitutes 
 .1 (|Uoruni. In case .a (juorum is l.ickini;. by \()te of 
 
 Ic'l 
 
 a m.ijor 
 
 m.iy .ser 
 
 meetin,;^ 
 
 Thc'l 
 
 were ,1(1 
 
 rules ari 
 
 meiits ol 
 
 l)V the el 
 
 no i|uest 
 
 be p.assiv 
 
 .and no 1 
 
 lion in w 
 
 of .a tie 
 
 of one f(i 
 
 by the eh 
 
 ill 183^ 
 
 on Cl.iini: 
 
 Heilth, ; 
 
 abo\e coi 
 
 mittces 01 
 
 Licenses. 
 
 added. I 
 
 li.<lits, Sev 
 
 there wer 
 
 ch.ir;;e of 
 
 sever.i! n;i 
 
 .Mean.s, Jn 
 
 Life Limit! 
 
 .Sewers. T 
 
 Markets. , 
 
 Licenses, ( 
 
 fliarter of 
 
 Aldermen. 
 
 It I losses 
 
 I'ower to si 
 
 by Coiii^iv 
 
 I" the l.an 
 
 <See .article 
 
 ceedinifs of 
 
 in book for 
 
 exception of 
 
 i.ssued <-()nt.i 
 
 of city order 
 
 city ijovernn 
 
 I'rior to I 
 
 recorder, pr 
 
 ch.arter of 18 
 
 its own |)resi 
 
 In iSr,7 a str 
 
 5. look place 
 
 aldermen vol 
 
 and I'.iul (iie 
 
 This contest ( 
 
 ni.ary 14, 186; 
 
 existed in tin 
 
 preside until t 
 
 File jiresid 
 
HOARDS ()!• AI.DI'.KMKN AND CorXCII.MI'.N. 
 
 '.V 
 
 a iiiajorily of tlu' akltiiiicii piisiiu, ilu' president 
 may send an oltici'r to brim; the (lt'lin(|iii'iUs t<> llu- 
 iiii'ftiiii;. 
 
 Tlu' lirsl riik's for tlir ,i;()\viiinu'nl of lIu' council 
 were adopted on Aiiijust i6, iSp, and the present 
 rules rire snhslantially tlie sanu'. Petitions or docn- 
 nicnts of anv propi'r sort niav he presented cither 
 hv the cli'rk or an aldi'rnian. If objection is made, 
 no (|iiesiion invoKinvj llu' expenditure of money can 
 he passed upon at the nu'etini; wheii it is introchieed ; 
 and no membi'r of tln' council may vote on a (|ues- 
 tion 111 \\iiicl' hi' is jMH-uniarily interi'sted. In ca'-c 
 of a tie \n , the iiuestion is lost. ( )n the demand 
 of OIK- fourdi of the number iJixsent, or if callcil for 
 by the chair, the ;iyes and noes must bo taken. 
 
 In 1S3C) there were live slandinn commitleis, vi/., 
 on Claims and Accounts, Ways and .Means, Streets, 
 Health, ;md I''ire I)e|Virtment. In 1.S42 ,ill the 
 ,abo\(' committees were in existence', ,uid also com- 
 niittdson Hydraulic Works, .Markets. I'rintinir, and 
 Licenses. In l''^49 a L'ommittii' on T.ixes w.as 
 added. In 1S55 eommittei's were named on ( 'i.is- 
 lii^hts. Sewers, I'ublie r.uil(liii!L;s, ,ind Parks. In 1.SS3 
 tlii're were twenty sl,indiiv< <-ominittees, ha\in,n 
 I'hari^e of such matters as .ire indicati'd by their 
 several names, which ,ire as follows: Ways and 
 Means, Judiciary, Claims and .Accounts, Streets, 
 I''ire Limits, House of Correction, Public P)uildin;^s, 
 Sew'ers, 'I'axes, P.irks, Street ( )pcniii',4s, Printini;, 
 Markets, Health, ( lasliijhts, < >rdin,inccs. Pounds, 
 Licenses, City Ilospit.il, and Li(|uor Ponds. Tlu' 
 ch.irter of l<SiS3 desii;natcs this body the Ilo.ird of 
 Aldermen. 
 
 It ])ossesses a singular sort of authority in its 
 power to sit .IS ,a Land ISo.ird, a power conferred 
 by Compress in 1S4J, when the City suirec-ded 
 to the l.ind trust of thi' (lovciiior ,ind Judges. 
 (See .article on Land lio.irds.) Since i.S5:;tln' jiro- 
 ceedinv;s of the council li,i\c been luiblished yearly 
 in book form; and .innii.illy from 1.S66, with the 
 exception of one or two \e.irs, ;i m.inu.al h.is bei'ii 
 issued conl.aininu the rules of the council ,ind n.uiies 
 of city ol'liccrs, with wirious det.iils concerniin^ the 
 cit\' i^overnmciit. 
 
 Prior to 11^37, the m.iyor, or in his .ibsenci', the 
 recorder, jiresided over tiie council. I'nder the 
 eh.irter of i<S57 the council was ,authori/itl to elect 
 its own president, anil also .a president //<' Icinpotc. 
 In i8^>7 .1 strii,i(jL;^le, l.astiny; froin Lmu.ary S to March 
 5, took place over the election of a presitleiit. The 
 aldermen voted for were H. C. Kni,i,dU, |. 1 ). Weir, 
 ,111(1 P.iul Ciies. 'I"he last n.amed was linalK chosen. 
 Ibis contest eau.sed the pass,i,i;e of the Act of Feb- 
 ru.iry 14. 1867, which provided that when a vacancy 
 existed in the ollice of president, the clerk should 
 ]>resi(le until the otiiee w.is lilled. 
 
 The president appoints .all standing committees. 
 
 the first person chosen on acommitloe to be chairman. 
 I'.itlier of the elected presiding otlieers may eali 
 upon .any of the .ildermen to .lel as temporary ch.iir- 
 m.an. CiKler .Act of 1.S57, in the absence of the 
 m.iyor, the iiresideiit of the council di.sch.arges his 
 duties. I>y l.iw of iS.Si .uid ( h.u-ter of 18S3, the 
 president of the Ilo.ird of t'oiinciliiK'n, or in his 
 .absence, the president of the Hoard of Aldermen, 
 becomes .n'ling mayor. 
 
 The following persons li.ive served .as presidents: 
 1S57, II. .\. Morrow; 1S5.S .md 1831;, Willi.im C. 
 Dunc.in; 1.S60, X.ith.aniel P. J.acobs ; 1861, J.icob .S. 
 I'.arr.ind ; 1862 and 1863, Fr.ancis |{. Phel|>s; 1864 
 .iiid 1.S65, S. Dow KIwood; 1866, Willi.im P.rodie ; 
 1867,111(1 i8r),S, P.aiil C.ies; i8r,(y, Willi.im S. Pond; 
 1870, Willi.im Koxen; i87i,(;eorge W. P.ileh; 1872 
 1875, Willi,im II. L.ingley; 1875, W. (i. 'i'liomii- 
 son ; 1876, ('.. W. Hough; 1877, Henry lie.imes; 
 1878, T. I). Il.iwley; i87(; 1.S82, Ch.irles Kwers ; 
 1882. 1'.. K. Roberts ; 1883, J. i;. \'incent, Henry 
 Klei; 1884, W. !•;. .Moloney. 
 
 lloAkli Ol' COINCII.MKN. 
 
 This body, origin.illy called the City Council, was 
 created by .\ct of Ajiril 12, 1881. The ,ict pro- 
 vided for the election of twelve |)ersoiis from the 
 city ,it l.irge. The first twelve members, chosen in 
 November, 1S81, were elected in grou|)s of three for 
 terms of otie, two, three, and four ye.irs, and three 
 members were to be I'lected ye.irly ihere.ifler for 
 terms of four years eacii. This body w.as origiii;illy 
 supposed to possess the jwiwers formerly exercised by 
 the Hoard of I''.stimates. and all proceedings rel.iting 
 to the levying of t.ixes, the ex|H'nditure of money, or 
 the incurring of li.ibilities of .any sort, were re(|iiired 
 to li,i\-e its .ippro\Ml. liy the revised eh.irter of 
 1883 the Ho.ird of Coiincilmen has only e(|u.il power 
 with the Pio.ird of .Aldermen in so f.ir .is m.ilters of 
 t.ix.ition .111(1 legisl.ation .are concerned, but tliev 
 .aloiie, on ihe iiomin.ition of the m.ayor, eonlirm ;i 
 in.ijorily of the leading officei's of the city .and mem- 
 bers of the sever.il bo.irds. Resolutions of .any 
 kind m.iy origiii.ite in either bo.ird. Hotli bodies 
 • ire rc(iuired to meet in joint session when the .aniiu.il 
 report of the m.iyor is ni.ide, .md they m.ay unite .at 
 other times. 
 
 .\ m.ijority of the councilmen constitutes .'i f|iiorum. 
 'ihe rules are much the s.inie .as those of the 
 Hoard m Aldermen, ,ind the st.inding committees 
 .ire the same, ex( cpt th.it this body h.is no commit- 
 tees on I'irc Limits, Licenses, or Li(|uor Hoiids, ,iiid 
 h.is committees on l'"r.incliiscs .iiid Privileges, on 
 Rules, and on joint Resolutions, which the other 
 bo.ird floes not h.ave. Weekly sessions .are held on 
 l''rid.iy evening. 
 
 'I'he t'ity Council held its first meeting on J.inuary 
 10, I S82, ,111(1 org.ini/cd by electing .as president A. 
 
■ ;v^ 
 
 OUDINAN'CF.S. OF-KlLl AI. YI.Ai:. CUV Si:Al.S. 
 
 II. Kaynor; he was re-clocted in r<S.S3. In 1.S84 
 llrnry I). MarnaiHl was ili'ctcd president. His 
 death occurred soon after, .md he was siieeet'dcd by 
 'I'hendnre Rent/. Tlu' names and terms of the first 
 ineml)ers wi're as follows: l""or one year, A. II. 
 Kaynor, A. .M. Henry, .S. A. I'lummcr; for two years, 
 J. T. I.owry, .S. (1. Caskey, II. K. Newlxrry ; for 
 three ye.irs. S. C. Watson, John MeCirevjor, Thomas 
 Merry; for four years, !•". \V. .Swift, J I. I). iS.irnard, 
 .S. U. ( irummond. The niemhers tiected in 1.S82 
 wtTc A. 11. R.iynor, M. H. Ch.imherl.iin, and Theo- 
 dont Kent/, i'he menihers elected for rcijiiiar terms 
 in I.SS3 were Morse Stew.irt, Jr., R,il|)h i'lieljis, Jr., 
 and Henry \'.. Ch.impion, .md at a speci.il election on 
 Deceinlier 27, 1.S.S3, August ( loehel was elected 
 for two yi'.irs, in place of .S. li. ("inimniond resigned, 
 
 okhlNANCKS. 
 
 The Act of 1S02 ifave the trustees power to 
 ord.iin rules for the ^-ovi'mment of tlu- town, but 
 their ordin.inces wert' to be siibniitted to the \-oters 
 at the annn.il nx'etinv;-. .iml if dis.ipproved were 
 there.ifter to be null .ind \i>id. .\ pro\ision for the 
 submission of ordinances to the people was also 
 cont.iined in the .Act of 11X15. I'nder this provision, 
 at the ,innu,il election in M;iy, I1S20, an ordinance 
 concerniny^ hov(s rtninini; ;it larijc was voted out of 
 c.xistetice, and in the followinvr ye;ir one in rei^.ird to 
 tires, i>assed live years before, was re|)eale(l because 
 "uiie(|ua! and oppressive." 
 
 The by-laws and ordinant-es were first printed in 
 1825. On Febni.iry 13, 1.S26. the marshal was 
 directed to leave "one copy . it every house, where 
 the owner or occupant h.as not alrc.idy been fur- 
 nished." 
 
 In 181 3 the council rules reqin"red every ordinance 
 to be re.'id three; times befon- bcinj,^ fm.illy voted on, 
 and an ordinance could be read but once at the same 
 session, unless by special vote. The first and second 
 readinyfs are usually by title only, and all ordinances 
 are required to be approved by lioth councilmen ;ind 
 al<lermen. In addition U) the ordinances printed in 
 pamphlet form in 1825, revisions in book form were 
 issued in 1831, 1836. 1842, 1855. 1863, 1871, and 
 1878. 
 
 OFFICIAI. YKAR. 
 Under the Acts of 1802 and 181 5 the trustees 
 were to qualify within ten days after the first Mon- 
 day of May. By Act of 1824 aldermen were to 
 qualify within fifteen days after the first Monday of 
 April, and by Act of 1839 their term of office beij.in 
 as soon after the first Monday in March as they 
 took tile recjuisite oath. An Act of 1855 provided 
 that the official year should begin on the .second 
 Tuesday in February. ]?y Act of 1857 the .second 
 Tuesday in January was ti.xed upon as the time for 
 
 the first session of the new ( ouncil. In so f.ir as 
 elected ollicers .ire concerned, their terms still be.:.,dn 
 ;it th.it time, but since iM7<; the terms of ollicers 
 .ippointed bv the <<iunril, except members of tlu; 
 sevi-ral commissions, bej^in on the first day of July. 
 
 (irv SKAl.S. 
 
 The first se.il of the city was adoi)tiil on J.inu.iry 
 3, 1815. Thomas Rowland w.is then secretary. 
 The records of the i'.o;ird of Trustees show the fol- 
 lowing; : 
 
 I'titil a cnrponitc scitl shall In" pnn urrd, tlir st-rrrtary of iho 
 I'li.ird I'f Iru-tiMS shall use and apply his private si'al, wliiih is 
 liiri'liy adiipii'd and inailr ihr sial cif ihr < iirpiiraliiin uf Dcliuil. 
 
 The ne.xt se.il of the city w,is also a pri\;ite one, 
 beloniijinvf to John R. Williams, the mayor. It was 
 tempor.irily adopted on .September zt,, 1S24, ;ind w.is 
 desi-ribi'd .is ix'ini;' m.ide of red c,ii iv li.m set in .iljoUI, 
 octagon.il in form, .md .iboul one :■ ',\ in dianu'ter. 
 In the center was eiivjraved .1 shield with three 
 di'urs delis; underneath the shield w;is the motto, 
 " I..1 justice mon de\iiir," ;ind )\e!' it the letters J. 
 R. \V. 
 
 The third seal ;idopted was likewise priv.ite prop- 
 erty. The official proceedinyjs of the Common 
 Council for May kj, i 8 2''i, contain this record: 
 
 AV-nV™/, that a wall h-sc.il l)ilcin>,'iii(t Ik .May^ir lliiiil lie, and 
 thir s;uno is h<Ti-l)y adciptcd as a temporary seal of the city of 
 Ketroit, til Im! nsi-d until a permanent seal shall lie pnieured. Said 
 s<'al (imsists of a topaz set in ),'old, on whieh are enis'ravid the 
 initial letters H. J. II. 
 
 The fourth seal belonjfed to Jonathan Ki'arslcy. 
 and the Common Council I'roceedinns for November 
 13, 1826, show the ;ido|)lion of the followinit;' : 
 
 AV.V('/rv*/, that a brass seal, l)elonxin.< to the Keeorder of this 
 eily, and heariukj the initial letters J. K., he and the s;Mn<: is 
 hereliy adopted as the seal of the c iiy until a perntanent seal shall 
 he prorured. 
 
 The fifth .md present se.il was ski'tched by J. (). 
 Lewis, for which service he w.is p.iid live dollars. 
 The foUowinv; history of this se.il is t;iken from the 
 Council Reconis for March 26, 1827: 
 
 Si'.AL oi' iiih, Cuv. {l-.\act size.) 
 
CITY SEALS. 
 
 '39 
 
 Till' Miiyiir pri-wntL'U to the Cninmon C'oiiiuil ii xt'iil pniriirfd 
 
 l>>' him friiin Mr. Williain Wiijjiiir, of Yiirk, I'ciiiis) Iviiiiiii, in piir- 
 -■iiiiiic c of a n'Hiiliitiiin |la^s<'(l mi llw lifliiiitli clay of January liixt, 
 Nshirrnpiiii it was 
 
 A'cfi'/rW, llial (lie samr siiil lie adapted, and shall licrrafliT !«' 
 and ri'inain the pcnnanrnt sial nf the illy nf I'ltrnii; and lliat 
 I lie folliiwin>; he n-rordt'd as (he drsrription of thi* siiint'f tii wit ; 
 rill' pirinani'lit wal of ihr rily of Urtroit is I'oniposrd of mcdtcn 
 lirass, (ini! inili and nine IrntliH <if an iiu h in diamitrr, and xix 
 linllis of nil ini li in (hickniss, licariiih; this insi ription in a ciri In 
 nriinnd thi- tid^r ; "Cilyof Dilroil, Miihiyan." Within ihr i ircle 
 111 llir fon'tfronnd nre rrprrsiiilid two fini.ilr livjiirrs, the one 
 wi'i'piiiv; over a lily in lluiiu s, and the other pointing tu unothcr 
 
 city in a KTowinx itate; iKith of which arr rrprt-aentcd in ihi- dis- 
 tance, nn opposite sides of the circle. Over the whide, in a 
 circidur form, is insirihnl the words, "Spcrainiis nieliora," ami 
 beneath, in a like c in iilar form, the words, " Ki'Mir)-el i im rihiis," 
 
 This sij^nificant tlt'vice commenioratfs tin- t'lri' of 
 June II, 1S05, .It which time Di-troit was (•niisimicd. 
 Oiir siihstanli.il i)iii)lic hiiildinj^s, costly stores, ant! 
 tlcir.int rcsidciiccs indicate the fiiltilmfiU of the pro- 
 phetic inscriptions. It iii.iy !)•' tnithfiiliy s.iid of 
 Dciidit, "it h.is risen from ihc uslics " aiul " W'c 
 hope for better tilings." 
 
#. 
 
 «'^'4^ ^' 
 
 <>:^..^- 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 y 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 is^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 IM 
 
 1^ 1^ 
 
 Mi 1^ 
 
 !!■ 1^ 11 2.0 
 
 iiiii 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 Vi 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 7 
 
L<9 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 MAYOR.— CITY CLKRK.— ClI'V AiroRNlA'. CIIV COUNSELOR.-CITY IIISTORIOG- 
 RAPIIKR: DUTIKS OF EACH OFFICIAL AND NAMF:S OF TIIK IXCUMJJENTS. 
 
 MAVOK. 
 As shown in the iiisiory i)f tlio rule of tlic fiovcr- 
 nor and Judges, two jji-rsons, Solnmon Sibley and 
 Elijah Hrush, were appointcil mayors under tiie Act 
 of 1806. Praeticaliy, liowevcr, the ollice has existed 
 only since the charter of 1S24. Originally the 
 mayor presided at nH'etin,!L;s of the louncil and over 
 the sessions of the mayor's court, which took coji:;- 
 nizance of all violations of the city ordinances; he 
 served without pay. The charter of 1857 ])rovided 
 that he should have a yearly salary of $1,200; it also 
 abolished the mayor's court, and jirovidetl that the 
 mayor should no Ioniser sit in the coinicil. The 
 mayor nominates the members of the Hoard of 
 Public Works, and of the \Va*er, Fire, Health, 
 Park, and Poor Commissions, the city counselor, 
 the comptroller, the receiver of taxes, the assessors, 
 anil the inspectors of the House of Correction; 
 by virtue of his otUcc, he is also one of the com- 
 missioners of the Sinking Fund. All licenses, 
 for ordin.'iry business, or for theaters or exhi- 
 bitions, are issued only on his order. He also 
 passes upon all pnx-eedini^s of the council, havinjj; 
 the power of vetoing any resolution which he 
 disapproves. He is elected for terms of two 
 years. The following persons have served as 
 mayors: 1824 and 1825, John R. Williams; 1826, 
 Henry J. Hunt ; 1827 and 1828, John I5iddle ; 1829, 
 Jonathan Kearsley ; 1830, John R. Williams; 1831, 
 Marshall Chapin ; 1832, Levi Cook; 1833, Marshall 
 Chapin ; 1834, C. C. Trowbridge, Andrew Mack; 
 1835 and 1836, Levi Cook; 1837, Henry Howard; 
 1838, Augustus S. Porter, A.sher B. Hates; 1839, 
 I)e (iarmo Jones; 1840 and 1841, Zina Pitcher; 
 1842, Douglas Houghton ; 1843, Zina i'itcher; 1844- 
 1847, John R. Williams; 1847, James A. Van 
 Dyke; 1848, I'Yederick lUihl ; ^849, Charles How- 
 ard ; 1850, John Ladue ; 1851, /.ichariah Chandler; 
 1852 and 1853, John H. Harmon; 1854, Oliver M. 
 Hyde; 1855, Henry Ledyard ; 1856 and 1857, O. M. 
 Hyde; 1858 and 1859, John Patton ; 1860 and 1861, 
 Christian H. Huhl ; 1862 and 1863, William C. Dun- 
 can; 1 864 and 1865, K. C. IJarker; 1866 and 1867. 
 Merrill 1. Mills; 1868-1872, William W. Whea- 
 lon, 1872-1876, Hugh Moffat; 1876 and 1877, 
 
 Alexander Lewis; 1878 and 1879, (ieorge C. Lang- 
 don; 1880-1884, William (i. Thompson; 1884, 
 Ste[)hen I>. {"irummond. 
 
 CITY Cl.KRK. 
 
 From 181 5-1824 the clerk of the I)oard of 
 Trustees was styk'd the secretary, and the olTice was 
 tilled as follows: i8i5-i;-)20, Thomas Rowland; 
 1820, < "ieorge McDoug.ill, J. I). Doty; 1821-1824. 
 J. v. R. Ten Ilyck, 
 
 The charter of 1824 created the title, and provided 
 for the appointment by the council, of a city clerk. 
 An Act of 1849 made the office electivt'. The 
 term of ollice is two years. It is the duly of the 
 clerk to make a full record of the i)roceedings and 
 resolutions of both boards, and to present it to 
 the mayor for his approval or disst'ut within 
 forty-eight hours after every meeting, also to at- 
 tend to the publication of all notices re(|uired to be 
 published. He is the custodian of the ol'licial imbli- 
 cations of the city, and administers the oath of ot'l'ice 
 to all incumbents. At the beginning of each ot'ticial 
 year it is his duty to call the Boards of Aldermen 
 and Councilmen to order, and to preside over the 
 meetings and all subseijuent sessions until presi- 
 dents are elected. He has charge of all the ballot- 
 boxes, blanks, and books re<|uired at any election, 
 sujiplying the same to the jiroper persons ; keeps the 
 list of house numbers est.'iblished by the city engi- 
 neer; is the depository of all chattel mortgages, and 
 keejis a record of the saiae. The bonds and reports 
 of all city officers are filed in his office. In 1832 the 
 salary was $1 50 a year; in 1836 it had increased to 
 $500; in 1883 the salary was $2,500. The office of 
 deputv clerk has existed .since March 6, 1857. The 
 following jiersons have served as city clerks: 1824- 
 1828, \'. Spalding; 1828-1831, John J. Deming; 1831 
 and 1S32, John L. Whiting; 1833 and 1834, John 
 Winder; 1835, Felix Hinchman; 1836-1841, (Ieorge 
 Byrd; 1841-1844, C. F. Davis; 1844- 18 50, R. E. 
 Roberts; 1850 and 185T, Jer. Van Rensselaer and 
 A. T. Hall; 1852, D. Munger; 1853, H. S. Roberts; 
 1854 1858, Richard Starkey; 1858 and 1859, F. W. 
 Hughes; i860, R. C. Smith; r86i, H. A. Lacey; 
 1862 1866, F. Pramstaller; 1 866-1 872, H. Starkey; 
 
 1872-1 87 
 man; iSJ 
 
 The of 
 
 was not < 
 
 Appointii 
 
 Since Act 
 
 elected ei 
 
 projjosed ( 
 
 jects refer 
 
 to .'ittenii 
 
 the Comni 
 
 against or 
 
 $2,500. s 
 
 attornev, w 
 
 attorneys 1 
 
 1S26- 1829, 
 
 JS30-1S32, 
 
 Eraser; 18 
 
 1S36, J. A. 
 
 i«39. J. A. 
 
 F2. Tavlor; 
 
 W. a'. Ho, 
 
 1S49, W. A 
 
 Mandell; j8 
 
 J. Knox (;.' 
 
 and 1861, \\ 
 
 .McEntee; 1 
 
 1^72, James 
 
 .sell; 1876-1 
 
 '88i, F. (;. 
 
 The office 
 of March 12, 
 council, on 1 
 tliree years. 
 
 [140] 
 
CITY ATTORNEY.— CITY COUNSELOR.— CITY lIISrORIOC.KAI'HIlR. 
 
 141 
 
 1S72-187S, C. II. liorijinan; i(S78-i882, Louis Dill- 
 man; 1S82- , Alex. .\. Sacnj^cr. 
 
 CUV AIIOKNKY. 
 
 The oITice of city altonicy existed in 1825, but 
 was not created Ijy ordinance until March 8, 1837. 
 Appointments were orijjjinally made by the council. 
 Since Act of {'"ebruary 2\, 1 849, attorneys have been 
 clcctctl every two years. The attorney drafts all 
 |)roi)oscd ortlinances, ijives leijal opinions on all sub- 
 jects referred to him by the council, and is expected 
 to attend its sessions. When directed to do so by 
 the Common Council, he attends to suits instituted 
 atjainst or by the city. The salary in 18S3 was 
 §2,500. .Since 1876 there has been an assistrmt city 
 attorney, who is appointeil by the council. The city 
 attorneys have been as follows: 1825, U.S. Cole; 
 1 826- 1 829, E. Karnsworth; 1829, Cyprian Stevens; 
 1830--1832, E. Farnsworth; 1832 and 1833,.!. I). 
 Fra.ser; 1S34. J. .M. Howard; 1835, A. IS. Hates; 
 1836, J. A. VanDykj; 1837, A. W. T.uel; 1838 and 
 1839, J. A. \'anl)yke; 1840-1843, C. O'Flynn; 1843, 
 E.Taylor; 1844 and 1845, 1). IC. liarbauirh; 1846, 
 W. A. Howard; 1847,1). P.. Dutfiekl ; 1848 and 
 1849, W. A. Cook; 1850, William Cray; 1851, .\. 
 Mandell; 1852 and 1853, J. B. Withercll; 1854-1857, 
 J. Knox Cavin; 1857-1860, J. L. Chipman; i860 
 and 1861. William J. Speed; 1862 and 1863, T. M. 
 McEntee; 1864-1868, Thomas II. Hartwell ; 1868- 
 1872, James J. I5rown; 1872- 1876, Frank C.. Rus- 
 .sell; 1876-1880, William C. Mayhury; 1880 and 
 i88r, F. C. Riis.sell; 1882- , j'. B. Corliss. 
 
 Cri'Y COITNSKI.OR. 
 
 The oliice of city coimselor was created by Act 
 of March 12, 1861. .Appointments are made by the 
 council, on nomination of the mayor, for terms of 
 three years. The counselor is required to attend all 
 
 sessions of the council. His tluties are chietly ad- 
 visory, the intent ui the oltice bcinji^ to insure (.greater 
 legal certainty in city proceedings, and to this end 
 the attorney and counselor are supposed to co- 
 operate. In all suits in which the city is interested, 
 brought in the Circuit Court of Wayne County, the 
 Supreme Court of Michigan, or the United .States 
 Court, the counselor appe.ars in behalf Of the city. 
 The salary in 1883 was $2,000. The following have 
 served as city counselors : 1863-1870, William ( "nay; 
 1870-1872, J. I'. Whittemore; 1872-1878, D. C. 
 Ilolbrook; 1878-1881, F. A. Baker; 1881- , H. 
 .M. Dullield. 
 
 CII'V mSl'ORlOORAI'HKR. 
 
 The origin of the otfice of historiographer is as 
 follows: On September 6, 1842, a petition for its 
 creation, signed by Z. Pitcher and others, was jire- 
 sented to the council. The jielilion was ri'fcrred to 
 the recorder and city attorney, and on January 24, 
 1843, an ordinrmce establishing the oliice was 
 ado])ted. On January 31 Colonel Henry Whiting 
 was appointed historiographer, but being soon afti'r 
 ordered to another post, on June 6 he was succeeded 
 by II. X. Walker. Mr. Walker gathered together 
 several valuable documents, which were subse- 
 (lucntly placed in the collection of the State Histori- 
 cal .Society; he held the office only a few years, 
 other duties claiming his time. In 1855 B. F. H. 
 Withercll was appointed, and served until his death 
 in 1867. The ofhce was then vacant until 1876, 
 when Levi Bishop received the appointment. His 
 death occurred in December, 1881, and on January 
 3, 1882, Silas Farmer was appointed to (ill the 
 vacancy. The office is purely honorary. The duties 
 consist in gathering and preserving books, docu- 
 ments, and historic material pertaining to the city of 
 Detroit. 
 
CHAPTER XXYI. 
 
 Scott, Hai 
 J. Dcstioyi 
 Hartsliorn 
 Lathrop. 
 
 ALDERMEN: THEIR DUTIES AND NAMES. 
 
 This office was first named in the Act of August 
 5, 1824, which proviticd for five aldermen, to be 
 elected from tlie city at large. The number was 
 increased to seven by Act of April 12, 1827. No 
 ward aldermen were elected until April 15, i^yj, 
 when, at a special election, two were chosen from 
 each of the si.x wards created that year, one to serve 
 two years and tiie other one year. The inspectijrs 
 of election determined by lot which should .serve for 
 one year and wliich for two years. In all wards 
 since created two aldermen Ivive been provided for, 
 and at all yearly elections an alderman for each ward 
 is chosen for a term of two years. Under the charter 
 of 1824 two aldermen were selected, from time to 
 time, to preside with the mayor over the mayor's 
 court. By Act of .Ipril 13, 1841, one alderman 
 could hold a session of the court. These duties 
 ceaset! after the recorder's court was established. 
 The charter of 1857 provided that the aldermen 
 then in oflice should continue to serve until January, 
 1858, and provision was made for the election, in 
 November, 1857, of two aldermen from each ward, 
 one of whom was to serve for one year only. In 
 1 88 1, when an entirely new division of wards was 
 made, the Conunon Council was authorized to 
 assign the aldermen who had been elected the 
 previous year to the several new wards. Under Act 
 of June 6, 1881, no person could be elected a mem- 
 ber of the Common Council unless he was a free- 
 holder. The charter of 1883 made no such provision. 
 
 On .\pril 8, 1837, a committee was appointed to 
 inquire into the propriety and expediency of paying 
 for the services of the mayor, recorder, and alder- 
 men. That committee did not report, and the alder- 
 men were apparently content to serve without pay, 
 until May 13, 1857. On that date a series of single 
 res(ilutions, offered by various aldermen, provided 
 that the chairman of each committee should receive 
 §300 a year, and as each alderman was chairman of 
 a committee, all, on the approval of these resolu- 
 tions, would h.ive received com|)ensatit)n. .Mayor 
 Hyde disapproved of this" action, and for ten years 
 longer no salary was attached to the ol'fice of alder- 
 man. Finally an Act of March 28, 1867, authorized 
 the payment of a sum, not to exceed one dollar and 
 fifty cents, for attendance on each regular session ; 
 but under ordinance of October 20, 1870, no alder- 
 
 man can receive pay unless he is present during the 
 entire session, or is excused from attendance. Pay- 
 ment was made from the general fund until 1873, 
 and since then from the contingent fund. By law of 
 1 88 1 the sum of three dollars is now paid for each 
 regular session attended. No alderman can hokl 
 any other city office, or any county or legislative 
 office except that of iu)tary [)ul)lic. Since Act of 
 April 8, 1 85 1, all of the aldermen, as representatives 
 of the city, have been members of the Board of 
 Supervisors. The following persons have served as 
 aldermei ; where the names of more than two per- 
 sons to a ward apjiear in any year, it is becau.se 
 death or resignation brought in a third person for 
 part of the year : 
 
 ^■lldi'niicn at Larij^c. 
 1824, Shubael Conant, Melvin Dorr, Orville Cook, 
 David C. McKinstry, Peter J. Desnoyers ; 1825, O. 
 Cook, D. C. McKinstry, R. A. Forsyth, Thomas 
 Rowland, William Woodbridge ; 1826, Antoine 
 Deciuindre, Marshall Chapin, D. C. McKinstry, 
 Thomas Palmer, Obed Waite ; 1827, P. J. Des- 
 noyers, De (iarmo Jones, M. Chapin, Thomas 
 Palmer, Jerry Dean; 1828, H. M. Campbell, J. P.' 
 Sheldon, John Mullett, Levi Cook, John Farrar, 
 Charles Jackson, Jerry Dean, Obed Waite ; 1829, 
 Thomas Palmer, B. Campau, 1 1. M. Campbell, II. 
 V. Disbrow, Peter Desnoyers, John I). Cray, R. 
 Cillett, .M. Chapin, E. Brooks; 1830, P. J. Des- 
 noyers, De Ciarmo Jones, B. B. Kercheval, T. S. 
 Wendell, T. Palmer, Stephen C. Henry, John 
 Palmer; 1831, O. Newberry, F21liot Cray, John 
 Palmer, David French, J. Farrar, Ceorge A. O'Keefe, 
 Alonzo Merrill; 1832, H. V. Disbrow, T. S. Knapp, 
 A. C. Caniff, Walter L. Newberry, John Hale, John 
 Roberts, Thomas Rowland; 1833, C. C. Trow- 
 bridge, John Garrison, T. Palmer, H. Newberry, 
 Henry Howard, Charles Moran, James Williams; 
 1834, linoch Jones, Julius Flldred, Stevens T.Mason, 
 Job F. Howland, Henry Howard, T. S. Wendell, C. 
 Moran, T. S. Knapp, T.Williams; i835,T. Palmer, 
 A. C. Caniff, ( ). Newberry, N. T. Ludden, D. Cooper, 
 T. Williams, Julius ICIdred; 1836, D. Cooper, J. 
 Eldred, J. Farrar, Thomas Palmer, O. Newberry, 
 John Owen, D. Lamson ; 1837, John McDonnell, C. 
 Moran, James Hanmer, George B. Martin, John 
 
 1839, F 
 Second \V 
 Ward: A. 
 Ward, P. 
 M. Bull, I 
 James Stei 
 
 1840, F 
 Second W 
 Ward: F. 
 A. Gruenii 
 Fiske, ( \. P 
 Chittenden. 
 
 1 84 1, Fir 
 Ward : C. ; 
 M. Goodins 
 M. L. Gag 
 F'iske. Si.\ 
 Ruehle. 
 
 1842, Fin 
 ond Ward: 
 Third Ward 
 Ward: (;. 
 Tobias Lov 
 Higgins, H. 
 
 1843, Eirs 
 Second Wc 
 Third Ware 
 Fourth Ware 
 W. !•:. Ste; 
 James Stew^i 
 
 1844, F'irsi 
 ond Ward:, 
 Ward : V^. 
 Ward : P. D 
 M. Hyde, V 
 Andrevvs, J. , 
 
 1845, First 
 Ward: B. \\ 
 Ward: B. \\ 
 C. Moran, P. 
 O. M. Hyde. 
 
 1846, First 
 Ward: C. j 
 Ward : U. W 
 C. Moran, N 
 Moore, C. C. 
 L. Baldwin. 
 
 1^47. First 
 Second Ward 
 Third Ward 
 Fourth Ward 
 
 Li4»J 
 
ALDERMEN : THEIR DUTIES AiND NAMES. 
 
 143 
 
 Scott, Harlow Beardslce, Tliomas Chase; 1S38, P. 
 J. Desnoyers, De (iarmo Jo ics, 1'. E. De Mill, A. 
 Hartshorn, J. M. Mead, Nathaniel Prouty, H. B. 
 Lathrop. 
 
 Ward Aldermen. 
 
 1839, iMrst Ward: (".. C. Pates, H. H. LeRoy. 
 Second Ward: C. Hiirlbut, John Palmer. Third 
 Ward : A. T. Mc Reynolds, J.J. Garrison. Fourth 
 Ward, P. Desnoyers, C. Moran. Fifth Ward: C. 
 M. Bull, A. M. 'stowell, (1. I'aull. Si.xth Ward: 
 James Stewart, W. F. Chittenden. 
 
 1840, I''irst Ward: A. Ewers, H. H. LeRoy. 
 Second Ward: C. Hurlbut, J. Palmer. Third 
 Ward : F. Cicotle, J. J. Garrison. Fourth Ward : 
 A. Gruenlich, C. Moran. Fifth Ward: D. W. 
 Fiske, G. PauU. Sixth Ward : J. V. Ruehle, W. F. 
 Chittenden. 
 
 1 84 1, First Ward: J. Moor.'^, A. Ewers. Second 
 Ward : C. Hurljjut, P. J. Desnoyers. Third Ward : 
 M. Gooding, F. Cicotte. Fourth Ward : C. Moran, 
 M. L. Gage. Eifth Ward: J. H. Bagg, D. W. 
 Fiske. Sixth Ward: W. F. Chittenden, J. V. 
 Ruehle. 
 
 1842, First Ward: A, C. Caniff, J. Moors. Sec- 
 ond Ward: J. Scott, J. Abbott, W. W. Dalton. 
 Third Ward : A. Ten Eyck, M. Gooding. Fourth 
 Ward: G. M. Rich, C. Moran. Fifth Ward: 
 Tobias Lowe, J. H. Bagg. Sixth Ward : S. W. 
 Higgins, IL R. Andrews. 
 
 1843, First Ward : O. B. Dibble, A. C. Caniff. 
 Second Ward : B. Woodworth, N. Tonilinson. 
 Third Ward: J. A. ^^'m Dyke, A. Ten Eyck. 
 Fourth Ward : C, Moran, C. O'Flynn. Fifth Ward : 
 W. !•:. Stearns, A. S. Williams. Sixth Ward: 
 James Stewart, H. R. Andrews. 
 
 1844, First/Ward : J. Owen, O. B. Dibble. Sec- 
 ond Ward : B. Woodworth, X. Tonilinson. Third 
 Ward : E. Chapoton, J. A. Van Dyke. Fourth 
 Ward : P. Desnoyers, C. Moran. Fifth Ward : O. 
 M. Hyde, W. Iv Stearns. Sixth Ward : H. R. 
 Andre \vs, J. Stewart. 
 
 1845, F'irst Ward : F. ]3uhl, J. Owen. Second 
 Ward : B. Woodworth, C. R. Desnoyers. Third 
 Ward : B. Wight, E. Chapoton. Fourth Ward : 
 C. Moran, P. Desnoyers. Fifth Ward : B. B. Moore, 
 O. IVL Hyde. Sixth Ward: W: Barclay, J. Scott. 
 
 1846, F'irst Ward: F. Buhl, M. Stevens. Second 
 Ward : C. R. Desnoyers, W. Duncan. Third 
 Ward : B. Wight, Theo. Williams. Fourth Ward : 
 C. Moran, N. Clreusel, Jr. Fifth Ward: B. B. 
 Moore, C. C. Jackson. Sixth Ward : W. Barclay, 
 L. Baldwin. 
 
 1847, First Ward: G. C. Bates, Marcus Stevens. 
 Second Ward : J. H. Harmon, William Duncan. 
 Third Ward: William Burnell, Theo. Williams. 
 Fourth Ward: G. R. Griswold, N. Greusel, Jr. 
 
 Fifth Ward : U. .\L Hyde, C. C, Jackson. Sixth 
 Ward : W. F. Chittenden, L. Baldwin. 
 
 1848, First Ward: G. W. Howe, Ci. C. Bates. 
 Second Ward : W. Duncan, AL P. Hutchins. Third 
 Ward : Abram Tuttle, William Burnell. Fourth 
 Ward : B. Wight. S. 15. Morse. Fifth Ward : John 
 Norton, O. ^L Hyde. Sixth Ward : James Stewart, 
 Lyman Baldwin. Seventh Ward : F. E. Eldred, 
 W. A. Bacon. 
 
 1849, First Ward: A. Ives, G. W. Howe. Sec- 
 ond Ward : W. R. Noyes, William Duncan. Third 
 Ward : John Patton, Abram Tuttle. Fourth Ward: 
 H. Ledyard, B. Wight. Fifth Ward : J. P. Whit- 
 ing, John Norton. Si.xth Ward : John Hull, J. 
 Stewart. Seventh Ward: F. E. Eldred, R. C. 
 Smith. Eighth Ward : A. T. Hall, A. Marsh. 
 
 1850, Vksi Ward: J. L. Carew, A. Ives. Second 
 Ward: C. H. Buhl, W. R. Noyes. Jr. Third 
 Ward : N. Tonilinson, J. Patton. Fourth Ward : J. 
 M. Davis, H. Ledyard. Fifth Ward : A. H. Stowell. 
 J. P. Whiting. Sixth Ward : J. Stewart, John Hull. 
 Seventh Ward: Ezekiel McDonald, R. C. Smith. 
 Eighth Ward : A. Marsh, L. C. Fletcher. 
 
 1851, First Ward : C. W. Jackson, A. Ives. Sec- 
 ond Ward: J. A. Slaymaker, C. H. Buhl. Third 
 Ward : J. McReynolds. J. Hoek. Fourth Ward : 
 S. G. Wight, J. Cornfield, C,co. Miller. Fifth 
 Ward: E. Shepard, A. H. Stowell. Sixth Ward: 
 S. B. Morse, J. Stewart. Seventh Ward: R. C. 
 Smith, E. McDonald. Eighth W^ard : L. C. Fletcher, 
 A. Marsh. 
 
 1852, First Ward : C. W. Jackson, J. B. Clark. 
 Second Ward : J. A. Slaymaker, W. V. Chittenden. 
 Third Ward : J. McReynolds, George Foote. Fourth 
 Ward: S. (".. Wight, A. T. Ladue. Fifth Ward: 
 E. Shepard, A. H. Stowell. Sixth Ward: S. B. 
 Morse, D. Riopelle. Seventh Ward : R. C. Smith, 
 E. Doyle. Eighth Ward: L. C. Fletcher, G. B. 
 Avery. 
 
 1853, I'Mrst Ward: John Gibson, James Collins. 
 Second Ward: W. F. Chittenden, W. II. Craig. 
 Third Ward : G. Foote, John Patton ; Fourth 
 Ward : A. Ladue. E. Lyon. Fifth Ward : A. H. 
 Stowell, J. Hull. Sixth Ward: D. Riopelle, W. 
 Barclay. Seventh Ward : E. Doyle, P. Fischer. 
 Eighth Ward : G. B. Avery, S. Martin. 
 
 1854, First Ward: James Collins, W. C. Duncan. 
 Second Ward: Wm. H. Craig, E. A. Lansing. 
 Third Ward: John Patton, I. W. IngersoU. Fourth 
 Ward: Edward Lyon, Isaac Finehart. Fifth Ward: 
 John Hull, H. H. LeRoy. Sixth Ward: William 
 Barclay, W. W. Wilcox. Seventh Ward: E. Doyle, 
 William Fischer. Eighth Ward: Stephen Martin, 
 Francis Mayhew. 
 
 1855, First Ward: W. C. Duncan, Albert Marsh. 
 Second Ward: E. A. Lansing, W. H. Craig. Third 
 Ward: I. W. IngersoU, Anthony Dudgeon. Fourth 
 
144 
 
 ALDKRMKN: TllLlK DUTIllS AM) ^•A.^FI;S. 
 
 Ward: Isaac Fiiu'liarl, li. 11. 'Pliompson. Fiflli 
 Ward: II, II. Likoy. K. W. Kiiiir. Sixtii W;ii(i : 
 A. SliL-k'y. \V. W. VVilrox. Scvciuh Ward: i'-. 
 Doyle, R. Rt'aiiiiK-. lj,v,duli Ward: F. Mayiiuw, 
 StcpliL'ii Martin. 
 
 1856 1S57, First Ward : W.C. Duncan, A. Marsh. 
 Second Ward, (icori^c Nilus, W. H. Craii^. Third 
 Ward: I',. V. CicoUc, Josepii Hock. Fourth Ward: 
 K. N. Lacroix, IS. H. Thonipson. I'"ii'tii Ward: Wn\. 
 (".il)l)in;<s, R. W. Kiny;. Sixtli Ward: W. Dyson, 
 A. .Shcley. Seventh Ward: IC. Doyle, R. Reainne. 
 Eii;litii Ward: S. Martin, P. (".alla.nlier. 
 
 i85«. lirst Ward: W. C. Dniican, (1. (). Williams. 
 Second Ward: deors^e Niles, W. II. Craiy. Tiiird 
 Ward: 1^. \'. Cieotte, Henry Miller. Fourth Ward: 
 F. N. Lacroix, Solomon Wesley. Fifth W.ard: Wm. 
 (al)l)inj.;s, A. S. iiaj^.i;-. Sixth Ward: William Dyson, 
 J. D. Fairb:inks. Seventh Ward: E. Doyle, (i.Mil- 
 ler. I':i;j;htli Ward: H. Cordon, F. CalLii^her. Ninth 
 Ward: W. L. WoiKlbridi^e, Henry Wilson. Tenth 
 Ward: H. Zender, Theo. Campau. 
 
 1859, First Ward: (}. O. Williams, N. P. Jacobs. 
 Second Ward: W. H. Crai.v^, Willi.im Hale. Third 
 Ward: Henry Miller, T. Willianis. Fourth Ward: 
 A. Dudireon, A. Barlavro. Fifth W.ard: A. S. Bag^. 
 Wm. c;ibbin,i,rs. Sixth Ward: J. D. Fairbanks, M. 
 Flanivran. Seventh Waril: (".eorge Miller, John 
 Manx. Eiv^hth Ward: Henry t lordon, N. Triickey. 
 Ninth Ward: Wm. L. Woodbridge, J. W. Sutton. 
 Tenth Ward: Henry Zender, H. H. Swinscoc. 
 
 i860, First Waril: N. l\ Jacobs, George Foote. 
 Second Ward: William Hale, E. LeFavour. Third 
 Ward: T. Williams, J. J. Uagley. I'ourth Ward: 
 A. Barlage, F. 1}. Phelps. Fifth Ward: Wm. Rib- 
 bings, J. S. F'arrand. Sixth Ward: M. Flanigan, 
 Stephen B. Morse. Seventh Ward: J. Marx, Fiank- 
 lin M. Wing, lughth Ward: N. Triickey, P. M. 
 Phillips. Ninth Ward: J. W. Sutton, H. T. Backus. 
 Tenth Ward: H. H. Swinscoe, ("icorge W. Olewine. 
 
 1861, First Ward: G. Foote, Joseph Godfrey. 
 Second Ward : F. Le Favour, M. Howard Webster. 
 Thirtl Waril : J. J. Bagley, T. Williams. Fourth 
 Ward: F. B. I'helps, J. C. D. Williams. Fifth 
 Ward: J.S. Farrand. II. H. LcRoy. Si.xth Ward: 
 S. B. Morse, James Shearer. Seventh Ward : F. M. 
 Wing, Joseph Cook. Eighth Ward : P. M. Phillips, 
 William Purcell. Ninth Ward : H. T. Backus, John 
 Ford. Tenth Ward : G. W. Olewine, F. C. St. 
 Aubin. 
 
 1862, First Ward: Joseph Godfrey, George S. 
 Frost. Second Ward : M. H. Webster, E. Le Fa- 
 vour. Third Ward : Theodore Williams, Joseph 
 Hoek. Fourth Ward: J. C. D. Williams, F. B. 
 Phelps. Fifth Ward : H. H. LeRoy, J. S. Farrand. 
 Sixth Ward : James Shearer, A. Lingeman. 
 Seventh Ward : J. Cook, George Miller. Eighth 
 Ward : William Purcell, Patrick Gallagher. Ninth 
 
 Ward : J. Ford, Wm. S. I'.ond. Tenth Ward : F. C. 
 St. Aubin, Paul ( "lies. 
 
 1863, I'irst W,u\l : George S. Frost, K. C. liar- 
 ker. Second Ward: F. Le I'avour, P. .McGinni:.. 
 Third 
 Ward : 
 Ward : 
 W.ird 
 W.ird : 
 Ward: 
 Ward : 
 P.uil ( ; 
 
 Ward: J. Hoek, F. II. Cieotte. Fourth 
 
 F. I). Phelps, John C. (lorton. Fifth 
 
 J. S. F.irrand, Joseph Granger. Sixth 
 
 ; A. Lingeman, Benjamin I". Hyde. Seventh 
 
 S. Dow Elwood, Jas. McGonegal. Eighth 
 
 P. (lallaidier, William Purcell. Ninth 
 
 Wm. S. Bond, F. E. llldred. Tenth Ward : 
 
 lies, Milton I'rost. 
 
 1864, First Ward: Peter J. Ralph, X. W. P.rooks. 
 Second Ward: P. McGinnis, David Thompson. 
 Third Ward : F. H. Cieotte, John T. Mcldrum. 
 Fourth Ward : J. C. Gorton. James I). Weir. Fifth 
 Ward : Wm. Gaboon, I leiiry C. Kni;;hl. Sixth 
 Ward: B. F. Hyde, A. She'ley. Seventh Ward: 
 Jas. McGonegal, S. D. Idwood. Eighth Ward: 
 William Purcell, P. Gallagher. Ninth Ward : Clem- 
 ent Lafferty, Wm. S. Bond. Tenth Ward: ^L 
 Frost, P. Gies. 
 
 1865, First Ward: N. W. Brooks, Wm. Brodie. 
 Second Ward: P. McGinnis, A. T. Camjiau. Third 
 Ward: J. T. Mcldrum, Joseph Hoek. Fourth 
 Ward : Jas. D. Weir, M. W. iMcld. I'ifth Ward . 
 H. C. Knight, Robt. McGinnity. Sixth Wari' : 
 A. Sheley, George C. Codd. Sevenlii Ward: S. D. 
 Elwood, Jas. ".\IcGonegal. Eighth Ward: P. Gal- 
 lagher, Wm. I'urcell. Ninth Ward: Wm, S. Bond, 
 Peter Henkel, Tenth Ward: Paul Gies, F. C. St. 
 Aubin. 
 
 1866, First Ward: Wm, Brodie, (ieo. F. Bagley. 
 Second Ward : A. T. Campau, Ale.x. W. Copland. 
 Third Ward : Joseph Hoek, Wm. B. Howe. I"ourth 
 Ward: M. W. Field, J. D. Weir. Fifth Ward: R. 
 McGinnity, H. C. Knight. Sixtli Ward : G. C. 
 Codd, James D. Allison. Seventh Ward: J. Mc- 
 Gonegal, Enos Lebot. Eighth Ward : Wm. Purcell, 
 John Considine. Ninth Ward: I'eter Henkel, A. 
 H. Schmittdiel. Tenth Ward : F. C. "St. Aubin, 
 Paul Gies. 
 
 1867, First Ward: G. F. Bagley, Wm. Stewart. 
 Second Ward: A. W. Copland, W. H. Langley. 
 Third Ward: W. B. Howe, Christian .Melius. 
 Fourth Ward: J. D. Weir, Frank Kremer. Fifth 
 Ward ; Wm. Phelps* Walter H. Coots. Sixth Ward : 
 Jas. D. Allison, G. C. Codd. Seventh Waril: Enos 
 Lebot. Frederick Ruehle. 
 Considine, Wm. Purcell. 
 Schmittdiel, Eugene Laible. 
 Gies, G. W. Olewine. 
 
 1868, First Ward: Wm. Stewart, Francis Adams. 
 Second Ward: W. H. Langley, A. II. Emery. 
 Third Ward : C. Melius, Wm! B. Howe. Fourth 
 Ward: F. Kremer, Richard Hawley. Fifth Ward. 
 W. H. Coots, Wm. {'helps. Sixth Ward; G, C. 
 
 Eighth Ward : John 
 Ninth Ward: A H. 
 Tenth Ward: Paul 
 
 Codd, PI 
 Frank Bli 
 dine. Ni 
 Hughes. 
 
 1869, 1 
 Adams. 
 H. I'lmery 
 Fourth W 
 I'"ifth Wa 
 Ward: G 
 F. Rue hit 
 Mahoney, 
 Wm. .S. B 
 N\'illiams. 
 1870, Fi 
 Second \V 
 Third W;, 
 Ward : Fi 
 Ward: W 
 C. C. Coi 
 Ruehle, E 
 Mahoney, 
 Hill, <;eo. 
 W. H. Ba.N 
 1871, Fii 
 Ward: G 
 Ward : Wi 
 Ward : T. 
 A. S. Bagg 
 Allison, .m! 
 Frederick ] 
 Mahoney. 
 Tenth War 
 1872, Fir 
 Second Wa 
 Third Ward 
 Ward : J. I 
 S. Folsom, 
 Christian, P 
 F. Ruehle. 
 Ninth Ward 
 A. O'Keefe, 
 1873. Fir 
 ford. Seco 
 Langley . 'I 
 Fourth Wan 
 Fifth Ward: 
 P. Parsons, 
 Ruehle, M. 
 Shanahan. 
 Hough. T< 
 1874, Firs 
 Second Wan 
 Ward: C. M, 
 Ward: Chas. 
 Ward: G. Gt 
 J*- Christian, 
 
ALDKRMKN; lUKlR DLllKS AM) NA.MKS. 
 
 145 
 
 Ciidd, I'liilip Klinn'. Suvl-iuIi Ward; F. Ruelilc, 
 Frank 15kiin. Ki.i;iitli Ward: W. I'urccll, J. Coiisi- 
 diiiu. Niiilli Ward: W. S. liond. K. Laiblc. T. F. 
 llui-lics. Tenth Ward : C. W. Olcwinc, Paul C.ics. 
 
 1869, First Ward: Aaron W. Tyrrell, Francis 
 Adams. Second Ward: W. II. Laiii;iiv, y\umistiis 
 11. Fniery. Third Ward : C. Melius, Wni. 11. 1 lowe. 
 I'ourih Ward: Frank Krenier, Thos. Henderson. 
 I'iflh Ward: W. 11. Coots, Wni. l'hel|)s. Sixth 
 Ward: (.'•. C. Codd, Philip Kiint;. Seventh Ward : 
 F. Riiehle, Frank Blum. I'.ii^hth Ward : Tinioihy 
 iMahoney, J, Considine. Ninth Wai^l: I'eter Hill, 
 Wm. S. Bond. Tenth Ward: David Knapp, Juli;in 
 Williams. 
 
 1870, First Ward : Aaron W. Tyrrell, Wm. l'"oxen. 
 Second Ward: Wm. H. I.aiiL^ley, Ceo. W. ISalch. 
 Third Ward : C. Melkis, Wm. Wilmot. Fourth 
 Ward: Frank Kremer, Thos. Henderson. I'iflh 
 Ward: W. H. Coots, A. S. Ikii^'i;-. Sixth Waid : 
 C. C. Codd, J. ]). Allison. Seventh Ward : 1". 
 Riiehle, Elijah Smith. Ei.i;hth Ward: Timothy 
 Mahoney, Dennis Dullea. Ninth Ward: I'eter 
 Hill, (ico. Sutherland. Tenth Ward : J.Williams, 
 W. H. Baxter. 
 
 1871, First Ward : W. Foxen, F. Adams. Second 
 Ward: C W. ISalch, W. H. Langley. Third 
 Ward : Wm. Wilmot, Charles M. Welch. Fourth 
 Ward : T. Henderson, Joseph Kuhn. I'ifth Ward : 
 A. S. Bajrjr, Simeon Folsom. Sixth Ward : J. D. 
 Allison, M. P.Christian. Seventh Ward : IC. Smith, 
 Frederick Fulda. Ki;<hth Ward: 1). Dullea, T. 
 Mahoney. Ninth Ward: G. Sutherland, P. Hill. 
 Tenth Ward : W. H. I5axter, Arthur O'Keefe. 
 
 1872, First Ward: F. Adams, Smith R. Wooley. 
 Second Ward : W. II. Langley, G. F. Hinchman. 
 Third W^ard : C. M. Welch, James Flowers. Fourth 
 Ward : J. Kuhn, Wm. Lichtenberg. Fifth Ward : 
 S. Folsom, David Preston. Sixth Ward: M. P. 
 Christian, Philo Parsons. Seventh Ward : F. Fulda, 
 F. Ruehle. Eighth Ward : T. Mahoney, D. Dullea. 
 Ninth Ward : P. Hill, James Daly. Tenth Ward : 
 A. O'Keefe, Chas. Stange. 
 
 1873, F'fi^t Ward: S. R. Wooley, Albert Hots- 
 ford. Second Ward: G. F. Hinchman, W. H. 
 Langley. Third Ward: J. Flowers, C. M. Welch. 
 Fourth Ward: W. Lichtenberg, Chas. M. Garrison. 
 Fifth Ward: D. Preston, G. Grelling. Sixth Ward: 
 P. Parsons, M. P. Christian. Seventh Ward: F. 
 Ruehle, M. Broeg. lughth Ward: I). Dullea, D. 
 Shanahan. Ninth Ward: James Daly, Geo. W. 
 Hough. Tenth Ward: C. Stange, A. O'Keefe. 
 
 1874, First Ward: A. liotsford, J. 15. Hinchman. 
 Second Ward: W. H. Langley, John Horn. Third 
 Ward: C. M. Welch, Wm. C,. Thompson. Fourth 
 Ward: Chas. M. Garrison, J. B. Schmittdiel. Fifth 
 Ward: G. Grelling, W. H. Coots. Si.xth Ward: M. 
 1*. Christian, Jacob Guthard. Seventh Ward: M. 
 
 IJroeg. W. A. Owen. Eighth Ward: D. Shanahan, 
 John D. Finnegan. Ninth Ward: (ieo. \\\. Hough, 
 J. Daly. Tenth Ward; A. O'Keefe, W. H. Baxter. 
 Elewnlh Ward: Jas. Ilolihan itwt) weeks), R. S. 
 Dillon (two weeks). Twelfth W'artl: Anthony 
 Groslield, Henry Ileames. 
 
 1575, l'"irst Ward: J. B. Hinchman, Geo. Wilkes. 
 Second Wartl: John I lorn, Jr., John Schmitt. Third 
 Waixl: Wm. G. 'I'liompson, J. A. Kurtz. Fotuth 
 Ward: J. P>. Schmittdiel, Chas. C. Blodgett. Fifth 
 Ward: George Dunlap, .Seymour Finney. Si.xth 
 Ward: Jacob Guthard. ^L P. Christian. Seventh 
 Ward: W. .\. Owen, Paul Gies. Eighth Ward: J. 
 D. Finnegan, I). Shanahan. Ninth Ward: James 
 Daly. (;. W. Hough. Tenth Ward: W. II. Baxter, 
 John P. Rowland. Twelfth Ward: II. Ileames, 
 (ieorge Dorr. 
 
 1576, First Ward: George Wilkes, Rolx'rt A. 
 Liggett. Second Ward : J. Schmitt, Lewis B. Clark, 
 Chas. Ewi-rs. Third Ward : Jos. A. Kiulz, 'I'hos. 
 Jackson. Fourth Ward: C. C. Blotlgett, Jas. I. 
 •Mitchell. Fifth Ward: S. Finney, G. Dunlap. Sixth 
 Ward:M. P. Christian, J. Guthard. Seventh 
 Ward: P. Gies, W. A.Owen. Eighth Ward : I). 
 Shanahan. J. D. l''innegan. Ninth Ward: G. W. 
 Hough, Michael Ilaller. Tenth Ward: J. P. Row 
 land, Geo. W. Herriek. Twelfth Ward : Geo. Dorr, 
 Henry Heanies. 
 
 1877, First Ward: R. A. Liggett, T. D. Hawley. 
 .Second Ward: Chas. I'2wers, J. Schmitt, Th'rd 
 Ward: Thos. Jackson, J. A. Kurtz. Fourth Wiird: 
 J. I. Mitchell, August Schulte. Fifth Ward : Geo. 
 J)inilap, Seymour Finney. Sixth. Ward : J. Guthard, 
 Stephen K. Taft. Seventh Ward : W. A. Owen, J. 
 C. Jacob. llighth Ward : J. D. Finnegan, John 
 Monaghan. Ninth Ward : M. Mailer, J. B. Moore. 
 Tenth Ward: G. W\ Herriek, Jas. D. Weir. 
 I'lleventh Ward : N. Seiininger, J. Lingeman. 
 Twelfth Ward : II. Heames, G. Dorr. Thirteenth 
 Ward: P.ernard Youngblood, S. C. Karrer. 
 
 1878, I'^irst Ward : T. D. Hawley, Geo. A. Foster. 
 Second Ward: John Schmitt, Chas. Ewers. Third 
 Ward : J. A. Kurtz, T. Jackson. Fourth Ward : 
 Abel R. Torrey, J. I. Mitchell. Fifth Ward: S. 
 Finney, F. G. Russell. Sixth Ward: S. K. Taft, 
 Jas. B. Lauder. Seventh Ward : J. C. Jacob, Chas. 
 M. Rousseau. Eighth Ward : J. Monaghan, D.:miel 
 Guiney. Ninth Ward: J. B. Moore, M. Haller. 
 Tenth' Ward : J. I). Weir, G. W. Merrick. Ele\enth 
 W.ard : N. Senninger, John 15. Ryan. Twelfth 
 Ward: G. Dorr, Henry Gross. Thirteenth Ward : 
 B. Youngblood, II. Klei, S. C. Karrer. 
 
 1879, First Ward : George A. Foster, P. J. Ralph. 
 Second Ward : Charles F.wers, Thomas Manning. 
 Third Ward : Thomas Jackson, Wm. Boydell. 
 Fourth Ward : A. H. Raynor, J. L Mitchell. Fifth 
 Ward : F. (;. Russell, S. Finnev. Sixth Ward : W. 
 
146 
 
 ALUEKMKN: TIIEIK DUIli:S AND NAMES. 
 
 :a 
 
 K. Warriiicr, W. II. Connor. .Seventh Ward: C. 
 M. Rousseau, J. C. Jacob. Kiirlitli Ward: I). 
 Guiuev, J. M()nai,dian. Ninth Ward : M. lialler, T. 
 J. GrilVm. Tent'li Ward: G. W. Herriek, C. II. 
 Chene. Eleventh Ward : J. H. Ryan, Francis Alter. 
 Twelfth Ward: II. Cross, M.Daly. Thirteenth 
 Ward: Paul (lies. S. C. Karrcr. 
 
 i<S8o, First Ward : P. J. Ralph, C.eor.ire A. Foster. 
 Second Ward : Thos. Manning', Charles lowers. 
 Third Ward: Wni. Hoydell, .M. \'. i5ort,nnan. 
 Fourth Ward: A. H. Raynor, II. D. Barnard. 
 Fifth Ward : S. Finney, J. I'"., \1ncent. Sixth 
 Ward: W. H. Connor, W. IC. Warriner. Seventh 
 Ward : J. C. Jacob, Henry Heck. ICij^dith Ward : 
 J. Monatjhan, D. Cuiney. Ninth Ward : T. J. 
 Griffin, M. Haller. Tenth Ward : G. II. Chene, 
 W. E. Todd. I'Mevenlh Ward : F. Alter, Joseph 
 Eintjeinan. Twelfth Ward : M. Daly, Geo. Dorr. 
 Thirteenth Ward: Paul Gies, Henry Klei. 
 
 i88t, Finst Ward: G. A. Foster. C. W. Coolidge. 
 Second Ward : C. Ewers, T. Manning. Third 
 Ward : M. V. Bori,mian, Thos. J.ackson. Fourth 
 Ward : H. D. Barnard. JMfth Ward : J. !•:. Vincent, 
 S. iMnney. Sixth Ward : W. K. Warriner. l".. K. 
 Roberts.' Seventh W.ird : H. Heck, W. A. Owen. 
 Eitfhth Ward: D. Guiney, P. Shanahan. Ninth 
 Ward: M. Haller, Chas. Appelt. Tenth Ward: 
 W. i:. Todd, H. Merdian. Eleventh Ward: J. 
 Linirenian, Vl. W. Simpson. Twelfth Ward : Geo. 
 Dorr, .\lfred E. Hamlin. Thirteenth Ward: Henry 
 Klei, John Kessler. 
 
 1882, First Ward: W. E. Warriner, A.Grant. 
 Second Ward : Seymour I'inney, J. E. Vincent. 
 Third Ward : I",. W. Simpson, J. B. Book. Fourth 
 Ward : C. W. Coolidge, J. W. Fules : Fifth Ward : 
 
 W. A. Owen, A. Ruolf. Sixth Ward : !'. Shanahan, 
 J. I'"alvey. Seventh Ward : Thomas Manning, 
 Henry ileck. Eighth Ward: K. K. Roberts, W. 
 !•:. Moloney. Ninth Ward: H. Merdian, Paul 
 (iies. Tenth Ward : Chas. Appelt, George Dorr. 
 Eleventh Ward ; Thos. Jackson, Henry Klei. 
 Twelfth Ward ; Alfred K. H.imlin. Wm. H.Taylor. 
 Thirteenth Ward : John Kessler, A. I.emmer. 
 
 1883, l'"irst Ward : Wm. K. Warriner, Thomas 
 Fairbairn. Second Ward : G. A. Chase, Seymour 
 Mnney. Third Ward : James B. Book, F. 
 Wettlaufer, Fklward Sweeney. Fourth Ward : 
 James W. Pales, C. W. Coolidge. l"ifth Ward : 
 Augustus Ruolf, Thomas Beggs. Sixth Ward : 
 Jeremi.ih Falvey, P. Shanahan. Seventh Ward : 
 Henry Heck, Augustus Kaiser. I'.ighth Ward : Wm. 
 E. Moloney, John L.Warren. Ninth Ward: Paul 
 Gies, Joseph Nagel. Tenth Ward : George Dorr, 
 A. G. Kronberg, Chas. Appelt. Eleventh Ward : 
 Henry Klei, Henry Merdian. Twelfth Ward: Wm. 
 H. Taylor, Geo. W. Loonier. Thirteenth Ward : 
 August Lemmer, John Kessler. 
 
 1884, I'"irst Ward : Thomas Fairbairn, Thomas 
 Jackson. .Second Ward : Seymour I''inney, George 
 A. Chase. Third W.ird : ICdward Sweeney, Levi 
 A. Wilcox. Fourth Ward : Peter J. Ralph, John W. 
 Westcott. Fifth Ward : Thomas Beggs, I'"rancis 
 Alter. Sixth Ward : John Kellcy. Jeremiah Falvey. 
 Seventh Ward : Augustus Kaiser, Henry Heck. 
 ICighth Ward : John L. W'arren, Wm. I". Moloney. 
 Ninth Ward: Joseph Nagel, Paul Gies. Tenth 
 Ward : Charles .Appelt. Louis B. Littlefield. Eleventh 
 Ward : Henry Merdian, Charles J. Wicser. Twelfth 
 Ward : Geo. W. Loonier, Bernard O' Reilly. Thir- 
 teenth Ward : John Kessler, August Lemmer. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII 
 
 TIIK WARDS: ■|IIi:iK KS TAnLISIIMI'.NT AND I'.OUXDARIES. 
 
 Four wards were c-n-ntcd by nrdinnnrc nf May 
 14, 1825, for the sole purpose of fonnini; disiriris 
 for the fire wardens. A lifih ward was created 
 on Seplcmber 23, 1835 ; hut none of tliese (li\isions 
 were wards in llie sense in wliieh tiie word is now 
 used, neither did they inelude all of the city. 
 
 The first real division of the city into wards was 
 by Act of March 37, 1839. Tiie Ixnindaries then 
 defined would now be described as follows: First 
 Ward, all between Shelby Street and east line of 
 Forsyth Farm, and south of Michi;^an Avenue to 
 the river. Second Ward, all between Randolph and 
 Shelby Streets, and south of Monroe and .Michigan 
 Avenues to the river. Thirtl Ward, all between 
 Randolph and St. y\ntoine Streets, .and south of Cro- 
 ghan Street to the river. An ordinance of March 
 17, 1857, added to the Third Waril the territory be- 
 tween .St. Antoine, Randolph, Cros^han, and (iraiiot 
 Streets. By Act of 1839 the Fourth Ward em- 
 braced all south of the dratiot Road to the river, 
 aiul between St. Antoine .Street and the east line of 
 the Witherell Farm. I5y Act of February 15, 1842, 
 the Witherell Farm was thrown outside of the city, 
 ami Deiiuindre Street became the east boundary of 
 the Fourth Ward. Si.\ years later Rivard Street be- 
 came the east boundary, under the Act of January 
 25, 1848, which created the Seventh Ward. The 
 Fifth Ward, by Act of 1839, embraced the territory 
 between Woodward Avenue and the west line of the 
 Jones Farm, and north of Michigan Avenue to the 
 city limits; an ordinance of December 12, 1875, 
 added to it that part of the addition to the city limits 
 made by Act of May 3, 1875, which lay north of and 
 between an extension of the east and west boun- 
 daries of the ward. As established in 1839, the 
 Si.Kth Ward embraced all cast of Woodward Avenue, 
 and was bounded on the south as follows : On Ml 
 roe Avenue to Croghan Street, along Croghanto Si, 
 Antoine Street, up St. Antoine to Gratiot Road, and 
 along Gratiot Road to the east line of the city. 
 The Act of February 15, 1842, which put the With- 
 erell Farm back into the township of Hamtamck, 
 after it had been for six years a part of the city, 
 made Dequindre Street the east line of the Si.xth 
 Ward, thus reducing the ward in size ; it was further 
 contracted by ordinance of March 17, 1857, which 
 added to the Third \\ ard the portion bounded by 
 
 [ 
 
 St. Antoine, I^andolph, Croghan, and Gratiot 
 Streets. By ordinance of December 17, 1875, which 
 created the Eleventh Ward, the Si.xth Ward was 
 shorn of .ill the territory lying e.ast of St. .\ntoine 
 Street except that portion of the block bounded by 
 St. Antoine, Hastings, Montcalm, and High Streets, 
 lying west of an alley running north and south 
 through said block; this jog in the boundary was 
 made because at that time one of the aldermen of 
 the Sixth Ward lived in the block indicated, and it 
 was desired to retain him in the ward. An or- 
 dinance of April 7, 1880, remedied this break in the 
 ward line by making St. Antoine Street the east 
 boundary of the Sixth, and the west boundary of 
 the Eleventh Ward. Ordinance of December 23, 
 1875, added to the Sixth Ward all that part of the 
 addition to the city limits of that year that an ex- 
 tension in straight lines of the east and west boun- 
 daries of the ward would include. 
 
 The Seventh Ward, created by Act of January 25, 
 1848, included all of the city south of Gratiot 
 A\enue to the river, and between Rivard and De- 
 quindre Streets. The I-j'ghth Ward was created by 
 Act of February 20, 1S49, and included all of the 
 Forsyth, Labrosse, and Baker Farms added to the 
 city by the .same Act. An ordinance of December 
 23, 1875, ;iddecl to the Eighth Ward such portion of 
 the addition to the city limits as would fail within 
 its east and west boundary lines extended north- 
 wards to the city line. The Ninth Ward was created 
 by Act of I''ebruary 12, 1857, and embraced all the 
 territory west of the east line of the Woodbridge 
 Farm, east of the west line of the Porter Farm, and 
 south of the Detroit & Milwaukee and Grand 
 Trunk Railroad tracks to the river. An ordinance 
 of May 30, 1873, created the Twelfth Ward, and 
 made Seventeen-and-a-half and Eighteenth Streets 
 its west boundary. It was slightly enlarged by the 
 ordinance of December 21, 1875, which added to it 
 such of the territory added to the city in that year as 
 an extension in a straight line, northerly to the city 
 limits, of its eastern and western boundaries would 
 include. The Tenth Ward, created at the same time 
 as the Ninth, included all the new territory on the 
 east side of the city, and embraced all east of De- 
 quindre Street, west of Mt. Elliott Avenue, and 
 north of the river. An ordinance of December 17, 
 
 U7l 
 
148 
 
 Till': WARDS: TIIKIR KS TAlJLlSliMKNT AND liOUNDA Kl I.S. 
 
 i(S75, wliicli (lividc'il it. and created tlie 'I'liiiUeiUli 
 Ward, defined its nortli boundary as follows: 
 Catherine Street east to IClnnvood Avenue, ii|) Illni- 
 wood Avenue to Ciernian Stri'et, and thence east to 
 Mt. Kiliott Avenue. 15y ordinance of Jeceniher 23, 
 1875, all of the territory added to the city that year 
 that an extension of tiie east and west l)oundaries of 
 the 'l^'Utli Ward in straiijht liiu's would include was 
 added to the ward. An Ael of .April 2y, 1S73, an- 
 nexed part of Oosse Pointe and Ilamtranick to the 
 city, and defined the annexed territory as tlu: 
 I'-Ieventh Ward, but the Suiirenie Court pronounced 
 the Act unconstitutional, as it interfered with the 
 political ri.ujhts of voters. The failure of this Act 
 exi')lains why the 'I'welflh Ward existed two years 
 before the Eleventh Ward. The Eleventh Ward 
 was definitely created by ;ui ordinance of December 
 17, 1875, which took effect October i, 1876. It 
 included all east of St. Antoine Street, cxcejit the 
 piece of land noted in connection with boundaries 
 of the Sixth Ward, and all west of Decjuindre and 
 north of dratiot Street to the city limits. The ordi- 
 nance of April 7, 1880, corrected the broken ward- 
 line, makini:^ St. Antoine Street the west boundary. 
 The Twelfth Ward was created by ordinance of 
 May 30, 1873. It embract'd all west of .Seventeen- 
 and-a-h.'df and Ki^hteenlh Streets and east of west 
 line of I'orter I'arni, and extended from the river to 
 the city limits. IJy orcHnance of December 21, 1875, 
 such jiart of the territory added to the city that year 
 as an extension of its east and west boundary lines 
 in straijjht lines to the new city limits would include 
 was added to the ward. The Thirteenth \\'ard 
 was created by ordinance of Decemlier 17, 1875, 
 taking effect October i, 1876. It included that part 
 of the city lying east of Dequindre Street and west 
 of Mt. Kiliott Avenue. It was bounded on the 
 south by Catherine Street to Elmwood Avenue, 
 thence on I^'lmwood Avenue to German -Street, and 
 east on Cierman Street to Mt. IClliott Avenue. 
 
 The authority to divide and create wards was 
 formerly vested solely in the Legislature, but on 
 April 17, 1 87 1, a charter amendment gave this pre- 
 rogative to the city. The council, however, was 
 loath to exercise this power, and up to i88r there 
 was great inequality in the area and the population 
 of the wards. Several of tho.s", lying along the 
 river, in the southern part of the city, were con- 
 trolled almost entirely by those who had least at 
 stake in the government of the city. These facts 
 led to the radical changes in boundaries made by 
 
 Act of the Li'gislalure on M.iy 5, i>SiSi. liukr this 
 Act all the w;irds were m.iile to extend from the 
 northern limits of the eit\' t" the ri\i'r. 
 
 In the new arraiigcinenl, e;ieh w.'ird includes a 
 portion of the residence, manufacturing, and river 
 disti'iets. Much gre.iter e(|u;ility in valuation of the 
 wards and char;icttr of the population is securi'd, 
 and strei'ts, instead of f;u-m lines, have become the 
 division lines of all the wartls. The change is of 
 great value in .apportioning voters and assessing 
 |iroperty. The boundaries, as established by Act 
 of iSSi, are ;is follows : 
 
 First Waki> : Hctwcen Woodw.urd Avenue and 
 Heaubien Street. 
 
 Skcon'I) Ward: All that part of the ciiybounded 
 on the east by Woodward Avenue and on the west 
 by First Street, from the Detroit River to Crand 
 River Avenue, up Ciraiul River Avenue to Second 
 .Street, and along Second Street to the city limits. 
 
 Third Ward: All between lieaubien and Has- 
 tings Streets. 
 
 Fourth ^V^\R^ : All between the west boundary 
 line of the Second Ward and Crawford Street, from 
 the city limits to Cirand Iviver .Vvenue, down C.rand 
 River Avenue to I''iflh Street, and down Fifth 
 .Street to the Detroit River. 
 
 Fii'TH Ward: All between Hastings and Rus- 
 sell Streets. 
 
 Sixth Ward: All between the west boundary 
 of the l'"ourth Ward .and Trumbull Avenue. 
 
 Skvknth Ward 
 Decjuindre Streets. 
 
 Eighth Ward; 
 Trumbull Avenues. 
 
 Nixi'H Ward: 
 Chene Streets. 
 
 TkN'TH Warp : All between the west line of 
 Twentieth Street and Wabash .Avenue. 
 
 Klkvexth Ward: All between Chene Street 
 and McDougall Avenue. 
 
 TwKi.FTH Ward : All lying west of the west 
 line of Twentieth Street. 
 
 ThirtefIVith Ward: All lying east of Mc- 
 Dougall Avenue extended on the south to the 
 Detroit River and on the north to the city limits, 
 and also the parcel of land known as Belle Isle. 
 
 In all cases where the streets are not open to the 
 river or extended to the northern limits of the city, 
 the w.ird lines are where the lines of the streets 
 would be if opened or extended. 
 
 : .All between Russell 
 
 All between Wabash 
 
 All between Dequindre 
 
 and 
 
 and 
 and 
 
CH apti<:r XXVIII 
 
 FRKNCn AND KNC.LISIl TAXATION'.— TERRITORIAI. TAXI'.S.— STATK AND COUNTY 
 TAXKS.— CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES.— UNITED STATES TAXES. 
 
 FRKXCH AM) KNCI.ISII lA XA IK )N. 
 
 Undkr French rule the iiiliabilaiUs of Detroit 
 paid to the receiver of the domain, as rent to the 
 Crown, an annual tax of from one to two sols per 
 foot front. Tile Enyiisii commandants required the 
 occupants of farms ailjoininj;' tlie town to support 
 the troops .and to furnisli at lirst one c<jrd of wood, 
 and tiien two cords, for cacii acre of fronta.t^e on the 
 river. In 1762 tiie ta.\ on the inhabitants within the 
 fort amounted to one iiundred and eigiity-four 
 pounds, tiiirteen siiiliinijs, four pence; two years 
 later it was one iuindred and fifty-eij;lit pounds. New 
 York currency. In 1768 a tax of one sliiliinu; per 
 foot front for lots in the fort, and ten shillin,ns per 
 acre for tlie farms adjoining, was ordered to be 
 paid; tiiis would have yielded about four thousand 
 pounds, New York currency. The inhabitants |)ro- 
 tested against this tax as exorbitant, and asked to 
 have the work done by commissioners, whom they 
 agreed to p.'iy. The indications are that their plan 
 was adopted. 
 
 TKRRrrORIAL TAXKS. 
 
 Under the Northwest Territory, by law of August 
 I, 1792, the Court of Common Pleas appointed 
 annually a commissioner of land tax, with collectors 
 for each district. Act of December 19, 1799, trans- 
 f(;rred the ap|)ointment of tlu^se officers to the Court 
 of Ouarter Sessions, who were required to lay off 
 the districts. All the lands in each district were to 
 be divided by the commissioners into three classes, 
 the first grade to pay eighty-five cents, the second 
 sixty cents, and the third twenty-five cents on each 
 hinidred acres. 
 
 Detroit was in the district or township of Sargent, 
 and the following copy of an old French letter, 
 found among the archives of the county, shows 
 that delinquent tax-payers are not a modern insti- 
 tution : 
 
 RiVRK Raisin, 13th August, 1799. 
 McNsiniM} F. I. Bki.i.ixouk, — 
 
 I liave received orders from you to ap|)car at the fort to-morrow 
 to render my account of I'axes. 
 
 I have to announce to you that it is iinposslhle for me to quit. 
 My harvest at this moment is bcini; ravaged hy blackbirds. The 
 
 |)i'ople don't pay, not liavlng any mnney, and I (an't very well 
 
 (iinipil tliini. Do yon know what you have to di>, it is to send 
 
 your orders so as to give more force, so as to constrain them to 
 
 pay. 
 
 I am your humble serv.mt, 
 
 IMS 
 JciSKl'll X MkNAKI), 
 MA UK 
 
 Colltctoy /or district 0/ Sargent. 
 
 The fort was then the most prominent object in 
 the place, and "going to the fort" was the cus- 
 tomary phrase of people going to the town. M. 
 Hellecour was evidently collector of the land tax. 
 Etienne Dubois, who served in 1801, is the only 
 other person known to have acted in this capacity. 
 
 The following officers were appointed in March, 
 1801 : lister of Lands for Detroit and Huron dis- 
 tricts, A. Dequindre; apjiraiscrs of houses for town- 
 ship of Detroit, Joseph Thibeaut and Cabriel (Jod- 
 froy; collector of territorial tax, Elias Wallen. On 
 June 13, 1801, Francois I'etiuise was appointed to 
 take the enumeration of jiersons and property for 
 Detroit township, and on June 7, 1803, T. McCrae 
 and C.abriel Godfroy were apjiointed assessors and 
 appraisers for Detroit. On December, 1803, they 
 were succeeded by Joseph Thibeaut and Joseph 
 Campau. Undor Michigan Territory, a law of Sep- 
 tember 10, 1805, imposed taxes as follows: "On 
 every coach, chariot, phaeton, chair, calash, chaise 
 or other riding carriage, one dollar for every wheel ; 
 and on every sleigh, carriole, or other conveyance 
 for riding in winter, two dollars, — one half thereof 
 to become due upon the first day of April in every 
 year, to be collected by the Marshal," The law also 
 declared that "every male inhabitant in the Terri- 
 tory, over the age of sixteen years, should pay 
 annually the sum of one dollar as a capitation tax." 
 The number of tax-payers in the Territory on 
 October i, 1805, was five hundred and twenty-five, 
 and an aggregate assessment of $1,143 seems to 
 have been nearly all paid. The highest sum assessed 
 to any one person was eighteen dollars and fifty 
 cents, and the lowest one dollar. A few of the 
 names and amounts on the old roll are as follows : 
 James May, $18.50; Joseph Campau, $10.50; James 
 Abbott. $8 ; Solomon Sibley, $2 ; Elijah Brush, 
 $4.50; IJarnaby Campau, $3; Archibald Horner, 
 
 [mqI 
 
I^O 
 
 STATE AND COUNTY TAXES. 
 
 $2; Ciabricl Ridiard, S3; Al)raiii Hull, S3, .ind 
 I'etcr Dc-snoycrs, $1. 
 
 Under tliis law, on June 5, iSo7,tlu' Disiriet Cnuit 
 for Detroit appointed the following,' ol'lieers: Stanley 
 (jriswold, ire.isurer ; John lii'nry, Charles Mor.an, 
 and Chahert Jonraire, assessors ; W'ni. MeD. Seotl, 
 eolleetor. 
 
 In addition to tlic reijiilar taxes, lieenses were 
 reciuired from nicreiiants, tavern and saloon keepers. 
 The total territorial reeeipts from all sources were 
 estimated, in i8o(S, at §5,000; but no one save the 
 Governor and Jud,y;es knew the amount eolleeted, or 
 the use made of the money. Meanwhile ("lovernor 
 Hull and Jud).(e May erected their expensive resi- 
 dences, and their expenditures seemed so lavish 
 that the Grand Jury of the Territory undertook to 
 investii^ate the accounts of the assessors, collectors, 
 and treasurers; but to their jL^reat surprise, they 
 founil that neither of these officers could be com- 
 pelled to render any statement whatever to the 
 people. Indeed, the Governor and Jiidjjjes told the 
 (hand Jury, "The laws do not authorize you to 
 inciiiire into these matters," which information the 
 Grand Jury, thouj^di surjirised and indii;nanl, could 
 not gainsay. In the words of a contem|iorary, 
 " The Governor and Judi^es continued to serve as 
 the raters of taxes, the assessors, the colk'ctors, the 
 treasurers and expcnders." 
 
 In a memorial to President Madison, the followinvf 
 complaint was made : 
 
 'I'ho taxes ()n our pcdj:)!!* arc \'rry h('a\ y, and tin* piil)Iif ntonc)', 
 whin intrusted to tin: discrution of Mr. Hull, is wantonly wasted. 
 He aiithori>!ed a niniilierof eonimissioners to explore a road to tlx^ 
 Miami, in the dead of winter, when the coinitry was hut one sheet 
 of ice and snow, -and which it would be inpossihle for thi' same, 
 or any other persons, to find again in l.ie siiniiiKT time, -and 
 expended four hundred and eighty-two dollars, raised by taxes oil 
 a sparse and poor population, on this useless and injiidieious jiro- 
 jeet,— money whieh inii;bt be productive of some good if the 
 diitatesof common sense* bad been complied wilb, and a propir 
 season of the year selected for the purposi*. 
 
 From 1812 to 1820 there was no direct territorial 
 t.a.x on lands, but license fees were required from 
 stores, taverns, and ferries. 
 
 On May 8, 1820, provision was made for taxing; 
 personal property and lands in each county ; and in 
 case the taxes were not paid, and no personal 
 property could be found upon which to levy, the 
 sheriff was authorized to imprison deliiujuents. 
 Under law of April 21, 1825, provision was first 
 made for the sale of lamls for non-payment of 
 taxes, and the first enforcement of this law created 
 great indignation. 
 
 STATE AND COUNTY TAXES, 
 
 These ta.xes originate as follows : y\ppro|)riations 
 made by the Legislature arc aiiportioned by t!ie 
 
 auditor-gtncr.il, who communic.itis the iiroportion 
 of the county to the Mo.ird of Supervisors, through 
 the county clerk, and the bo.ird apportions tliiin 
 with the regul.ir county t.ix. The amount of the 
 county tax is determined by the Bo.ird of Auditors. 
 
 Once in live years the .Stale Hoard of I'.tiu.iliz.a- 
 tion ex.imines the apportionments of the State tax 
 m.ule by the aiiditor-geiicr.il, ,iiul, as far .is possible, 
 equ.ilizi'S the .amounts. 
 
 I'ndcr the tax law of March 14. 18S2, and Act of 
 June T), 1883, the State and county taxes, for each 
 current year, become a lien on the property on 
 December i, and one per cent on the amount is 
 .allowed tl township treasurers for colk^cting the 
 same. A J.inii.ary i four jicr cent is .allowed 
 the township treasurers. Within the city of Detroit 
 the tiixes are payable to the county treasurer tij) to 
 December 16 without any percentage. If not paid 
 by December 16, four per cent is added to the 
 amount of the original tax, which must be paid by 
 the first of I'"ebruary, unless the time is I'Xtcndi'd by 
 the Common Council or the Township Hoard ; but 
 not over one month of additional time c;in be 
 granti'd. If not paid by the first of March, two per 
 (\'nt addilioii.il is added, and then one jier cent a 
 month up to June 1, and if not then paid, ;i further 
 sum of twenty per ci'iil per yi'ar is charged until 
 paid. 
 
 On the first of M.arch a list of all lands on which 
 the taxes are unpaid is forwarded by the idtiiity 
 treasurer !(• the auditor-gencr.al, .and if tlu' t.axes 
 remain un|);ii(l one year or more afti'r liie first of 
 July, the lands are then sold on the first of May in 
 the next ye.ir. The sale is made by the county 
 treasurer, who, within twenty days after the sale, 
 must file with the clerk of the Circuit Court a list of 
 the lands .sold, and unless objection is made, within 
 eight days thereafter the sale is confirmed. Al any 
 time within one year thereafter the court can set aside 
 the sale, ujion such terms .as .ire deemed just ; but 
 no sale can be set aside after the purchaser or his 
 assignee has been in possession for live years. 
 
 A tax receipt, to be valid, must describe Ne 
 ])roperty as fully as it is described on the t.ix roll ; 
 and it is well for persons to observe for themselves 
 that the tax is marked "I'.aid" on the collector's 
 books. 
 
 Cnder law of 1827, and up to 1879, the county 
 taxes in Detroit were collected by the ward col- 
 lectors under direction of the Common Council; 
 since 1879 they have been p.iy.ible to the county 
 treasurer, or to collectors of his a|5pointment. 
 
 The total territorial and county, and State and 
 county taxes, for several decades, with other inter- 
 esting facts, are given in following table ; 
 
 Year. 
 
 1830... 
 lS|o. ,. 
 ia,o... 
 l8i;o. .. 
 
 I8(K>... 
 
 >«7 
 
 1.SS1). .. 
 
CITY 'lAXAlloN AM) FINANCKS. 
 
 15' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Total Co. 
 lax. 
 
 'I'lital State 
 aiKlCii.'i'ax. 
 
 I'aiil liy 
 III iKiit, 
 
 C'oimty 
 Dclu. 
 
 5.U10 
 
 Popiilal'ii 
 of to. 
 
 l8ao. .. 
 
 
 • $1,688 
 
 5i7-'" 
 
 .•14."<i7 
 
 67,466 
 ■AV 1.658 
 406,5 J I 
 
 
 i8(o... 
 
 l..,7l6 
 
 .•1,51J 
 
 S.l.'N'J 
 
 177,804 
 
 i.,,6.o" 
 '•.)5' 
 
 5i,H8fi 
 181,441, 
 
 2~),),Jjii 
 
 
 184..... 
 t8s'). .. 
 
 24.'7J 
 
 42.756 
 
 75.547 
 
 I i(,,i)68 
 
 166,444 
 
 
 
 1S70... 
 18K0... 
 
 
 1 17."5" 
 
 Formerly many county oniccrs were entitled to 
 the fees reeeiveil, hut under Acts of May 22 antl 24, 
 iS/i;, tlie fees received hy all county ollicers, after 
 that year, wi'fe re(|iiired to be paid to the county 
 treasurer, and credilt'd to the _y;eiuTal fund. 
 
 The credit of the county and its linances were fur- 
 ther cared for by an Act of June 7, 1881, which pro- 
 vided for funding;- the debt of the county for ten 
 years, at foiu" and a half per cent interest, and for 
 the raisini,r by tax, each yi'ar until paid, of not less 
 than one tenth of the ainouhl of the county debt. 
 
 CITY rAXATIoM AND FIMANCKS. 
 
 Under the town incoriioralion, the first tax was 
 voted on .April 17, 1S02. The amount was $150, 
 and it was to be paid by an assessment of twenty- 
 live cents upon each individual of the aije of twenty- 
 one years and upwards, and by a tax of one fourtii 
 of one per cent on "fixed propert)." In practice, 
 the " fixed property " was then deemed to mean 
 houses, anil not lots or lands. Under the rule of the 
 (lovernor and Jud.nes, no city lax is known to have 
 !)een levied. Fri'edom from such taxation was, 
 probal)ly, the one blessing of their ri'^/inr. 'I"he 
 territorial treasurer ke[)t an account known as the 
 Detroit Fund, and the (iovernor and Judifcs tfave 
 orders on it, which were paid by recei|)ts obtained 
 from sale of lots. In 1S15 the citizens aj^ain as- 
 sumed the ni.anaii^enH'nt of llu'ir own affairs, and on 
 Sepiember 21, 1816, ;i tax of §1,500 was voted for, 
 and was chielly used in buildinj,^ a market-house. It 
 was raised by a poll tax of one dollar, and by a lax 
 on real and personal [iroperty. 
 
 On February 13, 1817, the IJoard of Trustees 
 ai^reed to levy a tax of forty cents on each one hun- 
 dred dollars, aiul the total valuation of the city was 
 fixed at $1,787.37. On May 10, 1819, the treasurer 
 of the corporation made the following report for the 
 year : 
 
 Riccmi'TS— Rent of Market Stall, $64.06 ; Kiiics, $(,.;. ii, ; 'ravcni 
 Lieciisus, $79.93 ; Use of Hay Scales, $17.06. Total, $254,24. 
 
 Kxi'KNniriuKS— On account of Market, $13.19; l''ire Hooks 
 and Handles, $64.13; Salary of t'iiy I'lerk, from September 5, 
 1817, to May 11, 1819, $115.43; Commission on moiu'ys received 
 and paid by Tr" isurer, $13.31 ; Deputy Marshal, $47.43; Sheet- 
 iron for Council House, 75c. Total, $254.24. Outstanding Hills 
 against the City, $583.93. Amounts due City, $180.77. 
 
 Act of April 4, 1827, authorized the "citizens' 
 meeting," by a plur.ility of votes from qualified 
 voters, to levy a poll ta.x of not exceeding one dollar 
 
 upon every qualified voter. I'he .same Act empow- 
 ered the city lo fill up the lots on low grounds aloiu' 
 the river and in other loc.ilities; and if the improve- 
 ments were not jjaitl for by parties owning the lots, 
 the city was authorized to lease them for seven 
 years to .any person who would p;iy the amounts 
 due. By Act of April 12, power w.is given to lease 
 lots so assessed for twenty-five years. As might he 
 expected, there was much trouble in enforcing these 
 laws, .and speci.al power w.as given to the city 
 m.arsh.il under which he could summon citizens to 
 his .aid ii, onlcr to p. lersons into possession of the 
 lots they hail le.ised. 
 
 We now reach the record of events that seem 
 ■almost incredible, and that mark an era in the his- 
 tory of Detroit. In the year 1827 the city cnlc;''il 
 upon .and beg.in to l.iy out the m.ignificcnl iiroperty 
 known .as the Milit.ary Reserve, which h.id been 
 gr.anled by Congress the i)revious year. Roughly 
 described by present .street-lines, ihe Ir.icl embr.iccd 
 all the hand between .Michigan Ave.iue .and I.. irned 
 .Street, and C.riswold .mil Cass Streets. 
 
 Like some boyish heir, who has miexpectedly 
 come into p )sses.sion of .a large estate, the city did 
 not know how to properly enjoy and utilize such 
 wealth, .and the saying " IC.asy come, easy go" 
 proved as .applicable lo corpor.ate as to individual 
 fin.ances. Property which to-d.iy is in the hc.irl of 
 the city, the income from which, year by year, would 
 pay the entire city expenses and meet our bonded 
 debt besides, was frittered away and siiuandcrcd. 
 Twice in the hi.story of the city a Landed dom.iin 
 which would be .a l.irge factor in the wealth of 
 <a Rothschild has been lost by the mism.anage- 
 ment of those who should have preserved it. First 
 the Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract and hundreds of city 
 lots were disposeil of, .and then the Milil.iry Reserve; 
 and to-day the city has literally nothing left of those 
 magnificent gift.s, — gifts such as no other city in the 
 Union ever received from the (iener.al ("lovernmcnt. 
 No other city on this continent was ever so highly 
 favored, and none could h.avc made a much poorer 
 u.se of such a donation. If the city h.ad .sold, or 
 even given away, every alternate lot, and leased the 
 rem.ainder of the lots, if the aldermanic fathers 
 had done one half .as well for the city as the owners 
 of the Cass and Mrush Farms did for themselves, 
 the city revenue would now be so great as to pre- 
 clude any necessity for tax.ation, and Detroit would 
 be the citizens' paradise, the Utopia of burdened 
 tax-payers. 
 
 When the city began to improve its possessions, 
 it had not money enough to p.ay the laborers. The 
 council therefore resolved to p.ay for the work in 
 their own notes. Accordingly, on April 10, 1827, 
 two days before the legislative council had granted 
 them authority, the Recorder .and Alderman Jones 
 
IS 2 
 
 CITY TAXATION AM) FINANCES. 
 
 were apixHiUed ;i committee to attend to the printiiiif 
 of the due-bills. On .\|)rii 12, the le^Mslative eoiincil 
 jrave the city power to issue tiiese bills, to an amount 
 not e.\ceediiijr S5.000 at any one time; and on May 
 I the first lot of one hundred duc-l)ills, for ti\-c 
 dollars each, was issued ; and soon after fifty, for ten 
 dollars each. On .M;iy 31 it was 
 
 AViWrvv/, that the snin of iivc liiiinlii'd (li)llars lie issued in cnr- 
 poration iiDtcs, of a (IciKiiniiiatioii not U'ss than live dcillafs, at tlic 
 disi!rcti(in of llic ni.iynr. 
 
 Diirinjr the year, hills of the (k'noininaiion of 
 three doll.ars, two dollars, and one dollar, and e\cn 
 of fractional ;ininmiis, were issued, and a total of 
 $3,349.78 was put in circulation. In 1828 the issues 
 of 1827 were redeemed, and §2,300 additional siijncd 
 and cinuilateci. It was found, however, that tlu' 
 people did not sustain this " fi;it " currency, and on 
 July 28, 1828, a special committee of the council 
 made the foUowinir report : 
 
 The ciimmittce instructed to e.xamijie into the state of tin; 
 credit of the paper, heretofore issued by tliis corporation, etc., 
 h.ive to report: That on inquiry it was found that at ri,;;lit of tlie 
 stores of the principal merchants of Detroit, which were in siii- 
 cossion visited hy a resptu:tahle individual, a discount of eiiLi:htci'n 
 cents on a dollar way. dcMUantled, when taken for >;oods. 
 
 The couiuiittee have learned that in several instances a much 
 Rreater sacrifice has been required of those who offered the paper 
 of the corporation; and in <^ne instance, ,'ibout forty percent dis- 
 count was exacted of a laborer, who h.id been in the employ of 
 the street comniissionei-, and who wished to buy ,i barrel of pork. 
 
 In fine, it appears to the committee that m place of a desire on 
 the part of many, who, it might be supposed, are mainly inter- 
 ested in the welfare and improvement of the city, to support and 
 assist the exertions of the Cominon Coimcil, and to maint.iin the 
 value of the means which are at its disposjil, there exists a paltry 
 and dis.i^'raceful propensity to speculate on these means, and to 
 increase private wealth, at the sacrifice of the c:ommon property. 
 * ♦ * The street commissioner, and others who are calli-d on 
 to employ labirers for the corporation, find them.selves under the 
 necessity of paying one or two shillings more for a day's work, in 
 the notes of the corporation, than the s:une would cost in money, 
 or bills at par. .-Vnd every article reqiured for the corporation, and 
 paid for in its paper, is charged in a like proportion. * * * * 
 Tlie committee beg lea\'e to suggest 
 
 I''irsty th.'t no improvement wliich will require pecuniary means 
 he imdertaken until the bills of the corporation shall be within fwe 
 per cent of their nominal value. 
 
 Si-ctmil, that all works which have been undert.iken, whii h 
 ri'qnire pecuniary means, and which can be relinciuished without 
 prejudicing the pidilic health or interest, be discontinued. 
 
 /V///"*/, that all debts now due the cori)or.'iti(^n be immediately 
 collected; and 
 
 FiK >-th, that, if it be necessary to restore the <redit of the 
 papi'r 01 he corporation, a number of lots be inunediately sold for 
 that purpo^.', or that a loan be obtained of either the Hank of 
 Michigan or the Itank of Monroe, at the legal interi'st, and pay- 
 able; in the manner money is usually paid when obtained on what 
 is called Ace<iminodation Notes. * ♦ * 
 
 Ri;sp(;cl fully subnrlted. 
 
 Jiui\ I'. SiiKi.noN, 
 
 1'. I'. II. WrriM.:ui.;i 1,, 
 Jil.v 18, iSj.S. Coiiiniitter. 
 
 The report produced but little effect, and matters 
 ji^rcw worse and worse, fhc toi.il citv receipts in 
 1828 were $20,836.20, of which §1 1,765.95 was from 
 
 sales of lots, and $1,689.36 from lease of lots 011 the 
 embankment. I'he expenditures were, for debts of 
 the previous ye.ir, $i,i 17.66; for roads and super- 
 visor, $1,697.80; for .sewers, $1,278; for embank- 
 ment, $7,718; and for o|X'iiinjr streets, $1,754. 
 
 .\lmost as soon as the city bcir.in to dispose of 
 the property i;i\'en to it, tlu' cor|ior;uion l)c,n;in to be 
 in w;tnt. I'lip-iid debts of previous years were 
 c.'illcd for. Improvements p.aid for in dc|)reciated 
 due bills were charged for iiroportionately, and cost 
 much more than they were really worth. The city 
 continued its issue of due-bills, netrlected ta.\;ition, 
 and snjd its lots for almost any price, often taking; 
 in p.tyment its own notes, boui^'ht at thirty ,-ind forty 
 percent discount. .Most of the funds th.at were rc- 
 cei\-ed were expended in improx'in^' the wx\ lots 
 sold. \. series of so-called imiirovcmcnts was 
 entered upon, many of them of a temporary char- 
 acter, and others solely in the interest of siiecuiators. 
 The Steam Mill Wharf, at the foot of Woodw.ard 
 Avenue, was tilled in at a cost of several thousand 
 dollars, for the benefit, as was soon found out, of 
 private owners. The river front or "embankment" 
 w;is really improved. The result of the needless 
 expenditures and bad fin.'incicrint;" is indicated in the 
 
 followino^ resolution, " ' 
 22, 1S29: 
 
 Risoh'cd, that ,,ie corporat! 
 Ss", for the tirm of ninety da 
 a like term; tlu; same to be a 
 
 by the council on June 
 
 ..m of till' ilank of .Michigan 
 ith the permission to renew for 
 iriated for the uses of the poor. 
 
 In the following;- ycai . committee, api^ointed by 
 the Common Coinicil. reported that "they had 
 ■applied at both of the b.anks of this city, and had 
 been unable to obtain any definite terms from said 
 banks ujion which they would loan money to the cor- 
 poration." 
 
 When we look .at the city of to-day, with its im 
 mense wcilih .and unass.ailabic (Tedit, receiving- .and 
 expendino' o\'cr ,1 million of dollars yearly, it seems 
 stranv^e indct'd that its credit was e\'er so poor 
 and its future so entirely unforeseen. 
 
 In 1830 the city became more moderate in its ex- 
 pendiliires, and the total amount paid out was 
 $4,542.75, of which $4,426.63 w;is rei^eived from 
 s.ale of lots. Whenever money w.is w.anted for any 
 purpose, the city ollicials diil not, as ;i f.armcr mii,rht 
 do, take a sheep to market, but thcv sold a lot of 
 land instead, .11; 1 iliiis, ye.ir by year, the city lived 
 upon .and devoured its substance. On November 
 12, 1830, a committee was ".appointed to obtain a 
 loan for the purpose; of r"decmiim' the cori^oration 
 money," and this year the city redeemed $2,610.07, 
 and issued $i,5l;6. In March, 1831, the due-bills 
 were subject to .a discoimt of twelve and ;i half per 
 cent. Still the |)rinters were kept busy, .and on 
 /\pril 14, $1,000 in corporation notes were issued, 
 
 
CITY TAXATION AM) ITXAXCKS. 
 
 >l.-) 
 
 and the same amount in i<S32. On July lo, 1834, 
 the last of the llrst series was issued. Up to that 
 time $21,208 liad i)een circulated, and on Au.iijust 1 
 tliere were $6,830 outstandin,;;;. On Oitober 22 it 
 was decided to cease tile issue of these liills, and lo 
 redeem all that were outstanding;-. 
 
 It should l)e rememheretl that, during' the years 
 named, neither under the town incorporation of 
 1802, the rule of the ("lovernor and Jud.i^es from 
 1805 to 1815, nor by the regular city government 
 existing from i Si 5, were any city taxes levied upon 
 ri-al estate. Is it any wonder that those who owned 
 broad acres in single farms within and adjoining the 
 city grew rich as the years went by. almost without 
 effort or care ? However, " nothing is surer than 
 deatl; and taxes," and city taxation of real estate 
 came as tiie direct result of the deaths in Detroit by 
 Asiatic cholera. The expense incurred by the city 
 during the prevalence of the scourge of 1832 was 
 too great to be paid by the methods previously in 
 vogue. The county refused to pay any portion of 
 the expense, and finally, as a last resort, the citizens 
 voted to tax the real estate. It was found, however, 
 that the city had no power to tax the property of 
 others than the citizens, and as much of the taxable 
 property was owned by non-residents, no tax was 
 then levied. Application was soon made to the 
 Legislature, and an amendment to the city charter 
 was obtained on April 22, 1833, which authorized 
 the council, with the consent of the citizens' meet- 
 ing, to levy a tax of one fourth of one per cent on 
 real and personal property, and to levy on goods or 
 chattels, or sell real estate for a term of years for 
 non-payment of taxes, on notice of one month to 
 residents, or three months to non-resid.nts. This 
 law helped the city out of the tinancial slough into 
 which it had fallen. 
 
 Seven years having elapsed since the city received 
 its donation from the C.eneral ("lox'crnment, a com- 
 mittee was appointed to ascertain the eontlition of 
 the city hnances. On March i, 1834 an elaborate 
 report was made to the council by C. C. Trowbridge 
 and J. Williams, showing that there had been an 
 almost entire lack of system in the keeping of 
 accounts by the various city officers ; and that 
 during the previous seven years, out of $5,000 bor- 
 rowed from the banks of the city, only §600 had 
 pas-;cd through the treasury. The ri'])ort further 
 set forth that between 1825 and 1834 the average 
 annual receipts from fines and licenses was $1,100, 
 and the average annual expenses, excluding amounts 
 paid for laying out streets and improving roads, was 
 $1,800, and that the yearly deficit had been ])aid by 
 the sale of city lots; also that more than two 
 thirds of all the money which had been received 
 from .sales of city lots hail been expended on streets, 
 roads, and cmb.inkments. 
 
 Up to .March i, 1834, the city had sold ruid dis- 
 posed of all the property donated, e\cept three frac- 
 tional lots, the sales aggregating $54,423; $15,000 
 of this amount was then due for lots already sold. 
 Largely tiirough the efforts of Mayor Trowbridge. 
 
 Fac-simile of i2j<5 Cent City Siiini'i.astrr of 1838. 
 
 this $1 5,000 was used in erecting the old City Hall. 
 That building has now disapjieared, and a few 
 Parks are all that the city has left of the extensive 
 donations it received. 
 
 The report of the coiuicil ((jinmittee recom- 
 
154 
 
 CITY TAXATUJN AND I L\A\Ci:S. 
 
 mended, aiul tlie eily adopted, plans for the more 
 perfect keeping;- of aeeonnts. On ( )etol)er 22. a 
 committee was .'ippoinled to devise a system of tax- 
 ;ition on real and personal ]iro|)ertv ; and at a eili- 
 zens' meetini( on October 31, a real estate t.ix was 
 voted. It was limiteil to one fourth of one jier cent 
 on the valuation. 
 
 I'roin this time the credit of the city l)e.i,^'m slowly 
 to improve; and with jjreater needs, additional 
 powers of taxation have been granted by the Legis- 
 lature. An Act of .\pril 13, 1841, authorized the 
 city, with consent of the citizens' meeting, to niise a 
 tax of one half of one per cent. One of the first 
 symptoms of enl.arged crecht w;is the agreement of 
 01i\-er Newberry, on October 28, 1835, to purchase 
 $100,000 in city bonds. I lis offer was ac'cepied on 
 November 13, and the lirst bonds issued by the city 
 were thus sold to a <'ilizen. They were dated 
 October i, 1835; um: half of the amount was then 
 issued, and the balani:e just one vear later. 
 
 The simplicity, or duplicity, of those days is illus- 
 trated by the fact that the bonds were delivered 
 before thi'V were paid for, and the money jiaid over 
 from time to lime, ;is wanted. 
 
 'I"he panic, of 1837 created a demand for a new 
 issue of city shinplasters, and on August 8, $2,000 
 were ordered issued in small bills, of the denomina- 
 tions of six and one fourth, twelve and one half, eigh- 
 teen and three fourths, twenty-live, thirty-seven and 
 a half, fifty, and sixty-two aiul ;i half cents. On 
 Saturday, October 21, 1837, Alderman Ch.asc offered 
 the following, which w;is atlopted : 
 
 Ke.\o/"vii, that tlu! I'ity Ireastiror, uiicUr the clirictii)n of the 
 maycir, liaw jiriiitcd upon l)auk-ni)tc paper, (liK:-l>iIls to the 
 .'unoiiut of ^ii^j*)'), of tht; forms jircx-ionsly adopted hy the board, 
 of the dtMioniiiialioiis of fifty and se\'enty-ri\'e cents; $i,ik)>» of 
 s:iid Sinn I < he made payable at the Hank of Miehij;an; $!,<>«) at 
 tlie Michigan State Bank; and $i,.«x) at the I'armers and 
 Mecluinicrt' Hank; and wluii filled up and signed, tliat the ainoiiiu 
 he placed to the credit of the city, the treasurer j;ivini,' his receipt 
 therefor. 
 
 On April i, 1831), .a report of the city clerk showed 
 that there were in circulation, mi March 31, 183S, 
 $15,615.04 of these hills, , and on March 30, 1839, 
 $12,323.45. On May 14, 1831J, $10,000 were ordered 
 printed, to redeem muiiltted bills. The mutil.ated 
 bills were redeemed by the city treasurer, who had 
 ihe care of them, until they could be destroyetl by ;i 
 committee of the council. In those d.iys there wt're 
 no public s.afes, and the city officers had none of the 
 modern conveniences for the safe keeping of \alii- 
 ables, conse(|uently the bills were packed in ;in 
 immense " hair trunk," -;i trunk covered with horse- 
 hide, tanned with the hair on. 
 
 On one occasion, when Saturday night came, the 
 trunk was crammed full of these ])romises to ji.ay, 
 and the treasurer was obliged to convey it to his 
 own home ; and, with double-barrelled gun and I)r,ice 
 
 of ]iistols loaded .and primed, he kept watch .and 
 w.ard (i\iT the trunk all through the .Sabbath, ;md 
 on Monday turned the money over to be burned. 
 
 r>y Act of I'ebruary 11, 1842. the city was pro- 
 hibited from issuing any more due-bills. Little 
 
 Kac-si.\iii,k oi- CiTV 18% Cr.NT City Siiini'Lastek ok 1841. 
 
 heed, liowevcr, was paid to the l.iw, and their issue 
 continued until even the ti'ii.ants of the city h;id 
 no f.'iith in their l.indlord. The following notice 
 appeared in the d.iily ii;i|iers : 
 
 
 m 
 
CITY TAXATION AND FINANCES. 
 
 155 
 
 \Vt', till,' iin(li!rsi>!m-cl, liiitilurs i[i lli(> City Hall Market, luive 
 hcicimc sjitisllcd that, in onliT to snslaiii inirseh rs in our biisiiuss, 
 wo niiisl iliscontiniic to rocuive lorporaticm sliiiiplasttTs for iiii'al, 
 from this date, 'rnistin.s; the |)iil)lic will sustain us in the stand 
 \vhi( li necessity alone has eoniix'lled ns to take. 
 
 S. 11. MousK, 
 li. Ta! T, 
 
 Damki. Oir.m.AN, 
 John Hi 1.1, , 
 
 CHAUI.KS r.clNDWKU, 
 
 John IIkss. 
 ■Drtijoit, April 18, 1842. 
 
 Tlie notice seems to have borne some fruit, for on 
 Novemi)er i, 1S42, the Comr.iittee on Ways and 
 Means reported that tiiey li.id destroyed $6,4.^4.84 
 in warrants and due-l)ilis. This j^ood work was 
 continued, and on January 24, 1843, the committee 
 reported the destruction of $4,708.24 additional, and 
 four hundred and eij^hty sheets of blank due-bills. 
 On the 7th of I'"ebruary follnwinj;. six inindred more 
 sheets were burned. On March 19. 1844, the coun- 
 cil resolved "that henceforth no shinplaster or w;ir- 
 rant shall be issued by the corporation." 
 
 In 1845 Rawdon, \\'rii;ht, <!v: Match were paid 
 $888.51 for printin.if due-bills previously issued. On 
 March 13, 1851, $3,472.62 of this corporation money 
 w;is still outstandinir, and as late as 1871 the sum 
 of $21.87 \vas redeemed. 
 
 Expiiisrs of Ci'iy. 
 The expenses of the city for several decades, and 
 the amounts exiK'iided for the most important pur- 
 poses, are shown in the following' table : 
 
 
 1830 
 
 1S40 
 
 1850 
 
 l8(K. 
 
 $10,771 
 
 Kite Department 
 
 $,!5f> 
 
 $i/'39 
 
 3.2.S9 
 
 Schools 
 
 
 .3" 
 
 53 
 
 8,i>'3 
 
 40,667 
 35.7-'5 
 
 PiiMic SfwtTs . . 
 
 246 
 
 Intcrt'st on 1 )cl)t 
 
 
 '4.395 
 
 24.231 
 
 19, 8v' 
 
 CanM.f Poor.... 
 
 V 
 
 2,046 
 
 2,1) Ij 
 
 1 1 ,62 1; 
 
 
 
 
 
 186 
 
 2,^0! 
 
 City Printing. . . 
 
 Cm 
 
 297 
 
 6S5 
 
 City Lights 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,S8o 
 
 Cilv roliee 
 
 
 
 
 2,475 
 
 Citv Courts 
 
 68 
 
 1,171 
 
 7'5 
 
 ■4" 
 
 Care of Streets.. 
 
 I. '53 
 
 1,998 
 
 3.432 
 
 i8,(,i.-' 
 
 l*a\inv; St's and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Intersections. . 
 
 445 
 
 40 
 
 1.232 
 
 33..i">J 
 
 Water Works 
 
 
 30,080 
 
 12,469 
 
 
 Salaries i>fAlder- 
 
 
 tnen, Citv < IfTi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 cers;ind Clerks 
 
 588 
 
 1,212 
 
 4.'4'i 
 
 18,047 
 
 Kleetion l-,.\pen- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ses 
 
 
 
 301 
 
 364 
 
 1.(14 
 
 Total expendi- ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 tnri's for ordi- 
 
 $4,542 |()i,of« 
 
 $127,260 
 
 $294,436 
 
 nary piirp sus ) 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 $78,223!! 
 
 '7.!.'»74 
 
 1 I2,fH.7 
 
 52,318 
 ■7.332| 
 
 4.333 
 13.633 
 20,010 
 64,706 
 
 8,112 
 44.1571 
 
 ''5.294 
 
 35.5-'<' 
 2,780 
 
 18S1 
 
 ,198 
 172 
 
 i.';93 
 .325 
 I029 
 
 .952 
 909 
 i94S 
 ,022 
 ,469 
 002 
 
 57.974 
 
 73.483 
 12,935 
 
 $693,014 $902,889 
 
 Amounts for iScSi are ,i;iven because the rcjiorts 
 for 1880 included a periotl of seventeen months. 
 The amounts appropriated in any one year for any 
 certain purpose do not always indicate how much 
 w.-is expended for that purpose durin^^ the year. Of 
 the appropriation for any ycir, only the amount col- 
 lecti'd can be used, but b.ilances left over, or 
 amounts collected as back taxes, can be used. 
 
 A variety of interesting; facts concerninji;' the tax- 
 ation and hnanees of the city arc herewith ^iven : 
 
 Fac-si.mile of Tui;.Nrv-i'i\ ]■; Cicni (.iiv Siii.m i am i.i; m 1S38. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Valuation of 
 Real Estate. 
 
 Valuation of 
 Personal Prop. 
 
 Total Valtia- 
 lion. 
 
 1 8 'o 
 
 
 
 $711,680 
 .(,f'io,c)5i 
 2,372,6)9 
 
 
 
 
 iSco 
 
 
 
 i860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1884 
 
 |i4,'->27.i:i3-.-- 
 16,872,333.... 
 64, ,,6.085.... 
 8«,890,955-- 
 
 $2,186,690 ... 
 <'.7.3".994---- 
 19,807,705... 
 s7.931.040.-. 
 
 16,213,823 
 
 23,'>'3.327 
 85,363,790 
 
 110,721,995 
 
156 
 
 CITY TAXATION AND KINANCES. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1830 
 
 1840. ... 
 
 1850 
 
 i860 
 
 1870 
 
 l88a 
 
 1884 ... 
 
 Total City 'J'ax. 
 
 Net City Debt. 
 
 $..i,,8(.j-- 
 129,484.. 
 631,872- • 
 885,830.. 
 
 $;,I0.S- 
 l86,5(») 
 
 304,845 
 
 707.794 
 
 l,36o,4(:xi 
 
 * 906,5^x1 
 
 In Siiikiii>; 
 Kiiiiil. 
 
 $11,123 
 
 37. •-";2 
 528,(.2a 
 
 *yo6,7C)4 
 
 ♦July, 1884. 
 
 50 CHIKTS^ 
 
 Fac-simile of Fiftv-Cent Shinplaster of 1837. 
 
 In ;uklilii)n to llic n ;^iilar bonded dcl)t of the city, 
 l)(.'in>il is also liable f,)r about live si.xtlis of the bond- 
 ed debt of the county, and for all the bonded debt 
 created by the Bo.'ird of Water Coniniissioners. Hv 
 the charter of 1803 the bonded debt of the city may 
 not be o\er twc per cent of the assessed valuation of 
 all property. An Act of March 8, 1873, whicii 
 authorized tj-.e 'expenditure by the Water Commis- 
 sion of mosL of tiie amounts constitutinji^ tiicir debt, 
 made it ti'.e duty of tlie council to assess an annual 
 tax of $75,000 for the use of the board, a portion of 
 wliich »vas expected to be set apart as a sinlcinir 
 fund : l)ut the council appropriated nothinij until 
 187^, when $25,000 was appropriated, and since 
 then $40,000 has been appropriated yearly. 
 
 'I'lie increase in tlic wealth of tlic citv is sliown by 
 the fact tiiat the valuation of 1830 would .i^ive each 
 inhabit.-uit $321, while that of 1880 would allow each 
 person $728. 
 
 The rate of taxation per capita in 1850 was $3.26 ; 
 in i860, $2.83 ; in 1S70. $7.94 ; and in 1880, $7.61. 
 
 C/'/j' Debt aiiif Si^!/://i_ij- Fund. 
 
 Under Act of March 21, 1851, provision was 
 made for creatini;^ a sinking- fund to meet the indebt- 
 edness of the city, and in 1852 the first tax, of 
 $5,000, was levied for this purpose. The proceeds 
 of this fund are invested chiefly in city bonds, the 
 city thus actin,i^ as its own debtor and creditor. 
 The fund is in charge of the mayor, comptroller, treas- 
 urer, and the Committees on Ways and Means of the 
 Boards of Councilmen and Aldermen, as commis- 
 sioners of the fund. The bonds and other securities 
 are deposited I)y the city treasurer in a "strong 
 box," which, up to July, 1SS2, was kept in the vault 
 of the bank acting as " city depository," and since 
 then in one of the safes (jf the Wayne County .Safe 
 Deposit Company. The box has two locks, the 
 mayor and treasurer each having a key, and when 
 the box is opened, necessity compels the presence of 
 the comptroller also, as he alone has the key to the 
 particular safe containing the box. 
 
 Under law of 1879 '•'i'^ council was recjuired to 
 levy a tax, of not less than $5,000 nor more than 
 $10,000 yearly, to be credited to the sinking fund. 
 The charter of 1883 did away with this jirovision, as 
 there seemed no further necessity for such a tax. 
 The ordinary additions to the fund come chiefly 
 from interest on investments, from percentage on 
 taxes not paid when due, from interest on deposits 
 of city funds, and from the taxes on liquor dealers. 
 These latter taxes were credited to the contingent 
 fund, and balances left unused were yearly turned 
 over to the sinking fund. After July i, 1S85, they 
 may be used to pay tlie current expenses of the 
 city. 
 
CITY TAXATION AND FINANLKS. 
 
 157 
 
 The total ainoimts received from liquor taxes in 
 Detroit since the State law took effect are as fol- 
 lows : 1875, $74,196; 1S76, $88.44:;; 1877, §57,- 
 471; 1878, S65.175; i"-;7y, and to July 1, 1880, 
 $109,452; 1881, $99,890; 1882, $95,494; 1883, 
 S141.657. 
 
 The amounts transferred to the sinkinj^ fund have 
 been as follows: 1875, $71,999; 1876, $69,695; 1877, 
 $51,000; 1878, $58,000; 1879, and to July i, 1880, 
 $90,000; 1881, $85,000; 1882, $90,000; 1S83, 
 $[30,000. 
 
 The city officers were formerly entitled to the fees 
 they received, but under law of 1879 all fees received 
 by any city officer are reciuircd to be jiaid over to 
 the city treasurer, and credited to the ).;eneral fund. 
 
 67// '/'(I. It's : xoIilII and lunj payahh:. 
 
 The estimates for taxes, as submitted by the comp- 
 troller, art required to be adopted by the Boai'd of 
 Aldermen before April 5 of each year, and by the 
 lioard of Councilmeii on or before i\pril 15. While 
 the members of these lioards are considering the 
 estimates, the iSoard of Assessors have lieen com- 
 pletintr their valuation of the property to i)e taxed ; 
 and, at least two weeks before April r, they are 
 required to .^ive notice that they will sit until April 5 
 to hear eompl.'iints and make corrections in the val- 
 uations. After this has been done, on or before the 
 third Tuesday of /Vpril, they send the completed tax 
 roll to the 15oard of Aldermen, and within a week 
 thereafter the Hoard of Aldermen and the fJoard of 
 Councilmen be.irin to hold joint sessions as a Board 
 of Review, to hear complaints, and, if necessary, to 
 correct the rolls. Their sessions continue not over 
 sixteen days, after which, usually about the middle 
 of May, the rolls are fully contirmed. The assessors 
 then compute the amount of taxes payable on each 
 valuation contained on the rolls, and taxes may be 
 paid during; the month of July without percentage. 
 Since the law of 1879, if the clerks in oifice are so 
 busy that they cannot receive all the taxes offered, 
 lists of property, with names of owners, may be 
 handed in on or before July 25, and the parties can 
 have until August 10 to pay the amounts, if there is 
 no opportunity of paying sooner. On the first of 
 August interest, at the rate of one per cent a month, 
 is added for July, and at the same rate the first of 
 each month until tiie first of January, unless the tax 
 is paid. If not paid by the first of January, the six 
 per cent that has accrued is added to the original 
 tax, and interest continues to be charged at the rate 
 of one per cent a month until the tax is paid. If 
 not paid by the first of February, the receiver of 
 taxes is authorized to advertise the property for sale, 
 but as it takes some time to prepare them, the lists 
 are usually not printed until about May i , when the 
 property is advertised for sale for four successive 
 
 weeks. .After this the cost of advertising, amount- 
 ing to about fifty cents, is added, and interest con- 
 tinues to be rt'ckoned at the rate of one per ci'iit a 
 month. If the lax is not })aid the propi'i'ty is sold 
 about June 1, the exact day bi'ing discreliunary with 
 the recei\rr of taxes. The sale indicates only that 
 the purchaser is entitled to the use of the propeity 
 purchased for the number of years agreed upon at 
 time of sale; but if the owner neglct'ts to redeem 
 it, the sale is contirmed by a regular transfi'r of title 
 by the city. Rec()rds of sales are filed in the city 
 treasurer's office. The property can be redet'iiied at 
 any time within one year after sale by paying the 
 .amount due at time of sale, and interest at the rate 
 of fifteen per cent per annum. .Soon after the sale 
 a list of all property on which the taxes h;i\e not 
 been paid, nor caiuH'llcd by .sales, is furnished by the 
 receiver to the city treasurer, to be thereafter col- 
 le<-ted through him. 
 
 At the annual s.ale, unless some private person 
 bids the amount of the tax, all lands on which taxes 
 are unpaid are sold to the city, and the amounts re- 
 ceived for back taxes in the treasurer's ol'llce are 
 credited as receipts from "City Bids." 
 
 l"rom 184410 1863 tile unpaid taxes on real estate 
 accumulated to the amount of $50,360. The city 
 treasurers slioultl ha\e collected these amounts, but 
 through ignorance and carelessness they neglected 
 to do so. On l'\-bruary i, 1877, a department for 
 collection was established in connection with the 
 city treasurer's olTice, and nearly $40,000 collected 
 the first year. 
 
 I'rior to the law of May 31, 1S79, the taxes on 
 personal property were placed in the hands of ward 
 collectors, but there was no ade(]uate provision for 
 e'^f(jrcing tlieir collection. Many refused to pay, 
 and no further effort was made when collectors 
 failed to obtain the amounts. Since the law of 1879 
 the city is authorized to levy for the collection of 
 personal taxes, and a much larger proportion of the 
 amounts is now collected. The charter of 1883 pro- 
 vides that other property than real estate may be 
 seized and sold at auction for real estate taxes. 
 
 Spca'al Taxes. 
 
 Ta.xes or assessments for the building of side- 
 walks and sewers, or f(jr the paving of streets, are 
 kept entirely distinct from the regular city ta.xes, 
 and are payable within thirty days from the time ' 
 the rolls are confirmed by the council. If not paid 
 within sixty days, the receiver of taxes can, at his 
 discretion, advertise for sale the property on which 
 these taxes are levied. 
 
 Kinds of Property taxed. 
 
 The assessors are obliged by law to lax all real 
 estate (lands and buildings being estimated separ- 
 
'58 
 
 Cri'Y 'I'AXA'riON AND KIN'ANCl.S. 
 
 atclyi, also all sincks. bonds, and niorii;am's luld 
 l)y iiulividiials <jr corporations; ail kinds of inir- 
 chaiidisc and movable propiTty, ton'i'tlu'r with 
 horsos, cattle, and c.irriaijcs. In addition to llicsc 
 taxes, real i-statt: located on iinpavec' streets is as- 
 .sessed specially, and pro rata for road taxes, ac- 
 cordint^ to tln' ; niount estimated to be necessary 
 for each ward. l'|) to i<SSi each house or store 
 with a <'ellar was .assessed one dollar, and, if the lot 
 was draiiH'd, fifty cents additional, as specitle taxes. 
 A (lonl)t as to the le.iL^ality of the assessment on 
 cellars, arising;' from a decision in a case somewhat 
 similar, caused the discontinuance of assessments 
 on c-ellars after 1880. All household proptTty over 
 two luindred dollars in waluc: is liable to assessnu'nl. 
 All houses of iniblic worship, and their fixtures and 
 furniture, .also the land on which they stand, and 
 any parsonaiLie owned and occupied as such, are ex- 
 empted by law ; all cemeteries, all city property, and 
 the property of any person who, in the opinion of 
 the assessor, is nnable to ]iay, are exempt, also other 
 properly of various kinds, as the result of special 
 enactments. 
 
 An Act of February 15, 1859, ijave the assessor 
 discretionary power in tlxini.; valuation of pnip'/rty 
 in the outskirts of the city; and up to 1872 projierty 
 w.'is as.sessed at only about one third of its value. 
 An .'\ct of April 17, 1871, made it obliijjatory upon 
 the assessors to rate property at its cash value. 
 
 In order to show the actual valuation of the city 
 in 1880, the followiuij property then exempted should 
 be included : 
 
 VAl.rATUlN. 
 
 Public school-houses and sites . . % 732,955 
 
 Police stations and property . . ^'C'.j^j 
 
 Fire enijine houses and property . 417,867 
 Other city property, such as City Hall, 
 Public Library, House of Correction, 
 
 Water Works, .Sewers, Parks, etc. 7,065,282 
 
 Cemeteries ..... 224,000 
 
 R.ailroad Lands and biiiklinns . . 2,700,000 
 
 Street railroads and e(]uii5ment . 684,320 
 
 Charitable and benevolent institutions 600,000 
 
 United States property . . . 400,000 
 
 Chiiri'h property ..... 2,573,625 
 
 School property belonging to churches 295,000 
 
 Total 
 
 $15,739,172 
 
 Fiiiaiuial Methods and Accounts. 
 
 When the city was first incorporated the fiscal 
 year was uniform with the official year. In 1859 it 
 was changed so as to begin March i instead of 
 April I. In 1873 it was changed to begin February 
 I. By Act of February 23, 1879, it was ordered 
 that the fiscal year begin on the i.st of July. 
 
 All moneys received by the city treasurer were 
 originally placed in the common fund. The first 
 
 (k'|);irtui"i' from this method w.is m.ide undei- .\t't of 
 l'\'brn,ary 13, 184:5. which rc(|iiircd ih.at all nioncvs 
 collected for .■-■chool ]iiirposes should be kcjit in .a 
 sjieci.-il .account. St'p.irate aci'ounts were not kei)t 
 for otlu'r funds until rc(|tiirc(l byihi' ch.arter of 1857. 
 The number of tlu'si' -qiecial .accounts is cor,tinually 
 incri'asing. the council, from time to time, tlesignat- 
 ing some new object, the money for which is to be 
 ke|)t si'p.u'ate. 
 
 In order th.at the condition of the funds for which 
 s|ieci,al .ipproprialions .are made in.ay be readily ascer- 
 t.ained, the citv treasurer keei)s two .accounts of each 
 fund. One .account is la-edited with the entire 
 .amount <aiipro|)ri.atc(l, .and ch.irged with the .amoint 
 expendi'd ; the other .account is cretliled with I'le 
 .amount .aclually received, .and eh.arged with the 
 .amounts p.aid out. The titles of the .accounts, as 
 kept by the treasurer, .are, most of tluMii, clearly 
 iniHcative of their char.icti'r. The account n.amed 
 " Redemption Fund " shows wh.at h.as been receised 
 from individu.als in redemption of lands sold for 
 non-p.aymeiit of t.axi's, .and whether the moneys 
 so received were p.aid b.ick to those who bought the 
 pro]-)erty at tax sale, or credited to the city, which is 
 supposed to bid for and buy all the lands thus 
 offered, not sold to an iiulividu.al. 
 
 The account called "City ISids" includes the 
 entire .amounts due the c-ity for all back taxes, and 
 when any of these b.ack taxes .are paid the amount 
 is credited to the year in which the t.axes became 
 due. The amoimts la'edited to "City Ch.arges " are 
 m.ade up of the office charges and interest which 
 has accrued on the back taxes. 
 
 The " PuMie Sewer Fund" has reference to ac- 
 counts connected with sewers paid for by general 
 tax, the "(ieneral Sewi'r Fund" to accounts for 
 sewers jxiid for by local assessments, the " Cicner.al 
 Ro.ad Fund" to amounts received and expended for 
 gener.al rep.iir of streets and sidewalks ; the " Road 
 District Fund" has reference solely to amounts 
 r.aised and paid out for cleaning the streets. 
 
 ;\11 moneys due for city taxes are originally pay- 
 ,able to the receiver of taxes. The receipts given 
 are numbered consecutively from the beginning of 
 eiich fiscal year; and since 1871, in order to be 
 valid, they must have, not only the receiver's signa- 
 ture, but that of the comptroller also. The receiver 
 pays over each day to the city treasurer the funds he 
 has received, and reports the amount to the comp- 
 troller, and the city treasurer repcjrts daily to the 
 comptroller the full amount of his receipts and dis- 
 bursements, with t'l: .'-'ounts credited or charged 
 to each account ; h.j :.■. riso recjuired to deposit daily 
 all the funds received by him in whiitever bank 
 has been designated by the Common Council. The 
 bank so designated is known .as the city depository, 
 and pays such rate of interest on monthly balances 
 
 in its k( 
 upon, 
 cent on 
 the inter 
 The city 
 the ainoi 
 ceding tl 
 out any 
 by the c 
 belongiii! 
 which ar 
 boards, 
 except pa 
 and laboi 
 the city 
 written < 
 eomptroll 
 the Comi 
 men .and 
 examine a 
 
 UNri'K!) 
 
 One of 
 
 States to ( 
 
 1797. wliii 
 
 to be fu 
 
 niemoranc 
 
 much of t 
 
 lent .spec in 
 
 the Law w; 
 
 nected wit 
 
 l>roviding 
 
 August 2, 
 
 sales, and 
 
 and licen.^ 
 
 b.anks, and 
 
 percentage 
 
 amounts re 
 
 cemljer 23, 
 
 The nect 
 
 w.ir debt j 
 
 which prov 
 
 comes of o\ 
 
 the sever.al 
 
 1862, reciuii 
 
 of liquors, ; 
 
 eatihg-housi 
 
 jugglers, CO 
 
 peddlers, dr 
 
 lawyers, doi 
 
 were rei]uiri 
 
 certain perc 
 
 under $io,o( 
 
 comes of ()V( 
 
 cent on the 
 
 July 20, 1 86) 
 
 Detroit h; 
 
INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES. 
 
 159 
 
 in its kcepinir as may from timu to time he a.ijrcLd 
 upon. In 1SS2 the rate \v;is four and one ei.ijhtii per 
 cent on monthly haianees of §100,000, or over ; and 
 tiie interest received i)y tlie city amounted to §26,763. 
 The city depository notifies the comptroller daily of 
 tile amount deposited hy the city treasurer the pre- 
 cediiii,' ilay. The treasurer is not allowed to pay 
 out any money without a warrant or order sij^ned 
 hy the comptnjller, except in the case of moneys 
 helonyinjif to the i'olice ;uid Educational Funds, 
 which are paiti out on orders from otlicers of these 
 hoards. All payments made hy the city treasurer, 
 except paynieiils on ordinary pay-rolls of city ollicers 
 and laborers, are rccpiircd to he m.ide by cheek upon 
 the city depository, aiul the chec-ks must have 
 written or pi-inted upon llu'm the warrant of the 
 comptroller for the payment. Once in each month 
 the Committees on Ways and Means of the alder- 
 men and councilnieii are recjuired to inspect .and 
 ex;iniiiie all the affairs and accounts of the treasurer 
 
 UNITKI) STATKS INTKKNAI, RKVKNUK TAXKS. 
 
 One of the earliest efforts m.ade by the United 
 States to obtain a revenue w;is by the law of July 6, 
 1797, which pr(jvi(led for the use of stamped paper, 
 to be furnished by the (Government, An old 
 nienior.andum book of Peter Audrain shows that 
 much of this paper w.as usihI at Detroit, and excel- 
 lent specimens are preserved. On March 31, i7yiS, 
 the law w.as repealed, exi'cpt as to documents con- 
 nected with exports and insur.ance. The first Law 
 providinj^ for an internal revtMuu; tax w.as p.assed 
 .\u.v;ust 2, 1813. I5y it ;i tax was levied on .auction 
 sales, and on sut^.ar refined in the United States; 
 and licenses were retjuired from li(iuor dealers, 
 b.inks, .and b.ankers. The collector was paid by a 
 perci:ntai;e of from three to ei,v;ht per cent on the 
 ■amounts received. This kuv was abolished on De- 
 cember 23, 1817. 
 
 The necessity of a revenue to pay interest on the 
 war debt ijj.ave rise to the l.iw of Aui;ust 5, 1861, 
 which provided for a t.ax of three per cent on in- 
 comes of over §800, and authorized a direct tax upon 
 the sevenil States of §20,000,060. A law of July i, 
 1862, retiuired licenses for the m.anufaeture and sale 
 of liciuors, and from bankers, p.iwnbrokers, hotels, 
 e.atihj^-houscs, brokers of all kinds, theaters, circuses, 
 jui;,i;lers, confectioners, livery .stables, soapmakers, 
 peddlers, dru.u;,i(ists, photoijraphers, manuf.acturers, 
 lawyers, doctors, and dentists. All m.anufacturers 
 were required to make monthly returns, and to pay 
 certain percentajres. Incomes of over §600 and 
 under §10,000 were t.a.xed three per cent, .and all in- 
 comes of over §10,000 were required to pay five per 
 cent on the excess. This law was in force up to 
 July 20, 1868. 
 
 Detroit has always been the headquarters of the 
 
 tlrst collection district of Michij^an, and by an 
 .amendment to the Law takin,if effect Auv(ust 7, 1883, 
 the district was enlarired W include the counties of 
 yVlcoiia, .(\lpen.i, Areii.ac, 15ar.is.^a, li.ay, ISranch, Cal- 
 tioun, L'lu boyvran, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Craw- 
 ford, Dclt.a, (Iciu'see, (il.adwin, Cratiot, Ilillsd.ale, 
 Houghton, Huron, Ingham, loni.a, Isabella, Isle 
 Roy.ale, Jackson, Keweenaw, Eenawee, Livingston, 
 I..a]K'er, M.aconib, M.ackin.aw, Marciuette, Mtnomi- 
 nee. Midland, Monroe, Montmoreniy, ()).;cm.iw, 
 Ontoinijon, Oscoda, Oakl.ind, Otseijo, i'lesiiuc Isle, 
 Roscommon, .St. Cl.air. S.mil.ac, S.a.^in.iw, School- 
 craft, Sliiawasse, Tusol.i, W'.iync, .and W'.ashtenaw. 
 
 The tisc.al t.ax year bej^ins May i.and the special 
 taxes imposed by the l.aw, when paid, are reckoned 
 accordiny^ to the number of months left in tlii' year. 
 The speci.al t.axes up to July 1, 1883, imposed by 
 law .and p.ayable yearly, wi're .as follows: rectifiers, 
 §200; ret.ail li(iuor-de.ilci-s, §25; wholesale licjuor- 
 de.alers, §100; wholes.ale dealers in malt liijuors, 
 S50; retail dealers in ni.ilt liciuors, §20; wholesale 
 dealers in leaf-tob.acco, §25 ; retail dealers in leaf- 
 tobacco, §500; .and on sales of over §1,000, fifty 
 cents for e\cry doll.ar in excess; di'.alers in m.anu- 
 f.aclured tob.acco, §5 ; m.anuf.aclurers of stills, §50 ; 
 for each still m.anuf.actured, §20; for each worm 
 m.anuf.actured, §20; m.anufacturers of tobacco, §10; 
 manuf.acturers of ci,!.;ars, §10; peddlers of tobacco, 
 first c'lass, with more tli.an two .animals, §50; ped- 
 dk'rs of tobacco, .second cl.ass, with two animals, §25 ; 
 peddlers of tobacco, third class, with one animal, 
 §1 5 ; pcdtllers of tobacco, fourth cl.ass, on foot or by 
 public convey.ance, §10; brewers of less tli.an live 
 hundred barrels, §50; brewers of live hundred bar- 
 rels or more, §100. In adtlition to the above, up to 
 July I, 18S3, every packaii^e of one hundred matches 
 reciuired a one-cent stamp, obtainable only at Wash- 
 ington ; and all packages of p.atent medicines, perfu- 
 mery, aiul cosmetics reciuired .a one-cent stamp for 
 eai'h twenty-tive cents charged for the same; a 
 two-cent stamp was required on every check drawn 
 on .a b.ink ; and all s,-ivings b.anks and b.anking insti- 
 tutions of every kind, except national b.anks, were 
 recjuired to pay a tax of one twenty-fourth of one 
 per cent per month on their capital and average 
 monthly deposits. The national banks paid every 
 six months one twentieth of one per cent on their 
 a\-erage circulation, one fourth of one per cent on 
 their .aver.age deposits, and .also one fourth of one 
 per cent on the amount of their capital, over and 
 above the amount invested in government bonds. 
 
 By law of March 3, 1883, taking effect July i, the 
 tax on wholesale dealers in leaf-tobacco was fixed at 
 $n. .and on retail dealers at §2.50 ; and thirty cents 
 on each dollar of the amount of their monthly sales, 
 when the sales are over §500 per year. Dealers in 
 manufactured tobacco pay j)2.4o. Manufacturers 
 
l6o 
 
 iNi'i.RNAL Ki:\' i:\ri: taxks. 
 
 of l()l);i('(() or cijLiars, $6.00 I'.uli. Pcdillirs of the 
 tlrsL class, $30; second das-;, $1 5 ; third class, $7.50; 
 and fourth cl.ass, §3.^10. The tax on snuff, sniokintf 
 and nianiifaciurrd toliacco, was fixed at ^liiS.oj per 
 pound. Ci.^^ars pay a tax of S3.00 per thousand, and 
 cis^arctles, from fifty cents to S3.00 per tliousruid. 
 The taxes on deposits and capital of all b.mks were 
 rejiealed, and also the tax on matches, perfumery, 
 pjitent mi'dicines, and hank checks. 
 
 The total collections in the district embracinir 
 Detroit, for the fiscal year endinij June 30, 18.S3, 
 we're $1,251,409, the l.arijer ]iroi)ortion of which was 
 from the city. In 1883, there were twelve jjersons 
 
 connected with the ol'tice. These ollicers are ap- 
 pointed by the collector, and their salaries ran.ye 
 from S90U to §2,000. The salary of the collector is 
 §4,500, and the total yearly expenses of the olTice 
 .are about $16,500. The office of assessor was 
 merited with th.it of collector in 1873. 
 
 The I'liiteil States assessors have been as follows: 
 1S62-1867, Jo.seph R. Bennett; 1867-1873, Mark 
 Flanitjan. 
 
 The collectors have been : 1862-1865, L. G. lierry; 
 1S65-1860, 1) R. ITarbau.ijh ; 1S69-1873, 11. 15. Rowl- 
 son ; 1S73- 1875, Mark Flaniij.an ; 1876-1883, Luther 
 S. Trowbridge; 1883- , James II. Stone. 
 
 ! 
 
C H Al'T ER XXIX. 
 
 CITIZENS' MEETINGS.— r.OARI) OK ESTIMATES.- AUDITORS, COMI'TROLLEKS, AC- 
 COUNTANTS.— CI TV A.\I) WARD ASSESSORS.— IJOAKD OF Ri:Vli:\V. Cll'V AND 
 WARD COLLECTORS— CITY TREASURERS.- RECE1\'ERS OF TAXES. 
 
 citizens' mf.ktincs. 
 
 From the incorporation of 1802 to 1873 it was 
 the iiistoni to siiijniit tlie amounts proposed to be 
 raised for various purposes to a viiui %iocc vote of the 
 citizens, at a yearly meeting- called for the purpose. 
 At these nieelinirs threat differences of opinion were 
 frecjuently manifested, and amounts estimated to be 
 needed for various purposes were sometimes stricken 
 out, frequently reduced, and oftentimes ordered by a 
 Very close vote. The meetini;s seldom brought 
 toi^ether more than four hundred or six hundred of 
 the larger property owners. The appointment of a 
 Board of I'ark Commissioners, under an Act of 
 April 15, 1871, and the proposal to include in the 
 yearly estimates the sum of $200,000 in bonds for 
 the purchase of a park, brought a large number of 
 persons to a citizens' meeting held on December 27, 
 1871, in the Circuit Court room in the City Mali. 
 Both those who favored and those who opposed the 
 purchase were excited and determined, and there 
 was so much confusion that a decision could not be 
 reached. A subsecjuent meeting to further consider 
 the subject was held on May i, 1872, at the Gris- 
 wold Street entrance to the City Hall. An immense 
 number of both citizens and non-residents were 
 present, and again there was so much excitement 
 and confusion that no definite result was reached. 
 
 After these meetings it became apparent that no 
 expenditure awakening general interest could be 
 properly considered in so large an assemblage as 
 would be likely to gather. This conviction resulted 
 in the passage of the Act of March 28, 1873, which 
 abolished citizens' meetings, and provided for a 
 
 BOARD OF ESTIMATES. 
 
 The coincidence is noticeable that the last citi- 
 zens' meeting was held in the same month, and 
 within two days of the time, when the first town 
 meeting was held, seventy years before. 
 
 The first election for members of the Board of 
 Estimates was held on April 7, 1873. Five persons 
 were elected from the city at large on a general 
 ticket, to serve for two years ; and two from each 
 ward, one to serve for one year and one for two 
 years. After 1873, and until the board was abol- 
 
 ished by Act of April 21, 1881, one member was 
 elected annually from each ward, and live al large 
 every two years. 
 
 The president of the Common Council, chairman 
 of Committee on Ways and Means, city comp- 
 troller, counselor, presidents of the various boards 
 and commissions, as well as the senior inspector of 
 the House of Correction, were ex offii/i> members 
 of the board, with the right to participate in its 
 deliberations, but not to vote. The estimates, after 
 being considered by the council, were submitted to 
 the Board of F^stimates, which convened between 
 the first Monday of March and the 1 5th of April, 
 whenever the council indicated that the estimates 
 were ready. The board had power to reduce, but 
 not to increase, the estimates. Under Act of 1881 
 the powers of the board were transferred to the 
 L^pper House or City Council. 
 
 The following persons served on the board in the 
 years named : 
 
 1873, F"irst Ward: V. Adams, W. Foxcn. Second 
 Ward : B. P. Mumford, H. Walker. Third Ward : 
 W. R. Candler, W. G. Thompson. F'ourth Ward : 
 W. N. Carpenter, Joseph Kuhn. Fifth Ward: R. 
 W. King, A. Ives. Sixth Ward : Wm, Duncan, N. 
 Senninger. Seventh Ward : J. M. Millar, Fl. 
 liccard. Flighth Ward : D. Guiney, Thos. Griffith. 
 Ninth Warcf: D. M. Richardson, M. Haller. Tenth 
 Ward : M. Frost, Chas. Byram. 
 
 1873, At Large : T. W. Palmer, W. C. Duncan, H. 
 P. Bridge, E. li. Ward, P. Henkel. 
 
 1874, First Ward: Francis Adams, George 
 Wilkes. Second Ward : B. P. Mumford, Hiram 
 Walker. Third Ward: Wm. R. Candler, James 
 Flower. F'ourth Ward : W. N. Carpenter, J. P. 
 Ilensien. Fifth Ward: R. W. King, J. W^ Ker- 
 mott. Sixth Ward : Wm. Duncan, Thos. Hill. 
 Seventh Ward : J. McMillan, Edward Eccard. 
 Eighth Ward : Daniel Guiney, M. F. Hogan. Ninth 
 Ward : D. M. Richardson, J. Witherspoon. Tenth 
 Ward: Milton Frost, J. D\\7er. Twelfth Ward: 
 Jos. Loranger, John Diedrich. 
 
 1874, At Large: J. Greusel, Julius Stoll, Thos. 
 Baxter, Wm. Doeltz, E. B. Ward. 
 
 1875, First Ward : S. R. Wooley, Francis Adams. 
 
 [161] 
 
l62 
 
 AUDITORS, COMI'TROI.LKKS. ACCOUNTANTS. 
 
 Second Ward: Hiram Walker, Clias. I. Wa,kcr. 
 Third Ward : Louis Harie. Win. K. Candlrr. 
 Foiirili Ward: J. I'. Iliiisitii, Kidiard llawley. 
 Fiftli Ward: J. W. Kcrmoit, R. W. Kiii.v;-. Sixlli 
 Ward: T. Hill, W. Duncan. Seventh Ward : I".. 
 Eccard. J. McMillan. lu.^lnh Ward : M. F. I U>y;nn. 
 D. (iuiney. Ninth Ward: J. W'itherspoon, Jos. 
 Nicholson. Tenth Ward: J. Dwyer, .M. Frost. 
 Twelfth Ward: J. Loranjj^er, A. F. Il.iinlin. 
 
 1875, At Larirc: J. dreusel, J. Stoll, T. Baxter, 
 W. Doeltz, U. C. Hodyes. 
 
 1876. First Ward: F. Adams, J. D. Hayes. 
 Second Ward: C. I. Walker, Fouis Dillman. Tiiird 
 Ward: W. R. Candler, 1'. Herlihy. Fourth Ward: 
 R. Hawley, W. N. Carpenter. Fifth Ward: R. W. 
 Kini(, J. W. Kermott. Sixth Ward: W. Duncan, 
 T. Hill. Seventh Ward: J. McMillan, E. Eccard. 
 Eiy,dith Ward: D. (kiiney, M. F. Hogan. Ninth 
 Ward: J. Nicholson, C. Lafferty. Tenth Ward : M. 
 Frost, Thos. Berry. Twelfth Ward: A. K. Ham- 
 lin, J. Diedrich. 
 
 1876, At Lartre: S. C. Watson, J. (".reusel, N. 
 Avery, W. Doeltz, W. C. Colburn. 
 
 1877, First Ward: J. D. Mayes, C. B. Hebbard. 
 Second Ward: Louis Dillman, T. N. I5irmint(ham. 
 Third Ward: l\ Herlihy, W. R. Candler. Fourth 
 Ward: W. N. Carpenter, Mor.se Stewart. Fifth 
 Ward : J. W. Kermott, R. W. Kin.i^. Sixth W'ard : 
 T. Hill, D. M. Ferry. Seventh Ward: E. Eccard, 
 M. \L'irtz. F^ighth Ward : NL F". Hogan, J. Connor. 
 Ninth Ward: C. Lafferty, (i. C. Lanv,fdo-,. Tenth 
 Ward : Thos. Berry, (}. Hendrie. F^leventh Ward : 
 M. Dederich, ^L Bl'ay. Twelfth Ward : J. Diedrich, 
 M. Steyskal. Thirteenth Ward : Frank Whitman, 
 John Japes. 
 
 1877, At Larire: J. Greusel, N. Avery, O. Bourke, 
 W. Doeltz, W. C. Colburn. 
 
 1878, First Ward: C. B. Hebbard, R. W. C.illett. 
 Second Ward: Thos. N. Birminj^diam, Wm. K. 
 Coyl. Third Ward: W. R. Candler, P. Herlihy. 
 Fourth Ward: M. Stewart, Theo. Romeyn. F'ifth 
 Ward: R. W. King, A. E. Leavitt. Sixth Ward: 
 D. M. Ferry, H. L. Kanter. Seventh Ward: M. 
 Martz, Adam Schehr. Eighth Ward : J. Connor, ^L 
 F. Hogan. Ninth Ward : C. Lafferty, G. C. Lang- 
 don. Tenth Ward : G. Hendrie, J. B. Gravier. 
 Eleventh Ward: M. Dederich, W. L. Streeter. 
 Twelfth Ward: M. Steyskal, Thos. Densham. 
 Thirteenth Ward : F. WMiitman, J. Japes. 
 
 1878, At Large: M L Mills, Wm. B. Moran, A. 
 Pulte, J. Atkiason, J. A. Dudgeon. 
 
 1879, First Ward: R. W. Gillett, F. Adams. 
 Second Ward: W. K. Coyl, E. L. Schmitt. Third 
 Ward: P. Herlihy, Theo. Chapoton. Fourth Ward: 
 Theo. Romeyn, J. L Lewis. Fifth Ward: A. E. 
 Leavitt, R. W. King. Sixth Ward: H. L. Kanter, 
 Theo. McGraw. Seventh Ward: Adam Schehr, Z. 
 
 Dewey, i'.ighth Ward: M. V. Iloii^an, Tiieo. Rintz. 
 Ninth W.ird : C. Lafferty, H. Hastings. Tenth 
 W.ird: J. B. C.r.ivicr, P. .McCormick. I'.lcvcnth 
 Ward: Wm. L. Streeter, M. Bl.iy. Twelfth Ward: 
 S. I). Bush, S. A. Plummer. Thirteenth Ward: J. 
 J.'ipes, A. Trost. 
 
 1579, At Large: M. 1. Mills, W. B. Moran, A. 
 Pulte, J. Atkinson, J. .\. Dudgeon. 
 
 i.SSo, First Ward: F. Adam.s, W. A. Butler. 
 Secoiul Ward: F. L. Schmitt, C. D. Flrichsen. 
 Third Ward: Theo. Cha|)oti>n, Jos. Kurtz. Fourth 
 Ward: J. I. Lewis, Theo. Romeyn. Fifth Ward: 
 R. W. King, J. S. Vernor. Sixth Ward: Theo. 
 .Mc( iraw, J. D. Standish. .Seventh Ward: Z. Dewey, 
 .S. Kirchner. Eighth Ward: Theo. Rentz, D. Dono- 
 van. Ninth W.ird: H. Hastings, Robert Miller. 
 'I"enth Ward: P '. McCormick, .S. B. Grummond. 
 Eleventh Ward: A. Blay, W, L. Streeter. Twelfth 
 Ward: S. A. Plummer, J. B. W^ood. Thirteenth 
 Ward: A. Trost, A. Haischer. 
 
 1580, At Large: A. Chaiioton, Thos. Berry, John 
 Greusel, O. C. Wood, W. C. Colburn. 
 
 AUDll'ORS. — COMPTROl.LKkS. — ACCOUNTANTS, 
 
 The office of city auditor was created by Act of 
 March 11, 1844. It was the duty of this ofl'icer to 
 audit all claims and accounts against the city, and 
 to examine and adjust, as often as once in three 
 months, the accounts of all city officers. The city 
 clerks .served also as auditors until 1850, when A. 
 T. Hall was appointed solely to this office. By Act 
 of F'ebruary 12, 1855, the name of the office was 
 changed to that of comptroller, and the term of ser- 
 vice was reduced from three to two years. In 1861 
 the term of office was again extended to three years. 
 The office is intended as a safeguard in the manage- 
 ment of the city finances. The estimated expendi- 
 tures of the several departments of the city are for- 
 warded to and collected by the comptroller, and 
 after being tabulated, are presented by him to the 
 council. He keeps a record of all bonds issued by 
 the city, all of which are signed by the mayor and 
 comptroller, and attested by the city clerk. When 
 bonds are redeemed, the comptroller gives a war- 
 rant, drawn on the city treasurer. It is his duty to 
 keep a complete list of the property of the city. He 
 is nominated by the mayor and confirmed by the 
 Board of Councilmen, and must give a bond in the 
 sum of $30,000. In 1883 the salary was Ss.ooo- 
 
 I-'rom 1850 to 1854 Amos T. Hall served as 
 auditor. The names of the comptrollers, and the 
 dates of the beginning of their terms, are as follows : 
 Chas. Peltier, July 11, 1854; J. M. Edmunds, April, 
 1859; B. L. Webb, March, 1861 ; D. C. Whitwood, 
 March. 1862; A. '; Redfield, October, 1863; B. G. 
 Stimson, January, 1868; Wm. Purcell, June, 1870; 
 
CrrV ANIJ WARD ASSKSSOKS, 
 
 163 
 
 E. I. C.articld, March, 1.S71 ; 1 1. I'. ISiidvjc. Mari;li, 
 1877; I.iitluT S. 'I'r()\vbriil>,'i', July, 1883. 
 
 The (liilics of tlic ciiy accouiu.iiil arc intimately 
 related to the ()ri,i,Miial duties of the auditor and 
 comptroller. 'I'hc lirst .ippointcc was J. J. Norris, 
 who w.is charjred \n 1877 with the duty of cxamin- 
 injjf the methods of bookkeepin,i( and the condition 
 of the accounts in the sevenil city olhces. His re- 
 searches were of value, Jind resulted in an improve- 
 ment in the manaj^'cment of scver.il of the ol'lices. 
 In 1878 he was succeeded i)y Kirhard Trcii^askis, 
 and in 1884 was re;ip|)ninlcd. Appniiununts to the 
 ollici' ;ue made on nomination of tiie mayor, for 
 terms of two years, or luitil a successor is selected. 
 
 CITY AND WARD ASSKSSORS. 
 
 The city charter of Octoljcr 24, 181 5, authorized 
 tile election of ;ui assessor, and old records show 
 that on May 5, 1817, he was paid $30.75 for collect- 
 ing' taxes on personal property assessed at $1,787.37. 
 The extensive imi)n)vement of land and the virc.iter 
 number of property owners, i^q-owinij out of the sale 
 of lots on the Milit.iry Reserve, letl the council to 
 increase the number of assessors; and in 1828 three 
 were appointed. 
 
 An Act of March 27, 1839, provided for the elec- 
 tion of one assessor in each of the six wartls. Act 
 of April 13. 1841, retpiired tiie assessors to make 
 out the rolls between the first Mondays of ^hu•ch 
 and April, and ^avc them the same power as the 
 county commissioners, and by Act of February 16, 
 1842, they were made members of the Board of 
 Supervisors. By Act of February 23, 1846, the city 
 was divided into three a.ssessment districts, of two 
 wards each; and of the six assessors elected in 1846, 
 three were to serve one year, and three for two 
 years, the length of term of each to be decided by 
 lot. All assessments of property were to be made 
 between the second Mondays of March and May. 
 Under Act of January 30, 1847, the taxes were re- 
 quired to be assessed and collected before the first 
 Monday in March, Act of l<"ebruary 22, 1848, pro- 
 vided that the council should divide the city into 
 three assessment districts ; the tirst district to em- 
 brace the first and .second wards ; the S"Cond district, 
 the third, fourtli, and seventh wards ; a. id the third 
 district, the fifth and sixth wards. The Act also pro- 
 vided that in 1849006 assessor should be elected for 
 eacli district, the assessor for tlie first district to 
 serve one year, for the second district, two years, 
 and for the third district, three years ; and after 1849 
 they were to be elected for terms of tiiree years. Act 
 of I'^ebruary 21, 1849, provided for the election of 
 one assessor for the seventh ward, and that the as- 
 sessment districts of the city should be as already 
 constituted by the council, except that the seventh 
 ward was to be attached to the second district. 
 
 On J.inu.iry 30, 1850, the Legislature provided for 
 the ek'ction of three city assessors, who were to 
 tleciile by lot what should be their terms of office, 
 one of them to serve for one year, one for two, and 
 the other for three years • and after 1850 one asses- 
 .sor was to be elected aiMually. 
 
 By Act of February 12, 1855, the plan of ward 
 assessors was again introduced, ;iiid in 1856 one 
 was electei! for e.icli ward, the whole number con- 
 stituting a Board of Assessors. Assessments were 
 to be made in March of e.ich year. In May, 1855, 
 the rolls were seriously tampered with, the assess- 
 ment of some persons biing reduced, and that of 
 others increased. It was difficult to determine who 
 had committed or connived at the wrongdoing, but 
 on February 5, 1857, the wards system was again 
 abolished, and provision was made for an assessor 
 and two assistant assessors, who were to be appoint- 
 ed by the Common Council. 
 
 l'|) to July I, 1883, there was but one chief asses- 
 sor; his salary was §2.500, and he was appointed 
 for terms of three years. Under ordinance of De- 
 cember 30, 1861, the city, on J.anuary i of each 
 year, .appointed two assistants to serve for three 
 months, at two dollars and fifty cents per day each. 
 By ordinance of Novemlier 2^, 1865, the time of 
 service was increased to six months ; and in March 
 of the same year the pay was increased to four 
 dollars, and afterwards to five dollars per day. Tlie 
 assistants were re(iuired to reside one on each side 
 of Woodward Avenue. 
 
 By the charter of 1883, the office of assistant 
 assessor was abolished, and a board of three asses- 
 sors was provided for. The one in office was to 
 continue for his regular term, and two others were 
 to be appointed whose terms were to commence in 
 July, 1883, and to continue for two and three years 
 respectively. Beginning with 1884, one assessor is 
 to be appointed annually for a term of three years. 
 In 1883 the salary was §2,500 each. The charter 
 of 1883 transferred to the assessors part of the 
 powers formerly exercised by the Board of Review. 
 The president of the Board of Assessors is a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Super\'isors. The assessors pre- 
 pare not only the lists of taxable property for the 
 city, but also those for the stat.: and county taxes 
 for the county treasurer. 
 
 T'le following persons have served as assessors : 
 1816, Antoine Dequindre ; 181/, H. J. Hunt; 1818, 
 Henry Brown; 1819, Robert Garratt ; 1820-18^3, 
 D. C. McKinstry; 1823, B. Woodworth; 1824, 
 MelvinDorr; 1825-1828. J. Moors ; 1828, E. Doty, 
 M. Dorr, J. Moors; 1829, John Scott, Justin Rice, 
 F. P. Browning; 1830, S. Conant, J. L. Whiting, P. 
 Desnoyers ; 1831, John Roberts, John Garrison, 
 Thomas Palmer; 1832, S. Conant, P. Desnoyers, 
 D. French; 1833, D. Cooper, T. S. Knapp, E. P. 
 
W .ji.^.i,j^.j| J 
 
 164 
 
 HOAKIi OK Ki:VIK\V. 
 
 Hastinjs's; 1834, I). C. McKinstry, I'. Disnoytrs, 
 N. Sutton; 1835, N. Sutton, A. Hart shorn, C. 
 Moran; 1836, \V. Kusscll, Joliii rainier, N.Sutton; 
 1837. H. NfwlK'rry. S. l'ou|);-cl. M. Story; 1838, 
 T. S. Wendell, J. rainier, II. Ne\vberr>-. 
 
 1839, —First Ward : T. J.Owen. Second W.ird : 
 1). Cooper. Third Ward : /\. K. Mather. iMiurlii 
 Ward: N. Sutton. Fifth Ward: I). W. Fiske. 
 Sixth Ward : W. Barclay. 
 
 1840, First Ward: l'. }. Owen. Second Ward: 
 Levi Cook. Third Ward : Chas. WillcoN. Fourth 
 Ward: Cullcn lirown. Fifth Ward: C. M. I'.uli. 
 Sixth Ward : Wm. Barclay. 
 
 1841, First Ward : T.J.Owen. Second W.ird : 
 L.Cook. Third Ward : D.French. Fourth Wan! : 
 C. Brown. Fifth Ward: W. K. Noyes. Sixth 
 Warel : H. Beauhicn. 
 
 1842, First Ward : T. J. Owen. Second Ward: 
 Ellis Doty. Third Ward : I". H. Stevens. I'ourth 
 Ward: Peter Desnoyers. Fifth Ward: ('.. I'aull. 
 Sixth Ward: Joim (ireeiit'ield. 
 
 1843, First Ward : T. J. Owen. Second Ward : 
 Joliii Farrar. Third Ward : Louis 15eaul)ien. Fourth 
 Ward: John Reno. Fifth Ward: 11. II. I.eRoy. 
 Sixth Ward : J. Godfroy. 
 
 1844, I'Mrst Ward : T. J. Owen, 1'.. r.iiitjham. 
 Second Ward : J. I'arrar. Third Ward : L, Beau- 
 bien. Fourth Ward : J. Reno. Fifth Ward : J. H. 
 Hill. .Sixth Ward: Henry Beauhien. 
 
 1845, First Ward: Thos. Palmer. .Second Ward : 
 R. J. C'.nnor. Third Ward : M. Goodintr. Fourth 
 Ward: J. Reno. Fifth Ward: J. II. Hill. Sixth 
 Ward : H. Beauhien. 
 
 1846, First Ward: M. Palmer. Second Ward: 
 N. B. Carpenter, Third Ward: G. Spencer. Fourth 
 Ward : J. B. Vallee. Fifth Ward : D. Edsall. Sixth 
 Ward : H. Beauhien. 
 
 1 847, First Ward : M. Palmer. Second Ward : 
 N. B. Carpenter. Third Ward : G. Spencer. Fourth 
 Ward : J. B. Vallee. Fifth Ward : Thos. Hall, A. 
 C. Powell. Sixth Ward : H. Beauhien. Seventh 
 Ward : R. C. Smith. 
 
 1848, First District: Wm. Stewart, I. Ckiodrich. 
 Second District : J. B. Vallee, Wm. Stead. Third 
 District : J. S. Jenness, David Weeks. 
 
 1849, Finst District: J. Fitzmorris, N. B. Carpen- 
 ter. Second District : I. Goodrich, James Robinson. 
 Third District : W. Stead, John Mullett. 
 
 1850, George Blakeslee, Robert Reaume, W. 
 Stead. 
 
 1851, First District: R. Reaume. Second Dis- 
 trict : John McCurdy. Third District : S. T. Dyson. 
 
 1852 and 1853, First District : J, Hanmer. Second 
 District: R. Reaume. Third District: J. McCurdy, 
 
 1854 and 1855, First District : J. Hanmt. jecond 
 District : J. Reno. Third District : A. H. Stowell. 
 
 1856, First Ward : S.S. Barrows. Second Ward : 
 
 N. B. Carpenter. Third Ward: William .Moore, 
 Fourth Ward: John .M.D.ivis. Fifth Ward: A. II. 
 .Stowell. Sixth W.ud : I'.hen I'rcutis. Seventh 
 Ward; A. II. Rcdfield, llighth Ward : Jonathan 
 Teai^an. 
 
 1857 isr)3. w. w. Wilcox. i8r,3-i8r/), v. k. 
 
 i:idied. 1866- 1869, A. y\. Kabitieau. 1869-1872, 
 Jeremiah Godfrey. 1872-1878, II. 1 1. IxRoy. 1878- 
 iSSi, G. W. Gilbert. 1S81 Julv, i8«3. J. D. .Stand- 
 ish. July, 1883, to , J. b. Standish, C. W. 
 
 Coolidge, J. McBride. 
 
 HOARD (IK RKVII.W. 
 
 Lender .Act of March 27. 1839, .after the .assess- 
 ment rolls were completed, the as.sessors of the 
 several wards met together, on specified days, to 
 review their work. Under Act of Fei)ruary 12, 1855, 
 they met on tin; Urst Monday of April, and sat two 
 weeks to hear complaints and correct the rolls. By 
 Act of February 5, 1857, the city asses.s()r, comiv 
 troller, treasurer, attorney, and the t.'oiuiiiittee of 
 Ways and Means for e.'ich year, were constituted the 
 ISoard of Review. Act of M.irch 12, 1861, made 
 provision for the appointment by the ccunicil, on 
 nomination of the nuiyor, of three resident property 
 owners to hold ollice three years, who were to con- 
 stitute a Board of Review. The three persons first 
 appointed determined by lot the terms of their 
 service, and after 1861 one new member was ap- 
 pointed yearly. The amount ])aid for their services 
 was determined by the council, and was usually the 
 dollars per day. The board met yearly at the 
 assessor's office, on the first Monday in April, and 
 were required to finish their labors on or before the 
 first of May. It was their duty to equalize, amend, 
 alter, and correct the assessment rolls ; but no 
 assessment could be increased, or new assessments 
 added, without notice to the persons whose interests 
 were affected. After a law of 1879, and up to July, 
 1883, the board consisted of five persons, three of 
 whom were nominated by the mayor and two by 
 the president of the Common Council, and all con- 
 firmed by the council. The first three nominated by 
 the mayor were to determine by lot who should 
 serve the terms of one, two, and three years, and 
 afterwards one new member was appointed each 
 year for a term of three years. One of the two 
 appointed annually, on nomination of the president 
 of the council, was required to reside east, and the 
 other west, of Woodward Avenue. The charter of 
 1883 abolished the office, and transferred its duties 
 in part to the Board of Assessors, and to the alder- 
 men and councilmen in joint session. The following 
 persons have served as members of the board : 
 
 1861 and 1862, J. Gibson, J. Godfrey, J. Burns; 
 1863, J. Gibson, J. Burns, J. Hanmer; 1864 and 
 1865, J. Gibson, C. Van Husan, E. Orr; 1866, J. 
 
! 
 
 CITY AND WARD COLLECTORS. 
 
 165 
 
 Gibson, C. Van lliisan, J. C. Warner; 1867, J. 
 Ciibson, ("ifo. M. Kiili, J. J. Warner; nSriS and 
 \Mt(j, C. Van Ilnsan. ('.. M. Rich, J. C. Warner; 
 1870 and 1871. A. A. Rabincau, G. M. Kicii, J. C. 
 Warner; 1872 and 1873, A. A. Rai)iru;ui, ('•. M. 
 Kieh, James iUirns ; 1S74, A. A. Kaiiineaii, A. 
 Sheley, J. Ihirns ; 1875, 1876, 1877, A. A. Ral)ineau, 
 A. Sheley, W. A. lUitler; 187S, A. A. Kahiiieaii, A. 
 Siieley, W. 15. Moran ; [S79, A. Slieley. ii. M. Dean, 
 L. I,. Harixmr; 18S0 and iSSi, A. Sluley, 11. M. 
 Dean, L. I,. iJarixnir. M. lialler. W. K. Warriner ; 
 1SS2. A. Slielcy, .,. L. Harixnir. Waiter In^ersolLJ. 
 H. \'incent, A. Grant; 1883, A. Sheley, K. Kanter, 
 W. Ingersoll, George Dorr, Joim Kcssler. 
 
 CITY ANM) WARD COI.M'.CTORS. 
 
 The office of city collector l)e),^-ln with the incor- 
 poration of the town in 1802. It was again provided 
 for in the Act of 181 5, and up to 1824 its dnties 
 were combined with those of the marshal. In 1817 
 the ofTirer was paid by a fee of live per cent on 
 amoimts collected, which percentage yielded him 
 S89.36. Hy ordinance of 1836 tlie salary was S50 a 
 year, in addition to the iiercentage allowed for col- 
 lecting ctninty taxes. After 1846, when ward col- 
 lectors were provided, the city collector no longer 
 received the comity taxes. 
 
 The following official notice, which appeared in a 
 daily paper of Septi'inber, 1.S45, must have struck 
 terror lo the hearts of delinquent tax-payers: 
 
 CITY lAXKS. 
 
 Positively tlie List ninlit. 'I'liu council has granted a short 
 cxtcjision of time for tlie payment of taxes. Persons interested 
 will do well to call at Fireman's Hall, common council room, and 
 pay up. 'I'liey will find me there every day during this week, 
 from o'clock A. M. to i^!^ o'clock v. M. On Monday, the 
 liflecnlli inst., I shall proceed to summary miasurcs with all 
 delinquents. I,et no man, if dclirupuiit, Halter himself that he 
 will be overlooked or passed by, for I will positively make a clam 
 sweep. 
 
 MoHG.\N P An F.S, 
 
 City Collcxtor. 
 
 Under the charter of 1855, all special assessments 
 for street paving, sewers, and sidewalks were depos- 
 ited for payment in the office of the receiver of taxes. 
 If not paid in thirty days, they were then trail: '^rred 
 to the city collector's olTice, five per cent was added 
 for collection, and one per cent for each month they 
 remained unpaid. Prior to 186 the license fees, for 
 carrying on various kinds of bu' ness, were also pay- 
 able to the city collector, who w.is ajipointed yearly 
 by the council. The of.ice was abolished by law c 
 1879, and its duties transferred to the receiver ot 
 taxes. 
 
 The following persons served as city collectors: 
 
 1 80 1, Chas. Francis Girardin; 1804, Jacob 
 
 Clemens; 1816, John Meldrum; 1S17, Duncan 
 
 Reid; 1818, II. O. Bronson ; 1819 and 1820, J. W. 
 
 Colburn; 1821, Robert Garratt; 1822 and 1823, 
 
 Smith Knap|»; 1824, Griflith Roberts; 1825, A. C. 
 CanilT; 1826. John Howard; 1S27 ;uid 1828, A. C. 
 C'anilf; 1829, S. I'helps; 1830 and 1831, A. C. 
 Canilf; 1832, J. Karrar, 1833; A. C. Caniff; 1834, J. 
 (). Graves; 1835, J. Moors; 183^), A. C. Caniff; 
 1837, James Cicotte; 1838, J. Farrar; 1839 and 
 1840, A. C. Caniff; 1841, J. I). Maldwin; 1842. H. S. 
 Fariisworth; 1S43, F. II. llarris, II. J. Caniff; 1844, 
 C. Wickware; 1845 and 1846, Morg.in Hates; 1847- 
 1855, no appointments were made ; 1855 and 1856, 
 J. W. Kelsey; 1857, F. S. I.eadbeater; 1.S58, R. II. 
 Finley; 1859 and 1860, Win. Cook ; 1861, De Witt 
 C. Hart; 1862, John Snjdcr; 1863 and 1864, Wm. 
 Dyson; 1865, Chas. Meyer; 1866 and 1867, John 
 Schneider; 1868, E. N. Laeroi.K ; 1869, E. W. 
 Flint; 1870, Thos Joyce; 1871 and 1872, John 
 Mcl'.ride; 1873-1876, Wm, I'arkinson ; 1876, \V. II. 
 Christian; 1877, J.im 's Daly; 1878, Jacob Young- 
 blood; 1879, John ■\rcher. 
 
 The oflice of ward collector w.is created by Act 
 of February 23,1846. The duties of the oflice con- 
 sisted in collecting the city, school, state, and county 
 ta.xes. Act of May 10, 1861, authorized the collec- 
 tors to collect such other taxes ;is the receiver of 
 taxes and other city officers might place in their 
 hands. The office was abolished by law of 1879, 
 which gave the receiver of taxes and the county 
 treasurer power to appoint their own collectors. 
 
 The ward collectors were as follows : 
 
 1846, First Ward: J. Moors. Second \vard: R. 
 J. Connor. Third Ward: I). .Michael. Fourth 
 Ward: A. O. Madden. Fifth Ward: Moses Ben- 
 nett. Sixth Ward: E. r.eiiham. 
 
 1847, First Ward: Wm. Cook. .Second Ward: 
 L. B. Willarcl. Third Ward: I. (Goodrich. Fourth 
 Ward : Geo. Smith. Fifth Ward : E. AL Church. 
 Si.xtli Ward : R. Hopson. 
 
 1848, First Ward: H. D. Carjienter. Second 
 Ward : John Farrar. Third Ward : S. P. Hopkins. 
 Fourth Ward: G. Smith. Fifth Ward : M. Sailer. 
 Si.xth Ward : J. Bramaii. Seventh Ward : Robert 
 Reaume. 
 
 1849, First Ward: H. D. Carpenter. Second 
 Ward : John Campbell. Third Ward : Paul Cios. 
 Fourth Ward : Joseph Grimes. Fifth Ward : L. 
 W. Beebe. Sixth Ward: J. W. Clark. Seventh 
 Ward; J. Keusch. Eighth Ward: M. McLaughlin. 
 
 1850, First Ward: John Collins. Second Ward : 
 John Campbell. Third Ward: A. Stewart. Fourth 
 Ward : Joseph Grimes. Fifth Ward : John Sharp. 
 Sixth Ward: J. W. Clark. Seventh Ward: J. 
 Keusch. Eighth Ward : M. McLaughlin. 
 
 1 85 1, First Ward: R. Storkdale. Second Ward: 
 A. Stewart. Third Ward : J. Deville. Fourth 
 Ward: Win. Baton. Fifth W^ard : J. Sharp. Sixth 
 Ward : W. Paton. Seventh Ward : A. Wing. 
 Eighth Ward : Thos. Trehey. 
 
1 66 
 
 CITY AI> J WARD COLLECTORS. 
 
 1852, P^irst Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward: 
 Chas. O'Ncil. Third Ward: R. IL Laviiulur. 
 Fourth Wanl : C. (".ies. Fifth Ward: M. Doraii. 
 Sixth Ward : F. Briitfgermaii. Seventh Ward : E. 
 Lebot. Eighth Ward: AL Diillea. 
 
 1853, First Ward: E. S. Leadbeater. Second 
 Ward: C. (VXeil. Third Ward: 1). W. Fisi<c. 
 Fourth Ward: C. Ciics. Fifth Ward: J. C.odfrey. 
 Sixth Ward: A. 1'. and E. F Plant/.. Seventh Ward: 
 E. Lebot. Eij^lith Ward : J. Culiinane. 
 
 1854, First Ward : David Stewart. Second Ward : 
 C. O'Ne'l, Third Ward: W. S. Montjromery. 
 Fourth Ward: Adam Orth. Fifth Ward: Orville 
 S. Allen. Si.Kth Ward : K. F. Plantz. Seventh 
 Ward : J. Hilsendegen. Eighth Ward : J. Cul- 
 iinane. 
 
 1855, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward: 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Wm. P. Roberts. Fourth 
 Ward : A. Orth. Fifth Ward : John Sharp. Sixth 
 Ward: E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward: J. Hilsen- 
 degen. Eighth Ward : Nicholas Burke. 
 
 1856, First Ward: D. Stewart. IJecond Ward: 
 T. Anderson. Third Ward : D. Lanigan. Fourth 
 Ward : A. Orth. Fifth Ward : Wm. Stead. Sixth 
 Wi rd : E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward : J. Hilsen- 
 degen. Eighth Ward: J. Moynaghan. 
 
 1857, First Ward: D. Stewart. Second Ward: 
 T. Anderson. Third Ward : G. Evans, E. T. Sher- 
 lock. Fourth Ward : A. Orth. Fifth Ward : Wm. 
 Stead. Sixth Wa-'d : E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward : 
 J. Hilsendegen. Eighth Ward : J. Moynaghan. 
 Ninth Ward : John Mulry. Tenth Ward : F. St. 
 Aubin. 
 
 1858, First Ward : John Collins. Second Ward : 
 J. Calnon. Third Ward : T. J. Sherlock. Fourth 
 Ward: Charles Lotz. Fifth Ward: Thomas J. 
 Barry. Sixth Ward : E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward : 
 J. Reno. Eighth Ward: Thomas Holley. Ninth 
 Ward : Cieorge W. Burchell. Tenth Ward : James 
 Dubois. 
 
 1859, First Ward : Albert Marsh. Second Ward : 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward : F. Gies. Fourth Ward : 
 Charles Lotz. Fifth Ward : T. J. Barry. Sixth 
 Ward: E. F. Plantz. Seventh Ward: J. Reno. 
 Eighth Ward : T. Holley. Ninth Ward : G. W. 
 Burchell. Tenth Ward: James Dubois. 
 
 i860, First Ward: David Dickson. Second 
 Ward : C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Leonard Richter. 
 Fourth Ward: Alois Katus. Fifth Ward: T. J. 
 Barry. Sixth Ward : F. Baier. Seventh Ward : 
 John Hornbogen. Eighth Ward : Thomas 
 Ninth Ward : Matthias Lenz. Tenth Ward 
 Plass. 
 
 1861, First Ward: J. Collins. Second Ward: 
 C. O'NeM. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourtli 
 Ward: Alois Katus. Fifth Ward: T. J. Barry, 
 
 Holley. 
 . Henry 
 
 Wm. Powell. Sixth Ward : William L. Streeter. 
 Seventh Ward : J. Hornbogen. Eighth Ward : T. 
 Trahey. Ninth Ward : J. C. Curry. Tenth Ward : 
 H. Plass. 
 
 1862, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward : 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourth Ward : 
 J. J. Dicdrich. Fifth Ward : Alonzo Eaton, E. C. 
 Eaton. Sixth Ward: W. L. Streeter. Seventh 
 Ward : Xazaire Marion. Eighth Ward : T. Trahey. 
 Ninth Ward : Thos. Ciorman. Tenth Ward : Henry 
 A. Blenman. 
 
 I S63, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward; 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward: L. Richter. Fourth 
 Ward: J. J. Dicdrich. Fifth Ward: S. J. Martin. 
 Sixth Ward : W. L. Streeter. Seventh Ward : N. 
 IVIarion. Eighth Ward : T. Trahey. Ninth Ward : 
 Wm. Binder. Tenth Ward : Peter Dunn. 
 
 1864, First Ward: Hugh O'Beirne. Second 
 Ward : C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Leonard Richter. 
 Fourth Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward: Wm. i'ark- 
 inson. Sixth Ward : Alonzo T. Ray. Seventh 
 Ward : N. Marion. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan. 
 Ninth Ward : M. Lenz. Tenth Ward : Philip Rapp. 
 
 1865, First Ward : If. O'Beirne. Second Ward : 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward: T. J. Sherlock. Fourth 
 Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward : Wm. Parkinson. 
 Si.xth Ward: Alonzo T. Ray. Seventh Ward: A. 
 Werthmann. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan. Ninth 
 Ward: J. Daly. ' Tenth Ward: Wm. Wunsch. 
 
 1866, First Ward : H. O'Beirne. Second Ward : 
 CO Neil. Third Ward : T. J. Sherlock. Fourth 
 Ward : J. Funke. Fifth W^•lrd : Wm. Parkinson. 
 Sixth Ward: A. T. Ray. Seventh Ward: J. Blank- 
 enheini. Eighth Ward: Patrick Dv.yer. Ninth 
 Ward : T. Rattenbury. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch. 
 
 1867, First Ward : Wm. Harsha. Second Ward : 
 C. O'Ncil. Third Ward : T. J. Sherlock. Fourth 
 Ward: J. Funke. Fifth Ward: Peter Huy.ser. 
 Si.xth Ward: Ulrich Kreit. Seventh Ward: J. 
 Blankenheim. Eighth Ward : P. Dwyer. Ninth 
 Ward : J. B. Haas'. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch. 
 
 1868, First Ward: Wm. Harsha. Second Ward : 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward: Augustus Paulus. Fourth 
 Ward: J. Funke. Fifth Ward : P. Huyser, Sixth 
 Ward: U. Kreit. Seventh Ward : G. L. R. Steckel. 
 Eighth Ward: P. Dwyer. Ninth Ward: J. B. 
 Haas. Tenth Ward: W. Wunsch. 
 
 1869, First Ward : Wm. Harsha. Second Ward : 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward: James Mc(;rath. Fourth 
 Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward : W. Kydd. Sixth 
 Ward : Edward Grevels. Seventh Ward : G. L. R. 
 Steckel. Eighth Ward : P. Dwyer. Ninth Ward : 
 Albert .?luma. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch. 
 
 1870, First Ward : J. Danahey. .Second Ward : 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward : Henry Roediger. Fourth 
 Ward : J. Funke. Fifth Ward : W. Kydd. Sixth 
 
■■M 
 
 "** ^■^■JJJH^WjwjSSgJJ^V** 
 
 CITY TREASURERS.— RECEIVERS OF TAXES. 
 
 167 
 
 
 
 Ward : Nicliolas Senninsrcr. Seventh Ward : C). L. 
 R. Sieckcl. Ei.i^htli Ward : Thos. O'Neil. Ninth 
 Ward : Adam Eigenbrod. Tenth Ward : W. 
 W'lmsch. 
 
 1 87 1, First Ward: D. Dickson. Second Ward : 
 
 C. O'Neil. Third Ward : H. Roediger. Fourth 
 Ward: Wm. Carroll. Fifth Ward: W. Kydd. 
 Si.xth Ward : U. Krcit. Seventh Ward : Daniel 
 Fleper. Jughth Ward: P. Dwyer, Ninth Ward: 
 J. ]}. Haas. Tenth Ward : W. Wunsch. 
 
 1872, ]'"irst Ward : John Stewart. Second Ward : 
 John C. Schiietz. Third Ward : H. Roediger. 
 Fourtii Ward : W. Carroll. Fifth Ward : Robert 
 
 D. Huff. Sixth Ward : H. Kueniniel. Seventh 
 Ward: I). Fleper. Eighth Ward: V. Dwyer. 
 Ninth Ward : Conrad Fey. Tenth Ward : W. 
 Wunsch. 
 
 1873, First Ward : James Clark. Second Ward : 
 J. C. Schuctz. Third Ward : H. Roediger. Fourth 
 Ward : N. Sutton. Fifth Ward : 1'. Huyser. Si.xth 
 Ward: H. Kuemniel. Seventh Ward: C. B. Max- 
 son. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan. Ninth Ward: 
 C. Fey. Tenth Ward: W. Wunsch. 
 
 1874, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward : 
 J. C. Schuctz. Third Ward : H. Roediger. Fourth 
 Ward: N. Kummer. Fifth Ward: J. Parkinson. 
 Sixth Ward : Henry Zeiss. Seventh Ward: Herman 
 Sucker. Eighth Ward: W. Ryan. Ninth Ward : 
 C. Matzen. Tenth Ward : J. Happe. Twelfth 
 Ward : A. Bauer. 
 
 1875, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward : 
 L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : H. Roediger. 
 Fourth Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : W. 
 Kydd, Sr. Sixth Ward : Henry Zeiss. Seventh 
 Ward : John Caspary. Eighth Ward : W. Ryan. 
 Ninth Wa<d: John Taylor. Tenth Ward: J. 
 Happe. Twelfth Ward : A. Bauer. 
 
 1876, First Ward : D. Dickson. Second Ward : 
 L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : H. Roediger, 
 Fourth Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : G. W. 
 Owen. Sixth Ward : H. Zeiss. Seventh Ward : 
 G. L. R. Streckei. Eighth W^ard : P. Madigan. 
 Ninth Ward : J. Taylor. Tenth Ward : Henry 
 Wunsch. Twelfth Ward : Chas. Steyskal, 
 
 1877, First Ward : Philip Roos. Second Ward : 
 L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : Martin Fo.x. Fourth 
 Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : G. W. Owen. 
 Sixth Ward: W. H. Connor. Seventh Ward: G. 
 L. R. Steckel. Eighth Ward : P. Madigan. Ninth 
 Ward : M. Embach. Tenth Ward : H. Wunsch. 
 Eleventh Ward : l'"rancis Alter. Twelfth Ward : 
 C. W. Appel. Thirteenth Ward : Fred W. Feld- 
 man. 
 
 1 878, First Ward : Philip Roos. Second Ward : 
 L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : Martin Fox. 
 Fourth Ward : N. Kummer. Fifth Ward : G. W. 
 
 Owen. Sixth Ward : W. H. Connor. Seventh 
 Ward: G. L. R. Steckel. Eighth Ward: P. Madi- 
 gan, W. Ryan. Ninth Ward : M. llmbach. Tenth 
 Ward : Peter V'anDamme. Eleventh Ward : Joseph 
 Kohn. Twelfth Ward: Joseph Kulnan. Thir- 
 teenth Ward : F H. Ellair. 
 
 1879, First Ward : Robert Knox. Second Ward : 
 L. P. Desnoyers. Third Ward : Geo. McManus. 
 Fourth Ward : Wm. Carroll. Fifth Ward : G. W. 
 Owen. Si.xth Ward : F. Harting. Seventh Ward : 
 J. T. Widman. Eighth Ward : Wm. Ryan. Ninth 
 Waril : F. Cronewith. Tenth Ward : P. \'an 
 Damme. Eleventh Ward : A. Worhofsky. Twelfth 
 Ward : Jesse Sterling. Thirteenth Ward : F. H. 
 Ellair. 
 
 CITY TRK.ASURERS. 
 
 The olTice of treasurer dates from 1802, and under 
 the various charters and amendments, appointments 
 were made by the Board of Trustees or Connnon 
 Council up to 1849, since which time the office has 
 been elective. The duties have never been materi- 
 ally changed. The money received from various 
 sources is turned over to and paid out by this officer. 
 His term of office is two years, and he is elected at 
 the regular city election. By ordinance of 1825 he 
 was allowed, in lieu of .salary, one per cent of his 
 receipts, and also one per cent on the amount he 
 actually paid out from moneys belonging to the cor- 
 poration. In 1832 the salary was §75 a year; in 
 1840 it was §300; in 1856 it had grown to $i,oqo; 
 and in 1883 it was $3,000. He gives $200,000 
 bonds. To aid him in his duties, he has several 
 assistants. 
 
 The following is a list of the city treasurers : 18 16, 
 and 1817, O. W, Miller; 1818, Louis Dequindre; 
 1 8 19, A. Wendell ; 1820, T. Rowland ; 1821, Joseph 
 Campau ; 1822, Levi Cook; 1823, Calvin Baker; 
 1824, Peter Desnoyers; 1 825-1 829, H. S. Cole; 
 1829, J. T. I'enny; 1830-1836, R. S. Rice; 1836, 
 I). French; 1837, P. Desnoyers, C. Wickware ; 
 1838, John Farmer; 1839, J. C. Williams; 1840- 
 1842, F. X. Cicotte ; 1842-1844, D. J. Campau; 
 1 844-1845, Theodore Williams; 1846, D. Smart; 
 1847, John Winder; 1848-1850, W. A. Howard; 
 1850-1854, N. B. Carpenter; 1854-1860, John Camp- 
 bell ; 1860-1861, D. P. Bushnel! ; 1862-1866, A. A. 
 Rabineau; 1 866-1 871, E. S. Leadbeater; July, 1871- 
 1876, E. C. Hinsdale; 1876-1884, Wm. Parkin- 
 son; 1884- , John S. Schniittdiel. 
 
 RECEIVERS OF TAXES. 
 
 The office of receiver was created by Act of March 
 12, 1861, and all city ta.xes are primarily payable to 
 this officer. Up to the passage of the charter of 
 
i68 
 
 RECEIVERS OF TAXES. 
 
 1883, he was appointed every two years by the 
 Common Council, on nomination of tlic mayor. 
 The charter of 1883 lenijthened the term to three 
 years. The salary in 1883 was $2,500, the receiver 
 givini;- $50,000 bonds. 
 
 The following persons have served as receivers : 
 
 i86(toJuly, 1862, B. Franklin Baker; 1862-1868, 
 Thos. R. Cununings; 1869-1873, Wm. Y. Rurnney; 
 1873-1877, W. A. Throop; 1877-1879, Robert K. 
 Roberts; 1879-1881, J. M. Welch; 1881- .Jacob 
 (kithard. 
 
PART IV. 
 
 JUDICIAL. 
 
JUST 
 
 In cc 
 
 legal adi 
 one of t 
 to secun 
 in this \v 
 of the (1 
 the Enj; 
 A comp 
 first sett 
 sented a 
 grims of 
 William 
 various c 
 from th 
 jealousit 
 colony, 
 only cle 
 other Ft 
 with air 
 at pleasi 
 son whc 
 nevertht 
 and to 
 plaints f 
 
 Abou 
 council 1 
 dilfercnt 
 any one 
 used ; tl 
 cane, an 
 tile roon 
 matter 
 paid to 
 cities of 
 pelled t( 
 cile, so I 
 
 Notvv 
 people, 1 
 main, tl 
 both m 
 their pc 
 to alien; 
 constani 
 and gov 
 fort anc 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 JUSTICE IN THE OLDEX TIME.— UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.— DISTRICT 
 COURT.— UXriED STATES OFFICERS.— BANKRUPTCY COURT. 
 
 In considerincf the subject of ju;>tice, and its 
 Itgal administration, it should he rcmcnibcred that 
 one of tlie objects of the settlement of Detroit was 
 to secure and maintain the supremacy of tlie French 
 in this western rei^ioii. For this reason, and because 
 of the dangers from hostile Indians as well as from 
 the Enijlisli, a military settlement was a necessity. 
 A company of soldiers was therefore sent with the 
 first settlers, and the beginnipi.',s of the colony pre- 
 sented an appearance qtn"te unl'ke that of the Pil- 
 f^rims of Plymouth Ro-k, or of the Ouakers with 
 William Pcnn. The treachery of the sava.ijes, the 
 various exigencies arising among settlers far removed 
 from the restraints of ordinary society, and the 
 jealousies and ambitions of leading members of the 
 colony, all combined to make military rule not 
 only desirable, but necessary. Cadillac and the 
 other Freneh commandants were therefore invested 
 with almost plenary powers. They coukl imjirison 
 at pleasure, or even run their swords through a per- 
 son who grossly offended ; they were amenahle, 
 nevertheless, to the governor-general at Quebec 
 and to the colonial minister in Frante, and com- 
 plaints against them were not infrequent. 
 
 About 1720 the inhabitants ccjmplained to the 
 coimcil that Tonly was "judge and party in all the 
 differences which arose respecting commerce, and if 
 any one attempted t(3 claim his rights, he was ill- 
 used ; that in f)ne case he struck Du Ruisson with a 
 cane, and trampled him under foot, so that he left 
 the room covered with blood," and that when the 
 matter was reported to \'audreuil, no attention was 
 paid to it. In 1722 there were judges at the three 
 cities of New France, and each inhabitant was com- 
 pelled to elect some one of these cities as his domi- 
 cile, so that notices could be served and cases trietl. 
 
 Notwithstanding the occasional complaints of the 
 people, there is every reason to believe that, in the 
 main, the government of the commandants was 
 both iTiild and judicious. The circumstances of 
 their position were such that they could not afford 
 to alienate many of the settlers. The necessity of 
 constant watchfulness and foresight in dealing with 
 and governing the savages, who clustered about the 
 fort and freelv mingled with the people, made it 
 
 [ 
 
 impossible for them to indulge frequently in freaks 
 of temper, or to allow or commit injustice. A 
 coolness and an intrepidity, seldom found in mean 
 or malicious natures, were important attributes of 
 the men who should successfully govern the settle- 
 ment; and in many respects the government was 
 almost jxitriarchal in its character. The conmiand- 
 ants were called upon to witness all import.ant pri- 
 vate transactions, and no wedding or christening was 
 cjuite satisfactory without their presence. 
 
 During the earlier years of Pjiglish rule the gov- 
 ernment was .still of a military character, auvl the 
 fatherly offices of the commandants were, if possi- 
 ble, even more frecjuently exercised. Conniiandant 
 De Peyster both married and baptized those who 
 desired his ser\'ices, using the forms of the English 
 Church. If offences were conmiitted the conunand- 
 ants went through regular forms of law, and tried, 
 and as faithfully executed, those whom they deemed 
 deserving of death. In a letter dated April 20, 
 1763, addressed to Genertil Amherst, Major Cdad- 
 win said, "The Panis (a Pawnee Indian slave) who 
 escaped from the guard last winter got off to the 
 Illinois ; therefore 1 thought it best to try the woman, 
 who was sentenced to be hanged for being an 
 accomplice in the nuirder of the late Mr. Clapham ; 
 which I had put in execution in the most public 
 manner." 
 
 The original manuscript of the letter has the fol- 
 lowing explanatory memoranda, probably added by 
 the aide-de-camp of (leneral Amherst: 
 
 'I'liis nuirdcT Wiis coiuiiiiltL<l last siiinnur, aiul was attcncud 
 with several shocking circumstances. Mr. Clapliain was a trader 
 cciniini; from the Deiroit, witli liis two Pauls slaves, a man anil a 
 woman, who, by their own ccinfession, murdered him by cutting otT 
 his hiad, and tluowinj^ his Imdy into the river. They were de- 
 livered up by a party of Indians, whom the Panis charged as be- 
 ing tlic principal perpetrators of the murder; but this the Indians 
 denied. The general, however, sent a warrant to Major Clladwin 
 for the trial of the murderers ; and by this letter it appears tliat 
 the man has made his escape, but that the woman, being found 
 guiky, has suffered according to her crime. 
 
 With regard to the jurisdiction of the local com- 
 mandant, and the division of power between him 
 and the resident governor, Thomas Smith testified 
 before the Commissioners of Claims, on July 14, 
 1 82 1, as follows : 
 
 ■7'1 
 
172 
 
 JUSTICE IN THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 All military comiUiindaiUs wi.re civil oflicers t:v oj/iciff, wliullier 
 so commissioned or not, and they dicidid qncslicmsof property, 
 and put liti|;unts into tho guard-lioiise who di.. obeyed their decis- 
 ions ! there were civil magistrates, who acted under, and in uil 
 matters of importance consulted, the commandant. The com- 
 mandant was considered the chief magistrate, and acted often 
 witln rUt consulting any other magistrate. If any debtor at tempted 
 to remove from the country, and tlie creditor made complaint 
 thereof, the commandant refused permission to such debtor to de- 
 part until the creditor was satisfied, and the debtor was accord- 
 ingly detained until the decision of the commandant was complied 
 with. 'J'he will of the commandant, in whom it is presumed con- 
 lidence was always placed by the British Government, was sub- 
 mitled to, and wascertainly the then law of the land, whether it 
 be called civil or military law, or whether that will related to civil 
 or military matters. Alexis Maisonville, on the opposite side of 
 the river, was one instance, where the commandant sent a party 
 and removed him, upon complaint made to such commandant by 
 the Indians that said Maisonville had settled upon certain lands 
 by them claimed, without the permission of such Indians. 
 
 John Askin made complaint to the then commanding ofTicer 
 that a certain person, whose name witness does not reeolle-.t, but 
 who was a Kreiiehman, had settled upon certain lai.ds at the 
 grand-marais claimed by said AskIn, on the Detroit side of the 
 river ; and Jiat the commandant sent men, and that the french- 
 man was removed was notorious. This witness does not know 
 that Governor Hamilton was commissioned by the Kinjr of tireat 
 Britain, asgovernor resident at Detroit, but believed that he was 
 so commissioned, but witness knows that his authority was dis- 
 puted by the then commanding ollicer, Cai)taln Montpasant as 
 witness thinks, and consequently decisions of civil matters were 
 made by (lovernor Hamilton, but his authority wiis never recog- 
 nized by Captain Montpasant, who considered this as his exclusive 
 prerogative. 1 
 
 The manuscripts of .Sir William Johnson show 
 that in 1 767 there \\;is much trouble and conrtict of 
 authority between the commandant and the com- 
 missioner of trade, each of these officers claiming 
 the right to settle disputes between the traders. 
 
 Under both Erench and English rule, the notarial 
 office was one of great importance, as it practically 
 combinetl the duties of court clerk and register of 
 deeds. The notary kept copies of all papers wit- 
 nesseil by or before him, registered marriage con- 
 tracts, and was connected with every transaction in 
 business and in social life. 
 
 Among the notaries acting between 1734 and 
 1760, or later, were Robert Navarre, Simon Sanjui- 
 net, Ikiptiste Campau. and G. Monforton. About 
 1760 the name of Philip Dejean begins to be of fre- 
 quent occurrence in old records of every sort. He 
 was appointetl justice of the peace April 24, 1767, 
 and on the 201I1 of July following, Robert Bayard, 
 major commanding, appointed him second judge of 
 a temporary court of justice, to be held every month 
 to decide all actions of debts, bonds, bills, contracts, 
 and trespasses involving large amounts. 
 
 It would seem that Dejean's doings did not meet 
 the approval of all the citizens, as a committee of 
 investigation, consisting of ten persons, was ap- 
 pointed by Commandant George Turnbull. On May 
 21, 1768, they reported themsrhes as of opinion, 
 
 * See chapter on Revolutionary Wan 
 
 I'irst, that the fees established h the t.i'nmittee appointed by 
 Major Robert Hayard, in the est; ./lishmenl of the Court of Jus- 
 tice at Detroit, are just and reasonable, and ought not tube less. 
 
 Second, that every prisoner conlined hi the guiird-hoiise, 
 whether for debt or misdemeanor, shall on being set at liberty pay 
 one dollar, ami every batteau or canoe arriving here, loaded with 
 merchandise belonging to any person or persons not possessing in 
 property any lot or building within this fort, shall pay two dollars ; 
 the moneys accruing from thence to lie applied, as in the time of 
 the Krench government, to keep in good and sufTicient repair the 
 fortlficaticms around this town. 
 
 Third, no person having appeared before us, to make any com- 
 plaints against s;iid I'hilip Dejean, with respi'et to his public 
 ortice, we are of opinion that they were ill-founded and without 
 cause. 
 
 SigncJ, Jamks Stkhlino, Colonei, Andkews, T. Williams, 
 William Edc.ak, John RoniSdN, Kistache Gamklin, P. 
 St. Cosme, I. Caiiasie, T. Moi.ikke, .\. Harthe. 
 
 Dejean's character being thus approved, he was 
 further honored, on June 14 following, by being 
 newly appointed notary, with jiower to examine by 
 oath and evidence, but could give no final award 
 except by joint request. Matters settled by arbitra- 
 tion were to be approved by the commandant. 
 
 The records of St. Anne's Church show that 
 Pierre St. Cosme was acting as a justice of the 
 peace on September 15, 1762 ; and Philip Le Grand 
 is named as a justice on March 18, 1764. 
 
 T'nder the Quebec Act of 1774, the criminal law 
 of England was introduced as a guide in the admin- 
 istration of justice ; but as the same Act aboli.shed 
 all courts of justice in the province, after the first of 
 May, 1775, and as the laws of England were but 
 imperfectly understood, and much discretion was 
 allowed to or assumed by the governor and com- 
 mandant, many enormities were perpetrated under 
 the semblance of law. 
 
 When Henry Hamilton was appointed lieutenant- 
 governor, a judge, assessor, and sheriff, were alsf) to 
 be commissioned, and to be paid one hundred and 
 fifty pounds per year each. The judge was not 
 immediately named, and on Fe'nruary 2, 1777, Gov- 
 ernor Carleton wrote to Hamilton saying : 
 
 As nothing better could be done at the time, you were included 
 as commissioner of the peace for the jirovince at large ; and in 
 that capacity ycui have a right to issue your warrants, for appre- 
 hending, and sending down (to Montreal) any persons guilty of 
 criminal offences in the district, at least, such as are of conse- 
 quence enough to deserve taking that journey; but these orders 
 must be signed by you, and not by Mr. Dejean, whose authority 
 is unknown here. 
 
 Subsequently a Mr. Owen was appointed as judge 
 at Detroit, but he died, and in a letter dated April 
 26, 1778, Hamilton says his loss " mu.st be doubly 
 felt, while I am obliged to act as judge, and in 
 several cases executor of justice. There is no execu- 
 tioner or gaoler, nor is a gaol yet built, though 
 greatly needed." In another letter, dated August 
 17, 1778, he says : " Our law proceedings here are as 
 vague, and perhaps irregula'" as can be, but our 
 situation must excuse and account for it." About 
 this time he sent a man named Gardener (believed 
 
JUSTICE IN THE OLUEN TIME. 
 
 to have nui'ilcrcd liis wife), and also witnesses, io 
 Montreal for trial. Turniiiyj^ back two years, we 
 find that soon a^ter he arrived at Detroit, John Ct)ii- 
 tincinau and Ann W\ ley — the first a former servant, 
 and the woman previously a slave of Abbott and 
 Finehley — were accused of stealing,' about $50 in 
 furs and money from their late employers. They 
 were arrested on June 26, 1776, trieil, convicted, and 
 on March 26, 1777, at twelve o'clock, were han,i;i(I 
 on the i)ui)lic common. The following- letter, con- 
 tained in \'oIume \'l. of Almon's Remembrancer, 
 published at London, and written by John Dodi^^e, 
 of Detroit, jrives interestinj^ details concerning Ham- 
 ilton's doings in the Coiitincinau and other trials : 
 
 (JUKiiKC, Sept. 21, T777. 
 
 SiH : Vcstcrcliiy his Kxccllcncy Sir (luy «;is iilcasid to si.i;n my 
 pass, a few htiiirs \>vhiTc lie set out for Moiitri-al, notwithstaiKlinff 
 any oppo.-^iiioii lliat nii^ht have in-vn made l>y ttiir l>ctroit new 
 lieutenaiit-g.is'enuir, Hamilton, \vlii>, you know, Is now in town 
 here. Front what yf)U have heard of his cruel and tyrannieal dis- 
 positicm, you must Ijc well convinced how unhappy we are under 
 his government ; you know what severity he used against me un- 
 justly, how he has treated Mr. IlcntK y, and confessed to liim in 
 presence of se\'eral witnesses that he knew \'ery well his prtieeed- 
 ings against him were illegal, but that he was above the law, and 
 added, " Vou may sue me if you please, but you'll get nothing. 
 Government is obliged to support me in wh.it I do." A very fine 
 confession for a lieutenant-governor set over a free people ! 
 
 You know how he wanted to hurt Mr. Isiiac Williams, and the 
 cool manner in which he treated Mr. Jonas Schindler, silversmith, 
 whom, after being honorably actiuilted liy a very respect.ible jury, 
 he ordered to lie druininid out of the town. Captain Lord of the 
 I'lghteiMilh Regiment, late eomniandant of the Illinois, and at that 
 time commanding the garrison at iJetroit, silenced the druiii wlu-n 
 it enter. 'd into tlie citadel, in order to pass out at the west gate 
 with the [irisoner, and said I.ieutenant-Oovernor Hamilton might 
 exercise what acts of cruelty and oppression he pleased in the 
 town, but that he would suffer none in the citadel, and would take 
 care to make such proceedings known to some of the first men in 
 Kngland. All these things are cruel, but nothing like hanging men. 
 Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, to whom a commission as justice 
 of the peace was sent up only two or three months ago, which is 
 the first that ever was given by proper authority to any one in 
 Detroit, took upon bim in thefall of 1775 to nominate and appoint 
 a certain Philip Dejean (who ran away from Iioiiie some years ago 
 and lied to lietroit to screen himself from his creditors) to act as 
 judge on the trial of Joseph Hecker (formerly a furrier in this 
 town) for having killed his brother-in-law. Monsieur Moran, in a 
 quarrel. Judge Dejean passed sentence of death upon him, which 
 was ajjproved of by Governor Hamilton, and put in cxicution a 
 few days after, under a j,uard of soldiers who surrounded the gal- 
 lows whilst he was hanged. In the spring of 1777 they condemned 
 and hanged also John Coutincinau, a Canadian, for having stolen 
 some money, etc., from his master, and having been concerned 
 with a negro wench in attempting to set fire to his master's house. 
 You'll readily allow that these criminals deser\'e death, but how 
 dared Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, and an infamous judge of 
 his own making, take uiion them to try tlu'iii and execute them 
 witliout authority ? I mentioned all the above circumstances to 
 Judge Lewis, and to .Mr. .Monk, the attorney-general. They were 
 very much surprised at such rash and unwarranted proceedings, 
 and said Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton and his Judge Philip 
 Dejean were both liable to be prosecuted for murder. I beg you 
 may make these things known in England, that we may be freed 
 from usurpation, tyranny and oppression. 
 
 The proceedings of the Council of A'irginia, under 
 date of June i8, 1779, give details as to the cases of 
 
 Mr. Dodge anil others. In spe.'iking of (lovernor 
 Hamilton the record says: 
 
 They find that his Irealinent of our citizens and soldiirs, taken 
 and I arricil within the limits of his coniniaiui, b.is beiii cruel and 
 inhuman ; that in the case of John 1 lodge, a cilizi n of these sl.ites, 
 ^vI1icll has been particularly stated to this board, he loaded bim 
 with irons, threw him into a dungeon, without bi'dding, without 
 straw, without fire, in the dead of winter and severe climate of 
 Detroit ; that in that state, lie wasted him with incessant expicta- 
 tions of deatli ; that ^vhen the rigors of bis situation had brought 
 him so low that dealli seemed likely to withdraw him from their 
 jiower, he was taken out, and somewhat attended to until a little 
 minded, and before he had recovered ability to walk, was again 
 returned to bis dungeon, in which a hole was cut, seven inches 
 square only, for the admission of air, and the siimct load of irons 
 iigain put on him; thataiipearing asecond time in iminimnt danger 
 of being lost to them, he was again taken from his dungeim, in 
 which he had lain from January to Jum-, with the intermission of 
 a few weeks only before mentifined. 
 
 It will be remembered that these records were 
 made after the capture of (lovernor Hamilton, 
 riiilip Dejean, and otiiers at \'incennes, and while 
 they were confmetl in \'irgin'a. The document con- 
 tinues: 
 
 It appeals tliat the prisoner I lejean was on all occasions the wil- 
 ling .'uid cordial instruiuent *if Governor Hamilton, acting both as 
 judge and keeper of the jails, and instigating and urging him, by 
 malicious insinuations and untruths, to increase rather than to re- 
 lax his severilies, lu'ii;liteniiig tliecruelty of his orders by his man- 
 ner of executing them ; offering at out; time a reward to one man 
 to be hangman for another, threatening his life on refus;il ; antl 
 taking from his prisoners the little property their opportiinities 
 enabled tliem to acqiuie. 
 
 Mr. Dodge was eventually sent down and con- 
 lined in jail at Quebec. He escaped from there on 
 October 9, 1778, and on July 13, 1779, wrote from 
 Pittsburgh to " Philip Poyle, merchant at St. Duski " 
 (Sandusky), as follows : 
 
 It is with pleasure that I inform you that I have made my 
 escape from (Juebec. I h.ave the honor of wearing the Captain's 
 commission, and the managing Indian affairs. You may depend 
 on seeing me there this fall with a good army. Fisher and Grav- 
 erat are here, and desire to be remembereil to their brotlu-is, and 
 bid them to be of good cheer. There has been a battle at Carolina 
 — the F.nglish .".:e entirely defeated ; seven hundretl lay dead on 
 the ground, the rest are prisoners, with all their cannon and bag- 
 gage. 1 enclose to you the proceedings of a Council. I am going 
 to Willlamsbiirgh in .1 few days to prosecute Hamilton, and that 
 rascal Dejean, I.amothe likewise. Hoiiiiniy, hey ? they will all 
 be hanged without redemiJtion, and the Lord have mercy on their 
 stuils. My compliments to all the gooc Whigs of r>etroit. 
 Money plenty, fine times for the sons of liberty. lam just now 
 drinking your health with a good glass of Madeira. GotI bless you 
 all, and we will soon relieve you from those "tyrants. 
 
 Returning to Governor HamiUon, we find that 
 notwithstanding the outrageous character of his 
 proceedings, Ciovernor Haldimand rather justified 
 and excused him, especially in the Coutincinau 
 case ; but the grand jury for the district of Montreal 
 did not, and on Monday, September 17, 1778, they 
 indicted Governor Hamilton for allowing Dejean to 
 perpetrate such enormities. They said that in De- 
 cember, 1775, Dejean illegally acted as judge, and 
 caused one Hecker to be apprehended for the 
 
174 
 
 UNlli:U STATMS CIRCUIT CUURT. 
 
 imuikr (if one Chas. Muian, sentenced him to 
 death, and tarried the sentence into exeriition ; and 
 that on or about Marcli, i77C), he arrested Jolin 
 Coutineinau and Nancy, a ncv^ro woman, charged 
 willi atleniptinn' to burn llie dwellins^- house of 
 Abjjott and Kinchley, and also willi liavinji,^ stolen 
 money and pt'ltries ; that he sentenceil Coutineinau 
 to death, anil that on or about July, 1776, he was 
 hanj^ed ; that Nancy remained in prison a time, and 
 was pardoned on condition that siie serve as execu- 
 tioner, which she did, and that then Dejean handed 
 her also, and that without law or authority. He also 
 fined for offences. An action was also brought 
 a.i(ainst Dejean, and on December 4, 1778, (lovernor 
 Hamilton wrote to Haldimand, s;iying : 
 
 A Icltcr from Mr. (Wiry^ the (Upiity sluriff at Mdiitrial, 
 ac(|ualiits iiu' tliat siiinc k),':il iirucfss lias liccii ciminuiicid a^'aiiist 
 Mr. Di'jcaii, for actiiiji iiiulir my diri'dion in rexard lo criminal 
 inatlLTS. I l)i'j; leave to reeommend him to yonr lv\cellcncy's pro- 
 tection, as a man who has created enemies hy doini; his duty. * 
 * ♦ 1 hope 1 shall alone he responsihle for any malversation of 
 his, as he has only acted by my orders. * * * Should any com- 
 plaint against myself be lodged jnilicially, I am perfectly at ease, 
 persuaded your Kxcellency will allow me to vindicate my conduct, 
 witliout I ncountering the chicanu of the law. 
 
 In March, 1778, Thomas Williams, father of Cien- 
 eral John R. Williams, was acting' as justice of the 
 peace. In July, 1784, he declined to act longer, and 
 induced Mr. Monforton to attend to the business in 
 his stead. His commission, is.sued by Sir Frederick 
 Haldimand, (iovernor-deneral of Canada, in 1779, 
 is in the possession of his grandson, J. C. D. Williams 
 of this city. An immense wax seal, half an inch 
 thick and four and a half inches in diameter, bear- 
 ing many devices, is attached to the document. 
 
 Thomas .Smith served as commissioner of peace 
 in 1778. In 1779 the commandant suggested the 
 establishment of a Court of Trustees, with jurisdic- 
 ti(jn extending to ten pounds. lughtcen of the mer- 
 chants then entered into a bond that three of them, 
 in rotation, would hold a weekly court, and that they 
 would defend any appeals which might be taken to 
 the courts at Montreal. This court lasted about 
 eighteen months, and then, as legal objections were 
 made to it, the court was abolished. This pleased 
 the careless, but was unsatisfactory to merchants, 
 and on March 28, 1781, they petitioned De Peyster 
 for relief "to enable them to collect of those who 
 were able but unwilling to pay their debts." De 
 Peyster was at a loss to know what to do, and on 
 April 3, 1 78 1, he wrote to Ceneral Haldinumd, ."ay- 
 ing, "Fori lerly summons were issued by the justice 
 and decisions given, but since we have learned that 
 they have no such powers, that mode has ceased." 
 
 The establishment of regular courts dates from 
 July 24, 1788, when several districts were created by 
 the Canadian council. Detroit was embraced in the 
 District of Hesse, and William Dunmore Powell was 
 
 the first judge. In 1789 Courts of Common I'leas 
 were provided for, with jurisdiction without ajjpeal. 
 exce])t to the governors and council. The wealthier 
 citizens were made judges, and they banished, 
 whipped, and imprisonetl at pleasure. In De- 
 cember, 1 788, a .session of the court was held at 
 Detroit, by Louis Heaufait, senior justice, with James 
 May, Charles C.irardin, Patrick McNiff, and Nath- 
 aniel \\'illiams as associate justices. 
 
 There was, however, a great lack of proper courts, 
 and much uncertainty about their action, almost up 
 to the surrender of the post. On April 30, 1792, 
 Major Smith of the Fifth Regiment, then in com- 
 mand at Detroit, said, "It is strange that a man, 
 for petty misdemeanors, shall be conlined, ami his 
 property sold antl confiscated for debt, when another 
 shall commit the crime of murder, rape, and robbing 
 with impunity." 
 
 On October 15, 1792, the name of the di.strict was 
 changed from Hesse to Western District, and in 
 1794 a court was provided for, to be held in Detroit. 
 The law was repealed on June 3, 1796, as it seemed 
 no longer expetlient to hold sessions in Detroit. 
 Under the Kngiish Covernment, Courts of (leneral 
 Ouarter Sessions were also held, the last one on 
 January 29, 1796. 
 
 UNITKU STATICS CIRCUIT COURT. 
 
 The first Circuit United Stat(?s Court for the State 
 of Michigan was provided for by Act df July i, 1836, 
 the court to be held the third Monday in June 
 and first Monday in November. By Act of March 
 3, 1837, the Stiites of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and 
 Michigan were made the seventh circuit, and the 
 time of United States Circuit Court sessions fixed 
 for the fourth Monday of June. By Act of March 
 10, 1*838, the sessions were changed to the third 
 Monday in June and the first Monday of November. 
 By law of March 31, 1839, the fall session was to 
 begin on the second Monday of October. On July 
 14, 1862, it was provided that an additional session 
 should be held, beginning the second Monday of 
 February in each year. By Act of July 15, 1862, a 
 new ilivision of circuits was made, and Michigan, 
 Wisconsin, and Illinois were made the eighth cir- 
 cuit. On January 28, 1863, the circuits were again 
 re-arranged, Ohio and Michigan being made the 
 seventh circuit. The terms of court, by Act of Feb- 
 ruary 21, 1863, were to begin on the first Tuesdays 
 of June, November, and March. By law of July 23, 
 1866, the present sixth circuit, embracing the States 
 of Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, was 
 created. 
 
 The court is a court of appeal from the District 
 Court. In general, its power may be thus defined : 
 it may hear, and try originally, all cases coming 
 under United States Law, except admiralty cases. 
 
UNITKI) STATES DISTRICT COURT.— UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 
 
 1/5 
 
 It has also jurisdiction in cases between citizens of 
 different States, and between citizens and aliens, in 
 casi's either of law or iqiiity, involvinj,' anioiinls of 
 more than five hundred doll.irs. Tlie salary of tiie 
 circuit judije is Sfi.ooo. He is nominated by the 
 Pres..'ent and confirmed by the Senate, the term 
 beiny for life. 
 
 The first sessions of the United States courts in 
 the State of Michiijan were held in the Wiiiiruns 
 Building-, on the southeast corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue and Bates Street. In IcSjq sessions were 
 held in the City Hall, the United States payintj^ $500 
 a year rent to the city. In 1840 the courts were 
 moved l)ack to the Williams T?ui!dinj,^ On June 
 19, 1843, sessions began to be held in the building 
 purchased by the Government in 1842, located on 
 the southwest corner of Oriswold Street and Jeffer- 
 son Avenue. The building was sold, October 4, 
 1855, to the Michigan Insurance Company Bank, 
 and the court was soon after moved to Young Men's 
 Hall, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue, midway 
 between Bates and Randolph Streets. The sessions 
 were held there until the completion of the (iovern- 
 ment Building on the northwest corner of Griswold 
 and Earned Streets, after which the courts were 
 held in the upper story of that building. 
 
 The circuit judges of the United States, for Mich- 
 igan, have been as follows: 1836- 1862, John Mc- 
 Lean; 1862-1870, N, H. Swayne; 1870-1878, H. 
 H. F'mmons ; 1878- .John Baxter. 
 
 The clerks of the United .States Circuit Court 
 have been as follows: 1837 to June, 1S57, John 
 Winder; June, 1857 to April 1 5, 1870, W. D. Wilkins; 
 April 15, 1870 to June 6, 1882, Addison Mandell; 
 June 6, 1882- , Walter S. Harsha. 
 
 UNITED STATES DI.STRICT COURT. 
 
 By Act of February 13, 1801, provision was made 
 for the holding of the first United States Court for 
 this region, which was then in the District of Ohio ; 
 sessions of the court were to begin in Cincinnati on 
 the loth of June and December, except when the 
 loth fell upon Sunday, when sessions were to begin 
 on the following day. There is no evidence that 
 this law ever took effect, and the necessity for it is 
 not ajjparent, as the judges of the Northwest, Indi- 
 ana, and Michigan Territories were all of them 
 direct appointees of the President, and endowed 
 with power to try offences against United States 
 law. In fact, the Supreme Court of the Territory 
 took the place of a United States Circuit Court, and 
 their District Courts were also District Courts of the 
 United .States. 
 
 United States District Courts for the State of 
 Michigan, first provided for by Act of July i, 1836, 
 were to be held on the first Mondays of May and 
 October. The sessions of both Circuit and District 
 
 United Slates Courts, for the entire State, were at 
 first held only in Detroit. By Act of February 24. 
 i8f)3, the State was divided into two judicial dis- 
 tricts. The court held at Detroit is now known 
 as the District Court for the luistern District of 
 Michig.'ui. Sessions are held on the first Tuesdays 
 of March, June, and November; and for admiralty 
 cases on the first Tuesday of each month. The 
 District Court has jurisdiction in all cases of infrac- 
 tion of United States law, and in admiralty cases, or 
 cases arising in connection with trade or travel on 
 the rivers and lakes. 
 
 The jurors for both Circuit and District United 
 States Courts were formerly selected by the clerk 
 and marshal; by law of June 30, 1879, a (•oiiimis- 
 sioner, who in politics must be opposed to the clerk, 
 is appointed by the presiding judge to assist the 
 clerk in tiie selection of names. 
 
 On the second Monday of November of each year 
 they select the names of not less than two hundred 
 persons from different counties in the district; these 
 names are placed in a box, and at least twenty days 
 before court term begins, the clerk and marshal 
 draw out, in the presence of the district attorney, 
 twenty-three names as grand jurors, and twenty- 
 four as traverse jurors. The jurors are paid two 
 dollars per day. 
 
 Judges of the District Court are appointed by the 
 Senate on nomination of tiie President. The term 
 is for life, and the salary is $3,500 per year. 
 
 The district judges of the United States at De- 
 troit have been, 1836- 1870, Ross Wilkins; 1870- 
 1875, John W. Longyear; 1875- , Henry B. 
 Brown. 
 
 The clerks of both Circuit and District Courts 
 are appointed with the concurrence of both judges 
 and hold office at their pleasure. The clerks are 
 paid by fees appertaining to the office. F'or services 
 and clerk hire they are allowed to retain fees to the 
 amount of $3,500 per year. 
 
 The clerks of the United States District Court 
 have been as follows ; 1 837 to October, 1 848, John 
 Winder; October, 1848, to June, 1857, W. D. Wil- 
 kins; June, 1857, to April 15, 1870, John Winder; 
 April 15, 1870, to , D. J. Davison. Deputy 
 
 Clerk, John Graves. 
 
 UNITED STATES OEEICEKS. 
 Attorney. 
 
 This office, directly connected with the adminis- 
 tration of justice in the United States Courts, was 
 provided for by Act of September 24, 1789. It is 
 the dut- of the attorney to prosecute all offences 
 again^ iie Government, its property or laws ; to 
 attend lo the collection of all debts due to the 
 Government, or of the forfeited bonds of any 
 government officer. The appointment is made by 
 
176 
 
 UNirKi) STA ri;s oi-fickks. 
 
 tlic Siiiatf (111 iioininatioii of the I'lisiiiciit. 'I'lir 
 tiiin of oU'ru is iiulclinitc. The salary is $200 and 
 fi'i's not ixct'cdiii^ i3)6,o(x>. 'I'lu- olfRc in 1880 was 
 worth about §4,000 per aiiiuiiii. 
 
 Tiu' salary of the assistant attorney is $2,000, and 
 for many years J. W. I'"inne\- lias filled that position. 
 
 The following persons have been I'niled States 
 attorneys for the years named : 1 S08- 1 8 1 1 , II. 11. 
 Hieknian; 1811-1814, K. 15 rush ; 1814, L'has. 
 Larned; 1815 1823, Solomon Sibley; 1823-1824, 
 James U. Doty; 1824-1827, Andrew d. Whitney; 
 1827-1834, Daniel l.eKoy ; 1834-1841, I )aniil Ciood- 
 win; 1842-1845, (ieorye C. Bates ; 1845 1850, John 
 Norvell; 1850-1852, (ieorye C. Bates; 1852, S. 
 Barstow; 1853 1857, ("leorj^a' K. Hand; 1857-1861, 
 Joseph Miller, Jr.; 1861, \V. L. Stoughton ; 1862- 
 1869, Alfred Ru.ssell ; i8<''9n877, Aaron B. May- 
 nard; 1877- , S. M. Culeheon. 
 
 United States Marsluxl. 
 
 This offiee was first created September 24, 17S9. 
 It is the duty of the marshal to make arrests of all 
 who offend against the United States or its laws, 
 such as smugglers, counterfeiters, etc. In fact, the 
 marshal is the high constable of the government of 
 this district, and attends the sessions of the United 
 States Courts to see that its rules and orders are 
 obeyed. He is appointed by the President and 
 Senate for terms of four years. The salary is $200 
 and all of the fees if the amount does not exceed 
 $6,000. 
 
 There are between twenty and thirty deputies, all 
 appointed by the marshal, six of whom are located 
 in Detroit. Their salaries are dependent on the fees 
 received. 
 
 The marshals for the Territory and State have 
 been as follows: 1805, July 17 to August 6, Klisha 
 Avery; 1805, August 6 to November, 1806, James 
 May ; 1806, November 6 to , W'm. McD. Scott ; 
 
 1811 and 1812, John Anderson; 181 2, F. Baby; 
 (English rule.) 18 14, J. H. Audrain; 1815-1812, 
 Thos. Rowland; 1831-1837, Peter Desnoyers; 
 1837-1841, Conrad Ten Eyck ; 1841-1845, Joshua 
 Howard; 1845-1847, Levi S. Humphrey; 1847- 
 1849, Austin E. Wing; 1849-1853, C. H. Kno.x; 
 1853-1857, George W. Rice; 1857-1858, R. W. 
 Davis; 1858-1859, M. I. Thomas , 1859-1861, John 
 S. Bagg; 1861-1867, Chas. Dickey; 1867-1869, 
 Norman S. Andrews; 1869-1877, Joseph R. Ben- 
 nett; 1877- , Salmon S. Mathews. 
 
 Commissioners for United States Courts, 
 
 This office was provided for as early as 1789, but 
 no commissioners were appointed for Michigan prior 
 to the admission of the State to the Union. The 
 duties of the commissioners consist in hearing and 
 taking such testimony as may be referred to them, 
 
 for use ill either the Circuit or tl'.e District Court, ;iiid 
 when so takiii, b\ order of the court, the testimony 
 h.is all the force that it would have if given before 
 the court itself. This is done to save the time of 
 the judges. The ])artiis to .my case re(|uiring testi- 
 mony to be taken iii.iy elect the commissioner before 
 whom they will have the testimony taken. 
 
 The commissioners ;ire appointed by the United 
 States Circuit judge. The term is for life, and they 
 are paid by the fees received. 
 
 The following persons, residing in Detroit, were 
 appointed commissioners on the d.ites named : Feb- 
 ruary 17, 183S,' John Winder; November 1, 1841, 
 Alexander Davidson; December 8, 1841, Walter 
 W. Dalton; March 2, 1842, John Norvell; March 
 20, 1843, i\. T. MeReynolds ; July 13, 1843, A. Ten 
 Kyck ; September 4, 1843, E. I'. Il.astings; Sep- 
 tember 4, 1843, E. Smith Lee; .September 4, 1843, 
 C.C. Jackson; September 4, 1843,' Addison Miui- 
 dell; June 17, 1845,11. Chipman ; June 16, 1846, 
 John I). Watson; June 29. 1847, (ieo. (1. lUill, J.ames 
 V. Campbell; June 28, 1848, Levi B. Taft ; June 
 25, 1849, Henry R. Mi/ner; July 3, 1850, S. (I.Wat- 
 son, Wm. D. Wilkins ; J.muary 2, 1851, deorge 
 Jerome; June 20, 1851, D. A. A. Ensworth ; June 8, 
 1852, S. I). .Miller; November 30, 1852, C.eo. W. 
 Morell ; June 27, 1853,' Wm. Jennison; November 
 3, 1853, Jeremi.ih \'an Rensselaer; (October 16, 
 1861, Thos. S. lilackmar; .\ugust 4, 1862,' John W. 
 A. S. Cullen,' Ervin Palmer,' Theo. P. Hall ; Sep- 
 tember I, 1862, Geo. P. Russell; May 5, 1863,' J. 
 Elisha Winder ; April 22, 1870,' D. J. Davison; 
 March 27, 1873,' John Graves; June 28, 1877,1 
 Charles Flowers; February 25, 1881,' H.Whittaker; 
 March 21, 1882,' E. C. Hinsdale. 
 
 Masters in C/ianeery. 
 
 This office also dates from 1789, and the first ap- 
 pointees for Michigan were nuule when the State 
 was admitted to the Union. Masters in chancery 
 occupy the .same relation to the United States Courts 
 that similar officials do to State courts. They are 
 appointed by the circuit and district judges, and are 
 paid by fees which they receive. 
 
 The names of appointees, and date of appoint- 
 ment of each, are as follows : 
 
 March 18, 1837, Robert Abbott; February 27, 
 1839,' George E. Hand, A. Ten Eyck, H. N. 
 Walker;. ^L^rch 26, 1839, E. J. Roberts; April 20, 
 1839,8. Humes Porter; December 12, 1839, C. C. 
 Jackson; December 7, 1840, John L. Talbot, Chas. 
 Collins, Alexander David.son; June 21, 1841, Walter 
 W. Dalton; October 15, 1841, George G. Bull; 
 October 22, 1842, J. Van Rensselaer, James B. Wat- 
 son; October 9, 1843, E. Smith Lee, A. T. McRey- 
 
 ' Still in office. 
 
UANKKUl'TCV COURT. 
 
 177 
 
 Holds, John Norvt'll ; OcIoIkt 12, iiS43,' Addison 
 Maiuli'll ; Juik; 17, 1.S45, Ci. T. Sluldoii ; Juiu' 16, 
 1846. Jolm H. W.ilsoii ; June 29, 1847, Jamiis V. 
 CamplR'll ; Jimi: 19, 1851, Levi Hisliop ; June 20, 
 1851, I). A. A. Kiiswortli ; June 27. 1853,' Win. 
 Jennison ; June 18, 1857, D.iniil (ioodwin, Jr. ; Jiuie 
 29, 1859,' John W. A. S. C'ullen; July 21, i860,' 
 Darius J.Davison; Jiuie 16, 1862, 'I'lios S. IJlaek- 
 mar; Jui.e 17, 1S62.' (Wo. A. Wiknx; July 1, 1862,' 
 John J. Speed; June 7, 1180,' lltnry M. Camp- 
 bell. 
 
 BANKRUI'TCY COURT. 
 
 This court was first provided for by Act of April 
 4, 1800, which Act was repealed on December 19, 
 1803. A .second lJankru|)tcy Act was passed on 
 Auijust 19, 1841,10 take effect P'ebruary r follow- 
 ing^. On March 3, 1842, it was repealed. Under 
 
 ' Still in ofTicc. 
 
 l)oth of these laws the UiMted .States district jud^'c 
 acted as rct;ister. 'I'lie third Bankruptcy Act, whicii 
 created the ollice of ri'.\;istcr in bankruptcy, was 
 pas.sed March 2, 1867, and amended July 27, 1868. 
 Under these last Acts II. K.Clarke was appointed 
 register, June 9, 1867, by the United .States district 
 judj;e, and held the office durinjj the entire e.xistence 
 of the law. The compi'us.ilion consisted entirely in 
 the fei'S connectetl with the ollice, and out of these 
 the re);ister paid for the service of one rcjjular clerk, 
 and the occasional services of a stenoj^ri|)her and 
 co|)yist. The duties consisted in hearinj; testimony 
 and takinjr depositions as to ability of bankrupts to 
 pay their debts, and on a satisfactory shov.inj^, to 
 give them a legal discharge therefrom. The office 
 and its duties were abolished by law of 1878. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt existed .'is late as 1822, 
 and on .May 27 of tli.it year a law was passed pro- 
 viding for the release of debtors upon the surrender 
 of their property. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 SUPREME COURTS OK Till'. ri.KRll()l<\ AN'D 'IIII'; STA'I'i:. 
 
 Tnr, nrdinanrc of 1787, rrratinj,' ttu- Northwest 
 Territory, provided for tiic apiioiiiinuMU of a court, 
 to consist of three judj^es, .'iiiy two of wiiotn were 
 to form a court and h.ive a comnion-iaw jurisdiction. 
 Each judjje was recjuired to possess a freehold estate 
 in the Tt utory of five hundred acres of I.-md wliile 
 in the exercise of his ollice. 'I'lieir commissions 
 were to continue durinjj; .tjood behavior. The 
 (lovernor and Jud,i,a's, or a majority of tiiem, were 
 to adopt, and publish in the Territory, sucli laws of 
 the orijjinal States, criminal and civil, as mi^dit be 
 necessary and be.st suited to the circumstances of 
 the people. These laws were to remain in force, 
 unless disapproved by Conjjress, until the ori(ani/.a- 
 tion of the (ieneral Assembly. Sessions of tin- 
 court were held four times a year in counties that 
 seemed to require it most; the sessions were to be- 
 gin on the first Monday in February, May, (KtolHr. 
 and December. The first session was held Au,i,aist 
 30, 1788. When Michigan came under American 
 control, and became in fact a part of the Northwest 
 Territory, a session of the Supreme Court w.is lukl 
 each year in Detroit. A law of the Northwest 
 Territory of January 23, 1802, appropriated eighty- 
 five dollars to Arthur St. Clair, the governor, for 
 organizing courts a: Detroit. The court was at- 
 tended by lawyers, some of whom came all the way 
 from Cincinnati, among them Judge Burnett and 
 Arthur St. Clair, Jr. The larger portion of the 
 litigants, witnesses, and jurors were unable to sjx'ak 
 or understand English, and in many cases all the 
 proceedings were conducted in French, which was 
 interpreted sentence by sentence. This made the 
 proceedings very tiresome. 
 
 During a session on June 4, 1800, the birthday of 
 His Majesty King George III. was being celebrated 
 at Sandwich, and the judges and bar of the court, 
 and officers of the garrison, with many of the prin- 
 cipal citizens of Detroit, were invited to attend and 
 participate in the festivities. The in\itation was 
 accepted, and about one hundred Americans went 
 over. A spacious building, which had been erected 
 for a warehouse, was so arranged that between four 
 and five hundred persons could be seated at the 
 table, which was richly and elaborately furnished, 
 and abundantly supplied with everything that appe- 
 tite or taste could suggest. 
 
 Sessions of the court were held at the liouse of 
 Mr. Dodemead, then located on the .south side of 
 Jefferson Avenue, near .Shelby Street. 'I'he salary 
 of the judges was $800 per year, and was paid by 
 the United States. They were appointed by the 
 President with the approv.il of the Senate. 
 
 'I'he followingwere appointeil on the dates named : 
 October 16, 1787, S. II. Parsons, J. Armstrong. J. 
 M. \'arnum ; February 19, 1788, John Cleve Symmes 
 in place of Armstrong, declined ; August 20, 1789, 
 W'm. Marton in place of Varnum, whose term 
 e.\|)ired ; Sei)tember 12. 1789, (ieorge Turner in 
 place of Harton. declined; Mavji 31, 1791, Rufiis 
 Putnam in |)l;ice of Parsons, deceased; I'"ebruary 
 12, I7<;S, R. J. Meigs in i)l;iee of Turner, resigned; 
 Deci'inber 22, 1796, Joseph ("lilmaii in jilace of 
 Putnam, made sur\'eyor-generaI. 
 
 The Christian name of Judge Meigs was Return 
 Jon.ithan ; the origin of this singular name was as 
 follows: During their courtship his father and 
 mother had a ([uarrel, and his father, who was then 
 at the home of his sweetheart, left the house ; .she 
 soon repented, and rinininir to the door called out, 
 " Return, Jonathan, retiirn !" The obedient and 
 fully pacified lover did return. They were happily 
 married, and in memory of the incident their first 
 child was named Return Jonathan Meigs. 
 
 Supreme Coini uiuier Indiana Territory. 
 
 Under the rule of Indiana Territory the Supreme 
 Court was comjiosed of Judges Win. Clark, Henry 
 \'an(lerburg, and John ('iriffin. On October 24, 
 1804, a session of the Circuit Court, presided over 
 by Juf'ge Vanderburg, was held in Detroit. 
 
 Supreme Court of M/'c/iit^an Territory. 
 
 Under law of Congress of January 11, 1805, the 
 Supreme Court for the Territory was organized on 
 July 29. By Act of July 24, 1805, regular sessions 
 were to begin on the third Monday in September, 
 the judge holding the commission of earliest date to 
 be chief judge, and the other judges to have prece- 
 dence according to the date of their commissions, 
 unless they were of same date, when the age of the 
 persons was to determine the question. The court 
 had jurisdiction in all cases concerning the title to 
 lands, and in all other cases where the sum in dispute 
 
 I178I 
 
SUrUKMI'l COCRIS OF Till'; ri'.RRITUKY AND 11 II". SIAIK. 
 
 >79 
 
 i 
 
 exceeded ljl.:oo, also appcllati' isdiciimi in all 
 
 easi's. It also had exclusive jurisdictioii in all capi- 
 tal criminal cases, and in proccidiniLis for divonc. 
 A fiirllicr Act of I'chriiary iS, i8()<j, .i;ave original 
 and exclusive jurisdiction in all cases involvinif over 
 $500, and in all capital criminal cases where tlii' 
 United Stalts was a party, with ai)pcllatc jurisdic- 
 tion ill eases from llii' several distriil courts. My 
 Act of October 31, I1S15, jurisdiction was jLjivcii in 
 cases where the amount irnoKid exci't'ded §1,000. 
 The three judi^jes with the ,ijoveriior also constituted 
 the Legislature of the 'rerrilory..'uul possessed within 
 themselvi's almost entire control of affairs. They 
 were commissioners for layiii!.;' out the town of 
 Detroit and disixisinv; of the lots; and, by the 
 apathy <ir consent of tin- citi/eiis, they exi'rcised 
 authority in numicipal matters as well, i^cneriiini^ 
 both town and Territory, and administering piuiish- 
 meitt at their pleasure. The old court records show 
 that for a crime of some kind they ordered an Indian 
 to be "burnt in the left hand," ami the fulluwiii^- 
 hill for executinij; the order was presented and paid : 
 
 'I'lniliiiy i>( Mk'lil.L,Mi> l<> Janus May, May i, iKoii, fur liiaiul- 
 iiiK Waliousi*, an Indian, ayrci-ahU: U> order (if lonrl, sixtt't-n slill- 
 lin.ns. 
 
 When notict'S of |)ul)licati()n were ordered, they 
 were sent to a l'itlsburi;h paper, that bein'.,^ the 
 ni'arest place with which ourciii/.ens had intercourse 
 where .'I paper was piihlislu'd. 
 
 On its i'lrst session, in 1S05, the Supreme Court 
 met at the old Cass House, then oc<'upied by Jud.i^e 
 May. In iiSo6, it met .it the house of John Dode- 
 mead. On September 2u, 1S09, a session was held 
 at the house of Cabriel Ciodfroy, Jr.; on the same 
 day John Harvey appeared in court, atid made an 
 offer of a room in his house, without cost, for the 
 accommodation of the court. In 1814 the houses of 
 Louis Moran and John Kinzie were made use of ; 
 sessions were also held at the chambers of the pre- 
 sidini,' judge. An article in The da/ette of October 
 25, 1825, says that the court sat "sometimes at mid- 
 day and sonu'times at midni,i;ht; sometimes in the 
 council house and .sometimes at the clerk" s olliee ; 
 sometimes at a tavern and sometimes on a wood[)ile." 
 Realize this, imagine it, if you can. Vet there is 
 no doubt of the facts as .stated; they were matters 
 of public notoriety. 
 
 A memorial of the citizens, of January 3, 1823, 
 presented to Congress, and printed in The Detroit 
 Gazette, says : 
 
 In Siptiinlier, i8-'o, the conrt frrqmntly lu-ld its sissiims fmni 
 2 I'. M. till 12. I, and 3 o'clock in the inorning of the nr.\t 
 day ; and cases were disposed of in the absence of both clients 
 and counsel. Dnrinn these ni^ht sittings, snppers of meat and 
 bottles of whiskey were bronght into court, and a noisy and merry 
 banquet was partaken at the bar by some, while others were 
 addressing the court in solemn argument, and others presenting to 
 the judges <in the bench, meat, bread, and whiskey, and iiuiting 
 them to partake. 
 
 .\t the opening of the' session of the .Supreme 
 Court, on September 13, 1S20, only Judges Wood- 
 ward ;md Witherell were present. Judge ("irifliii 
 being .ibsent from the Territory. Ihisiness went on 
 as usu.il, until October 9, when Judge Woodw.ard 
 absented himself. Judge W'itlierell then adjourned 
 the court till the lirst .Mond.iy of December. A day 
 or two after Judge ("irillin arrived, and on October 
 13 ;i special session of the court w.is <i|)ened at 
 Whipple's T.'ivern by Judges Woodw.ird and (Irillin, 
 even the sheriff being un.iware of it until he acci- 
 dentally happened in. 'I'he court then adjourned 
 till October iC>, at the council house, where Judges 
 Woodward .uid (irillin met, nnd resciiuletl the order 
 of adjournment m.ide by Judge Witherell, and on 
 the ri'fus.il of those jiresent to do business at such a 
 session of the court, it w;is ;idjourned till October 21, 
 .and on that d.iy ;i rule w.is entered on the records 
 that a regular session should be hekl annu.illy on the 
 .second Thursday of August; the court then ad- 
 journed until that day, entirely disreg.irding the d.iy 
 in December, to which the court had been adjourned 
 by Judge Witherell. 
 
 On December 4 he opened the court alone, and, 
 although both of the other judges were in the ["er- 
 ritory, Judge Witherell was compelled, by reason of 
 their .absence, to adjourn the court .wWr ,//<■. 
 
 On March 30, 1821, Judges Woodward and Crilhn 
 came together, rescinded their adjourning order of 
 October 21, ancrthen adjourned again; and so the 
 farce went on. 
 
 The memorial of 1823 states that during a session 
 of four months the court heltl its sittings at night, 
 insleail of in the daytime, and at private offices, 
 without giving knowledge of its whereabouts to the 
 people. At these night sittings rules of the court 
 were atlopted, and proceedings h;id which violated 
 common law. On one occasicjii a law was nuide at 
 a night sitting altering an Act of Congress. " A 
 single judge h.is been known to open and immedi- 
 .itely .idjourn the court, without the attend.ince of 
 either clerk, sheriff, constable, or crier ; and without 
 the records, or even |ien, ink, or paper; and that, 
 when causes were before the court for argument, 
 leaving the suitors and officers of the court and the 
 c'her judges to hnd out, if they can, when and 
 wii.Te it will please the court to open itself again. 
 When a statute happened to be really adopted from 
 the laws of one of the States, the judges, who con- 
 .stituted three out of the four persons who adopted 
 the law, declared from the bench that they would 
 not be bound by the constructions and decisions of 
 the State from which the law was taken." Their 
 own decisions, in .similar cases, were .so discordant 
 that they furnished no guide from which to conjec- 
 ture what their decisions might be on the .same 
 points ill the future; and it was even declared by 
 
i8o 
 
 f=!Ul'REMK COURTS OF THE 'rKKKITORY AND TllK STATE. 
 
 them that their own decisions should not I)o obli- 
 gatory as precedents. Many cases wi're dt'cided as 
 whim or convenience dictateil ; fa\()ritisni was often 
 grassly manifest ; and court rnlcs were made fortlie 
 benefit of particular and special casi's, — notorioiislv 
 so in the case of Sibley t'.v. Taylor, in iSiy and 
 1820. 
 
 After neglecting their duties as judges, they would 
 meet as legislators, and ])ass a law to remedy the 
 defects of their carilessncss or indiffiTcnce. Pris- 
 oners, on giving a note for the amoinit of their tines, 
 were released from custody. Of necessity, grtat 
 irregularities resulted from their actions, and the 
 highest territorial judicial tribunal was brought into 
 contempt. 
 
 During all these years there was no remedy in law 
 against the dec Isions of the judges. The people 
 had no right of appeal to the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, and Congress did not interfere, 
 and seemingly was determined not 10 remedy the 
 evil. 
 
 From 18 1 8 to 1836 the Territory now known as 
 the .State of \\'isc()nsin was a part of Michigan, and 
 the territorial coiu't of Detr-it had jurisdiction over 
 that region as well. Criminals were conveyed here 
 for trial ; and the ]")lenary power which the judges 
 exercised was a great convenience in trying cases, if 
 not in adtiiinistering justice. In some reminiscences 
 given by Judge l>. F. II. Witherell, in Gibb's fourth 
 volinne of Michigan Reports, he says : 
 
 If any law was found to work Iiadly, the governor, or ont; of tlu^ 
 judkics, notil'ieil Uic others, tlie Legislature assembled, and the law 
 was repealed or amended. On one oeeasion, I reeollect, two 
 Indians were arrested on a c'har>,'e of murder near (Irecn Hay, 
 and l)rouKht for trial to Oetroit.' Wlien the Supreme Court 
 assemhletl, it was found tlutt the law relating; to ^raud jurors was 
 defeetive. The court adjourned, the Legislature airsemhled, the 
 law was amended, and the prisoners were tried, eonvi<:ted and ex- 
 ecuted. 
 
 A reference to \'oiume I, of Territorial Laws, 
 pages 234 and 235, shows that the law referred to, 
 "An Act establishing I''orms of Oaths," was passed 
 September 17, 1821, Win. Woodbridge, secretary 
 of the Territory, being then acting governor, and A. 
 B. Woodward and John Griffin judges. 
 
 The Detroit C.azette of November i, 1822, says 
 that the law in ([uestion was ])assed in the evening, 
 the grand jtiry having been called in the morning <jf 
 the same day. A record of the proceedings of the 
 court, contained in the same paper, shows that there 
 was much discussion among the judges as to the 
 form of oath to be administered to the grand jury, 
 and they finally settled the matter by passing the 
 law referred to. The stiitute in question is thus 
 shown to be a genuine and unmistakable ex post 
 
 ' They arrived in Detroit o. 'he Superior, on Friday, August 
 3, iSat 
 
 fiufo law, applied even in a trial where two human 
 lives were involved. It is doubtful if the annals of 
 any other region in the United St.iles afford such a 
 rccortl. 
 
 The case on trial was that of Kctaiikali and Ke- 
 waubis, who wtre executed December 27, i82i,the 
 former for the murder of Dr. Wm. S. Madison, the 
 latter for the murder of Charles Ulrich. 
 
 Concerning the trial of the.se Indians, C. C. Trow- 
 bridge told the following incident: J. I). Doty had 
 been assigned as coiuisel for one of them, and 15. F. 
 II. Witherell for the other. In company with Col- 
 onel Louis IJeaufait, as interpreter, they went to .see 
 their Indian clients, and learn the facts in the case. 
 \\'itherell soon tlnishetl the interview with his client, 
 and they all reii.iired to the cell of the Indian who 
 murdered Madison. Mr. Doty asked him how it 
 happened that he .shot the surgeon. The honest 
 savage replietl, " I saw him going along, and I 
 thought I would like to shoot him, and I did." 
 "ISut," said Doty, " was there not some accident.'' 
 \\'ere you not shooting at something else }" After 
 some time the prisoner seemed to comprehend the 
 drift of the iiuiuiry, and replied, "Oh, yes, I was 
 shooting at a little bird." The young advocate then 
 took coiirsige. "Ah," said he, " this is clearly a case 
 of no malice aforethought. Now, tell me, how far 
 was this little birtl from Madison's head }" The 
 -savage held up one finger, and with the digit of the 
 other hand measured the distance of an inch, say- 
 ing, " So far." Of course, Mr. Doty saw clearly 
 that, on such a .showing, he could not help the 
 Indian's case. The defence was therefore only 
 nominal, and the sentence of e.\ecution speedy. 
 
 During their confinement in the old jail, on the 
 site of the present I'ublic Library, the prisoners con- 
 trived a sort of drum by drawing a piece of leather 
 over the vessel containing their drink. Aided by 
 this instrument, the night previtnis to their execution 
 they danced their death-dance, renewing it again in 
 the morning. From the jail they were taken to the 
 Protestant Church, where an apjjropriate discourse 
 was delivered by Mr. J. S. Hudson. They were 
 then taken to the gallows. The First Regiment of 
 the terriiorial militia were under arms on the occa- 
 sion, and a guard of United States troops attended 
 the execution. The spectators were very numerous. 
 
 These were the first pers(jns hanged in Michigan 
 after its cession to the United States, The cost of 
 their execution is indicated in an appropriation '.)ill 
 of Jainiary2i, 1822, which gave $176.55 to E. Wing 
 for services in Supreme Court, "and for executing a 
 certain Indian," and "$33.88 to Thomas Rowland 
 for erecting a gallows for the e.xeeutitjn of a certain 
 Indian." Some writers have stated that one of 
 these Indians connnitted suicide the night i)efore lie 
 was to be hanged, and that but one was really 
 
SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE. 
 
 l8l 
 
 executed. The Gazette of December 28, 1821, says 
 that bdth were liani^ed. Tin: stati'iiient tliat one 
 committed suicide probably orijL,n"nated from tlie fact 
 that, live years after tiie execution of liic two Indians 
 referred to, two other bi(hans, Kiskaui<o and his 
 son, tlie liiij Heaver, were in jail, awaitiuif trial for 
 the murder of an Indian in Detroit. While in jail, 
 Kiskaui^o was visited by some of his triiie, one of 
 wiiom ^ave him poison, and on May 17, 1S26, he 
 was found dead in liis cell. On ()( tober 6 follow- 
 ing his son escaped. Kiskauko had always been 
 troublesome, and even his own tribe h.irdly regretted 
 his death. The following story, told by Mr. School- 
 craft, may account for this : 
 
 In till! winter of iS2j-i8.;4 a. Chippewa Indian, livinR at Sag- 
 inaw, was killi'd by ariotluT of the same tribe, and, agreeably to 
 custom, the relatives of the deceased met those of the slayer, for 
 the purpose of eompoiinding the alTair, eitlu'r by presents or by 
 piiltiiiji the slayer to death. At the coiineil it was finally deter- 
 mined to accept a certain amount in jiresents as indemnity. I'otli 
 parties were now on the point of smoking the pipe of peace,'when 
 to the astonishment of all, Kiskauko, the Saginaw chief, stepped 
 lip, and with a single lilow of his tomahawk struck the murderer 
 dead. On being asked why he thus interfered with the op<Tation 
 of their old law, he coolly said, " The law is now altered." 
 
 A'erily, he had imbibed the same spirit that ruled 
 the Territory in those days. 
 
 The last inst.ince of capital punishment in Michi- 
 gan was on September 24, 1830, when a man named 
 Simmons was executed for the murder of his wife. 
 This execution, also, took pl.ice near the old jail, and 
 was mai'aged by l>en Woodworth. It was the first 
 and only time, under American rule, that a white 
 man was hanged in the territory included in Michi- 
 gan. The occasion attracted ;i large crowd, seats 
 were erected for spectators, and music furnished by 
 the milit.iry band. Kntertaini leiits were scarce in 
 those days, and both people and ot'ticials made the 
 most of any and every " occasion." 
 
 [Capital punishment was abolished in Michigan 
 by Revised Statutes of 1846.] 
 
 Much of the unwise and ill-considered doings of 
 the juilges was directly chargeable to the freaks of 
 Judge Woodward. 
 
 The early history of the courts could hardly be 
 understood without something more than a passing 
 allusion to that eccentric genius. There was but 
 one such man in all the United St.ates, and for nearly 
 twenty years he was a central figure at Detroit. He 
 was a b.'ichclor, a \'irginian, from the District of 
 Columbia, and his old manuscripts and letters ])rove 
 that he was really learnetl and accoinplished. In 
 conversation he is known to have bee' entertaining 
 and agreeable. In the full .sense of the word he was 
 a " character," that only a Dickens could properly 
 portray. With some good qualities, there were 
 peculiarities of manner so marki.'d, ami slovenliness 
 so extreme, as to almost defy description. What- 
 ever was odd and unreasonable, he was sure to do. 
 
 If there was a thunderstorm, his chair w;is placed 
 outside the door, and he would calmly sit and take 
 his shower-b.ith. His room, which was both office 
 and sleeping apartment, was destitute of a book- 
 c.'ise, .and many valuable papers lay in a heap in 
 one corner, and clothing f(jr the wash in another. 
 Sweeping was never done, lest his books should be 
 der.mged, and they were where he left them, some 
 on the lloor, some on chairs, and some on the table. 
 A gentleman who was a passenger with the judge 
 on the Walk-in-thc-water in the spring of 1821, on 
 a trip from Detroit to (ireen Bay, relates this anec- 
 dote: " The steamer was lying at her little wooden 
 pier at the foot of Bates Street, and a goodly num- 
 ber of citizens were on board, to take leave of their 
 friends who were passengers. Among those present 
 was Judge Woodward. Just as the steamer was 
 .about to cast off her lines, a young gentlem.an, who 
 had been hurriedly dispatched to the judge's <iu;ir- 
 ters, apjicarcd on board, with a clean shirt folded 
 in a red bandanna hamlkerchief, which he gave to 
 the judge, who announced that he also was a p.as- 
 senger. As the ste.imer entered the harbor of 
 IMackinaw, where she reii lined a clay, be went be- 
 low, and soon reajipeared arr.ayed in cle.in linen. 
 When the bo.at left for (ireen Bay, the clean gar- 
 ment was removed, .and a soiled one took its pl.ace. 
 ( )n arriving at Green Bay, a ch.ange was again made. 
 The narrator did not niturn to Detroit in the 
 steamer, but the cajitain afterwards told him that 
 the judge pursued the same careful course on the 
 return, contriving, with the one clean shirt, to make 
 himself, as he thought, presentable when in port." 
 
 The judge was very tall, with sallow complexion, 
 and usually appeared in coiirt in a loose, long over- 
 coat, or a swallow-tailed blue coat with brass but- 
 tons, a red cravat, and buff vest, which was always 
 open, .and from which protruded ;m immense mass 
 of rufHes. These last, together with the broad 
 ruffles at his wrists, were invariably so soiled th.at it 
 might almost be doubted whether they had ever 
 been white. His pantaloons hung in folds to his 
 feet, meeting a pair of boots which were alw.ays well 
 greased. His hair received his special attention, 
 anil on court d.iys, p.irticularly, g.ive evidence of the 
 best efforts of the one tonsori.al artist of the town. 
 
 On one occasion, not being able to find a barber 
 capable of cutting his hair in the improved fashion, 
 he .sought advice from a member of the bar, who 
 referred him to Austin E. Wing, whose aid he 
 sought, bringing with him a pair of shears. His 
 retiuest w.'is complied with, and his hair trinuued .so 
 clu. J that he was compelled to wear a cap for weeks 
 afterward. 
 
 He was never known to be wholly under the 
 inlluence of litpior, but even while sitting on the 
 bench he customarily kept ,'' glass of brandy beside 
 
l82 
 
 SUrKEMK COLKTS OK TIIM 'I'l'.RRI TORV AND TIIK STATE. 
 
 him ; and ni.iiht after ni,t;lu, for months together, he 
 would sit in Mark iS: Conant's store, and alternately 
 smoke his jiipe and sip raw whiskey until his regu- 
 lar half-pint was taken. 
 
 He was extremely fond of the society of laches, 
 and on one occasion, callinjj; at (ieneral Macomb's 
 just after tea, he was invited to the table. lie at 
 llrst declined, but eventually took the offered seat, 
 and drank sixteen cups of tea before he rose. l'|)on 
 another occasion he invited several of the first laiiies 
 of the tcAvn to a little jvirty at his hotel. As chief 
 justic'e of the Territory, his invitation was of coui'se 
 accepted, and when the refreshments were served, 
 each lady was provided with a plate holdinj;- one 
 almond, oni' raisin, one sm;'.ll piece of candy and 
 one of cake. 
 
 Duriiii;- a part of his stay in Detroit he kept 
 bachelor's hall, with a man for cook and house- 
 keeper. It was thou,i;hl .it one lime that he inUiidt'd 
 to m.irry, as lu' paid some .iitenlion, in his odd way, 
 to a lady in the city, lie, had :\ fine coach and 
 horses, which, when it v.'as his pleasure to drive with 
 her. he sent to the Lady s door, ordcrinj^ his coach- 
 man to await his comimr there. This was intt'ndcd 
 as a notice to the lady to be in ri'adiness to receive 
 him. After a while the lady concluded to take no 
 moi^e drives with him. The l.ist time his co.ich 
 stood its hour at her door slu' di'clined to (40, and he 
 returni'd home on foot, .niviui^' orders to put u|i the 
 horses, '['his was the jud!.^e's only attempt atcoiu't- 
 ship while he rem.iincd in the Territory. 
 
 With all his ecct'iitricity, he woukl often manifest 
 the most painstakin.i( research, and endeavor to 
 please his friends and ,i(ratify the public ; but what 
 he would do, or leave undone, could never be fore- 
 told. He was freciueiitly in trouble with the people. 
 Once, while upon the bench, he said that the French 
 spent more time at church than was consistent with 
 l^rosi^erity. This speech naturally induced i^ri'at 
 excitement, and he was compelled to apokjgize. 
 Most of his wrilinifs are extremely verbose and full 
 of literary e.i,a)tism ; yet when it was his pleasure so 
 to do, no one could write with ijreater modesty and 
 directness. Allusions to his personal habits and 
 private life would perhai)s be unjustifiable if his 
 public doinvjs had been without reproach ; but it was 
 of these last that the people specially complained. 
 His conduct was protested ai^ainst in ju'titions to 
 the President anil Congress. 
 
 On May 4, 1812, the Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives at W.ashiny^ton l.iid before the 
 House a presentment of the .vjrand jury at Detroit, 
 with other papers pertaininij; thereto, complainir.i,^ of 
 the non-execution of a law of the United St.ates, ap- 
 plicable to the Territory, and of the enactment of 
 laws injurious to the interests of tiie Territory, and 
 of misconduct on the part of A. I!. Wooilward. 
 
 Soon after this the post of Detroit was surrendered, 
 and durini,^ the period of IJritish occupation in iiSi2 
 anil 1S13, Judi^e Woodward, by appointment from 
 Colonel I'roclor, acted as chief justice, and held 
 court under ISrilish rule. This s;;ive further cuise 
 fur dissatisfaction, and on November 24, i.Si 2, in the 
 House of Representatives, Mr. I'oindexter offered 
 the followini;': 
 
 /iV,sv>/r'('(/, Uiiil a comrnittcc lie ■■ippoiiUfd lo iiiqiiin" into the ex- 
 piilicncy iif ripialiiii; ihi' Art critillid " All Ait to divide tlic 
 liuliaiia 'I'lTtiliii)- into I'wii Scpaiate ( '.')\iininciiN," passed tlic 
 mil (if Jamiaiy, 1805, and .if prii\ idliii; mure effietnally for the 
 Koseniiiirnt of .Miehivjaii I'lrrilory ; and th.it the euniinitteu have 
 leave to report thereon liy hill or otherwise. 
 
 Mr. I'oindexter said "that the object he had in 
 view, in moviiii^' this resolution, w;is to i;ft rid of the 
 salaries of the olTicers of that Territory. Since the 
 surrender of Detroit, their functions h;id ce.ased, yet 
 thcv continued to receive their s.ilaries, while one of 
 them is a llritisli iirisoner, and another has accepted 
 ;i commission uiidrr liritish .•luthorily. He wished 
 to reori;-,ani/.e the .^nvernment, and enable the proper 
 authority to appoint other otficers, .and such as 
 would, perhaps, ,i(hninister the o;overnment of the 
 'I'erritoi-y better than heretofori'." 
 
 No action w;is h.id on the resolution ; possibly be- 
 cause it soon became evident that Judi,fe Woodward 
 endea\i)red to serve the inh.abit.ants while acting- as 
 a liritish oHici;il. He prolesteil vii^orouslv, to Proc- 
 tor, aijainst some of his iinjust doini^s, and is desc'rv- 
 ini;' of credit for his cour.iv;e. These efforts, tm- 
 iloubledly, secured his retention as judoe after tiie 
 close of the war. His conduct on the bench, how- 
 ever, did not improve, and for nearly a decailc 
 Ioniser the people were outr;i;;ed by his follies. 
 
 In the fall of 1S22 many articles were ]niblished 
 'n the (i.i/.ettc, detailini^ the farcical iiroceeiliiiji^s of 
 the coui"ts, conducted muler his manai;ement as 
 chief justice; .mil the articles undoubtedly repre- 
 sented the sentiments of a larvae majority of the 
 ])eo|)le. In a communication sii^ned "/,./.," pub- 
 lished in the (i.a/.ette ( )ctober 25, 1822, the followintf 
 lan,i;ua.u^c was used : " To attempt anything' like a 
 brief outline of their innumerable outrajjes ujjon jus- 
 tice and common sense would ri'quire a volume ; and 
 indeed, if it were even possible, policy would forbid 
 it ; ;is the \ery extent and I'liormity of the abuses 
 (Ictai'ed would throw an air of discredit on the nar- 
 r.ition, in the minds of those at a distance, to whom 
 alone we can look for redress." 
 
 A series of letters, contained in the dazette of 
 November, 1822, and addressed lo JiiiIkc Wood- 
 ward, i^ives further indication of the spirit and speech 
 of those times, and sets forth his characteristics in a 
 manner that would now be deemed sensational. 
 The writer quotes from the court records of June 
 28, 1 80S, the following: 
 
■IP 
 
 SUPREME COURTS OK THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE. 
 
 i8- 
 
 ir/ieri'as, Joliii Whipple, late of the district of Detroit, etc., 
 lute a captain in the army of the United States, Veonian, on Sat- 
 urday, tlie I'slh day of June, 1808, in ihi: afternoon, at tlie Dis- 
 trict of Detroit, aforesaid, did stop the lin(lersi),'ned, one of the 
 judges in and over tlie Territory of Michigan, and say to him, thi^ 
 s;iid jiid.ije, that he, tlie wiid John Whipple, was present when an 
 action dipeiulinif in the Supreme Court of sjiid I'erritory, helweeii 
 James I'eltier and James and Francis l.asjille was continued, and 
 that he, the said ]~iUn Whipple, was of opinion that the said 
 action (iiij^ht to have heen then triicl ; that he, the said jnclye, was 
 prejudiced a),'ainsl his, the siiid John Whipph-'s relations, and was 
 partial to the said Messieurs I.asalles ; that the sai<l Messieurs I.a- 
 salles were the worst rascals in the country, and that he, the said 
 judge, was a rascal, with other violent lanyua^jc, and ijestnres ; 
 these are, therefore, to command yon to take the said John Whip- 
 ple, etc. 
 
 The article then says : 
 
 This warrant was made retiirnahle before yourself. On this 
 warrant, Whipple was brought before yon, and after hearinn the 
 case, you gave the following opinion : " On the present occasion I 
 am of the opinion that John Whipple l)e bound to his go(](l be- 
 havior until the ensuing term of the Supreme t'onrl of this Terri- 
 tory, and to appear at the siiid court, and not depart therefrom 
 without the leave of the siiid court ; an<l for that pnr|)ose to recog- 
 ni/<; iiiinself in the sum i>f twenty-four dollars, with two sureties in 
 the sum of twelve dollarscach." 'This outrage upon decency and 
 prim iple needs no comment. If you wish to discuss this subject, 
 1 am prepared to show darkiT fiatures nf the case. I have read 
 your defence of the procedure, and il is as singular and ridiculous 
 as your conduct. 
 
 ♦ ** + ** 4+** + * 
 
 On the tenth of June, iSi i, during tlii' vacation of the Supri-tne 
 Court, Whitmore Knaggs comuiitlid an assault and battery upon 
 your person. 'The next day you issued a warrant under your hand 
 and seal, charging him with this offence, upon which Knaggs was 
 brought before you for ixaminalion. On the suggestion of .Mr. 
 lirush and others that your Honor did ncjt look well sitting as an 
 accuser, Judge Robert Abbott and Richard Smyth, two justices of 
 the pi'ace, were inviti'd to become your colleagues; they did so, 
 and you, in conjunction with them, after citing many authorities 
 to justify yourself, im the fifth of July ordered that Knaggs should 
 enter into recognizance in the sum of $j,ixxi, with two sureties in 
 f 1,500 each, to appear the next term of the Supreme Court, and in 
 the niian lime, keep I he peace. 'These facts appear by thv' record, 
 in yonrown liandwriling, on file in the clerk'solTice of the Supreme 
 Court. I'or this conduct you were presented by the C.raud Jury 
 for the Territory. 
 
 Ocfflfcr 24, 1822. 
 
 MiClllG.XN. 
 
 A sffontl lettt:r, addre.ssed to Woodward, and 
 dated Friday, November 8, 1822, .says: 
 
 In my first letter to yon, I brought two cases from the recordsof 
 your court, in one of which you acted as an accuser, a prosecutor 
 or party, as a witness, and as a judgi', and in the other, you ap- 
 peared also as the complainant, and as judge. I have made the 
 charge and proveil it. 
 
 The writer then quotes aijain from the record, 
 saying : 
 
 Pages 24 and 25 of the record contain the following : 
 " At a session of the Supreme (Hurt of the Tirritory of Michi- 
 gan, etc., on the twenty-fourth day of September, i.SnO, el( ., were 
 present Judge Woodward and Judge Hates. 
 
 " In the case of the I'nited States against Captain .\dam Muir, 
 Knsign John Stow I.undi, anil Lieutenant Henry I!. T.revoort, it 
 is considered by the court that Adam .Muir pay a line of ten 
 Pounds SlerUng, equal to forty-four dollars and forty cents, and 
 be imprisoned lor .seventeen days, and that he is now in the cus- 
 tody of the marshal, until this fine is paid, the time of imprison- 
 onment is ex|)ired, and the costs of the prosecution are paid. And 
 that John Stow l.undi p.iy a fine two thousand Pounds Sterling, 
 
 equal to $8,888, and be imprisoned six months, and that he is now 
 in the custody of the marshal until this fine is paid, the time of 
 his ini|irisonment is expired, and the costs of the prosecution are 
 paid. And that Henry V.. llrevoort piy a fine of $250, and be im • 
 prisoned sevi'uly-live days, and that he is now in the i ustody of 
 the marshal until this fine is paid, the time of imprisonment is ex- 
 pired, and the i.ists of the prosecution are paid. 
 
 " 111 the case of the L'nited States against Jean Marie Oule, it is 
 considered by the court that the said Jean Marie Oule receives 
 upon his bare back fifteen stripes, and pay a fine of twenty-five 
 cents. 
 
 " In the cas<' of the United States against Lieutenant Porter 
 Hanks, it is consider<'d b> the court that Porter Hanks pay a fine 
 of fifty dollars and the costs of the prosecution." (Lieutenant 
 Hanks had |>liaded guilty to the indictment.) 
 
 Court records Si ptember 2(1, page 26; Judges present this day. 
 Woodward, I'ates, and (Iriflln. " In the case of the United States 
 against Captain .Adam Muir, Knsign John Stow I.undi, and Lieu- 
 tenant Henry li. llrevoort, on motion of the council for the defen- 
 dants for amending the senteni e pronounced against them on 
 Wednesday, the twenty-fourth day of the present month, it iscon- 
 sidered by the court that so much of the said sentence as respects 
 Adam Muir be amended by erasingthe fine and imprisonment, and 
 that the said Adam Muir do pay a fine of two and one-half cents, 
 with the costs of the prosecution. And that so much of the said 
 sentence as respects John Stow I.undi be amended by erasing the 
 fine and imprisonment, and that the said John Stow I.ii'idi di> 
 pay a fine of seven and one half cents, with the costs of the pros- 
 ecution. And that so much of th<: said sentence as respects 
 Henry li. P.revoort be amended by erasing the fine and imprison- 
 ment, and that the said Henry li. lirevoort do pay a fine of five 
 cents, with the costs of the prosecution." 
 
 Page 27 : " In the case of the United Stales against Porter 
 Hanks, on motion of council it was considered by the court that 
 the said sentence be amended by erasing the fine, and that the said 
 P. Hanks do pay a fine of one cent and costs of the prosecution." 
 
 Septiniber 27th: " In tUe case of the United States against Jean 
 Marie ( )ule, on motion, etc., it is considered by the court that the 
 s,iid sentence be amen<led by erasing the s;iid fine and whipping, 
 and the said Jean M. Oule do pay a fine of eight dollars to Pierre 
 Chene, with the cost of tlu; prosecution, and stand nnnmitted, etc. 
 
 'The record of the proceedings of the court on this day were not 
 closed and signed until the twenty-third day of April, iSio. 
 
 (Signed) Mkhu.an. 
 
 The origin and progress of these remarlcable trials 
 is humorously told in a .series of letters written hy 
 John C.entle to the I'ittsburgh Commonwealth, and 
 confirmed in almost all |)articulars by a letter 
 addressed to Stanley Criswold, acting governor, 
 signed by James Abbott and W'm. Mel). Scott, jus- 
 tices of the peace, published in the i'hiladelphia 
 Aurora of November lo, 1806. Mr. Centle says: 
 
 Soon after the departure of Governor Hull and Judge Wood- 
 ward for Washington City (in November, 1805) a disiigreeablc 
 affair happened between the military officers and the lili/ens, 
 'The officers of port Detroit, and the officers of Fort Maiden, on 
 the Uritish side, some years ago, enl<red into mutual agreement lo 
 aid and assist one another in the prevention and detection of de- 
 serters. 'The Iiritisli officers, on their |)art, have taken and de- 
 livered lip several deserters to the American garrison, the officers 
 of which have often attem|ited to return the compliment, but the 
 l)eo|)li- considered such proce(;diiigsa violation of the civil laws of 
 the I'nited Stales, and contrary to the Constitution, and have 
 always succeeded in rescuing the poor devils out of their hands. 
 On Saturday evening a Ilriti.sh soldier by the name of Morri.son 
 deserted from Fort Maiden, and came over to Detroit for protec- 
 tion. 'Two I'.ritish officers came over next day, in the fonnooii, in 
 search of him, and remained inn'gnilo In the fort all the after- 
 noon, in company with the officers of the fort. After dusk, in the 
 
i<S4 
 
 SUPREMi: COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE. 
 
 ivcuiiiy, a tri)o|) of waiters, under the command of Captain 'I'nt- 
 tlf, was sent from the fort to reconnoiter the town for this Morri- 
 son. The captain, bsinx a vigilant officer, soon discovered the 
 enemy, and returned to the fort witli intelligence of his jxisition, 
 leavinK an advance jjuard to prevent the enemy's retreat. The 
 Itritish olTici-r, led by tin; American heroes, sallied out of the fort, 
 douhli' charKid with ^;ood .Mi>non.i;ahela. Lieutenant lirevoort 
 commanded the right winj.;, Knsinu l.u!uli the left, and Captain 
 Muir the center division. Lieutenant Hanks, Adjutant Hull, and 
 Ca])tain Tullle retreated under the guns of Mrs. Lctty Mcl'.ryd's 
 battery, whde a furious attack was made on the enemy's out- 
 works. 
 
 The besieged was under the contmand of Lieutenant Seek, an 
 inexperienced ofTicer, who, havinj,{ no other weapon of defense 
 than his bodkin and Sheffield needles, did not hold out long against 
 the impetuosity of such experienced vcti'rans. A l)reach was 
 soon effected, where the invincible heroesof bolli nations entered, 
 Fword ill hand. Lundi presented 'laded pistol to Seek's head, 
 while Muir and l»re\"oort sci/i-il ai . ..i.igged the N'anquished Mor- 
 rison into the street. " Murdir 1 I'iie I Indians!" was loudly 
 vociferated from the throats of all the men, women and children 
 that were in the house at the time; the same sounds were rever- 
 berated by the people of the neighborhood ; a general terror pre- 
 vaihd, and no wonder. The same day, in the forenoon, news was 
 circulated in town that seven hiindied Indians were lying in 
 ambush, fifteen miles back in the woods, ready to ma.ssacre all in 
 tills town and settlements. The people rushed from their houses, 
 armed with swords, guns, and shovels, others, carrying buckets 
 and barrirls of water, shouted "Where are the Indians? Where is 
 the fire? " Meantime the report of a pistol was heard, and in a 
 few luiuutes, another; which sounded in the terrified people's ears 
 like great guns, and directed them to the scene of action. John 
 Harvey, a baker, and mxt neighbor to Seek, was at his own door 
 when the affray began. Seeing three or four men dr.igging one by 
 the shoulders, and without knoViiug the ciiise of the ( iistody, he 
 ran, laid hold of Morrison's limbs, and iletained him by main 
 strength, in defiance of their threats to run him thiough'and to 
 blow out his brains. The old .story was half iiali/i-d of " Pull 
 
 baker, pull devil." " Lire and be d d, you rul'lians ! " was all 
 
 the baker siiid till poor .Morrison's clothes wiTc all torn to atoms. 
 Meanwhile .Seek had been around the neighborhood spreading the 
 alarm, and returned amongst the first, and laid hold of Lundi. A 
 struggle ensued, but Lundi, finding Seek had the command of his 
 pistol arm, and perceiving an opening, fired it otT towards the 
 ground ; and not with an intention to kill Seek, as was emmeously 
 stated in former publicitioiis. Captain .Muir, seeing the people 
 as.sembliiig, presented his pistol to Morrison's naked breast, swear- 
 ing that since be could not take him alive, he would leave him 
 dead. Morrison, perceiving I'.is intention, struck the pistol to one 
 side, and instead of killing .Morrison, the ball went through the calf 
 of his own leg. 'I'heeiti/.ens by thistime asseuibled in great num- 
 bers, and relieved Harvey from a very dangerous sitiialion ; sur- 
 rounded the officers, and carried them in civic triiiinph to Smyth's 
 'I'avirn, to get the wound dressed. Lieutenant Hanks and .Adju- 
 tant Hull, seeing the people more moderate than usual in .such 
 cases, now ventured from their lurking places, and finding the 
 flower of their army thus wounded and maimed, began brandish- 
 ing their broadswords and swore many bloody oaths that if the cit- 
 izens would not immediately disperse tli y would turn the guns of 
 the fort upon them and blow them to lull. They were all taken 
 into custody, and came under recogni/ance to stand trial at the 
 next September term. ♦ * * '|'he twentieth day of .September, 
 iRi/i, the trials of Muir, Lundi, and I'.revoort came on. A respect- 
 able jury was impaneled, and sworn in one by one ; the witnesses 
 were brought forward, and underwent scrutinous examinations. 
 The case appeared so clear that tlu' attorneys waived tlu-ir plead- 
 ings, tlje jury retired, and returned with their verdict, (jiiilty. 
 'i'he judgment of the.court was delayed .some days, when one of 
 the attorneys prayed the court to pass judgment (jn the oflicers. 
 The judges retired into a private room a few minutes, then return- 
 ed and took tluir seats. All was silence; the scene was awful. 
 Judge Woodward opened the judgments by a lengthy preamble, 
 
 •selling forth the delicacy of his situation, and his dilTidence in the 
 performance of the dutii'shc was calhd upon by his country to do, 
 the enormity of their crimes ; as such irregularity of conduct 
 might involve countries, now at peace, in all the horrors of de- 
 structive war. He then siiid, " It is the opinion nf tlie court that 
 Captain Muir's crime is much more heinous than Knsign Lundi's, 
 he having aclually discharged the pistol with intention to kill Mor- 
 rison (although at the siime lime it passed through thi' calf of his 
 own leg). Therefore the judginent of the cour' is, that Captain 
 Adam Muir be lined in ten I'ounds Sterling, and seventeen d.iys iin- 
 prisonnu lit, and to r'lnain in custody of the marshal until the same 
 shall b(- paid. It is also tlu' judgment of the court that Knsign 
 John Stow Lundi be lined in two thousiind I'ounds Sterling, that 
 is to say, $S,888, and six months imprisonment, and remain in cus- 
 tody of the marshal until the same shall be paid. It is the judg- 
 ment of the court that Liiutenant Henry IS. lirevoort be limd in 
 one hundred Pounds, lawful money of New \'ork, and sevcniy-five 
 days imprisonment, and to remain in custody of the marshal until 
 the same shall be paid." Knsign Lundi hung down his head, and 
 looked as any other man would do when condemned to |)erpetiial 
 imprisonment. The audience stared with wild aina/e at each 
 other, rose from their seats, and retired. Those who were formerly 
 the most violent against the officers were now the most violent in 
 their exccrationsagainst the inequality and injustice of these cruel 
 judgmeuls. 'I'he court, finding they had missed their aim in this 
 unjustifiable fetch for iiopularily, now set their wits at work to 
 remedy their <Tror. Mi'aiitime Judge CirifTiii arri\cd, and took his 
 seat on the biiu h. A few days afterwards, the judgnunts were 
 opened anew, when, wonderful to relate, the court then, and not 
 till then, considered that the officers were tried by the common law 
 of Kngland, and judgments rendered accordingly, win n, at the 
 same time, the laws of Indian;', 'i'erru'ory were still in force in 
 Michigan' Territory, which United fines r:>r a.ssaiilt and battery 
 to not exceeding one hundred dollars. The former judgments 
 underwent a ihorotigli investigation, and the decisions of the court, 
 agreeable to the laws of Indiana Territory, were : That the tcTins 
 of imprisonment of the ihree officers, .Muir, Lundi, and I'.revoort, 
 be reduced by striking them out, and their fines reduced losixteen 
 cents. Lieutenant Hanks was also tried at the siime court, for an 
 assault on the body of Dr. Joseph Wilkinson. He pleaded guilty 
 and was fined in fifty dollars. The' judgment in his case wasalso 
 canccdlrd, and the fine reducc-d to oner cent. 
 
 It is impossil.le to describe the feeling of the insulted citizensof 
 Detroit cm this occrasion. Our peaceful dwellings, violated by a 
 banditti of insolent foreigners; our wives and children terrified 
 into fits; ourselves as.sailed and threatened with fire and sword; 
 and a few cents is presented to us, to redress these barbarous in- 
 sulls, presenting the lowest dregs of humiliation to a people for- 
 merly chcrerfnl, generous, and brave, although now debased to the 
 meanest cxtreMue by the juggling pranksand legerdemain tricksof 
 these unprincipled judges that fill our judgment seals. 
 
 A tliird letter to WoocKvard, contained in the 
 Gazette of Friday, November 15, 1822, addre.ssed 
 liim as follows : 
 
 You have been plainly and distinctly charged with turpitude 
 and incemsistency, with meanness and injustice, with indelicacy 
 and falsehood, with selfishnc'ss and contempt for public opinion. 
 If you ask for the specific.itions, I refer you to my two previous 
 communications itn this subject. And what have you answered to 
 tlie.se grave charges, — charges which not only involve your oHie ial 
 conduct but also your private character? Nothing. In legal 
 phrase you stand mute; which, according to the common sense of 
 mankind, admits the truth of the charges, for the non-denial of an 
 allegation, fairly and distinctly made, amounts to an admission of 
 its verity. * * * Vou may write resolutions, and sliiniikile 
 your tools to offer them at public meetings; but you will never be 
 able to perpetuate that state of intellectual and political degrada- 
 tion which hitherto you have contributed to maintain. 
 
 This Territory is about to emerge from her long night of polit- 
 ical darkness; to rouse the sleeping energies, 'and toexhibit to yoti 
 a practical lesson which .'hail convince you that, having committed 
 
 In thf 
 witii the 
 against J 
 
 I'lie mejsl 
 
 his lleiiiiir I 
 
 he blend,.,! 
 
 tliinking, re 
 
 * * ♦ ch 
 
 of reason ai 
 
 delights itse 
 
 "ver the .s,( 
 
 peculiarity c 
 
 l>i ising in ai 
 
 'ion, is a dir 
 
 Nc)t only ha 
 
 consl.intly ir 
 
 aiiiliority, \vl 
 
 held in deris 
 
 have been a 
 
 whether the i 
 
 le.gal scic'iice 
 
 good tc-eth, ai 
 
 ology, lic> was 
 
 looking to the 
 
 ••lice, and by f 
 
 of the applieai 
 
 any of this e 
 
 respe'ct to the 
 
 selors at law. 
 
 P'lied, one ev 
 
 oflieer had t 
 
 coniiiidriiin wli 
 
 To reward sue 
 
 ferred upon thi 
 
 llcing onc:e 
 malfeasance in 
 Sam knows too 
 a territorial im| 
 He has oftet 
 clerk to enter li 
 peared to be rea 
 present would b 
 the record, whie 
 the pre'siding ji 
 
SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE. 
 
 185 
 
 iiiniimcralili; outrum-'S in ymirofniial tliuracttr, Tar excetdinK tlie 
 imlul>^t'iu'L' wiiich, from our former tamcncss and submission, you 
 had a rijfht lo expect, you have now no loii,v;er the smallest claim 
 ujion our forbearance, and have bec<ime a fit subject for the knife 
 of political dissection. You must, therefore, expect to see your 
 ( haractcr portrayed in bold relii'f. I!iit how shall we > lumcrate 
 Ihi' black catalo),'Uc of outra.i;<'S and i'n<irmities which your ofTicial 
 life of twenty years has been so fruitful in furnishing? 'I'he 
 allerupt would be as hopeless as the cleansing of the Augean 
 stable. ♦ ♦ * 
 
 'I'he portals of your narrow, sellish soul are as firmly barrid 
 against every generous or noble sentiment as the dark cave of Cer- 
 berus. 
 
 You may be likened to the man who, on board a ship in .1 storm, 
 being calle<l upon lo assist, n^pliid that he was (july a jiassenger. 
 It may be emphatically sidd of you, that you consider yourself 
 only a passenger. S'oii stand unconnected by any ti<: of nature, 
 friendslilp, or gratitude, holding one of the highest and most lucra- 
 tive ort'ices in the Territory, besid<s an indepimdi'nt estate. You 
 are literally without ,1 friend. So disgusting is your character, in 
 every point of view, that it is really a matter of curious specula- 
 tion how, or by what strange fatality, siu;h a man should have 
 bi'en palmed upon this Territory. I assure you, sir, that in pur- 
 suing your character I ha\'e a magnanimous ft;eling, whii:h would 
 prompt me lo desist from so painful an iincsligation were I not 
 conscious that the best interests of this community are concerned, 
 and that the time has arrived when honest men should speak out. 
 
 Z. Z. 
 
 In the (iazette for December 27, anotlier writer, 
 witli tlie .si;..rnatiire of "Sidney," took up tiie cudgel 
 against Judge Woodward. He says: 
 
 The uKjst prominint feature, and one that strongly distinguishes 
 his Honor from the rest of the world, and which, indeed, seems lo 
 !»■ bli'iuled with .ill his other features, is originality, -a mode of 
 thinking, reasoning, and acting altogether peculiar to himself; 
 * * * characterized only by a perfect contempt for those laws 
 of reason aiul c<imnt()n sense which go\'ern most men, and which 
 delights itself in driving tandem the steeds of whim and fancy 
 over the sob('r children of truth and reason. * ♦ * Another 
 peculiarity of this judicial (,)uixote, and which appears truly sur- 
 prising in any one having the least pretention to a legal educa- 
 tion, is a direct and open hostility to law, considered as a science. 
 Not only has he totally neglected all legal studies himself, and 
 constantly manifested the most perfect indifference to the highest 
 authority, when laid before him by coimsel; he has also uniformly 
 hild in derision all legal and moral qualilications in those who 
 have been adntitted by him to the practice of hiw. No matter 
 whether the appllcai\t for admission to the bar possessed any more 
 legal science or respict for morals than his Honor, if he only had 
 good teeth, aiul a head confonnable to the best specimensof crani- 
 ology, hi' was sure of success, since his Ifonor has declared thai, by 
 looking to the former, he could sulViciently ascertain the leg.d sci- 
 ence, and by feeling of the latter, he could tell the moral character 
 of the applicant. And that these are his sober opinions, if he has 
 any of this class, is fully evident from his uniform conduct in 
 respect to the examination and admission of attorneys and coun- 
 selors at law. due instance deserves to he mentioned. It hap- 
 pened, one evening at a convivial party, that a young military 
 otlicer had the good fortune lo soh'e some trilling riddle or 
 ronundrum which had been proposed, as original, by the judge. 
 To reward such an elTort of genius, his Honor immediately con- 
 ferred upon this genllenian the degree of counselor at law. * * * 
 
 lieing once threatened with an impeachment for some gross 
 malfeasance in ollicc, he answered, with great (Hunposure, *' Uncle 
 Sam knows loo well how much it costs to try a judge to listen to 
 a territorial impeachment." * * » 
 
 He has often been known, while sitting in court, to direct the 
 clerk to enter him absent, although, to mere mortal eyes, he ap- 
 I)eared to he really present in /oopria />frsona ; and every person 
 present would be willing to swear with both hands (wi re it not for 
 the record, which cannot be falsified except by his Honor) tli.it 
 the presiding judge was still on the bench. This questionable 
 
 figure has generally been observed, however, to lose much of its 
 sparkling brilliancy when the spirit was absent; yet it sometimes 
 •speaks on critical emergencies. During the operation of one of 
 these enchantments, and while a learned anil independent advo- 
 cate was retlecting in pri'tty severe terms upon the proceedings of 
 the court, one of the associate judges turned involuntarily toward 
 the siat of the presiding judge, and asked whether such a c<m- 
 tempt was to be endured; the strange oracle replied, or appeared 
 to reply, " I consider myself absent." 'In one occasion, while a 
 suit was being tried, feeling sleepy, he ordered the clerk to enter 
 ill the journal that he was absent; and, shoving his chair back 
 against the wall, he closed his eyes as if gone to the land of Nod. 
 Meantime, the arguments of counsel were going on; and as one 
 of the attorneys said something that thwarted his views, he sud- 
 denly moved forward to correct hiin The attorney tartly sug- 
 gested, " I thought your Honor was absi'iit; the journal of the 
 court says so." This nonplused the judge, who ordered the 
 record of his absence to be erased. 
 
 It was not merely the public who became dissat- 
 isfied : the judges grew disgusted with each other, 
 and, even while sitting as a court, quarrels were fre- 
 (juent between Judges Woodward and Witiierell. 
 Judge Witiierell generally .sat with his back towards 
 Judge Woodwru'd, and often, after Woodward had 
 deliveretl an opinion, Judge Witiierell would say, " 1 
 don't see any sense in that view of the case ; there 
 is no argument in it ; " and donblless Judge Witii- 
 erell was often correct. Many of the citizens tried, 
 especially from the year 1820, to have Judge Wotjd- 
 ward removed, deeming him mainly responsible for 
 the irregularities of the court. 'I'he articles in the 
 Gazette were endorsed editorially, on November 22, 
 1822; and on November 29, in speaking of the 
 memorial to be presented to Congress, the Ciazette 
 said: 
 
 Another prayer of this petition is, that the law under which our 
 present Supreme Court is constituted maybe repealed, ami that .a 
 law may be p::sse(l providing for the appointment of judges, and 
 limiting the term of their service to four years. The object of 
 praying lor the repeal of this law is, if possible, to elTei I an imme- 
 diate riddance of our present judges (we mean the majority of 
 them), and, if that be impracticable, to leave another door open 
 for them to go out at the end of four years. 
 
 At length, on January 30, 1823, deliverance came. 
 Judge J. D. Doty was aiipointed to hold courts in 
 the counties of Mackinaw, Brown, and Crawford ; 
 and on March 3, 1823, Congress limited the term of 
 the other judges then in office to four years from 
 February i, 1824. The same year Judges Wood- 
 ward and C.ritrin resigned. Judge Woodward went 
 to Tallahassee, where he died July 12, 1827. Solo- 
 mon Sibley and John Hunt were appointed to the 
 vacant judgeships ; and on February 5, 1825, Con- 
 gress ])rovideil that at lea.st two judges must be 
 present at the opening of a .session of the court. 
 An Act of April 13, 1827, provided that sessions 
 should begin on the first Monday of December and 
 May. The same year John Hunt died, and in 1 828 
 James Witherell resigned, to become secretary of 
 the Territory. In June 1828, the court met for the 
 first time in the new court-house or capitol. Early 
 in 1832 the terms of Judges Woodbridge, Sibley, 
 Chipman, and Doty expired; and on February 3 a 
 
1 86 
 
 SUPRKMK COURTS OK I'lIK PKRRITORY AND lllK STATE. 
 
 conipliiiicnlary dinner was j^ivcn lliLMn at the Man- to ijcrform 
 
 tlu 
 
 liiniself, 
 
 and 
 
 save 
 
 tl 
 
 le 
 
 sion House. I'Onr years later, In' Act of Marcli 26, 
 
 1836, the Sujirenie Court of the I'erriloi-y was 
 aholislied, and its business transferred to tlie State 
 Court, |>rovided fc^r by tiie same Art. 
 
 'I'he names and terms of the several territorial 
 jud.ifes were as follows: 1805-1808, A. B. Wood- 
 ward, Frederiek Hates, John Orillin; 1808-1823, A- 
 li. Woodward, John Ciririin, James Witherell ; 1823- 
 1827, James Witherell, Solomon Sibley, John Hunt, 
 James I). Doty; 1827 -1832, Henry Chipman, Solo- 
 mon Sibley, Wm. Woodbridjfe, J. D. Doty; 1832- 
 
 1837, S. Sibley, Oeorvje Morrell, Ross Wilkins, 
 David Irvin. 
 
 in its earliest days the old reeords show that the 
 court was opened in semi-military style, as follows : 
 " Attention the whole I Silence on penalty ! Oyez ! 
 give ear you who wish your cause heard." As a 
 matter of course, the inevitable I'eter Audrain, who 
 had been clerk of everythinj^ from time immemorial, 
 was the clerk of this court. He continued to hold 
 the office until Seiitember, 1S19. Many evidences 
 of his work remain, but the records, especially in the 
 latter p.irt of his term, were so carelessly kept or 
 wholly ne^lectetl, that all the leadini,^ attorneys, such 
 as Alessrs. Hunt, Lanman, Sibley, McDougall, 
 I.arned, .'uid others, jirotcsted against his continu- 
 ance in oflicc ; and in Septi'niber, 1819, (ieoi'ge Mc- 
 Dougall was appointed clerk />ni iciii.; the same 
 month he was relieved, and James Duane Doty was 
 appointeil. He hekl the ollice but one year, and in 
 October, 1820, McKin Dorr was appointed, Charles 
 C. 'Trowbridge acting as his deputy. This brings us 
 to another of the characteristic acts of Judge Wood- 
 ward. It should be borne in mind that Judge 
 WooiKvard seldom consulted Judge Witherell upon 
 any (lucstion, as the latter was so practical and 
 straightforward that he could never agree with him. 
 Judge (irifhn, on the contrary, was easily persuaded 
 by Woodward, and therefore the appointments and 
 decisions of the court were really made by Wood- 
 ward. In 1 822 Mr. Dorr decided to resign the office 
 of clerk in favor of his deputy, Mr. Trowbricigc. 
 Upon communicating his intentions to the bar, all 
 the members of that body united in a recommenda- 
 tion of the deputy, which recommendation, with the 
 resignation, was presented to the court. In the even- 
 ing the judge called at the olfice where the deputy 
 was making up the records, and complimented the 
 young otlicial upon the handsome testimonial lie had 
 received from the members of the bar, intimating 
 that, as a matter of course, the ajipointmcnt would 
 be given him. " I5y the way," said the judge, as he 
 was leaving, " I have a young friend, I.ucius Lyon, 
 just arrived from \'crmont, who is in want of em- 
 ployment ; I wish you would make him your depu- 
 ty." Mr. Trowbridge replied that he should prefer 
 
 expense of a deputy. 'The next morning, in a cheer- 
 ful \(iice, he reail the records of the j^receiling day, 
 which, being signed, .as approved by Judge Wood- 
 ward, were handed back with this order: "Mr. 
 Clerk, enter, as the order of the court, that the 
 resignation of \U'lvin Dorr is accepted, and that 
 John Woodward, of llarrisburgh, i'ennsylvania, is 
 appointed clerk, and th.it Jonathan Kearsley, of 
 Detroit, is aj^pointcd clerk pro friii., imtil the arrival 
 of the .said John Woodward." If the roof of the 
 old Indian council-house had fallen, it could not 
 have been a greater suqirise to Judge Witherell, to 
 the bar, and to the disaiipointcd deputy. John 
 Woodward proved to be tlu: father of the judge, an 
 old man on the verge of the gra\e. He died at 
 I'-ric, Pennsylvania, on his way to Detroit. Mr. 
 Kearsley entered upon the duties (jf deputy clerk, 
 and continued in oriire until 1827, when John 
 Winder was apj)ointe(l, and served during the rest 
 of the existence of the tcrritori.-il i-ourt. 
 
 Supreme Court of State of Micliii^an. 
 The .Supreme Court of the State succeeded the 
 corresponding territorial court, by Act of March 26. 
 1S36. 'l"he jurisdiction was originally, and is now, 
 chielly appellate, most of the cases coming before it 
 being ca.ses taken up from the Circuit Courts. 'The 
 lirst three judges were appointeil by tiie governor 
 and Senate. 'The term of oflice was .seven years. 
 In atldition to their duties as judges of the Supreme 
 Court, each judge presided oscr one of the Circuit 
 Courts of the State, and the judge first appointed 
 was the presiding judge ; Act of July 16, 1836, named 
 them as chief justices and associate justices. I5y 
 the Revised Statutes of 1838, one additional asso- 
 ciate judge was provided for, and by law of April 3, 
 1848, provisi(jn was made for a fourth associate 
 justice. 'The Constitution of 1S50 provided for 
 eight circuits, the judges of which were to sit as 
 judges of the Supreme Court. I5y law of 1 85 1 , none 
 of them were to sit as supreme judges until 1852. 
 By law of February 16, 1857, the constitution of the 
 court was greatly changed, and a new Supreme 
 Court provided, to consist of one chief justice, to be 
 elected as such, and three associate justices. They 
 were to be elected on the first Monday of April. 
 1857, and every second year thereafter. 'The judges 
 elected at the lirst election were to be divided into 
 four classes, to serve for two, four, si.x, and eight 
 years each, and judges elected siibseiiucntly were 
 to serve for eight years. The salary was $2,500. 
 By the terms of the same Act, the judges of the 
 Supreme Court ceased to sit as circuit judges. Un- 
 der Act of January i6, i873,the s;ilary was increased 
 to $4,000. Act of March 26, 1836, ordered that 
 sessions of the court be held regularly in Wayne, 
 
SUPREME COURTS OF THE TERRITORY AND THE STATE. 
 
 187 
 
 Washtenaw, and Kalamazoo counties, the session 
 in Wayne County to l)e.i,nn on tlie first Monday in 
 September each year, liy Revised Statutes of 1838, 
 the .session in Detroit was to hcj,nn on the first Tues- 
 day of January and June. I5y law of April 20, 1839, 
 sessions in Detroit were to bev;in on the first Tues- 
 day of January and Auijust. Hy law of March 25, 
 184.0, sessions of tiie Supreme Court were to "hen'in 
 at Detroit on the first Tuesday in January, at Ann 
 Arbor on the fourth Tuesday in. January, at Kala- 
 mazoo on the first Tuesday in September, and at 
 I'ontiac on the third Tuesday in January." 
 
 An .\ct of Ai)ril 4, 1851, ])r()vided for five terms, 
 to bet^in on first Monday of January, May, July, and 
 third .Monday of Octoi)er, the January Term to be 
 held at Detroit, May 'I'erm at Kalama/.oo, July 
 Term at Adrian, and (Jclober Term at I'ontiac. 
 The fiftii term was to be lii-ld at l.ansiiii;-, at a time 
 to be determined by tiie court, ;md tlic fourth Tues- 
 day of January was fixed upon. 
 
 A law of February 16, 1857, provided for four 
 sessions yearly, to bcifin on the first Monday of 
 January, May, July, and October, the January and 
 July Terms to be held .it Lansiii).;-, and May and 
 October 'Terms at Detroit. By Act of February 14, 
 1859, sessions were to bejrin on the 'Tuesday after 
 the first Monday in April, and the April and October 
 'Terms were to be lu'ld ,'it Detroit. I5y Act of April 
 22, 1873, all sessions of the Supreme Court were 
 thereafter to be held at Eansin.i,^ ; and the same Act 
 pnwided for four terms each year, to commence on 
 the Tuesday after the tirst Monday of January, 
 April, June, and October. 
 
 'The State .Supreme Court held its sessions in the 
 old Willi.ams iilock, on the southeast corner of Jef- 
 ferson Avenue and liates .Street, until the sprini,^ of 
 1844, when it betjan to hold its sessions in the old 
 seminary buildinir, which the State had bouvrht on 
 Aujrust 19, 1837. .Sessions continued to be held 
 there until 1855, when, the buildini; havinjr been 
 sold to the city, the court removed to the old 
 Wayne County liuildin^-, on the .southeast corner of 
 Conij;ress and Criswold .Streets, remaininir there 
 until May 3, 1858, when it moved to the Odd 
 Fellows' Hall, on Woodward Avenue. T'rom there 
 the court was moved to the Seitz lUiilding-, on the 
 south side of Congress near Ciriswold -Street, in the 
 room afterwards used by the Superior Court. It 
 remained there until removed to Lans'ni;. 
 
 l!y Con.stitution of 1835, the clerk w.is appointed 
 by the court, John Winder servin.ij from 1836 to 
 1843, John Norvell in 1843, and A, Ten Eyck from 
 1843 to 1847. William Hale served in 1847, and 
 Elisha 'Taylor in 1848 and 1849. 
 
 By Constitution of 1850, the county clerk of the 
 county in which the court was held w;is made the 
 clerk of the court. Under this provision from 1850 
 
 to 1857 the county clerks of Wayne, Kalama/.oo, 
 Lenawee, Oakland, and Inifham counties were the 
 clerks of the court; from 1857 to 1873, the county 
 clerks of Wayne and lni,diam counties ; from 1873 
 to 1882, the county clerk of ln]i>ham, or his deputy, 
 acted as the clerk. 
 
 Under .amendment to the constitution adopted in 
 1881, the clerk is appointed by the judiL^es, and on 
 January i, 1882, C. C. Hojikins, by appointment, 
 entered upf)n the duties of the position. 
 
 The following is a list of the judges of the Su- 
 preme Court of the State of Michigan : 
 
 1836-1839: Chief Justice Wm. A. Flet<her,of Sec- 
 ond Circuit; Associates : Ceo. Morell, of l'"irst Circuit; 
 E. Ransom, of Third Circuit. 
 
 1839-1843: Chief Justice Wm. A. Fletcher, of 
 Second Circuit; Associates: Ceo. Morell, of First 
 Circuit ; K. Ransom, of 'Third Circuit ; C. W. 
 Whipple, of T'ourili Circuit. 
 
 1843 ; Chief Justice !•".. Ransom, of 'Third Circuit ; 
 Associates : Ceo. Morell, of First Circuit ; A. l'"elch, 
 of St'cond Circuit ; C. W. Whip|)li', of I'ourth Circuit. 
 
 1844-1S46: Chief Justice E. Kansom, of Third 
 Circuit; Associates: I). C.oodwin, of First Circuit; 
 A. Felch, of Second Circuit; C. W. Whipple, of 
 Fourth Circuit. 
 
 1846: Chief Justice E. R.msom, of 'Third Circuit ; 
 Associates: D. Cioodwin, of i<'irst Circuit; W. 
 Wing, of Second Circuit; C. W. Whipple, of 
 Fourth Circuit. 
 
 1847 : Chief Justice E. Ransom, of 'Third Circuit ; 
 A.ssociates : W. Wing, of First Circuit; ( ieorge 
 Miles, of Second Circuit; C. W. Whipple, of i'"ourth 
 Circuit. 
 
 1848; Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of 'Third 
 Circuit; Associates: W. N\'ing, of First Circuit; 
 Ceo. Miles, of Second Circuit; S. M. Circen, of 
 Fourth Circuit. 
 
 1849- 1851 : Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of 
 Third Circuit; Associates: W. Wing, of T'irst Cir- 
 cuit ; Cico. Miles, of Second Circuit; S. .M. Cifeen, 
 of Fourth Circuit; K. Mundy, of Fifth Circuit. 
 
 1851 : Chief Justice C. W. Whipple, of 'Third 
 Circuit; Associates: W. Wing, of First Circuit; 
 A. Tratt, of Second Circuit; S. M. Creen, of Fourth 
 Circuit. 
 
 1832 1854: Chief Justice W. Wing, of First 
 Circuit ; .\ssociates : C. W. Whipple, of .Second Cir- 
 cuit ; S. T. Douglass, of Third Circuit; D. John- 
 son, of Fourth Circuit; A. I'nitt, of Tifth Cir- 
 cuit; J. T. Copel.ind, of Si.Nth Circuit; S. M. 
 Green, of Seventh Circuit ; Ceo. Martin, of Eighth 
 Circuit. 
 
 1854-1856 : Chief Justice S. M. dreen, of .Seventh 
 Circuit ; Associ.ates : W. Wing, of First Circuit ; 
 C. ^\'. Whipple, of Second Circuit ; ,S. 'T. Douglass, 
 of Third Circuit; I). |ohnson, of Fourtii Circuit; 
 
iS8 
 
 sui'Ri:mi'. courts ok tiii". ri.kRi iorn' and riii'; siAii-: 
 
 A. 1 'rail, of I'illli Ciiciiil ; J. T. C'<>|k land, tif Sixlli 1.H7.' 1X74: C'liicf Jiisiicc I. 1'. Cliiisliaiuy ; As 
 
 Circuit; (ico. Martin, of Iu.i;luli I iniiil. 
 
 1.S56 : C liiif Jiistici; 
 
 ;\. rrall, of liflii Circiiil; 
 
 Associates: W. Wiiii;, of !■ irsl C'in nit ; N. IJacon, 
 of Second c:irctiit ; S. I'. I )ou,nlass,of 'I'liird (.■irciiit; 
 I). Johnson, of i'oiirtii t'ircuil ; J. T. foiicland, of 
 Sixiii (in nil ; S. M.Crccn, of Seventh Circuit; Cieo. 
 Martin, <if Kii;hlii I'ircnil, 
 
 1.S57: Cliiei" Justice (;eor,v;e Martin, of KiKJitli Cir- 
 cuit ; Associ.itcs : 15. F. (iraves, of I'ifth Circuit; 
 I'".. 11. C. Wilson, of First Circuit; N. I'.acon, of 
 Second Circuit; *l!. F. II. Withercll, of Third 
 Circuit; '\'.. L.iw icncc, of Fourth Circuit; J. T. 
 Co|)cland, of .Sixili (.'ircuit ; -'Josiah ■rurncr, of 
 Seventh Circuit. 
 
 1.S5.S iSCiS; Cliief Justice Cieorv;c M.irtiu; Associ- 
 ates: R,indol|)li MaiHiiniL;', I. 1'. (Iiristiancy, J. \'. 
 Cani|il)ell. 
 
 iKf)iS 1870: Chief Justice T. M. (.'oolev, Associ- 
 ates: I. !'. Christiancy. J. WC.unpbeli, 1 1. I". Craves. 
 
 l«70-i872: Chief Justi<'e J. \'. Can)|)i)<il; Asso- 
 ciates: I. 1' Christiancy, ll. !•'. (ir,i\(s, '1. M. Coolcy. 
 
 ♦ I'ail 1)1 I 111- )i .11. 
 
 sociates; H. !■ . t itavis, T. M. Cooley, J. \'. C;uu|il)ell. 
 
 1874 1S76: thief Justice II. !•'. (iraves; Asso- 
 ciates: T. M. Cooley, J. V. Cimphell, i. I'. Chris- 
 tiancy. 
 
 1S76-1878: Cliicf Justice T. M. Cooley; Asso- 
 ciates: Isa.ic M.'uston, J. V. Campbell, H. i". (ir.ives. 
 
 iiS7b-iyiio: Chief Justice J. V. C.impbell ; Asso- 
 ci.itcs : Is.i.ic M.irston, !>. !■'. Ciraves, T. M. Cooley. 
 
 iiSSo- iSX.; : Chiif Justici' Is.iac M.arston ; Asso- 
 ci.ales : U. I". Cr.'ives, T. M. Cooley, J. V. Camjihell. 
 
 18X2-18X4: Chief Justic(! 15. F. (iraves; Ass(!- 
 ciatcs: J. \'. C.unpheli, T. M. Cooky, T. R. Sher- 
 wood. 
 
 1884- : Chief Justice T. M. Cooley; Asv-oci- 
 ;ites : J. V. C.unpheli, V. R. Sherwood, j. VV. 
 Chanipiin. 
 
 The rejiorters of the Siiiiretne Court have been 
 
 ;is follows: 1843 1847, S. T. Dounl.iss; 1847 1851, 
 
 R.indolph Maiuiin.i;; 1851 1858, ( i. C. ( iibbs; 1858 
 
 1864, T. M. Cooley; t864, K. \V. Mcdd.uiiih ; ]H(,^ 
 
 1870, W.Jciuiison; 1870 187 2, 1 1. K. Cl.irke ; 1872 
 
 1878, lloyt I'ost; 1878 , II. A. Ch.uiey. 
 
C n A V T E R XXXII 
 
 DISTKU'T COnKT.— ORIMIANS' COIJKT. I'koISATI-. COURT. -COUK'I- Ol' (HiAk'i'EK 
 
 SICSSKJNS. CODRI' Ol' COMMON 1'L1:AS. CoURI OF CIIANClsRV. COUNTY 
 
 COURTS.- ClRCUri" COURTS. -DLSlKlCr CRIMINAL COURT. 
 
 hisi'KK r couu'l'. tion of liiis court, and iiclitioiicd foracoiirl sue!) as 
 
 Dls'i'KK'l' Courts of the 'IVrritory of Miciiigat) tlicy liad liad under the rule of tlic Norlliwcsi 'icr- 
 
 wcri' cstaljlislii'd by law of July J5, 1K05. 'Tin: 
 
 courl for tlif distrii I of Huron and Dciroil was held 
 
 at Di'tioit, hci^innini; on ilic lu'st Monday of May 
 and lliird Monday in Auv^usl in I'acii year, and was 
 l)rcsidcd o\cr liy one of llic l<'rn'torial iud;^cs. It 
 had original jurisdiction in cases in\()l\ini; over 
 twenty dollars, txce|)t ;is to cases exclusiwly vested 
 in oilier courts. 
 
 Uy provisions of proclani.ition of |uly 3, i<So5, liie 
 boundaries of the District of Detroit were as follows: 
 
 rilory, whose judj^es were in p.irl l.iken from amoii;^ 
 busini'ss men who bad not studied or pr.iclii cd law. 
 The i)elition was f.ivorahly received, .md on .April 
 2, i(So7, a law was p.issi'd wiiich provided ih.it the 
 governor should .iiipoinl one chief judj^e and two 
 associ.iles, with |)owir to assess and collect money 
 to dcfr.iv louil ch.ar\4es, with jurisdiclmn .is to con- 
 tracts, .and dilfercnces between cilixen^; ,ind Indi.uis. 
 
 I'nderlhis l.iw, ( ieortje Mc!)ouj^ 
 chief justice, with J.imi'S Abbott 
 
 nd i.i> 
 
 appointed 
 'b \'isi;er 
 
 " Hev;innin^ .at the river Detroit on the bound.iry as .associate justices. I'eler Audr.iin w;is vlerk. In 
 
 of the United .St.iles of y\meric,i, li\e miles north of 
 the position of llii' center of the cit.idel in the .ancient 
 town of Detroit; .and sh.all run theme .a due west 
 line to the bound.iry of the Indi.in title, .as established 
 by the ire.ities of I'Orl Mcintosh, of Korl I larmer, 
 .and Fort (ireenville, theiKe: with thi' sami', ten miles. 
 
 Ai)ril, iiSoi;, Robert Abbott w.is .appointed in place 
 of James Abbott, .and .at the same lime, or soon 
 after. J.icob \'isirer l)t'<'.ame chief justice, and Joiia 
 Whipple one of the .associate justices. 
 
 This court met in the Council I louse in l.Sc;/, .and 
 existed until Simd.av, September 16, icSio, when the 
 
 thence a due east line to the bound.iry of the United jurisdiction of the justic es w.is enlarged, .and |)art of 
 
 the powers of tlu' District C(jurl ir.ansferred to tlie 
 justices and the rest to the Supreme Court. 
 
 ourilA.Ns' COl'Kl. 
 'This court was est.ablislicd by a law of Nortliwest 
 'Territory, on Oitober 1, 1795. It was held by the 
 justices composing the Court of ( irner.il (Hiarti-r 
 Sessions of the I'e.ace, Its jurisdiction w.is similar 
 to the |)resent jurisdiction of a I'rob.ate Court, but 
 more extensisi', exercising a supervisory care over 
 trustees ami executors. 'The court was abolished 
 in 181 1, when the ollice of rej^ister of proliate was 
 created. 
 
 I'KOliA IK COIJKI', OK <.()i;kr OI' PKODI'.S. 
 Courts of Probate, or of Proof as they have also 
 been c.illed, were first established for the Northwest 
 lure, votinj^ "eij^ht doll.irs in i).iymeiil to Michael 'Territory on Aui^ust 30, I7S<S; they have existed in 
 Monette and X'.alne, in laboriiiiif in the erection of a Detroit from llu' time of the first .American oceu- 
 liowtT for the holdini; of a court." pation ; .and there is on Tile in the Proliate Ollice a 
 
 Hy proclamation of M.arch 21, 1806, the District statement of the first jirobate ca.se ever passed 
 i)f Detroit was newly defined, .as ineludiii.i; a strip upon in Wayne County. 'The estate at issue was 
 "f country six miles wide on the west b.ank of the th.at of Amos Weston, of which John Askiii was 
 river. .appointed administrator in 1797. 'This was the 
 
 'The people were not satisfied with the constitu- only case for a whole year. The judges were 
 
 li8y] 
 
 State's. 
 
 'The court .ippointed listers, appniisers, collectors, 
 ■ uul treasurers for the district, .and it w.is tliiir duty 
 to assess and collect the territori.il ,uul county taxes. 
 
 'The Court Joiirn.il for Auyiusl 19, I1S05, bejjins as 
 follows: 
 
 ( )m llu: niiit-tt-ciilli (l.iy of August, 1805, al <'I(;vrn o'chtck in llir 
 liiirniiiiii, ill lliit >^iaiul siinan: (if tlif iii'W lily iif I lilioil, iimlir a 
 nrri'ii JMiwcr, prdvidcil liy llir niaislial iif llii^ 'ri-iiitiiiy iif Miiliii;aii 
 fill' llial |)tir|>nsr, a ^.fssinii fur the hislrict Court of Union and 
 l)<:iroit was liiiil, al wliiili was imstiil I'lcdirii k iialis, siiiioi as- 
 sociate jiidn'' nf tlir I'lrritory of Miclii^an. Jainrs May, iiiaislial 
 of tli(.' I'lTiitory of MicliiKan, opi'iifd llu: court in the followinK 
 words: " Altinlion ! Tlic District C'cairt for lliiroii ami Ditroit 
 llislrict is now silling. Silence loininaiuhd on pain ol iinprison- 
 incnt." 
 
 'The jijreen Ixjwer was ordered paid for on Octo- 
 ber 7, 1805, the Oovcrnor ;md Judj^es, .as ;i lej^isla- 
 
\l)() 
 
 CDURT OK C.I'.NI'.KAL ()rAKIi:i< SI.SSlONS. 
 
 appoiiiUil by iIr' ,i;(>\iriiiir Liiiiil .Mi(liii;aii licc-aiiu' a 
 Stale, altrr wliicli lliu olticc was made ckclivi'. 
 'I'lic tfiin is fuiir years. 
 
 Under Micliigan 'I'lTritory a law (if January 31. 
 I1S09, aiilliori/.eil llie jiulj;e of prnljale lo appdiiU a 
 clerk or register, iiy .\ri df January 19, 1811, ihe 
 court was re()rj;aiii/-ed, aiul the re,i;isur was made 
 the rej;isti'r of deeds. I'urtJier proxisioiis conccrn- 
 iii,v; this court were made by Act of July 27, 1S18. 
 On March 27, iiS2o, the duly of rcj;islcrin,i; liceds 
 for Detroit was irausferreil to the city re;.;ister, an 
 oKice tiieii lirst provided for. 
 
 By Act of January 29, 1S35, tiie ofl'ice of reyi.ster 
 of [irobatc was abolished, and the duties of the 
 offico were transferretl to the county nji^isier of 
 deeds, provided for in the scunc Act. i'.y Act of 
 March 12, 1861, the oltice of re;.;ister was re\ived. 
 This oHicer is appointed by the jutl);e, ami his 
 duties pertain to the keepinij of the records of the 
 office. Up to the passing; of the law of February 
 15, 1859, the juiijLje w." paitl by the fees of thi' 
 ol'fice. Since then he has been i)aid a salary, which 
 up to 1S80 was $2. 7 50. 
 
 By law of 1879 the salary, after January 1, 1881, 
 was to be fixed by the Board of Auditors at not less 
 than $2,500 nor more than §3,000. Law (jf April 
 29, 1881, fixed the salary at $3,500. 
 
 The probate judges have been as follows: I'eter 
 Audrain appointed 1796; CJeorge McDougall, ap- 
 pointed 1809; Charles Larned, appointeil November 
 26, 1818; W. \V. I'etit, appointed November 16, 
 1825; H. S. Cole, appointed May 3, 1826; J. W. 
 Torrey, .ippointcd December 26, 1829; Thos. Kow- 
 iand, a[)pointcd July 20, 1833; B. !■'. 11. Witlurcll, 
 appointed March 7, 1834; Cico. !•'.. I bind, ap|)ointcd 
 October 20, 1835. The following were electeil 
 under .State law: 1837-1840, Oeorge A. O'Kecfe ; 
 1840-1844, A.S. Williams; 1844-1852, C.J. O'Flynn; 
 1852 -1856, Joseph II. Bagg; 1856-1860, Mlijah 
 llawley, Jr.; 1860-1864, \V. 1'. Verkes ; 1864-1868, 
 II. W.Deare; 1868-1872, James D. Weir; 1872 
 1876, A. II. Wilkinson; 1876- , K. O. Durfee. 
 
 'I'he registers of probate have been : 181 1-181 2, 
 or later, 11. II. Hickman; 18 14-1 8 16, C.eorge Mc- 
 Dougall ; November 12, 1816, to .September 12, 1821, 
 Charles Larned; September 12, 1821, to August 27, 
 1827, J. V. R. Ten Eyck ; August 28, 1827, to 1835, 
 Felix Ilinciiman; 1S61-1865, John 11. Kaple ; 1865- 
 1872, 11. R. Nowland; 1872, S. D. Craig; 1872- 
 1876. E. O. Durfee; 1876-1880, T. B. Jewell; 1880- 
 , H. A. Flint. 
 
 COURT Ol'" GKNERAI, QUARTKR SESSIONS, 
 
 This court was created on August 23, 1788, and 
 the first session in the Northwest Territory was on 
 September 9 following. The law provided for ses- 
 sions four times a year in each county, and gave the 
 
 coiut jurisdiction in casts of crinus .ind misdemean- 
 ors where the pcii.iltics dul not extend to forfeiture 
 of life or goods, or iniprisonmciu for over ;i yc.ir. 
 The court also laid out townships, and appointed 
 the oxi'rscers of the poor, the coroners, constal)les, 
 and town clerks. It was composctl of justices 
 appointeil by llu' governor. There was a session in 
 Detroit as early as .Xugnst 4, 1798, |)risidcd o\ir by 
 Louis lieaufail, James M.iy, .'ind Joseph V'ojez. 
 
 At the term of June 2, 1801, the following justices 
 were present: Jean M. Beaubicn, Cieo. McDoiigall, 
 Jaiob \'isgar, F'raiicis Nav.ine, and J.imcs Ih'iiry, 
 
 On March 2, 1802, the following persons sat as 
 judges: Jean M.irie Bciubicn, Janus llcnry, Jacob 
 \'isg,ar, and Chabert Joncaire. I'lukr the govern- 
 UK'ni of Indiana Ti'rrilory, in Ma\', 1803, J.imes May, 
 Francis N.ivarre, Jc.in .M. Beaubicn, James llcnry, 
 Jacob \'isgar, Chabert Joncaire, AntoiiK' l)i(|uiii(lre, 
 John I)(Klemead, anil Wm. McDowell Scon wire 
 ■ ippointed justices of the Court of Cicner.il (Uiarter 
 Sessions for Wayne County. 
 
 On July 15, 1S04, David Duncan and John Ander- 
 son wi're appointed. 
 
 At a session of the court on Tuesday, December 
 4, 1804, Justices May, Navarre, lleaubien, Henry, 
 Dequindre, \'i.sgar, Dodinuad, Jonciirc, anil .Scott 
 were present. 
 
 On No\eml)cr 25, 1817, uniler Michigan Territory, 
 the Court of (k'lier.al < Uiartcr Sessions was reorgan- 
 i/eil to consist of the judges of the County Court 
 and the justices of the peine. Sessions were to 
 begin on the first Mond.iy in March, June, Scptiin- 
 bcr, ;inil December; ;uul three judgi'S constilulcd a 
 iiuorum. The chief business of the court at this 
 lime consisted in managing the tinaiices of the 
 county. Cicorge McDougall was ,-ippointed clerk of 
 the court November 26, 1817, and in December of 
 the same year a session was held at John McDon- 
 nell's house. On M.iy 30, 1818, the court was 
 abolished, and its business Inmsferred lo the county 
 commissioners. The records of the Court of (ieiieral 
 (Quarter -Sessions for June 6, 1805, show that London, 
 a black man, was seiilenced to "receive thirty-nine 
 lashes on his bare b.ick, at five o'clock this after- 
 noon." 
 
 An Act of the Coveruor and Judges, passed July 
 27, 1818, provided that any jusliie of the peace 
 might order the whi[iping of "lewd, iiUe, or dis- 
 orderly persons, stubborn servants, eonunon drunk- 
 ards, and those who neglect their families, with 
 ten stripes, or the hiring of them out for three 
 months at the best wages that can be secured, for 
 the benefit of t!ie poor fund." The first sale under 
 this Act took place at auction about the middle of 
 September, 1818, when twenty-eight shillings were 
 paid for the .services of one bad citizen. In the 
 summer of 1821 the services of a drunken white 
 
COURT OK COMMON PLEAS -COURT ol CI I.Wi'I.RV 
 
 191 
 
 vajjaboiul wi'ii' IjouvjIu by a black man fur icii clays, 
 for tlic sum of (im; dollar. 'I'ln' wliippin^^ was per- 
 formed at the old market on \\'(io(K\ar(' A\'eniie 
 below Jefferson. 'I'he law was repealed March 4, 
 1831. 
 
 COIJKI' or COMMON ri.KAS. 
 
 A court thus desi^mated existed under EniLjlish 
 rule; and a law of the Northwest Territory of Au,v,Mist 
 23, i7tSS, |)ro\ided for tlur holding;' of courts of tills 
 kind, to consist of not less than three or more than 
 five persons, to be appointed by tlic jjovcrnor. Two 
 sessions a year were to l)e held in e.ich county, with 
 power to hear and determine all cases of a civil 
 nature. A further l;iw of November 6, 171P, pro- 
 vided for four sessions a year. I'nder these laws 
 the lirst American Court of Conunon I'ieas for the 
 Northwest Territory was opened at Marietta, Sep- 
 tember 2, 1788; but no business was brouj,dn 
 before it. 
 
 When this re.v^ion came under American rule, 
 several of the judges under I'.ni^lish rule were con- 
 tinued in ollice. in 1796 the court was constituted 
 as follows: Louis Heaufait. senior justice; James 
 May, Charles I-'rancis (iirardin, Patrick McNilf, and 
 Nathan Williams, associate justices. About the 
 same time Jonathan .Schietllin became one of the 
 as.sociate justices. One of the decisions rendered 
 in September, 1797. directed th.it the "defendant 
 should ,v;ive to the plaintiff sixteen d.ays' work with- 
 out other p.iy than victuals." As kite as 1799 Louis 
 lieaufait was chief justice, and McNiff, May, and 
 Ciirardin associate justices. 
 
 At a term of the court on June 8, 1 801, there were 
 present Justices May, McNiff, and X'isgar ; and at 
 the March Term of 1802, May, \'is^;.ir, Joncaire, and 
 Henry presided. Feter Audrain was clerk. At the 
 September .and Dcci^mber sessions of 1802 the 
 followinif names appear : Justices Henry, Joncaire, 
 \'is)rar, and McDoui^all. 
 
 The sessions of the c:ourt were generally held in 
 the Dodemead house. Tlie Territorial Records of 
 Indiana show the appointment in May, 1803, of the 
 fnllowinj,^ judyes for Wayne County : J.imes May, 
 James Henry, Jacob X'isj^Mr, Chabert Joncaire, John 
 Dodemead, and Wni. McDowell Scott. The same 
 records show that the followinjr judx;cs and justices 
 were appointed on October 24, 1804: James May, 
 J.imes Henry, Chabert Joncaire, Jacob Visjjar, John 
 Dodemead, Wm. McDowell Scott, Francis Navarre, 
 Ji'an Marie Beaubien, Antoine DequLndre, and John 
 Vnderson. 
 
 The court ceased to exist in 1805, when Michigan 
 became a separate Territory. 
 
 COURT OF CHANCF.RY. 
 
 The law establishing this court took effect July 4, 
 1836; its object was to secure rights and afford 
 
 remedies for wliicii nogiiur.il l.iw provided, 'riifce 
 Ch.'incery Courts were created; the counties of 
 Wayne, Monroe, < ).ikl;ind, (ienesi-c, Saginaw, La- 
 peer, M.icomb, St. Clair, Mackinaw, .ind Chippewa 
 comprised the first circuit. Si'ssimis were to begin 
 on the first Tuesd.iy of I'cbruar)- ;ind third 'I'uesday 
 of Jul)-, and wiTe held in ilie old seminary building, 
 on the .site of the i)resent City 1 lall. ]!y the Revised 
 Statules of i84('), which took effect on M.irch i, 
 1.S47, the court w.is abolished, and its business 
 transferred to the sc\it;iI Circuit Courts, llii' circuit 
 judges sitting, ;it st.iti'd limes, ;is ;i Court of 
 Chancery. 
 
 I'.lon I'arnsworth was the fir.st judge or chancellor 
 of the court. He held the oflice until i<S42,;iiid was 
 succee(lc<l by R.indolph M.inning, who contiiuicd in 
 office till the cdurt was abolished. The clerks or 
 registers of the court were: John Winder, 1836- 
 I1S43; Anllioiiy 'I'eii I'.yck, 1843-1.S46; Wm. Hale, 
 iS4r.-iS47. 
 
 In iH],H provision was made fur a reporter of 
 chancery courts; 1".. 1!. H.iriinglDn w.is .ippointcd, 
 and served until /Vugust, 1844, when lie was suc- 
 ceeded l)y Henry N. Walker. 
 
 The office of master in chancery was created by 
 Act of June 30, iSiiS. The appointments were 
 m.ide by the governor, .'iiul the duties of the office 
 were nuich the same as those of a circuit court com- 
 missioner in chancery cases. These officers had 
 power to make sales of property and to take testi- 
 mony in cases referred to them. The oflice was 
 al)olished by the Constitution of I1S50. 
 
 The following is a list of masters for Wayne 
 County, with the earliest d.ite on wliich they were 
 appointed, .some of them being appointed for many 
 successive terms: June 22, 1818, W. W. I'elit; 
 September 15, 1824, Robert Al)bott; July 2, 1828, 
 Clias. \V. Whippli'; M.irch 7, 1834, Ceo.' E. 
 Hand; March iS, 1837, James Churchman; June 
 22, 1837, Henry N. Walker; December 30, 1S37, 
 Anthony Ten I'"yck ; February 27, 1839, John 15. 
 Bispham ; M.in-li 26, 1839, E. J.Roberts; April 20, 
 1839, Porter S. Humes; Dei-emlxr 12, 1S39, Cal- 
 vin C.Jackson; M.irch 21, 1840, Samuel Parstow, 
 Jolin S. Abbott, Sanuiel Pitts, llbene/er 1>. Harring- 
 ton ; ^Lireh 31, 1840, Fisher A. H;irding; Febru- 
 ary 12, i84i,John L.Talbot; March 4, 1S41, James 
 I?. Watson, Henry T. Backus; Marcli 9, 1841, 
 Walter W. Dalton ; NLnrch 27, 1841, Lansing P>. 
 Mizner, Jeremiah Van Rensselaer; February 14, 
 
 1842, Elisha Taylor; February 9, 1843, Andrew 
 Harvie, 1".. Smith Lee, Chas. Collins; February 21, 
 
 1843, George G. lUill ; March 7, 1843, Andrew T. 
 McReynolds; ALirch 9, 1843, S. Yorke At Lee, 
 David W. Fisk ; April 21, 1843, Cideon B. Stevens; 
 January 26, 1844, Wm. T. Young; February i, 
 
 1844, George V. N. Lothrop ; F\bruary 12, 1844, 
 
1()2 
 
 coUNiN lorkis. ciKciii' foi'ki's. 
 
 I',l)i'iK'/Ar II. Kov;iis ; I''il)rii,iry 24, 1.S44, ('i.irui""! 
 T. Shcliliiii, ii(()iv;c Kohl); Manli C>, 1.S44, Jjimis 
 \'.Cami)l)ill, Mi.h.irl ]■:. Ames, K.nlncy D. Hill; 
 I'Vhniary J>S, I1S45, John WalMUi, I'lvd. 11. Harris; 
 March 7, 1845. Thus. 1'. Watson; Au);ii.si 11, 1843. 
 •MJK'rt C'r.mi' ; Fi'hriiary 7, 184(1, Ht-iiry A. Sihool- 
 irall ; M.irch j, i84(), Levi l!isho|); April 13, 184'), 
 Milwiii .\. Wak's; May 1^, 184(1, Samiirl (1. Watson, 
 David \. .\. I'.nssvorlh; I'^hruary 21, 1849, Win. 
 Gray ; April 2, 1830, Scar.s Stevens. 
 
 corNrv cdfurs. 
 
 An Art of ()(toi)ir 24, 1815. provided for tlu' 
 iiold! i>,f of a Connly Court at Detroit until the Ter- 
 ritory should eontain another eoinity. r>\- the An 
 one chief justice and two associates were to l)e 
 appointed, and sessions of the court wcvv to \h\]\\ 
 on the tirst .Monday of January and third Mond.iy 
 of June. 1 he court was to have exclusive coxiii- 
 /an<H- of all offences not capital. A furllu'r .Act of 
 April 13, 1827, provideil that si'ssions should ixi^in 
 on tile ihinl Monday in January and June. .All 
 sessions were held in the Council House. 
 
 I?y Act of .\pril 1 5, 1833, the court w.is abolished, 
 and the business transferred to the Circuit Courts. 
 15y Revisetl .Statutes of i84(), these courts were 
 reviveil, with jurisdiction in .all ci\il and crimin.il 
 actions when the amount in tontroviMsy was not 
 over $500. The judii^es we're elected for terms of 
 four years each, anil were to be paiti by the fees 
 received. The court was abolisheil by the Consti- 
 tution of 1850. 
 
 The followinii;' is a comjilete list of the judijes of 
 the County Court. Trior to 1846 tin 'ue of the 
 first apiiointmcnt only of each jiidjje sonic 
 
 of them beiiin' reai)|iointe(l at su'^ ^es : 
 
 James Abbott, chief justice . Jctober 9, 
 
 1815. Henry J. Hunt, a.ssoci ce, October 9, 
 
 181 5. John R. Williams, assocuia' justice, October 
 9, 1815. John McDonnell, associate justice, January 
 17, 1817. John L. Leib, chief justice, June 17, 1822. 
 Will. A. Fletcher, chief justice, March 25, 1823. 
 13. F. H. Witherell, as.sociate justice. May 23, 1S23. 
 Philip Lecuyer, associate justice, December 23, 1823. 
 B. F. H. Witherell, chief justice, June 5, 1824. 
 Melvin Dorr, associate ju.stice, Auijust4. 1824. Win. 
 A. Fletcher, chief justice, December 31, 1824. 
 Henry Chipnian, chief justice, December 19, 1825. 
 Asa M. Robinson, chief justice, December 28, 1826. 
 Shubael Conant, a.ssociate justice, April 14, 1827. 
 Daniel Le Roy, chief justice, January 18, 1828. Mel- 
 vin Dorr, chief justice, June 26, 1828. Peter Desnoy- 
 ers, a.ssociate justice, June 26, 1S2S. Henry M. 
 Campbell, associate justice, January 18, 1828. John 
 McDonnell, chief justice, January 13, 1830. \Vm. 
 I'artow, associate justice, January 14, 1830. Orville 
 Cook, associate justice, July 28, 1830. Chas. Moran, 
 
 associate justice, .Mar( h 4, 1831. J.uncs Williams, 
 associate juslici'. M.trch 4, 1831. 
 
 184(110 1850: county jud.^i', F. .Smith Fee; sec- 
 ond judvji', Cyrus llowanl. In 1850 P. F. II. With- 
 erell was ilected coinily juil^v and Cyrus Howard, 
 siiond judijc ; but the new constitution, which was 
 adoi)ted at the .s.unc election, discontinued the 
 County Courts, ,uid llurefort' thcsi' jutl.^^cs did not 
 I'Utcr upon ollice. 
 
 Tims. KowLind w;is ,ip|iointcd chrk of the County 
 Court on October 9, 1S15. Cndcr law of .May 8, 
 1820, the ollices of county clerk and clerk of tin- 
 County Court were iilleil by the same iierson. 
 
 ciuciTr loiurs. 
 
 The .\ct cri'.iiin!,; the Circuit Court of Wayne 
 County w. IS passed Dccembi'r 9, 1800. It provided 
 for a court to In- held in Wayne Comity, to be^in 
 tile third Tuesday in M.iy of e.ich \car. 'I'he chief 
 duty of this court was to he.ir a])peals from the 
 Court of Common Pleas. The jud,i;e was to be ap- 
 pointed by the j;(i\ernor. No record can hi' foimd of 
 till .appointment of judj^i'S, or the holdini; of a ses- 
 sion, of a court created by the Act. 
 
 liy .\ct of Ajiril 13, 1827, provision was made, for 
 the lu'st lime by Miiiiii^aii Territory, for courts styled 
 Circuit Courts. These w<re to be presided o\er by 
 one of the judi^es of the .Supreme Court of the 'Ter- 
 ritoi'v, and were j;i\eii jurisdiction in civil cases wlu'ii 
 the amoinit involved exceeded S'.ooo. UiiiliT the 
 Act the County of Wayne was made a circuit, and 
 sessions of the court were to be.nin on the lirst Mon- 
 day of January of each year. 
 
 lly .Ai't of March 26, 1836, Stale Circuit Courts 
 were provided for, with ji risdiction ]ir;ictic;illy I'le 
 .same as before. 'I'lie Stale was di\ided into three 
 circuits, and one of the Supreme Court judges was 
 to preside in e.acli circuit. 'The lirst lircuit included 
 the counties of Wayne, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer, 
 Mackinaw, and Chippewa. 
 
 Py Revised Statutes of 1838 the same counties, 
 excejJt Lapeer, were embraced in the first circuit. 
 By law of March 25, 1840, the State was divided 
 into four circuits, and W^ayne Comity alone consti- 
 tuted the first circuit. On April 30, 1848, the jud,i(es 
 were authorized to divide the State into five circuits, 
 and on April 8, 1851, the State was divided into 
 eight cir'uits, Wayne County alone being made the 
 third circuit. (Jn February 12, 1853, the counties of 
 Cheboygan and Fnimet were added to the third 
 circuit. Py law of January 29, 1858, the counties of 
 Wayne and Cheboygan became the third circuit, 
 and on February 10, 1859, Emmet County was 
 again added. On ^L'lrch 27, 1867, Cheboygan and 
 F^mmet Counties were detached, and Wayne County 
 left as the third circuit ; since which time no change 
 
CIKCUIT COURTS. 
 
 '93 
 
 has Ikx'II iiiailc in llie Uirilory cml)raii(l in liiis 
 circuit. 
 
 My law of March 26, 183^), in acldilidii lo the regu- 
 larly a|)|)(iinli'(l cireiiit jii(l.n<', wiut acted as chief 
 jiistici', two jii(l);cs ut :■.• lo he elected for t ,icli cir- 
 cuit, to serve as associ.iti- judiijcs. 'I'hiy were to he 
 clccti'd at tlie jLji'iicrai ilection for tirnis of f<iur 
 years, and to rcci'ive tiirei' dollars |)cr day. anti niile- 
 a,i;e ,'il the r;itc: of thrci' doll.irs fore.ich twenty miles 
 tr.ivclid in ,i("'"K '" '"' f''<'iii sessions of the court. 
 15y Revised .Statutes of KS46 these two judj^'cs were 
 discontinued. 
 
 Ily Consiiiulion of r.S5o one circuit jud.^c was ip 
 he elected on the lirsl Mond.iy of April, 1851, and 
 every sixth yt'ar tlu're.ifter. 
 
 In .mticip.ition of .111 .unendnienl to the constitu- 
 tion, which wouUl allow of its l)ein,v( done, an Act of 
 June 10, i(S,Si, provided for three juil;<(S of the Cir- 
 cuit Court for the third circuit, who were to .appor- 
 tion the husiiiess .inionj^ themselves. After the 
 liass.iije of this law and of the amendment, the 
 Circuit Court-Room, in the City il.ill, was divided 
 into two roon\s, .and one of the jury-rooms appro- 
 priated for a third court-room, and on January 2, 
 18S2, the three new courts t)e;^an. Under the l.iw 
 VVni. Jeiinison and John J. .Speed were .apixiinled 
 by the jrovernor to sit with Jud,iL;e Chamhers as cir- 
 cuit jiidj^'es. The Act of 1S81 provided th.it the 
 Sl.ile should pay §1 .500 to each as part of the salary, 
 and that the county mii;ht increase the amount to 
 $4,000. Accordini,dy the Hoard of Auditors, in 
 Octol)er, 1881, resolvetl that for the year 18S2 the 
 sum of $1 ,500 should be paid in addition to the State 
 salary, and in 18S2 they tixed the additional salary 
 for 1883 at $2,000. 
 
 Since Act of March 26, 1869, an olfici.-il reporter 
 has been ctHinected with the court ; he is appointed 
 by the ,i(overnor, .and paid .an annual s.ilary of $2,000. 
 
 Hy law of .March 26, 1836, the sessions of the 
 Circuit Court, includinjf Wayne Comity, were to 
 bejrin on the first Mond.iy of April and October. 
 On July 26 of the .same year the time was cli.m,!L,retl 
 to the third Tuesday of May and November. I'>y 
 Revised .Statutes of 1838 the court sessions were to 
 beyin on the fourtli Tuesday of .Vpril, Auifust, <ind 
 December. On l'"ebruary 8, 1839, the Auijust Term 
 was abolished, .and ;i law of .Ajiril i9of the same 
 year, provided that sessions should be,i;in on the 
 fourth Tuesday of April anil lirst Tuesd.ay after 
 second Monilay of November. I$y Act of March 
 25, 1840, .sessions were to be held in Wayne County 
 be^innini;- on the first 'I'uesday of May, and also on 
 the .second Tuesday after the first Monday in No- 
 vember. 15y Revised St.atutes of 1846, the circuit 
 judj^es were to fix the time of terms for 1846, ;ind 
 fop every two years thereafter; since then the terms 
 have ranged all through the calendar. 
 
 in 1883 terms heg.m on the tiist Monday of Jan- 
 uary, March, May, .ind Noveniher, and third Mon- 
 d.iy of .September. 
 
 I'ormerly the Circuit Court jurors were selected 
 by the township supervisors and town clerk and by 
 the assessor .and aldermen of Detroit, from among 
 tax-|);iyers, not less than one person for every 
 one hundred jjcrsons being selected, nor more than 
 four hundred in all, one h.ilf .as petit, ;md one li.ilf 
 as grand jurors. Under law of .May 20, 1881, si.x 
 jury commis.sioners, tliree each from city and county, 
 were appointed by the governor, lo select names 
 for jurors. They serve without pay, except mileage. 
 The fust appointments were for terms of two, four, 
 and six years each. .Subsccjuent .'ippoinlments were 
 authorized to be made at every regular legisl.ilive 
 session, for terms of six years each from A|>riJ i. 
 These ((Jinmissioners select from the assessment 
 rolls in the county treasurer's ollice the same 
 number of names that were provided for under 
 former Laws. The (i)unty clerk writes .all the names 
 on slips of paper, of uniform color and si/e, and 
 makes two sei)aralc ])ack.iges of them for each 
 town and supervisor's district, one jiackage to con- 
 tain the iiiunes for grand jurors, and the other 
 those for petit jurors. From these packages the 
 county clerk, in jjresence of the sheriff .and two jus- 
 tices, draws out the names of twenty-four jurors. 
 The clerk puts in a jury box, one at a time, the names 
 from e.ach town or w.ard, and, after sh.iking them 
 well together, draws out one name, then the box is 
 emptied, and the names returned to the p.ick.ages 
 from which they were t.akeii. The names from 
 another town, or ward, .are then put in, and this 
 I)rocess is repeated until the jury is full. Jurors are 
 p.aid $2 per d.iy. 
 
 I'lider territorial rule, sessions of the court were 
 held at the old Comicil House and in the Capitol. 
 The State Court met in the City Hall, from 1836 
 to 1844, and for one year in the Williams lUiild- 
 ing on the t'oriier of Jefferson Avenue and li.ates 
 Street. The county then erected the building on 
 the southeast corner of Criswold and Congress 
 Streets; the county offices were located in the first 
 story, and a court-room was provided above. The 
 building had a front.agc of thirty-two feet on Cris- 
 wold Strei;t, and eighty feet on Congress. It was 
 completed on Monday, June 9, 1845, and delivered 
 over by the contractors to the county auditors, and 
 at ten o'clock of that day the District Court for the 
 County commenced its sessions therein. Previous 
 to the opening of the court, at a meeting of the 
 members of the Bar, A. W. Buel, prosecuting attor- 
 ney, offered following resolution, which was 
 unanimously adopted : 
 
 ResolveJy that tlie thanlvs of llie Rar of Detroit be tcndcrcl to 
 Messrs. Wm. 13, Hunt and Jolin Karrar, tlic committee appointed 
 
194 
 
 DISTRICT CKl.MLNAL COURT, 
 
 to supcriiitcml the construction of the new Court House of this 
 county, anil also to Messrs. Henry K. I'erry and Charles Jackson, 
 contractors and builders, fr)r its tasteful and commodious arrange- 
 ment, neatness, and simplicity of style, aiul its permanent and 
 substantial character as a public and linproof buildinis'. 
 
 The buildinjr was used (ov tlie sessions of tlic 
 District, County, and Circuit Courts, until liic com- 
 pletion of tilt- new City Hall. The march of im- 
 provement left the i)uiklin,!L^ in the rear, and it was 
 sold to private |)arties, who ton; it down. On May 
 31, 1 87 1, the liar of the city held their last and 
 
 fit^^ff^^ 
 
 Fo:iMER Coi'.NTV UlIiniNG, ROI'THWRST COKNEK GrISWOLD 
 
 AND L\)NliUl'.SS SrKliKTS. 
 
 commemorative meeting within its walls, and a sup- 
 per was served. The work of tearing down the 
 building was commenced on June 14, \Sji. 
 
 The judges of the Circuit Court have been as 
 follows: 1S37-1844, George Morell ; 1844-1847, D. 
 Goodwin; 1847-1851, \V. Wing ; 1851-1857, .S. T. 
 Douglass; 1S57-1867, 13. F. H. Witherell ; 1867 and 
 
 1868, C. I. Walker; i86y, 11. ]\. Urown ; 1S70-1876, 
 Jared I'atchin; 1S76 to November i, 1879, C. J. 
 Reilly; November i, 1879101882, V. H. Chambers; 
 188210 , F. H. Chambers, J.J. S[)eed, Wm. 
 
 Jennison. 
 
 The associate judges of the Circuit Court were: 
 1837-1841, Cyrus Howard, Charles .Moran ; 1841, 
 R. T. Elliott, Kli Rradshaw ; 1842-1845, I'.li I'.rad- 
 shavv, K. Farnsworth ; 1845-1847, J. 11. ISagg, J. 
 Gunning. 
 
 By Act of 1836 the judges of Circuit Courts 
 appointed the clerks of the Circuit Courts, but by 
 the Constitution of 1850 the county clerk became 
 clerk of the court. 
 
 The following persons served as clerks of the 
 First Circuit prior lo 1850: 1836, John Winder; 
 1837 1 841. Charles Peltier; 1841-1843, Theodore 
 Williams; 1843-1845, Geo. R. Griswold ; 1845 and 
 1846, A. Ten Eyck ; 1847 and 1848, I). C. Hol- 
 brook ; 1849 and 1850, Silas A. Hagg. 
 
 DISTKR r CKIMIX.Vr, COl-RI'. 
 
 This court, established by law of Feiiruary 27, 
 1840, for Wayne County only, was created solely to 
 try criminal crises. The judge was ai)pointe(l by 
 the governor, and the associate judges of Circuit 
 Courts were to sit as associates. Four terms were 
 held yearly, beginning on the first Tuesday of 
 March, June, September, and December. It was 
 abolished by Act of March 9, 1843, and a new law 
 passed, providing District Criminal Courts for the 
 State ; Wayne, Oakland, Washten.aw, and Jackson 
 Counties forming a district. B. F. H. Witherell was 
 judge of this district during the existence of these 
 courts, which were abolished by Act of April 3, 1848, 
 the exclusive jurisdiction of criminal cases being 
 then given to the county courts. 
 
 The ofTu 
 of 1824. 'I 
 of the ma\ 
 death. By 
 over the M; 
 unable to t 
 recortlcr wr 
 poi.itments 
 date the ofli 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII 
 
 MAYOR'S COURT. -KKCORDKR'S COURT. -l'(OLICl': COURT.— SUPERIOR COURT.- 
 COMMISSIONERS.— JUSTICES.— NOTARIES.— LAWYERS.— DETROIT 
 
 BAR LIBRARY. 
 
 mayor's roiiRT. 
 
 The city rhartcr of Au,i,aisi 5, iiS24, provided that 
 the mayor, recorder, and aldernieii, or any three of 
 them, iiii_i(ht hold a court to try offences against city 
 laws and ordinances, and gave them the power of 
 justices of the peace. The court was to be lieki on 
 the second Monday of each month, and to continue 
 three tiays. In later years sessions were hel'! at such 
 times ;is the council agreed upon, and two of the 
 aldermen were designated, from time to time, to sit 
 with the mayor. Many times the sessions were 
 little more than a farce. The court would line or 
 imprison, and the |)arties sentenced would petition 
 the Common Council, and be reltvised, or have their 
 lines remitted. 
 
 On June 24, 1S20, John Van Alter, confined in jail 
 for riotous conduct, was released on giving his note 
 for five dollars and thirty-seven cents, amount oi 
 costs and charges " payable to supervi.sor " in labor 
 for use of the corporation. 
 
 An amendment to the charter of the city, on June 
 29, 1S32, gave the council power to compel convicts 
 to work on the streets, with ball and chain attached. 
 In August, 1836, several prisoners escaped while 
 thus laboring, and on August 19, 1837, the practice 
 was ordered ilisconlinued. Two years later, on June 
 18, 1839, the street commissioner was authorized to 
 employ jjcrsons in j.al. under sentence, to work on 
 streets, and they were to be credited the usual prices 
 for labor, their earnings to be ajiplied to the pay- 
 ment of their tines and costs. \s late as 1843 pris- 
 oners were so emjiloyed. 
 
 In 1857 the court was superseded by the Re- 
 corder's Court. 
 
 kkcordf.r's court. 
 The office of recorder was created by the charter 
 of 1824. The incumbent was to perform the duties 
 of the mayor, in case of liis absence, sickness, or 
 death. By law of 1846 the mayor was to preside 
 over the Mayor's Court only when the recorder was 
 unable to do so, and from that date the office of 
 recorder was chieily judicial. Up to 1849 the ap- 
 pointments were made by the council, but after that 
 date the otlfice was elective. 
 
 The followincf pcr.'^nns scn'cd ns recorders : 
 1824 and 1825, A. (;. Whitney; 1826, J. Kearsley; 
 1827, E. 1*. Hastings; 1828, B. F. H. Witherell ; 
 1829, Joseph Torrey; 1830, A. S. Porter; 1831, H. 
 S. Cole; 1832 and 1833, E. A. Brush; 1834, A. S. 
 Porter; 1835, H. Chipman; 1836, A. D. Eraser; 
 1837, Ross Wilkins; 1838, E. A. Brush; 1839, A. 
 U. Eraser; 1840 and 1S42, B. F. H. Witherell; 
 1843, E. S. Lee; 1844, A. S. Williams; 1845-1848, 
 E. A. Brush; 1848, J. F. Joy; 1849, M. J. Bacon; 
 1850, D. E. Ilarbaugh; 1851 and 1S52, J. II. Bagg; 
 1833, Ci. V. N. Lothrop; 1854, W. A. Cook; 1855- 
 1858, II. A. Morrow. 
 
 By the almost entirely new charter of February 
 5, 1857, the Recorder's Court took the place of 
 the Mayor's Court, with jurisdiction in all cases of 
 offences against the provisions of the city charter 
 ami ordinances, and in all cases of criminal offences 
 against State law committed in Detroit, over which 
 the police justice had not jurisdiction; also jurisdic- 
 tion in all matters pertaining to the opening of 
 streets and alleys, with .some other special powers. 
 The law creating this court took effect on Janu- 
 ary 13, 1858, but the first session of the court was 
 not held until February i following. Sessions of 
 this court have always been held in the City Hall. 
 By Act of March 12, 1861, the judge was to be 
 elected every six years. Act of April 4, 1873, 
 provided for the emi^loyment of a stenographer, 
 and a subseipient Act of March 26, 1875, defined 
 fully his powers, duties, and salary. Originally 
 elected at the annual city election, under Act of 
 February 18, 1S75, the election of judge of the 
 Recorder's Court takes place on the first Monday 
 of April. The salary of the recorder is $4,000, part 
 of which is paid by the State, as many offences 
 again'st State law come before this court. The clerk 
 and de]niiy clerk of the court are appointed by the 
 judge lor terms of two years. Lists of six hun- 
 dred jurors for this court are yearly selected by jury 
 commissioners, in the same way as for the Circuit 
 Court; slips with the names are then placed in a 
 jury-box, and the clerk, in presence of the judge and 
 sheriff, under a standing order from the judge, draws 
 out fifty names of petit jurors for each of the twelve 
 
 l'95l 
 
196 
 
 POLICE COURT.— SUPERIOR COURT. 
 
 terms; out of tlicsf, on account of numerous exemp- 
 tions, only .'I sutlicicnl number of jurors is obtaineci. 
 Tlie lists of jurors for street-opening- cases are se- 
 lected by the assessors, clerk of the court, and 
 slicriff from amonv;- ihc freeholders; three htindri'd 
 names beiny selecleil, the jurors are drawn in llie 
 same way as for other cases, j mors' fees in this 
 court arc §2 per day. 
 
 The jikl^es of Recorder's Court ha\e been : From 
 January 13, 1858, to August 18, 1862, Henry A. 
 Morrow; August 18, 1862, to January 16, 1S64, ]>. 
 F. H. Witherell, acting- jud,t;e ; January 16, 1864, to 
 May 16, 1864, Benjamin F. Hyde; May 16, 1864,10 
 November 19, 1866, 15. F. 11. Witherell, acting- 
 jiid)4e ; November 19, 1866, to , CJeorge S. 
 
 Swift. 
 
 Up to 1864 the city clerk was also the clerk of 
 the Recorder's Court. Since 1864 the clerks have 
 been as follows : 1864-1874, J. T. Meldrum; 1S74- 
 1877, A. I. McLeod ; 1877- , Cieor^e H. Lesher. 
 Deputy clerks: 1873-1877, Ceo. II. Lesher; 1877- 
 , Charles R. Bags- 
 
 I'OLICK COURT. 
 
 This court was established by Act of April 2, 
 185a, and is held daily. In case of any violation of 
 State law committed in Detroit in which a justice of 
 the peace woukl have jurisdiction, the police justice 
 has power to cotiduct the examination, and dis- 
 charj^e, or bind over to the Recorder's Court ; lie 
 has also jurisdielion in such cases of violation of 
 city ordinances as the Common Council shall, by 
 ordinance, confer upon him; in some cases it is 
 made his duty, on conviction, to sentence guilty 
 parties to the House of Correction. He is elected 
 at the regular ch.irter election in November, for 
 terms of four vears. jurors in this coiu't are obtained 
 in much the same manner iis in justices' courts, six 
 persons composing a jury. 
 
 liy .\ct of February 17, 1857, the police justice 
 had power to appoint a clerk, but by -Vcl of March 
 20. 1863, this power was lodgetl with the Conunon 
 Council. Since 1861 the council has yearly ap- 
 pointed one of the regular justices of the peace as 
 assistant police justice, to act in case of the sickness 
 or absence of the elected justice. 
 
 No one of the other courts has been moved about 
 as much as this one. Originally holding its sessions 
 at the olTice of the police justice, at number 96 Jef- 
 ferson Avenue, in 1852 it was moved to the Me- 
 chanics' Hall on Cidswold Street. On March 15, 
 1861, a fire partially burned this building, ..nd on 
 March 1 8 sessions of the court began to be held in 
 the Congregational Church on Jefferson Avenue. 
 The coimty auditors growing negligent in paying 
 for this building, Justice Hagg received notice to 
 quit, and not being able at once to find suitable 
 
 quarters, on August 6 and 7, 1861, he lu'ld si'ssions of 
 the c(]in't under the jjojilar tri'i's, on the site of the 
 present City Hall, and near Michigan y\ venue. The 
 court was next held in the coinicil-chamber of the 
 City Hall, remaining there until the court-room, on 
 northwest corner of Clinton anil I'aton .Streets, was 
 built. This building was first occupied in January, 
 1863. 
 
 It being necessary to enlarge the court-room, the 
 court held sessions at Lafayette Hall, on Cratiot 
 Avenue, near St. Antoine Street, from December 10, 
 1878, until February 22, 1879, when it took posses- 
 sion of the enlarged court-room, in the old location 
 on Clinton Street. 
 
 After the establishment of the Metropolitan Police 
 in 1865, it was deemed desirable to provide for the 
 summary trial of persons arrested for vagrancy, 
 ' unkenness, or disorderly conduct, as violators of 
 city ordinances. Accordingly, on April i, 1866, the 
 Common Council established the Central Station 
 Court, which was held at 7 A. M. by the police justice 
 daily, up to the passage of ordinance of April 3. 
 1878, after which time it opened at 8 A. M. The 
 city charter of 1 883 made no provision for the con- 
 tinuation of this court, and 0:1 October 23, 1883, the 
 .Sui)reme Court decided that its continuance was 
 illegal, and its sessions ceased. The salary of the 
 police justice was then increased from $2,400 to 
 $3,000, and that of the clerk from $1,200 to $1,750, 
 with the imderstanding that the class of persons 
 formerly tried in a siunmary manner should be tried 
 at a regular sessi 1 of the court. 
 
 The following persons served as police justices 
 for the years named: 1850- 1853, P. C. Higgins; 
 1 853- 1 862, 15. Rush Bagg; 1862- 1866, Minot T. 
 Lane; 1866-1870, Julius Stoll ; 1870-1873, Albert 
 G. Boynton ; 1873-1878, D. E. Harbaugh; 1878- 
 , John Miner. 
 
 The assistant police justices have been as fol- 
 lows : 1861, H. H. Swinscoe ; 1 862-1 863, E. Fecht ; 
 1 866- 1 S69, Joseph Kuhn; 1869, S. 15. McCracken ; 
 1870, Peter Giienther ; 1871-1872,1''. Krecke ; 1873, 
 F. J. Barbier ; 1874, Albert .Scheu ; 1875-1876, F. J. 
 Barbier ; 1877-1878, Peter Cnienther; 1879-1880, 
 Felix .\. Lempkie ; 1881, C. H. Borgman, 1882- 
 , D. P.. Willemin. 
 
 The following have served as clerks of the Police 
 Court: 1857-1861, P. McLogan; 1862, P. B. Austin; 
 1863-1866, H. A. Schmittdiel ; 1S66-1867, Peter 
 Guenther ; 1868, Henry L'lrich; 1869, E. E. Kane; 
 1870, J. H. Daly; 1871-1877, Frank A. Noah; 
 1877, L. 1). Sale; 1878, J.imes Daly; 1879-1882, 
 Edwin Jerome, Jr.; 1882- , P. J. Sheahan. 
 
 SUI'KRIOR COURT. 
 
 This court was established by Acts of March 28, 
 1873, and February 4, 1875, and the first formal 
 
 i 
 
~«t3iOMBBa3»'*'^ 
 
 COMMISSIONERS.— JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 
 
 197 
 
 session was lu'ld nn June ii, 1873. The chief fea- 
 tures in tiie jurisdiction of this court arc as follows : 
 Civil actions of a transitory nature, where the debt 
 dania^a'S exceed §100, may be brought before it; 
 and suits concerninij titles to, possession of, or 
 daniajfes to any real estate in the city, and all 
 actions for foreclosure of niortjj^rii^es in the city, may 
 be tried in this court ; and in several particulars it 
 has the same jurisdiction as the Circuit Court. Its 
 first sessions were held in what is known as the Seitz 
 Block, but in December, 1S77, it was movetl to the 
 Mechanics' lUock, on the corner of Lafayette Avenue 
 and Griswokl Street, the city taking a lease of five 
 years at $1,000 a year. The first session was held 
 there January 22, 1877. On March i, 18S3, the 
 court began to use temporarily the council chamber 
 in the City Hall, where it remained until March 14, 
 when it began to occupy its new quarters in the 
 Central Market Building. 
 
 Lhider the original law the jurors were selected 
 by the judge, clerk, and slu'riff ; they are now 
 selected by the jury commissioners. The fee of 
 jurors is §2 jier clay. The salary of the judge is 
 §4,000 per year. The county pays $1,500 towards 
 the salary of the judge, and the city pays all the 
 other expenses except the jury fees, which, since 
 1879, have been paid by the county. 
 
 The term for which the judge is elected is six 
 years. The term of the tirst judge, Lyman Cochrane, 
 began May i, 1873, and terminated with his death 
 in February, 1879. Judge Swift, of the Recorder's 
 Court, filled the vacancy until the election in April, 
 when J. Logan Chipman was chosen. By the Act 
 of 1873 the county clerk was made the clerk of the 
 court. By amended Act of 1875 the clerk and 
 deputy clerk were to be ap: ,)inted by the judge for 
 terms of two years, dating from January, 1876. 
 Walter S. H.nrsha was the first clerk, serving tW. 
 November 12, 1878. when (icorge F. Rohison was 
 appointed ; on June i, 1879, he was succeeded byj. 
 B. Moloney. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Commissioners of Bail were provided for by law 
 of November 13, 1820. and the records show that 
 the following appointments were made : 1821, Janu- 
 ary 16, Charles C. Trowbridge; 1826, February 15, 
 John Winder. The powers of this office were even- 
 tually transferred to the circuit court commissioners, 
 and justices of the peace. 
 
 The office of circuit court commissioner was cre- 
 ated March 9, 1843, and the powers belonging to it 
 make the incumbents judges, and their office a court- 
 room. A commissioner has power to determine 
 the rights of either landlord or tenant, when the 
 title to the property is not involved ; and such cases 
 make a large share of the business brought before 
 
 him. He may take bail in suits instituted to re- 
 cover penalties or damages for any wrong or injury, 
 the amount of which is not fully known, and may 
 determine the amount of bail to be given, and the 
 sufficiency of the surety. By Act of April 3, 1869, 
 the power of issuing writs of habeas corpus w;is 
 taken from these officers. 
 
 Under Act of 1843 one commissioner was ap- 
 pointed for the county, by the governor and Senate. 
 By law of April 2, 1850, two for each county, to 
 serve for four years each, miglit be appointed. By 
 Act of April 8, 1851, the governor was authorized to 
 appoint an additional conmiissioncr for Wayne 
 County, to serve till January i, 1853. By Act f)f 
 February 14, 1853, the governor wa^ again author- 
 ized to appoint an additional commissioner, who was 
 to serve until January, 1855, when two, which the 
 same Act provided should be elected in November, 
 1854, were to enter upon their duties. 
 
 The commissioners cu^e paiil entirely by fees ; 
 they ser\'e for two years, and are elected at the 
 same time as other coiuity officers. They iiave 
 been as follows: 1 843-1 846, IC. Smith Lee; 1846- 
 1S50, Elislia Taylor ; 1850 and 1851, Cieorgi^Robb, 
 W. T. Young; 1852, George Robb, I). A. A. Ijis- 
 worth, A. Mandell ; 1853 and 1854, D. A. \. En.s- 
 worth, A. Mandell, W. T. Young; 1S55 and 1856, 
 D. A. A. Ensworth, R. II. Brown; 1857 and 1858, 
 T. S. Blackmar, R. H. Brown; 1859 and 1860, T. S. 
 Blackmar, (".. H. I'rentis; 1861 and 1862, F. B. 
 Porter, Ervin Palmer; 1863 and 1864, T. S. Black- 
 mar, Ci. H. Prentis; 1865-1866, (">. 11. I'rentis, T. 
 K. C.illett; 1S67, T. K. (nllett, W. S. Alwood ; 
 1868, B. T. Prentis, T. K. C.illett; 1869-1873, B. T. 
 Prentis, E. Minnock ; 1873 and 1874, C. H. Penni- 
 man, Henry Plass, Jr. ; 1875 and 1876, J. .V. Ran- 
 dall, J. II. Pound ; 1S77 and 1878, J. A. Randall. 1). 
 B. Hibbard; 1879 and 1880, J. A. Randall, II. F. 
 Chi[)man; 1881- , Charles Flowers, W. J. Craig. 
 
 JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. 
 
 No office is older than this. It existed under 
 English law, and was established in Northwest 
 Territory August 23, 1788. On August 19, 1796, 
 about <T. month after the first occupation of Detroit 
 by the United States, Winthrop Sargent, acting 
 governor of the Northwest Territor)', commissioned 
 several justices for Wayne County. 
 
 Under the Territory of Michigan, by Act of 
 September 16, 1810, the jurisdiction of justices was 
 enlarged, and at the present time, with the exception 
 of some causes specially reserved from their juris- 
 diction, they have original jurisdiction in all civil 
 actions where the debt or damage does not exceed 
 $100, and also the same jurisdiction that the 
 Superior and Circuit Courts have in civil actions, 
 
198 
 
 NOTARIES. 
 
 growing out of definite or implied contracts, wiiere 
 tile debt or dain.nge does not exceed $300. 
 
 Under territorial rule justices were a|)pointe(l by 
 the governor. Hy the Constitution of 1S35 each 
 township was authorized to elect four justici's, to 
 serve for four years, and by Act of March 14, i<S36, 
 Detroit, as a township, was directed to elect six 
 instead of four justices. 
 
 The city charter, as amended on March 27, 1839, 
 directed that justices of the peace should be elected 
 at the same time as city ot'licers. 
 
 The Revised Statutes of 1 846 provided that De- 
 troit should have four justices of the peace, and on 
 February 5, 1857, the new charter provided for the 
 election of six justices, to .serve for three years each. 
 A law of April 25, 1883, provided that after July, 
 1884, there should be but three justices of the peace 
 for the city instead of six, all to be elected at regu- 
 lar charter elections, and paid a salary of $1,500 
 each by the county. They had been paid solely by 
 fees. The law also provided that the county auditor 
 should sujjply rooms and necessary furniture, books, 
 etc. A clerk is also provided for, at a salary of 
 $ 1 ,000. 
 
 jurors for Justices' Courts may be selected from 
 property holders by the constable. Eighteen names 
 being obtained, each party may strike out six names, 
 and the remaining six form the jury. Jurors are 
 paid fifty cents per day. 
 
 The following list of the earlier justices in Wayne 
 County and Detroit will preserve the name and 
 memory of many citizens. The date of appoint- 
 ment given is the earliest dale found; many of the 
 persons were reappointed, or elcited to the same 
 ofTice, from time to time. After 1S80 the names of 
 Detroit justices are given year by year : 
 
 1796, Robert Navarre, James May, James Abbott, 
 Louis Beaufait, Joseph Noyer, Francis Navarre, 
 Nathan Williams; 1799, 1'. McNiff ; 1805, I'eter 
 Audrain. J. Dodemead, Stanley Cjriswold, Antoine 
 Decjuindre, Richard .Smyth, Robert Abbott, James 
 Henry, \Vm. McD. Scott, Matthew Ernest; 181 1, 
 Louis Bond ; 1814. (ieorgc McDougall ; 1816, Thos. 
 Rowland, David B. McComb ; 1817, John L. Leib ; 
 1818, John McDonnell ; 1820, James 1). Doty, John 
 .Sturgis, John J. Deming ; 1821, Jacob \'isger; 
 1822, Wm. W. Petit, John A. Rucker; 1823, V. 
 Spalding, Benj. Woodruff; 1824. Wm. Bucklin, 
 John Burbank, B. F. H. Witherell ; 1825, O. W, 
 Whitmore, Elisha W. Ramsey, Orville Cook, Ama- 
 riah Ransom, Selak Neale ; 1826, H.S.Cole; 1827, 
 Jonathan Kearsley, Joseph Baron, Joseph Hickcox, 
 Prosper Lawrence; 1828, J. D. Davis, ]5. F. Fox, 
 Wm. Bartow, Scth Dunham, Philo Taylor, David 
 Smith, Marcus Swift, Ellis Doty, Daniel. Goodell, 
 Wm. Little, Joel Thomas; 1829, Martin Clark; 
 1830, D. R. Rose, A. McNath, Matthew Wood, 
 
 Nathaniel Case. Jed Hunt, Alva .Swift, J. F. Chubb, 
 Rodmrm Stodd.ard, Henry Sprague, Artemas Hos- 
 mer, A. C. Triiax ; 1831, Ara Spr.ague, Mattlu'w 
 Woods, ]>enajah Holbrook, Koswell Root, II. I). 
 Holbrook, Wm. Yerkcs, Eli Bradshaw ; 1832, Levi 
 Williams, C. S. Hooker, D. L. Cody, G. W. Fer- 
 rington, R. I). Smith, John Kirby ; 1833, Samuel 
 Torbert, Henry Chipman, Asher IS. Bates, John W. 
 Strong, Jub.i Barrows, I'eter Van Every; 1834, 
 Jason Tyler, T. E. Schooler, Levi Farnsworth, Phi- 
 lander ISird, '["hos. Harper, Hiram Wilmarth, James 
 Saffon.1, E/A'a Derby, I'aul Rice, Cyrus Ht)ward, 
 Russell Ransom, Amnion Brown; 1835, A. A. Bird, 
 Marshall J. Bacon, 1. S. Saunders, Chas. J. Irving, 
 Lambert Beaubien, Thos. Lewis, John Simpson, 
 Titus Dort, J. F. I'ullen, Hiram Whitman, Warren 
 Tuttle, D.ivid Cable, II. A. Xoyes, Amos Stevens, 
 y\mna Bradford, John l'"airbanks, Nathaniel Case, 
 John Clark, Thos. Downs, Claude Campau, Martin 
 (Ireenman, E. J. Roberts, D. W. Smead ; 1837, D. 
 E. Ilarbaugh, B. F. H. Witherell. L. Coodell, C. 
 Moran, H. \'. Disbrow ; 1840. S. Conant, ICzra 
 Williams; 1841, i'eter Dcsnoyers ; 1842, (1. A. 
 O'Keefe; 1843, Thos. Williams, J. 15. Watson; 
 1844, IlughO'Ik-irne, Wm. T. Young, !•". II. Harris; 
 1846, (ieorge Clancy; 1847, Chas. I'eltier; [8.',8, 
 Wm. Cook; 1849, Thos, Christian; 1850, ^Vm. 
 Walker; 1852, B. Rush Bagg, J. J. Cicotte ; 1853, 
 (".. Spencer; 1855, Elisha Chase, Henry Chcii-e; 
 
 1856, M. T. Lane, S. I'. I'urdy, C. B. J:nswort.i ; 
 
 1857, Stephen Martin ; 1859, Eugene I'eclit ; 1860, 
 Joseph Kiihn, Julius Stoll; i86i,II. H. .Swinscoe; 
 1863, John Fuller, T. McCarthy; 1866, S. B. Mc- 
 Cracken, P. B. Austin ; 1869, Alo's Wuertli, I'eter 
 Cuentlier; 1870, A. L.ulue, A. Stutte ; 1871, Morens 
 Krecke, F. J. Barbier; 1872, Herman Kulin. J. (). 
 Melick, II. Z. Potter; 1873, Allurt Scheu ; 1874, S. 
 J. Martin ; 1876, D. B. Brown, F. A. Leinkie, A. 
 Ci. Comstnck; 1878. Alexander Toll, John Weber; 
 1880, S. 1). Craig, John i'.itton, 1). Sheehan, C. H. 
 Borgman ; 1881, John Weber, S, I). Cnu'g, John 
 Patton, D. Sheeh.an, C. II. Borgman. 1). B. Wille- 
 min; 1882, F. A. Lenikie, S. I). Craig, John Patton, 
 I). Sheehan, C. H. Borgman. I). P.. Willemin; 1883, 
 the same as in 1882, with the exception of Walter 
 Ross in place of S. I). Craig. 
 
 Under the law of 1883 the following justices will 
 remain in ollice after July, 1884: I). 15. Willemin, 
 whose term expires in July, 1885; !•". A. Lemkie, 
 whose term expires in July, 1886; and W. Ross, 
 whose term expires in July, 1887. One justice, will 
 be elected in the f.ill of 1884, 
 
 NOIARIKS. 
 
 Under the Northwest Territory notaries were ap- 
 pointed by the governor, in January, 1799, F. D. 
 Bellecour w.'is ajipointi'd by W'inthrop Sargent. 
 
 Notarit 
 Senate, 
 mi.ssion 
 .solely 1 
 t.iking ( 
 to conti 
 acknowl 
 strumen 
 test for 1 
 
 The r 
 
 congreg.' 
 
 this vicin 
 
 rooms e^ 
 
 with eve 
 
 vaults, ai 
 
 buildings 
 
 Moffat," A 
 
 Telegrapl 
 
 iHTry and 
 
 By law , 
 
 the privilt 
 
 governor. 
 
 By law 
 
 1809, atto 
 
 judges of t 
 
 1820, prov 
 Court mig 
 
 1 82 1, a let 
 Beach to p 
 
 At the p 
 good mora 
 twenty-one 
 the several 
 amination 1: 
 before a et 
 the court. 
 
 A 1,-irge n 
 
 organization 
 
 the City of 
 
 the Legislat 
 
 original oOie 
 
 Theodore R 
 
 Treasurer, R 
 
 Not a few 
 
 cerning mem 
 
 brilliant and 
 
 tedium of coi 
 
 specimen : A 
 
 and each side 
 
 ■ of attorneys 1 
 
 was to make 1 
 
 He commence 
 
 f^are to all the 
 
 of law, and ( 
 
 having done ; 
 
I.AWVIIKS.-- DETROIT WAR LIBRARY 
 
 '99 
 
 Notaries arc now a]5pointeci by the j^overnor and 
 Senate. Tlieir niinil)er is not limited; tiieir com- 
 missions hold )j;oo(l for four years, and tliey are paid 
 solely by fees reeei\ed. Their ])o\ver consists in 
 takinji^ depositions of parties who wish, under oath, 
 to confirm any statement they may make, taking 
 acknowledgements of deeds, morlv;aj;'es, sealed in- 
 btruments of any kind, and issuing notices of pro- 
 test for non-payment of notes. 
 
 LAWYKRS. 
 
 The members of the legal profession are chiefly 
 congregated on Ciriswold St'-"t. Whole blocks in 
 this vicinity are tilted up w ith otlices and suites of 
 rooms especially for their accommodation, ])rovitled 
 with every convenience in the way of elevators, 
 vaults, and steam-heating apparatus. Among the 
 buildings devoted chiefly to lawyers' oi'tices are the 
 Moffat, Miller, Buhl. Seitz, Burns, Lewis, lUitler, 
 Telegraph, and Mechanics' IMocks, and t'"-. New- 
 berry and McMillan and Campau Ikiildings, 
 
 By law of Northwest Territory the power to grant 
 the privilege of practicing I.. ,\ was vested in the 
 governor. 
 
 15y law of Michigan Territory, of February 23, 
 1809, attorneys were to be licensed only by the 
 judges of the Supreme Court. A law of October 1, 
 i(S2o, provided that any two judges of the Supreme 
 Court might admit to practice. On August 31, 
 1 82 1, a legislative Act was passed admitting S. B. 
 Beach to practice as an attorney. 
 
 At the jiresent time, under State law, persons of 
 good moral character, resident in the State, and 
 twenty-one years of age, are admitted to practice in 
 the several courts, upon passing a satisfactory ex- 
 amination before the court, or, as is usually the case, 
 before a committee appointed for this purpose by 
 the court. 
 
 A large number of the lawyers are united in an 
 organization called "The Association of the Bar of 
 the City of Detroit," established under an Act of 
 the Legislature, on \L'iy 10, 1881. The following 
 original officers were still serving in 1S83 : rrcsident, 
 Theodore Romeyn ; Secretary, H. ^L Cheever ; 
 Treasurer, Robert V. Toms. 
 
 Not a few pungent anecdotes could be told con- 
 cerning members of the Detroit I5ar. Of the many 
 brilliant and witty retorts that have relieved the 
 tedium of court cases, the following will serve as a 
 specimen : A case was on trial in the Circuit Court, 
 and each side was present with a formidable array 
 of attorneys and coiuisel. The late A. D. Fraser 
 was to make the closing argument, for the defence. 
 He commenced by saying that he had listened with 
 care to all the evidence, had e.xamined all the points 
 of law, and digested the facts in the case ; and 
 having done so, he felt fully acquainted with its 
 
 merits, — so fully, indeed, that he was willing to 
 represent it, and in fact he stood as the r/^/i/ iuruwr 
 of the defence. Turning to the then young attor- 
 ney on the ojiposing side (James \^ Campbell) he 
 said, " Perhaps my young Sunday School friend 
 does not know what the right bower is?" "Oh 
 yes," said the present judge of the Supreme Court, 
 " we know what it is ; it 's the biggest knave in the 
 pack." 
 
 DETROIT I5AR LIBRARY. 
 
 The nu::leus of a Bar Library must have been 
 formed as , arly as May 19, 1838, as a vote of the 
 Common Council, on that date, gave a rocm in the 
 City Hall, as a consultation and library room, to the 
 " Bar of the City of Detroit." The next effort was 
 made on December 15, 1851 ; a meeting of lawyers 
 was then held, anil on motion of (\. \'. N. Lothrop 
 a coiumittee of live was appointed to consider the 
 subject of establishing a law library. The commit- 
 tee apparently never reported, ancl finally, on July 
 6, 1853, a paper, evidently drawn up by Judge C. J. 
 O'Flyiui, was circulated among the lawyers, asking 
 for subscriptions of one hundred dollars each 
 towards a fund for the purchase of books, and 
 authorizing Judge O'Flynn to draw up Articles of 
 Association for a Bar Library, (Jeo. F. Hand, C.J. 
 O'Flynn, C. V. N. Lothrop, C. I. Walker, T, W. 
 Lockwood, Le\i Bishop, and Wm. (Iray imited in 
 calling a meeting, and the Association was organized 
 on July 21, 1853. A constitution was adopted, the 
 provisions of which fixed the capital stock at 
 $15,000, to be represented by one hundred and fifty 
 shares, at one hundred dollars |3er share. The fol- 
 lowing were the first officers: President, (".eo.F. 
 Hand ; Treasurer, T. W. Lockwood ; Secretary, J. 
 \. Campbell ; Librarian, Sears Stevens. 
 
 A room in the rotunda was rented, and the 
 library duly established. The number of books at 
 commencement was estimated at about six hundred 
 volumes, valued at $3,000. At a meeting of the 
 stockholders on July 13, 1867, it appeared that the 
 cash valuation of the library was $8,437.67, subject 
 to a debt of $2,000, due to A. S. Bagg for books. 
 At this meeting the stock was eciualized among the 
 stockholders, according to the amount each liad paid 
 in ; and soon afterwards twenty-two shares of stock 
 were issued, for the purpo.'.e of paying debts and 
 furnishing more books. In July, 1868, the library 
 was renfoved to the Buhl Block, on the southwest 
 corner of (iriswold and Congress Streets. 
 
 On October 5, 1868, Judge Hand resigned the 
 presidency, which he had held since 1853, and Chas, 
 L Walker was elected in his place. On February 
 14, 1874, Mr. Walker resigned, and H. K. Clarke was 
 elected. In 1876 Ashley Bond became president. 
 
 In 1871 the library was removed to the Seitz 
 
200 
 
 DETROIT BAR LIBRARY. 
 
 Building, fronting on Congress Street, and in 1880 
 to the Newberry and McMillan Building. 
 
 On January 2, 1874, the shelves contained 3,163 
 volumes, valued .it $14,000. It was then decided 
 that at least S-.Soo ^^'i-'^ necessary to perfect the 
 sets, and forty new shares of stock were ordered to 
 be issued. The yearly dues, payable quarterly, in 
 January. April, July, and October, are as follows : 
 ten dollars for attorneys of less than two years* 
 standing ; twenty dollars for attorneys of over two, 
 and not exceeding four years' standing ; thirty-live 
 dollars for attorneys of over four, and not exceeding 
 eight vears' standing ; all others sixty dollars ; for 
 law firms of two members, sixty per cent for the 
 second member ; for law firms of three members, 
 one hundred per cent for the two additional per- 
 
 sons, — the rate to be added to be determined by the 
 standing of the oldest member of the firm. A divi- 
 dend of not more than six per cent is allowed stock- 
 holders. The capital stock and shares remain as 
 fixed at the time of organization, and about one 
 hundred and twenty shares arc paid for. 
 
 The yearly expenses of management arc about 
 $1,100. The annual meeting is held on the last 
 Monday in January of each year, at 10 A. M. 
 
 The library is open from eight in the morning to 
 half-past twelve, and from two to half-past five in 
 the afternoon, each week day. Miss Helen Norton 
 has been librarian since January. 1876. 
 
 Law libraries, for the special benefit of themselves 
 and their tenants, were established in 1S80 by the 
 owners of the Buhl and Mechanics' Blocks. 
 
CHAPTER X X X 1 V. 
 
 MORALS.— CITV MARSHALS.— l'()LICi:.—.SHi:Rn'KS. 
 
 C()Nstai;li:s. 
 
 'ROSKCr 
 
 \Cr ATTOiiXKYS.— 
 
 MORALS. 
 
 Like any other settlement of a semi-military 
 eiiaraeter, tiie morals of Detroit, almost from the 
 first, needed some mendini;'. On June 14, 1704, 
 Count i'ontehartraiii, in a letter to Cadillac, said, " I 
 reeommend that you have a care that the service of 
 (jod he conducted will) decency, and that debauch- 
 ery and l)las|)hemy he banished from the post, and 
 everythinii; be conducted in order." From the i;en- 
 eral tenor of Cadillac's letters there can be no doubt 
 that lie I'udeavored to carry out the spirit of tlu'se 
 suj^i^estions ; but there were men continually hover- 
 ing' about, and occasionally, for a leny^th of time, 
 iiihabitinn' the post, whose presence made impossible 
 the prevention of disorder. The roiirriirs dc />o/s 
 were, in the majority of eases, guilty of every ex- 
 cess; profane, licentious, and drunken, they made a 
 business of corrupting the savages, and it was well- 
 nigh impossible to control their actions. 
 
 The various wars in which the settlement bore a 
 part aggravated all existing moral disorder. The 
 War of 1S12 was especi;il!y detrimental and dis- 
 turbing. Many, in both armies, were reckless and 
 dissipated tn a degree that would not now be toler- 
 ated.' In 181 7 the Rev. Mr. Monleith said, "The 
 |irofancness of the soldiers exceeds anything T ever 
 imagined. There is no Sabbath in this country." 
 Rev. Dr. Alfred I'runson, who was here in 1822, 
 confirmed the general statement of Mr. ^blnteilh, 
 he said : 
 
 Wiicu I first came lo tlu! placr, Siiiulay markets wcri^ as tom- 
 mon as week -day mies. Tlu' rreiich lirinijjlit in their meats, 
 fowls, vegetables, etc., on Sunday as regularly as nn week-days. 
 After selling out they would go to church, attend m.iss, and, per- 
 haps, c<mfess, and pay for absolution out of their market money, 
 and then go home apparently in good spirits. Nor did the Amer- 
 ican and foreign population generally pay any more respect to 
 the day, for they patronized the thing to the fullest extent. On 
 this practice I proclaimed a war of extermination. At hrst it 
 made a stir. I'ut a young Presbyterian preacher, who vas there, 
 joined me in the denunciation of the practice, and, in a short 
 time, the city council decreed that Sunday markets should cease, 
 and in place thereof a market should be opened on Saturday 
 night. This raised a great fuss among the Trench, who, from 
 time immemorial, had thus broken the Sabl)ath, and, .'iftet: market, 
 gone to mass, then lo the horse-races in the afternoon, and fiddled 
 and danced and played cirds at night ; but they made a virtue of 
 necessity, and soon yielded to authority and gave up the Sunday 
 market, but adhered to the other practices. 
 
 A proceeding that savored of the old lllue Laws 
 occurred on Sunday, June 12, 1825, and caused 
 much local excitement. On the morning of that 
 day, Adna Merrilt, the marshal of the city, found 
 eight or ten soldiers fishing on the i)iiblic wharf. 
 He ordered them to put up their liiu;s, or go else- 
 where. They refused. He then went away, soon after 
 returning with a />(>ssr of citi/eiis, some of whom he 
 had summoned from church for the pur]iose of help- 
 ing in the arrest. On their arrival at the wharf the 
 soldiers put up their lines, but demurred at being 
 arrested ; they finally concluded, however, to offer 
 no resistance, and were marched off and confined in 
 jail. The whole of Monrlay and 'I'uesd.ay were 
 taken up with their trial, and Wednesday they were 
 discharged. 
 
 As the town grew, some forms of evil were sup- 
 planted by others, but the standard of morality has 
 certainly improved with the passing of the years. 
 Crime has been compelled to hide fnjiii jiublic gaze, 
 and habits that once were tolerateil and condoned 
 would now debar from good society. The increased 
 independence of the press acts as a preventive to 
 open and gross immorality, compelling purity, or 
 at least ])rivaey, society being the g.ainer in either 
 case. 
 
 The city government has usually acted upon the 
 clearly expressed wishes of the citizens. A most 
 remarkable illustration of this was the actual demo- 
 lition,, by order of the Common Council, of a house 
 of evil resort, occupied by T. Slau.ghter and I'eg 
 Welch. It had become so intolerable a nuisance, 
 and its inmates, withal, were so hedged about with 
 technical rights, that it seemed useless to attempt its 
 suppression by le.gal measures. On November y, 
 1 84 1, Aldernian Bagg offered the following resolu- 
 tion : 
 
 Reso/7','i/, that the marshal is hereby empowered and directed 
 to proceed on Wednesday, the seventeenth inst., with sufficient 
 force and ripparatus, to the corner of Randolph Street and Michi- 
 gan Avenue, and pull down and so demolish all the buildings 
 hitherto owned and occupied by Slaughter, I'eg Welch & Co. as 
 will forever incapacitate them from being used as the abode of 
 human beings, to the end that not only retributive justice shall be 
 visited on those who have been gnilty of such practices, liut ns a 
 precedent to others who may come after them, and a warninj; to 
 those that already exist in the city of their impending fate, 
 
 L201] 
 
2o: 
 
 CITY MARSHALS.- roLlCK. 
 
 On \'()VL'iiil)cr i6 tlic resolution was callccl up, 
 and adopted liy vote of sevi-n to four, and ln'fori' 
 nine o'cloci^ tlie next niorninv;- the city niarsiial and 
 a /ii'.WKi' of lu'lpers had lorn i.\<\\n and deniolisiied the 
 obnoxious doniieile. Suit was i)rouL;lit aj^ainsi tlicni 
 for so doin,^', and on November 23 tiie eity attorney 
 and A. I). Fraser were aiitiiorized to defend them. 
 
 In June, I1S57, tiie eiti/.ens of the tenth ward (then 
 newly added to tiie city) were also v^reatly annoyed 
 by the presence of similar establishments. After 
 tryin.if various methods, tire was applied, and numer- 
 ous houses were deliberately burned, in order to 
 drive away the characters that con!L,^regated tlierein. 
 
 CIl'Y MARSHAL. 
 Tiie office of city marshal was providt^d for in 
 October, ii)02. The duties of the marshal were to 
 enforce the ordinances of the town, and he acted 
 also as chief constable ; by Act of April 15, 1816, he 
 was specially desi,v,mated as a police ofiii-cr. IJy 
 ordinance of March 6, i<S32, the marshal's salary 
 was fixed at §150, which was increased in 183610 
 $600. On the creation of the present police system, 
 in 1S65, the office was abolished. 
 
 The following persons served as eity marshals : 
 1802, Klias Wallen ; 1805, John Connor; 1817, 
 John Meldrum, Duncan Keid ; 1818, H. O. Bronson; 
 1819, Melvin Dorr; 1820, J. W. Colburn; 1821, 
 Robert Ciarratt, S. Sherwood; 1 822-1 823, Smith 
 Knapp ; 1824, (".rilfith Roberts, Adna Merritt ; 1825. 
 AdnaMcrritt; 1826, S. Sherwood ; 1827, Jed Hunt; 
 1828, S.Sherwood; 1829, Adna Merritt; 1830, K. 
 S. Swan; 1831, K. S. Swan, Alex. Campbell; 1832, 
 Alexander Campbell; 1833, J. Scott; 1834, I. 
 Noble; 1835. H. L. Woolsey ; 1836, David Thomp- 
 son ; 1837, A. McArthur; 1838, J. J. C.arrison ; 
 1839, Albert Marsh; 1840, E. C. Bancroft; 1841, 
 K. C. r.ancroft, A. H. Stowell ; 1842, A. H. Stowell, 
 M. L. Cage; 1843, ^I- I- ^'iig^^i D. Thompson; 
 1844-1846, D. Thompson; 1846-1848. J. V. Whiting: 
 1848, Ceo. Miller, I'.benezer 15enluun; 1849, f-ben- 
 ezer Benham, James Beaubien ; 1850-1852, John 
 Warren; 1852, J. W. Daly; 1853, W. H. Barse; 
 1854-1856, Eli Laderoot ; 1856-1858, P. McGinnis ; 
 1858-1860, Chas. Miller; 1860-1863, John B. Stad- 
 ler ; 1863-1865, Daniel Mahoney. 
 
 I'OMCE. 
 
 Sentinels and military patrols were familiar sights 
 in Detroit in the early days of its settlement. When 
 the regular patrol of troops ceased, the inhabitants 
 felt the need of .some other protection ; and there- 
 fore, on August 31, 1804, an ordinance was passed 
 by the trustees " for the better police, and in order 
 to insure additional security for the town, from the 
 dangers to be apprehended fron Indians, as well as 
 other persons, and from fire, etc." 
 
 The: following were some of the provisions of the 
 ordinance. A i);ilrol w.as to be formed, "who in 
 ri'gul.ir rotation shall be cm|iloye(l as a nightly 
 watch; said watch shall be composed of fi\'e per- 
 sons, and shall take up, (iiR'stion, and confine in the 
 watch-house all individuals anil riotous persons 
 found in the streets, or elsewhere within the limits 
 of s.iid tow n after the commencement of this watch; 
 and all juM'sons after eleven o'clock, who can give 
 no satisfactory account of themselves." And " on 
 observing light in any house after eli'veii o'clock, 
 t(> iiKjuire the occasion of it, lest it should \k- burn- 
 ing without the knowledge of the family." 
 
 John Dodemead was charged with the execution of 
 this ordinance, and the court-house was set apart as 
 the watch-house. The police were to assemble i.t 
 9 I'. M. at the court-house, and not to dep;u't, except 
 to patrol, "till daylight in the morning." 
 
 It will be seen that this was practically a night 
 watch, that no d;iy duties were prescribed or pro- 
 vided for. 
 
 The next step in the police gf)\:ernmi'nt was the 
 ,'ippoinlment, on May 11, 1805, of John Connor as 
 police officer. He was also clerk of the market, 
 and the evident ])urpose of the appoinimeiit was to 
 jireserve order at the market, rather than in the 
 town; this is confirmeil by the fait that, as early as 
 1801, township constables were apixiinted, whose 
 duties comprised those of a police officer. 
 
 The organi/alion of a nighl-walch seems to have 
 been a favorite |)roject,antl was freiiueiitly attempted, 
 but the old records indicate that these endeavors, 
 even when successful, were shorl-li\ed. 
 
 On December 19, 1821, the Board of Trustees 
 resolved " that it is the sense of the meeting that a 
 watch .should be established to protect the city at 
 night " and " to attend to the general |)olice of the 
 same," especially in relation to fire. We next find 
 the following, in the council proceedings for March 
 2, 1825 : 
 
 Tn ronseqiidicc of .-i supposed iittcmpt to fin; tlio city (liiriii^ the 
 priN'ioiis night, at a mi'flin.L; of the Common Council un<l I'rce- 
 nicii, a subscription paper was drawn up, and sijjncd by a sul1ii:iiMit 
 number of those present, for a volunteer watch, to be kept up un- 
 til other and permanent measures for the siifety of the city can be 
 taken. 
 
 Soon after, on March 15, an ordinance was passed 
 regulating this city patrol, and making it their duty 
 to cry " Fire ! " in case of a conllagration, and tell 
 on what street it was. 
 
 On account of the not in June, 1833, at the time 
 the colored man ISIackburn and his wife were 
 arrested as slaves, a public meeting was held, and it 
 was resolved "that it is expedient to establish a city 
 watch, to consist of sixteen persons, efficiently 
 armed, with one olficcr in command." This night- 
 watch was organized, and kept up for nearly three 
 
POLICE. 
 
 203 
 
 
 months. In July one humlrtd and five dollars, and 
 in September one tiiindred aiul twenty-nine dollars 
 and sixty-six cents, were i)aid for their services. 
 
 About this time the city commenced toj^mw more 
 rapidly, and amonij the population were manychil- 
 tlren who so annoyed the citizens by petty thievinji; 
 that a meeting was held on December 24, i<S34, and 
 a .Society for the Suppression of I^'clony ori;ani/.ed. 
 
 On January 2, 1835, the ])ropricty of est.iblishinijf 
 a ni,i(ht-watch was ai^ain taken into consideration i)y 
 the council; on the 15th of the same montli an 
 ordinance was passed relatin,v( tlureto; on the 2yth 
 two captains and ten watchmen were api)ointed ; on 
 the 14th of the month followinj;' the city marshal 
 reported that two of the captains and four of the 
 men were drunk and disorderly, and on the 2<Sth the 
 ordinance was repealed. 
 
 The excitement connected with the Patriot War 
 made a ni,i,dit-watch aj^ain necessar)-, and on June 
 13, 1S3.S, one was ors^anizcd, and Colonel ]•'. Urooks 
 api)ointed captain, with power to appoint his helpers. 
 They strved but a few weeks. Towards the close 
 of till' year tlu' sanu' excitement caused the re-es- 
 tablishment of a watch, and on December 4 a force 
 of forty men were appointed, not less than ten of 
 them to be on duty each niijht. On the next day 
 the excitement had so inerea.sed that in order to 
 preserve the peace one hundred and fifty prominent 
 citizens were appointed as an additional patrol. On 
 May 9, 1839, two persons from each ward were 
 ap|iointe(l by the eounc-il as a niii^ht-walch, one to 
 serve every other ni^ht, anil to be paid two dollars 
 for such service. On September 29, i<S4i, ;i volun- 
 teer watch was oru;anized, but they soon wearied of 
 their self-imposed task. 
 
 In the fall of 1843 house-breakinj^ and thievinij 
 prevailed to such an extent that a temporary nij^ht- 
 watch was aj^ain established. In Auijust, 1845, the 
 same reasons ai^ain induced the orj^anization of a 
 volunteer watch. A nieetin.y; of this city watch was 
 held on September 23 at Firemen's Hall, the mayor 
 aetinjj; as chairman, and F. F. Merceron as secretary. 
 Alfred Brush was chosen ea|)tain-ireneral of the 
 watch, and the mayor offered the followinsr : 
 
 Resolved, that the city watch since its organization, although 
 composed principally of citizens owning little or no property, have 
 (lone tluir duty as watchnuii ; and, as not a single firr <ir hiMKlary 
 has occurred, as the streets have been cleared of rioters and row- 
 dies, and the city kept perfectly qnict, the walch are therefore 
 entitled to the warmest thanks of every well-ineaniiiK citizen. 
 
 The folio winij item, from the Advertiser of Octo- 
 ber 2, 1845, ijives an idea of the need of .such a 
 watch and of the dilliculties it encountered, and in- 
 dicates some features of its nianaijement : 
 
 Cnv W.ATCH.— KfTorts are being made to enlarge the lunnber 
 and efficiency of onr volunteer city watch. We suggest to our 
 citizens that supplies of fuel and refreshments will be very accept- 
 able to the watchmen during the approaching long, cold nights. 
 Will they not sec to it ? 
 
 On October 6, 1845, the following appeared: 
 
 Sup|)Ose the store of one of our wealthy merchants, who refuses 
 to assist in sustaining a watch, and who replies to all appli( ations 
 that they can pr<ite<'t thiir own pnipirty, should be enti re<l by 
 thiives or burglars, and the watch slmuld seize them in the act, 
 would not the owmr begin at last to see the necessity of such pro- 
 tection ? If they can be protected by others, and at others' ex 
 pense, they are (|uiti' content, and see no nicd of a watch ! It is 
 desirable to see some relaxation of this illiberality, to see our re- 
 spectable merchants and busines.s men, lawyers, doctors, and 
 ministers come forward and take upon themselves, personally, the 
 functions of watchmen, and contribute in providing rooms, re- 
 fri'shnunts, and fuel for their aeconnnodation. .V new company 
 (No. 7) is to be organized in a few days, anil it is to be hoped its 
 nmkswill hi' cheerfiilly .-ind promptly filled. 
 
 Durinj; the .s.ime month this notice was published 
 by order of the City Watch: 
 
 Resoh'i-if, that the thanks of thi.s company be tendered in Mrs. 
 1'. Iliihl and Mrs. J. 1,. King for sumptuous refreshments fiir- 
 iiislied this company on the nights of the 3d and iSlh inst. 
 
 A'l'siih'ctl, in consideration of the fact that most of those con- 
 iiect(!d with the (Jity Watch at its organization, owning property 
 in the city, -they, of all others, most iiileresied in its welf ■re,— 
 have, since the weather became cold and disagreeabli', almost 
 without exception, withdrawn from the watch ; therefore 
 
 AVjrt/777/, that we, as members of Company B of the volunteer 
 watch, owning little or no properly in the city, do hereby agr.e 
 upon the adjournmentof this uniting to disband as a company, 
 and withdraw as iiidividuaU fmiu the City W.itch, for reasons set 
 forth in the foregoing resolution. 
 
 In Noveinber, 1845, the followinj( item appeared : 
 
 We learn an effort is being made to nvive the volunteer night- 
 watch, but the active co-operation of lhu..e most interested in the 
 security of the city will be indispensable. The want of this led to 
 the abandonment of the fornuT watch. Sinee then burglaries, 
 night robberies, and thefts have again become fncpient. 
 
 This .appeal was successful, and the new watch 
 lasted till October, 1S46, when the council thanked 
 them, and dispensed with their services. 
 
 Three years Liter, on September 2, 1849, the jifreat 
 number of disorderly persons present in the city 
 asj;ain causctl the ori,ranization of a volunteer watch. 
 The captains for the eNenin^s of each day were as 
 follows : Sunday, John 15. LoniL,^ ; Monday, G. Mott 
 Williams; Tuesday, Marshall J. 15acon ; Wednes- 
 day, Colonel A. S. Williams ; Thursday, Kin S. 
 Dy.ijert ; I'Viday, Alderman Duncan ; Saturday, (ieo. 
 W. I'attison. Like its numerous predeces.sors, this 
 watch soon disbanded, and in the sprinif of 185 1 a 
 paid night-watch, under the control of the city, was 
 temporarily provided. 
 
 The question of creatinj,'' a permanent and salaried 
 city watch was fully discussed in 1854, and on July 
 5, at a citizens' meetinif, a committee of aldermen 
 reported the followinij as the probable yearly cost : 
 Twenty-four watchmen, at ten shilliiii^s |>er day, 
 $10,950; one captain, §1,000; two assistant cap- 
 tains, at twelve shillinijs per day, $1,095; t'ontin- 
 .tjencies, $1 ,955. Total, $1 5,000. 
 
 The estimated expense alarmed the tax-payers, 
 and the meetinc: voted it inexpedient to orj^anize the 
 watch. The next effort, inaugurated on January 24, 
 
204 
 
 I'oi.icr.. 
 
 1859, l)y K. II. W'rii^ht, was ])iii(ly <if a inixatc and 
 personal cliaractcr, and resulted in the fi)rmati<iii iif 
 tlu' Mereli.'ints' I'oiiee, a force consistinii;- of ti\t' 
 men, wiio patrolled certain business blocks and 
 acti'd as ni^lit-watclinun ; their services were paid 
 for by rejjjular subscriptions front the niercliaiUs 
 whose premises were protected. This force was 
 continued about six ninnths. 
 
 An atli'mpt was next made to ort,'anizc a i'olice 
 Commission, under a charter amendment of March 
 12, iiS6i, which provided that the mayor and two 
 other persons, to be selected by the council, should 
 constitute a Hoard of I'olice Commissioners. The 
 chief of |iolice was to be apjiointed by the council 
 on nomination by the board, and the council were 
 to appoint temporary policemen, for forty-ciijhl 
 hour.s when necessary ; the aldermen were also 
 invested with the powers of policemen. 
 
 These provisions, which were only partially <'ar- 
 ried into effect, were substantially re-enacted on 
 February 4, 1.S64, when the powiTs and duties of 
 the board wen- delined at length. Neither of tlu'se 
 amendments si'cmed to mei't the necessities of the 
 case or the wishes of the citizens. They served a 
 .H'ood pin-pose as iireliminary efforts, but practically 
 had only tlu' \alui' of su.i'irestions. 
 
 The demorali/ation natiu'ally jjrowini; out of the 
 protracted war with the South, and the fad that some 
 of the constables, elected from time to time by 
 pojnilar siiffr;it;e, needed themselvi'S to be watched, 
 caused the want of a rt'j^iilar and responsible police 
 force to be incrt'asinnly realized. 
 
 I'nder the Act of March 12, 1861, C. II. lUihl 
 and Alexander Chapoton had been associated with 
 the mayor as police commissioners. They resiijned, 
 and on August 5, 1862, William Harclay and C. W. 
 Jackson were appointed. Mr. Barclay soon resigned, 
 aiul E. v. Cicotte was appointed in his place. 
 Early in 1863 Mr. Cicotte was succeeded by V.. A. 
 Brush, and the board, in 1864, consisted of C. W. 
 Jackson, I'.. .\. Brush, and the mayor. Durini>- these 
 years the ([uestion of a more thorough police system 
 was repeatedly brought before the eoimcil. (^n 
 February 10, 1863, two reports were submitted, one 
 in favor of, and one ojiposed to, the orl,^'u^ization of 
 a salaried force. One of the reports stated that 
 " within the last three months almo.st every crime in 
 the catalojLjue of crinies has l)een committed in 
 Detroit." 
 
 The followinjT estimate of the expense of main- 
 taining a police force was submitted : Chief of 
 police, $1,000; assistant police, $800; turnkey, §600; 
 twenty-two policemen, at §1.50 per day, $12,445; 
 lock-up, otTice expenses, etc., $2,000. Total, $16,445. 
 
 By this time the " Ides of March " were at hand, 
 and the riot of March 6, 1863, with its brutal 
 attacks upon the colored people, the killing of sev- 
 
 enil, and the bui'iiint;' of their houses, helpc(l many 
 citi/ens to the decision that .1 system such as we now 
 ha\e w;is a necessity ; and on March 17 the Board 
 of I'oliee Commissioners, by resolution of Alderman 
 I'urcell, were re(iuested to report a plan of organiz.i- 
 tion for a paid police force as soon as possible. 
 Nothing w.is done, however, imtil August 5, when 
 an anticipated draft, and the almost constant fe.ir of 
 a rebel raid from Can;ida, caused the council to 
 establish a temporary police of twenty-five men, who 
 were continued only about a week. The almost 
 daily evidence of the city's needs kept up interest in 
 the police (luestion ; and in April, 1864, the council 
 r(.(juested the comptroller to report an I'stimate for a 
 police force, to consist of a chief, one clerk, two 
 cajilains, and forty men; and also the cost of an 
 appropriate station-house. Finally, and largely 
 through the efforts of Alderm.in J. J. Bagley, on 
 February 28, 1865, the Legislature p.issed an .\ct 
 establishing the .Metropolitan I'oliee Commi.ssion, 
 to consist of four jHTsons. 
 
 The commission is noticeable as being tlu' only 
 branch of city government over which the city has 
 no direct control, the commissioners being a])|)ointi'(l 
 by the governor, with the ajiproval of the Senate, 
 for terms of four years. In theory they are State 
 officers, and in practice, city officials, 'i'hey .are 
 accountable to the governor, and to the Stale 
 through him, for all their official acts. The gener- 
 ally faithful execution of the laws, and the keeping 
 of the force out of local jiolitics, have repeatedly 
 demonstrated the advantage and wisdom of the 
 system. The first meeting of the conmiission under 
 the Act was held on March y, 1865. The force 
 was duly organized on May 15 following. 
 
 The Act, at first, met with great opposition from 
 the city marshal, constables, and deputy sheriffs, 
 whose services were practically dispensed with; 
 mere politicians opposed it !)ecause its enforcement 
 would leave fewer jilaces to be disjiosed of as the 
 reward of political .services; and conservative old 
 citizens opposed it because it invoked increased 
 ta.\ation. When the connnission first organized, 
 they necessarily sought the advice and co-operation 
 of the council ; but the coimcil .scen'ied indisposed 
 to countenance, in any way, the action of the board, 
 and their commimications were invariably tallied. 
 
 On May 30, 1865, by vote of twelve to four, the 
 council passed resolutions disapproving of the Act, 
 but recommending that its provisions be obeyed 
 until its constitutionality could be passed upon ; that 
 was called in question on the ground that the city 
 was compelled to pay for the support of olilicers 
 over whom it had no direct control. On October 
 16, 1865, the Supreme Court decided that the Act 
 was constitutional ; and as the years have passed, 
 the best citizens of all parties have conceded its 
 
POLICK. 
 
 205 
 
 usi'fulnt'ss, and lakr iiiiirasinjc pridi- in tin: orijaiii- 
 zatioii and its nianaiLfemcnt. Sinci- llic passage of 
 till' original Act, tiiri'i' additional Acts piTtaiiiini; 
 to till' i)oard iia\(.' lu't'n passed. 
 
 An Acl of March ij, i.S67,dcrnK'd in greater detail 
 tile powers of the l)iiard, gave increased po\v(.'r in 
 some particulars, ;uul authori/.ed the detail of |)olice- 
 nien to perform the diitii's of the sealer of weights 
 and nii'asures, and to ((jjlect license fees for the city; 
 it also g.i\e till' l)oar(l power to suppress gambling, 
 to sell unilaimed property after kc'e|)ing it six 
 months, and to provide fooil and lodging, if neces- 
 sary, for i)ersons arresttnl. 
 
 A fnrther Act of April 15, 1S71, remedied some 
 technical di'fects of tlu' pri\ioiis law, and legali/.eil 
 such portion of the acts of the Hoard of I'olice (Jom- 
 niissioners as had been illegally performed. 
 
 The commissioners receive no c()mi)ensation. 
 Regular meetings arc held on the last secular tlay 
 of eaeli month, at three o'clock in the afternoon. 
 Their duties arc : to preserve the public peace ; to 
 prevent crime; to arrest offenders; to protect the 
 rights of persons and property ; to guard the public 
 health; to preserve oriler; to remove nuis.uices 
 existing in public streets, y;irds, anil outhouses; to 
 report to the proper authorities all leaks and defects 
 in water-pipes and sewers ; to provide a sutticient 
 force at every public hre, in order th;a the tircmen 
 may be protectcil in the performance of their duties, 
 and the property pres rved to its owners ; and to 
 protect strangers and travelers at steamboat and ship 
 landings anil railroail stations; they may also serve 
 warrants in any part of the State, and are required 
 generally to enforce and carry out all ordinances of 
 the city and laws of the State, 
 
 The following is a list of the commissioners : 
 
 J. S. Karrand, from I'cbruary 28, 1865, to Febru- 
 ary I, 1873; L, M. Mason, from February 28, 1865, 
 to July 12, 1869; J.J. Hagley. from February 28, 
 1865, to August 24, 1872; Alexander Lewis, from 
 February 28, 1865, to February i, 1875 ; CM. Gar- 
 rison, from February i, 1875, to December 9, 
 1876; S. D. Miller, from July 12, 1869 ; M. S. Smith, 
 from August 24, 1872; J. K. I'ittman, from Febru- 
 ary I, 1873; H. M. Dean, from December 9, 
 1876. 
 
 Upon the organization of the commission, in 1S65, 
 Frank (i. Russell was appointed secretary. He 
 resigned on April 24, 1866, and on May 16 James S. 
 Booth was ap[iointe(l. His failing health necessi- 
 tated his resignation on October 13. 1873, and five 
 clays later Lincoln R. Meserve was appointed his 
 successor. Theoilore A. Drake was the first super- 
 intendent of policp. He resigned September 30, 
 1865, leaving Captain V. V. Borgman as acting 
 superintendent; and on August i, 1866, he was 
 appointed superintendent. On December 2, 1873, he 
 
 resigned, and Stephen l\. Stanton was appointed, 
 with Captain Andrew J. Rogers as de|)uty. On 
 March 25, 1876, Rogers was apixiinted superintend- 
 ent, lie resigned January 31, 1882, and on April 
 24 was succeeded by ]■;. F. Conely. On March I, 
 1867, the oliicc of surgeon was created, with a 
 yearly salary of $500. Dr. D. (). Farrand, the lirst 
 appointee, retained the oliicc until his decease, on 
 March 18, 1883, His successor, Dr. J. B. Book, 
 was appointed in Jime, 1883, 'Ihc oliicc of attorney 
 of the board was created April 1, i8f)7, with a .salary 
 of S500. J. Logan Chipman filled the. position to 
 May t, 1S79, when he was succeeded by W. A. 
 Moore. 
 
 The names of the cajitains and tl e d.ites of tlieir 
 appointment are as follows: I'. N. ('I'r.Hrdin, October 
 25. 1865, died December 31, 1882, C. C. Stark- 
 weather, August 31, 1869; W. II. Myler, June 30, 
 1875; Joseph Burger, September 30, 1882; Jesse 
 Mack, Jime 1 1, 1883. 
 
 The ol'licers of the police force rank in the fol- 
 lowing order ; superintendent, captains, sergeants, 
 round.smen, patrolmen, doormen. 
 
 Captains and sergeants rank acconiing to the 
 seniority of their a|)pointment to either oCrice. 
 
 /\ regular system of promotion is alhered to; 
 vacancies occurring in the ollice of ciptairs must be 
 filled from the sergeants, and vacancies in sergean- 
 cies from the regular force. 
 
 The original law provided that the superintendent 
 should receive no more than $2,000 yearly ; the cap- 
 tains not over $1,200; the sergeants not more than 
 $!,ooo; and the regular patrolmen not to c.xceeil 
 S900 per year. 
 
 A law of .Man h 14, 1882, gave the commissioners 
 power to determine the salaries, and from February 
 I, 1882, the salary of the superintendent has been 
 $4,000. 'I'he salaries of other members of the force 
 are as follows: captains, $1,200; sergeants, $900; 
 patrolmen, $750. Out of these salaries the men pay 
 for their uniforms, which cost from seventy-five to 
 one hundred dollars each. 
 
 Fach member of the police force must be able to 
 read and write the I'Jiglish language ; must be a 
 citizen of the State of Michigan, and a resident of 
 the city for the two years ne.xt jireceding his appoint- 
 ment. He must not be over forty years of age, nor 
 under twenty-one ; and must j^ossess good health 
 and a sound body, be of steady habits and of good 
 moral character, and must nc\'cr have been con- 
 victed of crime. 
 
 l'"-ach member of the force is required to devote 
 his whole time and attention to the business of the 
 department, and he is expressly prohibited from 
 being employed in any other business. He must be 
 civil and orderly; must at all times refrain from 
 violence, coarse, profane, and insolent language 
 
2o6 
 
 I'OI.ICK. 
 
 ami, wliili! (HI duly, is not allowed to drinl< .my kind 
 of li(|nnr. nor sniokr, nor (uxit|)1 in the inmudiali: 
 |KTforniancc of duty) enter ;iny place in wiiieli 
 intoxicitini;' drinks of any kind are sold or fiirnislied. 
 roliceniiMi are ;ilso proliibiteil from ret'eiviny; or 
 sliarin]L(, for their own i)inetit, in any fee, ^ift, or 
 cniolunu-Ml for police servi'X', other tiian tin; regular 
 salary, except hy un.iniinous consent of the connnis- 
 sioners ; they arc not allowed to belong to any tire 
 or inilit.iry (•omi)any, or to vco on t.-irv^et or ple.isiirc 
 excursions, except by order of the superintendent ; 
 they arc also reciuired, while on duty, to avoid all 
 religious or political discussions, and ;ill inter- 
 ference, or usi' of their inlluence as ollicers, in I'lec- 
 tions; thcv are not .illoweil to solicit, nor c.in they 
 be obliijed to contribute .inytliini( for |iolilic;il pur- 
 poses ; they are re(|uire(l to keep careful super\ision 
 of ;ill disorilcrly houses, or houses of evil repute, 
 within their be.its, to observe by whom they are fre- 
 (|Lienieil, and to report their observations to the 
 oonimandinij oHicer, 
 
 Patrolmen are forbidden to walk toifctlier, or to 
 talk with each other, or with any person, while on 
 duty, imless it is to communicate brielly information 
 appertaininv( to their business. Ser^aants and 
 patrolmen, when on duty, are recjuired to display 
 their b;idj;es, so that the entire surf.ioe of the s;ime 
 may be easily and distinctly seen. The following; 
 oHieial su.iL^i^estions to policemen indicate interesting 
 and important details of their duties : 
 
 As a (iiucc-dlTicur, his first duty slu>uld bt- to set n good example 
 by biiiii; >;i)o(l-htimi)ri<l and puiitc wliilc im duty. As a scntiiKJ, 
 he should always be wary and sigilajit, for altliougli tlitre seinis 
 to be no iniMicdIate necessity for watchfulness, there is no know- 
 ing when an ein<r(.;ency will suddenly arise in a great city. 
 
 Restraint by authority is never popular neither to children nor 
 men. Authority is, therefore, to be exercised with coolness, and 
 by always keeping the temper. Men olTijul in trivial matters as 
 inmh from carelessness anil negligence ;us from design. Caution- 
 ary words are sometimes mure valuable than arrests. Diplcjuiacy 
 is oftentimes as great a weapon to the policem.in, in his inter- 
 course with his fellow-citizens, and in dealing with abuses, as it is 
 to the general or statesman. 
 
 .Among all the trite sayings of the world, there is none more 
 useful for the policeman to remember than this, " An ounce of 
 preventit)!! is worth a ptHinil of cure." 
 
 i'he public man who quells any trouble in its inception is a.s 
 much worthy of remembrance as one who redresses an evil of 
 already increasing magnitude. 
 
 Every ijood citizen will say " Amen " to these suv;- 
 jre^tions, and the more closely they are attendetl to, 
 the jrreater will be the respect paid to the force, .and 
 the more agreeable to fearful and restless citi/.ens 
 will be the thud of the policeman's club. The 
 criminal classes respect the b.'idge ;itKl the club, but 
 good citizens honor the guardian of their homes, ;ind 
 gladly recognize his worth. 
 
 Complaints are sometimes made that members of 
 the force are needlessly officious or severe ; but 
 when the total number of the force, and the v.iriety 
 of annoying business attended to, is considered, it 
 
 becomes evident th.at the commissioners h.ive been 
 rem.irkably fortunate in their .selection of men. 
 
 The force is in two general divisions, one for day. 
 the other for night duty. 
 
 The day force is on duty for eleven hours, the 
 night force for eight hours. About two thirds of 
 the force are usually on night duty, .and the men are 
 ch.uiged from night to d.iy duty in .iltcrii.tli- months 
 na far as practicable, iJy a complete system of card 
 registries, the superintendent cm tell .it .my hour 
 of the day or night in just what locality each mem- 
 ber of the force is stationed. 
 
 In 1868 .'I sergeant ;ind ten policemen were di;- 
 t.iiled for the purpose, and .i complete census of the 
 city taken in ten d.i.ys. On ( )ctol)er 9, i.S/i, ;it ;i 
 speci.il meeting of the council, c.illed on .iccoinit of 
 the iirev.iiling dry weather .mil the consei|uenl great 
 d.'inger from lire, the police commissioners were 
 reiiucstcd to temporarily .-^jpoint three hundred 
 extra policemen, the council .-iiJiJropriating $5,000 
 to p.iy for their .services, A l.irge number of extra 
 police were accordingly sworn in, and about h.ilf of 
 the .•i|)proprialioii us-d. In 1883 fourteen special 
 l).itrolincn, .ippoinicd without expense to the city, 
 were on duty .it the post-oriice, depots, theaters, l;irge 
 nianiifaciuring est.iblishments, etc. They report at 
 luadiiu.irters between the 1st .md the 7th of each 
 monlh. Some portion of the regul.ir force is always 
 emi)loyed in sjK'cial duties. 
 
 The sanitary .s(|uad, consisting of eight nun, uiuler 
 control of a. sergeant, attends to the enforcement of 
 all laws and ordinances rel.atingto the public he.ilth, 
 .and also collects the State li(|uor tax. 
 
 Under Act of .April 17, 1871, scavengers were 
 .luthorized to be appointed by the Police Dep.'irt- 
 ment. I5y ch.artcr amendment of 1879 an inspector 
 of sl;iughtcr-houses and meats is ai)|)ointed by 
 the commissioners; anil since June 1, 1881, n 
 patrolman h.as been detailed to catch .mil destroy 
 unlicensed dogs. Since 1867 a policeman has 
 acted as inspector of the weights and measures 
 used in the city. 
 
 One policem.m is detailed to look specially after 
 juvenile offenders, and acts in conjunction with 
 ISradford Smith, who, by ;ippi/intment of the gover- 
 nor, untlcr Acts of 1873 .and 1875, h;is, since 1875, 
 bi'cn employed as county agent, to ex.imine all 
 children inuler sixteen cluarged with crime, ;iiul to 
 decide what disjiosition of them will iirob.ibly best 
 .serve their interests and those of the community. 
 His decision is maile the !)asis of the court decisions 
 in .'ill such complaints. Since his ;i|)|)ointment, he 
 has p.assed upon the cases of over one thous.'inil chil- 
 dren. ( )f these, m.my have been sent to the Reform 
 School, and others to the State .School at Coldwalcr; 
 the l.'irger number h.ive remained in Detroit, under 
 his surveillance, and are obliged to report to him 
 
 i8(>s. 
 
 1. 
 
 I 
 
 i8f.r...| 
 
 1 
 
 i8r7. 
 
 
 iSffl. 
 
 
 186,}.. 
 
 
 1870.. 
 
 
 1871.. 
 
 
 •87... 
 
 , 
 
 ,1 
 
 187}.. 
 
 I 
 
 ..! 
 
 '874.. I 
 
 2 
 
 '"iri-. I 
 
 1 
 
 .876.. I 
 
 il 
 
 ■877.. 1 
 
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 11 
 
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 1880.. 
 
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 1882.. 
 
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 ■883.. ,|ij„ 
 
roi.icK. 
 
 207 
 
 from tiiiu' to tinu'. Tin- ami)iiiii of i^nod n-siiltinjj 
 from his efforts is almost iii(ali'iilal)li'. 'I'lirrc can 
 1)0 no (|iirstioii tliat liis philaiiiliropii' work lias pre- 
 vented liiiiulreds of ixiys from heeominv; hardened 
 irimijials. For his services and expenses the Slate 
 pays only $200 a year. 
 
 Since l''el)ruary, 1.S72, ilu' harimr-masler, ap- 
 pointed by the Common Comicil, has been a police- 
 man. 
 
 Oriijinaily persons wishin,;; the services of police- 
 men for special oec.isions eoLiid ol)iain liuin on 
 application to the superintendent, for a stipulated 
 sum; this system no lon.i,H'r prevails. 
 
 In 187J prosisiou was made for two mounted 
 policemen, to do duty in the outskirts of the city; 
 two were also mounted in 1^74; ami in 1.S75 the 
 number was in< it'.ised to live ; but as their service 
 did not provir worth its cost, it was v^r.idually dis- 
 pensed with, and the List horst' w.is sold in Xovem- 
 bcr, 1S76. 
 
 I'rom the ori;anization of the force to if'73, the 
 license;; chari;ed by ihe lity for various kinds of 
 busini'ss were collectetl by a |)olict'm;in ; since that 
 year they have been jiayablc at the ollice of liu' 
 secretary of tlu; commission. 'The liscal ye.ir of 
 the commission formerly bci;,an on .\pril 1 ; since 
 1873 it has commcnct'd on the ist of T'ebruary. 
 
 OkAT'OT A.VKNCK I'ol.Ul', Sj,\IIii;<. 
 
 ,i,n\-cs substantial foundation fu' the belief that there 
 is less of ci'imc in |)etroil than in any other city of 
 the s.iuie si/e in the I'nion. As many persons ;ire 
 ari-esied sevcr.il times in tlu' course of a \iar, the 
 
 number of individu.ils arrested is only about half of 
 rile followinv^ table ,v;ives iuterestiui;' det.iils ;is to the total arri'sts repoi'ted. 
 
 jjrowth of the force, the work performed, aiul the 
 expense of its maintenance : 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •0 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 r. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 *• 
 
 
 .■; 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 
 a. 
 ■J 
 
 2 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 r. 
 
 
 •a 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 
 X 
 
 18(1=;.. 
 
 ' .) 
 
 iS6f... 
 
 
 '1 ■< 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 1867.. 
 
 
 ', 4 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 1868.. 
 
 
 '. 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i8fx).. 
 
 
 '1 ■* 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 .870.. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 .87... 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 ■.872.. 
 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 187,.. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1874.. 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 >'^::,-- 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 i87f... 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1877.. 
 
 
 
 <) 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1878.. 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 5 
 
 b 
 
 187,,.. 
 
 
 3 
 
 <J 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1880.. 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 I88I.. 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 ') 
 
 1882.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 1883.. 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 '3 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 i 
 
 
 •A 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 = 5 U 
 i 1 h 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 3S. 
 
 < 
 
 f, 
 
 ■u 
 
 IS 
 
 a 
 
 a. ,>s 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 J 
 
 X 
 
 47 .... 
 
 S" 
 
 $i8,6iit 
 
 3."5f' 
 
 445 
 
 $5,182 
 
 2' 56..'.. 
 
 OS 
 
 5«,'5'> 
 
 4,t«)6 
 
 1,201 
 
 4.568 
 
 2 62 .... 
 
 70 
 
 6j,i8i 
 
 3.8<'>5 
 
 2,359 
 
 5,220 
 
 2I r,..'.... 
 
 73 
 
 ''5,3"3 
 
 3,6ly 
 
 2, 16.) 
 
 5.359 
 
 2 
 
 66; .... 
 
 77 
 
 68,()4J 
 
 3.335 
 
 2,648 
 
 4,112 
 
 2 
 
 77;.... 
 
 88 
 
 (k;,I9! 
 
 3.577 
 
 •-'.734 
 
 5,1 »/) 
 
 2 
 
 78.... 
 
 »<; 
 
 7<),3'i7 
 
 t,')29 
 
 2,726 
 
 4.534 
 
 2 
 
 85!.... 
 
 100 
 
 76,450 
 
 3.83«J 
 
 2,41s 
 
 4.4'0 
 
 3 
 
 <)7i • 
 
 131 
 
 3o,5oj 
 
 4,861 
 
 4,219 
 
 6,224 
 
 4 '") 
 
 I 
 
 •44 
 
 >■ 1,305 
 
 4.<»J5 
 
 7.553 
 
 7,161 
 
 6 131 
 
 2 
 
 'SI 
 
 "i;,753 
 
 4,1.),, 
 
 8,7J7 
 
 7."27 
 
 ^'126 
 
 
 MS 
 
 126,598 
 
 3,«7') 
 
 8,02J 
 
 8.955 
 
 5 126 
 
 
 158 
 
 126,U<->'1 
 
 4. "57 
 
 8,13.1 
 
 9,728 
 
 7 '3' 
 
 
 .65 
 
 ■21,27.) 
 
 4.33^ 
 
 8,744 
 
 i),o,;4 
 
 8 128 
 
 
 iho 
 
 "3.454 
 
 3.022 
 
 11,01 ).i 
 
 '1.509 
 
 ■4 134 
 
 
 .78 
 
 127,23.) 
 
 4.^84 
 
 8,81.. 
 
 8,176 
 
 14 146 
 
 
 .85 
 
 '36.045 
 
 4,610 
 
 5.045 
 
 15,212 
 
 ■2 153 
 
 
 "14 
 
 152,192 
 
 5,i4« 
 
 2,840 
 
 13.055 
 
 I^ 
 
 .50 
 
 
 "n 
 
 170.735 
 
 6,322 
 
 2,117 
 
 '3.742 
 
 In the t.ible the cojinnn of yiTuly expenses in- 
 cludes only the ordinary expenses of the force, not 
 the cost of the land and buikliin;s for police sta- 
 
 As e\'ery person arrested is lod.i>:ed on an average 
 three nij,dits, the number of different individuals 
 actually provided with lod.s^inijs would be about one 
 third as many as are iriven in above table. 
 
 A comparison of the number of arrests with the 
 populatinn in the years 1870 and t88o shows that 
 the percentage of arrests has decreased from live to 
 less than four per cent in the last decade. This fact 
 and the general good order prevailing in the city 
 
 Trumbull Avenue Police Station. 
 
20S 
 
 I'OI.ICK. 
 
 lions. 'I'licir (.'osl is shown in tlic foliouiny state- 
 ment : 
 
 LoiAIION «)!■■ SlAIION. 
 
 Ciist of 
 
 Ciist «)f 
 
 Kirst 
 
 1.1.1. 
 
 lliiildiiit;. 
 
 occupied. 
 
 
 ('■nitiot A> iriiir, N. K. ii)r. 
 
 
 of Kiissill Siiiil 
 
 $5.51" 
 
 $K),f70 
 
 AiiK. t.(, 1873 
 
 '1 rumljull A\Tiui(*, S. !•,. cor. 
 
 
 
 
 of Miclii>;aii .A\ciun'. . . . 
 
 .i-:i75 
 
 8,54'; 
 
 Aug. i.(, 1873 
 
 C'cnlral, U inulliriii.i^c Strct-l, 
 
 
 
 
 near Wmnlwarii Antiuh'. . 
 
 
 17,400 
 
 Jan. I, 1874 
 
 ♦l'",lin\v«ioil Ave, I'ast siili*, 
 
 
 
 
 ht'twrcM l'"ort ami I.afay- 
 
 
 
 
 c'llc Slri-c'ls 
 
 3,'So 
 
 2.436 
 
 July •.:7, 1877 
 
 ♦Twfiitiilli Strrrt, east sidr, 
 
 
 
 
 lit'twi't'ii .\tit'hiv;aii Ave. 
 
 
 
 
 ami M. C. k. K 
 
 1,000 
 
 ■},^V') 
 
 Dec. ;!4, 1877 
 
 ♦iTciMiirU Strt-cl, udmIi siili*, 
 
 
 
 
 m-ar Wimtlwat'il .\\ ciuic . . 
 
 1,600 
 
 2,300 
 
 Sept. 15, 1879 
 
 ♦C.iaml ki\ r Avr., .N. K. 
 
 
 
 
 i'i>r. of Twilflli Sli.il 
 
 1.351 
 
 2,7^3 
 
 Auk. 2, t88o 
 
 ♦WuiKlliricI);!' Sl.,nurlli ^-iilo, 
 
 
 
 
 near Twcnty-foiirlli St. . . 
 
 1.5"' 
 
 3,000 
 
 Aug. 10, i83i 
 
 ♦Sub-st.Uiou. Sul)-stalioMs are uniform in lliiir ."itylc of building. 
 
 Diiiinv; the first two years of tiie e.xistenee of the 
 boanl the Centra! .Station ami piii)lii- orHces were in 
 the 1 lawley ISloek, on the northwest c-orner of Wooil- 
 briilii^e and I Sates Streets. Tile lock-iii) was in the 
 uh\ City Hall. On Janii.iry 1. 1S6;. the Wooil- 
 briiliji' Street or Central .Station was oeeiipied for the 
 first time. It was btiill for. ami at first rented by 
 tile eomniission. In 1S72 it was ptiriha.seil by the 
 board. Tiie followim; year it was eniarijed, retltted, 
 a luorgiic provided, and it was again ucciipicd iu 
 January, 1S74. 
 
 Cbntkal. PuLicB Station. 
 
 On thf completion of the new City Hall, in 1871, 
 otlices were set ajiart for the poliee. Kroni Octo- 
 ber, 1872, to 1874, a portion of the ba.seinent was 
 also ()ecui)ied as a loek-iip. 
 
 I)urinj.j 1873 the stations and oflice were for the 
 first time telegraphically connected. 
 
 In 18S3 the eity ,i;ave tiie eoniinissioiurs I'.ast 
 I'ark, boiimU'd i)y I'arnier, Randolph, ;iml H.ites 
 Streets, and duriiij;- 1883 and 1884 a building- for 
 police headquarters was erected thereon. 
 
 GkANU KlVKU AVKNUB Suil-MAllOV. 
 
 All rewards, fees, iiroeeeds of gifts, and emolu- 
 ments on -ueotint of e.xtraordin.iry services, and all 
 moneys aeeruiiig fr< .1 llu' sali' of unelaiiiied goods, 
 ;iie p.iid into the City Treasury, and con.stitiue a 
 fund called The I'oliee Life and Health insurance 
 Fund. Stolen jiroperty found by the police, or 
 projierty taken from jiersoiis arrested, is kept for six 
 months, when, if uncalleil for, it is ad\ertiseil tliiee 
 times in some public place, and then .sokl for the 
 beiieht of the above fuml. 
 
 During 1883 three hundred and forty-two different 
 lots of properly, valued at ^y.ixjo, were received by 
 the clerk of the l)oaril. 'I'lie |)resideiil of the bo.ird 
 ami the comiilroller of the city are the trustees of 
 the Life ami lle.illli Fund, ;iml out of it, as occasion 
 re(|uires, the commissioners make approjiriatioiis for 
 policemen who are sick or disabled from tliily, or 
 who have earned rewards. 'I'lie assets to the credit 
 of the fund, February 5, 1884, were $7,<.j77. 
 
 in connection with the force there is also a nliif 
 society, which was org.ini/.ed June 2, 1868, tlie object 
 being to provide pecuniary aid for policemen, or 
 their families, in case of sickness and death. Nearl) 
 all the members of the force are members of this 
 organization, and p;iy an initiation fee of one dollar, 
 ami nionlhly dues of fifty cents eaih. 'i'lie oflicers 
 are electetl every si.x months, on the first of January 
 and July. Members incapacit.'ited for .service for 
 more than three days are allowed one dollar per 
 day, for a time not to exceed thirty days, unless by 
 two-thirds vote of the society. In ca.se of death, the 
 iii'arest kin are paiil one hundred dollars. If a wife 
 dies, the sum of fifty dollars is paid to the husb.iiul. 
 
 A police wagon for the conveyance of jiri.soners 
 was procureil and lirst used on ALarch 20, 1871. In 
 the fall of 1877 a new wagon was purchased. 
 
SHKRIFFS.— rROSKCUTlNC, A ITi )RM:VS. 
 
 209 
 
 l'i.n,i(.i-; lIicAix.u' \KriiKS. 
 SIlKKIl'I'S. 
 
 Tlu; ofCice of sheriff antedates every otlier in tlie 
 rounly. 1 Ik' lirsl siu'riff for Detroit was ai)|)oinli(l 
 hy liie (".o>-ernor and Coiineil of Canada in 17S.S. 
 'riie duties iia\e been inurii liie same inider liotii 
 I'aiiLjiisii and American rule : the shi'rilf aels as liie 
 eliief eonslal)le of tile eouniy in niai<ini^ arrests for 
 irinies a,i;ainsl State laws, and in earrxini;' out tlie 
 deerei'S and judj;nients of tlie eotirts ; lie is also 
 responsible for the safe i<t'ei)ing of all prisoiuTs 
 Iodised in the eotinty jail. 
 
 Under territorial rule, sheriffs were ap|K)inte(l hy 
 the ijoveriKir ; hut from the tinu- Mieliis^an became 
 a St.ate, they ha\e liecn I'k'cted at the same lime as 
 other county ol'licers, hir terms of two years. 
 
 Since the eslahlishmeni of (he melropolit.ui polici' 
 llie sherilT has made no arrc us in criminal cases in 
 the city, and cannot make an arrest outside of the 
 c'liunty, exci'pl in civil cases, or for contempt of court. 
 1 lis chief duties consist in atteiid.ince on the Circuit 
 and Superior Courts, the care of the n .111, llii' pre- 
 ^erxini;' of ordi'r, and the carrying" out of the decrees 
 (if the courts, oeciipyinjr the same relation to these 
 courts that the I'nited .States M.irsiial dots to the 
 I'nited Stati'S Courts, it is his duty to see that the 
 lii|Uor tax law is enforced in the country townships, 
 and the tax |)aiil to the county treasurer within the 
 lime prescribed by law. 
 
 lie has no salary, beinij paid hy fees collected for 
 issuiny^ and .'er\in,v;; various le^al pai)ers, and by liie 
 prolits on the boarding of the prisoners, the city pay- 
 '■w^ for tho.se eonfmed in jail for violation of city ordi- 
 iianees, and the county for all others. The price per 
 day is fixed from lime to time by the eouniy auditors. 
 
 The sheriff has the privilei^e of appoinlinj; as 
 nany deputy .sheriffs as he may deem expedient ; 
 
 but jKitlur he imr his (lci)utics e.m serve papers 
 issued in civil cases from a juslici''s eourl ; only 
 eonslables li.ive th.at rij;ht. lie j^ives bonds of 
 $lo,ixx). The ollice is esliiuated to be worth from 
 §iS,cKX) lo §io,ootJ i)er yc.ir. 
 
 The sheriffs under Ihilish rule were : 1 788, Cire.^or 
 Medreijor ; i/ys, Richard I'ollard. 
 
 I'nder Anieri<'an rule the followiii),^ sheriffs have 
 serveil : i"*/) lo .Xuntist 20, I7<>S, Herman Ilberls; 
 1798 and 1799, Lewis IJond ; 1800, !>. Ihinlinj^- 
 ton, Cieori^e McDoujLj^all ; 1801, Idias W'alk'n; 1803, 
 Thomas McCre.i; 1804, Richard Smyth; 1815, 
 Janu's II. Audrain; 1S16-1825, Austin K. Wintr; 
 1825, .Abram Mdw.ards, Win. Meldrum ; 1826 1829, 
 T. C. Sheklon; 1829, Thus. S. Knapp ; 1830, Benja- 
 min Woodworlh ; 1831 1839, John M. Wilson; 
 1839-1841, Lemuel C.oodell ; 1841 1845, •'■miel 
 Thompson; 1845-1847, II. R. y\ndrews ; 1847 
 1851, L:. \'. Cicolle ; 1851-1853, Lyman IJaldwin; 
 1853 and 1854, Horace Cray; 1855 and 1856, 
 Joshua Howard ; 1857 i86o, L. V. Cieolte ; i860, 
 Peter Fruliek ; 1861 and 1862, Mark Flani.nan ; 
 1863 .uu! 1864, Peter Lralick ; 1865 .md 1866, F. 
 X. Cicolle; 1867-1869, I".. V. Cicotte; 1869 and 
 1870, John I'alton; 1871 1875, (leo. C. Codd ; 
 1875 and 1876, J. A. Sexton; 1877-1881, Walter H. 
 Cools; 1881- , Conrail Clippert. 
 
 I'UOSKCr I IN(; A IIOKNKVS. 
 
 This ollice of prosecutiiij; .itlorney was first pro- 
 vided for by .\cl of December 31, 1818, and ap- 
 poinlmcnls were m.ule by the ndvernor. ISy Act of 
 .April 21, 1825, till' ollici' was discontinui'd, and dis- 
 trict .illornevs, to be ;ip(ioiiited by the v;()\ernor anil 
 council, were provided for. The Territory was 
 divided into four districts, with oiu' attonu'y for 
 each, Wayne ,iiid Washtenaw forniinv;- the si'cond 
 district. »\n Act of .\pril 22, 1833, provided for a 
 district .ittorncy for I'.ich county. The Constitution 
 of 1835 ri'\ivi-d till' olfice of proseeiitinij allorney, 
 .and u|> to 1850 incumbents were appointed by the 
 i.;(i\ernor for terms of two years. .Since 1850 the 
 oflice has been elective. Ciuler .Act of 1818 it was 
 the duty of the |)roseeutiiijj attorney to prosecute 
 and defend ;ill suits for and ;i|nainst the county. I'>y 
 Act of 1833 district attorneys performed the same 
 duty in any suits in which the Uniteil St.ates, the 
 Territory, eouniy, or any township was interested, 
 At the present time the prosecuting attorney conducts 
 all cases, in which the .State or the county is .1 
 jiarty ; and on re<iuest of any justice he conducts 
 criminal eases aj;ainst the persons named. He 
 reports yearly to the attorney-j^eneral of the Slate 
 the number of eases he has prosecuted, and the 
 result of each. The term of oftiee is two years. 
 An Act of 1879 provided that the auditors should 
 (ix his salary after January i, 1881, at from $2,500 
 
2IO 
 
 CONSTAIU.KS. 
 
 to S3.OCK5. l?y law of Marcli 9. 1877, he was 
 aiithori/id to i'iii|)li)y an assistant, wliose salary is 
 also fixt'd by the Hoard of Cniiiity Auditors. 
 
 From i<Si9 to ICS25 Charles Lanieil was prosecut- 
 ing attorney. The distriet attorneys were: 1825- 
 1828, Charles Larned ; 1828, Warner Winj,^ ; 1829, 
 B. F. H. Witherell; 1830, W. Win;;- ; 1831,' H. V.U. 
 Witherell; 1832, W. Win,;; ; 1833, Jas. (). Adams ; 
 
 1834. H. F. 11. Witherell. 
 
 The prosecuting attorneys under .State law have 
 been: 1835-1S39, B. F. 11. Witherell; 1840-1843, 
 J. A. Van Dyke; 1843-1846, A. W. liuel ; 1846 
 1849, Wm. flale; 1849-1 853, David Stuart; 1853- 
 1855, A. T. McReynokls; 1855-1857, J. 1'. C. Kni- 
 mons; 1857-1860,]. Kno.x Ciavin ; 1860-1861, I). K. 
 Ilarbaugh ; 1862- 1866, J. Kno.\ Gavin ; 1866, Jared 
 Putchin; 1867-1868, Geo. Ilebden ; 1869-1873, P. 
 J. D. \'an Dyke; 1873 1874, F. H. Chambers; 
 1875-1876, John G. Hawley ; 1877-18S1, Henry N. 
 Brevoort ; 1881- , James Caplis. 
 
 CONSTA ISLES. 
 
 The office of constable in the Northwest Territory 
 was lirst provided for by Act of December 2, 
 1799. In Detroit, the city charter of August 5, 
 1824, authorized the election of constables, and by 
 Act of April 4, 1827, provision was made for the 
 election of three. Act of March 21, 1837, gave the 
 voters of the city power to elect five constables 7'e7>a 
 7>ih\\ in case the three regularly elected constables 
 neglected or refused to serve. Act of March 29, 
 
 1835, authorized the election of six constables, one 
 for each \vard, and they are still so elected. 
 
 Prior to the creation of the metropolitan iioiice, 
 the constables acted as police ollicers, and matie 
 arrests. Now their chief duties consist in the serv- 
 ing of writs and executions, issued by justices of the 
 peace. They are paid by the fees. 
 
 The folU)wing constables were appointed by the 
 Court of Quarter Sessions : 
 
 March 6, 1798, Michael Monnet; June, 1801, Wm. 
 Smith, John Harvey, David McLean, Baptiste Peltier, 
 l.sadore Delille, Jac(Hies Desplats; December, 1802, 
 Wm. Kelly, Jabez Stern, D. McLean, 1'. Navarre, 
 James Cissne ; June 7, 1803, John Watson, Louis 
 Bourginnon, Richard Jones, John Dicks, John Con- 
 nor, T. Jordan, P. Desnoyers ; September 16, 1803, 
 J. B. Campau ; December, 1804, Conrad -Seek, 
 George Smart, J. Bte >.*antay, John Robinson, 
 Joseph Clark, Joseph Weaver, Joseph Harnard. 
 
 The constables appointed by the governor were: 
 
 June 10, 1816, Austin 1^ Wing; June 26, 1817, 
 Duncan Reitl ;, January 18, 1818, Wm. Meldrum, 
 Fraiu is Cicotte, F.tienne Dubois; July 20, 1818, Asa 
 Partridge, Warren I loward. 
 
 Tlie constables elected have been as follows : 
 
 1826, Jed Hunt, John Howard, Thos. Knowlton ; 
 
 1827, Thos. Lee, T. Knowlton, F.leazer Ray; 1828, 
 J. M. Wilson, F. S. Swan, T. Knowlton, Morris 
 Jackson ; 1829, N. Cham|), K. S. Swan, T. Knowl- 
 ton ; 1830, Adna Merritt, J. ^L Wilson, Thos. 
 Knowlton; 1831, L. Gooilell, David Thompson, (). 
 Aldrich; 1832, A. Campbell, L. (loodell, A. Mc- 
 Arthur ; 1833, L. Goodell, D. Thompson, J. O. 
 Graves; 1834, D. Thompson, Squire Trumbull, B. 
 F, Towne, A. C. Caniff ; 1835, R. R. Howell, J. O. 
 Graves, P. D. Whitman, D. Thompson; 1836, R. R, 
 Howell, R. J. Connor, D. Thompson, Jacob Mc- 
 Kinney ; 1837, J. C. Warner, P. Falvey, John Reno. 
 
 1838, First Ward : David B. Wilcox. Second 
 Ward: John Daly. Third Ward: Edward War- 
 ner, Jr. Fourth Ward : Anson E. Lyon. Fifth 
 Ward: Edward P. Clark. Sixth Ward: George 
 Miller. 
 
 1839, First Ward : D. B. Wilcox. Second Ward : 
 George Miller. 'Ihird Ward: W. W. Johnson. 
 Fourth Ward : John Reno. Fifth Ward : Robert 
 Nichol. Sixth Ward: John Daly. 
 
 1840, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second 
 Ward: A. H. Bartley. Third Ward: W. W. 
 Johnson. Fourth Ward : J. Reno. Fifth Ward : 
 R. Nichol. Sixth Ward : H. Fross. 
 
 1 84 1, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second 
 Ward : H. T. Russell. Third Ward : W. W. John- 
 son. Fourth Ward: O. Bellair, J. J. Cicotte. Fifth 
 Ward : Wm. Champ. Sixth Ward : B. H. Thomp- 
 son. 
 
 1842, First Ward : W. J. Redmond. Second 
 Ward: A. N. Hickox. Third Ward: W. W. 
 Howland. Fourth Ward: J. J. Cicotte. Fifth 
 Ward ; Wm. Champ. Sixth Ward : C. Gckford. 
 
 1843 1846, First Ward: P. O.Whitman. Sec- 
 ond Ward; J. McMichacl. Third Ward: W. W. 
 Howland. Fourth Ward : J. J. Cicotte, Fifth 
 Waril : J. P. Whiting. Sixth Ward : C. Ockft)rd. 
 
 1846, First Ward : P. O. Whitman. Second 
 Ward : J. McMichael. Third Ward : D. M. Free- 
 man. Fourth Ward: J. J. Cicotte. Fifth Ward: 
 C;. D. Rodgers. Sixth Ward; B. McDonald. 
 
 1847, First Ward: P. O. Whitman. Second 
 Ward: J. McMichael. Third Ward: D. M Free- 
 man. Fourth Ward : J. J. Cicotte. Fifth Ward : 
 W. P. Newton. Sixth Ward; B. McDonald, 
 Seneca Caswell. 
 
 1848, First Ward: P. O.Whitman, Chas. Can- 
 naro. Secoiul Ward : J. McMichael. Third Ward : 
 N. Laflcur. D. !\L Freeman. Fourth Ward: D. 
 Cicotte. Fifth Ward : Wm. Newton. Sixth Ward : 
 Seneca Caswell, C. G. Solyer. 
 
 1849, First Ward: S. Green. Second Ward: 
 J. McMichael. Third Ward : W. A. Boyt. Fourth 
 Ward : D. Cicotte. Fifth Ward : M. vSalter. Sixth 
 Ward : C. G. Solyer. Seventh Ward : J. Duchene. 
 Eighth Ward : James H. Darcy. 
 
 185. 
 
 A. \y. 
 
 Ward : 
 
 Sixth ' 
 
 J. Reill 
 
 simmon 
 
 '854. 
 A. W. i 
 
 Stadler. 
 I'- Sparli 
 \\ard ; 
 
 A. W. J 
 
 f'ciirih V 
 i'lg. Six 
 J- Reiily. 
 
 JS5^^ 1 
 A. W. S| 
 Eoiirth W 
 
 i»tj-. Sixtl 
 Kcilly. J.; 
 
 '«57. F; 
 
 A. W. Sp 
 
 ''"iirth W.-i 
 
 '".I!-- Sixth 
 
 '<t'illy. J'j'g 
 
 G". Doherty. 
 
 1858. Fir 
 
 A. W. Spn 
 
 Fourth \\'an 
 
 Sixth Ward 
 
 Smith, C. i 
 
 Ninth Ward 
 
 '859, Firsi 
 
 A. W. Spra^ 
 
 Fourth Ward 
 
 '".^:- Sixth \ 
 
 Hattie. Kigl- 
 
 }• liostwick. 
 
CONSTABLES. 
 
 21 I 
 
 1850, First Ward : C. W. Tuttle. Second Ward : 
 J. Mc-Michacl. Third Ward : Wm. A. ISoyt. Fourth 
 Ward : D. Cicoltc. Fiftii Ward : M. Salter. Sixth 
 Ward: D. ]). Hiistis. Sevciilti Ward: I'ctcr Ray- 
 mond. Kijjhth Ward : J. 11. Darcy. 
 
 1 85 1, First Ward : C. W. Tulllc. Second Ward : 
 Isaac Warren. Tliirtl Ward : Wni. A. lioyt. 
 Fourth Ward: 1). Cicotte. Fifiii Ward: 15. 
 Sparlini:;. Sixth Ward: John Deniass. Seventh 
 Ward: I'eter Raymond. Eighth Ward: J. II. 
 Darcy. 
 
 1852, First Ward : C. W. Tuttle. Second Ward : 
 Levi Dings, A. W. Sprague. Third Ward: Joim 
 15. Stadler. Fourth Ward: James Duciiene, D. 
 Cicotte. Fiftli Ward: 15. Sparling. .Sixtii Ward: 
 Joim Dcmass. Scventii Ward: i'eter Raymond. 
 i:ighth Ward: J. H. Darcy, C. Doherty. 
 
 1853, First Ward : T. McCartiiy. Second Ward : 
 A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : J. Warren. Fourtii 
 Ward: D. Cicotte, Fiftii Ward: R. L. Tyler. 
 Si.xth W^ard: W. W. I lowland. Seventh Wanl : 
 J. Reilly. Eighth Ward : 1'. ^L Davitt. ^L Fitz- 
 simmons. 
 
 1854, First Ward : T. McCarthy. Second Ward : 
 
 A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : J. Warren, John 15. 
 Stadler. Fourth Ward : D. Cicotte. Fifth Ward : 
 
 B. Sparling. Sixtli Ward : James Love. Seventli 
 Ward : J. Reilly. Eighth Ward : Charles Doherty. 
 
 1855, First Ward : L. W. Dings. Second Ward : 
 A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. Stadler. 
 Fourth W'ard: C. Stadler. Fifth Ward: B. Sparl- 
 ing. Sixth Ward : Justin Higgins. .Seventh Ward : 
 J. Reilly. I'-ighlh Ward : C. Doherty. 
 
 1856, l'"irstWard: F. Eglington. Second Ward : 
 \. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. .Stadler. 
 I'ourlh Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : B. Sparl- 
 ing. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward: John 
 Reilly. ICighth Ward : J. Aylward. 
 
 1S57, First Ward : F. Eglington. Second Ward : 
 A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. Stadler. 
 I'ourth Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : B. Sparl- 
 ing. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : John 
 Reilly. Ilighth Ward : John Aylward. Ninth Ward : 
 
 C. Doherty. Tenth Ward: Chas. Weyle. 
 
 1858, First W'ard : F. Eglington. .Second Ward: 
 A. W. Sprague. Third Ward: John B. Stadler. 
 Fourth Ward: C. Stadler. Fifth Ward: B. Sparling. 
 Sixth Ward : James Love. Seventh Ward : W. 
 Smith, C. Hattie. Eighth Ward: D. M.ihoney. 
 Ninth Ward: J. Bostwick. Tenth Wanl : C. Weyle. 
 
 1859, First Ward : F. Eglington. Second Ward : 
 A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : John B. Stadler. 
 Fourth Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : B. Sparl- 
 ing. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : C. 
 Hattie. Eighth Ward : D. Mahoney. Ninth Ward : 
 J. Bostwick. Tenth Ward : C. Weyle. 
 
 i860, First Ward : T. McCarthy. SecomlWard: 
 
 A. W. Sprague. Third Ward : (ieo. L. Scanlon. 
 Fourth Ward : William 'I'inim. Fifth Ward : E. 
 Wynioop. .Sixth Ward: J. Love. Seventh Ward: 
 C. Hattie. I'.ighth Ward: Timothy Mahoney. 
 Ninth \\'ard : I'aul May. Tenth Ward: Herman 
 Deusladt. 
 
 1861, First Ward: J. Core. Second Ward: A. 
 W. Sprague. Third Ward: (i. L. .Scanlon. Fourth 
 Ward : C. Stadler. Fifth Ward : E. Wyncoop. 
 Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : D. K. Sul- 
 livan. I'lighth Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward: 
 J. Zimmerman. 'I'enth Ward : H. Deustadt. 
 
 1862, First Wanl: J. Core. Second Ward: A. 
 W. Sprague, C. '1'. Allen. Thinl Ward : D. ^L 
 Freeman. Fourth Ward : John Gnau. Fifth Ward: 
 Lyman B. Smith. Si.xth Ward : J. Love. Seventh 
 Ward: 1). K. Sullivan. Eighth Ward: Timothy 
 ^L•lhoney. Ninth Ward : J. Zimmerman. Tenth 
 Wartl : F. I''reiburger. 
 
 1863, First Ward : J. Core. Second Ward : Jno. 
 F. Starkweather. Third Ward : D. M. Freeman, 
 ■•"ourth Wanl : J. C.nau. Fifth Ward : L. B. Smith. 
 Sixth Ward: J. Love. .Seventh Ward: U. K. Sul- 
 livan. i;ighth Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward : 
 J. Zimmerman. Tenth Ward : J. Ochs. 
 
 1864, First Ward: John .\Lay. .Second Ward : 
 Wm. T. Burdy. Third Ward : D. M. Freeman. 
 Fourth Ward : J. Cnau. Fifth W^ird : L B. Smith. 
 Sixth Wanl : C. C.ebhanl. Seventh Ward : D. K. 
 Sullivan. Eighth Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth 
 Ward: Ceorge Tillow. Tenth Ward: J. Ochs. 
 
 1865, First Ward : James H. Hei^burn. Second 
 Ward : J. Core. Third Ward : J. B. Stadler. 
 Fourth Wanl: J. (Inau. Fifth Ward : L. 15. Smith. 
 Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Wan! : N. Tisler. 
 Eight Ward : T. Mahoney. Ninth Ward : C. Tit- 
 low. Tenth Wanl : J. Ochs. 
 
 1866, First Ward: J. H. Hepburn. .Second 
 Ward : J. Core, James Duck. Tliird Ward : John 
 \'an Stan. Fourth Wanl : J. Cnau. Fifth Ward ; 
 
 B. Sparling. Sixth Ward : J. Love. .Seventh 
 Ward : N. Tisler. Eighth Ward : Wm. Haley. 
 Ninth Wanl : C. Titlow. Tenth Ward : F. Frei- 
 burger. 
 
 1867, First Ward: J. H. Hepburn. Second 
 Ward: J. Duck. Third Ward: Chas. T. Allen. 
 Fourth Ward : J. Cnau. Fifth Ward : Anson E. 
 Lyon. Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : N. 
 Tisler. Eighth Ward : Michael Ryan. Ninth 
 Ward : C. Titlow. Tenth Ward : F. Freiburger. 
 
 1868, First Ward: Edward Nolan. Second 
 Ward : T. McCarthy. Third Wanl : C. T. Allen. 
 Fourth Ward : J. Cnau. Fifth Ward : B. Sparling. 
 Sixth Ward : J. Love. Seventh Ward : N. Tisler. 
 Eighth Ward: M. Ryan, J, O'Connell. Ninth 
 
212 
 
 CONSTAI'.LF.S. 
 
 Ward : (i. Tillow. Tciilh Ward : !•'. I'lcihur- 
 ger. 
 
 i86<;, l''irsl Wan! : James McKcnzic. Second 
 Ward : J. Duck. 'Iliinl Ward: I'eler McDr.w.ll. 
 Fourtli Ward: J. (iiiaii. liflli Ward: (lias. 
 Atulcrsdii. Sixth Ward: J. l.ove. Scveiiih Waid ; 
 N. Tisler. I'.inlitli Ward : John ( )X'<)i)iiell. Nintli 
 Ward: C. Doherty. 'I'enlli Ward: David L. 
 Mishop. 
 
 1870, l''irst Ward : Kd. Nolan. Second Ward : 
 J. Duck. Third Ward : Jolin L. Solders, i'oiirlli 
 Ward: J.Cnan. I'ifth W.ird : K. ( iiddey. Sixth 
 Ward : J. Love. Seventh W.ird : N. Tisler. 
 Kiyrhlh Ward: J. O'fonnell. Ninth Ward: C. 
 Doherty. Tenth Ward : I). I.. Uisliop. 
 
 1871, First Ward : !•;. Nolan. Second Ward : T. 
 McCarthy. Third Ward : J. U. Kiinvje. i'oiirih 
 Ward: J.dnau. Fifth Ward : F. Ciddcy. .Sixth 
 Ward: J. l.ove. .Seventh Ward; N. 'I'isler. 
 I'Jilhlh Ward : J. O'Coniiell. Ninth Ward : (i. Til- 
 low. Tenth W.ird : Al. C. Allor. 
 
 1872, {'irsl W.ird : J.iines McKenzie. Second 
 Ward : Thos. McCarty. Third Ward : I'eler K.il- 
 lenh.ich. I'oiirth Ward: J. Cnau. Mflli W.ird: 
 F. (iiddey. Sixth W.ird : J. l.o\c. Seventh W.ird : 
 N. Tisler. I'.ii^dilh Ward: J. O'Coniiell. Ninth 
 Ward : Aiii^ust I'.^rirers. 'I'cnlh \\ ard : .\1. C. 
 Allor. 
 
 1873, First Ward : J. McKenzie. .Second W.ird : 
 Win. II. Close. I'liird Ward: 'I'hos. I'lcnn'nj;. 
 Fourth W.ird : J.Cnaii. I'iflh Ward: I''. ( iiddey. 
 Sixth Ward : J. i-ove. Seventh W.ird : Alexander 
 Siniih. Fiv^hth Ward : Hernard Sweeny. Ninth 
 Ward: Aii).,aisl I\vj,i(ers. Teiilli Ward: llonorc 
 Defer. 
 
 1874, First Ward : J. McKenzie. Second Ward : 
 Win. H. Close. Third Ward: Thos. Fleininij. 
 Fourth Ward : J. Cniaii. I'ifth Ward : F. (iiddey. 
 Sixth Ward : J. l.ove. Seventh W.ird : A. Siniih. 
 JCij^jhtli Ward: James Hunt. Ninth W.ird: C. 
 Doherty. Tenth Ward: II. Defer. Twelfth 
 Ward : (ieo. 15. Hrown. 
 
 1875, First Ward : J. .McKenzie. Second W.ird: 
 \\'m. II. Close. Third Ward: J. ]•;. Miirr.iy. 
 Fourth Ward: J. (inaii. Fifth W.ird: W. W. 
 Witherspoon. Sixth W.ird: T. Fimke. .Seventh 
 Ward : J.icob Jaeyjer. I'.ij^hth Ward : J.imes Hunt. 
 Ninth W.ird : W. J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward: M. C. 
 Allor. Twelfth Ward : Ceo. A. I'ajje. 
 
 1876, First W.irtl : II. Ilerzojr. Second Ward : 
 Thomas Hubert. Third W.ird: John A. Wilkie. 
 Fourth Ward: John (inau. Fifth Ward: W. W. 
 Witherspoon. Sixth W.ird: T. I'unke. .Seventh 
 Ward: J.acob Jaejrer. I'jjrluh Ward: J. Hunt. 
 Ninth W.'ird : W. J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward : Thos. 
 Uuoley. Twelfth Ward : A. l^lgjjers. 
 
 1H77, I'irst W.ird: II. Ilcrzoij. Second W.ird; 
 T. Hubert. Third Ward: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth 
 W.ird: J. (iu.aii. Fifih W.ird: W. W. Wiilur- 
 spoon. Sixth W.ird: ( ieoiijc (ioldsmith. .Smeiith 
 W.ird : J.icob J.-ic^cr. I'.ii^dith W.ird : Martin J. 
 Dunn. Ninth W.ird : W. J. ( iidihy. Tenth W.ini : 
 Desire li. Willeinin. I'.lcveiilh W.uil : I'r.ink (iiiy- 
 otte. Twelfth W.ird : Orriii 1 1. Iluttertield. Thir- 
 leeiilh W.ird : Win. (iiiyotte. 
 
 1H7.S, l''irst W.ird : II. llerzo,l,^ Second Ward: 
 T. Iliibert, J. Duck. Third W'ard: J. A. Wilkie. 
 Foiirili W.ird: John (in.ui. Fifth W.ird: W. W. 
 Witherspoon. Sixth W.ird : ( i. ( ioldsinith. Seventh 
 W.ird : N. Tisler. i:ii.;luli \\'.ird : .Martin J. Dunn. 
 Ninili W.ird : W.J. (iiddey. Tenth W.ird : liyron 
 D. Ilolion. ICleventh W.ird : I'", (iuyotte. Twelfth 
 W.ird: (). II. liulteilield. Thirteenth Ward: W. 
 (iuyotte. 
 
 1879, I'irst Ward : II. Ilerzoij. .Second W.ird : 
 K. U. Fisher. Third Ward: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth 
 W.ird: Jolin(in;iii. Fifth W.ird : W. W. Wither- 
 spoon. Sixth W.'ird : ( i. (ioldsmith. .Seventh Ward : 
 .\. Tisler. i:i.v;hth Ward : M.irtin J. I )unu. Ninth 
 W.ird: W. J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward: .M. C. Allor. 
 i:i.venth W.ird : !•'. (iuyotte. Twelfth W.ird : J. 
 M. D.ivis. Thirteenth W.ird : Win. (iiivolte. 
 
 1880, I'irst W.ird: II. llerzo.^-, Second W.ird : 
 Win. Close. Third Ward : J. A. Wilkie. Fourth 
 W.iril: John ( in.iu. Fifth W.ird: W. W. Withcr- 
 .s|)oon. Si.xth Ward : L. Kosenth.il. Seventh W .ird: 
 1'". Cbclhoer. l':i,i(hth W.ird : M.J. Dunn. Ninth 
 W.ird: W.J. (iiddey. Tenth Ward: J. W. (ieiiiik 
 l':irventh Ward: A. W. llr.ulford. Twelfth Ward- 
 O. 11. Hutterlield. Thirteenth Ward: I'".. T. .M.iss. 
 
 1881, First W.ard : W. A. Stu.irt. Second Ward: 
 W. Close. Third W.ird: J. A. Wilkie. Fourth 
 W.ard: John (iii.ui. Fifth W.ird : W. W. Wither- 
 s|)oon. Sixth W.ird: L.Rosenthal. .Seventh W.ird: 
 N. Tisler. I-jghth Ward : Martin J. Dunn. Ninth 
 W.-ird : W. J. Giddey. Tenth Ward : J. W. ( ieni( k. 
 Kleveiitli W.ird : A. W. I'.r.idford. Twelfth W.inl : 
 O. 11. Hutterlield. Thirteenth Ward : I'l.T. Mass. 
 
 1S82, First W.'ird : S. Kosenth.il. Second W.ird: 
 W. A. .Stuart. Third W.ird : J. J. .Mcllugh. Fourth 
 Ward: D. !■:. Moloney. I'ifth W;ird : John (inau. 
 Sixth Ward: .M.irtin J. Dunn. Seventh Ward : N. 
 Tisler. I'Ji-hth W.ird : W. J. (iiddey. Ninth Ward: 
 J. Schnelzer. Tenth Ward: (). II. Hutterlield. 
 I'.leventh W.ard : 1'.. T. M.iss. Twilfth Ward : Jas. 
 Tierney. Thirteenth W.ird : A. W. Hr.idford. 
 
 1883, First W.ard: S. Ko.seiithal. .Second Ward: 
 W. A.. Stu.irt. Third Ward : W. T. Weitz. Fourth 
 W.ard: D. V.. Moloney. Fifth W:ird : John (inau. 
 .Sixth W.ird : M. J. Dunn. Seventh Ward : N. 
 Tisler. I'lighth W.ard : W. J. (iiddey. Ninth Ward: 
 J. Schnelzer. Tenth Ward : O. H. Hutterficld. 
 
CONST AHLES. 
 
 213 
 
 IMcvoiUli Ward : V.. T. Mass. Turlfili Ward : I'". 
 II. Addison. 'I'liirlwinli Ward: Adolpli lilooin. 
 
 i««4. First Ward : S. Koseiillial. .Second Ward : 
 W. A. Smart. Third Ward : W. 'I'. Writ/.. Fonrtli 
 Ward: Henry llcrzog. Fifth Ward ; Julm Cluau. 
 
 Sixlli Ward : M. J. Dnnn. Scvcnlli Ward : N.TisIer. 
 I'.i.nlitli Waul: J. J. (;rimM. Ninili Ward: J. K. 
 liowtrs. 'I'ctilli W.ird : (). II. liullcrlicld. I'lli-vnith 
 Ward : I'.. T. M.iss. Twrlfih Ward : F. 11. Addi.son. 
 Thirteenth Ward : Wni. Caiyuttc. 
 
CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 THE JAILS AND THE HOl'SE OE CORRECTION. 
 
 No less than nine buildings, in cipht different 
 localities, have been built and used for jails. 
 
 In June, 1801, the jail was on the extreme east 
 side of the town, and nearly in line with the stock- 
 ade. It was probably the building designated as 
 the guard-house on T. Smith's plan of 1796. The 
 records of the Court of Oeneral Quarter Sessions 
 show that on June 6, 1801, the sheriff was ordered 
 " to whitew.ish the inside of the jail immediately, and 
 have it as. clean as possible, and that afterwards the 
 jail keeper was to wash anil clean the jail every 
 Saturday and to have panes of glass put where 
 wanted." 
 
 The records for June 5, 1802, contain the follow- 
 ing : 
 
 The Couri took into (■on>;icicration the situation of the public 
 jail, and have roine to the deterinination of piirehasinx', of Mr 
 Charles l-'raniis Cirardin, the house and lot in whiih he now lives, 
 Ujion the followiuv: conditions, to wit : that the sum of tivi- hun- 
 dred pounds lash shall be |)aid to siiid (lirardin and a deed of sale 
 of the present jail, it beini; estimated at two htnidn d pounds, 
 making' ir« all seven hundred pounds. Payment of cash to be 
 made as follows, to wit : three hundred pounds within two or 
 three months, and two huiulred pounds in a year from this date. 
 Said ('lirardin is to deliver up half of the premises within twenty 
 days, which are intended to contain the prisoners; and the re- 
 mainder of the premises, when the old jail is repaired that .Mr. 
 ('lirardin may inhabit it, which will not he later than the ust of 
 July ne.xt. 
 
 On June 29. 1802, James May was appointed to 
 contr.ict for m.-iterial. and jiut the new jail in a state 
 of " safety against escape, as much as possible ; " 
 and on Saturd;iy, September 18, 1802. the accounts 
 of "Jean Louis Hoyiiicr, for putting up pickets in 
 the jail-yard, twenty-six pounds, and of Pierre 
 Chene, for thirty-three pounds, fifteen shillings, six- 
 pence, and of Charles Moran, for one hundred and 
 thirtv-three pounds, seven shillings," were ordered 
 paid. 
 
 After the fire of 1 805 an old blockhouse, located on 
 the present line of Jefferson Avenue, and between 
 Cass and Wayne Streets, was fitted up as ;i j;iil by 
 James May, territorial marshal. 
 
 The last record that can be found indicating the 
 exercise of ;uiy ;iutliority after the fire by the old 
 trustees of the town is dated October 6, 1805, and 
 is as follows : 
 
 It was ai;ri'ed by the Hoard of I'rustees' that the bliM-khouse 
 should 111' used as a jail until end of y<ar iSf/i, aiul then it is to 
 become the property of the marshal, for $.'50, $17^ havini; already 
 
 been P''"'- 'f thcpubli<' use the blockhniise for a jail during 1807, 
 all is to be considered paid, and if the public use it longer, they 
 arc to pay $75 per year rent. 
 
 On May 5, 1807, William McD. Scott, marshal, 
 wrote to the District Court that he could no longer 
 be responsible for prisoners confined in this jail, 
 as it was " insufficient." 
 
 In 1808 a new marshal w.as ajjpointed, and the 
 records of the Governor and Judges contain the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Octolur .'8, 1808, on the representation of the marshal of the 
 'I'erritory that he has no jail wherein to keep his prisoners, the 
 followin.i; resolution was inianimoiisly passed : 
 
 AVWr'C(/, that the marshal of the Territory he authorized to 
 hire from James .May, Ksc;., a building which he owns in the city 
 of Detroit for a jail, for tl.c term of three years, in conjtmction 
 with the District Court for the District of Huron and Detroit, and 
 to pay for the .siime $75 per year. 
 
 Further information concerning this lease, given 
 in the records of the (Governor and Judges, is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 May 27, 181 1, on the representation of Jaines M.iy, 
 A'fSii/Tvif, that the secretary of the Legislative Hoard be directed 
 to furnish thi' trea.surer of the Territory with a copy of the reso- 
 lution empowe:rin^; the marshal of the iirritory to hire a huildiiu.; 
 of James May for a pidilic jail, passed the 2Sth October, i8u8, and 
 that the s;dd treasurer do audit the said .May's .iccount, as as- 
 sumed by the Territory, for that part of the jail which was hired 
 for the I (istrict of Huron and Detroit from the iiith of .September, 
 181. 1, to the lifth day of July, 181 1. 
 
 The records for Monday, February 17, 1812, con- 
 tain the following : 
 
 James Ntay, Esq., haviuR made proposals to sell the house now 
 made use of as a jail, and the building adjoinin.i; thereto, for the 
 pur|)ose of .1 temporary court-house anil jail, the (iovernor and 
 J udv'cs have agreed to j^ive him fourteen hundred acres of land, 
 out of the <lonalionof ten thousand acres of land, on his cnditint: 
 the Rinu of $i.»i on account ol j.iil hire. 
 
 On February 26, 181 2, on motion of Judge With- 
 erell, it was, 
 
 /u'fc/r'.v/, that the Ciovernor and Jud^res, on or before July i, 
 1812, executi' to James May a deed of one thousand three hinulred 
 and seventy-two acres, of the ten thousand ai ns of land appro- 
 priated by (.'(mKress for the purpose of building a jail and courl- 
 hou.se in Detroit. 
 
 The resolution was adojned, .ind J.imes May 
 signed an agreement in accordance with the resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Notwithstanding the.se agreements and resolu- 
 tions, the !)argain does not seem to have been con- 
 summated, for ic: Judge May's bill against the United 
 
 l■'u^ 
 
THK JAILS. 
 
 2 I 
 
 States for daiiiaj^a's diiriiiv; tlic War of 1812, lie 
 cliarijeil, iinili-r (late of ( )ct()l)cr 2, 1S13, for " oik- 
 Vfar's rent of two l)uikliii,i;s in the city of Detroit, 
 ieasctl to the Cioveriior and Jiidijus of tiie Territory, 
 for coiirt-iioLise and jail, tai<en jiossession of i)y 
 Cieneral Hroek after tiie capitulation, and applied 
 to his Majesty's use for i^.iol, and barracks ior 
 militia." 
 
 The rent and dani.i^rcs were estiinated at $400. 
 
 This jail was an old stone l)uil(linJ^^ located on 
 what is now the northe.ist corner of Jefferson 
 .Vvenue aiul Cass Street. It afterwards became the 
 ]-)roperty of Judi^e Woodward, .ind tlu'n of (".eneral 
 J, K. Schwartz, and eventu.illy was widely known ;is 
 the Mansion House Hotel. In icSi5, the jail, an old 
 wooden buil(linj(, was on the north siile of Jeffer- 
 son .\venue, the second or third house east of 
 Shelby Street, and on November 4 the (lovernor 
 and Judijes appropri.ited $238.20 to John W. Tyler 
 for furnishing and settinjij around it two hundretl 
 and lifty-four pickets. This buildinj^ was used until 
 about 18 1 7. 
 
 The jail was ne.xt established in an old two-story 
 blockhouse, located on Jefferson Avenue near the 
 corner of Randolph Street. This buildinjj; cea.sed 
 to be used as a jail after the sprini,' of 1819, and 
 the house itself was torn down i.. the fall of 1826. 
 
 Proposals for the construction of the jail on the 
 public sijuare !)oiuicied by Farmer, Farrar, and 
 C.ratiot Streets were invited on July 25, 1817, and 
 on December 24 of the .same year James May was 
 "appointed superintendent of the jail about to be 
 erected," and was to be paid $5>X7 for his services. 
 The jail was built by Mack & Conant, and the final 
 settlement was made with Amos Lawrence of lios- 
 ton, to whom the contr.ict w.is assiv:ned. The jail 
 was completed in the sprinv^ of 1819, at a cost of 
 $4,700. It was forty-four by eii;hty-einht feet, sur- 
 rounded by a picket fence, which cost §62. 
 
 On June 24, 1S24, the remarkable circumstance is 
 noted that there w.is not a single person in the whole 
 Territory in prison for crime or ilebt. When we 
 remember that Michigan then included all of her 
 present domain, and also the region now known as 
 the State of Wisconsin, it is evident either that the 
 laws or the officials were very la.\, or th.it the inh.ib- 
 it.'ints were a remarkably Law-abiding people, 'len 
 years later, on June 17, 1834, the same st.ite of 
 .affairs existed ; there was not a person in the jail, 
 but evidently it was not long unoccupied, for on 
 December 30 the j.iil was broken open, and all the 
 prisoners escaped. The building was occasionally 
 reiiaired, but it became increasingly insecure. 
 
 On M; -ch 28, 1845. II. R. Andrews, the shcrilT, 
 was authorized to purch.ise materials and re|);iir the 
 j.iil ; and on the following d;iy the county .auditors 
 contracted with S. \';inderhoof to rep.iir the build- 
 
 ing ;ind the fence for $549. While the re])airs were 
 going on. the sherilf was authorized by the Legisl.a- 
 ture to keep the prisoners in other counties. The 
 rep.iirs failed to make the building either trustworthv 
 
 Old iJLix khdim;, Ji;iikkm>n .Vui.M k. 
 
 or be.iutiful in appearance, and ;i suit w.is instituted 
 against the county, by citizens residing in the vicin- 
 ity, to compel its removal. In the spring of 1847 
 the Supreme Court decided that the comity had no 
 title to the public scjuare whiTcon the j.iil was lo- 
 cated, and that the building was a public nuisance. 
 A contract was then made on February 10, 1848, 
 with Thomas I'almer, to tear it down, and yn June 
 8, 1848, the work of removal began. 
 
 Old Jail, on the Site now otcui'iiiu iiv Pi ui.ic Liukakv. 
 
 As soon as the court h.id decided that the old jail 
 must be removed, steps were t.iken tow.ards erecting 
 ;i new one, and on Ajiril 20, 1847. the county .iiidit- 
 ors resolved to ])urchase siiit.ible grounds, .and erect 
 .1 j.iil thereon. On May 14, 1847. they .agreed to 
 purchase Lot 155, on northwest corner of He.aubien 
 and Clinton Streets, on He.aubien F.irm, for SAoo, 
 .111(1 Lot ij*') for $400. Lots 157 and 158 were sub- 
 
1 6 
 
 rill', lAll.S AM) llll'. llorsi". OK tOKRl'.CriON. 
 
 si'qiu'iitly |>uriliascil in an a<l(liii()iial cdsI of 83,550. 
 On May -''>, i<'^47, tlu' proposal of William llunuli 
 to vrvct a jail and sluriff's ivsidoini' for Sr 0,6 50 was 
 ai'ci'incd. On OiIoIrt 14, 1S47, arrani^vnunls were 
 m-ariy I'oinpictc'd, and on May 1. 1S4S, a linai sit- 
 tlcnuiU was inadi' for (.'ri'clins; ihrsanu'. On July 7 
 Mr. iliinicll i-oniractcd to build a stone wall about 
 the jail for $1,010. 
 
 'I'lu' dwi'lliniL;', crccti'd in 1S47, still rcni.iins, but 
 tlu" jail in tlu' rear, biToniinv;' unsafe, was torn down. 
 In the fall of iSOi the House of C"orreetion, .and ;ui 
 old I'lmine-honsi' on the wi'sl e<irnei- of Hales .iiid 
 I.arned Streets (the l.itter of which was lUleil up for 
 the purposiM, wi're desi_v;naled .is ten)por.u\v jails by 
 the eounty .ludiiors. 
 
 In 1 85(1 the (|uesiion of buildimj a lU'W jail w.is 
 agitated, ;uid on April i. 1857. the matter was sub- 
 niitlt'd to the \i)lers of the couiilv', ;uid a majority of 
 four hundred and fi>rty-live deeiikxl ai;ainst the 
 proposition. 
 
 The ([uesiion was 
 a,;;;iin voted on in the 
 fall of 1S51). and also 
 in iS^o, when tluie 
 was ;i majority of 
 seveni\-eii;ht against 
 the erection of a jail; 
 but on November 14. 
 1S60, the IU)artl of 
 Supervisors decided 
 the vote carried, and 
 appointed a eommit- 
 tee to eo-operate with 
 the lioanlof .\uditors 
 in ereetini;' ;i jail, to 
 cost §30,000. Work 
 was .soon bej;un. and 
 
 the jail was eom|ileted in 1S62, opened for inspec- 
 tion December 26. and tirst used J.inuary i. 1863. 
 
 The buiklinyf contains .six wards, each ward having 
 fourteen cells, .seven feet lonij and the wide. 
 
 The walls of the prison are of solid block stone, 
 many of the stones weii;hin_v;' from two to four 
 tons. 
 
 The total number of prisoners received for the 
 year ending September 30, 1883, was one tiiousand 
 eight hundred and I'lfty-five, there bi'iiig .an aver.ige 
 of forty-two persons constantly in dur.inee. The 
 sheriff is allowed sixty cents per d.iy for boarding 
 the ]irisoners. The total amount p.iid for their board 
 in 18S3 was §7,809. The city ji.iys for the board of 
 all persons arrested for violation of city ordinances, 
 and the county pays the rest of the expenses. 
 
 There are four employes at the jail, three of whom 
 are paid by the sheriff, the county paying for one 
 deputy sheritT. The jailer or turnkey receives sev- 
 cnty-six cents for each prisoner received and dis- 
 
 SiiuuM i-'s Resiuicsce, Jam , and Poi kic Curi;i- Koo.M. 
 
 ch.irged ; he is .ippointed by the shciilf, and is heUl 
 res|)onsible for the safe ki-iping of the |)risoners. 
 
 No system.ttic and coniinuoiis effort for tlu- moral 
 ;ind reli;^ious bi'iielil of the inm.ites w.as m.ade until 
 iiS()f), since which time the ^'oung Men's Chrisli.in 
 Association have held religious services in thew.irds 
 every S.abb.ith. and reading matter is supplied 
 weeklv. These services .ire .iKv.ivs appreci.ited, .and 
 upon oiu- decision gave rise to the following bon- 
 mot : l.iiile hynm-books were being p.issed to the 
 persons behind the b.irs, prep.iiMtory to ;i service 
 of song; t.ikiug one of the books, .1 great, burly 
 desperado, with .1 twinkle in his eye, excl. limed, " I 
 c.in't sing mu<h, but 1 will say over the words, and 
 you can get the air outside." 
 
 IIIK HI tROO' llofSI', OK couui'.riiox. 
 
 The origin of this institution d.ites from the year 
 1.S56. when several ediiorials ;ippi',ired in the d.iily 
 p.ipers, .uhocitiug the buililing of ;i workhouse for 
 
 the conlinenu'iit of 
 cirtain criminals then 
 s('nt lothecounly jail. 
 The suggestion met 
 with fa\(ir. and on 
 April 24, 1857, Mayor 
 O. .M. Hyde sent a 
 commimie.ition to the 
 Common Council, 
 recommending the 
 building of a work- 
 house, almshousi', 
 .111(1 city hospital; 
 submitting, ,'it the 
 .same time, extracts 
 from the reports of 
 the Monroe County 
 Pcnitenti.ary, at Rochester, New York, then .super- 
 intended by Z. R. liroekway. .\ letter subsetiuently 
 received from Mr. lirockway suggested that the 
 criminal laws of the State be examined, to deter- 
 mine what classes of criminals could be sentenced 
 to such an institution, and also that an estimate be 
 made of the prob.ible number th.'it would be con- 
 fined therein. 
 
 Soon .ifter this, by resolution of the council, Mr. 
 lirockway w.is invited to visit Detroit for consulta- 
 tion. Me.iiuime wirious locations were examined, 
 and on .August 12 the comptroller submitted to the 
 council twenty-four propiisals for sites, anil the 
 matter of location was referred to a committee. 
 
 On November 11, on motion of Alderman Marsh, 
 the council, 
 
 A'l-sithuif, tliat tlio I'liinptrollcr lio rcqiicslod to prcpari' an rstimalf 
 for a site fur an almshousi; and wnrklmnso, tdjjctlur witli the 
 nccesKiry cost of siiital>le ImildinKS tlurt'for, and, fnrlher, tliat the 
 mayor lie dircrtrd, wlun the .same is prcparid, to call a public 
 incctini; of thi- citi/ins to take the same into ronsidiration. 
 
rwi: iiorsi', ok corrI'XTIon. 
 
 217 
 
 'I'lu- public mcctiinf waslicid at llic City Ilall (Hi 
 December }. i<^57, l>iil no ci)iicliisi\-e action was 
 reached, liiou\;h llic nicetinv; seemed (i|)|)ose(i lolhe 
 project. < >n I )ecenii)er 9lhe comptroller was ai;ain 
 directed to advertise for |)roposals for a site, bill 
 none well' received, in January, i^>59. the vjover- 
 nor, ill his messai;e tollu' I. ev;islature, recommended 
 tile biiii<linn' of a I louse of (.Correction, and iirj^cd 
 the council to vjive .attention to the m.itter. ^b•lyor 
 I'.atton seconded tlu' recommendation, .and on J.mu- 
 ,iry I 5 llu- couiii il .ip|)oinli(l ,1 committee to seeiirt- 
 .1 li\iL;islati\i' .i|)propri.itiou. 'i'his ])l,in did not meet 
 with favor, and on ri'cei\in),j tlie report of its com- 
 inittee, tln' eoiiniil re(|iieste(i the m.iyor to c.ill .1 l.iined over twenty thous.ind city prisoners, without 
 
 dent feporteil to the council th.it tiicrc w.is .a sur|)liis 
 of funds, .amoiintinif to $j5,(xj(j, \vhich could be 
 returned to the city ; .and this amount, tov;cther with 
 ,in oil! claim ;i!L;,iinst the county for bo.ird, subse- 
 (|iiently collected, in.idi; up the h.mdsome sum of 
 $63,811) returned to the city diirinv;- the lisc.il ye.ir of 
 i(S.So. The report for iiS.Si showed th.it there w.is 
 ;m .ulditioii.il surplus of §35,000 ready for the city; 
 in I'ebrii.ary, i<ScS3, the further sum of !j;4o,(xxj w.as 
 p.iid over as tlu; |)rolUs of iSSj, .and in I''cl)rii,iry, 
 1M.S4, §16, (XX), m.ikin^^ .1 tot.il of §154,810 returned 
 to the city. 'I'he institution h.is .amjilc means to 
 li<|iiidate every oblii4,ition, .and in .addition li.is m.ain- 
 
 citizcns' meeliniL; to furtlur consider the subject. 
 The tiU'etin)4 w.is held on J.inu.ary 30, .and the fol- 
 lowiniL;' resolution ]).isse(l : 
 
 /w'.vv»/7'*v/, Il1.1l this rnrrliii'.; .ttitli(iri/t' tint ('oniiiioii ("(nitiril to 
 hnrrow mciiu-y ami issiu! IxmuU t<»r a sum mil rxicidinv; lJ,S'S.«t.., 
 lur llic |iiii|)nsi! (if cm liiii; ;i woikliousr. 
 
 On M.irch 6, i8(k), 
 Sheldon Smith, architect, 
 |)resei>te(l pl.ans .and 
 dr.awin.n' fortlie pro|)osed 
 buildings, whiclnvere. ac- 
 cepted, .and on April 9 
 following; propos.als for 
 construction were ■adver- 
 tised for. On the 24th 
 the contr.act w.as .aw-ard- 
 ed to Rich.ard ( libbinvjs, 
 f()r$b('),230. A Uuildini^ 
 Commit ti'c, consisting of 
 C. M. I'.uhl, J.J. I'.ai,dcy, 
 I'l. I.c r.avour, F. I>. 
 I'iielps, .and J. M. I'.d- 
 miinds, w.as then ap- 
 pointed, .and on M.areh 
 
 15. i86t, the l.eyislaliirc passed an Act establishing 
 the Di'troit House of Correction. 
 
 On June 25 the mayor noniin.ated Z. R. Ilrock- 
 
 p.ay from the city, and has accumitl.atcd property 
 to the value of §200,000 over and .al)ovi" the tot.il 
 .amount received from the city. Its m.an.agi'tiient 
 li.is been sexer.al times impuvjncd, but on in\(stii;.i- 
 tion it h.is .always i)een found to l)e almost without 
 fault. 
 
 UkIKUII' llolsE Ul CoKKKCTION. 
 
 I'nder .a coniL^ri'ssion.il Law, United States prison- 
 ers .and (riminals from the 'I'erritories m.iv l)e 
 sentenced to this i)l,ace ,as a i)rison ; .and diirinv; 1883 
 
 way .as superintendent, .and lie W.IS unanimously con- one hundred .and tifty-four smh persons were con- 
 
 I'lrmed, and on July 6 the Coniniittec on Tublic 
 Iluildings reported th.at the buildiiij^s were com- 
 pleted .and .aia-epted. 
 
 The buildings are located on ;i p.art of the old 
 City Cemetery, .and are bounded by Division, W'il- 
 kiiis, Russell, .and Riopelle Streets, the site embr.ac- 
 ing three blocks. The origin.al buildings, with the 
 additions, h.ive cost .about §1 50,000. The inventory 
 
 lined here. Inder the St.ate Law of M.areh 16, 18A1, 
 |>risoners .are also la-eeiv-ed from wirious counties 
 in Michig.aii, other than W.ayne, and the number so 
 reieiveil in 1883 w.as two hundred .and twenty-eight. 
 The .aver.age number of prisoners, in 1883, was 
 four hundred and t'ifty, of whom one seventh were 
 females. 
 
 The city pays no board for the prisoners it sends, 
 
 of December, 1883, g.ave the value of the stock. but the Territories anil counties p.ay .according to 
 
 in.aterial, and bills receivable, as §161,442 ; the land contracts made with them, the amouni aver.aging 
 
 and buildings .are estim.ated to be worth §200,000. about one dollar and twenty-live cents jut w eek. 
 
 From its inception up to 1884 the House of Cor- The cost to the city, in 1882, of the food of the pris- 
 
 rection h.as received from the city, for all purposes, oners was fifteen and one tenth cents each per day. 
 
 a total of §189.841.36. So successful has been the The prisoners work ten hours a day, and are 
 
 man.agement th.at in J.anuary, 1879, the superinten- ehietly employed in the manufacture of furniture. 
 
2l8 
 
 THK HorSK OF {OKKIX-I'IOM. 
 
 Ill 1.SS3 tiny inaiuifartiirt'd 310,790 iliairs, 5.715 
 beds, and 1.353 iTadles. 
 
 Ihitil 1879 tlu- wdiiu'ii wvrc l.irijcly <»'iii|iic(l in 
 tlie maiuifaiUirc of loarsc cli)lhiiig ; siiKi' llicii tlity 
 h.iw Iktii mainly empldycd in cliair-mal^inj^. Com- 
 petent tea<lieis sek'cteil from the ollicers, aiiled l)y 
 other persons, eondiict an evening school live even- 
 ini,'s in a week, and all prisoners senteneed for tiiree 
 months or over are recpiired to attend. Not mori; 
 than si.x arc alluwctl in a class. Candles arc pro- 
 vided, th.it they may pursue their studies in the cells. 
 Diirinjj^ Mr. liroekway's administration, lectures, 
 re.idinj^s, or musical entertainments were yiven in 
 the chapel, on Saturday afternoons at five o'clock, by 
 I;idies and i^entlemen who from lime to time were 
 invited. .Similar exercises arc still continued at such 
 intervals as are deemed best ; and on every Sabbath, 
 at 9 A. M., service is 
 conducted in the 
 chapel by clergymen 
 and l.iyinen. 
 
 \'isitors arc receiv- 
 ed from 9 A. M. to 12 
 M., and from 2 to 5 
 P. M. 
 
 Under Mr. Brock- 
 way's supcriiUcnd- 
 ence, a 1 louse of Shel- 
 ter, costing §12,000, 
 was erected opposite 
 the tiiain building, on 
 grounds belonging to 
 the city, with the 
 hope of establishing 
 a permanent reform- 
 atcjry for unfortunate 
 women. It was open- 
 ed October 22, 1868, 
 closed two years lat- 
 er, and again opened May i, i87i,and continued to 
 be used until May, 1874. The effort was supervised 
 in the most careful and thoroughly Christian manner, 
 and undoubtedly accomplished some good, but the 
 uncertainty of its results, together with the additional 
 expense involved, finally led to its abandonment- 
 The building is now occupied by the superinten- 
 dent. 
 
 Very much of the credit for the good manage- 
 ment of the institution is due to its organizer and 
 first superintendent, Z. R. Hrockvvay; later superin- 
 tendents have proved most admirable successors, 
 and have fully maintained the deservedly high char- 
 acter of the institution. Up to Act of 1881, the 
 superintendent was appointed by the council, on 
 
 House or Cokkkctio.n — Sci'Kkini KNDiiN-'s 11(jlse. 
 
 nomination of the m.iyor, for terms of three years, 
 with a salary of $3,000 per year, lie is now ap- 
 pointed by the inspectors, lie is furnisiied with a 
 house ;md servants, and all expenses for liie board 
 of himself ,ind f.imily are paid by the institution. 
 The p.iy is liher.il, but in no other department in the 
 city government, probably, is the same amount of 
 expenditure productive of as much benefit. In 
 every way, the House of Correction is a model. 
 
 The superintendents h.ive been as follows : Z. R. 
 lirockway, Jiine, 1861, to January, 1873; Anthony 
 Lederle, laiuiary, 1873, to November, 1873; M. V. 
 Horgi ;i. November, 1873, to April, 1879; Joseph 
 Nic' from April, 1879. 
 
 • lI.c original Act of Incorporation, the 
 
 may :, and three inspectors appointed by the coini- 
 cilon his nomination, constituted a iio.ird of Inspec- 
 tors, and served with- 
 out compensation. 
 They had a general 
 oversight over the in- 
 stitution anil its man- 
 agement, and. ap- 
 pointed or approved 
 all subordinate offi- 
 cers, holding monthly 
 meetings for these 
 purposes. Under Act 
 of June 2, 1881, the 
 board consists of four 
 inspectors, the first 
 four chosen for terms 
 of from one to four 
 years each ; since 
 1881 one has been 
 chosen yearly. 
 
 The following is a 
 list of the inspectors : 
 John J. Bagley, 
 May, 1861, to May, 1862; H. P. Bridge, May, 
 1861, to May, 1862; Anthony Dudgeon, May, 
 1 861, to May, 1864; L. M. Mason, May, 1862, to 
 May, 1872; Ci. B. Russel, May, 1862, to May, 
 1864 ; G. V. N. Lothrop, July, 1863, to May, 1872 ; 
 Morse Stewart, May, 1864.10 November, 1866; N. 
 W. Brooks, May, 1867, to February, 1872 ; Jefferson 
 Wiley, June, 1872, to February, 1875 ; J. E. I'ittman, 
 June, 1872, to February, 1873; E. Kanter, June, 1872, 
 to February, 1877; A. S. Bagg, June, 1873, to Feb- 
 ruary, 1876; Francis Palms, June, 1875, to Septem- 
 ber, 1878; William Foxen, May, 1877, to July, 1881; 
 W. C. Colbiirn, from June, 1875 ; Don M. Dickinson, 
 from September, 1878; F. William Lichtenberg, 
 from July, 1880; J. V. Moran, from July, 1881. 
 
PART V. 
 
 MILITARY 
 
FOR' 
 
 In 
 
 SCCOIl 
 
 its cai 
 and ii 
 part. 
 Hritis 
 when 
 paiiy 
 NortI: 
 Clair ; 
 was tl 
 of Mi 
 
 Thi 
 
 troit \ 
 
 way t 
 
 and tl 
 
 posse: 
 
 jjainir 
 
 tribes 
 
 evidei 
 
 pr<)te( 
 
 the Ii 
 
 It wa; 
 
 trader 
 
 establ 
 
 gener 
 
 inaw 
 
 Luth, 
 
 ortlen 
 
 Franc 
 
 Erie. 
 
 Josep 
 
 what 
 
 withit 
 
 betwc 
 
 until 
 
 Thi 
 nient, 
 no lei 
 natnei 
 tirst V 
 Frenc 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 FORTS AND DKFENSKS.- 
 
 I'KNSIONS AND I'l'.NSloX A( ;i.N TS.-- Mll.l TARV t Jl'I'ICKKS 
 IN COMMAND A I' Di: IK( )||'. 
 
 FOKTS AN'I) OKFKNSKS. 
 
 In importance as a military post, Detroit is hardly 
 second to any place in the riiited Stales. All of 
 its early history i> connectetl with scenes of strife ; 
 and in every Amcriean war its soldiers have borne a 
 part. Its first .settlers came with a military colony, 
 liritish soldiers received it from the French, and 
 when the city was yielded to the Americans, a com- 
 pany of soldiers were the first to enter. Under the 
 Northwest Territory, its (governor was Cieneral .St. 
 Clair; under Indiana Territory, (Icncral Harrison 
 was the only ,nn\ernor ; and the first two tjovernors 
 of Michigan Territory were (lenerals Hull and Cass. 
 
 Fort Detroit. 
 
 The desirability of locatinjf a fort at or near De- 
 troit was perceived at an early date. In no other 
 way could the Freni'h secure the control of the river 
 and the fur trade of the Northwest ; and only by its 
 possession could they prevent the Enijlish from 
 ijjainin.ir access to, and tratlickiny with, the western 
 tribes. A fort was also necessary as a substantial 
 evidence of the French occupancy of the soil, and to 
 protect the various tribes of friendly Indians from 
 the Iroquois, who constantly warred aj^ainst them. 
 It was intended to concentrate the French soldiers, 
 traders, and friendly Indians at one place, and thus 
 establish a permanent post. In pursuance of this 
 (general policy a rude fort had been erected at Mack- 
 inaw in, or prior to, 1671 ; and in June, 1686, M. du 
 Luth, then in conunand at Fort Mackinaw, received 
 orders from M. de Nonville, the C^overnor of New 
 France, to establish a fort on the Detroit of Lake 
 I'>ie. In accordance with these orders. Fort St. 
 Joseph, also called Fnrt du I.uth, was built near 
 what is now Fort (Iratiot. The fort was abandoned 
 within two years after its erection, and the passaj^e 
 between Lakes Erie and Huron was left undefended 
 until 1701. 
 
 The ambition of the French, changes in govern- 
 ment, and various exigencies caused the erection of 
 no less than four different forts under six different 
 names in or near the present city of Detroit. The 
 tlrst was named Fort Pontchartrain in honor of the 
 French Colonial Minister of Marine. The stockade 
 
 w.'is hardly deserving of so formi<lai)le .1 title, being 
 intended to omtiuvc nitlicr tli.ui ti> defend. It was 
 located on the first rise of giduiid frnrn tin.' river, 
 and, using 'he present n.iiiu s of streets, was bi'twceii 
 Jelferson .\veiuie and W'oodbridge Street, (xcups- 
 ing the western h.ilf of the block betwei'n (Iriswold 
 and .Shelby Streets, probably including also Shelby 
 Street, and a part of the ground now occupied by 
 the Michig.an Fxcliange. This space was inclosed 
 by wooden pickets, (jr sharp poiiUed logs, driven 
 into the ground as closely as possible, forming a 
 very substantial fence, \c\\ fei't high. At the four 
 corners were bastions, but these were of irregular 
 shape, and the angles of two of them were so small 
 that they were of little value. Further particulars 
 as to this fort are contained in a letter of the Cheva- 
 lier de Calliere, Governor of New France, dated 
 October 4, 1701, which tells of the arrival of Lieu- 
 tenant Chacornacle from Detroit with five men, and 
 letters from Cadillac, one of which letters showed 
 that he had 
 
 hiiill ;i flirt with fmir baslimis cif k'xkI oak pickets liftcrn fuct 
 liiiij;, sunk lline firt in the k<'<>iii)<I' * ♦ ♦ That lie placed 
 this fort three Iraxues friim Lake Krie, and two friini l-ake St. 
 Clair, in the narrowest part of the river, to the west sonlhwest. 
 
 lie coninu need by making a storelimise to pnt his elliiis under 
 cover ; that he had worked at the iu!i essary liidninx'S, which were 
 not yet very far advanced, which ohliKcd him to keep ahuiist all 
 his people at work tryinj; to finish them before winter. 
 
 A Street, averaging twelve feet in width, sur- 
 rounded the buildings just inside the line of pick- 
 ets. If the i^ickets neeiled renewing at any time, 
 the inhai)itants whose jiremises reached to the line 
 were reiiuired to supply them, and when the houses 
 were sold the pickets were sold with them. 
 
 In 1703 the fort was .set on fire by the Indians 
 and partially destroyed. In 1716 £Uid 1717 it was 
 in very poor condition, and in 1718 Tonty rebuilt the 
 fort, making it one of the strongest in the country. 
 In 1748 it was repairetl with o.ak pickets fifteen feet 
 long, with a diameter of at least six inches at the 
 small end. One picket was allowed for each foot of 
 ground. In 1749 a number of immigrants arrived 
 from France ; and soon after the stockade for the 
 first time was enlarged. 
 
 In 1 75 1 additional troops came, and from this 
 
 C"«l 
 
222 
 
 FuRTs AND I )i:ki;nsi s. 
 
 lime tile jjosl was known as l'"nrl I)ctr()il. In IV54, 
 1755, and 1751S the slockadi' wa;; i-xtcndcd and ad- 
 ditional i;r()und cnrlosi'd. ( )n \o\i-iiii)fr 29, 17^0, 
 it was smicndiicd to tin- i'.ni^lisli, and soon after 
 was I'nlariji'd to indndc ahonl cii^lity honst-s. 'i'iic 
 pickets at this time were roinui, and ai)ont t\\cnty- 
 I'lve feel liii^d). 'I'liere were bastions at eaeli eonvr; 
 and o\er the two vfates on tiie east and west sides 
 l)lockl)oiisi'S were l)uilt for observation and defense. 
 Ilaeii of the Lr\'e wooden i^ i;.'s had a wi( ket j^atc 
 to allow sin'^li' jx-rsons to pass tliroiii^h. 'I'lie main 
 i;att'S Were o|)ene(l at siinrisi: and closed at sunset; 
 the wickets were open till nine o'llock. 
 
 If Indians entered, all their .arms were t.akeii from 
 tliiMi: ,at tin- liale, .and returned when tluy left. 
 
 Tile i^fronnd then enclosed, desiv;iialed by prt'sent 
 street lines, ineiudi'd .ill bi'tween (Iriswold .Street 
 .and ,1 point tifty feet west of Shelby Street, ;md .all 
 south of the .alley l)elween Jelferson .\vcniic and 
 L.arncd Street to W'oodbridijo .Street. 
 
 ,\t the time of the I'onti.ic (.■ons|)ir.acy tlic fort 
 was irarrisoned by one hundred and twenty-two men 
 of the ia.vjhtietii Rc.i^iment, with ei,i,dit ot'licers, under 
 conun.uid of .M.ajor <il;i(lwiii, and w.as provided with 
 one tliree-i)ounder .and tiircu mortars. An .armed 
 schooner, the llc.ixer, |)rotecte(i tiie w.ater front. 
 
 in 1766 there was a garriscvii ol two hundred men. 
 An old letter from the iniiai)itants to tlie command- 
 .ant, formerly in possession of A. 1). Fraser, indiealL-: 
 how rep.iirs were then provided for; it reads as ftj!- 
 I( Avs : 
 
 I)ktu(iii, Aiit;. 7tli, 17^/1. 
 To John Cam/>litUy JCsq., Lieut. Col, and Comma/tdani at 
 Pitroit and its dn/'endcncies : 
 
 SiK, 
 
 We luivc taken ymir iirdiT i>f the ^nl. iii'^tant ri'spcitinn the 
 fiirnisliiiin of inalcriiils hy us fur n^pairinx this fort, into loiisider- 
 atioii ; rul fiiul it aljsciliitely iriip.issililc tu Li>iii|>ly with il. 
 
 The riqiiisiticiii made of us per individuals wniild aiuduiit at 
 least til four thouviud pounds, .N'ew Vurk thirnin y, a sum l>y 
 far toil ^rt- 't for the whole ; ettlenient, anil all the tradin^i; people 
 lioui (lilfircnl places now rrsldiiin hi re, to pay. 
 
 * ♦ * Wi- liud, Sir, thai lill thr year I7s>the fort was about 
 ha'.' the extent il is now. 'I'Ih- iuhahilanls lill tliiii wire ohli^'ed 
 to furnish one picket (or each foot of ground they po.ssesbcd in 
 front within the fort, and to pay .mnually Iwo sols per foot to the 
 Crown, liy way of ipiil rent. Il was with ditlieulty lh.it Ihe eir- 
 eurnslanee of this plaee eould an oinplish the paynniit of their 
 dues III the hreneli Kinj,', of wliii :h he proved his sinsiliility hy 
 easiu); the iidiahitanis of the heavy l>urlliiii of furnishiiit; pii kets ; 
 for from that time th(> I'ort w.s enlar>;ed ui)on .111 entirely new 
 plan, at the sole expense of the Crown. The annual lax of two 
 sol per foot, in front, was continned till the surreniler of this 
 country to the l''.n;;lish, sinie which the service has required such 
 tuxes of us that tluy have been .ilpnost insupportable. Permit us. 
 Sir, to m' .i.ion them, and you will see that we stand in >;ri'ater 
 need of assislanc<: than lo be obli){ed to pay any new tli in.'inds. 
 
 Captain Cimpbell. the first Kn^'hsh (ommandant at Detroit, on 
 his arrival here levied a lax on the proprietors in ihe Tort, for 
 lod>;im,' tliR troo,H, which amoiinleil to a very considerable sum ; 
 l)eside», each of the farmiTS were obli>;eil lo p.iy :; 1 ord of wood 
 per acre In front. The sec ond year the propriil.Ts paid av'ain for 
 c|uartcrlnK the !riii.;is, and the farmers furnished ilouble the i|uan- 
 tity of wood they did the year before. 
 
 The tliird yc;ar Colonel tiladwin eonliuin-d the same taxes. 
 The folliiwin;; >e.ir, biiukf I7''J,' the taxwilliin the I'ort alone 
 arnoiMiti d lo one hunihc^d and ei;;hty-fuur |>cunds, thirteen ShiU 
 lin>;s anil four I'eru e. In the year 1764 Ihe taxes came to one- 
 hundieil .mil lifty-eij;ht I'ocMiils, .New York Currenc y. 
 
 In the year 17(15 you was pleased to si^jnify by Messrs. Habee 
 and Shappooton that the taxes for the future should be the Siune na 
 in the I'nnc h (iiivernuuii;, which, as we havct siiid before, Wiis 
 two sol per foot fur the lots within the I'ort. 
 
 'I'iie fanners were subjec-t to a (|ult tent of two .Shillings and 
 e!>;ht pence New Vork Currency, and one-fourth bushel wheat 
 per acTe in front, which wiis ace ordinal y paid to Mr. Sh'ppoiilcin, 
 who wasappointed to receive the: same. After this, we cciiild not 
 help beiiiK surprised at the tax for the current year, vi/ one Shd- 
 linn per foot in front for lots within the Korl, and ten .Sliillin^,'s 
 pi r ill re for thcr farmi-rs in ihe country. The heaviness of th's 
 l.i\ is most severely felt, as you may jiulxe !iy the: delay and difle- 
 c ully the people: had in paying; it. 
 
 This letttr cie.arly shows tli.at tiien, as now, taxes 
 were deemed a burden. 
 
 A few years prior to 1778 the stockade was aj^^ain 
 eniariL^fd, ,tnd provided with four jjates on eacii side, 
 with blockhouses over them on tlie east, west, and 
 north sides, e.icii i)lockhouse liavin>f four si.x-pound- 
 ers. There were, al.so, two l);itteries of six guns 
 e.ach, f.aeing ihe river. I'he cit.idel, on hat is now 
 tile corner of Jelferson Avenue ami Wayne Street, 
 w.as surrounded with a rowtjf pickets, and contained 
 i),irr,aeks for tiirec or four hundreil men, a brick 
 storehouse, a liospital, and a guard-house. 
 
 I'iie .stockade, in 1778, included tii.it p.arl of the 
 city lying i)etween (iriswold and Cass Streets, I.arned 
 Street, .and the river. On the river side of tiie fort 
 tile l)ank was (|uite steep, and between it and the 
 water's edge was a .space of level grouiul forty feet 
 wide. 
 
 Fori Lcrnoult or Shelby. 
 The history of this fort is thus detailed by Cap- 
 tain A. Bird of the Mighlh Regiment, in a letlei- to 
 15rig.a(!ier ( '.cntT.al Powell, d.ated August 13, 1782: 
 
 l.ate in the fall of ij;8 wire: alarmed by the approach of the 
 eniiiiy uniler one llioc'lii . wli'i with two or thri-i' thousiind men 
 had actually advanec'il as far as Tuscan iwas, about ninety niilis 
 from the lake at l.owc r Sandusky, and were employed in liuildinK 
 a larye picketed hiirl. .Major I.erniiult, at a <onvers;ilion with 
 the iilVicers at l)i:trc)it on the above: alarm, concluded Detroit in- 
 capable of making a defense that inij;ht reflect honor un the de- 
 fendants, il bc:in>;iif j{reat extent, only picketed, and in a manner 
 under a hill. I!y his orders on the Siime eveninn, I Iraciil a re- 
 ciinbt on the hill. The plan was left to me. ♦ • ♦ We he- 
 Kan, I think, early in November, and worked without interinissiim 
 until Kebriiary, at which lime the Iniii.ins dec larinjf un intentiiin 
 uf attacking Colonel Itroclheacrs post of four hundred lhi;n at 
 Ttisearowas I joined them. In the meantime I.ieuteiiant Duver- 
 net retiirneel from Post Vinc'cn'. and was appointed ■ iKineer ; the 
 work wus then too far adv.mced for him to alter the form of it. 
 
 It was made by surrounding an interior spac- with 
 trees piletl up four fei:t high, with their sharpened 
 butts projecting outwards. On top of the trees, and 
 
 ' This date is evidently a mistake, as, ni:ci)rHin)( to this state- 
 ment, 17^1! would he the fourth yi-ar of l''n);lish possession, when, 
 in f U't, the fort wun s;oTendered in 1760. 
 
FORTS AND i)i:Fr:\si:s. 
 
 3 
 
 Ijrojt'ctin,;,^ over llicrii seven or eij^lil feel, al an anj^le 
 of forly-Cive dej^rees, was a tier of sharpenecl stakes, 
 tlie wliole siiniimiiited witli an eartli enihanknienl 
 eleven feel \u\ih. 'I'he tliiekness of llie lop of llie 
 parapet was twelve feel ; llie banqiielU: for infantry 
 was raised six fet'l Ironi the found.ilion or level of 
 the fort; the width of the ramparls al their base was 
 twenty-six feet. Tiie enibankiiu'nl was surrounded 
 l)y a dilch live or six feet deep, and twelve feet wide 
 al the surface, havini^ in it a row of cedar pickets 
 eleven or twelve feel liiyh, fastened toyetiier with a 
 rib. 
 
 I'lie entrance was towards i!ie town, through :i 
 |)assa.i(eway underneath llie trees, with .i drawbridi^e 
 over the diteh. Helween tlii' cil.idel and the fort 
 there was a subterranean passa.i(e, the |)ow(ler-Ina^,^■l- 
 zine beinj; on the route. ( )n each side of the 
 entrance was an iron twenty-four-|)ounder ; t'.icii 
 side of the fort was defended willi two twi Uy-foiir- 
 ;)otMiders, and at e.'ich bastion four cannons wen: 
 placed. Tlie fort was entirely outside of liic slot k- 
 ade, .and a loni^ dist.anci' from the .si'tlled portion of 
 the town, on wli.it was known as the second terrace. 
 Desijrnated by streets as they now exist, it lay 
 between Fort and (..ifayette Streets, includiui; both 
 streets .and the two blocks between (Iriswokl and 
 Wayne .Streets. 
 
 Shortly .after it w.is built, the old slock.ade was 
 exliMidcd to the fort, intersectinj; the two souilKru 
 b.islions, .ind enelosinjj the military jjardens indicated 
 in the m.ip of 1796. 
 
 On March 16, 1779, Colonel (ieorj.(e Koj^ers Clark, 
 ii.ivinij jusL captured Lieutenant-Ciovernor Hamilton 
 .and iiis forces .at Vinceni\es, wrilinjr to M.ajor I,er- 
 noult .at Detroit, enclosin,v; letters from |)risoners to 
 tiicir friends, says, "I learn by your letters to (lov- 
 ernor ll.innltou that you were very busy m,ikini;new 
 works. I .im ^\m\ to hear il, .is it s.aves the Anieri- 
 cms sonic exjiense in buildinj.;." Unfortunately, 
 Colonel C.irk's plans niiscir. .ed, ac.d ilie work went 
 on, but not for tlie bei.v .it of the Americans. 
 
 On M.iy 16, 1780, Colonel De I'eyster, who li.id 
 succeeded M.ajor Fernoull, in a "I'tter to Colonil 
 liolton at Ni.ag.ar.i, s.iiil : 
 
 The iu;w I"'(irl will ^ivr coiistarU (-niptiiytiH-nt l.ir lliis ( iairi^oi) 
 for sinni' tiiiii' li> (Dine, tlic <lili lir-^ tilliiin fastir than we ran siid, 
 Dwinj; Id vviri' »ralhi.r, and spiinn'^ l>i'i'.ikinn oiii in all parts, 
 will, h hrhiKs down tlu: cailli in >(ii'al iIikIs. 
 
 On the conclusion of the treaty of peace, work on 
 the fort ceased, and on A i',usi 5, 1784, l.ieulen.ant- 
 (iovernor ii.iy wrote from Detroit to Cicneral llaldi- 
 mand as follovvr : 
 
 As all piihhi- works am ordered to oease here, il is my dnly to 
 inform yoiir Kxiellency that the front and rear of this town are 
 open, the pickets having been taken down byot.lerof I.ienlenant- 
 Coloiicl De I'eyster, and the continuation of the lots to the rivi'r 
 given to the proprietors, savinij a cart mad to the water's edKe, 
 
 liy whii h m( aiis a (liscontenliil Indian iii.iy, any iiinht, si t lir. lo 
 the town. 
 
 The jjroiinil K'^'cn liy Colonel I >e l'ey>lrr, as above mentioned, 
 was formerly tlie woixl y.ird, but now the barrack master is obliged 
 t<i pile his wood at so >;reat a distan* ■' on eacii side of the town 
 that no sentry from the ,i;arri-,oii (an laki- iharjje of il. Capiain 
 I!ird, .11 liiiL; eM>;iiiei'r, has n ported to me ihal part of Kort l.ir- 
 noiilt has been much damaged this spring and summer l)y liiavy 
 rains, and if not n-paired will soon not he defensible; but I shall 
 not allow a si.vpencc: upon either with. ml your K.\cilhii( y's or- 
 d.rs. 
 
 In October, 1779, the foliowiin; troops were st.a- 
 tioned iicrc : Ont; hundrvd .aini eiijhty of liie Kiii,ir's 
 Rejrimcnl, one hundred .and thiriy-ei,i,dil of the 
 ••'oriy-sevenlh Kej^imeiil, fifty Kani^fi's, .iiul ihirlccn 
 of the Koy.al Artillery, .a t(;ta! of three hundred .and 
 eiirlity-one. On Auijust 23, 1782, there w.as .a total 
 of twenty-six cannon and iiiort.ars fit for service, with 
 thirteen soldiers of the lioy.al Artillery, two hundred 
 anil forty-six of the Kintj's or Figlilh Rci^iiiicnt, 
 scvcnty-oiic of the i''orty-seveiilli Ret,d!iient, and one 
 hundred .ind twenty R.iinjers, — .a tol.il of four hun- 
 dred .and fifty besides the officers. 
 
 On September 24, 1782, Fieiiteiiant-Colonel Henry 
 I lope .arrived ,ii Deinit from M.ackin.aw on .a tour 
 of inspection. He rem.aincd until the evcniiii,Mif the 
 26th. (leiieral I'owell li.id been here but .1 short 
 time before. 
 
 in 1793 the fort w.as garrisoned with one comp.any 
 of .artillery .and one of (grenadiers; there were .also 
 two new bri.^js, the Cliip|)ewa and the ( )tt;iwa, with 
 eiiijht JL^uns each, the briir Dunmorc with six tiuns, 
 ■and the sloop Felicity with two swivels. 
 
 After the e\acuation by the Iaij.(lisli, on July 11, 
 1796, Colonel il.imtr.imck, with .a j^.arrison of three 
 hundred soldiers, w.is st.ationed here. At this time 
 there w.as .gre.it dilliculty in supplying the troops 
 with provisions, .aiul Samuel Henley, .acting (ju.arter- 
 m.istir ,it ( Ircenville, sent the following letters to 
 Ciener.il Wilkiiis, {|u.irterm.asier-gener.al .at Detroit: 
 
 ('.i(i'.i;s\ iil.K, Aiiv'nst 4, 171/1. 
 .Mr. JoiH'S leaves here Ihis day, from the cursed arrangements at 
 fori ll.iriiilloii, with my hiart full of siirrow he leaves me • •jiout 
 (uru. ♦ ♦ * If I (aiiassist Mr. Jones with mm on hi-. .^ .j 
 you, by llcaMU, il shall he done without a iiiomenrs delay. 
 
 (lunKNVii.i.h., AiiKust r 1, lyc/j. 
 1 wrote lo you the Commissary-tJeiieral ^ave thirty dollars for 
 ihi- tr.insportalion of on.' barrel of Hour. 1 am told In- ^ives ihis 
 price from I'ort Wasliint;Ion to Kort Wayni'. ♦ * * | am well 
 convinced thai our public waxon-makersare u p.Hir .set of drunken 
 men. 
 
 Tlu'sc dilfii ulties soon jKissed .away, .and the fol- 
 lowing letter shows th.at soci.il enjoyments were not 
 forgotten • 
 
 (;i(KI;n\ ii.i.K, December >, 17.)'!. 
 
 I hope e;e lonj; to have the honor to see yon in I lelroii 'here to 
 
 enjoy the pha^ure of your agreeable company, eai:h of us in >;oi.,. 
 
 health. I Hhonid be very much Kratitii'd with the ainuscnicnt.s of 
 
 Dc;roit this winter, but must dispense with tlmt pleasure, as 1 
 
wm 
 
 224 
 
 KoRTs AND I)i;fi:nsi;s. 
 
 liii|ii^ Idlijivi' till- (i|i|inrtiiiiity iiixt wiiilii- m| siiing my liicnUs in 
 li.iMoii. 
 1 wish :ill llu- lailys in llic- aurid happy. 
 
 S \Mi . 1 ll.NI.UV. 
 
 I'l'TEH Aii.KAiN, Ks.,.., /',/. ^1. .1/. (;,•«/., n.troit. 
 
 In Jiiiu', 1800, iwo iv.v;inKMUs wi'R' Iktc. In 1803 
 the slockadc was in \i'ry l)a(l condition, and on .April 
 28, 1804, a town nRL'tin;..^ was lulil to \oit' on llic 
 (jiic'stion of its repair. 'I'iic vote siooti twelve in 
 favor of, and tiiirtei'n ai^^ainst repairiiiiL;. In 1806 it 
 was (leeided to repair the pickets, ami in ( )eiol)er 
 Pierre Chesiie was paid " fifty-ei^ht |ionnds, si.xteeii 
 shillinjrs, for tniishinjr the stockade." 
 
 In 1807 an entirely new .stock.ide was erected by 
 (lovcrnor Hull. It included all thei,n-ounds hetwirn 
 the Cass and lirush I'arnis ;ind exleiidi'd to the fort. 
 There were i^ali's ;ind blockhouses on each side at 
 Jefferson Avenui'. I'\)r the purpose of buildini;' this 
 stockade it was or- 
 dered on Au.n'ust 9, 
 1807, that fifty ol'li- 
 t'crs and men be ik'- 
 tailed from the I'irst 
 Kcirinienl, and lifty 
 from the I.ej;ion.iry 
 Corjjs to be "niarch- 
 etl to the works at 
 eii;ht .\. M." On 
 AnjL^ust 17 follow- 
 inv;, James May, the 
 adjutant -v^cmral, di- 
 rectetl that the I'irst 
 Reximciil should 
 " pnpari' and set up 
 three hundreil yards 
 of pickets, and the 
 Le;^ionary Corps, 
 one hundred and lif- 
 ty yards." These pickets were fourteen feet hij;h, 
 with loop-hok's to shoot throuv;h. 
 
 The fort was surrendered by Cicneral 'lull on 
 Aiijriist 16, 1812. Amonvi; the brass field-pieces 
 delivered u|) were l\co taken by deneral Sl.ark at 
 BenniniLjton, one captured from Cicner.il iiurii^oyne 
 at .SaratoiL,^, and several obtained from Cornwallis 
 at Ndrktown. 
 
 'l"lie fort was evacuated by the I'.ritish on Sep- 
 tember 28, 181 3 ; when they left, some of the troops 
 .set tire to the barracks, but the inhabitants speedily 
 (iuen<'hed tiie tlames. 
 
 Ceneral Mc.\rthur llrst occupied the fort on 
 September sy. Up to this time it Iiad retained the 
 name of Lernoult, l)ut now it was christened I'ort 
 Slu'lby in honor of the brave .ij'ivcrnor of Ohio. 
 
 While the luiv^lish were in possession, all of the 
 pickets on tin- west and some on the east were cut 
 off close to the j^ronnd, and in the winter of 181 j- 
 
 Ol.l) AUSF.NAI,, toKMU; JlJll 
 
 1814 the soldiers of Harrison's army dui; ont the 
 ends and used them for fuel. The walls of the fort, 
 at this time, were closely lined with lo.i; huts, occu- 
 pied by the army. Just prior to .\pril 25, 1814, four 
 lines of pickets were erected in jilace of those de- 
 stroyed in 1813. The fort was also newly moimled 
 with cannon, and fourteen hundred troops were then 
 stationed here. 
 
 On .\u'j;ust 0, 1815, Major William 11. I'uthuff, 
 of the Secontl United .States Rifle Reviiment, who 
 had been in commantl at Detroit, retired from the 
 aiNny, and was presented by the citizens w ith a com- 
 plimuil.iry address. 
 
 In Sepkinber, 1815, nearly thirteen lumdri'd 
 soldiers were si.ilioned here, and quartered in what 
 was called the cantonnuiit, built just west of the 
 fort in that year. It consisii-d of foiu' rows of one- 
 story lo;.; bu i Id ini^s arranged in (|iiadrani.{ul.ir form. 
 
 The west row stood 
 directly on the east 
 line of the Cass 
 l-'arm. At this time 
 thei;atesofthe town 
 Wire ,i;iiarded by 
 sentinels, and no one 
 could (.nter or leave 
 without a pass. 
 
 ( )n .Saturday, Sep- 
 tember 6, 1815, Ma- 
 jor (ieneral lirowii 
 and suite, who liatl 
 been at Detroit on a 
 tour of inspection, 
 left for ISuffalo on 
 the brii; Niagara. 
 
 The arsinal on 
 the northwest cor- 
 ner of Jclierson /\\- 
 enue and Wayne Street w.is Iniilt tmder the direc- 
 tion of Colonel R. L. Haker, in 1816, and was torn 
 down late in the summer of 1S67. The yaril in 
 the rear, with its stores of cannon-b.ills, was in 
 ch,iri.;e of C".iptain I'erkins, who kept it in the best of 
 ordiT. The i^arrison, durinvf a part of 1816, con- 
 sisted of fifteen hundred rci^tilar troops; in the fol- 
 lowinj^ year it \'.iricd from one hundred and fifty to 
 four hiir.dred. 
 
 On .April 19, 1S18, the llaij-staff w,ts )lown down 
 durinj; .1 storm, and two days after the Ci.izette con- 
 taineil this notice : 
 
 'lliL' llaK'-staff (111 whicli, in AuKiist, iHi.', CmuTal Hull ilisiilayid 
 his sivriKil of (Iis>;r:ui'fnl suhinis-iiiin, fill dniiun llu' sIdiiii last 
 WrdiHsil ly ivcniiii;, Nu llai; had wavid on it sinii' iSi.?, bnl it 
 St 1 a mitnnniint of the lowardly snrri'iidiT of 1 trtroit. 
 
 It W.IS jKissibly this very staff that the council, in 
 1827, proposed to convert into ladders for che use of 
 the firemen. In the sprinj^ of 1873, while a cellar 
 
 I) Wa\ SI'. .Si. 
 
FORTS AND Dr.n'.NSKS. 
 
 •-5 
 
 fur ilic rcsidrnci' of John ( )\vt'n on I'Ort Sirci'i Wist 
 was briny cxcavaud, llii' sUiiiip of llu' slalT was 
 fouiiil; a plate suitably insi'iilx'd was placed upon 
 it, and on April 2b, 1877, it was pirscntttl to the 
 l*ui)lic Library. 
 
 On July 25, 181S, Colonel Juiin E. Wool arrived, 
 mil remained two days. In 1820 a full regiment 
 was stationed here. On Wednesday, .Ma\- 3, of this 
 yi'ar, Captain J. l'"ariey,of the United St.ites .\rtiliery, 
 and Licuten.mt ( )tis Fislier, of the {•'if'ii Rei;inunt, 
 went to Sandwieh, and fought a duel, P'isher beiny 
 inst.mtly killed. 
 
 On June 4, 1821, Oeneral John N. .Maromb, who 
 had been in eonmiand here for many years, jjeini; 
 • iboiit to leave, was presented by the citizens with 
 several cnyiavings, and also with a silver tankard 
 made by Mr. Rotiquette. 
 
 In this year Fort Shelby was in a dilapidated con- 
 
 dollars were p.iid for tillini; in the old ditch around 
 the fort, and in May. si.\ thousand pickets, forming,'- 
 part of the fort ,ind stock.ide. were .sold ,it from two 
 dollars to three dollars per hundred. 
 
 /■'(ir/ IWiynr. 
 
 This fortitication, named .after denenil /Vnthonv 
 Wayne, is located in the township of .S|)rin.y;we!ls, 
 three ,ind one half miles from the City I bill, ;it the 
 only bend in the ri\'er, and ;ilso at its narrowest 
 point. it conimanils the city and the river rli.annel. 
 Its site was the canipin^'-jjround of the troops ren- 
 dezvousiniLj for the lUack Hawk W.ir, also of the 
 forces enijaged in the I'atriot War of 1858. 
 
 The tirst appropriation of §50,000 for its construc- 
 tion was made on Auj,uist 4, 1841 ; in 1842 the 
 (iovcrnment purchased twenty-three acres, and in 
 1844 an additional forty-three acres was procured. 
 
 OllleUKb' IJl.MOl.kS Al iuKl U.W.Sli. 
 
 (lition, and without a sint^le mounted piece of 
 artillery; the pickets and abattis .il.so were badly 
 decayed. 
 
 On Tuesday, October 19, 1824, Oeneral Ci.iines 
 arrived from ;i tour of inspection of the northern 
 posts. lie left the next day. On July 12, 1825, 
 Ceneral .Solomon \';m Rensselaer visited the city, 
 .ind was ijiven .a ])ul)lic dinner at Woodworth's 
 llotel. Colonel J. V.. Wool beinvf also |)resent. 
 
 On May 27, 1826. the two companies of infantry 
 vhich h.id been stationed here dep.irted forOreen 
 il.iy, !e;'.vini^ the city, prob.ibly for the first time, 
 \ithout any trooi)s. During- this ye.ar, the fort and 
 ;ts i^romiils were ^(iven to the city by Congress, .ind 
 niost ol the old b.irr.icks were sold ,ind moved .iw.iy. 
 Ill the sprini^ of 1827 the stock.ade w.is removed .and 
 die fort demolished. Six huTuIred and twnty-llve 
 
 The fort was be^nin in 1843, and completed a!)out 
 1 85 1, at a cost of nearly §150,000. 
 
 (ieiienil Meivjs li.ad entire ch.ar^^e of the construc- 
 tion. It w.as orii,n'nally .1 s(|uare-b;istioned fort, with 
 s.and emb.-inknients, ;ind red ced.ir scarj) with em- 
 brasures of o.ak. The cedar w.is brouji^lit from 
 Kelley's Island, .some three lumdred workmen beiiiir 
 sent thither for the purpose. Iloth the ced.ir ,ind 
 the o.ak were ky.inixed, .and it w.is thought they 
 would be \ery dur.ible. 
 
 In 1864, under the su|)erintenilence of ( ".ener.al T. 
 J. Cr.ini, the ced.ir scarp w.is removed, and repl.iced 
 with, brickwork, seven .and one half feet thick and 
 twenty-two feet hii(h, with ;i brick f.acinv;' of about 
 eiuhtecn inches, b.ack of which is six fi'ct of concreic. 
 The top of the scarp wall extends about six feet 
 ;ibo\e the former woodwork. ,.nd there is .in empty 
 
1'I;N.SI()NS AM) I'KXSIOX A(ii:NIS.-()Fl-lCi:RS IN COMMANIJ AT Dl/lKoir, 
 
 span: iM'twccii it and llu; cinhankinfiU. In case the 
 t(i|) (if till- wall should Ik- shoi auay. this space 
 would scrvi! as ;i rccciilatlc for the falliri)^ l)ri( k 
 and mortar, wliicli would lie very nearly as scr- 
 viciahlc as a sand embankment in rcsistini; the: 
 dc'strtictivi; c-ffcct of solid sl)oi. 'riic cntirtt cost of 
 these improvements was nearly $25o,(joo. 
 
 /■'(//•/ Crin^/idii or l-'ort Xonsciisc, 
 
 r'.arly in the cenlury the Indians near the city 
 wen.' eoniiruially killin.i( cattle, driving olf horses, 
 and eonnnittinir depredations of various kinds. To 
 intimidate them, and to |)roiect the sloiik wiiich 
 jrra/ed on the commons, this fort was erected. The 
 following oHiiial order had reference to the work of 
 erection : 
 
 UKMineAKTiuc: Drtroit, ^ Jiinf, iRf/J. 
 Il is lirri liy iirilcrcil, lli:it tin llinr I'illinviii^ i >>iii|i.iiiii's <if llir 
 First Ki'xliiu'iu, by and iiridi r tln^ iDjiirMaiiil <if llnir risixclisr 
 captains, siiall fiiriiisli tilt- folldwiii^^ ((iiuta iif iiicn each, to assist 
 in iriitinn llic piililii: works un ilic (_!oininon aliovc llu- fort, viz.: 
 Cai>laiii (.°ain|>aii si.\ nun, C'a|>taiii Tiittiu si.<c nun, and Captain 
 .\ndirson cinlil nn ii cai;li day, to attend pririsilyat sivcn o'l loi k 
 in tliu morning .a said work, to In: thi'n; iiiidcr tin: diri-ction ami 
 control of the cotninandant, already appointi'<l in deneral ordi rs 
 111 superintend the erei lion of s;iid Works, and siihjeet to the t oni- 
 inand of thi: ofTii ir of tiled. ly. Tin' ollierrsof the three miiipaniei 
 afori'said will In^ liahle to be calUd upon, fron". time to tiiiM, to 
 serv. as uflieers of the day. 
 
 [Sii^iiiuf) SlAMIV (iuisWIII.Il, 
 
 Aittni^ (ioi'ernor atiti i 'i'linititntivr-itt-Chii-/. 
 
 The fort was located near what is now the north- 
 east corner of I'.trk and lli.y;ii .Streets, and was 
 eventually called l'"()rt Croi(han, also {•'orl Nonsensi'. 
 It was cireukir in form, about forty feet in diam- 
 eter, and consisted of an earth emb.mkment about 
 ten feet hi,v,di, ;tiid two feet wide on top, surrounded 
 by a ditch. It w.is mounted with ;i ftw pieces of 
 artillery. 
 
 The soldiers used to iir.ieiice' tirini;- inlo it from 
 Fort .Shelby so ;ts to be .able to dri\e out the Indians 
 in e;ist: tliey ;ilteinpte<l to occ lips' it. In l.iier times 
 it was a favorite place of resort for the bo\s, who 
 would chixise sides ;ind b.ittle for its |)ossession, 
 and they, probably, _i;.ive it its best-known n.iine. 
 
 Detroit I id mules. 
 
 As early as September, i.S>j. the ( lovernment ol)- 
 tained jxissession, |);irtly by purch.tse ;ind |);irlly by 
 lease of a \\.\x\^^ portion of the Mulh tt I'arm, front- 
 injr on (Iratiot Stri;et, near the present Russell 
 Street; barracks were erected thereon, .ind the dov- 
 crninent continued to occupy tin; ijround for nearly 
 twenty-five years. I)urin,v( most of this time, a larire 
 number of soldiers were (|ii;irtercd there. 
 
 As an event in which military oflicers of Detroit 
 feit much interest, it may be noted lliat the corner- 
 stone of the Arsenal at Dearborn was l.iiil on July 
 
 30, iS;,3, under the suixrsision .-md m.tn.i^i'ment of 
 Ctjltjiiel Joshua liowanl. The eerenionies com- 
 menced al 12 .\I., wilh |)rayer by Ke\-. Mr. Se.iile, of 
 Deiioii, followed by an .iddicss by M;ijor Henry 
 Whilini;, ;iiid .1 dinner. 
 
 ( )n .Au.vjust II, 1X45, .u) order airi\ I'd for the three 
 com|i,'iiiies of the fifth l\ev;iment, ihen in Detroit, 
 to rende/vous ;il Jefferson IJ.ii'r.ieks, Mo., jirep.'ira- 
 tory to .noini; to 'I\'.\as ; ;ind on the Kiih, .'icom- 
 plimenlary dinner w.is given to the ollicers at the 
 I'i.Nehangi:. 
 
 I'KNSIONS .\NI> I'KNSION AC.KN'I'.S. 
 
 The I'nited .St;ites, ;is e,ul\ ;is i/Sy, assumed the 
 payment of pensions, .i.i^reed to be |),iid by the 
 .States. ,\n All of /\pril 24, i.Sifi, |)rovidcd for the 
 a|)pointmeul. by the .Seeret.try of W'.'ir, of .'idditionjil 
 commissioners of pensions. This otlice was est.ii)- 
 lished in Detroit in i<S24, ,'tnd llirough its agency the 
 ("lovernment p.iys pensions to wounded ollicers, 
 .soldiers, and sailors who wireenga.ged in the War of 
 I (Si 2, the .Mexican War. .ind the w.tr with the South. 
 The amounts paid v.try from one doll.tr to fifty dol- 
 l.irs jxr month, and are paid at the end of each 
 (|u.irter, (kiting from .September 4 in ck h year. 
 
 There are ;il)oiil 10,500 pensioners on the rolls of 
 the Detroit I'ension A,gency, of whom about (yuo 
 \\\c in the city. 
 
 The disbursements of the Detroit oMici: for |)en- 
 sions, for the ye.u' ending June 30, i(SK3, re.iched a 
 lol.il of $2,750,71)2, jiiiid out to 13,080 ])ersons. 
 
 The s.il.try of the pension ;tgent is S4.(xx) ;i year, 
 and fifteen cents on each ivtyment to [)ensiiiners 
 I'tfter $4,(HXJ li.ts ])een p.'iid. Out of the .imounl he 
 receives, the agent ]).'tys tite s.'il.iries of se\'er.tl 
 employees, and all e.xpenses except ollici; rent, li,ghts, 
 and fuel. 
 
 The following persons h.tve ser\fd ;is pension 
 .agents; 1.S24 1 S3 1, Thomas Row l.ind ; 1.S31 1837, 
 I'.lias Doty ; 1.S37-1.S54, k;. I'. I lastings ; 1854 1857, 
 I'lish.i Taylor ; 1857-1859, C.uy I'oote ; 1857-1S62, 
 Henry C. Kibbee ; 1.S62-1863, Alexander (1. .\oyes; 
 1863-1867, Thomas J. Noyes ; i8fi7 1869, Henry 
 r.;irns; 186(^-1873, Arnold K.iichen ; 1873 
 S.'imuel l'i)st. 
 
 Mll.n'AKV ol'KICKKS IN COMMAND \\ l)K TKt HI'. 
 
 No list of either the French. I'',nglish, or Ameri- 
 can commaiidei's ;it Detroit h;is ever before been 
 published. The following lists, ((implied from \ari- 
 ous ofiKi.il and |)rivate nianuscri|)ts, are believed to 
 be nearly complete. 
 
 /•>•/';/(// ( 'oniiiiaiiiiiints. 
 1701 to f.ill of 1704, M. Anloine de l.i .Mothe 
 Cadill.ie. 
 
 1704, fall 01, to 1706, Sieur Alphonse de Tonty. 
 
MILITARY (JIFILIIRS IN COMMAND Al' DinRCJIT. 
 
 22/ 
 
 17c/), January 29,10 Aui^iist, Sii'ur ik- Hourijmoiit. 
 
 1706, Au.t;iisl, to suiiiiiKr of 1711, M. Aiiloini: be 
 la Mollu- Cadillac-. 
 
 171 1 tn June, 171 J, M. Joseph dnyon (hi I'.nisson. 
 
 1712, June, lo 1714, Fianc^ois Daupin, Sieur dc 
 l;i Korcst. 
 
 [714 1717, I.ieuti'nant Jae(|iies Clias. Sahrevois. 
 
 1717, M. I.oiiis do la I'osle, Sieur dc I.ouviv^ny. 
 
 1717, July 3, to 1720, M. llcnri Tonly, yuunvjer 
 brother of Alphonse. 
 
 1720, M. Charles Joseph, Sieur dc Noyellc. 
 
 1720 to November 10, 1727 (when he died), Sieur 
 Alplionsi tie Tonly. 
 
 1727, Deeeniber ly, to , M. le Chevalier de 
 I.epernouclu:. 
 
 1728, M. Je.'ui liaplisle Desehaillons de St. Ours. 
 172.S, M. Charles Joseph, Sieur dc Noyclle. 
 1728 lo June 10, 1734, M. iU. iioishcbcrt. 
 
 1734, June 10, lo , llnj^ucs Jat(|ues IVan, 
 
 Sieur do [-ivandicre. 
 
 1734 1738, l.icutcuaiil Jacques Ciiarlcs S.abrevois. 
 1738 1741, M. C'harlcs Josc|)h, Sicur de Noyclle. 
 1741, July 28, to 1742, I'icrre I'oycn dc Noy.in. 
 
 1742 1743, i'icrri' (\v Celeron, Sicur de IJlainvillc. 
 
 1743 1747, M. Joseph l.inioync, Chi-valicr de 
 l.onijueuil. 
 
 1749 , Licutcnanl Jaccjues Charles S,'ibrcvois. 
 
 1751, I'cbruary 15, to Man h 19, 1754, I'icrre dc 
 Celeron, Sieur ^U• lilainvilic. 
 
 1754 to M.iy 25, 1758, M. Jac(|ucs d'.Anon, Sicur 
 de Muy. Dicil al Detroit. 
 
 1758 1760, Captain I'YaiK^ois M.iric I'icoit; (U- 
 llellcstrc. 
 
 J'.ih^lisli I oiiniiaittiiii^ iJj/ki'rs. 
 1760, Major Rol)ert Ro,i>^crs. 
 1760 to I7'')3, Major Donald Campbell. 
 1763 to Au,;(iisl 31. 17^)4, Major Henry Clad win. 
 17O4, Colonel John liradstreet. 
 
 1765, Colonel John Campbell. 
 
 1766, /\u,mist 26, Major Kobcrl iiayard. 
 1767-17^)9, Captain Ceori;r Turnbuil. 
 
 1770, June 2, to SeptemluT, Major 'I', i'.riice. 
 1770, ScptcnilKr, to January 8, 1772, James Stev- 
 enson. 
 
 1772, Major Ktherinjrion. 
 
 1772 1774, M.ijor Henry H.issett. 
 
 1774, Major R. H. I.crnoull. 
 
 1775, Captain Monlpas.mt. 
 
 1776, M.ijor yVrcnl Schuyler I )c I'cyster. 
 1776, Captain Lord. 
 
 1778, A|)ril, Captain Stephenson. 
 
 1778, December, to October, 1779, Major Richard 
 larinjfer Lernoult. 
 
 1 779, ( )ctobcr, to June, 1784, Major Areiil Schuyler 
 De i'c-'ster. 
 
 1784, >Lnjor William Aneram. 
 
 1786, June, Major R. .Mallhcws. 
 
 1787, Major Wisinian. 
 1791, Col(jnel i'Jiyland. 
 
 1 791, Major John Smith, of {•"iftii RejjimenL 
 
 1792, Major Claus. 
 
 1793, Captain William Doyle. 
 
 1793, March, to 1796, Colonel Richard l-Jigland' 
 of Twenty-fourth. Rci,nmenl. 
 
 The records of the War Department at Washinj;- 
 toii having been partially destroyed in tiic W.ir of 
 1812, no record of the (jllicers in commiind prior to 
 1815 can be there obtained, but from various old 
 records the followin.i( odicitrs are found to have been 
 .it Detroit on and bitwecn the dates named : 
 
 Anitr/Kin C oiitmandiiii^ OJJ'urrs. 
 i7</>, July I I, Ca])lain Moses I'ortcr. 
 1796, July 12, Colonel John !•". Ilamtramek. 
 
 1796, Major-(ieneral Anthony Wayne. 
 
 1797, Major-Ccncral James Wilkinson. 
 1797 i8cx3, Coloinl D. .Slroii.i(. 
 
 l8cx). Colonel I'orler. 
 ' 1800 1802, t'olonci II. J. Hunt, 
 
 1802 to April II, 1803, Colonel J. V. Ilamtramek. 
 
 1803, Major John Whistler. 
 
 1803, Colonel Thom.is Hunt. 
 
 1805, Aumisl, lo /\pril, 1807, Captain .S. "I". Dyson. 
 
 1809 181 1, Captain Ja<'ob Kinijsbury. 
 
 1812, May, M.ijor John Whistler. 
 
 1812, July, Colonel I '.rush. 
 
 1812, July, to Au.i,'ust 16, i8r2, den. W^m. Hull. 
 
 1813, .September 29, (General Duncan McArttuir. 
 1813, M.'ijor-dencral Willi.m) Henry H.irrison. 
 1813, October, Colonel Lewis Cass. 
 
 181 3, November, Cipt.ain Abrah.im Hdwards. 
 
 1814, Febru.iry, Colonel H. liutler. 
 1814, .M.irch, ( oloncl (k-or^e Croj^han. 
 
 1814. Jiilv. Colonel H. lUitler. 
 181 5, .M.-tjur W. II. I'ulhulf. 
 
 1815, September. Briiradier-Oener.il Miller. 
 
 The (/(Ik i.il list of <omm<andin,ij oihcers since 
 181 5, compiled by till' direction of the Sccrcl.iry of 
 W.ar for ihis work, is .is fojiows. 
 
 Ctwii//ii)it////L; ()//i/ rrs tit l-'ort Sltilhy. 
 181 5, Au^nisl, to November, 1817, Cipt.iin John 
 Hiddic, First Battalion Corps Artillery. 
 
 'Tlif fi>llii\vin>; .iiMTiluir < inKcriiiiij; t'liliinil Kn^lond is xiven 
 in J.ilin A. MiC'liiii>;'s " Skili Ins .pI Wc:-.!. rn Advinliin- ": 
 
 " I liis K' "til iimii WiiH n iiiarkaljli- fur his iiniiiiiiM' lui^lii itnd 
 cnoriiii.iis i|uaiLtily iif llisli. .Xflir hi-, ntuin fpnii Amiii. a, lln- 
 \va;{;;isli I'ritKCof WaK s, who was hiiiist-lf no pi^niy, ht. anic dr- 
 sirmisiil sciiiik; lilin. Cdliinrl I' ii)s'l iiul was iiui' diiy piilntitl iiul 
 III liini, liy Sill nilaii, as lie was in tli< ULt nf (lisiiiuiintinK fniiii Ins 
 liorsr. riir |)iin<'U ri),ar<l'''l him willi iiiarkcd allcntiun for srv- 
 <ial iiiiniitt's, and tin ii, lurniii>{ to Sin ridan, suid, with a IuiikIi, 
 ' I'oliinL'l Knijlund, hey ? Vuu sliutild hiivi: said (Irt-at Ilritain, by 
 
!2S 
 
 MILITARY OFFICERS IN COMMAND AT DKTROlT. 
 
 1817, Novi'inher, to January, i8i8, Second Lieu- 
 tenant Clias. Mellon, First Battalion Corps Artil- 
 lery. 
 
 1818, January, to June, 1818, First Lieutenant 
 Neue.'is Mackey, l'"irst Battalion Corjjs Artilleiy. 
 
 1818, June, to July, 1819, Cajitaiii John Farley, 
 First Battalion Corps Artillery. 
 
 1819, July, to Auj;ust, 1821. Ca|)lain 'I'hos. Stock- 
 ton, Fourth Battalion Corps Artillery. 
 
 1 82 1, Aui^ust. to June, 1822, Colonel James House, 
 .Second .Artillery. 
 
 1822, June, to October, 1822, Captain J. Mount- 
 fort, Second Artillen,'. 
 
 1822. October, to December, 1822, Captain K. A. 
 Zant Zinijer, .Second Artillery. 
 
 1823, Major Baker. 
 
 Coiiivia)u1iiii:[ Officers at Detroit Barracks. 
 
 1838, March, to April, 183S, Major John (iarl.md, 
 First Infantry. 
 
 1838, .April, to August, 1838, Captain L. J. Jami- 
 .son. Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1838, Auv(ust, to May, 1839, Major M, M. Payne. 
 Second .Artillery. 
 
 183^, .May, to June, 1839, First Lieutenant C. B. 
 Daniels, Second .\rtillery. 
 
 1839, June, to .August, 1839, Captain R. A. Zant 
 Zin.uer, Second .Artillery. 
 
 1831;, .August, to September, 1839, First Lieuten- 
 ant C. B. D.iniels, .Second Artillery. 
 
 1839. September, to October, 1839, .Major M. M. 
 Payne, Second .Artillery. 
 
 1839, October, to May, 1840, Major F. S. Belton, 
 Fourth Artillery'. 
 
 1840, .May, to June, 1841, Lieutenant-Colonel A. 
 C. W. {"anninj;. Fourth Artillery. 
 
 1841, June, to July, 1841, Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. 
 Crane, l'"ourth .Artillery, 
 
 1841, July, to June, 1842, Brigadier-General H. 
 Brady. 
 
 1842, June, to April, 1843, Colonel Geo. M, Brook, 
 Fifth Infantry-, 
 
 1843, .April, to July, 1843, Lieutenant-Colonel J. S. 
 Mcintosh, Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1843, July, to August, 1843, Captain E. K. Smith, 
 Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1843, August, to July, 1844, Colonel Geo. M. 
 Brooke, Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1844, July, to St'iHeniber, 1844, Captain E. K. 
 Smith, Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1 844, September, to November, 1 844, Colonel Geo. 
 M. Brooke, Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1844, November, to April, 1845, Colonel J. S. Mc- 
 intosh, Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1845, April, to May, 1845, Colonel Geo. M. Brooke, 
 Fifth Inu:itry. 
 
 1845, May, tt. July. 1845, Captain I''., K, Smith, 
 Fifth Infantry. 
 
 1845, July, to August, 1845, Colonel Geo. M. 
 
 Brooke, Filth Infantry. 
 
 1845, .August, to October, 1845, Captain II. D.iy, 
 Second Infantry. 
 
 1845, October, to July, 1846, Lieuttii.int-Colonel 
 iiennet Riley, Second Infantry. 
 
 1846, July, to Noxemher, 1848, unoccupied. 
 1848, November, to June 5, 1851, Colonel William 
 
 Whi.stler, Fourth Infantry. 
 
 185I, June 5th to nth, LlKUTRNANT U. S. 
 Gk.\n r. Fourth Infantry. 
 
 1831, June, to March, i860, unoccui)ied. 
 
 During the w.ir it \v;is occujiieil by various ile- 
 tachments of volunteers. 
 
 1866, March 19, to A])ril 9, 1866, Captain I). L. 
 Montgomery, Seventeenth Infantry. 
 
 1866, April 9, to May 11, 1866, Captain R. I'. Mc- 
 Kibbin, Fourth Infantry. 
 
 1866, .May 1 1, to June, 1866, First Lieutenant S. 
 \V. Black, Seventeenth Infantry. 
 
 Commanding Officers at Fort Wayne, 
 
 (First uci'iipiid Dninilur 15, 1S61.) 
 
 1 861, December, tt) September, 1862, Captain 
 Alfred Gibbs, Third Cavalry. 
 
 1S62, .September, to December, 1862, Captain C. 
 H. McNally, Third Cavalry. 
 
 1862, December, to .March, 1863, Captain C. C. 
 Churchill. V . S. A. 
 
 1863, .March, to June, 1863, unoccupied. 
 
 186^. June, to March, 1864, Captain Lewis Wilson, 
 Nineteenth Infantry. 
 
 1864, March, to April, 1865, Major I'inkney Lugen- 
 beel. Nineteenth Infantry. 
 
 1865, April, to October, 1865, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 De L. Floyd-Jones, Nineteenth Inf.mtry. 
 
 1865, October, to April, 1867, Colonel-Silas Casey, 
 Fourth Infantry. 
 
 1867, .April, to May, 1867. Major M. I). Hardin, 
 Forty-third Infantry. 
 
 1867, May, to May, 1868, Lieutenant-Colonel J. 
 B. Kiddoo, Forty-third Infantry. 
 
 1868, May, to April, 1869, Colonel JohnC. Robin- 
 son, Forty-third Infantry. 
 
 1869, A|)ril, to j.uuiary, 1871, Colonel R. C. 
 Buchanan, First Infantry. 
 
 1871. January, to July, 1874, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Pinkney Lugenbeel. First Infantry. 
 
 1874, July, to October, 1876, Colonel D. S. Stan- 
 ley, Twenty-second Infantry. 
 
 1876, October, to M.iv. 1877, Captain J. B. Irvine. 
 Twenty-second Infantry. 
 
 1877, May. to August, 1877, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 E. S.Otis, Twenty-second Infantry. 
 
MILITARY OFFICKRS IN COMMAND AT DKTROIT. 
 
 229 
 
 1877, August, to October, 1877, Lieutenant I'.M. 
 Thome, 'I'weiuy-suiond Infantry. 
 
 1877, October, to November, 1.S77, Captain J. li. 
 Irvine, Twenty-second Infantry. 
 
 1S77, November, to May, 1S77, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 E. S. Otis, Twenty-second Infantry. 
 
 1877, May, to , Colonel II. 15. Clit/,, Tenth 
 Infantry. 
 
 Designation of Command cnibracini^ Ihc City of 
 Detroit, Mie/i(i;an, from May 19, 1813,717'/// 
 ioeatioH of J/eaiiqiiar/ers and name of Com- 
 niamting Of/ieers. 
 
 May 19, 1813, Military District No. 8, Detroit, 
 Michigan. 
 
 May 17, 1815, Military Department No, 5, Detroit, 
 Michigan. 
 
 May 17, 1821, Eastern Department, Governor's 
 Island, New York Harbor. 
 
 November i, 1827, Eastern Department, New 
 York City. 
 
 May I, 1837, Eastern Department, Elizabethtown, 
 New York. 
 
 May 19, 1837, Military Department No. 7, Detroit, 
 Michigan. 
 
 July 12, 1842, Department No. 4, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 August 3' ">'''itary Department No. 2. 
 
 September 11 . 'iiary Department No. 2, 
 
 Albany, New Yoir,. 
 
 October 4, 1848, Military Department No. 2, 
 Troy, New York. 
 
 January 5, 1849, Military Department No. 2, 
 Detroit. 
 
 May 17, i85t. Eastern Division, Troy, New 
 York. 
 
 October 31, 1853, Department of the East, Halii- 
 more, Maryland. 
 
 March 23, 1857, Dep;irtment of the I'.ast, Troy, 
 New York. 
 
 October 26, 1861. to November 9, 1861, in no 
 Department. 
 
 November 9, r86i. Department of the Ohio. 
 
 November 15, 1861, Department of the Ohio, 
 Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 March 11, 18^2, Mountain Department, Wheeling, 
 Virginia. 
 
 June 26, 1862, to August 19, 1862, in no Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 August 19. 1862, Department of ilie Ohio, Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio. 
 
 November 16, 1862, to January 12, 1 864, in no 
 Department. 
 
 January 12, 1864, Northern Department, Colum- 
 bus, Ohio. 
 
 January 27, 18^)5, Department of the Ohio. De- 
 troit. Michigan. 
 
 August 6, 1 866, Department of the Lakes, Detroit, 
 .Michigan. 
 
 October 31, 1873, Division of the Atlantic, Niw 
 York City. 
 
 November 8, 1878, Department of the ICast, New 
 Yf)rk City. 
 
 Jinie 26, 1878, Department of the East, Ciovcrnor's 
 IslantI, New York Harbor. 
 
 Commanded by 
 
 May 19, 1813, M;ijor-(ieneral \V. II. Harrison. 
 
 May 17, 1815, nrigadier-( General Ale.x. M.-icomb. 
 
 May 17, 1S21, Hrevet Major-Oeneral W. Scott. 
 
 December 8, 1823, Brevet Major-(ieneral Edmuixl 
 r. (laines. 
 
 December 8, 1825, Hrevet Major-deneral Wintield 
 Scott. 
 
 November I, 1827, Hrevet Major-Cieneral V.. 1'. 
 (iaines. 
 
 July iC), 1828, Hrevet Hrigadier-dencral Hugh 
 Hrady, Col. Second Infantry. 
 
 March 21, 1829, IJrevet Major-Cieneral EdnniiKi 
 I'. (Iaines. 
 
 November 23, 1829, lircvet Major-( General Win- 
 field Scott. 
 
 May 19, 1837, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral Hugh 
 Hrady, Col. Second Infantry. 
 
 August I, 1844, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral (ieorge 
 M. Hrooke, Col. Fifth Infantry. 
 
 September 20, 1844, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral H. 
 Hrady, Col. Second Infantry. 
 
 July 4, 1S46, Hrevet Colonel liennet Riley, Lieut. 
 Col. .Second Infantry. 
 
 August. 1846, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral Hugh 
 Hrady, Col. Second Infantry. 
 
 September 11, 1848, Hrevet Major-denenil John 
 E. Wool. 
 
 January 5. 1849, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral Hugh 
 Hrady, Col. Second Infantry. 
 
 April 15, :85i. Colonel Willi.im Whistler, Fourth 
 Infantry. 
 
 May 17, 1851, Hrevet Major-deneral J. E. Wool. 
 
 January 13, 1854, Hrevet Hrigadier-deneral James 
 Haiikhead, Colonel .Second Infantry. 
 
 November 13, 1S56, Hrevet I'>rigadier-deneral 
 John H. Walbach, Colonel Fourth Artillery. 
 
 Marcii 23, 1857, Hrevet M.ajor-deneral John F'. 
 Wool. 
 
 Novemiier 15, 1861, Hrigadier-dener.il Don Carlos 
 Huell. 
 
 March 11, 1862, Hrigadier-deneral William S. 
 Rosecrans. 
 
 March 29, 1862, Major-deneral John C. Fremont. 
 
 August 19, 1862, M.ijor-deneral Horatio Ci. 
 Wright. 
 
 March 25, 1863, Major-deneral Ambrose I^. 
 lUirnside. 
 
!30 
 
 MIMTAKN Ol I ic l.kS IN COMMAND AT DI.I KCJll'. 
 
 J.iiiii.iry \ 2, 1S64, M.iji»r-( liiur.il S. I'. Ilciiii/tl- August 23, rS^/), linvit M.ijoM lirural Joseph 
 
 ni.iii. lliMikci'. 
 
 OctolH r I. 18^4, M,ii(ii-( liiK r.il J()S( |)li llndkir, Jnnr 1, iH(,y, I'.icvci M.iji)i-( inicr.il J. (!. Koliin- 
 
 J.iini.iiy 27, 1S65, M,ij(ir-< iciicr.il Kdward <). C. son, ( nl, I'oiiv-iliinI Infantry. 
 
 Ord. iihruary 1, iHdii, l'.ri:\(:i Majoi-dciii'ial Jolni 
 
 l)<!ceml)cr 26, 1K65, llnvct Major-CKiicral Orlando I'oim-. 
 
 15. Willcox. May '■>, 1.S70, Mrcvct Major-( i. ncral l'liili|) St. ('.. 
 
 January 15, 18OO, Majur-Licncral iMlwanl U. L. ( (i<ik( 
 
 Urd. UcloliLi ji, 167 J, Majoi-dcni-ial \\ . S. llaM( o( k. 
 
ciiai'TI':r XXXVII. 
 
 |;AKI,Y INDIAN A'I'rA( I 
 
 nii; KKiwNcii AM) i;N(;i.j.sii ok .si;vi;n yi-.aks'wan. 
 
 KAKM.V INDIAN AII'ACkS. 
 
 'i'lli'. Iiidiaiis whom ( ailill.ii' .iikI llic <illiir [■rcncli 
 (■(iiiimaiKJanls y^alliind alioiil l''orL I'Diiirliartiaiii 
 were, i^ciiiially, fiiciMJiy, l)iil. llicsc liidian allirs had 
 cMciiiiis, will) fn(|(iriilly .soiiijlil occasiiiii Id iiijnic: 
 tlii'Mi hy making'' war <iii ihc IniKh. Iluir hi-^l. 
 allai k wa'. made in 1705, uhiii tin; foil was si t on 
 lir(' hy an Indian and parlially dcsiroyi-d. A |iorii(in 
 of till! defenses, the ehlin ll, lh<t I louse of the Kee- 
 olieeis, C adillae's liousi; and thai of his lienleiiaiil, 
 Win: bnrned. 'i'iie fiieinlly Indians aiijed in i< - 
 hniidiiii; llie houses, and j)i'esenle(| ih<: ronnnaiidaiil. 
 will) one. Iiniuln'il hnshels nf 1 mn Id " ( iirc " in pait 
 tile loss he iiad snslained i)y iIr; lire, 
 
 in )nne, I7d''i, wliil<: (adillae was a!)senl, a dnir 
 l)eion;;inj;^ Id I'lDdii^inDnl, liie aeliiiv;; commanilanl, 
 l)il an<)iiawa Indian in the |ii(. Tlie Indirui was 
 l^reaily enraged, ;ind hia! llie <lo.vj. llonr,v;ini)nt 
 then fi'il n|»in tiie Imhan, and pnnishid jiini so 
 severely llial he died soon afler. < )f course this 
 riiiised the anv;(r of liie ')ila\\as, wlio were besides 
 ji aloiis of the Miamis, beeause ijiey seemed to be 
 ihe es|)eeiai [av(jiile.s of Uic I'feiK.li. Un June G 
 liny fell upon a party nf six Miamis, mid wreaked 
 llieir veii,t;eaiiee by killing; live <>( the nnmb<T ; oilier 
 Miamis who wire; in the vicinity then rushed for 
 prolei lion to llie fort, and llDurv^monl liiid on the 
 Otiawas, killinir siveral. MeantiiiR: the <)ltauas 
 had sei/.ed the priest, NicJiol.is (DiistaniiiK! del 
 lialUt, .IS he w.is walkiiivf in his garden (Jiitside of 
 the foil. One of the ( hiefs released hini, but jusl 
 as Ik; was abonl entering the fort he was killid by 
 a musket-shot from an Ottawa. Hoiirjrinont then 
 ( losed the ^.ite of tin: fort, in which there were but 
 lifleeii soldiers, .ind hred on the Oti.iw.as, killing 
 thirty of them. This occasioned iniK h b.id feelin^r, 
 hilt the French m.iint.iined their j^roiind, ihonj^h the 
 fori was besiei;('d for iie.irly .1 month. In the sprinij 
 of 1707 the Ott.iw.is Weill Id Monire.il to expl.iiii 
 and m.ike |)e.ice, reiurninv; to Detroit on August 6, 
 1707, with .M. dc Si. I'ierre, who bron\,dil instrue- 
 lions to Cadill.'ie in rej^.ird Id the matter. A portion 
 'if the Mi.imis had by tliis lime become dis;irfe( ted, 
 iiul the same year Cidill.ic m.irehcd aj^ainsl them, 
 ■'ind caiisi^d ihcm l<j sik' for peace. 
 
 In 1712, al the insiiy.ilion of ilie Kn),rlish, il 
 
 niit.ij^.imies, or I'oxes, aided by the Kii k.apoos .-md 
 M.iscontins, .itt.K ked tlu; fori, which w.is then held 
 by Dn riiiissoii uiili .1 force of only twenty men. 
 Keini^ w.iincd in lime, |i<: seciifcd his ^r.iin ;md 
 supplies from the w.irehonse outside, ,ind brought 
 them williin the stoi k.id'.;. lie th<-n burned the 
 w.irehoiise, the church, .111(1 sevei.il othi r buildings, 
 whi< h mii^lit li.ive eiid.inv(ere(l the fort if set on lire 
 by the Indi.ins. 
 
 On M.iy I 5, the <)ii,iw.is, llnrons, I'otowat.imies, 
 \bnoiiicnees, Illinois, .and ' )s,i^es .irrivi-d to ;iid him. 
 Ily this time the I'oxes li.id erei ted a fort .ilmosl 
 within ninskel i.in^c of I'ort I'onn h.irlr.iin. Here 
 they were besicfjed by the .allied Indi.ins, wIk) 
 r.iised roii.^h sealfokls Ivventy-livc- feel hi>;h, from 
 which they tired on the I'oxes, who fm.illy sued for 
 lie.uc. The .allied Indi.ins would m.iki- no terms 
 e.\( cpl iiiH ondition.il siirnnder, .iiid the I'oxi^s 
 relirc<l to ihcir fori,. and disi h.ir^e<l therefrom burn- 
 ing .arrows .at the I'rein h foil, seltiii).r sever.il houses 
 on lire. Tilt.' Irinch ( o\i red tin ir houses with wt;l 
 be.ir .and deer skins, .and llie lires were put out with 
 sw.ibs f.isleiKil on lonv; poles. 'l'\\r I'O.xes held out 
 s(j loiij^ tli.it the .allied Indi.ins .it one limi; were 
 about to vjive ti]) the contest, l)utl.iri.;e presents from 
 Du lltiisson ciused tliem to reni^w llie siene, whiili 
 was (•ontinned with vij.-or til! .1 heavy rainstorm dis- 
 persed them. The I'li.xes then esc.tped, .and in.ide 
 their W.iy up Id < irosse I 'oil it e, where they elilreliched 
 tliciiisel\( s. With .ii<l of ( .iiiiion from tin; fort they 
 were dele.ititd, .and ne.irly oiu; thons.ind m.issaired 
 by the .allied Indi.ins, u ho m.i<le sl;i\es of the s()u;iws 
 and the < hildnn. In 1717 .1 p.trly of i'o.Nes n.j.j.iin 
 liire.iteiied the fort, but they were soon put to llij^hl. 
 'I'hese defe.its seemed to h.ive been s.iltil.iry les ons, 
 for there is no retord of .any further ;iltai k upon 
 liie fort until iy.\G, vvlum it w.is set upon by iiorili- 
 ern Indians, .and defeiuk'd liy I'onti.ae .and his tribe. 
 
 TIIK lUK.NC II A.NI) K.NCI.ISIl WAK. 
 'I'he I'Veiich and lai>;lish or .Seven Years' War 
 was <'.iused by the delerminid effort of both, tlie 
 P'ri'iich .111(1 the l'!nif|ish to secure their Western pos- 
 sessions .and to .add to their extent. To this end 
 inlrixiie, massacre, .and milit.ary in.inn uvres ( ontin- 
 u.illy succeeded e.acli other. Year by year the jeal- 
 
 bj'l 
 
2T,2 
 
 riii: iki.M II AM) i;\'(;i.!sii war. 
 
 iiiisy JHiuii n III Mill ,111(1 I'.iij^lisii imiu|i;miIs nf 
 AiiiiTii;i 1)1 raiiir iiuri-.isiir^ly iii.inifist, ami cm iii- 
 sinns Id allai k l.in;li'>li srlliiiiiriils were a fcaliiii' 
 ipf llir linns. 
 
 /\s rally as 17.1=;, ami csiKriaily in 1747. mh'Ii 
 ilcMis as these are nf freijiieiit nieniiiiii in nlil I riin li 
 leenrils ; " 'I'w (III y-fi mr • Mlawas aii:l I'nllowataniies 
 have lieeii lilteij mil for the war e\(iiisiun." " Nine 
 parlies have ineii ei|iii|i|iei| fur a war exeiirsidii. 
 Siiiir lilnlnlrall, a Mihinleer, I iimillalliis lliiiii." 
 
 The I Jli.;lish, hnwever, Were not asleep, ami ihev 
 were as iiiis( rii|uil()iis as their anta^^onisls in makini; 
 use i)f the sa\av;es. ( iovcriKir ( iintoii, in a hth r In 
 C'nloMe! Jiihnsim, ilated New Ndik, April J,, 17.(7, 
 says, " In liie liill I ,Tin i;"ii'.s '" l''''^'^ lli<' 1 (nineil did 
 not think il jjinper lo pnl iew,iri!s for si ,il))iin^, or 
 l.ikiii)^ poor women or eliildreii prisoners, in it ; 
 hill the ,issemi)ly lias ,issiired iiie the money sh.iJi 
 be paid when it so h,ippeiis, il liu- ln(li,ms insist 
 ii|)on il." On M;iy 30 Colonel Johnson wrote the 
 i(overnor, " I ,1111 i|iiiti' pestered i-\iry day with p,ir- 
 ties relnriiiiiL; will) i)ris(iners and scalps, .ind w illinni 
 .'I penny to p.iy llieni with. It comes very li.ird upon 
 me, .iiid is (lisple.isiiiv; lo lliem I c.m ,issiire \(iii, for 
 ihey expecl thi'ir |)ay, and dem.ind il of me .is soon 
 as ihey reliirii." 
 
 The f.'ict is imdoiiblcd and iiidispiilahle thai .il 
 Dctroil and other posts under both I'lcneli ,an(! lai.n- 
 lish rule, the Indians received ijoods in p.iymeiii for 
 himiaii se.ilps ;is re.mil.arly .as for eoon ;iii(l miisknil 
 .skins. 
 
 In 1747 the haiijlish, through the lro(|iiois, dis- 
 Iribnleil belts to the I liirons. :inil in fa< 1 lo.illofthe 
 Indi.ms in this neii^hboihood, .md .ill, except the 
 Illinois, Were ;ii;reed in ,1 plol lo niiiss.ii re the 
 I'Veneh ;il Detidil on one of the holid.ivs of I'eiite- 
 (ost. The Indians were to sleep in the fort, , is they 
 h;i(l often done, and each was to kill the inm;iles of 
 tin; house where he Iodised. A s'|u;iw, .^oinv; into ;i 
 jf.'irrel in se.ueh of corn, ovcrhe.ird ilu; conspir.itois 
 pl;miiiii}.j benealh her. She informed ,1 Jisiiit l,iy 
 brother, who told M. di' I.on;,^iieiiil, the comm.m- 
 (jaiit. lie .'it once cilled toi;eilier the prim ip.il 
 chiefs, showed tliein lli.il their plol w.is exposed, 
 and they .•ib.indoned il with excuses ,ind prolest.i- 
 lions. 
 
 On Aiijriisl 31, 1747, . a settler n.imed M.irlinciii 
 strayed too f,ir from the fort, ;ind w,is killed ,iiid 
 scalped by four Indi.ms. On September 2?. follow- 
 inj;, the fori was reinforced by the .irriv.il of one 
 luindred ;ind lifty soldiers from Monlre.il, ;iml the 
 setllers fell much more secure. Th.il there w.is 
 continue'! danger, howexcr, is e\i(leiii from ihis mn- 
 eral order, d. It < d Detroit, June 2, 1748: 
 
 Slioiilil any lliiiiiii nr rilirl lir mi itaiiii).; .is li> nitrr the fort 
 willwtul a |)as.s, tlii'tiii^li stircr Itraxatto, 'iwoiilit \n'. proper li> arrest 
 liiin aiiit pill liini In ilialli mi llir spot. 
 
 I )iii im; the year sever.il Imli.ans fro'ii llois Ill.ine 
 Iskind w,i\l,ii(| ,'i p.iily of I'lemliimn on ( '.rosse 
 Isle and serioiislv m,illreaie(l them. M. de l.on- 
 vjuiuil. w ho w,is still in ( omin.iiid .it the foil, sent .1 
 fori e of thirty men in scan h of the hostile p.irly. 
 I line of the lliiroii chiefs, who h, id be',;un lo fe.ir 
 for ilirir own s.ifelv, solunleercd their .lid, jiiid with 
 ten of de l.oni^iieuirs linn they set out, o\ertook the 
 lllsl p.uly of lllilly, .111(1 ( Mplllled the live hostile 
 Indi.ins, only one of whom w.is ,a Ibiion. The 
 Icidir, .III Onoml.i,i;,i, w;is put to dcilh by the 
 iiili,ibil,'iiils as soon as the paily rcK lied l>elroil, 
 ,iiiil the rest were |)ul in irons; one of these. ,1 
 .Seiiec.i Indi.in, w,is found dead in llie i;ll,iri|-lioiise 
 on the 2ijl\\ of Deiiinbii, 1747; the three others 
 w(M"e n leased in !• ( brii.iry, 17.pS, on promisiMif vjood 
 beliav iol'. 
 
 in I olisiilel ill'^ the history of the West at this 
 tiiiK, il should bi- remembeiKl lli.it the Territory 
 w.alered by tin- Ohio w.is ckaimed by both l''.iiv;lish 
 and liemli. The Litter had est.ablished .1 sniiill 
 post on liiinli I'reek, soiilli of I, .ike laic To olf- 
 s( t this movement, .1 company, known ;is the (>liio 
 (onip.'iny, wa.s(ir).;aiii/.ed, .and live himdred thoiis.md 
 .acres in the (jispiiteil territory >;r;inte(l it, on condi- 
 tion th,it one hundred f.imilies should be settled 
 ihereon within seven years, and .1 fort erei ted for 
 llieir protiiiion. These pioi ecdin^s caused the 
 I'lciich much imcisiiiess. iiiid in 1741; Pierre de 
 C"elinin, .Sieiir de llkainville, under inslriu lions fnmi 
 Coiini de 1,1 ( i,illissoni('re, ( iovernor of New I'Vanee, 
 left Monircil with three hundred soldiers to lake 
 
 forilLil possession of llie \,llley of the < )llio. I le W.as 
 
 fiiinished with le.iiliii pl.iies inscribed w it 11 a st.ate- 
 iiieiil of the cl.ijms of the I'leinh, ,aiid <a formal 
 decl.ir.ilioii llial llie\- thus took possession of thir 
 kind. These |)l.it( s were deposited at v.arioiis points 
 lhroii;;li I he coiiiiti\ . .After li.i\iiiv; performedllie.se 
 duties, ,1 p.ari of the expedition n'tiirned by water, 
 .irii\iiiv; ,it Deimil (ictobcr (>, .and ihi- rest went 
 back o\i il.inil. As .111 .appropri.itit supplement to 
 lii^i expedition, t'oiini ( l.illissoniere nvAtU: speci.il 
 efforts lo elicolir.ii;e iliiiliii;iMt ion to the Western 
 posts, ,111(1 pallii lll.ir j)li\ ilevjiS Were, .accorded lo ;ill 
 iiiimi.v;r,iiils. Those who came to Detroit in 1741^ 
 1751 ..and 175.1. h, III v'.irioi is supplies j.;r, anted to them. 
 In order lo oliKiin iiifnnii.ilioii ,is to the pLiiis of 
 the I'lciich, or lo pmlest .ii;.iinsl them. <lo\(iiior 
 I )inw iddie. on Ik li.ilf of \'ii ii^inia. which ( l.aimcd the 
 teiritoiA, sent Colonel ( leori;e \\',isliiiiv;ton to inli r- 
 \iew the Knin II cnmm.aml.inl at tin: post on I'rem li 
 Cn'ck. W'.ashintjton set out on November 14, 175;,. 
 ,111(1 on his return Irij) n.irrowly esijijied beiiiv; in.is- 
 .s.icred by the lii(li,iiis. After his return, in order to 
 ])rotecl her interests, Vir;.;ini,i deterniilled to erect ;i 
 fort. In pursu.iiice of this pLiii, in l''ebririry, 1754, 
 th,il pniviiicc bci^.m the en'ciion of ,1 fort near wli.il 
 
Till-: KKKNCII AND KNGLISM WARS. 
 
 233 
 
 is now l'iiisl)iir^li ; l)iit in Ajiril fnllowiii),' tlif \'ir- 
 Vjiiiia troops wvil: driviMi lioiii their pnsitKni |jy liic 
 In-iiih, who made llu; jilaci- almost impn -I'tiahlc hy 
 liiiiliiin^ I'orl l)iii|ii('siit'. Its |iosiiion at liu: (diillii- 
 I III <• of the Allii^hany and Mniiontjahila, which 
 iiiiilc to form till! Ohio, rendered it a point of unal 
 I iiiiimenial and strategic iniporlaiire ; and the I'.ni,'- 
 lisii al om !■ made a desper.ile, etlort to ohlain it. 
 (ieiieral I'.raddoek, al the head of a lar^je army, was 
 sent a,i;;iiiisl it, hut on July <), 1757, he was defeated. 
 In 175.1 or 1755 .\1. i;ij.;()i, inieiulaut of Canada, sent 
 lliiv^iics |,i((|iies l'(',in, with four hundred milili.i, 
 ,111(1 a i|uaiiiiiy of provisions ;uid jLjoods for lh<; 
 Indi.ins, to Detroit, and there is stronjr ground for 
 ilie lielief that a portion of these troops were sent to 
 join the army that defe;ited Mraddoi k. I'radilion 
 siys thai .several j'invjlish horses wen- l)rou>;ht here 
 .liter his defeat. 
 
 Diirin,;^ this period immense (|ii,iiiiiii(s of military 
 supplies Wert! forw.irded from Ii.iik e, .ind the olll- 
 I crs vied with e.iih other in their ilforls to swindle 
 ilie ( lovernmeiii by fr.iuduleiil roiilr.ieis ,ind e.xorhi- 
 i.iiil ih.irj.;es. iaiormous foiiiiiics were thus aieu- 
 iiiiilaled. 
 
 After the defe.'il of Cicneral liraddock sever.il 
 iiidi.m Iriixs, who h.id formerly been frieiully to the 
 lln>;lisli, were won over to the I'lcm h, and on Jaii- 
 ii.iry lo, 1757, a delejf.'ition fromilie I'l.ilhe.id Indians 
 arrived ;il Detroit to hold .1 rollferenee with M. de 
 Muy in reij.ird lo imitini^ .iij.iinsi the lamlish. 
 
 A dispati h sent from I'orl Diii|iiesne, .iboiii this 
 linn', i^iven in the I'eimsyKania .Anhives, says : 
 
 M. ill' Vaiiilmiil .iiliiplril ;ill |iiissilili' iiiiasiiri's li> cnalilr M. 
 Iiiiinas liiiiiiikr II KiiiKJ ilifnii i-. Mr has sriit liiin an aliiiiiilaiii 
 ii|i|ily iif all siirls of aiiiniiiiiilloiis, hy a (Ictaulimnit of llirtr liiiii- 
 <ln il I '.'lii.'iili.'ins, ivlm, wIlli llii' >;arrisiiM iiiiil ihi' Di'iriilt iiiililiii, 
 lli.il will In: iirar I'luMi^;!! lo K'< l>> Ills asiiNlaiirr, will ri>iii|i<is(' a 
 Inn I iif Iwrlvr In lllli'iil hlliull'nl lllcll, rxrlusivt: of llu: IllUiuils, 
 u lin air <|iMl'' niiini'iiiiis. 
 
 On July I J, 1757, M. Wiiidreiiil wroti; to M. de 
 .Moras from Montreal : 
 
 1 have alrrady •• 'viT.-il Irllcrs to llii: rniniiiaiKlanls of 
 
 I li'Iriiil and llliiinis, >.. |iiii iluiiisrlviH at thai iiiiiininl in a nui- 
 ililiiiil 'I Iraiisiiill al tlir opi'iiiiiK of navJKalion, for llir virUial!iii>; 
 of III.- posts on llii: lii'anlifiil rivrr, tlir larxi'st i|ii.'intily of provi- 
 loiis of all ilisiriptions that tiny tonlil spair, liy rrslriilinn thi! 
 sulllcrs lo tlicir mere hubaUleiicc. 
 
 In the fall of liiis year, on November 12, 1757, a 
 p.irly of three hundred Canadians and Indians, i^oinj; 
 by way of Niaifara, fell upon the (lernian settlers or 
 I'alatines on llu- Mohawk f'l.its, killed forty, look 
 iiiie iiundred and fifty eai)li\(s, ;ind eariii'd off an 
 immense (piantily of yood.s and iivesioek. I'lom 
 what sources tiiis |).irty was y^.-iliiered is unknown, 
 hut there are several reasons for believinv^ that al 
 least a portion of the force wenl from Detroit. 
 
 My this timi! the l!n,i,dish had determined to make 
 a sei;ond allempl to capture Fori Diujuesne, aiul on 
 
 October 15, 175S, ;m .illai k was in.ide by M.ijor 
 (irant. lit: was repulsed, but on the .jKlli of the 
 followin^j nionih (lenerai I'orhes captured the fori. 
 lhonj.;h only after it had liecn lintd and abamloned 
 by the I'leiich. who retreated to Deiroii. A new 
 fort, called l'"ort I'itt, was al once eieiitd by ihc 
 linvilish. It was probably their success al i'orl 
 Du(|uesne thai inspired the attempt to cipiure 
 Detroit. ISrief mention of this atlempl is made in 
 one of the pul)lications of the '.Quebec l.iieiMiy anil 
 I lislurieal Scn-iety. i he recoril .says : 
 
 Sli iir ill' 111 llrstrr, havliiK liraril thai tli>' riKiiiy w> ir man hiii^', 
 put hmisrlf al the In-ail ol Ihi' lliiroiisaiHl olhrr Imlians lo ^h-r 
 an alt. II k to ihi' aihani •' >;naiit, whh h he (Irli.ili-il. 'Ihi- lltirons 
 K.ivr siv;ns I iioii^li of Iht-ir liravrry anil in.iilr alioiil twi-nly pris- 
 onrrs, lull I hi' I iti.iwas ills){riiri'(l tlii'niM'lvi 't in sral|iinx; all iIiohc 
 
 Ihr I 1. M. h h.l.l Uilll'll. 
 
 'riie l'ji;,;lish ne.xl turned their attention to the c.-ip- 
 tiire of Niaj^'ara, and |)reparations wer<' therefore 
 inaile by the I'reiK h al Detroit lo send provisions 
 lliilher by way of ihe lieantiful kiver, as the Olii.i 
 was then called. This plan, approved at tlrst, w.is 
 afterwards sel aside iiecaiise llie pro\isions, ,is one of 
 the I'rench ollicers s.irc.isiicilly s.iid, "were rc(|iiirrd 
 for the private and inviiu ibie ir.ide of some person 
 in liiat very post itself." The same ollicer, who had 
 prob.tbly been st.itioned al Niavjar.-i, s.iys, " In llic 
 spnni; of 1751^ one hundred and lifly milili.i. .ilinosi 
 .ill belon^in.n to I'drl Dii(|uesne, ;ind who h.id win- 
 tered ;il Detroit, were also dci.iined under prete.M 
 of the necessily of m.ikiii),' .1 ditch .iroiiiid the sloek- 
 ■ ide fort, which tumbled down imincdi.iti:ly." 
 
 ( )n M.irch V'. '75'>. < Governor \'.iudreuil wrote 
 from Monire.il lo M. Merryer: 
 
 .\-> I am aw. Ill- o| llu ilrsinns of thr I'.nvilish aj^aiii^l Ni.ix;.ira, I 
 urilr M. ill' l.i>;ni'ris thai, siipposiii^ that plan' lo lir rially lir- 
 sIi'UkI. M I'oiiiihot will ri'lain nndir his ordrrs lhii:i' hiindnd 
 ( anadiaiiH whom I had drsixnrd for llir llranlifnl Uivrr, and ihal, 
 ai 1 oriliiiK n^ li<' will lind ll mi issary, lir will rail to his assislamr 
 all Ihr foiii's from Dilroii and otlnr |iosis, hIioim I h.iM' orili'rrd 
 lo M'iidi-/\ oils at I'll sipi' Isli'. 
 
 ('olonel ilellesire w.is .'il Detroit in .M.iy, only 
 waiting for orders from i'oiichol to ^o to his relief 
 .'It Ni.i,t;.ir.i. < 'ii July .24.1 body of twilvc luiii(lrcd 
 men, from here.ind elsewhere, attempted lo reinforce 
 thai post, but were .all c.iptiircd or dispersed. ;ind 
 the ne.xl day the post w.xs .surrendered. 
 
 'i'lie c;i|)ilul.ition of N i.aij^.'ir.i cut off comniunic.a- 
 tioii with tin- I'Vench posts .il V'eu,inv;o, l'res(|ne 
 Isle, .ind Le Uti-uf, which were blown up, their 
 j^.irrisons reliriu).; to Detroit. 
 
 The jrri-it number of tn)o|)s thus concentrated 
 here occasioned .i sc.irciiy of |)rovisioiis. " Me.at 
 witlioul bre.id or corn " w.is distributed to the 
 troops, and there w.is much ilistress. These dilli- 
 culties were hn.illy overcome, .and early in June, 
 i7rKj, more l-'rench troops were sent hither, and 
 with them were sent .ill the provisions, .irtillery, 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 2f lis l^ 
 
 UUl. 
 
 111= 
 
 U ill 1.6 
 
 VI 
 
 V) 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^- 
 
L# 
 
 
 
 w- 
 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
234 
 
 THE FRKNCII AM) ENGLISH WARS. 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 ammunition, and merchandise that could be stored 
 away in the bateaux. From this time Detroit 
 became the preat depot and stronirhold of tlie West. 
 
 Meanwliile, on Jantiary 27, tiie English forces 
 had landed near Quebec, and on September 8,1760, 
 Canada was surrendered to the English. On the 
 ne.Kt day Governor \'audreuil wrote a letter to be 
 delivered to the commandant at Detroit, in which 
 he stated that the conditions of capitulation were 
 particularly advantageous to Detroit; that all per- 
 sons, even the soldiers, were to retain their property, 
 real and personal, including their peltries. The 
 soldiers were to be allowed to delegate to some resi- 
 dent the care of their property, or to sell to either 
 French or English ; or they might take with them 
 all portable property. They were to lay down their 
 arms, and agree not to serve again during the war. 
 
 On September 13 Major Robert Rogers, with two 
 huntlred rangers in fifteen boats, was sent from 
 Montreal to lake possession of Detroit and other 
 western posts. He journeyed by way of the St. 
 Lawrence and the Lakes. On his arrival at Presque 
 Isle, he was joined by Captain Croghan and the 
 Royal Americans under Captain Campbell. One 
 division, under Captain Hrewer, with a drove of 
 forty oxen, took the land route. The division under 
 Rogers, which went by water, had a very disagree- 
 able journey, the waves breaking over the boats and 
 making their progress both difficult and dangerous. 
 On November 7, in a cold, drizzling rain, they 
 landed near Grand River, where they were met by 
 Pontiac, who demanded how they dared enter his 
 country without permission. Rogers replied that he 
 came to drive out the French, who prevented peace 
 between them. Pontiac warned him that he should 
 " stand in his path " till the next morning. A formal 
 council was held at that time, the pijic of peace was 
 smoked, and then Pontiac accompanied Rogers on 
 his journey. When still some distance from the 
 mouth of the Detroit, Rogers sent a letter notifying 
 Belleslre, the conmiandant at Detroit, of his ap- 
 proach. On his arrival at a small stream near the 
 head of Lake F>ie, several Huron chiefs informed 
 him that four hundred Indians were collected at the 
 mouth of the Detroit, at the instigation of Pellestre, 
 to oppose Us passage. The Indians, however, 
 returned to Detroit without troubling him. and soon 
 after Rogers received a letter from ISellestre asking 
 for a copy of the capitulation and the letter of Vau- 
 dreuil containing instructions regarding it. The 
 documents were forwarded by Captain Campbell, 
 and Rogers pushed on towards the fort. When 
 within half a mile, he received a message from P>el- 
 lestre surrendering the fort. Lieutenants Leslie and 
 McCormick, with thirty-six Royal Americans, were 
 sent to take possession, and on November 29, 1760, 
 Detroit passed into the hands of the Engli.sh. 
 
 The I'rench garrison, at the time of the surrender, 
 consisted of three oflicers and thirty-five privates; 
 there were al.so .seventeen English prisoners in the 
 fort. The French soldiers were sent to Philadelphia 
 ruid from there returned to France. On December 
 2, 1760, Captain Campbell wrote to Colonel H. 
 Boquet: 
 
 Tho inhabitants seem very happy at t'-c change o£ government, 
 but they are in great want of everything. * * * The (ort is 
 much belter than we expected. It is one of the best stockades I 
 have seen, but the Commandant's house and what belongs to the 
 King is in li.'ul repair. 
 
 On December 9 Major Rogers left for Mackinaw, 
 but on account of the ice in the St. Clair River, he 
 returned on the 21st. On December 23, he de- 
 parted for Pittsburgh, leaving Detroit in command 
 of Captain Campbell. 
 
 Some of the Indians were pleased to see Detroit 
 in possession of the English, but others, among them 
 the Senccas ,-uid the Wyandotts, in June, 1761, con- 
 spired to murder the garrison, but the attempt was 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 Realizing that it was desirable to hold a council 
 with the western tribes, Sir William Johnson, who 
 was superintendent of the northern Indian tribes, 
 ;irranged to go to Detroit, leaving I'Ort Jt)hnson 
 (now Johnstown, New York) on July 5, 1761, 
 accompanied by his son, John Johnson, his nephew. 
 Lieutenant Guy Johnson, Captain Andrew Montour, 
 and a few Mohawks and Oneidas. At Niagara, on 
 July 25, they were joined by Major Gladwin, with 
 Gage's Light Infantry. Gladwin left Niagara on 
 the 1 2th, and on August 19 Johnson followed with 
 the Royal Americans, commanded by Ensigns 
 Slosser and Holmes, and a comjiany from New 
 York commanded by Lieutenant Ogden. On Sep- 
 tember 2 they arrived at the entrance to the Detroit 
 River, and encamped opposite Lois ISIanc Island. 
 Scjitember 3 they reached Detroit, ami were wel- 
 comed by a discharge from the cannon at the fort. 
 Sir William was lodged in the house which had 
 been occupied by Pellestre, the best there was in the 
 place. On Saturday the officers of the fort, among 
 them Colonel du (luesne, dined with him. By this 
 time the Indians began to assemble, and he com- 
 menced to distribute the presents he had brought. 
 On W'ednesday, the 9th, he ordered seats out doors 
 for a council, as there was "no house half large 
 enough." The cannon fired at ten o'clock as a 
 signal for the Indians to assemble, and they did not 
 break up until five o'clock in the afternoon. On the 
 nth another council was held, and attended by over 
 five hundred Indians. On the 13th, the final council 
 was called, and on the 14th Sir William invited all 
 the principal inhabitants to dine with him. Three 
 days Later he left Detroit. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 THE CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC. 
 
 TiiK transfer of tlic western posts from the French 
 to the English did not please tiie Indians. 
 
 The French had given the Indians very substan- 
 tial tokens of their friendly feeling, and the Indians 
 had learned to respect them and tlicir power. An 
 experience of three years taught them that the I'-ng- 
 lish gave but few presents, and these at irregular 
 intervals, and that the luiglish fur-traders paid too 
 little for their furs and charged too nuich for goods. 
 Because of these grievances, Pontiac, the Ottawa 
 chief, formed the design of relieving the entire West 
 of the presence of the English. In the latter part 
 ot 1762 he commenced to enlist various tribes in 
 his project; and on April 27, 1763, at a council of 
 Ottawas, Potowatamies, and I lurons, held at ICcorce, 
 his conspiracy was planned. He secured the co- 
 oper.'ition of several tribes, and some of the French 
 inhabitants promised their aid. 
 
 In pursuance of his plans, about three o'clock in 
 the afternoon of May i, Pontiac came to pay a visit 
 to the fort. As he was in the habit of coming to 
 the fort occasionally, no suspicions would have been 
 aroused if he had come alone; but on this occasion 
 he brought with him the unusual number of forty 
 warriors, and was consequently refu.sed admittance. 
 Finally he was admitted with about a dozen of his 
 followers, who strolled through the narrow streets, 
 while the rest of the warriors amused the soldiers 
 by dancing the pipe-dance outside the gate. I laving 
 completed his inspection of the fort and its defences, 
 Pontiac retired. On the next day he summoned the 
 Indians to a council, to be held May 5, at the Poto- 
 watamie village, to arrange details for the attack. 
 From this council all the women were excluded, and 
 sentinels were placed about the village to prevent 
 any betrayal of their plans. 
 
 Three days after, while visiting the Ottawa village, 
 the wife of M. St. Aubin noticed several of the 
 Indians filing off their guns. On her return to the 
 fort she mentioned this fact to the blacksmith, who 
 (onfirmed her fears by telling her that several 
 Indians had recently been trying to borrow saws 
 and files for purposes they did not seem willing to 
 ■xplain. The attention of (lladwin was at once 
 ■ailed to these facts, but he did not seem to think 
 them indications of evil. In the afternoon of the 
 
 next day, however, an Ottawa Indian, named Mohi- 
 gan, came to the fort, sought an interview with the 
 commander, and exposed the plot. The Pontiac 
 Manuscript, an ancient French document written at 
 this time, and found many years after in the garret 
 of an old French house, between the plate and the 
 roof, makes no mention of any other informant, but 
 other annals say that an Ojibway girl, of great 
 beauty, known by the name of Catherine, for whom 
 Gladwin had formed an attachment, told him that 
 Pontiac and sixty of his chiefs were coming to the 
 fort for the pretended purpose of holding ;i council ; 
 their guns, which had been cut short, were to be 
 concealed under their blankets ; and, on Pontiac 's 
 offering a peace-belt of wampum in a reversed posi- 
 tion, the warriors were to fall on the garrison. 
 
 Early in the morning on the day after the plot 
 had been revealed, fifteen Ottawa warriors came to 
 the fort, and were noticeably anxious to ascertain 
 the location of the English trading stores. Having 
 been warned in time, Oladwin watched their move- 
 ments, and at nine o clock the garrison was ordered 
 under arms. An hour later, when Pontiac with his 
 followers reached the fort, he saw at a glance the 
 probable ruin of his scheme. On either side of the 
 gateway ranks of red-coats stood, their bayonets 
 glistening in the sun, while the polished brass of the 
 cannon told of discipline and preparation. Even 
 the fur traders and their employees, standing in 
 groups at the street corners, were armed to the 
 teeth, and the measured tap of the drum resounded 
 on the morning air. Pontiac, however, coukl not 
 give up his scheme. Entering by the north gate, 
 about where the First National Bank is located, he, 
 with his warriors, moved along the street, silent and 
 stolid, but with war-whoops close at their lips and 
 hatred raging in their hearts. 
 
 It was no part of (lladwin's policy to exhibit fear, 
 and all the savages who came were freely admitted. 
 iJefore twelve o'clock sixty warriors had gathered at 
 the council-house. This was near the river, south 
 of the present Jefferson avenue and between dris- 
 v/old and Shelby Streets. On reaching the door 
 they found (iladwin with his officers ready to receive 
 them, and the observant sons of the forest did not 
 fail to notice that each wore a sword at his side and 
 
 1.2351 
 
236 
 
 THE CONSIMRACV OK I'OXTIAC. 
 
 pistols ill his belt. I'ontiac aiul liis warriors eyed 
 each other with uneasy fiances, and at last the 
 cliieflaiii said, " Why do I ste so many of my 
 father's youni; men stanchnij in the streets with 
 their Julius?" Cdadwin, lhroii,i(h his interpreter l.a 
 Hutte, replied liiat he had ordered the soldiers under 
 arms for the sake of exercise and discipline. The 
 conftTence then opi'Ued, I'ontiac, holdini; in his hand 
 the wamjium belt which was to x'ive the fatal sii^nial, 
 he commenced by professin.ij; stroni^ attachment to 
 the Kn.nlish, and declared that he had come to smoke 
 the pipe of peace and brii;hten the chain of friend- 
 ship. In the course of his speech he raised the 
 wam|)um, as if about to j^ive the sii;nal of attack ; 
 at that instant (iladwin moved his hand, and im- 
 mediately the clash of arms and the din of drums 
 were heard at the door. I'ontiac stood like one 
 bewildered, till (lladwin, rising-, drew aside his 
 blanket, exposed the hidden ,i;un, and sternly re- 
 buked him for his treachery. Me then assured the 
 Indians that friendship would be extt:nded towards 
 them as loiijr as they deserved it, but threatened 
 swift vcniLjeani'e for the I'lrst ai^j^ressive act. The 
 council tlicn broke up, and with minyled feelinjrs of 
 surprise and rage, the Indians retired. 
 
 I'ontiac, it is said, suspected the Ojibway girl of 
 revealing the plot, and seal four Indians to her wig- 
 wam. They seized her, took her before (iladwiii, 
 and asketl if it was not through her he had learned 
 of the conspiracy. Of course, they obtained no 
 satisfaction. They were, however, treated to bread 
 and beer, and dismissed. Tradition says that lliey 
 then took the girl to I'ontiac, who, with his own 
 hands, gave her a severe beating. She lived many 
 yiars after, but became intemperate, and while in- 
 toxiiated fell into a kettle of boiling niaple-syriip, 
 and was fatally burned. 
 
 On the same day that the council was held. Lieu- 
 tenant Robinson, Sir Robert Davers,' and two sol- 
 diers, while taking .soimdings at the head of St. Clair 
 River, were capturetl by the Indians, and one ac- 
 coimt .says lliat the body of Uavers was boiled anil 
 eaten. A letter from Captain Donald Campbell to 
 Sir William Johnson, dated Detroit, June y, 1762, 
 thus alludes to this unfortunate otfker: " Sir Robert 
 Davers passed the winter with us ; it was a great 
 addition to our small society. Sir Robert is a very 
 accomplisbetl young gentleman and an excellent 
 companion." 
 
 On Sunday, May 8, at five o'clock in the after- 
 noon, I'ontiac, with .several of the principal chiefs, 
 came to the fort, bringing a piin: of peace, as though 
 to fully convince the garrison of his friendship and 
 sincerity. The next day, at seven o'clock in the 
 
 ' Tho name (if this linker is sdiiutinu'S givunas Davis aiulsmniv 
 limes as DaiiviTs. l>iiv<Ts, howivcr, is |iriibabl/ correct, 
 
 morning, six of the Indian warriors came, but see- 
 ing the garrison uniler arms they soon wi:nt oil. 
 The same day, about ten o'clock, fifty-six canoes, 
 with .seven and eight men in each, crossed the rivci 
 from their camp on the Canaila side, coining toward 
 the fort. The g.ites were shut at once, and the in- 
 terpreter sent to tell them that not more than fifty 
 or sixty chiefs would be admitted at a time. I'on- 
 tiac told the interpreter to return and say that unless 
 all his people were given free access to the fori, 
 none of them would enter it; and that the Mnglish 
 might .stay in their fort, but the Indians would keep 
 the country, ("loing to the house of an old Knglish- 
 woman named Turnbull, who with her two sons 
 lived on the common and cultivated seven or eighi 
 acres, they proceeded to put their threat into execu- 
 tion. The shrieks of the inmates and the yells of 
 the Indians soon warned tho.se within the fort that 
 the first blood had been shed at Detroit. 
 
 The Indians ne.Kt proceeded to Hog Island, where 
 they killed twenty-four cattle belonging to the gar- 
 rison. They also massacred James Fisher, his wife, 
 two children, and two soldiers who were on the island. 
 .Some accounts say that two of Msher's children 
 were carried off as captives, and that four soldiers 
 were killed, also a man named ("loslin ;nid I'"isher's 
 servant. In the afternoon I'cjiitiac moveil his entire 
 camp to this side of the river. The number of 
 Indians under his direction at this time is variously 
 e.stimated at from six Inmilred to two thousand. 
 
 V^ery early in the morning of the lolh the .savages 
 began to fire on the fort and on the vessels Heaver 
 and (ikidwin which lay in front of the town. Tluy 
 gathered in large numbers behind several buildings 
 outside of the fort, but within easy range, from 
 whence they shot into the stockade. The garrison 
 had but one cannon fit for use ; this was loaded with 
 red-hot sjiikes, and tired at the houses behind whidi 
 the Indians had gathered; the buildings were soni, 
 wrap[ieil in tiames, and the disconcerted savages 
 fled amid the jeers .'mil cheers of the soldiers. 
 
 (ll.idwin thought the whole affair but a sudden 
 freak of temi)cr, which would soon subside ; and 
 being in great want of provisions, he resolved to 
 open negotiations in order to obtain supplies. The 
 interi)reter, with Messrs. Chapoton and Jac(iiiis 
 ("lodfroy, was disij.itched to the camp of I'ontiac I" 
 demand the rea.son of his conduct, and to declare 
 the connnandant's readiness to redress any rc.il 
 grievance. La Butte and his companions soon camr 
 back to the fort, saying that peace might readily br 
 had by making the Indians a few presents. At I'on- 
 tiac's .suggestion, Major Campbell, Lieutenant Mc- 
 I )ougall, and others went to his camp for the purpose 
 of holding a council with him. M. (iouin wariml 
 them that treachery was meditated, but they con- 
 cluded to go, and paid dearly for their temerity, fi-r 
 
 
'IllI': CONSIMUACV ()!•■ I'ONTIAC. 
 
 
 I'Diitiac at once scizi'd thcin and dctaiiu'd llicin as 
 ])iis()iK-r« ill llu- lioiisc of M. Mcloclu'. Soim; of llic 
 I iciuli will) sympathized witli I'ontiac advised the 
 i;;irrisoii to escape on board llu; vi^sscls, sayinif tliat 
 ilic Indians would surely eapturc the fort. At one 
 nine it looked aslhouv,di their words would prove true. 
 I'll- the Indians av^ain surrounded the storkadi', and 
 k' |)l up an incessant lirinj;' from morning- till ni.i;ht ; 
 (liiiini^ till! same day the soldiers shot ri'd-hol bolts at 
 i\M) barns which al'fordi'd shelti-r to thi; Indians, and 
 the buil(lin>;s were consumed, and at nit;ht a |iarty 
 sallied out ;uid burned other houses which had pro- 
 Ircied the Indians. As a further measure of safety, 
 llie bai.^\;a.s4e of the garrison was carrit'd abo.u-d tlu; 
 vessels, with the mulerstandinij that, at a i;i\in sii^- 
 Uiil, they weri' to sail for Ni,ii;,ira. 
 
 The next dav, May 13, Mr. Hopkins, cajuain of a 
 new company, with forty volunicers, went out and 
 M'l lire to other houses near the fort, and .all except 
 two were biu'ned. As soon as this comp.any re- 
 liiined, Lieutenant Il.iyes with ihii'ly men went out 
 .ind set tire to two barns bihind the fort. On the 
 fiillowinir d.iy twi:lve of the most respect.ible l'"rench 
 inhabitants went to I'ontiac ,ind besoimhl him to 
 .stop the w.ir. 'i'he s.anie d.iy .1 si'ri(i'anl, with twenty 
 men, si't tire to two more barns. On .May 15 ,in 
 (iHicer with forty men went out and tlestroyed a 
 hoiisi' l)elon.!.;in,if to M. La liuttt! ; they ;dso cut down 
 orch.irds and leveled fences until the jL^roimd about 
 tlu; fort was clear and open. 
 
 Meanwhile the sie,v;i' went on. i'ontiac endeavored 
 to prevent supplii'S from re.ichinir the fort, by warn- 
 in,i( the inhabitants, under penalty of de.ith, not to 
 carry provisions there. I lad his orders bteii obeyed, 
 thi: ujarrison would have bi'en compelled toab.indon 
 the post; but the friendly services of some of the 
 inh.ibitants on both sides of the river supplied their 
 wants. M. liaby, a prominent habitant proved him- 
 self a friend in need, provitlini,' the jrarrison with 
 cattle, ho.ii;s, and other supplies, which he bnnij^dit 
 ,ii nii^ht from his farm to the fort. There was, how- 
 ( \ir, jiressinjf need of lari^er supplies and reinforce- 
 nicnls, and on May 21 the schooner (dadwin was 
 (lisp.itched to Ni;ij.jara to li.asten their eoniinif. 
 .Mc.uuvhile, in order to provide weapons for ile- 
 fcnce, the iron .and steel from the warehouse were 
 l.'ikcn to live blacksmith, anil on May 23 two men 
 he^an to work this material into clubs, lances, and 
 lii'oks, and thouji^h the weapons were rude, there is 
 lie doubt that, had they been needed, they would 
 li;ive ilone jrood .service in the hands of the traders 
 and their eiuployee.s. 
 
 As the siejfc projj^resseil provisions became every 
 il.iy more scarce, and on M,iy 24 Lieutenant Hay 
 ar I judjje LeCirand starched all the French houses 
 fi ! supertluous articles of food. Receipts were ijiven 
 fi what was taken, and all that eoukl be collected 
 
 was deposited in the public stonihou.se. Supplies 
 could be brought in only from the river-side, and the 
 soldit'rs who went thither for any purpose were con- 
 stantly lired upon by the Indians. 
 
 On May 2<S the Indians erected a b.irric.ide of lim- 
 ber on the wt'st side of the town near St. Martin's 
 House, in after \eais known as the Cass House on 
 t'.iss l'";u'm; the soldiers discovt'red it, s.illii'd out, 
 and it was soon destroyed. On May 30 the lonij- 
 looke 1-for .and lont(-(lel,iyed bo.its, with the Mnnlish 
 ll.iv; llyini^. wi'i'i' seen coming up the river, and the 
 ).;uns of the fort and the chet'rs of the n.irrison b.ide 
 them welcome. Tlu'lr joy was of short diM'.ation, 
 for it was soon discovered that the boats were in 
 possession of tlu; s.ava.yjes. They li.id been c.iptured 
 by tilt: Indians while the detachment w.as .about to 
 encamp .it I'oint I'elet', only two b.ate.uix out of ten 
 esca|)ini^. ( )ne of tlu; two s;i\'ed cont.iinecl seven 
 b.irrels of jxirk ;iiid .1 b.irrel of Hour. On llu; next 
 day I'ontiae's forces were incre.ised by llu; arriv.il of 
 two hundred Indi.ins f|-oni .S;i,v;in,iw. ( )n June 2 
 (il.idwin rect'i\f(l, through ;in Lnv^lish rnitrrur i/e 
 /'i>/.s-, a letti'r sent by Major C.ini[)l)ell, who w.is still 
 in llu' h.inds of tlu; Indi.ins. The Idler li.id been 
 c;il)lure(l with the b;u;.;i'S the Last of M.iy, .and w.as 
 enclosed with one from .in ollieer ;il N'i.ii^.ir.i to .1 
 friend at Mi.anii. It s.iid pi'.ace h.id been concluded 
 by the treaty of .St. (lermain-cn-Laye. This was, 
 indeed, jjjood news, and though there weri' s.av.ii^es 
 outside, there was joy inside the fort ; in the e\eninir 
 an instnmienial concert w.as liiven, .and tlu; sentinels 
 p.aced their rounds with tirmer tre.id. 
 
 L.arly on the niorniuii;' of June 16, for the lirst 
 lime since the sievji', the Anj^rclus w.as runir, and the 
 measured strokes of llu; swei't-loned bell, re|)eated 
 tliree tHiies o'er, niornini^, noon, and night, soolhed 
 ;ind (}uieted the inhabitants of the beleaguered town. 
 Durinfj these d.iys the Indi.ins h;id surromided and 
 captured Mack-inaw, ,uid on June 18 I'ather ilu 
 Jaiui.iy, a Jesuit ])riesl, brouj^ht letters from the 
 captured ol'licers lelliji)^ of the dis.a.ster. He left 
 the fort on June 20, .and rc.achcd M.ackin.iw June 30. 
 In the fort provisions bei.ime incre.isini;ly scarce, 
 .and on June 22 Commiss.iry Hay .and the judjje 
 made their fourth round i-olleciimr provisions from 
 the inh.ibit.ants. On June 26 .several soldiers re- 
 ported th.it two Indians had been seen the previous 
 ni^lit eiilcrinn- .a house. Captain Hopkins with 
 twenty-four men went out and surrouiuk'd the 
 house, but instead of indi.ins ihcy found two sows 
 and their pile's. Tliey look them to the fort, — the 
 prize beinjr a better one than they h.id expected to 
 .seize. 
 
 A whole month of .anxiety, unrest, .and scarcity 
 had now been experienced ; but relief was near at 
 h.ind. On June 30, about four in the .afternoon, a 
 schooner arrived with twenty-two men of tlie Thir- 
 
23« 
 
 1 hi; (ONSl'IKAiN' nl I'O.NTIAC. 
 
 li; ill Kc ;iiiiiiii, l.ii iiiciiani ( 'ii)l(r and twciity-i i;.;lil 
 iiii-ii i/f ( 'apiaiii Ilupkiiis' Kaii^c-fs, toijcllicr with 
 niic liiiiidiid and fifty haiirls (jf ])r<)visii)i)s and a 
 i|iianl;;y nf aniniiniil inn. 'I he ' csscls liail a naiTnw 
 escape as llicy passcil riTS(|U(: Isle, nnw l.rii-, 
 I't iinsyK'ania, ilial ]ila( <r lia\iny luiii (aiiiund hy 
 Indians will) wfnl fi'iiin I iciruii. ahmiL Jiiik; Id. i Mi 
 dii; same day thai liu; \rsscl aiii\(il, Jacinn-s Si. 
 .Marliii with liis family s()ii;^iil irfii'^e in ihe fnii. 
 Hnjnly l " llim; oxen, ihife riiws, and Iwo caKcs 
 lanu; lowing and Mealing U> the gateway," ihe 
 Indians frnm whose cami) ihry ii.nl escapid ( ha^in:^^ 
 ihein as near ihe fuit as tiny daicd. Allhoii'^h the 
 Indians were nnl welcDine, ihe bovilies were, as 
 fresh meal was a rarily. 'ihe iiexl day i.ieiitenanl 
 Me! )()n;;all, w ho had heeii a eapt ive sine(; Ma)' lo, 
 est aped, and with tlir<-e oilier while men returned 
 lo tin: fori. < >ii Uk; .same day I'oiitiae held a eonin il 
 wilh the ]■ reiieli inh.ihilanls on Ijolh sides of llie 
 river, and tried lo compel ilieni lo .'issisi iiim, bnl 
 they refused, .assertini^ llial ihey were honnd by llie 
 terms of the capit nl.it ion. Some of the younger 
 men, however, offered ilieir .aid, in spite of the oppo- 
 sition of the older /idh/'liuis, bill I'onliae was i)re- 
 \ailed iipijii to refuse their ser\'iees. < in July 3 M. 
 iSaby, with his f.amily and j^oods, sought refiii^c in 
 the; fori, and on the same day the commandanl 
 called tin; people together, and read the Articles of 
 I'eaie eoncluded b<iween the l''rench and the J'ln^- 
 lisli. 
 
 '] he next d.ay tli<; I'lench were ori,rani/ed into a 
 company of milili.i; liiey sel<;cted .\Ir. .Sterlinj,'' for 
 their < ommander, an<l were provided wilh arms and 
 ammnniiion. The same day a parly, led by I.ieii- 
 tenanl ll.iy, .started for .M. liaby's lioiise to i^et 
 sotne ])owd<T .and lead which li.ad l)een left there. 
 Meeting' the nephew of ;in Ojibway rliief, one of 
 the men killed him, lore off his scalp, .and shook it 
 tow.ards the enemy ; wliereii|)on liis uncle ran to .Mr. 
 .Meloche's lioiise, where John Campbell w.as con- 
 hiied, .seized liiin, bound him to ;i fence, .and killed 
 him wilh .arrows, .aftcrw.ards < uttiiiv;' off his lie.ad, 
 •and icarinj^ out .and caliii:^ his heart. This ineiiient 
 .awakened renewed fear of ,a ioiii,^ sievje, and (jii July 
 8 m.iny (jf the prim ii).al inli.ibitants brou^dit their 
 ;.((j()ds witliiri the fort for s.afe keepini^; one of tluMn, 
 .\Ir. M.aisouville, broiii^ht o\cr ti\-e boatlo.ads, coii- 
 taiiiinvc ten thous.and ixnmds of furs .and lead. 
 .M.ijor ( il.idwiii li.id .a |)oor opinion of some of the 
 inli.ai)itants. In .a letter to (icner.al Amherst he 
 s.ays, " I dare s.ay that before lonv^ we sli.all see th.ii 
 li.alf of the colonists deserve the gibbet and that the 
 other half be dispersed. However, tliere arc a few 
 lioni-sl men .amonjr them, --,M. Nav.arre and the 
 two llabys, — .and my inti;rprcters St. M.artin and L.i 
 Ikittc." 
 
 liein;^ dis.appointed in their efforts to st.arve out 
 
 the n.irrison, the Indi.ins soiivjht to burn the vesscN 
 .anchored in the iiv<r, tlirou,i^h wliii h sui)|jlies vscie 
 obtained. Tiny lilted up ,a i.ilt wilh f.ai^ots of 
 birch-li.ark ,nid tai', .and on July 10 |)usht d il into tin 
 middle of the stream, .ami si i it (jn lire, but the v<'s- 
 sels sheered olf, .and no daiii.ii^c w.is done. Tin \ 
 then shot burning .arrows iiiio the slock.ide, whi< li 
 lod:.^cd on tin: housis and set tlicm on lire. Tin 
 lii'cs wi-yr. c\iiii;^fuislK-d, but so i^real .and so conlinii- 
 oils w.is tin ir d.antjer that for many weeks the j.;.arri- 
 soii slept in llicir clothes svitli their arms by llieir 
 side. 
 
 Iroiii time to lime during the piw^ress of tin 
 sie;;e the two vessels under dLidwin's eoinin.im! 
 sailed down the river, disi h,ar;.^inv; shot inio (In 
 Imli.in vill.i^cs. I' in.ally the Wy.andotis ,aml I'oto 
 xs.ilaniies, weariecl with hostilities, soiij^hi for peace , 
 ;iiid on their retiirniin^ the 1 .iplives in their |)osses 
 sioii, peace w.is made with them. .Soon .aflcr, on 
 July 29, twenty-two b.irtjes .arrived with two hundred 
 .and ta'.i^hty men from tin- lifly-fifth .and l'Jv;lili<tli 
 Reijiiuents, includin;^ tueiiiy independent Raii^^t'is 
 commanded by Major l\.obert Roi^ers of New 
 IIami)shire ; the vessels also broiii^dit several cannon 
 .ami .a l.ari^c .amount of jirovisions, tin: whole in 
 ( h.arije of (.'.apt.ain l),ilycll. The b.irr.nks wa^re too 
 small lo .aeeuiunKAlale so lar^e a fcjree, .and tin 
 soldiers were (luarlercd .imon.i,' the inli.abitants. 
 C,aj)t,ain D.alyell, who had been ,a companion ol 
 Isr.acI I'liliiani in m.aiiy d.arim;- exploits, besom^ht of 
 Campbell the privilege of .iiiackin^ the Imli.ans in 
 their camp. c;.anipbell opposed the plan, but linalls 
 j^.avc a relnct.int consent, .and on July 31, ,at two 
 o'clock in the niornin^-, wilh two hiimlred .and lift\ 
 men in three dcla<liinenis, lJ,al)-ell m.arched up tin 
 ri\'er ro.ad, sup[)orle(l by (wo i.ar^e b;ile.au.>i armed 
 wilh .a swi\'el. 
 
 Through treachery I'onti.ic li.id been inforrned of 
 Captain I Jalyell's pl.aii, .and wilh his warriors w.as 
 lyiiii^ in .ambush .at I'.arcnl's ( Jeek, iie.ar .a n.arrow 
 wooden britli^n; \siiich then sp.anned tlie creek, .1 
 little south of the present Jefferson A\'enue. As 
 D.alyell's force ne.ir<(| the bridge, the I'ldians coin- 
 ineiiced lo lire. The soldiers ch.ar^cd .across tin- 
 bridge, but their foes were eome.aled from viesv. 
 The Indians h.ad every ,adv.int.a.i(e, and the force, led 
 I)y C.a|)t.ain ( ir.ant, letre.atc^ii. While trying to savi- 
 a wounded soldier, iJ.alyell himself w.as shot de.ad. 
 Meantime, Captain Rogers look possession of tin 
 hoiis(! of .Mr. C.iinp.an, near th<; river, i)etween wh.ai 
 is now Uiibois .and Chene Streets on I'riv.ate Cl.aini 
 No. 91, or the J.ames Camp.ai I'" .arm. Comiminici- 
 tion w.as soon established with tlu! fort, reinforci'- 
 ineiits obt.ained, and .about six hours .after their 
 dei).irture the del.acliment returne(l, with .a loss of 
 twenty-one men, of whom three weia; t.ikeii caijlive 
 and eighteen killed; thirty-eight were wounded. 
 
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 a .sclioiin 
 '■ighly b,- 
 ■sions, .a 
 "f ii.awil 
 some 
 U'liil.: on 
 ' I'-U' Were 
 '■"Uie \\u\\ 
 'y o\-erpo\\ 
 '■'">■ esc,ap( 
 list ,J I, 
 
 '■l.idwin 
 "eaver Wi 
 l"'ocurct|-,,i 
 plies. Wii 
 \\ay (,;„:k, 
 ■" (aiiisli 
 '"■■^t and ;i| 
 '■'Xhly-live I 
 'A'in. 
 
 '^'1 .Aiigii.- 
 
 •il 'Detroit, 01 
 
 '"'•I. 'I're.i.l 
 
 'i"t realised. 
 
 ""'i'.i,di ilu; I 
 
 '''■id neitlier \ 
 
 ) t'ley burned 
 
 ^'■'"11 tfio fort. 
 
 vith forty-sc'v 
 
 ■'nd sixty barn 
 
 • '■'^t (jf August 
 
IIll': CONSl'lKACN' OF roNl lAC. 
 
 239 
 
 I'r.Klilinii says lliat an old uliilcwund ncc, siaiiilin;^ 
 111 llic soiilli side iif |(llrrsiiii .\\inuc, jiisl licyiiiid 
 Adair Strccl and ilu- wniks nf tlir Mirlm^aii .Si()\c 
 ( uiiipaiiy, was a silcni uitncss nl ihc icirihlc 
 ■-laii^liliT of that early nioniiiii;, and ilic lice lor 
 many years has been 1 alleil •• The I'oniiae 'Iree." 
 
 and six Mohawk Indians. < )n Se|)ienil)er ;, in ihe 
 inorninv;, she enlered iln- ri\er, where she was 
 allaeked by alioni lliree hnndred and hfly Indians. 
 'I'Ik erew delended iheniselves liraNcly, <!( fealed the 
 Indians, and leaijied hclroii in safel)'. 
 ■| he loll()s\in.i; leiier Ironi ( apiain ('.ladwin is of 
 
 The hody of (apiain I )alyel|, slioekin,i;ly niaiil- speeial inleresi, as il e\ idenily refers lo lliis parliin- 
 
 an-d, was broiiv^hi lo ihe lorl by younj^ Mr. Ca.npan, l.irailaik. 'Ihi l.n^lish dislrnsi of the i'lcneli, so 
 
 .iboni three o'( lo( k in ihe .iliernoon of ,\ii;<nsi 1. presMJeni in th.ii d.ay. is nianifesled by no uncertain 
 
 It was buried in tin- Kinv;'s ( lardin, ,ind .is Lite ,is uoixls. 'I'lii; ( .ijii.iin s.ays : 
 I.Sj.l .1 i;|-;n-eslone ereeled to his ineniory Wassl.llKl- 
 111;; in the L;ronnds. 
 
 I liiier ollieeis slain at 
 die lime were also 
 liliried there. When 
 \\'oo(lblid;<e .Street w;is 
 opened, sonic of the 
 
 bodies were l.lkcll n|) 
 
 .mil placed in ;l I'ro- 
 lesl.inl cliiirehyard on 
 Woodwanl /Xveiine. 
 W'lial .ifurw.irds be- 
 I inie of thein is iin- 
 I.Mown. 
 
 Six days .after llu; 
 l),illle of llloody lilids^ir 
 ,1 s( liooner arrived with 
 eii^hty barrels of provi- 
 sions, a lap^it (|U,inlity 
 of ii.aval stores, ,ind 
 some nierch.indise. 
 
 While on the w;iy llit; 
 I rrw were .itt.ackeil by 
 some Indi.ms .and near- 
 ly ovcrijowercd, but liii- 
 .illy ese.ipt'd. ( )ll All.v(- 
 iist I ] tin' schooner 
 < il.idwin .and sloo|) 
 lli'.avcr Were sent lo 
 proiaire troops .and sup- 
 plies. \\'liil(! on their 
 
 A.iy back, on Aii.;(ust 2(S, llu- sloop w.as wrecked 
 at Citlish (,'reek, on I, .ike I'.rie. iler i^nns were 
 lost .and .all li<:r c.arv(o except one liimdred .and 
 eighty-live barrels, wIik 1 1 were savi'd by the (il.id- 
 win. 
 
 On /\n,i(tist 7.1) two keys were found in tiic street 
 
 'I'liic l'w.\ii.\i: Tkiu'., 
 
 I >!■ I UMfl , ( li 11,1)11 ■/, i7'i). 
 
 I)i-..\K Sii;, 
 
 Wliiil with hiiMiMss, vix- 
 ;itlnii, :iiiil ilis;i|>|ii>jiiini<'iil, I 
 li;i\r 1 .in I- IiikI linn In lliirik 
 of .'iny liiirKJ, tiiin h l> sv t>i 
 \oitr 1.1 lliiiii, lliinl.in I 
 
 lli'lir )(»ll w ill iM llsi- III) si- 
 
 li'iK ('. I < ;uii(' liillii r iiiii< li 
 ax;;iilisl my u ill, Inn -.i i in,^ 
 
 tvll.'ll wnlllll li;i|>|>l'n ; I ;ini 
 
 I1ICMI14I1I iiiln :i SI r;i|ii , ;iiiil 
 l( 11 ill il ; lliihv^s ntf I \|irt till 
 i>i lllc tll.'ll 1 .lll'l Im- |M'l'fnrtnr(l; 
 I < iiiilil wish I liiiil <|iiilli:il llii: 
 srrvii 1: srvi n vciirs j^n, aii'l 
 that soini'ln'(ly '■I'^i' i niMin.'inii- 
 r(l hen-. I sli;ill s;iy iinlhin^; 
 in it-K'i"' 1" "1" alhiii's, as 
 yiMi will liiai' rnoii^h n( it lir- 
 
 Inw ; llllt I I nrlnsi- ymi somr 
 
 papi Is ( 0111 ( minx: I'l'' soHiii- 
 iln I inlialiitaiits nf llitioit, 
 and thr drstnii linn n| the 
 niil|)Msls,wliirli, jii itiaps, may 
 
 anillsr ynll fnr half .-(11 llnlir. 
 
 I»ani<l ililiMiifl nil' ynnr 
 lillci tn CapLiin lialycll, 
 wllii II I InnI: lllr lilii ily In 
 oprn, kiinwiii^ il < nno-mi (1 
 tlir scr\ i< '•; I riiKlthi- lixli.-ins 
 (Mnh.iwk-) In 1)1- viry failh 
 fill .'ind ready to iln aiiythiii); 
 they .'irf dcslrrd ; the I'Vi-nrh 
 alli injili'd In hlai kill tin in 
 by insinii.'itiii;.,' th.it tiny lie 
 traytd ihi: vrssri, hut I since 
 find tlial two srnniidril 
 [■'rem limin, tlial w< lit nii 
 
 hnard tn srll ^rcr-iis, st t the Indians iipnii till- allrinpt. 
 
 I hnpf I shall \utvr the pli-asiirc nf scciii;; ynll snon, cither here 
 
 nr lielnw, hiil I would I house ihe latter. I am with tin: ^^realest 
 
 esiecin, I liar Sir, 
 
 N'oiiriiinsl hiiinhli- sirs-ani, 
 
 Ml'.NKV < Il.AllW IN. 
 
 On October 3 ;t schooner arrived with one liuii- 
 
 
 It Detroit, one of which titled ihe sm.ill ,t;.ale of the (ired .and ei!,4hty-live b.irrels of pro\isions, .and e.arly 
 
 lort. Treachery was fe.ared, but these fe.ars were in the tnoiith .M.ajor W'ilkins, with six hnndrcil 
 
 not re,ili/,ed. The f.all found the fort still besiei^cd, troops, left Ni.iv^.ir.a to relieve !)etroit, but w.as .at- 
 
 ilioii.v;li the Indi.ins wen- i^re.illy sc.attcred, .as they t.icked by the liidi.ans ,and fon cd to relnrii. The 
 
 li.ad neither provisions nor shelter. On September force .ai;;tin st.artcd, but .a storm on I, .ike laic c.iiiseil 
 
 ', they burned , a windmill about three hundred y.ards liie loss of sixteen out of forty-si.x b.ate.anx, three 
 
 Irom the fort. Two d.ays Later llu' (U.adwin .arrived oMicers, .and seventy men. toijether with lifty-two 
 
 with forty-seven barrels of (lour and one linndred b.arrels of provisions .and other stores, .and ,ai(.ain the 
 
 and sixty b.arreis of pork. She h.ad left Ni.iv^.ar.a the troops were forced to return to .NLa^r.ar.a. News of 
 
 last of August, with a captain, a crew o( eleven men, tlie last disaster was contained in a letter from 
 
240 
 
 THE CUNSl'IRACY OF I'OXTIAC. 
 
 Major Wilkins to Ciladwin, brou^ijlu, concealed in 
 liis |)(>\\(ltr-horn, tin: middle of November, by a 
 friendly Wyandotte Indian. 
 
 The Indians had evidently learned that Major 
 Wilkins with a slronj^ fort'e was on his way to De- 
 troit, and on October 12 a chief of the .MississaLij,nias 
 Came to the fort, ostensibly to sne for peace. A 
 truce was then agreed upon, and Oladwin made use 
 of it to gather pro\isions for the winter, of which 
 the garrison was in great need. During the seven 
 weeks prenous to October 19 the soldiers had re- 
 ceived but live pounds of tlour and one lialf gallon 
 of wheat each per week. 
 
 On October 29 M. Decpiindre brought to i'ontiac 
 a letter from M. Neyon, the French commandant at 
 Fort Chartres on the Mississippi, dated Sei)tember 
 27, saying that he woukl give him no help; anil on 
 the ne.xt day he brought a letter to the fort giving 
 the same information. Soon after most of the In- 
 dians left the vicinity, and as the winter was coming 
 on, antl su|)plics for the garrison were uncertain. 
 Major (dad win tlecidetl to reduce his force to two 
 luHulred and twelve men, as that was as many as 
 he could lake care of. The rest were sent to Niag- 
 ara, where they arrived on the 27th of November. 
 The winter passed .away without excitement of any 
 kind. On the evening of March 1 1 an attempt was 
 made, prob.ibly by some traitor, to tire the maga- 
 zine, but the brand fortunately went out without 
 accomplishing its purpose. 
 
 On June 4 His Majesty's birthday was celebrated 
 by the discharge of three volleys from the troops 
 and three discharges from the cannon. His health 
 was drunk on |)arade by all the ot'ticers, and several 
 I'Yenchmen who were invited guests, and at night 
 the town was illuminated. 
 
 On June 28 tlie schooner \"iitory arrived from 
 Niagara in coin|)any with a new schooner, the Bos- 
 ton. .\s the fort and settlement were still in dan- 
 ger, Oeneral Ciage, the commander-in-chief, resolved 
 to chastise the Indians by carrying the war into their 
 own country. Two expeditions were therefore fitted 
 out, — one, under Colonel IJoiiuet, to proceed byway 
 of Fort Pitt against the Indians between the Oh'o 
 and the Lakes; and tlie other, under Colonel ISrad- 
 street, to proceed against the Northern Indians by 
 way of Lakes Erie and Ontario to Detroit. Brad- 
 street's forces assembled at Albany; they I'onsisted 
 of three hundred Canadians and nine hundred colo- 
 nial troops, two hundred and nineteen of the num- 
 ber from Connecticut, and commanded by .\L'ijor- 
 C.eneral Israel Putnam. They reached Niagara the 
 last of June. I lis force was there joined by three 
 hundred Iror]uois, under .Sir Jr^hn Johnson and 1 Icnry 
 Montour, and by nearly one hundred ( )jibways and 
 Mississauguas, under the command of Alexander 
 Henry. These last soon became disalTei'tcd and 
 
 left. The army reached Detroit on August 26, \y(>4_ 
 bringing provisions and clothing, and ihe garrison, 
 which had been confined to the ramparts for fiftetn 
 months, was now relieved. Their joy was so great 
 that for the time being military ilistipline was almost 
 lost sight of. Chests and bales were eagerly opened, 
 new suits donned, and the dangers of the past were 
 forgotten in the delights of security and plenty. 
 
 Pradstreet's force was the largest body of troops 
 that had ever been seen at Detroit ; and when the 
 scores of bateaux and barges thronged the river, and 
 the troo])s landed with all the pomj) of military dis- 
 play, — colors flying, bugles blowing, and drums 
 beating, — the Indians were at once so ovi'rwhelm- 
 ingly convinced of the power of the English that 
 they made no further resistance to their domin.i- 
 tion ; and were no longer to be counted as the allies 
 of the French. On August 30, by order of the 
 commandant, all the inhabitantsover fifteen years of 
 age appeared t(j renew their oath of allegiance. The 
 next day ( lladwin was relieved of his command, and 
 went east the day following. 
 
 On September 7 a council was held, .and a treaty 
 (jf peace concluded with several of the tribes. The 
 next day Captain Howard and Alexander Henry, 
 with three hundred Canadians, left for Mackinaw. 
 Pradstreet iiKiuired about and punished such of the 
 Canadians as had aided the Indians. .Some of 
 them, however, did not await the result of his 
 inijuiries, but lletl before his arri\al. 
 
 Among those whom Pradstreet proposed to pun- 
 ish — even by hanging — was Jacques dodfroy ; but 
 on his prnniising to act as guidi' for Captain Morris, 
 in an expeiiilion to the Illinois Indians, he was 
 released. He accompanied Captain Morris on his 
 trip, saved his life .several limes, ;md returni'd with 
 him to Di>troit on .September 17, the mission h.aving 
 accomplished nothing. Thi-ec days before their re- 
 turn. ( 'icneral Pr.adstreet set out for S.andusky. leaving 
 behind seven comi)anies of soldiers as a reinforce- 
 ment for the garrison. lie remained at .Sandusk}' 
 until October 18, when he embarked his forces for 
 Niagara. \\'hen near Rocky Rix'cr, on Lake Kr'w, 
 a storm arose, which destroyed twenty-five of the 
 bateaux antl most of the baggage and .ammunition. 
 The soldiers were consequently obliged to go by 
 land ; they struggled through the wilderness, suffer- 
 ing great hardships, and some of them did not 
 reach Niagar.i until the last of December, 1764. 
 
 In February, 1765, Captain George Croghan, 
 accompanietl by Lieutenruit I'"razer and a small 
 gu.ird, was sent west by Sir William Johnson to 
 distribute presents to the Indians, and thus prepare 
 the way for the coming of English troops. Near 
 the mouth of the Wabash Croghan and his party 
 were made prisoners by the Kickapoos, and taken to 
 Vincennes, and from there to Ouatanon, where 
 
IIIK CONSIMKACY OF I'OiNTIAC. 
 
 241 
 
 Criij^liaii fouml fiiLiids, and their captivity ciuli'd. 
 Wliilu on liis way U) \isit l^'ort L'hartrcs, by invitation 
 of tlic coinniaiulant, Croglian nut I'ontiae, anil con- 
 (•iuilud a tnaty of pcaic. lie then gave up the 
 visit to Cliartrc's. and with I'ontiae started for 
 Detroit, where they arrived y\uj,fiist 17, 17^)5, and 
 on Sc[)teniher 26 Croi,diaii left for N'iav;ara. His 
 treaty with I'ontiae ended tiie war ; Detroit alone of 
 ill the western posts had held out ;,,ainst the 
 Indians until peace was thus declared. 
 
 In tlu' sprint; of 17(^)9 the Indians ai^ain hecanu' 
 troublesome, .and there was much alarm at Detroit; 
 as another war seemed inuiiinent, the traders did 
 not venture west, and the inhabitants began to 
 fortify. 
 
 Conciliatory measures were, however, adopteil ; 
 the indi.ms |)roved more docile, and frf)m this time, 
 under British rule, there w.is in Detroit but little fi'ai 
 of trouble with the Indians. 
 
 I'uNllAC'h CuNbl'lUACV KliVliALliU, AS KEl'KlihUM l;u IN Tllli Pai.ntino bV J. M. ijlA.Sl.lCV, 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.— BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS AND FIRST AMERICAN 
 OCCUrATlUN OF DiyiRorr. — FRENCH AND SPANISH INTRIGUES. 
 
 ■riiK kKV()i,i;ii<)XAuv \v.\k. 
 
 WllKN the war of iiulcpciKlcnre hcy.'in in the 
 l''ast, its fffccts were imnK'diatcly fi'lt in Detroit. 
 Martial law was established in this re_i,non and in all 
 the British i^rovinces, by proclamation of (liiy Carl- 
 ton, on June 9, 1775, and deliberate and remorseless 
 plans were made for Indian forays from this |)ost. 
 
 'l"he Government feared that the rebel settlers in 
 the West would seek to aid their brother colonists 
 of the East and the South ; and they cspet'ially 
 dreaded an attack upon Detroit by the brave pioneers 
 on the Ohio and in Western X'irjrinia. The ICni^lish 
 knew well the importance of this place, as the i^ate- 
 way of the West, and they lost no time in availing 
 themselves of the help of their Indian allies in their 
 efforts to retain their western possessions. In order 
 the more el'fectu.ally to interest the savages and 
 secure their co-operation, the oHice of lieutenant- 
 governor and superintendent was created for the 
 three posts of Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Vincen- 
 nes. This oflice did not exist in the West except 
 at the three posts named, and it was unknown prior 
 to and ceased with the close of the war t)f the revo- 
 lution. Captain Henry Hamilton, of the I'ifteenth 
 Regiment, was appointed for Detroit, Patrick Sin- 
 clair for Michilimackinac, and Edward Abbott for 
 Vincennes. 
 
 It has been said that Hamilton was appointed 
 under the Ouebec Act by Governor Carlton, and 
 that various military oflicers, including the com- 
 mandant at Mackinaw, were under him, rmd that he 
 had charge of the entire Northwest; but none of 
 these statements are correct. The (Quebec Act con- 
 tained no provisions that could have any bearing on 
 this oTice. All three of the aj^pointments were made 
 by the l.arl of Dartmouth, the colonial secretary, and 
 the appointees were to act under instructions from 
 the commander-in-chief of the Province of Quebec. 
 Governor Sinclair claimed the perquisites of his post 
 from May i, 1775, and it is probable that all three 
 appointments were made on that date. 
 
 Governor Hamilton left Montreal for Detroit in 
 September, and arrived here on November 9, 1775. 
 The position of lieutenant-governor was deemed a 
 desirable one, for Mr. Hay, who succeeded Hamil- 
 
 ton, claimed to have paid a large amount for his 
 commission. The sequel proved that it was not 
 worth as much as had been supposed. Consider 
 able rent^ were received from lantls and lots claimed 
 by the Crown, and it was also a common cu.stom for 
 the Indians to send presents of game to the go\ernor 
 on their return from the chase ; he received also 
 .some portion of their harvests. Both ( lovernor I lam- 
 ilton and Colonel De Peyster, who succeeded him 
 as acting lieutenant-governor, received and made 
 use of these perquisites, but, much to the'r chagrin, 
 they were called upon to account for them to the 
 Government. Colonel De Peyster, in a letter dated 
 November 21, 1782, strongly objected to this claim, 
 on the ground that he had saved the Government 
 at least ten thousand poimds, and that if he was 
 required to refund the rents received at Detroit, it 
 would be greatly to his damage, as he had " li\e(l 
 up to them in support of the dignity of a British 
 commandant." The Government, however, perse- 
 vered in the demand. 
 
 The powers of these quasi governors could be 
 exercised only over the inhabitants of their posts 
 and the Indians who were in the habit of resorting 
 thither, and were extremely \ague. As Fieutenant- 
 Governor Cramahe expressed it, the wording of their 
 commission must have "escaped some person young 
 in office." While the general intent seems to have 
 been understood, some of their claims were con- 
 tinually and successfully disputed by the local 
 commandants, between whom and the lieutenant- 
 governors at Detroit and Mackinaw quarrels were 
 very frecjuent. General Haldimand. in one of his 
 letters to Governor Hamilton, confessed that the 
 powers connected with the offices of commandant 
 and governor were "unhappily blended," but both 
 commandants and lieutenant-governors were en- 
 joined, for the good of the service, to do their utmost 
 to pronK)te harmony. Governor Hamilton, in a letltr 
 written August 12, 1778, complained that he had be- 
 come almost a " cypher" through this conflict of au- 
 thority; and General Haldimand, on August 20, 1779. 
 wrote to (Governor Sinclair, " I have ever viewed the 
 situation of lieutenant-governor of the posts as 
 awkward, and productive of misunderstanding." 
 
 [242"! 
 
THE KKVOI.IJTIONARY WAR. 
 
 '■43 
 
 The office docs nut seem to have reciuired yreat 
 aliility, and none is known to have been manifested 
 i)y eitlier of the appointees. Tiie lieutenant-i,'overnor 
 was not sent to achiiinister jiistiie, and any powers 
 I if tliat kind were an afterthou,i,du, and conferred 
 merely for the sake of convenience. Tliat the office 
 was not a local necessity is shown by the fact that 
 Lieiitenant-r.ovcrn. r Abbott left his post early in 
 1778, arrivinjf with his family at Detroit on March 7 
 of that year ; he stated that he could not be of any 
 service at Vincennes, as there were no snoods in the 
 place for the Indians. Clovernor Hamilton left his 
 post to yo on a foray; Colonel De I'eyster, who 
 succeeded him, filled the positions both of lieutenant- 
 i^overnor and commandant ; and (Jovernur Sinclair, 
 althoui^h appointed to Mackinaw in 1775, did not go 
 there until i77y, after Colonel De I'eyster had left. 
 Indeed, it seemed a matter of much indifference 
 whether or not there was a lieutenant-governor 
 resident at Detroit. C.overnor Hamilton's real suc- 
 cessor, Jehu Hay,' was restrained from coming here 
 for more than a year. I le arrived at Ouebec the 
 last of June, 1782, but Colonel De Peyster, then in 
 coinmand at Detroit, anticipating his appointment, 
 had written to (General Haldimand asking that he 
 might be allowed, in case 1 lay was appcnnted, to 
 leave the place " either before or immediately on his 
 arrival," as he did not wish to have anything to do 
 with Mr. Hay. Dc I'eyster's abilities were so mani- 
 fest and so valuable at Detroit that General Haldi- 
 mand was not willing to displace or displease him. 
 Consetjuently, after Governor Hay had reached 
 Montreal he was not allowed to go any farther. He 
 was very indignant that he should be prevented from 
 going to Detroit to "enjoy his office and emolu- 
 ments," but tleneral Haldimand would not yiekl to 
 his angry demands, and on several occasions sharply 
 reproved him, and compelled him to retract some of 
 his utterances. At last on October 30, 1 783, Colonel 
 De I'eyster was summoned to Niagara, and three 
 days later Lieutenant-Governor Hay was ordered to 
 Detroit. He started on his journey, reaching Carl- 
 ton Island on November 24 ; here he was taken 
 seriously ill, and wrote to General Haldimand that 
 he should go no farther until spring. On December 
 6, however, though still very ill, he left Carlton 
 Island, and went back to Montreal. De I'eyster 
 learned of his detention, and on December 8, 1783, 
 wrote from Detroit that " the lateness of the season 
 and the severity of the weather prevented his depart- 
 ure, but he would go as early as the season would 
 
 1 The Christian name of Governor Hay heretofore has invariably 
 licun printed John. The mistake evidently arose from the sinii- 
 l.irity of llie words when carelessly written. His own letters, 
 lilid with the Johnson .Manuscripts at Albany, and scores of let- 
 leis in the Haldimand Collection at Ottawa, show clearly that his 
 name was Jehu. 
 
 permit." In the spring Governor Hay recovered, 
 and on July 12, 1784, arrived at Detroit. Colonel 
 De Peyster remained until some time in June, and 
 possibly later. 
 
 I>y order of (iovernor Haldimand the militia at 
 Detroit were disbantled soon after Governor Hay's 
 arrival. This officer, when finally allowed to assume 
 the governorship, found the powers of the office 
 much restricted; for Haldimand, before giving him 
 leave to go to Detroit, had directed the distribution 
 of the goods for the Indians to be made under the 
 direction of Sir William Johnson. This order was 
 resented by (iovernor Hay, but his protests were of 
 no avail. He continued to serve, but claimed that 
 he was so restricted in his powers that he could not 
 do for the Indians what was really best. The dis- 
 appointments which he met undoubtedly hastened 
 his decease. He died at Detroit in August, 1785. 
 Governor Hamilton, who in the meantime had re- 
 turned to Canada, endeavored to secure the a|)point- 
 ment of Alexander McKee to the vacant office, but 
 Governor Henry Hope disapproving, no one was 
 appointed. 
 
 The chief duties of the lieutenant-governor evi- 
 dently consisted in distributing goods to the Indians, 
 in order to induce them to make war on the " rebels," 
 in fitting out the warriors and encouraging them to 
 keep on the " war path." Nowhere was this work 
 so diligently carried on as at Detroit. Of all the 
 posts west of Montreal and New York, at the time 
 of the Revolution, this was the most important. It 
 was not only a leading army center, but also the 
 chief naval depot of the West. After August 10, 
 1776, no vessels were permitted on the Lakes except 
 such as were enrolled at Detroit, and armed and 
 manned by the Crown. It is almost impossible to 
 realize the extent of ICnglish operations in this 
 region during the progress of the war, and it is cer- 
 tain that no one locality in the East was the field of 
 so many and such varied manifestations of the strife 
 as were exhibited here. The prominent feature 
 in every scene during that period was scores or 
 hundreds of painted savages, with uplifted toma- 
 hawks, scalping knives in their belts, and fusils, lead, 
 and flints at hand. All the materials for war were 
 supplied by their "white father," and all were to be 
 used against the American rebels. P^verything that 
 could be done to attach the Indians to the service of 
 the King was done in unstinted manner. They 
 were coaxetl with rum, feasted with oxen roasted 
 whole, alarmed by threats of the destruction of their 
 hunting-ground, and supplied with everything that 
 an Indian could desire. Now one tribe, and now 
 another, were invited to Detroit for a council, and 
 council followed council in rapid succession, the 
 Indians gathering by thousands at these meetings. 
 As Captain Bird expressed it in one of his letters, 
 
244 
 
 TllK KKVUl.riloXAin- WAR. 
 
 "tlif luclians ail' always cookiiii; or I'diiiiciliiin." 
 Kmissarirs witi' sint Inmi I)ciiiiii lo tln' inosi dis- 
 taiu irilu's, to iiKlucc tluiii " t(i laki' iiji tlu' liatcliit ;" 
 liulian a.ni'iils and inlciprrliTS canu' and wcnl; 
 boats loaded lo ilicir utinoBl capacity willi army 
 stores, Indian i^oods, and trinkets, arrived in nuni- 
 i)crs. An cxti.'nsivc shipyard was kept i)iisy jjuiidini; 
 new vessels .'ind repairing tlie old. C"a|)tains, iieii- 
 ten.mts, and minor ollieers thron^a'd tiie n.irrow and 
 hiisy streets; wai -parties were eijiiipped, "set out" 
 and " retiMMied ;" prisoners arrived, were sent lielow 
 or dislribuled ; scaii)s were received, counted, .and 
 recorded; alarms were raised, dis;ilTection was pun- 
 ished; and all tlu' I'vi'Uts of the I'^asl weit told o\er, 
 and many of tJiem duplicated, in re\-olui try days 
 :". Detroit. 
 
 'i'he l''.nj;lish ollieers found it not ;ilwa\s fail' 
 we.atlu'r. 'I'luri: wen- m.iny secret and some open 
 sympalhixers with the "rebels." Cili/ens known to 
 be in sympathy with the Americans were subjected 
 to many annoyances, ("i.irret ("ira\erat, a leadiiii.; 
 merch.inl, was eomptlleil to i;ive bail in four hun- 
 dred pounds not to correspond with the .\mericans 
 or ]L;ive tiiem aid for the space of ,i year and ;i day. 
 James SterlinjLj and John I'ld.ijar, well-known tnides- 
 men, wim'c sent ;iw;iy because they faxored the rebel- 
 lion, 'i'he Last-named was compelled to lea\i' all 
 his ij'oods, and ),;<) to Kaskaski.i, Coiii^ress, in .after 
 years, (L,^ave him two thousiind .acres of l.md to 
 help m.ake up his losst's. Other citizens also were 
 forced to lea\i'. Some were compelled to work on 
 the fortilications ; and those who tried to escape 
 w ere put in irons i)y the order of Clovernor I l,amilt(jn. 
 
 In one of his letters to deneral Il.aldiinand, writ- 
 ten on 'anu.ary 15, 1778, the jjovernor comi)laine(l 
 that his plans were fre(iiiently made known, .and 
 s.aiil it w.as not to be wondered at, "when it is con- 
 sidered how m.any people in the .settlement h<i\e 
 connections with the Americans, es|)ecially <as ,in 
 Indian, for a }4;Ulon of rum, will convey .any letter or 
 intelli.nence." In .another letter, dated Auyust 17, 
 he .s.iid, " The few American newspapers which I 
 .send, being of a Later date than .any from lOurope, 
 you ni.ay conceive, have furnishctl surmises to the 
 disaffected here not likely to produce ai^reeable 
 effects. I shall watch and seize the first, however, 
 who sh.all dare make a p.ar.ade of his disloy.alty." 
 
 In the sprinj^ of 1779, after the capture of Ciover- 
 nor Hamilton, there w.as much more trouble with 
 the "rebel sympathizers." Captain Lernoult was 
 authorized by Capt.ain IJrehm, aide-de-camp to tlen- 
 eral Haklimand, to apprehend some of these and 
 "send them to Niaijara, and to take hostages from 
 others ; " also to " hold court-martials on the ap- 
 proach of an enemy" and "punish offences with 
 death." 
 
 About this time James Cassity, a farmer at Grosse 
 
 roiiUe, m.ide himself obnoxious to the king's ollieers, 
 .and the following depositions against him .are con, 
 l.aiiu'd in the li.aldimand correspondence. W illi.im 
 Miller deposed on July 21, 1779, .ag.iinst tassiiy, 
 "that he .and Willi.am Itostick dr.ank success to the 
 Congress .and the y\meric.in /\rms, .an<l s.aid th.at 
 C'oloiul l Lark would soon be in possi'ssion of I )elroii, 
 th.at he w.as tanning .a (lu.anlity of leather that he 
 would not sell until Colonel Cl.ark .arrived .at Detroit." 
 John l.cjughton, nav.al slorc-kei'per. deposed th.it 
 Cassity s.aid "th.at Detroit would bi' in the h.uids of 
 Colonel Cl.ark in six months, .and decl.ari'd himself .a 
 rebel." John Cornw.all .s.iid Cassity decl.ared "th.at 
 there were m.any in Dt'troit who wore cockades in 
 their h.ats who thought thcmsi'lvi'S very good people, 
 but that, when Colonel Cl.ark came, they wmild be 
 no better ih.an himself," .and ih.il "Colonel Uutler, 
 with his scalping (a'ew, would soon imit with tin ir 
 deserts." Lfpon this testimony, C.assity was sent 
 .away. 
 
 'The inhabitants of Deiroii were thus compelled 
 to k'.ave their honu'S, and a immlier of loy.alists .and 
 reneg.ades i.ame to settle in tlu' city, .among them 
 those noted scmi-s.av.ages, M.atthew I'.lliott .and 
 J.ames, .Simon, .and (leorge (iirty. 
 
 At one time Ciovcrnor Il.amilton estim.ated ih.at 
 .about ti\i' thous.and persons in Detroit would soon 
 be dei)einlent u|)on the (iovernment for support. 
 lie was in f.avor of encour.aging settlers to conn-, 
 however, .and e\en proposi-d, on his .anticip.ated 
 for.ay, to bring b.ack llu' colonists .and settle them .at 
 Detroit, but Cicncr.al Il.aldim.and did not favor this 
 idc'.a. On .August Ci, 177S, he wrote to Il.amilton: 
 " I .am of o|)inion th.at the drixing these si'ltlers back 
 ujion their brethren whom they would distress by 
 .an addition.al consumption of goods .and provisions 
 .among them would prove a bi'tti'r measure for His 
 M.ajesty's interest th.an in\iling them lo your post." 
 He thi'ii suggested th.at those who did eonu' be 
 m.ade to t.ake .arms .and "exert tlu'mseb'cs lu'artily." 
 
 liecmse of their n.atur.al rmtip.athy to the Mnglisl;. 
 .and of the attitude of the mother country, the I'"ia'nch 
 gener.ally favored the /Xmcricans, .aiding them m.ate- 
 ri.ally in some instances, oy conveying inform.ation; 
 others were bribed or threatened into ]nitting on the 
 Hritish uniform. Their inllucnce over the Indians 
 was such th.at their |iresence was <a necessity. 
 Colonel De I'eyster s.ays, in one of his letters to 
 Gener.al Haldim.and, " Cive me leave to assure your 
 E.xcellency th.at nothing can be effected from the 
 Indians without troops to head them." 
 
 A report of (iovernor Hamilton, m.ade on August 
 30, 1778, shows that there were then at Detroit four 
 hundred and eighty two volunteer militia. Those 
 who went with the Indians were jjaid from four 
 shillings to sixteen .shillings per day, and on the. pay- 
 list the names of the ancestors of many of the 
 
 
TIIK KKVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 245 
 
 I'ViMicli families of tlu' pn-st'iu day arc easily reco^;- 
 ni/cd. An oul li'(l,t;i'r, kept by a Detroil linn, lias 
 one account with ilu; sijj;nitii'aiil heading, " Mii\ of 
 .\l)scnt Companies," — tlic aeeoiint evidently lu'invj 
 for i^oods furnished llie families of i)i'rsons abseiU 
 on some foray with the Kanj>;ers, as they were called. 
 
 The employment of the Indians by ilie ICnj^iish 
 ( 'lovcrnment dnrinij the Revolutionary War leaves 
 an ineffaceable stiv^ma on the names of the men 
 who were then in power. The p;illiatinj4 facts arc 
 that the spirit of the ajrc was different from that of 
 the present, and that the public mind, durini( the 
 Krench antl I'.nnlisli War, had been j^jradually 
 accustomed to the thought of Indian allies. The 
 uhoksalc employment, howevi'r, of the savajjcs in 
 wars ajjainst white settlers was unknown prior to 
 the Revolution. It is claimed that the Annrican 
 forces also employed them to fi,u;ht a.^ainst tlu; 
 luijjlish; but any such iniploymcnt was in connec- 
 tion with reijular army movcnunis, and c\in then 
 cxce|)tional. The I'.ni;lish, on the contrary, employed 
 all the tribes that could possibly be induced to make 
 w.ir on the colonists, and nation after nation was 
 system.'ilically and i)crsistcntly solicited, uryed, and 
 liired to join them, .and often allowed and encour- 
 aj^ed to make war in thvir own fashion. 
 
 The oflicia! correspondenci' found in the Haldi- 
 mand papers ami otlur documents contains scores 
 ■and luuidreds of letters to |)ro\e ihesu statements. 
 
 A letter from (iovernor Carlton to Lieutenant- 
 Ciovernor Hamilton, dated Dclober 6, 1776, contains 
 this postscript : 
 
 Vol! must keep tlic savnijcs in readiness to join nie in the spring, 
 or mareli elsewlieri; as they may \u- most wanted. 
 
 Lord Cicorire dermain who succeeded the Marl of 
 Dartmouth on November 4, 1775, in a letter d.aled 
 Whitehall, March 26, 1777, and addressed to (Iov- 
 ernor Cram.ahe, says : 
 
 It is His Majesty's resolution tliat tlie most viijorous elTorts 
 ^lioidd l)(? made, and eviTy means employed that IVovideiiee has 
 |MU into His Majesty's hands for ernsjiin),' the relieliiori and 
 !■ -.lorinn the eunstitntion. It is tlie Kind's command that yon 
 ~iiiinld direct I.ienienant Governor Hamilton to assemble as many 
 of the Indians of his district as h'j cimveniently can, and placing 
 |>roper persons at their head to whom he is to make siiitahle allow- 
 anci's, to conduct their parties and restrain them from committini; 
 violence on th(- well-alTected an<l inoffensive inhahilants, employ 
 ihei.. in niakinj; a diversion and exciting an alarm on the frontiers 
 <'f Virginia and Pennsylvania. 
 
 At this remote date we can afford to smile at the 
 lintrly assumption that Providence hati put the 
 Indians into the hands of the Kni^di.sh, to be used 
 ill killinu^ and scalping the unfortunate settlers of 
 the West. Ciovernor Hamilton acknowledged the 
 receipt of Lord Germain's orders, and claimed that 
 ( very possible method had been employed to induce 
 the Indians to be kind to their prisoners and to 
 
 bring them in .alive, ;iiid refniin " from their usual 
 b.irb.irities." I low int rediblc' this conception of the 
 sav.age char.icter! How strange this ignorance of 
 the iiecess.iry rel.ilion of cause and effect ! Scilj)- 
 ing-kni\es ;ind scalps, sa\ages and murder! 
 
 The same sentiments that Lord (ieorge Cicrm.iin 
 addressed to ( io\irnor Cnimahe weri; afterwards 
 uttered in I'arli.imcnt. I>ui no criticism on such 
 words .and the .iction they sustained can etiu.il tli.it 
 pronounced by the celebrattd Lord Ch.ilh.im. In 
 the I'.irliament which opened November, 1777, he 
 .s;iid, 
 
 Hut, my lords, who is the man that, in adillliim to these dis- 
 gracesand mischiefs of onr army, h.is d.ired lo aiithori/e and Jisso- 
 ciale to onr .inns the tomah.iwk and sialpini;-knive of the savage, 
 totall intoci\ili/ed alliance the wild and inlninian savaj^c of the 
 woods; to deli'iijate to the merciless Inilian llw difeni'e of dispnliil 
 ri.nhls, and lo wane the horrors of his liarliarons war a.nainsl onr 
 hretlireii ? My lords, these enorinuiis call aloud for redress and 
 imnishmenl. Ifnless tlioroii^;hly done away it will he a slain on the 
 national charaiter. It is u violation of the constitution. I belivvu 
 il is ,'i);ainst law. 
 
 In reply to Chatham, Lord Suffolk s.iid, "There 
 were no means which (iod and n.atiiri: might have 
 placed at the dispo.sal of the governing jiowers to 
 which they would not be justified in having recounse." 
 Said Chatham in reply, 
 
 My lords, I am astonished, shocked, to hear such sentiments 
 confessed; to hear them announceil in this House or in thisi'onntrvt 
 — principles ecpially unconstitutional, inhuman, and unchristian ; 
 My lords, I did not intend to have encroached a^ain upon your 
 attention, but I cannot repress my indignation. I feel myself 
 impelled by every duty. We are called upon, as members of this 
 House, as men, as Christian men, to protest against such notions, 
 standing near the throne, pollutin.fi; the ear of Majesty. "That 
 Ciod and nature have put into onr hands!" I know not what 
 idea that lord may entertain of Cod and nature, hut I know that 
 such abomin.ilile principles are eipially abhorrent to religion and 
 hum.inily. What I to attribute the sanction of Cod and nature to 
 the massacres of the Indian scalping-knife .' To the cannibal-sav- 
 age, torturing, murdering, roasting, and <'aling -literally, my lords, 
 eating-the mangled victims of his barbarous battles ? Such liorri- 
 l)K* notions shock every i)recept of religion, divine or natural, .and 
 esery generous feeling of humanity. 'I'hey shock every sentiment 
 of honor. They shock mi: as a lover of honorable war, and a 
 detester of murderous barbarity. These abominable principles, 
 and this more abominable avowal of them, demand a most decisive 
 indignation. 
 
 I call upon that Right Reverend I?ench, those holy ministers of 
 the gospel, and pious pastors of onr church ! I conjure them to 
 join in the holy work, and vindicate the religion of their (Iod ! 1 
 appeal lo the wisdom and law of this learmtd liench todefend and 
 support the justice of their country ! I call upon the bishops to 
 interpose the unsullied sanctity of their lawn, upon the liarned 
 judges to interpose the purity of their ermine, to siivc us from this 
 pollution ! I call npim the honor of your lordships to reverence 
 the dignity of your ancestors, and to maintain your own ! I call 
 ii|)on the spirit and humanity of my conntry to vindie.itc the 
 n.'itional character ! I invoke the genius of the constitution ! 
 from tlie tapestry that adorns these walls, the immortal ancestor 
 of this noble lord frowns with indignation at the disgrace of his 
 cimntry. In vain he led your victorious fleet iigaist the boasted 
 Armada of Spain ; in vain he defended and established the honor, 
 the liberties, the religion, the Protestant religion, of this country 
 against the arbitrary cruelties of Popery and the Inquisition, if 
 
246 
 
 Tiir: Ri;v()i.u rioNARY war. 
 
 thcHi: iiiiiro tliiin popish cnu'ltii'S and iiu|iiis{t(iri:il priiiticcs iirr Irt 
 l(i<is<' iiinciii^' lis. To Uini (i>i'tli itilo oiii' sctlli'iiiciils, iinioii>( mir 
 ancii'iil ('oniirrlions, frit'iids, and relations, tlit- nu-rclirss cannibal, 
 lliirslinx for tile liliiod of man, woman, and child, against your 
 I'rolistant hrclhnn, lo lay waste llnirdiinitry, to disulale their 
 dwellings, and extirpali' their race and name with thosi' horrihic 
 hi'll-honnds of s iva.ne war, hell-honnds, I say, of savajje war ! " 
 
 Nolwillistandinij this ciuTiLjc'lic and manly |)n)tt.!St, 
 thr saiiu' nu'thods wnx' tonliniii'd, and, as iM'fore, 
 till! sava.i^es were cncoiirajjcd and paid to continue 
 llifir dri'adfiil work. 
 
 On January 15, 177S, Ciovcrnor llaniiiton wroti' to 
 ("ii'iuT.'il Carlton, "Tlu- partii's sent from licncc iiavo 
 l)i:cn i^i'iu'rally successful, tlioniujh the Indians have 
 lost men enoii,ii;li to sliarpen their resentment ; they 
 have broiijrht in twenty-three prisoners .alive, twenty 
 «)f which they presented to me, .and .1 hundred and 
 twenty-nine scalps." In anotiier letter, written on 
 September 17, 1778, he st.ated tii.it "since l.ast M;iy 
 the Indians in this district h.ive t.aken thirty-four 
 prisoners, seventeen of which they deli\-ered up, .and 
 eijrhty-oni' scalps." 
 
 In onk'r to do Governor Hamilton full justice, 
 extr.acts from letters written hy Ijim in April, 1771S, 
 .are lu'ri; ,^iven ; but in view of the statements 
 .already (|uoted, d.ated both befoix' .-ind .after these 
 letters, somi! of his words seem like mockery. 11' 
 s.ays, " Many of the w.ar-parties brint; in prisont 
 and h.ave shown ;i hum.anity hitherto unpiicticed 
 .amonir them. They never f.ail of .1 ijr.atuuy on every 
 proof of obedience they show in sparing the lives of 
 suoh .as are incap.able of dt.endin,ir themselves." 
 In .another letter he s.ays, " All parties j^oinij to war 
 •are e.xhorted to .act with humanity .as the me.ans of 
 .seiairinif <a .secure peace when His M.ajesty shall be 
 pleased to order the hatchet to be buried." 
 
 At the councils it w.as .a common thinir for the 
 bidians to i)resent scalps to the jfcjvernor. One of 
 these presentations is thus reported by I)e I'eyster : 
 " i'resentin.i^ si.xtecn scalps, one of the Del.aw.are 
 chiefs said, ' Listen to your children, the Delaw.ares, 
 who .are now come in to see yon .at a time they h.ave 
 noUiinjj to apprehend from the enemy, and present 
 you some dried meat, .as we could not have the face 
 to .appear before our father empty.' " 
 
 Amonjj; the ^oods regularly kept by mcrch.ants 
 for the Indi.an trade scalpin).(-knives were prominent. 
 The writer has seen the orijrinal entry of the sale 
 on June 6, lySj, by Macomb i\: lirother to William 
 Park & Company of "sixteen ^ross red-handled 
 scalpinjr-knives at loos — ^80;" and on July 22 
 foll()winJ,^ there is a elLarre of twenty-four dozen 
 more to tiie same |)artieh " Scalpinj^-knives for 
 sale here " was possibly one of the siijns on wh.at is 
 •V)w Jefferson Avenue, in those " times that tried 
 men's souis." 
 
 Hefore the Indians started out on their expedi- 
 tions their tomahawks were dedicated to their nuir- 
 
 derous work by beintj publicly p.as.sed throu,i,di the 
 h.ands of the local governor or comm.and.ant in the 
 council house, this ceremony sijrnifyinjr in the sym- 
 bolic l.annii.inc of the Indi.an, " We t.ake hold of thi' 
 sanii' tom.ah.awk," 
 
 At .1 council on July 3, 1778, (lovernor Ilamillon 
 personally presented ,an ,axe to the chief, s.ayinii he 
 " presented him ,111 ,axc for his use to set .ai;ainst 
 those |)eople who w.ant to possess ihemscKi's of 
 your lantl. It 's the Kinj;'s comin.ind th.it 1 put 
 this .axe into your h.ands to ,icl a.n.ainst his M.ajesty's 
 enemies. I i)r.iy the Master of Life to ijive you 
 succi'ss, .as .also your w.arriors, wherever you j^o with 
 your f.ather's .axe." 
 
 In .1 letter to Ciener.al Il.aldim.and, d.ated 1 1 A. M., 
 October 3, 1776, he s.ays, " L.asl ni,i;ht the s.a\'aj;cs 
 wi'ri- .assembled, wluai I sun|n the war-soni;, .and w.as 
 followed by C.a|it.ain Lernoult .and si'\-er.al ollicers." 
 
 It was |)ossibly this very occasion that is thus 
 desiaibed by (lovernor Cass in his a|)pendix to 
 " Onlw.a." 
 
 In the year i77ri, diirin.i; the .■idminislr.ilion of I.ientenant-Ciov- 
 
 ernor Ilamillon at Detroit, a lari^e nninher of Indian warriors 
 
 w< ri' assemhleil in onli r that they ininht he induced lo co-opir.ile 
 
 wilh the I'lrilisli in the war which had then comineneed. They 
 
 ilr.iwn lip in two lines, ex tend ini.; fr( mi tlu' river to I he wot h Is; 
 
 111'., .cities and lires well' helween till' liiii'S. All ox was kille<l, 
 
 ail lis head cut off ; ,1 laixe tomahawk was then struck into llii- 
 
 , and thus loaded it was presented to the >;overnor. lie was 
 
 nested to sin>; his war-son^ aloii).; the whole line of the lii- 
 
 tiis. 
 
 rile ox-head representi-d the he. id of an American; and as the 
 ■ritish were the principals in the war, it was mH:essary for them 
 to lake lip the loinahawk first. The lienteiiaiit-noveriior was 
 cniliarr.issed hy the novelty of the situation and hy his own 
 ignorance of tint laiiKiia|.;e and son^s of the Indians, lie was 
 extricated in a manner eipially happy .ind ludicrous hy his inter- 
 preter, 'i'lu' latter inslrni ted his superior to sinj; the followiiin 
 words in Kreiich: 
 
 " (Jiiand je vais a 1:1 vtiicrre-riih 
 J'emporlirai in.i i-rand ciiillerc-nih."l 
 
 The nionosyllahle al the end of each line is only intended to 
 mark the elevation of the voice and the prolon^;atiun of the last 
 syllable. 
 
 These words correspond with the necessiiry tune, and were sniii{ 
 wilh all the gravity and dixnily siiiteu lo the occasion. As the 
 Lieiitenant-liovcrnor passed the iininense asseml)la>;e, he snnK his 
 soiiK anil fixed his eyis upon iht' Indians, who made the air re- 
 sound wilh the cries of " Veil ! Veil ! Veil ! " 
 
 They concluded, of course, thai the Kreat warrior was threaten- 
 ing with deadfiil vengeance tlu; " liij; Knives," the rehellioiisi hil- 
 dren of the Ihilish father. The second otTicer in coinmand, Major 
 Hayes, was relieved hy a similar expediinl. The iiiKenioiis inter- 
 preter composed the followiiiis' sonK, which possessed the same 
 advanta|{e of an aci (impaniment to the music : 
 
 " J'ai le ta!:m an lioiit dii pied," etc.!' 
 
 Thus even the dreadful prelimin.iries to the m.as- 
 saere of the Americans were minirled with exhibi- 
 tions of wit and humor. 
 
 • When } K<> to the war 
 
 I will hriiiK my yreiil spoon. 
 
 * My heel is at the end of my foot. 
 
 ■P pie 
 
 .'O " 
 
 10 
 
 10 " 
 
 JO " 
 
 4000 i'l 
 
 JtXJ " 
 500 
 
 lOO " 
 
 1000 lill 
 
 1000 pit 
 
 100 
 
 loo 
 
 Jooo lbs 
 50 piece; 
 -o Piece; 
 i(X) Doz 
 
 M 
 
 'SO Pier 
 :oo ( '.ros 
 .'oo (Iro.s: 
 
THE REVULUllONARV WAR. 
 
 24; 
 
 Tlie ICn.nlish soon found tlial tin,' Indians urre 
 costly allies. 'I'lu'y could not he trnstcd to kcc|) 
 constantly on the war-path unless they were eiicour- 
 av^ed with .nifts, ::iu\ spurred with the fear that their 
 hunt in;;-^r(Uinds would he destroyed and tiiey li'ft 
 to the mercy of tlu: " ISii; Knives." They soon 
 learned how much dependi'd on their action, and 
 from askini( a i^ift or accepting a favor, they de- 
 mandi'd everything- as their rinht. The e.xpenses of 
 tin: Indian I)t'|)artment i^rew so lar.i^e that letter 
 after li'tlcr came from ( 'leneral I laldimand comi)lain- 
 iiij; of the " enormous " .and " ama/iiij; " expense of 
 the jfoods for the Indians. 
 
 The drafts of tjovi'rnor and eonuiiandants for 
 supplies followed I'ach other in rapid succession; 
 and {hiring- the war several millions of dollars worth 
 of i^oods for the Indians wt're distrihuted at Detroit. 
 In addition to the ordinary Indian jjoods, provisions 
 ■also were supplied. I-'rom December 25, 1777, to 
 August 31, 1778, there were received at Detroit 
 372,460 barrels of Hour, 42,176 pounds of fresh 
 heef, 16,473 |iounds of salt ht'ef, 203,932 iiounds of 
 salt i)ork, 19,756 poimds of butter, also threat (|uan- 
 titii'S of mutton, peas, corn, rice, oatmeal, salt, and 
 rum. In the summer of 1778 hfty-eij^hl and a half 
 Ions of ,^un[)owder wi-re sent here from Niagara. 
 Of (bourse a lar^e projjortion of these articles 
 were used by the rei^iilar troojis, but no small 
 .imount was for the Indians. The following' docu- 
 ment j^ives an idea of many similar ones that were 
 sent from Detroit at this time : 
 
 hytiinatr 0/ ,]frri/iaii(f/sr it'ttiifni for JiKf/nii 
 /'/■(■Si'ii/s (it Detroit from z\st of Au^i^ust, 17S2, 
 to 2ot/i of .liii^itst, I7(S3. 
 
 230 pieces lUui" slrouds. 
 
 20 " Red 
 
 10 " Crimson " 
 
 10 " Scarlet " 
 
 20 " .Sc.irlel cloth 8.V 6^/ Sterling. 
 
 4000 Pr 2]/, I't lllankets. 
 
 i.xj '• 3 
 
 500 '• 2 
 
 300 " i|4 " 
 
 1000 line 2>^ i't " 
 
 1000 pieces 4-4 linen sorted. 
 
 100 " striped c.ilimaneo. 
 
 100 " " cotton. 
 
 2000 lbs Vermillion in 1 lb Hags, 
 
 i^o pieces co.irse muslin. 
 
 'o Pieces Russi.a Sheeting. 
 
 iixD Do/ lilk silk handkerch'fs. 
 
 20 " Colored " 
 
 \o " cotton 
 
 150 Pieces ribbon assorted. 
 
 :oo (ifoss Hed lace. 
 
 200 Clross (lartcring. 
 
 30 Pii'ccs I'mbosst'd serge. 
 500 fill Hats 'j laced. 
 
 100 castor 
 
 50 I>ea\'er " 
 
 500 Pieces White NUIton. 
 
 50 '• llluc 
 
 20 " Coating, blue and brown. 
 
 20 " ISrown Milton. 
 
 30 " Ratteen, Itlue and lirown. 
 
 100 (.'ommon .S.iddles. 
 
 4CKJ liridles. 
 
 5(X) Powder I lorns. 
 
 20 I )()/. Tobacco lioxes. 
 
 30 " Snuff 
 
 80 ( llOSS l'i]K'S. 
 
 3cj(} Large feathers, red, blue, green. 
 
 300 lilk ostrich feathers. 
 
 200 Pairs shois. 
 
 250 P.iirs Uuckles. 
 
 100 Piices ll.imbro lines. 
 
 10 Do/. Mackerel lines, 
 
 10 " Spurs. 
 
 50 Cro Morris Hells. 
 
 50 " Hr.iss Thimbles. 
 
 6 Pieces Rid serge. 
 
 10 Pieces Whitt' serge. 
 
 6 " Hlue •■ 
 
 10 Ciross Jews harps. 
 
 500 Fusils. 
 
 200 Killes (hnis small bore. 
 
 50 Pair Pistols. 
 
 5 Doz Couteaux de Chasse. 
 50000 Ciun Flints. 
 
 60 (Iro .Scalj)ing Knives, 
 
 10 " Clasi) " 
 
 20 " .Si'issors. 
 
 20 " Looking ("da.sses. 
 
 10 " Razors. 
 
 300 lbs Thread assorted. 
 
 20 pieces s|)otted swan-skin. 
 
 12000 lbs (luniiowder. 
 
 36000 " Hall and shot. 
 
 1 (iro ( iim locks. 
 
 500 Tomahawks. 
 
 5CXJ I lalf axes. 
 
 300 Hoes. 
 
 30 Cross tire .steel. 
 
 loooo Needles. 
 
 400 Pieces calico, 
 
 1 5000 ll)s Tol)acco. 
 
 600 lbs Heads assorted. 
 
 40 Cross Awl HIades. 
 
 40 " Ciun Worms. 
 
 30 " Hox combs. 
 
 6 " Ivory " 
 
 20 Nests Hrass Kettles. 
 20 " Copper " 
 
248 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 20 Nests Tin Kettles. 
 
 50 " Hair Triinl<s. 
 
 300 lbs rewtcr liasiiis. 
 
 100 Heaver Trajis. 
 
 20 Oross IJath finirer rings. 
 
 5000 lbs iron. 
 
 1000 " steel. 
 
 500 lbs Soap. 
 
 6 Barrels white wine. 
 
 5 " Shrub. 
 
 400,000 Black Wampum. 
 
 100,000 White Wampum. 
 
 Sz'h'cr J Vorks : — 
 1 5000 large Brooches. 
 7000 Small 
 300 Large Gorgets. 
 300 " Moons. 
 550 Ear wheels. 
 550 Arm Bands. 
 1 500 I'rs large Ear bobs. 
 1500 " small " 
 Some medals chiefly large. 
 A large assortment of Smith and Armorers files. 
 
 A. S. De Pkvsikk, 
 
 A/iiji>r King's l\egt. 
 Detroit ami its Dififndeniies. 
 
 Other requisitions call for " scarlet and green laced 
 coats," " calico and linen, ruffled and plain shirts," 
 and — though it apjicars incredible — " eighty [lounds 
 of Rose Pink." This was jicrhai^s to be worked in 
 with the vermilion, or was it perhaps for the 
 squaws } 
 
 These last, by the way, took care to obtain a fair 
 share of whatever was given to the Indians. l)e 
 Pey.ster, in one of his letters concerning the war- 
 parties, says, " The squaws never fail to tear off 
 everything from their backs before they enter the 
 fort, when they must be etjuipped anew." Indeed, 
 the same party had sometimes to be equipped two 
 or three times, for the Americans, or " rebels," as 
 they are almost invariably styled in the Haldimand 
 letters, frequently circulated reports among the 
 Indians through some secret friend of the cause, 
 that led to the return of war-parties, and then 
 the warriors had to be again titted out and en- 
 couraged with presents and ammunition. So fre- 
 quently did this occur that on August 10, 1780, 
 Cieneral Haldimand wrote to De Peyster, " It evi- 
 dently appears that the Indians in general wish to 
 protract the war and are most happy when most 
 frequently fitted out." 
 
 Plans for inciting the Indians were laid as early 
 as July, 1775. At that time Pr. John Connolley 
 entered into an agreement with Lord Dimmore, the 
 royal Governor of Virginia, to endeavor to enlist 
 
 certain of the western militia with the Indians to 
 operate against the Americans. He was to be sup- 
 plied at Detroit with cannon and ammunition ; was 
 to visit different Indian nations, rendezvous his 
 forces at Fort Pitt, and then go through Mrginia to 
 Alexandria, where he was to nieit Lord Dunmore 
 on April 20, 1776. The scheme was frustrated by 
 the capture of Connolley. 
 
 In order to counteract these plans. Congress, in 
 1775, appointed commissioners to treat with the 
 Indians at Fort Pitt and endeavor to secure tlieir 
 neutrality. These commissioners, Judge James Wil- 
 son, of Pennsylvania, General Lewis Morris, of New 
 York, and Dr. Walker, of Virginia, engaged Arthur 
 St. Clair (subsequently first Governor of the North- 
 west Territory) as their secretary. I le formed the 
 project of a volunteer expedition to Detroit, provided 
 the Indians would remain neutral, for the purpose of 
 surprising and capturing the city; and he actually 
 .succeeded in enlisting four or five hundred young 
 men in the enterprise. They were to equip them- 
 selves, and provide everything necessary except 
 ammunition. The commissioners approved the pro- 
 ject, and recommended it to Congress, but it w.-is 
 finally given up, as it was hopeil that (ieneral ^Vrnoid 
 would capture Quebec, and that the surrender of 
 Detroit would follow. Arnold's exiiedition failed, 
 and no expedition was led again.st Detroit; instead, 
 in May, 1776, Captain Foster, with forty men from 
 the ICighth Regiment, one hundred volunteers, and 
 a large number of Indians, went from Detroit and 
 1 .iptured an important post at the Cedars, about 
 fifty miles southwest of Montreal. An allusion to 
 this battle is contained in verses written by Colonel 
 De Peyster at Mackinaw, entitled 
 
 THE D R 1 I . I , SI'. R f ; V. A N T . 
 
 TiNK, The llap/>y licggms. 
 
 Come, staiici well to yimr (titU-r, 
 Make not the least f.ilse motion, 
 
 Kyes to the riglit, 
 
 'I'liiiml), muzzle hciyht, 
 Lads, yon have the true notion. 
 
 Here and there, 
 
 Everywhere 
 That the Kinj;'s boys may be found, 
 
 Eight and die ! 
 
 lie the cry 
 Ere in battle to y^wv. ground. 
 
 Come briskly to the shoulder, 
 And mind wlu'n yon maki: ready, 
 
 No (juid must slide 
 
 Erom side lo side. 
 To make your beads imsteady. 
 
 Here and there. 
 
 Everywhere 
 That the King's boys may be found. 
 
 Fight and dii' ! 
 
 He the cry 
 Kre in battle to give grotind. 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 249 
 
 We l)L':it tliem at tliu C'ldars, 
 With thosf we call our li.ijlit men 
 
 Who, that same clay, 
 
 Hoard ^'ank<■ys say 
 They never saw siuh tii;ht men. 
 
 Here and there, 
 
 Kverywhi're 
 'Chat the King's buys may be found, 
 
 I''i>;ht and die ! 
 
 lie the cry 
 Kre in battle to j;!ve Rroimd. 
 
 On March 15, 1777, an attack was made on Ilar- 
 i()(ls!)iir},di. Tliis was repulsed, and about a niontli 
 later an attack, equall)' unsuc-cessful, was made on 
 ISoonsboro. 
 
 The hulians next in\-csted Lot^an'.s .Station, rc- 
 niaininj^ before it for several weeks. They finally 
 retired, after killinir the soldiers of a small detach- 
 ment that was on its way to the relief of the be- 
 seiifcd. On the body of 'Hie them the following 
 proclamation was found : 
 
 Detroit, z^th June, 1777. 
 
 lly virtue nf the power <ind .authority to me given by his Excel- 
 lency, Sir tiny Carlton, Knii.,dit of the llatii, (lovernor of the 
 I'rovince of yiiehec, (leneral and Commander-in-chief, etc., etc., 
 etc., I .issiirc .ill such as are inclined to withdraw themselves from 
 the tyr.'inny and o[)pression of the rebt^l committees, and t.'ike 
 refii.i;e in this settlement, or any of the posts commanded by His 
 .Majesty's oflkers, that they shall be humanely treated, shall be 
 Iodised and victualed; nnA such as are nfTicers in arms and shall use 
 them in iU;fence of His Majesty jigainst rebels and traitors till the 
 extinction of this rebellion, shall receive pay adeipuite to their 
 former st.ttions in the rebel service; and all common men who 
 shall serve diirinji that period shall receive His Majesty's bounty 
 of two hundred acres of land. 
 
 ('liven under my hand and seal, 
 
 Hf.nrv Hamilton, 
 /- ieutcna nt-GoTernor a mi Siif'crintcndent. 
 
 On July 27, 1777, Hamilton reported to Secretary 
 ("icrmain that he had already .sent out fifteen parties, 
 consisting of two hundred and eighty-nine braves 
 with thirty white ot'ficers and rangers. At the 
 attack on Fort Henry, now Wheeling, Virginia, on 
 September 27, 1777, Hamilton's proclamation was 
 read by Simon dirty, who promised the garrison 
 the protection of the Crown if they would lay down 
 their arms and swear allegiance. His force, consisting 
 of about four hundred Indians, came from Detroit. 
 The fort was garrisoned by only twelve men and 
 boys, but they refu.sed to surrender, and the Indians, 
 after a brief attack, withdrew a short distance. As 
 the stock of powder in the fort was low, it was 
 resolved to attempt to get a supply from the house 
 of Mr. Znnc, sixty yards away. Several of the men 
 desired to go, but Elizabeth Zane, who was in the 
 fort, insisted on going herself; and although the 
 bullets whistled about her, she went and returned 
 unharmed, and soon after the Indians retired. 
 
 On February 7, 177S. the noted pioneer of Ken- 
 tucky, Daniel Boone, was captured by the Indians. 
 
 He was brought to Detroit, arriving on March 10. 
 C.overnor Hamilton was an.xious to h.ave him as a 
 h istage, and offered the Indians one hundreil pounds 
 for their prisoner, but they refused. On \\^x\\ 10 
 they carried him to Ohio, and soon afterwards he 
 escaped. 
 
 The next attack was made on the ill-fated village 
 of Wyoming, and the English and the Indi.ins com- 
 posing the ;ittacking party were largely fi'om Detroit. 
 'I'he party consisted of about three hundred white 
 men ;ind hve hundred iiliimed and painted Indians, 
 led by Colonel John Butler. They aiiiU'ared before 
 the place on July 3, 177<S, and demanded its surren- 
 der. The inhabitants deemed it best to comply, 
 but paid dearly for being faint-hearted. The entire 
 settlement was destroyed, and the people massacred 
 or carried into captivity. 
 
 In his Life of Brant Mr. Stone says that while he 
 was writing his work, he received a letter from 
 .Samuel C. Frcy, son of Philip R. I'>ey, an ensign in 
 the I'-ighth Regiment, in which was the statement 
 that the Indians at Wyoming were led by Captain 
 I>ird, also of the Eighth Regiment. The letter con- 
 tinues : 
 
 r.ird had been en.t;.iKed in a love affair at Detroit, but beingvery 
 u>;ly, as well as ha\-in,< a hare-lij), was imsuccessful. The affair 
 Kctlinj; wind, his fellow-ofhcers made thi'inselves merry at his 
 expi'use ; and in order to steep his grief in forgetfulness he ob- 
 tained permission to lead an expi^dition somi'where against the 
 American frontier. Joining the Indians placed under him and a 
 detachment of his regiment to llutler's Rangers they concerted 
 the descent on Wyoming. Knsign Krey stated that he was ill- 
 natured during the whole march, and acted with foolhardiness at 
 the battle. 
 
 On August II, 1778, Boonsboro was again 
 attacked by a party of French and Indians from 
 Detroit. This time they were led by Colonel Du 
 Ouesne, possibly the very man after whom old Fort 
 Duquesne was named. This same year, early in 
 November, the noted Kentuckian, Simon Kenton, 
 was captured, brought to Detroit, and ran.somed by 
 one of the British ot'ficers. 
 
 McDonald's " Western Sketches " gives this his- 
 tory of Kenton's life in Detroit, and his subsequent 
 escape : 
 
 'I'he next day after Kenton had passed into the possession of 
 the British at i )elroit, the corniuanding olVuer sent for him, and 
 bad a long conference on the subject of the strength antl luimber 
 of the inhabitants in the infant settlements of Kentucky. He 
 next inquired of the prisoner what he knew of the strength and 
 design of the movements of (ieneral Mcintosh, who, it was 
 iniderstood, was on the way, or preparing to invade the Indian 
 (ciuntry. To all of which interrtjgatories Kenton gavi? such 
 answer as a patriot might be expected to give. 
 
 He told the truth where the truth would not injiiri' his country, 
 and evaded direct answers where the information might afford 
 advantage to the enemy. After the liritish commander had inter- 
 rogated him as long as he thought proper, he dismissed him, .and 
 gavt; an order on Captain Mctiregcir, the commiss.ary of clothing, 
 for two suits of clothint;, which were furnished forthwith. He 
 was now permitteu the liberty of the city of Detroit, but was 
 
!50 
 
 TMK RKVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 ( liar,i;cd not tii Icavi' llic town ; if he did, llic Iiuliniis, in all incih- 
 idiilily, Wdidd kill him. Here lu' did scmu' \\(pik, and dri'W Half 
 rations fnnn llut llritish, and liv<(l prclly nmrli .it his lasc I'.aily 
 in the sprinir of 17711, tli<' Indians l>nin,i;lit tn Hclroil si'vcr.il pris- 
 oners whnni they had l.-iken from Kmtmky. .\ni(nj,i.ist ihcni wt-ri; 
 sonii" tif Kenton's old associates. These prisoners had also the 
 lihcrty of tilt; town, Jind Kenton aiul they strolled aliont .'it pleas- 
 ure. Ainonj; these iirisoners were Captain Nathan lUillit .ind 
 (esse Coffer. With these two men Kenton lieijan to meditate an 
 eseape. 
 
 'I'hi-y eon <1 make ni> movement to proi-nre arms, ammiinitlnn, 
 or provision, without exiitini; suspicion ; .and should they hi' once 
 suspected they would he immediately eonlined. Kenton was .'i 
 ("ine-lookini.; man, with a di>,'nilie<l and manly deportment, .ind .1 
 soft, pleasiii),' voice, and was everywhere he went a favorite with 
 the ladies. 
 
 A Mrs. Il.'irvey, the wife of an Indian trader, had treated him 
 with particular respect c\'er since he came to Detroit, and he eon- 
 eluded if he could cii.i;a.i,'e this lady as a confidant, hy her assist- 
 ance and eoiintenanee, ways and means wiiuld lie pre|)arid to .lid 
 them in their imditateil llitjht. Kent..-' appn ached Mrs. Harvey 
 on the delicate and interestini; sulijeet, w ith as much trei>iilation 
 and coyness as ever a maiden was appro.iched in a love alTair. He 
 watched an opportunity to ha\'e a pri\'ate inter\iew with Mrs. 
 Harvey ; an opportunity soon offered, .uul lie, without dis;,'uise or 
 hesitation, in full confidence, infornied her of his intention, and 
 requested her aid and secrecy. 
 
 After a few chit chats, she entered into the views of Kenton 
 with as much earnestness and enthusiasm as if she had lieen his 
 sister. 
 
 Sh( het^an to collect .'lud conceal such arlii'les .-is mi<ht hi' neces- 
 sary on the journey ; powder, lead, moccasins, .ind dried lieef were 
 procured in small quantities, and concealed ill a hollow tree some 
 distance out of town. Cinns were still wantin,i;, and it would not 
 do for a lady to trade in them. Mr. Harvey had an excellent fowl- 
 ing-piece, if nothing better should offer, that she said should he at 
 their service. 
 
 They had now everything th.it they expected to take with them 
 in their (light ready, except guns. At length the third day of 
 June, 1779, came, and a large toncouise of Indians were in the 
 town engaged in a drunken frolic ; they had stacked their guns 
 near .Mrs. Harvey's house. As soon as it was dark, Mrs. Harvey 
 went quietly to where the Indians guns were stacked, and selectid 
 the three besl-loukiiig rifies, carried them into her garden, and 
 concealed them in a patch of peas. She next went privately to 
 Kenton's lodging and conveyed to him the intelligence where she 
 h.'id hid the Indians .gnus. She told him .she would place a ladder 
 at the back of the garden (it was picketed) and that he could come 
 in and get the guns. Xo time was to be lost ; Kenton conveyed 
 the good news he had from Mrs. Harvey to his companions, who 
 received the tidings in ecstacies of joy ; they felt as if they were 
 already at home. It was a dark night ; Kenton, lUillit, and Coffer 
 gathered up their little all and pushed to Mrs. Harvey's garden. 
 There they found the ladder ; Kenton mounted over, drew the 
 ladder over after him, went to the pea patch, found .Mrs. Harvey 
 sitting by the guns; she handed him the rilles, gave him a friendly 
 shake of the hand, and bid him a safe jutirney to his friends and 
 countrymen. 
 
 The experiences of .nnother prisoner, named John 
 Lcetii, a clerk and interpreter detained at Detroit 
 by Ciovernor Hamilton, are thus narrated. He says : 
 
 One day, while detained in the fort, I observed some soldiers 
 drawing the cannon out of the fort, and placing them on the hank 
 of the river ; and whilst I was ruminating in my mind what could 
 be the meaning of this singular manneuvor, a young silversmith, 
 with whom I was intimately acquainted, came and asked me to 
 walk with him and see them fire the cannon. I walke.l with him 
 to the place where they had carried them. When we arrived there, 
 we found Oovernor Hamilton and several other British ofTicers 
 
 who were standing and sitting around. Immediately after our 
 arrival at the place, the Indians produced a large (piantily of sialps; 
 the cannon fired, the Indians raised a shout, and the soldiers 
 w.ived their hats, with hiiz/as and trein<'iidoiis sliri<ks which lasted 
 .somi' time. This ceremony being ended, the Indians brought for- 
 ward a |),irci'l of American prisoners as a trophy of their viitories, 
 among whom were eighteen women and children,- poor creatures ! 
 - dri'.idfully mangled and einaciati'd ; with tlu'ir clothes tattered 
 and torn to pieei s in such a manner as not to hide their naked- 
 ness ; their legs bare and stre tming with blood, the effects of being 
 torn with thorns, briers, aiui brush. 'I'o see these jioor creatures 
 dragged like sheep to the slaiighler, along the llritish lines, laiised 
 my heart to shrink with throbbings, .'ind my hair to rise with rage; 
 and if I ever commiltiil murder in my he.irt, it was then, for if I 
 had had .-in opportunity, and been supported with strength, I 
 should certainly have killed the governor, who seemed to lake 
 great delight in the exhibition. 
 
 My business hurried me from the horrible scene, .uul I know not 
 what became of those poor wretches who were the miserable vic- 
 tims of savage power. 
 
 Kvery man in the fort, capabU' of bearing arms, w,is trained 
 twice a week while 1 remained there. 
 
 Up to this period tlic movements at Detroit had 
 l)een conducted under orders from Major-General 
 Carlton ; hut for some re.-ison his administnition 
 failed to jilease the home j^overnment, and on Sep- 
 tember 26, 1777, he wrote to Hamilton, "The con- 
 duct of the war has been taken entirely out of my 
 hands, and the mana.ijemeni of it upon your fron- 
 tiers has been assiirucd to you, as you have seen by 
 .'I letter fnim Lord George, — a copy which I sent 
 you." 
 
 This news was doubtless pleasing to Hamilton, 
 and there can be no doubt that, soon after this, he 
 commenced to plan an incursion which he should 
 lead in jierson. Meantime, on June 26, 177S, Gen- 
 eral Haldimand succeeded General Carlton, and 
 Hamilton, apparently, beg.m to fear that his jxjwers 
 would be restricted. In great haste he completed 
 his preparations for an att.ick on the Americin 
 posts. He began to talk of what he propo.sed to 
 do, and was contiilent and even boastful. His 
 preparations were tlnally completed, and he waiteil 
 only for the arrival of Captain Bird and fifty of the 
 King's Regiment from Niagara. They came on 
 October 7, 1778, and on the same day Hamilton 
 and his party set out for \incennes. He was 
 accompanied by I'hilip Dejean, his secretary, John 
 Mclieath, a surgeon, thirty-two of the Eighth Regi- 
 ment under Lieutenant Shourd, eighty-eight Detroit 
 volunteers, forty-two volunteers commanded by La 
 Mothe, and one hundred and twenty-four Indians. 
 They had gone but a little distance when the fusee 
 of Lieutenant Shourd accidentally went off and 
 broke his leg; the surgeon returned with him to 
 Detroit, but subsequently overtook and accompanied 
 Hamilton's party. 
 
 Governor Hamilton arrived before Vincennes on 
 December 17, when, although he was unaware of 
 it, tlie fort was occupied only by Captain Helm and 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 '5^ 
 
 a Mr. Ilcnry. On seeing Hamilton's forces a|> 
 proacli, Helm plarcci a cannon in tlie jfatcway, and 
 with lij,riitcd fuse ..tood ready to discliari^e it. Wlu-n 
 Hamilton came within hearini,^ Helm called out, 
 •' Halt ! " Hamilton demanded the surrender of the 
 garrison. Helm rejilied that until he knew the 
 terms no man should enter. Hamilton said. " You 
 shall have the honors of war." Helm then surren- 
 dered, and with his garrison of one man marched 
 out in single file. 
 
 In a letter to General Haldimand, Governor 
 Hamilton claimed that the force at Vincennes which 
 surrendered to him was as follows : " One Major, 
 four Captains, two Lieutenants, two ensigns, one 
 Indian agent, one adjutant, one commissary, one 
 interpreter, four sergeants, and two hundred and 
 sixteen rank and file ; of the last, one hundred and 
 sixty were volunteers." His statement does not 
 agree with any other, and .seems improbable unless 
 in his " rank and file " he includes all the inhabitants 
 of the town. It is evident also that his letter did 
 not make a very favorable impression upon a certain 
 official or clerk at Ouebec, for a series of s.nrcastic 
 endorsements upon it show that the writer did not 
 iiold in high esteem his military capacity or judgment. 
 
 Hamilton had intended to iiroceed to Kaskaskia, 
 l)ut he weakened his forces by sending out parties 
 to fall upon and destroy the settlers. He wrote to 
 the commandant at Natchez, " Next year there will 
 I)e the greatest number of savages on the frontier 
 that has ever been known." 
 
 We now turn to consider the efforts of the Amer- 
 ican forces to obtain possession of Detroit and the 
 West. In 1778 Virginia raised a body of troops to 
 defend her western settlements. Colonel George 
 Rogers Clark was placed in command, and pro- 
 ceeding to Kaskaskia he captured it on July 4. On 
 December 12, 1778, Patrick Henry, then Governor 
 of Virginia, gave instructions to Colonel John 
 Todd, county lieutenant or commandant of the 
 County of Illinois as follows : 
 
 You are to ijive particular attention to Colonel Clark and his 
 corps, to whom the State has great obligation*. Voi.i are to co- 
 opemte with him in .any military undertaking when necessary, 
 and to give the military every aid which the circumstances of the 
 people will admit of. The inhabitants of Illinois must not expect 
 settled peace and siifety while their and our enemies have footing 
 at Detroit, and can interrupt or stop the trade of the Mississippi. 
 If the English have not the strength or courage to come to war 
 .against us themselves, their practice has been, and will be, to hire 
 the savages to commit murders .and depredations. 
 
 Illinois must expect to pay in these a large price for her free- 
 dom, unless the English can be expelled from Detroit. The 
 means for effecting this will not, perhaps, be foinid in your or 
 Colonel Clark's power. * * * Rut the French inhabiting the 
 neighborhood of that place, it is presumed, may be brought to see 
 it done with indifference, or perhaps join in the enterprise with 
 pleasure. 
 
 V^hile Clark was still at Kaskaskia, Colonel Fran- 
 
 cis Vigo, of St. Louis, a Spanish subject in sym- 
 pathy with the American cause, went to him and 
 tendered his .services. Clark gladly availed himself 
 of the offer, and Colonel Vigo, with a single ser- 
 vant, proceeded to Vincennes, to learn the strength 
 of that post and liie possibilities of its capture. As 
 was anticipated, he was cajitured, and brought 
 before Governor Hamilton. Heing a Spanish sub- 
 ject, he could not be held as a spy in th.e absence of 
 proof. He was, however, forl^dden to leave the 
 fort; but finally, on giving a written pledge not to 
 attem|n anytliing injurious to liritish interests wiiile 
 on his return to St. Louis, lie was allowed to depart. 
 Colonel \'igo kept his pledge by going to .St. 
 Louis V iliiout telling on the way anytliing he had 
 learned of the force of Hamilton at X'incennes. 
 He, however, waited ;it St. Louis only long enough 
 to change his dress, and then hurried i)ack to Kas- 
 kaskia, arriving there the 29th of January. Heat 
 once m;ide known the nuir.i)er and condition of 
 Hamilton's forces, and Ciuonel Clark resolved to 
 attem|)t the recapture of \incennes. 
 
 The following I't-rbat'iii letter from Clark to Gov- 
 ernor Henry, dated i'ebruary 3, 1779, gives details of 
 his plans, and rellecls great credit on his spirit, if 
 not on his spelling. 
 
 SiK,-- 
 
 As it is now near twelve months since I h.ivc h.ad the least 
 Intelligence fror.i you I almost despare of any releif sent to me. 
 I have for many months p.ist had Reports of An Army Marching 
 against l>e I'roit, but no certainty. A I.ate Menuvr of the 
 Famous Ihiir lUiyer CJeneral Henry Hamilt(m, Escj., Lieutenant 
 fiovernor of De Troit, hath allarmed us much. On the iiith of 
 December last, he with a llody of Six Hundred men, Composed-of 
 Regulars, French Volunteers and Indians, Took possession of >St. 
 Vincent (Vincennes) on the Wabash, and what few men that com- 
 posed the Garrison, not being able to make the least Defence. * * 
 Heing sensible that without a Reinforcement, which at present 
 I have hardly the right to Expect, that I shall be obliged to give up 
 the Country to Mr. Hamilton without a turn of Fortune in my 
 favor, I am Resolved to take advantage of his present situation and 
 Risque the whole in a single Rattle. I shall set out in a few 
 Days, with all the Force I can Raise of my own Troups and a few 
 militia that I can Depend on, Amounting in the whole to only one 
 Hundred and Seventy * * men * * of which goes on Hoard of 
 a small daily * • out some time ago, mounting two four pounders 
 and four large Swivels, one nine pounder on board. This boat is to 
 make her way good, if possible, and take her .Station Tenn I.e.igues 
 behnv St. Vincent untill furthur orders, if I am Defeated She is 
 to join Col. Rogers on the Mississippi. She has great stores of 
 amunition on I'oard. Comd. by Lieut. Jno. Rogers, I shall 
 march across by Land myself with the Rest of my lioys. * ♦ * 
 You must be sensible of the Feeling that I have for those llrave 
 officers and Soldiers that are Determined to share my Fate 
 let it be what it will. I know the case is Desperate, but Sir, we 
 must Either quit the Country or attack Mr. Hamilton. No time 
 is to be lost was I shoar of a Reinforcement I should not attempt 
 it. Who knows what Fortune will do for us. Great things have 
 been effected by a few men well conducted. ♦ » • 
 
 In pursuance of his determination, he sent forty- 
 six men by water with stores ; and taking one hun- 
 dred and thirty men, he .set out for Vincennes. No 
 

 25: 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 uasy task was before him. The route lay over low- 
 lands, recently Hooded, and the soldiers niarehed 
 through w.-iter which was often from two to four 
 feet (lj;ep. Part of the force, as has been said, went 
 by boat, but all of them really went by water. 
 Daily rains made the journey more and more dis- 
 a,nTeeal)le, yet nothint( could dampen the ardor of the 
 troops. The drummer of the party was a jovial 
 little Irishman, with a rich vcjice and a memory well- 
 stored with comic sonj^s, all of them full of the 
 " Hejifone-dull-care " spirit that animates the natives 
 of firin's Isle. When the men were wadinj^ throui^h 
 mud and water, Colonel Clark would seat the drum- 
 mer on his drum, on which he floated and sang, 
 keepinjr up the spirits of the men with his lively 
 melodies. 
 
 At last, nearly starved, exhausted and cold, yet 
 brave and hopeful, they reached \''incennes. On 
 his arrival, Clark in a letter addressed to the inhab- 
 itants, said : 
 
 I request such of you as are true citizens, and willing to enjoy 
 the liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses; and those, 
 if any there be, that arc friends to the King, will instantly repair 
 to the fnrt and join the hair-l)nyer C.eneral. 
 
 On February 24 he addressed the following letter 
 to Oovernor Hamilton: 
 
 SiK,- 
 
 In order to save yourself from the impending storm that now 
 threatens yon, I order you to immediately surrender yourself, with 
 your .uarrison, stores, etc. For if i am oiibged to storm, you may 
 depend on sueh treatment as is justly due to a murderer, lieware 
 of destroying stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are 
 in your possession, or hurting one house in town, for liy Heaven ! 
 if you do, there shall be no mercy shown you. 
 
 G. R. ("1 AKK. 
 
 Several interviews were held, in which il.imilton 
 sought other terms than unconditional surrender ; 
 but Clark would give none, and Hamilton was com- 
 pelled to yield. On March 5, at ten o'clock in the 
 morning, the British forces marched out of \'in- 
 cennes. 
 
 Many histories of the United States entirely ignore 
 this really great victory of Colonel Clark. In its prac- 
 tical value and importance it far exceeded a score 
 of victories in tlie East which arc frequently dilated 
 upon at length not warranted by their importance 
 to the country at large. Clark's victory was of 
 national value, for it largely relieved the West of 
 fear and saved the region of the Lakes. 
 
 Before Clark's arrival, Hamilton had sent Philip 
 Dejean to Detroit for r.upplies, and on February 9, 
 he and Mr. Adheimer set out with seven boats 
 loaded with goods, worth $50,000. Clark was in- 
 formed of their approach and sent sixty men to 
 intercept the bo.ats, which, with their stores, were 
 captured on the 26th as they were coming down 
 the Wabash. 
 
 On M.irch 7 Clark sent Captain Williams, Lieu- 
 tenant Rogers, and twenty-live soldiers with Covcr- 
 nor Hamilton, Philip Dejcin, Major Hay, Captain 
 La Mothe, Lieutenant SchieI'lin, and twenty ollicrs, 
 to \'irginia as prisoners of war. The \'olunteers 
 who came with Hamilton were drawn up in line, 
 told of the real nature of the war, and exhorted, as 
 they were to be paroled instead of imprisoned, to 
 go home and use their influence for the American 
 cause. They returned to Detroit, and obeyed the 
 request so effectually that, as Colonel Clark says, in 
 one of his letters: 
 
 Tliey made great havoc to the Uritish interest, publicly saying 
 that they had taken an oath n^t to fight against Americans, but 
 they had not sworn not to fight for them, etc., and mat ers were 
 carried to such a height that tl. • rommandlug (ifTieer thought i( 
 prudent to take no notice of any tiling that was said or done. 
 Mrs. McComb, who kept a noted boarding-house, I understand, 
 had tlie assurance to show him the stores she had provided for the 
 .Americans. 
 
 Colonel Clark repeats this information, and gives 
 further details, in a letter to the Oovernor of Vir- 
 ginia, dated Kiiskaskia, April 29, 1779. He says: 
 
 I'y your instructions to me I find you put no confidence in (Jen- 
 eral Mcintosh's taking Detroit, as you encourage me to attempt 
 it if possible. It has been twice in my power. Had 1 been able 
 to raise only five hundred men when I first arrived in the country, 
 or when I was at St. Vincennes could I have secured my prisoners, 
 and only had three hundred good men, I should have attempted 
 it ; and since learn there could have been no doubt of success, as 
 by some gentlemen, lately from that post, we art informed that 
 the town and country kejjt three days in feasting and diversions, 
 on hearing of my success against Mr. Hamilton, and were so 
 certain of my cmbr.'icing tlie fair opportunity of possessing myself 
 of that post that the merchants and others provided many neces- 
 saries for us on our arrival ; the garrison, consisting of only eighty 
 men, not d.iring to stop their diversions, They are now com- 
 phting a new fort,' and I fear too strong for any force I shall be 
 able to raise in this country. 
 
 Further details of the capture of Vincennes, and 
 the subsequent confinement of Lieutenant-Ciovernor 
 Hamilton and other officers, are contained in the 
 following series of letters and documents. (Gover- 
 nor Patrick Henry, in a letter to the Speaker of the 
 House of Delegates, written May i8, 1779, says: 
 
 SiK, - 
 
 I have enclosed a letter for the perusal of the Assembly, from 
 Colonel Clark at the Illinois. This letter, among other things, 
 informs me of an expedition which he has planned and deter- 
 mined to execute, in order to recover I'ort St. Vincent, which had 
 l)een formerly taken from the liritish troops, and garrison by 
 those under the Colonel's command. I'his enterprise has suc- 
 ceeded to our utmost wishes, for the garrison, commanded by 
 Henry Hamilton, I.ieutenant-Oovernor of Detroit, and consisting 
 of liritish Regulars and a number of Volunteers, were made pris- 
 oners of war. Colonel Clark has sent the Governor, with sev- 
 eral onTiiers and privates, under .1 proper guard, who have by this 
 time arrived at New London in the county of liedford. 
 
 Proper measures will be adopted by the Kxecutive for their 
 confinement and security. Unfortunately, the letters from Colonel 
 
 ' The fort Clark speaks of was Fort Lernoult, which was begun 
 in the fall of 1778. 
 
TlIK KKVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 ■36 
 
 Clark, containing, no doubt, particular accounts of this afTair, 
 was u\ the possession of an cxpnss who was nuirdcrcil l)y a party 
 of Indians on his way through Kentucky to this plai i:. The 
 letters, as I am inforin<il, were destroyi il. As thu fads which I 
 have mentioned are sufTicienlly anthenlieated, I thought it 
 nialerial that they should be conuiuinicated to the Assembly. 
 
 Soon afUTwards letters were received from Col- 
 onel Clark, and the State pajjers of V'iryinia contain 
 this record : 
 
 IN eOUNXII., JINE i8, 1779. 
 
 The Hoard proceeded to the conslderatii n of t!\e letters of 
 Colonel Clark, and other iiapers relating to Henry Hamilton, 
 Ksij., who has a('ted some years past as Lieutenant-Governor of 
 the settlement at and about I)etroit, and commandant of the 
 I'ritish K'lri''*'" there, under Sir tJuy Carlton as (lovernor in 
 Chief, Philip Dejean, Justice of the Peace for Detroit, and 
 William I, a Mothe, Captain of Volunteers, prisoners of war, taken 
 in the county of Hlinois. They hud that (Governor Hamilton has 
 executed the task of inciting the Indians to perpetrate their accus- 
 tomed cruelties on the citizens of the United States, without dis- 
 tinction of sex, ago, or condition, with an eagirness and avidity 
 which evinei' that the general nature of his charge harmonized 
 with his particular disposition. 'l!iey should have been satisfied, 
 from the other testimony adduced, that these enormities were 
 committed by savages acting under his commission; but the num- 
 ber of proclamations, which, at different times, were left in 
 houses, the inh.ibilants of which w<-re killed 01' carried away by 
 the Indians, one of which i)roclamations is in possession of the 
 hoard, under the hand and seal of liovernor Hamilton, puts this 
 fact beyond a doubt. At the time of his captivity, it appears, he 
 had sent considerable bodies of liuljjins against the frcmtier settle- 
 ments of these stales, and had actually appointed a great council 
 of Indians to meet him at Tennessee, to concert the operations of 
 this present campaign. * ♦ * 
 
 It appears that tioverror Hamilton gave standing rewards for 
 scalps, but offered none for prisoners, which induced the Indians, 
 after making their captives carry their baggage into the neighbor- 
 hood of the fort, there to put them to death and carry in their 
 scalps to the Covernor, who welcomed their return and success by 
 a discharge of cannon. 
 
 That when a pris'oner, brought alive, and destined to death by 
 the Indians, the lire already kindled, and himself bound to the 
 stake, was dextrously withdrawn, and secreted from them by the 
 humanity of a fellow-prisoner, a largTS reward was offered for the 
 discovery of the victim, which having tempted a servant to betray 
 his concealment, the present prisoner Dejean, being sent with a 
 party of soldiers, surrounded the house, took and threw into jail 
 the unhappy victim and his deliveri'r, where the former soon ex- 
 pired under the perpetual assurance of Dejean that he was again to 
 be restored into the hands of the savages, and the latter, when en- 
 larged, was bitterly reprimanded by (iovernor Hamilton. * * * 
 
 It appears that the prisoner La iMothe was a captain of thi^ vol- 
 unteer scalping parties of Indians and whites who went, from 
 time to time, under general orders to spare neither men, women, 
 nor children. ♦ * ♦ 
 
 Called on by that justice we owe to those who are fighting the 
 battles of our country, to deal out at length miseries to their 
 enemies, measure for measure, and to distress the feelings of man- 
 kind by exhibiting to them spectacles of severe retaliation, where 
 we had long and vainly endeavored to introduce an emulation in 
 kindness ; happily the possession, by the fortunes of war, of some 
 of those very individuals, who, having distinguished themselves 
 personally in this line of cruel conduct, are fit subjects to begin on 
 with the work of retaliation, this hoard has resolved that the 
 Ciovernor, the said Henry Hamilton, Philip Dejean, and William 
 La Mothe, prisoners of war, be put into irons, confined in the 
 dungeon of the public jail, debarred the use of pen, ink and 
 paper, and excluded all converse except with their keeper. And 
 the (iovernor orders accordingly. Arch. lUair, C. C. 
 
 The piittinij of the.se oKicers in irons i^ave rise to a 
 v()liiniinonscorres|)ondenie. Some one of tiie ollicers 
 at Detroit wrote to (Iovernor Jefferson of Virijinia, 
 Ijrotfstinir a,t;ainst the imprisonment of (Iovernor 
 Hamilton ; and iiis reply, given in the Calendar of 
 Virginia State Papers, with some partly illegible 
 words supplied in brackets, is as follows : 
 
 Wii.i.iAMsiirui-.ii, July 22, 1771J. 
 Sir,— 
 
 Your letter on the subject of Lieulenaiit-C.oveinor Hamilton's 
 confinement came safely to hand. 
 
 I sli.ill with greit cheerfuliuss cNplain to you the reason on 
 which the advice of Council was founded, sinci', after the siitisfac- 
 tion of doing what is right, the gnatest is thai of Imving what we 
 do approved by those whose opinions deserve esteem. 
 
 We think ourselves justified in Covernor Hamilton's strict con- 
 finement on the general principle of national retaliation. To 
 state to you the particular facts of I'ritish cruelty to American 
 prisoners would b<: to give a melancholy history from the capture 
 of Colonel Kthan .\llen at the beginning of the war to the pres- 
 ent day : a history of which I will avoid, as equally disagreeable 
 to you and tome. I with pleasure do you the justice to say that 
 I believe those facts to be very much unknown to yr.u, as Canada 
 has been the only scene of your service in America, and in that 
 (piarler we have reason to believe that Sir tniy Ci.illon and the 
 other officers commanding there have treated our prisoners [since 
 the instance of Colonel Allen] with considiT.ible lenity. [.As to| 
 what has been done in F.ngland, .md what in New York and 
 Philadelphia, you are probably uninformed, as it would hardly be 
 made the subject of epistolary correspondence. 
 
 I will only observe to you, sir, that the confinement and treat- 
 ment of your [prisoners] officers, soldiers, and seamen, have been 
 BO vigorous and cruel as that a very great proportion of the whole 
 of ihose captured in the course of this war and carried to Phila- 
 delphia while in po.s.sessiim of the Ilritish army, and to New 
 York, have perished miserably from that cause only, and that 
 this fact is as well established with us as any historical fact which 
 has happened in the course of the war. 
 
 A gentleman of this Commonwealth in public office, and of 
 known and established character, who was taken on sea, carried to 
 New York and exchanged, has given us lately particular informa- 
 tion of the treatment of our prisoners there. * + * 
 
 When, therefore, we are desired to advert to the possible conse- 
 quences of treating prisoners with rigour, I need only ask. When 
 did these rigours begin ? Not with us, assured'y. I think you, 
 .sir, who have had as good opportunities as any I'ritish officer of 
 learning in what manner we treat those whom the fortune of war 
 has put into our hands, can clear us from the charge of rigours, 
 as far as your knowledge or information has extended. I can 
 assert that Governor Hamilton's is lh(' first instance which has 
 occurred in my own country, and if there has been another in any 
 of the United Slates, it is unknown to me. These instances must 
 have been extremely rare, if they have ever existed at all, as they 
 could not have been altogether unheard of by me. When a uni- 
 form exercise of kindness to prisoners on our part has been 
 returned by as uniform severity on the part of our enemies, you 
 must excuse me for saying it is high time, by other lessons, to 
 teach respect to the dictates of humanity ; in such a case retalia- 
 tion becomes an act of benevolence. 
 
 Hut suppo.se, sir, we were willing still longer to decline the 
 drudgery of general retaliation ; yet Governor Hamilton's conduct 
 has been such as to call for exemplary punishment on him person- 
 ally. In saying this I have not so much in view his particular 
 cruelties to our citizens prisoners with him (which, though they 
 have been great, were of necessity confined to a small scale), as 
 the general nature of the service he undertook at Detroit, and the 
 extensive exercise of cruelties which that involved. Those who 
 act together in war are answerable to each other. No distinction 
 can be made between the principal and ally by those against 
 
!54 
 
 THE KEVULUTIUNARY WAR. 
 
 wliiiin the war is wiiKLcl. lie who iiiiplnys aiuitliii' l<> (In a clctd 
 iii.ikrs the (lecd his own. If hf calls in the hand nf llir ass;issin 
 ur inmdrrir, himself becomes the iissussin or nuiriUrtr. Tln' 
 known rule of warfare with the huli.iu savax'es is an indiscrinii- 
 nule Ir:1i liery of men, women and children. 'I'he.se savages, 
 under this well-known character, are cniployid l>y the llritisli 
 nation a* allies in the wir against the Americans, (lovernor 
 Hamilton tnidertakes to be the conductor of tlie war. In the exe- 
 cution of that undertakinK he associates small parties of whitis 
 under his immediate command with Uuve parties of the Savages, 
 and sends them to act, sometimes jointly, sometimes separately, 
 not against our forts or armies in the field, but the farming settle- 
 ments on our frontiers, (governor Hamilton, then, is himself the 
 butcher of men, women and children. I will not s;iy to what 
 lenjilh the fair rules of war would e.\lend the ri>;ht of punishment 
 agaiast him, but I am sure that confinement, under its strictest 
 circumstances, as a retaliation for Indian devastation and nias- 
 s;icre must be deented l-enity. I apprehend yon bad not sulli- 
 cienlly adverted to the e.\pns.sion in the advice to the council, 
 when you supposed the proclamation there alluded to to be the 
 one addressed to the inhabitants of the Illinois. * * * L'l'he] 
 Proclamation thim alludid to contained nothing more than an 
 invitation to our ollicers and soldiers to join the I'.ritish arms 
 against those whom he pleased to call Rebels and Traitors. In 
 order to introduce these among our people they were put into the 
 hands of the Indians, and in every house where they murdered or 
 carried away the family they left one of these proclamations. 
 Some of them were found sticking in the breasts of pers<ins mur- 
 dered, one under the hand and seal of Governor Hamilton. ♦ * ♦ 
 
 Hut if you will be so good as to recur to the address of the 
 Illinois, which you refer to, you will lind that tho' it does not, ill 
 e.vpress terms, threaten vengeance, blood, ami massacre, yet it 
 proves that the (Jovernor had made for us the most ample pro- 
 vision of all these calamities. 
 
 He then gives in detail the horrid Catalogue of savage nations, 
 extending from south to north, whom he had leagued witli himself 
 to wage combined war on our frontiers ; and it is well known that 
 that war would of course be made up of blood, and general 
 massacre of men, women, and children. Other i)apers of (jovernor 
 Hamilton's have come to our hands, containing instructiims to 
 olTicers going out with scalping parties of Indians and whites, and 
 proving that that kind of war was waged under his express orders. 
 Further proof in abundance might be added, but I suppose the 
 fact too notorious to need them. 
 
 Your letter .siems to admit an inference that, whatever may 
 have been the general coiuluct of our enemies towards their pris- 
 oners, or whatever the personal conduct of Governor Hamilton, 
 yet, as a pri.soner by capitulation, you consider him as privileged 
 from strict conruieiueiit. I do not pretend loan intimate knowl- 
 edge of this subject. .My idea is that the term " prisoner of war" 
 is a generic one, the specification of which is first, prisoners at 
 discretion ; and second, prisoners in convention or capitulation. 
 Thus in .he debate in the House of Commons of the 27th of 
 N'ovember last on the address, the "Inister, speaking of General 
 IJiirgoyne (and in his presence), says he is a " prisoner," and 
 (ieiieral liurgoyne ealls himself a "pri.soner under the terms of 
 the convention of Saratoga," intimating that, tho' a prisoner, he 
 was a prisoner of particular species, entitled to certain terms. 
 The treatnuut of the first class ought to be such as is approved 
 by the usage of polished nations: gentle and lutmaiie, unless ;i 
 contrary conduct in an enemy or individual render a strict treat- 
 ment nerrjssiiry. The prisoners of tlie second class have nothing 
 to exinipt ihein from a like treatment with those of the first, 
 except so far as they slmll have been able to make better terms by 
 articles of capitulation. * * * However, we may waive rea- 
 soning on this head, because no article in the Capitulation of 
 Governor Hamiltim is violated by his confinement. 
 
 Perhaps, not having seen the Capitulation, you were led to 
 think it were a thing of course that, being able to obtain terms of 
 surrender, they would first provide for their own treatment. I 
 enclose you a copy of the Capitulation, by which you will sec 
 
 that the second Article declares tlieiii prisoniis of war, .mil 
 mulling is siiid as to the Ireatment they were to lie ei tilled to. 
 When Governor Hamilton signs iiidetd, he adds a lloui i.sh, con- 
 laiuiiig the motives inducing him to capitulate, one of which was 
 coiilideiut^ in a generous enemy. He should li.ive iillei led that 
 generosity on a large scale would lake sides against him. How- 
 ever, these were only his private motives, ami did not eiitirintn 
 the contract with Colonel Clark. iJeing iirisonersoi war, then, with 
 only such privileges as their Capitulation has provided, ar d that 
 having provided nothing on the siibjei t of their treatinenl, they 
 are liable to he treated as other prisoners. We have not <'Xl 'nded 
 our orders, as we might justifiably have done, to the whole of 
 this Corps. Governor Hamilton and Captain La Mothc alore, as 
 leading offenders, are in confinement. The other officers and men 
 are treatid as if they had been taken in justifiable war : the iffi- 
 cers being at large on their parole, and the men also having tlieir 
 liberty to a certain I'.xlent. r)ejean was not iiichided in the Ca()- 
 ilulation, being taken eight days after, on the Wabache, one 
 hundred and fifty miles from .St. N'inccnnes. 
 
 I hope. Sir, that being made' more fully acipiainted wilh the 
 facts on which the advice of council was gnuindid, and exercising 
 your own good sense in cool and candid deliberation on these 
 facts, and the conseiiuences deducted frcjin them, according 10 the 
 usiige and .sentiments of civilized nations, you will .see the trans- 
 action in a very different light from that in which it appears at 
 the time of writing your Letter, and ascribe the advice of the 
 council, not to want of attention to the sacred nature of iiublii 
 Conventions, of which I hope we shall never, in any circum- 
 stances, lose sight, but to a desire of stopping the effusion of ye 
 unoffending blood of women and children, and the injustifiahlc 
 severities exerci.sed on our ca|)tive officirs and soldiers in general, 
 by proper severity on our part. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with much [lersonal respect, 
 Sir, • 
 
 Your most obed't it mo.st li'ble Servant, 
 
 Thomas Juiiukson. 
 
 The imprisonment of these officers was brought 
 to the attention of (leneral Wasinnj^ton, and on 
 Aiiji^ust 6 he wrote to Jefferson, advising; that the 
 irons be removed. 1 lis request was at once acceded 
 to, and on September 29, 1779, tiie \'iri,Mnia Council 
 ordered that ("lovernor Hamilton, Captain La Mothc, 
 and l^iilip Dejean be sent to Hanover Court Hoii.se, 
 to re n at larije on parole. The prisoners objected 
 to a parole which would prevent them from saying 
 anything to the prejudice of the I'nited States, and 
 so they were remanded to eontinement in jail until 
 they could " deternune with themselves to be inof- 
 fensive in word as well as deed." They were appa- 
 rently r.gain put into irons. Kffoits in their behalf 
 were continued, and the records of the Virginia 
 Council for October, 1779, contain a memorandum 
 of a letter from Ciovernor Jeffer.son to Colonel Mat- 
 thews, who had been a prisoner in Hamilton's power ; 
 Matthews pleaded for leniency ttjwards Hamilton, 
 and brought a second letter frf)m Washington, dis- 
 approving of his being in irons. These were again 
 taken off, and Jefferson wrote to Colonel Matthews 
 as follows: 
 
 (Jovernor Hamilton and his companions were imprisoned and 
 ironed, fust in retaliation for cruel treatment of our captive citi- 
 zens by the enemy in general, and. For the barbarous species of 
 warfare which himself and his Savage allies carried on in our west- 
 
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 255 
 
 irn frontier. jrH. K<>r partinilar acts of barburity, of which he 
 li'inscif was personally K'lil') 1 '<> soiiiu of our citiniis in his power. 
 Any one of tliisc iliar^," s was siiflicliiil to justify the measure we 
 Uioli. Of the truth (jf ll\e lirst yourself are witness. V'oursitua- 
 lion, indeed, seems to have been better since you were sent to New 
 York ; but rellec' on what you suffered before that, nnd knew 
 others of your eotnitrynien to suffer, and what you know is 
 now suffered by that ni >re unhappy part ot them who are still 
 conilned on board of the prison ships of theenimy. Proofs of 
 llie second eharwe, we have under llandlton's own '.injid ; and of 
 the third, as sailed assurances as human testimony is capable of 
 giving. Iluiuane conduct on our part was found to produce nc 
 effect'; the contrary, therefore, was to be tried. 
 
 In a letter to Washington, dated November 28, 
 1779, Jefferson says: 
 
 Lamothe and Dejean have juiven their parole, and are at Han- 
 over Court Mouse; llamikon, Hay, and four others are still obsti- 
 nate. Ihey, therefore, an: still in close confinement, though 
 their irons have never been on since your second letter on the 
 subject. 
 
 On Juno 15, 1780, Governor Hamilton and the 
 other prisoners were in conlinement al Charlottes- 
 ville, Va., and Colonel James Wood, then in com- 
 mand of that place, wrote to Governor Jefferson ■ 
 
 Sir,— 
 
 I am Honored with your Letter of the oth instant, with the sev- 
 eral Inelosures, and shall think myself Happy if I am able to 
 carry your Ideas into Kxecution. 
 
 I have issued I'eremptory Orders for all the officers, without dis- 
 tinction, to repair within five days to tiie liarracks, and shaP cer- 
 tainly enforce them with strictness. * ♦ ♦ I am well assured 
 that had the Assembly extended their resolutions no farilier than 
 to have restricted the Officers to the Limits of the County, and 
 called in all tlieirSupernumerary Servants, it would have answered 
 a much lielter Purpose. I hope I shall be excused for giving my 
 opinion thus freely, as your Excellency may be assured it proceeds 
 from my zeal for the .Service. * * ♦ I shall be extremely glad 
 to be informed by the return of the Dragoon whether the officers 
 are to be rjosely confined to the liarracks ; whether some of them 
 who have built Huts, within the distince of four miles, are to be 
 removed ; and whether I am to demand other paroles of them, 
 and wlu'it the Terms of the new ones are to be. 
 
 P. S. General Hamilton requests to know whether the General 
 Officers, their Aid-de-camps, IJrigade Majors, and Servants, are 
 meant to be included. He says they will willingly give any 
 Parole that may be thought necessary. 
 
 For somf MDCxplained reason General Washington 
 continued to interest himself in these prisoners, and 
 on September 26, 1780, Jefferson wrote to him, from 
 Richmond, as follows : 
 
 I was honored, yesterday, with your favor of the 5th instant, on 
 the subject of prisoners, and particularly of Lieutenant (jovernor 
 llainilton. You are not unapprised of the influence of this oflicer 
 with the Indians, his activity and embittered zeal against us. 
 \ "11 also, perhaps, know how precarious is our tenure of the 
 Illinois County, and critical is the situation of the new coun- 
 ties on the Ohio. These circumstances determined us to retain 
 Governor Hamilton and Major Hay within our power, when 
 we delivered up the other prisoners. ( )n a late representation 
 from the people of Kentucky, by a person st^nt here from that 
 country, and expressions of what they had reason to apprehend 
 from these two prisoners, in the event of their liberation, we 
 assured them they would not be parted with, though we were 
 giving up our other prisoners. 
 
 It is probable that Washington replied, opposing 
 the determination of Jefferson, for on October 10 
 Governor Hamilton was released on tiie following 
 parole : 
 
 L Henry Hamiltim, Lieutenant (Jovernor and Superintendent 
 of lletroit, do lieriby acknowledge myself a prisoner of War to 
 the Commonwiallli of Virginia, and having permission from his 
 Kxcellency Thom.is Jefferson, Governor of said Comiuonwealtli, 
 to go to New York, do pledge my faith and most sacredly promise 
 iipnii my parole of llouor, that I will not do, say, write, or cause 
 to be done, Siiid, or written, directly or indirectly, in any respect 
 whatever, anything to the prejudice of the United Stales of Amer- 
 ica, or any of t'lem, until I shall be enlarged from my captivity 
 by Exchange or otherwise, wilh the consent of the said Governor 
 of Virginia or his successors, and that 1 will return, when 11 ipiiied 
 by the said (iovernor or his successors, to such place wiiliin the 
 said Commonv allli as he shall jxiiiit out, and deliver mysilf up 
 again to him or the person acting for or under him. 
 
 In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal at 
 Chesterfield, this loth day of October, 1780. 
 
 Hbnkv Hamilton. 
 
 On the same day Major Jehu Hay. of the Detroit 
 militia, was paroled to go to New York. 
 
 (Jf tiie other prisoners taken by Colonel Clark, 
 Schieftlin escaped in April, 1780, and returned to 
 Detroit, and on June i following, while in confine- 
 ment. Mai.sonville committed suicide. On March 4, 
 1 78 1, Hamilton, Lamothe, and McBeath were ex- 
 changed. 
 
 With regard to the character of Governor Hamil- 
 ton and the warfare that he encouraged, Mr. Tucker, 
 in his Life of Jefferson, on page 129, questions the 
 justice of the stigma which hiw, been publicly afli.xed 
 to the character of this British officer. Mr. Tucker 
 says that in early youth he was acquainted with him ; 
 and that " he was an educated and well-bred gentle- 
 man, possessed of a soldierly frankness, great liber- 
 ality, etc." He also says, " Colonel Clark makes 
 no mention of his ill treatment of prisoners." Con- 
 cerning this defense, it is a sufficient answer to refer 
 to Clark's letters to the inhabitants of X'incennes 
 anil to Governor Hamilton, both of which are amply 
 verified. For the rest, the letter of Jefferson to the 
 Governor of Detroit will safely stand against the 
 statement of Jefferson's historian, who does not 
 seem to have been aware of its existence. 
 
 The best defense that can be made for Hamilton 
 is that he acted under orders from his superiors ; 
 but he seems to have been a willing instrument, and 
 to have gone beyond any instructions in his endeavor 
 to punish the Americans. 
 
 In 1 7S4, when General Haldimand went back to 
 England, Mr. Hamilton, as the oldest member of 
 the Legislative Council, was left in charge of the 
 duties of Governor of Canada, for about a year, 
 when Henry Hope succeeded him as the regular 
 appointee. 
 
 Returning again to the history of the efforts to 
 capture Detroit, we find that while Hamilton was 
 
THK KKVDLUTIONARY WAR, 
 
 iiK'iliiaiin,n oil his t\il dci'ds in a \iri;iiiia prison, 
 clfoi'ls wtiv still Iniiin made to orL;aiii/Cf an expedi- 
 tion avjaiiisi Dilidit; and the IcltiTs of Colonel 
 Daniil liiodhcail, in command of L'ontinintal troops 
 at l'iitsl)iirjrh, are full of iiiterestinjf partiriilars. He 
 succecdi'd ficneral Mi.Intosli at that place, and in a 
 letter datetl Ai)ril i6, i77y, adilressetl to Major- 
 General Armstrong, ,nives these faets as to Mcin- 
 tosh's proposed expedition ai;ainst Detroit: 
 
 Thr lliiaril (jf War iiifurimil im h. Inn- I Itll I arlyslc tlial tlir 
 viftts i)f C'lmnivss wiri' thai it wa^ Uid Utir In piiiM i iilu Ihtir main 
 ubJL'ct. I!iit Ciutural Mcliitnsli was nuirc aiiiliiticiiis, tie swure 
 that nothiiin less than hitniit was his (jhjiit, and he wniilil have 
 it in thi- wMilir scasiin. In vain was tlu naktdniss of the nun, 
 tlu- Stanly snppliis, wiirn-<iMt, slarviil iTiirsis, Uaniss uf the 
 cattle, and tuial want of fiira>,'e, iliflknlly, iinilersmh cireiiin- 
 stanies, of su|i|)ortinv' posts at so y,n;i\ a distance in tile enemy's 
 country, and olhiT considerations, urged. 
 
 ("leneral Mcintosh determined to m.ikc a trial, and 
 it was owiiin to his determination that the military 
 absurility called Fort Mcintosh was built hy the 
 hands of hundreds that were eaj^er to wield sword 
 and (lJUIi. The followini^ letter from Colonel Hrod- 
 head to Major-( leneral (ireen, dated l'ittsl)uri,di, 
 May 26, 1779, gives particulars rei;ardini; the fort: 
 
 Last eampaiKn we had great plenty of resonrees for all the 
 troops which were necessary to make an e.xcnrsion into the 
 enemy's country, which was then the ultimate view of the 
 Hoard of War, and to have s;ivcd nnich provisions for the cam- 
 paign. The KcKular Troops and new I.evi<s were equal to 
 such an undertaking; but tieneral .Mcintosh's views were much 
 more extensive. lie was deterniiued to take Detroit ; and with 
 this view, hegan to bir' "'a fort at much labor and expense, at 
 Heaver Creek: and c- ;i .(picntly kept, at least, one thousand 
 militia in the field who might have been better employed put- 
 ting in their fall crops and taking in their corn, which was 
 chiefly lost for want of their attendance. 
 
 The Fort Mcintosh alluded to in the above letters 
 was on the north side of the Ohio, about thirty 
 miles from I'ittsburi^h. C.eneral Mcintosh left it on 
 November 5, 1778, with the inriMition of i^roceeding 
 to Detroit, but after goinjr about seventy miles he 
 was compelled to give up the attempt for lack of 
 provisions. 
 
 On September 24, 1 779, Colonel Brodhead wrote 
 to Colonel George Morgan : 
 
 I have applied some time past for leave to make an expedi- 
 tion a.gainst Detroit, but fear it will again be put off until the 
 season is too far advanced, for, although the operations ought 
 not to terminate before the commencement of winter, yet they 
 ought to be begun early in the fall, and I must inform you that 
 by a late letter I rec'd from Mr. Archibald Steele, it appears 
 that a snfTicicnt quantity of provisions is fiot yet purchased that 
 he knows of, for such an nndertaking ; and why do you con- 
 ceive that live hundred men are now equal to the task of carry- 
 ing that place, which is rendered much stronger by men and 
 works than it was two years ago when 1,800 men were thought 
 necessary? I conceive it to be next to an impossibility to carry 
 on a secret expedition against that place, whilst the English 
 have goods to engage the Indians in their interest, and we have 
 nothing but words. 
 
 On November 10, 1779, he wrote U) Cieiieral 
 Washington as follows : 
 
 .\u expedition against Detroit in the winter season will doubt- 
 less put us in possession of the Knemy's shipping, and, of course, 
 give us the lommand of Lake Krie. Winter espediiions are gen- 
 erally attended with great loss of Horses and Cattle, except where 
 large magazines of forage are laid in and can be transported, 
 liut the liriti-sh Garrison and shipping will be a lull compensation 
 for every loss of that kind .mil indeed every dilTiiully we can 
 meet in obtaining it, as it will likewise secure the future tran(|uil- 
 ity of this frontier. 1 will endeavor to have everything in perfect 
 rcadiiuss and procure the best intelligi-ni e that circumstances 
 will admit. I believe a considerabli^ ninnlier of Indians will join 
 me, hut 1 have little expectation of suppliis exce|il from the 
 I'rench settlements in the vicinity of that post, and as the I'rilish 
 yearly cause the inhabitants to thrash out lluir grain and sell to 
 them for the purpose of lilling their mag:i/ines, little di penilenrc 
 I .in be plaei'd on receiving supplies from them ; and the Indians 
 on the Kiver St. Lawrence subsist chielly upon auiiual food. 
 ♦ * * My best intelligence at present is that the enemy have 
 erected a very strong work, near to the (Mil Kort, and on the only 
 commanding eniinence behind the Soldiers' ( lardens. 'I'hat the 
 (larrison consists of three hundred Regulars (some say morel and 
 about the same numlxir of militia ; some of the latter Description 
 it is said will join our Troops on their arrival in that neighbor- 
 hood. The Wyandots, Tawas, Chippewas, and I'ottawatoniii s 
 live in the vicinity of Detroit ; and many of them are, withoiii 
 doubt, under llrilish induence. 
 
 Twehe days later he wrote to Washington again : 
 
 The Drl.iware Cliic fs inform nie that the I'lnglish at Detroit 
 have refused to supply the Wyandots with clothing, because they 
 had entered into a treaty of friendship with us. They likewise 
 say that the new tort at that place is finisheil, and that the walls 
 are so high that the tops of the I'.arracks can scarcely be seen from 
 the outside ; but they don't know whether there are any l.ipinli 
 proofs as they are not i)erniitted to go into the t'ort. They think 
 the number of soldiers does not exceed three hundred, and -some 
 part of that number still remain in the old l''ort. 
 
 On November 26, 1779, Colonel T>rodhead wrote 
 to Zeisberger, the Moravian missionary on the 
 Muskingum, as follows : 
 
 1 am very anxious to know the strength of the Carrison at ] >e- 
 troit, and likewise the strength of the works, but particularly 
 whether there are any Ilumb proofs, and of what construction, 
 whether they are arched with brick or stone, or of wood ; and 
 whether the liomb proofs are only for the safety of the Knemy's 
 provision and military stores, or whether there are any for the 
 security of the men. What number of cannon are mounted, and 
 of what size, and how the inhabitants stand affected with respect 
 to our cause. If you can employ a proper person to confide in 
 and bring me intelligence of those circumstances, yon will render 
 your country essential service ; and you may rely on my paying 
 the spy eighty lUicks, or one hundred, if eighty is insufTicicnt. I 
 intend to send one in like manner to Niagara, to gain similar 
 intelligence. 
 
 (^n February 21, 1780, Colonel Brodhead again 
 wrote to W^ashington : 
 
 Hy one of our prisoners who lately made his escape from the 
 Wyandots, and who has frequently been at Detroit, I am informed 
 that the new fort erected there has liomb proofs of wood ; that the 
 walls are very high, fifteen feet thick, and made of fascines and 
 clay ; that the Harracks are sunk some distance into the ground, 
 and that their roof cannot be seen from without ; that it stands 
 on a fine commanding piece of ground with a gentle descent each 
 
 SiK,^ 
 
TIIK RKVOLUTinNAKV WAR 
 
 !57 
 
 way ; likewise, tliiit it is stirrouiuli'd l)y a dilc h Iwiiity fiot wiilc. 
 I 111: (larrisiin ccuisisls nf liu Ur^jiilars ; ami tlir I'luiny have iSi«) 
 nun at Niagara, besides a ^nal iiiinibrr cil Indians, If this iiilil- 
 li),'eiiee is true, unless srjine diversion is iieeasioneil by troops 
 jiiareliinK up the Susipieliannali River, it is not improhalile tliat 
 llm enemy may pay us a visit down the Alleghany Ulvir next 
 spring ; and I have neither men nor cannon snITiiieiit for this 
 I'ojl, unless u reinforcement can be spared from the main army. 
 I shall, however, make the best disposition that eirtumstani es 
 will admit, and if possible gain further iiUi lligcni e from the I >ela- 
 wari's, who continue their diilaralions of frieiulship for us. I 
 beg your Kxcelleney will indulge me with twinty lloal liuilders 
 .uul some armourers early in the spring. If I receive no order to 
 ilie euntrury, ami can be supplied with craft, I am determini d to 
 drive the Shawnesi' over the Lakes, which I laii do before provi- 
 sions can be furnished for a Capital Kxpedition. 
 
 On tlie .saiiiL' day he wroto to (iovenior Rctd of 
 riimsylvania, j^iviny very nearly the same infurina- 
 tion. 
 
 'I'lie following' letter from Ciovernor Jefferson to 
 t'lcneral W'a.sliinyton unfolds many partieulars relat- 
 ing to the nicn ami the measures of the time : 
 
 \Viui,iAMsmK(,ii, loth Feb., 1780. 
 Sin,- 
 
 It is possible you may have heard thai in the i-oiiise of I.ist 
 suuuner an expeilition was nu-dilated by oui" Coloiu-1 Clark 
 against Detroit ; that he had proceeded so far as to rendezvous a 
 considerable body of Indians, I believe four or five thousand, at 
 St. Vincents ; but, being disappointed in the uund)er of wliites he 
 expected, and not choosing to rely principally on the Indians, he 
 was obliged to decline it. We have a tolerable prospect of rein- 
 forcing him this spring, to the number which he thinks sulTicient 
 for the enterprise. Wc have informed him of this, and left liim 
 '.o decide between this object and that of giving vigorous chastise- 
 ment to those tribes of Indians whose eternal hostility have proved 
 them incapable of living on friendly terms with us. It is our opin- 
 ion his inclination will lead him to determine on the former. 
 
 The reason of my laying before your Kxcelleney this matter is, 
 lliat it has been iutinuited to me that Culoiiel ISrodhead is medi- 
 t.iting a similar expedition. I wished, therefore, to make yuu 
 ac(piainted with what we had in contemplation. The energetic 
 genius of Clark is not altogether unknown to you. You also 
 know (what 1 am a stranger to) the abilities of I'rodhead, and the 
 particular force with which you will be able to arm him. for such an 
 expedition. We wish the most hopeful means should be used for 
 removing so uneasy a thorn from our side. .\s you alone are 
 accpiainted with all the circumstances necessary for well informed 
 decision, I am to ask the favor of your Kxcelleney, if you should 
 lliink Urodhead's undertaking is most likely to produce success, 
 that you will be so kind as to intimate to us, to d'vcrt Clark to 
 ihe other object, which is also important to this state. It will, of 
 . nurse, have weight with you in forming your determination, that 
 cair prospect of strengthening Clark's hands sulTiciently is not 
 aljsolutely certain. It . y be necessary, perhaps, to inform you 
 that these officers cannot act together, which excludes the hopes 
 c'f insuring success by a joint expedition. I have the hgnor to be, 
 with the most sincere esteem. Your Kxcellency's 
 
 Most obedient and most humble servant, 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 On April 24, 1780, Brodhead wrote to Washing- 
 ton: 
 
 As no reinforcement can be had from your Kxcelleney, the in- 
 ' :nded expedition against Detroit must be laid aside until a favor- 
 ble turn of affairs takes place, unless you would recommend a 
 junction of Clark's troops with mine. 
 
 On May 30 he wrote : 
 
 The acccmnts I have received re lative to the Ilritish darrisnn ut 
 Detroit differ widily, some making it to ciuisist <if only two him- 
 dred nun, some three hundred, and others upwards of four 
 hundred. This has determin<'d me to send Captain lirady with 
 five white nun ami two Delaware Indians to Sandusky, to eiuleavor 
 to take a llrilish prisomr, which I hope he will effect. I have, 
 likewisi', offered other Delaware warriors fifty hard dollars' worth 
 of goods, for <me Ilritish soldier, and they have promised to bring 
 him immediately, Shoidd an intelligent one be brought in, I in- 
 tciul to offer him some indulgence upon his giving me the most 
 perfei't intelligence in his power. 
 
 On September 14, 1780, I'.rodhead wrote to Wash- 
 ington : 
 
 The French inhabitants at Detroit are much in our interest, and 
 wish most heartily to see an American force approaching. I 
 re.illy believe that twelve hundred widl a|ipointi'd nu'U would 
 carry that place without great dinieully ; and I wish for nothing 
 more, when circumstances will admit, than the honor of making 
 the alli'mpt. 
 
 Ik'fore lirodhead or Clark had an n|iportunity to 
 ni.ike the tri.il, one Colonel La Halm, who eame 
 to Ameriea with Lafayette, attempted Ihe capture of 
 Detroit. The .story of his failure is ;hus told, in a 
 letter written by Colonel De I'eyster t') Cieneral 
 Ilaldimand, dated November 13, 1780: 
 
 A body of Canadians,' commanded by Colonel La lialm, were 
 defeated on the 5th inst. by the .Miami Indians near that village. '-' 
 The Colonel and between thirty and forty of his men were .killed, 
 and Mons. Khy, who styles himself aid-de-camp, taken prisoner. 
 They relate that they left the Cahokias on the 3rd of (Jctober, 
 with 41 men ; that a large body were to follow them to the Ouia, 
 from whence Colonel La I!alm proceeded to the .Mianiiswith one 
 hundred ami three men and some Indians, without waiting for 
 the junction of the troops expected, leaving orders for them to 
 follow, as well as those he expected from Post Vincent. His 
 design was to attempt a iou/>-iii-iiiai>t upon Detroit, but finding 
 his troops, which were to consist of 400 Canadians and some In- 
 dians, did not arrive, after waiting twelve days they plundered 
 the place, and were on their way back when the Indians assembled 
 and attacked them. 
 
 In a letter dated three days later, De Peyster says 
 La Balm's force " entered the village, took the 
 horses, destroyed the horned cattle, and plundered 
 a store I allowed to be kept there for the conveni- 
 ence of the Indians." 
 
 La Balm's watch set with diamonds, his double- 
 barrelled gun, spurs, regimentals, and some valu- 
 able papers were brought to De I'eyster by an Indian. 
 A letter from General Haldimand to Colonel De 
 Peyster, dated January 6, 1 781, says," I have received 
 your letter 01 1 5th of November reporting the defeat 
 of Mons. La Balm and transmitting his commission, 
 etc." 
 
 Soon after the defeat of La Balm, the proposed 
 expedition of Colonel Clark was again under con- 
 sideration, and on December 13, 1780, Governor 
 Jefferson wrote to Washington as follows: 
 
 1 The French were usually so styled. 
 * Now Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
258 
 
 TIIK KKVOI.rrioNAKV WAR. 
 
 SlH,- 
 
 I had the linnor of wriiinx tn ymir Kxcellcncx nn thv Hul)jcct of 
 an i'X|ii'<lili>>n, i oiitiiiiplatiil liy tliis Mntc, a»{niiist llii' llrilish post 
 lit Iti'troii, ;iii(l of n-xiviiit; yoiii all^»lr of Oitolxr the lotli, 
 Siiiru tlic (Liti' of my li ttrr tint fai <' of tliiiik;s has so far i h iii>;i'(l as 
 to Usivi' it no loiivfcr optional to attrnipt or (li-cliiio thr i-xprditioii, 
 but (ornprls us to dtcidr ill tllr animialivi', and to l)i>;'ii our prr- 
 paralious iuuiitdiutcly. 1 he regular furcu Culuiicl C'larii already 
 has, with a propir draft from the militia hryoiid thr Alli'^hany, 
 and lliat of tlirri' or four of our most iiortliiirn louuliis, will be 
 adtMpiati' to the rcdiictioii of I'ort llt'troit, in the opinion uf 
 C'oloui 1 Clark ; and hoassicus the most prohahlr reasons for that 
 opinion. \Vl' have, tlicrifori', dt'tcrmiiud to nndertaki' it, and 
 tornniit it to his direction. * * * Independent of the favoi- 
 alili! cffeets, wliii h a sueeessful enterprise against Petroit must 
 produii' to the I'nited States in general, by keeping In cjuiet the 
 frontier of the northern ones, and leaving our western militia to 
 aid those of the south, v.e think the like friendly oflTire performed 
 by lis to the states, whenever desired, and almost to the absolute 
 exhaustion of our own inanazines, K've well founded hopesth.it 
 we may be aei onimodaled on this occasion. 
 
 Meu and nifaiis for tin- cxpt-clitioii were, how- 
 ever, scane ; tlu' luiiUers of Kentucky were fearful 
 their own homes would be attacked in tlieir aiisencu, 
 and tile expedition was delayed, '["hat the jealousy 
 between Clark and Ikodhead still continued is evi- 
 dent from the followinv; letter, contained in the Cal- 
 endar of Virginia Stale Papers: 
 
 Jani'akv i.S, 1781. 
 Georgt Rogers Clark to the Governor 0/ I ir^iiiia ; 
 
 IJk. .Sik,— 
 
 I have ex.imined your proposed Instructions. I dont Recollect 
 of any thin^ ni-ire that is necessary, Kxcept the mode of payin.n 
 the Kxpeiisesof the (iarrison of DcTroit in case of success, as 
 supporting our Credit amon« strauyers may be attended with Kreat 
 and 1,'ood eonse(piences, and my foruur Kxperiences Induce me to 
 wish it to be the case where I have the Honor to Command. I 
 would also observe to your Kxcellency, that I could wish to set 
 out on this Kxpedition free from any Reluctance, which I doubt I 
 cannot do witlmut a satisfactory Kxplanation of the treatment of 
 the Viriiinia Didenates in Congress tome in objecting to an ap- 
 pniiitment designed for me, which your Kxcellency cannot be a 
 siranxerio, I could wish not to be thouj;ht to solicit promotion ; 
 and that my IJuty to myself did not oblige me to transmit these 
 sentiments to you. The treatment I have (ienerally met with 
 from this state hath prejudiced -ne as far as consistant in her In- 
 terest, and wish not to be distrusted in the Kxecution of her 
 Orders by any Continental Col' that inav be in the Countries that 
 I have liusiness in, which 1 doubt will be the case, although the 
 orders of the Commander in chief is very positive. 
 
 Preparations for his expedition went on rapidly ; 
 larije sums of money were expended, and immense 
 rjuantities of supplies provided at the rendezvous 
 near I'ittsburijh. Up to January 23, 1781, R. Mad- 
 ison, the quartermaster and commissary, had ex- 
 pended ^500,000, and on that date apjilied to 
 Governor Jefferson for £yx>,OQO additional to " ful- 
 fill his contracts." 
 
 On March 27, 1781. Colonel Brodhead wrote from 
 Fort Pitt to Washington, as follows : 
 
 Dear Generai., — 
 
 I am honored with you or of the 28th ultimo, and am thank- 
 ful for the contents. I h. e acknowledged the receipt of your 
 letter of the 29th of December, and shall give every encourage- 
 
 nieiit tudeuir.il Clark'n inleniled enterprise. I wish he m.iy be 
 in readiness before the waters f.ill, and llie Ki'ntiicky Neltlements 
 (ire destroyed by the Knemy. 
 
 lint I am informed that little or iiothiux has as yit l» in doiii- 
 at his boat yards, and that the militia he rxpii ted from this side 
 of the mountains, are availing iheuiselvis of the iiiisetlled Jiiris- 
 diition. 
 
 lioth \'irginia and Pennsylvania at this time 
 claimed the .services of the militia in the region of 
 the Alleghanies, the boundaries of both States being 
 unsettled, and many of the settlers made this an 
 excuse for not taking U]) arms. On May 26 Clark 
 wrote to Washington as follows : 
 
 Siu, - 
 
 Kedueed to the necessity of taking every sti p to carry niy point 
 the ensuing campaign, I hope your I'lxcellency will excuse me in 
 taking the liberty of troubling you with this reipiest. The inva- 
 sion of Virginia put it out of the power of the (lovernor to fur- 
 nish me with the niimher of men juoposed for the enterprisi' of 
 the west ; but he informed me he had oh'ained le.u e of the liar..n 
 Steuben, and agreeably to your letters for tioloin 1 John (•ibsun 
 and regiment, togeliier with I lelh'seomiiany, to join my foiris; 
 — an addition, he supposed, of more worth than the milili.i we 
 were disappointed of. On consulting Colonel IJrodhiad, lie 
 could not com eive that he was at libi rty to suffer them to go, as 
 your instructions were pointed respei ting the troops and stores to 
 be furnished by him. Krom your l^xi clleni y's letters to Colonel 
 Urodhead I conceive him to hi! at liberty to furnish what men he 
 pleased. I am convinced he did not think the same as I do, or 
 otherwise he would have had no objection, as he appeared to wish 
 to give the enterprise every aid in his power. 
 
 the hope of obtaining a grant of those troops has induced me 
 to address your Kxcellency myself, as it is too late to consult 
 Governor Jefferson farther on the subject, wishing to set out on 
 the expedition early in June, as our .stores of provisions are nearly 
 complete. If our force should be eipial to the task projiosed, I 
 cannot conceive that this jiost, \\'\\\ a very small garriscm even of 
 militia, will be in any danger, as il is attached to a populous coun- 
 try, and during our time in the eiu uiy's, .Mcintosh and Wheeling 
 will be useless, or might al.so be garrisoned by small parties of 
 militia. Those I know to be your Kxcellency's ideas. If you 
 slu.uld approve of the troops in this department joining our forces, 
 though they are few, the ac(|uisition may be attended with great 
 and good conse(|uences, as two hundred only might turn the scale 
 in our favor. The advantage that mu.st derive to the states from 
 our proving successful, is of such importance that 1 think it di- 
 served a greater preparation to insure it. Dut I have not yet lost 
 sight of Detroit. Nothing seems to threaten us but the want of 
 men. ISiit even should we be able to cut our way through the 
 Indians and lind they have received no reinforcement at |)etroil, 
 we may probably have the assurance to attack it, though our force 
 maybe much less than proposed, which was two thousand; as 
 defeating the Indians with inconsiderable loss on our side would 
 almost insure success. Should this be the case a valuable peace 
 with ihem will then probably ensue, lint on the contrary should 
 we fall through in our present plans and no expedition take place, 
 it is to be feared that the consequences will be fatal to the whole 
 frontier, as every exertion will he made by the liritish party to 
 harass them as much as possible, and disjible them from giving any 
 succours to our eastern or suuthjrn forces. The Indian war is 
 now more general than ever. Any attempt to appease them, 
 except by the sword, will be fruitless. Captain Randolph wails on 
 your Kxcellency for an answer to this letter, which I flatter mysi If 
 you will honor me with immediately. Colonel (;ibson, who com- 
 mands in the absence of Colonel lirodhead, will keep the troops 
 ready to move at an hour's warning ; conducting myself as though 
 this request was granted, impatiently waiting for the happy order. 
 I remain yours, etc., 
 
 G. R. Clark. 
 
THK Ki:\()LUTI()NAKY WAR. 
 
 259 
 
 It does not aiipcir ttiat liis rr<|iiL'st fr.r reiiiforci'- 
 iiiciits V'ls ruini)licd willi, but lu: liiwilly lift I'ilts- 
 hiirjjli, niovcd down the Oliio, and near l.oiiisvillf, 
 Kc'iitiicky, his last expedition came to an in]L;lorioiis 
 end. The reason:; for its faihire are indiiated in 
 the following letter to Wasliington from (Jeneral 
 William Irvine: 
 
 KoRT I'll I, 3 Dec, 1781. 
 
 Sin,— 
 
 * ♦ ♦ I presume your Kxcullumy \\i\s I)li:ii inrurmcil by 
 llif Clovurnor of Virginia, or tliii<nil Clark, of the fiiiUirc of liis 
 cxiicilition, Itiit ksi that shoiiKI not he the case, I will relate all 
 the partieiilars that have tome to my knowl<(l>;r, Caplain Craig, 
 with the (Ictaehment of uriillery iiiulei' him, ritiiriied here the 
 36th liiHt. lie ^'ot up with much (lilliciilly, and K>''al fatigue to 
 the mill -hcinj{ forty days on the way, oceasioin d lij ihe low- 
 ness of the river. He was oKliged to throw away hi-, kuii larriagis, 
 hilt hrought his pieces and best slons safe. He left ( )eiieral Clark 
 at the Kapids, and says the (Kiiiral was not able to prcjsecnti' his 
 iiileiuled pi. Ill of operation for w.iiil of Im 11, being able to eoUeet, 
 on the whole, only about seven hundred and fifty ; and the lUilfalo 
 meat was all Kotlin; and lulds, the (Jeiural is upprelnnsivi' of a 
 visit from Detroit, and is not without fears the .settlement will be 
 obliged to break uj), unless reinforcements soon arrive from Vir- 
 Kinia. 'I'he Indians have been so nnnuroun in that emiutry that 
 all the inhabltanls have been oblig'd to keep close in Forts, and 
 the Cleiieral could not venture out to figl.t iheni. 
 
 A Colonel Archibald Lochrey, Lieutenant of Westnionland 
 county, in Pennsylvania, with about one hundred men in all, 
 composed of vohinicirs and a company raised by l'eun>-ylvaiiia 
 fur the <hfen>eof said coiiuly, followed Ueneral Clark, who, 'lis 
 s.iid, ordered I^ochrey to join him at the mouth of t'le .Miami, up 
 wliich river it had been pn viou.sly agreed on to proceed. Hut 
 Oeneral Clark, having changed his plan, left a small party at 
 .Miami, with directions to I.ochrey t<i proceed on to the falls after 
 liiin with the m.iin body. Sundry acccjtiius agree that this ))arly 
 and all Lochrey's, to a man, were waylaid by the Indians and 
 regulars (for it is asserted they had artillery) and all killed or 
 taken. No man escaped, either to join (ieneral Clark or return 
 home. When Captain Craig loft the General, he could not be 
 pirsuaded but lliat I.ochrey with his party liad returned liome.' 
 'I'liese misfortunes threw thu people of this couiUry into 'he 
 greatest consternation, and almost despair, parti, niarly West- 
 moreland county, Lochrey's party being all the best men of that 
 frontier. At present they talk of Hying early ill tin: spring to 
 111'- eastern side of the iiiouiiiain, and are daily Mocking to me to 
 imiuiro what support they may expect. 
 
 I think there is but too much reason to fear that Gener.d Clark 
 and Colonel (libson's c.xpidilioii falling through, will grtatly 
 encourage the s;ivages to fall on the country with double fury, or 
 perhaps, the Uritish from Detroit to visit this post, which instead 
 of being in a tolerable state of defense, is, in fact, nothing but a 
 heap of ruins, * * ♦ 
 
 I believe, if Detroit was denioli ' 'd, it would he a good step 
 towards giving some, at least temp. ..ry, ease to this country. It 
 w.iild take, at least, a whole summer to rebuild and establish 
 till luselves ; for though we .should succeed in reducing Detroit, I 
 ilo not think ther is the smallest probabilily of our being able to 
 h"M it, it is too r. note from supplies. I have been endeavoring 
 to form some e? nates; and from such Information as I can 
 C'Hect, 1 really think that the reduction < Detroit would not 
 Co>t nuu h more, nor take many more nu lan it will take to 
 C'i'.raiul |)r(plect the country by acting on the defi'iisivc. If I 
 am well informed, it would take seven or eight hundred regular 
 troops, and about a thousand militia; which could pretty easily 
 be obtained for that purpose, as it appears to be a favorite scheme 
 
 ' The force that attacked Colonel Lochrey consisted of about 
 six hundred regulars and Indians from Detroit, commanded by 
 Jcseph lirant and George Girty. 
 
 over all this country. 'I'he principal dillii iilly wcuild be to get 
 provisions anil ston s Iraiisporli il. As to taking a heavy train of 
 nrtillery, I fear it woiilil imc only In impossible, but an incum- 
 brance ; (we should take) Two (ield piices, some liowitz, nnil, 
 pirhaps, a inorlar. I do not think, especially under present cir- 
 cumstances, that it would be possible to carry on expeditions in 
 Hiicli a maimer as to promise siicce»» by u regular siege. I would 
 therefore pro|)o»e to make every appearance of nittini; down 
 before the place, as if to reduce It by regular approaches ; as soon 
 as I found the Knemy fully Impressed wilt this idea, attempt it 
 at once by assault. * ♦ ♦ 
 
 In order to oI)l;iin .nid for deneral Clark, Governor 
 Jefferson applied to Waiihington, and reeeived the 
 following reply: 
 
 Nkw Winosor, aSth December, 1781. 
 I have ever been of the opinion that the r< duclion of the post 
 of Detroit would be the only certain means of giving peace and 
 security to the whole western frontier, and I have constantly kept 
 my eye upon that object ; but such has been the reduced state of 
 our Ccmlinental force, and sue h the low ebb of our funds, especiully 
 of '.. le, lliat I have never had it in my power to make the attempt. 
 
 On tlie following d.iy, however, he gave an order 
 on Colonel Hrodhead for artillery, tools, stores, and 
 men to fnrther the projeet, but apparently the order 
 w.'t.s neglected, for Cl.irk's forces were left to care for 
 themselves; and on I'"el)riiary 7, 17S2, (lenera! Irvine 
 
 wrote to Washington from i'hiladelphia as follows: 
 
 • 
 
 The Indians have all left us except ten men, .ind by the best 
 accounts, are preparing to make a stroke in the spring, either 
 against General Clark at the Rapids or on Kort I'itt ; which, my 
 informaiu could not with certainty say, but was positive one or the 
 other was mtciuleil. I am apprehensive, from thi' sti jis taken by 
 the Cominanilant at Detroit, .nat something serious is intended. 
 First, thirteen nations of Indians have been treated with in the 
 beginning of November ; and at the conclusion llu'v were directed 
 to keep themselves compact and ready to assemble on .-^hort notice. 
 Secondly, the .Moravians are carried into captivity, ai d strictly 
 watched and threatened with severe punishment if they should 
 attempt to give us information of their movements. Thirdly, 
 |)art of the live nations are assembled at Sandusky. 
 
 To carry on the expedition against Detroit would take two 
 tl'.iuisaiid men to give a tolerable certainty of success, the time 
 would be three mimths, and the best season to march from Fort 
 I'itt the first of August, when the waters are low, morasses and 
 soft rich meadows dried up ; by land totally, preferable to any 
 part by w.iter, the enemy having entire command of the lake with 
 armed vessels ; the navigation of rivers uncertain ; besides the 
 number of boats and waste of time would make it more expensive 
 than land carriage. Pack horses to carry provisions would be 
 better and more certain than wagons. One thoii.sand horses 
 would carry flour for two thousiind men for three months. IJeef 
 must be driven on foot. Twenty-five wagons would carry mili- 
 tary stores sudlcient for the train, which should consist of two 
 twelve pounders, two si.xes, one three pounder, one eight inch 
 howitzer and one royal. 
 
 At least one half should be regular troops, * * * and three 
 months are sunicieiit to complete the expedition ; then the only 
 diffirence in the expense wiil oe the transportation of provisicm 
 and stores; as acting jU llie defensive, seven months will be the 
 least, and the same li'.iantity of provision will be consumed, and 
 ammunition wasted. If yi: .act offensively, it will draw the whole 
 attention of the enemy to their own defense, by which our settle- 
 ments will have peace; and such of the militia as do not goon 
 the expedition will have time to raise crops. On the contrary, 
 continual alarms will kecj) them from these necessary duties. The 
 garrison at Detroit is three hundred regular troops, the militia 
 (Canadians) from seven hundred to one thousand ; the number of 
 
26o 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 Indians that toiiltl assemble in ten days' milice to a certain point, 
 about one thousand. (Jucry. Should wc be able to take 1 )elroit, 
 shall wc liold it ? U nut, what advantage will the bare reduction 
 of the jilaee be, if iinnu'diatcly cvaeualed ? Answer. I'he re- 
 duction >.f Detroit, in the fall of the year, will prevent an inter- 
 course with the western Indians for a whole year, as it would be 
 •ate in the succeedinj; suinnier l)efi>rc the I'ritisli could re-establish, 
 daring which time we might either open a trade with such sav.iges 
 as would ask for peace, or by frecpiently penetrating into and 
 establishing posts in their country, oblige theni to retire to such n 
 distance as would |nit it out of their power to harass the back 
 inhabitants. It would be attended with great expense and vast 
 risk to support a garrison at Detroit, as lung as the liritish possess 
 the lower part of Canada, and have the command. 
 
 All this planning and corresponding was barren 
 of results, anil meantime Clark's forces gradually 
 dwindled away. In November, 1782, he went on 
 an expedition against tiie Indians in Ohio, destroying 
 their fields and villages, and, in fact, was kept so 
 busy fighting tlie Indians tliat the Detroit expedition 
 could not be entered upon. In the fall of 1783 he 
 sent a quantity of provisions by water to Vincennes, 
 and with his force proceeded there by lanil. General 
 Clark, about this time, became intemperate, and 
 probably jwing to this cause three hundred of his 
 force left in a hotly ; the rest then became discour- 
 aged and returneil to Kentucky, and the expedition 
 was abandoned. 
 
 All these expeditions, however, and the fact that 
 Governor Hamilton was absent aiul a prisoner, did 
 not prevent army activities at Detroit. 
 
 Early in 1779 troops were requested from Niagara, 
 and on April 1 5 Colonel Bolton sent tifty of the 
 Eighth Regiment and fifty Rangers to aid in pro- 
 tecting Detroit. They arrived on May 7, and their 
 coming very greatly changed the aspect of affairs. 
 Some citizens were wonderfully elated, and others 
 correspondingly depressed. The barometer of patri- 
 otism was as sensitive here as in any eastern settle- 
 ment, and was watched as carefully. 
 
 After ^ ox-ernor Hamilton had left on his expedi- 
 tion, Colonel De Peyster was in daily anticipation of 
 ortlers to leave Mackinaw for Detroit, a.id was 
 greatly annoyed that he, a lieutenant-colonel, should 
 be continued at Mackinaw, a comparatively unim- 
 portant post, while Detroit was under command of 
 a captain. I lowever, the order, dated August 29, 
 1779, finally arrived, and he waited only for the 
 coming of Lieutenant -(Governor Patrick Sinclair, 
 who was to have charge of the post. Governor 
 Sinclair arrived at Mackinaw (October 4, and in a 
 few days thereafter Colonel De Peyster left for 
 Detroit. This neighborhood, at the time, was liter- 
 ally black with hordes of savage tribes, and in a 
 letter to Colonel liolton, written July 6, 1780, Colonel 
 De Peyster doses with these wo ds : "I am so 
 hurried with war parties coming in from all quarters 
 that I do not know which way to turn myself." 
 These parties brought in persons of either sex, and 
 
 of all ages ; and the details of the forced marches of 
 the sick and inhrm, the massacring of troublesome 
 infants, and the jircsentation of the scalps of the 
 slain, are matters of regular anil almost continuous 
 record. 
 
 On May 16, 1780, Colonel De Pey.ster wrote to 
 Colonel Bolton : 
 
 'I'he prisoners daily brought in here are part of the thousand 
 familii'S who are Hying from the oppression of Congress, in order 
 to add to the number already settled at Kentuck, the finest 
 coiMitry fornew settlers in America; but it happens, unfortunat<:ly 
 for them, to be the Indians best hunting ground, which they w ill 
 never give up, and, in fact, it is our interest not to let the Vir- 
 ginians, Marylanders, and IVnnsylvanians get possession there, 
 lest, in a short time, they become forniidabli' to this post. 
 
 A letter written ten days later, to Lieutenant- 
 Governor Sinclair, says : 
 
 Every thing is quiet here except the constant nr ' of the war- 
 drum. All the Seiginies are arrived at the instance of the Shaw- 
 neese and Delawares. More Indians from all quarters than ever 
 known before, and not a drop of rum I 
 
 Early in this year, Captain Henry Birtl's expedi- 
 tion against Kentucky was fitted out, and on April 
 12, after an expenditure of nearly $300,000, the 
 force left Detroit. It was made up of both white 
 men and Indians, numbered nearly six hundred per- 
 sons, and, for the first time on such an expedition, 
 cannon were taken. The American spies inftjrnK'd 
 the people of its organization, and fear and dread 
 pervaded the entire West, while the colonists in the 
 East awaited anxiously the record of its doings. ( )ii 
 June 22 the force appeared before Ruddle's Station, 
 which surrendered, on condititjn that the inhabitants 
 be considered prisoners of the British instead of the 
 Indians. Captain Bird, however, was unable to 
 restrain the sa\ages, antl men, women, and chiklrt 11 
 were indiscriminately and remorselessly massacred. 
 
 The Indians now became refractory, and after 
 the capture of Martin's Station and one other small 
 fort, the force was compelled to return without 
 having accomplished all that hatl been intended. A 
 letter from Colonel De Peyster to Colonel Bolton, 
 dated Detroit, August 4, ? 780, 'iays : 
 
 I have the pleasure to acquaint you that Captain Bird arrived 
 here this morning with about one hundred and fifty prisoner-, 
 mostly Germans who speak Knglish, — the remainder coming in, 
 for in spite of all his endeavors to prevent it the Indians bmk'' 
 into the forts and seized many. The whole will amount to about 
 three hundred and fifty. ♦ * * Thirteen have entered into 
 the Rangers and many more will enter, as the prisoners .ire greai ly 
 fatigued with travelling so far, some sick and some wounded. 
 
 P. S. Please excuse the hurry of this letter, -the Indians 
 engross my time. We have more here than enough. Were it ii"t 
 absolutely necessary to keep in with them, they would tire my 
 patience. 
 
 The British now became greatly troubled by the 
 attitude of the Delaware Indians. This tribe had 
 
wmm 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 261 
 
 decided to remain neutral and also souj,d:t to restrain 
 iilher tribes from enterinj;; into the contest. The 
 I'.nijlish suspected that liie \h)ravian missionaries, 
 who had a mission amonj^ tiiem, were responsible 
 for this action, and therefore looked upon them 
 with disfavor. The Moravians were advised by the 
 Americans to return to Pennsylvania, but they per- 
 sisted in remaininj( at what they deemed the post of 
 iliity. Finally the v\mericans souj^ht the Delawares 
 as allies in the war ; they not only refused, but the 
 body of the tribe soon after cast in their lot with the 
 llnylish. In order to confirm them in this purpose. 
 Colonel Ue I'eyster determined to remove the mis- 
 sionaries from among them ; and in September, 
 1 78 1, he compelled them to forsake their settlement 
 on the Muskinijum. With sad hearts they left their 
 homes and tieUls, their cattle, their books, and all 
 their household treasures, and, escorted by Indians 
 commanded by English officers, they were marched 
 to Sandusky, where they arrived on the nth of 
 October, and from there, on October 25, they set 
 out for Detroit. An account of their arrival and 
 treatment while here is given elsewhere. 
 
 That they were really favorable to the American 
 cause is evident from a letter of Colonel Brodhead 
 to Oeneral Washington, dated December 13, 1779, 
 which states that he relied almost wholly on the 
 Moravians for information from Detroit. 
 
 Under the labors of the missionaries many of the 
 Indians had become Christians, and were entirely 
 guiltless of wrong to either British or Americans ; 
 but in those days Indian massacres were so frequent 
 tliat there was but little sympathy for the red race. 
 Many Americans, exasperated by the outrages of 
 hostile tribes, held all alike guilty, and a body of 
 militia from Washington County, Pennsylvania, 
 commanded by Colonel David Williamson, was 
 raised to proceed against the Delawares. Many of 
 tin; Christian Indians had meantime returned to 
 tlii'ir settlements on the Muskingum ; and on the 
 arrival of Williamson, on March 8, 1782, these 
 really inoffensive people, who had assembled in two 
 houses, were attacked, and sixty-two grown people 
 and thirty-four children were deliberately massacred 
 by the Americans. ( )ne of the blackest crimes of the 
 Revolution was thus perpetrated by colonial militia. 
 This questionable success of Williamson and 
 the hostility of the Delawares led to the organization 
 of a new expedition, commanded by Colonel William 
 Crawford, who proceeded against them on June 4, 
 17S2. When near what is now Upper Sandusky, 
 he was met by a party of about two hundred Indians 
 and one hundred of Butler's Rangers from Detroit, 
 under command of Captain William Caldwell. A 
 battle ensued, in which Crawford's forces were vic- 
 torious ; but the next day the British were reinforced 
 wiih a detachment of Rangers and more Indians, 
 
 and the Americans retreated. Colonel Crawford 
 became separated froin his command, was captured 
 by the Indians, and burned to death on June 11, 1782. 
 The English were not parties to the burning of 
 Crawford. On August 17, 1782, Oeneral Haldimand 
 wrote Colonel De I'eyster "regretting the cruelty 
 committed by some of the Indians upon Colonel 
 Crawford, and desiring De I'eyster to assure them 
 of his utter abhorrence of such procedure." It is 
 due to Colonel De I'eyster to state that he often 
 manifested his disapproval of the cruelties of the 
 Indians, and felt that he had a diflicult part to per- 
 form. In a letter, written April 12, 1781, to the 
 Delaware Indians, and contained in his "Miscella- 
 nies," he says : 
 
 Sttiii! me that littlr liahbliiii; Kri'iichinan named Mimsimir 
 I.iiutcit, h<- who piiisiins your cars, oru- of those who says hu can 
 amuse yon with words only, -send him to me, or lie the means of 
 my K<'""i)s' him, and I will then put eonlidenee in you. I then 
 will deal with yon as with other Indians wh<jm I call my friends, 
 my lirothers, and my children, and to whom 1 request ol yon to 
 give free |)assiii,'e and kind entertainment. If you have not an 
 opportiniity to brinv; nie the little Krenehman, you may hrinn me 
 some Virginia prisoners. 1 am pleased when I see what yon call 
 live meat, because 1 can speak to it and get information. Scalps 
 serve to show that yon have seen the enemy, but they are of no 
 use to me. I cannot speak with them. I request of you to give 
 free passage to sneh Virginians as have a mind to speak with me, 
 that yon will not offer to stop ihem, but make a straight and even 
 road for them to come to Detroit. 
 
 In another letter, of September 29, 1781, ad- 
 dressed to (ieneral Haldimand, and given in "But- 
 terfield's Washington-Irvine Letters " he says : 
 
 I have a very difTicuit card to play at this post and its depend- 
 ences. * ♦ ♦ It is evident that the b;ick settlers will continue 
 to make war upon the Shawanese, Delawares, and Wyandots, even 
 after a truce shall be agreed to between (ireat liritain and her 
 revolted colonies ; in which case, whilst we continue to support 
 the Indians with troops (which they are calling loud for) or only 
 with arms, animiniition, and necessjirie*, we shall incur the odium 
 of encouraging incursions into the bac k settlements ; for it is evi- 
 dent that when the Indians are on foot occasioned by the constant 
 alarms they receive from the enemy's entering their country, they 
 will occasionally enter the si?ttlements and bring off prisoners and 
 scalps; so that, whilst in alliance with a people we are bound to 
 support, a defensive war will, in spite of human prudence, almost 
 always terminate in an offensive one. 
 
 Colonel De Peyster's words were prophetic, for 
 competent authorities estimate that from 1783 to 
 1790 not less than three thousand persons were 
 scalped or made captives by bands from Detroit. 
 In an article in the North American Review, 
 General Cass says : 
 
 When the foraying party returned, they were formally intro- 
 duced to the commanding officer. The scalps were thrown down 
 before him in the Council house, and the principal warrior addressed 
 him in terms like these ; "Father, we have done as you directed us ; 
 wi- have struck yourenemies." They were then paid and dismissed, 
 and the scalps were deposited in the cellar of the Council House. 
 We have been told by more than one respect.-ible eye-witness that 
 when the charnel-house was eleanset', It was a spectacle upon 
 which the inhabitants gazed with horror. 
 
262 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 General Cass continues : 
 
 We are indebted for the following relation to a respectable gen- 
 tleman of Detroit, James May, Ksq., and as it elucidates import- 
 ant traits in the Indian character, and discloses facts not generally 
 known, we shall give it in his own words; 
 
 "During the Americ.in revolutionary war, when the Indian 
 war-parties approached Detroit, they always gave the war and 
 death whoops, so that the inhabitants, who were acquainted with 
 their customs, knew the number of scalps they had brought and of 
 prisoners they had taken, some time before they had niadi- tlieir 
 appearance. Soon after I arrived in Detroit, the great war party 
 which had captured Ruddle's Station in Kentucky, returned from 
 that expedition. Hearing the usual signals of success, I walked 
 out of town and soon met the party. The squaws and young 
 Indians had rangetl ihemst'Ives on the side of the road, with slicks 
 and clubs, and were whipping tlie prisoners with great severity. 
 Among these were two young girls, thirteen or fourteen years old, 
 who escaped from the party and ran for protection to me and to a 
 naval oflicer who was with me. With much trouble and some 
 danger, and after knocking down two of the Indians, we succeeded 
 in rescuing the girls, and fled with them to the C'ouncil House. 
 Here they were safe, because this was the goal, where the right of 
 the Indians to beat them ceased. Next morning I received a mes- 
 sage by an nrd»Tly-sergeant to wait upon Colonel De Peyster, the 
 commanding olhcer. I found the naval ofTicer, who was with me 
 the preceding day, already there. 
 
 "The Colonel stated that a serious complaint h.iil been preferred 
 against us by McKee, the Indian agent, for interfering with the 
 Indians, and rescuing two of their prisoners. He said the Indians 
 had a right to their own mode of warfare, and that no one should 
 interrupt them ; and after continuing this reproof for some time, 
 he told me, if I ever took such a liberty again, he would send me 
 to Montreal or Quebec. 
 
 " The naval officer was still more severely ri'primanded, and 
 threatined to have his uniform stripped from his back and to be 
 dismissed from His Majesty's service, if such an incident again 
 occurred. And although I stated to Colonel De Peyster that we 
 s;ived the lives of the girls at the peril of our own, l.e abated 
 nothing of his threats or harshness." 
 
 In gratifying contrast to the story just narrated is 
 the following account of the treatment of O. M. 
 Spencer, a boy of twelve years ami an only son, 
 captured near Cincinnati, on July 7, 1792, antl finally 
 taken to Detroit, where he arrived on March 3, 1793, 
 and was delivered to Colonel England. lie was 
 treated with great kindness and was committed to 
 the care of Lieutenant Andre. 
 
 Many years after he wrote an account of his 
 capture in which he said : 
 
 Mr. Andre immediately took me by the hand and led me to his 
 quarters in the same barracks, only a few doors distant, and re- 
 (piesling me to sit down, retired from the apartment. In a few 
 minutes a servant entered, atld set before me some tea and bread 
 and Imtter, on which ha\'Ing supped, I arose and was retiring froui 
 the table, when two women, who mere curiosity, as I sujiposed, had 
 kept standing at one end of the room looking at me intently while 
 I was eating, now advanced, and each unceremoniously taking me 
 by the hand, and leading me out of the apartment, conducted me 
 to a chamber. Here, stripping off all but my shirt, carefully 
 throwing my clothes out at a back window, beyond the palisades 
 of the town, and seating me in a large washtub half filled with 
 water, they tore off my shirt, which had fast adhered to the band- 
 age round my shoulder, before 1 had time to tell them I was 
 wounded, and so suddenly, inflicting fora moment acute pain, as to 
 extort from me a loud Scream. Their surprise at this soim ceased 
 when I told them that an Indian had stabbed me in the shoulder; 
 
 and when they saw the blond from the open wound running down 
 my back, one of them, '".la'-med, r.in to inform Mr. Aiiibl', the 
 other, with a rag immediately staunching the blood deliberately 
 proceeded to scour my person with soap and water, .■ind by the 
 time the surgeon arrivi'd had effected a complete abhtlion. 
 
 On probing the wound, which he found to be about three inchiis 
 deep, the surgeon pronounced it to be not dangerous. I'drtu- 
 nately, he said, the knife, in entering, ' ad struck the lower pos- 
 terior point of the right shoulder blade, and taken a direction 
 downward ; but had it entered an iiuh low.r or nearer the spine, 
 it would probably have caused death. I'mni the waul of clothes, 
 it was late next morning before I could get up, but receiving at 
 length a temporary supply of a roundabout and pantaloons from 
 the wardrobe of Knsign O'lirien (brother of Mrs. Kngland) and a 
 pair of stockings and slippers from one of the women, I made my 
 appearance in the breakfast room, and was introduced to Mrs. 
 Andre, wife of the I.ieutenant. She very kindly took my hand, 
 and congratulated me on my deliverance from the Indi.ans, though 
 she could not heli> smiling at my singular appearance, dressed as 
 I was in clothes which, although they fitted the smallest otTicer in 
 the garrison, hung like bags on me. * ♦ * She was kind and 
 amiable, as she was handsome and accomplished; and although 
 quite young, apparently not more than twenty, supplieil to me the 
 place of a mother. Her husband, a brother of the unfortunate 
 Major Andre, and one of the handscjnust men I ever saw, very 
 affabk' in his manners, and frank in his disposition, treated me 
 with great kindness ; and after seeing that I was comfortably and 
 indeed genleely dressed, introduced me to the families of Mr. 
 Krskine and Commodore (Irani (where I found boys and girls of 
 nearly my own age, who cheerfully associated with me), and look 
 pleasure in showing me the town, the shipping, the fort, and 
 whatever else he thought would afford me gratification. 
 
 After a stay of about four weeks, near the end of 
 March young Spencer was sent on the sloop Iclicity 
 to Niagara. 
 
 Some of tlie prisoners were allowed to roam at 
 large, and get their living as best they could . aiui 
 one of the old account-books of Thomas Smith, a 
 leading merchant in Detroit, shows that se\eral :if 
 them obtained goods of various kinds on credit. 
 
 Peace was finally declared between ICngland and 
 America, and in theory, if not in fact, " the hatchet 
 was buried." The history of the negotiations for 
 the surrender of Detroit affords a notable illustra- 
 tion of diplomatic delay. 
 
 BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS AND FIRST AMERI- 
 CAN OCCUPATION OK DETROIT. 
 
 Under the treaties of NovemJjer 30, 1782, and 
 September 3, 17H3, made between England and the 
 Unitetl States, it was understood, at least by the 
 American ("lovernment, that the country north of the 
 St. Lawrence and the Lakes became part of the 
 United States, and that Detroit was therefore to be 
 given up by the Lnglish. lnaiitici|),'ition of its sur- 
 render, and in order to jiromote friendly feeling 
 with the Indians and .secure a cessation of hostili- 
 ties on their part, the Secretary of War, in May. 
 1783, sent Ephraim Douglass to hold councils with 
 the Indians. His report, contained in the Pennsyl- 
 vania Archives, is as follows: 
 
BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS. 
 
 263 
 
 PKlNCliTON, i8th Aug., 1783. 
 SlR,- 
 
 In obedience to the instructions you hoiiori'd nu' with on the 
 slh of .May last, I have uscti fvt'ry endi-avor in my power to exe- 
 cute in the fullest manner your orders. » * * On the 7th of 
 June I left Kort Vitt, and travellin; about two hundred miles by 
 the old trading path, arrived on the ifith at the Delaware and 
 Huron settlements on the Sandusky river. * * * Captain 
 Pipe, who is the principal man of the nation, received me with 
 every demonstration of joy, * * * hut told mi', as his nati(m 
 was not the principal one, nor had voluntarily en.^aijed in the 
 war, it would he proper forme first to commiuiicate my business 
 to the Hurons and Shawncse, aiul afterward to the Delawares. 
 That he had announced my arrival to the Hurons and expected 
 such of them as were at home would very shortly be over to see 
 and welcome me. This soon happened as he had expected, but 
 .IS none of their chiefs were present I declined speaking publicly 
 to them, knowing that 1 could receive no authentic answer, and 
 imwiiling to expend unnecessarily the wampum 1 had prepared 
 for this occasion. I infornud them for their satisfaction of the 
 peace with Kngland, and told tliem that the United States were 
 disposed to he in friendship with Indians also, — desired them to 
 scud for their head men, particularly for the Half King (Chief of 
 tile Wyandotts, at lirownstown), who was gone to Detroit. 
 
 * * * They all readily agreed to this proposal and returned 
 to their homes apparently very well satisfied ; but the Hurnns 
 nevertheless failed sending to Detroit, partly thro' the want 
 of authority in the old men present, and partly through the 
 assurance of the wife of the Half Kin.g, who was confident 
 her husband would be home in two days, and therefore a 
 journey which would require si.x or seven was altogether un- 
 necessary. * * * On the evening of the i8th a runner 
 arrived fnun the Miami with intelligence tliat Mr. Klliott had 
 received despatches from Detroit, announcing the arrival of Sir 
 John Johnson at that place; -that in consequence the chiefs 
 and w.irriors were desired to rt;pair thitlier in a few days, where 
 the council would he held with them. They were also directed to 
 take with them the War or Tomahawk licks, which had been de- 
 livered to them by the King to .strike the Americans with. * * * 
 r.ut when they were ju.st ready to mount their horses, they were 
 stopped by the arrival of ten men who preceded a body of si.xty 
 other southern Indians, coming upon business from the nations 
 uortli andea.st of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. * *, * Pipe 
 pnssed me to accompany him to Detroit, assuring me that it 
 would he useless to wait the coming of the Indians from the 
 Miami, that they would spend their time in useless counciling 
 liuie till the Treaty of 1 letroit would come on, and that if 1 even 
 (ciiild assemble them 1 could obtain nothing from the interview. 
 That if the Half King was present he would not undertake to 
 give me an answer, witluuit consulting the chiefs of the Huron 
 tribe at Detroit, and that these would determine nothing without 
 
 rst asking the advice of their lather the Commandant. Kind- 
 ing that I had little to hope by continuing at Sandusky and likely 
 to edect as little by visiting the Miami if my horses had even 
 been able to have performed the journey, I determined to proceed 
 to Detroit by the nearest route. * * * I left Sandusky on the 
 Vith accompanied by the Pipi' and two other Indians in additii-ii 
 to my former companions and travelled onwards to Detroit till 
 tile afternoon of the first of July, when we were met by Mr. 
 I.lliott and three other persiuis from that place, whom the Ciun- 
 luandant had dispatched for the purpose of conducting us thither. 
 
 * * ♦ 1 continued my journey with my new companion till the 
 .)th, when 1 arrive<l at Detroit, where 1 was received with iiuicli 
 politeness and treated with great civility by the Commandant, to 
 whom I delivered your letters, shewed your instructions and pressed 
 for an opportunity of communicating them to the Indians as soon 
 as might be. He professed the strongest desire of bringing about 
 a reconciliation between the United States and the several Indian 
 nations, declared that he would willingly promote it all in his 
 power ; but that until he was authorized by his superiors in com- 
 mand, he could not consent that anything should be said to the 
 Indians relative to the boundary of the United States; for though 
 
 he knew from the King's proclamation that the war with America 
 was at an end, he had no o(Tk ial information to justify his sup- 
 posing the States extended to this place, and therefore could not 
 ctuisent to the Indians being told so ; especially as he had uni- 
 formly declared to them that he did not know these posts were to 
 he evacuated by the I-'.nglish. He had no objection, he said, to my 
 communicating the friendly offers of the United States, and would 
 cheerfully make known to them the substance of your letter to him. 
 In the morning of the 5th 1 receix'ed an intimation from Colonel 
 De Peyster, through Captain McKee, that it was his wish I would 
 go on to Niagara as soon as I had recovered from the fatigue of 
 my journey. In consequence of this I waited on him in the after- 
 noon and prcssetl with greater warmth than yesterd.iy the net.es- 
 sity of my speaking to the Indians, and receiving an answer from 
 them. I pressed him to suffer me to Toceed on my business with- 
 out his interference, and offered him 1..7 word that 1 would s;iy 
 nothing to them respecting the limits of the States, but confine 
 myself to the offer of Peace or choice of War, and the Invitation 
 to Treaty. He would not retract his resolution without further 
 orders from the Commander in chief, and 1 was obliged to submit 
 however unwillingly ; but must do him the justice to acknowledge 
 that he made every offer of civility and .service, exrept that which 
 he considered inconsistent with bis duly. On the 6th 1 attended 
 the council which Colonel De Peyster held with the Indians to 
 which he had yesterday invited me. After delivering his business 
 of calling them together, he published to them your letter and 
 pressed them to continue in the striitest amity with the Subjects 
 of tlie United States,— representing to them the folly of continu- 
 ing hostilities, and as.sured them that he could by no means give 
 them any further assistance a,i,'ainst the people of America. At 
 this meeting were the chiefs of eleven Indi.in natii'ns, compre- 
 hending all the Tribes, as far south as the Wabash ; they were 
 Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots or Hurons, Shawne.se, Pelawares, 
 Kickapoos, Oweochtanoos, Miamis, Potawatamies, and Pienkishas, 
 with a part of the Senecas ; most of who..i gave evident marks of 
 their sjitisfaction at seeing a subject of thf United Slates in that 
 country. They carried their civilities so far that my lodging was 
 all day surrounded with crowds of them when at home, and the 
 streets lined with them to attend my going abn.'ad; that they migh 
 have an opportunity of seeing and saluting me, which they did 
 not fail to do in their best manner with every demonstration of joy. 
 On the morning of the 7th 1 took my leave of Colonel De Peyster 
 after having received more civilities from him than the limits of 
 this report will suffer me to enumerate ; but not till I had the 
 honor of writing to you by my guide whom I directed to return to 
 Kort Pitt so socm as the Pipe should be ready to return to San- 
 dusky, on whom I depended for his safe conduct thither and to pro- 
 vide one to accompany him to Fort I'itt. 
 
 I arrived at Niagara on the nth, was introduced to (leneral 
 Maclean, who was prejiared for my coming, delivered him Colonel 
 De Peyster's letter, and was received with every mark of atten- 
 tion, but he declined entering upon any business this day. * ♦ * 
 
 On the evening of the 13th I received a note from the General 
 requesting a copy of my Instructions, ifcc, to send to the Com- 
 mander in chief to facilitate business. I sent him word that he 
 shoiiUl be obeyed, and early in the morning began to execute my 
 promise, but before 1 had finished copying them 1 received a ver- 
 bal message that he wished to see me at his quarters. I finished 
 the copies and waited on him with them. He informed me that 
 he had sent for me to show me the copy of a letter he was writing 
 to Colonel Dc Peyster. It contained instructions to that gentle- 
 man in consequence of my representations of the murders commit- 
 ted by western Indians in the course of the last spring and since; 
 by his account they had been positively forbid to be guilty of any 
 such outrage. He pressed Colonel De Peyster very earnestly to 
 examine minutely into this affair, to forbid the Indiansin the most 
 positive manner to be guilty of such future miscimduct, to order 
 them to deliver up immediately such prisoners as they had cap- 
 tured through the spring into the hands of himself or his officers, 
 and further to tell them that if they did not desist from these 
 practices the British troops would join the Americans to punish 
 them. 
 
264 
 
 HKiriSIl AND INDIAN WARS. 
 
 While Douj(lass was on his way to Detroit, Colonel 
 De I'eyster, on June 18, 1783, wrote to Captain 
 Matthews, Secretary of Cicncral Ilaldimand : 
 
 We arc all ill ('xpci tatlmi of iiiws. Kvcrytliiii^; that is bad is 
 spread tliniii^'li tlii' Imliaii (Mniiitry, Init as I liavr iiolliiiiK nmri' 
 than the Kind's pniijaiiialion fniin aiithmity, I evade aiiswrriiiK 
 iinperlineiU (luestinns. Heavens! if ^^oods do not arrive soon, 
 what will become of iiH' ? 1 have lost several stoiK^ wt. of llesh 
 within these twenty days. I hope Sir John is to make us a 
 viiit. 
 
 'n order Lo learn what liie real intentions of the 
 T^ngiish were, the services of Mr. Douii^lass were 
 continued, and on February 2, 17S4, hi; wrote from 
 Union Town to President Dickenson of I'ennsyl- 
 vania : 
 
 Karly in the fall Sir John Johnson assemhled the different wisl- 
 ern tribes at Sandusky, and having pre|)ared them with |)resi'nts 
 distribnled with lavish |)rofiision, addressed them in a speech lo 
 this purport : That the KinK, ids and their (oniinon father, had 
 made iieace with the Americans, an<l had Kiven them the country 
 they possessed on this continent ; but that the report of his having 
 >;iven them any part of the Indian lands was false, and fabricated 
 by the Americans for the purjiose of provoking; the Indians 
 against their father, that they should, therefore, shut tlieirears 
 against it. So far the contrary was proved that the great river 
 Ohio was to be the line between the Indians in this quarter and 
 the Americans; over w'hith the latter ought not to pass and return 
 in safety. That, however, as the war between liritain and .Xiner- 
 ica was now at an end, and as the Indians had engaged in it from 
 their attachment to the crown and not from any (puirrel of their 
 own, he would, as was usual at the end of a war, take the toma- 
 hawk out of their hand ; though he would not remove it out of 
 sight or far from them, but lay it down carefully by their side that 
 they might have it convenient tcj use iu defense uf their rights 
 and property, if they were in\-adetl or molest<'d by the Americans. 
 
 Meanwhile President Washinj^ton also took steps 
 to obtain possession t)f the posts. ()n July 12, 1783, 
 he sent Baron .Steuben to Canada for the necessary 
 orders to secure the delivery of Detroit by the local 
 commander; he was then to proceed to this place, 
 and was authorized, if he found it advisable, to 
 orjranize the French of Michiii^an into a body of 
 militia, and place the fort in their hands. On his 
 arrival at Chambly on August 3, 1783, he wrote to 
 (leneral Haldinu'ind that he was on his way to Que- 
 bec and expected to arrive in three or four days. 
 When the Haron presented himself near Quebec, 
 (leneral Haldimand received him politely, but 
 refused him the necessary passports and papers, 
 and delivered him a letter to W.ishington, dated 
 August II, in which it was stated that the treaty 
 was only provisional, and that no orders had been 
 received to deliver up the posts along the Lakes. 
 
 The next effort to induce Haldimand lo yield up 
 the posts was made, under the apjiroval of Congress, 
 at the suggestion of (General Knox, by Lieutenant- 
 Colonel William Hull (afterwards our iinfortimate 
 first Governor). He started on May 24, 1784, 
 arrived at Quebec July 12, and made known his 
 errant!, and Haldimand for the second time refused 
 
 to issue an order for the evacuation of the posts. 
 Negotiations and demands for the yielding up of 
 the territory went on, and in 1786 John Adams, 
 then United Stales minister to Fngland, informed 
 (ingress that he had madt; a demand for the west- 
 ern posts and had been refused, on the ground that 
 many of the States had violated the treaty in regard 
 to the payment of debts. 
 
 All this time the Briti.sh were endeavoring to 
 strengtiien themselves in the favor of the Indians 
 and to retain their western ])ossessions. On March 
 22, 1787. .Sir John Johnson wrote to Josejih Hrant : 
 
 It is for your sake chielly that we hold them. If you become 
 indirfireiil idiout them they may, ))erbaps, be given up, * • * 
 whireas, by supporting them you encourage us to hold them, anil 
 ent'oiirage the new settlements, ♦ * ♦ every day increased by 
 numbers coming in who find they cannot li\'e in the States. 
 
 At this same time Dr. John Connolly, the Vir- 
 ginia Tory, who had fully allied himself to the 
 British cause, entered upon the vigorous prosecution 
 of his scheme of inducing the Kentucky settlt:rs to 
 take sides with the iMiglish, on the ground that they 
 would wrest Louisiana from .S]iain, and secure the 
 free navigation of the Mississippi. He was in De- 
 troit during a great i)art of the year 17H7, and 
 possibly during 1788. In June, 1787, Detroit was 
 reinforced by a full regiment and two companies, 
 aiul the garrison then numbered more than two 
 regiments under command of Major R. Matthews. 
 In pursuance of the jilan to h( !d the ]iost. Lord Dor- 
 chester, in the summer of 1788, visited Detroit, and 
 by his directions the town was newly picketed, and 
 other defensive works erected. In the fall of 1789 
 Connolly was again in Detroit, went to Louisville, 
 and returned in November. These goings to and fro 
 were made known to the Americans by their spies ; 
 and on July 20, 1790, ("icneral Knox, Secretary of 
 War, wrote to ("lovernor St. Clair that it was reported 
 th.tt " Benedict Arnold was at Detroit about the 
 first of June and that he had reviewed the militia." 
 
 In addition to the many rumors concerning this 
 region, Wa.shington, on Augu.st 25, 1790, communi- 
 cated to the cabinet his ajiprehensions that Lord 
 Dorchester, in anticij)alion of a war with Spain, 
 contemplated sending an expedition from Detroit to 
 attack Louisiana, tlien owned by S|)ain. 
 
 There w.is good reason for these apprehensions, 
 for there was no relaxation in the efforts of the 
 I'".nglish to retiin possession of the West. The 
 Montreal merchants, who had been very successful 
 in their western trade, had increasing fears that this 
 region would be lost. The fur trade aiid the fur- 
 nishing of supplies had made tliem inunensely 
 wealthy ; their wealth brought intluence, and on 
 December 9, 1791, they adilres.sed a memorial to 
 Colonel Simcoe advising that on no account the 
 western posts be surrendered. They claimed that. 
 
HRrriSII AND INDIAN WARS. 
 
 265 
 
 throu.ijjh an ovcrsiirht, the Kii.i(lish commissioners 
 who iK\i(otiatc(i tiie treaties of 1782 and 1783 iiad 
 made lavish concessions, for wiiicii they received 
 nolliin(i( in exclianj^e. Tiie memorial eniarired upon 
 ti>e t(reat imjiortance of tlie fur trade, and su)j;.v,n'sted 
 various boundaries th.it would be satisfactory to 
 tiiem ; but all of their suijiLjcstions left the West in 
 possession of the I'"n,v;lish, and the memorial insisti'd 
 tiiat it must be lield for tlie protection of tlie Cana- 
 dian border. Tliis memorial was followed by an- 
 iitiicr, whi<h allc.ned that the Americans had not 
 complied with the treaty, and that, therefore, it was 
 not bindinjf, and they reconmiended the Govern- 
 ment to " disi)ute the j^round to the utmost unless the 
 treaty was complied with," addin.i;', "All that the 
 Americans eonciuered from us they are entitled to, 
 and no more." These and similar ariijuments were 
 rcpt'ated o\er and over in the nu'morials, and they 
 undoubtedly had much to do with the lonij delay of 
 the ("lovernment in complyinj^ with the terms of the 
 treaties. 
 
 British inlluence was also still paramount with 
 the Indians, and the Mnjuiish oiricers lost no o|ipor- 
 tunity of assuring; llu'in of their protection and 
 sympathy. Mncoura.ijed in this way, tlu'y trrew 
 increasingly hostile, and so many western settlers 
 were killed that it was determined to 'hastise the 
 Indians. A force was accordinj^ly gathered and 
 [)laccd in command of (ieneral Ilarmer. 
 
 Some strani^e infatuation or excess of official 
 courtesy led the Secretary of War to direct that the 
 iiritish commandant at Detroit be notified that the 
 expedition was directed only aj^ainst the Indians. 
 
 Accordinjily.on September 19, 1790, C.overnor St. 
 Clair so notified him, sendinii; the letter by R. J. 
 .Mcij^r.s. 'II1C letter was imdoubtedly one cause of 
 the defeat of General Ilarmer, as the British were 
 actini( in full concert with the Indians and aided 
 lluni in every way. riciural llarmi'r was defeated 
 near the villaii^es of the Miamis on October i<; and 
 12, 1790. After his defeat loni; poles struni;^ with 
 liie scalps of American soldiers were daily p.araded 
 ihroui^h the streets of Detroit, accompanied by the 
 demoniac .scalp-yells of the warriors who had t.iken 
 ihem. 
 
 The next expedition, with fourteen hundred troops, 
 was conuiianded by (iovernor St. Clair; and on 
 November 4, 1791, he was defeated near the head- 
 waters of the Wabash. I'Mnally the C.ovirnment 
 determined to treat with the Indians and endeavor 
 to prevent their incursions; and on March i, 1793, 
 the President appointed Benjamin Lincoln, IJeverly 
 Randolph, and Timothy Pickering- to hieet the hos- 
 tile tribes at Sandusky and endeavor to make peace 
 with them. No arran.v;ement, however, could be 
 made, as the Indians, under the advice of the \'.n\^- 
 lish, would not aj,free to any other boundary than 
 
 the Ohio, and the conference closed on the i6th of 
 
 Autfust. 
 
 Considerable impression, however, had been made 
 on the savaj^res, and several of tlie tribes bcnan to 
 lose faith in the luiiL,dish, who this year, therefore, 
 made renewed efforts to .i,^'un their jroodwill with 
 i;ifts, and to convince them that the I'ln^lish would 
 not yield to the demands of the Americans. Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor .Simcoe, of Canada, was esjiecially 
 active in these endeavors, and it was larijely to re- 
 assure the Indirms that the ISritish fort on the Miami 
 was erected. Governor Simcoe was in Detroit in 
 February, 1793, and ^pril, 1794. On the last of these 
 visits, by order of Lord Dorchester, he selected the 
 site for the British fort on the left banks of the 
 Miami, and it was erected, and jjarrisoned with 
 three companies from Detroit, under commanil of 
 Ca|)tain C.ililwell. 
 
 '{'he Government at Washinj^ton finally became 
 convinced that a force competent to defeat both 
 Britisii and Intlians must be put in motion, and Ma- 
 jor-( Ieneral Wayne took the field ajjainst them. 11 is 
 name and fame and the army he commanded caust'd 
 both Lnvjlish and Indians to feel that a ilecisi\e bat- 
 tle would be fouj^ht. They were greatly alarmed, 
 and Colonel Lngland sent nearly all his force from 
 Di'troit, almost dismantling this fort, in order to 
 .strengthen that on the Miami. Other preparations 
 made by the British and liidi.ins, with di'tails of 
 some of the skirmishing, are contained in a si-ries of 
 letters addressed by Alexander McKee to Colonel 
 l'".ngland, at Detroit. Tlu'y were jiublished in the 
 National Intelligencer of Washington on July 26, 
 1 8 14. The first is as follows : 
 
 Rai'Iiis, Jiity 5, 1794. 
 Sri;,- 
 
 1 scml lliis 1))' .'i |Kirty of S.igaiuis wlio roUiriuit yi "ilird.iy fioiii 
 I'ljrt KiH'iivcry wtiiTi' llir wlmli; liculy of liuli.tiis cxcciit llw 1 >rla- 
 w.iris, wlici liad K'""' '"K'tlu'r routo, iinpriulfiilly aUiirkid ihc 
 fort on Moiulay, lliir 30th iif last inmilli, and lust 16 or 17 iiiiii, 
 iKsidc's a K'lnil m.iny wouiuli'd. 
 
 I'A'rryttiiin; liati l)i'fii srtlli-d priitr to lin-ir Iraviii)^ llio fatten 
 liii»t)fr,' ami it Iiad ticcn ai;rcfd iiptui tn rinitini' ttirmsrlvrs to 
 tat<iii,< foii\'oys and attai king at .'i dislanrc from tin; forts, if ihcy 
 stioidd Iia\'<' ttic atUIrcss to entice the en. niy ont ; bnt the iinpeln- 
 osily of the Maet^ina Indians and tlieir (,'a>;erness to hej^in with 
 ttie nearest, i)revaiteil with ttie ottiers to alter thi'ir system, the 
 consi(|iiences of whieli, from tlic present appearance of tliinv,'s, 
 may most materially injnre the inten'sts of these people, both the 
 Markina and Lake Indians seeming resolved on K"'"*! I'onic 
 .'ij^ain, liavin)^ coinptilid ttie l)etts they carried, with scalps and 
 prisoners, and havinj.; no provisions lliere at the Cila/e to sntisist 
 upon, so ttiat His Majesty's jiosts will derivtr no secnrily from tile 
 tale j^'reat influx of Indians into this |)art of llie conntry, should 
 lliey persist in their resolution of returning so scion. 
 
 'Vh-. immediate otiject of the .'itt.-iek was 300 pack horses K'*itig 
 from this fort to Kort I'lreeiivitte, in wliidi the Indians complitely 
 sncceeded, taking and kitlini,' all of them. lint tlur commanding 
 oHicer, ('a|itaiii I iihsoii, si'iiding out a troop of cavalry, and hrini;- 
 ing his infantry out in the front of his post, the Indians attacked 
 
 • Supposed to be the place whore Wayne's battle was fought. 
 
266 
 
 BRITISH AND INDIAN WARS. 
 
 lluin, and killed about 50, aiiiunj; whom is Captain (jibson and 
 two other orUccrs. On tlio near approiah of tin- Indl.iiis to the 
 fort, tlu; remains of his garrison retired into it, and from their 
 loo)>hoIes kiUed and wonnded as already mentioned, t'aptain 
 KUiolt writi'S that they are immediatily to hold a council at tlie 
 (Haze, in order to try if they can prevail njion the Lake Indians to 
 remain; bnt without provisions, ammnnltlon, \c., beinj; sent to 
 that place, I conceive it will be extremely dlflicnlt to keep them 
 t()gether. 
 
 With gr<at respect, I have the honor to be your obedient and 
 very humble servant, 
 
 A. Ml Kkk. 
 
 The following is the second letter : 
 
 Kai'Ids, August 13, 1794. 
 Sii;,- 
 
 I was honored last night with your letter <if the nth, and was 
 extremely glad to find you are making such exirtlons to sujiply 
 the Indians \vith provisions. 
 
 C'aptain Klliott arrived yesterday ; wliat lu' has brought will 
 greatly relieve us, having been obliged yesterday to take all the 
 corn and Hour which the traders had here. 
 
 A scorning party from the Americans carried off a man and a 
 woman yesterday morning between this place and Roche de liout, 
 and afterwards attacked a .small party of Dilawares, in their 
 cam|) ; but they were repulsed with the loss of a man, whom they 
 eitlier hid or threw into the river. 'I'licy killed a Delaware 
 woman. # 
 
 Scouts are .sent up to view the situation of the army, and we 
 now muster 1,000 Indians. All the Lake Indians from Sagana 
 downwards should not lose one moment in joining their brethren, 
 as every accession of strength is an addition to their spirits. 
 
 1 have the honor to be, with very great respect, sir, your most 
 obedient and very hmnble servant, 
 
 A. M'Kee. 
 
 At this time every exertion was beinjr made to 
 aid the Indians, and on .\ii!.,aist i8, 1794, (unernor 
 Sinu'oe wrote to Lord Dorchester that he would 
 "go to Detroit with all the force he could muster." 
 I le was too late, iiowever, for on August 30, (leneral 
 \\ ayne defeated the combined forces near their 
 own fort. 
 
 In a letter to the Secretary of War he said : 
 
 It is with inlinlte pleasure that I announce to you the brilliant 
 success of the federal army under my command, in a general 
 action with the combined force of the hostile Indians and a con- 
 siderable number of the volunteers and militia of Detroit. * * * 
 So long as the savages are furnished with all the necessary 
 warlike stores by foreign emissaries and traders at Detroit, we 
 have no reason to suppose that they will be much disposed to 
 maintain a long peace with the Americans, 'i'he latter ought 
 certainly to take immediate pos.session of posts that were ceded to 
 them more than <Mght years since. L'ntil this is dime the frontiers 
 of the western states cannot rest in security, although formidable 
 armies may be sent against the Indi.ins * * * so long as 
 these garrisons afford them an asylum and succor on all occasions. 
 
 Major William Campbell, who had succeeded 
 Captain Caldwell in command at the British fort 
 at Miami, protested against the near approach of 
 American troops, and four letters passed between 
 him and General Wayne. Wayne declared that the 
 English had no right to occupy a fort there, and 
 called upon Campbell to withdraw, but he declined, 
 and although (".eneral Wayne had rcceixcd positive 
 
 authority to demolish this fort, he deemed it too 
 pcr''oiis an undertaking, and left Campbell unmo- 
 Ics Jd. 
 
 Ten days after the battle Colonel M'Kee sent this 
 letter to Colonel England : 
 
 Camp neak Kokt Mia.mi, August 30, 1794. 
 
 SlK,- 
 
 I have been employed several days in endeavoring to fix the 
 Indiajis (who have been driven from their villages and cornfields) 
 between the fort and the bay. Swan creek is generally agreed 
 upon, and will be a very convenient place for the delivery of pro- 
 visions ic. 
 
 The lastaceoinus from tleneral Wayne's army were brought me 
 last night by an Indian who s.iys the army would not be able to 
 reach the (Haze before yestiiday evening, it is supposed on 
 accomit of the sick and wounded, many of whom they bury every 
 day. I propose being in town In a d.iy or two, when ] hope for 
 the pleasure of paying you my respects. 
 
 On the very day he wrote, there were estimated 
 to be 1,300 Indians at Detroit, who had lied there 
 for protection. The English and Indians were .so 
 severely ininished by CJener;il Wayne that an extra 
 surgeon ami another hospital were needed at Detroit, 
 and on October 31 Covernor Simeoe approved of 
 their having been provided. 
 
 During the battle Antoine Lasselle, a Frenchman, 
 painted, dressed, and disguised as an Indian, was 
 taken prisoner. He was tried by the court-martial, 
 and sentenced to be hanged, but was pardoned 
 through the interposition of Colonel Hamtramck. 
 
 The English now began to feel that Detroit was 
 really in danger, and fearing both a revolt of the 
 inhabitants and an attack from without, in Scineni- 
 ber, 1794, Fort Lernoult was newly fortihed, and 
 Covernor Sinicoe ordered a block-house and si.K 
 boats to be built at Chatham. At a conference 
 with the Indians.held on October 10, 17(^4, he said, 
 " Children, I am still of the opinion that the Ohio is 
 your right and title. I have gi\cn orders to the 
 Commandant at Fort Miami to lire on the Ameri- 
 cans when they make their appearance again." 
 The Indians, however, had become distrustful of the 
 ability of the English to protect them, and there 
 was no further occasion for such a severe punish- 
 ment as they received at the hands of C.encral 
 Wayne. 
 
 The question of the boundary line and other diffi- 
 culties between the United States .' .1 Cireat ISritain 
 now became so .serious that early in 1794 John Jay 
 was sent as .special minister to London to negotiate 
 a new treaty. On June 23 he wrote that he had 
 information that the ptjsts " will not be sui'rendered." 
 Finally, however, on November 19, 1794, the treaty 
 known as Jay's Treaty was made, and in 1795, it was 
 ratified by the President, it provided for fi.xing the 
 eastern boundary of the United States ; for the jiay- 
 ment of claims arising from illegal captures during 
 the Revolutionary War ; and, also, that Detroit and 
 
FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF DETROIT. 
 
 267 
 
 other western posts held by the British slioiild be 
 surreiulercd on or before the ist of June, 1796. 
 I'rcparations for taking possession went forward, 
 and on May 25, 1796, President Wasliington sent 
 the following communication to Congress : 
 
 Ornti.hmkn or TUB Senatk and ok tiif. IIousk oi' Rkpuk- 
 
 SRNTATIVHS, — 
 
 The measures now in operatinii for taking possession of the posts 
 of Ditroit ami Mirhiliinaekinae render it proper tliat provi>ion 
 should be made for extendiiij; to these places, an<l any others 
 aiike ciu'umstanced, the civil authority of the Northwestern Ter- 
 ritory. To do this will require an expense, to defray which the 
 ordinary salaries of the Governor and Secretary of that Territory 
 appear to he incompetent. The formiuK of a new county or new 
 counties and the appointment of the various olTicers which the 
 just exercise of government must require, will olilige the (lovernor 
 and .Secrt^tary to viait those places, and to spend considerable 
 time in making the arranjjc ments necessiiry for introdueinv and 
 establishiii!,' the >;overninent of the United States. Congress will 
 consider what provision will in this case be proper. 
 
 The communication was referred to a committee 
 consisting of Messrs. Sitgraves, Oreenup.and Reed. 
 On June i Mr. Sitgraves reported that he had not 
 been able to get the information necessary to make 
 a report, and the committee was discharged. 
 
 Although the Jay Treaty provided that the west- 
 ern posts shouki be evacuateii on or before tiie ist 
 of June, the order to evacuate was not given until 
 June 2. A letter, on file in the State Department 
 at Washington, from James McHenry, Secretary of 
 War, to (ieneral Washington, dated June 27, 1796, 
 states tiiat he enclosed a copy of the order for the 
 evacuation of Detroit, which order was dated June 
 2, 1796. 
 
 The order for evacuation was signed by George 
 Ikckwitli. Adjutant-General, and dated from Que- 
 bec. It provided that Detroit and other posts were 
 to be vacated, but a captain and fifty of the Queen's 
 Rangers, who had been sent to Detroit and Eort 
 Miami as late as April 24, were "to remain as a 
 guard for the protection of the works and public 
 l)uiidings till the troops of the United States are at 
 hand to occupy the same, when they will er.ibark." 
 
 In this connection the subjoined letter from the 
 original manuscript letter-book of Samuel Henley, 
 now in possession of the Public Library of Detroit, 
 is of interest : 
 
 Greknvii.i.k, June 7, 179C. 
 David Ilarrigatly Esq., Department Quartermaster General 
 
 at Fort Washington: 
 DiiAuSiu,— 
 
 Veslirday evening Captain (r>artholomcw) Shaumberg arrived 
 in this cantcmment from Detroit, where he lias been politely 
 received by the IJritish commanding ofTieer of the garriscm, 
 C^olonel Kngland. 
 
 This gentleman has sent General Wilkinson a plan of the Fort, 
 town, <fcc. All the I'rltish troops are prep.ired to leave Detroit on 
 the first order from the high powers. 
 
 Samuki. IIkni.hv, a. (1. NF. 
 
 We now approach an exceedingly interesting 
 
 question, and one that concerns the entire North- 
 west. Detroit was the farthest west of all the P)ritish 
 posts. The date on which it was evacuated, there- 
 fore, fi.xes the date of the actual possession by the 
 United States of a territory larger than the original 
 thirteen States. For many years it has been 
 thought impossible to determine when this inter- 
 esting event took place. 
 
 In determining residence and occupancy of the 
 claimants in the settlement of the land claims at 
 Detroit, the United States Government and the 
 Commissioners of Claims fixed upon July i as the 
 official date of American possession ; but there was 
 no evidence that July i was the real date of the first 
 occupancy of the territory by American troops. It 
 was simply an arbitrar)- date; it was necessary to 
 agree upon some point of time, and in the .ibsence of 
 definite information, the approximate date of July 1 
 was fixed upon. 
 
 The question was discussed at some length by 
 the late A. D. Eraser in a communication to the 
 Detroit Free Press, dated June 23, 1S67. He said, 
 " It nowhere appears, so far as I am aware, on what 
 precise day the post of Detroit was surrendered by 
 the British to the American Cioveriiment." 
 
 Various other persons engaged in historical re- 
 search came to the same conclusion. 
 
 Hon. William M. Evarts, late Secretary of State, 
 in a letter dated Washington, March 23, 1877, says, 
 "Careful examination has been made in this depart- 
 ment, and in respect to the events in 1796 thi' ])recise 
 dates have not been found." In point of fact, on 
 account of the destruction of many of the records, 
 in the War of 18 12, there are no documents in' 
 Washington that give any clue to the date in cjues- 
 tion. . 
 
 The finding of this date, so interesting not only 
 to Detroit but to the entire nation, engaged atten- 
 tion very soon after this work was begun, and not 
 until three years had passed was the ample evidence 
 obtained which is herewith submitted. 
 
 In \'olume II of the American Pioneer, published 
 at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1843, ^y J- S- W'illiams, is 
 the following letter : 
 
 Dayton, 0., June 24, 1843. 
 Afr. John S. Williams: 
 DiiAu Siu, — 
 
 A gentleman in this place has a volume of letters of Colonel J. 
 F. Hamtramck, being the record of his official correspondence 
 with (ienerals vVayne and Wilkinson, and other olVicers, from Oc- 
 tober 31, 1794, until January 20, 1797. According to the Daily 
 Journal of Wayne's Campaign, published in your first volume. 
 Colonel Hamtramck took the command of Kort Wayne on the 
 22d of October, 1794, and the army left on the 2Sth for Greenville. 
 The correspondence commences three days afterwards, and is 
 dated at Fort Wayne until the 17th of May, 1796. The Hritish 
 being then about to surren ler the posts within our territory, Col- 
 onel Hamtramck went down the Maumec to Camp Deposit, from 
 the Sth to the 21st of June. On the nth of July he wrote from . 
 the late llritish I'ort Miamis, which he infonns General Wilkin- 
 
268 
 
 FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF DETROIT. 
 
 son li.ul thill (lay hern given up. A ft'W U-ttrrs folliiw dated at 
 Di'tniil. 
 
 The history of this volinnt; is somewhat sin;;ular. Colonel 
 llamtraini'k havinji taken euinn\aiid of !>(lroit on the ijth of 
 July, 171/i, the Utter-hook reinalni;d anion^j tin: papers of the gar- 
 risim niitil the surrender of (leneral Hull, At Ihi^ tinifi nn olTiccr 
 of the < >hio Mulitia jjot possession of it, and was perniilted by the 
 llrltl>.h to l)rini; it away among his private jjapers and effects. 
 •Sinee his death it has been preserved by his relatives. 
 
 A larjje portion of the correspondence is taken upwitli the busi- 
 ness of the yarrison, acknowletlging the receipt of supplies, and 
 askiug for the various articles of which the post stood in need. I 
 have looked over the whole carefully and gleaiud whatever I 
 have judged worth transmitting to you. 
 
 J(lll^^ W. V.\N Ci.KVK. 
 
 Tilt! followinu', with other extract.^ frt)in the I lani- 
 tramck letters, are yiven in the voiiiiiie: 
 
 {To Ccncral Wilkinson.) 
 
 KoKT .MiA.Mis, July II, 1796. 
 
 On the 7th instant two small vessels arrived from Detroit, in 
 which I sent a detachment of artillery and infantry consisting of 
 sixty-five men, together with a number of cannon with ammuni- 
 ti(jn, Ac, lie. The whole under the command of Capt.iin Porter. 
 
 On the yth, a sloop arrived from Uetroit, at Swan t'nek, pur- 
 chased by Captain De liutts, which carried fifty tons and which 
 is now lo.ided with flour, quartermaster's stores and troops. That, 
 to),'ether with eleven liateaux whicli I have, will be sullicient to 
 take all the troops 1 hav(' with nie, leaving the reinaiuilir of our 
 stores depositi'd at this jjlaci', which was evacuated on thisda), 
 and where I have left Captain Marschalk and Lieutenant Sbanklin 
 with fifly-two men, infantry, and a Corporal and six of artillery; 
 that is, iiuhiiling the garrison at the head of th,: Kaiiids. * * * 
 1 shall embark within two hours with all the troops for Detroit. 
 
 (To General Wilkinson.) 
 
 Dktroit, July 17th, 1796. 
 I have the pleasure to inform you of the Siife arrival of the 
 troops imder my command at this place, which was evacuated on 
 the I III) instant and taken possession of by a detachment of si.xty- 
 five men, commandid by t'aptain Moses Porter, whom I had de- 
 tached from the foot of the Rapids for that purpose. Myself and 
 the troops arrived on the i jth instant 
 
 J. 1''. ll.X.MTKA.MCK, 
 
 FAC-RIMII.K 01- THE SiGNATURK OF J. F. HaM 
 
 The original contract for the use of the vessel 
 referred to in the first letter above quoted is in the 
 possession of the .State Historical .Society at Detroit. 
 It reads as follows : 
 
 July 2nd, 1796.— Henry De Butts, Ksq., for and on the part 
 of the government of the United States of America, of the one 
 part, and James May of Detroit, gentlenuin, owner of a certain 
 schooner c.illed the " Swan," of the other part, lets and leases the 
 said vessel to sail to such ports and places of Lakes F.rie and 
 Huron as the said Henry De Hutts or any other person represent- 
 
 ing the government (^f the iMiited Stales may order, so long as the 
 siiid (lovernment may re(|uire. De Ilutts to pay 150 pounds New 
 York currency each month for use <if the vessel. I'eriod of sir- 
 vice to be computed from July a, 1796. 
 
 William Kok, 
 
 /( 'itness. 
 
 Additional evidence of the datft of British evacua- 
 tion is found in a volume entitled " 1812 : The War 
 and its Mor.il. A C.inadian Chronicle, by Wni. V. 
 Coffin, Sheriff of Montreal, Lieut.-Col., etc., Mon- 
 treal. 1864." I'Yom the references he makes and 
 the list of documents quoted, this author is evidently 
 a reliable authority. Among the witnesses inter- 
 viewed by him was Stiuire Reynolds, of Amherst- 
 burg. Mr. Reynolds, who had been in the War of 
 1812 as an officer in the Briti.sh army, was an old 
 man of eighty-three at the time of the inter\-iew, 
 possessing the respect of everybody, remarkably 
 vigorous, full of intellectual force, with memory per- 
 fectly clear and reliable. Reynolds, in his narrative 
 of experiences, gives a large amount of detail on 
 many subjects, and numerous dates concerning vari- 
 ous events. The accuracy of his menif)ry as to 
 many dates is verified by various accounts. Con- 
 cerning Detroit, he said, " I .saw the Ikitish flag 
 hauled down from the tlag-staff of Detroit at noon, 
 I ilh of July, 1796 ; I saw it again hoisted by Brock 
 at noon of Sunday, i6th August, 1S12." Tliis date 
 of July I r is further confirmed by Judge Woodward 
 in a decision rendered on September 26, 1807, in the 
 case of some fugitive slaves. 
 
 The question as to the date of the first American 
 occupation of Detroit is thus definitely settled ; and 
 as it marks the point of time when the entire western 
 territory was dc jure and de fncto transferred from 
 the English to the American (".overnnient, the date 
 of July II, 1796, when the 
 Stars and Stripes first waved 
 over Detroit, should be treas- 
 ured in the memory of every 
 child and every citizen. The 
 curious coincidence that 
 Colonel Richard I'^ngland 
 was the last English com- 
 mandant will help to fix the 
 remembrance of the fact. 
 TRMCK. It will be nnticed that 
 
 Colonel Hamtramck ad- 
 dresses his letters to General Wilkinson, who was 
 then, in the absence of General Wayne, commander 
 of the United States troops at (irecuviUe. The 
 Henley letter-book shows that on June 25 General 
 Wayne was expected to arrive soon at Greenville by 
 way of Cincinnati. On July 20 Mr. Henley wrote to 
 the (]iiartermaster-general, " I received our old Gen- 
 eral with all the force of my well-meaning polite- 
 ness. I heard of his arrival in Fort Jefferson, I 
 
FIRST AMERICAN OCCUPATION.— FRENCH AND SI'ANISIl INTRKIUES. 
 
 .'69 
 
 mounted mir liorsc, tliu old I'olc Evil, went into tlic 
 wiiods, and there lialted until ! cau^jht tiio eye of 
 the Gereral ; I then tlew like a. streak of li^hlninj^ to 
 the Old Iron 6 and hanired her off 15 times, wiiicli 
 lias piaeed him and me on jrood terms." On July 
 29, 1796, Mr. Henley wrote from (jreenviile to Mr. 
 Hopkins at l''ort Hamilton, "The Cicneral and the 
 ( Uiartermasler-Oeneral leave this cantonment for 
 Detroit to-morrow. Old 15ald appears in j^ood order 
 and I hope he will carry his old master through all 
 the bad roads in this country and land him safe to 
 the rejjained liiitish j^arrison, Detroit." (General 
 Wayne reached Detroit safely prior to August 25, 
 remained until after November 14, and then went to 
 I'resciue Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, where he 
 died December 14, 1796. 
 
 Tradition says that, before evacuating, the British 
 destroyed the windmills and filled the fort well with 
 stones, and that the key of the garrison was left in 
 possession of a negro. This may be true, but it is 
 a matter of ollicial record that immediately after the 
 evacuation the British commissary at Chatham was 
 authorized to lend fifty barrels of purk to Mr. 
 O'Hare, the United States commissary, as he had 
 not enough for the American troops at Mackinaw. 
 Simon Ciirty, the renegade, remained behind when 
 the British took their leave. When the boats laden 
 with American troops appeared in sight, he became 
 so much alarmed that he could not wait for the 
 return of the ferry-boat, but forced his black mare 
 down a steep bank into the river, and, at the risk of 
 drowning, made for the Canadian shore ; and as he 
 rude up the bank, he cursed tlie United States Gov- 
 ernment and its troops with all the oaths his fury 
 could inspire. When the British were again in pos- 
 session, in 181 2, he returned to Detroit, and on 
 being asked about his horse said, " Oh, she's dead, 
 and I buried her with the honors of war." 
 
 Under the Treaty of Ghent, of December 24, 
 1814, commissioners were appointed to determine 
 the boundary line between the United States and 
 Canada, and on June 2, 1820, Colonels Hill and 
 Barclay, British commissioners, and General Porter, 
 American commissioner, with their secretaries, Dr. 
 Bigsley, of the English, and Major Eraser of the 
 American Government, arrived at Detroit for the 
 purpose of determining the boundary line. 
 
 Their report, made in 1822, fixed it where it has 
 since remained. 
 
 FRENCH AND SPANISH INTRICUKS FOR THE POS- 
 SESSION OK DETROIT AND THE WEST. 
 
 While the negotiations for the urreiu )f De- 
 troit and the West were in progress, ti.u French 
 Government, which was at war with Spain, sought 
 to effect the seizure of the then Spanish province of 
 
 Louisiana through the aid of certain of the adven- 
 turous spirits of the West, numbers of whom were 
 ready for almost any scheme of coiu|ucst or of 
 gain, especially if it promised the control of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 An expedition against New Orleans was so far 
 organized that many men were enlisted and gath- 
 ered at an appointed rendezvous in Kentucky. In 
 1794 Governor St. Clair felt called upon to issue a 
 ])roclamation against the proceeding, .and it was 
 abandoned for .i time. As a nn'asure of protection 
 against the movt'nunt, liaron de Carondelet, the 
 Spanish Governor of Louisiana, began intriguing 
 for the organi'/atioii of ;i wi'stcrn coiifi'dcrary which 
 should ally its forluncs to those of Louisiana, and 
 Thomas Powers was employed to promote his pkins. 
 
 Meanwhile, in November, 1794, and OclolxT, 
 1795, the United States concluded treaties with 
 both England and Spain for the surrender of the 
 western posts occupied by their troops. These 
 treaties exasperatetl France, and after July, 179''), 
 she ceased to be on friendly terms with tlu^ United 
 Slates. On August 19, 179''), France .and Spain 
 formed an alliance offensive and defensive, possibly 
 with the hope of securing neutral territory between 
 England and the far \\'est, which she was seeking 
 to obtain. l''r;ince sent an agent into the West to 
 agitate the subject of a western confederacy, and to 
 obtain information as to the condition of the coun- 
 try. At the same time the Spanish (Governor Ca- 
 rondelet showed a disinclination to fulfil the obliga- 
 tions of his home government by delivering up the 
 Spanish posts on the Mississippi, and renewed his 
 efforts to detach the West from the Union. 
 
 The following letter, from the private papers of 
 Governor St. Clair, gives information as to both 
 French and .Spanish agents and their plans. The 
 original is somewhat mutilated : 
 
 James Mclfenry, Secy, of War^ in Cov. Ht. Clair. 
 
 Wak On'itK, May, 1796. 
 Sir,- 
 
 Tlie President lias had information whicli allords strong ground 
 to t)elieve tliat tiiere arc certain persons employed and paitl to visit 
 the western country, for the purpose of encouraging the people of 
 tlKise jiarts to secede from the Union, and form a separate connec- 
 ticjn with a foreign power. 'I'lie persons more particularly pointed to 
 iisemissarii-son this occasion are one Powers, de CoUot, and Warin. 
 It is said also that they have received written instructions from 
 their government and letters to influence * * * men in the 
 district of country * * ♦ been * * * as the field of 
 their operations. 
 
 The route, at least of some of them, is by Pittsburgh down the 
 Ohio to the old Shawaneese town, thence across the Ohio through 
 the lower parts of Kentucky and southwestern territory, thence to 
 the rapids of the Ohio, thence to Post Vincents, thence to St. 
 Genevieve, and thence down to New Orleans. It is thought that 
 they will be very open in conversations, that they may be easily 
 traced by those apprised of their project, and that an overweening 
 confidence in the success of their mission may originate circum- 
 stances upon which to ground a legal seizure of their papers. You 
 will perceive that it is important to such a seizure that they 
 
270 
 
 FRKNCII AND SPANISH INTRIC.UKS. 
 
 hIioiiIiI Iiuvc iiu nasoii li> siispict, rioiii ill-liiiud iiii|iilrj<'s ur ineas- 
 iiris, iliMt tluy ari' (lismMird, Wni will, of imirsi', kiip ymir 
 kiiuwIrilKr lit ilitir crraiiil aiul (IcsiKH I" ymirsrif, ami triiMt il mily 
 ti) those vvliit may l)t' iH'Ci'Hsary ti) the plan yon may adopt, and at 
 the niiinu'iit wliiii iiinlid ♦ ♦ bo used to effect its suctessfnl 
 cxccutioH. Powers is of Irish descent, uboiit thirty-five years of 
 U){t', a man of science, seeminj{ly verstitile, speaks I'reiicli, Span- 
 ish and Mn^hsh with equal fluency, and pronounces each an u 
 native, 
 
 l)c Colliit is a Frenchman, fidl six feet liiwh, ahoiit forty years 
 of age, and speaks i'.iiglisli very \vi II. Warin is also a I'reneliman; 
 was lately a sidi-enyineer in tlie service of the United States 
 which he risijjiud for his present employment; spiaks l'.nv;lish 
 tolerahly, is .iljoiit thirty yiars of a^e, ahove six feet hixh, blai k 
 hair, ruddy complexion .md e.isy manners. 
 
 I have only to add that these pt;rsoiis are believed to be in pos- 
 session of p.i|iers which it is considered of >;reat ijiiportance to 
 obtain, and to recpiest, if procured, that copies lie made of them, 
 and attested, as well as the originals, l)y yourself, or some other 
 person, and forw.irded by safe * ♦ ♦ to the President. 
 1 have the honor, &c. 
 
 James McHknkv, 
 
 Si'C, qf War. 
 
 The General Victor Collot, alluded to in the let- 
 ter, while ill Detroit as a French spy, made a map of 
 the Delroil iviver, with a view of the town as it was 
 in 17</), whicli view is still preserved in the Depart- 
 ment of Marine at I'aris. ' 
 
 As to Collot and I'owers, (lovernor St. Clair 
 wrote to lion. James Ross, on September 6, I7y6, 
 as follows ; 
 
 Collot has left the country after makmg, it is siiid, an accurate 
 survey of the < )liio and soundlnn its depths in a number of places. 
 He was stopped at Massac and his papers examined by the com- 
 manding olTicer. Another matter has happened that will I sup- 
 pose, make some noise. A certain Mr. I'owers was met as he was 
 ascending the Ohio, by an olTicer, Lieutenant Sli\.l, (who, it is 
 Siiid, was imprudent enough to tell him he was scul lor the express 
 purpose, by Cieneral Wayne) who stopped him, broke open his 
 letters, examined tliem aiul his other papers, and took away with 
 him such as he thought proper. 
 
 A year afterwards Powers visited Cieneral Wilkin- 
 son at Detroit as an ai^ent of the vSpanish j^overnor, 
 who still .soui^lit to carry out his project. Me left 
 Natchez early in June, and arrived in Detroit on 
 August 16. Learning that (General Wilkinson was 
 absent, he did not enter the fort until August 24. 
 He was treated by Colonel Strong, who had tem- 
 porary command, with the rigor which his reputa- 
 tion seemed to merit. Dispatches announcing his 
 arrest were sent to General Wilkinson, and reached 
 him on September 2, just as he entered the river St. 
 Clair on his return. At the subsetjuent trial of 
 General Wilkinson a Captain S 1 testified that on 
 
 the same day, after having read his letters, he, General Wilkin- 
 sim, invited n\e to go on shore with him to shoot pigeons. While 
 on shore he told me that Mr. Thomas Powers had arriv<d at De- 
 troit in his absence, that Colonel Strong the commandant, acting 
 under an order of Major-tkiieral Wayne's, had him in confine- 
 ment; that he was apprehensive that he would have to send Mr. 
 
 ' It has been reproduced for this work. See chapter on Houses 
 and Homes. 
 
 Powers out of the country, although he knew him to be an lioiiesl 
 cli-ver fellow, a man of talents, and one that had rendered him 
 great serviie; but unfortunately that Mr. P. was suspe< ted as a 
 spy, and tli.il the I'uited States suspected him, (leiieral Wilkinson, 
 and at the .same time quoting the old adage that it was " more 
 criminal in Honiu to look over the hedge than in others to steal a 
 hare," asking me " how I should I'ke to take a trip to New .Madrid 
 with Mr. Powers." I answered, " Very well." He then enjoini-d 
 secrecy on me. We arrived at Detroit before the middle of Sep- 
 tember, I7()7, and foun<l Mr. P. (as the Crniral had stated) in 
 confinement. He was immediately set at liberty* und a lew duys 
 afterward 1 dined with him at the ('Kiieral's table. 
 
 A very short time after this (perhaps a day) I was sent for by 
 the (ieneral, who informid me that he had othir duty for me 
 than that of esiorling Mr. P.; that . plain Sh.iumboMrgb was 
 selcctcil for that conutiand ; that 1 must hold myself in leadiiiess 
 to proceed to Kentucky, there to procure money on bills and pay 
 the troops at Port Massack and Fort Knox at Vinccnncs, which 
 order 1 obeyed, and left Mr. P. at Detroit. In the beginning of 
 Noviiidier following, I nic' Captain Sbaumbourgh at Fort Massjick 
 on his return from N. Madrid, where he had delivered Mr. Powers. 
 He showed me his instruc tions from the Ceneral relative to .Mr. P., 
 in which Captain S. was ordered not to permit Mr. P. to enter any 
 of our posts, ai\d denied him the use of pen, ink, peiu il or paper, 
 lie. On reading tliose instructions, I expressed some surprise at 
 this great pricaulion, when I knew that Mr. Powers had travelled 
 through that country on his way, and that he had his full liberty 
 at Detroit. Ca|)tain .Sbaumbourgh, laughing, said it was a bore. 
 
 The following letter from General Wilkinsor to 
 Mr. Powers, considered in the ligiit of all the fa ;, 
 
 would seem to confirtn the opinion of Captain S 1 
 
 as to the duplicity of (ieneral Wilkinson : 
 
 IIkau t,)UAKri:Ks, DiirmuT, Sept. 5, i7y7. 
 
 SlK,- 
 
 1 have, the last moment, received your letter of this day which 
 occasions me much surprise. 
 
 Al our first interview, the night before hust, I expressed to you 
 the necessity of your speedy return by the shorte.'-t nmto to the 
 I'aron de Carondelet, with my answer to the letter which you bore 
 me from him. You offered no objection to this proposition, except 
 the incapacity of your horses for the journey which I immediately 
 agreed to remove by furnishing others. 
 
 You, at the same lime, compl.ilned to me of the violence and 
 outrage which you had experienced on yoiu' journey to this place, 
 being at one time stojiped, and al another time pursued, seized, and 
 examined in every (larticular of person, baggage and papers. It 
 seems a little singular tliat you should incline to retrace a route 
 in which you had suffered such abuse, when a secure and conveni- 
 ent one is proposed to you. 
 
 As no man can more highly appreciate the rights of treaties and 
 of individuals than myself, and as I am apprised of the obliga- 
 tions subsisting between the United States and his Catholic 
 Majesty, I am .imoiig the last men on earth who would wantonly 
 or capriciously question the compacted rights of the two sovereign- 
 ties, their citizens or subjects. 
 
 liut as you have approached me in a public character, and on 
 national business, which requires my speedy answer to the letter 
 of the Governor of Louisiana, whose messenger you are, I can- 
 not consider you so far a free agent as to elect the time or 
 route for your return, but that you stand bound by motives of 
 political imiiort, as well to Spain as to the United States, to c(m- 
 summ.ite the objects of your mission with all possible promi)titudc; 
 and, of consecpunce, that all objects of a private or personal 
 nature must yield to the obligations of public duty. 
 
 I, therefore. Sir, cannot recede from iny purpose, and wii! lope 
 you may be prepared to take your departure early to-morrow morn- 
 ing, in the company of Captain Shaumliourgh who will be in- 
 structed to attend you to New Madrid, and who will receive and 
 
FKKNCH AND SPANISH INTKICUKS. 
 
 271 
 
 fnrwarit any luller ymi may wish lo mmuI tcp tlic I'lilUiif Ohio, 
 from lliu must ((nivciiiriit puiiil i>f your miiti'. 
 With ilii<^ coiiHidcratloii, I am, Sir, 
 
 Vutir iiiimt obiclient xirvaiil, 
 
 J.\. Wll.KINSdN. 
 
 Ill tlic oliuial accomil of Towurs' mission, .ui- 
 (Iri'ssed to ( layoso, tiic l lovcnior of Natciiez, I'owcrs 
 said : 
 
 Thi: (liMnral n > ■ ivfd tm^ nililly fiioiiKh. In the firMt i-cmfiT- 
 cni'L', he hriiliL' <iiii uiih saying In nic vny hitlrrly, "Wrari' rciiiuil. 
 Sir, holh yiiii an<l niysilf, withmit rrii'i\ ini; any l)cnflit fnun your 
 voyaj,'!-'." Aflirwarcis, lie askeil nu' whiihir I hail liroii;,'lit the six 
 linnilreil and (orty dollars (eternally lliese six luindreil and forty 
 dollars I) he added that the exeenliv<- hail yiven orders to the 
 I lovernor of the Northwestern Territory to take ine and send me 
 to I'hiladelphia, and that there was no other resixiree left for me 
 to escape 1)111 to suffer myself to bo conducted immediately under 
 l^'iiard to I'drt Massaek, and Iroin ihenee to New Madrid, and 
 having informed him of the proposition of the llaron, he pro- 
 ceeded to tell me that it was a chimerical project, and impossible 
 to be executed ; that the inbabilants of the western states having: 
 obtainedall they wished by the treaty, would form no other politi- 
 cal or commercial connection, and that now they had no other 
 motive to separate themselves from the interests of the other 
 states, altlumgh I'rauce and Spain had made them the most 
 advantageous propositions ; that the fermentation which had 
 ixisled for four years was now subsided, \c. ; that Spain had now 
 iiolhinj; else lo do but to ,i;ive complete effect to the treaty, which 
 had overturned all his plans and ri'nUered useless the work of 
 more than ten years. And inasmuch as he had, as he said, de- 
 stroyed his cyphers and all his correspondence with our govern- 
 ment, and that his duty and his honor did not permit him to 
 contintie it ; that the (lovernor need not fear that he would 
 abuse the confidence he had placed in him ; finally that Spain 
 having ceded to the United States the territory of the Xatches, 
 iVc., it might happen that he would be appointed Governor of it, 
 and that then opportunities would not be wanting for him to take 
 measures that would be mori' efiicacious to effect his jiolitical jiro- 
 jects. lie complained iiuieli that tlie secret of his connections with 
 our government had been divulged through want of prudence on 
 our part. 
 
 The letter from Baron de Carondelet, which 
 Powers delivered to General Wilkinson on Septem- 
 ber 3, is said to have appealed to his ambition, with 
 the promise that he would be made the ,ijeneral of 
 the new republic ; and it was claimed that both 
 France and vSpain would pay the troops he would 
 be able to raise. 
 
 In his " Proofs of the Corruption of Cieneral Wil- 
 kinson," .Mr. c'i.irk says: 
 
 I'he llaron de t arondelet did not, however, know the i haraeter 
 of imr (leneral. t(e was willing to take all the money that 
 coiilil be offereil ; he wa^ willing to carry <m any correspondence, 
 provided it could be kept Hecret ; and while in a subordinate sta- 
 tion, he was willing to risk a place for whitli hi' knew he could ob- 
 tain an indemnity. Hut the scene was now changed ; he was at 
 the head of the army ; his legal emoluments wi re .vreat, and his 
 rnpncity saw the means of increasing them. His wi nt corre- 
 spondence had been snspeeted. The freqnent visits of Powers had 
 occasioned jealousy, and the indiscreet communications of the 
 Spanish ofncers, as we learn from himself, had im iii d more than 
 allenlion lo his londiict, lie was not yet prepared openly to 
 assume the Sp.mish uniform, and a secret corresponili 111 e had 
 become dangerous. Powers, therefore, did not fully succeed in 
 the object of his mission. 
 
 The frequent rommimications of ('■encral Wilkin- 
 son with alii'ii;ed spits j.;ave rise; to suspirions ; he 
 was accusfd of trfaihery, liiiil and .'uiiiiitted in 
 1S08. In September, iSi i, he was tried for allej^ed 
 complicity with Aaron lUirr in his conspiracy, and 
 the old chai\i,a'S ai^ainst him were aj^aiii hrou,y;iit 
 forward. He made a defense full of vituperation 
 ayainst C/enerals Wayne, Scott, and others, but was 
 aijain acquitted, thouv^ii the evidences of his i^iiilt 
 seemed stronif. Anionic those siinnnoned as wit- 
 nesses were Thomas Powers and the late Colonel 
 Electus Backus. 
 
 In i8r4 he had to undergo a third trial, this time 
 for allcijed misconduct in the War of 1812 ; and for 
 the third time he was acquitted. Among his wit- 
 nesses was Bri.ijadicr-Cicncral Mnses Porter, who 
 testified that he had .served under him since April, 
 1793. This was the Captain Porter who received 
 possession of Detroit in 1796, became a colonel in 
 181 3, and subsequently a brijfadier by brevet. Cap- 
 tain John Hiddle, of the Forty-si.xth Unitt^d States 
 Infantry, and General Alexander Macomb also 
 testified favorably for Wilkinson. " Wilkinson's 
 Memoirs," in three volumes, contain the chief points 
 of his defense in his several trials, which wonder- 
 fully resemble those of General Mull, in the vigor 
 with which eotemporary military officers are as- 
 sailed. 
 
CH APTKR XL. 
 
 INDIAN WARS FROM i/yo -I'O 1812. 
 
 Ai.i iKUMiH Drtioii liad been surrendered to tlie 
 AiiR'riians, ilie llrilisli apparciilly cnlrrtaiiu'd tlie 
 li()|)e tliat tlic fortunes of war would a.i^ain j^ive 
 them eontrol of the West, and British olTioers were 
 coiitiMually asserting and exercisinj^' authority on 
 AnuTiran soil. The followinij extract from a letter 
 addresseil i)y I'eter Audrain, of Detroit, toCiovernor 
 St. Clair on October 20, 1800, yives an idea of some 
 of their illegal actions. Audrain says • 
 
 lietwceu n ami u o'clock on tlie evoninj; of the c;th inst. some 
 liriti^li soldiers liiaikd by a certain Sar^cant Cole, went to the 
 house where a certain Krancis t'ocjutttc lived with a woman and 
 two children. They knocked at the door but were refused admit- 
 tance, as the said I'oquettc h.id some siispii ion of the plot. The 
 door was forced open, the sergtani cnlcrnl and knocked down 
 said I'ocpiette with a largi' stick he had ; a battle then ensued, the 
 strKcant was wounded in the head and face,anii I'oquptte, slabbed 
 in many places, was carried away naked to a canoe waiting at a 
 landing near the place. Although badly wounded he jumped out 
 of till' canoe into the river, when they stabbed him again to make 
 him be quiet. Dr. Wni. M. Scott, surgeon of this place, was 
 called next morning and went over the river to the ferry house, 
 where both the sergeant and the deserter were lying very ill. The 
 Doctor dressed the sergeant first and went afterwards to the 
 deserter who, almost naked, w.ts lying on the lloor in a dark corner 
 of the kitchen. He found the unfortunate man in so dangerous 
 a state that he informed the sergeant he could not be removed to 
 Maiden without imminent danger of losing his life. Whereupon, 
 a man in soldier's dress, standing by Sergeant Cole, said that he 
 had orders to take the prisoner to M-ilden deader alive. Sergeant 
 t'ole .igreed, and he was carried away in the afternoon and died at 
 iMalden about five or six o'clock the next morning. ♦ * ♦ 
 Senator (Uriah) Tmccy (of Conn.), who left this place for 
 I'resque Isle on Friday, dined on Saturday at Maiden with Cap- 
 tai.i .McClean, commander of that garrison, lie probably got 
 more information than he had here. I have been informed that 
 he pledged his word that he would moke report to the President 
 on his arrival at the Federal City. 
 
 the guard to consist of tliree olTicers and twelve 
 privates. Five days later lie issued the follow- 
 ing : 
 
 GKNKKAL OKDRKS. 
 
 After this night the Guards will be kept in the following man- 
 ner: Visgars' and I. 'Keuyers' companies will alternately furnish 
 aduard of a Sergeant and six privates, to be stationed at the old 
 liloi khouse. The rifle company, the artillery and cavalry will 
 furnish a sergeant and eight privates every night to be kept at 
 the north l'lo< khouse. 
 
 Hickman's light infantry — Campcau's and Anderson's comp.i- 
 nies of the lirst Ueglment will alleriiately furnish a Subaltern 
 Sergeant and twelve i>rivates, as a Ouard to be kept in the I'.asl 
 lilockhouse. 
 
 The Adjutant-deneral will detail a Captain of the day, who 
 will visit all the (luards by night, and give them their instruc- 
 tions. In case of an alarm or attack on the ])lace, the following 
 disposition will be made of the Troops: Scott's company of 
 Riflemen at the north blockhouse, Anderson's company at the 
 cast blockhouse, and l.'Kcuyer's company at the old lilockhouse. 
 Hickman's company will defend the Pickets between thi' two 
 Hlockhouses ; V'isgar's, the Pickets between the fort and the 
 north lilockhouse; and Campeau's company, the Pickets between 
 the cast lilockhouse and the river; all the other companies will 
 form at Curry's Corner and w;iit for orders. 
 
 Colonel Woodward will command from the West lilockhouse to 
 the fort and so on from the Port to the river, and i>n the river as 
 far east as Abbott's store, but in such manner as n(Jt to interfere 
 with Captain Dyson's command. 
 
 Colonel llrush will command from Abbott's store on the river lu 
 the east gate ; and north to the lilockhouse, including said block- 
 house. 
 
 In case the Enemy should break through the Pickets and get 
 into the town, Hickman's company will immediately take pos- 
 session of the Stone Council Houst;, Campeau's of the liank, iind 
 Visgar's of the ( )ld lilockhouse and May's stone house. Captain 
 iJodemead's and Smith's companies v>ill parade at the stone 
 council house, where they will receive (heir orders. 
 
 Doctor Macroskey will attend at May's stone House and Doctor 
 Urown at the Council House, where the wounded will be sent. 
 
 The English also continued their ehvjrts to attach 
 the savages to themselves, and kept them in a con- 
 stant state of unrest by their promises and presents, 
 which were so far in excess of those made or given 
 by the United States that many Indians remained 
 unfriendly to the Americans. 
 
 In 1806 and 1807 there was much disquiet at 
 Detroit on this account, and a new stockade was 
 built as a protective measure. 
 
 As a further means of defense, on August 6, 1807, 
 James May, adjutant -general, ordered a patrol guard 
 of militia " to be kept at the Indian council-room" — 
 
 On September 3 there was a grand parade of the 
 militia, and on November 9 they were ordered to be 
 ready to march at a moment's notice. On Novem- 
 ber 14 there was again a general review and inspec- 
 tion of the First Regiment of militia and the Legion- 
 ary Corps. 
 
 On July 27, 1810, Ciovernor Hull wrote to the 
 Secretary of War that " large bodies of Indians from 
 the westward and southward continue to visit the 
 British post at Amherstburg, and are supplied with 
 provisions, arms, ammunition, etc., etc. Much more 
 attention is paid to them than usual." 
 
 [272I 
 
INDIAN WARS I'KUM I7(/j TO 1812. 
 
 273 
 
 On SrpU'mlRT 17. 1811. (iovt-mor Harrison wrote 
 to tlic Si .^i...y ui War: 
 
 All iIk' IikIi. ..'. iif tl>i^ Wabush liavr hi'iii, nr nrr imw, (in ii 
 visit tu llic llril> l< aKi'iil at Maiden ; my iiidirniaiit hu.i never 
 known more than nur fcmrlli ns many kcxkIh tjivrn to the Indian* 
 as they are now (listiil)UtinK. He examined llie share of one 
 man (not a clilef) and loiind that he had received an eleifant rifle, 
 iiinely-livt; pounds of powder, fifty poimdsot lead, three tilankits, 
 three pieees of stronds, ten shirts, and siveral other artiek's. II" 
 siy- every Indian is fiirnisliid with a «un (either a rifle or fusil), 
 and i4n ahiindanee of ainmnnilioM. A trader of this eountry was 
 lately in the Kind's store at Maldin, and wns lold that the (pian- 
 lity of noods for the Indian department, whieh had been sent ont 
 this year, exceeded that of common years liy jo,o<ai pounds ! r- 
 lintf. It is impossible to ascribe this profusion to any other motive 
 than that of instii;atin)jthc hxlians to taki' up the tomahawk ; it 
 caiiriiit he to sei uru their trade, for all their peltries colleeled on 
 liie Wahashon one year, if sold in th(! I, )ndon markets, would 
 not pay the freitfht of the jjoods which have been jjiven to the 
 Indians. 
 
 So confidont was Ticnoral Harrison tliat the In- 
 dians meant mischief that, uith the militia ami some 
 reoiil.ir sokliers commanded l)y Colonel Uoyd, lie 
 proceeded aj^ainst them, .ind lhoroti;<hly def' ated 
 them at the battle of Tippecanoe on November 7, 
 i8n. 
 
 Notwithstanding this defeat, the citizens of Detroit 
 
 felt justly alarmed, as bnt niiuty-foiir soldiers were 
 then staliunetl in the town, and a meeting was held 
 on Sunday, December 8, 181 1, to take measures to 
 protect the settlement. Solomon Sibley w;is chosen 
 chairman and A. Ii. W'ootlw.ird secretary. It was 
 resolved to organize a night-watch for thirty tlays, 
 and a coi.anittee of live, consisting of Solomon Sib- 
 ley, A. 15. W'ootlwaiil, James Withercll, tleorge 
 McDoiigall, and Daniel Haker were appointed to 
 collect funds ;ind war matcri.al. Messrs. Withercll 
 and Baker declined to act, and II. II. Hickman and 
 Richard Smythe were apjiointed in their stead. At 
 a subsetiuent meeting, on December 10, a n.emorial 
 to Congress was adopted, in v i''h it wat urged 
 th.it "the whole territory is a double frontier," "the 
 IJntish are on one side, the savages on the other," 
 "every individu.il house is a frontier," "no farm is 
 covered by another farm in the rear of it," and in 
 view of these facts, Congress was asked to provide 
 more garrisons in the West, and to .send reinforce- 
 ments of infantry and cavalry to Detroit. The 
 memorial was presented to Congress on December 
 27. No action was taken on the subject, but the 
 War of 1812 soon after settled this with other 
 questions. 
 
CHAPTER X L I . 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 The searching of American vessels for British- 
 born seamen. wliii'iT was styled itie "ri^lu of search," 
 and the impressment of several thousand American 
 sailors, were the primary causes of the War of 1812. 
 
 The immediate reason was the attack by the 
 British ship Leopard upon the Chesapeake, an 
 American vessel, lying in Lynnhaven Hay, off the 
 coast of \'irginia, the officers of the Leopard claim- 
 ing that the Ches; peake was h;'.rboring three desert- 
 ers from the British navy. The 15ritish Government 
 promptly disowned the act, but was slow in making 
 reparation ; and, as the impressment was continued 
 and the search for British seamen vigtjrously prose- 
 cuted, the breach was ever widening. I'inally, the 
 President ordered British ships away from the Amer- 
 ican coast. No heed was paid to his proclamation, 
 and, on June iS. 1S12, war was declared against 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Pnvious to tile declaration of war, and in antici- 
 pation of such an event. Congress authorized the 
 President to call for militia from the several States. 
 It was evident that the war would be along the 
 border line of Canada, and in anticipation of the 
 declaration of wa.-, the citizens f)f Detroit held a 
 meeting, and, as Governor Hull was absent, re()uested 
 the secretary of the Territory to call out the militia. 
 The Secretary was cautious about exercising author- 
 ity, not being ceriain that Governor Hull was not 
 in the territory, and he therefore refused. Mean- 
 time, it became increasingly evident, from the 
 detention of citizens of Detroit by the Canadian 
 authorities, and from the erection of batteries at 
 Amherstburg, that hostilities were iimninent.and c'ls 
 General Hull did not arrive, measures of resistance 
 were determined upon. Messrs. Elijah Brush and 
 Solomon Sibley, and (^olonels Georgi McDougall 
 anci John R. Williams caused the militia to be 
 ordered out, and in twenty-four hours some si,x 
 hundred men from the city and adjoining farms 
 gathered as volunteers. 
 
 On the evening of May 14, 1812. they paraded 
 under command of Major James Witherell. On 
 June 12 they were ordered to parade " each Satur- 
 day, at four o'clock, in the rear of D. Forsyth's 
 encampment," and the commanding officer of each 
 company was ordered to cause two hours each day, 
 
 Saturdays excepted, to be devoted to disciplining 
 the men. ( )n June 27, James Witherell, major com- 
 mandant, issued a general order .giving notice that 
 '• the signal of an alarm on the north l)ank of the 
 river would be three rounds fired from a field piece 
 near the south gate of the Town of Detroit, and 
 that the militia were then to assemble." 
 
 Meanwhile, an army of some twelve hundred 
 men drafted from Ohio by the President, and three 
 hundred volunteers under Colonel Miller, together 
 with other troops, were collected at Dayton. On 
 May 25 Governor Meigs turned over the command 
 to General Hull, who was ordered to proceed to 
 Detroit, and about the middle of June the force, 
 which consisted of three regiments under command 
 of Colonels Mc Arthur, Cass, and Findley, left Day- 
 ton with over tv.'o thousand rank and tile. On the 
 24th of June, wiiile at Fort I-"indley, General Hull 
 received a letter, dated June 18, the very day that 
 war was declared, announcing that war would soon 
 be declared. Possibly it was written early in the 
 day, before the declaration had actually \)cvi\ issued. 
 On July I, when near the old Jiritish Fort Miami, 
 on the ^L'^umee River, a small schooner, the Cuya- 
 hoga, belonging to Captain Chapin, was employed 
 to carry a quantity of baggage to Detroit, and about 
 thirty officers and privates were sent with it for pro- 
 tection. 
 
 It being the last of the month, complete muster- 
 rolls had been made out, and either by accident or 
 design these and other private papers of General 
 Hull, contained in a small trunk, were placed on the 
 vessel. An open boat witli the sick was sent at 
 the .same time. On July 2, when opposite Maiden, 
 the Cuyahoga was captured by the British, who thus 
 became possessed of a full knowledge of the force 
 under command of (General Hull. The same day, 
 while on the road to Detroit, General Hull received 
 a second letter from the Secretary of War, also 
 dated June 18, ccMuaining the announcement of the 
 declaration of war. One of the two letters was 
 sent by a courier ; the other was sent by mail to 
 Cleveland, to be forwarded from there by express. 
 
 Charles Shaler, a young lawyer of Cleveland, 
 agreed to take the letter for thirty-five dollars. I Ic 
 left Cleveland June 28, and overtook the army at 
 
 U74I 
 
THE WAR OK 1813. 
 
 275 
 
 the Raisin, about 2 A. m., on July 2. After ivrciv- 
 ing tlic letter, (ieneral Hull nsicd .1 day at I'leiuii- 
 town, .and on July 4 built a biidv^e across the 
 Huron River near ISrownstown, about a mile and 
 a half west of the villaj^e now calleil (libralter. 
 Troops sent from Detroit to aid in pre|)arini4 the 
 road met the army near that place. At this time 
 Major Whistler's company of I''irst Infantry and 
 Captain Dyson's company of artillery were in 
 chari^'e of the fort at Detroit. On the 51I1 the army 
 passed throuv^h the villajijes of Hrownstown and ^h)n- 
 jifuajLjon, crossed the I'A-orce and Rouije, and arrived 
 the same day at Springwells. They had travellitl a 
 distance of over two hundred miles through an 
 almost unbroken wilderness, building bridges as they 
 went, wading innumerable swamps, 
 anil enduring many hardships. 
 
 On the morning of the 6th Colonel 
 Cass was sent to Maiden with a Hag 
 of truce to demand the baggage and 
 jirisoners captured in the schooner. 
 On his arrival tlu'rc he was blindfold- 
 ed, his demands refu.sed, anil he was 
 escorted back. The next day five 
 pieces of artillery were brought down 
 from the fort and placed on the bank 
 in front of the army, in a situation to 
 annoy the enemy at Sandwiili. 
 
 On July 12 Cicncral Hull, sending 
 the boats and c.inoes down the river, 
 made a feint of crossing at Sjiring- 
 wells, but after d.ark he crossed over 
 with his whole force from Mam- 
 tramck, and marched to Sandwich. 
 On his arrival he i; sued two hundred 
 copies of a proclamation to the Ca- 
 nadian.'^ A fac-simile, reiluceil in 
 si/.e, is here given. 
 
 On July 13 he sent a small re- 
 connoilering force, under Captain 
 L'lry, towards Maiden. They returnci 
 
 of the bridge, but ;is General Hull would not allow 
 them to fortify or push on to Maldi'n, the results 
 were unimportant. 
 
 During this period (leneral Hull spent much of 
 his time at Detroit, and on the 24th, during his 
 absence. Colonel ^b■Arthur .sent a detachment to 
 drive the IndiaL:; from the region of Turkey Creek; 
 but they were themselves attacked by the Indians, 
 and forceil to retreat, with a loss of six killed. This 
 was the first blood shed in the campaign. 
 
 Me.-intime the ISrilish forces were active, and 
 before the news of the war had reached Mackinaw, 
 th.it post was sunnnoned to surrender, and on July 
 I /ill was surrendered, the paroled ollicers and troops 
 reaching Detroit on July 2y. General Hull was now 
 
 Vi/ WILLIAM HULL, Brs;*'Kf COOTal anj CmtmJa (fihyinilimjlnii Amj f/AeViiiliiShlie 
 
 A PROCLAMATION. 
 
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 in the 
 
 evening on July 14, and reported that there 
 were a large number of Indians in the way. 
 General Hull then sent a detachment of Captain 
 Sloan's cavalry, and they returneil with information 
 that a body of Indians had gone up the ri\'er. Mc- 
 Arthur, with one hundred of his regiment and a 
 rifle corps from Colonel Findley's, was sent in )nir- 
 suit, ;ind subse(iuently Captain Smith, of the Detroit 
 I )ragoons, followed, with orders to go to the Thames 
 and procure provisions. He overtook McArthur, and 
 went with him about sixty miles above the mouth 
 of the river, reairning in tlic evening of the 17th 
 with a large quantity of stores. On the .same day, 
 before McArtluir's party had reuirned, Colonel 
 Cass, with two hundred and eiglity men, pushed 
 on to the river Aux Canards, and took possession 
 
 manifestly dishearti'iied, and this feeling was so 
 apparent that many of the ollicers and soldiers lo.st 
 conruleiice in his leadership. 
 
 K.irly in August an express .arrived with inform.i- 
 tion that Captain Henry Brush, who had bei sent 
 by Governor Meigs, of (^hio, with a compaiiy of 
 volunteers, and provisions for the army, was at the 
 ri\er R.iisin, waiting for an escort. This was at 
 lirst refused, but finally General Hull consented to 
 send Major T. 15. Van Horn with two hundred 
 men. The major crossed the Detroit River August 
 4, and man hed that evening as far as the river 
 J'Icorce. The following morning the force pushed 
 on, and, as they entered the open grountl of Browns- 
 town, were attacked by Tecumsch with several hun- 
 dred Indians and British .soldiers. The suddenness 
 of the attack threw the troops into confusion, and 
 
276 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 the entire force retreated towards Detroit, and sent 
 news of the disaster to (ieiieral Hull. This defeat, 
 and tile i^lainiy expressed dissatisfaction of tlie olli- 
 cers at no advance being made in Canada, caused 
 General Hull to call a council of war, and it was 
 decided to advance on Maiden. Preparatory orders 
 to this end were issued, but ere the preparations 
 were conii^lete, an order was issued by (leneral Hull 
 to cross over tt> Detroit. Accordingly, on the night 
 of August 7th and the morning of the 8th, the main 
 body of the army returned. 
 
 Immediately on their return, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Miller, with si.x hundred troops, was ordered to open 
 communication with Captain Brush at the Raisin. 
 They left on the afternoon of August 8, and on the 
 next day, at about 4 P. M., when two mil(;s below 
 the village of Monguagon, the first guard, commanded 
 by Captain Snelling of the Fourth United States 
 Regiment, was tired on by an extensive line of 
 British and Indians. Miller's force, however, made 
 so good a defence that the liritish and Indians 
 retreated. Colonel Miller sent an express to Cen- 
 eral Hull witli information of his success, and re- 
 quested a supply of provisions. 
 
 Colonel McArthur was orilered to take one hun- 
 dred men from his regiment, and six hundred ra- 
 tions for Colonel Mi!lei-'s forces, to proceed down 
 the river in boats, and bring the woimdetl t(J Detroit. 
 He embarked his force on the morning of August 
 ID in nine boats, anil arrived safely at Colonel Mil- 
 ler's encampment, two miles above Brownstown. 
 As soon as he could deliver his provisions and place 
 the wounded men in the boats, he commenced his 
 return, but the British brig Hunter anchored in the 
 path of his boats, at the head of Grosse Isle, and 
 preventeil them from returning. A messenger was 
 sent to General Hull to inform him of this new 
 trouble and to ask for wagons to carry up the 
 wounded. These were sent, but .is they could not 
 get within a quarter of a mile of the boats, the 
 wounded were placed in small canoes and thus con- 
 veyed to shore. 
 
 As soon as he was supplied with provisions and 
 relieved of the wounded. Colonel Miller had intend- 
 ed to march to the Raisin, hut he was prevented by 
 sickness; and an express soon arrived from General 
 Hull with positive orders to return. These orders 
 were obeyed, and on August 12 his force reached 
 Detroit. 
 
 On the 13th the 15ritish were seen marching up 
 from Sandwich to a point opposite Fort Detroit, 
 and within point-blank shot of our batteries; but 
 General Hull would not suffer his gunners to tire, 
 and even allowed the British to erect batteries with- 
 out being molested. All this time Captain Brush, 
 with the provisions for the army, was at the Raisin, 
 
 and on the evening of the i.i.th General Hull sent 
 an escort of three hundred and tifty troops, under 
 Colonels McArthur and Cass, to his relief. The 
 force took a circuitous route, and when about 
 twenty-tive miles from Detroit became entangled in 
 a swamp, and as they were without provisions, the 
 accident was a serious one. On August 15, during 
 their absence, two British of'ticers arrived from 
 Sandwich with a tlag of truce, and a letter from 
 General Brock demanding the surrender of I'"ort 
 Detroit. General Hull at once returned a letter, in 
 which were the following words: "I am ready to 
 meet any force which may be at your disposal." 
 
 British armed vessels soon appeared in sight, and 
 the battery on the opposite shore began to play 
 upon the fort. The tire was returned from our 
 batteries and the fort, and one of the enemy's guns 
 was silenced in a few minutes. Tradition says 
 there was then standing, at the corner of Wootl- 
 bridge and (jriswold Streets, a magnificent pear 
 tree, some two feet in diameter, and the pride and 
 delight of the citizens. During the cannonading 
 from the opposite shore, it was perceived that this 
 tree served as a mark to direct the aim of the enemy. 
 A soldier, by the name of Miller, was therefore 
 directed to cut it down, He proceeded cheerfully 
 to his task, and plied his ax with vigor, but made 
 no very rapitl progress upon the tough old tree. A 
 fortunate shot from the British battery soon struck 
 it i^recisely where he was cutting, carrying off two- 
 thirds of the trunk. Miller paused for a moment, 
 and exclaimed, " Fire away, John Bull ! You cut a 
 great deal faster than I can." He then completed 
 the work. 
 
 As soon as the bombardment begafi there was 
 great confusion in the town. Valuables of every 
 sort were hastily packed up and buried, and even 
 clothing and furniture were thus concealed. Several 
 of the inhabitants sought refuge in a ravine on the 
 Cass P'arm; others, with beds and bedding, were 
 sheltered in the fort. Some of the women, mean- 
 while, were making cartridges and others scraping 
 lint. Many kept a vigilant eye up<jn the movements 
 of the enemy, and learned to dodge the shells. 
 Numbers of dwellings were badly damaged. Some 
 of the shots aimed at the battery struck the United 
 States storehouse ; one passed over it, and perforated 
 the stone building (afterwards the Mansion House) 
 where Judge Woodward hatl his quarters. He had 
 just risen from his bed and was standing beside it 
 when a shot came through the room, struck the 
 pillow and the bed, and drove them into the fire- 
 pl.ice, while the .spent ball rolled out upon the tloor. 
 Another large shot fell upon Augustus Langdon's 
 house, on the corner of Woodward Avenue and 
 Congress Street, passed through the roof, struck 
 
THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 II 
 
 upon a table around which the family were sittinj;^, 
 anil went throu,i(h the tloor into the cellar. 
 
 In the eveninjr (leneral Hull sent a courier to the 
 detachment under Colonels McArthur and Cass, 
 orderin^ij them to return, as the fort had been sum- 
 moned to surrender. The detachment luarchcd 
 until two o'clock that night on their return, and the 
 next morning arrived at the edge of the woods in 
 the vicinity of Detroit, where they drew up in order 
 of battle. A party of dragoons sent forward to 
 reconnoiter returned with the news that, though the 
 Indians were yelling thrf)Ugh the conuuons, the 
 American flag was still hoisted at the fort. Soon 
 afterwards a note was received from (ieneral Hull, 
 informing them of the capitulation and ordering 
 them in. At 6 A. M., on the morning of this day 
 (August 16), the British began firing. Soon after, 
 in full sight of ( ieneral Hull and his army, their 
 troops began crossing over to Springwells. Before 
 eight o'clock they had landed, and begini their 
 march towards Detroit. So satisfied, apparently, 
 was Brock that he would not be attacked that he 
 rode several hundred yards ahead of his troops. 
 His army consisted of thirty royal artillerists, three 
 hundred regulars, four hundred militia, and about 
 six hundred Indians; the force also had three six, 
 and two three-pounders. The troojis advanced 
 towards the fort without opposition, the militia and 
 regulars on the margin of the river, and the Indians, 
 under Tecumsch, next to the woods. At this time 
 Hull had an opportunity to repulse General Brock. 
 A battery of two twenty-four-poundcrs, umler 
 charge of Lieutenant Anderson, was stationed on 
 Jefferson y\ venue, where it now intersects Wayne 
 Street. The high bluff then existing at that point 
 afforded an excellent and commanding position. 
 Colonel Anderson subseijuently told C. C. Trow- 
 bridge that he "had his fuse ready, and by one dis- 
 charge could have blown Brock's close colunui to 
 pieces; but, instead, he received a peremptory order 
 from Hull not to tire." 
 
 Colonel Miller, with the Fourth Regiment, was 
 inside the fort, and the volimteers from Ohio and a 
 portion of the Michigan militia were on the com- 
 mons in the rear of the town. The British troops 
 were exposed on all sides except the river, but they 
 continued to advance, and when they reached what 
 is now the foot of Tenth Street, Cieneral Hull or- 
 dered all the soldiers to retire inside the fort. Soon 
 after a ball from the British battery, which now kept 
 up a constant tire, was thrown inside the fort, and 
 killed Captain Hanks, Lieutenant Sibley, and Dr. 
 Reynolds, and wounded Dr. Blood. Another shot 
 passed through the gate, killing two soldiers in 
 the barracks. Two men were also killed outside. 
 There were so many soldiers inside, together with 
 
 women and children who had cf)me there for pro- 
 tection, that it was almost impossible for a ball to 
 strike in the fort without killing some one. \'ery 
 little injury was experienced from the shells, for, 
 though well-directed, they generally burst before 
 reaching the fort. 
 
 By this time, if not before, (ieneral Hull seems to 
 have fully made up his mind to surrender, and his 
 son, Ca]itain A. F. Hull, was ordered to disjilay a 
 white flag from the fort. The firing from the bat- 
 tery on the Canadian side soon ceased, and Captain 
 Hull was sent with a Hag of truce to meet Brock's 
 forces. The inaj^propriateness of sending such a 
 man on such an crnmd is indicated by the state- 
 ment of Colonel .Snelling, who says that Abram 
 Hull was always intoxicated when an emergency 
 occurred, and but a short time prior to his being 
 sent to negotiate terms of surrender, was disgust- 
 ingly drunk and noisily foolish in his conduct and 
 remarks. Lieutenant-Colonel McDoniu'll and Major 
 Cilegg, who were sent by Cicneral ISrock to agree 
 U]ion the terms of surrender, were allowed to ride 
 in before the terms were agreed upon ; and almost 
 before the garrison knew what was going on, they 
 were prisoners of the British army. Many of the 
 militia distinctly witnessed the arrival of Brock's 
 army at Springwells, and were chagrined beyond 
 measure at the apathy of their commander ; and 
 when ixHiuired to surrender their ritlcs, disbanded in 
 disortler, many of them breaking their guns, and all 
 was confusion, every man secnu'ng to act u]K)n his 
 individual convictions. When the soldiers were 
 drawn up in line, to be deliveri'd as |irisoners, A. C. 
 Truax, one of the territorial militia, determined that 
 he would endeavor to escajx'. Handing his gun, 
 with a careless air, to a .soldier near by, he entered 
 one of the buildings of the cantonment, shouldered 
 his trunk, and proceeded on his way, passing succes- 
 sively and successfully English and American offi- 
 cers, both of whom supposeil him to be detailed for 
 the purjiose of carrying the trunk. Once out of 
 reach, he travelled at leisure, and made his way to 
 Schenectady. 
 
 About 12 o'clock, on August 16, the British forces, 
 with General Brock at their head, marched into the 
 fort, and the Americans marched out, the American 
 Hag was pulled down, and the British colors hoi.s- 
 ted. The terms of capitulation, printed at the time, 
 are given herewith in fac-simile. By the capitulation 
 General Hull surrendered about two thousand men, 
 forty barrels of powder, four hundred rounds of 
 twenty-four-pound shot, one hundred thousand 
 ball cartridges, twenty-four thousanil stands of arms, 
 thirty-tive iron and eight brass cannon, and a large 
 supply of provisions. 
 
 The next day the British cominenced removing 
 
2 78 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 the military stores to Malcit-n, and for a month the 
 river was ccn'ered witii small boats enjj;a,v;x(l in their 
 transportation. General Hull stipulated that Cap- 
 tain i5rush and the stores at the river Raisin should 
 also be surrendered, and Captain I''Jliott, a son of 
 the liritish Indian agent, was sent to him with the 
 articles of capitulation ; but in this case, the British 
 " caught a Tartar," for Captain Thomas Rowland, 
 who was with Colonel Brush, in command of a 
 volunteer ritle company, raised and equipped by 
 
 CAMP at DETROIT '«a.'"« :3ij- 
 ■ ■ar o nr 
 
 \-/APITUL\TrONror tlic Surrender orForlUETivoir.mhT. 
 e-linto between Major General Brock, commanding His 
 3niv»VNir Majesty's forces, on the one part; & Btijadier 
 General HuLt, commanding the Norlli-Wcftctn Army of Hie 
 Vnited-States oil llic other part. 
 
 in. Fori DK.TROiT.wiih all theltoops, vegnlarsaswelliuMu 
 litia, will lie immcdialclv. Surrendered to the Britilli forces un- 
 der the Command of .\l.ij. Gen. Brock, & will bo sonfulered 
 prifoncisof w.ir, with the exreptionof fuch of the Militia of 
 the Michigan Territory who Imve not joined the \rmy, 
 
 ■d. All public Stares. arms& all public docuin jnts includ- 
 ing every thing eUc of a public nature will be immediately 
 gii'Pn up. 
 
 3H. I'rivatc Pcrfons & property of every dL-fcripiion llialllje 
 Tclpectcd. 
 
 4lh. His excellency Brigadier Gen. Hull havirjexprelTed 
 a defirc thai a dctjcliment from the Slate of Ohio, on its way 
 lojoin his Army .is well as one fenl from Foil OETi:oir,und« 
 the Command of Colonel M Art:iur, fliouldbc iichided iti 
 the above CAriTULAT'OX, it is accordingly agreed to. It is hon^ 
 ever tobe underiloodthat fuch part of the Uhio - .Militia, irg 
 have not joined the Army, v.ill hi permitted to return to Ihcir 
 homes, on condition that they will notfervc during the war, 
 their arms however will be delivered up, if belonging to the 
 public. 
 
 jth.TheGarrifon will march out at the hour of twelve 
 o'clock, & the OtitisU forces will take immediately poflelTion 
 of the Fort. 
 
 Approved ^(StJ"'') J.McDoxF.Lr, Licnr. 
 
 (SiONTul W. HULL. Brigr. ^ Col. Militia. P. A.D. C. 
 Gcnl.Comg. the N.W.Army < j. b. Gleco Major A. D-C 
 
 AfPROVEn. \ James Miller Lieut. Col. 
 
 (5UJMEB) ISAAC BROCK, \ 5th. U. S. Inlantry. 
 
 ".Major General, J g, BRUEiiCol.Comg. 1 11 .Rcgt. 
 Michigan Militia. 
 
 A true Copy. 
 
 Robert Nichol Lieut. Coli 
 if. Of, M. Genii Militia< 
 
 FaC -SIMILE OK I'RINTEl) ARTICLES OI' CaI'ITLLATION. 
 
 [Size of original, x 12 inches.] 
 
 himself, detained Elliott as a prisoner, carried him 
 thirty miles, and then released him, retaining his 
 horse, however, to aid in carrying the sick, and they, 
 with Captain Brush and all his command and stores, 
 successfully escaped to ( )hio. 
 
 The captured ( )hio troops were paroled, and .sent 
 home by way of Cleveland. The Michigan militia 
 were released. Most of the regular troops were 
 conveyed in Hat-bottomed boats down the St. Law- 
 rence to Montreal and Ouehec, and some of them 
 were literally ".sent to Halifa.x." General 15rock 
 
 garrisoned Detroit with two hundred and fifty men, 
 and left it in command of Colonel Proctor with 
 A. B. Woodward, one of the American judges, as 
 secretary of the Territory. A reduced copy of two 
 I'roclamalions of Cok)nel Proctor's, from an original 
 12x15 inches in si/e, is given. 
 
 The news of the surrender of Cieneral Hull was 
 received with universal execration and astonishment. 
 Many believed him a traitor, and th 're are not a 
 few stories and traditions embodying this belief. 
 Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, a .soldier in (ieneral Har- 
 rison's army, in a work called the "Western Pio- 
 neer," tells of a midshipman on one of Perry's ships, 
 who .said it was a fact that Hull sent word "to the 
 Ikitish that war was declared before the news of it 
 reached Detroit." 
 
 He siiiil that -ilthoiinh born in the United St.itcs, he lived at 
 Maiden, and that lioforc lie knew of the war he was warned out 
 of lied and prrssed into service, and so closely watched he could 
 not make his escape. That, liein^ a sergeant, he to<ik his turn in 
 heini; orderly for (Iciieral I'roek, and was so whin he landed at 
 Si>rinkcwclls, three miles below l)ctruit. This brought him in close 
 priixiniily with I'rnek. He said that whih-- llrmk was waitiiij.; be- 
 hind till' sand-hills, at the wells, he sent his aid niit three times to 
 see if Hull had raised the white lla),'. When the aid returned the 
 second time with the word, "No fla^ yet, (Ieneral," liniek's 
 knees sii trembled that they fairly smote together, and he said, 
 
 " ii n lue, I'm afraid the old dog will trick me yet." lint 
 
 when the ;'icl returned the third lime with word that the llaj; was 
 out, lirock s "ountenanee chanKed, and he ordered a furward 
 tnovement to take possession of the city. When they came to the 
 west xate of the city, and saw the cannon planted so as to rake 
 down the road, with lighted matches by them, he, with others, 
 felt and looked pale at the ihounht of what would have been the 
 consetpienee if they had been let loose upon them. 
 
 And when they saw the rajje of the .Aiiierieans at beiuK thus 
 sold, and without a chance to defend themselves, IJrock said it 
 would have Ix'i'n hard takini; those men. 
 
 " Then," siiid Hnin.son to the midshipman, " Hull sold his men, 
 did he ?" " Oh, yes, that was understood, or Urock would not have 
 ventured over the river with a force so much less than that of the 
 Americans." " Well, what did Hull get for them ?" " Why, he 
 was to have sixteen dollarsa head for the men, and pay for the pro- 
 visions, guns, ammunition, etc. lint when Hull lay in Sandwich he 
 sent (Ieneral .Me Arthur up the St. Clair River to .Selkirk's settle- 
 ment, and took eight litindred merino sheep, which wer<' valued 
 at from twelve to fourteen hundred dollars a head at that time, 
 and hutehered them for his army. When liroek had him a pris- 
 oner in Montreal, and settled with him, he said, ' Vou stole those 
 sheep after you had maile the bargain, and shall pay for them,' 
 and thus brought Hull in debt and served him right." 
 
 A confirmation of a part of this sheep story is 
 found in Colonel J. Snelling's reply to "Hull's 
 Memoirs," published in the Detroit Cazette for 
 September 13 and 20, 1825. Colonel Snelling said: 
 
 Among the anomalies in our army w.is a corps commanded by a 
 militia Lieutenant. I do not believe he reported to the adjutant- 
 general, nor is his name mentioned in .my of the papers of those , 
 days. My impression is that he received his orders dire^lly from 
 the (Ieneral. Thisoflicer, among other excursions, made one to 
 lieldoon, a settlement then recently established by Lord Selkirk. 
 My company had been ordered to recross the river, to be employed 
 in ordinance duties, and I saw the Lieutenant and his det.ichmeni 
 
 
THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 279 
 
 the 
 
 icn, 
 avc 
 the 
 
 ■,he 
 pro- 
 li lu- 
 ll Ir- 
 
 linu', 
 pris- 
 
 llldSC 
 
 ihcm,' 
 
 )ry IS 
 
 hill's 
 
 for 
 
 said : 
 
 i<l by ii 
 
 jutant- 
 f thiisc , 
 ly from 
 one to 
 S.-lWirk. 
 Hiloyed 
 thmeni 
 
 when they returned. 'I'hey broii>;ht with tlieni several articles of 
 pLTsonal propt-rl)', ami a larj^t- llock of Merino sheep. These 
 sliee|) were pastured in tile pnl)lic lields adjoining,' the fcjrt, and in 
 my walks on the ramparts, 1 saw them delivind daily, two and 
 tlirei' at a time, to per;uins who appeanil to be piurhasi is. 
 
 As they were nt)t slau>;litered for the use of the troops, and as 
 tile ( leneral passes over tlieui in sileiiee in his .M^'.noirs, it may l>i' 
 inferred that in this Merine speeulation he had other views than 
 merely snl)sistinK the army. Many of the sheep remained in tlie 
 lields when Detroit was surrendered and were restored to Lord 
 Selkirk's ayent. I have introduced this circumstance only to 
 show that we were in no innuediate danger of starvation. 
 
 NolhinK could justify this outrage on private property, but an 
 absolute scarcity in our camp. It was a direct violation of that 
 clause of the (leiieral's proclamation in which he says to the in- 
 habitants of Canada, " 1 proMtise yon protection to your persons, 
 l)rop"rty, and rights. Remain at your homes, purstie your peace- 
 ful avocations, and raise not your arms against your brethren." 
 I'his and similar trans,iitions, 
 particularly the plundering of 
 Colonel Haby's house, materi- k*iv»»3^tr 
 
 ally impaired the confidence of 
 the Canadians in the (nneral's 
 jironiises, and lost him the re- 
 spect of the army. 
 
 me," she said, and JLadiii^f tlie oliicer u]) stairs, slie 
 threw open a bedroom door, and, poiiitiiiy; to tlie old 
 latly, said, " There, sir, is a IJritisii pieee, all that I 
 iiave. .Sei/.e lier I " Tile otiicer turned on his iieei, 
 made a .sprinvf, hit the top, tlie middle, and the 
 lower stair in his lliijht, and never called on Mrs. 
 Dodeniead again. 
 
 While these events were in progress the governor 
 of Ohio was collecting reinforcements for Hull's 
 army, and had ordered the remaining portion of the 
 det.iched militia of his State, amounting to twelve 
 hiindreil men, to be gathereil. The response was 
 gratifying in the extreme, and the ranks were soon 
 filled. The most prominent, intelligent, and wealthy 
 
 2irrssii:2Si3s-5Sij;<ts«>c«js»u»« 
 
 The taking u( the 
 sheep is also contirmed 
 by the testimony of 
 Colonel Cass at the time 
 of Hull's trial. Me .said: 
 " Another detachment 
 * * * brought down a 
 considerable number of 
 sheep to the amount of 
 several hundreds, which 
 were taken care of at 
 Detroit and its environs, 
 when surrendered." 
 
 Additional indications 
 of the popular opinion as 
 to Gen. Hull are found 
 in the fact tluit the IJre- 
 voort and other families 
 preserve stories of a plan 
 having been arranged to 
 capture a British vessel, 
 which was laden with 
 
 KEGVLATION rf tin Cfvil Gmwmai of ih 
 Territory ofMichi^an,s 
 
 V V IIEKEAS Ae Tftiil«r» ot MlrH,.«n. »« on W.I MclriTi Ji» of _«ot«l, 
 fneitiDcr>r<4tl[-U bundled twclTe, CtJtJt>> Ci;rrt:jlM(ioihcarini«ri:ii B>itA)iK:a 
 Sl*]i!n.h tbe/\Ettifin,irjgWMTfmoifJj:;Jtl.enriiilliil;ru'j.i;i.<tcJcnl):rj ■.■./ 
 kItiMn : Ar J«Ticrcali>nltierixc.Itvar(i^/4Dj//» «aillTtcJb)- . 1,,ac D^'icf I .,7. 
 l\?.j[.trt.iertlCnTniirflm3 HIiaIaIi-i,- fjicsiin tliir.tniiijf iC VlTliR CA'VAn\, 
 r..;. jic. &e. Mi\]MUiiV'ii:l.m)ii^imi,^^oitizTj\uti^tnvOvaitt%at'i\ *ixl^~ 
 InUlintioftbiL! t Tnf't,!(f 'h.> "ttilhi'Stoci.eiaratlrpidar dI iht1ro!cit.ia.t and 
 •• JLfiice tl li.e r.il,;ihnjv(inmrm,ihf Aiiieti(inl4iriliett»fjt«;a taiilttjtB llull tjn;i..ij 
 <'in riicr,i:m'it)iit MAjiiT\'ii'lra[ure1ic Ircun.or, rolorgatihipciit&ljtti) of fh# 
 "f»ilreitll«y>Mil t;ini-nf.reof AniHht.fy.UIiiiTaa* c iiiof tttititeJ Imo txrrA 
 lionaccuri'.icsloilicelT.a&lDteQitonlaainoindillj l.,« liluH'aoli i>i>ti9;t jituiiji^ 
 foMteei'irirrfi .V eominian^ Cf thepropa (iul aiTi.-rii ; Lf i!i; cic.uiim cT ih4 
 lijic,&«i(I,ov:it)>eneie<Tjrf cour(lB(«.lnrjutJiuat auihu.'i.ict tot Uu adittii.ulrtliwa at 
 ]uOi.-e amon^ ihcL'JJi.b)b;tai:f. 
 
 Kavilicutotf. brltliacmn (Ml t. ibe UDiLt1,;^;J, tliviT I*i3Cmi, CLrnntt la thtf 
 
 Minia)jFl(,I«lorll:iBilT>Bl.l ^^;..,,.H.* l.v;; J Ji.,jirMl,e Ic'l.l^t) lI M: M. 
 
 A..luiiiia uf Ilia raid \vtwij. 
 
 5!i?r7Jf;?1 eritiKl.^t a.T«Trlllrai' nC..:il ■ Jtfta7(1-iatwr,-.If (le T^'rtrOX 
 rtr io Ibi iniliiir, d.piiiiDccI piling ibelawfLlUmaonlitttrtaf la Iha ti.ll treararrt* 
 Tbe ilLiirt, cuDoni, u rtvtniKi atcccg acioinin; Io i!ia U«| o[ l!il VciicJ Siatct, II: '1 
 \t paid qoaricilr, bf Vbt loUetlora to tie ri^Ttr OUl:et In ll,eMi! tarr Jipailmrnr. 'i :i9 
 Inrciml (loiirt A- rntaiuiictluiliAlolLlTcililsiJ DlMidii£»ll( &ulu ji:4(aijurros 
 
 fu If muhirr'i 
 
 ■VI. 
 
 VidK. Ai/uuiTVI n. \Vi.«iiHA»|.CI.if/Jn(lli;f ffth*fiiJr«ir^or)f lnp,ioliiuJS(tTC'ir;y 
 Tlif . R:«i ol ttri' '". ^ "t-i-. t ol r!.e I.» J-O.-^fr. r. Polind .-f. ire fjp^eeJ.-I, t-fr/. 
 tog I fu:iti^IUimJ^UJl^llk:itu)lCciUkli.i> AUeQ^ciuitil laLiA AvatmaX.KM 
 
 Cirm ur.^cr v.y Invfa! D.'frD'if t^.e Irvtnhpjl ^jv /»/ 
 
 iSr.nD) 
 
 
 fii''^:oa;iapptilri'..ii'^ toilTif ii!-:(J. wiiln3Li*i;j iitu- comiiiiinodt for iT.f Tir-ie, fit td T* 
 
 I^.!:^^^o'f>^'oBTlci'i!^lri^c^«:Iith«re ••• ''•-'■• ' -■ *- ,>-'■ ^ ''■"^ "te ',/•:,• iLa ui2XA'^ 
 
 ISU 
 
 turn nT Junia lull be biu ■■ uCiA 
 
 A PROCLAMATION; 
 
 jSjKi F«tfT»v TIENRY rnOCTEa air, Oiitmn- </ lit 
 Xtmtarjc/Muh-iiui.iSl, tfc.6e 
 
 VV IIEREAS t.Tililn J nKuinfiancrs tnSer it m, 
 CelTar^, Tor ihe Peace & f.ifav o( llic (aid Tcniiurv, Ihai Iha 
 l.AU-5 ndw ill Force tlicrcin, fhimlil, fur tiic prcfcni, bi! fiiti 
 rfndcil, & that Mailial Law Itiould be Proclaimed i Now 
 tliercTorr.IllieCiidllfHRV l'Bocr«« Efqr.iJo bylhefe pre. 
 frnl! dtclare, that, the Civil i Criminil L»\vi now in Forcr, 
 fn flic (.idTeTiilorynijIlbclorthepicfenr fufpended ; & I 
 do orJer & direil that Ihe faUl leriitiiry ihall be Goverma 
 lyMjilial tawunlilUucli lime, aiilie Dingernovf ciilline, 
 «labe apprehended, sball lie icmond. And all Perroiiiie.' 
 r lingMiiliin Ihe (.nd ■leriiluiy ite rtquirt.l in tjke Kotir.i 
 oriheitttnti'ioclamaiimi, &lo Govern lliemfiKei accord, 
 fejl/a 
 
 Cim iiiiifeT mi Hanilf^nTal Mml ihufmriH 
 
 4.1J rf Fitt: 1813, cnil M l^r tjci ydr «/ itJS 
 tUJEilX'i&UiH, 
 
 JIENRrrROCTEBj 
 
 CuLg>l5L&UM'« 
 
 Reduced Fac-si.milk of Pkoctor's Proclam.vtions of iSii- and 1813. 
 
 IV, 
 
 >R'Oifla» r'w'l.*Mi>ntMooib*ailppIejrronn?7awtraB7orftaa.-.;;::uS;i:-:f 
 iJ.. v"irl'""""lV<"tt.rir7..bcaai,)-ori!.t,ii.i,iaic\a.i«t. li.a ti.mary n.J 
 Hn.aewitrci.ri of 81l («;L-i,rrM£«J ri;i & Irjfnvttr nf;!C'jT:iE!,on; tl »-h;illJ>sn 
 fctaattauilijuif ljHoiH«Jl.,iJla fiamamm, i Hi oitar CuIIl: aaalnk 
 
 provisions and lay near 
 
 Hois Blanc Island; but after everything was in readi- 
 ness, General Hull delayed and hesitated, and woukl 
 not allow the project to be carried out. 
 
 Soon after the surrender, ofticers were sent round 
 to disarm the citizens. One of them came to the 
 dooi of Mrs. Dodemead, who had in her care a little, 
 old, dried-up, bedridilen woman from Canada, 
 whom she had kindly provided with a home. 
 "Madam," .said the ofl[icer, as Mr.s. Dodemead 
 opened the door,. " I am or.dereil by Colonel Proctor 
 to disarm the citizens, and take all giins to the fort. 
 Have you any in your house.''" Mrs. Dodcmeail 
 replied that she had "one llritish piece." " Follow 
 
 young men of the country eagerly enrolled them- 
 selves ft)r .service. A new ([uota of Kentucky vol- 
 unteers went into cam|) at Georgetown ; and by a 
 strange coincidence, on August iTi, at the very time 
 General Hull was capitulating ;it Detroit, Henry 
 Clay was addressing these troops, anticipating in 
 his adilress the fall of .\hilden and the concjuest of 
 I'pper Canada. 
 
 The surr,ender of Detroit did not dishearten the 
 Western States, neither tlid they prop(.)se to leave it 
 in the hands of the British; during all the fall of 1812 
 preparations and pl.ins "cre being made for its re- 
 cipture, and in J;uui;iry, 1S13, General Winchester, 
 
280 
 
 THE WAR OK 1812. 
 
 in command of one of the divisions, was marcliins' 
 towards Detroit. On arriving- at tlic rapids of tlu; 
 Maiuncc, he learned that tiic Indians were meditat- 
 injf an attacic on Frenchtown, in Monroe Cf)imty, 
 and immediately sent Colonels Allen and Lewis 
 with six hundred and sixty men to defend the place. 
 On January 18 they defeated the Hritish and In- 
 dians, and on the evening of the 20tii Cieneral Win- 
 ciiester arrived with three hundred additional troops. 
 Soon after reaching; Frenchtown, the .scouts informed 
 him that he would he attacked on the evening of the 
 2 1 St by a force from Maiden. He did not credit 
 the report, and therefore failed to make adequate 
 preparations for defence. Early on the morning f)f 
 January 22, his sentinels tired three guns in cjuirk 
 succession. The troops were instantly formed, and 
 almost immediately the British opened a heavy tire 
 on the camp from several pieces of artillery. This 
 was quickly followed by a charge of British regulars, 
 a general tire of small arms, and Indian yells on 
 the right and left. 
 
 The American army was soon in confusion. Lieu- 
 tenant Garret, with tifteen or twenty men, retreated 
 about a mile and a half, and then surrendered. All 
 of his force were massacred, he alone escaping. 
 Another party of about thirty men ran nearly three 
 miles, but were overtaken by the .savages, and, after 
 they had surrendered, half of their number was 
 shot and tomahawked. In short, the greater part 
 of the retreating force fell a sacritice to the fury of 
 the Indians. The snow was so deep, and the cold 
 so intense, that the troops were soon exhausted, and 
 unable to elude their pursuers. 
 
 After the surrender Cokjnel Proctor informed the 
 American officers that his own wounded must be 
 carried to Maiden in the first boats, but that early 
 in the morning their wounded should also be re- 
 moved ; and that a guard, in the meantime, should 
 be left with them. About twehe o'clock the pris- 
 oners were marched off. Drs. Todd and Bowers, 
 of the Kentucky volunteers, were left with the 
 wounded. The only guard left to protect them was 
 Major Reynolds and two or three interpreters. 
 Soon after the British forces had left, a large body 
 of Indians, painted black and red, came into the 
 town. Their chiefs held a council, in which it was 
 determined to kill all the wounded who were unable 
 to march, to revenge their warriors lost in br.ttle. 
 The houses of Jean B.Jerome and (labriel (lodfroy, 
 which contained most of the prisoners, were inmie- 
 diately set on fire, and the greater part of the 
 wounded were consumed in the tlames ; many, who 
 were able to crawl, endeavored to get out of the 
 windows, but as fast as they appeared, they were 
 tomahawked, scalped, and pushed back alive. Some, 
 who were not in these houses, were killed and 
 thrown into the (lames ; and others were scalped 
 
 and mangled, .'uid left lying in the road. Sworn 
 testimony in abundance, subsequently submitted to 
 Congress by Jutlge Woodward, shows that after 
 these events the dead bodies were literally devoured 
 where they lay, by hogs and dogs. 
 
 In after years the citizens of Detroit did not fail 
 to do honor to the heroes of Kentucky who were 
 ni;issaireil at the Raisin. On Jinie 22. 1S18, a 
 meeting was held at the council-house to take 
 measures for collecting the remains of the Ameri- 
 can officers and sol(liei-s killed at the memorable 
 battle of January 22, 1813. Ciovernor Cass pre- 
 sided. A committee was appointed to remove the 
 remains from the ri\er Raisin to Dcirdit, and on 
 August 8, 1818, they were buried in the I'rote.stant 
 Burying (iround, with the honors of wnv. An 
 oration appropriate to the occasion was delix'ered at 
 the council-house by Samuel T. Davenixnt, and a 
 large procession accompanied the honored relics to 
 their new resting place. 
 
 In 1S34 the box containing these remains (all of 
 the skulls showing the mark of the tomakawk) was 
 removed to the City Cemetery on Clinton Street; 
 and from there again removed, in Seiitembcr, 1849, 
 by Colonel E. Brooks, who carried them, w ith other 
 bones cf)llected in .Monroe County, to Frankfort, 
 Kentucky. He arrived there on September 30, ,'md 
 the venerated remains were deposited, with ap])r()- 
 priate ceremonies, in the State Cemetery of Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 After the massacre at the Raisin, the few who 
 were judged able to march were taken to Maiden 
 ,'ind Detroit, but when any of them gave out they 
 were tomahawked withcnit mercy. Those who could 
 .scarcely walk on account of wounded and bleeding 
 feet were compelled to dani'e on the frozen ground 
 for the amusement of the savages. 
 
 On the arrival of the prisoners at Detroit, the 
 inhabitruits used great exertions to procure accom- 
 modations for the wounded, and to ransom the 
 prisoners from the Indians. Thirty-four or more 
 were ransomed here, seven by Colonel Elliott of 
 ]\Ialden, and one by Colonel Francis Baby. Day 
 after day, for a month, the prisoners were brought 
 in; and with the characteristic sympathy of their 
 sex, the women left ordinary duties undone that they 
 might watt-h at their doors to bargain for the nui- 
 som and relief of the sick and wounded. 
 
 The imfortunate prisoners were literally hawked 
 about the streets for sale, the price ranging from ten 
 dollars to eighty dollars. The only question with 
 the Indians seemed to be, whether they could get 
 more goods for a live captive than f(jr a fresh scalp. 
 One account says, "They even dug up the dead 
 bodies and tf)re off their .scalps that they might cheat 
 their employers by selling them at the same price as 
 if taken from the newlv dead." In their efforts to 
 
THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 281 
 
 satisfy tlu; sava.ijes and rclL'asc! the iiohle Kentiicki- 
 ans wlio liad voluiiUt'iTcl for llie rescue of Detroit, 
 many eitizens al)S(jliitely impoverislied tlieiuseiws. 
 Household vaUiabies, elothinjj^. siiawis, and hiani<ets 
 from the betls, were given in exchanyc for the cap- 
 tives. 
 
 CK-neral Cass, in an artic-lc contained in tlie Nortli 
 American l\.evie\v for April, i<S27, sliows conchi- 
 sively tliat the ISrilisli ('lovt'rnmcnt <hd not ransom 
 a sin,nie prisoner durini;- tlie War of I1S12, and that 
 a positive oniciai ordi'r was issued proiiiijilini;' Amer- 
 ican citizens fiom so doint^. 1 le also shows that the 
 order of ( ieneral I'roctor, to allow live dollars for 
 prisontTS hroui;!^ in alive, was not issued until July 
 20, 1S13, lonu^ aflt'r the time when it could have 
 saved the life of a sinijle iierson, and then only live 
 dollars a prisoner was offered, when scores had been 
 ransomed by the Americans for fifty dollars and 
 upwards each. 
 
 The barbarities of the Indians were under the eye 
 and by the consent of I'roctor, whose name should 
 he disassociated from the country he represented; 
 he was a creature without honor or humanity, his 
 character and his acts were infamous. Followinjj up 
 the impulses of his nature, in order to retaliate for 
 the implied condemnation of his course by the 
 earnest efforts of the inhabitants to ransom cap- 
 tives, he forbade any furtlu'r ransominu^, and imme- 
 diately after the UKissacre, in the middle of a cold 
 winter, ordered all the leadin,^- Americans, some 
 thirty in number, to leave the Territory. 
 
 '["he followinj^ is a copy of one of the oriijinal 
 notifications, prescrx'ed by the State Historical So- 
 ciety : 
 
 Detroit, ist Vtib., 1813. 
 
 I llvNTI.KMFN', — 
 
 I .iin iirilcn-d by Colonel Proctor to s-ay th.it he expects you will 
 lie prepared to leave the country on I'riday next in company with 
 ,1 number of American citizens from this jjlace. 
 
 (tentlemen, your most oli't serv;tnt, 
 
 WlI.I.lAM JONHS. 
 
 V'c) Afessrs. I[, y. />'. Bni-'tiort and William Afacomb. 
 
 These orders drew out a protest, which is given 
 in full in Niles' Register, Volume V, page 185. It 
 was dated February i, 181 3, and began as follows : 
 
 Whereas, it has been signified to us, the undersigned, citizens of 
 ihe t'nited States, residi'iit at ])i'trnit, in the 'r<'rritory of Michi- 
 gan, by Colonel Henry rri>clor, the llritish t'onimanding offuer, 
 ihat it is his will and pleasure we should depart from and leave' 
 ihe sai<l Territory, and he so orders and directs it; leaving behind 
 .It the sauu! lime.as we meessarily must do, our deari'st relatives 
 exposed to all the cruelties and evils incident to a state of war, and 
 nur property at the mercy of the marauding savages. 
 
 The protest then recites the terms of the surrender 
 of 1812, claims that the order to leave is a gross 
 violation of the conditions of surrender, and that it 
 i"i the duty of the signers to resist the orders, and 
 requests Judge Woodward to present the protest to 
 
 I'roctor. It was signed by Lewis Bond, David Mc- 
 Lean, William Wilson, John Dicks, Arch. Lyon, 
 Israel Taylor, Anderson Martin, William M. Scott, 
 David Henderson, William Russell, Joseph Spencer, 
 J.uiies Patterson, Cieorge R. Chittenden, W. Robert- 
 son, John Walker, Conrad Seek, I'l. Brush, Conrad 
 Ten Fyck, I'etcr Desnoyers, Robert Smart, Janus 
 iSurnett, Richard 11. Jones, William lirown, J. Mc- 
 Donnell, John Congsett, Duncan Reid, A. Langan, 
 (■eorge Ratt/.es, and James Chittenden. 
 
 This protest produced no effect, and the citizens 
 were compelled to leave. At this time, an<I from 
 the day of the surrender to the day of re-occupation, 
 thousands of Indians, men, women, and children, 
 were collected in and about the town, and as many 
 as twelve hundred nitions liaily were issued to them. 
 The resources or the willingness of the Ihilish offi- 
 cers finally became unequal to the task, and before 
 the Americans, under (ieneral H.arrison, had arrived, 
 a mortality broke out among them that swept thou- 
 sands to the grave. 
 
 The inhabitants meantime were plundered in 
 every possible way. Upon one occasion an Indian 
 entered Major Dequindre's store, and taking a roll 
 of cloth started for the door. The major leaped 
 over the counter, took the cloth away, and drove 
 him and a comrade out of the store. They instantly 
 raised the war-cry, and Detiuindre, .seeing there was 
 trouble ahead, locked the dotjr, and ran to the fort 
 to seek protection for himself and his goods. He 
 was coolly told that nothing could be done. He 
 then sought the aid of Colonel McKee, the British 
 Intlian agent. Meantime, nearly one thousand 
 Indians had gathered .at his store, and broken in his 
 doors and windows. Colonel McKee, who had 
 great inlluence over the Indians, |)ersuatled them to 
 follow him to the common. He then obtained three 
 barrels ol whiskey from Judge McDonnell and Rob- 
 ert .Smart, and soon most of the sawages were too 
 drunk to tight successfully. The sober Indians 
 were then stationed at the dwellings of citizens 
 most likely to be attacked ; and, wrapped in their 
 blankets, lay on the doorsteps as a guard. During 
 the war the Canadians resident at Detroit protected 
 their cattle by designating them with a retl mark, 
 and their houses were preserved from pillage by a 
 similar sign. 
 
 The follovi.ig story of these times was related to 
 Mrs. I'"llet, author of the " Pioneer Women of the 
 West," by Cieneral John V.. Hunt of Toledo: 
 
 f)n a beautiful Siniday nu)rning in Detroit, I heard the scalp- 
 whoop of a war parly coming up the river. When they canu' 
 near, I discovered that they wi're carrying a woman's scalp upon a 
 pole, and that Ihiy had with tlum, as prisoners, a family of nine 
 children, from three years old up to two girls full grown. 'I'hcse 
 little captives had nothing on their heads, and their clothes were 
 torn into shreds by the brushwood and the bushes in the way by 
 which they had come. I went t<i meet them, brought them into 
 
282 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 my Iioiisr, j^M\-c tliciu and their Iiuiiiui ia|)ti>is a mcai, with a few 
 hiavis (it hrrail for furlhcr use, and luhl thu childirii net to lir 
 friKhlcni'd or micasy, fur that my hrolhrr woidd hny Ihcm from 
 the Indians when lie shuiild return frujn Canada, whither lu^ )iad 
 ifonc to spend the Sahhath with his father-in-law. Tlie ne.vt day 
 the prisoners rami' a^ain, an onip.uiied hy ahoiit Uvi- hinidred 
 Indians. My brother, 11. J. Hum, paid live hundred dollars for 
 ihiir ransom, and sent them homo. * * ♦ A yonriK girl who 
 had hecM lluis resem-d ami taken into .i family, seeiii),' a parly of 
 Indians pass by one day, tittered a jjieri in.i; shriek, and fell sense- 
 le.sstothe floor. ()\ reeoverin.ij <'onseionsness, slur deelared that 
 she had seen her mother's scalp in possession of one of the 
 savages, recognizinR it by the long light braid of hair. Her story 
 was oonlirnied liy a person who had seen the mother and daughter 
 brought with other prisoners from near Sandusky, Ohio. I'he 
 mother being in feeble health, and unable to travel as fast as 
 reiiuiied, was tomahawked, her daughter being hurried on in 
 ignorance of the cruel murder. 
 
 Early in February, 1813, Prortor comnicnccd to 
 plan for the inva.sion of the valley of the Maiinu'e. 
 To tills end. in April, Teciim.sch and fifteen hundred 
 Indians had collected at Maiden. They sailed, 
 April 23, for Fort Meiij^s. and attacked that place on 
 May I, but it resi.sted all their efforts, and on May 
 5 I'roclor abandiMH'd the attack, returned to Maiden, 
 ami disbanded the Canadian militia. 
 
 The Americans \vc!-e not inactive, I.artje bodies 
 of militia were leathered in Ohio and Kentucky, and, 
 under the leadershii) of (ieneral Harrison, were 
 movin,i( towards Detroit. Dr. lirunson. in his 
 " Western I'ioneer," jrives the followinvr .account of 
 soldier fare at the time the troops arrived at San- 
 dusky ISay : 
 
 We drew our pork and flour, but we had no camp equipage, not 
 having yet reached our regitnent. We kindled fires of drift-wood, 
 found on the beach, and took the flour, some on pieces of bark, 
 and some in dirty pocket handkerchiefs. If wc had cups, we 
 ladled the water from the bay into the flour, and those who had no 
 etips lifted the water with their two hands so arranged as to form 
 a cup. The (lour thtis wet, w ithoiit s.ilt, yeast, or shortening, was 
 baked, some on pieces of bark before the lire, hoe-cake or johnny- 
 cake fashion. Some removed the tire, ami put the dough into ihi^ 
 hot .sand, wrapped in leaves or ])apt r. ( )in' pork we cooked in the 
 bla/e of the fire, on the jmints of slicks. 
 
 Other details are thus narrated : 
 
 The country was infested with Indians, accompanied by llritish 
 regulars, and we expected an ;ilta< k <very night for lin days. 
 (General Harrison said that his spies reported live thousand regu- 
 lars and SL\ thousand Indians on the way for that purpose; and 
 knowing that his amy of twenty-five hundred men coulil not 
 resist eleven thousand, he made a ie<|tiisition on ( iovernor .Miigs, 
 of Ohio, for four thousand militia, who were on the murch to assi.st 
 U5. The spies reported that the enemy had left Kort Meigs, on 
 the Maumee River, and were heading tow.ird our camp. In view 
 of the near approach of the enemy, the ( lineral thiuight it prudent 
 to fall back toward Upper Sandusky, till he met tJovernor Meigs, 
 with his reinforcement, and then return to the fight; but he could 
 not retreat and leave Majftr Croghan at Fort Stevenson, with one 
 hundred and forty-three men, when', with such a force against 
 them, they must be cut off. The C.eni'ral tberrforc sent an express 
 to the Major to burn his fort, and every thing in it that his men 
 could not carry on their backs, and retreat on the east side of the 
 river, so as to be at Seneca at reveille the ne.xt morning. I!ut it 
 so happened— fortunately, as it turned out — that the express 
 
 mis-,etl his way, got li>st in the woods, and did imt reai h the Major 
 tin the ne.vt day at teno'iloik \. M. In the me;imime, iverything 
 w.'is prepari'd by I '.eneral Harrison's army at Setiec.i for a retreat 
 at revi'ille that morning. ♦ * ♦ Morning caiui. and no troo|>s 
 from the little fort. It would not do to ntreat and have tin in. 
 A I'ouncil of war was calleil to <li'eide wh.'it should be done. * ♦ 
 When ( Ieneral Cass was asked his opinion, he .said, " < ieneral, you 
 are in cimimand; yiui must do as you think best." " lint," said 
 H.irrisoit, " two heads are belter than one, and 1 want your opin- 
 ion." "A\'ell, it is my opiniiui, then, that we would better not 
 retreat till \vr sei^ something to retreat from." This settled the 
 (pii'Stion, and every man was si't at work to strengthen our 
 defences and prepare for the worst. 
 
 Major Croghan, knowing that the failure of ihe express to reach 
 him in time to obey the order would thwart the ( leneral's designs, 
 and that he must wait for further ordirs, and as bis own sjiies had 
 reported only hundreds, where tht: Creneral's had reported thou- 
 sands, believed that be could defend the little fort, if attacked, 
 before another order could be reciived. .As he had to wait for 
 further orders, he sent the express back with this letter: " 1 have 
 men eniuigli, amniiiiiition enough, and provisions enough, .iiid 
 d 11 me if I (piit tlu' fort." 
 
 The express reached heachpiarters with this insolent letter 
 about siin<lown. The (ienenil, of course, was nettled. The 
 Major was a jiet of his; had sien serviei' with him through tlie 
 war, from Tippecaiioi' to this time ; and to get such a letter from 
 his pet was rather t.Hi iiiikIi fur his friemlship to hear; and, l»'- 
 sides, subordination must be preser\'ed or the army would be 
 ruined. 
 
 The next morning Colonel Wi'lls was ordered to the command 
 of the little fort, and Colonel liall, with his two hundred dra- 
 goons, was ordered to escort him down to it. and bring up Major 
 Croghan under arre.st. Ahoul noon, tiie order was executed, and 
 the little Major, only ninete<'n years of agi', was brought into 
 camp a prisoner, * * * When the .Major appeared before him 
 he sprang to his feet, and with vehemence said, " .Major Croghan, 
 how came you to. send me that insoh-nt letter ? " " Why, Cieneral, 
 did n't the express explain it } " " Kxplain it I What explanation 
 can be given to such a lettiT as that ? " " Why, ('.eneral, did n't 
 he tell you that he did n't get there till yesterday morning at ten 
 o'clock ? " " Vis, he told me that. Hut w hat has that to do with 
 this letter ? " " Why, you know 1 could n't evacuates the fort, and 
 get here by reveille of the morning previous." " (If course not." 
 " Well, 1 knew (hat your plans must be thwarted by the circum- 
 stance, and that I must wait for further orders ; and believing 
 that I was completely invested by the enemy, and that the express 
 and the letter would fall into his hands, I determined, if it did, to 
 send him as bullying a (me as possible, liut I told the express, 
 
 the d d rascal, that if he got through with it to explain it to 
 
 you. Didn't he do it, (ieneral?" " No, he didn't." "Why, 
 (ieneral, you know that I understand my business, and the duties 
 of a subordinate too well to send you such a letter, under any 
 other circumstances." "Why, certainly, 1 thought so ; .and th.it 
 was the mystery of the case. Hut how could I understand it 
 without an explanation? and with this 1 am s.atisfied. " And 
 before night the M.ajor was restored to his command. * * * 
 In two days after his return, he fought the memorable battle of 
 Kort Stevenson, h.aving but one hundred and forty-three men to 
 repulse eleven hundred of the enemy, 
 
 r.eneral Proctor, who was thus defeated, had at 
 first determined to attack Fort Meij;s. He collected 
 a larjre number of savages, and reached the fort on 
 July 25, but after a two days' attack they retired, 
 and proceeded to attack Fort Stevenson near San- 
 dusky, where Croghan was in command. 'I'h.c 
 result has been already stated : Proctor lost nearlv 
 as many men as the entire number of the garrison, 
 and, on August 3, retreated. 
 
THE WAR OK 1812. 
 
 '^3 
 
 1.1 
 
 on 
 I'd. 
 ;in- 
 
 h.v 
 iHv 
 on, 
 
 Durinti;- these weeks the American tleet liad been 
 t;atlu'rinj4 at Mrie, and on ScpicnilHM- 10 ()li\it" 
 Hazard I'crry won, at I'ut-in-liay, a most romijlilc 
 and l)rilliant victory over tiic iiritish licet. " If a 
 victory is to hi' ,i;aineii, I will ijain it," said Pt'rry, as 
 lu; sailed across the hay. I'lill well he jiroxcd his 
 worils, and " W'e have met the enemy and they are 
 ours" was tlu' Laconic of his day. 
 
 On September 20 he transported Harrison's army 
 from Tort Clinton to I'lii-in-liay Island; on the 24111 
 llicy |iroceede(l to Middle Sister Island, and on llu' 
 27th arrived at Maiden. The news of Perry's vic- 
 tory, and the onward mo\-cment of Harrison's army, 
 reached I'roi'tor on October 26. He ininiediately 
 (ommenced to send his he.ivy ba.ijjL^aiife and supplies 
 up the river, and on .Se|Ht'mber 28 the last of tlu' 
 ilriiish army k:ft Detroit. Mr. CoHin, in his "War 
 of 1812," says that I'roctor "transported all the 
 f^ims across the river to '" * * Windsor. His 
 retreat * * * was deliberately ori;ani/.e(l and 
 jiuhciously |)lanncd." Hi' "sent off his hea\y ba.i(- 
 ,i;a,i,^e, reserve sujiplies, women and children, in 
 ruKance ; and on the 28th linally reliniiiiished De- 
 troit, and fi'll back upon Iiritish territory." In his 
 retreat he pressed into his service all the horses 
 uliich the inhabitants had not effectually concealed. 
 < )ne only -and that a very indifferent one — was 
 left, and this was appropriated by dovernor Shelby. 
 The American army proceeded from Maiden to 
 S.mdwich, where they arrived on the 29th. 
 
 .Meantime the inh.ibiiants at Detroit were all in 
 anxious e.xjiectation of the troops. A d.auijhter of 
 Judjj^e May, afterwards Mrs. Colonel Edward IJrooks, 
 fiiuiul the old tlaiLj, which hail been secreted by the 
 jud.ne in his j^arret, and it was hoisted on the top 
 of the old Mansion Hou.se. The same day, the 
 2<;th, the army arrived at Sandwich, and immedi- 
 ately on their arrival, C.eneral Mc Arthur came over 
 and took possession of the town. When his troops 
 landed there were about si.\ hundred Indians back 
 of the town jerkinjf beef. They abandoned their 
 occupation hurriedly as soon as he came, decampinij 
 ill such haste that they left eiiou).;Ii meat behind to 
 supply the brigade for .several days. 
 
 The Kentucky soldiers — with their blue hunt- 
 in;;-shirts, red belts, and blue pantaloons frini>;ed 
 with red --met with a hearty welcome; even be- 
 fore they landed many were weeping tears of joy 
 as they saw the old i]u^ again waving over their 
 homes. 
 
 The fort was newly christened Fort Shelby, in 
 lienor of the brave Governor of Kentucky, who, 
 w hen si.xty-three years of age, had marched at the 
 h'ad of his troo|)s to the relief of Detroit. His 
 Slate, during the War of i8r2, up to October 12, 
 1S13, had sent over 17,375 troops to the field, and 
 
 at one time, in October, 1S13, had over 7,000 soldiers 
 in the ,army. 
 
 On the evening of September 25, 1813, Colonel 
 R. M. Johnson, then ;it Fort Meigs with .'i regiment 
 of Kentucky c,i\-,ilry, received orders from Ceneral 
 Harrison to m.irch inimediatt'lv to tlu' ri\er K.iisin, 
 as it was ])rol);ible lli.it the army would land the 
 next day on the Canad.i shore. Johnson's force 
 jiresscd forw.ard, sto|)ping at I'renclitown long 
 enough to bury the rem.iins of the Kentuckians 
 niass.acred the previous January, .and late in the 
 forenoon of Si'ptember 30 the he;i(l of the column 
 emerged from the woods of Springwtlls. The 
 entire po|)ul;ition of the town gathered along the 
 river-road to greet the ek'ven hundred horsemen as 
 tlu'y tlumdert'd by. Colonel Johnson and his .army 
 crossed over to Sandwich on October 1, .and on the 
 2(1 H.arrison and Shelby, with thirty-five hundred 
 troops, left Detroit in pursuit of I'roctor, I 'erry, 
 with the Ariel .and the Caledonia, going up the 
 river. Wlu'ii liftei'ii mik'S up the Thames, I'erry 
 with his troops left the vessels and accompanied the 
 army. 
 
 The battle of the Thames was fought on October 
 5. I'roctor was defeated, and Tecumseh killed. 
 I'erry -.ind Harrison returned to Detroit, October 7, 
 the army under (iovernor Shelby arriving on the 
 loth. 
 
 Several days were spent in taking care of the 
 Iiritish prisoners, many of whom were sent to 
 Chillicothe. Soon after October 10, (ieneral Har- 
 rison started for Niagara, reaching liuffalo the 24th 
 of October, (ieneral Cass was left in command at 
 Detroit with the Seventeenth, Twenty-sixth, 'I'wenty- 
 seventh, and Twenty-eighth Regiments of L^nited 
 States Infantry, and Capt;iin Sholes' company of 
 artillery. A few days later a regiment of Pennsyl- 
 vania militia came. Ceneral Cass, as brigadier- 
 general of the United States army commanding 
 the Western District of Upper Canada, exercised 
 authority in both civil and military matters ; and 
 many commissions are in existence issued by him 
 to sheriffs, auctioneers, and other officer:; in Canada. 
 
 Before winter set in (ieneral Cass, C^olonel Paul 
 of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, and many other 
 oflicers left Detroit, and the command devolved 
 upon Colonel liutler, with Colonel Cicorge Croghan 
 as second in command. Concerning this period, 
 one of the soldiers says, " To prepare for winter we 
 had a heavy job before us. The iiriti.sh had burned 
 the fort, leaving nothing but the heavy earthworks. 
 They left nothing combustible, not a board or stick 
 of timber, and we were compelled to go to the 
 woods, from one to three miles distant, or to the 
 islands, still further, to get logs and poles with 
 which to build huts to winter in. Until these could 
 
•84 
 
 'riii: WAR OK 1S12. 
 
 be yjot ready, we occiipifd uniis iiml vai'aiU Ikhisis 
 in tlic city." 
 
 liefore tlicy liad ^ot into their winter (luarli'rs tlie 
 army was aitai kt'd by an I'liemy whirii (iccinialed 
 tlu'ir raniss to an extent far '.;reater liian llieir Insses 
 by i)atlle. A diseasi', similar in aeiion to tin: eliolera, 
 carried iliem olf by iuindreds. Some of tiie eili/i'iis 
 wen: also amonjij tlie \iilims. Keiiabie aecounts 
 say tlial full\' si'\-en iiundred soldiei's dii'd in a few 
 weel<s. "'IMie sin\v;eons tri'ati'd their patii'nts as for 
 eonimon bih'oiis attael<s, but tliey died as many as 
 six or eiv;iu a day. 'I'iie surv;eons liad l)een care- 
 less, ami more intent upon tiu'ir own comfort tiian 
 that of tile sick, until they became alarmed for their 
 reput.ition and ollice, when, by a post morti'm 
 examination, they discovered the nature «)f the dis- 
 ease, and then j^ut a stop to it." The entire army 
 on the northern frontier w.is similarly affected. At 
 Detroit so ^reat was the demand for collins that 
 finally no one was able to procure them; and pits 
 were du^ near the fort, in whit-h m.any soldiers wi're 
 buried tojjjether .as in one urave. Such was llu 
 excitement .and the fear of infection that buiial 
 immedi.ately followed ileath, and in ;it least one ease 
 a man was about beinjif buried before death liad 
 taken place. He was rescued by \'ictor Morass. 
 A jreneral order recpiired the dead to be buried at 
 twelve, noon. A stjuad of men under arms, with 
 mul'lled drums, were in attendance, and one .salute 
 was tired over the eonimon ,i;Tave. 
 
 In 1823 the plain wtiere the soldiers were buried 
 was used as the parade-ground, and was covered 
 with the tents of the soldiers then in the jjarrison. 
 (See Cemeteries.) By January 23, 18 14, the epi- 
 demic h;ul passed away, and the troops were in fair 
 health. Other events of this time are thus detailed 
 by Dr. Brnn.son : 
 
 As the spring "I 1S14 upeiicd, Uiu r.rili>li wcro K"tl"^^''in,is' in 
 force at the hfiul «( the Thames, threateninj; to dcsceml upon 
 Detroit. A flaj^'-ofTicer was sent to our headquarters on some 
 business, real or pretended, and while there, a regiment of Penn- 
 sylvania militia, whose term of six months service had expired, 
 demanded their discharge. No arguments or patriotic |)ersLiasions 
 could induce them to remain till another regimint that was to 
 relieve them should arrive. 'I'heir time was out anil they ntust 
 Ko, and jro they would, and j,'o they did. .Means were taken to 
 have them leave the place hy a hack way, .and not to pass hy the 
 window where the ll.ij; olTicerwas quartered — being headipiarters ; 
 but no, they were free men now and they would go where they 
 pleased, and the whole regiment went by, and in sight of the 
 oflki^r, in an unarmed and helter-skelter manner, this must be 
 counteracted, or the officer might make such a report to his chief 
 as would induce an immediate attack upon us. 
 
 To do this, the Seventeenth Regiment of Infantry, whose quar- 
 ters were outside, and east of the fort, just about sundown shoul- 
 dered their guns and knap.sjieks, and moved .stealthily round back 
 of the fort, and down towards Springwells, and then marched up 
 the road by the headquarters, straggling along as if greatly 
 fatigued from a long and hard march. It was beginning to be 
 dark, so that they could not be seen distinctly from the window 
 of the otTicer, to enable him to form an opinion of their number; 
 but the line stretched along for half a mile or more. As the head 
 
 of till' ccilumu came u\< hy ihe gate, al lic'ailc|uarli'rs, (olouel 
 ( ni^lian, hy oriler of (irluni 1 lliitirr, who was in 1 "uimanil, wiiit 
 out to and (unversed wilh lln' olTicer in eonunand of the iiew- 
 coniers, to ri'ci'ive his report, .\fler talking souu' tinw, while iln 
 I'oliunn was straggling along hy, the new olVu cr leiuied again-.! 
 the fence, as if greatly fatigued from the loug march. 
 
 In Ihe meantnne the door of the nag-olliei'r's room was |iiir- 
 posi'ly left ajar, so that he could hear what was said in the hall 
 helwein Ihi' two Colonels. 
 
 When t'lilotul (roghan lame in, he re|iiirted to Culonel lluilri 
 
 that ihi' troops just passing weri' under command of Major , 
 
 that they were the advanei- (»f t iem-ral 's llrigade of Regulars, 
 
 who would reach thire the ni'Xt day; that this advaiu e had luad, 
 n fore<d man h of thirty-six miles that day, on account of llu 
 militia's having, of which they lia<l learned hy the <xpriss sent 
 theui, thinking possihl)' they lui.L^ht he needed, etc. 
 
 All this reached the ll.iK-olVirir's ear at nightfall. I he next 
 morning he was hoodwinked and put acros.s the river, and li il 
 some dlstaiu'c, too far off to sie anything of the force or fortilu,!- 
 tions of the placi', when he was let loose wilh n Iha in his e.u. 
 It had its desired au<l designed effect, for the enemy kept at a 
 res|>ectful distance, and nuule no attack. 
 
 In l''ebru,iry. 1814, Colonel lUitler determined to 
 ;itt;ick some of the .advanced posts of the enemy. 
 ;ind Captain Holmes, with ;i dct;ichment of re,i,^ul;irs 
 .and some .Michi,i;;m rani^'crs .and militi.a, w.as direetctl 
 to march a.iL^.ainst I''ort 'r.ilbot, situ.ated .about one 
 hundred miles eastw.ard on Lake Erie; or, if he 
 should deem it more advis.able to m.ake .an .att.ack 
 on the enemy .it Del.aw.are, he was authorizi'd to 
 change his destination to th.at pl.acc. On March 3 
 they liad a skirmish with the British <at Longwoods, 
 but no impori.tnt results were secured, and the force 
 returned to Detroit. About this time Colonel liiit- 
 ler obt.ained leave to return to Kentucky; and the 
 comm.and .at Detroit devolved on Lieuten.ant-Coloncl 
 Crogh.in ; soon after, on March 21, the Americans 
 evacuated Maiden. 
 
 The jircsence of Indians in the vicinity of Detroit 
 m.ide the obtaining of fuel of .any kind, especially 
 dry wood, almost impossible; .and the troops during 
 the winter m.ide free use of the stock.ide and the 
 fences of .some of the inhabitants. In 1824 Con- 
 gress .appropriated S500 to the heirs of Mr. Brush, 
 and $363. C)0 to Solomon .Sibley for fences destroyed. 
 And as late .as 1830, $70 w.is appn-priatetl to James 
 Abbott to p.iy a simil.ir cl.iim. 
 
 During 18 14 the Indians ag.iin became trouble- 
 some, and the following letter was addressed to 
 the adjutant-general of the Territory : 
 
 DuTKOiT, 2ist April, 1814. 
 'J'o Col. McDougiill : 
 Sir,— 
 
 The threatening manner of Ihe Indians of the River Huron 
 renders it essential that an expedition shoidd march against them 
 in thirty-six hours; the least delay would prove dangerous; it 
 would allow them to concentrate. Could not one hundred and 
 fifty or two hundred militia be collected? Use your utmost en- 
 deavors to effect it. 
 
 Let to-morrow, ten o'clock A. M., be appointed as the hoiu- 'f 
 
 rendezvous. Tell the militia they will be kept only for ten days. 
 
 Yours, 
 
 G. CkofiiiAN, 
 
 U. Col. Coin 'I. 
 
rilK WAR OK 1 812. 
 
 285 
 
 1S14. 
 
 On llir orijLfinal order is tliis endorsement: 
 
 Mi'.M, -Mst Ajiril, 1814, I toinpliud with the abovu nrdcr, and 
 ilr.iftrd scvfii iirdcrs to the rfspcilivf Captains nl tin; 1st l<i').;'t, 
 rtliiih wi'rr HiKnt'il hy COlonil Oudfruy, ti> assrnihlc lluir loin- 
 IMiiics at llt'troit tii-iiuirriiw at ten A, M. In ihcaflcrnuun I'lilunil 
 ( rii;^'hun coiintLTniandcd these orders, and thi' militia were 
 ilirected to liiild themselves in readiness at a inuinent's warning 
 hrr marching at tlie Indians, 
 
 (Iki). M( Doi (i.M.i,, A. (',, T, M. 
 
 Ill April, 1.S14, Artluir St. Clair, son of (iovcrnor 
 St. Clair, was i)la(ftl in roninutiid of a licet of live 
 vcs.sels for an e.xpedition a.i.jainst Mackinaw. 'I'hey 
 left Detroit alioiit the lir.st of July, and effected a 
 landinj^- at .Mackinaw; i)tit t'mdinj,' tlie post too 
 strong for them, tliey returned on .August 23. On 
 July 20, 1814, Cieneral Ilarri.son conckideil a treaty 
 of peace at (ireenville with some of liie Indian 
 tribes, after which a number of Indians returned 
 with Colonel Cass to Detroit to assist in tmluini; the 
 unfriendly tribes, who were continually traversinij 
 the country and troublinij the iniiabitants. 
 
 The Indians were .so bold that they attempted to 
 drive off cattle in full view of the fort; and the i.;iins 
 had to be opened upon them to make them desist. 
 One of their exploits, which took place on Septem- 
 ber 15, 1814, as narrated by William McVey to 
 Judge Witherell, was as follows: 
 
 I lavid and William Iliirhank and myself were sittinj; down at 
 till- Hecr I'ark, on the Maroinli (nnw the Cass) farm, near where 
 l.^ifayette street crosses it, watchinK our cows. Mr. .McMillan and 
 .\rehy passed us. We spoke to them about some apples they 
 were eatin)<. 'I'hey passed on towards some cows that were feed- 
 ing near the hushes,- the bushes then came down to near where 
 Uir Capitol now stands. \\'e kept our eyes on them, thinkini; 
 (lanyer might be near. When they approached within gunshot of 
 tile bushes, we s;iw three or four guns llred, and Mr. McMillan 
 fill. 'J'he Indians instantly dasheil upon them aud '.ook off his 
 M.ilo. Archy, on seeing that his lather was killed, turned and 
 r:m towards us with all the speed that his little U'gs could supply. 
 A savage on horseback pursued him. As he rode up, and stooped 
 1" seize him, the brave little fellow, nothing daunted, turned and 
 ^iTiiek the hor.se on the nose with a rod which he happened to 
 hive in his hand. The horse turned off at the blow, and .Xrchy 
 pill forth his best speed again. .Again the Indian came on, but a 
 sii ond blow made the horse sheer off again; and this was repeated 
 si veral times, until, fearful of hising his prize, the savage sprang 
 fi'uu his horse, seized the boy and dragged him off to the woods, 
 iiiul thence he was taken to Saginaw. 
 
 In order to stop these forays, Governor Cass 
 
 called tor volunteers, and a company was raised consisting of 
 Judge Moran, Judge Conant, Captain Trancis Cicotte, James 
 ( icoltc, (Jeorge Cicotte, Colonel 11. J. Hunt, Cieneral I.arned, 
 William Meldrum, John Meldrum, James Meldrum, James Kilcy, 
 I'' ler Riley, John Riley, Lambert lieaubien, John H. lieaubien, 
 .1 siph Andre, dit Clark, Louis Moran, Louis Dequindre, Lambert 
 la I'oy, Joseph Riopelle, Joseph Visger, Jack Smith, lien Lucas, 
 ami John Ruland, with Ciovernor Ca.ss in command. They were 
 M" Hinted on ponies, and a.med with shot-guns, rifles, swords, and 
 i>en tomahawks. They moved along up the bank of the river to 
 ll '■ Witherell fanu, the west line of which is now Dcquindre 
 si-ect, rode up a lane to the woods back of the town, and found 
 a': Indian camp, from which the Indians had just fled; so sudden 
 
 was the surprise that the Indians lift their meat roasting on stick* 
 befor<' a hre. They al.so found ihi' hat of Archy .McMillan. Kol- 
 lowing (losriy after till' Indians, they came upon them in rear of 
 the Cass farm aud killed several; at least, an old sipiaw, who came 
 into town a few ilays after, so reported. After this skirmish, the 
 company marched to the Koiigi', drove a band of savages out of 
 that settlement, and returned to lletroit ou the evening of the 
 .same day. 
 
 The same month ( lovernor Cass wrote from De- 
 troit to Cieneral Mt Arthur, who was probably then 
 at Urbana, Ohio: 
 
 The Indians have reoommenced hostilities on every sidcr of ns. 
 They are iiuirdering tlie people and bre.ikiug up tlie settlements. 
 Tliire is now a large forci- of them in the immediate vicinity of 
 this place, most probably williin a mile, with tlw avowi'd purpose 
 of attacking the town. We have no force adequate to the defense 
 of the I ountry, and none of the description proper for the pursuit 
 of Indians. .My opinion is that yon should hastin on with the 
 mounted men with all possible expedition. 
 
 Soon after, on October 9, (icncr.al McArthur ar- 
 rived with seven hundred mounted rillcmcn to pro- 
 tect the city. Not long after ( leiieral lirown's ;irmy, 
 at l'"ort Krie. was in a ci'itical condition, and .McAr- 
 thur determined to form ;i junction with him. lie 
 went up to Lake St. Clair, crossed into Canada, and 
 proceeded to Dover, defeating tiie enemy .several 
 times. lUil on le.irniiig tii.it (iencral Iz/.ard had 
 abandoned Fort Krie, the detachment returned, 
 reaching Sandwich on November 17. 
 
 In January, 1815, (iovernor Shelby called for one 
 thousand militia to relieve the troojis under Mc- 
 Arthur. I>y this time the war was practically 
 ended. The Hritish officials, however, persisted in 
 their search of American vessels, and in June, 181 5, 
 several vessels, while jiassing Fort Maiden, were 
 stopped and examined for Hritish deserters. Gover- 
 nor Cass sent a strong remonstrance to the com- 
 mandant ;it Fort .Maiden, but it was of no avail, 
 in addition to these diliiculties, Indians from the 
 other side came over and plundered the inhabitants 
 on (irosse Isle and other islands. 
 
 On October 4, 181 5, D. R. Macomb found several 
 Indians encamjied u|)on his land at Grosse Isle, and 
 near by the remains of several of his cattle, which, 
 it was evident, the Indians had killed. He remon- 
 strated, and the Indians threatened; one ' hem 
 levelled his gun at .Macomb, and was insta. .y shot 
 by one of Macomb's men. 
 
 The Canadian authorities took up the quarrel on 
 behalf of the Indians, and offered a reward of five 
 hundred dollars for the arrest of the murderer. As 
 the offense was committed on American soil, Gover- 
 nor Cass was justly incensed at their interference, 
 and by proclamation required all citizens to resist 
 by force any attempt by Canadian authority to 
 apprehend the man while within American jurisdic- 
 tion. 
 
 These occurrences caused much bitter feeling; 
 
286 
 
 II II. \v,\k (H i.sij. 
 
 ,111(1 lor many yi'ars tiic .si'iitinuiil .iloiiv; liic IiokIit 
 was ihc (i|)|)iisilc 111 wlial it is in-day. 
 
 /'<//(■ ('/ Rioi I u pillion. 
 
 'riic li.ilc i>( till' ii()i<ii|ialii)n (if Dilidit by ilic 
 Anuriiaii tnii)|)s in i.Sij lia.s Ihtii llic siibjol of 
 nuii'li (•(inliovi'i'sy. 
 
 Si'pti'inhtT JS was scUli'd iiiinn iiy a fi'w |)i'is()iis 
 as llu' ilali', aiul was so tcliliiatcd in iS/'i. ll was 
 not (•Jaiincd, liDucvcr, thai llic date was f(inrnnu:ti l)y 
 any nriicial disp.itcii, or siislaimd li\ d( linitr wrillcn 
 or dial tisiinionv from any individii.i! wiio w.is <on- 
 tiMn|)()rary with the oicurrt'ncr. ll was nunly an 
 opinion, founded rliii'lly upon .i comp.irison of dalrs. 
 So innt'li prominence was v;i\-en to it l)y reason of 
 tile ( tIehiMtion referred to, th,it it si'cms desir- 
 able, in a.ssi^;ninv; another dale, to be \iMy full ,in ! 
 e\,iet. 
 
 In obtJiinini; m.iteii.ils for this work, ,iii .imonni: 
 of testimony has been n-illu'red wliieh, from its 
 cli.'inieli'r .iiid completeness, I'i.M's the d.ite of reoc- 
 eup.ilion ;is September 2<; with ,i eerl.iinty which 
 admits of no controversy, 'The eviilence upon 
 which ihe date of Sei)tember 29 rests is as follows: 
 111 an ;iildrcss deli\i'red bi-fore the Historical So- 
 ciety, which numbered amonii; its nn'inbers the le;id- 
 inif men of I )t'lroil. Captain I Icnry W'hiiinjij said: 
 " Detroit was oeenpied on Si'plember 29." lie 
 ijives this date separate from all others; if he hail 
 been at all in error, it is reasonable to suiijiose ih.it 
 some corri'ction would have been m.ule in the \dl- 
 ume cont.iinini; his discourse, which was published 
 by the llistorie.il Society; or that ( lener.il Ca.ss, 
 who W..S himself e leaned in the \v;ir, ;iikI was a 
 member of the Society, ;uid prob.ably one of his 
 .-ludieiiee, would have corrected publicly so import- 
 ant ;i date, if ;i mist.ike h.ul been m.ide. C'lener.il 
 Cass, however, >"'v did not altempl to corri'it 
 
 the date, bu: sed its correctness by .illow- 
 
 inn it to ,1 his Life, jireiKired by \V. T. 
 
 ^'oun).; wished by Markham >S; lllwood in 
 
 I'Sj^, .e was still iiviiii;-. On |).n(c 65 Mr. 
 
 N'oiiii>( says. "On the 2yth of ,Se|nember C.eneral 
 Harrison moved up to Saiuiwich, opposite Detroit, 
 crossed over, and took iiossession of the town and 
 territory." 
 
 In Volume I. of .Michii^an Territorial Law.s, as 
 reprinted by the St.ite in 1871. on pajje 145, is an 
 Act of October 4, 1H14, which provides for the ap- 
 pointment, by the ijovernor, of three auditors to in- 
 quire into and Ii(]ui{]ate debts due to the Territory, 
 or to the County of Wayne. The Act specially 
 provides that "all debts accruinc; before the i6th of 
 August. 1 81 2, and those which have accrued since 
 September 28, 181 3," shall be kept separate. This 
 Act was passed so soon after the war that it is rea- 
 sonable to presume that the dates given in it were 
 
 the .iiln.il d.itcs. y\boiil the d.ilc of .Xui^ilsl 1^1, 
 tliere has been no controvcrs). II the .\mciic,ins 
 entered on the i\'\\\, .is h.is been cLiiincd, the Act 
 in ,dl pidb.ibilily wnuld h.ivc provided hi|- the setlle- 
 nuni of debts .Kcrniin; on .uid from th.it il.ay, 
 instead of specially providing for the .selllements 
 of debts .iccruinv; after th.u d,iie. 
 
 \(iliime \'.. of N'iles' Kenistcr. p.i,v;(' 17.1. ((inl.iins 
 the followiny, from the Chillicothe !■ ivdonian : 
 
 tiKlKiPir, Odiilici 1 1, iKi I. 
 I >n till' .'7II1 nil. wi' laiKli'il mi llir ('iiiiii(tii slicir llmr niilis 
 Ih li>w M.ilili'ii, and iinurlii<l np in ils inins willmiil ('|>|Misiii(in ihr 
 saiM* .illi iiitM.n. Wi' fniind .Miilttm Imrnl; .ill iii<>\'at>U- |inl»tit 
 proprrly citlur takiri iiwiiy or dislrnynl; ami llii- <ni my llnwii. 
 Till' next day wr inai'Iinl on in inusnil Inwards Saiidwiili, 
 arrived linn- mi llii' .'vlli; rm^Md uvir Ici Hiiruil tin- sanir ilay, 
 win K \M«ric Kill lid witli Irarfiil cyis and jnyiins liiar's liy ihi 
 |)n(ii pliindi ud iiili,il)itaiits. " '' 
 
 A littir from (loveinor Is.i.ie Shelby to ( ieiur.il 
 ii;uTison. d.iled Krankfort. A|)ril 21, 1816, eont.iinid 
 in Todd .md Dr.ike's Life of il.irrison, p.i.m' 94, 
 says, " It is well recollected lh.it the .army ;irri\-ed ,il 
 S.uidwich in the .iftenioon of the Ji;th of Seiiieiii- 
 lu'r." On p,ii;e v8 of the same book, the dati' is 
 leittialed in the followiiiij words: 
 
 When llu; army narliiii Sandwii li (in the i^i^lli, (Iinrraj Mi. 
 Artluir was dilailird, willi Ids liriKadc, In ri lake pcissrssinri i.f 
 lli'trnil, svliii ll Inr tliirli'i'ii nuiiillis liad iiicn ill possrssimi nl tlic 
 liritisli and Indians, 'llu- lallir did nut Icavi^ it niilil sl.irtird liy 
 a li'W niiinds Irmii iinc nf mir vrsscls. On tlir s;inu' ilay tlHC'.cn- 
 I'lal, sri/iiij.; tin; first mmni'iit Id alininati' tin- marlial law in furn- 
 liyl'rmiur, if-istalilislud tin- i ivil xnvrrniiunl ul .Miclii.nun, to 
 tliL' >;rt'al jiiy and relict uf llu- inlialiilaiits. 
 
 ColoiU'l C. S. '["odd, one of the authors of the 
 book just (luoted, w.is ;in ensii^n at the lime, .ind 
 was .iftt:rw.irds promoted. 
 
 (leneral McArthur, in a letter to the Sicret.iry of 
 W.ir, dated October 6, luij, niveii in Xdlume \'., 
 p.iije 129, of Niles' Kenister, says, " ( )n our .irrival 
 .It .Sandwich, my briijade w.is ordered .icross the 
 river to disperse some Iiulians who were i)ill;ixinir 
 the town, \\\\i\ to t.ake |5ossession of the pl.ice." 
 John McDon.ild, who \v;is a soldii'r in the ;irmy, .'uid 
 author of " Western Sketches," published in 183.S, 
 in narrating the life of (ieiieral Duncan .McArthur, 
 says, " On the 28th we jKi-ssed the Au.n Canards. 
 * * * The next d;iy we reached Sandwich, at two 
 o'clock in the afternoon. At the same time the 
 fleet came up the river to Detroit * * =i< JJall's 
 legion and McArthur's brigade passed over to De- 
 troit." 
 
 Moses Dawson, a .soldier in Harrison's army, and 
 afterward editor of the Cincinnati Advertiser, pub- 
 lished a Life of General Harrison at Cincinnati in 
 1824, and on page 421 he says, "The army left 
 Maiden on the 28th, and entered Sandwich on the 
 
'riii-; WAR oi' i,si2. 
 
 2H7 
 
 (if 
 
 '(;tli ; and Cicncral McArthiir's l)rij,M(lc crossi-d over 
 ind look |)o.ssi'ssioii of Dctroil, On tlu- same cvtii- 
 iiiv; (ifiicral Harrison is.siK'il his proclamation for 
 ii-fslal)lislnnv; tin civil ^'ovirnmcm of ilic iciri- 
 lory." 
 
 In i8tr) RolK-rt U. McAf.c, a soldier of the War 
 of 181J, |)ul)lislu'd at i.(\in);ion, Kcntnc ky, a " ilis- 
 lory of the l.ali' War in the W'lsicin tdmilry." In 
 Ills preface he says, " In pr<iciirin(L; materials for this 
 udik. ihc aiillior is i;rc.iily indiblcd to ( icncral 
 Harrison and (lovernor Slulhy for the many valu- 
 ,il)lc ilociiineiits they fnrnished, particularly their 
 rorri'spoiideiice with the War Deparimenl, and with 
 lacli other. " ' ' Most of lluse |)apers will 
 remain in the possession of Colonel CS. 'I'odd, sub- 
 ject to he examined by any person who may wish to 
 see tin: authorities on which any stalenient in this 
 history is founded." 
 
 On pavje 374 he states that " ( ieneral McArlhur 
 went o\er with his brii;ade and took possession of 
 l>(lroii; and, on the same eveniiiv;, ( ■rcinial Harri- 
 son issued his proclamation for rc-establishinv; the 
 I i\il v;()\'ernment." 
 
 ll is well known lluil 1 l.irrison's proclamation 
 was dated Septembi'r 2<;, and it is j;i\cn in lull, 
 and so dated, in V'oknni' V. of Niles' KeiL^isicr, 
 
 I '••'«'• '73- 
 
 S. K. lirown, in his " Views of the C',imi).iiii'ns of 
 the Northwestern Army," published .il I'hiLidclphi.i 
 ill I. Si 5, on pajfe 64 says, " On the 2Sth we reached 
 Au\ Canards. * * * The next day we reached 
 Sandwich, " * * and the briiL^adcs of McArlhur 
 anil Cass crossed over to IJetiHjit." 
 
 In Volume I., jiaj^^e 275, of a work enlilled "A 
 I'lill and Correct Account (jf the Military Occur- 
 rences of the Late W'.ar belween ("ire;it liril.ain and 
 llie I'niu-d Slates of America," by W. J.ames, l.(jn- 
 ilon, iiSiiS, the author says, "On the 29th C.eneral 
 Harrison was en.'iblcd to send ,'inolher portion of his 
 lorc(', under HrijL^ailier-Cieneral Mc/\rtluir, across to 
 the opposite town of Detroit." 
 
 In the i.ife of Commodore I'erry, written by Alex- 
 ander Slidell McKenzie — who had the use of Perry's 
 papers from his son, (i. C. I'erry — this |)assa;;e oc- 
 I iirs, X'olume l.,paire 300: "The army took pos- 
 Mssion of .Sandwich un the 2ylh. * * * On 
 the same day ("icneral Harrison embarked with 
 (ieneral McArthur's brigade, seven hundred stronif,* 
 ill the s(|uadron, and jiroceeded with Captain I'erry 
 ti) take possession of Detroit." 
 
 This ends the evidence, and such evidence must 
 ( lul ihc controversy. 
 
 Distress after tlic War. 
 
 After Proctor's defeat, Detroit was so full of far" 
 ished savages that the rations issued to theni fai. 
 
 to s.itisfy their hiin,i(er, and their s<|U.'iws and chililreii 
 sonv;hi .imoiiv; the refuse of the sliiiij^hter-hoiises lor 
 .any morsel that eoidd be e.iten. It was not the 
 s.iv.ij^es .alone th.it were himiiry. There was j^re.il 
 sc.ircily of provisions, .and much sulferin^ amonv; .ill 
 ( las.ses for several years. On I'ebriiary 26, 1S14, 
 President M.adison .addressed the following; letter to 
 Conj^ri'ss : 
 
 Ti' Ihi'Siiiiih' iiiii/ llousi- It/ l\i/in'.ifntiiliTi\ of tliv Inili'il 
 
 Il li.is iippc.irril Itia!, ill till' r'Tiivcry of tin' Mii Iiik'H I I'rrit'iry 
 liiiiii tile lrrii|)(irary pdnHcssiim ul llir ill' my, llir iiiliiiliitiiiils 
 I III rnif witrc Irft in sii ilrsiitiilr anil (listrcfscil a • iiiicliiiiin as In n - 
 i|iiiir friiiM IJM' piililii stiHi s ( iTlaiii siipp:.< s t'ssi-iiljal Id tlicir siil>- 
 -.i.iU iiti , wliii 11 li.ui; Ikiii pnili>n>;i(l limli r IIh siiiiH imissily 
 wliicli called fur thc'iii. 
 
 'flic ricpliiralili' sltnaliiin <if the Hav.■l^:^s, llirowii hy llw same 
 (Vint (111 till' nil II y anil liiiiiiaiuly of tin Aiiirni an i oininaiKii i at 
 llrlroil, (Irrw fiorii llir saiiir Hoiirirllii' nii aiis ol saving tlniii 
 from prrisliiii); linni f.iiniiir; ami in otlnr pl.ii is llir appi .ils niaili 
 liy tin' wants .iiid Kiilfii iii;;s ol llial iinliappy (Iim liplion ol pi opli 
 liav I' Im'i'Ii ripially impriioiis. 
 
 I III' iirirssily imposnl liy llir i omliii I of llir I'lii'iiiy in rrlalioii 
 I" I III' sa\ ai^rs, of a(tiiiilliiij< tlirir lo-oprralion, in sonir inst.'iiii rs, 
 v\ illi oiii ai Ills, lias also iii\'olvi (I oi rasioiial cxprnsr in supplying 
 lliiii wants; ami il is piissililr that a prrsrvrnini i- o( llir rminy in 
 llirirrrni'l policy may riiulrr a tiiiilin i .\pi iisr lor li! i piiiposr 
 itii'v iialilr, tin tlii'sr siilijt'i'ls an est inialr f loni tlir I )i parlniiiil 
 ol War will III' laid lirlori' t'oii^rrss, and I inoninirml a siiitalilr 
 pnuisioii for tliriii. 
 
 I VMI'.S MaIpIHIiN. 
 
 I'lirther inform.ilion of the deplorable condition of 
 Michii;.iii ,it this time is coiU.iined in the followiri)^ 
 exir.ict from ;i letter, dated March 5, I1S15. from 
 Jud,i;'e Woodw.ard to J.tiiies Monroe, Sccrcl.ary of 
 Sl.ile : 
 
 Till' drsolation of tills trrrilory is liryoml all concrption. .No 
 kind of Hour or mral to lir prm nrrd, and nolliin)^ for llir siilisisl- 
 riicr of llir catttr. No animals lor slaii^litrr, and morr than It.-ilf 
 of tlir population (Irstiliilr of any for domrslic or axticulttiral 
 pin posis. 
 
 Till' Inn inv; of their farms cntirrly destroyed by the incursions 
 of ll:e emiiiy, and for furl for the military. Their houses left 
 williuut (tlass, and in many instances even the l1ooriii>; liiirnt. 
 'I heir cliithniK pliimlered from them by the Indians. Il isa lilernl 
 fait, and it will scan t'l\' lie deemed permissilile lo shock llit; fecrl- 
 iii)4S of human nature so much as to slate il. that ihe inhaliitaiits 
 of ihe river Kaisin have lieen ol)li>;i'd to resort to i/ii</</ifit hay 
 hoiii'ti for sulisisli'iice. Maiiy.possrssiii),; iirithrr firmness of mind 
 or body siiflicieiil lo sustain the calamities with which they have 
 brrn assiiiird, have sunk into the asylum where the wicked tease 
 lo trouble and the weary are at rest. 
 
 In response to these statements, on M.ay 25, 11815, 
 the Secret.ary of War authorized Ciovernor Cass 
 to distribute fifteen hundred dollars to the settlers 
 of the Raisin, and the money was expended in 
 Hour. 
 
 The following ofllcial order gives details of the 
 methods employed to distribute the relief afforded 
 by the Cieneral (iovernment: 
 
28.S 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Alljl lANT (IkNKKAI.'s OirU'K CIK MlI.lllA, 1 
 
 lIl'.M.UAHTKHS, DinivMllr, Supt. .!J, 1815. ) 
 
 MlI.lllA (iKNKUAl, (IKDKl.'S. 
 
 I'lu' ( iiivcriini is authorized by the War Department to issue to 
 llie iiuiixent and distressed people of tile Territory such relief of 
 provisions from ihe puldic stiires as their necessities may re(juire. 
 In order that the puhlie bounty may not be misapplied, the (iov- 
 eriior has <letermined that a eertiticate shall be ^ivin by the coin- 
 nutndiuh' olVieer of the company in whose bounds tlie applicant 
 resides, statin>^ liis iiitirmity i)r inability to support himstdf, which 
 certificate shall, if the person be of the Roman Catholic Religioni 
 
 be countersigned by the Reverend M. Richard and a Justice of 
 the I'eace; and if the person be not of the Roman Catholic Re- 
 bgion, il shall be i ountersigned by two Justices of the I'eace. 
 * * * The flovernor will not injure the officers of the Territory 
 by supposing, for a moment, that they will not cheerfully lend 
 every assistance, as well to help the indiijent uul distressed, as to 
 prevent improper persons from obtaining thai bounty which, as 
 it is generously bestowed, should be sacredly ai)pl'ed. 
 
 Uy comnumd of His KxccUency the Commaiulur in Chief. 
 Giio. .McDdiC/.i,!., 
 
 Adj. Ccn 1 0/ Michigan. 
 
CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 Till-: SUKKKXDKR OK DETROIT. — AN ANALYSIS ANT) REVIF.W OF "HULL'S 
 TKL\L," "HULL'S MEMOH^S," AND "DEARBORN'S DEFENSE." 
 
 SiioKii.v aftir tlic surreiulcr of Detroit, General 
 Hull w.is otruially iiiarv(ccl witli treason, cowardice, 
 unorrKcrlike (■oiuliict, ami iiL-glcct of duty. His 
 tri.il on these ciiarges beijan at Albany on January 
 3, and ended on March 28, 1814, He was acquitted 
 of treason, but found i^uilty of the other tharifes. 
 
 So far as I ant aware, the evidence introduced at 
 the trial, and the publications that .t^rew out of it, 
 have never been reviewiid by any resilient of De- 
 troit; and after careful inijuiry and e.xaniination, I 
 am confident that no one has ever ex.ainined the 
 (lucsiion in the lii;ht of facts tiiat are now accessible. 
 When the v;atiierin_s; of material for this work was 
 l)ci;un, I did not expect to devote nuich space to 
 (lovernor Hull or his administration. Information 
 that has fallen in my way compels me, in the interest 
 of truth, and of those whom he and his defenders 
 denounce, to review certain statements matle by 
 him and by others in his behalf. Some of the at- 
 tempts to defend him are marvels of mendacity, and 
 it is doubtful if the annals of history afford an in- 
 stance of more persistent effort to excuse crimes 
 and blunders than the endeavors made to excuse 
 and defend (icneral Hull. In their efforts at de- 
 fence, both General Hull and his friends claimed 
 that President Madison was a cowardly political 
 trickster; Secretary of War Enstis, a possible 
 traitor; General Henry Dearboin, a fool or a knave, 
 or both; Colonel Cass, a Catiline, and that, in fact 
 (this is the lo.nic of his defense and defenders), all 
 of his subordinate officers as well were without wis- 
 dom or honesty, and animated in all their conduct, 
 after the surrender, by the basest of motives. 
 
 It is creditable to General Hull that he was able 
 to find defenders amon.g his relatives, and equally 
 ' reditable to them that they state their rekitionship. 
 No one, therefore, need be misled into thinking; 
 !'iat they viewed the affair from an unprejudiced 
 stand-point. "Hull's Memoirs," tlrst published 
 ill a newspaper, were subsequently leathered and 
 printed in book form, and thus found their way into 
 many libn'fies. General H. A. .S. Dearborn piib- 
 Hshed ;i reply, in defense of his father, in the Ameri- 
 can Statesman, of Boston. In 1824 it wa.s reprinted 
 
 in a thin oct.ivo by Edi^ar W. Davies of Boston, but 
 ap|)a'"ently only a few copies were issued ; the writer 
 after nnicli research has only found a sin,i;le copy. 
 The defense of Gt-ncral Dearborn has, therefori', 
 been almost lost sii^ht of. Fortimately, however, the 
 manuscript of Dearborn's reply, with other important 
 and original letters, have been preserved, and I sh.ill 
 quote therefrom. 
 
 It is ])roper to state here that the distinguished 
 historian, l5enson J. Lcjssing, in a letter to the writer, 
 dated March 18, 1882, says: "To your allusion to 
 Dearborn's Defense of his father. General Dear- 
 born, I reply that I have never seen it and am 
 ignorant of its contents. The pamphlet to which 
 you allude ("Hull's Surrender of Detroit ") was an 
 article written by me for the Ai^'erican Historical 
 Record, and printed in pamphlet form by a grand- 
 son of General Hull. It was |)repared with all the 
 light in my possession, and with a sincere desire to 
 discover and record the truth." 
 
 Inasmuch as Mr. Lossing was not in posse.ssion of 
 all the f.icts. his mild defense of General Hull cannot 
 be deemed to have the force it would otherwise pos- 
 .sess. Rev. James Freeman Clarke, in his Life of Gen- 
 eral Hull, alludes to Dearborn's defense, but it is 
 charitable to believe that he saw only a portion t)f it. 
 
 The Defense of Dearborn, with the evidence it 
 discloses, added to other facts of record, leave little 
 room to doubt that General Hull deserved sentence 
 of death, and it was jiossibly a mistaken mercy that 
 spared his life, to be afterwards used in vilifying the 
 very President who granted the pardon. 
 
 The malignant screeil of Gener.il Hull called his 
 " Mentoirs" is a lit indication of his spirit and man- 
 ners. His military life at Detroit, both before and 
 during the War of 1812, was a mixed com|)ound of 
 pomposity and piisilanimity. He was alternately a 
 braggart .ind a coward. In fact, there is nothing, 
 either in his civil or military administration in 
 Michigan, that reflects any credit on his character or 
 ability. As a governor, he was such a failure, if no 
 worse, that he might well have been willing that the 
 country should become a British Province, that his 
 doings might be forgotten, or the records destroyed. 
 
 [->8yl 
 
2go 
 
 THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT. 
 
 Tile mori; il is studied, and the more evidence 
 there is revealed, the worse his record appears. If 
 it be th()ii,i.,dit that this lanvjiiajre is severe, I call 
 attention to the lani^iiage he applied to many whom 
 the whole country has always deli.i;hted to honor. 
 On paj,^e 30 of his Memoirs lie says, " ISoth the army 
 and myself have been sacrilii'ed by the Ciovern- 
 iiU'iit, and (ieneral Dearborn, the commandinj; 
 j,^eneral." On page 130 he .says, "No lani^uai^e 
 can descrioe the base injustice I have experienced, 
 or the vile and disgraceful motives from which such 
 injustice originated." On page 141 he says, "For 
 more than a year every possible effort was made to 
 excite this indignation against me ; and all the ofti- 
 cers who could be iiuiuced to become witnesses 
 against me were promoteil and patronized bt;fore 
 the trial commenced. * * * Neither the admin- 
 istration nor the Creneral (Dearborn) had any other 
 safety than by my condemnation." On page 143 
 he continues, " I believe, my fellow-citi/ens, that 
 you will form a correct opinio! n this subject, antl 
 belie\e tliat both the fate of the administration and 
 the fate of theCieneral (Dearborn) depended so much 
 on this trial that they were not willing to trust it to 
 other liaiuls; and likewise that the first court-martial, 
 composed of honorable and independent characters, 
 was dissolved for the same reasons." On page i6y 
 he says, " I was continued by the administration a 
 prisoner in arrest another year, that ample time 
 might be afforded for selecting such a court-martial, 
 and patronizing and promoting oCficers, who in 
 their testimony would give opinions which would ef- 
 fect the object of the />/ii/ which had l)een formed." 
 
 Notice that he implies that he had been deprived 
 of his liberty. lie complains of being under arr ,t 
 another year, when, in fact, he was practically under 
 no |icrsonal restraint. The reason for the postjione- 
 nient of the trial was that Sir Oeorge I'revost noti- 
 fied the ("lovernmeiit that he did not recognize the 
 e.xchange of Oeneral Hull and some other officer, 
 and this difficulty was not arranged until December, 
 1813. 
 
 .Vfter his trial he was ordered to return to Massa- 
 chusetts to await the orders of the President. As 
 to this order, he claims, on page 144, that, as he 
 was sentenced to death, this leniency pending the 
 action of the President with regard to the finding of 
 the court was afforded because " it was undoubtedly 
 hoped that the terror of the charges would have 
 driven me from my country, and that such a deser- 
 tion would have been considered as an acknowledg- 
 ment of my guilt, and an absolution of the faults of 
 the administration." On page 145 he continues, 
 "The despicable meanness of leaving me in a situa- 
 tion to avoid the .sen'.^nce of which they were 
 ashamed, no language can describe, and no example 
 can be found from Adam to the present moment." 
 
 Surely he was hard to please! In the s.ime series 
 of articles he complains both because he was and 
 because he was not placed under arrest. It was 
 clieaj) w<jrk, however, to carp at, criticise, and defy 
 an ;idmiiiistr.'ition which li.'id leased eight years be- 
 fore. On page 170 he says, "The truth is, fellow- 
 citizens, the administration well knew your inde- 
 pendent spirit and .sen.se of right, and dared not 
 execute that sentence which injustice had pro- 
 nounced." The thorough dishonesty of his criti- 
 cisms on the court-martial will be apparent to any 
 one who examines the subject. He stultifies him- 
 self and eats his own words over and over again. 
 
 The official report of the trial by Colonel Forbes, 
 page 3, says, "The names of the members (of the 
 court-martial) having been called over, the accused 
 was asked if he objected to any of them. He re- 
 plied in the negative, * * * declaring his con- 
 fidence in the honor of the court." 
 
 In his opening address, as officially reported by 
 Colonel Forbes, page 5, he said, " The rank ami 
 ch.iractcr of the honorable members of this court 
 will give a weight and .sanction to whatever they 
 may iletermine." In his defense, as quoted by 
 Forbes, on page 19 of first Appendix, he says, " I 
 rejoice that the time has arrived when I may speiik 
 in my own vindication, before an impartial and hon- 
 orable tribunal." Further .ilong in his defense, jiage 
 1 1 5, he says, " Allow me, Mr. President, and gentle- 
 men of the court, with the most heartfelt sensibility, 
 to return you my sincere thanks for the manner in 
 which this trial has been conducted. For though 
 I humbly conceive there has been some departure 
 from accustomed forms, in respect to the examina- 
 tion of witnesses, I know that the court has been 
 governed by nothing but its own sense of propriety. 
 The conduct of the members of this court, and of 
 the Judge Advocate, has been such as I had antici- 
 pated, and everything that I could expect from 
 honorable, impartial, and humane men. Whatever 
 may be your .sentence, I shall always, with gratitude, 
 acknowledge that I have had a fair, candid, and 
 patient hearing." 
 
 In the face of the foregoing, his own words, writ- 
 ten and delivered at the time of his trial, and then 
 dejiosited in the War Department, and obtainetl 
 therefrom by Colonel Forbes, (leneral Hull, on page 
 146 of his Memoirs says, " Inconsistent, une(|iial, 
 and tyrannical principles * * * were atlojUed by 
 the court-martial in the commencement of the trial." 
 On jiage 217, in referring to the .sentence of the 
 court-martial, he says, " It must be evident that a 
 part of the court were opjiosed to it. I should tn 
 happy indeed were it in my power to designate the 
 characters who were only influenced by disinterested 
 and honorable motives." 
 The calumnious intimations of (ieneral Hull are 
 
THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT. 
 
 291 
 
 irc 
 
 repealed in the preface to his Life. On pa.ije 14 are 
 liiese words : " His appoinlcil jiidi;es were men iiiyli 
 in military rank and titles ; but many of them had 
 oblainetl liiat elevation and distinction without iiaving 
 rendered any service to the coLMtry." Oeneral Hull, 
 in his Memoirs, and Mr. Clarke, iiis grandson and 
 chief defender, woukl have us believe that the court- 
 martial by which lie was tried was organized to 
 secure his conviction, and that not only the admin- 
 istr.uion (otherwise James M.ulison, President of the 
 I'nited Slates), anil the members of the couri- 
 m.iriial were "villains of high degree," but that his 
 lornicr associate oiru'ers, ISrigadii'r-Oenerrd Duncan 
 McArihur, Oeneral James Taylor, ( Hiarlermaster- 
 (kiicral. Colonel James Miller of the Sixth Regiment 
 L'niletl Slates Army, IJeulenant-Colonel T. 15. \'an 
 Horn of I'nited Si.'ites Infantry, Colonel Lewis Cass, 
 and Majors Daliba, Whistler, Snelling, Jessup, and 
 others, who witnessed against him, were eciually 
 guilty of misrepresentation and falsehood. In his 
 Defense, given by Forbes on page 64 of First Ap- 
 pendix, General Hull says: 
 
 A f^ruat inajurily iif the yoimt; xeiulemcn who have been called 
 liy the Judge Advocate have appeared decorated with their two 
 ipaulets; those have been bestowed, and sometimes with the 
 .iiigmeiitatioii of a star, upon seiitlemen who heyan their military 
 eareir with my unfortunate eampaign. liy what services many 
 of these gentlemen have merited such rapid promotion, I have 
 nut learned. * * * With the exception of a few of the younjjer 
 iilficers there are none of them who have not been promoted to 
 I heir high station without having had any military experience, 
 and without, so far as 1 have heard, ever having discovered any 
 military talents or genius. 
 
 On page 206 of his Memoirs, he says : 
 
 lleneral McArthur was a Lieutenant Colonel in my army »,''.nd 
 .ifter the campaign, and before he gave in his testimony, was ap- 
 pointed a I'rigadier General in the regular army, without having 
 lierfinnud any service to entitle him to it, or ever having had any 
 military experience excepting while under my command. The 
 ■idininistration could certainly have had no other motive in 
 -iipirsiding all the Colonels in th' -egular army in making the 
 .ippuinlments, than lu prepare him to tcblify against me. 
 
 General Hull seems to have forgotten, or possibly 
 he only hoped others had forgt)tten, that many of 
 these oliicers won their honors by bravery in tlefeiit- 
 ing the British on the same territory that he sur- 
 rendered, within a liitle more than a year after he 
 had basely yielded that territor)'. 
 
 As to other onicers who testitied-ftgainst him, he 
 thus speaks (page 206) : 
 
 Colonel Snelling was a Captain in my army, and before he 
 ippeared as a witness against me, was promoted, and soon had a 
 ngiment given to him. * * ♦ M.ijor Whistler was a Captain 
 II my army. * * ♦ At my trial he was wanted by the admin- 
 '^tration. and he was promoted to the rank of Major, and travelled 
 lorn Ohio in the ntidst of winter, to testify against me. lie 
 >as certainly deeply indebted to the adntinistration, and did not 
 liil in his testimony to make u suitable reward. 
 
 Regarding these very oliicers he so vilifies in his 
 Memoirs he used these words in his letter of August 
 26, 1812, to the Secretary of War, giving an ofiicial 
 report of the surrender (see page 16 of Appendix to 
 Trial) : 
 
 Hefore I close this dispatch it is a duty I owe my respectable 
 associates in tommand, Cohmels AU- .Arthur, I'intlley, Cass, and 
 Lieutenant Colonel Miller, to express my obligations to them for 
 the promiit and jndiiious manner they have performed their re- 
 spective duties. If aught has taken place during the campaign, 
 which is honorable to the army, these oliicers are entitled to a large 
 share of it. If the last act should be disiipproved, no part of the 
 censure belongs to them. I have likewise to express my obliga- 
 tions to Ceneral Taylor, who has performed tin- duty of (Jiuirter- 
 master tieneral, for his great exertions in procuring everything in 
 his department which it was possible to furnish for the conveni- 
 ence of the army; likewise to I'rigade Major Jessup for the correct 
 and punctual manner in which he has discharged his duty. 
 
 From his Memoirs and Defense many more quo- 
 tations of similar character might be made, showing 
 the utter inconsistency and recklessness of his state- 
 ments. 
 
 General Hull was born in 1753. At the time of 
 his trial he was si.xty-one years of age. Was he in 
 his dotage when he published his Memoirs, ten 
 years later .^ If there were less pettifogging and 
 venom therein, we might try to believe him simply a 
 weak old man. A comparison of statements made 
 by him in his Defense with contradictory statements 
 in his Memoirs reveals an utter disregard of both 
 consistency and truthfulness. 
 
 His own Memoirs are the best possible illustration 
 of a statement he makes on page 191 : "The memory 
 of man is not always correct and retentive ; interest, 
 passion, and prejudice frequently have a powerful 
 operation on the mind." Not only is this true of 
 him, but he and his friends seem to have become 
 capable of any audacity in their determination to 
 ilefend his character. On page 1 1 of the preface to 
 his Life, in speaking of his Memoirs, it is said : 
 
 These memoirs have been before the public for more than 
 eighteen years, and those of his fellow-citiiiens who haxe read 
 them, have risen from their perusal satisfied that the cause of 
 failure in the unsuccessful invasion of Canada was not to be im- 
 puted to the commanding ofTieer, but to an administration that 
 had rushed into war without foresight or preparation. 
 
 Reading only his Memoirs, possibly, but not prob- 
 ably, the reader might come to the conclusion inti- 
 mated ; but it seems inevitable that any one reading 
 the account of his trial, and General Dearborn's 
 Defense, will be forced to the conclusion that Gen- 
 eral Hull was both cowardly and incompetent. 
 Frecjuent references are made by him and his 
 friends to his ser\'ices in the Revolution. The 
 question, however, is not. Was he brave in revolu- 
 tionary days ? but. Was he justified in surrendering 
 Detroit ? 
 
292 
 
 THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT, 
 
 It is for his acts at tlic lime of that siirixiKkT that 
 he was trial. Miuli of the i-ffort in his defense is 
 devoted to matters liavinvi; no praetical bearing; on 
 the (juestion at issue. The real ([nestion is, Did he 
 at any time diirin^^ tlie ramp,'iiv;n of 1.S12 e\hii)it 
 evidences of br.ivery or ^aiod i;ener;ilslii|)? No smli 
 evidence lias been presented, either by himself or 
 his friends. In view of the f.irts, we must believe 
 either that he w;is lacking- in all the <|n;ilities th;it .ujo 
 to make up a safe Icuier, and deserved the ij^nominy 
 that has been hea|)ed iijion him, or th.'it the officers 
 of the (lovernment and his old .issociates were 
 guilty of the meanest possii)le spite and subterfii,t,a'. 
 
 Concerning the testimony of the witnesses against 
 General Hull, Mr. Clarke, in his Life of C.eneral Hull, 
 on page 404, says, " Subtract that part of their 
 testimony which is made up of their opinions, and 
 the bulk is much reduced." This sword has two 
 edges. It may be truthfully said that both General 
 Hull and Mr. Clarke make free use of opinions in his 
 Defense, while they continually denounce those 
 whose opinions were unfavorable, and even desig- 
 nate some statements given for absolute facts as 
 mere opinions. 
 
 Among the palliating reasons assigned by (ieneral 
 Hull for his surrender, one of his strongest was the 
 statement that the (iovernment did not support him 
 with a naval force on Lake Erie. On page 8 of his 
 Memoirs he says, " I hiul every reason to believe, 
 bef(jre a war was declared, that such a navy and 
 such an army would have been provided." In the 
 preface to his Life, pages 8 and 9, it is stated that 
 when Cieneral Hull left Washington in 1812, "he 
 was assured by the Government that a naval force 
 would be placed on Lake Erie, to keep open his 
 communication with his country." It is deemed a 
 full and sul'ticient reply to these statements to quote 
 from a letter, dated March 6, 181 2, addressed by 
 Ciovernor Hull to the Secretary of War. The entire 
 letter was given by him in connection with his 
 Defense, ,ind covers three pages of line print. In 
 this letter he said : 
 
 I think it must be evident that the establishment of an army at 
 Detroit, siiflicient to defend that part of the coimtr>', control the 
 Indians, and commence operations on the weakest points of 
 defense of the enen\y, would be, as an incipient measure, indis- 
 pensably necessary. * * • A part of your army, now recruit- 
 ing, may be as well supported and disciplined at 'Jetroit as at any 
 other place. A force adetpTate to the defense of that vidnerable 
 point would prevent war with the siiva^jes, and probably induce 
 the enemy to abandon the Province of Upper Canada without op- 
 position, 'the naval force on the Lakes would, in that event, fall 
 into our pos.ses5ion, and we should obtain the connnand of the 
 waters, without the e.xpense of building such a force. The Hritish 
 cannot hold Upper Canada without the assistance of the Indians, 
 and that a.ssistance they cannot obtain if we have an adequate 
 force in the .situation I have pointed out. 
 
 With regard to his carelessness or stupidity in 
 sending the vessel from old Fort Miami on July i, 
 
 and allowing his baggage and muster rolls to be 
 placed in it,Cieneral Hull, on page yof his Memoirs, 
 says, " This tinst misfortune was occasioned by the 
 neglect of the administration in not giving me in- 
 formation of the war, eight days sooner." On pages 
 35 and 36, he says : 
 
 At this linu- 1 had received no inform.ition of the dcclar.ition of 
 war, and did not consider there was any hazard in the mea,surc. 
 • * ♦ In lime of peace with I'.ngland, there could have been 
 but one opinion with respect to engaging this vessel in the manner 
 it was employed. Having no information of the declar.ttion of 
 war, I must iiecissarily have believed it was a time of peace, and 
 consequently no blame could be attached to me. 
 
 Was it a time of peace? Was General Hull only 
 playing soldier? Was his march through the woods 
 and swam])s merely for amusement? War had 
 been anticipated for more than six months, as Gen 
 eral Hull well knew; for he had been in Washing- 
 ton and had discussed the situation. 
 
 On page 36 of his Memoirs he says, "On the 24th 
 of June 1 received a letter from the War Department 
 directing me to march to Detroit with all possible 
 e.\i)edition." A whole week went by after he received 
 this letter before he sent the vessel, and, according 
 to his Memoirs, he must still "have believed it was 
 a time of peace," anil therefore, he reasons, he was 
 justified in sending the ves.sel. 
 
 War was anticipated, troops were on the march, 
 orders to hasten had been received, and opposing 
 forces were known to be gathering. Should not 
 ordinary reason have taught him that war was 
 probably declared, and that there was danger in 
 sending the vessel ? 
 
 On page 22 of his Defense, he says that an 
 order "to repair with as little delay as possible 
 to Detroit," in view of the fact that the enemy 
 would then be at Maiden, eighteen miles in the 
 rear, and provided with vessels which wtjuld enable 
 them to cut olT his supplies, "appeared to me so in- 
 consistent with my milit.iry cxjierience that 1 did 
 not suppose it could have been founded on a 
 declaration of war, or even on a prospect of imme- 
 diate hostilities." 
 
 When such an excuse is deliberately offered, we 
 may be justitied in heliexing th.it if he had received 
 no word of the declaration of war, and if, after his 
 arrival at Detroit, I'roctor or Brock had (|uietly 
 crossed the river, ,ind t.iken possession of the fort, 
 he woukl have offered no opposition, because, as he 
 had not been officially notilied of the decl.iration t)f 
 war, there ct)uld be no danger, and no reason to 
 apprehend any. 
 
 These statements are illustrations of his argu- 
 ments, and his Defense and .Memoirs are full of 
 similar attempts to prove that he was justified in 
 his actions; but no one valid excuse is offered, no 
 convincing proof is brought forward. 
 
TTIK SURRF.XDER OF DETROIT. 
 
 m 
 
 That he was warned tliat war was imminent, and 
 possibly declared, at the time he sent tiie vessel, is 
 beyond question. Cleneral Mc Arthur testified (see 
 paijes 47 and 48 of Forbes' rejiort) that on or about 
 June 26, the time Hull received tlie first letter, the 
 same mail brouijht him (McAithnri ;i letter from 
 a friend at Chillicothe, in w hich it was stated that 
 "before this reaches you war will be declared," and 
 that it was "the impression at Chillicothe that war 
 was declared ;" and further, th.it these statements 
 were conmuinicated to (ieneral Mull, and were the 
 subject of conversation between them; that ("leneral 
 Hull "asked "liat he thoui,dit of sending- the ba;; - 
 v^age by water;" and th.it he replieil he thought it 
 would be "rather hazardous, as the British might 
 be informed of the declaration of war and seize the 
 vessel." 
 
 (ieneral James Taylor, of Ohio, lestifieil <'it the 
 tri.il (see page 138 of Forbes' report 1 : 
 
 riic impression inadi; on my i as well as upon others to 
 wliom tli(^ letter from the Secretary . ; \Var, dated iStli June, i,Si2, 
 was shown, was, that war was inevitable, and that it was sub- 
 stantially, thonj.. i.ot form.illy, del lari'd. 1 was present when 
 I ieneral Hidl conversed with Captain C liajiin, who coinmandi'd 
 ilie vessel which was sunt from the Rapids to Detroit; (hapin 
 talked about dinin); with the liritish ofTicers, and asked an exorbi- 
 tant price for his boat. I told (ieneral iiuU (whom I called out) 
 that I suspected the vessel was sent there to entrap them, and 
 advised that she should not be employed, but that the effects 
 should be sent by wagons. General Hull, however, looked to the 
 r.vpense, and said he did not know mucli of Chapin, but he knew 
 liini to be an Am<'rican and believed him honest. Cha|)in reduced 
 his price from 150 to 60 dollars, and was employed. 
 
 As Hull was sent to Detroit in anticipation of 
 w.ir, and as he I'.imself urged that he neeiled ves- 
 sels, and knew that the British had them, was it not 
 foolh.irdy ;ind careless in the extreme to send his 
 military .stores and baggage by the vessel.' Did he 
 not have reason to e.xpect that war might be de- 
 clared at anytime.' Did he not take an unwar- 
 ranted risk in assiuning th;it w.tr had not been de- 
 1 l.ircd, and that there w.is no danger.' He knew 
 that the mails or express were uncertain, he could 
 not help knowing that there was a po.ssibility of the 
 I ,'ipture of the ves.sel; and yet he took the risk. Is 
 it an evidence of good generalship to take a needless 
 risk, involving great danger, with no prospect of 
 gain? The blunder of allowing his nuister-rolls to 
 be put on the vessel was a blunder so great th.at it 
 fell but little short of a crime. It w;is this occur- 
 rence that gave rise to the specific charge of treason, 
 of which he was ftumd not guilty. If the state- 
 ment made in the I'hil.idelphia Auroni of Septem- 
 ber 22, 181 2. was true, even that charge should have 
 been sustained. In th.at paper Lewis Dent, (juar- 
 'crmaster of Colonel Cass's regiment, who was sent 
 vith the vessel to t.ike charge of the bagg.age. is 
 ijuoted as saying that on e.xamining the vessel after 
 
 she was taken to Fort Maiden, in a trunk !)elonging 
 to C.eneral Hull, the declaration of war against 
 (ireat Britain was found, and that he saw it. It 
 will lie remembered that (iovernor Hull always 
 claimed that the letter ctmtaining the declanation 
 of war did not reach him imtil after the vessel 
 sailed. 
 
 We come now to the tjuestion of his cowardice. 
 Mr. Clarke, on page 363 of his Life of Hull, says, 
 " It would have required very little courage to 
 tight." It goes without saying that this was the 
 general opinion at the time. It looks very much as 
 though he did not ptjssess even a very little courage. 
 His cour.age was all in his proclamations, letters, 
 and memoirs, and was of the Falstaffian order. 
 Battles have been won, and victory wrested from 
 defeat, by really brave generals. Of Hull's bravery 
 in the War of 181 2. no evidence has been produced. 
 In his Defense, page 60, he says: 
 
 I should not, however, have yielded to all these considerations, 
 had the war 1 was carrying on been only .tgainst civilized men. 
 * * * r.iit I knew li.iw sanguinary and remorseless the .siivayes 
 would be, should my army be subdued and the troops be obliged 
 to yield. The whiile lountry would have been deluged with the 
 blood of its inhabitants. Neither men, women, or children would 
 have been spared. 
 
 The same idea is repeated in the preface to the 
 Life of Creneral Hull. On page i6 are these 
 words : 
 
 To the latest moment of his life, when aware he was on the 
 verge of eternity, in the fidl possession of his mental powers, ('ien- 
 eral Hull still breathed his thanks to his Heavenly Father that he 
 hitd been the instnmient of saving from the cruelties of a savage 
 foe a people who expected and demanded protection at his hands. 
 
 buch sentiments are pathetic, but they have no 
 real bearing on the case. The question of surren- 
 der was a military question. War in its best form 
 is inhuman, and General Hull had no right to sacri- 
 fice Detroit and the territory, a fortified post and an 
 undefeated army, for a possible but really unfounded 
 fear that <.)therwise the women and children would 
 all be butchered. It was a fear born of cowardice, 
 and not justified by probability. If a battle had 
 been fought, there is no evidence to indicate that, 
 if defeated at all, the defeat of Hull's army would 
 have been so complete and absolute that no further 
 defence could be made, or reasonable terms of 
 capitulation secured. He surrendered without even 
 a pretence of fighting, and the luiglish boasted, and 
 with good reason, that they took Detroit "without 
 the loss of a drop of English blood." 
 
 As to Hull's cowardly words and appearance 
 prior to the surrender, the following is pertinent 
 testimony: Captain James Daliha (see page 82, 
 Hull's Trial) testified that he commanded the upper 
 battery on the evening of August 14, and on that 
 
294 
 
 THE SURRENDER OF DETROIT. 
 
 eveniiijj conversed with (lencr.-il Hull "on tlu' pro- 
 priety of ilrivinj,' the enemy from their works" on 
 the o|)posite shore. He said to Cjeneral Hull, "Sir, 
 if you will j^ive nie i)ermission, I will clear the enemy 
 on the ojiposite shore from the lower batteries." 
 The general answered, "Mr. Daliba, 1 will make an 
 ajjreement with the enemy tiiat if they will never 
 fire on me, I will never tire on them," and concluded 
 his answer with this sentence, " Those who live in 
 iflass houses must take care how they throw stones." 
 Major Thomas S. Jessup, of the Nineteenth Regi- 
 ment of United States Infantry, testified (page 92 
 of Trial), " I saw Oeneral Hull in the fort, and 
 thought him very much frightenetl \vhen I met him. 
 * * * His voice was, at this time, tremulous." 
 In answer to a t}uestion from deneral Hull, Captain 
 Charles Fuller, of the Fourth Regiment Infantry, 
 said at the trial (page 98), " I have no d(nibt of your 
 appearance on that occasion being the effect of per- 
 sonal fear: I had none then, I have none now." 
 
 With regard to his neglecting to attack and con- 
 quer Fort Maiden, the following facts appear. On 
 July 9 he received a letter from William Eustis, Sec- 
 retary of War, dated June 24, with the following 
 order : " Should the force under your command be 
 equal to the enterprise, and should it be consistent 
 with the safety of your own post, you will take pos- 
 session of Maiden, extending your conquests as cir- 
 cumstances will justify." Concerning this letter and 
 order, General Hull, on page 36 of his Defense, 
 says : 
 
 This letter informs me that I am authorized to commence offen- 
 sive operations. 'I'liis would not have been the languajje addressed 
 to me upon this occasion if the government had supposed I had a 
 force sufficient to commence such operations. In that case, I 
 should have received a command instead of an authority. In this 
 Utter the Secretary adverts to my taking possession of Maiden ; 
 lint not as if he supposed I had the power of doing it. 
 
 It may well be doubted whether the annals of any 
 police court afford a more perfect illustration of 
 l)ctiifoggery. Concerning this order, received July 
 9, (ieneral Hull says further, on page 10 of his 
 Memoirs : 
 
 The authority I received to attack the enemy's fortress !\t 
 Maiden being discretionary, I wrote to the (iovernnieni the same 
 day I received it, that my force was not <'idr(|uale to the enter- 
 prise, and stated as a rc.tson that the enemy commanded the 
 Lake and the savages. 
 
 On July 14 he must have been more hopeful, for ' 
 he wrote to the Secretary of War as follows (^See 
 the Dearborn manuscript) : 
 
 SiK,— 
 
 I'he Canadian militia are deserting from ]\[alden in l.nrgc 
 parties ; about sixty came in yesterday. I send them to their 
 homes and give them protection. The probability is that the 
 greatest part of them will desert in a few days. The force under 
 my rommaml, .iiid the movement into their province, has had a, 
 
 great elTect on tlie Indians. They arc daily icliirning to their 
 villages. I have reason to believe the number of hostile Indians 
 daily decreasing. 
 
 Again, on July 19, he wrote the Secretary: 
 
 The Hrilish force, which in numbers was superior tu llio Amer- 
 ican, iiu'luding militia and Indians, is daily diminishing. Fifty or 
 sixty of the militia have deserted daily, since the American st.and- 
 .ird was displayed, and taken protection. They are now re<luced 
 lolcssthaii one hundred. In a Klay or Hvo I expect the whole 
 will desert. Their Indian forte is diminishing in n(!arly the same 
 proportion. I have now a large council of ten or twilve nations 
 sitting at lirownstown, and I have no doubt that the result will be 
 that they will remain neutral. 
 
 On July 22 he addressed the Secretary of War as 
 follows (i)age 10 of Appendix to his Trial) : 
 
 It is in the power of tliis army to take Maiden by storm, but it 
 would be attended, in my ojiinion, with loo great a sacrifice under 
 present circumstances. * * ♦ If Maiden was in our possession 
 I could march this army to Niagara or York in a very short time. 
 
 This letter probably stated the facts as to his 
 ability to take Maklcn. That he did not do it was 
 one of the chief grounds for believing him cow- 
 ardly, and his own letter proved the charge. 
 
 We now reach his charge that the lack of co-op- 
 eration, and the armistice entered into by Oeneral 
 Dearborn, made his defeat possible, and the sur- 
 render necessary. The Dearborn manuscript states 
 that on July 26 the Secretary of Wiir wrote to Gen- 
 eral Hull : 
 
 General I learborn's headipiai ters are at Albany. He will be 
 apprised of your situation, and directed to keep up a correspond- 
 ence with you and the immediate eoniinaiul at Niagara, and to 
 take measures to afford the necessary support. 
 
 The same day, as is shown by the Dearborn man- 
 uscript, the instructions were sent to ( Ieneral Dear- 
 born, and reached him on July 31. 'I'hcre is no 
 evidence brought forward by General Hull or his 
 defenders that, prior to this date, (ieneral Dearborn 
 shared the responsibility of his movements, or was 
 expected to co-operate with him. Indeed, it would 
 have been impossible to have m.ide .any dethiite 
 arr.'ingement sooner, for information of Hull's 
 arrival at Detroit had but just reached Washington 
 on the 2(')th of July. ( )ii August 3 General Dear- 
 born wrote to General \'an Rensselaer at Niag.'ira: 
 
 Take measuri-s for keeping up a correspondence with (Ieneral 
 Hull, .'ind ascertain his movements by expresses or otherwise, and 
 * * * make any exertion in your power to eu-operate with him, 
 ;uul if your force will not .'idm'* of any strong offensive o|)eratiuns 
 it may be well to make such diversions in his favor as circum- 
 stances will permit, so as to prevent tin: enemy from directing any 
 force from the vicinity of Niagara to oppose the movements of 
 (;cneral Hull. 
 
 This order .shows that when Dearborn \va.s direct- 
 ed to c(j-o'- rate with Hull, he g.ave directions to that 
 
THK SURRENDER OF DETROIT. 
 
 295 
 
 |l- 
 
 end. ThatCieneral Hull himself did not expect that 
 he was in any way responsible to (ieneral Dearborn 
 prior to July 26 is clearly evident from the fact 
 that he would not march into Canada without an 
 order from the Secretary of War ; and all his letters 
 are addressed to and his orders received from the 
 Secretary of War, which would have been a most 
 absurd arranjjement if he was to act under (ieneral 
 Dearborn. There is no evidence of any kind brought 
 forward, by Hull or Clarke, to show that Dearborn 
 had anythintf to do with the raisinij, equipment, or 
 (Irillinif of Hull's force. (Ieneral Hull does not 
 claim that Dearborn ordered the march to Detroit, 
 or jrive any evidence that Dearborn was to act with 
 him prior to the order of July 26. The armistice, 
 as shown in a letter from Dearborn to the Secretary 
 of War, was not concluded initil Au.i^ust 9; and, as 
 (iener;il Dearborn shows in his letter of that date 
 to the .Secretary of War, General Hull was not in- 
 cluded In it, because he had been receivinij his 
 orders directly from the .Secretary of War, and was 
 then believed to be capable of and enj^a^jed in 
 offensive operations. In a letter to (jcneral Hull, 
 dated August 9, General Dearborn said : 
 
 The rumiival of any troops from Niagara to Detroit, while the 
 present arrangement continues, would be improper and incom- 
 l)atil>le with the true intent of the .iKreement. I have made no 
 arrangement that should have any effect upon your command. 
 
 General Hull complained that this armistice en- 
 abled (ieneral Brock to withdraw forces from 
 Niagara, and throw them against him at Detroit. 
 It will be shown, however, that Hrock himself did 
 not know of the armistice until after the surrender 
 of Detroit. 
 
 On page 166 of his Memoirs, General Hull says: 
 
 After the capitulation f first learned from the lijis of tlie British 
 loinmander the true state of the case— thiit the armistice of Gen- 
 iral Dearborn had been eight days in operation, and that that cir- 
 cumstance alone had enabled him to bring such a force against me. 
 
 This seems like a positive statement. General 
 Hull, however, on page 124 of his Memoirs, says, of 
 a letter of Colonel Cass, " It ought not to be con- 
 sidered as any evidence. He was not under oath 
 when he wrote it." The same remark will apply 
 admir.ably to much that General Hull says. 
 
 That the armistice in (question had no effect upon 
 the situation, and that (ieneral Brock himself liad 
 no knowledge of it, is positively shown by the letter 
 from General Brock to (ieneral Van Rensselaer, 
 dated Fort George. August 25, 181 2, given in the 
 Dearborn manuscript. General Brock says, " It 
 was not until my arrival at Fort I'>ie, l.ate in the 
 evening of the 23d inst., that I learned that a ces- 
 sation of hostilities had been agreed upon between 
 (ieneral De.irborn and Sir (ieorge I'revost." Com- 
 liarison of this letter with the statements of General 
 
 Hull m.ikes it evident that one of the two was guilty 
 of falsehood ; and all the facts point to (ieneral Hull 
 as the guilty one. 
 
 In reviewing the entire campaign, (ieneral Hull, 
 in his .Memt)irs, page 1 1, says : 
 
 I remained in the enemy's country about a miiulh, * ♦ * 
 during thi- ime 1 received * * • certain information that 
 (Ieneral li: with all the regulars and militia of Upper C anada, 
 
 was proceeding' to Maiden, * ♦ » under these circumstances I 
 considered it my duty to recross the river, * • ♦ (and) on the 
 8th of August 1 recrossed the river to Detroit. 
 
 On page 49 of his Defense he says that on 
 August 7, 
 
 About one o'clock, an express arrived with letters to me from 
 the comiuandiug officers on the Niagara frontier,- - two from 
 Major (ieneral Hall and one from (Ieneral 1'. li. Porter, ♦ • ♦ 
 to inform me that a large force from the neighborhood of Niagara 
 was moving towards my army. 
 
 Comparing these two statements with the well- 
 known fact that the army began moving the night 
 of the 7th, it is evident that the date given in his 
 Defense is the correct one ; and the position in 
 which he places himself is this: first, he says that 
 he had "certain information on August 7 that Brock, 
 with all the regulars and militia of Upper Canada, 
 was proceeding to Maiden;" second, he claims 
 that the armistice which was entered into a day 
 afterwards, August 8, at Niagara was the only 
 thing that enabled him (Brock) "to bring such a 
 force against me." 
 
 Comparison shows the absurdity of these state- 
 ments. General Hull actually claimed that (ieneral 
 Brock was on his way to Maiden on the 7th of 
 August, and that an occurrence of the day after was 
 the prime cause of his being on the march. Such 
 an anachronism is fatal to his argument. There 
 was really nothing new in the statement of the fact 
 that Cieneral Brock went to and from Maiden. As 
 early as June 24 General Hull himself wrote to the 
 Secretary of War, "(ieneral Brock, the Governor of 
 Upper Canada, arrived at Maiden on the 14th inst., 
 with one hundred British troops. On the 17th he 
 sailed for Fort Erie, in the (jueen Charlotte, and it 
 is said she will return with a re-inforcement imme- 
 diately." His statement on page 1 1 of his Memoirs 
 only shows that Brock, on August 7, was still going 
 to and from .Maiden. 
 
 On page 95 of his Memoirs (ieneral Hull quotes 
 General Brock's summons to surrender, dated 
 August 15, and on page 97 he says, " 1 ask on wh.it 
 grounds I could have possibly conceived that Gen- 
 eral Brock h.id left that vital part of his province.^" 
 (meaning Niagara.) There was nothing singular 
 about it. For nearly two months (ieneral Brock 
 had been on the march, and General Hull had rea- 
 son to e.xpect him. 
 
296 
 
 TIIK SURRENDER Of DETROIT. 
 
 The plea of Genenil Hull and Mr. Clarke that the 
 armistice was the real cause of the surrender is evi- 
 ileiitly ail afterthdUiijht, - a plea studied up for the 
 purjiose of nuiltiplyinj; e.xeuses. Its flimsy charac- 
 ter is evident; from the fact that when on trial Cien- 
 eral Hull never even alluded to the arniislice. It 
 was only after he had been tried, convicted, and 
 mercifully jxirdoned, that he discovered that the 
 armistice was the real cause of all his troubles. 
 
 The (piestion as to the number of men composing 
 the army of (leneral Hull has also been the subject of 
 much discussion. Mr. Clarke .says (life of Hull, 
 page 362) that " commanders are very apt, even w hen 
 meaning to tell the truth, to exaggerate the enemy's 
 forces and underrate their own." He means by this 
 remark to insinuate that Brock had more men than 
 the ollicial account shows him to have had ; it applies 
 equally well, however, to both sides, and the effort 
 to depreciate the numbers of the American army is 
 pushed to the extreme by the friends of C.eneral 
 Hull. On page 8 of his .Memoirs (leneral Hull 
 says, "I proceeded to the State of Ohio, took the 
 command of the forces, which consisted of twelve 
 hundred militia and volunteers and about three hun- 
 dred regulars." 
 
 In three other places in his Memoirs he repeats 
 the statement that his forces consisted of three hun- 
 dred of the Fourth United States Regulars and 
 twelve hundred militia. The evidence that he 
 understates their number is abundant, and some of 
 it is furnished by his own words. Among the Stale 
 Historical Society papers at Detroit is a letter from 
 Judge James Witherell, dated June 22, 1812, in 
 which he states that he has received a letter from 
 Hull, dated June 14, showing that he would be at 
 the river Raisin about the 26th, with about 2,200 
 men. On June 24 General Hull wrote to the Sec- 
 retary of War, " In the event of hostilities, I feel a 
 confidence that the force under my command will 
 be superior to any which can be opposed to it. It 
 now exceeds two thousand, rank and file." 
 
 A letter given in the Dearborn manuscript shows 
 that two days later, in a letter to the Secretary of 
 War from Fort Findlay, he said : " Inclosed is the 
 most correct return that can be made of the army 
 under present circumstances." The return is as 
 follows : 
 
 4th Ri>;im(nt of Infantry 
 
 Col. Findlay's Reg. of volunteers and militia 
 
 Col. Cass's 
 
 Col. MeArthur's 
 
 Captain Sloan's troops of Cin. Lt. Dmjjoons 
 
 Total 
 
 483 
 
 509 
 48.1 
 
 552 
 48 
 
 2.075 
 
 In his Memoirs Ciencral Hull docs not deny the 
 correctness of this return, but on page 203 he says 
 that General Dearborn ' 
 
 makes it appear tliat in the three Ohio re;.,'iMients of militia, 
 with the few (Iravjoons, there wiTe fifteen hinidreil and ninety-two 
 mill. I'liis numher is three hundred and ninety-two more than 
 the I'resideiit had ordered, which niimlier, as has been slated, was 
 twelve hundred, and I had no authority to take any surplus under 
 my rominand. The (dionels, I presume, at that lime must have 
 ineluded this surplus of three hundred and ninety-two men in 
 their returns, in order to obtain provision for them in tin- wilder- 
 ness, as it could not be obtained in any other way. These men 
 were voluntei'rs who had joined us at intervals in (nir march, and 
 were nut under my orders. They returned home whenever they 
 jileased. 
 
 What amazing liberality on the part of Hull's 
 (]uartermastcrs when food was so scarce I Cicncral 
 Hull would h.ave lis believe that about one fifth of 
 the force th.at marched with his army, nearly four 
 hundred men, was simply a "suij.'.us," — volunteers, 
 who were li.ible to leave the army, and did Ic.ivc it, 
 whenever they pleased. \'et these same men were 
 on the mu.ster-rolls, and certified to by the colonels, 
 and even by Hull himself, as belonging to his ;irmy. 
 Amazing "surplus"! and still moream;izing effron- 
 tery! Concerning the militia of the territory, on 
 page 5(1 he s.ays, "Little or no adv.intage could be 
 derived from this militia," and yet, on i:)age 125, he 
 shows th;tt there were four hundred Michigan mili- 
 tia, some of whom he claims deserted to the enemy 
 when they landed. 
 
 Mr. Clarke says, on page 3S3 of his Life of General 
 Hull, "The whole number of troops under (ieiieral 
 Hulls command, from the beginning of his march 
 until the surrender, was 1,800." He subtracts for 
 blockhouses garrisoned, sickness, etc., eight hundred 
 and forty, leaving only nine hundred and sixty at 
 Detroit on August 16. He evidently renders an old 
 saying, " Let Hull be true and every man a liar," 
 but the facts show that General Hull's own state- 
 ments do not harmonize. 
 
 When Brock, on August 1 5, summoned him to 
 surrender, Hull repHed, " 1 am jirepared to meet any 
 force which may be at your disposal." On page 
 1 10 of his .Memoirs he .says, " I however gave a de- 
 cided answer that I should defend the fort, ho|iing 
 to be able, before he made the invasion, to collect 
 at Detroit the detachments under the command of 
 McArthur and Cass, * * * ami other detach- 
 ments which were absent on other duties." 
 
 It seems, then, that at this time he thought he 
 might defend the post, and cope with General Brock 
 and all his force. How soon his brave v.aporing 
 changed to abject cowardice! 
 
 W-th regard to the lack of supplies ffir his army. 
 General Hull, in his report to the Secretary of War 
 made after the surrender, says : 
 
 It was impossible, in the nature of things, that an army could 
 have been furnished with the necessary supplies of provision, 
 military stores, clothing and comforts for the sick, on paek-horsesi 
 throuKh a wilderness of two hundred miles filled with hostile 
 savages. 
 
TMK SURRENDER OF DETROIT. 
 
 297 
 
 Why did he not realize this impossibility before 
 he took the command of the army ? He had lived 
 in Detroit for the seven years previous, and knew 
 its situation and its sources of supplies. In denying 
 the proposition that if Hull had defended himself 
 supplies would have been brought from Ohio, and 
 in order to show that it would have been impossible, 
 Mr. Clarke, on page 373 of his Life of Hull, quotes 
 from a letter of (ieneral Harrison, of October 22, 
 1812, as follows: "To get supplies forward through 
 a swampy wilderness of near two hundred miles, in 
 wagons or on pack-horses which are to carry them 
 provisions, is absolutely impossible." 
 
 The introducing an extract from a letter written 
 in the fail of the year, when roads and swamps were 
 notoriously bad, as evidence that tlie transportation 
 of supplies in midsummer over this same route was 
 impossible, is but one of the many absurd arguments 
 resorted to in defense of General Hull. It seems 
 strange, indeed, that if, as (leneral Hull would have 
 us believe, the probable want of provisions was one 
 reason of his .surrender, he did not rmticipate this 
 (liriiculty. He was evidently exceedingly prodigal 
 of his supplies, for it will be remembered that on 
 page 203 of his Memoirs he claims that a "surplus" 
 of three hundred and ninety-two men, who were 
 not under his command, were included with his 
 army, and fed from the supplies. As late as July 
 29 he seems to h.ive entertained no fear that the 
 supplies would not hold out, for the original order 
 issued by him on that date, in j^ossession of the 
 .State Historical .Society at Detroit, .shows that he 
 ordered rations given to persons who had lied from 
 the Hritish standard. 
 
 Mr. Clarke, on page 360, says : 
 
 Wi; havi; sctn that (■niicnil Hull niiulr tlircp .ittempts to open 
 ills communiciilicms to ()liiri. Tlir first was on Aii^nst 41(1, by 
 miaiis ii( Majiir \ an Horn's (litachincnt of two hundred men, 
 which was drfratrd by a small body of liritisli and Indians. The 
 •second was on Any;ust Slh, by Colonrl Miller's detachment of 
 six luiiulrcd men, who defeated the <'nemy, but retnrned to Hetroit 
 without il'feitin.v: their object. The third w.is by mians of Mr- 
 Arthur's and Cass's detachment, which set out AiiKust 14th, to 
 go by a back route. 
 
 That this statement is a misrepresentation of the 
 truth is shown by the fact that both of the last 
 named detachments were ordered back by Hull him- 
 self, which fact is studiously ignored in the above 
 statement of Mr. Clarke. On page 368 he says: 
 
 As to the cattle and flour at the River Raisin within reach of 
 the army, we have seen that before (Icneral lirock crossed the 
 nver, Major Van Horn and C^oloni-l .Miller had both attempted to 
 reach it; the one with two hundred and the other with six hun- 
 dred men, and that both h,id failed. 
 
 This statement is not true in the sen.se in which 
 Mr. Clarke would have us believe. Colonel Miller 
 would have gone forward but for lack of provisions, 
 
 which were not forwarded in time, and because he 
 was soon ordered back by C.eneral Hull. However 
 Mr. Clarke elsewhere concedes the whole case, in so 
 far as lack of provisions having compelled the sur- 
 render, for, in the preface to the Life of Hull, on 
 page 12, he states that "deneral Hull could have 
 sustained his post at Detroit had not an armistice, 
 now a portitm of history, been entered into by 
 General Dearborn, to the exclusion of General Hull's 
 army and without his knowledge." 
 
 General Hull voluntarily tried to include in the 
 .surrender the very troops and provisions at the 
 Raisin which had been sent for his relief. Fortu- 
 nately, however, they refused to be includeil, and 
 escaped to Ohio. 
 
 Among the other reasons a.ssigned for the surren- 
 der. General Hull, on page 108 of his Memoirs, says 
 that i5rock's position at Sandwich was " more ele- 
 vated than the fort at Detroit." This statement is 
 well known to be absurdly untrue. He would not 
 cross to Canada or attack Maiden without orders . 
 why, then, was he in such haste to surrender 
 entirely on his own responsibility .' He says dis- 
 tinctly, in his letter of Augu.st 26, 1812, to the Sec- 
 retary of War, giving an account of the surrender, 
 " I well knew the high respon.sibility of the measure, 
 and I take the whole upon myself." 
 
 Even if 15rock had as many troops as Hull inti- 
 mates, his was the attacking force ; he had to cross 
 the river and approach a fort. All the advantages 
 and probabilities were ag.ainst him. Many battles 
 have: been fought and won under much greater odds 
 than General Hull ckiims he had to contend against. 
 It was not, however, the force that Brock really had, 
 but only that which Hull imagined he might have, 
 that led to the surreniler. In his Defense, on pages 
 59 and 60, General Hull made these remarkable 
 admissions : 
 
 1 shall now state whiit force he (the enciny) brought, or might 
 briuK, a.i;ainst me. I say, v'entliinen, mi.ijht brinj;, — because it 
 was th.il consideration which induced thi- surri'nder, anil not the 
 force whiv'h was actually landed on the American shore, on the 
 niorniiin of the ifith. It is possible that I mi>;ht have met and 
 repelled that force. If I had no further to look than the event of 
 a conlist at that time, I should have trusted to the issue of a 
 battle. * * * If the llrilisb landed at .SpringA'ells were not 
 much more numerous than my own troops, I knew they must have 
 a powi'rful force in reserve, which they could brin>j to operate on 
 me either by crossing them above the town of Detroit, or by trans- 
 porting them in their ships to that point, and thus attack the fort 
 on all sides, and place my army between their fire. * * * If 
 the attack of the enemy had been repelled, our triumph would 
 have been but temporary. My numbers must have been dimin- 
 ished by loss in battle. They would have been daily lessened by 
 the cannon of the enemy from the opposite shore. The force of 
 the enemy, augmented as it Was by reinforcements under Colonel 
 Proctor, Major Chambers, and the Commander-in-chief, (leneral 
 Brock, would have been daily augmenting. 
 
 Yet, at that time, as he elsewhere states, he had 
 reason to expect, and was expecting, the co-opera- 
 
298 
 
 THE SURRENDER OK DETROIT. 
 
 tion of (ieneral Dearborn, iind ninforcements from 
 Ohio; and two luindrcil trcsli men were less than 
 forty miles away with provisions and supplies. 
 \'erily, lie had neither faith nor eouraii^e ! 
 
 The statements of (Itneral Hull and his friends 
 haviiiir been compared and analyzed, ! now submit 
 the followinjj copies of oriijinal letters, bound up 
 with tiie manuscript defense of fiencral Dearborn, 
 now in possession of the Wisconsin St.itc Historical 
 Society. Three of the letters were written by e.\- 
 I'residents of the United States; and when John 
 Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Mad- 
 ison condemn the conduct of (Ieneral Hull, we may 
 well believe that his defenders lead a forlorn hope 
 and essay an impossible task. 
 
 Litti-r 0/ John Qiiiiuy Ai/ams, then Secretary 0/ State.) 
 \V \-.MiN(;r(iv, irt August, iSi!.(. 
 Cent'ral H. A , S. Deartorn lios/on, 
 ]>K.\K SiK, — 
 
 I have 111 aikiKiwlrilni' '">' receipt cif your Ic'lter, with tlie fiiur 
 newspapers inntaitiirvi^ ytuir defence nf ymir fatlier against the 
 recitit piililic iiliiirm of I leiKral lliill. < )f these I had seen and read 
 only ihret! (ir fmir niiinhers, wliicli had not excited so ninch interest 
 as to induce me to look for more. While ( Ieneral Hull remained 
 silent, I had, sincit his pardon, considered him an ohject of com- 
 passion. His present appeal to the pidilic had weakened that 
 sentiment in n\y mind. I'erhaps it is not in his power to f<irfeit 
 the ( laim to it altojjclher. If he coidd, it would be by the attempt 
 to shed upon honorable men the shame which his country has 
 emiured for committing a trust of honor and of danger to him. 
 I am, with (.treat respect, I >ear .Sir, 
 
 Your very humble and obedient servant, 
 
 Joll.N (^UlNCV Al).\MS. 
 
 (Lttttr from Thomas Jefffrson, e.x-l'resiiifut of the United 
 States.) 
 
 Thomas J<frerson returns his thanks to Mr. Dearborn for the 
 communication cvf the papers containin,u tlie defence of his father. 
 To him, however, no ilefence could be needed of a person who 
 has ever |)ossessed his unlimited confidence. It has served to 
 establish radically the opinion bifore entertained of the di'graded 
 bcinK who has c.xcitcd this new ciKjuirw 
 
 Th. J. siiliitcs Mr. I (earborn with respectful consideration, 
 
 MoNIICELLO, Aug. 20, '24. 
 
 {Letter from Jamts Madison, Prtsidtnt 0/ the Uniltti States 
 liuring the War 0/ i8ia.) 
 
 M()Mrici.ii'.i<, Aug. ai, i8.>4. 
 Dkak Sri(,— 
 
 I have received and thank you for the papers (imtainiuK your 
 reply to (Ieneral Hull. A part only of his address has fallen 
 under my eye. Put the facts yon hnve arrnyed before^ the pul)lie 
 can scarcely fail to make hiin sen.sible of his indisi iition in pro- 
 voking a review of his disastrous career. Von have don<' well in 
 p<rforiuin« this task, both as a contribution to the truth of His- 
 tory and as the dischargt: of a fili.-d duty to one whose soliti repu- 
 tation will be but the more firmly sittled on its foinidation by 
 .tttempts to shake it. 
 
 I offer you, Sir, my respects and good wishes. 
 
 James Madison. 
 CenUH. A. S. Dearborn. 
 
 (Letter from Gmvrnor Lewis Cass.) 
 
 DivrKoiT, Aug. 27, 1824. 
 Dear Sir, — 
 
 I received by last mail your letter, together with the accom- 
 panying papers, containing your oiiservations respecting fieneral 
 Hull's recent publications. 
 
 Your refutation of his injurious statements is complete and un- 
 answerable. Your father's fami: is based upon too solid a founda- 
 tion to be affected by the feible efforts of garrulity and iud>ecility, 
 striving to shake off a load of obhKpiy, which must press down 
 the unfortunate man and his memory forever. 
 
 I cannot tell what local and ephemeral effect these ptdilications 
 may have |)roduced within the range of the papers which have 
 pri[\tcd them, but certainly, in the Union at large, they arc 
 wholly unknown or disregarded. I have seen but a few of the 
 first numbirs, and these accidentally, and finding that, like 
 a "thrice-told tale," they were mere repetitions of what was long 
 since too stale to be told, and too false t(t be belitn-ed, I dismissed 
 them from my recollection. The events coiniected with the sur- 
 render of Petroit are matters of history, and when we learn to 
 believe that Arnold was faithful to his cmmtry, and that dates in 
 his southern campaign displayed the talents of a consummate 
 (Ieneral, we may, perhaps, believe that general Hull did not for- 
 get the most sacred obligations of duty from the effect of sheer 
 cowardice. 
 
 Should your father have returned, please to present my best 
 respects to him. 
 
 My father early taught me to esteem his character and scr\'ices. 
 With great respect, 
 
 I am, I)r Sir, your ob't servant, 
 
 Lewis Cass. 
 Gen, II. A. S. Dearliorn. 
 
CH Al'TER XLIII 
 
 rill': I'.LACK HAWK WAR. — 'l()Li:i)() WAR. - I'AIRIOT WAR. — MKXICAN WAR. 
 
 TIIK r.l.ACK HAWK WAR. 
 
 Thk IJIack Hawk War oriijiiiatcd in ilic refusal 
 (if lilack Hawk to ri'tirc to tilt' Indian Reservation 
 on the west of the .Mississippi, wiiicli had been set 
 apart for his band by the United States. 
 
 In 1831 Cienerai daines and se\en luindreil vol- 
 unteers conipelled him to leave Illinois. In Aiij^iisi 
 of this year some members of the Sac and Fo.\ tribes 
 attacked and killed nearly twenty Menonicnecs near 
 I'rairie du Chien, and then joined Black Hawk's 
 iiand. The United States authorities demanded 
 ihcir snrrender. I51ack Hawk refused, and crossed 
 the Mississippi to march on Rock River. 
 
 The Ciovcrnment called on Michiijan for troops 
 to dcfenil the West, and (iovernor Mason directed a 
 c.ill to be issued for volunteers. Accordiii,nly, on 
 May 22, 1832, the adj.ulant-),a'neral },^'^vc orders to 
 (leneral V illiams to raise not to exceed three hun- 
 dred men ; and the same day, the call for three 
 luMulretl volunteers was made. Two days later, the 
 Detroit CityCiuards, commanded by luiward Hrooks, 
 and the Light Dragoons, under Captain Jackson, 
 iTsponded. The two companies were placed under 
 ciinimand of Cienerai A. S. Williams, with ICdward 
 i'.rooks as colonel ; Jonathan Davis, lieutenant- 
 colonel ; B. Holbrook, major; I.ouis Davenport, 
 (luarterma.ster ; and J. L. Whiting, surgeon. They 
 lilt on May 24, and proceeded as far as Saline, 
 whert' the infantry were ordered to return. The 
 dragoons went on to Chicago and the troops re- 
 tiiriud to Detroit, where fhey arrived on W\'dnes- 
 (liy. May 30, 1832. On T 'icsday, June 3, two com- 
 panies of United States troops from I'"ort Niagar.a, 
 in commanil of Major Whistler, left Detroit for 
 Chicago in the Austerlitz. On June 30, 1832, C.en- 
 cial .Scott arrived on his way to Chicago ; and on 
 July 4, llie steamboat 1 lenry Clay came with several 
 c'lnipanies of troops. Wliile here the choleni broke 
 out among the soldiers, and a large number perished. 
 (See chapter on Diseases.) 
 
 Black Hawk was eventually captured and taken 
 to Wa.sliington. On his return to the West he 
 arrived at D-itroit, on the Superior, about dinner- 
 time on July 4, 1833, and was lodged at the Mansion 
 House. 
 
 THK TOl.KDO WAR. 
 
 The origin of the dissatisfaction which c.iuscd the 
 so-crdled " Toledo War " dated back to the admis- 
 sion of Ohio, in 1802, with an indefinite northern 
 boundary. 
 
 i)n January 1 1, 1S05, Congress defmed the boun- 
 dary between Michigan and Ohio by an imaginary 
 line, which, according to jiresent boundaries, would 
 have given Michigan a .strip across the north of 
 Ohio, live miles wide on the western end, and eight 
 miles wide on the eastern. As the country became 
 .settled and the location of the Lakes better known, 
 it was a.scertained that the boundary of 1805 would 
 place Toledo within the bounds of .Michigan. Under 
 authority of Congress, a line was run in 1817, by 
 William Harris, which placed the disputed territory 
 within the limits of Ohio, but Michigan continued 
 lo control the territory. I'"arly in 1835 Ciovernor 
 Lucas, of Ohio, i.ssued a proclamation assuming the 
 control, and three commissioners were appointed to 
 re-mark the Harris line. The Ohio Legislature at 
 the same time created the county of I-ucas, in( luding 
 in it the city of Toleilo, and providing for holding a 
 session of the Court of Common I'leas at that place 
 on .September 7. In anticipation of this action, the 
 Legislative Council of Michigan had jiassed an Act 
 making it a criminal offense, punishable by five 
 years' impri.sonment and a fine of one thousand dol- 
 lars, tor any other than Michigan or I'nited Stales 
 officials to e.xercise, or attempt to exercise, any 
 official authority in the disputed territory. In order 
 to enforce this law, on February 19, 1835, C.overnor 
 Mason wrote to ISrigadier-Ocneral J. W. Brown, 
 commander of the Third Division of the Michigan 
 militia, directing him to prevent any of the officers 
 of Ohio from exercising authority in the disjnited 
 territory, and to use the civil oflu-ers only if possible, 
 but the militia if necessary, to preserve the rights of 
 Michigan; also to report the names of all civil or 
 military oOlcers supposed to favor Ohio, and by 
 visitation find out proper persons to be appointed in 
 their jilaccs. Meantime, a public meeting was held 
 .at Detroit, and a committee appointed to draft a 
 memorial to the {'resident in relation to the subject ; 
 and on March 6, 1835, an adjourned meeting was 
 
 [299] 
 
300 
 
 Tin-. Tor.F.nn war. — tiff, patriot war. 
 
 llt'ld al tilt' t'apildl In luar tlic nixnt of lln' tnm- 
 mittee, wliii li coiuaiiu'il a miom); proU'st a,t,Miiist tlie 
 claims of ( )lii(). On April 6 an atti'in|)t was niadi' 
 to riict Oliio town oKiccrs at I'olrdo. ( )n April K, 
 wlu'n the fact was made known at Monroe, the 
 slu'rit'f, with a nunihcr of jx'rsons, ciittTcd Toledo, 
 and arrested Mi'ssrs. ( ioodscll and McKay of that 
 place. They were suhsctjiiently admitted to hail 
 and ri'tiirncd home, lietwecn April S and 14 the 
 slicrilf of Monroe County, at the head of two 
 hundred jiersons, ;ijfain entered 'I'oledo to make 
 fnrtiier arrests, hut did not t'lnd the persons iu' was 
 in search of. 
 
 ( )ii April 26 several shots were exchanj^ed ))et wiin 
 Michigan troops and tin- Ohio commissioners, wlio 
 were en,v;a,v;ed in rnnniny a l)oundary line abont 
 twelve miles southwest of Adrian, and the commis- 
 sioners, with a jiortion of their .^lard, were captured. 
 The next d.iy the Ciosi-rnor of Ohio w.is at I'ort 
 Miami, with two hundred militia, to oppose tlu' 
 forces of Michiv^fan ; but on May 2 he disbanded his 
 forces. On S.itnrday, July i<S, about 5 I'. M,, the 
 sheriff of Monroe Comity again appeared in Toledo, 
 with a/('.v,sr of about two hundred and tlfty armed 
 men. Seven or ei,i;ht persons were arrested on a 
 civil process, and some of the men .ittacked the 
 office of the Toledo (lUzette, and tlid considerable 
 damajre. 
 
 These arrests were chiefly on account of individ- 
 ual ji^rievances, but they x;rew out of the: ([uestioii of 
 jurisdiction. The v^overnors of both .States beinjr 
 determined to hold control, troubks be.ijan to 
 thicken and troops to i(,ither, MulholLind's in 
 Monroe County was fixed upon as the head- 
 quarters of the Michiijan troops, and on September 
 5, about 7 v. M., a detachment from Detroit arrived 
 by boat at Monroe, and soon after left for the 
 rendezvous. 
 
 On September 6. 1835, Ciovemor Mason and (ien- 
 eral Brown, at the head of from eight hundred to 
 twelve hundred men, entered Toledo, to ]ireve.it the 
 hokling of the session of a court on the 7th, as iro- 
 vided for by the Ohio Legislature. 
 
 The judges, however, by agreement, came to- 
 gether immediately after midnight. The iiroceed- 
 ings, written on loose sheets of paper, were hastily 
 deposited in the clerk's hat, and the court then 
 literally took to the woods, and ran from their pur- 
 suers. 
 
 The holding of that court session gave Ohio a 
 judicial and bloodless victor)'. A further practical 
 victory for Ohio wis obtained the next day by the 
 removal of Ciovernor Mason, the order reaching him 
 while he was addressing the troops. His successor 
 as secretary and acting governor was John S. 
 Horner. On September 10 the Michigan troops 
 left Toledo. 
 
 The whole affair w.is reg.irded by many .is simply 
 an executive joke, and the following, from a war- 
 song of the |)eriod, illustrates the humor of that 
 d,iy: 
 
 Dill l.ii(,isK.ivi.' Ilis iiriUr ,ill fur In lioUl .( court, 
 .And Str\fri« I'hnmnH Mikoh, tie ihoiiijlit tii' M hnve unmc sport, 
 ill' caliid u|iiiii till Wii|vi'riii(», Mint iiskid tin in fur tii jjci 
 I'll meet Iliis ii'Ih 1 l.ncat, lii- i niirl In im rllinnv. 
 
 Our inili pcndcut cuniiMiiic^ wire ciriliml fur llu march, 
 Onr (iffiicri wrrr rciuly, all stilfiniil np willi -Ian li; 
 • •11 iiiniliir-fiMilcil (iiiirM'rs Diir iilliii rs (11(1 ri(l( , 
 Willi cadi a pair (if pistnls and swnrd liuni,' liy his side, 
 
 'i"he tro()|)s from Detroit e.inie homi' on the 
 steamboat (leneral Mrady, and tin d.iy Ining the 
 .'innivers.iry of IVrry's victory, they 1 ilrbr.ited tli.it 
 inste.id of the oiu' they did not win. Tlu' occ.'ision 
 was an enjoyable one, John McDonnell was e.illcd 
 to the chair, with l'"r,-iiiklin Sawyir as secret.iry. 
 To.ists were offered by (.'■iplain ( iriswold, t'oloiu'l 
 ("loodwin, .Surgeon-Ciciu ral W.ill, C"olonel H.-icon, 
 i-icuti'iiant Howard, of City (iiiards, K. I'ritchette, 
 C.ipt.iin lUill, C,'i|il;'in j'vossitcr, Laptain Ripley, 
 Major lUieklin, (hi;irtermaster Tin I'.yek, .Sergeant 
 S.iwyer, T.iUman of the Rille Corps, 1 1, ('•. I iubb.ird, 
 Mr, ^h■Clure. S(]uire .Abbott, Jr.. .Mexander r>;iics, 
 and Mes.srs. Cieotte, Ctarland, Moran, White, Uil- 
 cox, l.mmons, and Rice, 
 
 Among those arrested by M.ison's forces was 
 Major H. F. .Stickney, of Toledo, The door of his 
 residence was brokin open, he was t.'iken ]irisoner 
 and brought to .Monroe, but he and ;ill of tlii' prison- 
 ers caiHured by Michigan were soon released. An 
 official comnuinic'itioii of Cio\-ernor Horner, dated 
 October 5, 1835, gives the following reasons for 
 their release : 
 
 III coiis((]ui;nce (if an ,'inli( lp,'it('(l ( lian,i;(' (if Tcrritdrial lo Slate 
 (Jovcrnnicnl, on the first Monday of Novcinlicr iic.\t, the l''..\(cii- 
 tive lost all Icnal ((intiiil over tlic niinlslcrial and cxccntivc ofliccs, 
 the District all.irncy, lames (,). Adams, aljsoliilcly refnsiny lo 
 enter a Xol/e I'yi'Sft/iii. * * * llu. coniitry was in a tre.it 
 slate of cxeitcniciil and llie officers of insnliordin.'ition. S i/ns 
 /(!/«// suf'riiitit lev. 
 
 Congress would not admit the .State of Michig.in 
 unless she gave up this territory, and she was finally 
 obliged to yield. 
 
 In 1837 the sum of $I3.'')58.75 was appropriated 
 by the State to pay the expenses incurred in en- 
 deavoring to defend and save the territory in dis- 
 pute. 
 
 THE PATRIOT WAR. 
 
 The cause of this war was similar to that which 
 gave rise to the American Revolution; but the 
 troubles in Canada seemed aggravated by a com- 
 parison of the condition of Canada at that time with 
 the prosperity of the United States. The agitation 
 finally found vent in an open war between rival par- 
 
Till-: PATRIOT WAR. 
 
 301 
 
 tics' in Canada. The I'atriots, so-callcil, fortitiid 
 Navy Islaiul in the Niajijara River, and bewail to 
 collect troops and n\iinitions of war. Tiic steam- 
 boat Caroline was litted out at Miiffalo, and plied 
 between Mulfalo, I (lack Rock, .and Navy Isl.inil, 
 (arryin),( visitors and oftentimes supplies to the 
 I'.itriots. This ex.aspir.ited the C";\ri;i(li;m ofllci.ils, 
 .111(1 on December jy she was boarded, twelvi' per- 
 sons killed, and the vessel ^et on tire. This act 
 called forth enerijctie protests from the United 
 States, and (leneral .Scott was sent to the frontier 
 til |)re.serve the peace. The "rebels," as they were 
 (■.illed, were defeated .it st'\i'ral |)oii)ts by llu' C.ina- 
 (li.m (lovermnent, and in l)ecemi)er, 1837, three 
 liitiulred and twenty reftivjees had gathered at De- 
 troit. Threats were m.ide by some exiited iii- 
 dividii.ils to |)iirsiie them, even here, and to burn 
 the town if they were not delivered up. 
 
 Hunters' Lodi^n-s, so-called, composed of the 
 friends of the rebels, were soon formed in Detroit 
 • lud elsewhere, and were in daily receipt of news 
 fmui the Patriot .u'lny. 
 
 On Monday, J.muary i, 1838, a meetini; of citi- 
 zens, friendly to the Patriot cause, was hekl at the 
 tlie.itre, to .assist refujfees in the city, .and to aid the 
 Patriot army. Si34-5'J and ten rilles were sub- 
 .scribed. The Mornini; Post favored the Patriots, 
 and there w;is much feeling botii for ;ind iii;,iiiist 
 them. .As ;i measure of safety, four hundred ;ind 
 lifty stands of .arms had been stored at the jail, but 
 between 2 and 3 A. M. on Janu.ary 5 some twenty 
 or tiiirty men went there, knocked until they aroused 
 Mr. rhomi)son, the jailor, and when he opened the 
 door rusheil in, seized the ijims, ;ind carried them 
 olf. The next day they seized the schooner Ann, 
 and with the stolen arms, one hundred and thirty- 
 two men, and provisions for the Patriots, the boat 
 left the city. 
 
 The vessel was chasetl by an Iai_i,dish steamer, 
 and hailed at ICcorce by a United St.ites marshal 
 with a posse of citizens. She, however, proceeded 
 on her way, was joined by several other boats, and 
 the Patriots anil about three hundred Canadian 
 Rfui;ees were laniled at (iibraltar. The same 
 evening they were joined by sixty men from Cleve- 
 land, who came on the steamboat J'>ie, under 
 the lead of a .Scotchman, T. J. Sutherland. The 
 design was to go over from Gibraltar and capture 
 Maiden. 
 
 On the day that the Ann left, a public meeting 
 was held at the City Hall to devise means to pre- 
 •serve neutrality; and on January 8, 1838, at 2 A. M., 
 *'.overnor Mason, with two hundred and twenty 
 vclimteer militia, embarked on the .steamers Erie 
 and Hrady, to arrest the schooner Ann for a viola- 
 ti m of neutrality, and to gain possession of the 
 arms taken from the jail. The Ann escaped to one 
 
 of tile islands outside of American juristliction, 
 ;uid the bo.its returned at 1 1 1'. M. entirely unsuc- 
 cessful, 
 
 Meantime Sutherland"s forces .-ittemined to take 
 possession of llois I'llanc Island, i)Ut the Can.idi.in 
 ollicials rallied tlu-ir militi.i, ;mil, with a few tmops, 
 took possession themselves, and prevented his land- 
 ing. Sutherland then retired to lighting Island, 
 ;uul the Canadians, fearing he would make an 
 .attempt on the m.iin kind, leturned to .Xmherstbm'g. 
 Sullierl.uul now ordered Tlullef, who w.is in eom- 
 ni.and of the .Ann. to join him. Tiie next day Theller 
 .attempted todoso, but the llrilish soldiers on the 
 shore tired into the Ann, .mil cut her ropes and 
 sails, so that she drifted on shore and was captured. 
 .as w.is .also Theller, who w.is c.irried to ( hiebec as a 
 prisoner. Sutherland now retired to Sugar Isl.ind, 
 and from there to (Iibraltar, on the American side 
 of the ri\er. To ;iid him in his pl.ins, the Patriots 
 at Detroit, on J.uui.iry y, 1838, seized the steamboat 
 Erie, but the next day they returned her. On Jan- 
 u.ary 13 tiiere was a meeting of citizens .at the City 
 I bill, held in |)ursuance of proclamations by dov- 
 ernor Mason and M.iyor Howard. Addresses were 
 m.ide by d. C. li.ates, T. Romeyn, .Mr. Morey, 
 Altorney-deneral Prilchette, D. (loodwin, .and 
 .M.ijor Kearsley; and the meeting resolved to sus- 
 t.iin the (iovernnient in its efforts to preserve 
 neutrality. 
 
 On January 27, 1838, the .steamboat Robert Pul- 
 ton arrived from liutfalo, with three companies of 
 United Stales troo|)s in connnand 'jf Colonel Worth. 
 On February 12 six companies of militia were 
 called out by (iovernor M.ason to go to (iibniltar 
 to preserve the peace. The weather was colli, 
 and the expedition an undesirable one. In order 
 to avoid going, two men endeavored to cross the 
 river on the ice, but they broke through and were 
 drowned. 
 
 The militia reached ( "iibraltar, and Cxovernor 
 Mason induced the Patriots to disband ; but they 
 soon began to gather for a new attempt. On Feb- 
 ruary 12, 1838, twelve bo.xes of arms were brought 
 to the city, from the arsenal at Dearborn. They 
 were stolen by the Patriots, but found on the fol- 
 lowing Wednesday in a garret over a ball-alley. 
 On February 13 one hundred and one barrels of 
 flour were stolen from the steamboat General JJrady, 
 by Patriots, as she was lying in the river near the 
 city. The day following a company of troops, 
 commanded by Captain Johnson, arrived from 
 Buffalo; and the same day the Hrady (iuards left 
 for (iibraltar to convoy provisions for troops at 
 Monroe. 
 
 Prior to February 19, there had been a great 
 number of Patriots in Detroit and vicinity. They 
 now disappeared, having gone up the river ; and on 
 
302 
 
 THE rATRlOT WAR. 
 
 the 22cl the Brady (iiiards went to St. Clair to pre- 
 vent tlioiii from attat-kiiij;- Port Sarnia. On the 23(1, 
 about two hundrcil men asscmhlcd at Thomas's 
 tavern, five miles below IJibraltar. In the night they 
 moved up the river, in three divisions, as far as Ecorce; 
 tiiey remained until i l'. M. on the 2.''ii, and then 
 crossed over to l-'iijiuinj; Island and began removing 
 :irms and ammunition in sleighs. Tiie Canadian 
 troops immediately gathered o|)posile the isianil; 
 and the same day a eompany of United States troops 
 and the Brady (iuards left for Ecorce, reaching there 
 about 4. 1'. .M. 
 
 On Sunday, the 25th. the Canadians commenced 
 to cannonade tiie Patriots, and thirteen were killed 
 and forty wounded. Tiie C'ui.'idians now moved 
 over to the island, and the Patriots retreated to Ciii)- 
 raltar and along tiie shore. The American troops 
 interce|)ted them and took away tiuir arms, taking 
 two of the leaders into custody. On tiie 26lh. Oen- 
 er.il Scott arrived to effect a proper dislril)iition of 
 tile United States troops. On March 7 there was a 
 meeting of citi/.ens at the City Hall to consult in 
 regard to warlike preparations niatle in (."anada 
 against Detroit, and also in regard to the treatment 
 of the prisoners taken by the Canadians. A com- 
 mittee of citizens was appointed on the subject, 
 consisting of D, E. Harbaugh, A. 1). l-'raser, P. 
 Desnoyers, C. C. Trowbridge, and E. Brooks. On 
 March 10 there wa.< firing on both sides of the river 
 by unorganized bodies of men. On March 12 a 
 great meeting of citizens w;is hekl at the City Hall; 
 a committee, appointed March 7, reported favoring 
 neutrality, and the meeting i)rotesteil against state- 
 ments made in the Canadian Parliament that the 
 citizens of Detroit sympathized with and aided 
 the Patriots. At this meeting, by recjuest, John 
 Farmer read a report of a survey made by him for 
 Governor Stevens T. Mason, which established the 
 fact that the capture of Thomas J. Sutherland by 
 'he British authorities was made within British 
 jurisdiction on Detroit River. Sutherland had been 
 accidently met on the ice by Colonel Prince and 
 captured. 
 
 During the summer of 1838 two hundred or more 
 Patriots were in camp near the Bloody Run. 
 Meanwhile the United States made active prepara- 
 tions to enforce neutrality, and between the 14th 
 and 1 6th of November ten thou.sand muskets were 
 forwarded to Dearborn. 
 
 On November 19 the steamboat Illinois left De- 
 troit, and returned on the 21st, having captured a 
 schooner near Gibraltar, with two or three hundred 
 stands of arms designed for the Patriots. During 
 the month reports were rife in Detroit that the 
 Patriots were gathering at Cleveland and Sandusky. 
 General Brady chartered the steamboat Illinois and 
 stationed troops along the river to prevent disturb- 
 
 ance, and the Uniteil States steamer Erie .sailed up 
 and down the river, conveying troojis and supplies. 
 On the 2i.st of the month the Patriots stole the 
 arms of the Brady Guards, but on the 23d they 
 were recaptured. About this time nearly live hun- 
 dred refugees gathend at Brest, and from there 
 moved up to the Forsyth Farm, now within the 
 city. On Sunday, December 3, 1838, they were dis- 
 persed, and twelve bo.xes of arms ca[)turt'd by Gen- 
 eral Brady, who left Detroit at 8 l'. M. and returned 
 at 2 A. M. 
 
 The Patriots disagreed .among themsi-lves as to 
 the pl.m of the campiiign. but on December 4. about 
 2 A. M., from one hundred .and eighty to two hun- 
 dred .ind forty persons, undt'r Coloni'l llar\el and 
 Colonel Cunningham, marched into Detroit, to the 
 wharf where the steamboat Champlain lay. They 
 boarded her, and crossed oviT about three miles 
 above Windsor. There tlu'v formed and ni.irched 
 to tli(.' C.in.uli.in barr.icks. which they attacked, 
 burning them, together with tin: steamer Thames. 
 Meantime the British regul.irs had been rein- 
 forced from M.ilden, and the Patriots were forced 
 1.0 retreat in c.inoes to Hog Isl.md, with a lo.ss of 
 twenty-one killed. Four more were shot by order 
 of Colonel Prince, nearly a tlozen were frozen to 
 death, and sixty-live were captured. 
 
 Colonel Payne, of the United .States Army, fired 
 on the Patriots as they were escaping to Hog Island. 
 .So great was the excitement in Detroit on the ("ay 
 of the battle that a night-watch of forty men was 
 appointed, and on the following day an additional 
 watch of one hundred and fifty prominent citizens 
 was appointed. 
 
 On December 4, 1838, nearly a year after he was 
 captured. Dr. Theller, who had escaped from 
 Quebec, returned to Detroit. The next day he 
 was arrested for violation of neutrality, gave bail, 
 and on his final trial in June, 1839, he was ac- 
 (|uitted. 
 
 On December 6, 1838, the Brady Guards were 
 regularly mustered into the I'nited States service 
 for three months, unless sooner liisbanded ; and all 
 through this war General Hugh Brady co-operated 
 actively with the British forces. Many who sympa- 
 thized with the Patriots disapproveil of the exertions 
 of the United States officers, and on one occasion 
 gathered at the Michigan Garden, Colonel James L. 
 tiillis presiding, where they denoimced the United 
 States oflieers for the part they had taken. 
 
 On December 9 M.ajor-General Scott and suite 
 again visited Detroit for the purpose of mmntaining 
 neutrality, and on December 1 2 he delivered an ad- 
 dress at the National Hotel on the Patriot qiie.s- 
 tion. 
 
 As late as December 25, there were one thousand 
 troops at Sandwich, three hundred of them being 
 
THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 30: 
 
 ,vas 
 oni 
 lie 
 lail, 
 ac- 
 
 ics- 
 
 ri:,i(iilars ; but the war in tliis rejjion was practically 
 ciulcd. 
 
 THK MKXU AN WAR. 
 
 The principal cause of this war was doubtless the 
 desire of Southern conj^ressnien to obtain more ter- 
 ritory for slave States; but tiiere were also real 
 i,rrievances, consisting of unsettled claims for out- 
 rai^es conuuitted upon /Vmerican cili/.ens livint^ on 
 the i)orders of Mexico. Tiiese difliculties, to.ijcther 
 witii a dispute as to tiie boundary line, caused Con- 
 i^ress to declare war <jn May 13, 1846. 
 
 Troops were .soon called for, and ten new reiji- 
 ments were ordered to be rai.sed for the rej^ular 
 army. Of these A. T. McReynolds was conunis- 
 ■siored to raise one company for the Third I'nited 
 States Drayoons, John Brown was commissioned 
 lirst lieutenant, and J. C. D. Williams .second 
 lieutenant. 
 
 This was the only mounted company to be raised 
 in Michigan and Wisconsin, and men from both 
 States enli.sted. Though none less than six feet in 
 height were accepted, the company w.'is rapidly 
 tilleil up. It presented so fine an appearance that, 
 on its arrival in Mexico, Cleneral Scott pronounced 
 it the finest body lA trt)ops he had ever seen, and 
 made it one of the two companies composin '-.is 
 personal escort. 
 
 They left Detroit by boat on April 24, 1847, and 
 reached V'^era Cruz on May 20. The same day that 
 they left, in honor of victories said to h;ive been won 
 at I'alo Alto, Buena Vista, and Reseca de la Baliua, 
 a national salute was tired by order of the Common 
 Council. There was a parade of the Frontier and 
 Brady (iuards, and in the evening the ci:y was 
 illuminated, and the firemen turned out in torch- 
 light proc^.^si 1. These facts afford the best of 
 evidence diat Detroit, at that time, was not too 
 con.servative. Indeed, she was literally ahead of 
 the time, for a few days later it was learned that 
 the battles thus celebrated had not yet taken place. 
 The celebration actually occurred about two weeks 
 before the battles had been fought. 
 
 At this time the telegraph was not in operation, 
 and any news from the seat of war came by boat. 
 Captain Joseph 'I'aylor, a brother of Ceneral Zachary 
 Taylor, was then stalioneil at Detroit, and was 
 naturally very anxious to hear what was going on. 
 ( >n the day wh . ^finite news arrived of the victory 
 of I'alo Alto, he spent most of the time on the 
 wharf, awaiting the vessel with the expected news. 
 Jidge Wilkins bore him company a part of the 
 c'.ening, but finally went home. Late in the night 
 the judge's door-bell rang, and rang again, each 
 1^ •.il accompanied by loud outcries and thundering 
 r ii)s on the door. When the judge opened the door 
 1 1 find out the occasion of all the disturbance, Cao- 
 
 tain Taylor was still alternately beating a tattoo and 
 shouting at the lop of his voice, " .My brother has 
 licked the Mexicans at I'alo yVlto ! Hurrah! hur- 
 rah !" Soon after this the memory of victories in 
 Mexico began to be preserved in the names of 
 saloons and hotels. A noted bowling alley on 
 Monroe Avenue was honored with the title of "The 
 i'alo Alto or 8th of May Saloon," and the hotel of 
 Colonel I'routy, on the corner of Sixth Street and 
 (irand River Avenue, was named the Buena \'ista 
 1 louse, and retained the name for many years. 
 
 After the comi^any of dragoons had been filled, it 
 was decided to raise an infantry company, and one 
 hundred and eighteen men were enlisted in sixty 
 days, three fourths of them in Detroit. They were 
 ([uartered at the old arsenal, and were designateil 
 as Company C of the Fifteenth United States In- 
 fantry. They were commanded by Captain I". M. 
 Winans, with William D. Wilkins as first lieutenant, 
 and M. I'. Doyle as second lieutenant. Early in 
 April, 1S47, they were stationed at Mackinaw, reliev- 
 ing some regular troops. In June, 1847, they were 
 ordered to Mexico, and were relieved l>y a com- 
 pany from Detroit, coiumanded by Captain M. L. 
 Gage, with A. K. Howard as first lieutenant, and 
 W. H. Chittenden and C. F. Davis as .second lieu- 
 tenants. 
 
 This last company, styled the l>rady Guards, was 
 mustered into the United States service on Jinie 18. 
 Although called the Brady (juards, they had no 
 connection or relation to the old company which 
 bore that name. They were enlisted for the special 
 purpose of garri.soning the i)osts at Mackinaw anil 
 .Sault .Ste. Marie, and were dist)ande(l early in 1848. 
 Company G of the Fifteenth Regiment from Mack- 
 inaw, on their way to the seat of war in Mexico, 
 arrived at Detroit on June 26, 1847, and left the 
 same evening. 
 
 During the year Michigan was called on for a 
 full regiment of volunteers, and the following ollicers 
 were commissioned : Colonel T. B. W. Stockton, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Williams, Major J. V. 
 Ruehle, Adjutant J. K. i'ittman. Captains: Com- 
 ]xiny A, F. W. Curtenius; Company B, (jrove A. 
 Hue!; Company C, A. H. Hanscom ; Company I), 
 N. Creusel, Jr ; Company E, Isaac S. Rowland ; 
 Company F, John Whittenmeyer ; Company G, 
 Daniel Hicks; Company H, Walter W. Dean; 
 Company I, John \'an Arman ; Company K, James 
 M. VVilliams. Of the men raised for this regiment, 
 six companies under Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Wil- 
 liams left in December, 1847, — three companies 
 going on the 24th, under Captains Buel, Hanscom, 
 and Greusel; and three more on the 25th, under 
 Captains Curtenius. Rowland, and Whittenmeyer. 
 Tlie second detachmein of three comiianics, under 
 Colonel Stockton, with Captains Dean, \'an Arman 
 
304 
 
 THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 i 
 
 and Williams, left on the Albany on February 9, 
 1848. 
 
 The war soon after praeticaliy ceased, and on 
 July 8, 1S48, jKirt of the First Regiment arrived on 
 the John Owen ; others came on tiie lotii ; and on 
 Sunday, July 16, the balance of the retjinient and 
 the Brady (iuards arrived, coming by way of Chi- 
 •-•ago and down the Lakes. They were met on Lake 
 
 St. Clair by the Ferry Alliance, with the Scott 
 Guards and a number of citi;^ens on board. 
 
 The expense to the State of raising the First 
 Regiment was §10,165.85. On January 15, 184S, 
 the State appropriated S5.000 to raise the Second 
 Regiment ; it was mustered into service, but was 
 not ordered to Me.\ico. The total co.st to the 
 State of all the troops sent was $17,193.70. 
 
CH APTE R XLIV. 
 
 THE WAR WITH Till". SOUTH. 
 
 Till", causes of this war are indicated in tliose 
 fanidiis words of tiic lime, " An irrepressible contlict 
 between slavery and freedom." 
 
 At tlie beijinnin^r of tlie strui^j^ie, tile liero of tlie 
 hour was Major Anderson. I le transferred iiis force 
 Id Fort .Sumter, wliere lie could i)e more easily 
 provisioned, and make a better defense. On January 
 S, 1 86 1, a salute of one hundred i;uns was fired in 
 his honor at Detroit, and on April 12 he was fired 
 .mat Fort Sumter. News of this latter event was 
 received at Detroit the same day, and on the 13th a 
 largely attended meetini; of the liar was held, lion. 
 kiiss Wilkins presidin;^;; resolutions in favor of sus- 
 lainin.i;" the (u)vernment were adoptetl. t)n April 
 1 5 there was an immense union yatherini; at Fire- 
 men's Hall. On the next day C.overnor I Uair arrived, 
 and in the afternoon a number of leading citizens 
 were invited to meet him at the Michigan K.\chaiii;e. 
 At this meetinv^- the governor announced tliatMichi- 
 ;;an had been called upon to furnish immediately an 
 infantry rei^iment fully armed, clothed, and equipped. 
 The State Treasurer, John Owen, stated that it was 
 estimated that $100,000 would be retiuired to defray 
 ihe necessary expense, and that the State had no 
 [.resent means of furnishinif the amount. A resolu- 
 tion was then passed pleiliiiinij Detroit to loan the 
 State §50,000, and i'allinj4' upon the peojile of Mich- 
 igan to advance an etjual amount. A .subscription 
 papir was at once circulated, and $23,000 pledged 
 hy those present. 
 
 The determination of the people to sustain the 
 Inion now bei,ran to manifest itself. On April 17 a 
 llai;' was raisetl on the Board of Trade building, and 
 pairiotic speeches were made, ("icneral Cass was 
 present. On the same day the Detroit Light duards 
 org.inized for the war. The following day a flag was 
 raisetl on the Custom House and the Post Office; 
 CM .Ajiril 20, in front of the same building, the oatli 
 I if allegiance was administeri'd to all government, 
 slate, city, and county officers. On the 23d, the 
 Sherlock, Scott, .and ISrady ( luards organizeil, and 
 a llig was raised on l''iremen's Hall. Flag-raising 
 iinw became gener.il, and churches, schools, stores, 
 and residences displayed the Stars and Stripes. 
 
 On .\|iril 24 an order was issued from the adju- 
 t int-general's ollice, organizing the First Regiment 
 
 of Infantry, and appointing its fiekl-officers. Its 
 rendezvous was fixed at l-"ort Wayne, and the vari- 
 ous companies were ordered to assemble there at 
 once. The day following an immense meeting was 
 held on the Campus Martins in favor of the war for 
 the I'nion. An aildress was made by Cieneral Cass, 
 a Hag was raised on the City Hall, and three thou- 
 sand children .sang " The Star Spangled Banner." 
 
 On May .; the First Regiment was mustered into 
 the service of the United States, and on May 11 it 
 paraded on the Campus Martins, when .1 banner and 
 cockades were presented. The regiment left the 
 city on the 13th, seven hundred and eighty strong, 
 with O. B. Willcox as colonel. It was the first west- 
 ern regiment to arrive at W,!shingt(jn, entering the 
 city May 16. On May 25 the Second Regiment was 
 mustered in, antl left on June 5 for the seat of war, 
 with one thousand and twenty men uniier Colonel 
 J. C. Robinson. The rendez\ous of this regiment 
 had been a ten-acre lot, on Clinton Avenue near 
 Elmwood Cemetery. On June 19, 1861, a Camp of 
 Instruction was established at F'ort Wayne, with 
 (ieneral A. S. Williams in commai'i', assisted l)y 
 Colonel J. !•:. I'ittman, Major W. D. Wilkins, and 
 Captain H. M. Whittlesey. On August 2 the I'irst 
 Regiment returned and were given a grand recep- 
 tion. Tl'.ey were mustereil out on August 7. 
 
 The Fifth Infantry was mustered in August 28, 
 and left Detroit on September 11, nine hundred 
 strong, under Colonel H. I). Terry. The .Sixtei'iith 
 Infantry, was mustered in t)n September 8, and left 
 on September 16, nine hundred and sixty strong, 
 under Colonel T. B. W. Stockton. 
 
 September 26, 1861, was observed as a day of 
 national prayer and fasting. The Eighth Infan- 
 try was mustered in September 23, and left on 
 September 27, nine hundred strong, under Colonel 
 W. M. l-'enton. The First Cavalry was mustered 
 in on September 13. and left September 29, eleven 
 hundred and fifty strong, under Colonel T. F. Brod- 
 head. The Ninth Infantry, mustered in October 
 15, left October 25, nine hundred and forty-three 
 strong, with W. W. DuiVield in command. 
 
 On October 26, a large Union political convention, 
 composed of leading men from both jiarties. was 
 held, anil it was decided that in the fall election 
 
 ho^l 
 
3o6 
 
 THE WAR WITH 11 IK SOUTH. 
 
 but OIK' lifkcl, and llial a Union lirki'i, sliould 1)l' 
 noniinatL'd. On Noviiulxr 28 a rirci)li()n was j^ivi-n 
 tc Coloni-i Mullii;an, ihi' luToof Lfxinj^ton, Missouri. 
 
 In January, i<Sf>^, ilic (iovcruMicnl i(.'asc'(l ten 
 acres of tile Joseph C.ami)au l'"arni on Clinton 
 Avenue, hetwi'en Josepii Canipau and I'.lnuvood 
 Avenues, and ei'eeled barracks for ten thousand 
 men. The |)iace was called Cam]) liackus, and in 
 June, 1S62, troops were ([uartcred then-. 
 
 At 7 P. M. on February 17, i.S^)2, news of the 
 
 liani A. llow.ard, Theodore Ronieyn, and Colonel 
 11. A. Morrow. The nieetini^ was interfeied will. 
 by disorderly charactt'rs, wiio feared a draft. The 
 citizens generally denounced the manifestation of 
 mob-spirit, and another anil l.irner nieetinif was held 
 on July 22, at which spi'cches were matle by Colonel 
 Henry A, Morrow, (leni'r.il l.i'wis Cass, Major .Mark 
 l"l,uii,n;ui, Duncan Stuart, C, I. Walker, 11. 11. V.m- 
 inons, Lieutenant-Colonel Ruehle, and James !•". 
 Joy. .\t this yatherinj; for the tir.st time bounties 
 
 l'KKM'.M'.\nO.S (II' Col.ilU^ 10 I'lHhl K lidl M KST. 
 
 victory at Fort Donelson was received. A c;eneral 
 rinninjj; of the tire bells calleil the en,y;ines toi^ether 
 ill the vicinity of the post-otliee. .Soon after the 
 military arrived, and at eij,dit o'l'Iock a procession 
 was formed and a number of buildiny^s illuminated. 
 Larife (|uantities of Roman c.indks had been liis- 
 tributed throughout the procession, and tlu'y were 
 biiriied so e.\tra\•a,^,^antly that at times it w.is as 
 briifht as day aloni^ the route. 
 
 On July 15, 1862. about five hundred men were 
 required from the city. Calls for troo|is came fn- 
 c|uently, and a liiriLje war-meetiii}; w.is held to ini'ile 
 voliMiteerinjf, .Siieeches were made by Hon, Wil- 
 
 were |)le(i,ijed by leading: citizens, and many volun- 
 teers were obtained. 
 
 ( )n July 28 a similar meetinir was lu'ld in front of 
 the liiddle House and larjrely aided in raisini,' the 
 Twenty-fourth Re.v;iment, which was comiiosed 
 chietly of citizens of Detroit .uul W.iyiu' County. 
 Its rendezvous was at the Pair Cirounds on Wood- 
 w.ard Avenue. 
 
 in 1862, throu,iL,di the efforts of Colonel .Arthur 
 Rankin, of Windsor, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. W. 
 Tillm;in, of Detroit, a rej^nment of Lancers was 
 r.iised, and accejHed by the (iovernmenl, but was 
 never called into service. 
 
Till-: WAR \vi Til Tin: south. 
 
 307 
 
 in- 
 
 lu- 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 In onliT ti) prevent avoidanco of military duty, on 
 Aiijjjiist y an order \\as receivid from tlic War De- 
 partment directinv;- lliat all travel to and from Canada 
 should be interdicted, unless travellers were pro- 
 vided with a permit. Tlie Twenty-fourth Infantry 
 was mustered in on Auii,nist 15, and on Au.i(ust 26 
 assembled on Campus Martins, where a beautiful 
 stand of eolors was presented. 
 
 On the 27th Cieneral O. !>. Willcox, eolonel of tlie 
 I'irst MiehiiL,fan Reijiment^who hail been ajirisonerat 
 Richmond, ri'turned 
 to Detroit, and was 
 received witlu'nthu- 
 siasin. Triumphal 
 arches, an immense 
 precession, and 
 hearty ^reetinys 
 hade him welcome. 
 The same day the 
 Seventeenth Infant- 
 ry, which had been 
 inusti'red in Auijust 
 :i, left the city nine 
 hundred and eit^hty- 
 iwo stronj.j. Colonel 
 \V. 11. Withini^ton 
 in command. The 
 Twenty- fourth in- 
 fantry left on Au- 
 ;;iist 29, one thou- 
 sand and twenty- 
 seven stronjr, under 
 Colonel H. A. Mor- 
 
 I'DW. 
 
 M.arly in .Septem- 
 licr it was e\itlenl 
 iliat more soldiers 
 WHild i)e called for, 
 ,111(1 ihe ciii/t-nswere 
 riconunendcd toor- 
 '^aiiize for purposes 
 ' if drill. Accordini^- 
 ': ill most of the 
 . ards cunipaiHes 
 Were formed which 
 ihillcd on Monday 
 :ind Wednesday 
 c\ciiinv,fs. 
 
 On September 10, an impromptu liar-meet inij 
 was held, and the propriety of ad iourninii;' the W.iyne 
 * irciiit Court, on .account of the condition of the 
 cniintry, was discussid ; union of action of ;ill parlii'S 
 was recoiinuemleil ; aildresses were made by 11. II. 
 Ijtunons. C. 1. W.alker, Levi Hishop, D. li. Dut'tield, 
 .11(1 i;. \. Willcox; aiui at .an adjourned mei'tinj;- 
 September 11, the above recommendations were 
 .I'lopted. 
 
 Tj;h.miii.m. .\khi, hutciur) xr Jinliiun m- Ji-:! i i-.kmj.n ami Wu(iU\\.\uij 
 
 AviiNCliS, ON TIIK Run KN ul- Gt.NliUAL O. li. WlLlXOX. 
 
 On September 12 the Twenty-first Reijiment, 
 which had been .1 year in service, returned and was 
 ii'wvn ,1 supper and reception at the M. C. R. R. 
 Depot. The building was handsomely decorated 
 for the occasion. 
 
 The Fourth Reijiment of Cavalry, w hich had been 
 
 mustered in on the 26th, left on Auijust 29 for the 
 
 front, twelve hundred and twenty-three stronv;, with 
 
 R. II. ("i. Minty as colonel. 
 
 The Ninth IJattery, one hundred and sixty-eight 
 
 strong, under Cap- 
 tain J. J. Daniels, 
 and the Fifth Regi- 
 ment of Cavalry, 
 thirteen hundred 
 and live strong, 
 commantled byj. T. 
 Copland, were mus- 
 tered in on .\ugust 
 30, .and left for the 
 seat of war on De- 
 cember 4. 
 
 In July, 1862, the 
 SeiTetary of War 
 uithorized Henry 
 ISarns to recruit a 
 colored regiment in 
 Michig.m, and with 
 the .approval of the 
 governor, he raised 
 the I'irst Michigan 
 C(jlorcil Infantry. 
 Tlie organization 
 was completeil on 
 .he 17th of Febru- 
 ary, 1863, and the 
 regiment was mus- 
 terid into the ser- 
 vice of the Cnited 
 States as the One 
 lluiulreil and Sec- 
 ond L'nited States 
 Inf.antry, with eight 
 huiKlredand ninety- 
 five names on its 
 rolls, It left Detroit 
 on March 28. 
 
 .\n unjustiliable 
 feelingagainst colored people, cruised by the iik'a that 
 they were in some w.iy responsible for the war and 
 its attendant evils, was the real occasion of a ilisgracc- 
 ful riot which ociiirretl on M.irch 6, 1863. A man 
 named I'.aulkner, .an alkgid negro, hail been .arrested 
 on the charge of outraging ;i while girl, and .sen- 
 tenced to imprisonment for life. The roughs of the 
 city made this an excuse for a gener.al attack on the 
 colored people, and while escorting the prisoner to 
 
;o8 
 
 THE WAR WITH llli: SolTII. 
 
 tlk' jail, tin.' iirovosl ^uaid nf sivciity-livc nu'ii, calltd 
 out by aclini,' mayor F. 1>. I'liclps, was assaulU'd by 
 the niol). A few of tlu' soldiirs llrcd, killiiivc niu- aiul 
 u()iiiuliui( sfvtTal. The ,miai\l iIkii irluiiu'd id iluir 
 quarters, and smiii .ifieran indiseriiiiiiiale attack \\;is 
 comnuMici'd (Hi the iieiiroi'S in the vicinity oi liic ja:l. 
 'I'lu' provost -i;iiard were a.v(ain called tor by the 
 mayor, but fearin;^ 'li.il in tluir .absence the draftt-d 
 men would esciiH', they did not respond. Kc^iil.ir 
 troops from [•'ort W'.iyne, comm.anded by (.',i|)t,iin C. 
 C. Chui'ihiH, were now called out, as wei^e also the 
 l.inht and Lyon (aiards. l-'i\e companies of the 
 Twenty-seventh Infantry, commanded by Colonel I). 
 M. l'"ox, were also summoned from Npsil.inti. The 
 .Scott ("lUards were mustired, many members of the 
 iio.irdof Traile were sworn in as spt'cial polici', and 
 the city w.is di\ided into thirty p.itrol districts. 
 I)iiriny;the afternoon and evciiinv;', overlwenty btiild- 
 in!.(s were set on lire, . and thii-ty-li\e were burned. .\ 
 larije number of colored people were horribly be.iten 
 and dri\-en bai'k into barnini; houses ; thoii.ijh noni' 
 were killed, sever.il were se\'erely Wdimded. I.ari;t' 
 numbers of citi/ens p.iti-olk'd the streets .all nij^lit. 
 \o one felt safe in person or property, .and, alto- 
 V;ether, the occ.isioii w.is one of tlu' d.irkest in the 
 history of Detroit. On M.irch 7 .a public meeting- 
 of citi/.ens was held which eondcmiieil the mob, and 
 called for the .arrest of the rioters. (Sec ciiapter 
 on Slavery and the Colored K.ace.) 
 
 July 2, 1.S63, brought news of the j^ro.at battle of 
 Ciettysburifh, .and the retreat of Ciener.al I.ee from 
 Pennsylvania, —news miiiirliiiir joy .and sorrow, for 
 some of the Miehivran regiments were fearfully 
 decim.ated in that b,attle. 
 
 < )n July 7 news \\,is recei\'ed of the capture of 
 \'icksl)ui-i;. .iiul .an iiiform.al celebr.ation w.as partici- 
 p.att'd in bv m.anv citi/i'iis, 
 
 On July 8 the Common Council ai)propriate(l 
 S-,500 to be exjiended in relievintj .soldiers of Mich- 
 i;^^an who weri' woinuk'd at Cettyslnirirh ; .and a 
 committee, consistin;,r of \\'. c. Duncan, J. C. Cor- 
 t(jn. J.ames Mctionei^.i!, and Joseph Hoek, was 
 ai)i)oiined to visit the scene of b.ittle. On July 28 
 they reiKirted th.it the " jiiles of bo.ves of lemons and 
 or.anges, tons of rice, crush sui^.ar. tea and coffee of 
 the best kind, with s(jups. meat, soft bre.ad, and 
 crackers, left but very little to be .adiled by the com- 
 mittee." The\' found tln' wounded ,it .Xnn.apolis, 
 \V.ashini,^ton, llaltiniore. ,ind I'hiladelphi.i " in |)le.as- 
 ant hospit.als, surrounded with every comfort the 
 most f.astidious could desire; in .airy rooms, cle.in 
 beds, with .a elLaiii^e of linen e\ery day, moscitiito 
 bars, .and th.at cleanliness .aiuhiuiet so nuich siv^hed 
 for by the inv.alids. It would seem th.at there is 
 nothini; our ii^ood ( Itwernment h.as fori^otten to do 
 for its noble .sons." 'I'hey therefore deemed it 
 necessary to expenti only $795. 
 
 ( )n .\pril 2j. i.S(i4. two beautiful llaj;s wen- jire- 
 .seiited to Colonel II. .\. .Morrow for the Twentv- 
 fourth Regiment. In honor of the occasion, a large 
 crowd gathi-red on the Cam|nis Martins, and an 
 eliKiueiU or.ation w.is delivered bv Judge J. \'. Camp- 
 bell. 
 
 < )n June 20 the Third liif.antry returned to Detroit, 
 and the s.une day w.as mustered out. 
 
 <)njiine 26 tlii' i''ourth Inf.antry returned, and on 
 June jS w.is mustered out. 
 
 < >n .Sepiinibcr 3 news w.as reci'ived of tlu- gri'.at 
 victory at .\tl.uit.i, .and amid gre.at rejoicing an 
 improm|)tu la'lebr.ition was .arr.inged. A n.ation.al 
 s.ilutt' w.as tired, bi'illi.ant tiri'works dis|ilayi'd, .and 
 s|)eeches weri' made by Theodore Romi'yn, Jacob M. 
 llow,ard, .and D. li. DuUield. 
 
 l\.ii-ly in No\ember, icSC)3, the War Deii.artnient 
 was otlicially n(jtitied by Lord Lyons, the Hritish 
 .Minister, th.at .a plot w.as on foot .among .Southern 
 symp.ithi/.ers in C.an.ad.a to Lake ]iossession of some 
 of the stcimt'rs on L.ake Lrii', surjirise Johnson's 
 Isl.and, near Sandusky, and free the ,Southern prison- 
 ers there confmed. The plot, however, did not take 
 di'linite sh.ape until September 19, 1864, when the 
 steanur I'hilo I'.arsons w.as sei/.eti. l-"our of the 
 r.aiilers, including llennet (i. lUirley, one of the 
 leaders, h.ad taken passage on the bo.at ,at Detroit, 
 On her way to S.andusky, she Landed .at S.andwieh 
 .and Amherstburg, when' the b.al.ance of the r.aiders, 
 alKHit thirty in number, came on bo.ard. Their bag- 
 g.age consisted of only one trunk, which was afler- 
 w.ards fouiul to contain revolvers and hateiiets, 'IMie 
 bo.at reached Kelly's Island .about 4 l'. M., and while 
 |)roceeditig to\>;ir(ls .Sanilusky, the eons|)irators took 
 possession. Meantime, .another party h.ad seized 
 the ste.amer Island Otieen, with about twenty-tive 
 soldiers, .at .Middle I5.ass IsI.ukI, Her p.assengers 
 were put on board tin: I'hilo {'arsons, and the two 
 \essels went on to within four miles of S.andusky. 
 Not receiving the assistance th.at was probably ex- 
 l)ected from ih.at city, the conspir.ators abandoned 
 the Islanil (^ueen and returned to the Detroit River. 
 After Landing i)art of the crew on Kighting IsLind, 
 thev |)roceeded to .S.andwieh, where they arrived on 
 'I'uesd.ay. I lert' they plundered .and then abamloned 
 the steamer, which w.as recovertal by the owners in 
 .1 d.am.aged condition, .and brought to Detroit, The 
 conspi.^•ltors had ,a Confederate (Lag, and on their 
 trial it w.as conclusively shown that they were acting 
 under orders from Richmond. 
 
 More troops were gre.atly needed at tiiis time, 
 and in order to secure the full number recjuired 
 from Detroit, on September 27, 1864, tiie first 
 ilr.aft w.as m.ade for the purpose of filling the 
 (juot.a. A dr.aft w.as also m.ade on .March 21, 1865, 
 but the men then drafted were nut ealled upon to 
 serve. 
 
rilK WAR WITH rilK SOUTH. 
 
 309 
 
 On Octolu-r 30 Mayor Duncan received information 
 iliat tiierc was a rclHl i)lot to burn tiie city. Tiic 
 military companies were at iincenri;ani/.i.'(l for acii\e 
 service, and lifly special police were sworn in. Tlu' 
 lillle steamer, E. A. ISrush, was also chartered to 
 [latroi the ri\er. ( )n November 2 tlu- mayor was 
 warned by tele,;;i\un from William 11. Sewartl of a 
 similar plot; and at a nuetin.i,^ of the coimcil, the 
 ' iti/.ens of the scNi'r.il wards were recommendi'd to 
 oriL^ani/.e and drill as a home s^uard. On Nowmber 
 7. arranv^emeiils liaxini^' been made by the Slate, the 
 soldiers in camp and at the front were allowed to 
 V( te at the fall eleclion. On December 10 the 
 Thirtieth Kei^iment, under Colonel O, S. Wormer. 
 which had been at Jackson, removed to Detroit for 
 
 The whole city was at once in mourning'; men wept 
 like little children, and intense feeling- pervaded all 
 classes. 
 
 ,\t this lime there existed in the city an orijani/a- 
 tion known ;is the I'nion l.c;iijue. Its i^cneral dcsiv;n 
 was to brinj;" loyal men toi^etlur .ird unite them in 
 llu'ir efforts for the j^ood of the n.iiion. At a nu'ct- 
 inv^ of this bodv, on the t'\'eninn "' die day the iH'WS 
 of Lincoln's death was recei\cd, John J. l>.iiL;ley, 
 with ollu'r leadini;' citi/.cns, was present. In cxprc-ss- 
 ini; his feelin,i;s, hi' said, " 1 I'losi'd m\' store .and 
 went home. I sat down in the jiarlor. anil the tears 
 would come. My little d;uit^htcr came to me .ami 
 s.iid, ' I'apa. what 's the mattei?' 1 said, 'Mr. Lin- 
 coln is dead.' "What, papa.-' Our Lincoln.^ Is 
 
 rs 
 
 Death ok Pkicsideni- I,inxoi.n. .Mkki'ini; on rui- Campis .Mvurir-. .\i'un. ifi, 186:;. 
 
 on 
 
 I'd 
 
 in 
 
 le 
 
 eir 
 
 duty alonjT the border. They were mustered in on 
 January 9, and mustered out on Jiuie 30, 1865. 
 
 On April 3, 1865, news was received of the fall 
 iif Richmond, and a salute of one hundred iiuns 
 was lired. In the evenin,i( illuminalions .ind bonllres 
 Were numerous. News w.is received on .April 10 
 of the surrender of the Confederate army under 
 Cirneral Lee. This was the virtu.il termination of 
 till' war, and the announcement caused almost com- 
 l)l(te suspension of business; and the joy of the 
 riii/ens found expression in speeches, processions, 
 and illuminations. 
 
 |oy w.as soon turned into mourning;, for on the 
 iiinrninv; of April 15 tiie city was startled with the 
 news that President Lincoln had been assassinated. 
 
 our Lincoln dead .^' 'Yes,' 1 said, 'our Lincoln is 
 dead." Mv friends, he was our Lincoln. It 's our 
 Lincoln that's dead I Not the Lincoln of live years 
 ai^'o, whom comiianitively few peo|)le knew; nor 
 the Lincoln of two ve.irs ai^o, whose ;il)ility some 
 doubted; but the Lincoln of to-day, oi yesterday, 
 whom as a nation we loved, and whom .as ;t n.ition 
 wo mourn. '>ur Lincoln is dead I lUit he liveth 
 still, and the spirits jf the Brave lioys in Blue, from 
 a hundred i)attle-tields. ,v:ive him urcctiny; in the 
 mystic land." 
 
 The remarks of Mr. Batjley but voiced the uni- 
 versal feelinv;. Rai^e. .amaxement, y^rief. were all 
 combined, and stout hearts almost fai'''d from tiie 
 fear and dread that posses.sed them. The next day 
 
3IO 
 
 THK WAR WITH TllK SOUTH, 
 
 .'in imineiisc mectiiivf \v;is lu'ld on the Campus Mar- 
 tins to express sorrow for l\w assassination of tin- 
 I'residenl, ami condemnation for those responsible 
 for the ileed. 
 
 In aceordancu witii tiie siii^ijestion of a eommittee 
 of citizens, services were iieid in tiie churches at 
 twelve o'clork, noon, on April iq, and on April 25 
 there was an oration by Jacob M. Howard, .uid an 
 immense funeral possession, with catafal(|ue and ap- 
 propriate tinblems. {■'.verywlurt' stores and resi- 
 dences were drajied in bl.ick, .and loving, tender, 
 and p.itriotic mottoes, displayed in many forms, 
 relieved and enforced the sombre hanj,nnirs. 
 
 May 30 was observed as a national fast ilay. 
 There was a ij^eneral suspension of business, and the 
 day was more thorou.ijhly observed than any previous 
 occasion of similar character. 
 
 Karly in June. 1865, Rev. (ieorj,re T.axlor, a.ijent 
 of the Christian Commission, was aiivised that a 
 resriment of returnin.ii soldiers was about to arrive .it 
 Detroit, He conceived the ide.a that they should 
 be weKomed with a bountiful meal, served by the 
 Ladies of the city. Notices were sent to the 
 churches c.allin.ij for provisions, money , ;uid help- 
 ers. A public meetinsr was held and .irr.angements 
 perfected, with Mr. Taylor as man.iv^er. Scores 
 of ladies, both from Detroit and jilaccs in the 
 interior, volunteered to serve the tables; and when 
 the re.ijiment arrived the men were welcomed and 
 waited upon. The upper part of the frei.ijht depot 
 of the M. C. R. R. was fitted up .as a dinint^-h.ill, 
 with seats for one thousand jiersons ; and between 
 June 4, I.S65, and June 10, 1866, more th.in twenty- 
 three thous.and troops were received ;ind entertained, 
 most of them cominjr by the Cleveland line of boats. 
 The followini;^ srjves the d.ates of the .arrival at 
 Detroit of the Michi^^.an rej^iments in 1865 : 
 
 Seventeenth Infantry, on June 7 ; Nineteenth In- 
 fantry-, June 13; Twenty-tirst Infantry, June 13; 
 Twenty-fourth Infantry, June 20; Twenty-second 
 Infantry, June 30; Fifth Cavalry, July i; Twenty- 
 third Infantry, July 7 ; i-ifth Inf.mtry, July 8; Fourth 
 Cavalry, July 10; Sixteenth Infantry, July 12; 
 Fourteenth Infantry, July 21 ; Twenty-seventh In- 
 fantry, July 29; Ninth Cavalry, July 30; Second 
 Infantry, Auirust i; Kiirhth Infantry, Au(L(ust 3; 
 Fifteenth Infantry, September i ; Twenty-ninth In- 
 fantry, September 12. In 1866: Twenty-eighth 
 Inf.mtry, Jiuie 8 ; Fourth Infantry, June 10; Third 
 Inf.antry, June 10. 
 
 '}y .appointment of the jjovernor, April 19 was 
 oh. irved as a day of f.astini^ .and pniyer. 
 
 On July 4, 1866, one hundred and twenty-three 
 battle-stained .and bullet-marked fl.ii^s, belonj^intf to 
 the Michigan regiments, were form.illy presented to 
 the State. Many members (jf the decimated regi- 
 ments took part in .1 procession connected with the 
 
 e.xercises, and their appearance with their torn Hags 
 biought te.irs to m.uiy eyes. They were welcomed 
 by M. I. Mills, the mayor of the city. The flags 
 were |)resenled by (ieneral O. U. Willcox, and an 
 .addri'ss w.is delixtred by (iovcrnor H. H. Crapo; 
 the religious I'xercist'S wi're conducted by ISishop 
 McCoskry .and Kev. Dr. Dutiield. 
 
 Till' lot.il number of men sent from the .St.ate 
 during the w.ir w.is 90,747, of which W.iyne County 
 contributed <;.2i3, or .1 little more th.in one ttnth of 
 the wholi: iiiiinber, and fully two thirtis of those, or 
 over 6,ocKj. were from Detiuit. 
 
 The number of men lost to the St.ate, as near .as 
 can be determined, w.as .as follows : Ol'llcers killed, 
 177; died of woiuids, 85; died of disease, 96; tot.al, 
 358, Mill killed, 2,^^)43; died of woinids, 1,302; of 
 disease, 10,040; tnt.il, 13,985. Whole total, 14,343. 
 
 The .issoci.itions org.ani/ed to sujiply comforts for 
 the soldiers in liospii.ils. camp, .and field were .a 
 m.arked feature of the war. The smoke of the first 
 battle had h.irdly dis.ap|)e.ared before scores of De- 
 troit ladies were busily engaged in scraping lint, and 
 in collecting .and prep.iring needed comforts for the 
 sick .anil wounded. 
 
 Mrs. Morse Stew.irt .and Mrs. Dr. Duffiekl, .acting 
 on the suggestion of Miss Dix, were the hrst to 
 obt.ain .and forward hospital siiii])li('s; .and the L.adies' 
 Soldiers' Aid Society of Detroit, organized Novem- 
 ber 6, 1861, was the hrst in the L'nited States. 
 From 1861 to 1865 the following ladies were officers 
 of this .society, and of its younger sister, the Michi- 
 gan IJranch of the United States S.anitary Commis- 
 sion : 
 
 Presidents, Mrs. Is.ibella C. Duflield, ^Mrs. Theo- 
 dore Romeyn, Mrs. John I'.alnier, Mrs. Hel.a Hub- 
 b.ard; vice-presidents, Mrs. John Owen, Mrs. N. 
 Adams, Miss Sarah A. Sibley, and Mrs. Henry L. 
 Chipman; treasurers, Mrs. I). I'. Hushnell, Mrs. W. 
 N. Carjjenter, Mrs. O. T. Sabin, Mrs. H. L. Chip- 
 man. Mrs. Cieorge Andrews; .auditors, Mrs, I). I', 
 liushnell, Mrs. W. A. Hutler; recording secretaries. 
 Miss Sarah T. Bingham, Miss K.ate K. Stevens, 
 Mrs. O. T. .Sabin, .Miss Lizzie Woodhams; corre- 
 sponding secretary. Miss Valeria Campbell. 
 
 Among the ladies who were specially active in 
 visiting the hospit.als. Soldiers' Home, and soldiers' 
 f.amilies. were .Mrs. Brent and daughter, Mrs. L. 
 B. Willard, Mrs. Walter Ingersoll, Mrs. Corneli.i 
 Ludden, Mrs. Fdward K.anter, Mrs. Washington 
 Throop, and Mrs. A. A. Fish. The.se ladies per- 
 formed an immense amount of invaluable work. 
 
 In April, 1862, the Michigan Soldiers' Relief .So- 
 ciety was organized, with John Owen as president. 
 B, Vernor as secret.ary, and Willi.am A. Hutler, 
 treasurer. This society forwarded huiidreils of 
 pack.ages containing delicacies and supplies for the 
 soldiers ,at the front, and Largely sustained the Sol- 
 
THE WAR WITH TMK SOUTH. 
 
 311 
 
 a 
 111 
 •1- 
 
 tliurs' Home in Detroit. In iti64 tlic two societies 
 lUst named formed an alliance, tiie Ladies' Aiil So- 
 I icty continuing; its individual elforts. 
 
 I'he new orj;ani/ati()n bore the name of 'J"he 
 Michij^an .Soldiers' Relief Society, and had two sets 
 I if ollicers, as follows: president, John Owen; vice- 
 presidents, I). V'ernor, I'. V.. DeMill, J. \'. Camp- 
 lull; treasurer, William .\. lUiller. Lady oflicers: 
 Miss .S. A. .Sihiey, president; Mrs. H. L. Chipm.in, 
 Mrs. .\, Adams, vice-presidents; Miss \'aleria 
 Camphoil, rorrespondini,'' secretary; Mrs. Cicorije 
 .\ndrtnvs, assistant treasuri'r; Mrs. William A. 
 liutler, auditor; .Miss Lizzie Woodhams, record- 
 inj; secretary. 'I'he.se societies .sent thousands of 
 packajkfes to .soldiers in the various armies. The 
 total value of the contributions and money expended 
 through their agency w.as fully §50,000. 
 
 Early in Jime, 1863, at .1 public meeting in Chica- 
 go, Cieorge II. Stuart, Rev. C. I'. Lyford, K. A. lUir- 
 ncll, and others set forth the work of the I'nited 
 States Chrisli.m Commission as an outgrowth of the 
 N'oung Men's Chiistian .Association. The work of 
 this conunission, at that time, was almost unknown 
 in Detroit. .At the close of the meeting the Rev. 
 .Mr. Lyford was engagid by the author of this work 
 to go to Detroit and organize a branch in th.ii tity. 
 Returning home soon afterwards, se\iral of the 
 clun-ches were induced to give up their Sunday 
 r\ening services, a large meeting was held in N'oung 
 Men's Hall, and on June 15 the Michigan branch of 
 (he United States Christian Commission was or- 
 ganized, with^the following ollicers; K. C. Walker, 
 ch.iirm.in ; C. I''. Clark, secretary; H. !'. Baldwin, 
 treasurer; associates, D. I'reston, C. hes, K. Ray- 
 moiui, J. S. X'ernor. 'i'he Commission .sent numer- 
 ous deleg.'ites to hospitals and to the field, and e.\- 
 |)cnded over $30,000 in ministering to the welfare 
 and comfort of the soldiers. 
 
 At the beginning (jf the war provision was made 
 for the relief of families of those who went as sol- 
 diers. Under Act of M.iy 4, 1861, and supplemen- 
 tal Acts of January 17, 1S62, and ^Llrch 19 and 20, 
 1863, persons were ajjpointed in both city and county 
 to seek out and relieve those who were in need of 
 relief; and a sum not exceeding $15 per month for 
 each family was ordered to be raised and distributed. 
 The amounts granted were pay.able by the coimty 
 treasurer; and a total of §547,200 was paid out for 
 purposes of relief, the city, as part of tht> coimty, 
 paying nearly two thirds of the amotint. 
 
 At a public nteeting held July 18, 1862, a com- 
 mittee, consisting of T. M. McEntee, D. B. Duflield, 
 William A. Moore, D. C. Holbrook, W. 1'. N'erkes, 
 C. Hurlbut, and H. A. Morrow, was appointed to 
 ilevise means for promoting enlistments. 'I'he com- 
 mittee reported in favor of .1 bounty of it;5o for each 
 •-ingle man. and $100 for each married man who 
 
 volunteered. On July 24, 1862, the Common Coun- 
 cil accepted the recomnuiulations of the committee, 
 ■,i\u\ i)le(lge(l the city (provided the Legislature ,111- 
 thorizcd it) to raise §40,000 to pay the bounties 
 named. Messrs. l^. i'.irnsworth, Major Lewis Cass, 
 !■;. Lyon, II. I', li.ildwin, and C. Van Husan were 
 then appointed by the citizens and eontirmed by 
 the Coimcil to obt.iin ;ind distribute the money 
 for these bounties. 
 
 On August 26 the Comicil |iledge(l ;i further stun 
 of §20,000, if necessary. The original amount was, 
 howi\cr, found to hi' sunicient, and on July 21, 
 i(S63, the comptroller was directed by the Common 
 Council, on tlu' ciTtitleitt's of I'.. Farnsw(jrth, to re- 
 fund the amount of §40,226.25, .idv.inced by citizens 
 to pay the i)ountii's. 
 
 < >n M.irch 22. 1864, §30,000 addition.il was voted 
 by citizi-ns tow.ird paying a bounty of $50 each to 
 veter.ms or xolimteers enlisting under ;i new call for 
 troops which h.id just Incn m.ide ; anil on .M.irch 
 30, 1864, the comptroller w.as directed, until the 
 (|uot;i of the city w.is full under the call, to p;iy a 
 bounty of §50. 
 
 At a citizens' meeting, held in October, 1864, ,1 
 loan of §150,000 was authorized to pay boimtii's of 
 §100 in cash and §200 in bonds to those who en- 
 listed ; .111(1 on J.imi.iry 9, [865,11 citizens' meeting 
 ap])r<)prialed §20.000 ;iddition;il for bounties. Up 
 to Ai)ril, 1867, the city jiaiil out for l)ounties the 
 sum of §203,000. 'i'he city also bore its share of 
 the county bounties of §100 each given in the form 
 of bonds. 'I'he total amount of bounties paid by 
 the county amounted to §660,554. 
 
 Soldiers' and Sailors Momtment. 
 
 At a war meeting held July 20, 1861, a resolution 
 was adopted to erect a monument to our " heroic 
 dead," and a committee was appointed to carry the 
 resolution into effect, but for various reasons it was 
 deemed ;idvis>able to defer active efforts, and it w;is 
 not until July 20, 1865, that a conmiittee was ap- 
 pointed to report a plan of work. 
 
 On August II, 1865, the c(«r.miltee reported, the 
 association was organized, and one hundred and six 
 directors with other officers appointed. The first 
 public .and inaugural meeting was held at ^■oung 
 Men's Hall, on .\ugu.st 31, 1865, and subscriptions 
 amounting to §9,500 were then received. During 
 the progress of the work. Rev. (ieorge Taylor was 
 the chief financial .agent of the association, and, 
 largely through his efforts, .several thousand dollars 
 were contributed by the scholars in the public 
 schools; other large amounts were received from the 
 Masonic. Odd l'"ellow, and C.ood 'I'emplar organi- 
 zations, and also from various auxiliary Ladies' 
 Monument Associations. Competing designs for 
 the monument were advertised for on l'"ebriiary 26, 
 
312 
 
 illi: WAR Willi niK SOUTH. 
 
 1867, and on June 7 of llif same year the dcsiifii 
 furnisiifd by Kaiulolpli Koj^fris, of Koine (a forniiT 
 ri'sidcnt of Ann Arbor, Mi( liij^an), was arc (.ptiil, 
 and on September 25 a formal eontraet was made. 
 The corner-stone was laid in Mast (Irand Circus 
 I'ark, on July 4, iiS07; delij;ations from \arioiis 
 places in Miehii^.-m were |)resi'nt, and an innnense 
 profession of military, civil, and sicret societies |)re- 
 ceded the ceremonies. 
 
 The association was formally incorporated on 
 Autjnst 12, 1867, under the name of tiie " Michigan 
 Soldiers' and Sail- 
 ors' Monument As- ( 
 
 sociation." Tiiean- 
 luial mectini; is on 
 the first Tuesday 
 after the first Mon- 
 day in SeptemlKT. 
 The officers in 1882 
 were : president, 
 C. C. Trowbrid.i^e; 
 vice-president,John 
 Owen; treasurer, 
 William A lUiiler; 
 secretaries, Thom- 
 as W. I'alnuT and 
 James W. Komeyn. 
 In 1H83, .after thu 
 death i)f C. C. 
 'I'rowbridge, H. P. 
 Haldwin was elect- 
 ed president. 
 
 After much lon- 
 sultation, and in 
 accordance with 
 tile recoinmenda- 
 lion of Mr. Roijers, 
 it was decided to 
 locate the monu- 
 ment on the Cam- 
 pus Martins, in 
 front of the City 
 Hall. The corner- 
 stone was accord- 
 inijly removed from 
 
 Kast CJrand Circus I'.-irk, and rclaid, and tlie monu- 
 ment erected by J. ('•. IJatterson, of Hartford, Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 On April 9, 1872, tlie monument was formally 
 unveiled, and dedicated with apjirojiriate and im- 
 posing ceremonies, which were witnessed by thou- 
 sands of people from the interior of the .State. 
 
 The monument is designed as an offering to the 
 memory of the brave men from Michigan who per- 
 ished in the war with the South, and bears the fol 
 lowing inscription : " krkctkd iiv thk pkople of 
 
 MICinC.AN, IN HONOR OK TIIK M.VKTVRS WltO 
 
 COPVWtCHT iwa 
 
 SOLUIEUS.' AND S.MI.Dlo' .MONC.MKNT. 
 
 IKl.l, AM) IIIK IIKROKS WHO TOUOM I' IN 1)K- 
 KKNCi; III' I.IJIKRIV AM) I'MON." 
 
 'The body of the monument is of Westerly, Rhode 
 Islanil, granite, and the statues arc of golden bron/e, 
 c.ist in Munich, IJav.iria. 'The genenil design of the 
 monument is inibr.iced in fnur sections. 'Thi' tirst 
 section has, at its corners, four bronze eagles. 'The 
 second section h.as four si.itues, re|irescnting the 
 fnur(li'i)arlmeiUs of the rnitcd St.itcs Service,— In- 
 f.intry, M.irine, Cavalry, and Artillery; each of tiie 
 statues is seven feet high. The tiiird section has 
 
 four ;illegorical fig- 
 ures, representing 
 \'ictory. I'liion. 
 I'.mancipation, and 
 History. 'The fourth 
 section, or crow ning 
 figure of the monu- 
 ment, is eleven feet 
 high..uid rcprest'iits 
 Michig.in ;illi'gori- 
 cally, in aboriginal 
 garb. On the four 
 sides of the monu- 
 ment are bronzed 
 med.-illions of Lin- 
 coln, ( irant, T'.ura- 
 gut, and .Shcrm.m. 
 'I'hc height of the 
 monument, includ- 
 ing the crowning 
 figure, is sixty feet. 
 Lack of funds i)re- 
 vented the finishing 
 of the four ligurt's 
 for the third section 
 at the time the mon- 
 ument wasuini'iled. 
 I'in.'illy, on .Novem- 
 ber 17, 1879. tllc\ 
 were contracted for, 
 and on July ly. 1881. 
 were set in position 
 and unveiled. 'Theo- 
 dore Komeyn deliv- 
 ered an address, and there w.as a parade of the mili- 
 t.iry. The total cost of the monument was a little 
 in excess of §70,000. The cost of the bronzes was 
 as follows: the crowning statue, §8,000 ; the four 
 ;irmy and navy statues in the .second section. 
 $20,000; the four allegorical figures, $10,000; the 
 four medallions, $4,000; the fcur eagles, $2,400. 
 
 l$y an Act approved January 31, 1883, the State 
 appropriated $350 for repairs to the railing and 
 foundation, and jirovided for the further t'xiJeniliture 
 of not exceeding $100 per year, for the care and 
 l)reservation of the monument. 
 
 ^r%^^^^'?"-"v^^"-^ 
 
CHAPTER X L V 
 
 MILITIA AM) MILI'IAKV COMI'ANIES. 
 
 11- 
 
 n. 
 ir 
 
 I'm', militia ori^aiii/atioiis (.xistiiii; uikIit Krfncli 
 iiid l'Jn(lisii rule arc named in comicctioii wiiii tilt: 
 si'vcral wars of lliosc periods. I'ndt'r tiu' I'ariicst 
 laws of the Nortliwcsl Territory all male eiti/.eiis, 
 between the ajjes of sixteen and fifty years, were en- 
 rolled in companies, ami required to parade for two 
 hours every S.iturday in the year. Whenever per- 
 sons so enrolled assembled for public worship, they 
 were reciuircd to ^o fully armed and e(iui|)ped, or 
 l)c subject to a tine. No prfjvision was m.idc for a 
 iiiiilorm of any kind, and there was little need of 
 any. If ;i .settler was able to kill a .sciuirrel or an 
 Indi.in at lonij ranj^e, thi' question as to whether he 
 wore ;i blue coat, or any co-it at all, was o( but little 
 inonu'iu. 
 
 Ihider Act of December 1 3, 1799, all persons 
 i)\er eiifhteen and under forty-live were to be en- 
 rolled, and to provide their own jj[uns, ammunition, 
 and accoutrements. The compajiies from Wayne 
 County weri' to form a briv^.'ule. The Act made no 
 provision for uniforminjf the commissioned otlicers 
 (>[■ the nu-mbers of the ordinary infantry comp;inies ; 
 and the cavalry ;ind tlie li;..;ht infantry companies 
 only were rei|uired to wear uniforms. Enlistments 
 ill these companies were entirely voluntary. 
 
 Under liuliana Territory the .same rei,nikitions 
 picv.iiled. On May 11, 1803, there was a parade 
 ,a Di'irt^it of the First Reiriment of Wayne County. 
 
 When the State of Ohio was orjjanized, her first 
 militia law, in 1803, provided that the militia should 
 (Irtermine for themsi'lves the color and f.ishion of 
 ihcir reijimenlals. In 1805, when .Michijr.in Terri- 
 tory was orj^ani/.ed, (leneral Hull, on becominj; 
 'governor, evidently determined to awaken astonish- 
 ment by introducinir a sort of West I'oint dress and 
 discipline. The usual dress of the poor French set- 
 tl(>rs and backwoodsmen would no longer do for 
 exhibition on yjeneral nii . or " tniininjr days," 
 aiul on Au).(ast 30, 1805, a militia law was passed 
 which provided that all male residents over fourteen 
 and under fifty be enrolled, and that the " comman- 
 iler-in-chief may direct the color ;uu\ f.ishion of the 
 uniforms of the otlicers, non-commissioned officers, 
 tiul privates of the militia, and the occasions on 
 Ahich they sli.ill ;ipi)e;ir in uniform." The number 
 "f the militia ;it this time is indicited in a return 
 
 l3> 
 
 m.ide by l.ieuten.ant-Colonel I'hilip Cli.ibert de Joii- 
 caire on July 9, 1805, which showed si.\ hundred and 
 twenty-three soldit'rs in ti'ii coiii|),inies. The names 
 of the general olficers were as follows ; commander- 
 in-chief, Ciovernor William Hull; aide-de-camps. 
 Fr.mvois Chabert de Joncaire, (ieorge Mel )()U.v;;ill. 
 and .Solomon Sibley; (luariermaster-general, Mat- 
 thew Mrnest ; adjutant-gener.il, J.imes May. 
 
 The otlicers of the First Rcniiiieiit were : colonel, 
 A. I>. Woodward ; lieutenant-colonel, Antoinc 
 IJeaubieii ; major, (labriel Ciodfroy; adjut.ints, 
 Christopher Tuttle and Jean U.iptiste Cicotte; ([uar- 
 termaster, Charles .Stewart ; chapl.iiii. Rev. C.abricl 
 Rich.ird ; surgeon, Willi;im McCoskry; (•.ipt.iiiis, 
 Jacob X'isgar, David Duncan, deorge Colterell, 
 Lewis Cam|vui, Christopher Tuttle, Louis St. Ber- 
 nard, 'Jo.seph Cerre, dit St. Je.'in, Henry Mac\'ey, 
 Jose|)h Campau, Jean Cissne, and J.imes Anderson ; 
 lieutenants, John Rul;ind, Ch.irlcs M. C.impau, 
 Samuel Abbott, J<jhn .Meldrum, Wliitmore Knaggs, 
 Jcc'in M.irie lU'aubien, Christian Clemens, J.imes 
 C'lmp.'iu, Thomas Tremble, Fnini^ois Chovin, Con- 
 rad Seek, .and Henj.'iniin Chittenden; ensigns, Alliii 
 C. Wilmot, C.eorge Cotterell, Jr., J.imes Connor. 
 John Dix, l"ran(;ois Riv.ird, FraiKaiis Trembli', John 
 Rul.md, John lUirnett, J.icob Aeiller, James F'. Cris- 
 wold, and Peter E. Visg.ar. 
 
 The olTicers of the Second Regiment were : col- 
 onel, John y\nderson ; lieutenant-colonel, Fr.anc^ois 
 N.avarre ; major, Isniel Rul.'ind ; .adjutant, C.iles 
 li.arnes; qu.irlerni.ister. Alex.'inder F wings ;• sur- 
 geon, Fth.iii lialdwin; surgeon's mate, ISernard 
 Parker; captains, Joseph Jobin, Jean Haptiste 
 He.augrand, l'"r.in(;ois Lasselle, Hubert L.i Croix, 
 Je.m B,i|)liste Jer.iume, Joseph Men.ire, William 
 (iriflith, and Prosper Tliibc.iu ; lieuten;ints. Hya- 
 cinth La Joy, F'ranc^ois De Forguc, Jean R.iptiste 
 La Salle, J.acques Martin, Jean Baptiste Couteur, 
 Jac(iues W. Navarre, Thom.as Knaggs, and Andrew 
 Jourdon ; en.signs, Joseph Cavalier, Janes Knaggs, 
 Alexis Loranjcy, Joseph Bordeaux, Isidore Navarre, 
 Joseph Huntington, .and Dominique Urouill.ird. 
 
 The following were oflliccrs of the Legionary 
 Corps: lieutenant-colonel, Elijah Brush; major, 
 James Abbott; .adjutant, A. F. Hull; quarter- 
 master, Charles Curry; surgeon, John Brown; 
 
3H 
 
 MIl.rilA AM) MILITAUY COMI'ANIKS. 
 
 captains (of (.ualry), Janirs I.a Salle, (df artilkry), 
 J<iliii Williams, (of li;;i)l infantry), ( u'orjijc Ilolf- 
 nian, (of rillcnifn), William McDowell .Siott ; licii- 
 ti'n.mts (of cavalryj, Richard Smytli, (of artillery), 
 James Dodcmcadi'. (of liiLjlit inf.intry), lU'njamin 
 Chittenden, (of rillemen). Ilarnahas Campau ; cornet 
 of cavalry, (iabriel (lodfrcy, Jr; second lieiiti'iiant 
 of artilk'ry, Henry !■". Hunt; ensigns (of li^jht infan- 
 try), (ieorije Mi'ldruni, (of lillenu'n), I'ierre Navarre. 
 
 The militia of the District of M.ickinaw were 
 orn;inized into two companies, and those on the 
 river St. Clair into four. 
 
 l'"ollowini,f tile pass;ii(e of the Militia Law, on Sep- 
 tember 27, 1805, (leneral Hull issued tlio followinjj 
 proclamation : 
 
 UniIhums.- Ill rmiformily to a law of the Tprritnry of Miilii- 
 Kun, llir C'(>ininan(l<'r-in-(liii'f iliri'cts thp lollowin*; iiiiifuriiis for 
 tin: (iflki/rs and soldiers of lliu niilitiu of the said 'territory ; 
 
 Majok C.I'M-k.m.s. a dark him- 1 oat faced with hiilf, huff e.ipe, 
 yellow hiitlolis and lining's, two koUI epatdets, with two silver 
 stars on eaeh, huff vest and hreeehes, hlack eoeked hat, hiack 
 eoekade, white and red plumes. 
 
 I'lKK.MilKK (li'.M-KMs. The same ,is Major fiencraK, with this 
 differeiue, one silviT star on eaeh ep.iulel, and white and ureen 
 pluini'S. A|>J1 l.v.v I (Iknkkals. The s;ime as a .Major t leneral, 
 wilh this difference, no star on the epaulets, and a white plume 
 tippdl with red. (Ji \K I i;km.\si eu ('ii:m;r m..- 'I'he same as a 
 Major (leneral, with this difference, no stars on the epaulets, and 
 ■1 white plume tipped wilh Kreen. .\iI)s-iik-C/\mi' or mik 
 CoMMANI)KU-IN-Cilli I .— 'I he sjiniens a Majo; ( leneral, wilh 
 this difference, ui> stars on the epaulets, and hlack and while 
 plumes. .\iiis-i)K-C AMI- OK Majdk-Genekai.s.— 'I'he same as 
 a Major Cener.il, with this difference, no stars on the ep.iulels, 
 and a hlack plume. IIkii.adk .Majuk.— The same as a l!ri).;adier 
 (icneral, with this difference, no stars on the epatdets, and a 
 jfreen plume. 
 
 A1.I. (lENRKAI. Oil ICKKS.- A blue coat edged with gold cord. 
 KiKI.IJ OiKKKKS, I'Al'IAINS AN l> SciiAi.TKKNs of the 1st kiKiineiit. 
 A dark hhie coat, long, faced with ri'd, red cape, while huttons, 
 while lining, white underclothes, silver epaulets. Tiik Colonki , 
 I.I 111 1 KSAN I -Colonel, and Majou, two epaulets. Caiiains, an 
 epaulet on the right shoulder, a silver strap on the left. Liei - 
 TRN.VNis, an epaulet on the left shoulder, a silver strap on tliir 
 right. E.Nsii.NS, an epaulet on the left shoulder wilhoul any 
 strap. The whole, bUtk plumes lipped with red. the Held ofli- 
 cers, small swords. Thi' Captains and Suhalterns, hangers with 
 white belts. The whole, long hoots. The held officers, spurs. 
 The whole, red sashes. The field olTicers, bearskin holsters, pis- 
 tol-., and blue cloaks i-dged with silver cord. 
 
 TiiK REiiiME.NrAi. (Ji.\R I EUMASTEK. -The uniform and rank of 
 a Lieutenant. The RK<iiMENTAi, Adjitant, the siime. I'lii.: 
 Si-ki;ko\ AM>SrK<-,E()N's M \ri:, long blue c(^ats edged with white, 
 cocked hats, while feathers, white undenlolhes, long boots, dirks 
 with while handles. Cmail.m.ns.- lilack coats, bhuk under- 
 clothes, black gowns, cocked hats, rose cockades. 
 
 Till-: Pkivatks or Tni-antuv. Long blue coats orcapots, white 
 plain buttons, white underclothes in summer; whiti- vest and blue 
 pantaloons in winter ; half boots or gaiters, round black hals, black 
 feath.rs tipped with red, cartridge belt and bayonet belt, black. 
 The length of the coat or eapot will be precisely to the knee. It 
 wi'l be made so as to sit easy on the body, hut so tight as to have 
 a neat and soldier-like appearance. The Colonel of the Regiment 
 will point out the particular form, and furnish a sample, so th.it 
 the whole will be made similar to each other. 
 
 Ofik EKs CII-- THE 21) Rkciment. — Field ofhcers, long blue 
 coats, faced with white, while- buttons, white lining, two silver 
 epaulets, cocked hals, white plumes. 
 
 The I- ieUI oflkers will point out the uniform of the other ofTieers 
 of the Regiment. '1 he uniform uf the Holdiers of the ji\ Regi- 
 1111 111, the siiiiie as the ist Regiment, 'vith this difference, their 
 coats or lapols will be edged with while, and they will wear a 
 white feather. 
 
 l-'lEi.ii ( )i I ii i-Ks (IK ilin I.Ki.iiiNAKV CoKi'S.— nine coals laeid 
 with huff, buff cape, yellow billions, g>j|d epaiili Is, buff lining, 
 liiilf vi-sis anil bn-echi-s, mcki-d hats wilh rose i-oi kades, white 
 (e.iiher lipped wilh red, long boots, silver spurs, and in the slim- 
 mer season they will wear w hite vests and breeches. 
 
 CwAI.HV.- R(-d coals, liirni-d up wilh blai k vilvei, bhu k lapes, 
 white vi-sis, bin kskin bri-ei Iks, long boots, li-alhir taps covered 
 with bearskin, hliie .sash, white fi-ather. 
 
 .\kiili.kk\. liliie coals, skirts turned up with red, red capes, 
 CI 1 k(-d hats, red feather; for the warm season, white vest and 
 paiilaloons, bhu k gaili-rs ; for the cold season, hliii- paiit.iloons 
 edg(-d with n-d cord. 
 
 I. II, II r Im AM K^ . Short blue coats faced with buff, buff capes, 
 round hat liirned up on one side, black cockade, wliiti- (ealher;— 
 in till- warm season, while vest and pantaloons, with bla< k gaiters; 
 in the cold season, blue pantaloons <-dg(-d with yellow cord. 
 
 Riki.kmkn.- Short green coats, turned up with liuff, buff capes, 
 round hals, black cockades, green feather; in the warm .season, 
 while vest anil panlaloons, bhu k gaiters ; in the cold season, green 
 lianlaloons, edged with huff cord. 
 
 I'he Commandcr-in-chit f recommends to the ofTicersand soldiers 
 to proi-iin- their uniforms as soon as possible; and diii-i Is that 
 each ofhcer and soldier appear in full uniform, when on military 
 duty of any kind, afli-r llie lirsi day of June next. 
 
 In iiis communications to the I'ittsburijh Com- 
 monwe.ilth, Jolm Cicntle, of Detroit, shows that 
 Oeneral Hull was thrifty as well as a'sthetic in his 
 reciuirements. As to the uniforms C.entle says : 
 
 The 0th day of June, iSirfi, the people of Detroit were gratified 
 with the pleasing intelligence that (iovernor Hull had arrived al 
 l-'ort .Maldc-ii, w-hi-re he was received with a royal sjilute, and eveiy 
 royal dislim lion due to his high merits as a disliiigiii.shed ofl'icer 
 of the United Slates. The ne.xl day he came up by land and 
 crossed the river to Detroit, where he was also receivi-d l)y a siilule 
 from the Kort. * ♦ ♦ Me brought with him a number of 
 car|)enlers and bricklayers and a barge of dry goods, consislingof 
 cloths, chiefly bhu-, cassiini-res, and a (|iiantily of swords, epaulets, 
 tinsel w.ire, Jtc. So soon as his slio|) was put in order for liusinc-ss. 
 he issued his general orders, commanding all the militia in tlu- 
 territory to provide themselves with complete suits of unifiprm 
 clothing, viz. : blue coats, white small (lollies for siiinmi-r, and 
 blue for winter, black hats and fealla-rs, short boots or gaiters. 
 
 The (hief of Ihe ofhcers con\pli(-d with his orders, but ilii 
 soldiers, more from poverty than from contumacy, did not comply. 
 I'liie cloth could not be got at that time, in any of the stoii-s 
 where the people were accustomed to traffic, and they could nol 
 command money to purchase their uniforms a' the (lovernor's 
 shop. 
 
 The same orders were iigain repeated, and all captains of eoiii- 
 panieswere commanded to enforce obedience to the ordi-rs, by tlni 
 and imprisonuK lit. Hy ini-ans of this bare-fae(-d iinjuisition. In 
 emptied a considerable store of money out of the pockets of llii 
 people in a direct line into his own. 
 
 A printed petition to President Madison contains 
 the followinij statement about this same transaction : 
 " As a Miiiti.-i Commandant he would first prescribe 
 a particular dress or epaulette, or cord, or facinfj^, 
 and then sell the cloth or lace to comply with it." 
 These statements seem severe, but they are abund- 
 antly verified by various documents in pos.session of 
 the State Historical Society. That uniforms, and 
 
MiLlTlA AND MlLllAKV CD.MI'ANIES. 
 
 3'5 
 
 especially uniforms of siidi (•r)stiy charai'tcr, sliourd 
 hivi- l)fcn rf(|iiirc(| in this wiiti wcstrni r(v;ioii is of 
 iisilf cviflencf tMtiuir of joIjIhtv, or of martiiK'tism 
 rdti mail. In tin- liv;lit of all the facts, Ciciicral Hull's 
 action sccins to have been a compound of both. 
 I'lic al)siiriliiy of his rcifiilalions, and the way in 
 uiiicn his clforts were regarded by the ron^h scouts, 
 uoolsmen, ,111(1 trappiis, is thus detailed in the 
 I'hiladclphia Aurora for Scpti'inbcr 15, 1812: 
 
 ( nvrrnot nil, in iH..;, lonk ii inid his In ail In takr llii' ii\ililla 
 h. Ill lliilr iiiHiiral kind of w.irl.in, and dn ss and drill Hum in llif 
 KivciihnlltT "ttylr, with stiff iiuki-d hats and liiic krain nnitnrins. 
 liay li'annd ndliinK, and tlirir (uily inilit.iry nsifniniss wu» 
 M luplitily il(nir(iyi.d, lie also brunwlil wllli liini frmn tin- sia- 
 I < ard, in iS<iC>, two small hrass lii Id pici <>, and |iro|iosrd in rslali- 
 IkIi a Iroop of C'aviilry inoiintiil and |iro|irily i'<|iii|>pi'd, with a 
 irimliiT of pistols and siiluis, lint very prolialily lu' was not pir- 
 ' liiti'd to accoinplisli a purpose so prndiint iiiul important in an 
 lidian country. 
 
 The way in which his orders were received by 
 tiu! settlers is indic.ited by stati'meiits contained on 
 pa^e 322 of the Milit.iry .and Civil Life of (ieiieral 
 Hull:" 
 
 t'olonrl Anderson of llie sicond Ke^jinnnl of Militia writes 
 III. my litters from llie rivir Kaisin eon\plaininn of his oiriters be- 
 1 nise tiny will noi ^vl their iinifornis. 'I'hi' onor Colonel at last 
 wishes to resi^^n his eoinmission, for '*the l-'renih v;eiitlenu'ii, 
 headed by the l.ieulenant t'olonel, will not Ket their uniforms, 
 and the troo|)s, the more I exercise them the less they li'arii." 
 * ♦ ♦ Out of twenty I'Veiuh gentlemen, ciVicers, only five have 
 any uniform. 
 
 Driven despir.ilu, the Colonel, on June -^d, iSofi, writes that he 
 has arrested his olTieers, .and they write to the Kovemor deinand- 
 inx a court-martial, " as they wish to know their fate " 
 
 The following co|)y of an ol'licial docinncnt shows 
 tile foolish jUTsisti'iice of (lovernor Hull in this 
 matter of the uniforminij of the militia: 
 
 Hkai) (Jr.MiTKKs Ar Dp.TKorr, July 2,!, iSod. 
 
 riKNKHAI. Okdkks.- The present lieinn the season of harvest, 
 the Commander-in-chief excuses the militia from paradiiii,' for the 
 purpose of <*.xercise, ne.\t Saturday. 
 
 It will now be more than a month before Ihey will be called for 
 any ilnly, unless some extraordinary exigence should occur. 
 
 This time must be employed in pnttinK their arms and accoutrc- 
 Mients in best possible order, and in procurinj; the uniform accord- 
 iri>j to law. The Commander-in-chief now informs the olTicers 
 that, hereafter, no iiulul)^'ence will be ^'ranted, but the Law, both 
 as to arms and uniform, will be rigidly executed. At the next 
 parade he will personally inspect the several companies. 
 
 The militia of the Territory have been particularly distinguished 
 by the (iencral (lovernment. 'I'hi' Cavalry been furnished with 
 pistols and cutlasses. The Artillery with field-pieces and i oni- 
 piete apparatus. The Infantry with arms and accoutrements. 
 
 These favors have not been granted to any other citizens of the 
 liiiied Slates. Let us show by our .spirit and ctmduct that we 
 Ii'' worthy of these favors. 
 
 Uy order of the Coitimander-in-chief. 
 
 Jambs Mav, 
 
 A lijutant-General. 
 
 'i'he injustice of tlie rctjtilations ns to uniforms 
 vas so apparent that on .'\u,i,'u.st 20, 1806, the (Irand 
 
 Jury protested a^jainst them. During this ye.ir war 
 rumors were vcr) luimemus; their eltccl at Dcliuil 
 Is thus described by .Mr. (ieiitle : 
 
 I ow.irds thi' spniiM of iHo<i, all the ( oloiuls. Majors, Captains, 
 et(., both military and militia, eonvi lied at Smyth's Hotel to ( on- 
 sider the warliki' rumors. .Mr. Walker of (Iros Kih he, and many 
 others, were called forward to >;ive evidence, 'I'he best piirt of a 
 ilay was spent takiiiK down the report of the evidence and collecl- 
 iiii; all the information that was possible on the subjeil. And 
 when the whole was summed up, to their >;reat surprise, it 
 amounted to noihin;.: at all. A v'eneral sili nee prcvaili-d for a few 
 minutes, ('olonel I', then observed thai he never suffered these 
 reports to ^ive him oni momim's une.isiiiiss, having considered 
 them, all aloii),', the effusions of di.ordi red brains. A whisper 
 went inimedialely roiiml, that it was lasily seen that he was con- 
 neiled on the Itritish side. No conlidem <• ouxht to be placed in 
 men of his description. Colonel Meli. rose in y,ui\\ iinilalion, 
 and declared that althou>;h reports seemed favorable, still he 
 lookicl upon them aK partial. If we were not in inimediate danwir 
 from the Indians, he was conscious, in his own mind, we wen 
 from the K,n«lish. lb', therefore, niovi'd that all true patriots 
 should wear laijles in their bats to distinKidsh them from llritish 
 subjeils. 
 
 'The motion was secondeii, put to the \oli, and larried. And 
 from that day true patriots, from the Colonel down lolhi kill hen 
 by, wore eagles on their bats. » ♦ * Soon after, ( aplain 
 l>yson, commanding,' oflicer of Knrt Detroit, received a letter by 
 express, from Captain Whipple of I'ort W.iyne, advisiiiK llial hi- 
 had undoubted Infoniiation that the Indians were making rapid 
 prepar.ilious n. .iitaik Chicano, Michilimackinai , llelroil, and 
 I'ort W'ayiie, on one and the sitine day. Captain Connor, from 
 the river Huron, also reported that the day of the eclipse was the 
 day fixed by the Indians to make the attack on the above luimed 
 settlements. A Council of the principal ofTicers as.semble(l, and 
 after m.iture deliberation on the state of public affairs, it was 
 resolv<(l that the country was in danger ; also " Resolved, that 
 three stockades be erected, one at river Huron, one lit llelroil, 
 and one at Krie." Also " Resolved, that they be completed the 
 day previous to the day of the eclipse." Cunernl orders followed 
 comniaudiiix' >;enir,il musters at \\\nv o'clock on the nioriiinv; of 
 the eclipse. ;\t twelve o'clock, on llie morninK of the ci lipse, the 
 twelve companies of the district assembled on the Common, armed 
 and accoutred, and ready for action, agreeable lo ordi rs. I hey 
 marched and countermarched, advanced and relreate<l, into the 
 stockade, and there remained in a statu of perfei I safety, while 
 their fathers, wives, and children staid at heme to protect ihem- 
 .selvis. With glasses they very distinctly discovered myriads of 
 Indians in warlike array upon the surface of the two planets 
 Venus and .Mars, while they were in conjunction, wliich is the 
 last they have ever seen or heard of them lo this day. 
 
 In adtlition to other comi)laints aj^ainst Ciovcrnor 
 Hull, a petition lo 1 'resident Madison stated : 
 
 In t'ppcr Canada, .\frican slavery has always existed, and the 
 labor of their slaves is a principal reliance of many families on 
 both sides, for subsistence. Mr. Hull has countenanced the run- 
 aways from that Province by enibodyinn them into a military 
 company, and supplying them with arms from the public stores, 
 lie has signed a written instrument, appointini; a black man to 
 the comm.ind of the company. I'his transaction is extremely 
 dishonorable to the ^,'overnment on this side the river ; violates the 
 feelings of the opposite side ; essentially injures their interests ; 
 and eventually injures our own people, by exciting the others to 
 retaliate in the same way. 
 
 Few, if any, of the people had confidence in the 
 militarv leadership of (icneral Hull. Their opinion 
 was thus expressed in the petition : 
 
3i6 
 
 MII.iriA AND MIl.ITARV COMPAN'II'.S. 
 
 I roni \]n: rlrninistaiu <■< of nur liciiix cm a froiitirr in a (l<iiil>li' 
 sriisr, It is pt-( iiliarly iit-ct-ssary to lia\t- ainiOiccr iif jii(lv:riirii( .itul 
 i>r inililary Hrii'iu'f, This ;;i-ntlt-iMaii has a kind ol K piilalion >>l 
 that surtf from liis ha\'ii)>{ served as a Majnr in iIh- .iiiny, ami 
 from haviiiv; Imih a (WMicral ill Ihr militia; hiil wi- have cnoii^jh 
 t<i satisfy us Inn, that it u iiiiiiuritril. We jii(l,i;e from what wu 
 see with our own ryis. 
 
 'I'lic petition and iTinoiistraiicfs of tin- pcnpic 
 wt'ic alike (lisri'ir.iidi'd, and the militia iiai'adcs fol- 
 lowi'd cacli other at regular iiitei\als and were alike 
 the joy and dread of tlie inhabitants. The ehildren 
 enjoyed liiein because of the drum and life and 
 jiin^jftrbread of traininjLj-day ; and those who |)re- 
 pared the soup for liie soldiers, which was sirved in 
 iron kettles, enjoyed them because of the emoiii- 
 iiients of the occasion; others enjoyed the roiii^h 
 iiKTriiiU'iU always caused by certain reckless and 
 unruly spirits. Mrs. William ^■. Hamlin has pre- 
 served this story of one of the most awkw.ird ( ap- 
 tains of an awkward s(|uad of that period, liis 
 name was Je.m Cecirc, He was full of conceit 
 and e.\aj4.n»:rated self-importance, and when dressed 
 ill the uniform prest ribed by ( lener.il Hull w.is. 
 in his own eves, h.irdiv second to the ureat Na- 
 poleon. )c,in wiiU frei|U(iilly to see the rev;ular 
 troops drill. 'I'heir wondrous discipline .and mili- 
 t.iry ex.ictncss soiclv pu/,/.led him, but he thoui,;lil 
 it must he owiui; to the fact th.it the words i I 
 comm.md were i^ivi n in Mniilish, .md th.it there 
 was some hidden m.ivjic in the l.init;u;iv;c. C'allmv; 
 the roll w.is .also serious business to him, ;is his own 
 .and his seri^iMnl's knowieilt;c of |jfo|ish w.is .ilmosl 
 as limitt'd as their use of the ptii, but his ingenuity 
 con<|iKTe(l the Litter dilficulty. The n.imes of the 
 members of his company haviiii; been printed in 
 order, ;i pin was used to punch .a hole after the 
 li.imes of llie .absentees. His toiiiiue, howest'r, so 
 easy to control in l'"rench, t oiild not be drilled to 
 spe.ik other ih.iiuhc most broken IJij^lish. Assem- 
 bled on [>ar,ide, 
 
 (aplain Jran ordered tin' Serjeant to eall the roll, lie pro. 
 et'f'ded to obey, the Captain st.iiidin).; Ity in full >;lory. 
 
 Sfyj^fiiHt, *' Attentitm, ("oni|ianie l-'ran< .'(isi'anadiaiis ! Answer 
 your name when I eall it, if you pleitse. 'rcMk,'ro(k, l,iv(rnois." 
 No answer; at last a voire says, " Not heri', ^ont' ealeli his fiim/i- 
 >iHpy (fast-paierl in the liush." 
 
 ('ii/i/iiin to .S','rt;itin/. ~ " I'ul pi en hole In dal man ! Ilo'head." 
 
 St'yf^^ant. "Lanrant Itondy ?" "Ili're, Sah." "Claude 
 
 I'amp.oi ' " "Mere, Monsieur." ".Antoine Salliotte?" Some 
 
 one answers, " Little liahy i ame last nielli at his house, must stay 
 
 at home." 
 
 Ca/i/ain to Sftgrant. " I'lit <ine prcek on dat man's nami." 
 Sfrgrnnt. " l.'enfaiit Riopelle ?" " II( ri', Sah." " I'iton 
 Laforem ?" "Mere, .Sah." "Simon Meloehe .''" "Not here, 
 gone to spear miiskral for arfynt hianc (nilver money). 
 Captain to Seri^eitHt. "Take pen and ser.iteh dat man." 
 After the roll was called an. I the alisentees prit ked, the Captain 
 prorri (h'll todiill his eiiinpany. 
 
 Ci/'/iiin. " .Mar( hee, ines eomr.'ides, deu.\ it deu.ii, like oxen, 
 aiul wlh n you eome to (!al slump, slop." They all matle for tin* 
 plaet*, and i;ot there in n heap, looking, with their various eolored 
 
 dri'ssi's, like a rainbow on a sprei'. Disgusted at thiir awkward- 
 ness, till! Captain ^ave them .1 lew ininiitis' relaxation. Instead 
 of resMn>; u« >ni7itiiin\ they rushed oil, one to smoki' his beloved 
 pipi', another to polish his earhine, whilst others amused tliein- 
 selvis by sillliiK on the urass, and tilling; about the races. The 
 C'aptaiii called them to try anain. This time he said, " Marcliee 
 as far as dat son/iir lir /•(r;//(old shoe) in the road, den turn ! 
 Kiv;lit v;a ,< he, lift .iboul ! Shoulder mns-keete ! .Av.ini e tloiu , 
 hark I Drill fineesh !" 
 
 The ilisa^rec.ible fe.ilures of these drills .and other 
 military doin;4S .are thus 'escribed by .Mr. (ieiitle: 
 
 The fanners were lominanded to cjuit their harvest -fields ami 
 repair to the city, armed .ind aiioutred with pii k-axes and 
 shovels, all day, todij: tninhes and lo pl.inl pii kels ronnil Urnsh'^ 
 farm, adjoining the < ity, without fei- or re.vard, and to slami 
 >;uar<l over their lords and masters duriiiK the silent iii^hl,wiih 
 hun>;ry bellies; whilst their families in the coniitry .iri' exposed 
 (if the danger was real) lo the stalpin^ knif<', and their Y,tA\\\ to 
 the rot. 
 
 .Some of the milili.i '^xv\s restive .and invubordin.ite 
 iindt r ici^ul.alions lli.il lliey deemed oppressivf. In 
 one case of ,ibiisi\-e l.in^ii.a.!.;i- .and thr.-.ileiiinj^ 
 .action, .1 court m.arti.al, on December 27, iiSo;. 
 ordereil "ten stripe on the b.arc back." Others 
 \\vw lilerally dr.invjed fniin their dwcllinijs and 
 compelled lo do inilii.irv tlni\'. These ilisturbances 
 );.a\'e risi' to .1 conllii t biMwecn (lovcrnor Hull 
 .and .Si,inle\' (iriswulil, the secri't.ary of tlie Terri- 
 tory, (iovcrnor Hull, on January 16, 1808, coin- 
 lil.ained lo the secreiary of State thai ^b•. ( Iriswold 
 w.is the ( hief c.iiise of the troubles between liimseil 
 ■and the militia, .and enclosed a copy of ;i proclani.a- 
 tion which he h.aii issut.l c,illiiii; on die people tn 
 (liscour.iy;e .all mutinous conduct and lo aid in 
 detecting .aiiil .apiirehendini; all luasons who ini.i;lil 
 disliirb the public peace. No n.inies wire nieii- 
 tit)neil in the |irocl.imation, but Hull s.iys in his 
 letter tli.it it was iii.ide necessary iiy the actions o( 
 Mr. (iriswiild. It. therefore, seems (urioiis indeed 
 to '.id .It till- bottom of tile procl.imation, " iSy llie 
 ( crnor. St.inley Ciriswold Secy, of Mich. Terri- 
 tory." 
 
 The ne.xt ait in this particular f.irce was the 
 arrest of Mr. ("iriswold, .and his .appe.ar.anci' at cmiri 
 before Justices May, MeDouj;.all, and .Smytli, the 
 l.ist week in J.inu.iry, iSoS, " cli,irj;cil with having' 
 enticed one or two of the militia to ijiiit the service 
 and j;o home, telling them that tiiey could not be 
 hurt for so doin.^." 'i'he testimony was lonj; and 
 confused, but in no point of view did it tarnish the 
 ch.ir.iiier of the .iccti'- 'd. On the contrary, it was 
 pi. .inly e\itleiit lo every spect.itor, and even to Jus- 
 tice Smylh, th.it .all ihe testimony went to show th.ii 
 the ae.used uniformly advised those members of the 
 militia who .asked his advice to scfve their lime with 
 composure. Slill, .istonishinj; as it may ajipear. 
 JudjL,rcs May .ind McDniijrall declared it their opinion 
 that CiHswold was ^ruilty of heinous crimes, and 
 
Mll.ri'lA AM) MII.IIAKN (OM I'AN li;S. 
 
 1 1 '■ 
 
 ■(■<1 
 
 Tl- 
 
 llc 
 
 ml 
 Uv 
 
 If 
 
 1h 
 
 iiul 
 
 h. 
 
 iis- 
 lial 
 111. 
 itii 
 •ar. 
 jdii 
 iiul 
 
 i. ( (ir(lin.v;ly rccn^ni/cd liim in tlu' siiin nf (nic tlioii- 
 ■iiiil <liillars. Al llu- iiiniiuiu tliis strange jii<l>;- 
 iniiit was .nivi'ii, Jiislici- Smylli rose, and proU'stcd 
 •• hcfiiii" (idd, l)(f()ic till' Coiiil, and all the hystaiid- 
 ( IS, thai Judges May and Mcl)i>n,v;all had ,v;ivL'n .i 
 li.utial jud;^incnt." Nntwilhstandin.^ this |)i(ilisl, 
 ihc nnlcr nf llu- iitlur two judi^is icinairuil in force. 
 W itliiii tsvo niontiis ;iflcr tin- lii.il, the t< rni of Mr. 
 (liiswold cciscd ; and hi' w.is rclii'vcd, and Reuben 
 ,\lwatir a|)|)ointed in his ste.id. 
 
 I'Or liie next ten years no reiords eoneerninv; the 
 militia ha\c been found, e\( epl .ueh as directly 
 (■(iiine'l them with \;irious w.iis. All such facts are 
 l^iveii in eonnei'tion with I'le w.irs. 
 
 Ill I (S I. S ;i company know u as the Detroit Town 
 Company was in exislcnce, commanded by S. T. 
 |),i\t'n|)orl, and on .Se])lember 15 of this year there 
 was a militia |)arade, and .inoilur on ( )ci(jber 4, iXhy. 
 
 In i.S^t a milit.iry couit of ini|iiiry was in session, 
 In iiuiiiire whv deliiKjiients I id not been on duly. 
 The lonrt w.is held Septtinbei' J<;, and the ricord 
 shows that Joseph I )iipr,i w.is e.illed, and e.xpl.iined 
 that he was "taking; cue of his moiher who was 
 '-Ilk." Louis (iroesbcck "did not know ih.il the 
 liisi Monday in September Was ir.iinin.i; (I. i)." Jean 
 I'.ie ( i.irr.il " w.is lame in one of his lens." Another 
 li.nl "hired on bo.u'd ol ,1 scow, . and w.is not present 
 lli.il d.iy, ;is the scow was at Hoy; Iskiiid l.ikin.n in ;i 
 In.id of bark." Ami thus with one accord tiny all 
 ni.ide excuse. 
 
 On December 27, 1S21, ot) tin- occasion of the 
 execiilionol iwo Indi.ins lor murder, the I'irst Kci^i- 
 iiiiiit of militi.'i w.is c,illeil out ;ind .also the \'oliintecr 
 .iilillciy company commanded by Captain lli-n 
 W (iiidwortli. 
 
 < )n May 2^. iiSj2, |olin Roberts, Jr.. notilied jier- 
 sons liable to militia duty to jippear at Milit.iry 
 Si|ii,ire oil June 3, .irmed and e(|ui|)pei! as the law 
 directs. 
 
 • Ill AiM'il (>, iiS^i, ,1 (omp.iny. called the City 
 • .ii.irds, "as ori^aiii/i'd, with I'.dward iinxtks ,is 
 ( ipt.iin. it W.IS in existence only a year. 
 
 The Urady (iu.irds, so named in honor of ( ieiur,il 
 llii^h llrady, were ori^f.ini/ed on .April 1;,, i.S;/), 
 with .\. S. Willi.iins ,is c.iptain. In 1S37 iu' w.-.s 
 succeeded by I. S. Kowlaiui. and in this yi-ar, on 
 W'.isiiini^ton's iiirlhday. the ( (imp.my vvas presented 
 uith ,in elen.mt stJind.ird by (lovernor Mason. The 
 prescnt.itioii look |)l;ice in front of the old /\meri- 
 i.m lloti I. In iX.V> ^'r. I\<iwland was succeeded 
 hv !•'.. K. Kc.sley, and in i.S4(), 1S41, and I.S42, Mr. 
 Kiiwiand w.is a.v;ain servility. On hebruary 2, i<S43, 
 ilic company disbanded, and (»n i'tbruary 10 f<-' 
 l'iwin,v( was reornaiii/cd, with A. S. Willlanis as 
 i.iptain. On I'ebruary 22 of this year Anson liur- 
 I !iy;.ime delivered ,in .'uidress befoic the Scott ;ind 
 Irady Caiards on the life and character of Washing- 
 
 Ion, In 1.S45 C. ,\. rrowbridj.;i,- was capt.iin. In 
 1846 ,ind 1.S47 Mr. Williams was ai^viin serviiiv;. ( )n 
 April 10, 1.S51, ( ieni r.il liradydied, .iiid on .\piil i,S 
 the ( oinpany disbanded. 
 
 Jusi before ( ieneial ilrady died, Rc\. Dr. Diifhcld 
 visited him to in(|uire into his spiritual (diidiiiou 
 .mil pre|);ira'ion for death. ( iciier.il Ilrady listened 
 to him respectfully, and then, in wiirds worthy of 
 ; I true soldier, he said, "Sir, that is all ri.nht ; my 
 ku,i|)s;ick has been p.ukcd, and I am ready to 
 m,irch ;it ihe tap of the dr' n." 'rwcnty-li\c ye.irs 
 .iflcr his de.ilh, on A|)ril 13, I.S7''), twenty-six of the 
 suiAiviiiii; memlHis of the (onip,iny celebrated the 
 fortieth aimiversary of its ort;ani/.alion, by a supper 
 .It the Kussill I louse. 
 
 The Scoit Ciuards were orvj.ini/ed ( )ctobei- 16, 
 I.S41. ,ind reorv;.ini/.cd Scptembel' J, liS4J. J, \'. 
 Reiilile si i\ed as c.ipl.iin from I1S41 to 1846, ,ind 
 W.IS succeeded by N. (irensel, Jr. In 1S52 I'.uil 
 ("lies was c,i|)t;iin. ['"rom I1S53 to i(S6i !•'. Ri tihle 
 scr\cd in th.it c,i|),icii y, followed in i.S6j by K. 
 Kremer. In i.S^j ,inil i.S^;, (here were two com- 
 p.mies, the .Artillery, comm.inded .it liist by i'". 
 ( iiiciithi r ,ind then b\ J. K.ilns; .mil the Infantry, 
 commanded by I. Kremer. In i.Sr^ihe l.ist-n.inied 
 w.is ihc only c.ipt.iiu, ,ind lu' served until the com- 
 p.my disb,uidcd in Dei eiiibei', iiSfn;. In April, 
 1.S71;, .1 conip.iny by the s.ime n.une w.is ori;;ini/ed 
 ihroii.nh the effort of .M.ix I locln^r.icf. who w.is 
 in.ide c.ipi.iin. in iScSo hcw.is snccceded by Au- 
 j;ust ( ioebel, who selAed lililil I.SSj, ;ind W.is fol- 
 lowed by i'. I ici/.m;. 
 
 'I'he L.if.iyelte ( iu.irds were ori;.in;/.e(l July 4, 
 1842, Willi !•'. .\. (.'icotle ,is cipl.iin. In 1.S45 ;ind 
 1.S46 i,. I), c'l.iiroiix W.IS c.iptain, and soon after the 
 company disb.uidcd. 
 
 'I'lu' C'.iss ( iiiards were or^iini/ed on l''ebruary 27, 
 1.S43, will) J''.ii,i;cne i'. .Smith .is c,i|)t.iin. .A pre- 
 limin.'iry mei'lini; li.id been lu Id on Icbru.iry 20 .it 
 Republican ii.ill. The comp.iny disb.uidcd in ,ibout 
 a ycir. < )n ( )clober 4 of this ye.ir. for the lirst 
 tinu', ;ill the Slate uniformed mihii.i went iiitocunp 
 for two monlhs on the Cass I.e... ( )n ( ictolur 9 
 there W.IS ;i v;r;md review im the i;rouiul where I'ort 
 Street now crosses the farm. 
 
 'i'he M()nli,'omery (ui.irds were or^Miiized this 
 s.inu' ve.ir, with A. '1'. McRcynolds ;is c.iplaiu. lie 
 was siici-edi'd ill 1846 by \\ . ( )'Call.i,i,;li.in, after 
 which lime there is no record of the .i,i|);inv. 
 
 In July, 1841;, a IJoy Company, known .is the 
 Detroit l.aneers, was in eyisienee. The (ii.iyson 
 l.ivjht (lu.irds were orl,^■lni/ed July 21;. 1850, and 
 disbanded in 1855. Colonel John I!. Ciray.son was 
 captain until 1853, .iiul was < nceecded by A. K. 
 Howard. On October 10, 1854, . ^tate Military 
 Convention w.is held in the city, at the armory nf 
 these Ciuards. 
 
3«« 
 
 Aill.l riA AM) MII-ITAKV C()M1'ANII';S. 
 
 The Dctroii City (liiards were orj^aiii/A'cl Sr|)ltiii- 
 l)rr 21, i«S4V' N- < 'I'l-'iiscl, jr., was llic lirsi captain, 
 and was succccdi'd in Mai( li, iK5(;, by Jdiin W'in- 
 tcrlialtcT, wiio served until i<S54. 
 
 T!ic Yajrcr (inards wire orijani/.id in June, i<S53, 
 witli A. Lini^i'inan as captain, lie served until 
 1865, when the conij^any practically disbanded. 
 
 The National Dra^^nons. C.iiit.iin J. I', \\■hitin^^ 
 were in e.\islence from 1S53 to icSOo. Tlie .Shields 
 (juards ()r).raiiize(l in 1853. J. t'. White, the first 
 c.ipt.iin, w.as succeedt'd in 1S55 hy I'. I )ciwlin'.',. In 
 1857 I''(l Molloy was c,ii)lain, in i85<;, Jnhn McDer- 
 niott, and in 1861 E. Molloy a.^ain. In 1862 the 
 company disb.inded. 
 
 Tlie Detroit Lii.(hl (aiards were fully or;,.(ani/ed 
 November ly, 1855, the members enlistinir for live 
 years. On October 31, 1859, the minibi'rs were 
 divided into two companies, A and B, and on J;in- 
 uary (j they rcorijani/xd as one company. On July 
 5, i860, they entert.ained the f.imous llllsworth 
 Zouaves, who came to Detroit from Chicago. 'I'lie 
 Zouaves jravc an e.vhibition drill (jii ( Irand Kiver 
 Street ne.ir Third, which was witnesseil by an 
 immense throng of spectators. 
 
 On April 17, 1861, the I.i.ght Ciuards organixed for 
 wa--, and on May i the company voiunti'cred as three 
 months troops, with C, M. Laru as captain. 'I'hey 
 were inusterid into the United States service as 
 Company A of the P'ir.st Ke).(imenl of Michij^an in- 
 fantry. 
 
 Those of the company who did not volunteer for 
 the w.ir, reorj^anizcd as tlie Detroit I.ii;hl Ouard 
 Reserve Cor|)s. On Au,s.;ust 7, 1861, the three 
 months men returned, and were nuistered out at 
 Kort Wayne. Tlie entire company was soon .after 
 orijani/ed by the original name. The captains in 
 \;irious years lia\e been ;is follows: 1855 i860, A. 
 S.Williams; i860 1861, 11. L. Chipman ; 1861, J. 
 1:. I'ittman; 1862. Jerome Croul ; 1863 1866, !•:. R. 
 M.itLhews; 1866 1868, C. M. Lum; 1868. V. \V. 
 Swift; 1869-1872, r,. L. M.altz; 1872 1875, D. 
 I'. Fo.x; 1875, R. A. Li-j,nlt; 1876 1878, I.. C. 
 Twombly; 1878, Max Ihx-hgraef ; 1879- , A. 
 1', T. Menitcau. 
 
 'I"lu; Detroit I.i.ght Inf.mtry were orij.inized No- 
 vember 16, 1855, and reori^;ini/ed in 1858, i860, and 
 1877. William Hull was captain in 1859, and 
 
 W.J. Nesbit in 1861. Since the reor^;,ini/,ition of 
 1877, the follow iii;,^ h.'ive .served as captains; 1877 
 
 1880, L. C. Twombly; 1880 1882, Charles Du- 
 pont; 1882, Henry Milward ; 1883, C. Dupont. 
 
 The Detroit (Irays, ;i juvenile comp.iny, I'xisted 
 in 1857, with F. Speed as cajjtain. The Michi^^an 
 ilussars were orj(ani/e(l July 15, 1859, with A. I'aldi 
 ;is cipt.iin. lie served until 1861, when the com- 
 p.my disbanded. 
 
 In i860 companies of boys, known as Detroit 
 Zouaves ;md rniled States Zouave C.adets, wiri' in 
 existence. In 1861 ,ind 1862 ;i company of Urother 
 Jonathan Zou.ives were eomm.anded by !■ . .\. Ash- 
 ley. The link .and the Lyon Ouardswere orv^an- 
 i/.ed in the f.ill of 1861, commandi-d res|>ecti\-ely by 
 W. S, Biddle and (i. S. Wormer. i5oth (omp.inies 
 disb.mded in 1862. The J.ickson C.u.irds, M. Mc- 
 (ir.iw cain.iin, organized and disb.mded in 1861. 
 The lunmet Rilles, ortj.anized the same year, had 
 ;in existence e(iu;illy brief. The Slierman Zouaves 
 made their tirst .ippear.ance on l'"ebruary 22, 1869, 
 with Charles il. iJrown ;is captain. No record has 
 been found of them after 1870. 
 
 'I'lie Detroit National Ciiiards were orij.ini/cd 
 November 7, 1869. 'i"he captains h.ive beiii .is 
 follows: 1870 1872, i'. W. Nolan; 1872, John 
 Atkinson; 1873 1879, J. O'Keefe; 1879 , I'. J. 
 
 Sb.e.ih.m. 'i'lu' Wolverine Rilles weri' or).(;ini/>cd 
 October 12, 1870. with J. \'. Reuhle ;is captain; the 
 comp.uiy existed .about ;i year .and ;i h.ilf. 'I'he 
 Sarsiield Cu.ards were orj^.anized April 7, 1874, with 
 J. 11. l.ally .as capt.ain. lie w.as servinij in 1875, 
 and the comp.uiy disb.inded in that year. 
 
 The Detroit Scottish Ciu.inF orn.anizi'd in .Sep- 
 tember, 1875, with Alex.UKl( r Witherspoon .as 
 captain. lie served until 1878, when the comiKiny 
 disb.inded. 
 
 'I'he Detroit Ivxcelsior Ciuards, I*. N. Murkhard, 
 capt.ain, ori^.ini/.ed .and disb.inded in 1877. 
 
 'I"he Montv;omery Rilles weri' or^f.inizc:d in M.ay, 
 1877, with J. C. Donnelly as capt.ain. in 1880 he 
 w.as succeeded by Ch.arles Lynch, who served until 
 
 1882, and w.as followed by ^L Whel.an. 
 
 The Detroit City (Irays, ori,Mnize(l March 15, 
 
 1881, have h.ad the followin,y; caiUains : 1881, John 
 C. Cooper; 1882. F. 1*. liajjley, J. VV, Strong; 
 
 1883, F. I*. Hagley. 
 
PART VI. 
 
 SOCIAL 
 
CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 ORIOINAL INMAlilTANIS OK DIITROI'I".— INDIAN AdliNTS.- KARI.V VISITORS. 
 
 OKICIN \l. IN'II \l;il' WIS. 
 
 Till', orii^iii of tlu' liisi occupants of iliis rcv;ioii is 
 shroiiilid ill mystery. .Several wrilcis have .idoptcd 
 llie lliciiry thai they were (lesceiidaiils of the losi 
 tribes of Israel, ami they fortify their position with 
 a variety of intciestini; facts. TJK' founder of our 
 fair domain w.is ;i heliever in this theory, .'uid tiie 
 irchives of I'rance conl.'iii) a leii;;tiiy memorial 
 written hy C'adiii.ic in wiiich he disti tly .asserts his 
 lielief thai tin; Indi.ins ,ire (U'sceiid.inls of the lle- 
 hrew r.icc, strciiKthenini; his .tri^iiment with sl.ale- 
 iiienls (»f in.uiy rem.irk.able coiiicidem cs ,ind customs 
 I oniirmalory of the ick'.i. The n si'.irches of School- 
 
 1,'ikc. — (ire.il Lake. Tlie so-<';il!<'(l Indian luoiinds 
 ill v.irious Wesiern St.ales, in their si/.e, fcjrm, and 
 contents. ;idd force to the A/.lecan theory. In the 
 towiislii|) of Sprin.nwells, jtisl below Detroit, were 
 four of tliesi' mounds; one of them still remains 
 inside the grounds of I'ort W'.ayne ; ihu se( oiul was 
 on property now oi-cui)ied by the t'r)pper .Smeltiiij.^ 
 Works, .md the third l.iy betwtcn tlie (Jlher two. 
 'i'liey were circul.ir in f(jrm, from tiiiriy to seventy 
 feit in diameter, ;ind v.iryiiij^ from liiree to ten feet 
 in heii;ht. Two i)arallel cinbankmeiUs, about four 
 feet hiv;h. led to them from the e.ist. One of these 
 moiuids w.is ()|)ened in 1837, and the one iiisidi- the 
 
 ii.ifi, rreseott, I'ickerinjL;, and others, indicate th.it fort, by permission of the War Department, on M.iy 
 the lirst tomers were from Asia, that they were --< i^?*^'- I'x'tl' wire found to cont.iin numerous 
 ihiven by winds .iikI waves over to the I'aciiic coast, .skeletons, arrow-he.ids, and vases or pots of earth- 
 or made their way by the Aleutian Isl.inds or l!eh- enw.ire. The one last opeiK^d contained .also .111 
 riiii^'s Slr.iil to Alask.i, .and from liience .sonthw.ard in>n vessel c.ap.able of holding; two or three ,i,^ill"ns, 
 to Me.xico and South .Xmeric.i, .ifterw.ards spread- and sever.il pounds of what ajipeared to be a .scjit of 
 ini; northward and eastward over the American p.aint. 
 
 ((inlinenl. I lie ( ireat .Moiinii of the River Rou^e, about 
 
 i:i,aborate .and pl.iusible .ar.i;uments have been lialf a mile below i'orl W.ayne, was at first, prob- 
 iii.ide to prove the i oiivt'ise dieory. tli.it tin; Chin- ably, fully three hundred feet lonyj and two hundred 
 esc .ire descended from the A/tec race. Ill sii|>|)ort fi'<'t wide. In 1876 it w.ls twenty fei't hii;li. It h.as 
 of this supposition it is uri(ed tli.il the tr.ide winds never been fully ex|)lored. but .1 p.irti.il invistii^.alioii 
 from the I'eruvian coast p.iss directly to Chiii.i, .and I>y Henry Oillm.in resulted in the discovery of .stone 
 tli.al even frail ves.sels eoiild easily be wafted thither. a.\es. ,irrow-hc;ids. fr;ij,mients of pottery, .and human 
 I iii(|U(; ;iiid .uk ieiit bron/.e implements are found bones much decayed. 
 
 alike in both countries; the picture-uritin.^s of the An old Indian told a member of the Cieotte 
 
 family th.it these mounds were erected .as forts, .at 
 the lime the tribes were fixhtinj; eaeli other. Indiar. 
 tradition .also .ascribes these mounds to the Tiietle 
 Iiidi.ans, who jireceded the Wy.mdotts. The name 
 Tuetle is believed to be a corruption of Tuteloes, a 
 tribe once supposi-d to have emivjrated from V'ir- 
 i((s, then the Aztecs, or Azteeas. Various reasons .ninia "nly as f.ir north as the Su.s(|ueli.ann,i ; but it 
 
 now seems |)rob;il)le that some came .as far as the 
 Detroit." 
 
 Of the more modern Indi.an tribes who roameil 
 ovei this rei^ion. the AI(ron(|uin r.ace w.as the earliest. 
 They counted anionic their numbers in the north- 
 west the tribes of the Ottaw.as, Menominees, .Sacs, 
 Foxes, and Chippewas. There were also in this 
 
 two countries .are in m.iny cases simil.ar, .and in 
 others .are e.\,actly the s.inie ; .and the Feast of 
 Souls, .as celcbr.ii-'d in Central .America, is ivmark- 
 ,il)ly like cerlain of the Chinese ceremonies. 
 
 Till' order <A the .ancient oc( iiivmcy of the country 
 seems to h.ive been, lirst the Olmecs, then the Tol- 
 
 vMve rise to the theory that the Aztec race wire the 
 lirst occup.ants of this p.arlii iilar region. I lumlxildi 
 
 ■ is of the opinion that tlii' country of the Aztecas 
 \' is in this latitiKJe. The mcanini^ of their trib.al 
 I line is " I'eople of the Lakes;" .and there is no 
 pl.ace in the United Slates in whi< li sm.all Lakes are 
 
 •1 numerous ;is in Michiif.an. while the .St.ate is 
 I!' arly surrounded by Lakes, which .are .almost seas 
 in extent. The name Michi,i(an is derived from two 
 
 ' .Si-c Ilcniy tlillman's p.ipcr (in Mound HiiiltUrs and Platy- 
 
 l llipi)eWU words,- Mitehaw, ).(reat, and Say;ieyan, cncmism in Mithi^au, in Smithsoniau Report fori873. 
 
 t3"l 
 
322 
 
 OKKilNAI. INIIAIW lANIS. 
 
 vicinity llic iribcs of ilic Miamis, I'oiow.ilainics, 
 \\'iniul).ig()cs, and tlic < )iii iiilals, nr W^andolls. 
 Tlic laili r uliii ramc l'> this \iriiiily ahniil iCuSo, 
 fxcfllnl ilii (iilur iiilirs I'l ciuiji^y and |>r()^rcssivc- 
 ncss. I'loiM tinif ti) time llu liiH|iiciis also appcand. 
 'I'liis nation was i:()ni[)oscd originally of tin- Onon- 
 da,i;as, I'ayiivjas, Scii('<as, Oncidas, and Mohawks. 
 In 1714 the I'liscaroras of North Carolina iinili-d 
 with tlicrn, and ihcywcrc aflcrw ird known as tlic 
 Six Nations. They 1 l.iinicd .ill o( Mm lii.;;,in, ;inil 
 between llieni and the .\lv;(in(inins warf.ire w.is 
 frei|iuril. inde((l, the llii(|nois were the enemies of 
 all tin: Indians al or ne.ir |)eir(j|i, ,ind in i64(;tliey 
 dro\f the /\lgon(|nins from this ri'.i;ion. 'I"liey weic 
 iinfiiendly to ihe {''reiK h, and dnrini; the P'reneli 
 and lliij^lisli w.ir did ;;ood s( i\ii c lor the i'.n^lish. 
 'i'hey were the r.iniiih.ils of Amerie.i, and Ireneh 
 residents of Delmii, in 175^, staled thai the Iro- 
 (|uois aetn;illy .ite the llesh of persons slain in liattle. 
 
 It was the settled |)oli( y of liic I'reneh ( (mimaiiil- 
 ants tf) indnee ,is many friendly Indians ;is possible 
 to settle near their forts. \\C Imd ( adillac , in 1705. 
 urj^inj^ the Oll.iwas to move lo I )etroit. Ihe !■ icm h 
 rerord.s of the s.ime year show that several Miamis 
 were already settled there, and that on June 28 
 thirty llnrons ,irri\iil from Mackinaw and I'feeted 
 wij(wams near the fort. 'Ihe I'otowalamies had 
 tlu ir \illa,i(e west of the fori, iu:ar the month of 
 what was .afterwards ( .ilied Kna^^^'s t'reek. 'Ihe 
 Ottawa seiileinent was where Windsor now is, and 
 the I Inrons were i;.itliere(l on the ( .in.ida -.ide, opp' 1- 
 sile the Cass karni. In 1705 .abnut two hundred 
 Indi.ins had been persn.ided by C.idilkie to settle in 
 the \i(inity. In fiirtln i.iiuc of his pl.tns ;i j^reat 
 eoiiiK il of t hiefs was held, eonlinnin;< from Antjiisl 
 (1 to .\ni;nsi 10, 1707. 
 
 The followinv; Ir.insl.iiion from .1 I'reiK h Coloni.il 
 .MemnM', wriiteii ill 1707, ,ind pr( served .it I '.iris, 
 jiives a vi\id pi( tnre of Indi.in life .it this period : 
 
 I 111 vlll.i>;>'iil IJR roll'JW.it.ullii's adji'llr llir Icil ; lliiy IixIki! 
 partly umlrr A|>u(|ti<iis, whi< h iirc iiiailr nf m.it-^;rass I lie 
 uijiiK 11 do all lliis work. TliP iwii Im hm^'in^; tii lliat iialiiin .irc 
 ui'll iliitlicd, liki' our doiiiii iliali'd Indians at Mnnlrral ; tlirir 
 entire o( I iipation i^ Iinntint; .'did dress ; lliey ni;ike nse of a ;;reat 
 deal ol verrnilion, and in winter wear liufl.do rolies rii Idy painted, 
 and ill sniiitnir eillier Ijhie or red tlotli. They play a >;ood ileal 
 al la < ross( ill snniinir, twenty or niori- on eac li side. Tlieir lial 
 is u sort ol liiili: rai kit, an<l tin- hall with wliii li tlu y play is made 
 ol very lieavy wood, soniewliut turxer lliaii tin: halls used al 
 tL'iinis ; wlieii playiiiK liny are I'litirely nuked, cxii'pl a lireei li 
 cloth, unci nioerasins on ilnir (eel. Their l)ody is < mnpletely 
 painted with all sorts of eolors. Soim , with white elay, Inue 
 white hue nil their hodies, as if on all the seams ol a coat, and at 
 II distanee it would lie apt to In laki ii lor silver laie. They play 
 viry ileep (ji'>-.M /I'll) and ofti n. The hets siiiiii times aiiioiiiit to 
 mere than ei/lii hundred livns. They set up two poles and < oni- 
 llieiue the name Ironi i he eeiiler ; oiii party propel-, lln hail (roin 
 one side and the other Irom the opposite, and which ever realties 
 the K"'''i wins. I hi-. IS line lei reatimi ami worth seeinjj. They 
 iifleii play vilLu'e nKainsI village, the I'oiix aK''ii<i><l the Oiil/uiiies 
 or the lliiO'Cis, .mil lay lKa\y slakes. SoineliiiKs IriiKlimen join 
 
 ill I he v:.ime Willi 1 In in. Tin vM>mi n 1 nlii\.ite Indian 1 1. in. In ;iti^, 
 peas, sipi.islu s, and iiii Ion-,, wliii h < nine up very line. Ihe 
 women ami nil Is d. in. i ii ninlit ; adorn themselves rnnsiderahtv, 
 Kiiase their hail, put on a white shill, paint Ihijr ilM.t-,ttitli 
 verinilioM, ami wi.ii wlialever w.impnm they possess, and an 
 iiry tidy in their way. They dame to the soniiil ol the ilnim 
 and sisjipini, whii li is ,i sort of a nonrd rontainiiin some nr.iins o| 
 
 ^Inl. I'oiir or live yniiiin nirls sinn, ami I.e.it lime with tin d 
 
 and sisiipmi, ,'iml tlu women keep time and do not lose a slip ; ii 
 is very inli rtaiiiinn, and l.isls .dmost the entire iiikIiI. 'Ihe old 
 men often dam e the .Medeliiine (Ml dli ille Il.inie); they reselnlili a 
 VI I ol ill nioiis, and all this t.ikes pl.n 1 diiiinn llie nielli. The 
 joniiv; men ofien dam e in a 1 in le (/, i,iii> ) anil strike posis ; ji is 
 linn liny nii.unt llieir nrhievenienls, ;ind dame, at tin s.-mn 
 lime, the war dame (//c.v (/<yy'«7(»7c,v), and ivheiievi r the) ait 
 thus they are highly oriiainenti d. It is altonellier very i.iirioiis. 
 They often perform tliise ihiiiKs for loliatto. When they y,u 
 hiiiiliiiK, whii 11 is every f.ill, they earry tlieir Apiirpn.is with tin m 
 to lint uiiiUr at L.^ht. Iveryliody follows, men, women, and 
 
 I liildnn, and vvinlir in the lonsi ,ind letiirii in the spi iiii;. 
 
 The lliiii.ir, an also mar, perhaps the einlilh of a league fnaii 
 tin lieiiihloit. This is the most iiidiisirious nation that tan he 
 seen. Tlu y siartily ever danee, .iiiil are alw.iys at work; rni.se a 
 very lar^e amoiini of Imliiii mrn, pe.is, lie.ms ; si, me >;riiw wheat. 
 They I nnslriii I their huts i ntin ly ol hark, vi ly stroii).; and solid ; 
 VI ly lolpy .mil veiy lonn, and an hid like arliors. Their fort is 
 siroiinly em in led with pieki t .mil hasiicns, wi II redniihli ij, and 
 has slnmn «ati s. They an the most faithliil ii.itioii lo the 
 Ireneh, and the most evperi hiiniirs ihat we h.ive. Their lahins 
 .ne divided iiilo sleipiiii; 1 ompaiinn nts, vvliii h I ont.iin their niisi- 
 ra>;iii , .Old .ire viiy ile.in. They an llie liiaMsl of all tin 
 nations and possess i onsideiahle talent. They an- well ,i lad ; 
 some of theili wear I tosi- oven oats (jiisfi- mi wr/'s <!( ,,i/>,tt) 
 The men .in- always hmitinn, siimnier and winter, and the woiin 11 
 work. When tliey ^o hunting in the f.ill, a K"oilly niimlii r ol 
 them rem.iiii to ^iiard tlieu lorl. The old women, .mil lInoiikIi- 
 
 oiit the vvinlir those women who niiiain, lolliii vv I in very 
 
 laine ipi.inlily. Tin soil is veryliilile; liuli.in i orii ); lows there 
 lo the heinht of III! Ill ivvi Ive liii. Their III Ills are very 1 lean, 
 .'lint very extensive ; nol iln- smallest wild is i. In- seen in llieni. 
 
 The < )iil.ioui s an on the opposite ol the liver, over anaiiisl the 
 Ininh I'll ; liny, likewise, have a pii ki I Inii Tin ir i ahins 
 
 II si-inble sonuwhal those of the. Unions. Tin y do not make iise 
 of Apai|Uois e.xiepi when out hunting; Iht-ir eabinr. in this fori 
 ille all of li.iik. hut not so I li-.in 11"! -owilt made as those of iln 
 Unions. Tiny are .is well dn ssi d .-mil very hiliorious, lioth in 
 their av;i II iilliiie and hiinliiiK. Tlieir il.imes, jiinnleries, ami 
 names ot ball (la crosse) and u( llie howl, are the same as those ol 
 the I'oux. Tlieir game of the bowl toubisls of eij'Iil small pilihli s 
 ;hi||<i«i), wliii Ii are nil or M.ii k on one side, and yellow oi 
 white oil the 1.1 111 I ; lliese an- lossed lip in a howl, and when in- 
 wlio holds tin- vessel tosses them and liiiils Kiveii of the wholi 
 einhl of the sum- lolor he noius, and i oiitinnes playiiiK as loin; as 
 he ni lives Ihe s.inie lliiii|{. Wlieii Ille result is different, till 
 adverse pniy lake iln lioul .iinl plays next, and they risk heavy 
 slaki s on all these games. They hive likewise the game of the 
 stravvs, and ..II tin- n.ilions namlile in like manner 
 
 In 1736 tliert: were live hundred Indian w.'irriors 
 al IJetroit, two hiimlred e;ieh from tlu; Huron and 
 ( )ttaw, I tribes . and one hundred from llic I'ctow.i- 
 trmiies. I'.oii',.(,iinville, who w.is here in 1757, says: 
 
 'The Initi.uis who iisn.ilty i oiiie to trade at Iiitroil .'in- tie 
 Iluro.s ol llie same tnlie of tliosit of l.orelle, near iJui'Imi:, a pei- 
 hdioiis and deeeitful nation in whom we iniist never put iiinli 
 deiii '. There are also the Ottawas, the Santeiix, and lie 
 I'otowatainii's ; these las* named an- of all the Indians the most 
 failhfnl .ind the most att.ii Inij lo oiir interests. 'They have iievi i 
 iniinli ri il any i'reni hiiien, uiid have olti n warned un uf the plots 
 of oilier tribes. 
 
OkK.INAI. INIIAIillANIS. 
 
 .^2 3 
 
 111.- 
 
 Iciul 
 
 (.'adill.'ic says llial tlic ( )Uawas wort-, as an (Hiia- 
 iiifiit, a lilllt! sl<iM<' siispciidctl fiiiiii tlicir nusc, and 
 ihal "()itawa," lliir iiafiic of ihc iiilic, si^iiiliid 
 " dit: iialiiin wiili a liiilc in lliiir ikisc" Tin: I'niuli 
 ^a\c nil knaincs l<» nmsl uf llic tiilics in tliis rr.v;i()M. 
 rill' WyandiiUs llicy (Icsi.niialcd as lliiinns, because 
 111 dieir Inn e as|)iit, comiiaiiiiv; liieni tu a wild 
 l)i)ar; the Clii|>|iewas, as Sauliiiis, fioin tlieir resi- 
 deliee near the Sailll Si. Marie; ihe MennniineeS 
 were ealliil I'dllis A\iiines, friini"\\ild riee/'niu; 
 uf ilieii |)rini i|ial arlii lis III Innd. i lie name I'niu- 
 wataniie was ahbii'vialed iiili) I'miN. 'I liis iialimi 
 was very mieleaiily. 
 
 /\ll of the tribes kiiiiun to the Anieiitans, iiurlli 
 uf llie ( )liii) and east of the Mississi|)|ii, jiad llieir 
 1 inimil-lire at the \illa.v;e of the W'yandoll^, mar 
 the iiioiith of the heiroil kiver. The Wyaiidiilts 
 aiuiii; had the |)o\\er lo euiivene the tribes, and 
 when a eoMiieii was to In- held, .ipplie.iiion w.is 
 made to them, .iiid il w.is held ;il llieir village. 
 This f.iel ^ave tfie loeality a peeuliar iniporl.inee and 
 made il familiar t<> .ill the Indians. 
 
 At various times nearly all the ni)li:d Indi.in 
 li'aders visit 1 this post. I'onti.u , Teeuiiiseh, and 
 his brother The I'rnpliet, were fre(|iii 111 \isilors. 
 Jiilin I,oji;an, the t'ayu,v;a chief, whose speech to 
 Lord Dunmore, ( loMinor of \ir).;inia, is f.imiliai'to 
 every ■ Imolboy, was here in 1774, and after the 
 tr •■ ■ f (hillieollie, he resided for many y<;irs in 
 1...S lie !)ec,iine a drunk.ird, .uid was 
 
 kille;. lelwei n Detroit .iiid Miami, by ;in Indian. 
 
 'Ihe I'leneh iriisted the Indians almost wilhonl 
 fe.ir. No seals or locks were placed u\\ ihc slorc- 
 liouses, .111(1 the Indi.ms came and weni .is they 
 lile.ised. Under I'jinlish and Amerii;.in rule the 
 Indians \wie wtlcoini-d inside the stockade diirinvj 
 'he day. but at nii^lit all were turned niil except 
 lliuse who were i:nlerlained l)y private persons. 
 Ihe Indians were always persistent bejfj^ars, and no 
 ;\ial) of the pieseiil day dcuuiiids baeksliocsh morcr 
 1 l.imoroiisiy tiiaii did tlie red ini'ii of their i'reneli 
 .111(1 I'jij^lish " brotlii 1 s." Their reijiiesls were .gen- 
 erally aeecded U), and tile presents j^iveii tliein in 
 some me.'isiire made up for the exorbil.ant prices 
 I h.uv;ed them for arlicles offered in exch.iiine hir 
 (iirs. Their likes and dislikes turned, like a pair of 
 Males, aci ordin;.; as they li.id free r.in.nc or wire 
 nstrieled in their visitations to the iioii.ses. ( )n 
 September iX, 1770, Captain Stephenson, of tlie 
 l.ij^hteeiilh !<e,;;imeiit. then in eomm.md, wrote to 
 ^lir William Johnson : 
 
 My iliiUlri'ii licrc urv. (|iiii^t at prcHcnt. 'I'liiy have all liccii I" 
 
 1 ly inr a visit and suck my tiri'asl, to wliii li tliiy maili- so tlnsi' 
 
 11 applii aliiiii that I tulil thiiii I svasiiliaiil lliiy tviinUI lliiiiw lilt: 
 
 i I It >:i>iisiini|iti(iii. 'I'hi^y iin' very hap|>y at haviiiK f":'" ai icss tu 
 
 1 y hiiiisi', whicli my prcch-icssiir's drlliai y wimld not admit. 
 
 V.vcn .after this rejfion w.is surrendered, the l''.ng 
 
 lish ( 'loveriiinenl souvjlit the f.ivor of the Indi.tns 
 by .annual ^ifls; .and year by year up to 1.S56 
 thous.mds from \.irioiis tribes n.iihercd .it Deimit, 
 S.andwicli.or M.ilden to re(ci\c the presents of their 
 drcil I'ather, the Kini;. The Americin ( iovern- 
 incnt W.IS compelled to fullow this picci dent. (Jn 
 No\(iiiber 24, 1807, (liiMiiior Mull wrote lo the 
 Secret.iiy of War lli.il within llie two or three d.tys 
 pre\ioiis seven or eivjlit liundicil Indi.iiis had c.illed 
 .it hclioil, on llie w.iy lo ihcir vill.iv;es, .and lli.il he 
 had been loiiipcllcd lo liid ilicm. In the .autumn 
 of iSi.;, while ihc lily w,is in possession of the 
 Ki'il isli, I lie liiili.iiis ciiinniillcd ni.iU)' oulr.i,i.;('S. A 
 p.arl)' of them went in ,1 body to rob ('(iluiiel I.aiu- 
 bert r.caiibicn's orcli.ird, bill the t oloiiel att.acked 
 tlieiii with his lists, .tnd in.idc so cour.ii^eoiis .adefeiisc 
 lh.it he drove them from his premises. After the 
 city .a^.iin p.issed under American control, Colonel 
 I '.ass w.is oblii;ed to feed i^ical numbers of the In- 
 dians. In one ( oininniiii.ilion to the W.ar Depart- 
 ment he st.ilcs tli.ii for se\cral years he fed .an 
 .a\cr;i]i;e of four liiindrcil Indians per d.iy. riilween 
 iSi4.ind 1M17, he disbursed $Ji-'<j,ixj<-) for the bendit 
 of llie Indi.ans. 'I'o di\ide .and distribute .anions 
 tin III the v;(io(ls ,ind bounty of the < io\crnnienl w.is 
 .1 l.ask v; x.alious in the extreme, .uid .ilmist uiibear- 
 .tble, for il W.IS impossible to s.itisfy the stupid .and 
 stolid s.iv.i.ncs. All the yc.ir round they c.ime .and 
 went, .iiid the .ii;ciit's f.imily W.is "driven from one 
 exlremity of the house to the other by them." In 
 addition to the .annuities the " novcinmenl bl.u k- 
 smitli " rc|).aired, frei; of ch.ari^c, their y^iins and 
 tr.ips. There w.is .alw.ays some excuse for tlieir 
 ( ominj;, .and citi/ens were not siirj riscd .it .any time 
 to see .1 sw.arthy f.ice ;il the window-pane; often- 
 times the click of the l.atcii w.is tlie only w.arniii.;; of 
 the eiitr.ince of one of the nation's w.irds. .Some of 
 them were .K.iyiy dressed with bl.inkets of scarlet 
 bro.adcloth, .and strings of siKer h.ilf-moons ^rad- 
 ii.ited in si/e from one to sevcr.il inches in len,v;th, 
 huni( from neck to .ankles, both in front and down 
 the l).ack. Their moc( .isins ,uul kxj^ins were ^.ly 
 with beads .111(1 the st.iined (juills of the porcupine. 
 The heads of the w.ar chiefs were fre()uently j^.iyer 
 still with tlu; vermilion .and bear's ).jrtase which h.id 
 been rubbed thereon. Tlu: sqti.aws were not left 
 behind. There was alw.ays some burden for them 
 to ( .irry, and the procession ceased on one day only 
 to bci^in the next. Indi.ans .and more Indians, and 
 still they came! Indi.ans lazy .and Indians drunk, 
 Indians sick and Indians hiinj^ry, all eryinn "(iive! 
 jrjve!" After rweivin^; their payments, liundrwls 
 of them would lie about the city .stupidly driink ; in 
 Aiij,;nst, 1825, they so disturbed the peace of the 
 city, that the t'oimcil, throu,k(h the m.iyor, sought 
 aid from the governor to quiet and eontrol tluMH. 
 A few of these Indians came to biy^ooils, and 
 
324 
 
 INDIAN AGENTS.— EARLY VISITORS. 
 
 were really triisluorlliy. An ulil account book of 
 that pcrioil contains cliarijcs made a^jainst Indians 
 called ••SawCiixisc's Wife," " Big Wiixl's l)auiL;liter," 
 "The Kal." "The While Devil," " riie ( )kl Cow," 
 " riie Cow's Sister," " The Old Lagle and Sun," 
 "The Red Bird." and "The Turtle." 
 
 INDIAN y\Oi;NTS. 
 
 The disbursinij of Indian ;iniuiities under British 
 rule was intrusted to an ol'licer styled an Indian 
 .iijjeMt, and an account book of the M.iconibs shows 
 that Duperon Baby was i)aid ten shillini^s sterlini; 
 per day, for services as Indian ajjent, from October 
 lo, 1778, to December 24, 1780. 
 
 I'nder' an Act of X'ir.ninia, on Aui^ust i, 1780, 
 John Dodije was aj^pointcd Indian avjeiit for this 
 reijion. By Act of Contjress April 18, 1796, Indian 
 atj^ents were provided for. ■. .lini; houses est.'ib- 
 lished, and §' jo.i^tx) w.'s invested by the rnitcd 
 States to carry tlum or.. They were abolished May 
 6, 1822. I'nder the .Act of 1805, which orijani/.cd 
 the Territory of Michi.n.m, the ^ijovernor was consti- 
 tuted the Superintendent of Imhan Affairs, and 
 continued to ;ict in th.it capacity until Act of June 
 JO, 1834, which i)n)\idc(l that .after the Territt)ry nl 
 Wistonsin w.is organized, the jfovenior should cease 
 to .act ;is Indian .i.^fcnt. 
 
 Since 1836, persons have been appointed to act 
 .solely as Indian ;i,v;enls. 
 
 The Indian title to l.ind in this region w.'is jrr.-Jihi- 
 ally e.xtinyjuislud ; the I ro<iuois conveyed their title 
 in 1784, :md the Wyandotts, Chippewas, Ottawas, 
 and other tribes, by treaties dated January i, 1785, 
 Au)4U.st 3, 1795, .111(1 November 17, 1807. In 1815 
 the whole number of Indians in Michigan w.as .about 
 40,000; in 1825 there were nearly 30,000 ; in 1880 
 there were 10,141, ;md 66,632 acres of land were 
 reserved for their use. The following persons h.ave 
 served ;is Indian .i^ents, the office beiny located in 
 Detroit up to 1871 : 
 
 1836-1843, 11. R. Schoolcraft; 1843-1845, Rob- 
 ert Stuart; 1843-1851, W. A. Richmond ; 1851, C. 
 1'. Babcock ; 1852 and 1853, William Spra),Hie ; 
 1853 1858, H. C. C.ilbert; 1858-1862, A. M, Fitch; 
 1862-1865, D. C. Leach; 1865-1869, R. M. Smith; 
 1869-1871, James W. Lon}i[; 1871, R. M. Smith; 
 1871-1876, Cieorge 1. i5elts ; 1876-1881, G. W. Lee; 
 1881- , K. V. Allen. 
 
 K.VKI.V Vl.SITORS. 
 
 It is almost litendly true th.at wherever a stream 
 of water Howed the Jesuits and French comm.and- 
 ants followed its course. From the Lakes to New 
 Orleans and eastward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 tr.ivelers, sinsjle and in groups, and eventually 
 troops of soldiers, went, apparently with as little 
 
 care as one now has in the journey of ,1 hutuhcd 
 miles in .1 palace coach, through a si'tlk'd ( ountry. 
 It is impossible for us to realize ihc thiring and 
 bravery exhibited in those long and tedious trips. 
 
 Chami)lain is said to h.ave visited this loc ality as 
 e.arly as 1610; th.it he i;une here in 161 1 or 1612 is 
 positively a.sserteil in French colonial records. 
 Two of the most important references to this sub- 
 ject .'ire to be found in tlu' ninth volume of the New 
 York Colonial Docununts. .\ ir.inslation from a 
 French .Memoir, given on p.age 303, says: "That 
 from 1604 to 1620 he (Champlain) has been more 
 tli.in live hundred leagues into the interior of New 
 I'V.inee ; that he defeated the lro(|iiois and look 
 possession of their river, .md ascended th.'it of Sa- 
 gucn,i towards the iioilh. The relation of Sieiir L. 
 Fscorbot, printed in 1612, confirms the s.inie thing. 
 At p.'ige 450 he s.ays th.at they h.id recei\ii.l intel- 
 ligence from upwards of live huiulred kaguis be- 
 yond the first S.ault of the rive^ St. L.iwrence, 
 including the gre.it Like it Hows from; ;iiul th.ii 
 they, likewise, h,id knowledge of the .S.aguen.i 
 counlry tow.inls the northwest, ;ind of the Inxiuois 
 country to the southwest." In the same volume, on 
 page 37S, M. de Denonville, Governor of New 
 Fr.mee, in .1 memoir on the French possessions in 
 America, says of Ch,imi)l.iin : "In the years 1611 
 and 1612 he .iscciukd the Gr.ind river as f.ar as 
 Lake Huron, called the fresh sea. * * * He 
 passed by pla<-es he h.is himself described in his 
 I)ook, which are no other th.in Detroit and Lake 
 I'-.rie." 
 
 Notwithstanding thi-se positive assertions, there 
 seems to be no definite evidence that Chami)lain 
 visiteii llu' Detroit, in the very complete transl.i- 
 tiou of his works by the I'rince Society, is the 
 assertion lli;it the location > f die stniit w.as des- 
 cribed to him by tlu' Indians ;is early .'is 1603; but 
 there is nothing in his works so f.ir as published, to 
 verifv the statements made in the New NOrk Docu- 
 ments; ;uul although we do it with great reluctance, 
 we must, ,it least for the present, concede that there 
 is no s.itisfactory proof that Detroit w.as honored by 
 a visit from the great French navigator. Although 
 he may not have visited the site of Detroit, there 
 can be i)ut little doubt that some of the iOtirciirs de 
 /lo/s reached here m.iiiy years before there is any 
 mention of the names of visitors. Tliese .adventur- 
 ous tr.iders and woodsmen went in every direction in 
 their endeavors to procure furs, ami they undoubtedly 
 came to the site of Detroit. 
 
 One of the earliest Jesuit visitors to the 
 region of the Lakes was Father Maniuette. 
 He traversed the Upper I'eninsula of Michigan, 
 in 1668, but there is no evidence that he w.as 
 ever at Detroit. He ilied at wh.at is now known 
 as Ludingtmi, on Lake Michigan, May 19, 1675. 
 
EARLY VISITORS. 
 
 325 
 
 (■(', 
 ;!■!-■ 
 
 1)V 
 
 dc 
 
 my 
 
 ur- 
 
 i:i 
 
 dlv 
 
 and in tiic winur of iC)7C> liis R'luains were 
 taken to Point St. Ij^nacc, mar Mackinaw, 
 liif fmst white traveler tliruii,i;li the Detroit was 
 possibly tile Sieiir Joliet ; he is beheved to have 
 p.issed lien; in Uqo. \\\ this s.inu' year tlic 
 .Siil|)itian priests (iaiinee and Doliier, with tliree 
 cmoes and seven men, p.is.sed throii^ii tiie Detroit 
 ,ind Lake St. Clair. They left I,a Chine Jidy 6, 
 i66(^, and arrived at Detroit in the sprinif of 1670. 
 In his journal Cialinee says liiat six kai^nes from 
 Lake l-'.rie, or not far from the site of Detroit, lie 
 foitiid a stone idol, whirii the Indi.ms re.ijarded ;is 
 inlliieneinj^ tiie n.ivi.i^ation of L.ike Lrie, and to 
 whieh they maile sacrilices of skins and food, wiun- 
 ever tlu'v wtTc about to embark on the lake, lie 
 says, " They broke one of their hatchets in breakinvj 
 I lie idol in pieces, and then threw it into the river," 
 .uidini;, "Ciod rewarded lis for the pious deed, for 
 ue killed, durii\i; the .same day, a deer and a 
 bear." 
 
 The next visitor, so far as known, was Joliet. In 
 a letter dated Novemi)er 14, 1674. I'Vontenac says 
 that Sieiir Joliet returned to Ouebec three montli.s 
 previous, and that "a person can ^a) from Lake 
 Ontario and I'ort l'"rontenac in a bark to the (lulf 
 of Me.xico, there beinu; only one carrying place half 
 a league where Lake Ontario commmiicati's with 
 Lake Lrie. * * * He has been within ten days 
 journey of the Ciulf of Mexico, and he left copies of 
 his journals with the Fathers at Sault St. Marie." 
 These statements make it evitlent that Jolii't passed 
 through the Detroit. Unfortunately, on his return 
 trip, near Montreal, his journals were lost. 
 
 In the fall of 167.S, the Chevalier de la Salle sent 
 fifteen men up the lakes to tr.'ide with the Indians; 
 and on July 23, ifJ79, M. Tonty with tlve nu'n wi'nt 
 from Niagara to join them. La Salle, with Fzither 
 Louis Hennepin, one other Franciscan monk, and 
 thirty artisans, in Le (".riffon, overtook those who 
 had gone before, at or near the site of Detroit, on 
 August 10, 1679. Taking the others on board, Le 
 ( Iriffon proceeded on her way. reached Washington 
 Island safely, and on September 18 started for Nia- 
 gara, but was lost in the northern part of Lake 
 Michigan. After it became evident that Le Ciriffon 
 was l(jst. La Salle, with others of the |)arty, crossed 
 from St. Jo.seph to Detroit by land, arriving about 
 the middle of April, i68o. They then crossed the 
 
 Detroit River, on a raft and proceeded to Nia- 
 gara. 
 
 In the spring of 1687 the .\Iar(|iiis de Denonville. 
 (lovernor of Canada, determined on an expedition 
 against the Seneca Indians of New \'ork, who were 
 enemies of the Canadian colonies. In preparing for 
 the expedition, M. de Tonty, who commanded I'ort 
 St. Louis in the Illinois country, was ordered 
 to go to Niagara by way of Lake Huron .and 
 lake Erie, and to unite with the force of Du- 
 luth ;it the Detroit. Tonty sent his subordinate, 
 De la Forest, with thirty men, by way of the 
 lakes, while he came over lanti direct to Detroit. 
 His memoir, as given in the first volume of Louisi- 
 ana Collections, page 69, thus narrates the occur- 
 rence: "After two hundred leagues of journey 
 by land we came, on the 19th of May, to I'ort De- 
 troit. We made some canoes of elm. and I sent 
 one of them to Fort St. Josiph (near what is now 
 I'ort Huron), on the high ground above Detroit, 
 thirty leagues from where we were to givi; the 
 .Sieiir (Circysi'lou) Dulud ( Dii Luth), the commander 
 of this fort, information (jf oui arrival." They took 
 formal jiosstssion of the strait as f.ir down as the 
 river St. Denis, this last stream being pvob.ibly the 
 one now known as the Rouge. Soon after, on June 
 7, the Sii'urs La Forest, Diirantaye, and Du Luth 
 joined him at Detroit. The Sieur de la Durantaye 
 hail with him thirty Englishmen, whom he had 
 captured on Lake Huron while on his way down 
 from Mackinaw. They had been sent by Colonel 
 Dongan, (lovernor of New N'ork, to take possession 
 of NLackinaw and the adjoining region, and to open 
 up trade with the Indians. The entire party, con- 
 sisting of one hundred and fifty I'Veiichmen, four 
 hundred Indians, and the thirty Fnglishmen. soon 
 left Detroit and proceeded to Niagara, where they 
 arrived June 27, 1687, having captured, on Lake 
 Erie, a second party, consisting of Major McC.regor, 
 sixteen white men and thirteen allied Indians, who 
 were al.so on their way to Mackinaw. 
 
 La Hontan. in his travels, makes no mention of a 
 village or post at this place, but r.ays that on Sep- 
 tember 6. 1 687, he passed through the river. 
 
 The arrival of Cadillac is elsewhere described; 
 after him the first visitor of note was Father Peter 
 Francis .Xavier Charlevoix, who arrived June 6, 
 1 72 1, and remained twelve days. 
 
 the 
 
ciiai'TI':r xj.vii 
 
 IU()(;KAI'I!V ok tiADIl.l.Ai:. I'lll'. lOlNDINC. AND (iUOWIII OF DKTKOir.— 
 MANMIKS AM) CTSIOMS. .MANKIA(.I. LAWS. MA.S(JNIC AM) 
 
 ODD li:i.l,o\V SOCIKTIKS. 
 
 Amdint. Laimi.i' di: i.a Moiiii-, Cadii.i, ac, 
 llic foimdir of Dilmit, was Ixiin Man li 5. iCic,^, at 
 St, Niciilas (li; la (iravc, in llic I Jcpailimnt of 'I arn 
 and ( iaroiuH', I'raiui'. Tin: ol<l parish nconls show 
 that \h) was bapti/cd when live days old i)y Rc\'. 
 Katlur J<ihn liosciis, under the name of Anioinc 
 Laiiinct, and that lie was the son of "Jean l.anniei, 
 Advocate in the Court, and of Jian I'ldiav^ut, niai- 
 ried." 
 
 Previous to the hirth of Cadillac, his father lived 
 at Caunioni, J^oini^ froui tlunci' to Si. Nicolas to 
 serve in the capa( ily of advocate and jud.i^^e. That 
 he was a man of wealth is esident from \arious 
 records of transfers of lands, holh at Caumont and 
 St. Nicolas. Some of the lan<ls which I'adillac 
 inherited from hi.s father were known by the name 
 of Laumct, and were in possession of his de.sccnd- 
 ants as late as 1748. The name I.aumet is still 
 attached to a portion of the lands, .and they are so 
 desijfnatcd on detailed m.aps of the province. The 
 house belonijinii to the manor is one of the most 
 comfortable dwellin,t;s in the vicinity, Inil unfortu- 
 nately for historic purposes, it has been so thoroui,dily 
 reconstructed th.it notr.ace rem.iins of its appearanc<' 
 at the time our hero was born. 
 
 The father and the relatives of Cadillac t'ij.(ure 
 Larijely in the records of tlu' commuii.al deliberations 
 of C.iumont; they were evidently persons of j^ood 
 standinii;. not members of the nobility, but belon,i,dn,i( 
 to the hii^her cl.ass of citi/i'us, who, ;it ih.at time, found 
 easy ac<'ess to judici.'il .and milit.ary em|)loyments. 
 
 With rei;ard to the vari(jus n.ames assimicd by 
 Cadill.ic .and .applied to him by oth- 
 ers, tlioin,di there .are some thinjijs as 
 yet uiiexpl.iined, there can be no 
 doubt ,is to th(- identity of tlie person 
 to whom they .are .applied. 
 
 His siijnature, made at Castelsar- 
 rasin in 1729, at the tinu' of the mar- 
 riai;;!^ of his d.au,v;ht(r, h.irmoni/es 
 closely with his sii;n.iture. wriltc'i a quarter of ,1 
 century before, in the records of St. Anne's Church 
 in Detroit. 'I'he n.ime L.imothe, ;ii)pen(lcd to the 
 istrv of marri;tij:e .at (.)uebee in 1687, is unlike his 
 
 l.atiT sivjnatures, but ch.in.i;es in form of letters .are 
 not .at .all unusu.il. The chief trouble with the 
 n-cord of < Miibec is that the sl.itement it cont.iins in 
 ret;;ir(l to his father .and mother docs not h.irmoni/e 
 with the fa( ts obt.iincd from I' raiice. This, how- 
 ever, m.ay be .accounted for by the prob.ahility that 
 the record w.is carelessly t.iken down, or hurriedly 
 written. 
 
 I'ossibly the intim.ation which we tind in one old 
 m.anuscript, th.al C.idill.ic left I'r.mce on .account of 
 person.al diDii ulties, is true, .and if so, this ni.ay have 
 been tlii' reason for his ( han.v;c of n.ame. The body 
 of the marri.iiL-e record )Lri\esthe n.ame of C.iilillac as 
 " Antoine de la Mothe." The name lie .sij^rnod was 
 I..imothe L.iun.iy. The record, however, states that 
 he married .M.irie 'I'herese duyon, and this name 
 accords with ,ill the information obtained el.sewhere 
 concirninn the n.ame of his wife. 
 
 It w.as not at .all imcommon, at th.al d.iy, or even 
 in later times, for the same person to be desij^nated 
 by two or more n.ames, entirely different from each 
 other. I..uimet was untloubtedly his family n.ame ; 
 it was used both by him and his wife, as was alsfj 
 the name i..i Mothe; and sometimes both names 
 were used in the same document. 
 
 When Cadill.ic 's i^rrjindd.aunhter was married to 
 li.irtholomew dnyoire, at Castelsarra.sin, she was 
 styled Marie Tlit'rese de Laumet di' Cadillac. In 
 1741 .and 1742 the French records of transfers of 
 land titles jjjive the n.ame of Cadill.aii's wife as 
 M.idame Therese de (luyon, wife of Antoine Lau- 
 rnel de la Mothe Cadillac. 
 
 registry of marri.aj^e .at (.]ia 
 
 [3=';i 
 
 Sl(iNATlM!l'. OK I.AMOTIIE CaIMT.I.AC. 
 
 The forcpoinjj evidences of identity arc conclusive, 
 but if it weic desir.ible, simil.ar proofs could be 
 almost indefinitely multiplied. 
 
lUOtiRAl'IIV Ol CADILLAC. 
 
 Z^l 
 
 of till' early life of C.iilillac uc have no direct 
 iiiforination. I'liai he rtitivtd a more llian ordi- 
 lary cducatioii, (or lliat pLriod, is alniiidantly tvi- 
 .liiiicd l)y llic style of liis luinieroiis Utters and 
 memoirs, by tlie dillK ult feats of navij^alioii thai lie 
 |performed, and by the various positions of ri'sponsi- 
 liilily wiiieh lie was called lo occupy. 
 
 lie had evidently received a reli.i.',ioiis traininvj, 
 was in synii)athy with the l''r."ncisi an order, and 
 his wrilini^fs tet'ni with illiistr.itions from and allu- 
 sions to Itibli' n.irratives. lie was .1 < lose observer, 
 and his papers ,;;ive evidence of exact knowied^a'. 
 Almost without exception, his pl.ans, as detailed in 
 his letters, evince a statesmanship born of l(»ve for 
 !■ ranee and loyalty to the kini;. ili' thonnht out 
 his wfirk, and planned like a nenenil. lie ;iimed lo 
 |iro\idi' for all continj^cncies, .ind in their l)iisiness 
 details, many of his letters exhibit r.ire commerci.i! 
 foresight. Those who critici/.ed his actions found 
 him keen ,'ind cintioiis in his retorts and resolute in 
 inaintainin;;- his uround. lie would neitluT yield 
 his rii,;lil of judi;inent nor his prerogatives as eom- 
 iiiand.int, To (|iiote his own won.s, he was "like a 
 ir.iveler, and did not jjroposc' to stop because all the 
 curs b.'irked ;it him." 
 
 \\'liere\er he was stationed, he studied the jiLice 
 ,ind till' people, ;ind in every case m;ide detailed 
 reports (oneernin.ii; both, .maly/ini,; the character 
 .ind needs of e.ich ,ind sutji^estini^ pl.ins for the 
 fiitiu'e. Some of his ilestri|)tiuns of .scenery are full 
 of |)oelic feeling. 
 
 I If w.is opposid in many of his plans, not only by 
 ihe tr;idinj; c<imp;mies, but by the Jesuits ;is well. 
 'The Latter oi'der, for many years, was the dominant 
 political force in the Nt'w World, .as \w\\ as the 
 sirontjist relij;ioiis power. Tli.it the ordi'r hindered 
 Cadillac's project is cle.irly shown in the i orresijon- 
 (lenci- of the period, which is still preserved in 
 I'r.ince .and C";m.ida. While yitldinj,^ tin- Jesuit 
 lathers .ill (Uference in reli,i;ious matters, t'adill.ic 
 would not yield lo their dici.nion in m.atlers |)er- 
 
 i.iii ' to the civil st.ile. He not only knew his 
 
 I It w.is .able to maintain them, even a.n.iinst 
 
 l;irn;e odds, and ilid so with spirit .and delcrmin.i- 
 lion. He hatl rare penetration, could discern 
 motives and plans, .and as nothinj^ escapid his 
 observation, the members of that order foimd "a 
 fiieman worthy of their steel." As a schol.ar, C.a- 
 ilill.HC was nearly e(|iial to tlie be.st of them ; ;uk1 
 whether wioldini: pen or sword, he .i^rasjK-d it w ith 
 no uncertain h.tnd. His history is certainly .a 
 remarkable one. Duriny twenty years or more, he 
 w;is a prominent llgiire in many sections of the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 In jrathering material for his history, I h.ave been 
 literally comi)elled to trace his footsteps in France 
 .ind then in Canada. He was at Nova Scotia, on the 
 
 coast of M.iinc, ,ii M.n kin.iw, ,al Detroit, at Mobile, 
 .and 01 the lllniois, .uid then the Old World claimed 
 his ih<iui^d)t ;md time, and near the place of his 
 birth his v;r;t\e w;is m.ule. 
 
 i he most dillij^'cnt se.iri h in I'r.aiu e, Canad.i, .and 
 the IJnitetl States has failed to discover any portrait 
 of C'.irlill.ie. riiere is in t'xistetii'c but one <les( ription 
 of his personal appeanince, .and that is entirely lic- 
 titioiis, and without historic fotmd.uion for a sinj,jle 
 feature. Indeed, tlu' .author of it s.avs, "I n<ver 
 intended it should be received as resting; on any 
 other fotnid.ation " th.'ui that of .m.-iviination. Any 
 represcnt.iiion, therefore, of the foiuider of our city 
 is only of v.ilue .as it helps to honor the name of 
 Culillac. A |)iclure of the old clun'ch where his 
 bones repose has been obtained, ,and is deemed an 
 appropri.ite frontispiece for the history of the 1 ity 
 whi( h he foimded. 
 
 The date of his arrival in the New World is 
 unknown. It is .sai<l that he h.id previously served 
 in the ,irmy, and he seems to h.ive held the r.mk of 
 lieutenant when he came. In 1688 he was styled, 
 in oriici.il docitments, ;i Knight of the Koy.al and 
 Military ( )rd<r of Si. Louis. Our history of him in 
 America bcijins with his m.arri.'i^je at Ouebee, f)n 
 June 25, 1^187, to M.irie Tht'rese (itiyon, a nalivi' of 
 that city, d.au.nhter of Denis (iuyon .md I^li/.ibeth 
 lioitcher. In 1689 (iovernor .Mennevillc desij4iiale(l 
 him ;is a resident of Acidi.a, .and s.aid he h.ad ;i 
 h.abil.iiion then-; Ouebee ,al ih.il time w.is within 
 the limits of wli.it w.is styletl Ai.idi.i. That his 
 m.irri.ij^fe w.is ,1 li.ippy one is evidint. In Septem- 
 lier. 1701. when M.id.ime ( ;i(lill.i( w.is .about selling 
 out from Ouebee to join her husband .it Detroit, 
 several l.idies s.aid lo her, " It nii).;ht do if you were 
 j,foin,v; to ;i jilcisiinl country where you could lia\c 
 ,Hi)od comp.any, bul it is impossible to conceive how 
 you cm be willinvj to go to ;i desert country when 
 there is nothing lo do but to die of ennui." She 
 replied. ".A woiii.m who loves her husb.ind .as she 
 should li.is no stron).jer .iltr.ictioii th.in his comp.'iny. 
 wherever it ni.iy be; everylliin,i4 else should be 
 indilfereiit to her." 
 
 M.id.ime t'.idill.ic was accompanied on the trip 
 by the wife of l.icuten.inl Tonty. They came by 
 w.ay of Ni.av^vini. So toilsome w.as the journe} that 
 it is no wonder tli.it l'"atlK'r (iermain, on Au.i^ust 25, 
 1701, wrote to Cadill.ic, " [everybody here admires 
 the nobleness of the two ladies, who have had the 
 cour.aije lo undertake such a painful voyage to join 
 their husbands." 
 
 Ladies of the present day, imagine it if you can, — 
 a journey of one thousand miles in ;in open canoe, 
 with Indi.ins ;md rough canoe-men. in many resjiects 
 worse ihan Indians, as companions. It was at a 
 time, too, when winds and rains might be looked for, 
 and we may be sure that their resting places en 
 
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;28 
 
 BIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC. 
 
 routf were far from being equal to the poorest 
 hotels of to-day. 
 
 Surely there was oecasion to admire their courage, 
 endurance, and devotion. Cadillac's wife left their 
 two daughters with the Ursulines to be educated. 
 Her little boy, Jacques, born March i6, 1695, came 
 with her. Their oldest son, Antoine de la Mothe 
 Cadillac, tils, born April 26, 1692, an ensign in 1707, 
 was already here. He came with his father. A 
 son named Pierre Denis was born June 13, 1699, 
 and died July 4, 1700, A daughter, Marie Anne, 
 born June 7, died on June 9, 1701. The records of 
 St. Anne's Church show that in 1706 there was a 
 daughter here named Magdaline, old enough to act 
 as godmother. The same records also show the 
 names of five other children, as follows : Marie 
 Therese, baptized February 2, 1704; Jean Antoine, 
 baptized January 19, 1707; he died Ajiril 9, 1709; 
 Marie Agathe, baptized on December 29, 1707 ; 
 Fran9ois, baptized on March 28, 1709; .and Rene 
 Louis, baptized on March 18, 17 10, he died October 
 7, 1714. The names of two sons, Joseph and Fran- 
 9ois, are contained in the records of Castelsarrasin, 
 and an old deed, elsewhere referred to, shows that 
 they were both living in 1738. We have therefore 
 the names of eleven children ; adding the two 
 daughters left with the Ursulines, we find that Ca- 
 dillac had at least thirteen children. 
 
 The oldest son was alive in 1730, but died before 
 his father's property was divided in 1731. The 
 daughter, ^L'lrie Therese, was married at Castel- 
 sarrasin, February 16, 1729, to Noble Frc^icis dc 
 Pouzargues. She died on February i, 1753, and 
 was buried the next day in the same church where 
 her fath(;r had been laid. She left two sons; one, 
 named Joseiih, was born October 14, 1730; the 
 name ;uk1 date (jf birth of the other have not been 
 found. Jose])h Lamothe Cadillac, who afterwards 
 became an advocate in Parli.ament, was married on 
 June 5, 1732, to Mademoiselle Marguerite de Ore- 
 goire, and had two children, Marie Therese, born 
 April 29, 1733, and Marguerite Anne, born July 19, 
 1735. Francois, the last named of the sons of Ca- 
 dillac, was married on September 10, 1744, at Castel- 
 sarrasin to Demoiselle Angelicjue l'"urgole, widow 
 of I'ierre Salvignac. They had no children. 
 
 All of Cadillac's children, except Marie Therese, 
 Josejih, and Francois, were dead in 1731, when his 
 estate was divided. 
 
 His wife, after his death, continued to live at 
 Castelsarrasin, and died in the parish of St. Sauveur, 
 in Castelsarrasin, in 1746. 
 
 Joseph Lamothe Cadillac was living as late as 
 1748, and Francois in 1741, but both were dead in 
 1798. Marie Therese, daughter of Joseph and 
 granddaughter of Antoine dc la Mothe C.-idillac, 
 married her cousin, Bartholomey de Gregoire, son 
 
 of Noble r.artholomey de Gregoire, in May, 1761, 
 at Castelsarrasin. They lived there until they came 
 to America, to prosecute, in person, their claims to 
 the lands granted to Cadillac on the coast of Maine. 
 The history of this grant is as fr)llows : In 1688, 
 Cadillac petitioned the Marcjuis de Denonville, Gov- 
 ernor of Canada and Acadia, for the grant (;f a 
 " place called Douaquec, near Mageis " (Machias), 
 to consist of " two leagues on the sea shore, with 
 two leagues in depth, within the land, the D()ua(]uec 
 River to divide the said two leagues in depth, one 
 league to be taken on the west side and one league 
 on the other side of said river," with the island of 
 Mount Desert and other islands, which are on the fore 
 part of the said two front leagues, " to hold in fief 
 and lordship with high mean and low jurisdiction, he 
 being desirous to promote an establishment there." 
 The petition, and a concession made by the governor 
 on July 23, 1688, were presented to Louis XIV. at 
 X'ersailles for confirmation, and on May 24, 1689, 
 he confirmed the grant of the lands to Cadillac. 
 The grant was recorded at Quebec on April 20. 
 1 69 1. The lands lay in what was then Acadia, ;ill 
 that part of Maine east of the Penobscot River 
 being then includeil in the territory made famous 
 by the story of Evangeline. They afterwards 
 formed part of the Territory of Penobscot, or Dis- 
 trict of ?.laine, in the Commonwealth of Massachu- 
 setts, the State of Maine not having been created 
 until 1820. 
 
 At the time the Gregoircs made their ciann, the 
 lands were in the County of Lincoln, and the River 
 Douaquec was then called Taunton. The Gre- 
 goircs claimed two leagues on the sea shore with 
 two leagues in depth, one league in depth to be fin 
 the main land, .and the other league to include 
 Mount Desert and the neighlxiring islands, named 
 A, Leans, Prebbles, Hragdons, Hurnt, and lUack, 
 the six small islands known as the Porcupines, to- 
 gether with Islaiul 15, and the islands known as 
 Jordens, Red, Slave or Stave, Nicholas or Iron 
 Pound, Tintle, and I leron or Scamwells islands. 
 The entire grant includetl 184,272 acres. While 
 the Gregoires were still in France, on June 15, 1785, 
 the I'>ench consul made an api^lication to Massa- 
 chusetts on their behalf. His communication was 
 referred to the Committee on L'nappro|-)riated 
 Lands, and their report was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on Sale of Eastern Lands. They, however, 
 made no report until the matter was again brought 
 to their attention after the arrival in Boston of 
 Monsieur and Madame Gregoire. In anticipation 
 of going to America to prosecute this claim, Ma- 
 dame Gregoire made her will at Castelsarrasin on 
 February 13, 1784, and .she and her husband, on 
 their way to America, were in Paris on August 
 26, 1786. They arrived in Boston a few days prior 
 
BIOGRAPHY OF CADILLAC. 
 
 329 
 
 i 
 
 to November 6, 1786, comintr from France t'/Vj New 
 York. On tlie date last named tlieir second petition 
 was presented. It set fortli tlie facts above named, 
 and also stated tliat, from tlie date of the grant, De 
 la Mothe Cadillac was styled " Lord of Douaquec ' 
 and Mount Desert." 
 
 The records of St. Anne's Church, in Detroit, 
 abundantly bear out tiieir assertion. He so styles 
 himself in many places in those old records. The 
 petition .set forth that Cadillac granted leases to 
 lands on Mount Desert, the originals of which were 
 in their possession, and also that he took possci'sicMi 
 of llie lands, and continued to occupy and claim 
 jurisdietion over them until his death in 1730, and 
 that after the treaty of Utrecht, alxnit 1712, the 
 actual possession of the lands could not be proven, 
 as the Knglish usurped po.ssession of the territory, 
 but that as the owner could not be barred of his 
 lights until sixty years' time had clasped, the peti- 
 tidiurs believed their chaim to be good. They stated 
 that the marriages, minority, and death of various 
 heirs prevented them from prosecuting their cl.aims 
 earlier, especially as they had no hope of getting 
 justice from laigland. They brought a letter from 
 ba l''ayette, recommending them and their claim to 
 consideration, and the petition stated that Thomas 
 Jefferson thought favor.ibly of their claim. The 
 governor brought their petition before the deneral 
 Court of the Senate and House of Representatives 
 in a special message, dated November 7, 1786, anil 
 on tlu^ same day a joint committee was apiiointed 
 1(1 consider the claim. The committee reported 
 that the lands were in |3art occupied, and the Legis- 
 lature, in order to ascertain tlu' eiiuities of the case, 
 sought .an opinion from the Supreme Court, but tin- 
 '"urt declined to give an opinion on a case not 
 actually before it. The subject was then referred 
 to the attorney-general, and the (Iregoires remained 
 in boston awaiting a decision. 
 
 This was so long delayed that in May, 1787, the 
 I'rench consul again called the attention of the 
 I cgislature to the subject, and on Jime 6, 17S7, it 
 was referred to a joint Committee of the Legisla- 
 ture. On June 29 the Senate reported favorably on 
 the claims of the Oregoires, and on July 5, 17S7, the 
 House of Representatives conciuTcd in the decision. 
 Ml of the lands they claimed, then possessed by the 
 lommonwealth, either by original title, contiscation, 
 or forfeiture, were to be given u|i to the Orcgoires, 
 l)n)vide(l they would, within one year, make terms 
 with such of the then possessors of any of the lands 
 as the Committee on Sale of Eastern i.ands should 
 deem entitled to consideration. The Legislature 
 •'l^o, by special Act, provided for their naturaliza- 
 'ion; and on October 29, 1787, they and their three 
 
 ' Spelled also Doiiagoet and Dunaqucc. 
 
 children, Pierre, Nicholas, and Marie, were natural- 
 ized. 
 
 The conceding of the claim of the Gregoires was 
 really a graceful act, but the good feeling then 
 entertained towards the French nation, on account 
 of services rendered in the Revolutionary War, im- 
 doubtedly had much to do with the favor with 
 which the claim was received. 
 
 The lands were actually within the limits claimed 
 by Massachusetts at the time Louis Xl\'. made the 
 concession. Cadillac's selection of the locality did 
 credit to his judgment. Mount Desert Island is the 
 largest on the coast. It has an area of 6,000 acres, 
 is fifteen miles long and from eight to twelve broad. 
 ( )n it there are thirteen ntountains, with large .and 
 beautiful lakes far up their sides, and the entire 
 island is remarkable for picturesque and beautiful 
 scenery. It now forms part of Hancock County, 
 Maine, and to this day the land titles of the eastern 
 half of the island are all traced from the Ciregoires 
 as the first owners. 
 
 AfttT obtaining the grant, the (iregoires made 
 their home on Mount Desert Isl.ind for si'veral 
 years. On iVugu.st 4, 1792, they sold their intiTcst 
 to Henry Jaekson, and rt'moved to Boston, where 
 they were in August, 1798. They afterwards re- 
 turned to Mount Desert. Mrs. Clara liarnes Mar- 
 tin, in her account of the island, .says that they died 
 about 1810, and that their graves are shown just 
 outside of the present cemetery, ne.ir Hull's Cove, 
 on the east side of the island. \\'hen the cemetery 
 was enclosed, their graves were left outside by mis- 
 take. In 1S74 a white wooden cross was erected 
 to mark their site. 
 
 In 1882 there was living ;it Lille, in I'rauce, .1 
 Madame Ciregoire, nct- de Fremiot, probably the 
 only remaining descendant of the (iregoires. 
 
 In the time of Cadillac, the French colonies were 
 under the control of tlu' Naval Di'partment, conse- 
 quently Cadillac and other soldiers cng.iged in the 
 service of the colonies belonged, not to the army, 
 but to the na\ y, and were rated as marines. Ca- 
 dillac m.iy be said to have been both sailor and 
 soldier, and seems to have been t'(|ually at home on 
 water and on kind. His coiu'age is undoubted ; he 
 went fearlessly among the savages, and was alwavs 
 ready to brave the dangers of a new post. Imme- 
 diately after his marriage he went to Port Royal in 
 Acadia, remaining there between one and two years, 
 and in 1689 going to France, probably to secure the 
 grant of Mount Desert. At this time he seems to 
 have been a captain of infantry, but without much 
 means. When he went to France, he left his wife 
 in Acadia, whither he returned in seven months. 
 Soon after we find him in command of a vessel. 
 A letter from Count Frontenac to the colonial 
 minister, dated October 20, 1691, states that La 
 
330 
 
 BI0(;RA1'HV of CADILLAC. 
 
 Motlies vessel had been captured by a Boston "cor- 
 sair." 
 
 In February, 1692, Count FroiUcnac, llie jjjover- 
 nor-jreneral, proposed to send liini to Franee to j^ive 
 intelliijence as to tlu: condition of tlie i'rovince. 
 I'ontchartrain, in re|ily, asks that he be sent "by the 
 first shi])," so that he niiifjit yive minute informa- 
 tion to aid in tiie jiropused attiuk on New \'ork and 
 New Fn^land, as iu' is considered to be tlie " best 
 instructed on plans, SDiindini^s, ruid all obser\alions." 
 In fuHilmcnt of this rc(iucst, Cadillac returned to 
 France. While there, or soon after his return to 
 Canada, he made other su.n'nest ions, which are indi- 
 cated in a letter from the kinir to Count Frontenac, 
 written in March, 1693. 
 
 In this letter the kin^^ approved of Cadillac's plan 
 of having- vessels of lii^ht draft to defend the rivers 
 and lakes of Canada from the laiylish, and author- 
 ized Frontenac to j^ive the command to Cadillac. 
 It is doubtful if this was done, for on October 24. 
 1693, Frontenac wrote to the l'"rench colonial min- 
 ister that an ol'licer named Mome, havint,^ been 
 jj;uilty of insolent and unbecomini;- behavior, he had 
 given the company lately under his command to La 
 Mothe Cadillac. 
 
 In 1694 he was at Quebec, and on September u5 
 Count Frontenac appointed him conim.uidant of 
 Michilimackinac and of all the country beyond. 
 Frontenac says, " We have thou,i,dit that we could 
 not make a better choice than to appoint Lieutenant 
 de Lamothe Cadillac, Captain of the troops of the 
 detachment of the Marine, whose valor, wisdom, 
 experience, and good conduct have been manifested 
 on several occasions." 
 
 On his way to his new command, Cadillac left 
 Quebec September 24, and arrived in November or 
 December at Mackinaw, where he succeeded M. de 
 Lovigny. He remained there until 1699, when he 
 asked to be relieved, and returned to Quebec. His 
 chief motive in asking to be relieved was to further 
 the project he had formed of establishing a post at 
 Detroit. 
 
 In order that there may be no break in the his- 
 tory of this post, we temporarily pass over Cadillac's 
 establishment here, and trace his subseeiucnt career. 
 
 The date of his leaving Detroit is not definitely 
 known. He was certainly here as late as May 7, 
 1710, for on that day he tcrtitied to the records of 
 St. Anne's Church. He had been appointed the 
 day before to the governorship of Louisiana, but 
 knowledge of the fact could not have reached him 
 for several months, and he was probably at I )etroit 
 until the summer of 171 1, when there are .some in- 
 dications that he went to I'"rance. It is certain that 
 his oldest son and daughter were here until August 
 19, 171 1, for on that day they registered at St. 
 Anne's as godfather and godmother at a baptism. 
 
 On September 14, 1712, Antoine Crozat was 
 granted the e.\ilusive commerce of the I'rovince 
 of Louisiana for fifteen years, together with all the 
 lands that he should e.stabli.sh himself upon, and 
 the proceeds of any mines. Cadillac was now newly 
 commissioned by Crozat, and is said to have been 
 promisctl .1 portion of the profits from the province. 
 
 If Cailillac was in France at this time he proba- 
 bly returned to Acadia before going to Louisiana, 
 for the vessel that carried him there had on board 
 twenty-five Breton girls, who. the record particu- 
 larly mentions, "came of their own free will." 
 
 He arrived at Dauphin Island, near Mobile, on 
 May 17, 1713. in the frigate Baron de la Fosse, of 
 forty guns, commanded by M. de la Jonquiere. His 
 wife, sons, and d.'tughtcrs came with him, together 
 with several servants. The vessel also brought 
 a large quantity of munitions of war and provisions 
 for the settlement. 
 
 During the year Cadillac caused a number of 
 houses to be built, and the settlement prospered. 
 The colony had originally been located further north, 
 but a short time prior to the arrival of Cadillac it 
 was established on the jiresent site of Mobile. 
 
 Cadillac sought to obtain supplies for the colony 
 from Mexico, and sent out expeditions in various 
 directions to examine the resources of the country, 
 and discover the mines which almost every one be- 
 lieved to be in existence. He visited the Illinois 
 Country, explored the lead mines near what is now 
 Dubuque, and returned to Mobile in October, 171 5. 
 The following month he sailcil for France, pos- 
 sibly to report his discoveries. He returned in 
 1716. 
 
 On March 9, 1717, three French frigates arrived 
 at Mobile, bringing M. de 1' Epinay, who was com- 
 missioned to succeed Cadillac. The Dudlow, one 
 of the vessels, returned to France in June with Ca- 
 dillac and Duclos, the king's commissary, as passen- 
 gers. Disputes between Cadillac and his associate 
 officers were undoubtedly the occasion of his recall. 
 It is evident that his principal accusers were not 
 trusted by the Government, for M. Duclos, one of 
 the chief defamcrs of his administration, w.is re- 
 called by the s.ime order which relieved Cadillac. 
 La Harpe says that the arrival of Cadillac would cer- 
 tainly have produced a good eifect in Louisiana but 
 for the jealousy existing between him .and Bienville. 
 
 It was manifestly Cadillac's clear judgment and 
 strong will that arouseil the dislike of his associates. 
 The old records contain abundant evidence of thcii' 
 jealousy and of parties formed against him. M. de 
 Bienville was especially his enemy. He asserts 
 that Cadillac wanted him to marry his daughter, 
 but it is ([uite as probable that he was a rejected 
 suitor. In view of the judgment and ability dis- 
 played elsewhere by Cadillac, some portions of his 
 
THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT. 
 
 331 
 
 •ed 
 
 M- 
 
 11 It 
 
 of 
 fc- 
 ;ic. 
 
 .T- 
 )Ut 
 
 le. 
 nd 
 
 (.'ir 
 dc 
 rts 
 er, 
 ed 
 is- 
 liis 
 
 dispatches from Louisiana seem weak and iil- 
 • idvised. That he was dissatisfied witii tlie c(Ui,itry, 
 with the position he was jilaced in, and the shahl)y 
 support he received from the mother country, is 
 clearly apparent. It has been claimed that in 
 Louisiana he showed himself weak in character, 
 I liildisli in spirit, and utterly without capacity fur 
 the position he occupied ; l)ut careful examina- 
 tion will show any candid mind that such rcprcseu- 
 lalions arc founded on a partial and impi'rfi'ct knowl- 
 cdjje of the man. It should be remembered that in 
 (."adillac's time. New Fr.ance, as well as the mother 
 (■(Hintry, was _vr()vcrned by cabal and intrii,nie. Olh- 
 cials, priests, and traders vied with each other in 
 crafty schemes for personal and churchly a^;.nTan- 
 (lizement. Hundreds of witnesses, in the shape of 
 old letters, can be produced, showinjr that these 
 different parties were divided by jealousy and dis- 
 trust, and the evidence is now abundant and con- 
 clusive that Louisiana historians have hitherto failed 
 ti) study Cadillac's dointjs and statements in the 
 liiijht of his previous life and of the society and cir- 
 cumstances that surrounded him. 
 
 We have seen that he sailed for France in 171 7. 
 After having wandered all over America, he re- 
 turned to his birthplace to "fight his battles o'er." 
 In August, 1721, his wife was at St. Nicolas de la 
 (Irave, and there are records of the sale of property 
 at Caumont by ihem in that year. Cadillac himself 
 was then in Paris, having gone thither to obtain the 
 governorship of Castelsarrasin. Just a year later, in 
 /\ugust, 1722, a decree authorizing his appointment 
 was issued, but the details were not settled until 
 December 11, when he was duly commissioned 
 governor and mayor. For this office he paid 16,500 
 livres, 1,500 being for a tax or bonus of two .sous 
 per livre on the principal sum of 15,000. He was 
 also to pay 300 livres yearly to the king, but this 
 amount he was authorized to collect of the city. 
 On April 16, 1723, he transmitted Iiis commission 
 from Paris to the council of the city for registration, 
 and on September 9, 1723, it was read to the coun- 
 cil at Castelsarrasin and recortled. 
 
 His appointment was made under an edict of 
 Louis XIV., of the same year in which was repealed 
 an edict of 1717, giving municipalities the choice 
 of their own ofiicen;. I low long he held the office 
 is uncertain. In 1724 the king took away the 
 municipal offices he had granted, and Cadillac possi- 
 bly was superseded. He, however, continued to 
 reside at Castelsarrasin, and his remains were in- 
 t'rred in the old church of the Carmelites at that 
 place. 
 
 The church was confiscated in 1791, at the time 
 iif the French Revolution ; becoming national |)i()p- 
 crty, it was turned into a prison and greatly changed, 
 therefore the exact location of his tomb cannot be 
 
 found. He died at midnight on October 15, 1730, 
 and was buried on the following day. 
 
 THK I'OUNDINf, ANT) GROWTH OF DETROIT. 
 
 There are circumstances that indicate the possible 
 existence of a trading post at Detroit, fifteen years 
 prior to the coming of Cadillac ; but if any such 
 post existed, it was comjioscd of only a few rnurfitrs 
 (/<■ /lo/'s. In X'olume 1\'. of the New York docu- 
 mentary collections are reports of several councils 
 between the English and Indians, which clearly 
 indicate that no permanent post existed at Detroit 
 prior to his coming. 
 
 While stationed at Mackinaw, Cadillac became 
 conviiK'cd that the Indians nuist be gathered in one 
 locality before the Government could gain control 
 over them. The soil and situation at Mackinaw 
 were not favorable for a settlement, and Cadillac 
 thought that the luiglish could be more easily pre- 
 vented from trading with the western Indians if a 
 French post were established at Detroit. Fearing 
 that a written conmiunication would not sufficiently 
 convince the French Ciovcrnment of the wisdom of 
 his plans, the Governor of Canada determined to 
 allow him to present them in jierson, and accord- 
 ingly ho .sailed for France. His plans met with 
 favor, and after an interview with Count Pontchar- 
 train, and a personal examination of his project by 
 Louis XIV., he received the authority he desired. 
 For the building of the fort 1,500 livres was allowed 
 him; he was appointed commandant, and the king 
 agreed to grant an allowance for the subsistence 
 of himself and wife, two children, and twu ser- 
 vants. 
 
 It was no easy task that Cadillac had undertaken. 
 Even before he came, he knew that his enterprise 
 would be opposed by the Jesuits at Mackinaw and 
 the traders at Montreal. He knew also that the 
 English and the Irocjuois would destroy the post if 
 possible. He had, however, fully counted the cost, 
 and had achieved almost perfection in his plans. 
 The friendly Indians were to be gathered about the 
 settlement, so that the cottreurs dc hois could find 
 neither furs nor favorites elsewhere, and in case of 
 attack the Indians and French could help each 
 other. Cadillac was strenuous in urging that the 
 Indians be taught the French language, that they 
 might understand for themselves the projiosals of 
 the king, and not be dependent on priests or inter- 
 preters, both of whom would, on occasion, accom- 
 modate their interpretation to selfish purposes. 
 Cadillac also favored the intermarriage of the 
 French and Indians. This was contrary to custom 
 in many of the scttlen>cnts, but was permitted at 
 Detroit, and there can be no doubt that these unions 
 greatly served the colony. 
 
-1 1 -) 
 
 THE FOUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROFF. 
 
 The French colonial documents show tliat on 
 October i6, 1700, M. de Callieres wrote to Count 
 I'ontchartrain as follows : 
 
 I sliall si-nd SItnir de la Mcitlic and Siciir di'Tonty in the sprini; 
 I.) innstnict a fort at Detroit. My dBsi,i;n is that tlicy shall ijo hy 
 Ihi' Oiitaoiu-s (Ottawa) Kivrr In order to lak(> possussion of that 
 post from the Lake Huron side, liy that means avoidliix the 
 Niagara passiigo, so as not to give urnhraKe to the Iroquois. 
 
 Returninjaf uo America, Cadillac arrived at Ouebec 
 on March 8, 1701. The same day he left for Mon- 
 treal, where he arrived M.arch 12, ;ind for some 
 weeks busied himself in arrantjinir for the trip. All 
 was tin.illy in re.idiness, and on June 5 he left Mon- 
 treal, h.iviniLf witli him M. dc Tonty as captain, and 
 Messrs. Uu^nie .and Ch.icornacle as lieutenants, with 
 fifty soldiers in blue coats with white facin).^s, al.so 
 fifty emii,'rants and two priests. 
 
 The Chev.alier de iJeaucheue, in a volume pub- 
 lished in F.aris in 1733, says that he and a company 
 of AlijoiKiuin Indians started with Cadillac as an 
 escort, and th.it. on account of a quarrel, he returned. 
 He i,'-ives a detailed accoimt of the affair, but there 
 are v.irious indications th.at the narrative is one of 
 the fictitious works that were not infretjuent at that 
 dav. 
 
 Cadillac's party came by way of the Ottawa 
 River and Fake Huron, arrivinij on July 24, 1701. 
 The comoy consisted of twenty-live ca'^ es, which, 
 besides the soldiers and emijjrants, brought supplies 
 of various kinds essential to the building and estab- 
 lishment of a new post. 
 
 Arriving at Detroit on a hot .summer d.ay, the 
 canoes were drawn up on shore, and all of the new 
 comers were soon sheltered in the leafy groves that 
 here and there extended almost to the river's edge. 
 'Flu- site of the stockade was selected, and ere long 
 the sound of a.xes resounded through the woods. 
 Holes were ^\u\:; for the palisades, and the stockade 
 was soon completed. 'J'hc locations of chapel, 
 magazine, store, and dwellings were next deter- 
 mined, and before August had passed away, the 
 settlement was fully established. 
 
 A few weeks later the soil was broken, and the 
 first wheat sown on the Detroit River was carefully 
 bestowed. On December 6 Cadillac marked out a 
 place for the Huron village, and in February and 
 May of the following year he called the Indi.'ins 
 together for a council. These councils, then and 
 after, were the occasions of much local interest, for 
 the Indians were always arrayed in their savage 
 finery ; and as they expected gifts they also brought 
 them; as the "talk" progressed, presents v,-ere 
 given and received with almost every point made by 
 either side. When the settlement was a year old, 
 lacking three days, Cadillac for the first time left it, 
 going to Quebec to conclude an agreement with the 
 
 trading company which h.ad obtained control of the 
 post. He returned on November C). These days 
 were (l.'irk ones. There w.'is so much opiiosition to 
 the est.'iblishment th;it but little trading w.is done. 
 .'111(1 between the king .and the C()ini);uiy, the soldiers 
 were so poorly p.aid th.at, in 1703, niiu' of them 
 deserted. 'Fhey were glad to return, however, on .1 
 promise of pardon, which Cadillac w.as riuite willing 
 to gram, for .soldiers ;is well ;is settlers were few in 
 number. 
 
 He was constantly seeking to enlarge his force, 
 and finally, in a letter of June 14, 1704, Pontchar- 
 train announced that \'audreuil h.id been ordered to 
 give him .as many soldiers ;is he asked Cadillac only 
 being required to pay for their transportation. 
 Fontchartrain also said that all that w.as just and 
 reason.ible C.adill.ac should have to help him est.-ib- 
 lish the colony, that he had fully explained the mat- 
 ter to V.audreuil, .and th.at Cadill.ac would h.ave no 
 further trouble. The letter concludes with these 
 words : " I am leaving you absolute master of this 
 post. ITse your effort to succeed at Detroit, .and 
 you will not l.uk for concessions, nor even for 
 a post more considerable than th.at which you 
 h.ave." 
 
 Notwithstanding the explicit directions to \'au- 
 dreuil, the intrigues of traders and others caused 
 him to delay .giving the assistance he w.as required 
 to afford, .and in tiie meantime the tr.ading comjiany 
 brought such ch.arges .against Cadill.tc th.it in the 
 autumn of 1704 he w.as compelled to go to Ouebec 
 to answer them. In June, 1706, after long delay, 
 he w.as completely vindicated, and the king ;ig.iin 
 gave him full control f)f Detroit, and in August i>f 
 th.at year Cadill.ac returned. .After his return the 
 colony beg.an to tlourish. He induced m.iny fami- 
 lies to settle .along the str.iit, .and his oldest son, in 
 a memoir, dated 1730, and addressed to Count 
 M.aurepas, cl.aimcd th.it he transported one hundred 
 and fifty inhabitants to Detroit, together with cattle, 
 horses, and other .anim.als, at his own expense, and 
 that he expended for various improvements fully 
 > 50,000 livres. 
 
 The boldness of the early settlers w.as not ex- 
 ceeded in any other colony on American soil. The 
 settlers of Jamestown and I'lymouth Rock were 
 located near the coast, and in an emergency could 
 more easily escape than the first settlers of Detroit, 
 these last established their firesides nearly a thousand 
 miles from the se.a, and were literally surrounded 
 by thousands of savages, ni.iny of them known to 
 be hostile, and cannib.als as well. The colonists 
 were mostly persons of limited means, many of 
 them artisans, whose services were essential in such 
 a colony. Some were gentlemen by birth, who, 
 having failed to inherit a fortune at home, or having 
 
THE I-OUNDING AND GROWTH OF DETROIT. 
 
 333 
 
 L'X- 
 
 riif 
 
 [lid 
 
 l)it. 
 
 Ind 
 
 led 
 ltd 
 kts 
 lof 
 
 loll 
 io, 
 
 lost their inheritance, broiitriil to tiiis western world 
 their empty titles and well-rilled scabbards to make 
 hollies and fortunes of their own. 
 
 Anion,i; tiiose wiio were specially prominent at an 
 early day, Robert Navarre may be mentioned, hi 
 his vcais coursed the proudest blooil of 1' ranee. 
 The ancient records of Meaux show that Jean 
 Navarre, who married I'erette Barat in 1572, was 
 the son of Antoine, Duke de \'eiulome, and half- 
 brother of Henri IV'., Kini^ of 1'" ranee anil Navarre, 
 the predecessor of the great hue of kinj^s formiiiiL; 
 the Bourbon dynasty. Tiie Robert Navarre, who 
 arrivctl at Detroit in 1728, was a hneal descendant 
 of this family. On February 10, 1704, he married 
 .Marie Barrois, daii.nhter of I'rani^ois Lothman de 
 llarrois, whose father came to Canada as " A^ent 
 Oeiierale of the Compagnie des Indcs" in 1665. 
 From this marriai;e spraiii.; a lart;e family, of whom 
 the most noted was the eldest son, Robert. He 
 was born in 1739, and married Louise de ^harsac, 
 a uranddaui^hter of Jacob de Marsac de Lomnie- 
 sproii, an olticer wiio came with tiie troops when 
 Cadillac founded Detroit. The cliildren of the 
 Xavarres intermarried with many of the prominent 
 families, notably the Mat'ombs, Cioilfroys, Antlions, 
 liievoorts, and Campaus. The line in P'rance 
 counts amoiii^' its ilescendants n'pitsentatives of 
 the proudest families of the old nobility, amonvi; 
 whom we may mention the name of the Count 
 beon Clement de Blavette, of \'ersailles, from whose 
 heraldic tree the descent of Navarre was obtained. 
 
 The signatures in the early records of St. Anne's 
 Church indic-ate that most of the olVicers and early 
 settlers were persons of gootl education for the 
 lime. \'ery appropriately, the first child born in the 
 colony was a daughter of the founder, Marie 
 Tlu'rese Cadillac. In a letter, dated August 31, 
 1703, C.'idill.'ic says, " No one lias yet died at this 
 post." The first death, so far as known, was that 
 of Father Del Halle, who was killed by an Indian 
 in June, 1706. Tiie first person who died tiiereafter 
 was Jean Lasalle, who died January 24, 1707. The 
 first marriage, where both parties were I-fench, 
 occurred on May 5, 17 10, when Jean IJaptiste Tur- 
 pin was marrietl to Margaret Fafard. The next 
 marriage took place on June 12, 1710, between 
 Martin Cirier and Mary Ann Bone. 
 
 The records of St. Anne's show that many of the 
 .soldiers brought their wives with them, and nearly 
 all the habittxiis had large families; in one case, one 
 mother is credited with thirty children. "In 1707 
 there were fourteen births, in 1708, thirteen. At 
 this time they had already begun to build houses 
 outside the fort, and we find in the suburbs a (lour 
 mill, and further on, a house and a barn. There 
 were also two hundred and three arpents of cleared 
 ground, ten head of cattle, and one horse." 
 
 I'p to November 14, 1708, only tliirty-nine inhab- 
 itants had houses inside of the fort ; and the whole 
 number of French settlers was sixty-three, of whom 
 thirty-four were traders. In 1701; the king with- 
 drew the soldiers, and left Cadillac to manage the 
 settlement without military aid. The same year 
 twenty-nine ilisciiarged sokliers settled at the post, 
 among them men named Marsac, Durocher, La 
 Ferte, ami St. Aubin. The total population was 
 then about two hundred. After Cadillac left, and 
 up to 1 7 19, it was deemed uncertain whether the 
 post wDuld be sustained. Many families therefore 
 left, and the settlement at this time was no larger 
 than when first established. 
 
 D'iring this period, the liirths averaged only two 
 per year. In 17 19, under the impetus given by 
 John Law and his Mississippi schemes, emigrants 
 again began to join the colony, and in 1722 the pop- 
 ulation tJiice more reached about two hundred, and 
 there were fron. six to eight births per year. 
 
 The Chapoton, (iodfroy, ("joyan, and Laderoute 
 families were among those who came in 1722 or 
 soon after. 
 
 Year after year discharged soldiers ruid emigrants 
 from further cast continued to .arrive. In 1730 the 
 births averaged ten o.' twelve yearly, and the popu- 
 lation continued to increase. There was, however, 
 great nuirtality among the children for nearly fifty 
 years. In order to promote emigration, on May 24, 
 1749, ("lalissonniere, the governor-general, iniblished 
 ill all the parishes of Cmada the following procla- 
 mation : 
 
 KvL'iy m;\ii wiio wit! go In sitllc in Hotrciit sli;ill icicivc giatiii- 
 toiisly, one spadi-, one axe, (iiic pldiiylisliiirc, one large ami one 
 small wagon, Wt.' will make an aih'anct' of other tools to be paid 
 for in two years only, lie will be given a Cow, of wliiili be shall 
 retnrn the inrrease, also a Sow. Sei-d will be advanced the first 
 year, to be returned at the third hiirvest. 'I'he women and chil- 
 dren will be sniiported on(' year. Those will be deprived of the 
 liberality of the King, who shall give themselves up to trade in 
 place of agricultnrc. 
 
 This proclamation accomplished its jnirposc, and 
 the same year forty-six persons came to Detroit, 
 most of them from Normandy, on the lower Seine, 
 with nine or ten families from Montreal. The next 
 year fifty-seven arrived, and a 1 ollicial census of the 
 same year showed a popula.ion of four hundred 
 and eighty-three, which, with the floating popula- 
 tion, made fully five hundred and hfty persons; 
 among them were thirty-threi women over fifteen 
 years of age, and ninety-five under fifteen ; there 
 was also a garrison of one hundred men. The 
 births at this time numbered about twenty-five per 
 year. The prosperity of the cdlonists is also shown 
 by the fact thiit they possess* d one hundred and 
 si.xty horses, six hundred and e ghty-two cattle, and 
 over two thousand domesticated fowls. 
 
334 
 
 THK KOrNDlNC. 
 
 In 1751 a larije body of iniiiii.ijrants came. The 
 e.vpcnsi's of tliiir journey wire |)ai<l by the ("lovern- 
 iiifiit, and land was j^rantcd tu twi-niy-lhrti' of 
 lIrmii. ^blst of tlu)^-c will) canu' in 1751 anil 1752 
 wtTi' yoiin,^' nu'n, and Celeron, llu- I'lviiili loni- 
 niandant, wrote to the kint; that \\i\es for tlie new- 
 comers was tluii- t^reatest want bi 1752 a bad 
 harvest anil tiie dangers of the war w itii tlie raijiiisii 
 caused immij^ration for a time to cease. 
 
 Other iliscoiiravjements also beset the colony. 
 On .April 21, 1752, M. de Lon,v;ueuil wrote: "Fam- 
 ine is not the sole scourge we experience; the 
 small-pox commits ravages; it begins to reach De- 
 troit. Over eighty Indians died of the disease at the 
 adjacent villages, including Chief Kinousaki, who 
 was much attached to the French." 
 
 The natural growth of the settlement causeil the 
 enlargement of the fort in 1754. and by this time 
 the colony had so prospered that there was an aver- 
 age of thirty births, and from seven to eight marri- 
 ages yearly; and notwitiistanding the war, the settle- 
 ment so fully held its own that in 1760 the births 
 had attained to about forty per year. 
 
 In 1755, when the luiglish banished the Acadians 
 from Nova Scotia, many of the fugitives found a 
 refuge in Detroit, and thus, .ilthougb. many about 
 this time went from Detroit to V'incennes, the 
 colony grew and prospered. 
 
 In 1764, when Laclede founded St. Louis, many 
 went thither from Detroit, reducing the population 
 of the town and vicinity from two thousand five 
 hundred, to eight hundred, including Indians. A 
 census of 1765 showed that there were three hun- 
 dred and fifty families at Detroit and in the imme- 
 diate neighborhood. 
 
 The following copies of official docuinents con- 
 tained in the Haldimand correspondence, on file in 
 the British Museum at London, and copied for the 
 Department of Archives of Canada, give a variety 
 of interesting details as to the population and re- 
 sources of Detroit on various dates. The first reads 
 as follows : 
 
 C.ROWT 
 
 11 OF 
 
 1)1 
 
 ilN 
 
 OIF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 C 
 
 •a 
 
 •a 
 
 c • 
 
 :3"a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 d 
 
 ■/* 
 
 
 
 7 '" 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 '■J 
 
 X 
 
 73 
 
 s 
 
 ^, 
 
 < 
 
 < "' 
 
 X 
 
 
 Sdiilli >.i(li 
 
 i)f l-'ort 
 
 222 
 
 •<>i 
 
 117 
 
 21 
 
 31" 
 
 228 
 
 
 1.4-7 
 
 u\ 
 
 (• 
 
 Niirtli >i<li 
 
 ■of I'ort 
 
 211 
 
 ;o6 
 
 ■.■'41 
 
 4-4 
 
 O0.1 
 
 2S4 
 
 .JO 
 
 I. 175* 117 
 
 u -, 
 
 '1 In- holt 
 
 
 20 
 
 «1 
 
 •> , 
 
 (12 
 
 4S 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 On M«g 1 
 
 
 
 >7 
 
 :v-' 
 412 
 
 
 3" 
 ,,of,7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total.. 
 
 
 47.) 
 
 628 
 
 5'-' 
 
 40 
 
 2,f)oa*28o 
 
 '57 
 
 N. I!. 'I'lir Troops and Naval I Irparlimiil, willi tin ir Cattle, 
 tVi'., arc not inchiclcd in tlic above. Tlir null sirvaiUs arc ,i.;i'ner- 
 ally mort- mmnrons, si vera I lii-inv; now limiting' and at tin- Indian 
 villani'S. Altlioiii;li all t ic farms arc calculated at forty acres in 
 depth, eight uf tht-ni run eighty and one sixty. 
 
 P. Dl•:Jl•.^^. 
 
 A census of the settlement, taken by order of 
 Governor Hamilton, on April 26, 1778, showed the 
 following totals : 
 
 .Men, t'lvc hundred si.\t y-foiir. Women, two hundred sevcnty- 
 fonr. VonnK men and boys, five hundred thirty. VoiinK women 
 and yirls, four hundred t!iirty-ei)i;ht. Male servants, one hiiiKlred 
 seventy-two. Kemale servants, thirty-nine. Slaves, one huiulrcil 
 twenty-seven. Total, two thousand one hundred forty-four. 
 Oxen, four hundred scventy-ei),;ht. Cows, ei>;ht hundred eighty- 
 five. Heifers and Steers, six hundred fifty. Shcip, four hun- 
 dred seventy. Hogs, one thousand three hundred and twelve. 
 
 A survey of the settlement of Detroit, taken 
 March 31, 1779, was as follows: 
 
 Two hundred thirty-nine in Garrison and Navy. Five hundred 
 Prisoners and I'.xtras. (?) Two hundred seventy-two Male inhab- 
 itants. 265 Women, includins: 34 connected with the army. 25; 
 young men. 100 Young women. 4S4 lioys. 40J Oirls. (xj Male 
 slaves. 78 Kemale slaves. 4:3 O.xcn. 779 Cows. 619 Steers. 
 1076 Hogs. 664 Horses. ,13 Sheep. 
 
 On November i, 1780, the settlement of Detroit 
 had 
 
 394 heads of families. 374 inarried and young women. 324 
 young and married men. 100 absent in Indian country. 455 boys 
 from 10 to 15 years. 38;, girls from 10 to 15. 79 Male slaves. 
 96 I'emale slaves. 772 Horses. 474 Oxen. 793 Cows. 361 Steers. 
 279 Sheep. 1,016 Hogs; and there were i2,oSj acres of Land under 
 cultivation. 
 
 A Genkrai. RExeRN of ai.i. the Inh.'Mht.xnts of Detroit, 
 THEIR Possessions, C.vttle, Hokses, Servants, and Slaves. 
 Taken hv Piiii.i!' Ukjean, Jcstice of the Peace for the 
 said place, the 221) llAV OF Sei'temiier, 1773 : 
 
 South side of Fort . 
 North side of Fort. 
 
 The Fort ; 66 
 
 On Huj; Island. . 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 c8 
 
 ^0 
 
 3 £ 
 
 s . 
 £ ° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 ,r. 
 
 c 
 
 !fi 
 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 .M 
 
 >. 
 
 = P 
 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 >"- 
 
 
 7! 
 
 «s 
 
 107 
 
 81 
 
 33 
 
 112 
 
 30 
 
 76 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 124 
 
 107 
 
 4S 
 
 "37 
 
 24 
 
 M4 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 66 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 298 
 
 ! 
 
 225 
 
 84 
 
 284 
 
 58 
 
 240 
 
 93 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 39 
 
 The state of the settlement of Detroit, taken the 
 20th of July, 17S2, was as follows : 
 
 321 heads of families. 254 inarried women. 72 widows and 
 married women. 336 young and married Men. 526 Hoys. 55 
 Girls. 78 Male slaves. loi Female slaves. 1,112 Horses. 41.; 
 Oxen. 452 Heifers. 447 Sheep. 1,370 Hogs. 4,075 Unshcls of 
 Wheat sown last fall. 521 acres in Indian Corn. 1,849 acres in 
 Oats. 13,770 acres under cultivation. 3,000 bushels Potatoes 
 supposed to be in the ground. 1,000 barrels of Cider supposed 
 will be made. 
 
 In 1 791 and 1792 the colony received an accession 
 from Galliopolis. Some of the unfortunate emi- 
 grants who had been deluded thither by false 
 representations, came to Detroit when that bubble 
 
THE FOUNDINC. AND C.Ki )\\ Tl I oK DI I ROI T 
 
 335 
 
 burst, and found Ijntli hmnrs and friends. 'I'lu- 
 larjfe .grants of land, with rations for a spccil'ii'd 
 lime from ihe fort, offcri-d by tlic lin^lisli, indiuetl 
 ilu' setllenK-nl of a number uf Scotch and l-^nii^lisii 
 lauiilics of the iii.i^iiest respectability, yet French 
 continued tlie prt'domin.mt l.annuaj^e, and soon .after 
 1796, wlien tile town jKissed inuler American con- 
 trol, a number of French immijfrants arrived. After 
 the surrender the llnnlish bej^an to !)uild l'"ort 
 .Makkii, .and the ni'xt year m.any jiersons went from 
 Detroit .and fotnided Amherstburij. 
 
 The I'irst census taken l)y the Territory of Miclii- 
 .;.ui, on October 1, 1805, sliowed 525 heads of 
 families ;it Detroit, and ^)Ci7 m.ales over sixteen 
 years of .as^e. 
 
 About this time emi.irr.ation from tlie F.astern 
 .St.ites bevjan, but the " liostonians," as they wti'e 
 called, were not at first m.ade welcome by either 
 French or English. The tlrst American settlers 
 were Solomon Sibley, John Whipple, Dr. W'illi.im 
 Ilrown, Willi.am Kussell, Christian Clemens. James 
 Chittenden, nenj.amin Cliittenden, Dr. McCoskry, 
 James Henry, Klijah IJrush, Henry 15. ISrevoort, 
 Col. Henry J. Hunt, Augustus Laiiydon, and Major 
 Whistler. 
 
 Ffom 1817 to 1830 the cjrowth of the city was 
 slow but constant. The (lazette did its part to set 
 forth the advantages of the Territory, and a local 
 poet, in one of the numbers for August, 1824, thus 
 sings its charms : 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Know ye tlic land to the ciniijiaiu dear, 
 
 Where tlie wild flower is bluoiiiiiig one hulf of the year; 
 
 Where the dark-eyed chiefs of the native race 
 
 Slill meet in the coniieil and pant in the chase ; 
 
 Where armies have rallied, by day and by niijht, 
 
 To strike or repel, to surrender or t'lglit ? 
 
 Know yc the land of the billow and breeze, 
 
 'rii.'it is i)oised, like an isle, 'mid fresh water seas, 
 
 Whose forests art! ample, whose prairies are fine, 
 
 Whose soil is productive, whose climate l)eni,i;n ? 
 
 Remote from extremes, neither torrid nor cold, 
 
 "r is the land of the sickle, the plow, and the fold ; 
 
 "r is a region no eye ere forgets or mistakes, 
 
 'T is the land for improvement, the land of the lakes. 
 
 Our streams are the clearest that nature supplies, 
 
 And Italy's beauties are marked in our skies, 
 
 And the isle-spotted lakes that encircle onr plains 
 
 Are the largest and purest this planet contains. 
 
 Of the means that fostered immigration, none 
 were more potent than the m.aps .and gazetteers 
 issued by John Farmer; the first appeared in 1825, 
 and many thousands of copies of his maps (espe- 
 cially in 18301 were sold in the E.astern St.ates, and 
 as tliey furnished all the information obtainable, and 
 ill tlie most .accurate ni.mner ]iossible, they were 
 greatly intluential in promoting emigration. 
 
 I'^ifteen thousand emigrants arrived in 1830, and 
 
 in 1S31, 1834. and 1836 particularly, the steambo.ats 
 were crowded with p.assengers for .Michigan and 
 the West. The I'ree I'ress of May ly, 1831, s;iid : 
 
 To say nothing of those who have arrived liy land, and through 
 Lake Krie by siiil vissel, the fulluwiiin sleaniboats arrised In ri' 
 within the last week. I'he Knterprise, with 251, pass. ii>;ers ; thi' 
 Win. I'enn, 150; the Ohio, 350; the Henry C'lay, 480 ; the Supe- 
 rior, 55<i; the Sluldon 'I'liompson, 2ixj ; and the Niagara, 200 : 
 amountiu).; to more than -^^.xx), an nearly all In the prime of life ; 
 mostly heads of families who havi; come for tlie purpose of pur- 
 chasin.i; land and settling in .Michigan. 
 
 Such was the title of immigration during the 
 entire season of n.ivig.iiion tli.at Ixith stc.am and sail 
 vessels were crowdid to their utmost capacity. On 
 October 7, 1834, four stc.mbo.ats brought nearly 
 900 p.issengers. In J.anuary, 1836, three steam- 
 bo.ats— two first class and one second class — .arrived 
 e.ich d.ay, with an aver.age of 260 passengers e.ach 
 w.ay. On May 23, 1836, 700 passengers arrived, 
 and (hiring the month there were ninety steamboat 
 .arrivals, e.ach bo.at loadetl with p.asseiigers. The 
 roads to the interior were literally thronged with 
 wagons. A careful estimate made in June by a 
 citi/en showed tli.at one wagon left the city every 
 five minutes during the twelve hours of daylight. 
 In 1837 the immigr.ation was fully as large; there 
 was an .average of three ste.anibo.ats a day, with 
 from 200 to 300 passengers each, and on one occa- 
 sion in the month of M.ay, 2,400 p.assengers landed 
 in a single clay. The larger part of these immi- 
 grants were from New York, and the rest mostly 
 froin New F^ngland. It is prob.ible that, in propor- 
 tion to its population, Detroit, and in fact the entire 
 State of Michig.in, has a larger percentage of New 
 York .and New Flngl.ind peojile than any other west- 
 ern city or State. At one time it seemed as though 
 all New Engl.ind was coming. The emigration 
 fever pervaded almost every hamlet of New Eng- 
 land, and this song was very popular, and is known 
 to have been largely influential in promoting emi- 
 gration ; 
 
 MICIIKIANIA. 
 
 Come all ye Yankee fanners who wish to change your lot, 
 Who 've spunk enough to travel beyond your native spot, 
 And leave behind the village where I'a and Ma do stay, 
 Come follow me, and settle in Michigania, — 
 Yea, yea "a, in Michigania. 
 
 I 've hearn of your . enobscot, way down in parts of Maine, 
 Where timber grows in plenty, hut darn the hit of grain ; 
 .■\nd I have heard of (Juoddy and y<iur riscatatpia, 
 lint they can't hold a candle to Michigania, — 
 Yea, yea, yea, to Michigania, 
 
 Then there's old Varmount, well, what d'ye think of that ? 
 To be sure, the gals are handsome, and the cattle \'ery fat ; 
 I'ut who among the mountains, 'ini<l clouds am! snow, would stay; 
 When he can buy a prairie in Michigania? — 
 Yea, yea, yea, in Michigania, 
 
32^ 
 
 THE FOUNDINC, AND CROWTH OF DKTROIT. 
 
 'J'liiii tliirc 's yuur Massjii IiumU>, uiui- k'""! inimuli, I"' MH''', 
 Itllt luiw slir 's always laying; a lax iipun iiianint', 
 Slic cosls yiiii pciks iil Ironljli', wliiili llii' ilc'il a peck ran pay, 
 Wliilu all is frrc anil lasy m Mii liigania, - 
 ^*l■a, yt'a, yea, iti Miclii^^Mnia, 
 
 Tliuru is lliu lanil ol llliif Laws, wlarc ikacunstiU yimr hair, 
 I'or fear yonr liK ks and tcmts will not cxadly stpniru, 
 WInrc Irii- that wnrks cjn Snnday a penalty ninsl pay, 
 Wliilc all is Scripture nieusnrc in Michigania, — 
 Vea, yea, ycci, in Miclii>,'anla. 
 
 I'lun there 's the State of New York, where siinie are very rich; 
 'I'lieniselveB and a few others have diij; a niiKhly ilitch, 
 'I'o render it more easy for ns to find the way, 
 And sail npon the waters to .Michiyania,— 
 V<'a, yea, yea, tci Mlchl^ania. 
 
 'I'hen there 's yunr hold (Jhici, 1 ve uften heard them tell, 
 Ahove the other places, she snrely wears the bell ; 
 lint when yon dime to view her, I will he lionnd you'll say 
 She falls (piite far below onr Michigania,— 
 Yea, yea, yea, onr Michijijania. 
 
 Then there is Indiana, and Illinois too, 
 I'esidi's the grand Missouri which rises to i»ur view, 
 All these are fine indeed, and stand in nice array, 
 l!ut they must all knock under to Michigania,— 
 \'ea, yea, yea, to Miehigania. 
 
 Upon the Clinton River, just through tin- lujuntry back, 
 Yon 'II fin<l, in shire of Oakland, the town of J'ontiac, 
 Which, springing up a sudden, scared wolves and bears away, 
 That used to mam about there, in Miehigania, 
 \ ea, yea, yea, in Miehigania. 
 
 And if yon follow downwards, why, Koehester is there, 
 And further slill, Mt. (."leinens looks out npon St. Clair, 
 liesides some other places within Macombia, 
 That promise population to Miehigania,— 
 Yea, yea, yea, to Miehigania. 
 
 If you had rather go to a place called Washtenaw, 
 Yon '11 find the Huron lands the best you ever saw ; 
 The ships sail io .\nn Arbor right through La Plaisance Bay, 
 And touch at \psilanli in Micliigania, 
 Yea, yea, yea, in Miehigania. 
 
 Or if you keep a going a great deal furlher on, 
 I guess you'll reach St. Joe, where everybody's gone ; 
 There everything, like Jack's bean, grows monstrous fast, they say. 
 And beats the rest all hollow in Miehigania, 
 Yea, yea, yea, in .Miehigania. 
 
 Then ( onie, ye Yankee farmers, who 'vc mettle hearts like me, 
 A ml elbow-grease in plenty, to bow the forest tree, 
 t'omi , lake a (piarter section, and I 'II be bound you '11 say, 
 This country takes the raj{ off, this Micliigania, — 
 Yea, yea, yea, this Miehigania. 
 
 No considerable number of Irish were here prior 
 to 1833, but at tliat time numbers of them came. 
 The Ciermans be,iL,^'in cominjr in the sprintf of 1832, 
 anil tile Poles in 1870. The numbers of the Yarious 
 nationalities in the city, accordinjj; to the census of 
 1870, were as follows: France, 760; Germany, 
 12,647; Fnjrland, 3,282; Ireland, 6,970; Scotland, 
 1,637; Holland, 310; Hunijary, 310 ; Norway, 523 ; 
 Poland, 325. Out of a total of 79,577, 44.196 were 
 born in America. The census of 1880 gives the 
 number of citizens born in various states and coun- 
 
 tries as follows: I'raiHe, 721; ( iirin.iiiy, 17,292, 
 luii; 1,111(1, 4,2ou; Ireland, 6,775; Scollaiul, 1. 783; 
 Ilollaiiil, 275 ; 1 1 miliary, 64 ; Norway, 27 ; rt.i.iiul, 
 1,771; Africa, 2; Australia, 15; Austria, 12S; Bo- 
 hemia, 557; IJritish America, 10,754; (.liina, 11; 
 Cuba, 3 ; Ciibrallar, 2 ; (ireece, 1; India, 9; ltal\, 
 127; .Malta, 3; Me.Nico, 6; Russia, 77 ; Saiulwit li 
 Isles, 3 ; South America, 17 ; Spain, 8 ; Sweden, 55; 
 Swil/erlaiul, 421 ; Wales, 71 ; at sea, 24. 
 
 Every Stale and Territory in the Union, c.xcepi 
 Montana, has contribiiled to our population. New 
 York hcatls the list with 7,722, Ohio sent 1,965, 
 I'eiinsyhania 998, .Massachusetts 922, and Illinois 
 568. Out of a total of 116,340 there were born in 
 America 70,695, and of these 2,300 were colored. 
 
 A curious illustralion of the lack of knowlcd.i^c 
 concerning this region is afforded in the address of 
 Mr. Lymi.uncr, agent of the Province of Canada, 
 read in 1793 before the House of Commons. The 
 address, which had been prepared in Canada, was 
 endorsed by Chief Justice Powell, and conlaiiud 
 this passage : 
 
 Although there is a small setlleinent at Detroit, which is, ami 
 must be considered of great importance as a post to trade with the 
 Indians, yet it must appear to this Honorable House that from its 
 situation it can m \ er become of any great importance as a settle- 
 ment. 'I'he falls of the Niagara are an insurmountable obstacle 
 to the transportation of such rude materials as the i>rodiice of the 
 land. As the farmers about Detroit, therefore, will have only 
 their own sellleiucnt for tlw consumption of their produce, sue h 
 a confined iiiarkel must greatly impede the progress of setlleiiu ill 
 and cultivation for ages to come. 
 
 The following figures do not verify the jiredic- 
 tion : 
 
 Cc/isi/s of Detroit. 
 
 Years. 
 17c/,. , 
 
 Population. 
 
 5'«> 
 
 77" 
 
 1817. 
 i8iy. 
 
 Years. Population. 
 
 i8,!0 2,222 
 
 i«J4 4.968 
 
 Sixi I iS)" 9(192 
 
 <ji»j 1S45 iJiuf'S 
 
 110 I 1850 2I,OIiJ 
 
 S54 4'^', '-'7 
 
 1,442 
 
 1,517 i i860 45. ^'19 
 
 Years. Population. 
 
 1864 53.I7'' 
 
 1S6S 68,8.17 
 
 1870 79.577 
 
 1874 101,225 
 
 1880 ii6,;)4J 
 
 1884 1j4.^J4 
 
 The census of 1884 does not do justice to the 
 growth of the city, because many of the ])eople 
 doing business in Detroit, and in suburbs that are 
 practically a part of the city, are counted in Spring- 
 wells or Hanitramck instead of Detroit. If the 
 census had included all who really form part of the 
 population, the number would have reached fully 
 1 50,000. 
 
 The per cent, of increase of population by de- 
 cades is as follows: 1830- 1840, 400 per cent; 
 1840 1850, 102 per cent; 1850-1860, loi per cent; 
 1860-1870, 74 per cent; 1870-1880, 46 per cent. 
 An average increase of only fifty per cent, will givt' 
 the following population in the years named : 1890. 
 185,000; 1900,275,000. 
 
"taWilB 
 
 MANXI.RS AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 357 
 
 
 lie 
 ipk: 
 arc 
 
 tlir 
 
 llK' 
 
 iully 
 
 \i\v- 
 mt ; 
 I'lit ; 
 .■111. 
 
 r\\C 
 
 The iumil>er of faiiiilies in iS6o was ^^,973; in 
 1870, 14,717; .111(1 in iScSo, 20,493, The sUitistics, 
 very e.irefully t.iken iiy ihe W.aler Coniniissioncrs 
 in June, iiS.S4, showed a total of 29,622 families. 
 As eonip.iretl with the population, the .'ivenij,re in 
 eaeh decide w.is about live persons to ;i family. 
 .\s comparet \>ith the school census in the same 
 djcadcs, tiicre was an .iveravje of less than two chil- 
 dren between five .and twenty yc.irs of age to each 
 family. The percentage of children to the tot.'il 
 population in various decades was as follows: 1840, 
 22 per cent; 1850, 33 per cent ; i860, 31 percent; 
 ''*^7o. 33 per cent; 1S80, 34 |)cr cent. The number 
 iif births in Detroit in 1880 was 4,565, and in 1881, 
 3,611. 
 
 MANNERS AND CU.ST()MS. 
 
 Many of the earlier colonists niingkd freely with 
 the liuli.'uis, .ind adopted so ni.any of their habits 
 that they became more like Indians thrm white nu'n, 
 for, as Cadillac s;iys in one of his letters, " With 
 wolves one le.arns to howl." The roitmirs dr /h'/s 
 m their h.abits rc^mbled the wildest ;md worst of 
 the men in the lumber-camps of to-day. and the 
 rioting and sc|u.'mdering of the lumbermen, on their 
 return from the woods, is p.inilleled by the doings of 
 these wild .and reckless men of the oklen time. 
 
 Almost every individu.al was designated, beside 
 his own name, by a soiihriipicf indicative of some 
 characteristic or incident in his life, anil frequently 
 these names entirely usurped the original ones. 
 
 In the list of claims for f.arms, .and in other old 
 records, we find that Joseph Andre was called 
 Cl.irk; Chesne, Sequin; La Butte, L.aderoute ; 
 (lodet, Marantette; Casse, St. Aubin; Vel.air or 
 \'illier w.is called St. Louis and now Lewis; Hubert 
 was called La Croix; I'rieur, La Fleur; Trotier, 
 licaubien; Desconipte, L.abadie; \'ernier, Ladou- 
 ceur; Billow, L'ICsperance; Ccr.ait, Co(|uill.ard ; Vis- 
 sier was called La Ferte, now spelleti Lafferty. In 
 some cases the French name has been Anglicised, 
 Charboneau becoming Cole; Laframboise, Berry; 
 (lobiel. Cubby ; Le I'.lanc, White; Le Noir, IM.ack ; 
 l.,i I'ierre, Stone; .and Meunicr, Miller. Several of 
 mir most prominent families have thtis entirely lost 
 their origin.al naines. 
 
 The almost universal dress of the male popul.ation 
 in the olden time is portrayed in one of Judge 
 Campbell's unpublished fireside poems, as follows: 
 
 l'".ach sported as he walked the floor, 
 
 Such garments .is the others wore ; 
 
 'rhmii;h some— a careful eye iniK'it note — 
 
 Had extra cambric round the throat, 
 
 Not as a sanitary slay 
 
 To ease their rreakina; vertebra;, 
 
 Hilt as a fiKiirative si,i;n 
 
 Of an unbending moral spine. 
 
 licit wruppid 1(1 mil t tlict wintry air. 
 
 ' r would make' a nicidi.sh tailor stare 
 
 To see what Kaiiiuiils, (|iuiiiil and warm, 
 
 Kc pt off the linors of the storm. 
 
 Upon the head, the noblest part, — 
 
 Well fashicmed by tlii' li.itler's art, 
 
 CliinK close and warin an ample cap 
 
 Of leal or otter's downy nap. 
 
 .And when the wind more liereely beat 
 
 And dimmed the air with driving sleet, 
 
 kaiscd from the shouldirs of tin- coat 
 
 The liavilcr douncd his \\w^v lapote, 
 
 Within whose folds he could defy 
 
 The scmvlinis' of a polar sky. 
 
 That coat no dainty cloth of Krancc 
 
 liedizeiied with r.\lr.iva>;anc e 
 
 Was sh.ipcd of blanket, black or blue, 
 
 'l'licjci>;li not unknown the scarlet hue. 
 
 Hound were I hi' cuffs and pocket flap 
 
 With fur suHicienl fcjr a cap, 
 
 And on the collar too enou>;li 
 
 To make his wife a stylish muff, — 
 
 While moccasins of Caribou 
 
 Covered his feel instead of shoe. 
 
 lUit in the shoepac's clumsy ba^s, 
 
 Stuffed at the toes with blanket rags, 
 
 The- clweller in the rural shade 
 
 His stout cMreniilies arrayed. 
 
 (!.irlerc-d about his knees were seen 
 
 l.cM,'Kiii.<s of baize of li\ely K'reen, — 
 
 His blanket wrapper 't was polite 
 
 To mention by the name of white, 
 
 Kor thoujjb throii>;h darkening hues it went, 
 
 'T was only time or accident. 
 
 His mighty buck or woolen mittens 
 
 Would hold at least a brace of kittens; 
 
 And when he sought to cut a dash 
 
 He gilt him with a crimson sash, 
 
 y\nd crowned his lont; and curly locks 
 
 With spoil of wocidchuck, coon, or fo.x. 
 
 While o'er his shoulders broad ihe tail 
 
 Streamed like ;i comet on Ihe Kale. 
 
 Some older and sed.iler folks 
 
 Were draped in flowini; camlet cloaks, 
 
 With soft lined collars stiff and high, 
 
 Concealin.ir all beneath ihe eye, 
 
 Whose bushy brows would overlap 
 
 And seem to fringe the hairy cap. 
 
 After the English came, we.althier citizens and 
 officials wore bl.ack silk breeches and hose, with 
 shoe and knee buckles, which, with a stiff stock and 
 beaver hat, were signs of gentility. For the women, 
 swanskins were in great demand. They were used 
 to trim bonnets and capes. Bright colors were 
 much in favor; and the French damsels understood 
 the art of tying a handkerchief or a ribbon in the 
 most attractive manner. 
 
 Simult.aneously with the coming of the F^nglish, 
 larger and more attractive stocks of goods gave 
 opportunity for display, and at an evening party, 
 honored by the presence of the wives and daughters 
 of the officers and leading families, there was no 
 lack of silk and .satin gowns, hosiery, and ribbons. 
 Silk and "gold-spangled shoes" were worn, and 
 Fashion had her devotees, as in our day. Colonel 
 
33 
 
 S 
 
 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 Ue IVystcr i)ai(l his respects to one of her worship- 
 pers in the fullowinj; hues 
 
 To A IIkai-iikul YoiNd Lauv, who hah <in onb ok tiiosk 
 
 AIIOMINAIll.K STUAW CAI'S OK IIONNKTN IN IMK lOHM OF A UKI;- 
 IIIVK. 
 
 While yoii pcisisi thai cap to wear. 
 
 Miss, let a li'ieiid ( outlive 
 Si) that the hees, when swarmiiii,' near, 
 
 Sha' n'l lal<e it fm a hive. 
 
 For, lest yuli siiine preiaiitiuii take, 
 
 I 'II be in eDiislant (lna<l 
 That, thiiinuli a niuulli s<i svveel, they 'il make 
 
 A loilKMieiit ill yoiit head, 
 
 Where siieli liiiul liiu/iiig tiny would keep, 
 
 And so dislruLt your brain. 
 That you 'd not kiI oni' wink of sleep 
 
 Till they liu/zed out axain. 
 
 Wherefore, to disiippoint the bees, 
 
 What I 'd advise is this ; 
 Close youi sweet lips, when, if you please, 
 
 1 Ml seal them with a kiss. 
 
 Books and papers were practically imknown for 
 very many years. News from tlie outside world 
 came in tiie form of letters, and these were few and 
 far between. Personal and family plans and adven- 
 tures were the usual subjects of conversation, and 
 these, with numerous alarms from the Indians and 
 the chanj;es made by succeeding commandants, 
 filled up the measure of the passing years. The 
 tables were well supplied. Heavers' tails, wild 
 thicks, turkeys, partridges, (juails, bear-steaks, ven- 
 ison, whitefish, Inilied corn, succotash, and baked 
 French pears were common articles of diet ; later 
 on, many of the best families cured their own pork 
 and beef, and hams and shoulders were smoked at 
 tile smoke-house of some enterprising grocer. A 
 family of bovines and eight chickens were sent from 
 Montreal in the fall of 1701 ; they soon multiplit 1, 
 and the lowing of cows and the cackling of hens 
 helped to make the wilderness seem a home. There 
 was never more stock raised than was needed for 
 home consumption, and after the War of 1812, for 
 nearly twenty years, a large share of the provisions 
 was brought from Ohio and New York. 
 
 The Gazette for Jul' 25, 1817, announced that 
 "during the preceding two weeks, more than 1,700 
 head of cattle were brought from Ohio," Even 
 now little livestock is raised in the vicinity, but in 
 1883 about 800 cattle, 1,600 sheep and calves, and 
 1,200 hogs were weekly slaughtered in Detroit. 
 The consumption of flour is nearly 4,000 barrels 
 per week ; and a single firm supplies 3,000 gallons 
 of milk daily to customers. Prior to 1830 maple 
 sugar was the only sugar in common use ; it was 
 not made in cakes, but was finely grained by stir- 
 ring. The Indians cooked their fish in the boiling 
 sap, and fish-bones and scales would sometimes 
 stare at you from the bottom of the coffee-cup. It 
 
 was used also as swictcniiig for tea, and the daily 
 drink of many of the early American settlers was 
 " uinicrgrccn tea swcctciu'd with m.iplc sugar." 
 The niiiuion of this delicious drink will bring u|) 
 many visions of the past to sonic of the older inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 /\ graphic picture of oldcii days is given by (lov- 
 ernorCass in a letter dated May 31, 1816, addressed 
 to the Sccrct.'iry of W.ar. He says : 
 
 'I'he liidi.iii trade uri^iiially funii>he(l ihe only eni|iloynieMt of 
 the people of 1 his eouiilry, and their only resource nuainst want. 
 As traihrs, en^'ayes, and voyaneurs, they spi'lit one half of the 
 year in lalmr, want, and exposure, and the other in iinloleiice anil 
 nmiiseminls. 
 
 Associated with the Indians, they coinraeted their niannirs 
 and gained their conlideiiee. An a necessary eonseipience, their 
 farms were nexleeted, and the UKrieultural products of the coun- 
 try formed a small portion of tli il)sistence of the iiihabilants. 
 When the failure of Kame redui !ie profits of this trade, and 
 rendered it more difTicnlt for the p. i>ons cns'aKed in il to procure 
 employment, the people were driven to other pursuits, and the 
 fatal mistake of ediieatini; ii whole communiiy for a siiigli- and 
 temporary business is now deiply filt and acknowle<lv;ed. Driven 
 at|len>,'tli to seek resource in tilling the procluclionsof the country, 
 the state of the farms shows the extreme difect of agrieullural 
 knowledge. 
 
 The spinniuK-wheel and the loom are tinknuwn in the country. 
 I.on,n since the Territory was ci-ded to the I'nited States, and in 
 a certain exteiil, to the ppseiit day, tlie farmers were in the jirat- 
 tice of drawiuK their manure tipun the ice of the river during the 
 winter, that il mi.i;ht lie carried inlo the lake in the spring. The 
 wool of ll\(' sheep was thniwn away, and even now, I presume, a 
 pound (jf wool is not manufactured in the Territory by any per.son 
 of Canadian descent, and four fifths of its inhabitants are of this 
 class of population. Within twelve years the making of soap for 
 family purposes was a i uriosity which attracted the attentinn of 
 the people, and although the wonder liascea.sed with the novelty, 
 yet few liav<: attiinpted to prolil by the experiment. 
 
 That there were gentlemen in 1837 cannot In- 
 doubted, for Mr. McCabe, in his directory of that 
 year, names fourteen persons whose occupation was 
 that of "gentlemen." Truth compels us to add. 
 however, that according to his record there was 
 but one "gentlewoman" in all the city, or at least 
 only one who was so specified. 
 
 At the present time the habits and manners of the 
 people partake largely of the characteristics of both 
 the Krendi and English races. The result of this 
 commingling is manifested in the entire social anil 
 business life of the city. Detroit is certainly con- 
 servative ; but coupled with caution there is a spirit 
 of enterprise that, building upon sure foundations, is 
 yearly pushing the city into the front rank of Amer- 
 ican cities, 'f here can be no question that it is a 
 remarkably desirable place for those who wish, 
 while making money, to enjoy life as well. Various 
 European nationalities are represented in the popu- 
 lation, but no one of them in sufTicient numbers to 
 control public sentiment ; and, as this is true also of 
 the population of the entire State, both Detroit and 
 Michigan stand for the New ICngland of the West. 
 
 Our citizens will compare in personal appearance 
 
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 339 
 
 
 the 
 
 on- 
 lirit 
 is 
 lur- 
 s a 
 ish, 
 ous 
 pu- 
 
 w itli till' lust n |)iTscntativcs of the Amerinm pco- 
 l>li'. All (niaiiliid ()l)SL'rvfrs axrec that in noi'astcni 
 or wi'sUrii city aru tiiK'-iooiviiiir wonn'n as iniiiH'nms 
 as ill Detroit; fresii and fair complexions arc the 
 rule; and anionj,^ niannfactiirL'rs of iadiis' shoes it 
 is vvi'li known tiiat more lini' and sniall-si/iii shoi-s 
 arc sold here tiian in any oliur <iiy of (([ual popu- 
 lation. 
 
 The isolated comlilion of the first Imhitaiix, and 
 thei;' eonse(inent dependence upon each other, natu- 
 lally made them friendly and social ; and partly for 
 protri'lion.aiKl |)artly for companionship, the f.irms 
 of the early settlers were of narrow froiUa;4e on the 
 river, and the houses only a (|narter of a mile apart. 
 A nLnii)er of tiic first comers were of ancient and 
 i^renll • line.i.ife, and they brought the graces of an 
 older civilization, "the small, sweet eourtesies of 
 life," to the settlement on the Strait. When tin: 
 jjigiish came, the numerous othcers of a large gar- 
 rison, and the Scotch and English merchants that 
 soon followed, contributed to form a society that 
 could hardly have been more attractive. After it 
 was surrendered to the United States, the recog- 
 nized import;uu-e of the post caused it, for many 
 years, to be under the command of noted ollicers; 
 several wealthy and educated eastern families also 
 made it their home at this jicriod ; and after the 
 War of 1812, a number of leading families came 
 from Marietta, Ohio, the then educational centre of 
 the West. The society of this western city thus 
 secured an element quite exceptional in polish and 
 culture, 'that has affected its characteristics to the 
 present time. Probably no city in the West has 
 possessed, or maintains, more of the old-school 
 friendliness and cordial hospitality than is here 
 manifested. In 1831 a correspondent of an east- 
 ern paper made this report : 
 
 The socii'ly of i)ttr()it is kind, hospitable, and excellent. A 
 strong scnsi; of t-qnality and indi-pcndcnce pn-vails in it. A citi- 
 zen wliosc conduct is respectable and decorous is respected by all 
 and associates with all. Very little etiquette is practised here, 
 llcnuine friendliness and cordiality are the a,«;ree.nble substitutes. 
 Afternoon visits even to strangers are as orthodo.x, and even as 
 frequent, as morninj^ visits. Recently domiciled here, we ran 
 i\,. k feeliuKly upon this subject. A frank, cordial, and general 
 1 ivility, at once peculiarly Kra'ify'fK. '""1 indicative of the char- 
 ailer of the Michiganians, has been extended to us. One of the 
 most agreeable and best established traits of hospitality at Detroit 
 is that decent strangers are always invited to the wed'ngs which 
 take place in the city. 
 
 The spirit indicated in this letter now as then 
 actuates the inhabitants of Detroit, and worth is a 
 jiassport to the best society. 
 
 One of the most noticeable social events that has 
 occurred in Detroit, and in view of all the facts, 
 perhaps one of the most notable occurring in the 
 country, w^as the complimentary banquet tendered 
 to C. C. Trowbridge by the citizens of Detroit, on 
 
 December 29, 1882, on the occasion of his eighty- 
 third birthday. That wiiich caused the occasion to 
 be cxception.il ;ind uni(|ue was the fact th.at, living 
 in Detroit continuously for sixty-three years, aiul 
 occupying during that time various positions of trust 
 and res|)onsil)ility, he had so endcired .and recom- 
 mended iiimself to two distinct gener.ations, includ- 
 ing men of differing political creeds and religious 
 faiths .111(1 of v.irious nationalities, th.it they cigerly 
 embraced the opportuniiy <if doing him honor. The 
 tribute was offered him solely on the ground of his 
 per.son.il worth .as the first gentlem.ui of the city, 
 embodying a r.ire combination (jf courtesy, scholar- 
 ship, and business aljility. 
 
 At the baiKjuet com|)liments were literallv rained 
 upon him, and the highest compliment of all was 
 the universal feeling that he could not be injured by 
 the words and tokens of appreci.ation so he.iriily 
 bestowed. It was a remarkable fact that he had 
 witnessed the growth of Detroit from the little 
 French town of 1,1 ro inhabitants to the metropolis 
 with a popul.ition of 130,000. 
 
 'file reception and bruKiuet took place at the 
 Russell House, 'fhe toasts were: "Our Guest," 
 "The Hanks and Uankers of the Northwest Terri- 
 tory," " The French and Fnglisli Rule in Michi- 
 gan," " 'fhe W;irs and Milit.iry Heroes of Michig.an," 
 " X'igorous Age the Product of Virtuous Youth," 
 "The Highways ;ind Byways of Michigan." Hon. 
 ti. V. N. Lothrop presided at the ban(|uet, and 
 responded to the first toast. In making his .ac- 
 knowled;^ .nents, .Mr. Trowbridge read an interesting 
 account of old-time citizens with various reminis- 
 cences. The other speakers were Hon. T. P. Handy, 
 of Cleveland, Hon. James V. Campbell, of Detroit, 
 I 'resident James 15. Angell, of the University, Rev. 
 Dr. T. C. Pitkin, of Detroit, Colonel C. O. Ham- 
 mond, of Chicago, Hon. R. G. Horr, and Hon. 
 Thomas W. Palmer. Letters of regret were re- 
 ceived from General U. S. Grant, General M. C. 
 Meigs, Hon. Hugh McCulloch, General H. H. Sib- 
 ley, Colonel John N. Macomb, James Watson Webb, 
 and others. 
 
 The occasion will be long remembered by all who 
 enjoyed it as one that awakened aspirations after 
 all that is truest and noblest in character. No 
 sermon or address could have been more effective. 
 The testimonial was timely, for a few months later, 
 on Tuesday, April 3, 1883, as the result of what 
 seemed at first only a slight cold, Mr. Trowbridge 
 passed away. 
 
 The custom of New Year's calls has been com- 
 mon since the beginning of the century. In 1879 
 it became the practice to print in the daily papers 
 the names and addresses of those intending to re- 
 ceive calls. 
 
 Many persons of various nationalities have or- 
 
340 
 
 MAiNNERS AND CUSTOMS. — MARRIAC.E LAWS. 
 
 jjanized societies for tlie promotion of social feeliii.tf. 
 /Vmong those of a ]iiircly social character is tiie 
 Hums Club, ors^aiiixed I'cbruary 26, 1S67, and the 
 New England Society, organized November 5, 1873. 
 This last has no stated times of meeting. The 
 I'hoeni.x Social Club, composed principally of Jewish 
 members, was organized September 15, 1.S72, and 
 incorporated in November, 1S75 ; it occupies the 
 second and third stories of the block on the south- 
 west corner of Woodwanl Avenue and Duliield 
 Street. The rooms were dedicated \ovember 24, 
 ifc>75, and in their own Hall the Club have lectures 
 and readings, dramatic and musical entertainments. 
 A society called the Detroit Club was organized in 
 May, 1875, and hud its cjuarters in an elegant build- 
 ing on West Fort Street, but its members became in- 
 active, and its el'fetts were sold at auction on October 
 8, 1878. A second club by the same name was or- 
 
 Dktroit Ci.ub House. 
 
 ganized and incorporated October 4, 1S82, and fitted 
 up a building at 72 Lafayette Avenue, which was 
 formally opened November iS. 'I'he Club subse- 
 quently i)urchased the residence on the northwest 
 corner of Fort and Wayne Streets. The (jfficers of 
 the Club have been as follows: 1882, president, 
 Hugh McMillan; secretary, S. T. Douglas; treas- 
 urer, J. V. Moran. In 1883 the officers were the 
 same, except that James V. Campbell, Jr., was 
 treasurer. 
 
 MARRIAGE LAWS. 
 
 Long before the French came, dusky lovers 
 strayed through the primeval forests, exchanged 
 
 whispered vows, and made presents of wild roses, 
 water lilies, and Jlcurs dc lis. Indian husbands, 
 however, were less attractive than Indian lovers, 
 and the French when they came carried off the fair- 
 est of the forest. To their credit be it said that 
 they treated their Indian wives with so much more 
 attention than they usually received that the s(|uaws 
 soon saw the difference, and Cadillac reported that 
 the Indian women " preferred a Frenchman of anv 
 sort to a savage." He encouraged these alliances 
 as a means of protection to the settlement, and half- 
 breeds soon formed the larger per cent of the jiopu- 
 lation. There are several families .still in Detroit 
 with some rmcestral Indian blood in their veins. 
 
 In order to provide wives for the soldiers, the 
 commandants, fnjm time to time, applied to the 
 ol'l'ici.ils in France to send out " widows and mar- 
 riageable young ladies "; and at various times com- 
 panies of maidens, with outtits jirovided by the 
 king, came to cheer and bless the settlement in the 
 wilderness. 
 
 No one was allowed to marry witliout permission 
 Even Tonty himself, in 1717, was o'oiigeil to solicit 
 a marriage permit that he might marry an .'il- 
 tr.'ictive widow. Of the soldiers, no one was 
 allowed to marry who could not show iirobable 
 ability to supjiort a f;uiiiiy. The pres'- of tlu- 
 comni.-iiidant was essenti.il to wee' ng l^ .ivilies, 
 and there was much formality at' m pon all 
 
 the preliminaries. I'he nota, y, with !i juill and 
 ink-lK)rn, was a man ot eminent in tance on 
 these occasions, and the contract of m, tge which 
 he drew up spi ified with exact care t ,• dowry ol 
 the bride and named at length all who were present 
 at the wedding. 
 
 Marriages under the English Law were solemnized 
 either by the minister or a justice of the peace. 
 The French maidens were not averse to having 
 l'".nglish suitors, and were so eagerly sought that 
 they often stepped from childhood into married 
 life. Tradition says that when Dr. (i. C. Anthon 
 married Miss St. Martin she had a doll in her arms. 
 Where both parties were French, less than thirty 
 years often covered the united ages of both l)ridc 
 and groom. 
 
 Under the laws of the Northwest Territory, males 
 of seventeen years and femrdes of fourteen might 
 be married, but the consent of parents or guardians 
 was rcHjuired if the man was under twenty-one and 
 the woman less th;m eighteen years of age. The 
 b;;ns were reiiuired to be published for at least 
 fiftei'n days before the marriage ceremony, either 
 from the pulp't on Sundays or by notice posted in 
 some public pi.-ce by a justice; or a license had to 
 be obtained. 
 
 •By territorial law of y\ugust 2, 1805, a justice 
 was given authority to marry persons where one of 
 
MARRIAGE LAWS. — MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETIES. 
 
 34 T 
 
 lilt; 
 lat 
 
 irty 
 
 riil'c 
 
 ans 
 
 iiul 
 
 hr 
 
 •asl 
 
 luT 
 
 in 
 
 to 
 
 llu' parlies lived in the justice's district ; both parties, 
 however, were required to be over twenty-one years 
 of a.i;e, or written consent for tlie one under ai^e ob- 
 tained from tlie fatiier or t^uardi.an. 
 
 I5y law of Octol)er 31, iiS2o, lifteen days' notice 
 of an intended niarriai^e was re(|uired to l)e jiosted 
 in some public place, or a public declaration to be 
 made by some minister on two different occasions, 
 the first publication to be made at least ten days 
 before the marriajre ; or a license obtained of the 
 clerk of the county court. Under the same law 
 males of ei.i;hteen and females of fourteen years of 
 ai^e mi),rht be married, but males inider twenty-one 
 anil females under ei,i,dneen were rec|uired to have 
 the consent of their father or tniardian. 
 
 The Revised Statutes of 1838 reciuircd that at 
 least one of the parties should be examined on oath 
 as to the leijality of the proposed niarriaj^e, and 
 under the same law males of seventeen and females 
 of fourteen years of age might marry regardless of 
 the consent of parents or guardians. 
 
 The Revised Statutes of 1846 fixed the age at 
 which males might marry at eighteen years, and 
 females at sixteen years; and no change has since 
 been made as to marriageable age. 
 
 In the Calliolic churches, by church law, the 
 names of persons proposing to marry, and of the 
 ])arents of each, arc reeiuired to be announced three 
 times from the pulpit, unless a special dispensation 
 is obtained. 
 
 In the Hebrew congregations, the groom is rc- 
 cjuired to obtain from the president of the congrega- 
 tion a permit, and must satisfy him that he can be 
 lawfully married, and give his own and his bride's 
 name ; and on presentation of the permit, the rabbi 
 is authori/.cti to jjcrform the ceremony. 
 
 Under present state law, any justice of the peace 
 and any pastor of a church may solemni/.e a mar- 
 riage, after examining on oath one of the parties as 
 to the legality of the proposed marriage ; two wit- 
 nesses bt'sides the minister or justice and the con- 
 tracting jjarties must be present. 
 
 The person performing the marriage ceremony is 
 iecjuired, within twenty days thereafter, 10 deposit 
 in the county clerk's office a record of the date and 
 place of the marriage, the Christian and surnames 
 of groom and bride, and the maiden name of the 
 bride if a widciw, also the color, age, place of birth, 
 .ind residence of the parties at time of the mar- 
 riage, and the names and residences of the two 
 witnesses, togctlier with his own name and official 
 title or position. 
 
 MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETIES. 
 
 Within four years after the post of Detroit was 
 .surrendered to the English, a lodge of Masons was 
 
 organized. The warrant for its organization was 
 issued on April 27, 1764, by ( ieorge Harrison, 
 C.rand Master of the Province of New York. The 
 warrant pro\'ided for a " Lodge of Masons, No. I, 
 to be lu'ld at Detroit under whatever name the said 
 Master and his ol'licers shall please to distinguish it." 
 
 Lieutenant John Christie, of the Sixtieth Regi- 
 nu-nt, was named as Master, Samson I'lcming, 
 Senior Warden, and Josias Harper, Junior Warden. 
 The lodgi! w;is n.anied Zion Lodge. It surrendered 
 its warrant, and receivt'd a new one from the (Irand 
 Lodge of New ^'ork on I)ecemt)er 3. 1S06, and was 
 registered as No. 62. This Lodge w;ls in existence, 
 bearing the same number, in 1817. 
 
 A second Lodge was instituted in 1773, registered 
 as No. 356, and two yeru's later U'nion L(xlge No. 
 394 was created. 
 
 A fourth Lodge was organized by the Grand 
 Secret.iry. James Davidson, under authority of 
 Thos. Ainslie, of (Hiebec, Deputy ("and Master. 
 The warrant was dated SeiHember 7, 1794, and 
 autliorize(i .Jami's Donaldson as Master Mason, 
 ICdward Hyrn as Senior Warden, ami L'intlley 
 Campbell as Junior Warden, to IkjIiI a Lodge "in 
 the City of Detroit, in Upper Canaila" on the first 
 Monday of every calenilar month, 'fhe Lodge 
 thus authorized was duly established on December 
 19 at the house of James Donaldsr)n, and was 
 known as Zion Lodge No. 10. It was in existence 
 as late-Jis December 28, 1801. A notice of one of 
 the meetings of this lodge, copied from the original 
 document, is as follows : 
 
 Detroit, 23d Aug., 1799. 
 
 nnoTlll-.R MaV,— 
 
 Yon are requested to meet the Mastir W.irdcns .uul the rest of 
 the I'rethreu at the house of James Ilonaldson, on the jist day of 
 Aui;., ininiecliately at T) o'iliiel< in tlie eveniiij.;, heinj; a l.od),'e of 
 Ejuergeiuy, and this yuu are to atcejit us a special sunununs from 
 Zion I.ndt'o \o. to of the Registry of Lower Canada. Tail not 
 on your ( ). 1!. 
 
 liy order of the Body 
 
 Bkn. Rami, 
 
 Sec. of Zion Lodge. 
 
 Under authority of the Grand Lodge of New 
 York, the fourth warrant organizing a lodge Iiear- 
 ing the n.ime of Zion was issued on June 13, 1844, 
 .'ind constituted John E. Schwartz, Master; R. A. 
 I'orsylh, Senior Warden ; and David Thompson, 
 Junior Warden, of Zion Lodge No. 99. 
 
 .\ fifth warrant, dated June 5, 1844, issued by the 
 Grand Lodge of Michigan, authorized the name of 
 Zion Lodge No. i, and constituted David Thomp- 
 son, Master; Ezra Williams, Senior Warden; and 
 R. A. Forsyth, Junior Warden. The annual meet- 
 ing was at the regular commimication p'-eceding the 
 full moon in December of each year. 
 
 On December 21, 1821, Detroit Lodge No. 337 
 was instituted, and a few days after, on December 
 
342 
 
 MASONIC AiNu ouD 1'"i:li.o\vs suciKTii:s. 
 
 26, tlie officrrs wore piil)liily iiislalk'd in tlu- l'rott>s- 
 tant Cliurcli on tlu; (■orncr of Woodwrird Anciiuc 
 and I.aiMH'd Sircrt, undtT tin- dii'cclion of L'harlrs 
 Jacl<s(in, Jrrt'niiali Mimi's, antl l.r\i Cook as a C'oni- 
 niittL-i.! of Arran!L;rnu'nts. 
 
 It appears from old records that Detroit l.odiL^e 
 ^'"' 337 t'l'l-'ii"-''' 'i '"^"»\' cliarter as Detroit l.odj4C 
 No. I, from Mielii^an drantl l.odi^e on Octobers, 
 1X42, and aijain from some soiirci' on Mav 2S, 1844, 
 and from New Y(uk, as Detroit i.od,i;c' No. icx), on 
 Jime 14, 1844, and lastly, as Detroit I.odi^e No. 2, 
 from the iMichii^an (irand l.od^e, on Juni' 5, 1845. 
 
 The foliowinij Detroit l.odms were eluirtered on 
 the dates named: I'nion I-od^c of Strict ' >l)ser\-- 
 anec No. 3, on January iS. 1852; Ashlar l.od;^e 
 No. 91, January 16. 1.S57; Oriental l.od]L;e No. 240, 
 January 10, i.S().S; Schiller l.odv^c No. 263, .\pril 
 13, i86y; Kilwinniiii;- l.odiL^t' No. 2(>7, J.annarv 11, 
 1872. 
 
 Monroe Chapter No. 1 was oi"i.;ani/.ed .at Detroit 
 on l'"el)rnary 3, i8[8, under a ilisi)i'nsation s^nuiti'd 
 l)y DeW'ilt Clinton, of New York. 'I'hey worked 
 imder this until I'ehru.iry 7, 1S21, when the (ii'neral 
 (ir.md Chapter ^I'anted them ,1 ch;u'ti'i\ They wi're 
 incorporated by Act of .March 14, 1851. I'eninsul.ir 
 Chapter No. 16 was orijjanized l'"ebruarv i 1, 1857. 
 
 The lirst (irand Lod^e of .Michii^an w;is formed 
 on June 24, 1826, by delei;ates from Zion I.odyc 
 No. 3 and Detroit Lodge No. 337 of Detroit, ;uid 
 Menominee Lodge No. 374 of Green li.iy, and .Mon- 
 roe Lodge No. 375. Four special conimunicitions 
 were held, and one annual one on Jime 6, 1027, 
 after which the (irand Lodge did not meet until 
 June 2, i84r. .Vt a meeting of the Cirantl Lodge 
 on May 22, 1844, it was recommended that old 
 lodges obtain new charters from New York ; and as 
 a new (irand Lodge was to be organized in accoril- 
 ance with the recommendations of this body, the 
 old Grand Loc'ge was discontinued, and the present 
 (irand Lodge organized on September 17, 1S44. 
 
 Detroit Cominandery No. i was organized Janu- 
 ary 8, 1851 ; Monroe Council No. i, ^Lay 19, 1856; 
 Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Carson Lodge 
 of Perfection, .May 21, 1861 ; Carson Council 
 Princes of Jerusalem, May 21, 1861; .Mount Olivet 
 Chapter Rose Croix, IVLiy 21, 1862; Michigan 
 Sovereign Consistory S. I'. R. S., 32 degrees, M;iy 
 21, 1862; Detroit Lodge of Perfection, June 18, 
 i86g; Palestine Lodge No. 357, December 20, 1880; 
 the (irand Imperial Council of the Red Cross of 
 Constantine was organizeil Ajiri' 10, 1S74. 
 
 Masonic meetings were originally held at private 
 houses. About 1826 a second story was added to 
 the old council house, on tlie corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue and Randolph Strt'ct, and the new story 
 was used for masonic meetings. After the burning 
 of the btiilding in 1S48, meetings were held in the sion 
 
 U|)per st<iry of ;i brick building ;iflerwards known , as 
 the ( iai-|-ison House, on the corner of JelTersoii 
 ,\\enue and Ciss .Street. The M.-isoni^' I ball on 
 Jefferson Avinue, bitween (iriswold and Slu'll)\ 
 Streets, was begun in i8;i, the cornt'f-stone beiii'^ 
 laid on .Seplemher 2. 'I'lie building was completed 
 in 1852,1)111 the I lall was not formally di'dic.ated 
 luitil June 24, 1857. In 1876 many of the lodges 
 found <[tiarters in the new building of the Wayiir 
 County .S.ivings H.ank; .and in tin: summer of i88r, 
 till' lease of the property on Jefferson .\\-enue hav- 
 ing expired, all of the lodges left the okl h;ill. 
 
 Olu .Masonic Hai.i,. 
 
 One of the most notable events in connection 
 with M.asonry was the Knight Templar procession 
 of June 9, 1S70. AL'uiy commanderies from various 
 parts of the United States were present, .and ov( r 
 one thousand Iv nights participated. l?y a notice- 
 able coincidence, ex.actly nine years later the visii 
 and p.anide of the Palestine Commandery of New 
 ^'ork took place, and this also was a notable occa- 
 
MASONIC AND ODD FELLOWS SOCIETll'-S. 
 
 343 
 
 Tlic Miclii^iL^aa Masons Mulual liiMidlt Associa- 
 lion was orijani/.ccl June 12, 1874, .iiul incorixnalcd 
 laiiiiary 7, 1X78. It is soK'Iy for i\\v bcnrlii of 
 Master Masons not over fifty-live years of n^v. 
 
 Tile orHcr of < )(1(1 l''ello\\s was intnuluci'd into 
 Di'troit l)y liic institulion of Mieliii^an i.odi^e No. i, 
 nil Deeeiiiiicr 4, 1843, under a diarter .i,n-anted liy 
 llie ( 'iraiul l.odi;e of llie I 'iiited States. Josluia I-. 
 Siiiitli and Hartford Joy weri', tlie lirst two eleett'd 
 (illicers. 'i'lie iodjL^e was incorporated \ovenil)er 
 10, 1S45, and prospered to siuii an extent tlial on 
 April 13, 1844, till' serond lodi;;e In the Stale was 
 (irxanized as Wayne Lod,v;e N(j. 2, willi A. R. 
 I'erry, John Kobiiison, Jr.. ami Charles S. Adams 
 .IS its tirst three elective onicers. Other lodges 
 were instituted in the following order: 
 
 Olive ilr.ineh Lodge No. 38, Septi'iiiher 20, 1849; 
 Washington Lodge No. 54, i'"cl)ruary 22, i85r, in- 
 coi'porati'd J,iiiu;iry C), 1873; Detroit Lodge No. 
 I :S, [•"ehni.iry 29, 1867; Ingersoll I'".iu;inipinent 
 
 gress ,iiul Larned .Streets. It was built in 1846, and 
 dedicated on I'ebruary 24, 1847. .\n oration was 
 delivered on the occasion by Cieorge C. liates, in 
 the ILiptist fhurcli. corner of Fort and Ciriswold 
 Streets. The building had a frontage of fifty-two 
 feet on Woodw.irtl .\venue and was eighty feet 
 di'ep. It was owneil by a stock company, conijiosed 
 exclusively of Odil Icllows, In 1S55 most of the 
 stock of the association ;uid the nnnagemeiit had 
 passed into the hands of one or two |)ersons. Two 
 of the lodges and the encampment then le,;sed the 
 two u|iper lloors in Hull's Ulock. and riitt-d uji a 
 hall which w.as known as New Odd I'"ellows' Hall. 
 This hall was dedicated on the 1 3tli of September, 
 1855, by ('.rami Master William M. Feiiton, and 
 was occupied by all the lodges until the hall on 
 
 (•|>|) ^'l■;l.l.c]U^' II. Ml, WiiiiiiUAUi) A\i-.MK ii^-s?. 
 
 OUI) I'liLLOW^' HaIX, IIKAI) (II .MciNKOK AVKNUE. 
 
 let 10 1 1 
 Issioii 
 Irion- 
 
 OVI'l' 
 |)tifC- 
 
 visii 
 INew 
 l)cca 
 
 No. 29, March 19, 1868; Vhst French Lodge of the 
 West No. 147, October 15, 1870; Oermania Kn- 
 campment No. 45, November 21, 1870; Sides Lodge 
 No. 155, February 22, 1871 ; Columbus Lodge No, 
 215, September 29, 1873; Riverside Lodge No. 
 303, September 12, 1877; Amity Lodge, January 1, 
 I S80, 
 
 The Detroit Patriarchs were organized in Sep- 
 tember, 1875. '{"he organization is composed of 
 •hid Fellows who have taken the Royal I'urple 
 ilegree. On September 20, 1876, at the (Irand 
 Reunion in Philadelphia, they were complimented as 
 the best drilled company present. 
 
 The fir.st Odd Fellows' Hall in the city was on 
 the west side of W'oodward Avenue, between Con- 
 
 Monroe Avenue was built, A small room in the 
 original hall was occupied from 1S70 to 1876 by 
 Detroit Lodge. The building was torn down in 
 1877, to make room for a new block. 
 
 In 1874, Washington Lodge No. 54 purchased 
 a lot on Randolph Street facing Monroe Avenue, 
 and built Odd Fellows' Teni|)le thereon. 'I'lie 
 corner-stone was laid on August 20, 1874, by the 
 officers of the Orand Lodge, at whii'h time an 
 address was delivered by John N. Ingersoll, R, 
 W. Grand Warden. The hall was completed in 
 February, 1875, and occupied by Washington Lodge 
 No. 54, Michigan Lodge No. i, Detroit Lodge No. 
 128, and Sides Lodge No. 155. It was dedicated 
 on February 22, 1876. 
 
CH APTE R XLVTII. 
 
 sla\i:rv and the colored race. 
 
 Si,.AVF,RY bo;',,in almost with ilu' si'ttlonu'iit. The 
 Indians wlio i^atlKTul near the fort jiron^ht with 
 tlicni caplivi's taki'n in i)attli', ;in(i sonu' of tiiesc 
 wiMV transf(.'rri.Hi to tJic l''rinrh. in 1760 llierc 
 \V(.'i\' l)otli Inilian and African slaves in Ditroit. 
 Most of the Indian slaves were from the I'awnee 
 tril)e, and a few from the (Xsaije, Choctaw, and 
 otiier western tribes, who had been capturt'd in 
 w.ir and sold to French and English resiilents. 
 The Indians made excellent servants and com- 
 manded sjood prices. At the time of the cajiitula- 
 tion it was stipniated that the French inhabitants 
 should keep their nev;roes, but they were to restore 
 those beloniL,nn!i^- to the IJii^lish. The followini,^ 
 copies of letters from an old manuscript letter-book 
 of I'hyn & Fllice, in possession of the lUiffalo His- 
 torical .Society, i;ive an idea of the spirit of these 
 olden times, and detail the methods of sale and 
 the prices paid for slaves for this market : 
 
 ScilKNliCTAUY, 7 Jisly, 1760. 
 
 .I//-. //. Lrty — 
 
 r.cforo this reaches you we hope every furmer order will be 
 completed. Above we send you a small niemoraiuUmi which we 
 bei,; you '11 execute immediately on receipt. ♦ * * We shall be 
 pleased to hear how l)eaver is sellini;. • * ♦ If you have wam- 
 pum, pipes and moons, you may send 'em by first opportunity, 
 and we '11 make a trial of them at iJctroit this winter. * * * 
 Yours, *c. P. & E. 
 
 P. S. — I")o not fail to purchase the blacks by first opportiutity, 
 as the person for wh<ini they are, has contracted to deliver them 
 at Detroit early in the fall. 
 
 SclIF.N'FXTADV, 23d Aug., 1760. 
 
 Mr. "yames Stirling, Detroit. 
 Sir,— 
 
 Your favor, 29th June, attending your order, we had the plca- 
 suic to receive, and immediately thereon J. P. made a jaunt to 
 New ^drk, with a view to be particular and exiiedilioas in making 
 up the goods. We now inclose you Invoice per L , the load- 
 ing of six boats is tinder the direction of James McDonald, who 
 is engaged to proceed with them to Detroit. * * * We have 
 tried all in our power to procure the wenches and negro lads, but 
 it 's impossible to get any near your terms. No green negroes are 
 now brought into this Province. We can purchase negroes from 
 eighty pounds to ninety pounds, and wenches from sixty pounds 
 to seventy pounds. If such will be acceptable, advise and you 
 shall have them in the spring, and perhaps under, if we can meet 
 with Yankees in the winter. 
 
 With great esteem, yours, 
 
 P. & F. 
 
 Scilli.NliCTADV, IJ AujiUSl, 177.1. 
 Mr. Levy : 
 
 SlK,- 
 
 We have received two negro boys ; the- oldest will do for Mr. 
 Stirling, at Detroit, and is enlend in our Order book. lint we 
 are intirely at a loss what to do with that fat-gutted Imy, liavim; 
 orders for none stub for any c.f nur corri'spondents, and we don't 
 by any means waul him for i-iirselves. * » * I'ray, are ikiI 
 bills of sale nccesary with Ihese African g<'ntlemen ? 
 
 Wo are, &c., P. A h,. 
 
 ■ SciiKNKCi'Aiiv, aj March, 1771. 
 
 Mr. Car/>cntir U'/inrtPit : 
 
 SlK,— 
 
 I pon your arrival at I'hiladelphia, please advise us by letter ad- 
 dressed to the care of .\Ir. Saiuuel I'laiikliii, Jiin., if you can p,ir- 
 chase fur us two negro lads frum filu en to Iweiily years, for alioul 
 fifty pounds. New York currency, each. They must be stout ami 
 sound, but we an- indilT<'renl about their qualifications, as they 
 are for a I icnchman al Detroit. * ♦ » 
 
 Yours, P. * ''■■ 
 
 To Mr. John Forteous, Detroit; 
 Deah Sir, — 
 
 We luive contracted with a New I'.ngland gentleman for some 
 green negroes to be delivered heri> the lirst of August, and then 
 your wench will be forwarded, togitber with a negro boy, in erase 
 she may some time hereafter choose a husband. We apprehend 
 he will be useful to you, or advantageous about the shmp, or yoii 
 can dispose of him as you find best. The price is fifty pounds 
 each. 
 
 Yours, (.tc, P. & 1',. 
 
 The ofiicial returns made to the trovernor-treneral 
 in 1773 showed that there were then ninety-six 
 slaves at the settlement along the Detroit; five 
 years later there were one hundred and twenty- 
 seven. After another interval of five years the 
 number was reported at one hundred and seventy- 
 five, and in I7(S2 there were seventy-eight male and 
 one hundred anil one female slaves. 
 
 Among other old records at Detroit there is a 
 dociunent given by John Askin, grandfather of the 
 late E. A. Hrush, dated September 9, 1766, ami 
 saying, " I set at liberty and give full freedom unto 
 my I'awnee slave Monnette, which I had from 
 Mons. Harrussa at Michilimackinac," On Oetol)cr 
 19, 1794, the same Mr. Askin bought of James May 
 a negro man Pompey, for forty-five pounds, and on 
 January 3, 1795, he sold him to James Donaldson 
 for fifty pounds. 
 
 L34t] 
 
SLAVKRY AND Till': COLOKKD RACK. 
 
 345 
 
 The Aiiuiicaii Stale Papers (Vuliinie I., pai;c 
 14OI eontaiii an inlerestinj;' aeeoiml of an elTmt In 
 lia\c: sla\ery legalized in this re,!L;i(in. The fails were 
 as f()lli)\vs: ( )n November 22, 1802, ( loNcrnor llar- 
 iis(in issued a pi-oelanialion notifying;' liie people of 
 an ek'etion lo i)e held in thi; several comilies on 
 Di'ceniber II. Delegates were then to l)e elected 
 lo a eon\'enlion called for I'ccembei- 20, at \'in- 
 ceiines ; tlu: main object of the eonvenlion lo be 
 the consideralion of the (iiieslion of si-cnrinv;' the 
 repeal or snspension of Arti<k; \'I. of ilu' ordinance 
 of 17.S7, which prohibited liu' holdini; of slaves in 
 the Teiritoiy. No representalinn was solicited 
 from Wayiu: County, prol)al)ly because it was so 
 well iindcrsiood thai Miclli,^,^•ln would soon be a 
 separate Territory that it was deemed nnnecessai-y 
 to consnll ils citizens on a (luestion of this charac- 
 ter, (iovernor li.irrison presidid o\'er thi' conven- 
 tion, and it was decided to petition L'ont;i-ess to 
 snspi'nd the said article for ten yi'ars. It is an 
 interestint;- f.icl that the eeieljraled John Randolph 
 of l\oanoke, llu' chairman of the Coni^ressional 
 Commitlee to whom the petition of the deleijates 
 was referred, made a report deciarinu; that " the 
 laboi- of slaves is not necessary to promote the 
 j^rowlh and settlement of colonics in that region. 
 * * * The committee deem it highly dani^eroiis 
 and inexpedient to impair a provision wisely calcu- 
 lated to promote the happiness and prosperity of 
 the northwestern country and to ,i;ive stri'n,i;th and 
 security to that extensive fnjnlii'r." After hi-ariii^' 
 the report, Congress refused to suspend the articles, 
 and the Territory was preserved to freedom. 
 
 In iracini^ the ([uestion through the years, we find, 
 in a letter, dateil April 2, 1803, that William J'dliott, 
 of .Sandwich, reeiuestcd James Henry, of Detroit, to 
 keep Mr. Ormsby's man in jail a few weeks until he 
 could sell or dispose of him. 
 
 y\t the time of the tire in 1805 there were six 
 colored men and nine colored women in the town. 
 That their nuntbers increased is evident, for in 1807 
 ( "lovt'rnor I lull organized a company of negro militia. 
 Many of the older citizens h.id one or more slaves. 
 Joseph Canipau owned ten at one time. One of 
 them, nicknanu'd Crow, used to ascend liie steeple 
 of St. /\nne's Churcli and perform numerous gym- 
 nastic tricks for the amusement of thost who 
 gathered beneath. 
 
 The importation of slaves was discontinued after 
 Sep'tembcr 17, 1792, the Can.adian Parliament, by 
 law of that date, directing th:it no slaves should 
 thereafter be introduced, and that all born there- 
 after should be free at the age of twenty-five. The 
 ordinance of 1787 had previously provided that 
 slavery should not exist in the Northwest Territory. 
 At that time, however, this region was not under 
 control of the American Ciovernment, and there was 
 
 no barrier to the holding of slaves at Detroit. After 
 its surrender in i7</i, slaveowners at Detroit con- 
 dniied to hold their sl;i\'cs under the Jay tri'aty of 
 No\'eml)er 19, 1794, which prt)vided thai the in- 
 h.abitants of the Territory surrendered to the United 
 Slates should !)(■ pi'oti'cted in their iiroperly. The 
 (|iieslion as lo whether slaves could be legally lujlden 
 was adjudicali'd in 1807. 
 
 A <'ase came befori; the Supreme Court of the 
 Territory in which Ricliard Patterson, of Sandwich, 
 sought to apprehend as slavt'S Jose|)h ( Uiinn and 
 Jane, then residing in Michigan. The case was 
 tried, ,ind on September 26, 1807, Judge Woodward 
 (leli\ircd an elabonite opinion against the claimant, 
 on the ground that slavery was not admissible in 
 .Michigan "except as to persons in actu.il jiossession 
 (if P)riiisli settlers within this Territory on the 1 ilh 
 day of Jiilv, 179'''." Those- who had ]iosscssed 
 sla\es under Ilritish rule continued to hold them, 
 and the oHici.il census for iSio shows that, at that 
 lime, si'Acnti'cn slaves were hi'ld in Detroit. <_)n 
 .March ir, 1818, the .assessor of t.axes for Wayne 
 County gave notici; that the Court of (k'iKTal ()iiar- 
 ler .Sessions of the peace for said conntv had made 
 negro and mul.atlo slaves r.atable for t.axes for the 
 current year. The census for 1830 showed ih.it 
 there were thirty-two sla\cs in Michig.an, but by 
 1836 all the slaves were either dead or maiuimittcd. 
 Advertisements for runaway slaves appeared in the 
 ("■azettc as late as 1827. 
 
 The feeling of a portion of the citizens in regard 
 to the colored race found expression in the Act of 
 Aiiril 13, 1S27, which i)rovided thai .after May 1 the 
 names of all colored persons should be registered 
 in liie county clerk's onice; and no blacks were to 
 be i)ermitled to reside in the Territory unless they 
 could produce a cerlificale that they were acliially 
 free. The certil'icate was lo be placed on recoril, 
 and IweKc ami oih' h.alf cents ])ai(l therefor. 'I'he 
 colored people were also rctiuired, within twenty 
 days, lo file bonds, with one or more freeliokl sure- 
 ties, in the pi'ii.al sum of $500, for their good be- 
 h.avior; and the bondsmen were expected to p;iy for 
 their support in case ihey were unable to support 
 themselves. If this law was not complied with, the 
 bl.acks were to be sent out of the Territory. The 
 same law provided penalties for kidnapping. No 
 attempt was made to enforce the law until after the 
 riot of 1S33, and then the colored people Hed to 
 Canada. The history of that riot is as follows : Dn 
 June 14, 1833, Thornton IMackburn and his wife, 
 who had resided here nearly two years, were claimed 
 and arrested as fugitive slaves from Kentucky. 
 They were taken before a justice of the peace, who 
 directed an ofificer to take charge of them and de- 
 liver them to the claim.ant. During their examina- 
 tion before the justice, a crowd of colored people 
 
46 
 
 SI.AVI:RV AN' I) 11 ll". COLOKKI) RACE. 
 
 collci'tecl in j^rcat excitcnifiit, aiul llircatcmd ld re- 
 sist tlie oxi'ciition of tlu- law. Tlic allci^fd slaves 
 were, however, eonveyed lo the jail, and tiie crowd 
 dispersed. TIic next day, whicli was Sinid.ay, the 
 ajijeiU of tlie owner souvjlit lo h,i\e ihv slaves de- 
 livered up, but the sheriff, fearini; a disturhanee, de- 
 clined. DuriniT the day a number of cjlored per- 
 sons were permitted to have aeeess lo the prisoners, 
 and one woman was allowed to remain in the cell 
 with the female slave till after dark. The latter ex- 
 ehanyed elothini; with her visitor, and thus made 
 her escape. Meantime the colored people, armed 
 with clubs, assembled in lara;e numbers on the 
 common near the jail, and showed a determina- 
 tion to attempt a rescue; i)ut after the departure of 
 the steamboat in the evening they ilispersed, as it 
 was evident that the slaves would not be removed. 
 On Mond.iy they ai;ain assembled inincreasctl lumi- 
 bers, i;atherini4- in ;,.;roups in the neighborhood of 
 the jail, armed with c.'ubs, stones, and pistols. 
 There was also a large number of them on the 
 wharf where the steamboat lay. A little before four 
 o'clock in the afternoon, tne sheriff went to the jail, 
 and a carriage was driven up to convey Blackburn 
 to the boat; but he was hardly seated before the 
 negroes attacked the carriage; the sheriff then at- 
 tempted to convey him back to the jail, but as he 
 was going in the negroes made a rush, rescued the 
 slave, put him in a cart, and he escaped to Windsor. 
 He was then arrested by the Canadian authorities and 
 lodged in Sandwich jail. They were requested by 
 the State authorities to deliver him up, but refused 
 to do so, and he was soon set at liberty. 
 
 During the melee Sheriff Wilson was dangerously 
 wounded. The excitement in the city was intense, 
 and several colored persons were arrested. There 
 were no sufficient means of preserving order, and 
 Governor Cass, then Secretary of War, who hap- 
 pened to be in the city on a visit, ordered a com- 
 pany of troops from Fort Cratiot to proceed to 
 Detroit to "aid the civil authority in support of the 
 laws." As affording further and more permanent 
 protection, the titizcns, at a public meeting, on July 
 lo, decided to establish a city watch, "to consist of 
 sixteen persons, to continue until the trial or dis- 
 charge of the colored persons who are now under 
 arrest for riotous conduct." 
 
 I'ublic sentiment became increasingly opposed to 
 slavery, and on April 26, 1837, the Detroit Anti- 
 Slaxery Society was organized. The constitution 
 contained the following articles: 
 
 .4 fZ/V/i' i.- This associatiun shall be called The Detroit Anti- 
 Slavi'ry Snriety, and shall be auxiliary In tlie Michigan Stale 
 Anti-Slavery Society. 
 
 .)»•//(■/(• 5.— The object of this society shall be the entire aboli- 
 tion of slavery in the I'nited States of America, and the elc'vation 
 of our colored brethren to their proper rank .is men. While it 
 admits that each State alone has, by the constitution of the 
 
 United States, the exclusive right to legislate with regard to 
 slavery willijii its own liinils, ils .oin shall he lo convince all iiur 
 fellow citi.^ens, by arguments addressi'd to th(ur underslaiiding 
 and consciences, that slavi-iiuliling is a crime in the sirht of 
 t iod, and that the duty, safely, and best interests of all con.:iTned 
 rei|uire its immediate abandonment. 
 
 Aylii/r 3. Any person not a slave-holder, or engaged in the 
 trallic of slaves, may become .i member of this society by signing 
 its constitution. * * * 
 
 Artiilc 7.— The annual meeting of this society shall be held on 
 the anniversary of the emanciiiation of the lliitish West Indies. 
 
 The officers of the association for 1037 were: 
 .Shubael Conant, presitleiit; Ivlward lirooks, f'.dwin 
 W. Cowles, and CuUen Brown, vice-presidents; 
 Charles Henry Stewart, secretary; George F. Por- 
 ter, treasurer; William Kirklaml, Al.inson .Slieley, 
 and I'eter Boughton, executive committee. In i<S39 
 Robert Stewart was president, and A. L. Porter, 
 corresponding secretary. The society was in exist- 
 ence only a short time, l)ut its spirit remained, and 
 its principles grew increasingly po|)iilar. 
 
 in January, 1S42, the ex-slave, Henry P>ibl), came 
 to Detroit, and in 1S44 .and 1845 he lectured in 
 Michigan under the aus|)ices of the Liberty Asso- 
 ciation, a political org.anizaiion which sought to pro- 
 mote the election of anti-slavcr\' candidates. Horace 
 Hallock was president, Culleii Brown, vice-presi- 
 dent, and S. M. Holmes, secretary. 
 
 On September iS. 1S50, Congress passed the 
 Fugitive .Slave Act. It jirovided that sla\'es might 
 bearrcstid in any State, appointeil special officers 
 to secure their arrest, and direeteil that the testi- 
 mony of fugitives, in any trial growing out of their 
 arrest, should not be admitted. This law greatly 
 incensed many citizens, and increased the strength 
 of the anti-slavery sentiment. The proximity of 
 Canatla, where slaves became free men, caused De- 
 troit to become a noted point of departure, and 
 fugitive slaves were constan passing through the 
 city, and frequent, and .sometimes successful, efforts 
 were made by their owners to capture them. In 
 October, 1850, the arrest of a colored man named 
 Rose created so great an excitement that, at the 
 re(|uest of the mayor. General Schwartz called out 
 three \olunteer companies to preserve the peace; 
 and on October 8, 1850, the thanks of the Council 
 were tendered to John Ladue, then mayor, for his 
 action in the case. 
 
 The attempts to retake fugitive slaves were in 
 tlu: main unsuccessful, for the majority of the peo- 
 ple were opposed to sla\'ery, and though the law 
 upheld them, the slave-holders were foilctl and 
 outwitted. There was a complete chain of persons, 
 extending to the sl.ive St.ites, who were organized 
 for the relief and transportation of fugitive slaves. 
 A paper in their interest, called the Voice of the 
 Fugitive, was published, first at Sandwich and then 
 at Windsor, by Henry Bibb. The issue of Novem- 
 ber 5, 1851, contained the following notice: 
 
 
SLAVERY AND THK C()L()Ri:i) KACIv 
 
 34; 
 
 IjNDKKCiHiilMl KaII.HOAI), 
 
 'I'liis rond is doinn better business this fall tlian usual. 'I'iu: 
 [•'iinitivc Slave Law has Kivin it mure vitality, mure activity, 
 mcire passengers, and more (ip|)iisiti>>n, wliieli invariably aeeeler- 
 ilrs business. We liave beiMl under the neeessily of li'arinK'ip 
 the old strap rails and putting; down the regular T's, so that we 
 ran run a lot of slaves tliroii,i;li from almost any of the bordirinK 
 Slave States into Canada, within forly-iixbt Hours, and we defy 
 ihe slaveholders and their abettors to beat th.it if they can. 
 
 We have just received a fresh lot to-day of hearty looking; men 
 and women, on the last train from Virginia, and still there is 
 room. 
 
 In onkr to aid he runaway slaves a Kcfiij^cf 
 Home Society wa.s organized at Detroit, and olli- 
 cered by the, aetive nenilxTs (jf tin; Lil)erty Associa- 
 tion. The society l)()Ui,dn a larj^e quantity of land 
 l)ack of Sandwicli, and aided in setlh'nir nc.trly fifty 
 famihcs. Its operations covered the ]ieri>id from 
 1854 to 1872. 
 
 In order to hinder the wnrkintj of the Fu,t,ntive 
 Slave T.aw, the I ci^islature of Michitjan. on l'"el)- 
 ruary 13, 1855, p.is.sed a law prohibiting tiie use 
 
 STOCKHOLDERS 
 
 OF THE IJJNDERGROUND 
 
 Hold on to Your Stock!! 
 
 Tlir; market has an upward tendency. By the express train whieli ar- 
 rived this morning at 3 o'clock, fifteen thousand ditliars worth of human morciiandisc, con.sisting oi' 
 twenty-nine able 'bodied men and women, fresh and sound, iroiii tlic Carolina and Kentucky 
 plantations, have arrived safe at the depot on the other side, wh^rc all our synipethi.sinu coloniza- 
 tion friends may have an opportnnitv of expressing their sympathy by bringing forward donations 
 of plo'iigbs, &ie., {krming utensils, pick axes and hoes, and not old clothes; as these einigrnnts nil 
 can till the soil N. B.— Stockholders don't forget ^ the meeting to-day at 3 o'clock at the ferry on 
 the Canada side. All persons dcanog to take stock in this prosper ons company, he sure to bu on 
 hand. By Order of the 
 
 Dilroit, ^Ipra 19, 18S3. BOARD OF IHIIECTORS. 
 
 Fac-simii.f. OK HANti-Bii.i, OF T'MiF.K'f.KorNi) Rmi.uoai). .Half size.) 
 
 On December 3, 1851, the paper contained this 
 item : 
 
 Proorrss of Escape from Si.avf.rv. 
 In cniuiieratinn the arrivals of this week we ran eoiint only 
 seventeen, ten of whom eame together on the E.\press train of 
 ihe X^nderKrotind Railroad. This lot consisted nf a mother with 
 six ehildren, and tliree men. The ne.\t day there came four men, 
 the neM day two men arrived, and then one rame alone. The 
 latter lells of haviuK had a warm eomlial by the way with two 
 ■ilave catchers, in which he found it necessary to throw a handful 
 of sand in the eyes of one of them; and while he was trying to 
 wash it out he broke away from the other, and effected his escape. 
 
 The above fac-simile reduced, half size, of a 
 hand-bill of that day. shows tlie spirit ;ind humor 
 that were sometimes indulgetl in. 
 
 of tlie rounty jails to detain persons claimed as 
 fugitive slaves, and directinif the proseeutinji^ attor- 
 neys in the several counties to defend them. On 
 March I3, 1859, J jhn Hrown arrived in Detroit, 
 with fourteen slaves from Missouri. One of these 
 slaves i^ave birth to a son while on the journey, who 
 was named John Brown, and lived for many years 
 in Windsor, lieside-; the slaves, John ISrown had 
 five of his own men \nth him. Ry a most remark- 
 able coincidence, or :s the result of a prc-arranired 
 plan, Frederick Douelass, the colored orator, was 
 present in Detroit, an( lectured on the .same evening 
 that 15rown arrived. After the lecture Douplass 
 and Brown, with (itorge De Haptiste, William 
 
48 
 
 SLAVERY AND THE COLORED RACE. 
 
 Lambert, John Richards, Dr. J. Ferjjuson, William 
 Wcbl), and a few oihers, met at the house of 
 William Webb, who was then livini; in the buikliiig 
 now known as 1S5 Congress St. Last, and held a 
 preliminary meeting which resulted in the organi/.a- 
 tion of the H;ir|)er's Ferry raid. Their plan was to 
 make the vicinity of Harper's Ferry a place of ren- 
 dezvous, and the!'e assemble the fugitive slaves in 
 sullicient numbers to protect tli^in in their freedom. 
 The treachery or folly of one of their number, who 
 made known their plans, forced them to make a 
 premature movement, and the result is a matter of 
 general history. 
 
 TllK JlUlN IiHOU'N HOLSF. 
 
 The Emancipation rroclamation was one of the 
 legitimate results of the meeting in Detroit. The 
 first celebration in honor of the day of its issue 
 was held on January 6, 1S63, ;it the colored Il.'iptist 
 Church. 
 
 One of the d.arkest pages in the history of Detroit 
 is the record of March 6, 1863. The events that 
 led to the doings of that day arc as follows : A 
 mulatto named William Faulkner, had been arrested, 
 tried, convicted, and sentenced to jirison for life for 
 an .alleged outrage on a little girl. The war with 
 the South was then in progress ; a draft was feared, 
 and the ignorant and vicious were glad of an oppor- 
 tunity to vent tneir ill-nature on a race which was 
 
 claimed to be the cause of the war. Faulkner was 
 arrested on February 26. His trial began on March 
 5, and on that day, while he was being conveyed 
 back to jail, he was struck on the head with a 
 paving-stone and knocki'd down. The mob which 
 .surrounded him then sought to seize him, but the 
 otlicers succeeded in gi'tting him inside the jail. 
 The next day he was again taken to court. The 
 tri.il was concludi'd ;uid he was sentenced. While 
 he was being conveyed back to jail, a s(|u;id of the 
 provost-guard, who were aiding the sheriff, were 
 attacked. They fireil. and one man was killed. 
 The mob now became infuriated, and an attack was 
 begun on the colon-d people. Many of them were 
 fearfully beaten ; their buildings were set on fire for 
 the purpose of burning those who were inside ; and 
 paving-stones were torn up and thrown at those 
 who trii'd to escape, thus driving them back into 
 the llames. Many had always doubted Faulkner's 
 guilt, and after seven years had passed, the doubt 
 becoming almost a certainty, a pardon was pro- 
 cured, and on Friday, December 31, 1869, greatly 
 to his suiprise, he was released. A number of 
 gentlemen contributed a sum of money, and he was 
 est.iblished at a st.ind in tlu' m.arket, which he 
 occujiicd until his de.ith, about seven years after he 
 was pardoned. 
 
 This riot caused great excitement, but it was the 
 last manifestation of the prejudice against the colored 
 people, who were soon after made citizens and 
 clothed with full power of self-defense. Their 
 efff)rts to obtain citi/.enshi[i began in 1843, in which 
 year a State conventkin was held on October 36 and 
 27, at the church on Fort Street, ,ind they peti- 
 tioned for the privilege of citizenship. In November, 
 1850, the (|ucstion of conferring the right of suffrage 
 on colored people w.is Noted on, and the vote in 
 Wayne County was 608 for and 3,320 against con- 
 ferring such right. On January 25, 1865, a md 
 State convention was held at the Croghan .lucet 
 I>ai)tist Church, .and the Legislature was petitioned 
 to grant the righ*^ of suffrage. The i)etition was 
 not granted, but the Fifteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution of the United States, which, on ^Larch 
 30, 1870, the Secretary of State declared fully rati- 
 fied, made them citizens and voters. The restric- 
 tive; word "white" w;is stricken from the Constitu- 
 tion of Michigan by a vote of the peoi)Ic on 
 November 8, 1S70, and the votes of the colored 
 citizens were first cast in Detroit on the same day. 
 
CHAPTER XL IX 
 
 RECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 TifK early French colonists had abiinrlant oppor- 
 uinilics for the niaiiifi'slation of thtir natural i^aycty, 
 even in this far-off wilderness. 'I'hu wliole rej^ion 
 was a natural preserve, and its huntini; and lishinjj- 
 facilities would have satisfied the most enthusiastic 
 sportsman that ever threw a line or carried a t(un. 
 (Jars i^lasiied here and there alonj^ the river, and in 
 iiandlinn' tiie lii^ht canoe the dark-eyed French ijirls 
 showed i^reat skill and Venice. Sunday afternoon 
 and evcnintf were especially i,nven uji to v^ayety. 
 The people had been to mass in the morning;, the 
 penitents had been duly shrived, and the benedic- 
 tions of the priests rested upon them : why should 
 they not be ijay? They, at least, seemed to know 
 no reason, and in groups and parties they " carri- 
 oled " alonv,^ the beach or paddled near the shore ; 
 young lovers strolled beneath the old pear-trees, 
 and those tall, strong sentinels of the river-side 
 drojiped mellow offerings at their feet. (.)ften the 
 sound of music came through open doors, and 
 within light heels and hearts chased the time away, 
 (iuns and fish-poles were alike in use, and the finny 
 and feathery tribes should have known when Sun- 
 day came, for then there was danger all around. 
 HoLigainville, who came here in 1757, thus describes 
 the foot-races of that day : 
 
 Tlicri' are in Dclruit some foot-racci between Indians and 
 Caii.idians, and they are as eelubrated as those of horses in I'.ns;- 
 land; they take place in the sprnii; ; from live lunidred up to 
 fifteen hundred Indians are Kenerally present at them; the length 
 of the race is one mile and a half (Ko and return), from Detrciit to 
 the village of the INittowatamies; the r<jad is hroad and heantiful ; 
 there are some posts fixed in the ground at bf)th extremities ; the 
 bets are very high on each side, and consist of furs on one part 
 and t'reneh r.ierehandisc on tlie otiier, for the use of the Indians. 
 The most celebrated racer is a I'renchman named Cuinpau ; liis 
 superiority is so well recognized that he is no more .idmitted into 
 the races. 
 
 In 1761, during a visit of Sir William Johnson, 
 notwithstanding the dangers of the time, the fol- 
 lowing e.xtracts from his diary show that amuse- 
 ments were not forgotten : 
 
 Sunday, 6th (September). A very fine morning. This day I 
 im to drive with Captain Campbell, who is also to give the ladies 
 a ball, that I may see them. They assembled at S o'clock at 
 night to the number of about twenty. I opened the ball with 
 .Mademoiselle Curie, — a fine girl. We danced until five o'clock 
 
 next morning. Saturday, lath. — 'I'his morning four of the prin- 
 cipal ladies of the town came to wait on me. I treated them 
 with rusk and cordial. After sitting an hour they went away. 
 Sunday, I )th. * ♦ * At lo o'clock Captain Campbell came to 
 introduce some of the town ladies to me .at my (piarters, wluim 1 
 rcce.ved and treated with cakes, wine, and cord'al. Monday, 
 14th. * * ♦ I took a ride before dinner up toward Lake Si. Clair. 
 'The road runs along the river side, whi<'ii is .ill settled ihii kly 
 some miles. A very plea.vint place in summer, but at other sea- 
 sons too low and marshy. The Krench gentleman and the two 
 priests who dined with us got very merry. Invited them all to a 
 ball to-morrow night which I am to give to the ladies. Tuesday, 
 15th. * * * In the cvenuig, the ladies and gentlemen assembled 
 at my quarters, danced the whole night until 7 o'l lock in the 
 morning, when all parted very much jjlea.sed and happy. I'rom- 
 ised to write to Mademoiselle Curie as soon as jioss'lile my senti- 
 ments; there never was so brilliant an assembly here before. 
 
 The several allusions to Mademoiselle Curie 
 make it evident that his tliary was not kejH for the 
 benefit and instruction of Mollie Brant and the ten 
 children from whom Sir William was ab.sent for a 
 time. Another reference to the lady in question is 
 contained in a letter from Captain Donald Camiibell 
 to Sir William Johnson, dated Detroit, June y, 1762. 
 He says : 
 
 I gave a ball on the King's birthday, when a certain acquaint- 
 ance of yours ajipeaied to great advantage. She never lugleels 
 an opportunity of asking about the Ccneral. * * * 1 think by 
 her talk Sir William had promised to return to Detroit. She 
 desires I should piesent her best compliments. 
 
 It is evident that these comi)liinents were renewed 
 through Captain Clad win, for on .April 7, 1763, Sir 
 William Johnson wrote from Johnson Hall to Clad- 
 win at Detroit : 
 
 Ibave not forgotten the powerful effect of the charms of the 
 lady who honors me with a place in her remembrance, and .should 
 be very happy in any opportunity which might offer of paying her 
 my devoirs. 
 
 The lady, however, yielded to the suit of one of 
 the Detroit merchants, as appears from the follow- 
 ing extract from a letter of James Stirling to Sir 
 William Johnson, dated Detroit, April 27, lyt'^ : 
 
 Soon after my arrival here I was married to Miss Cuiellierrie, 
 who desires to be remembered to you in the most grateful manner 
 and returns you hearty thanks for your civilities to her whilst at 
 this place. 
 
 Although several different names are given in 
 these e.xtracts, they all referred to the same lady, 
 
 [349] 
 
350 
 
 KKCRI'.ATIONS AND AMUSKMKNTS. 
 
 Miss llcaubicn, who was iu)lal)ly biilliaiit ami ac- 
 rDiupIisln'il. 
 
 All ,i(atlicriii,ifs of younvj people wvrv oiilivi'iicd 
 by musii- and damiii);, and if n<i violinist was lo he 
 obtained llu'iv were not a few demoiselles who 
 eonid lilt the danrin); tmus so blilluly and so wfll 
 as to make the \iolin almost neeilless. When the 
 I'lnijlish came the odk-crs made sad havoc with the 
 time and thoui^hts of the lively maidens of that 
 time; and in the warp anil woof of levulutionary 
 days, the scalp-cry of the Indians, the drnm-bcat 
 of the ]i;arrison, and the howl of wolves, were 
 min.nled the music of the ball-room .'ind the t^ay 
 laiiii;!! of merry dancers. Captain (Irant, of the 
 navy, wrote to a friend, "We hop and bob every 
 Montlay niv^ht at the council-house." 
 
 Later on tlaiicinij parties or assemblies were 
 arranged for by subscription, and several invita- 
 tions to these j^athering.s, written on the back of 
 playiii,i,' cards, are preserved. Some of the amuse- 
 ments of 1789 are described in a letter written by 
 Miss Ann i'owell, who was litre in May of that 
 year. She says : 
 
 As suuii as uiir vessel anchored, several ladies and gentlemen 
 e.irne on board; they had .iKiced upon a lioiise for 11s, till my 
 brother eoiild meet with one that would suit him, so we r<nind 
 oinselves at home immediately. The ladies visited iis in full 
 dress, thoiiKh ihc weather was liuilinv; hot. What do yon think of 
 walking ahont when the thermometer is above ninety ? It was as 
 hinh as ninety-six the luorninK we returned (jur visits. Whilst w; 
 staid at the fort, several parties were made for lis, — a very ajjiee- 
 ahle one by the C'Sth, to an island a little way np the river. Our 
 party was divided into five boats ; one held the music, in eaeh of 
 the others were two ladies and as many gentlemen as it oonld 
 hold. Lord I'.dward' and his friend arrived just time enoiij,'h lo 
 join lis ; they went round the Lake by land to see some Indian 
 settlements, and were highly pleased with their jaunt. Lord 
 Kdward speaks in raptures of the Indian hospitality ; he told me 
 one instance of it which would reflect honor on llu' most polished 
 society. l!y some means or other, the gentli'inen lost their provi- 
 sions and were entirely without bread, in a plaic where they i (iiild 
 get none. Some Indians travellini; with them h.id one loaf, which 
 they offered to his Lordship, but he would not accept it ; the 
 Indians gave him to understand that they were used to do without, 
 and that, therefore, it was less iiiconvi-nient lo them ; they still 
 refused, and the Indians then disappeared and left the loaf of 
 bread in the roail the liavellers must pass, and the Indians were 
 seen no more. Our parly on the Island proved very pleasant, 
 which that kind of parlies seldom do ; the day was line, the coun- 
 try cheerful, and the band delinhtful. We walked some time in 
 the sliady part of the Island, and then were led to a bower where 
 the table was spread for dinnir. I'.verything here is on a grand 
 .scale; do not suppose we dined in an I'.nglish arbor! This one 
 was made of forest trees and bushes, which being fresh cut, you 
 could not sec where they were put together, and the bower was 
 the whole height of the trees, though quite close at the top. The 
 band was placed without and played whil.st we were at dinner. 
 We were hurried home in the evening by the appearance of a 
 thunder storm ; it was the most beautiful I ever remember to 
 have seen. 
 
 The winter .season furnished many a scene of gay 
 festivity. The little French or Canadian ponies 
 
 • Lord Edward Fitzgerald, then at Detroit. 
 
 were SO plentiful as to be had for almost nothinii;; 
 and box-runiurs. then much in vo.mie, wire so 
 easily constnu led ihiit every one could procure a 
 "turn-out," and not only the river, but the (irand 
 M.irsh on the east, anil the River Rouge on the 
 west, becime race-coiwses for the whole community. 
 This last locality, the Red River, as the English 
 always ealleil it, was the favorite |)laco for this span, 
 and f.ist pacers were in s|)ecial demand on these 
 occasions. 'I'he ollicers and ladies of the post, 
 iliessed in sable-lined robes, with masks to protect 
 their faces, and bea\er ca|)s for the hc.uls, were well 
 .sheltered from the winds. De i'eyster in one of his 
 poems relates at length how, on occasions, dinners 
 of venison were barbecued in the open air, ;uul 
 .served on the b.ink, with be.irskins for .seats, and no 
 sign of a table, — a picnic in the winter time, with 
 the decrs .-md bears as lookers-on. 
 
 The following advertisement, from the (ia/.ette of 
 January 21, 1825, gives eharac i.sties of the .sports 
 on the Koiige : 
 
 TeKHITDHY ok MiClllC.AN AflAINST NoHTII A.MEKICA. 
 To Sfiortsiiii'n. 
 
 The subscriber will pace his horse lias I'.lanc against any trot- 
 ting or pacing horse, mare, or gelding in North America, from 
 two to five miles, for any sum from fifty to ten thousand dollars. 
 The race lo take place on the ice, the present winter, al some 
 place within the Territory, and the horses to be driven before :i 
 carriole, or rode, as the parties please. 
 
 ISAUOUli NaVAUKI!. 
 
 RiVKK Raisin, Jan. 18, 182,5, 
 
 Other sports on the ice, as practiced in his boy- 
 hoc ' days, are thus described by Juilge Campbell : 
 
 When the sharp winter moved along. 
 
 And the ice on the river was smooth and strong, 
 
 Krom nioody Ilridge to fair llelle Isle 
 
 Was seen the Mash of the ringing steel. 
 
 As over the bar the skaters pass, 
 
 .And llirough tlu^ crystal, clear as glass, 
 
 (ia/c al the fish, that turn and stare 
 
 At llie strange doings in the air. 
 
 On till' wide shallows of llrand-Marais 
 
 liefore the bree/e the rushes sway. 
 
 And domes of plaited reeds appear,' 
 
 Tempting the hunter's cruel spear. 
 
 Hut livelier far, as the boys rush down. 
 
 Is the clear, deep river before the town. 
 
 From shore to shore they glide and swing 
 
 Quickly as swallows on the wing. 
 
 Or backward .sweep in a circus ring. 
 
 Or spread the eagle, or carve the ice 
 
 With names, and many a strange device. 
 
 And ill the moonlight's silvery flow, 
 
 Nimble and tireless as the roc, 
 
 .Again on the river the swarm flies out, 
 
 Dodging and sliding and wheeling about. 
 
 As when for the season the school is out, 
 
 And urchin.s, fearless of disaster. 
 
 Caper undaunted before the master. 
 
 1 The houses of the musk-rat. 
 
KKCKI'IATIONS AND AMUSKMKN "IS. 
 
 351 
 
 Willi (Hiving Nlirks 111 In in iiii'lcr 
 
 'I'Ik'}' (line ihc \vlii/./iiiL( liall away, 
 
 < >r sraiM|iiT in a iiiili' lnin; race 
 
 'I'o i'> ai li lilt: IhiiiiuIs iiI pi JMiinr's liasc. 
 
 Dr, twisiiiiK UkIiI lliiir 'km liirfs stout. 
 
 Haul anil slilf a> a Kiis>laii IsMiait, 
 
 Anil I uiintin^ slowly ii|i lo ten, 
 
 Call llir Ki il I. lull iMit iif Ills ilin, 
 
 And siimyiiii; (iff in tin- nuaUvanl track 
 
 LaiiKh as llu: tluinsy loiuiii's hack 
 
 WIllci'S bcllL'Utli tilt: siiiiiuliii); wliacki 
 
 For iiicnic t^nmnds tlu' Wdodljridjro Grove, lo- 
 cali'd at vvlial is now tlic loriiiT of Micliij^aii and 
 rriimbull Avi'iuii's, and also iho irroimds near tlio 
 fort, were di'iMiH'tl drsiral)li! as l.tic as i.Sjo. On 
 Saturday afttrnoons aiul liolid.ays tlic cliiklreii could 
 iaml)lc in tin.- woods, inside llic present city limits. 
 In the sprinji there were winterijreen berries anil 
 sassafras to be gathered ; aiul later on, mandrakes, 
 wikl stniwberries, and huckleberries calleil many to 
 the ("lelds. In the f;ill, hickory and hazel nuts ,iilad- 
 deiied the eyes and stained the fmijers of those who 
 went in search of them. ( )n the route out, bull- 
 frojjs and tree-toads frequently livened the way, and 
 on the homeward trip, firetlies ilkniiined the path. 
 Macii period of the ye.'ir l)rouv;ht its own peculiar 
 names, and then as now kites, hoops, tops, mar!)les, 
 and b.'ill followed each other as regularly as the signs 
 (jf the zodiac. 
 
 Public exhibitions found but little favor, and the 
 .Solons of the Territory did not encourage them. 
 On April 13, 1827, a law was passed providing that 
 " If any person, or persons, shall exhibit any puppet 
 sliow, wire dancing, or tumbling, juggling or sleiglit 
 of hand, within this territory, and shall ask or 
 receive any pay in money, or other property, for 
 exhibiting the same, such a per.son, or persons, shall 
 for every such (jffense pay a line of not less than ten 
 iior exceeding twenty dollars." 
 
 The most enterjirising caterer to the amusement- 
 ioving public was Major I). C. McKinstry. In 
 1 834, when the city had a population of only about 
 live thousand, he was at the same time proprietor 
 of a theatre, a circus, a museimi, and a public gar- 
 den, all of them sepanite and distinct from each 
 other; and in size and management they would be 
 creditable even in the jiresent (.lay. The Circus 
 occupied a large wooden building on the northeast 
 corner of (iratiot .and Farrar Streets; it was after- 
 wards used as a theatre, then as a furniture factory, 
 and was tin;illy burned. The Michig.an Garden, as 
 il was called, is identical in location with what was 
 recently known as Brush's Garden ; it was bounded 
 by Randolph, Brush, Lafayette, and Croghan Streets. 
 The garden, in 1837, was described as being " lo- 
 cated at the northern extremity of the town." It 
 contained a restaurant and bath-rooms ; also many 
 kinds of fruit trees, and plants in great variety. 
 
 'I'he folliiwing literal copies of ;id\ertisenients fnun 
 the papers of ili.ii day furnish det.ails concerning the 
 g.'irdeii ,ii)(l the enti'rt.iinmeiits there given : 
 
 ■|. 
 
 Si nK 1 SMI' s ! 
 
 Rare spun al Uif Miiliinan (iaiiliii! 'I'wn lltars ami niir 
 Willi CiiMisr will 111 sti lip til I ir bill it at, nr iliasnl liy (I, IKS, nil 
 'I'litsday, v'liili ( Hiiiliir, at two ii'iliii k i'. M. 
 
 N. II. Safr iiiiil plc.isanl stilts will lit: in iiaillniss fur I, allies 
 nnd ( iinlli'incn. 
 
 UniKijir, Oct. U), 18 j5. 
 
 Mil IIKiAN C.MiDKN. 
 
 Tilt: pulilit: arc rtspiti fully iiifiiriiiitl lliiit tlir • iardi'li rtiiiliniii'S 
 (iptii tci visiltirs. 'I'hr Mnstnin, i iiiisisliii>; nf scniif tif tlir liiiisl 
 spi'L'Inicns iif ( >rnilliii|ii>;y, Minrials, C'nliis, natural anil arlilit iai 
 I'liriosilii's, and a (iraiul (.'nsinnrania turnpyiii^' iiiir liiilltliiix tit 
 tllr (iardiMi; anotllrr iiinlaiiiiiiv: lliirly-sfvtn wax lijiiins, nf 
 siitiif iif tilt: lUdst intirisMiiK iliarai irrs. 'I'lie (lartleii will In- 
 illuininali'd fSiry fair t-vtiiini.;, ami a li.ind iif iniisif will Inl^^litrii 
 tlif tnjiiynitnt :if a walk tlirtniKli upwards tif llirit" llioiiviml 
 fiet iif priiinriiatli: walk. 
 
 Rifrisliiiicnts as usual. Tliu liatlis art: liki:wisf in tirikr fur 
 company. 
 
 .1 «.<'. iij, 1S40. 
 
 'i'he Museum was opened on May 13, 1834, oe- 
 cui)ying the two upper stories of the four-.story 
 building then owned by Mr. Goil.trd, on the .south- 
 east corner of Jefferson Avenue .and Ciriswold 
 Street. It w;is burned out in the lire of January i, 
 1842. 
 
 In after years several valuable private museums 
 and collections existed, to which the public h;id ac- 
 cess without ch.arge. The collection of S. \V. Hig- 
 gins, who lived on the norlhe.tst corner of Willi.ams 
 and Elizabeth Streets, though not large, ])ossessed 
 much of v.alue. It was galiiered chietly by his son, 
 who, as .an ol'licer in the rnited .States Navy, visited 
 the Mediternmean .and otiur foreign ports; it w;is 
 especi.'illy noted for its specimens of cutlery from 
 the interior of Africa. The best priv.ate museum 
 was that of Dr. Louis C.av.alli, located on Fr.inklin 
 Street, e.'isl of St. Antoine. It w;is established .about 
 the year 1846, and was ojx'u daily to .all visitors, 
 free of charge, until 1852 or 1853. The collection 
 embraced m.any rare stones, shells, and minerals, 
 and was especially complete in insects. There were 
 also many r.are curiosities from 1 lercul.aneum. 'I'he 
 celebrated men of the fourteenth .and eighteenth 
 cen -tries were represented in a series of fourteen 
 hundred med.als; there were also engravings in 
 great variety, and copies of paintings by Raph.ael 
 and Correggio. On the death of Dr. Cav.illi, the 
 collection was sold to the Smithsonian Institute. 
 
 Among out-door sports, skating .and coasting 
 were always popul.ar, and a favorite resort was 
 known as Piety Hill. This hill, probably fifty feet 
 high, lay inside of the Catholic grounds between 
 Randolph, Bates, and Larned Streets and Michigan 
 Grand Avenue. Sleds would go from the summit, 
 
^^- 
 
 KIX'KKATIONS AND AMUSMMIiN'I'S. 
 
 iu;ir tlic roiiiir ot l<,iiiuli)l|)li and C'oii.inri'.ss Slii'ils, 
 llirouxli to Itaus Street. Conj,n\'ss Streut was linally 
 cut throii.Ltli till- hill, anil llio lirvalioii was li'vi'llti! 
 many yiais a,v;(). About 1S50 SIilII))- Stivui, from 
 jilfcrson Awiuic to tlic river, afforded a line op- 
 |)ortunily for i'oaslin,v;, and sleds oftentimes went 
 nearly a third of the way across the river. 
 
 On Deeemher 7, iSAo, the first skatinj; rink was 
 opened. It was loeated between Third aiul l''ifth, 
 IJeeeii and I lij^h Streets. Aiiotiier wassnbsei|iienlly 
 opened on the northwest corner of Woddw.ird 
 Avenue and Davenport Street. A rink was also 
 built on the northeast corner (jf Woodwaril AveniK 
 anil i;dnuind Street; and in iSOi.and for several 
 years after, skating was a popular pastime with 
 beaux antl belles. 
 
 ReCHKATION 1'AHK kNTliANtli ANU KliClil'l IIJN I'l ILDIN 
 
 As ;i ])|;ice for out-door entertainments, Recrea- 
 tion Park affords all facilities that can be desired. 
 It is located on the Ilrush l'".irm, the entrance beini!^ 
 a few blocks east of Woodward .\venue, on llnidy 
 Street. The grounds, embraciniif ei,ifhteen acres, 
 are fitted up to accommod.ile exhil)itions of various 
 kinds. The Recc|)tion Buildin;.;' h.is every needful 
 appliance for comfort anil convenience. The I 'ark 
 was opened on May 10, 1.S79 
 
 but the enterprise did not prove a tinancia! success, 
 and the ij.irden w.is closed July 2<;. 1SS4. 
 
 lietween 1S30 and iiS4o many of the promii\ent 
 merch.uits were .accustomed on S.iturd.iy afternoons 
 to en^M.^i' in a j;;ime of football, ;uid in rolling; c;in- 
 non-b.ills on Jefferson Avenue, between Ciriswold 
 .and Wayne Streets. liilli.ird-t.ibles were in use 
 prior to 1805. (leorv;e .MvKhum, in his estim.ite of 
 losses by the fire of lh;il year, notes "oni' billi.ird- 
 table, $^5." A noted >;;une of billi;irds w.is pl.iyrd 
 at Detroit on .April u, i.S5(j, between Miih.ul 
 I'hel.ui, of Chica).;o, and John Seereitei. of Deiniit. 
 The ni.iich look pl.ice at iMrcnien's ll.ill, I'lul.in 
 winning by ninety-si.\ points. 
 
 Amon,v; the noted events, in the w.iy of recrea- 
 tion, was a .series ,)f ;unusemcm nuitin.^s luld in 
 Younv;- Men's Il.ill. 'I'he use of 
 tlk' hall \\;is v;i\(n by l.uther 
 Ihi'cIut, and the lirsl of ;i series 
 of ni,i;lit entertainments, which 
 lasted about tuo weeks, took 
 !)l;iceon M.irch 10, 1874. 'I'hose 
 who aided );,ive lluir services; 
 son.i^s, storii's, ;ni(l music formed 
 the i)ro,v;nunme. .-nid the h,\ll w;is 
 lilkd to overlknviiii; every even- 
 inif. 
 
 On June 7, 1875, under the 
 joint auspices of the ^■ounl; 
 Men's Christi.in /Xssocialion and 
 the Home of the I'riendkss, the 
 yXuthors' C'arniv.il l)ei;.in at 
 ■S'ouni^r Men's Hall, and con- 
 tinued for a week. The aim of 
 the entert.-iiiunent w.is to repre- 
 sent ap])ropriately the works of 
 noti'd authors, anil it was admir- 
 ably carried out .at an expense 
 of over $5,000. 
 
 Koller skates anil velocipedes 
 
 came into conunon use in 1875. 
 
 The city license fees for 
 
 amusements are as follows: 
 
 'J'heatres, from $50 to §200 per 
 
 year; circuses, $75 for tir.st day, and $50 for each 
 
 succecilini,'- day ; ball-alleys and billiard-t.ables pay 
 
 $5 per year for each alley or table. 
 
 ^Vthletic and aquatic sports h.ive been iiicour- 
 ai^eil by the or^ranizalion of nmnerous societies. 
 The Social Turn\'erein, orOerman Oynmastic .Asso- 
 ciation, was ori^.ini/.ed June 17, 1852, and incorpor- 
 ated February 6, 1S55. In i86othe society erected ;i 
 buildin;.^ on the south side of .Sherman Street, be- 
 tween Russell and Riopelle Streets, at a cost of 
 
 A Zoiilogical ("jardenwas established on Michi 
 
 gan Avenue, near Tenth Street, and first opened on §4,000. The Peninsular Cricket Club was organized 
 
 September 5, 1883. It was conducted by a corpora- in 1858. The cricket grounds are on the west side 
 
 lion, and a large amount of money was expended, of ^"'^-^dward Avenue, just north of Fremont 
 
KKCKKATIONS AND AMUSKMKNTS. 
 
 353 
 
 J I ISC 
 
 IKT 
 
 IP-'V 
 
 hur- 
 
 zed 
 
 lont 
 
 Sirci:t. Oiu; of tlii' most noted jj^amcs was played 
 willi till' All l'.iiv;laiid I'.lrviii on Si'ptcmlKr J5, 
 1879, the l\ii,;;li.sii irickftiTs hciiii; victors. On 
 August I J, |S(>7, a ureal liase Hall I'durnanieiii l)e- 
 '<aii on thcerii'ket j^Toiindsand lasted nearly a week. 
 
 Tile Detroit Ciyinnasimn, an orv;ani/ation now 
 extinct, ^rew out of a private ^)innasiuni bilonj^inj.; 
 to persons connected wiili the L.'ike Survey Oflice. 
 Their a|)paraius was obtained l)y H. Farrand Henry, 
 .mil he and Messrs. W, A. Tliroop .iiid A. .Selleck 
 fitted lip ;i v;ynin;isiiim for person.il iisi- over a 
 bookstori' on Woodw.ird Avenue, near Compress 
 Street. Others desirinj^' to p;irtici|)ate, on l''ei)rii- 
 ary y, 1858. a club was orjL{ai..„ed, the nienibers 
 to pay live dollars per year ei'ch. On April T), 
 1851;, a new constiti!tion w.as adopted, and in 
 i860 the Ciyiunasiuni w.is moved to the Seitz 
 Hiiildinv;. Here it \v,is l;irv;ely p.itroni/ed and be- 
 c.inie very popular. It v.as then moved to Con]i;ress 
 Street, near I.arned, to wh.it w.is known as the 
 tiynni.isiinii liuildin;^. Here it lost its popul.irity, 
 ;ind in 1867 w.is |)raetic.illy closed. In 1S76 the 
 api)aratus w.is turned over to the Yomiif Men's 
 L'hristi.an Association, .and is still in iisi' by th.al 
 (irxaniz.ition. 
 
 Scottish jLjames and nieinoriis are kei)t alive 
 ihrouv^h the Ditroit Caleilonian Club, or).;.ini/,ed in 
 1867. The Detroit Scluict/.enl)und,or(ierm.an Shoot- 
 ing; Club, was on^anized in April, 1855, and incor- 
 por.ated July, 18(^)6. Its l)uildin).j is located in a 
 park of eleven acres, in Haintramck, on tlie M.ack 
 Road. It was erected in M.iy, 1873, at a cost of 
 about !5i4,(Joo; the entire ])roperty is worth $10,000. 
 The .\iidubon Club, originally or^iinized on Febru- 
 iry J4, 1 868, to secure the preserv.ition of j;.inie, 
 li.is now become ;i social club. 
 
 I'lie most popular and llourishini^ sportinif oryani- 
 /alion is the Lake St. Cl.iir I'lshin^;' ;ind Sliootinj;- 
 Club. It w.is ori^anized April 11, 1872, and incor- 
 porated on June 4 of the s.anie yi'ar. The orij^inal 
 plan w;is to limit the club to twenty-live members; 
 iIk; number w.is then ini-reased to fifty, .and lin.ally 
 to two hundred and twcni)'. A slock company was 
 funned, which owns the buildings and appar.atus. 
 Members must be owners of one share of stock 
 ami pay an initiation fee of twenty-five doll.ars. The 
 club-house cost §5,000, and is located at the north 
 cud of tlie St. Clair I'Tits Canal. The boats ;ire 
 fire to members of the club. T"he house is ii 
 iliar^e of a slcw.ird, .and members ji.ay a stipulatec 
 Miin per day for boiiid and lodi^in;^' while ;it the 
 li Hise. Friends of members m.iy be invite*', to the 
 house, if they are not residents of Detroit or towns 
 immediately adjt;ining. The St.ar Island House, a 
 public hotel located near by, is a favorite resort in 
 lii : siniiiner season. 
 
 The width, length, and general smoothness of the 
 
 Detroit River makes it e.xtrcniely favorable for 
 bo.iting and for regattas. These (tpportunities are 
 every year iiu reasingly ,ippreciated, and the boat 
 clubs of Detroit are ;» marked fe.itnre in the sport- 
 ing life of the city. There are few liner sights in ;i 
 summer evening than the boating parties; the 
 bo.its are often m.inned ii\ part by ladies, and the 
 gay uniforms and bright Hags, the measured dij) 
 of the o.irs, and merry l.iughter, make a pleasing 
 combination of sight .and sound. 
 
 The oldest bo.it club is the Detroit. It was 
 organized Febrn.ary 18, 1839, and re-organized 
 August 23, r856. It owns one of the tine.st boat- 
 houses in the country, erected in 1873, at a cost of 
 $5,000. It w.is origin. illy located between H.istings 
 ami Kivard Streets, .and was moved to its present 
 location, between Joseph Campau and McDougall 
 Avenues, in 1877. 
 
 The K.xcelsior ISoat Club was organi/.eil on May 
 14, 1867, .and incorporated June 14, 1871. Amended 
 .articles were tiled J.inuary 8, 1878. The club- 
 hou;,e, at foot of Joseph Campaii Aventie, was 
 erected in .May, 1867, .and h.is since been improved ; 
 with the bo.its .and other property of the club, it is 
 valued .at $5,000. 
 
 The /e[)hyr ISoat Club was org.anized in Jime, 
 1867, incorporated May 12, 1875, and disbanded in 
 1881. 
 
 'i'he Centennial IJoat Club w.is organized Sep- 
 tember 14, 1875, and incorporated .M.irch 2, 1876. 
 Its bo.at-lionse, between Chene Street and Joseph 
 Camp.iu Avenue, cost $550, and was dedicated June 
 30, 1S77. 
 
 Other boat-clubs have been organized from time 
 to link', but most of them may be said to be lying 
 on their o.irs. For the purpf)se of ,>;eneral practice 
 and the management of ri'g.ittas and races, several 
 of the clubs were united under the title of the 
 Detroit River Navy. It was organized in August, 
 1867, .and re-organized in June, 1868, and ag.ain on 
 June 8, 1874. 
 
 Among the occasions of special interest to boat- 
 clubs were : T'he annual regatta of the Northwest- 
 ern Amati'ur lioaling Association, July 14, 1870; 
 the opening d.iy of the Northwestern Regatta, on 
 August I.' 1877; aiul the arrival of the Shoe-wae- 
 cae-meite Ho.il Club, of Monroe, on August 3, 
 1878, on their return from England; August 6, 
 187S, W.IS the opening day of Detroit River Navy 
 Reg.itta, .and August 7 of the .same year the open- 
 ing d.ay of Nort'- stern Reg.atta. 
 
 On June 28, -.S7y, the Detroit River Navy 
 Regatta took place. The Wyandotts won a two- 
 oared race, the Michigans won the four-oared, and 
 the b.irge nice was won by the Detroit Club. 
 
 The National Rowing Regatta for 1883 was held 
 at Detroit, beginning on August 8. 
 
C II APTKR L, 
 
 ]\IUSIL' AM) IIII. l>k.\M.\. Ak r, AKIISIS, AND I WI'.N'I'OKS. 
 
 Mi;sic is iiuli,v;i'ii()us to lliis n'^^imi. Tlu' Ihsi Siri'cl, wliero tlicy would ,n;itluT to siiii;- ;uul In 
 
 «cltkrs liiard iiol only Uu- nulc rattles of llu' in- drink "hot llii)," In more rwrnt days tiic sinyiis 
 
 dians, but tlic air was vocal witli iIr! S()n,v;s of I)ol)o- of the city oceasiuually united in musical S(jcieties, 
 
 links, larks, and roi)ins, to which tlu' chatter of and on such occasions the dininjij-room of some oiu 
 
 stjuirri'ls and tlu' call of the wilil ducks as they of the hotels would be irausforni'.-d into a conceit 
 
 swipt over the hall. Amon.i; the 
 
 town formed a tit- 
 tingchorus. There 
 were soon .uldcd 
 the dill of drums, 
 tlie plasli of pad- 
 illes, and the lusty 
 songs t)f the trail- 
 ers as they rowed 
 up and down tlie 
 risfr. 
 
 Music was need- 
 ed to clieer the 
 loneliness .if those 
 so r.ir front home, 
 therefore life and 
 liddle wen; in con- 
 stant i)lay ; and the 
 echoes of their 
 tones linger still 
 .ibout the town, 
 and their ntemories 
 are linked with the 
 music of to-day. 
 
 hi olden times, 
 as now, the 
 churches were the 
 fosler-motluTs of 
 all singers. The 
 records of St. 
 Anne's for May 
 mention 
 
 I ; 
 
 '/33. 
 
 AT THE € APITOIj by 
 
 THE TYROTESE JMOISTREL, 
 
 fHio has performed in the cities of BiMton, 
 llVen" York) Philadelphia and New Orleans, 
 and all the principal cities, of. the U. States 
 with great applause, respectfVilly informs the 
 ILadies and wentlemen of this place, that he 
 will give a Concert at the Capitol on TJbtir«- 
 «to|y and Friday evenings* 
 
 ORDER OF PERFORHANCE* 
 
 l«f. TfToIese Sonp, 6:».§hipat8ca(0«r«i«i) 
 
 9d. Sweet Home, ^. ,,. Orifc. The Cuckoo, 
 
 3il. Tyrolese Son? of Friendship, 8lJk. The Swiss Boy, 
 
 Ath, Oh BO, wc never mention her, 9th* I'ts nil (be ^ane • 
 6Uk. Tyrolese Son? for Liberty, 
 
 ir«l«JA«ll*lil<liilb. H«.To>kCo»(«r»dr. umrf.ta.iitt. _ 
 
 ■ CbU Blum, . TrrolM. nn. on Bilur^j mq. ur m Ch.th.m Thr.trr, i. Ih« RUDMt pcculiu to fb« p««MI7 V lii enaHT : IP 
 
 tolMMMibk to d»(n.« l.e',mr.I»r iK>H*b< pfoJaCM. It i^liOiMTfr, Ihfl Mm. modeof .inKiB. m th.l which .idl.4 K imich MlMMbnM^ 
 tt LioJoit, Inm, ih< TirelfM rt,n.lr.U, . jm ot tiro .iiicc.'' Wi li.t. Ii.d "i »P|x»iui.,ii . I kMnni CjI. Blim, Ih. Tml<" ■.i"""!. 
 f.f(rr«lt(.'nthfil»ye pn«i«i.K .nd m frrf to cOBfti-tti.l weknow not innh.t Itrm. tg,ipr,M our ..fflii»tton. Hi. Mjl. of fingt:i« 
 «.«tmiitl/i>cNlou^uiJpiudiic«J Ih. moatpluMOlMDHUUDj. Wc cou] J li.n luteiM d to luai fur . loitf U|bl vtlMtit wtuiDCM OT 
 
 'ffi.'lWoll Tt«.;nn .11. ; Thml. WW U ft. Ttmiool 1 SwK .bo, i« og. odiiioo, I. . pbjoo^«»ii rf«t™ l»p«^ 
 alm^mt. Hipnidjcn»iiid.nckuin>liouMil<iok»oltaniic«i<M<<<idl>tabnii|li><l>Kdi.f7lii.il.b<U«illlll(kt(idn^ 
 
 Ibafifb nulU)U*UI(l.f fXABCHdM tobi.bov. 
 
 AhBtUmM-Vi CaOf. Tickets to be had at Woodworttt*s 
 and at the Mansion Honse. 
 Detrvril, Jime^l, 183)1. 
 
 Fac-simu.k of Conckkp 1![i,i. ov I'li-rv vicaks Ai 
 
 the marriage of 
 Jean 15a|)tiste Ko- 
 cou.x, " Chorister 
 of the Parish;" 
 
 and the I'onliac Mimuscript tells of an instrimiental 
 concert given on June 3, 1763, in honor of the con- 
 clusion of peace. 
 
 I.atcron, in 181 5, there were many excellent .sing- 
 ers among the troops stationed here. Their favorite 
 resort was the Yankee Hoarding IIou.se on Ikites 
 
 noted local voc.il- 
 i.sts Madame \:i- 
 rian Hoffman was 
 prominent, and in 
 more recent tla\s 
 Kdward Scovel 
 and D.V. r.ell,Jr., 
 have attained more 
 than local f.ame. 
 I-lonaldson lUnit, 
 one of the l)est ol 
 character singers, 
 went from here id 
 Califorui.a. 
 
 At various tinu-s 
 we ha\e been fa- 
 voii-d with visits 
 from musical ar- 
 tists who.se f.inie 
 is in all lands. 
 'I'luresa I'aroili 
 and Am.ilie I'atti 
 were here < )ctol)cr 
 23, 1851 ; .\dcliiM 
 Tatti, July i, i.SC.o; 
 (loltsc-lialk, Apiil 
 Ji, ]<SCi2 ; Carlott.i 
 I'atti, February 10, 
 18S2; and Nil.ss(Jii, 
 Lucca, Mario, An- 
 na liishoj), Ca|)oul, 
 C.iry, Kellogg, 
 
 riiillips, and Cani- 
 panini at otlu r 
 times. William 1 i. 
 Doane ;ind Philip Phillips have sung several tini( s 
 in Detroit; and Dudley P>uck, the great organiM, 
 Carl Zerrahn, director of the ISoston Handel ami 
 H.iydn .Society, and I. yman Wheeler were in at- 
 tendance at a Norm;'! Mnsic.il Institute in July .'unl 
 August, 1876, and alsoin 1S77. These bi.stitules 
 
 (Half size.) 
 
 flM] 
 
MUSIC AND rill': URAMA. 
 
 3S5 
 
 nil -> 
 f;..- 
 
 ai- 
 aiiir 
 mil''. 
 
 U'liill 
 
 Taili 
 toln r 
 I'liiia 
 iS^o; 
 Ai'iil 
 licUa 
 ■y 1". 
 
 iSSUIl, 
 
 An- 
 
 lin M. 
 IliiiK' 
 
 ainsi. 
 
 iuitt ■ 
 
 were arranj^cil by I'rofcssor S. S. Jackson, and were 
 ^really enjoyi'il by all who parlicipalti!. 
 
 Among the musicians and iiachcis fdinicrl)- resi- 
 dents of Detroit, the best i<nown were 1'. De Costa, 
 Professor Mercerson, J. ^blluls, C. II. l.everini;, tin; 
 Sofgi's, Siv;-. Marlincy. C. i hss, II. Schumaclu'r, ( i. 
 A. Mct/.ii^ar, E. llol'fnian, the N'arndleys (Tliomas, 
 Kicii.'.rd, and Josepln, Si^nnr 1'. Centemeri, Pro- 
 fessor l'hili)riek, C. Swinseoe, T. M. Towne, J. 
 Zundel, I-. 11. Blaisdel, J. Ilammill IMarum, and 
 !■;. ,S. Af.-ittnon. 
 
 The oldest nuisieal association in the city is the 
 ll.irmonic Society. Jt was organized on June i, 
 |S4(), and incorporated in 183:;. The corner-stone 
 of its beautiful .'ind convenient building, cm the 
 
 Hakmunu'; llAi.i.. 
 
 southwest corner of Lafayette .and l>eanbien Streets, 
 was laid October 22, 1S74, and the hall dedicated 
 on November 11, 1875. The lots, building, aiul 
 hirniture cost about $60,000. The property is niaii- 
 ai;((l by nine directors, five of them, and then four, 
 hiing elected on .alternate years. The socitly ein- 
 jiloys a nuisic.il director, secretary, and steward; 
 ;ind its annual expenses are $7,500. Although otli- 
 ccred .and ni.m.igid bv ("icrni.ins, it numbers among 
 its members many leading citizens of other nationali- 
 ties. The musical directors of the society h.ive 
 hecn: 1849-1851, — Wiehle; 1851-18^3, John 
 M.iix; 1863 I Sr/), Ch.-irles Stein; 1866-1871, II. 
 ISishop; 1871 1873, C.irl Hint/.; 1873 , F. Abel. 
 
 A society called the Detroit Musical A.ssoci.ition 
 was organized on November 2. 1850. with the fol- 
 '' ving olTicers : V. T. Howe, jircsident ; C. S. 
 Ad.ims, vice-]iresident ; C". H. Avery, tre.isiircr ; W. 
 T Cole, secretary. The committee on music con- 
 
 sisted of J. L, Whiting, C. A, Trowbridge, C. Hess, 
 C. K. Morse, rmd V . T. I lowe. I'nder their auspices 
 .111(1 managed by Professor Ch.irles lUss, a musical 
 convention w.is hekl from June 10 to 14, iS5i.at 
 the First M. I".. Church, on the corner of Woodward 
 AveniK' .and Sl.ite .Strei't. I'rofessor Saroni.of New 
 ^'^|•k, w.is present and delivered ;iii .address. 
 
 The Detroit I'hilharmonic Society was org.anized 
 ill 1854. It was under the direction of 1'. Cente- 
 iiieri. and flourished until .about 1860, when the 
 director moved to New \'ork, T'roin i8()8 to 1870 
 another .society, witli the .s.amc name, w.as in opera- 
 tion, with A. Flder as presitlent. 
 
 The Concordia Society w.is organized on Febru- 
 ary 22, 1865, under the leadership of W. Kopj). In 
 July, 1867, he w.as succeeiled by F, Apel, and two 
 months Later by J. Tinnette. He was followail in 
 1872 by I'rofessor Abel. H. iJi^hop became the 
 leader <in June 1, 1874, and (1. Freytag on January 
 15, 1881. The society was incoriior.itcd April lo, 
 1873, .and meet at 175 Gratiot Avenue, between St. 
 Antoine .and Heaubien Streets. 
 
 The Nicol.ao Philh.armonic .Society, with Joseph 
 Nicol.io as leader, w.as organized in 1873, and con- 
 tinued for .sever.al years. 
 
 A musical society was commenced about 1870 in 
 coniu'ction with the Cierm.an Workingmen's Aid 
 Society, .and m.aintained for some years. 
 
 The Detroit Musical Society w.as org.anized in the 
 fall of 1870 in the jKirlors of the Mi( liig.an Ivxchaiige. 
 In I'cbruary, 1872, the .services of Professor Abel 
 were secured .as mtisical director, and a society was 
 org.anized by the name of St. Cecilia, but this n.ame 
 was .soon exchanged for th.at of Detroit Musical 
 Society. From its organizatio:'' until the fall of 1880 
 the rehearsals were held in Merrill Hall, except for 
 the second year, when they were held in the liaptist 
 Church, on the corner of Fort and Criswold Streets. 
 On the completion of the new Music H.all, on R.an- 
 dolph, between Croghan and Lafayette Streets, the 
 society, for a time, m.ade the building its head- 
 quarters, and then returned to Merrill Hall, in 1881 
 it numbered about two htmdred active members, 
 who paid I'lve dollars per year, and lliri'e hundred 
 honorary members who paid ten dollars per year. 
 S. K. Stanton served as president imtil 1878, and 
 w.as succeeded by C, H. Wetmore, The secretaries 
 h.ave been : 1875, Josej)!! Colt; 1876, J. C. Frwin ; 
 1877, to October 2, 1882. F. T. Sibley. Owing to 
 differences of opinion .among the members, the 
 meetings for pr.actice weri' discontinued, and the 
 society pr.actic.ally disbanded on October 2, 1882. 
 
 From 1876 to iS,ycj a Catholic Musical Society 
 was conducted under the direction of Professor 
 Freyt.ig. 
 
 The Detroit Chorus Union was organized J.miiary 
 19, 1872, under the direction of Professor Jackson. 
 
jo^ 
 
 MUSIC AND TUK DRAMA. 
 
 He resii^ned May 17, 1872, ami was succeedccl by directors. It has an active nienibership of over one 
 I'rofessor Albert Miller. After practicing; ten years, hundred, and has given several successful concerts, 
 the society discontinued its meetings in 1882. 
 
 The Orpheus Musical .Society, with E. C. Gore as 
 director, and L. 11. Thomas as pianist, was organ- 
 ized in 1873, but has been harmoniously inactive for 
 several years past. 
 
 The Arion Glee Club was organized in February, 
 1874, with C. H. Thompson as director, and J, C. 
 
 '^i^Mff^U 
 
 Music Stork of C. J. Wmitnky, 40 I'okt St. West. 
 Kuilt in 1874. 
 
 Music Store of Roe Stephens, 184 and iSrt Woodward Ave. 
 liuilt in 1859. 
 
 Batchelder as pianist. It was short lived. In 1878 
 a new society by the same name was organized, with 
 G. B. Sihler as director. He was also director of 
 the Detroit Zither Club, orn^anized in May, 1877. 
 
 The Schumann Society was organized September 
 24, 1883, with Oliver J. De Sale as chorus master, 
 and J. De Zielinski and L. H. Thomas as associate 
 
 The meetings of the North American Saenger- 
 bund, June 24-27, 1857, and the Peninsular Saenger- 
 fest, which began August 30, 1880, under the 
 auspices of the German societies, were both notable 
 events. 
 
 The first piano brought to Detroit was the prop- 
 erty of Mrs. Solomon Sibley, formerly Miss Sproat. 
 
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 357 
 
 rer- 
 
 thr 
 
 •op- 
 loat. 
 
 Slii; had used it wliile attendinjj school at IJethle- 
 liL'in, Pennsylvania, and after her marriage, in 1803, 
 hrouirjit it with her to Detroit. It was transported 
 on horseback from ISethlehem to Marietta, and we 
 may, therefore, he well assured that it did not com- 
 pare in size with tiie pianos of to-day. 
 
 The first organ was brought here by Father 
 Richard. During the War of 1S12, while he was 
 occupying the farm in Springwclls, the Indians ri'- 
 moved the pipes of his organ and used them as 
 horns, making the woods ring with their shouts antl 
 tooling. luther this organ was repaired or a new- 
 one procured by Father Richard, for after his death 
 in 1832, an organ which had been used in .St. Anne's 
 was given to Trinity Church, and was subsecjuently 
 in use at St. Jo.seph's Church. In 1S31 St. Paul's 
 Ilpiscopal Church procured a new organ, and on 
 the occasion of its tlrst trial, on Friday, September 
 30, a concert was given under direction of Mr, 
 Newell. 
 
 The musical compositions of several Detroit au- 
 thors have found numerous purchasers. Of various 
 pieces here jniblished, it is safe to say that over a mil- 
 lion copies have been circulated. A single instru- 
 mental ])icce, the Detroit Schotlischc, composed and 
 published by Adam Cuusc about ii'>54, reached a sale 
 of over one hundred thousand copies in America, and 
 was :cpublished in several foreign countries. Signor 
 1'. Ci'ntenuri published a number of songs, medita- 
 tive in characti'r, th.at were deservedly po|)ular. Of 
 two songs written by C. T. Lockwood, of I'ontiac, and 
 published by Whittemore i!v Stephens, "Don't you 
 go, Tonuuy," has reached a circulation of some live 
 hundred thousand, and "Lottie Lee " nearly half as 
 many. Of his " Houcjuet March," nearly fifty thou- 
 sand copies have been .sold. Mr. J. II. Whittemore 
 composc;d many pieces, some of which had a large 
 sale. " 'T is for him tliat motlier 's weeping," pub- 
 lished in 1S67, .sold to the extent of one hundred 
 thousand copies; half as luany more of "V>y old 
 ( )ak Orchard's rippling stream " have been disposed 
 of. Several other of his pieces have sold to the 
 extetit of thousands of copies each. K. S. Mattoon 
 published several pieces of merit, one was entitled 
 " The Wood Nymph." J. C. Macy, a former resi- 
 dent, produced some very successful comj^ositions. 
 "The Little Flower you gave me" and "Bring 
 back the Old Folks " have reached a sale of fifty 
 thousand copies each. Messrs. C. II. Levering, C. 
 Stein, and Richard Yarndley all published instru- 
 mental pieces, which find occasional purchasers. 
 l'rofes>,or S. Mazurette has written several pieces, 
 of which " Home, Sweet Home, with variations," 
 has probably had the largest sale. Of the compo- 
 sitions of M. H. McChesney, " There is no one to 
 welcome mc home " has sold to the e.xtent of fifty 
 thousand copies, and of " I 've been dreaming of my 
 
 childhood " twenty-tive thousand copies have been 
 sold. Of the various compositions of J. L. Truax 
 probably one hundred thousand copies ha\e been 
 issued; the." Wounded Heart," probably the most 
 popular, has reached a .sale of twenty-five tlKnisand 
 copies. The com]iositions of James E. .Stewart 
 and O. F. Berdan are carefully written, and have 
 found many purchasers. 
 
 Among the popular leaders of brass bands in 
 former days the names of W. H. Barnhardt, H. 
 Lucker, H. Bishop, and H. Kern were prominent. 
 The last-named leader was portly in the extreme, 
 and able, apparently, to blow any horn that could 
 be made. During the war with the South he went 
 with the first regiment, and President Lincoln 
 pronounced him "the biggest blower in the ser- 
 vice." 
 
 Among the leaders of the Opera House Band 
 ICrnest Sieger was prominent. He succeeded Kern, 
 and was followed by Charles Ciraiil ; then came 
 William Bendix, and then for ten years H. Bishop 
 was leader of the band. He was succeeded in 1877 
 by R. Speil. 
 
 (',ideon's iSand — they of the life and drum — 
 were so c.iled from Ciurdon O. Williams, the 
 amateur leader. They created much amusement 
 between 1857 and 1861. 
 
 In 1SS2 there were five brass bands in the city, — 
 the Oreat Western, M. Hayek, leader; the Opera 
 House, R. Speil, leader; the Light Cuard, led by 
 J. D. Klderkin; Oardner's Band, J. H. Cardner, 
 leader ; and Detroit National, led by M. Steyskal. 
 
 The Theatre in Detroit seems to have been an 
 American institution, for no record of any theatrical 
 exhibitions is found until after the coming of the 
 United States troops. In 1798 military and civic 
 entertainments were common, and generally given 
 in the old council-hou.se. In 1816 a theatre was 
 fitted up in the upper part of the large brick store- 
 house at the foot of Wayne Street. The sfildiers 
 made the .scenery, and the ollicers' wives painted it. 
 Among the amateur performers in 1820 were Major 
 John Biddle and Lieutenant (afterwards Cieneral) 
 James Watson Webb. This theatre was in opera- 
 tion almost continuously in winter seasons until 
 about 1830. In that year a theatrical exhibition 
 was given in a barn belonging to the Steamboat 
 Hotel, kept by the well-known Ben Woodworth. 
 Parsons, the manager, was a man of considerable 
 talent, who subseciuently doffed the sock and buskin, 
 and became a clergyman. 
 
 In the summer of 1834 a theatre was fitted up in 
 the second story of the Smart Block, on the north- 
 west corner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues, 
 The same year the brick building, still standing on 
 the southeast corner of Gratiot and Farrar Streets, 
 
,5^ 
 
 MUSIC AND THK DRAMA. 
 
 buili for a Methodist Church but never dedicated, 
 was purchased and fitted for a tiieaire. In 1836 
 and 1837 a wooden buildinj^, on tlie ojiposite side of 
 (iratiot Street, was in use for tlieatrical exhibitions, 
 as was also the Museum at the corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue and (Iriswold Street. After the tire whicli 
 destroyed the Museum, the old wooden buiidini,^ on 
 (Iratiot Street was aijain used, in 1848 tiicitrical 
 entert.iinments were ^iven at liie City Hall. In 
 iS49lhe Metropolitan 'Theatre, on Jefferson Avenue 
 opposite the Biddle House, was opened; it was 
 subsequently called "The Varietit;' "and then the 
 "Theatre Comicpie." It was burne ' and rebuilt, 
 and in 1883 was turned into a H'erv ..table. 
 
 About 1864 an old church oi' the corner of i\.in- 
 dolph and Congress Streets w.is converted into a 
 theatre. It was calleil the Allunaum, and used for 
 theatricals several years. The old U.iptist Church 
 on the corner of I''ort and (iriswold Streets was 
 also at one time used as a theatre. 
 
 The Park Theatre, on Michigan Avenue opposite 
 the City Hall, was built in 1878 and rebuilt in 1881. 
 After the buildinj^j of the opera houses, the better 
 class of theatrical exhibitions were j,Mven in them. 
 
 The first C.erman theatre was located on the east 
 side of St, Antoine Street, near dratiot Street. In 
 late years (ierman theatricals have been j;i\cn in 
 Concordia Hall, on the east side of Rivard, between 
 Crojjhan and Lafayette Streets, 
 
 Among the more noted actresses who have ap- 
 peared on the Detroit stage maybe mentioned Julia 
 Dean, who was here on October, 1849, ''i"<^l Char- 
 lotte Cushman, August 4, 1851. Ristori, the great 
 Italian tragedienne, played on January 11 and 12, 
 1867. C. 15. I'almerand ('.. A. Hough — the former 
 projirietor, and the latter manager, of the Detroit 
 Athena'um — gave five thousand dollars for the two 
 entertainments. The plays given were " Marie 
 Stuart" and "Elizabeth." The price of reserved 
 seats was five dollars, general admission three dol- 
 lars. The performances were given at Young Men's 
 Hall, at that time the largest public auditorium in 
 the city. The enterprise was not profitable, the 
 net loss being about three hundred dollars, 
 
 Modjeska was here December 12, 13, and 14, 
 1878, and again in October, 1883, and Janausehek 
 from the 3d to the 6th of March, 1882. Mary An- 
 derson, Sothern, Jeffer.son, Booth, and Barrett have 
 visited Detroit repeatedly. 
 
 Detroit is particularly noted as the birthplace of 
 Bronson Howard, one of the most successful drama- 
 tists of our time. The American plays he composed 
 have given jileasure to thousands. His " Fantine," 
 a drama in five acts, founded on " Les Miserables," 
 was first produced in September, 1864, at the De- 
 troit Athena'um. "Saratoga," his next piece, a 
 comic drama in five acts, was produced at the I-'ifth 
 
 Avenue Theatre in New York, in December, 1870, 
 and was performed continuously for one hundred 
 and one nights, and twice revived at the New fifth 
 Avenue Theatre. "Brighton," an Knglish version 
 of " Saratoga," was played by Ch.irles Wyndhain 
 in London in 1874-1875 at the Court Theatre, and 
 sul)se(|uently at the St. James, N.iMonal, Standard. 
 Criterion, and Il.iymarket the.'itrt s. It was pvv- 
 sented two hundred and forty times in the years 
 named. It was also adapted to the Cerman, and 
 produced in Berlin. In 1880 it was revived and 
 playi'd in many cities throughout On at Britain. 
 "Diamonds," a comedy in five acts, first produced 
 at llu' I'iflh Avenue Theatre, New York, in Septem- 
 ber, 1872, ran fifty-six nights. " Moorcroft," ;i 
 comedy in four ,icts, produced in the fall of 1874 at 
 the fifth A\enue Theatre, was less successful, run- 
 ning only two weeks. " Hurricine," a comedy in 
 three acts, was fn'st brought out in Ilavi'rly's Thea- 
 tre, Chicago, in M;iy, 1878, and in the fall of 1871; 
 w;is i^layed for four weeks at the I 'ark Theatre 
 in New ^'o|•k, and tluT. in various other jil.accs. 
 "Truth," the Lnglish version of "Hurricane," was 
 produced at the Criterion Theatre in London, in 
 I'ebm.iry, 1879, and ran one hundred and fifty-two 
 nights; in 1880 it was performed in other of the 
 principal iMiglish and Scotch cities, and up to 188;, 
 had been produced over three hundred times in 
 London. "The Banker's Daughter," a drama in 
 five acts, was fir.st performed November 30, 1878, 
 at the Union .Sfjuare 'Theatre, New York. It r.iii 
 one hundred and thirty-eight nights, and has been 
 performed repeatedly in the principal cities of the 
 country. The Lnglish version, entitled "'The OKI 
 Love and the New," w.as produced at the Court 
 'Theatre, London, on December 15, 1879, runnint; 
 one hundred nights or mon;, and has been given at 
 le;ust one hundred times in another luiglish theatre. 
 "Wives," a comedy in five acts, also produced in 
 1879, and "Okl Love Letters," a one-act comedy 
 of 1878, also achieved success. Among his later 
 productions are "Oreen-room Fun" and " ISaron 
 Rudolph." In 1882 a four-act comedy, entitled 
 " Young Mrs. Winthrop," began a successful run. 
 In the way of comic operettas and farces, F. J. 
 Thomas has achieved a local reputation. All of his 
 plays were written especially for entertainments 
 given by the Board of 'Tnide for the benefit of the 
 Industrial School. " A Child for Adoption " wa.^ 
 performed in 1873; "The Honest Burglar" in 1874, 
 "Our Mamma" in 1876, and "Engaged" in 1S77. 
 
 ART, ARTISTS, AND INVF.NTdRS. 
 
 Before the present century began, there were sil- 
 versmiths in the city who produced elaborate ami 
 costly silver ware and ornaments, and skilled work- 
 
ART, ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS. 
 
 359 
 
 men ill goltl and silver have always found employ- 
 ment. 
 
 Anioni;' our former (/nasi residents was Ran- 
 ildlpli koj;ers, who, while livin.i,^ al .Ann Arbor, was 
 fre<HR'ntly in Delroil, His " Nydia," now in the 
 I'niversity Museum, was exhil)it rd here on April 
 10, icS62, at VoLHii,; Men's Hall; his "Ruth" .and 
 ■' Isaac," the superb bronze doors in the Capitol at 
 \\'ashin,y;ton, and our own Soldiers' Monument, all 
 attest his well-earned fame. 
 
 J. M. Stanley chose Detroit for his home in 1835. 
 
 and studies. One of his best known single paintings 
 is called " The Unveiling of the Conspiracy ; " it por- 
 tr.'iys the Indi.ingirl informing C.ladwin of I'ontiac's 
 treachery. .Vnoiher, "The I'rial t)f Ked Jacket," 
 represents th.il chid in the centre of a grouj) of 
 warriors on trial fur witchcr.ift. .Seven of his works, 
 ■■ Uncas (iambling for the Muck," "The Trial of 
 Red Jacket." " Indian Telegrajih," " Blackfoot Card 
 Players," " Ilimters," and "On the War Path" have 
 been chromoed ; £ill, except the last, were produced 
 in lierlin. 
 
 The W.\tso.n G.\llerv, 236 Woodw.^ku Ave.nue, cor.nek oc John R Street. 
 
 r.nilt in 1870-1882. 
 
 "■J- 
 
 his 
 
 lents 
 
 the 
 
 k'as 
 
 S74. 
 
 |877- 
 
 sil- 
 laml 
 Irk- 
 
 After a few years' residence, he wandered over all 
 the West, gathering material for his brush. He re- 
 turned in I'S^ij. During his absence he painted 
 from life lepresentative heads from forty-three dif- 
 ferent tribes, his collection including the portraits 
 I if one hundred and fifty-two Indian ciiiefs and 
 noted characters. In anticipation of their purchase 
 by the Government, the pictures were deposited in 
 the Smith.sonian Institute, and the nation suffered 
 an irreparable loss in their destruction on Janu.ay 
 24, 1865, when a jiortion of the building was burned. 
 In addition to these, Mr. Stanley produced one luin- 
 tired and fifty other paintings, chiefly Indian scenes 
 
 'i1ie n.ame of Alvah Bradish is familiar to the 
 older citizens. He came to Detroit as early as 
 1837, and £it intervals since then has resided here. 
 From 1S52 to iS64.hewas Professor of F"ine Arts 
 in the university. He painted portraits of Stevens 
 T. Mason, John Biddle, Judge Morell, Klon Farn.s- 
 worth. H. S. Cole, K, P. Hastings, Z. Pitcher, R. S. 
 Rice, D. Houghton, Hugh Brady, Lewis Cass, J. 
 Kearsley, D. Cooper, Thomas Palmer, P.. B. Ward, 
 John R. Williams, A. S. Williams, Charles Larned, 
 S. Conant, George Duflield, and William K. Ar- 
 mitage. 
 
 The name and fame of T. H. O. P. Burnham are 
 
360 
 
 ART, ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS. 
 
 preserved tlirougli liis picture of the election scene 
 of 1837. 
 
 C. V. lk)iul was hen; from 1846 to 1853, and is 
 favorably remembered. 
 
 A Fine Art I'xhibilion at I'ircmen's Hall, coni- 
 mencinj; February i, 1851, lasted three weeks; it 
 was repeated in February, 1853, and no local ex- 
 hibitions of equal merit were held in Detroit up to 
 1883, IJoth exhibitions broui^ht loj^jelher ;irtieles old 
 and new, curious and rare, expensive and desirable, 
 and embraced nearly every dcpartinent of line arts. 
 Crowds thronj^ed the hall, and the exhibitions were 
 in every respect credit.'ible to the city. 'I'hey were 
 j^iven under the aus])ici:s of tiie I'ire Deixu'tment 
 Society, and their success was due very largely to 
 tile efforts of James A. \'an Dyke. 
 
 Amonjj^ the local artists and amateurs represented 
 in that exhibition were, F. K. C(>hen, — . Von I5ran- 
 dis, L. T. Ives, (ieor^re Watson, Robert Hopkins, 
 R. S. Duncanson, (ieorge \V. Clark, W. A. Ray- 
 mond, D'Almaine, Mrs. I^. \V. I'aird, C. F. Davis, 
 A. Smitii, Jr., —. ISownian, .and A. F. Hanks. 
 
 From June 25 to 28, 1862, a Loan Fxhibition, 
 manaj^ed by the ladies of the First Presbyterian 
 Church, was held at Yoimg Men's Hall, and many 
 excellent works were broui^ht together. Among 
 the paintings were the following, claimed as origi- 
 nals: "Martin l.utlur," by Raphael, a landscape, 
 by Salvator Ros.i, and " l^cce Homo," by (luido. 
 
 At various times some of the noted paintings of 
 the world have been ixhibitcd in Detroit. Dunlap's 
 "IJearing the Cross" was here in September, 1826, 
 and his "Calvary" at the I'resbyterian Church in 
 August, 1830, and in May, i'84o, with his "Christ 
 Rejected," at the Baptist Church. IJenjamin West's 
 painting of "Christ Healing the Sick" was exhibited 
 in July, 1844, and I'eale's "Court of Death" in 
 July, 1847. Rossiter's great paintings of "The Re- 
 turn of the Dove to the Ark" and "Miriam, the 
 Prophetess, exulting over Pharoah " were exhibited 
 on September 30, 1851, and for several days follow- 
 ing, at Foremen's Hall. The following moijth, com- 
 mencing with October 7, Dubufe's "Adam and 
 Eve" was on exhibition at the City Hall. It had 
 been on view at Detroit sixteen years before. About 
 1853 Powers' statue of "The Greek Slave" was on 
 exhibition. Two French paintings, "Jerusalem in 
 its Orandeur" and "Jerusalem in its Decay," were 
 e.xhibited in 1878. They were valued at $30,000. 
 
 In photographic work, Mr. J. F. Martin and the 
 Messrs. Sutton were the first to give satisfactory 
 results in Detroit. On March Ck 1S55, there was a 
 notice in the papers to the effect that the Messrs. 
 Sutton had photographed by Turner's proiess with 
 great success. Since then we have had daguerreo- 
 types, ambrotypes, tintypes, ivorytypes, and photo- 
 gfraphs ; and in no city is finer work produced, and 
 
 nowhere in America are there larger or better 
 e(iuipped establishments. Large photographic work, 
 crayon .'uid India-ink jiortraits arc m;idc. 
 
 From May 30 to June 1, 1883, ne: riy li.'ly l.irgc 
 and choice oil paintings by noted a. lists were ex- 
 hibited at Randall's Art (lallery. 
 
 •u-o '^'ift.^ -la^f .^_,'iffi 
 
 C. C. Kandai.i.'s Piiotiicuaj'Mk; Stidio, andtiiI' |Ii:ihoit 
 
 Art Stokk, loknkk Madison Avi'. and Williams St. 
 
 lUiilt in 1882. 
 
 All previous local exhibitions were dwarfed into 
 insignificance by the Art Lo.'in I'.xhibition iimjected 
 by iv. 1 1. Bre.arley, and held in the fall of 1 883. The 
 first meeting in relation to it was held at tlu' resi- 
 dence of Mrs. James V. Joy on December 6, 1882 ; 
 a (subsequent meeting was held at the office of New- 
 berry (S: McMillan, and a resolution passed favoring 
 the jiroposed exhibition, provided <'i sulficient guar- 
 anty fund was pledged to make good any deficiency. 
 Through the efforts of the promoter of the Art 
 Loan, the following persons subscribed $1,000 each 
 as a guarantee : R. A. Alger, H. P. Baldwin, H. P>. 
 Brown, Clarence P>lack, W. Boeing, C. II. lUihl, W. 
 A. Butler, Mrs. Jessie W. Brodhead, W. II. Brear- 
 ley, A. II. Dey, James L. F'.dson, Moses W. I'ield, 
 D. M. Ferry, E. S. ITeineman, Charles C. Hodges, 
 George II. Hammond, James !•". Joy, Fldward Ran- 
 ter, W. W. Lcggctt, G. V. N. I.othrop, ]•:. W. 
 Meddaugh, W. A. Moore, C. R. Mabley, Mrs. C. R. 
 M;i!)lcy, S. V.. Mumford, J.ames McMillan, Hugh 
 McMill;in, Richard McCaulcv, S. J. Murphy, Thorn- 
 dike Nour.se, John .S. Newberry, C. A. Newcomb, 
 David Preston, Thomas W. Palmer, F"rancis Palms, 
 Philo Parsons, George Peck, Thomas Pitts, C. C. 
 Randall, George B. Remick, M. S. Smith, K. Y. 
 
i^^m 
 
 ART. ARTISTS, AND INVENTORS. 
 
 361 
 
 ;ir- 
 
 Art 
 •u-li 
 
 |\V. 
 
 \S\- 
 
 Irn- 
 
 liis. 
 C. 
 
 Swift. Jiimcs K. Scripps. (ieorge H. Scripps. Tliotnas 
 S. Spra.i^iic. Allan Shcldun. W. II. Tolfl. David 
 Whitney. Jr.. Kirliard Storrs Willis. Willis Walker. 
 
 An orijanizatioii was clfecled, and coniniittccs 
 were appointed as follows : 
 
 i'lxeeutive Connniitec: \V. H. Urearley. eli.iirnian ; 
 I'ri'd !■■.. l'";n'nswoitli. secret.-iry ; John I,. Harper. 
 tre;isnrer; II. I". li.ildwin. Mrs. Kich.ird Storrs 
 Willis. Mrs. II. 11. II. Ir.ipo Sniilh. Mrs. Morse 
 Stewart. ,Miss .Ad.ims. Mrs. I'.. C. Si<inner. Mrs. !•!. (1. 
 Ilolden. 
 
 City I.o.in tdniniittee : Mrs. Rieliard Storrs Wil- 
 lis, ehaimi.in; Mrs. Dr. I^'it/hnijli Edwards, seerc- 
 lary. 
 
 Foreijjn I-oan Conniiitlee: Mrs. H. II. Il.Crapo 
 Smith, ehairni.in ; Mrs. Justin V.. Emerson, seere- 
 i.iry. 
 
 I'rintin-r Committee ; Mrs. Morse Stew.irt. ehair- 
 ni.in ; Miss Jenny Coyl. seeretary. 
 
 Transport.it ion Connnittee : Mi.ss Adams, ehair- 
 ni.in; Mrs. ( ien. Kini;. .seeretary. 
 
 Property Committee : Mrs. I'",. C. Skinner, eh.'iir- 
 m.'in ; Mrs. Ale.\ander Chapoton. si'eret.iry. 
 
 1 lanirini;' and .Xruin^inj^' Committee : Mrs. I".. ('■. 
 I lolden. (•!i;iirni,'iii ; Mrs. Alfriil Russell, seent.iry. 
 
 I'inaiiee Committee: H. 1'. Baldwin, chairman ; 
 Clarence lUack. seeret.iry. 
 
 It \^'as ;it lirsl proposed to h.ave the e.xhibitioii ;il 
 Music ll.ill. .'uid on April 5. 1S83, ;i mectin),^ to 
 iatif\ the proposed pl.in for the exhibition \\;is lu'ld 
 ;it t'lat jilace, and addresses were delivered by 
 Bishop .S. S. Harris, 1). 1)., LL. I).. Rev. C. Reilly. 
 1). D., Rev. C. R. Hendenson. S. IM. Cutcheon. and 
 (). W. W'iijht. M. I). At the meeting- a letter \v;is 
 re.'Kl from T. W'. Palmer pled^inv;- $10,000 tow.irds 
 ;i I'ermanent Art Loan, provided $40,000 additional 
 w.'S raised. Doubts liavinj;' been expressed ,'is to 
 the safety from fire of Music Hall, it was decided to 
 erect a buildinj; especially for the exhibition, and a 
 tract of land on the nortli side of I.;irned Street, 
 hjtween Bates and Randolph Streets, was rented 
 for the sum of $500. I'lans were procured, and at a 
 tDtal cost of $15,000 a one-story brick building, 
 133 -x 153 feet, was erected. The plan and contents 
 'if the .several rooms were as indicated in the 
 annexed diagr.im. 
 
 A very complete catalogue of one hundred and 
 scventv pages, furnished for the sum of twenty-live 
 « ents, .showed the following list of articles : Oil 
 l«intings, 950; water-color paintings, .?6o; examples 
 in sculpture, 102; bric-a-brac, 250; etchings, en- 
 gravings, and other examjiies in black and white, 
 1,000; designs in bron/e. 56; textiles and fabrics, 
 !03; curios and miscellany, 280. Total, 3,100. 
 : iipplementary exhibits brought up the total numl)or 
 to 4.851. An idea as to the completeness and variety 
 cf the exhibit is given by the statement that the 
 
 various .schools of art were represented by the 
 works of one hundred and ninety-si.x American, one 
 hundred and tiv.: French, sixty-four Italian, tifty- 
 cight Cermar, forty-five English, thirty-seven Hol- 
 land, and twenty-three Sp.anish a.rtists. 
 
 c > > / < 
 
 S T U V 
 
 P 
 
 Q 
 
 " I ^ M V. 
 
 WjbiD^ 
 
 Plan (>i- .\ict I.h.vn r.i'ii.niNc;. 
 
 A— nfTicc ; Fi, rntr.inrc ; ('. twit ; I), iloal; rmim ; K, ,v;i'ntle- 
 nun's riKim ; K, cntriinii' corriiliir ; (',. l.uliis' rnoiii ; V, rcfri-.-ili- 
 niciit rcioii). 
 
 II t!<illc('li(ins of Si-n.itor I'iilimr, I'.il.i lliilili;ircl, ami :i por- 
 tion of till' Iloinr Loan. 
 
 1 l''orfij.;n Loan (paiiilin,!.;?. from outside tlii' City and .Stale). 
 
 I Till' CIcviland. ()., Loan. 
 
 K Janus MiMitlan's folliition. 
 
 L .AniK x to tl\c I'orcinn Loan. 
 
 M Tixiilfs. s( iilpinri-. <'t<-. 
 
 N llicC. I'. Ilasiltincd'liilathOpliia; Collcrtion. 
 
 O C'ondiinicl (diliitions of K. A.Aljjcr, lames I'", foy, II. P. 
 llaldwin, 1'. niilil, Mrs. C. 11. linlil, M. S". Smith, "and Allan 
 Shelden. 
 
 I' I'exliles and part of Home Loan. 
 
 (,) Lloral and Curios. 
 
 K .Amatenr Department. 
 
 S City Lo.m and Worths of Di'troit Artists. 
 
 'I' I letroit Water Color Soeiity and otliiT Water Colors. 
 
 II 'I'lie Century Colli'etion of original drawin.ns. 
 
 V I. K. Seripps' eolle( lion (jf itrliin.v;s, i n^ravin^;s, etc. 
 
 W Till' Colonial room (eolleetions of rare and aneient furni- 
 ture, i)i('tnres, etc). 
 
 X- lirioil-lirae. textiles, fabrics, statuary. 
 
 V - .Arc'hiteetnrai photographs, Cesnola and Morgan nottery 
 exhibits, refreshments. 
 
 Z— Ancient paintings and religions j>!cti!res. 
 
 The following Detroit artists had each one or 
 more oil paintings on exhibition : W. B. Conely, 
 L. T. Ives, J. A. Ilekking, Robert Hopkins, Percy 
 Ives. \V. H. Machen, C.. J. Mclchers. J. C. Rolsho- 
 * ven. Mortimer L. Smith, Cicorge Watson, S. A. 
 Whiiiplc, John Antrobus, Miss Hattie Leonard, 
 Miss .\nnie Pitkin, .iiul Delos Bell. 
 
 The exhiliition opened on .Saturday evening, Sep- 
 tember I. 1883, and was continued during the 
 months of Seiitember and October, and up to No- 
 vember 10. A total of 134,050 persons visited the 
 building; the highest attendance was on October 27, 
 when 6,476 persons were admitted ; the lowest was 
 on September 7, when there were 711 admissions. 
 Originally a silver quarter was required as an en- 
 
\G2 
 
 l\Vi:XT(lKS AND IWI.NTloNS. 
 
 trance fii', but lo aci'nmmndalc those \\\\n wislied 
 to jiieseiit tiekets to their Irieiiils, ordinary tickets 
 were linally placed on sale. 'Che e\hil)ition dosed 
 with a reee|)lion on Monday lAeniiij;, November i::. 
 The total recti|its were about $45,000, aiul llic 
 expt'nses footi'd ii]) $42,500. 
 
 Diirinij- the jiroi^ress of the loan ;in(l iiiiincdialely 
 after, a cinvass was made for subscriptions to a 
 fund of §40,000, to i)c used in the pnrcliase of 
 i;nuinds as a site for a permanent Museinn of Art. 
 l''or this fund each of the followiiii;' jiersons sub- 
 scribed one thousatid dollars: K. A. Al,v;er, II. 1'. 
 lialdwin. Josepii i'.l.iek, l'". J. K. IJradley. W . 11. 
 Hrcarli'y, C 11. iliihl, janu's I,, ildson, Charles I'.ndi- 
 cott, 1). M. I'erry. Ceo. 11. llaiumoiid, llela Hub- 
 bard, ('.. V. N. Lothmp. (.'. K. M.ibley, James .Mc- 
 .Millan, G(ju. F. Mooie, \\ . A. .Moure, S. R. Mum- 
 ford. C. A. Ncwcnmb, T. \V. PaJtner, Francis T'.alms, 
 J. \:. Scripps, (',. IF Scrii)ps, Allan .SheUlen. M. .S. 
 Smith, Frederick Stearns, i\. I'. Toms, F. W. 
 \(>i,i;t, Hiram Walker, E. C. Walker, Willis !•:. 
 Walker. 
 
 'ISy reciuest of Thomas W. P.-ilmer, atid as a tes- 
 timonial of their .servii'cs in beh.ilf of the Art Loan, 
 his iiled),fe of $10,000 was ajiplied to constitute the 
 followiiiij; persons sul?seril)ers to tlu' fund for the 
 site of the projiosed btiildiny : l'"red. 1".. l'"arnsworth, 
 John F. Harper, Mrs. !•:. C. Holden, F. T. Ives, 
 Mrs. F. C. Skinner, .Nh's. H. H. H. Crapu Smith, 
 Mrs. Col. J. 'V. Slerlinl,^ Mrs. Morse Stewart. John 
 F. Warren, and Mrs. R. S. Willis. 
 
 A majority of the persons n.amed met on l'"ebru- 
 ary 27, 1X84, a temporary or;^^■lni/,•ltion was effected, 
 and a committee on site appointed, and the further 
 prosecution of ilu' iil.ui is ,v;-radually i^oin.i;' forward. 
 
 .\t a mectinjj; held on May 17, 1SS4, Mr. IWcirUv 
 announced the purpose of J;mies F. Scripps to i^ive 
 the miniitu-cnt sum of $50,000 in furtherance of the 
 enterprise. 
 
 Iu:u-iiti>)-s aiui />t7',>i//(>)is. 
 
 In v.iriety and importance, the inventions of cer- 
 tain of our citi/.ens are deservedly famous. lUu-t's 
 solar compass, one of the most valtiable of inven- 
 tions, was p.ati'tited by Willi.im .\. Furt on I^'ebru- 
 ary 25, 1836, and fully perfecleil in 1850. It was e.\- 
 amined and commended by Sir John Herschel in 
 185 1, and received a j^rize medal at the World's Fair 
 of that ye.'ir. It is called a solar compass because, 
 by an in.irenious arrani.,a'ment, the rays of the sun 
 are utilized by the instrument, which enables the 
 surveyor to determine exactly the position of a due 
 north and south line. By its use surveys can be 
 accurately made in mineral districts where the old 
 style of compass would Ik almost useless. Its value 
 is so thorouijhly appreciated by the C.overnrnent 
 that it is required to be used in government surveys ; 
 
 .and withoiU it .1 l,ir);e .amount of ,t;'overnmeut land 
 could have been jiropi-rly surveyed otily by the oiit- 
 l.iy of more money than the laiul was uorlli. The 
 Calumet ,ind llecla .Mine of Fake Superior, tiie 
 l,iri;est .and most productive copper mine in the 
 world, w.'is discovered through the use of this instru- 
 ment. 
 
 In connettion with the subject of inventions, it is 
 of interest to note that from iS^joto iSfi^ Thom.is 
 A. lUlison, while .a train-boy on the Cirand Trunk 
 Railro.id, w.as freciuetitly in Detroit, and divided his 
 time betwetii the rele).;r;iph and l''ree I'ress otiices 
 .itui the I'ublic I.ibr.iry. Whik' here he formed tlu' 
 idea of readiii].; .ill tin; books in ihi' library, .iiul bi'- 
 i;innin,!< w ith those on i\ lower shilf, he aitually re.id 
 ;i row of books occupyini,' a shelf fifteen feet in 
 length bi'fore other [)l,uis .and duties caused him to 
 desist, .\monn the books on that lower shelf were 
 Newtoti's •• I'rincipi.i," Lire's Diction.iry, .and Ikir- 
 toti's '• An.itoiny of Melancholy." 
 
 With his n.ame th.it of Ch.arles \',in De I'oeic 
 should be mentioned; his electric lit;iit w.as first 
 publicly exhibited on July 6, 1871;. 
 
 'i'he astronomical clock invented by i'"elix Meier 
 is worthy of special mention, ,as in m.atiy respects it 
 is the su|)eiior of all others. It w.as tirst I'xhibited iti 
 1879. It is eii^hteen feet hinh, ci,i(ht feet wide, ,ind 
 live fttt thick, .and weij.;hs four thous.md jiounds. 
 It is I tin by weights wiinhiiii;' seven hundred pounds, 
 .and is wound u|) onci' in twelve days. The case is 
 of black w.aliuit. t'leg.antly carvt'd, .and I'lig raved 
 with symbols of the I'liiti'd St.ites. At the top is ,a 
 marble dome, with .a tin'ure of W.ashinglon in his 
 ch.air of st.ate, i)rotected by ,a cauojiy surmoimted 
 by ;i gilded st.atue of Columbi.a; on i-itlu'r side (f 
 the tigure of Washington .are colored sercinls in 
 liwry, gu.arding the doors between the jiilLars th.at 
 support the canopy ; on the four corners of the clock 
 .in- tigures emblem.alic of the march of life; the two 
 lower corners are supixirted by female figfres with 
 tl.aming torches, one tli.at of ,an infant, the second ,a 
 youth, the third .1 mati in middle lift, and the fourth 
 an .aged ni.an ; still .another ligure, diri'ctly over the 
 ceiitt'r, represents Death. All of these ligures .arc 
 furnished with bells .and h.immers, and at the end 
 of every (luarter of .in hour the infant strikes its bell, 
 .at the end of the half hour the youth strikes, the 
 man strikes every three quarters of an hour, the old 
 man strikes the hour, and the figure of Death gives 
 the ajipropriate number of strokes for the hour. 
 The infant's bell is small and .sweet-toned; the 
 youth's bell Larger and louder; the bell of manhood 
 strong and reson.ant ; th.at of old age diminishes in 
 strength, while the bell of the skeleton has a deep. 
 sad tone. When Death strikes the hour, a music 
 box conia'.aled within the clock begins to play; tlv 
 figure of W.ashington slowly rises from the chaii. 
 
INVENTORS AND INVKNTIONS. 
 
 3^^: 
 
 ml I'xlciids tlic ri>;lit li.md, i)i'iscmiiiv; thr I )c(l;ir.i- 
 i,)in)f liRlcpciidciicc; till' (lour (111 till' kit is ()|hiuiI 
 l,y till' servant, and all the rrrsidciits from \\'ash- 
 I'lyrtoii ti) llayt's I'litci" ill proccssinn, dressed eacli in 
 ilie cnstniiie of his lime. Passing before Washinv;- 
 lon, lliey raise their hands as they approaeh him, 
 
 planetary svsteni. The as(ronomieal and inalhe- 
 matieal ealenlalion, if kept np, wmild show ihe eor- 
 reei moxcment of the planets for Iwn hnndred years. 
 When till' eloek is in operation it, shows local tinio 
 in hoiH's, minuti'S, and seconds; also the time ;it 
 New N'oik, Washington, S;ui I'raneisco, Melbourne, 
 
 ved 
 
 is .1 
 
 his 
 
 lied 
 
 of 
 
 in 
 
 hal 
 
 oek 
 
 AM' 
 
 with 
 ul a 
 urth 
 the 
 are 
 end 
 bell, 
 the 
 
 SmIIJi's CoKNEK, CllU. OF jF.ITKUSdN AND \Vc M IIIW AK 1 1 AvF.S. 
 
 liiiilt in 1839-^)8, Occupied for twenty years preccdiii)} 1883 
 by M. S. Smilli iV di.. Jewelers. 
 
 Nkw JicwF.iuv SiciKK (11 M. S Smith A- Co., 
 
 CoK. Wiidiiu \Ki> A\i-. ANf) SiArii St. 
 
 lUiilt ill i88j. 
 
 lour 
 
 lisie- 
 
 the 
 
 liaii . 
 
 walk across the platform, and disappcdr through 
 1 lie opposite door, which is promptly closed by the 
 -• cond servant. Washinijton then resumes his 
 I iair, and all is aijain (luiet, save the measured tick 
 "f the hiisc pendulum. Fiirures of William Cullen 
 I'lyant and of IVofessor Morse, inventor of tele- 
 Uiaphy, rest upon the [.ill.ars that support the 
 
 Pekin, Cairo, Constantinople, St. Petersburgh, 
 Vienna, London, Herlin, and Paris; the day of the 
 week, calendar day of the month, month of the 
 year, and seasons of the year; the signs of the 
 zodiac, the revolu'-ons of f • earth on its a.xis and 
 also around the : n ; the .olutions of the moon 
 around the earth, and with it around the sun ; also, 
 
364 
 
 INVENTORS AND INVF.NTK^NS. 
 
 tlie moon's I'han^jes from ihv (luarur to llic half. 
 three quartets, and full; ami the movement of the 
 plant'ts around tlur sun. 
 
 in ronncction with this clock, mention may l)c 
 a|)i)ropriatcly made of the clock set up by the firm 
 of M. .S. Smith & Co. on the outside of their store, 
 on the corner of Woodward Avenue aiul Stale 
 Street. It (K-cupies the front of the second story 
 and is both a curiosity and a public convenience ; 
 the dials arc five feet in diameter and are illumi- 
 nated at night. There are two life-size tigures in 
 connection with the works, one representing a smith 
 with his hammer, and the other the emblematic 
 Father Time, the figures together symbolizing 
 " Smith's 'I'ime." Upon hells hung in full view 
 both figures, in quick succession, give one stroke 
 every quarter of ;m hour, two every half-hour, and 
 three strokes a quarter of an hour before every full 
 hour ; four strokes are given every hour, and imme- 
 diately thereafter an appropri.'ite nimiber for the 
 particular hour. The clock and its fittings cost 
 S6,ooo, and was first publicly shown o.i February 27, 
 l}<84. It is the only one of the kind in the United 
 States, and there is but one similar to it in the world. 
 
 The tiist sui-ccssful gold pens were m.ule by l.ivi 
 llrovvn about 1840. He then lived in Detroit, but 
 subsc(iuciitly moved to New York. 
 
 An invention of practical importance is the street- 
 railway track-cleaner and snow-|)lough of Augustus 
 Day. It is used in many St;itcs by .several roads, 
 and is jirizcd for its simplicity and efficiency. The 
 pl.ining machine of A. A. Wilder was at one time 
 highly appreciated, lie also invented a propeller 
 wheel, still in general use. The patent refrigerators 
 and freezing processes invented by Willi.im D.-ivis 
 have revolutionized the business of transporting 
 tlesh and fish. The use of kerosene to increa.se tli;' 
 illuminating power of coal gas, invented by F. H. 
 Fichbaum, has come into general use. F. Fon- 
 taine's locomotive had trial trips on December 3, 
 1880, and May 5, 1881, on the Canada Southern, 
 where it made one hundred and eleven miles in 
 ninety-eight minutes. The patent double-faced 
 \alves of James Flowers, for water, steam, and gas 
 connections, ari' in use all over the United States, 
 .'IS are also the seamless copper and brass tubes 
 invented by John Bailey. 
 
 
PART VII. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
ciiArri'k LI 
 
 ii()i;si:s AM) ii()Mi:s. siokI'.s and misiNi:ss r.uii.DiNcs. 
 
 S|-()kK NUMHi:i<S. I.IC.IiriNC. AM) III.A ll\(i. 
 
 IIDIISI'. AM) 
 
 IIOIJSKS AND IIOMK.S. 
 
 'rill'. Iiiiiisis iif tilt' first coloiiisls wi'iH- few .iiiil 
 smii)lc ill ((iiistliiitiDii. Less tli.iii a store nf lov; 
 lints, nivtri'il with hirt li hark nr ihalciud with 
 i^rass, within a stockade nf unodiii pirkcis, made 
 ii|) ihi- rmhryo lity. 
 
 it is safr to say tlial a iiKirc |nrfc(l "scene nf 
 (|niel l)eaiity " coiilil iiowhcri; else be found; liu' 
 
 coininoiiale ilieiii; in i7ocS hiiildin,v;s were ireeied 
 outside, and from time to time, as i;rants of land 
 wire made, or |iermils i;i\(ll, ioil; iiollses ill ineie.is- 
 iiii; inimhers dotted liie l)anks of tiie Delroir*' I lnv 
 Were scattered aiont; al. inlervals ol (loin a (|naiter 
 to a half mile, and IIimIIv reached from llie Konv;e 
 to |„ike Si. CLiir, on hnih side^ of ihe .Sir.iit. The 
 ;;rowth, however, was slow; alter the kipsc of lilty 
 
 4m 
 
 f-^^'^lnrfr^'T'-^-y. 
 
 
 VllCW Ol- nKlKOIT IN I7i)''i, I'H'IM I'lll'; OKII.INAI. I'AINIINli IN I'Mns. 
 
 Ciladi-I. I'riMiit W.iyniSl. St. Anne's Cliiinli. Ilii),; (Icii. CaKi'. 
 
 I lUI (uiiiK il lli>ns('. 
 
 (irihwuld St. 
 
 ijray and hi own of tlie roof, the niiifjifed layers of 
 unhewn lov^s, the whitewaslieil chimneys, the ureen 
 III the siirroniidintj forests, .mil the sheen of the 
 piacitl river, afft)rtleil ,1 r.ire coml^in.ition of colors 
 ;md ;i view thai an .artist niinht covet to portray. 
 
 As the years went on anil the luiniher of hou.ses 
 increased, the stockade became too narrow to ac- 
 
 years there were only from seventy-five to one hiin- 
 ilrctl houses witiiin the stockade, which Was several 
 times en!ari,re(l. The houses were usually built of 
 o.ik or ceil.ir loijs. In 1749, and probably before 
 that time, stone for chimneys and ovens was ob- 
 tained from Monii(iia.ii;()n and Stony Island. In 1763 
 there were lime-kilns near, and several stone build- 
 
 l/'7l 
 
368 
 
 HOUSES AND HOMES. 
 
 ings inside tlic stockade. In KS70, while workmen 
 were laying water i)ipes in front of tlie Cooper 
 Block on Jefferson Aveiuie, they found between tiie 
 curl)slone and street-car track, at a depth of al)oiit 
 four feet, the reniains of an old ciiinnicy, with the 
 iron crane still fast in the wall. Jnilging from its 
 
 The chart is entitletl "'ropoi^raphical I'lan of Ditrcjii 
 and of the Waters which form the junction ui J.aki 
 Krie with Lake St. Clair. I'rcpared to illustratr 
 the travels by (ieneral Collot in this part of the ton- 
 tinent ni I7y6." 'I'he picture is of special intercsi 
 because it marks the year when Detroit came into 
 
 CdUHIUni UM. if <1IU (ARU 
 
 Kl\lil< I-'uilM' l)l- JdNi.J AND CAbS 1''a|(MS IN iKlij. 
 
 Uc (Jurnio Junes House. Muiitli of Savoyard. Cass Hmisu in original location. 
 
 location, it was probably part of the cellar-kitchen possession of the I'nited States, it was made by a 
 
 of a house within the ori;<iiird stockade. French spy. (See " I'"rcnch and Spanish lntri,v;ucs."i 
 
 In 1766 there were over a hundred houses in Some accounts st.ite that at the time the Americans 
 
 audition to the (piarters for the troops. Three years took jiosscssion, Detroit had thice hundred houses, 
 
 later the stockade enclosed one hundred and twenty This number evidently included those outside the 
 
 buildinirs, nearly all of them one story high, with a stockade, as in 1805 there were only about tw(j luin- 
 
 
 I'.M.i III' Si. A,\ni-:V. Siuiiiii (.now Ji-,iiickmi.n Avk.nck) i.n iHn 
 
 few of a story and a half. One hou.se, near the 
 l)resent south side of Jefferson Avenue and a little 
 west of C.riswold Street, occupied in 1778 by Gov- 
 ernor Hamilton, was two stories hij^h. In 1773 t''t; 
 settlement included two hundred and eighty houses 
 and one hundred and tifty-seven barns. 
 
 The appearance of the river front of the town in 
 1796 is shown in a painting occupying one corner of 
 a large chart in the Depariinent of Marine in Paris. 
 
 dred inside of the pi !-;ets. The accompanying en- 
 graving of a street in iSoo is thoroughly charac- 
 teristic. The original sketi h was madi^ by Lieuten- 
 ant Jacob Kingsbury, and is .said to represent a p.ui 
 of St. Ainie Street. The large house on the riglii 
 was occupied by one of tlu' oOicers. 
 
 'l"he house lirst occupied by ( ■overnor Cass was 
 located on the north side of i.arned, between l''irsl 
 and Second Streets. Covernor Cass buuvdit it of 
 
HOUSES AND HOMES. 
 
 369 
 
 ilie Macombs, and wliile he resided tliere a soldier 
 witli fixed bayonet was usually pai-inij to and fro in 
 front. It next became tiie projjcrty of O. New- 
 '.irrry, and subsetiuentiy li.ad se\eral different owii- 
 i rs. It was orij^inaiiy located cjuite near the ri\er, 
 ,ind in 183''), when the front of the Cass I'"arin was 
 ;;iaded down, the Ikjusc was left twelve feet above 
 the street. It was then cut in twain, removed to its 
 recent location, and repaired. There is some ,i^round 
 for believin}^ th.it it was originally built in 1703. 
 Mrs. .Sheldon, in her History of Michii^an, (jutites a 
 Iftter from Cadillac, in which he says he has built a 
 house for the chief of the Ilurons on a little emi- 
 nence which overlooks their \illaj.re, situated on the 
 ran.ida shore. It was forty feet Um^ and twenty- 
 Imlu' feet wide and built of oak. The original site 
 
 lUit struifjht its rouf, its frann was siniiul 
 I''r(nn )^ai)I(; iJt:ak tu lf\'fl yrfiund, 
 Of stuitli' hcains so stjiiarc and stout 
 That time could never wear tlierii out ; 
 I'or many a tri^ate sately rides 
 With lighter keel and frailer sides. 
 
 Strangers would pause to [xjnder o'er 
 The low hrowed eaves and deep set door, 
 And wondering ask what freakish fate 
 Had saved that huniely pile so late, 
 When all heside was new and .-trange 
 And change had oft succeeded change. 
 
 liut nicEi are hurrying to and fro, 
 Intent lu lay its glories low ; 
 Thick through the air the shingles (ly, 
 The roof no more shuts out the sky, 
 I3ut vain each furious effort seems 
 To wn.ncli apart the seasoned heams. 
 The oaks that lent them largist stood 
 Of all the giants of the wood, 
 
 Thic Old C'.vss Hcirsic n\ Laknud Sn<Ei;r, jcsr ruioR to its uii.Moi.rnoN. 
 
 of the Cass House fulfills these conditions, and 
 .IS to the hou.se' itself, (iovernor Cass said to 
 Mr. McKenney in 1826, "it is anterior to the time 
 (if I'ontiac's war, there being on it now the marks 
 of th'- bullets which were .shot into it then." The 
 house was demolished in August, 1882. 
 
 The memories and romance that clustered about 
 its oaken beams and rafters of fine-grained pine are 
 admirably preserv-d in a historic poem by Judge 
 C ampbell, which, though not written for the public 
 1 ye, has been kindly granted for this work. 
 
 CASSINA. 
 
 Half hid beside the noisy street, 
 (Iray with old storms and summer's heat, 
 The aneient house seemed all alime. 
 Hemmed in by w.->lls of brick and stone. 
 
 That towen'd aloft, serenely great. 
 
 When hold Champlaiii sailed down the strait. 
 
 And not a withered hough was seen 
 
 ' >r hlemish on their crowns t>f green. 
 
 When the shrewd lord of Mont Desert 
 
 Kirst spoiled them of their branches fair, 
 
 .■\nd hade his artisans to bring 
 
 And shape them for the Huron King. 
 
 Well mortised joints with bolt and brace 
 
 Held the broad timbers in their place, 
 
 Un.noved by storm or earthipiakc shock 
 
 As buttresses of living rock. 
 
 Now axe and lever, day by day, 
 
 Wear slow lint stubborn logs away; 
 
 And dei'p-sunk balls and hatchet scars 
 
 tlive token of long ended wars. 
 
 When rival tribes came prowling round. 
 
 And made h spot a battle ground. 
 
 And day by day a curious throng 
 
 Marks the dull task, and tarries long. 
 
3/0 
 
 JlOl'SKS AND IIO.MI'.S. 
 
 Well pleased tu liiul some relic slight 
 riemorliil iif its funncr [ilinlit,— 
 reieliaiu'r a haininered Imlt »ir key 
 liniiiKlit liitlier from beyoml llie sea 
 When Kfat Kin^ l.ouis held the throne, 
 And elaimed this re^^ion as his own. 
 
 One stands aloof whose earnest face 
 Bears witness In his (lallie race, 
 With shoulders benl, and fe<l>le frame, 
 lint eyes llial v;low like liurniiiK llame, 
 He sees anioni; that rnhhish cast 
 The records of a glorious past, — 
 Of hrave explorers, on their quest 
 To o|>en wide the fahled west ; 
 Of fearless nohles, trained to know 
 All haps that fortune can bestow ; 
 Of men of war and men of state, 
 Will) thcl-e weri' horn or IhiwciI to fate, 
 And now beneath the clover lie. 
 Hut leave a fame that cannot die. 
 Those eyes look hac kward throiij.;h the gloom, 
 And see within the .generous room 
 Gay crowds of fair and joyous xinests, 
 Witli cheerful words and harmless jests, 
 And pliasant souks of cild romance, — 
 Their lierita ;e from br.iuti-ous Krauce ; 
 While music sounds, anil daiiciUK feet 
 The solid lloor in cadence hi-at. 
 Or circle roiuid in merry .v;ames, 
 I,it by the chimney's crackling llanies. 
 There j;atherin>{ with the closing year 
 Old friends rejoice with Christmas cheer. 
 While youths no more the past review, 
 Isuf turn impatient towards the new. 
 And old and younK observe the rite 
 When crowns arc worn but one brief night, 
 And all the pomp of king .md queen 
 llanos on the fortu.ie of the bean. 
 
 The past goes by him as a stream 
 That Hows in some enchanting dream. 
 And in that waking dream he stands 
 Willi smiling lips and folded bauds. 
 Serene as in his youthful prime. 
 While fancy triumphs over lime. 
 He hears all tuneful sounds that lie 
 Within the s|)here of harmony, 
 WliiU' in his fragile hand is skill 
 'I'o summon music at his will. 
 lie knows the wood whose i vi ii grain 
 Will echo back the sweetest stiaiu, 
 And whence the subtle charm is lent 
 To till' great master's instrument. 
 With anxious care his eye e.xplores 
 The rafters broad and well l.iid floors, 
 And in a narrow plank of pine 
 Me finds the riches of a mine ; 
 I'or deftly carvi'n, smooth and thin, 
 Set in a shapely violin. 
 In sweet accord its shell will ring 
 A dear response to I'very string. 
 So, gaining sweetness excrmori", 
 "r will charm him with the sounds of yore, 
 And make him lord, while life shall last, 
 Of all the treasures of the past. 
 
 Roused by tli.it spill, his spirit woko. 
 And iilain hefori' his sight there .stood, 
 Surrounded by a spreading wood, 
 The new raised frame of jointed oak. 
 Ih'hind a niurinuring river flowed, 
 .And sheltered in the low ravine 
 Along its grassy banks were seen 
 
 In evc-ry clear and sunny spot 
 
 The lodges where the W'y.iudot 
 
 Had found at last a safe abode. 
 
 l!ut fairir seems the view before 
 
 The spacious niansiou's open door. 
 
 The bhilf, a few short ,^teps away. 
 
 Looks down upon a Irauipiil bay, 
 
 Through lerraiid trees thai spread between 
 
 An amphitheatre of green. 
 
 'J'lie elm tree waves its drooping plume, 
 
 The dark acacl.i wastes perfume 
 
 That mingles In ihe dewy morn 
 
 With fresher fr.igrance of the thorn ; 
 
 And emerald grass ami blossoms sweet 
 
 Reach the still waters at its feet. 
 
 A deep sliip-cliannel skirls the bay 
 Southward a furlong stretch away, 
 And eastward at the early gun 
 The fort's broad standard greels the sun, 
 While, loudly pealing, as it Moats, 
 They he.ir t!ie mellow bugle noles. 
 
 His fancy sees the changes wrought 
 liy .'ige to age in deed .ind Ihought, 
 'I'he woodland vanished with llie stream, 
 Within Ihe bay no waters gleam, 
 The veidant slope a level made 
 I'or populous lluiroughfares of trade, 
 And all things uindrrn in the town, 
 Ihit those old timbers scarred and brown. 
 
 So homeward plodding, sad and slill, 
 His thoughts go wandering at their will, 
 Till, murmuring gently as they throng, 
 They prompt him to a liomely song. 
 
 The I'.nglishmen of Orange 
 
 Willi promises and bribes 
 Are sending out their runners 
 
 To reach the northern tribes. 
 And Ihe chiefs of the great I'ive Nations 
 
 Think fiercely of the d.iy 
 When the hreuelMnen siicked their strougliolds 
 
 And spoiled lliem of their prey. 
 And they long for the heaver meadows 
 
 'i'liey won from the Huron braves, 
 And the laud of deer ami bison 
 
 Heyoud Lake Krie's waves. 
 lUit they shrink from the rough bus|i|i,|,iis. 
 
 Will) heed no forest law, 
 And they fear the Lord of Cadillac, 
 
 Who rules at Mackinaw. 
 
 Hut the Kalhersof the I! lack Robe 
 
 Strove sharply with l.amoihe. 
 And the greedy hiiide of traders 
 
 Would bring him f.iiu to nought. 
 For he deemed a laud well peopled, 
 
 A land of Chrislian men, 
 Was belter far than all the spoil 
 That ever paid the hunter's toil. 
 Or all the heasis that roam the wood. 
 Or feed in trackless solitude 
 
 Or lurk in roi ky den. 
 And he sued before King l.ouis 
 
 On l'",rie's pleasant stniil 
 To plant a town and build ,i fort. 
 Where all the nations might resort, 
 And in their children's days might sec 
 In peace and true prosperity 
 
 The founding of a State. 
 
 His foes were strong and cunning 
 While he stood all alone, 
 
IlorSIlS AND IIoMF'.S. 
 
 .-) / 
 
 liut III- iiliailcil liiH iiiul fiarlt'SS 
 licluie llu- iiKiiiiin li's Uirone ; 
 
 And when his hdon was (granted, 
 In triumph <> rr Uu- sia 
 
 He haslid Id liail wislwaril 
 His )4allanl <i>ni|>any. 
 
 Down thr hrnad i haninl swifl lh<'y flew 
 
 In roomy harvjf and IIkIh ( anor, 
 Anil laniUd at thi- niiilillr nalr, 
 Thr narrowisl ;)as> of all tin- strait 
 Whirr tin- xrial Idol met its fate 
 
 litiiiatli thf watrrs bhii'. 
 
 The irihes of tin; northern rivers, 
 
 'I'he tribes of the wesli rn plain, 
 Came near, and bnilt their wigwams 
 
 Heside the furl domain. 
 The warriors of the Mohawk 
 
 No more ihi; path beset 
 And the Seneca came suing 
 
 To smoke the lalnnut. 
 While the j;real kin« Saslaretsi 
 
 Chief of the Huron elan 
 Close by his j^ood I'reni h brother 
 
 To raise his fort be)jan. 
 lie be.is'Ked Lamothe to teach him 
 
 In all the I'renehman's w.iys, 
 'I'hal his I hildren niijiht Kr"w wiser 
 
 And live in peai efnl days. 
 And so in the coming a^i s 
 
 Their races should combine, 
 And plant their corn and till lluii land. 
 And liwht bine.itli the same command, 
 And bow in one catliedral ^rand 
 
 liefore a common shrine. 
 
 Till II ipiick made friendly answer 
 
 The valiant chevalier, 
 The Huron's soul is honest, 
 
 The Huron's eye is clear, 
 And uladly will I listen 
 
 To hear in the cabin's uli'om 
 The humming of the spindle. 
 
 The ralllinv; of the loom. 
 No softer Ih-ice is xalherod, 
 
 To card, or weave, or spin. 
 Than the dusky wool of the bison 
 
 Or the fur of the beaver skin ; 
 And the low-voiced Huron women. 
 
 As they sinx in an undertone. 
 Have tinners striinK and supple 
 
 As the maids that spin by the Uhonc. 
 And in the Huron clearini;s 
 
 The corn jjrows tall and Krien, 
 And the mats that deck their wi.^wam 
 
 Are fit for a weary queen. 
 
 Lamoille emplnycd his craftsmen 
 
 To build a house of frame, 
 Where tall .'iin.i.; Sastarctsi 
 
 Kirst lit the chimney flame. 
 There oft in peace together 
 
 The white chief and the red 
 Were joined in friendly council 
 
 Or broke as friends their bread, 
 Till, restless at the malice 
 
 Of knaves, who ^ii'dged his place, 
 And smirched his name with slander. 
 
 He won a fiuther wrace. 
 Then from his western seiv'neuric 
 He huni'jwurd sailed acro.ss the sea, 
 
 Anil otiiei' chiefs with othet lliou>;ht 
 Conlou!)(li'd all the work he wrought. 
 And ri>;ht was snUI, and wron>i was bought, 
 With Ireaclury bold anil base. 
 
 The llurorts left their villa.m', 
 
 /\nil sou.i^lit the |>|e ol the l.ynn. 
 Hut the house was all too pleasant 
 
 That none should dwell therein ; 
 Anil thi'eescore \iars were ended, 
 
 Aud the lily Ihm was down 
 When I'ontiac aud his allies 
 
 Kncamped before the town. 
 Ihll safely stood the mansinu. 
 
 Unspoiled of bull or bai, 
 For the Indians loved .St. .Martin, 
 
 And the ;iray hairs of Navarre. 
 Sprung from an old and kindly race, 
 The K'^fy "f his ilwellinK jdace 
 Came from his honored children more 
 Than Irom his aueeslry of yore 
 
 liedecked with cross and star. 
 
 I'ehind the dormer windows 
 
 That open on the strait 
 First cradled were the .•\nthons. 
 
 Renowned in churcii anil slate. 
 The Kood and wise physician, 
 
 Of ail the reil men known, 
 Had lore of tin: (iennau f'>rest, 
 
 Of st.ar .and mine and sltiue ; 
 And the slender, dark-eyed mother 
 
 Thai held ihem on her knees, 
 Sany songs of the Spanish border. 
 
 The land of the Pyrenees. 
 Who knows what golden threads of thought 
 liefore the inlanl memory brought, 
 In manly eloquence were wrought 
 
 lieneath those waving trees ? 
 
 There on the New Years gathered. 
 
 Within the largest room. 
 Around the roaring chimney. 
 
 The household of Macomb. 
 Straight sat the keen l)e Peyster, 
 
 With learning quaint in store. 
 But first, at sound of the fiddle. 
 
 To dance on the well-rubbed floor. 
 And there were the great fur traders, 
 
 Whose will in the woods wa.>^ law, 
 With heart of a Highland chieftain. 
 
 And grip of a lion's paw. 
 And all were gay together 
 
 With New Year's mirth and glee. 
 While the children romped with the ciders 
 
 Or teased the grave Pani. 
 And little they dreamed, in childish sport, 
 Of high command in field and fort. 
 And brilliant scenes in hall and court. 
 
 At home and o'er the sea. 
 
 The hale old house had flourished 
 
 A hundred years and ten, — 
 Above the fort was floating 
 
 The flag of stars again. 
 A brave and hcmored soldier 
 
 Came up to liold the town, — 
 A wise and manly ruler, 
 
 A scholar of renown. 
 And here he made his homestead 
 
 And lived in quiet state, 
 
0/ 
 
 HOUSES AM) IIOMKS. 
 
 licfuic the Wiiiukriny iiiu);riiiils 
 
 Iliiian to crowd llic -.tr.iil. 
 Aloii.;; the sl<j|>ij|g h.iiik siiiL-, 
 
 III front of his open door, 
 Thi' tents of the forest ehieftains 
 
 Are in>isl<:re<l (is of yore. 
 And painted warriors, as lliey pass, 
 Or smoke in ^foaps upon the ^rass, 
 Smile ),'riin applause wlien stalely Cass 
 
 Moves downward to tin' shore. 
 
 The spiiMdiny town h.is shcjuldered 
 
 The useless fort away, 
 The ),'ras|)in>; hands of t'omniercc 
 
 Are closing on the bay. 
 The garden and the urehard 
 
 No ripened fniit retain. 
 And idlers cross the wlnat-Helds 
 
 And trampK' down llie ,u;rain. 
 Alas for the lir.ive old mansion ! 
 
 Alas for its ancient fame ! 
 Old things make room for the present 
 
 As ashes follow th(' flame, 
 r.ut all of the massy timbers 
 
 Are son ml and stiff and strong. 
 And in their seasoned libre lies 
 A stoi-e of pnxions memories. 
 Thai, wakiiied by tin sounding bow. 
 May inurmnr mnsie sweet and low, 
 
 < >r <pn -er inio song 
 
 The old M iraii 1 Idusc, l)iiill alxuit 
 1734, was still staiidinv; in I'^Mj, 011 
 WoiKlbridire Slrcfi, bclsvccn St. 
 .AiUoiiK' and I lastin^s Streets. 'I'lie 
 I.alferty House was on the river, between what arc 
 now Twelfth and Thirteenth Streets. The main 
 jxirtion of this buildint;' was erected in 1747; an 
 addition was built in 1815. The house was burned 
 or demolished in 1861. 
 
 In 1807 Governor Hull built a brick residence fifty feet s(|uare, 
 on the southeast corner of Jelferson Avenue and Randolph 
 Sireet. It was the lirst brii k house in the town, and, up ii, 
 
 rj^ffiiiihsi'i 
 
 TlIK Ol.U lUoHAN HotLSE. 
 
 After the fire nf 1805 the first house built inside 
 the limits of the old stockade was owned by Peter 
 .Audrain. It was on the north side of Jel'fer.son 
 Avenue, just below the Michii^an I'lschanjre. 
 
 Tun Ulo Lakkkutv llolsK. 
 
 about 1820, the only one. In the hnll of 1S13 
 ("icneral Harrison oc('U])ie(i it as 'leadquarii'-s, but 
 (lurini^ the sickness in the army in the latter p.irt 
 of 1813 and early in 1814 the officers' quarteis 
 were reiiioxcd to the Cass House, and the Hull 
 House became till' (general hospital; l.iici- 
 on it .ooain bec.ame the officers' (iiiar- 
 ters. It was used by (ieneral .Macoinh, 
 and was subsec|uently occupied by Will- 
 iam \\oodl)ridj;e while secretary of the 
 firritnry, and then by Major John ISid- 
 dle, brother of Nicholas Uiddle, of I'liitctl 
 States I>auk fame. In 1823, when Mr. 
 liiddle became United States Rej^i.stcr. 
 he used it for the Land Office. .About 
 1830 an addition, I'.xtendin^; to the avenue, 
 w;is built on the west .side. This was 
 occujiied by /. Chandler as a dry iroods 
 store. In June, 1834, Mrs. SnelIin.t,^ widow 
 of Colonel Snellinj^', of the United Stall"- 
 ■Army, leased it for ;i boardiin; lioiisi . 
 It stibsequently became the Amerbaii 
 House. 
 
 The Campau House, torn tlown ni 
 March, iSSo, was on the south side o( 
 Jefferson .Avenue, midway between Ciriswold and 
 Shelby Streets, and is said to h.-i\'e occupied tin 
 site of the oriijinal headquarters of Cadillac. 1' 
 w;is erected in 1813, on an old stone foundation, 
 
HOUSES AM) IIoMKS. 
 
 J/0 
 
 for Joseph C.-impaii, by IjLjiiacc Moross, at a cost poses. Kifty-one builcliiiirs had Ijccii eirrted llic 
 >if about $r),cxx). It was one of thi' iiios' ancient, ju'evioiis year. Uji to lliis time the houses were 
 aivl ,il tlif lime of its destruction iht' btst preserved l)uill almost exckisively of hcA-n io^s, many of litem 
 
 KivsiiiK.NLK di" dm. Wm. W'liDiiKuiiM.i- i.s \Vi.(]|)iiMii(,K SiK'i'.Ki. ('I'cini (luwn ill liTi.l' 
 
 of any of the French houses of the olden time. 
 riie enirra\in,ir of it is from a j)aintin,!L; by Mr. 
 t'lihen in I1S53. 
 
 Jn 1813 thercj were about otic hundred houses in 
 
 Ijoarded on the otitsidc. The roofs were very steep, 
 comiu!^ within a few feet of the n'round. I'fom one 
 to three dormer windows were inserted, and fre- 
 (juently the etl,i;es of the roof were notched and 
 painted red. The shint;les were of while cedar, and 
 often covered not only the roof Init the sides of the 
 house. 
 
 Some houses were co.ited both outside and inside. 
 
 Gov. IIl'I.l.'s RliSIOENCK. 
 
 Tub Cami'al; Housu. 
 
 I 'etroit. In Juno, 1.S19, an official count showed 
 "ue hundred and forty-two dwelliny;s, and one hun- 
 i!red and thirty-one l)iiildings used for other pur- 
 
 with pl.astcr laid over ci'd.ar lath split so nnev(Mily 
 th.at the iijasler v,u-ic<l from h.ilf an inch to several 
 inches in thickness. Some of the older houses were 
 
374 
 
 HOUSKS AM) IIOMMS. 
 
 lined willi liirth Ijark, aiul iiHiilidii is made, in nwc 
 old trader's book, of deerskins sold It^r Imii^e 
 liniii;j;s. 'I'hc outer front door was diviiled crosswise 
 in the niicKlle. 'I'hc upper part niii;lit thus be open 
 while the lower iialf was closed. If the duor was 
 painted a bright groeu, it was an c^'idence of the 
 taste and wealth of the householder. Kaeh part of 
 the door iiad its own fastening', and locks nearly a 
 foot square; and knockers that would "knock up" a 
 neit^hborhood were a part of the appurtenances. 
 Door-bills and Il^^opi^s are nf rnmparatively recent 
 introduction. Tiyjht board shutters were provided 
 for all the windows. The ]L,dass in the windows was 
 !)f the smallest size, and, in many cases, so thor- 
 
 I'oK.MKK KKSriilCM IC OF I'. II. lIlNLUMAN. ()\1-; 111- I llli KAJil.U-.sl LioTlllC 
 HoUSlis IN I III! Cm V. 
 
 117 I'ort Street West, lluilt in 1848, rciiioveil in 1868. 
 
 oimhly patched up tliat half the liu^ht was excluded. 
 All of the nails used were made by hand, and as 
 wood was plentiful, the beams and rafters were 
 larije enout^li to do duty in any liuilding oT the 
 present d.iy. As a matter of course, a lar^'e chim- 
 ney of stone occupied the centiT of the house. The 
 inside furnishing was simple in the extreme. Car- 
 pets were almost unknown ; Indian mats on yellow 
 floors often supplied their place, and sometimes the 
 tloor was sanded. Here and there were a few rush 
 or wooden chairs; a pl.iin deal table stood at one 
 side, and a dresser on the other, on which Oueen's 
 ware and shininij pewter were displayed. In the 
 bedroom was a wooflen chest, and a hi,y;h-i)ost 
 bedstead, with wood enough in it, if used for that 
 
 puri)o.se, to make many a blazin}.,' fire. On the wall 
 a crucitix hunt;; and in winter, spre.id in fnjiitof the 
 bed, a bear or deer skin, dressed with the fur on, 
 was deemeii an essential. 
 
 About the year 1X28 the city bei;an to ^growniore 
 rapidly, but the nimiber of houses erected b;ircly 
 kept pace wiUi the demand, and almost any sort of 
 a (Iwellint;;- commanded a hi,i;1i rent. 
 
 In 1.S32 there w.is a tot.al of 4,685 buildint^s, of 
 which 601 were of brick, 7 of stone, and 4,077 of 
 wood. The number of houses in the city in 
 1S53, and their location, is indicated in the fac- 
 simile of the Henry Hart Map, published in that 
 ye;tr. In i860 there were 8,243 dwellint; houses; 
 in 1874 there were 4,046 brick, 
 and 16,255 wooden buildin_t;s, 
 valued at about $22,000,000. 
 .Since 1877, under the rej,nilation 
 wliich provides that tlie fire 
 marshal shall inspect all new 
 buiidinijs or additions, an ac- 
 count has been kept of the value 
 of the buildin^serected each year, 
 and, makint;- allowance for the 
 fact tliat the cost of a buildini; 
 almost invariably exceeds the 
 ori),nnal estimate, it appears that 
 in 1878 fully $1,000,000 was ex- 
 pended for new buildings, and 
 .in average of nearly $2,000,000 
 l^er ye;>.r has been invested in 
 buildings since that date. In 
 1882 there were 28,345 buiUlings 
 assessed for taxes, and 1,310 
 new buildings erected. 
 
 The first building moved in 
 Detroit was the old church of 
 the I'irst Protestant Society. 
 The work w;is .-icconiplished by 
 a man who came for tiie pur- 
 pose from liuffalo, bringing his 
 rollers with him. Another re- 
 moval of note occurred in 1862, when the brii k 
 house just east of the residence of James F. Jov, 
 on the corner of Fort and I'irst Streets, w.is 
 niovtd a distance of sixteen feet, — a family living 
 in and occupying it while the work was in progress. 
 This was the first time such a fe.it was performed 
 in Detroit. The \';tn Dyke residence, built in 183'') 
 by F. H. Stevens, is s.iitl to h;ive been built with the 
 first pressed brick made in the United .St.ites. 
 
 The first gnivel roof w.is laid in 1848 on a small 
 addition to store No. 115 Woodward Avenue. 
 Sl.ite roofs were first used about 1853, one bein,.; 
 then pl.ieed on the Newberry Warehouse at foot of 
 Wayne Street. Ten yens Lit'T they were comni'in. 
 The first row of brick dwellings under one roof was 
 
in 
 In 
 
 ;"> 
 
 ill 
 
 (il 
 
 ■ictv. 
 
 In- 
 
 )ur- 
 
 his 
 
 rc- 
 
 )rii'k 
 
 Joy, 
 
 was 
 
 vii),!; 
 
 •I'SS. 
 
 iicil 
 the 
 nail 
 
 UK'. 
 
 It of 
 •)n. 
 Kvas 
 
 F\t;-srMii.B OF Map <ip 185), miowim; Lolaiion of all Buildings then in thk City. 
 
 I373I 
 
.•) / 
 
 6 
 
 llorsI'.S AND IIoMKS. 
 
 iroud l)y I). Wii^lit in 1853 011 tin- iioilli side of 
 jL-ffi'iSDii Avciuir, between Russell and Kiopelle 
 Streets. Ikiy windows were introdueetl in 1S60. 
 
 Tut- Fxmks Annoi-r Rk-^idknce. 
 
 SuiUh.,i>t .nrri.r uf (Iri^w.iUI :iiul I'nrt Street. 
 
 KiXLlid ill iSjj. Turn duwn ill ibii. 
 
 beds, and tlie ijrnnnds of iuindixds of citizens give 
 ample evidence tiiat liiere is no lac k of astlieln 
 taste. Many of the ho,;ses liave neat ami \\eli-l<ei)i 
 lawns, and the introduction of lawn mowers in 
 186S, and tlieir ,i;eneral use since 1S70, afford facili- 
 ties for keepinj; lawns in oriler that yearly increase> 
 their number, few, if any, cities have so larj^e an 
 area in proportion to population, or furnish .so nuuli 
 dwellin.vf room to their inhabitants. The United 
 States census of 181S0 sluiws that Detroit lias a 
 jjreater ninnber of dwellings in |)ro|)ortion to its 
 population than any one of one hundred of the 
 lari^esl cities in the United States. 'I'he averaije 
 numlxr of persons to eiich house is only 5.68. 
 
 Where dwi'llini^s are rented the lease usually 
 expires on the lirst of May. The rent of dwelliniis 
 varies from five dollars to two hundred dollars 
 per month ; an a\erage dwellinj^ in a yood loca- 
 tion can be had at from twenty dollars to fifty 
 dollars per month. 
 
 Most of the houses, however, are owned by their 
 occu|)ants, and the numerous env;ra\in.i4S contained 
 herein i;'ive ample evitleiice of bcaiuy and variety 
 of architectural style. The date of erection, ijiveii 
 
 With the introduction of street 
 cars in 1S63, ll;e suburbs of the 
 city l)ei;an to build up rapidly 
 and all property on the outskirts 
 i^rcatly increasetl in value. At 
 the same time, in part owin.i; to 
 the wealth accumulated durint,^ 
 the war, new departures in archi- 
 tecture were constantly inau^'-ur- 
 ated, and now every year m.irks 
 an increase of elaboration in both 
 .stores and residences, and tin 
 streets grow increasinj^ly attrac- 
 tive. Mansard roofs were intro- 
 duced in 1S70. No street or 
 avenue has a monopoly of tine 
 residences. In every ward there 
 are many eleirant houses. In- 
 deed, the city is noted for the 
 unusual number of tasteful and 
 elaborate homes it contains, and 
 Detroit has probably several 
 times the number of desirable 
 residence streets of any city of 
 its size. The exceptionally num- 
 erous and thrifty shade-trees 
 are the pride of its citizens and 
 the admiration of visit(jrs ; so 
 numerous are they that from the top of the City 
 Hall tov-er there seem to be as many trees i\s houses. 
 The soil is well adapted for lawns and flower- 
 
 '1'mf: John I'ai..mi:u IIomkstkai). 
 
 Northeast corner of Griswold and Fort Streets. 
 
 Built in 1829. Removed in 1869. 
 
 in connection with each buildinsf, is of 
 showing the growth of the city and 
 stvles of architecture. 
 
 interest as 
 changes in 
 
ki:sii)i:\ci:s. 
 
 2>77 
 
 rill-; joiiN Km;i;ak Ki-'-idknck, 
 Nurlliwi'st tdi'iRT (if I'.iniir :inil liiilis Strnls. I'liilt in iKiCi. 
 
 Till-; John I'ak.mkh I'koii-.hi v, in 1S51;, 
 South si(k* of I''arint'i Strt-t't, Iiflwt'cn Monroe A\'fnuf ahd IlatL-s Strct't. 
 
 RliSlDicNLlc (II Gi;n. I.(:wi.s Cass 
 Norllnvest corner of I'ort and Cass Streets. lUiilt about 1840. keuiovcd in 1876. 
 
^7^ 
 
 KI'.SIDI-.NCI'.S. 
 
 Till' I >l 11 II' I H lli'MI M I M>, 
 Krsiil, lur ,.| K, 1. ( ;, ... I III III. I.I, I I. |1 1I1..1-.I I .'III. I .■! U .....lu.il.l .\',. , .111.1 lliyll Mm I. 
 
 I'M . Inl ill l^; |c, r..iii il.ivMi ill 1;;;: ;. 
 
 Till' I'lKI'.ll I I.AIl'sl K Ml, in iSso, 
 
 liilwccii l\^iiul.il|ili, I'.nivli, I.Ml.iyrll.- iinil ('r...i;li.iii Slr.il>. 
 1. linking nurlli tmni l,;il,iyilli Sii.ii, 
 
Kl SIDI.Nil'.S. 
 
 O?') 
 
[So 
 
 ki:sii)i:ncks. 
 
 Kl->IPKN(K ,i| Mk-. 1\mi.;- a. Vv\ Dvki-, ii.S litf.rscin Ave, I'.iiilt in i8i(> 
 
 Ri;siL)i;.NLii oi- Kkanljs r\i.M>, ;57 Jcffcrsuii Ave. lluilt In 184b. 
 
RKSIDKNCKS. 
 
 3S< 
 
 ,.»?' 
 
 *^ 
 
 iuuuuamiiiuii"iiii""''iiii"i'i''''''''''-''''!!' '""<'.*' " 
 
 
 rMm^i 
 
 Kl— HUM !• nl |\\ll.-~ I'l V I 1 h.HN , Jo^ |lllir-M'U A\c. lluill III 1071). 
 
 
 Ui:sii)i:nck (H U. H. Ham, .(ofi JclTcison Ave. I'liill in 1S55. 
 
382 
 
 KKsini:\'CF.s. 
 
 KiisliiiAc !■: cii I-,, li. Wii.Hi, (i:, jilfirMiii Am-. Iliiill in iS^S-ys. 
 
 Uksmiknc !■; cii- A. II. llKV, (.'5 Ji'lfiisdii Am-, liiiilt in itii'u. 
 
Ri:sinKNcr:s. 
 
 383 
 
 Rkmdi-mk (ir A. C. MiCiU.wv 460 JulTorsoii Ave. I'uilt in 18 
 
 ivKslDENCK OF A. K. Ilm sii, 46.' JilTfison Ave. I'liiilt in iSa8-7o. 
 
a 
 i. 
 
386 
 
 RKSIDKNCKS, 
 
 
 
 ki;si[)KM !■: i>i \V. Ci. Thomisdn, .(^s |rrf<rs<iii Am-, r.iiilt in iSyd. 
 
 Ki.siiii-\( F- nj' II. U. Nk«|'.i..i.'i;v, ,|Hi |crfirs.m Ave. Hiiili in 1852. 
 
RF.sini:\CKs. 
 
 587 
 
 RllsnUlNLK m 'I'llDMAS I'KKl.l SUN, 
 
 Jilfiisuii Ave. I'.iiill in iS^j 
 
 UiMDi'M !■: Ill S. 1>. Mil IKK, 5-'4 Jilftrson Avu. I'milt in 1864, 
 
;,,SM 
 
 Ki:SII)I'\('F,S. 
 
 Kl II. !■ 
 
 I III- I M I km. I' r I I'. I ,.M . , -i. |. Ill iv,,,, \v, l;,,i|i Ml 
 
 Kl'.'ll)l-M I: "I 
 
 Ml... II. I', i; 
 
 17 j<IU isiiti A \ I . Iliiill III iM^H 
 
Ki:sii)i,N("i:s. 
 
 .^8(, 
 
 I III I H' iM \ I' M Ml I. Ili iMI . I I- \1., ' ,.. |. Ill I^.Ml ,\\ ' . Klllll 111 I -; |K. 
 
 Kl-.Miii'M !■ i.i> W , K, Ml no, (133 JcllcfMiii Avi. liiiill in 1H71; 
 
390 
 
 Ki:sii)i:\ci".s. 
 
 Kksidknc !■: Ol C'li.MNCV IliRi.lui, n6i Ii'ffcrson Ave. I'.iiill in iS^f'. 
 
ri:sii)i:nci:s. 
 
 ;9' 
 
 KiisiDHNCK III- iiii' 1..V1I-: IliiMi MmiAi, 750 Jilfcixm Ave. liiiilt in 1861. 
 
 RESIDENCE OF Grorgk S. 1).\vis, 7(10 Jclkrson Ave. lUiilt in 1852. 
 
Ki'.sii)i:\ii:s, 
 
 Kl.-ll.l;\v !■ .11 S. I!. (HilMMoM), S],, |,rflI>iJ|l .\\ 
 
 Kkmjikmi: 111 Mks. Chaki.ks I)h }{.\u.\ik, ,Si4 Jt IfiiMui Avt-. liiiili in iHrK;. 
 
RKSIDKNCF.S. 
 
 393 
 
 KusiiiKSLK t'K S. 1*. |-',IA\ noD, Willi >itU' u\ jftfi-rst'ri .\\r., I i.iinl I .iiiirk . Ituill in 18711 
 
 KKsinKM (■ t'l W It. W'l'SMiN, Miiiih >iilf yti hlfi-istiii Ave. Uamlr.imLk. liuiit in 1818-5^-64. 
 
MH 
 
 ki.sii)i:\i r.s. 
 
 Kl— IM'MI '■! I. (1MIS--I Mil. I.'l' Ml hiillK.lll Am. Illlill ill lHyf\ 
 
 Kli^lDENXI'. Ill J. .MuJIlls, i,Sj .Ml DdUKlllI .\vc. Illlill ill iS;,, 
 
KKSIDKNCF.S. 
 
 395 
 
 l<l>rii|-\c !■ Ml C', I. \V\i M'l;, (' ''"rt Si. W'r-ii. Iliiilt in iSii i^j. 
 
 Rp'.siDKNLK oi (oMM OwicN, (11 I'Dit St. Wist, liiiill in 1S73 
 
196 
 
 RF.SIDKNCES. 
 
 Kli-.JliliSC K HI (;. \'. N. l."IHKnl, ,,( Kolt St. Wl-sl. Hulll ill iSCkv8.? 
 
 RKsiiiHNtK ot CiiARi.i> Kiiiii, 13.1 l-'urt Si. Wcsi. I'liilt in 1H4S 7., 
 
;i,«ijj.itfr^ 
 
 '■:&>^'; i'i 
 
 a';., 
 
 
 ||/'t#|l|; 
 
 :a%/;M'#r:;i''i--:!; 
 
39'^ 
 
 Ki:sii)i;Nti:s. 
 
 KiismuM i- oi Jami> 1'. j.iV, i.|.. I..rl Si, Wi-i. Iliiill in 1845 <>-■ Sj 
 
 Kislnl'Nc I-: 111- Mks. /miivkivm (h.amm ik, r?) I'oil M.Ur^i. Ilml 
 
 I Ilk i^3&. 
 
MoiiEnoCo-n V 
 
 Ki'.sii>i:ni K "I II. A. Niui wd. 177 I'chI Sl.W'i^l. liuill in 184^, 
 
 Kkmiikm !•: HI (,'Mir \' \n IIi;.\n, 
 165 Kort St. W'lsl. 
 Iliiilt in iS;^. 
 
 Kl'SlhlNCK- ■i|' C'll Mill's IllMMKI.' KNP A I IHI' II ( ' II !■ -|- |il;,il < ,M , 
 1(ii| [■Hll St, Wisl 171 I'. in M. WcM. 
 
 Itiiili in iSs(>. 
 
400 
 
 RESIDENCES. 
 
 
 "' J'/>ffor«.t'<v.i;o. N.Y. 
 
 Kr>ii>i-.N( 1- "I Alias mii:i iua, ii'i I'cul >i U'r-l lliiill in 1S75. 
 
 FdliMI-K kl>>llll-M !•: (11 •;. S. rLC-l, •iiMlllmcsl ( 1.1 IK T 1,1 Inll ,uill lllinl Sts. KllIU ill 1S4S '.I 
 
KKSIDl'.NCKS. 
 
 401 
 
 Ri-.MUi Ni !•; "1 r,i-..\,iA\iis Vi:uN..K, .•.■.■ I'.iri Si. West. HiiiH in iS:,i, 
 
 RKSIi>hNCK (II Don M. DltklNMiN, jji I'.irt Si. Wot. Iluilt in i.S(>7-75. 
 
402 
 
 RESIDEN'CF.S. 
 
 Ki-,siiii;nlK c)| Mi;-,. N. W. llkonics, .^ ; ; l-'.irt Si, Wrst. I'.iiilt In iS'..,. 
 
 Thi-: Die (iAUMo JciM's Ri->ii)i-.M.ii, I'lirt Si., Iiilwicii I'lJiirtli .iiul I'lflli Sts, 
 lUiill in 1851 ; moved forward in 1882. 
 
RESIDENCES. 
 
 403 
 
 Kii'.liii.Ni. !■; Ill- .\Li;x.\Niii-:ii Mi-.ianu, ."14 I'nrl Si., mrmr nl l-'illli Si. I'liilll in jK^S. 
 
 UksIDKNi K 111 Mrv. 1'. r. Al.lUHl, 2y7 I'nll St. Wist. Illlilt ill 185^1, 
 
404 
 
 UKSIDKNCI'.S. 
 
 I<kmiji;m !■: ■■] j. I' I'lniin-, ,ii \"V[ M. W'lsi. I'lnill in 1^74. 
 
 kl>nil N( I- 01 (l.KMlCNI I. \l I l-.Kl \ , ,«.: I't'lt M. W'csl, lliiill III 1^7" 
 
KKSIDKNCKS. 
 
 4(\S 
 
 Ri-:mi>kncI': ui- Kmii.v Wxku, S..7 I'mi M. Wrvi. liuilt in 1869. 
 
 KuMiiHNLli OK lli-NKV IIkamus, 896 Kiiil M. Wisl. l!iiiU ill 1H74. 
 
4o6 
 
 RF.SIDKNCF.S. 
 
 Ki—ii'iMi Ml l-.iiuiN kiiniK. Iiidt.iii .\\r,ni,n !■ mi i Si I'.nill 
 
 Kumi)|:nh oi \V. i:. 1, 
 
 A 1. 11 , iiMrtii\V( >t I urm 1 
 
 .1 l-'oii M. .lllil \ 
 
 luwiMiil Ave, lluill ill 1S71 
 
4oS 
 
 i<i;sii)r.N'ci:s. 
 
 Ki>-ii)i-Mi> "I 1 1 \Mi-i ,Si I'l n N, \ iiiiwc'.iil \\i\, ni'.n I cnl M liiiill in iHjt.. 
 
 Ri:mi)KM K uf lii;i.\ lliBiiAhu, Viiicwuoil Avu., iiciir I'uil Si. lUiilt in 1850, 
 
^^f/^ 
 
 Ur.SlDKNLKS. 
 
 409 
 
 th ^ 
 
 Ui:sii)i-:m I-: mf {'. II, III ill, (.5 l,;ir,iycUr Ave lliiill in 1834 S-J. 
 
 KiiMiiKNcK .\M> <)i I K !•; 1)1 \Vm. Hkc'Dik, M. D.. "4 l.al.vyittc Ave, tuniir nf Wayiic Si. I'liill in 1870. 
 
4IO 
 
 Ri;sii)i;\ci:s. 
 
 Ki --iliiM- 1' !ii M. S, S\ii 1 II, i.'ij l.iil.iviUi Avi. Iluili III 1S7.'. 
 
 KrsiuiiNLK ui r. \). Ill III, 14 J l..il,iyriu Ave, limit in i8ik 
 
Ki;sii)i:xtKs. 
 
 411 
 
 kl-.-ll IM I 111 l.liiUI.I \\ . r.l'.-.lll, 1. 14 l.ll.iyrlti A\l. Illllll 111 I.S55 
 
 l<i>liih.M I', ni \:. \ . S«lii, i8.| l..il.iy(Itr Am. liiiill in 1877. 
 
KI.MDI.Nt I'.S. 
 
 I-: I iM .i I . .1 U ,\ I; 1 1 I J 1 I .ii.f, ' M. \ . r.iiiii 11,1/, 
 
 Ki n.j.-.. I .1 U II. I 
 
 I ij I , .J' 
 
 I ..l|.l> t Iti \ M I'lUlll III t-^-J I 
 
Ki.sii)i:\( i:s. 
 
 -I'.^ 
 
 IcKMl.l; Hi- ll.i'.'l Ml \MKII. I-' i III. a.''. I..cl.iyilli \.,, Ilinll III lH,). 
 
 Ui iiii-N( I', 111 (li'UHi.l. C I. ,\s<. !■'.■., 4"'' l..il.iviiii Avi . limit in iBv. 
 
4 '4 
 
 ki:sii)i:n( i:s. 
 
 KKSIDf'NC I- "I I I. M. K'h 11 \M.-.n:.. ,|.,.| l..il.l\illi ,\\'. Mlllll III IHI.H. 
 
 Ivi' 111 I ni (;i-.,i..p I' II »\i -iii-.h, i..- I|..w.-ir(l Si iiiiili ill iM;^, 
 
ki.sii)i:N( i:s. 
 
 Kl' ii/K-i I- "11 Niii I I \MH.i;'., ji W.i'-liiriKl"" Am'. I'.iiili in r./) 
 
 ■P5 
 
 Kii-.llil'.M !■ '.I kii.Mi ki\. ( . II i:,ii;..i-. ■•., |i W.i^liiiiKiiiii Avi-. Ituill III i-y.\ 7K, 
 
4i6 
 
 Ki:sii)i:Nfi;s. 
 
 UkmdI'INlK hi- J. W. \V\iiKM.\N, ^o \V,i^lii[i>;li>M Am-, lliiill in IIH.)ii. 
 
 Kl'>llilNi F .1 Knhiu I 
 
 MiMni.w, 77 \V,i»liiiii:i>iii Am. Hi, ill in 185"- 7') 
 
HF.SIDKNCr.S. 
 
 4> 
 
 Ivl IMI M I '■! I 111 I Ml M I. Mill-, 7 , W .1 ldllvl"ll \\' - llllill ill iS.i" 
 
 Ki ■^llilM I-: oi JcHIN Miiiil.'l', .11 \\'.i-liiin;lnn Avr. I'liiill in iS;;. 
 
4iH 
 
 ri:sii)i:n(i:s. 
 
 Kl'-ll.l-Si !■; Ill- llll r A IP l''.\-( i'H I'.I.NIIK ji.ll'. I. llM.ll'.V, 
 
 ('..mil W.i^liilik:liili Am. .iliil I'. Ilk M r.nill In iM(..,. 
 
 ; Nj'1i!«;i 
 
 .. ■ ii!'H'!'l«is;i!ii,li, 
 
 'Iflliiillliiiiifiiiii'liW^^^^ 
 
 Ki'MliKM !■ ..I llll I Ml- S. I-', ll.ilii.l-, |(.K llillH M. Mllill III IH'.. 
 
ki:sii)i:n(i:s. 
 
 10 
 
 
 Ul. I 111' NCI "I l'\'ll' I'llMiiN, l; ll.lKt .--l. Klllll III Irti. 
 
 1<i:mi>1'.s( I. oi ). S. \'i k-.''K, ifi.) H.ii;v; St. liuill in iBCkj. 
 
.\2r) 
 
 KI'.SIhl'.NCI.S. 
 
 . ' ' ■*/ - ■ ••'^^^ ^■-•/^^^jjA.i.rii.vJ 
 
 I'' M !• ..I !■. \V. \'.H.,I, iKilllir.i.l . ..111. I ..I -M , ,,|,i| \i, .111.11. il\., 1. 1 M HillMlIK; 111 lil:.^. 
 
 Kl'Miil-M l< III I, II. \\■^^M., .,77 Src,,n,| ,\m-., , nitii r ..I \',:,■^l^ ,-,1. |',ii||| ,„ 1H7C,. 
 
KKSIDI \( IS. 
 
 I J I 
 
 - »/[.^ r*.i"fti 
 
 K'l'. IIM' •.' I "I I. A. \<"\ , (U', ( .1-^ Avi. lilllll III iWrlj fi 
 
 Ki-.' iiiKM I- Ml Ai \N'.iiN SiiKii-.\, (7 Sliiii->iiii I'l.iiL. Ilinli ill 1H74. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 V 
 
 /. 
 
 
 ^' ^ //y,. ^ 
 
 7, 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 ^ lis lllllio 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <? 
 
 /i 
 
 /. 
 
 
 7 
 
i^ 
 
 
 %' 
 
 Jk 
 
422 
 
 KF.SIDENCES. 
 
 KkmuhniI'; ni I) will W\Kii, 43,^ t'ass Avr. liuilt in 18(14-80. 
 
 Kkmdunck oi- G. (). KoiiiNsoN, 4i'5 Cass Avu. Biiill in 1876. 
 
RESIDENCES. 
 
 423 
 
 Kksidkm !■; 1)1- (I. W. Sifii'MAN, 4;,^ Cass Avt.-. liiiili in 1S77. 
 
 Kbsidbnce of K. li, DiiKKKSDN, iiorihi'iist cumtr of Sccoiul and Altxaiulriiie Avcs. Ituilt in 18B3. 
 
424 
 
 RKSIDKNCES. 
 
 Rksidknck 1)1- J. Ci. DuKiNsoN, 40 Canliikl Ave. lUiill in 
 
 Kksidknck uI' William Cciwii.;, 112 CaiiliuUl Ave. liiiilt in 1875, 
 
RKSn:)KNCES. 
 
 425 
 
 Ki'S11i1':nli-; di- I'.nu \hi> Hikk, ;( (larl'irld Ave. Huilt in 1S84. 
 
 KiisiDHNCK ()[• J. K. Stmi'i's, 598 Triinilmll Ave. lluilt in 1874. 
 
426 
 
 RF.SIDF.NCES. 
 
 Kkmiiknck \mi 111 ii.DiNi.N "I II. A. I.I'. Kov, 271 Wc'iulward .\vc, liiiilt in 1S4 . 
 
 Kbsioence 01 K. b. Hki.vk.man, 42B Woodwaid Ave, HuiU in ibjy. 
 
RESIDENCES. 
 
 427 
 
 
 
 U]>niKNi K o|- Mks. I,. K. Mi-iiHi i(\ , (44 Wciudw.ird Ave I'liilt in i8fii. 
 
 KKiiDisNcii (.11- C. J. Wnir.Nin, 4,57 Wuoduiinl Ave. liiiilt in 1857 82. 
 
428 
 
 ri:sii)i:ncks. 
 
 Ri'.siDKM li 1)1 l>\\ni Will I NF.v, ji;,, m Wci.Jilward Avr. Duill in 1S70. 
 
 RiisiDKNCi'; iiK JmiN I'uiJx.iiON, 4s('i \Voo(hv;iril Ave. linilt in 1868. 
 
KKSIDKNCKS. 
 
 429 
 
 Ri;sii>iiNc K (II J. S. I''.\KK\NI>, .(S7 Wiiuilu.ird Avr. Iluill in 1854. 
 
 RiislDUM K (11- Samiki. IIkav KNiJiLir, (fiS Wnuduanl Avi. Iluill in 1874. 
 
43^ 
 
 RESIDKNCES. 
 
 Ur.siniCNCK i>i' Mk-;. IIki.kn S. Kkiic, .|Si WoinKvaicI Ave. Uiiill in iS/o-Si. 
 
 Rksidf.nce 111 k. W. King, 493 Woodward Ave. I'liilt in 1867. 
 
RliSlDKNCKS. 
 
 4;>' 
 
 Rksidknck oi- W. C. Williams, 5011 Wuixiwaril Avi-. Itiiilt in 1866, 
 
 KiislDiistK i)K I'liiLi) I'aksdns, 530 Woodwaul Ave. lUiilt in 1876. 
 
432 
 
 RKSinF.NCKS. 
 
 
 -".g^, !^ ^ - - 
 
 Ui:miiI'N( !■: nj I'. W. Ilwj.s, r,.„s \V...iiUvaiil Avi. r.iiilt in 1870 
 
 KiisiuiiNCK ui \V. \V. LKiiiiKi r, (145 Womlw.iid Ave. I'liiik in 
 
ri:sii)i:nci".s. 
 
 433 
 
 Ki;mii|'.ncP' ni Ji.iiN li.\hM.i.|o\, f'lj-! WiiiiilHiird Ave. litiilt in 1H72 
 
 kF.siuii.NLK (i|. J. L. l';j)M).\, (,34 WcMjilwiird Avi'. liiiilt in i8bS. 
 
434 
 
 ki:sii)i'.NCF,s. 
 
 Kr.siDh.Ni )•- nr |,.si..ni Hiacn, 6fi^ W ii.l ^ <-. Hiiill in 1H78. 
 
 KksIIiHNi !■ Ill 
 
 A. (i, l.iNDsAV, 8H1 Wciiiilwiiril Avr. Diiill in 18H0. 
 
Ki:sii)KN'ci:s. 
 
 435 
 
 RhsniKN( !■ iij R. II. I'M !■;, 'ja^ W Uviiid A(. Iliiill in 1K76 
 
 KKsiiiiiNi I-. lii li. !■ . I- \i(iiiN(, inN, u.|o Wninlwaid A\(, Diiill in injh. 
 

KKSIUKNCES. 
 
 437 
 
 Imikmkk Kksiuenck (ir C. D. Kvki.in, i<x>5 Wuciilwavd Avi-, Hiiilt in 1872; nniuviil in iSti.^ 
 
 Rksidknch ok C.koki.k !•'. Mookic, luio M'doilwaiil Ave. Huilt in 1881. 
 
438 
 
 RESIDENCES. 
 
 Kksidkni K. OK John Hi ];i, 107 ^ Wiiixiwnrd .\\c. Huilt in iS8j 
 
 Kksidknlk ui- Wiu.i.s r.iM, 1. 177 W'ihkIwmkI Ave. liuill in iS8j. 
 
RESIDENCES. 
 
 439 
 
 I<K.siiii-,Ni li or \Vm. H. SiKVKNs, 1023 W'ocuhvanl Ave. lliiilt in 1875. 
 
 KesidkncI': ot \\'%\ A. Mihjkk, 1015 WiKjchvaril Aw. liuili in 1871.1. 
 
Kksidk.nxk ok iMks. C. W, I''..\iiin, I, ,3=; \Vi)i)(lwarcl Ave. lUiill in 1872 
 
 Rksidunck ok L. I., F AKNswoKiii, 1050 \Vii(i(hv:ii(l Ave. liuilt in 187(1. 
 
442 
 
 RKSIDKNCFS. 
 
 RiiMDKNCK OK C. A. Nkwcomii, 1085 Wdddwai'd Ave. liiiilt in 1874 
 
 Rbsidence or C. C Houkn, iuus Womlwiinl Ave. Built in 1872. 
 
RKSIDENCICS. 
 
 443 
 
 KicsiDKNXK nr \Vm. 1'i(ihin(;, iim WcKjdward Ave. lliiilt in 1875. 
 
 Kksiuence of C. K. Majii.I'Y, 1105 Woodward A\t. Huilt in 1873 83. 
 
444 
 
 RKSIDKNCKS. 
 
 RiisniuNLi! or Cii,\Ki.i;> IsMiumi, iioi Wcunlw.dd .\\i , Knjli hi ihri. 
 
 Residence of W. J. Watkkman, jj Adams Ave. Kast. lUiilt in 1865. 
 
KKsini:\(F.s. 
 
 445 
 
 kicsiui-Nci'; 111' I'.. S. W'liuMKK, 3^ lliuli St. I'.Mst. lliiilt in 1K54 77. 
 
 Ri:.su>i'.NCF. oi- H. K. White, 37 High St. Kast. liiiilt in 1868-78. 
 
446 
 
 RKSIDKNCF.S. 
 
 KbsIdenck 111 A. 11. Wu KiN^nN, ju Ilii;li St. Wtxt. liiiill in ii>r)5. 
 
 KKsluiiNf.ii 01- D, M. FiiKKV, ji Wiinlci- St. Uuilt in iB-'ij, 
 
RKSIDENCKS. 
 
 447 
 
 Rksiduncu of Simon Hi: w knhk ii, 4.) Wiiulir St. lliiill in 1875. 
 
 REblUE.NCii OF (jiiomiK C. Coun, jo Ailclaulc St. liiiilt in 1S74. 
 
448 
 
 RKSIDKNCES. 
 
 ki-MiH'Ni !■; oi (;. M. Ikam i;, ,j; Adihiicli M. liuill iii iHi.8. 
 
 RusriiKNLK 111 l''.iisn\ 'I'.wi.iiu, 25 Alli.d Si. I'liilt in 187^ 
 
RKSIDKNCES. 
 
 449 
 
 " ysaM 
 
 HHemfoai 
 
 ^-p.S^-r""'''- f^'j-v^iT, 
 
 Kksii)|:nik 1)1 A. !•'.. I'. Wiiiii-:, (n Alfrid St. lUiill in 1873. 
 
 UiisiDi'.NCK ni- JamI'.^. v. C XMiiii.M., <ii Allied Si. Iliiill in 1S77. 
 
Kh-^lliliNC 10 c)|. CiKuKi.l'. Jl(l;nM|.;, Ht Allied Si. Illlill In 1H77. 
 
RKSIDF.NCES. 
 
 451 
 
 KiisiDKNCli ui <;,S. KniJsi, K6 Kdiniiiul IM;ii:i-. Iluill in 1H81. 
 
452 
 
 RESIDENCES. 
 
 ■■ii 
 
 RusiDENCK OK THK I. A IK HiiNKV P. lliiriH.i:, iiij Ccmxfiss Si. Kast. Hiiilt in 1848. 
 
 FoRMKK Rksii)1:n< I- "I W.M. A.Mi Wai.iku S. HaksMa, 113 l.iiiiud Si. Wist. Iluilt in 1845. 
 
Si 
 
 in 
 
 a 
 
•15^^ 
 
 ki:sii)i:NCi:s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mMMsos^Sm^'''^^ 
 
 / 
 
 Hi||U|i^')Mk^!^^^|^^ "'' 
 
 Ji: 
 
 ^^^^^^^^MmmS^^^^^^S^imm- ' fflnHi 
 
 MW^MmMS 
 
 % 
 
 ^■^E^ijP'' ''■^- ■'^^B9HBBp*:^s!iSt^SflflUiviDi tWbtS^^Bh « ^W^s^kJ^I t^B^KTTflHlllfe 
 
 nmBam 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 ^Hfei£Eb^!rMJiHB!!^iSu!^y^ 
 
 ^ifcJl<:)f;v^;.,^^: 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 
 ,U'^ff> 
 
 
 
 l:k./^ 
 
 
 
 ^-^■t 
 
 
 ■ '^ifl. 
 
 '^^^^^SS9l^^m^00^^i^^§~W9l^ 
 
 
 ■ ■■■■ v^'*^""^^^ >^^r '"•''■ ;^C^^W^^?P?•v^ .;. r?; ■■^: fk<^ 
 
 ^, v-^ 
 
 ., ■ . ' ■ .'■.■' ^ ■ ', ,/',,. 1 . ■ . t 
 
 k»>!-iiiil 
 
 
 ■iuail 
 
 Kkshikni K '<v J. I. D.wii), ('irn^-.!- Ihli-. I'.iiill ill 1873. 
 
 KkmdkncI'; ■h- iiik i.ai k I'',ijuai<]i I.vhn, (Inissi' IsU. Iluill in 1865 77.. 
 
STORKS ANIJ liUSlNLSS IJUlLUlNLiS. 
 
 457 
 
 STORKS AND DUSINKSS IIUI I.DINdS. 
 In oldcii times, much more than mnv, ih.: corners 
 III hiisiiu'ss streets were (lesi)L;nate(l by the names of 
 ihe owners or occu|)ants of the ljiiil(hngs thereon. 
 The s()iilliw(;sl corner of Wuodvvanl and Jefferson 
 Avenues was 
 I .illed Curry's 
 Corner, and is 
 sddesiijnaled in 
 the Act of in- 
 lorporation of 
 1806. \'ears af- 
 terward it was 
 known as Ilal- 
 |(M k's Corner. 
 Tlie lirst busi- 
 ness place built 
 of briek was a 
 small, -scjuare, 
 one-story build- 
 ing on the north- 
 west corner of 
 Jc'ffer.son Ave- 
 nue and Ran- 
 dolph Street, 
 
 
 illl': b.MAUr Hl.MtK, lHli-.li.Nl sill'. Ul' MUKKU.I. liLOtK. 
 
 in 1820 by 'I'honias I'aliner. It was on the south- 
 east corner of Jilferson Avenue and (iriswoUl 
 Street. Ill" sedind was Ijuilt in 1821 by I'eter 
 Desnoyers, near the northwest corner of Jelferson 
 Avenue and Hates Street. Smart's i!lo(k, on the 
 
 northea.st lorner 
 of Jefferson and 
 Woodward Ave- 
 nues, was erected 
 in 1822, and was 
 deemed at tlie 
 time a very sui)- 
 stantial and even 
 ele^^int business 
 bnildinj,'. It was 
 toriulownin 1857 
 to make room for 
 the Merrill Block. 
 The property on 
 the southeast cor- 
 ner of Jefferson 
 and Woodward 
 Aveinies was 
 known as Kin,i('s 
 Corner ; it was 
 
 Mil' tft'^'T'^^Ici 
 
 
 Viuw 01' rill! Noinii side ui' Jum'ekson Avknuic and Gkiswold Street in 1837. 
 I^rom an original sltetcli by Wm. A. Raymond. 
 
 erected in 1806 for the Rank of Michigan; the occupied until a few years ago by). I,. King as a 
 next was the Ciovernment Warehous at tl" )t clothing store. The building was commenced in 
 of Wayne Street. The first brick .sto.c was ilt May, 1832, and finished in the winter of 1833. 
 
458 
 
 STORKS AM) UrSINFlSS HUILDINCiS. 
 
 Ill tlic fall (if 1857.111 ailclilioiial story was ailcUd tlu' soiilla'asl loriur of Ji ilrisoii Aviiiuc ami IJatcs 
 ami other iiii|)ri)ViMm'iUs niadc. Almost as soon Stnit. It was built lor John K. \\ illiams in 1833 
 as lli(; stori; was built the hasciiuiit was occupied and lorn down in iSbi. larj^c platc-ylass store 
 
 NllKTIIWI'Sl KIKNKU (!!■ WllllDUAKl) AviiNl'U AND l.AHNKO SlUlilil' IN iSfia. 
 
 for restaiiraiit purposes, and has continued to he so windows were hrst introduced by (ieorgc Doty, 
 
 used ever since. This fact iijave rise to a conundruni The followin]L(, from tlu' Daily Advertiser of Seji- 
 
 whieh obtained the jiri/.e at a minstrel show many teinbir 19. 1 849, i^ives interestiiiii^ details eoncerniiii; 
 
 years aj^o. The (lujstion was, Why is a man's tins window : 
 
 Till! Aiinnrr Hioc i< in 18.(5. 
 Woodward Avcmit, Ik iwccii Woodbridge and Atwater Streets. 
 
 Show Windows. — Tiin Largest Oi.asr vet. 
 
 nose like Kinjj;'s elothin<>' store? Atts^wr. — ^Because 
 
 ^, '. 1 ']• 1 11 Gcoree Doty, jeweler, has purchased, and is fitting up the builu- 
 
 there isan eatinir establishment below. .„^ „„ ^^e west end of the Daily Advertiser block, in styl.< 
 
 The first four-story brick building was located on superior to anything in the Western States. His show wn.dows 
 
STOKKS AND UUSINliSS IJUILDINGS. 
 
 459 
 
 uill lie a (iirli>>ity, 'I'liu inaiii k'oss in cailinf tliriii is iinpcirtxl 
 1 hikIi plalc, 5 by 7 ftrt in »i/.i', and lott l)ji«i. VVf htlicvt llioo 
 .irr llii: larKt'itt kIum urnt o( New York City, not cxcrptlriK the 
 l.ii'i:>', rniL' iini'H in C'iiu itwiati. 
 
 riic last years have wiUicssecl many cliatij^'cs 
 
 llic liiiiT coiniiRTiial striictiia's in various !o- 
 caliliis Mv llu' Firry, I'aiins, Mnlf.it. (lodfrcy. 
 biliiniiil, Ncwbtrry vS; iMiMill.ui, lanipaii, Wil- 
 liams, lUilil, Ch.'indii'r, and Wesson building's. 
 'I'licrc arc, besides, a yrcat number of costly 
 
 RoTrNDA Urii nmo. 
 Southeast torntr (jriawokl and l.arncd Streets. Turn down iS;^. 
 
 and improvements in the construction of stores and 
 business blocks. Nearly all the newer hiiildinns 
 ;ire now jjrovided with plale-,v;lass ffunts, and cut 
 stone and orna- 
 mental iron -work 
 are freely used, 
 The upper stories of 
 many Larye blocks 
 are fitted up for 
 olliees. On Gris- 
 wold Street, for 
 nearly its whole 
 Kiiirth,thebuildin.t,'s 
 are thus arranged. 
 The first building 
 erected especially 
 with a view of fur- 
 nishing office ac- 
 (Dniniodations was 
 the Rotunda, on 
 Criswold Street. It 
 was built in 1852. 
 hi August, 1879, it 
 was torn down to 
 make way for the 
 Newberry & Mc- 
 Millan liuilding. Most of the banking, insur- 
 ance, real estate, and legal business is done on 
 (■riswold Street, making it the financial center of 
 the city, — the Wall Street of Detroit. Among 
 
 
 View of S. W. corner op Griswold a.no I.arned Strekts in 1870. 
 
 and ornamental stores, many of them provided 
 with elevators, oiieratcd by ste.am or hydraulic 
 power. The Moffat ISuilding w;is the first which 
 
 had an elevator. 
 
 Rents of stores 
 and offices arc as 
 varietl as the styles 
 and locations of the 
 buildings, and range 
 from $10 to S400 
 per month. An 
 average store in a 
 desirable location 
 commands fnjm 
 $800 to $2,000 per 
 year, while others 
 bring $3,000, $4,000, 
 and even more. 
 The former names 
 of the older blocks 
 and buildings are 
 unknown to many 
 of our citizens, 
 and for purposes 
 of reference a list 
 of the more im- 
 portant old and new buildings, with their loca- 
 tion and date of erection, is appended. Those 
 marked with a star are no longer known by the 
 name given : 
 
460 S'lOKI'.S AM) lUSlNKSS IlUILniMlS. 
 
 Arr.'ulc, II. s. I.,irnr<| iicir Slull)\', iSdy. Lewis, c. s. (Irisuold, Ixt. l.ariud ;iiul Cdiinriss, 
 
 AblMiti, w . s. W'oodwanl Ave, Ixi. Alwaiir and i'^74. 
 
 W'lMidbiidvji', 1.S51. Merrill, 11. e. eor, Jelfersdii ;mil Wdddward Aves., 
 
 llaiik, .s. \v. I'lir. Congress and (Iriswdld. iSfuS. i<^3'>' 
 
 lUirns, V. s Cirisudld, bet. (..irnid and (. nin^ress, Meelianio', s. w. eor. (Iriswold .and I.alayi'tti-, 1.S75. 
 
 18/4. M.ilher, I', s. Woodward .\\e., bet. Joiiii K. and 
 
 Hati'Miii, .s. s. Mielii^;aii Ave., bei. (.ass ,ind I'ir.si, \\ illianis, i8f)8. 
 
 lS^m;. Molfal, s. w. (or. lorl and C.riswoUl, 1871. 
 
 li.iv^ley, s. \v, eor. Il.ites ;md W'nodbrid^^i'. iSjr). Nv'uberry i\: .MeMill.iii. e. s. ( "iriswoid, be'. Jeffi'rsoii 
 
 Huller. e. s. (iri^woki. bit. I.ariied and L'oii_i;ress, and l.arncd. i^7'j. 
 
 i860. '"I'liiinix. s. .s. Jcl'fcrsoii Ave, bet. (Iriswold ,iiu! 
 
 li.irtlinloiiiew, s. .s, .Miehiv^.in ,\\c., bet. I'luirlli ,iiid Woodward .\\e., i!'4;5. 
 
 i'iftli, i.Sdj. I'restoii. s. s. (iraiid Ki\er Avi'., eor. Ciriswold, 1868. 
 
 Haldwin, w. s. Woodw.ird /\vi.,bet. .Si.ite ;ind Mich- r.ihns, s. e. ( nr. Jefferson Ave. and l'..ites, 1883. 
 
 iv;.in Ave. 1871. I'arker. s. w. eor, Woodw.ird .Ave. ;ind Sl.iU- 18S3. 
 
 iJ.irns, w. .s. Woodward Ave, cor. Ciraiid River Ave, 'KoHiikI.i. s. e. eor. CiH.swold and l.arned, 185.:. 
 
 18C8. Keiitz, II. s, (ir.ind Kiver Ave., bet. IMili ;iiul Si.xlh, 
 
 I'.res^ler. s. s. iMieiiivj.'in Ave., bet. Criswold and 1870. 
 
 Shelby, i860. Keeil. 11. .s, Cirainl Kiver Ave., near '1 bird. 1863. 
 
 CoyI, e. s. Woodw.ird .\ve., f.'ieini; C.'iniiius Marliii.s, 1^74. 
 
 i860. St.'indisii, s. .s. Coni^ress, ne;ir liates. 1850, 1861. 
 
 Colbiirn, 11. s. Couyieb.s, near iJales, 1871;. Seit/., n. s. Ciriswold, near L'onj^res.s, ami on Coii- 
 
 Conant, .s. .';. Jefferson .\ve., ne;ir Cirisw (lid, 1852. K^t'ss, i86u, 1870. 
 
 Chandler, s. s. Jefferson Ave., bet, (iriswxik! :vk\ ' Stn.irt, n. e. eor. Jefferson ;ind Woodw.ird ,\\es., 
 
 W Dodwartl Ave., 1879. 1822. 
 
 Cranaj^e, .s. e. cor. .Shelby and Lafayette Ave.. Stinison, s. \v. eor. Shelby and Woodbrid,i;e, 1868. 
 
 1878. SlK-ley, e. s. Woodw.ard .\\'e.. iie.ar *',r;itiol. 1854, 
 
 Canheld, n. s. Michii4an Ave., bet. 'I'hiril anil I'oiirih, 1871. 
 
 1866. Scott, w. s. Woodward Ave., ne.ir C.impus Marlins, 
 
 Crane, n. s. C.rand River Ave., bet. Adams Ave. ;md 1881. 
 
 lili/.abeth \V., 1861. ' Siron;;, n. w. cor. Jefferson .Ave. and Shelby, 1836. 
 
 Camp.iu, s. w. eor. C.riswold and l.arned, 1883. Schmidt, w. s. Monroe Ave., near Fanner, 1872. 
 
 Cleland, s. s. St.ite. near C.riswold, 1S81. Tele;<niph, s. e. eor. CJriswold and Coiij^ress, 1872. 
 
 Desnoyers, n. w. eor. Jefferson Ave. and Hates, 1834. * Union, s. s. Jefferson Ave., bet. Cass and First, 
 
 Uarlinir, n. w. cor. Griswold and Congress, 1855. 1849. 
 
 1876. * Waterman, s. e. cor. W'oodward Ave. and I.;irned. 
 
 Ferry, e. s. Woodward Ave., bet. State .iiul (irand '^'54. 
 
 Kiver Ave., 1 880, * Williams 1 ( )ld), s. e. cor. Jefferson Ave., and IJates, 
 
 I'isher, w. s. Woodward Ave., facing;- C.impiis M.ir- i>^3v 
 
 tins, 1860. Williams (\ew), cor. Michigan and Monroe Avcs., 
 
 Coilfrey, \v. s. Woodw;ird .Ave., bet. St.ate and 1873. 
 
 (".rand River Ave., i860, 1871. Willis (formerly Sheldon), n. s. Jefferson Ave, bet. 
 
 liough, n. w. eor. C.riswold and Congress, 1S76. Congress and Shelby, 1838. 
 
 Hall, n. w. eor. Michigan Avenue and (Iriswold, W.ilker, s. e cor. Woodward Ave and Woodbridge, 
 
 1877- 1852. 
 
 Hopson, n. e. eor. Randolj)!! and Cnitiot, 1850. Wesson, n. vv. cor. Woodward Ave and State, 18S0. 
 Hodges, \v. s. Woodward Ave, near 'ninil Ri\ir 
 
 Ave., 1877. The old block which, until 1882, stood on the 
 
 Hawlcy, n. w. eor. IS.ites ;ind Wooiibridge, 1858. northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Shelby 
 
 Hilsendegen, s. s. .Monroe Ave., bet. Farrar and Street was origin.ally called the White Block because 
 
 Randolph, 1878. , jj ^^,^^ p.-iinted wliite ; subsequently after being 
 
 ^•^Johnson, e. s. Monroe Ave, bet. Michigan Ave occupied ;is the Waverlv House, it v'vas called the 
 
 and Farmer, 1852. Waverly Block, and then Strong's Block. 
 
1872. 
 ,, uS7^. 
 (1 First, 
 
 jdbridge, 
 
 on tlic 
 Shulby 
 
 because 
 l)e'ni; 
 
 died the 
 
 Cami'au Block, S. W. corner of Cri<;\voi,ii and I,arned Strrets. 
 liuilt hy Daniel J. Cainpan, in i88?. 
 Occupied by 
 
 D. Preston & Co., Hankers. 
 
 U*^'] 
 
 Commerrial National Hank. 
 
XVl.-^O C»'l^' 
 
 liii' \i'»i'.i'UK\ A M(Miii\N llriii'iNd. 
 
 Suuthcasl comer uf Giiswulil ami l.ariKil Strci-ls. lUiilt in 1871). 
 
 I462] 
 
Till- Cii\\. Hi.ocK. 
 
 Northrasl conKT cif Woodward A 
 
 viiiiir ami Camiui 
 
 Marl 
 
 Kriclcd by W. K. Cuyl in i860. 
 
 Till- Ck \\ \i.F- Hi 'h k. 
 SiMitlu'ast cornir I.afayru. Avuiiie and Shelby Street. Built by riio>. Crana^;! in 1S7S. 
 
c ^ 
 
 c 
 1^. 
 
 ,jiiiiiiiiiil;&.;i:i,,>v;;.iiaii&iki4i! 
 
'i> «»i=.- i--r 
 
 a 
 03 
 
 The Fhkuv ni'iiniNc. 
 NcwTiimh, [".nilicott, A Cu.'s Dry (JdocIs and Carpet Stores, 190 to joo Wd.Khvard Aveiuie, iMtweea Sialc and Grand River Streets, 
 
 Biiik by D. M. Ferry in 18711. 
 [465] 
 
TilK WliSMlN Ikll.DINO. 
 
 Taylor, Woolfcnduii A: Co., Dry Goods Slorus. lUiilt hy Win. II, Wesson in 1880. 
 
 [466! 
 
HnUSK A\n STORE NUMBER??. 
 
 467 
 
 HOUSK AXn SldRE NUMnr.RS. 
 
 Tlic first provision for numbering houses was 
 made on December 23, 1845. The Council tiien 
 piDvided that tlie houses (jn streets each side of 
 \\(iO(l\vard Avenue should be numbered east or 
 west of that avenue. The regulation did not apply 
 10 the streets, and there is no autlinrity for desig- 
 nating the streets the nselves "east" or "west." 
 Tiie tirst ordinance definitely providing for the num- 
 bering of buildings was 
 jxissed on February 
 10. 1846. On June 10, 
 1869, the matter was 
 thoroughly systema- 
 tized by an ordinance 
 which provided for 
 numbering the houses 
 ill accordance with sets 
 (if numbers arranged 
 in books by the city 
 surveyor and deposited 
 with the city clerk. 
 
 The regulations pro- 
 vide one number for 
 every twenty feet, the 
 lumibers alternating 
 from one side of the 
 street to the other. 
 On all streets running 
 nearly north and south, 
 (irat right angles to the 
 ri\er and jiarallel with 
 Woodward Avenue, 
 the numbers begin at 
 the south end of the 
 street, or the end ne;n-- 
 est the river, ;ui(l nuin- 
 bcr towards the city 
 limits; and when the 
 streets do not extend 
 through to the river, 
 the numbers begin at 
 their southerly end, 
 near some one of the 
 principal avenues, — 
 Jefferson, Michigan, 
 
 ('.rand River, or Oatiot. Going from the river, 
 the odd numbers, as 1. 3, 5, and 7, are on the 
 left hand, and the even numbers, as 2, 4, 6, and 
 8, on the right-hand side of the street. On all 
 strc'^ts east of Woodward Avenue, and running 
 nearly east and west, or at riglit angles with Wood- 
 ward Avenue and parallel with the river, the num- 
 bers begin at Woodward Avenue, or the end near- 
 est to it, and number outwards towards the city 
 limits, the odd numbers on the north or left-hand 
 side going from Woodward Avenue, and the even 
 
 Tuh Clelanu lUiLniNC, St 
 Built by H. A. 
 
 numbers on the soutli side of the street. On all 
 streets west of Woodward Avenue, and running 
 nearly east and west <jr at right angles with Wot)d- 
 ward Avenue and parallel with the river, the num- 
 bers begin at Woodward Avenue, or the end near- 
 est it, and number outwards towards the city limits; 
 the odd numbers being on the south or left-hand side 
 of the street, and the even numbers on the north 
 side of the street. The only exception to this 
 
 rule is in tlu' case 
 of Jefferson Avenue, 
 where the numbers be- 
 gin at Third Street 
 an;l run east, the odd 
 numbers being on the 
 north side of the street, 
 and on Madison Ave- 
 nue, where the even 
 numbers are on the 
 south side. There is 
 an average of about 
 forty numbtrs to a 
 block, includinv^ those 
 on both sides of the 
 street. 
 
 LIGHTING AND 
 HKATING. 
 
 In the long ago peo- 
 ple were economical 
 in all things; even a 
 spark was not need- 
 lessly wasted. If a fire 
 was needed for any 
 purpose, the tlint and 
 tire steel were brought 
 together, and "behold 
 how great a matter a 
 little tire kindleth." 
 The cricket on the 
 hearth never feared the 
 cold, for the fire was 
 seldom out ; like that 
 on vestal altars, it was 
 kept constantly burn- 
 ing; if by accident it failed, perchance the old 
 tlint-lo(-k was taken down, and the tow and wood 
 were kindled by its use. 
 
 Matches were introduced as early as 18 15. They 
 consisted of little sticks dipped in sulphur; with 
 which was supplied a small vial of oxide of phos- 
 phorus. The sulphur sticks, when inserted in the 
 phosphorus, would at once take fire. This was con- 
 sidered a wonderful invention. In 1829 matches 
 that would light upon being drawn through a pre- 
 pared and folded paper were first used. A few 
 
 MK NEAR OrisWOLD StRHET. 
 
 Cleland in 1S81. 
 
468 
 
 LIGHTING AND HEATING. 
 
 years later the ordinary friction matches became 
 common. In 1780 wax lii^lits or tapers were used 
 sparinjfjy, even l)y tlie ricli. Tiiese h',v,dits wiTe often 
 made from the berries of the candic;berry tree or 
 bayberry bush, whicli usually grew near the sea. 
 Tile l)crries were jratliercd in the autumn, and put 
 into jjoilinj; water; a fatty substance exuded, which, 
 on lieinji; skimmed off, melted, and refmed, produced 
 a beautiful j;reen, transparent wax, from which can- 
 dles were made. They would not easily bend or 
 melt even in midsummer, and gave out an agreeable 
 
 ■t. 1S79. On March 21. 1880, tiie \'an I)e I'oele 
 light was piihli<-ly shown in front of the Detroit 
 Opera House. In July, 1880, .several ISrush 
 lights were put up on trial in the warehouse of 
 D. M. Ferry & Co., but the light was not sys- 
 tematically tried until introduced by Wells W. 
 Lcggett, on September 13, 18S0. He obtained 
 his power from the engine of the Detn it Free 
 Press Company, and on the evening of the day 
 above named, lights were put in operation at 
 the following places: Two at the store of M. 
 
 The Mofkat rciLDiNo, S. W. cfiRNn; Fort and Griswold Sirehts. 
 Erected by Hugh Moffat in 1871. 
 
 odor while burning. "Tallow dips" or mold can- 
 dles, also sperm and lard oils, were more largely 
 used. In 1850 star and stearino candles were popu- 
 lar iliuminators, and soon after, burning fluid was 
 introduced. Early in 1850, and over a year before 
 gas was manufactured elsewhere in Detroit, H. R. 
 Johnson made gas for his hotel at the foot of Third 
 .Street, and continued to do so until the Gas Com- 
 pany went into operation. In the fall of 1851 gas 
 was first supplied by a Gas Company. In 1861 
 kerosene oil began to be extensively used. The 
 Brush electric light was publicly exhibited for the 
 first time in connection with a circus, on June 
 
 S. Smith, three at Steinfeld's clothing house, 
 two at the Russell House Uazaar, one at I'rittieV 
 drug store, two each at the Detroit and Whitney 
 Opera Houses, two at the Coliseum, one each at 
 Frizelle's and Stearns' drug stores, and one at the 
 tailor shop of Mr. Tripp. In May, 1881, a stock 
 company was organized in Detroit to supply the 
 power and lights, and on September 13, 1881, they 
 were supplying thirty-two lights; on September 13, 
 1882, one hundred and thirty; on January 1, 18S3, 
 two hundred and forty-five, and on January i, 1884. 
 three hundred and fifty. Their works are located 
 on the west side of Third Street, between Fort and 
 
LIGHTING AND HEATING. 
 
 469 
 
 C oiigress Streets. Tlie prii-e cliarijccl varies from 
 sixteen dollars to eightoeii dollars per month per 
 li"lu, aceordiiij^ to the luimber of hours that a li.^lit 
 is required. 
 
 The I'^lisoii iiK'aiidesoent lii;ht was first intro- 
 duced and used in Metealf llruthers' dry goods 
 suire on January 27, 1883. The Excelsior Eleetric 
 Liirjit Company was incorjKjrated .September 7, 
 iH.S^.andon November i had four lij^hts in operation. 
 
 The light of the United Slates Electric Light 
 Company is in use in the establishment of C. R. 
 Mabley «Jv: Co., who own the apparatus for anil 
 make their own light. It was first useil on Decem- 
 Ikt 24, 1883. 
 
 The lighting the streets of Detroit by public 
 lamps was first di.scussed in 1827, and on March 13 
 a committee of the Common Council rejiorted in 
 favor of lighting Jefferson Avenue. Nothing fur- 
 ther was done until May 21, 1834, when a council 
 committee reported in favor of lighting th(; avenue 
 from Cass to Rand.olph .Street. They prt'sented the 
 following estimate : " Twenty lamixs, including posts, 
 at $5 ; three quarts of sperm oil per night, seventy- 
 five cents; total cost per year, $262.50." On Janu- 
 ary 2, 1835, the committee was ordered to carry 
 into operation the plan, and on the 29th James 
 Delaney was appointed lam|5lighter at $10 per 
 month. On February 19 forty lamps were ordered, 
 and soon after an ordinance in regard to public 
 lamps was passed ; but both lamps and ordinance 
 " went out " in about three months, and again dark- 
 ness reigned. 
 
 On March 14, 1849, the City of Detroit Gaslight 
 Company was incorporated. The company was 
 slow in its operations, and on March 8, 1851, was 
 re-organized under the title of the Detroit (iaslight 
 Company. The work was now successfully prose- 
 cuted, and on September 24, 1851, the streets, for 
 the first time, were lighted with gas. The works 
 were on the north side of Woodbridge Street west, 
 between Fifth and Sixth Streets. In 1867 new 
 works were erected at the foot of Twenty-tirst 
 Street, and gas was first supplied from there on Sep- 
 tember 27 of that year. In 1871 additional works 
 at the corner of Chene and Franklin .Streets were 
 completed. Up to 1881 nearly fifty miles of street 
 pil)e had been laid by this company. The Mutual 
 Gaslight Company was incorporated in 1871, and 
 re-organized in 1S78 as the Mutual Gas Company. 
 Its works are in Hamtramck, just outside of the 
 city. They went into operation on November 26, 
 1872. In 1881 the company had nearly si.xty miles 
 of street pipe. 
 
 The two companies engaged in a lively competi- 
 tion for several years, but after July, 1877, by 
 agreement between the companies, the Detroit Gas 
 Company supplied gas only to consumers on the 
 
 west of Woodward Avenue, and the Mutual only 
 to persons (jii the east of Woodward Avenue. The 
 increasing demand for gas is shown in the fact 
 that in 1860 the Detroit Gaslight Com|)any pro- 
 duced only 26,892,000 cubic feet. In 1870 the 
 amount produced reached 85,427,000 cubic feet, 
 and in 1880 the combined jiroduct of the Detroit 
 imd .Mutual Companies amounted to 162,775,000 
 cubic feet, the two companies in that year con- 
 suming about twelve thousand tons of coal and 
 live huiulred thousaiul g.illons of naphtha. 
 
 Street lamps lighted by the use of naphtha were 
 introduced on July 12, 1877. The l.inips were put 
 up and supplied under contract witii the Michigan 
 Gaslight Comi)any. In 1878 naphtha lamps ex- 
 clusively were used. On January i, 1884, there 
 were in use 1,929 gas lamps and 1,743 naiihtha 
 burners. 
 
 The expense for lighting the lamps in 1S83 was 
 !J!72,3oi ; they burn an average of seven hours. 
 
 On July 3, 1883, the council voted to light a por- 
 tion of Woodwaril and Jefferson Avenues with 
 tweiUy-fmir electric lights, to be sup|)cied by the 
 IJrush Company. In June, 1884, a contract was 
 made with the .same company to light the entire 
 city with electricity, and in July the company com- 
 menced the erection of seventy-two towers made of 
 iron tubing, the towers to be from one hundred to 
 one hundred and fifty feet high, the electric lights 
 being placed al the top. 
 
 The office of gas inspector was established by 
 ordinance of December 2, 1861, under the title of 
 "inspector of gas meters." The inspector was 
 appointed by the Council. A strange provision of 
 che ordinance was that his salary of $600 a year 
 was to be piikl by the gas company whose products 
 and apparatus he was to inspect. Under the revised 
 ordinances of 1863, as amended September 7, 1870, 
 the gas company was to pay §600 of his .salary, and 
 the city to supplement it with $400 more. In 1871 
 the lamplighters were selected by the (laslight 
 Company, who paid for one third of their time, the 
 city paying 'or the other two thirds; yet all of their 
 time not employed in lighting or cleaning lamps 
 was given to the gas company. Since the ordinance 
 of March 16, 1872, the title of the incumbent of 
 the office has been "gas inspector," and the entire 
 .salaries of the inspector and lamplighters are now 
 paid by the city. The inspector is appointed 
 yearly by the Council, and is charged with the 
 duty of testing the meters and the quality of gas 
 supplied. The lamplighters are selected by the 
 inspector. In 1883 there were twenty-two, at a 
 salary of $55 each per month. 
 
 The inspecors ha\i' been: 1862- 1 871, Alfred 
 Marsh; 1871-1875, James T. Wright ; 1875-1877, 
 Christian Blattmeier; 1877, Julius S. Kloppenburg; 
 
470 
 
 LIGHTING AND HEATING. 
 
 1878, Micli.ifl (Jiiiiin; i<S79, ('H'or^a; H. MiKin- ; 
 18S0-1884, John Airher; 1884- , John O'RilUy. 
 Originally, tlic inli.'il)itaiUs of Detroit fmiiul furl 
 near at hand and easily |iroiure(l, exct'pt durinv; the 
 days of war. At the time of i'ontiac's Conspiracy 
 it was broniiht in boats from Belle Isle. Durinj; 
 the War of 1812 laborers were so few, and soldiers 
 so lawle.ss, that the farm fences near the town were 
 freely used for fuel, and in after years the (iovern- 
 ment paid a considerable sum for danui.iies on this 
 account. The earliest recortl as to stoves is found 
 in a letter dated Pittsburgh, September 30, 1797, 
 from (Quartermaster- Cieneral John Wilkins, Jr., 
 
 others bej^an to keep small lots for sale. In 1850 
 P. I. Price made a specialty of the business. Tw(i 
 years later the lirm of Pitlman, Trowbridjje, & Jones 
 bewail. Since then various lirms have enjLfajjjed in 
 selliii'.^ coal. The amount of coal sold in Detroit 
 in several decades is estimated to be as follows: 
 betv.'ecn 1840 and 1850, an average of i,(<X) tons 
 yearly; between 1850 and i860, an average of 
 10,000 tons; between i860 and 1870, an average 
 of 30.000 tons, and !)etween 1870 and 1880, an 
 average of 80,000 tons. The use of coal for fuel 
 became increasingly popular with the year 1873, 
 the Argand stove extensively introduced that year 
 
 J. E, Pitt.man's Coai. Dock. 
 On River, foot of Riopelle Street. 13uilt in 1875. 
 
 to Matthew Ernest at Detroit. He says, " By boat 
 which went a few days ago, I sent twenty stoves 
 for the use of the garrison at Detroit. These will 
 aid in making the soldiers more comfortable and 
 save firewood. " During this period, and as late as 
 1825, stoves were obtained from Montreal, and 
 rented during the winter season. They hardly 
 came into general use until about 1830. Coal was 
 introduced in 1836. In the fall of this year three 
 coal stoves were procured by C. C. Trowbridge, — 
 one for himself, one for St. Paul's Church, and one 
 for Judge Sibley. The coal and transportation cost 
 eighteen dollars a ton. The use of coal was only 
 occasional and confined to a few persons, until 1848, 
 when E. W. Hudson, B. L. Webb, and one or two 
 
 affording advantages not previously possessed. So 
 rapid is the increased use that it is estimated that 
 in 1883, about 100,000 tons of anthracite and 
 200,000 tons of bituminous coal were sold in De- 
 troit, and not less than 200,000 cords of wood. 
 The use of steam for heating buildings was first 
 known in 1857. The first building fitted for the 
 purpose was the residence of E. A. Brush, in the 
 old Michigan Garden. The fittings were put in by 
 J. Flower & Brothers. Soon after this, steam began 
 to be used in the larger tanneries, and now it is used 
 in scores of establishments and residences. On 
 September 12, 1878, the Detroit Steam Supply 
 Company was organized, with a capital stock of 
 $85,000. The company supplied steam either for 
 
LIGHTING AND HEATING. 
 
 471 
 
 power or heatini;' purposes; it w.'is j^enuralcd in a 
 iiirics of ten boilers of one iuiiiilrccl iiorsc-powLT 
 each, located on the corner of Atwaterand driswoid 
 Streets; four miles of iron pipes, covered with wood, 
 conveyed the steam throuijh v.'irious streets, and 
 from them it was suppiieil to customers. The com- 
 ])any beijan to supply .steam on December 25, 1S78, 
 and ceased to do so on .September i, 18S4, the 
 profits not warranting a continuance. 
 
 Under ordinance of 1881, all steam boilers are 
 now sui)ject to yearly inspection, and all engineers 
 are re(iuired to pass an examination as to titness for 
 tluir position. W. J. Wray, the first city boiler 
 inspector, was appointed Stptember 27, 1881, for a 
 term of three ye.irs. During 1883 he inspected 
 three hundred and thirty-nine boilers. His suc- 
 cessor in 1884 was John Carroll. 
 
CII APTK R L I I 
 
 COUNCIL IIOUSI'.S. — {OCkl'-IIOUSI". (Ik CAI'iroF,. CIIV IIAl.l.S.— 
 OI'likA IIOUSKS AMJ I'UHLIC IIAl.l.S. 
 
 couNcir. iioi'SKs. 
 A r (lillrniil inriods of time lliri-i' srvcnii hiiild- 
 iiiyjs have Ix'cii dusijjnalcd l)y llic liiii- of "Council 
 I JDiisr." 
 
 ^'<i^^''^'r: 
 
 19 w p' yut 
 
 ■73L 
 
 C'llll'l WH .',1 >M||Ji'*^»™*'^'"'*'i'-"'****T 
 
 
 JiTiT"^- " - - ■^'nff: -'■/■■'rJL-_i 
 
 r ^ — -.-.jc.j. . 
 
 i III) C'()i:,-.( II. Ilorsl.-., 
 
 SiMilliwisl iiiriirr JrKcisoii Av<'Miii' iiiiil ls,iiii|iil|ih Sin it. 
 
 ()ri|4iiiiil appi'iiniiu I . 
 
 Ixforc I camr, built, a^ I siipposi', l)y (lovcriioi' 
 I lull. It uas iiiidci.siddd t(i lie a rcsci'valiiiii, .'iiiil 
 was ill possession ol the olliccis of the ( ioviTiiiiiciii 
 liiiiv; hcloic I (anil- licir. I dnni know liow the 
 ri'siivalioii was in.ide, hiii ii w as iiiidiislood 
 to !)(• a ('lOViiiimriU ])idpiity under tin 
 liiilisii (ioveriiiniiU infore it heeanie tin 
 inopeily of the I'nited States. This was 
 the tradition relati\'e to these premises." 
 H. Woodworili lestilied ihat "the Indian 
 l)<|);irtnu-nt lot was treated as ;i teservalion 
 by the Indian hipartnient, .and w;us oeeupied 
 by said l>ep.irtnieni for ti n years prior to 
 iKiC), to my knowledj^e." The records of 
 the ( los'crnor and Judges ( oniain no refertnee 
 to the ei"eeti(Jii of liie biiildinji;, and wliiii 
 liie lot was surveyed i)y .Xbijah Hull, on 
 l'\:bruary (J, 1807, it was marked ;is belon,;;in,v; 
 to tile United States. At one time there w.is 
 in thi: city clerk's ollice an unexecuted dt ed 
 from the- ( io\ernor .ind Jud,i.;es to the- liiited 
 Slates, dated February 11, nSo;; and ,1 
 niemoraiiduni, without ilale, foiuid amoni; 
 
 
 ■)f\:: 
 
 t 
 
 
 1 1 H ft n 
 
 'I'he first, a larj^e woikKmi buildiiiv^ with 
 arched ceilinvjs, was near the livi'r, on the 
 cast side of the alley known in e.irly days 
 i)oili .is St. AiUnine .Street and Campaii 
 Alley. It w.is burned in the tire of 1H05. 
 
 The second stood on the southwest <or- 
 ner of Jefferson /\\'eiuie and Randolph 
 .Street. 'I'he tollowini^ f.icts make it e\i(k'iil 
 that tin- building w.is .1 relic of liriiish oe- 
 eupation: In 1.S51 the I'.irmers and .Met h.an- 
 ies' U.ink tiled .a bill in eh.uKery a,L;ainst the 
 city and others to recover the value of "the 
 Indian blacksmith and c.upenter's shop lot." 
 Till' lot had also been oei upied by Wood- 
 worth's Hotel, .111(1 w.is iinmeiliatily in the 
 re.ir of the Council House. Durini,' the trial 
 (lovernor Cass teslilied as follows: " I un- 
 derstood lh.it the Hriiish Ciovernmeiit had 
 
 some Indian Department Huildinns on .s.iid prini- the ("lOvernor and Judjjjes' papers, apparently written 
 ises. The Council House was on these premises about the time the deed was dated, says : "Lot 12, 
 
 CoCNlll. IIOCSI', ,\s 1.:M .\KOKlJ. 
 
couNcii, iiousi:s. 
 
 473 
 
 .s(i tion 4, is Iniilt on as Council I louse." Thi' build- 
 JDH was txTtainly in cxislcini- as early as May 4, 
 iSo/, forold court records show thai the Disiriit 
 (iiiiit, for tilt! District of Huron and Detroit, met 
 in it on tlial dale. An ollicial (irder from James 
 May, adjiilant-)^enera! of llie 'lerrilory, dated Au- 
 );iisl 11, iiS()7, malscs several refeniices to the hnild- 
 iiiy(; and a military order in possession of tiie liis- 
 tiirieal Society, dated Decemher 15, 1807, .says, "His 
 I'.xi'eiieney, tln' Connnandcr-in-Chief, liavini; ohli),'- 
 iiiv^ly Xiveti lip tlie Indian t'oinii ii House, yon will 
 have to tit it up for the iniliti.i as the Major Com- 
 nandanl may direct." The .same manuscript .speaks 
 
 on Fort Street. In 1827 it fxeaine the property i>f 
 the rity. In Sepleniher i»f di.it ye.\r it was dec ided 
 to open l''ort Street from Woodward Avenue to the 
 1.,'ass l';irni, ;ind this iiecessil.ited the moving of the 
 hiiildini,'. Tlu: First I'rolest.mt .Soi ieiy olfend to 
 ^ive it room in the rear of their church on the north- 
 east corner of Woodw.ard Avenue and I.arned 
 Street, provided they could have occasional use of 
 it. Their terms were anipted, .md <jn September 
 (), iKj7,theCoiin( il .ippointcd a committee to siiper- 
 inlend its removal and rci>.iir; on ( )clol)er 19, 1827, 
 Ue ("larmo Jones w.is p.iid tifiy ilollars for movinjf 
 the buildinj;. In the spring; of 1833, after the First 
 
 'I'liK Ooi'ur lloi'sK i)K C'aiudi.. 
 
 di" providini,' materials " for piittinjj the Indian Coun- 
 cil House in a propi'r situation for the ,iccommod;i- 
 lion of troops." The house was built of stone, and 
 was originally but one story iiii;h. In 1S36 or 1827 
 the .Masonic Order w'as allowed to add anotlier 
 siory, ni.ide of bo.irds with split lath .and pl.aster on 
 (uilsidc, .ind to use it for their meetiniis. The lower 
 room would .accommod.ite .about two hundred |ier- 
 sons. Itw.asiiscd for .almost every purpose ; courts, 
 fairs, and elections were held in it, and ri'liijious and 
 piiliiic-il societies used it in turn. The Indian De- 
 partment occupied .1 portion as late as 1831. It was 
 burned in 1848. 
 
 'I'lie liistory of the third Council House is cert.iinly 
 a movinif one. It was ori,i,nn;illy called Milit.iry 
 Hall, and occupied part of the old cantonment 
 
 I'rotestant Society built their brick session room on 
 Woodw.ird Avenue, they had no furtlier use for the 
 buildin.ij. and on June 5 the Council j;.ive the First 
 M. K. Church permission to move it to the rear of 
 their lot, on northeast corner of Woodward Avenue 
 and Conj^ress Street. In its new location, as on F.ir- 
 ned .Street, it vvasoccupieil by the Comm ' Council, 
 .and ^.liiied the name of Council I louse. Arter tarry- 
 in^r on C(jni;ress Street for si.x years, on July 9, 1839, 
 the Council ij.ave the buildinjf to the colored M. K. 
 Church, and they moved it to Croijh.in Street near the 
 northwest corner of Hastinjjs Street. In 1841 it 
 was moved to the north side of F"ort Street, between 
 Ikush and Ik-aubien Streets. Here it was used as 
 a Methodist Church, and about 1848, after the 
 society had buik a brick church, it was torn down, 
 
474 
 
 TIIL CUUKT HOUSE OK CAl'lTOL. 
 
 Tin; (Ol HI IIOUSK OR CAI'llUI,. 
 
 " Kur nil, ill Milil.iry pricli', 
 
 Uoiicly uMilit lliir ;ia>(ur<''t ivjilc, 
 
 riir I'lriitiirial Coiiit lli>ii'« >Iim>(| 
 
 In bold ii'lii ( agaiiisl tlic svuuil, 
 
 lliliiiul, friiiii li<inr->.lriwiil plains, arose 
 
 A noisy crowd of larrion ( rows, 
 
 l)isturl>iiiv: liy tlx'ir riamoroiis laws 
 
 'I'how hIii. JMitli niadi' and dialt the law»." 
 
 — Camtubll, 
 After tlic lire of 
 1805, an Act nf 
 Coni^Tcss of April 
 2i,i8o6,;uitli()ri/,c'(l 
 the laying out of a 
 new town of De- 
 troit and of ten 
 tlioiisaiul acres ad- 
 joining,'. 'I'lie Act 
 yave tile (Governor 
 and Judires i)ower 
 to dispose of tlie 
 ten thousand acres, 
 and such portion of 
 the town lots as 
 were not needed to 
 satisfy the claims of 
 inhabitants, and to 
 devote the pro- 
 ceeds towards 
 building a Court 
 House and a Jail. 
 On September 13, 
 1806, the (lovernor 
 and J udges decided 
 that the Court 
 House should be 
 built in the center 
 of the Grand Cir- 
 cus, and on No- 
 vember 3 following 
 $20,000 were ap 
 propriated for 
 erection, 
 years pa? 
 
 without ' .c- 
 
 tion, and u.^n, by 
 Law of November 
 7, 181 5, the Act lo- 
 cating it on the 
 Grand Circus was 
 repealed, and it 
 was decided to lo- 
 cate it at the head 
 of Griswold Street. 
 Nearly nine more 
 years elapsed, and 
 
 then plans were solicited. \''arious drawings were 
 submitted ; that made by Obed Wait was accepted. 
 
 and he was eventually paid ^Ooo fcjr sui)criiueniliiij^ 
 the erection of the building, Mr. Wait's estimate 
 of' the cost was $ii,25o.c/;, but on May 31, 1X23, 
 U. C. McKinstry offcrcil to build it for $7,000. 
 There must have been a mistake somewhere, for on 
 July 25, 1823. the Governor and Judges contracted 
 with I). C. McKinstry, Tliomas Palmer, and Di 
 Garmo Jones to erect it for $21,000. The bill for 
 
 extras footed up 
 $3,500 additional. 
 The terms of this 
 singular coiitrai L 
 were as follows: 
 The contractors 
 were to have 6,500 
 aiul 92-iuo acics 
 of the Ten Thou- 
 sanil Acre 'I'racl 
 atS2.i2;i per acre, 
 and one hundred 
 and forty-four city 
 lots, named in a 
 schedule, at an 
 average price of 
 $50 per lot. In ad- 
 dition to erecting 
 the building they 
 were to pay the 
 creditors of the 
 Detroit Fund, with- 
 in three )eais. 
 $12,000, and to 
 havi' §3,000 of ilic 
 debts due .said fiini I. 
 The building was 
 to be completed 
 before Decembei 
 I, 1824. The cor- 
 ner stone was laid 
 in ancient masonic 
 form on Monday, 
 Sci)t ember 22, 
 1823, by the mem- 
 bers of Zion, De- 
 troit, and Oakland 
 Lodges. The Ma- 
 sons met at their 
 hall at eleven 
 o'clock, and pro- 
 ceeded in proces- 
 sion to the place; 
 at 12 M.William A. 
 Fletcher delivered 
 the address, and at 
 the conclusion a 
 bountiful dinner was provided at the expense of 
 D. C. McKinstry. 
 
THK COURT HOUSK OR CAPITOL.— CITY MALLS. 
 
 475 
 
 cr 22, 
 ic niciu- 
 lon, Df- 
 Oakland 
 Tlic Ma- 
 
 at their 
 t'lcvcii 
 
 ul pro- 
 proees- 
 place ; 
 
 iliain A. 
 Jelivcred 
 s, and at 
 
 usion a 
 
 lense of 
 
 111 those d.'iys the crfM-tion of so larj^'c ,1 liiiildiiij,; 
 was ati extensive enterprise. The tiiiishiniii con- 
 Muned several years, ami no p.irt was oniii)ie(i 
 until M.iy 5. 1S28, wlu'ci the Legislative Countil met 
 liir the lirst time within its walls. In his ()|)eninj; 
 •iddress at that time the president of the Council 
 said, " Permit me, jj^entlemen, to con.^'ratui.iti' yon 
 on the honor that is conferred on tis in Inini; the 
 lirst to occupy this splendid hall as a le,v;isi;itive 
 ixiily, and may tlie l.iws we here enact hi' .is credit- 
 ahle to us ;is this noble editice is to its projector and 
 its .architect." 
 
 In order to aid the contractors who built the Jail, 
 .*is well .as those wlio built the Court House, the 
 Ciuvernor.'ind Judges, betwei-n tlie years of iSiyand 
 1826, issued scrip to the amount of §22,50x3, in sums 
 of S2.00, $3.00, S5.00, S 1 0.00, and S20.00, recciv- 
 ,ii)ie in p.iyments for lands, or redeemable out of 
 moneys received from sale of lands. The lands 
 were sold at such low prices that, on June 23, 1828, 
 the Council were imi)elled to jj.ass ;m Act jjju.'ir.antee- 
 inij the scrip issued by the (iovernor and Jud,v;es, 
 and pledjjfinif the faith of the Territory to make ,;(ood 
 .my deficiency arising from sale of the l.inds ; the 
 s,inie act authorized the (Governor and Judges tt) 
 accept the Capitol. The building was s»i.\ty by 
 ninety feet in size, and the cupola, one hundred antl 
 forty feet high, was a favorite place from which to 
 vii^w the city. In 1847 it w.as decided to remove the 
 State Capitol to L.ansing, ,ind the Last session of the 
 Legislature held in the building closed on March 17 
 of that year. For the subsequent history of the 
 building, see chapter on Board of Education. 
 
 CITY HAI,LS. 
 
 The old City Hall, size fifty feet by one hundred 
 feet, was located just east of Woodward Avenue, in 
 tile mickiie of Michigan (inipl Avenue; the history 
 of its erection is as follows : On December 21, 1833, 
 a committee of the Council was appointed to select 
 a site for a Market and City Hall. It was thought 
 tiiat Michigan Avenue would be selected, and on 
 December 27 a meeting of citizens o|)posed to 
 tiiat location, was held, but on the same d.iv the 
 committee of the Common Council reported in 
 favor of the site named. On January 3, 1834, C. C 
 Trowbridge and Henry How.ard were appointed ;i 
 lonimittee to jirocure a design. On M.ircli 19, 
 1834. a plan was jiresented by Mr. White, and on 
 April 10 following a contract was entered into with 
 John .Scott to erect the building for $11,449, one 
 fourth payable in advance. The lime used in its 
 crecticn was burned on the Campus Ma'tius, and 
 the building \\"is completed and first occupied on 
 November 18, 1835. It cost $14,747, this sum 
 representing the visible jirocrcd.^ of the lots sold by 
 tlie city on the Military Reserve. The lower p- 
 
 up to the spring of 1856, w.as oc<-upied by stalls for 
 the sale of meat ; it w.as then fitted up for lity oKices, 
 .1 s.ifety v.'iult being added in 1863. The city clerk 
 and collector had their ollices in the second story.' 
 
 The council-room in the up|)er, story of the old 
 City Hall was used for ..arious public" entertain- 
 ments, and w.as at o:ie time rented continuously for 
 weeks .as a theatre. Courts held their sessions tlvere, 
 and several religious bodies, at dilferent times, h.id 
 the use of it. Originally of a brick color, the build- 
 ing w.as .ifterw.irds p.iinted a slate color. After the 
 comiiletion of the new City Hall, it w.as formally 
 vacated by the Common Council on July 18, i87r. 
 It w.as .afterwards given to the Hoard of I'duc.ation, 
 to be fitted up for the public library, but they sur- 
 rendered it on receiving the site in Center I'.ark. 
 It w.as fin.ally sold for $1,025, .and torn down in 
 November, 1872. 
 
 The new City Hall has prcjbably no superior 
 among the municipal h.alls of the country ; both 
 the building and its site command universal .admir- 
 ation, and are in every way well ail.apted for the 
 convenience of the people and the ollicials. The 
 grounds embrace an entire square, bounded east 
 and west by Woodward Avenue and Criswold 
 Street, .and north and south by Michigan Avenue 
 and Fort Street. 
 
 A portion of the square was purchased by the 
 city in 1854 for Si 8,000. Five years later, on .Sep- 
 tember 30, 1859, a ciii/.ens' meeti ig voted $250,0(X) 
 tow.irds the erection of the building, and on No- 
 vember 1 5 a committee on plans was appointed, 
 consisting of C. H. lUihl, mayor; H. L. Webb, 
 comptroller; J. Shearer, J. S. Farrand, and E. Le 
 Favour. On M.arch 6, i860, so much of the soiiare 
 as formed part of the Campus Martius was set 
 apart by the city as a portion of the site. On April 
 23, 1861, the committee on plans reported in favor 
 of designs submitted by James Anderson. 
 
 The w.ar with the South delayed the erection of 
 the building, .and nothing further was done until 
 August 28, 1866. A contract was then made with 
 Ch.arles Stange to build the basement for $58,625. 
 On April 23. 1867. A. W. Copland, W. H. Langley, 
 and J. W. Waterman were appointed a committee 
 to go East and insjiect methods of heating. On 
 M.ay 21, 1867, A. Chapoton was appointed superin- 
 tendent of construction, and on November 26 of 
 the same year the comptroller was directed to 
 advertise for proposals for completing the building. 
 
 1 In 1857 the oftices of the m.iyor, sewer commissioners, sur- 
 veyor, and assessor were in the old seminary buildinK on the site 
 of the new City Hall. The growth of the city business required 
 still more office room, and in 1866, and up to the completion of 
 the new City Hall, the ofTices of the city surveyor, lioard of 
 sewer commissioners, and some other city officers, were located 
 in the Williams lilock on Monroe Avenue. 
 
476 
 
 CITY HALLS. 
 
 On February 13, 186S, the bid of X. Osborne iv 
 Son, of Rochester, N. V., for 8339,578, was aceeptctl. 
 Five (lays later they reportetl to the Council tiiat, by 
 an error in the footiniis, $60,000 was omitted from 
 the total of their bid, and tiiat, althout^li the next 
 lowest bid was $469,500, tiiey would do the work 
 for $379,578, or $20,000 less than the sum they 
 originally intended for their bid. In accordance 
 
 Auditors, subject to a|)|iroval of the Common Council 
 and Board of Supervisors, under whicii the count\ 
 was to pay $12,000 a year, quarterly, in advance, 
 for I'lfteen years, the county to tit uj) its own rooms, 
 except that the city was tcj pay part of the expense 
 of titlinir up the Circuit Court room. The aijrce- 
 ment was accejited, and city and county officers 
 occupy the building. In 1883 the county obtained 
 
 Oi.i) CiTv Hali. anu Surroundings in 1862. 
 
 with their proposition, a contract was made the fol- 
 lowing day. 
 
 On August 6, 1 868, the corner-stone was laid 
 with imposing ceremonies ; an address was made by 
 C. I. Walker. 
 
 The original contract called for a plain fl.'it roof, 
 but the Council decided in May to have a mansard 
 roof, at an additional cost of $3,500. 
 
 It was expected that the county ofTices would be 
 located in the building, and a special committee of 
 the Common Council was appointed to decide upon 
 the rooms to be occupied by them and the price to 
 be paid by the county. On March i. 1870, the 
 committee reported an agreement with the Board of 
 
 a new lease and considerable more room than they 
 had previously occupied. 
 
 On June 20, 1S71, the last p.aymcnt was m.adc to 
 the contractors, and the city took form.il ])osscssi<)n. 
 On July 4 the building was formally o|ienc(l, the 
 occasion being celebrated by a procession, spcerlios, 
 etc., and on July 18 the City Council held its lirst 
 session in the new council chamber. 
 
 The building is on the western half of the square. 
 It has four fronts, but the principal entrance is on 
 Woodward Avenue. It is two hundred and four 
 feet long from north to south and ninety feet wide. 
 The first story ^is thirteen feet high, the second 
 eighteen,''and • tfie third twetity-nne ; the height of 
 
mm 
 
 OPERA HOUSES AND I'UI'.LIC HALLS. 
 
 477 
 
 
 made to 
 issi'ssion. 
 MK'd, the 
 ■;peeel)es, 
 
 its lirsl 
 
 e square, 
 ce is on 
 mil four 
 'et wide, 
 second 
 cinjln of 
 
 1 ■ l)uildinu; to the eornice is sixty-six feet, and to 
 ; ,) of llaj,'-staff two Imiuh'od feet. Tiic style is 
 I; iliau, with a mansard roof. The wails are of 
 A nherst sandstone, from near Cleveland. The 
 iMildin,^' is intended to he lire-proof. The hails 
 liavc m.irliie lloors, and the main lloors rest on 
 l)iiel< .'irehcs, suppc 'ted by iron beams. The total 
 I ist of the buildintj --as $600,000, and the square 
 (il i.uid on wiiieii it st.mds is worth as mueli mo''e. 
 ( *ii tiie several eorniees of the first .section of the 
 tower are stone fij^nires, eacli fourteen feet hii^h, 
 n presentinu^ Justice. Industry, Art, and Commerce. 
 The nimiber of stejis to the top is : from sidewalk 
 to entr.mce door, 13; to stairway, 67 ; to the clock. 
 143; to the lop 
 of the tower, 
 213. From the 
 tower, which is 
 reached by iron 
 st.iirways, a mai.;- 
 iiiliecnt view is af- 
 forded. The usual- 
 ly clean streets 
 look cleaner still 
 ill the distance; 
 the groves of 
 sliatle - trees, the 
 elei;ant residences, 
 the river and its 
 siiipping, the Can- 
 adian shore and 
 Belle Isle, all unite 
 to form a panorama 
 not often e.xcelled. 
 The weight of the 
 i)eli in the tower 
 is 7,670 pounds, 
 ami it cost $2,782. 
 Tile clock is the 
 largest in the 
 United States, and 
 
 tiiere is but one larger in the world ; it cost 
 $2,850, and was set running on July 4, 1871. 
 The pendulum weighs one hundred and twenty-five 
 pounds. The striking part is wound once in eight 
 days, and the running part every thirty days. The 
 weights have a fall of one hundred and twenty feet. 
 The clocK has four dials, each eight feet three inches 
 in diameter. In the evening the dials are illumi- 
 n.ited, and the figures can be plainly .seen. The 
 contract for keeping it in order is awarded yearly. 
 On either side of the eastern portico is an old 
 r;,nnon. These cannon originally belonged to the 
 tleet of Commodore Barclay, and were captured at 
 the battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 18 13. 
 After the battle the fleet was taken to Erie, I'enn. 
 When that station was abandoned as a naval dcpik 
 
 Thb CiTV Haul. 
 
 by the (iovernment, the guns were ordered removed 
 to Detroit. Here they were placed on the (lovern- 
 meiit Wharf, between Wayne and Cass Streets. 
 Several years later the wh.'irf and these guns were 
 purchased by Oliver Newberry. The guns were' set 
 in the ground, and for a long time, as occasion 
 required, ves.sels were fastened to them. One of 
 the cannon eventu;illy came into possession of a 
 foundry, and was about to be broken up, when a 
 subscrijition of one hundred dollars was raised for 
 its purchase, and on April 12, 1872, it was presented 
 to the city. On May 17 following, its male was 
 presented by Messrs. Moore, Foote, & Co., and on 
 July 4, 1874, both guns were mounted in their 
 
 present position, 
 and addresses 
 appropri.ite to the 
 o c c ;i s i < ) n deliv- 
 ered. 
 
 A presentation 
 of siill greater his- 
 toric interest was 
 made in August. 
 1884. One of our 
 oldest citizens, Hela 
 Hubbard, h;iving 
 caused .statues of 
 Cadill.ic, La .Salle, 
 and Fathers Mar- 
 quette .'uul Richard 
 to be ]ire]iared by 
 Julius Melchers, 
 presenteil them 
 to tiie city, and 
 had llieni pi.iced 
 in the niches pro- 
 vided for statues 
 on the east and 
 west fronts of the 
 building. T h e 
 statues cost several 
 thousand dollars, and are worthy of the building 
 .and the donor. 
 
 OPF.RA HOU.SF.S AND PUHI.IC HALLS. 
 
 In olden times the Indian Council House, near 
 the river and east of (iriswold Street, was in requi- 
 sition for balls and other entertainments. After the 
 fire of 1805 the Council House, on the corner of 
 Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street, became the 
 place where public meetings of every sort were 
 held. Woodworth's Hotel was also a favorite meet- 
 ing place. 
 
 In the spring of 1833 the Presbyterian Session 
 Room was completed. It was a small brick build- 
 ing on the east side of Woodward Avenue, in the 
 
4/8 
 
 Ol'KRA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS. 
 
 center of llic block between Cdiij^^ress and Larned 
 Streets. It was a favorite Jerture antl deljatint;' liall ; 
 and, up to 1850, all the public exercises of the then 
 
 Arbeiter Hall. 
 
 very popular Younsj Men's Society took 
 place within its walls. 
 
 The State Capitol was also used for 
 lectures and exhibitions of various kinds. 
 
 Young Men's Hall, on the north side 
 of Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and 
 Randolph Streets, was dedicated Novem- 
 ber 27, 1850. It seated about 500 people, 
 and was the wonder and pride of the 
 city for many years. 
 
 Firemen's Hall, located on the south- 
 west corner of Jefferson Avenue and 
 Randolph Street, was opened (Jctober 23, 
 185 1. It seated nearly 1,000, and was 
 deemed exceedingly desirable for concerts. 
 
 Merrill Hall, in the Merrill ISlock, on 
 northeast corner of Jefferson and Wood- 
 ward Avenues, was the next hall used 
 for public entertainments. It was opened 
 November i, 1S59, and, with the gallery, 
 will seat 1,000 persons. 
 
 Young Men's Hall, in the Biddle House 
 Block, was first used November 21, 1S61. 
 It seated 1,500, and for many years was 
 a popular place of resort. Since 1875 it 
 has been but little used for lectures. 
 
 Arbeiter Hall, owned by the German 
 AVorkingmen's Aid Society, located on the 
 northwest corner of Catherine and Russell 
 Streets, seats 1,300; it is chiefly used 
 by German citizens. It was opened May 17, 
 1868. 
 
 St. Andrew's Hall, formerly the Woodward Ave- 
 
 nue M. K. Church, was lUted up ;is a public hall, 
 and t"irst used as such by the .St. Andrew's .Society 
 in 1867. The building was torn down in April, 1883. 
 
 The Detroit Opera House, facing the Campus 
 Martins, was opened March 29, 1S69. It is ele- 
 gantly fitted up, and seats i ,800. 
 
 Whitney's Grand Opera House, on northwest 
 corner of .Shelby and Fort .Streets, seats 1,400, and 
 was first used September 13, 1875. 
 
 The large and imjiosing building of the Ilarmo- 
 nie .Society is located on the southwest c<jrncr of 
 Lafayette and ISeaubicn Streets; it seats 1,300, and 
 was dedicated November 11, 1S75. 
 
 The Gynmasium, Hall and Rooms of the Detroit 
 Young Men's Christian Association were formerly 
 located on west side of l'"armer .Street, between 
 Monroe and Gratiot Avenues. The building was 
 dedicated February 14, 1876, and the hall, with the 
 rooms opening into it, would scat 800 persons. 
 In 1882 the Association sokl the property to the 
 Detroit Medical College. 
 
 Coyl's Hall, facing the Campus Martins and ad- 
 joining the Detroit Opera House, was built in i860. 
 
 Detroit Opera Hot'SE. 
 Clothing Stores of J. I.. Hudson, 2 and 3 Opeka House Hlock. 
 
 and could accommodate 600 persons. It is chiefly 
 used for business purposes. 
 
 Masonic liall, on north side of Jefferson Avenue, 
 
OI'ERA HOUSES AND PUBLIC HALLS. 
 
 479 
 
 I 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 fe 
 
 ■ 
 
 rsi.ocK. 
 
 cliiefly 
 ivenue, 
 
 bL-twcen Cjrisvvokl and 
 June 24, 1857. 
 
 (]o()d Templars' 
 Hall is on north- 
 cast corner of 
 Woodward Avenue 
 and Grand River 
 Street. Kittelber- 
 i;cr's ILiU is on 
 Randolph Street near 
 Monroe Avenue. 
 I'unke's Hall was on 
 south side of Ma- 
 comb near Ueaubien 
 Street. It has been 
 used as a dwelling 
 for many years, 
 liarns' Hall, in the 
 liarns Block, corner 
 (if Woodward and 
 (irand River Ave- 
 nues, was llrst fitted 
 up as a hall by the 
 Red Ribbon Club, 
 and dedicated on 
 June 10, 1879, as 
 i-leform Hall. After 
 the disbanding of 
 the club it took its 
 name from the 
 block in which it is 
 located. 
 
 While's C.rand 
 Theatre, fc^rmerly 
 Music Hall, facing 
 i\aniliil[)h Street, 
 and between Cro- 
 jjhan and Lafay- 
 ette Streets, was 
 erected in 1880, 
 and opened as 
 Music Hall on 
 .\u,v;ust 31 of 
 that year; it seated 
 
 Shelby Streets, was dedicated 
 
 Whitney's Opera House. 
 
 FoRMEK Music Hall, now Whmk's Gkanu Theatre. 
 
 3,000, and was nuich the largest hall in the city. In 
 the sunuiier of 1S83 it was arranged iov a theatre. 
 
 Under the provi- 
 sions of State Laws, 
 approved May 24, 
 1S79, and March 18, 
 1 88 1, requiring the 
 mayor to ajipoint 
 three building in- 
 spectors, the Council, 
 by ordinance of Au- 
 gust 18, 1882, provid- 
 ed for their appoint- 
 ment, with power 
 to inspect all build- 
 ings or platforms 
 erected, or to be 
 used for public gatii- 
 erings, and to decide 
 on the safety of all 
 such structures. In- 
 spections are made 
 at the request of 
 owners, agents, or 
 lessees, or of any 
 member of the Me- 
 trojiolitan Police, and 
 are certified to if sat- 
 isfactory. For such 
 services the com- 
 missioners are paid 
 at the rate of $3.00 
 per day by owners 
 or agents. The 
 first commission- 
 ers, appointed Feb- 
 ruary 10, 1 882, were 
 P. H. McWilliams, 
 Geo. D.Mason, and 
 Henry Spitzley. 
 On November 2, 
 1883. Mr. Mason 
 was succeeded by 
 ,F. W. Simpson. 
 
CHAPTER L I I I . 
 
 OLD TAVERNS AND NKW HOTELS. 
 
 Ir is not proposed in this article to include the 
 minor establishments, but only the older or more 
 important public houses, and in these the chanj^es 
 have been numerous, making it evident that few 
 persons " know enough to keep a hotel." 
 
 After the city came under American control, and 
 as early as 1805, the Dodemead House, near the 
 southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Siielby 
 Street, was one of ihe best-known taverns. At the 
 same lime, and until 1827 or later, Colonel Richard 
 
 known characters of that time. He came to Detroit 
 in 1806, and as early as May, 1812, was keeping a 
 hotel on the northwest corner of Wootlbridge and 
 Randolph Streets. In 1818 he built a new house 
 on the same site, and opened it in March, i8iy. 
 This house was the chief headquarters for passen- 
 gers by vessel and steamboat, and in it the various 
 stage lines had their offices. The " long room " was 
 in almost constant recjuisition for fairs and public 
 meetings, and for many years no public dinner was 
 
 WoODWOKTh's STBAMnOAT HoTEL. 
 
 Smyth was keeping Smyth's Hotel, called, in 1823, 
 the Sagina Hotel, and subsequently the Michigan 
 Hotel. It was on the west side of Woodward Ave- 
 nue, between Jefferson Avenue and Woodbridge 
 Street. From 1830 to 1834 it was kept by Jolm 
 IJrunson. 
 
 The most noted caravansary was Woodworth's 
 Steamboat Hotel. The landlord, famili.irly known 
 as " Uncle Hen," was a brother of the author of 
 "The Old Oaken Bucket," and one of the best- 
 
 all that it should be unless given at this noted resort. 
 In the spring of 1844 the house was purchased by 
 Milton IJarney, and on May 9, 1848, it was burned. 
 The same fire destroyed the Wales I lotel in tht 
 adjacent block, on the south .side of Jefferson Ave- 
 nue, just east of Randolph Street. The buildin.i; 
 which formed the nucleus of that hotel was erected 
 by Oovernor Hull in 1807. In February, 1835, it 
 was fitted up for a hotel, and in May following was 
 opened by John Griswold as " The American." He 
 
OLD TAVERNS AND NKVV HOTELS. 
 
 4^1 
 
 \s,is soon succeeded by Mr. I'ratt, and in May, 1838, 
 I'l Uy & Hawley were proprietors. Tiiey were suc- 
 ceeded by Colonel Dibble, and he by Austin Wales. 
 During; 1840 Simon Huri< and S. K. Ilarrini; ofli- 
 ci.iled as landlords. In May, 1841, tliey were suc- 
 ceeded by H. A. Chase and Joshua \'an Anden, 
 from Rochester, N. Y. In September, 1S41, or 
 tarlier. Mr. Cliase retired. Mr. \'an Anden con- 
 tinued until August, 1845, when the house was ex- 
 t( nsively retitted, and opened on January i, 1846, 
 as Wales' Hotel, by Austin Wales and his two 
 sons. They were proprietors of the house when 
 it was burned. Harriet Martineau, who visited 
 Detroit in June, 1836, in her "Society in America," 
 gi\ es this account of her stay at this house : 
 
 tractive appearance. The hotel contained thirty 
 bedrooms; it had a frontage of seventy feet, and 
 was two hundred feet deep, extending through to 
 Lamed Street. It was torn down about 1836. 
 
 In 1817, and for some years after, John I'almer 
 was keeping a hotel on the south side of Jefferson 
 Avenue, between Bates and Randolph Streets. 
 About 1828 John Garrison built and kept a house 
 called the "Yankee IJoarding House," on the east 
 side of Bates Street, between Jefferson Avenue and 
 Earned Street. He was succeeded by Mr. Wattles. 
 In 1 83 1 the house changed hands, Mr. Sherward 
 becoming proprietor. Mr. Williams followed Mr. 
 Sherward, and kept the house until 1833. D. Petty 
 succeeded him, and changed the name of the house 
 
 \\\i rciichcd the American just in 
 tJMU' fur hrcakfust At that lung 
 table 1 had the pleasure of seeing 
 the healthiest set of faces I had be- 
 hi Id since I lift Kngland. 'I'he 
 breakfast was excellent, and we were 
 sirvtd with much consideration ; but 
 tin- pi. ice was so full, and llu; accor^v 
 inodations of l)etroit are so insi.li'i- 
 cient for the influx of people who 
 are betaking thems''vi,s tbiUi<r, that 
 stran.i;ers must ))i,-i illy put up with 
 much dilay and iueonvenii.':i', till 
 new houses of entertai[iinent are 
 opened. We had to wait till near one 
 o'clock before any of us could have 
 a room in which to dress. 
 
 Another noted hostelry of 
 tile past, known as the Man- 
 sion I louse, was located near 
 what is now the northwest 
 corner of Jefferson Avenue 
 ami Cass Street. The build- 
 ing had a varied history. 
 Erected by James May after 
 the fire of 1805, from the 
 remains of the old stone • 
 
 chimneys, it was successively 
 
 a residence, jail, court-house, the British quarters, 
 again a residence, and finally a hotel. Originally it 
 was a story and a half high. From 1815 to 1824 it 
 was kept by Major Whi|)ple, an old captain in 
 (ieneral Wayne's army. He was succeeded by John 
 lirunson, who kept it until 1827, when it was pur- 
 chased by John E. Schwartz, who raised it, greatly 
 enlarged it on both sides, and l)iiilt a verandah in 
 fnintand on the western side. He opened it as a 
 hotel on Thursday, May 3, 1827. In July, 1829, 
 Isaac J. Ullman was proprietor. In 1830 the house 
 was .sold to Colonel Andrew Mack, and on May 24 
 fiirmaliy opened by him. Three years after it was 
 cliised as a hotel. As seen from the river, the house 
 and its surroundings presented a homelike and at- 
 
 The Mansion HotisE. 
 
 to tlie New York and City Hotel. Soon after this 
 Mr. Anderson took charge, and was followed by 
 Horace Heath. In 1837, or earlier, Orson and Valen- 
 tine Eddy succeeded Mr. Heath. Mr. Eddy died in 
 1838, and the house remained closed until 1840. 
 
 We now turn back to 1835 or 1836, when Russell 
 Chase rented of Mrs. McMillan a house which he 
 called the P>anklin House, on the southwest corner 
 of Bates and Earned Streets. In the spring of 1837 
 J. C. Warner became the projirietor, and kept it 
 until 1840. He then purchased of John I.argy the 
 old New York and City Hotel, and named it the 
 Franklin House. From 1840 to 1845, liinior was 
 sold here, as at other houses, but after that date no 
 bar was kept on the premises. In 1846 S.Finney 
 
482 
 
 OLD TAVKRNS AND NEW HOTELS. 
 
 succeeded J. C. Warner, and kept the house five 
 years. After 1846 the name of llie house was 
 chanjjed from Franklin to Franklin Coldwater 
 House, and J. C.Warner again became the landlord. 
 He continued in charge until the summer of 1854, 
 when he erecteil and took charge of a new brick 
 hotel called the Franklin House, on the southeast 
 corner of Bates and Lamed Streets; on October 
 I, 1856, he leased it to John R. Tibbetts, who kept 
 it until December i, 1S65. Messrs. Winn^: Emery 
 then became proprietors. From 1866 to September, 
 1869, A. H. Emery managed it alone. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Charles Ruhl, who remained until May i, 
 1876, and was followed by A. Montgomery. On 
 July I, 1879, Messrs. Montgomery & Peoples be- 
 came proprietors. In September, 1880, they sold 
 thei- interest to Messrs. Andrew & J. C. Warner. 
 Soon after the management was assumed by War- 
 ner & James, and on December i, 1881, C. P'riedman 
 became manager. 
 
 The Eagle Hotel, 
 on the south side 
 of Woodbridge 
 Street, near Gris- 
 wold, was erected 
 about 1830 by Al- 
 exander Campbell. 
 In 1837 Horace 
 Heath, the pro- 
 prietor, was a zeal- 
 ous advocate of the 
 cause of the patriots 
 during the Patriot 
 War. In April, 
 1838, the house was 
 purchased by Wil- 
 liam Shaw, and in 
 November of the 
 same year by 
 Messrs. Crawford & 
 Murray. In 1845 ' 
 
 B. B. Davis was the landlord. B. S. Farnsworth 
 bought the building in 1853, and kept it as a hotel 
 for ten years. He was succeeded by W. Hickey, 
 who kept it two years, after which it ceased to be 
 used as a hotel, and on April 13, 1866, it was 
 burned. 
 
 In 1832, and for at least five years after, Thomas 
 Cliff kept a tavern on the west side of Woodward 
 Avenue, just above Clifford Street. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Mr. Busby, and in 1840 Mr. Turk was 
 keeping the house. 
 
 The New York and Ohio House, made memor- 
 able by the great fire of January i, 1842, which 
 originated in or near it, was in existence as early as 
 1834. J. & L. Ward were the proprietors until 
 1837, when it was purchased by T. G. Hadley. In 
 
 The National Hoiei. in 1846. 
 
 Deccmhir, 1838, he .sold to William Shaw, wIim 
 was occupying the hotel at the time the entire bloi :: 
 in which it stood was burned. 
 
 Of the leading hotels of the present day, tl.. 
 Michigan Exchange is a few months the ddest. Ii 
 was opened on June 27, 1S35, by E. A. Wales. In 
 1837 it was nianaged by Au.stin Wales. Soon aftn- 
 it was sold to O. 15. Dibble, who, in 1846, sold ii 
 to Mr. Goodnow, and he to Edward Lyon, who 
 openeil it on January i, 1847. In ifJji H. A. Bar- 
 stow was associated with Mr. Lyon in its managi- 
 ment, under the tlrm name of II. A. Barstow \ 
 Co. In 1852 the firm name was Fellers & Benja- 
 min. In 1835 a five-story addition was built, with 
 one hundred feet front on Shelby Street by one 
 hundred on Woodbridge Street, and this year Lyon 
 & liarstow were managers, followed in 1859 by 
 Fellers, Barstow, & Benjamin. In 1868 an enlarge- 
 ment was made on Jefferson Avenue by the then 
 proprietors, E. & F. Lyon. From 1874 to 1879 
 
 H. Porter was as- 
 sociated with Ed- 
 ward Lyon, <-'.ftcr 
 which the hotel was 
 conducted by Mr, 
 Lyon until May 1, 
 
 1 88 1, when he re- 
 tired, and was suc- 
 ceeded by J. 1). 
 Lyon and W. J. 
 Ferguson. In May, 
 
 1882, Mr. Lyon re- 
 tired, and Mr. Fer- 
 guson became sole 
 proprietor. 
 
 The Russell House 
 inherited the site 
 and the business of 
 the old Niitional. 
 The last-named 
 house was opened 
 on December i, 1836, with S. K. Harnng as 
 proprietor. In April, 1838, Austin Wales was 
 manager. In April, 1840, it was newly furnished 
 and opened by Edward Lyon. He was suc- 
 ceeded on January i, 1847, by H. D. Garrison, 
 who soon gave place to H. A. Barstow, and under 
 his management, in September, 1847, the hotel was 
 enlarged by a brick addition of thirty-five feet, by 
 seventy-five on Woodward Avenue. In April, 
 1 85 1, the house was closed for the purpose of beinu 
 rebuilt and improved. The wooden portion on 
 Michigan Avenue was moved away, and in 185: 
 a practically new hotel was opened by Fellers \ 
 Benjamin. In 1857, William Hale bought the prop- 
 erty, enlarged and improved the hotel, and on Sep- 
 tember 28 it was opened as the Russell House by 
 
OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS. 
 
 48. 
 
 W. 11. Russell, with William J. Cliitlcndcii as chief 
 iliik. (Jii December i, 1861. Mr. Russell was suc- 
 ctL(led by L. T. Minor, Mr. Chilleiulen continuing 
 as clerk. In 1863 H. P. Slevens was proprietor. 
 The next year W. J. Chittenden antl C. S. Witbeck 
 entered into a partnership as proprietors of the 
 house. In 1875 a larije addition was made on the 
 .soutiu-rly end of the Woodward Avenue front, and 
 a similar enlargement in 1876 on the Michigan Ave- 
 nue side. The same year L. A. McCreary became 
 associate proprietor. In 1881 Mr. Witbeck died, 
 and in that year the central portion of the lujtel was 
 turn down and a new building was erected, and first 
 
 present Detroit Opera House. The original build- 
 ing was moved from thejones Farm by Mr. Hallaril, 
 and opened as a hotel 1838. In 1840 it was kept 
 by I'atrick & Andrews. An advertisement in 1844 
 announced that they would carry passengers to and 
 from their hotel and give them a dinner for twenty- 
 live cents. After one year Mr. I'atrick retired. 
 Mr. Andrews continued the hotel until 1861, when 
 the pro[HTty was sold to J. F. Antisdel & Brother, 
 and in i • to Dr. 1'.. M. Clark ; the house was 
 then torii wn. 
 
 A hold bearing the name Mansion House, on the 
 west side of Griswuld Street near Atwater, was 
 
 isell House 
 
 the site 
 
 )usiness of 
 
 National. 
 
 ast-named 
 
 as opened 
 
 arring as 
 
 ales was 
 
 furnished 
 
 was suc- 
 
 Garrison. 
 
 nd under 
 
 lotel was 
 
 e feet, by 
 
 In April, 
 
 of beini; 
 
 rtion on 
 
 in 185: 
 
 'ellers \ 
 
 the prop- 
 
 1 on Sep- 
 
 ouse bv 
 
 RcssELL House, 
 Corner Michigan Grand and Woodward Avenues. 
 
 used in March, 1882. His Royal Highness the 
 Prince of Wales, the Grand Duke Alexis of I^ussia, 
 L.uly Jane Franklin, and Miss Elizabeth Dix, the 
 jfreat philanthropist, have been guests at the Russell. 
 
 The St. Joseph House, kept by Amos Lewis, on 
 the corner of Bates and Woodbridge Streets, was 
 hurned April 27, 1837. 
 
 The Detroit Cottage, kept by O. Field, was of 
 some note from 1837 to 1840. It had been the 
 I.arned residence, and was near the southwest cor- 
 ner of Woodward Avenue and Larned Street. 
 
 Andrews' Railroad Hotel occupied the site of the 
 
 built and conducted by J. Hanmer, as early as 1837. 
 On February 16, 1840, it was partially destroyed by 
 fire. After being repaired it was kept by B. S. 
 Farnsworth. In March, 1849, John Moore became 
 landlord, remaining until 1852. Since then it has 
 frequently changed proprietors. 
 
 The United States Hotel was located on Wood- 
 bridge Street, between Griswold and Shelby Streets. 
 It was in use in 1837. In 1840 H. Heath was the 
 landlord. After the burning of the New York and 
 Ohio House, William Shaw became proprietor and 
 continued until 1845. From 1845 to 1846 it was 
 
484 
 
 OI.I) lAVF.RNS AND NKW HOTELS. 
 
 kept l)y M. 'I'. K()l)iiison. On OcIdIht 31, 1S48, it 
 was biinii'd. 
 
 Tlic Ci'iitral R.iilmad H(nisc, kept l)y Joliii 
 Chambcrlaiii, oil llic iioillu'ast cnriuTof Mi(liit;aii 
 Avt'inic and Ciriswold Street, was burned on May 
 17, 184 1. In 1846 William Shaw was kccpiiii;- a 
 tavern c.'illed the Miciiij^an Kailmad I lolel, on the 
 northwest corner of Miehivjan Avenue and Oriswold 
 Street. In 1849 he sold the biiildinv; to W. dar- 
 rett, and on September 23, 1850, the house was 
 burned. The Coyl House, located on the west side 
 of Woodward .Avenue just north of Woodbridj^e 
 Street, was burned in tlu' lire of January 1, 1842. 
 The same yi'ar Mi'ssrs. Ilobert \ Ti rluine wvw 
 keepinvj a temperanee hoU'l at the (irner of Wash- 
 in,v,rton and Miehi,i;an Avenues. In 1843 the laiul- 
 lord was William Champ. 
 
 remainin.n until i.Sf)S, wlu-n he was sueci'cdt-d by II 
 '\V'. (iravi's. In iSfiy the nanus of llaekitlX: Uo-. 
 ai)ptar as proprietors; in 1870 and 1871 M;. 
 llarkctl was sole proprietor. In 1872 he \\;is siu - 
 eeeded by M. C,. MeLall. and after th.it time tlu; 
 buililinv,^ was used for other purposes. 
 
 In 1846 the (hand Riser llousi', on the north 
 west eoi'iur of Ciriswold and Crand River Streets, 
 was eonilueicd by Marvin Salter. He was sm • 
 eeeded ill 1848 or 1S50 by S. i\: J. Rreneh. In i8r.j 
 the proprietor w.is A. Cioodinan, who, six yeais 
 later, erected the Cioodmrm House on the same site. 
 
 The Northern Hotel, on the east side of Wood- 
 ward Avenue, near the (irand Circus, was opened 
 in M;ir<-h, 1846. In December, 1847, William I'er- 
 kins, Jr., became |>ropriet<)r of a hotel on the north- 
 east corner of Crand Rivur and Middle Streets. In 
 
 Andkhws' Kam.uoai) llomi. and Poniiac Dki-op. 
 
 The Commercial TTotel, on the .southwest corner 
 of WoodbridjL^e and First Strei'ts, was conducted 
 by John Murray in 1842, and was burned on Octo- 
 ber 6. A new hotel by the same name was erected 
 on the old site, and opened March 23. 1846, by 
 John Murray. In June, 1850, B. S. Farnsworth 
 became proprietor and remained four years. The 
 house was burned Auj^ust 19, 1856, 
 
 From 1845 until the great tire of May, 1848, A. 
 Leadbeater kept the Indiana House, on the south 
 side of Atwater Street near Randoljih. Soon after 
 the fire he opened the Western Hott'l, on the north- 
 west corner of Jefferson Avenue and Third Street, 
 
 1856 he built a larjje brick addition on Middle 
 Street, and in 1877 a l.ari^e four-story addition on 
 Griuid River Avenue. He is still (1884J proprietor, 
 and lias always had a laru^c patronatje. 
 
 Johnson's Hotel, on the southeast corner of Third 
 and Woodbridife Streets, was opened early in June, 
 1848, by H. R. Johnson. Mr. Johnson retired in 
 1852, and for the ne.xt seventeen months the house 
 was kept by ("zar Jones. Durinir 1853 Mr. Johii- 
 iujH resumed the manai^ement, and continued till 
 1857, when .S. 15. Kint>; became the proprietor. In 
 1861 the n.'une was chanijed to HaiL^x's Hotel, and 
 it was conducted by McDonald, Russell, & Co. In 
 
OLD TAVERNS AND NEW IIUIELS. 
 
 4S5 
 
 i;v)2 and 1863 R. McDonald & Co. were proprietors. 
 Ill 1S64 Slii'Idon iV (iravL'S wi-ro coiuluctinij; tin; 
 Iviirl, and llicy cliaiincd llu; n.inie to Cass I lonst'. 
 Ill 1865 Slu'ldon X: 'ryrnll were nianaiifrs. and 
 fiuin 1866 to 187S the Tyrrell liruihcrs. hi 1878 
 ii was ki'pt by Johnson it Fcrufimon, and in 1S79 
 !■;. Furjiusoii became sole [jruprielor. 
 
 [■'rom the sprint; nf 1S50 for nearly tliree years 
 \\ illiani .Shaw kept :i hotel on the southeast eorni'r 
 (i( Woodward .Axcnue ,ind (Irand River Streit. 
 The l)iiiklin,i( was then tuiiied into stores. 
 
 In 184S Colonel N. I'rouly was l.indlord of the 
 biiena \'ista House. 'I"hc biiildini; is still st-intlinvj 
 nil Sixth Street, between Walnut Street and Cir.ind 
 River Avenue. 
 
 Randolph, .and Ihush Streets, .and as ho owned the 
 b.al.inei', In,' eonirolli'd .almost tin- entirt- block. In 
 1872 he purchased the riv;hls of the \duni( Men's 
 Society, and in 1873 the W<)odbrid.v;e front of six 
 stories w.is .added. .M.iny thous.ands of doll.irs h.ave 
 bci'n sptiii upon the house for .ilti'r.ilions .and en- 
 l.irniiuenls. but diirini; much of tlu' timi' for the last 
 ten ye.irs the house .and stores underneath have 
 been unoccupied; .and specul.ations .ind riunors as 
 to prob.ible oceup.ints are .as common as rem.irks 
 upon the we.ithcr. 'Vhc house w.is tirst oiicned on 
 June 7, 1851, by Colonel O. IJ. Dibble .and his son 
 Charles. After the cnlarirement of 1861, on No- 
 vember 4, it was opened by J. & /\. Ii. Tabor. 
 Tliey were succeeded in August, 1871, by J. F. An- 
 
 W11.1.IAM Pkhkins' Horii. and Siouk, 
 Northeast corner of Ciriuul River Avenue and Middle Street. Motel built in 18)8-56. Store in 1877. 
 
 The Riddle House was erected in 1849 by a 
 stock company upon the site of the old American 
 or Wales I lotel, on ground belonging to the est.ate 
 of John Biddle. Various ch.anges took place in the 
 company, and fm.ally Luther Heeehcr became sole 
 proprietor. In i860 .and 1861 a large addition was 
 built on the east side, and Young Men's H.all erected 
 in the rear. On July i. i87r, Mr. Beecher obt.iined 
 a one-hundred-ye.ar lease of about two thirds of the 
 block bounded by Jefferson Avenue, Wotulbridge, 
 
 tisdel. who rem.iined two years, and was followed 
 by H. I'. Stevens. On February 7, 1874, John 
 Stevens became the m.in.ager. In 1875 J. ^L Max- 
 well w.as in charge ; and his successors, at various 
 times up to 1880, have been Howell & Schoaff, Gay 
 & Van Norman, and N. IL Williams. 
 
 The City Hotel on Lafayette Avenue, on the site 
 of the present Abstract Building, was built by Rod- 
 man Stoddard in 1850. Upon his death, in 1853, 
 Nathan Stone became the proprietor. From 1856 
 
486 
 
 OLD TAVERNS AND NEW HOTELS. 
 
 to 1S51; it was kept by C M. Stoddard, lie was 
 suocL'ciled in 1851; i)y 11. I,. Rlcvcs, wIid iiinaini'd 
 till i86i, wlu'ii C. M. Stoddard ri'sumcd tin- maii- 
 ai^cnu'iu. Ill 1866 ^s'i^■ilols(m i\: luiu-ry hccanu' 
 nianaiijt'rs, and in 1868 \wrv succi'i-di'd l)y I',. Tol- 
 luMiuis, will) was tlu; last to nciaipy tlic Ikuiso as a 
 liotL'i. The huildinu; was torn down in 1874. 
 
 From 1850 to 1859 II. R. .\ndrews, with (i. \V. 
 'I'hayer ,is clerk, kept tiie .American 'i'empei'.inee 
 Mouse in the old arsenal huildinjL; on the northwest 
 corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. 
 The biiildinvf was afterwards iisi'd as a Soldiers' 
 Home, ;ind w;is (U-molished in 1868. 
 
 .\t v.irioiis times a building on the southeast eor- 
 ner of Wootlward Avenue and Willi.ims Street 
 was oeetipied as a hoti'l ; and on December 22, 
 1851, a wooden building there loi'.iled. known as 
 the (ir.ind Circus Hotel, was partly burned, bi 
 1852 N. Stone was the proprietor, ami in 1S63 S. 
 Weaver. A later brick building was at one time 
 called l'iirdy"s Hotel, and in 1875 was known as 
 the I'ierson House; it subsequently became a 
 Turkish Hath establishment. 
 
 The Mereh.ints' I'.xchange, on the .southeast cor- 
 ner of driswold ami Woodbridge Streets, was built 
 by James Abbott, and opened by John Moore on 
 September 22, 1852. He rem.ained until December 
 31, 1866, when the building was converted into 
 stores. 
 
 The I'eninsular Hotel, originally part of the -old 
 National, was moved to the southeast corner of 
 Macomb and (Irand River Avenues, by Charles 
 Selkrig, in 1852. After him W. T. I'urdy was 
 manager for two years, and then John Small. 
 Frcjm 1862 to 1865 W. liisenlord was proprietor. 
 In 1867 the names of J. T. and L. M. Ives appear 
 as managers, and in 1869 J. T. Ives only. Other 
 landlords succeeded, but none remained long, and 
 in 1879 the building was torn down. 
 
 HIindbury's Hotel, on the corner of Michigan 
 and Washington Avenues, was erected l)y John 
 Blindbury in 1852. He kept it until his death in 
 1864. B. C. Hills succeeded him, followed by R. 
 D. Johnson, who was proprietor from 1865 to 1867. 
 In 1868 J. V. &. W. W. Antisdel became managers, 
 and the name was changed to Antisdel House. 
 After a few years W. W. .Vntisdel became sole 
 manager. In May, 1883, W. A. Scripps bought 
 the property, and W. W. Antisdel became a partner 
 with him in conducting the house. 
 
 The Garrison House was for many years an un- 
 finished brick building on the northeast corner of 
 Jefferson Avenue and Cass Street, in 1854 it was 
 enlarged, finished for a hotel, and opened on January 
 I, 1855, by A. A. & S. V. I'ond. In 1856 and 1857 
 George .Millard was manager. In 1859 it was kept 
 by J. J. Garrison, and in i860, 1861, and 1862 by 
 
 G.arrison i<: Gillm.m. In 18(13 .md 1864 it was kii-i 
 by D. C. Goodale, in 1865 by Cole iV Kingsley. i;i 
 i8f,r> ,ind isr.7 l)y H. H. and J. K.Cole, in iSi ^ 
 .ind 1869 by J. J. Rhodes, .and in 1870 and 1871 I , 
 Rhodes (."v Kingsley. After Mr. Rhodes' dc.i;:i 
 in 1S71 the house was rebuilt and tiuind in; 1 
 stores. 
 
 The hotel now known as the Madi.son, on tlic 
 northeast coriu'rof Jcffii-.sou Aveniu' and Kan(lnl|,Ii 
 Street, w.is origin.illy c.illed tin- St. Ch.irKs Iloi(|, 
 and was openeil by W. T. I'urdy and S. Co.sens m 
 1852. In 1853 (i. I" R. Wadleigh was proprietor, 
 and ,\. H. Goodrich in 1855, and the n.ime was then 
 changed to 'I'riniont liou.se. in 1862 and 1863 I). 
 S. Ilcadley was proprietor, from 1S66 to 1S70 D. C. 
 Goodale, , and in 1S70 G. Tucker, in 1873 the nann: 
 was changed to Revere House, and W, Gray was 
 proi)riclor, followed in 1S74 by O. W. Penny. He 
 was succeetled in 1879 by Cunningham & ISarnard, 
 and they in 1880 by W. H. Leiand, who changed 
 the name to Leiand House. In November, 1880, 
 the hotel w.is closed for rejiairs, and o|)eni'd Man h 
 9, 1 88 1, by George H. Martin & Co. as the Madison. 
 On June 1 following M. \'. Ilorgman took jiosses- 
 sion, and on August 20, 1883, (ieorge Seheller. In 
 December, 1883, the lease and good will of the 
 house was purchased by J. L. WildiT. 
 
 The Waverly House, immediately o]iposite the; 
 Michigan Exchange on Jefferson Avenue, was 
 opened by Cook & Baldwin in April, 1852. ''"hev 
 kejit it until November, 1853. J. 1'. Whiting then 
 managed it for a year, an(l Whiting (.V Luff for 
 several years. After this time it was rented for 
 other purposes. 
 
 The Howard House, on Congress Street, between 
 Woodward Avenue and Griswold Street, was opened 
 in 1853, with J. C. Davis as proprietor. In 1855 ho 
 was succeeded by George Miilard, who remained 
 three years or more. In 1862 .\I. W. Burchard w.is 
 acting landlord; in 1863 Mrs. R. A. ISishop; in 
 1864 J. Haggenbach; from 1S65 to 1869, A. A. 
 Corkins. In 1869 G. O. Williams was proprietor, 
 succeeded in 1870 by Mrs. (i. O. W'illiams. From 
 1871 to 1875 it was conducted by J. 15. Hamilton, 
 in 1875 by Hamilton & Clark, in 1876 by Iiooth ^i 
 Root, in 1S77 by G. T. Booth, and in 1878 by L. J. 
 Clark. On May 3, 1880, A'an Est & Graves became 
 proprietors, and the name was changed to Griswold 
 House. In 1881 the house was enlarged on the 
 nortfi side and extensively refitted. 
 
 The Lamed House, on the northeast corner of 
 Jefferson Avenue and Third Street, was opened by 
 O. Whitney on May 30. 1853. In 1862 M. W. War- 
 ner was in charge, and in 1S65 George Niles. It 
 was never a popular house, was often closed for 
 long periods of time, and was finally rented for 
 offices. 
 
ol.l) TAVKRNS AND NKW IIOTl'-LS. 
 
 487 
 
 ri\c Railroad F.xrliaiiv,^', 011 the soiitli side of 
 Mnliijraii Avfiint;, iK-twci'ii ilio Campus Martins aii<l 
 liitfs Street, was opc-nal by C. J. IJcardsici:, who 
 k' |it the hotel until i8()cS. In 1.S70 J. I'". I.oixicll 
 w.is manaj^riT. After 1878 llii' buildiiij; was torn 
 (Inuii, and the Manstidd Market erected 011 its site. 
 
 Tiie Fiiuiey House was built in 1854 i)y Seymour 
 I'iniiey, who ke|)t the house tnitil 1857. in 1858 
 r.irsliall & Autisdi'l were proprietors. From 1859 
 to 1S70 J. i'arshall was sole niana.mr; in 1870 C. 1'. 
 l.onl; from 1872 to 1876, A. II. I'.mery; from 1876 
 to 1883, N. H. William.s. In 1883 A. 11. Flinery 
 ,it;aiii bee.ime manai,HT. 
 
 186^). OiK' or more additions have since been made 
 to the buildiny. 
 
 Hotel Henry, at the lu-ad of Monroe A\enue, 
 was iri'cted in 1870, and up to 1882 was conducted 
 by John I li'nry. 
 
 Hotil Kenaud, on the northeast corner of Adams 
 anddrand l<i\er y\vi'niu's. was so named in 1873 
 by its owner, (ieorjiji' !'". Kenaud. 
 
 Hotel (iotHnct, on the .soulhe.ist corner of Ran- 
 dolph and Famed Streets, also dates from 1875. It 
 was conducted by James ('.ollinet imtil 1878, when 
 M. v. liorj^nian becanu! the proprietor, and the 
 name was changed to ISern;. 1 House. On January 
 
 EisENi.oK'1) House, 205 10 -.jii Cass Street, liuilt in 1864-75. 
 
 The Brighton House, on the southeast corner of 
 (irand River Avenue and (iillman Street, was 
 erected in 1863 ^V Harvey King. 
 
 The block on the northeast corner of Fort and 
 Randolph Street.s was fitted up as a hotel in 1865, 
 and conducted until 1879 by C. D. Erichsen. He 
 tiien moved to a building on Farmer Street, between 
 Randolph and Hates Streets. The first -named 
 huikling was turned into stores, and the hotel name 
 transferred to the new location. 
 
 The Eisenlord House, on the corner of Cass and 
 Lewis Streets, was built by William Eisenlord in 
 
 15, 1 88 1, the property 'vas sold to \V. A. Jones. In 
 1883 he was succeeded by R. J. Calvert. 
 
 The lirunswick House, on the southeast comer 
 of Grisw'old and State Streets, w^as opened in 1878 
 by A. M. Van Duzcr and J. D. Tucker. In 1879 
 E. H. Hudson was proprietor, in 1880 J. M. 
 Hanaford, in 1881 M. W. Field, and on June 
 29, 1882, the house was sold to Messrs. Dickinson 
 & Carr. 
 
 The Standish House, on the north side of Con- 
 gress Street near Woodward Avenue, was opened 
 in 1879 by L. B. Clark. Rice's Hotel, occupying a 
 
488 
 
 OLD TAVF.RNS AND NICW HOTELS. 
 
 part of the same block with the Standish House, 
 was ()|K'n('(l ill 1879 hy Jolm I). Rice. 
 
 In i.SSi the Williams lUock, 011 the north side of 
 Miihijian Avenue, facinjj the Campus Marlius, was 
 tilled u|) as a Imlcl, and op.'iicd on Aiiijiist 11 as 
 the Kirkwoud, with C 1'. Howell as proprietor. He 
 
 was succeeded on April 30, 1882, by Me.ssrs. Hart- 
 /.(■ll ili: Co. In July, 1882, owiny; i ) dilTK iillifs 
 betwren landlord and proprietors, the house was 
 closed. Ill 1883 a portion of the building was 
 ai^aiii opened ;is ,1 hotel with the s.mu' name, and 
 conducted by John C. Williams. 
 
CHAPTKR LIV. 
 
 IMPORTANT FIRKS. — FIRE MARSHAL. — FIRK LIMITS. — CHIMNKY SWEEPS. 
 
 IMPORlAi T FIRKS, 
 
 Many of the fires whidi have ocourrcd at Detroit 
 
 arc vitally comicctiid with imi)(iiiaiU historical facts. 
 SoiiU' of them affected all tiic future of the city. 
 I lie mention of many will recall collateral circum- 
 stances, locate various events, and suijtjest items of 
 interest. In the followinj; list there h.is heen no 
 endeavor to recall every hre, hut only those which 
 destroyed one buildinij or more, or an exceptionally 
 Lirifc amount (jf property. Soon after it w.is fourded 
 the settlement suffered from torch and tlame. 
 
 1703- This year Indians set fire to a barn fii'ed 
 with corn and other grain, located outside of but 
 adioininij the stockade. There v.-as a hi,i(h wind at 
 llie time, and the flames .spread, consuming the 
 liuirch and the houses of the priest. Commandant 
 Cadillac, and M. Tonty, as well as part of tlie stock- 
 ade. At tiiis tire Cadillac's hand was burned and 
 many of his papers destroyed. 
 
 1712, The .Mascoutins and Outaj,'amies, when 
 tlu'y besieged the fort, threw luindreds of burning 
 missiles inside the pickets, which .set fire to the 
 thatched roofs of the houses. The inhabitants put 
 out the fire with swabs attached to long poles, and 
 then covered the roofs with bear and deer skins. 
 At this time the church, storehouse, and several 
 other buildings outside the stockade were demol- 
 ished because they were so near as to endanger the 
 fort if set on fire. 
 
 1805. The ne.xt fire of \,-hich any record has 
 been preserved was the notable one of June ir, 
 I1S05, which, on account of its results, was the most 
 important local event that has taken place in 
 Detroit. The town came out of this fire entirely 
 clianged,— built on a new plan, with new streets 
 and new names, a new basis for the land titles, and 
 a new and original system of local government ; in 
 fact, every interest of the inhabitants, social politi- 
 cal, and commercial, was affected by the event so 
 appropriately commemorated in the seal of the city, 
 i'he inhabitants of Detroit, especially the trustees, 
 J^eem to have had a premonition of the calamity 
 which so completely swept away the town ; the very 
 first ordinance passed was in regard to protection 
 from fires, and the records show that a large portion 
 
 of each of their sessions was spent in framing regu- 
 lations about fires, and fining the inhabitants for 
 not obeying them. At their last nutting on June 3, 
 eight days previous to the fire, tin; inspectors were 
 ordered to inspect the premises of householders 
 once a week, to sec if their fire-buckets and fire- 
 b;igs were in order. 
 
 The fatal day arrived. A careless laborer, in the 
 employ of John Harvey, a baker, was sent to har- 
 ness the horses in a small stable situated on St. ,\nne 
 Street, on what is now the north side of Jefferson 
 Avenue, between Shelby and Wayne Streets. Tlie 
 fire of the man's pipe was c(jmmunicated to the 
 hay, and about nine o'clock in the morning the con- 
 ilagration began. There was little or no wind at 
 first, and no one was much alarmed. The old lire- 
 pump was brought into use, but as supplying it 
 from the river was a slow and tedious process, the 
 firemen resorted for water to a hatter's vat. The 
 fur and shreds from the vat soon clogged and dis- 
 abled the engine, and the fire spread apace, in less 
 than an hour reaching the pickets on the eastern 
 side of the town. 
 
 Meantime the inhabitants were not inactive. They 
 formed in double lines, obtained water, passed it 
 from hand to hand, and poured it on the llamca ; 
 but the effort availed but little, and was soon dis- 
 continued. Some of the people continued to throw 
 water from buckets and basins; others rushed 
 hither and thither with ladders and fire-bags, but 
 all in vain. Hoats, pirogues, and canoes were now 
 in requisition. Furs and flannels, beds and bundles, 
 goods and groceries, were placed therein, and with 
 heavy hearts and heavy loads the boats were pulled 
 away, in many cases only to be overtaken and 
 destroyed by the burning shingles that filled the air. 
 The margin of the river was thickly lined with 
 tables, chairs, chests, and bedsteads. In many cases 
 household goods and household gods were pre- 
 served only by being thrown into the water. The 
 excitable French population grew almost frantic as 
 they saw houses, shops, and barns, one after another, 
 turned to ashes almost in a moment. The thatched 
 buildings, many of them a century old, moss-grown, 
 and made sacred by a thousand memories and tra- 
 ditions, handed down from those who risked their 
 
 [489] 
 
490 
 
 IMPORTANT FIRES. 
 
 all ill the tirst settlement on tiie banks uf liie 
 Detroit, tlanied and tlasiied, and faded out of si,i,dit. 
 The narrow streets, rannin),^ from tweUe to twenty 
 feet in widtii, offered little or no hindr.inee to the 
 spread of the tire, and by tine o'eloek, out of nearly 
 two hundred buildinj^s inside of the stoekade, but 
 one was left, the stone ehimneys alone remaining to 
 mark tiic sites of the others. 
 
 The buildinjij left standin.i;^ was owned by Robert 
 McNiff, and was located on St. Anne's Street near 
 the site occupied in recent years by the Campau 
 House. A warehouse just outside of the stockade, 
 at the foot of what is now Wayne Sfeet, on the 
 southeast corner of Woodbridjje Street, was also 
 saved; it was owned by Angus Mcintosh, and 
 occupied by Colonel II. J. Hunt. 
 
 On the western side of Woodward Avenue there 
 were a number of buildings untouched by the fire, 
 which extended no farther than the middle of the 
 block between Griswold Street and Woodward 
 Avenue. 
 
 Rev. John Dilhet, a Roman Catholic clergyman, 
 gives this account of the tire : 
 
 I was occiipiitl with Mr. Richard when a mosscnitir came to 
 inform us that tliri;e huiists had huiii already cunsiimcd, and that 
 there was no hope of saving the rest. I exhorted the faithful who 
 were present to help each other, and immediately eomnieuced the 
 celebration of low mass, after which we had barely time to 
 remove the vestments and furniture of the church, with the 
 cfTects of the adjoining presbytery, when both buildings were 
 enveloped in the flames. 
 
 In the course of three hours, from 9 o'clock til! noon, nothing 
 was to be seen of the city except a mass of burning eoals, and 
 chimney-tops stretching like pyramids into the air. Fortunately 
 there was no wind during the conflagration ; this allowed the 
 flames and smoke to ascend to ,1 prodigious height, giving the 
 city the appearance of an immense funeral pile. It was the most 
 majestic, and at the same time the most frightful spectacle I ever 
 witnessed. The city contained at least one hundnd .ind fifty 
 houses, mostly frame, which caused the fire to spread with the 
 utmost rapidity. The number of people in the town being unusu- 
 .lUy large, there was ample force for removing the merchandise 
 and furniture of the inhabitants, which were in a great measure 
 saved. No personal injury was sustained during the fire. 
 
 This last Statement is evidently a mistake, for an 
 appropriation bill of December 8, 1806, contains an 
 item that not over $20.25 was to be paid to Cather- 
 ine Lasselle for "nursing a child crippled by the 
 conflagration of the nth day of June." Other in- 
 juries are spoken of and further particulars narrated 
 in the following letter from the agent of the public 
 stores at Detroit to Governor Harrison : 
 
 Detroit, June 14, 1805. 
 Sir,— 
 
 I have the painful task to inform you of the entire conflagration 
 of the town of Detroit. About ten o'clock on 'I'uesday last a 
 stable, immediately opposite the factory, was discovered on fire. 
 The first intimation I had of it was the flames bursting through the 
 doors and windows of the house ; I immedi.ilely gave the alarm, 
 and with great exertion siivcd my papers, and about two thirds of 
 the goods of the factory ; my private property was entirely con- 
 Bumed. 
 
 In less than two hours the whole town was in llames, and before 
 three o'clock not a v<slige of a house (except the chimneys) vis- 
 ible within the limits nf Detroit. The citadel and military stores 
 were entirely consumed, and the furniture bi-longing to the estate 
 of Colonel llamtramck shared nearly the same fate ; the china is 
 the only thing I can mention to be the contrary. 
 
 I have removed the factory goods to the ship yard, and am now 
 fixing a place to arrange them for disposal, agreeable to the origi- 
 n.il intenlion of the establishment, and I will speedily forward a 
 stalemenl of the loss that has beer sustained. The situation of 
 the inhabitants is deplorable beyond description ; dependence, 
 want, and misery is the situation of the former inhabitants of the 
 town of Detroit. Provisions are furnished by cimtributions, but 
 houses cannot be obtained. 
 
 Mr. Dodi mead lives in a corner of the public storehouse at the 
 ship yard ; Mr. Donavan with his family have gone to Sandwich ; 
 and Mr. Audrain, with many others, occupy the small house 
 below Mr. May's. A number of families are scattered over the 
 commons without any protection or shelter. 
 
 I have been very much bruised and hurt by my exertion to save 
 the property. My right arm particidarly is so much swelled that 
 1 can hardly hold the pen to write these few lines, and my mind 
 is equally affected with the distressing scenes I have witnessed 
 for the last three days. 
 
 I am. Sir, your ob't serv't 
 
 Robert Munro. 
 
 Just previous to the fire, Jacques A. Girardin, a 
 baker, kneaded a batch of bread and placed it in 
 his oven. \Vhen the fire ceased burning he be- 
 thought him of his loaves, and proceeded to his 
 bakery. To his astonisliment he ftiund that the 
 b.c'ad was not only uninjured, but well baked. It 
 was dinner time and also a time of need ; and his 
 hot and hungry neighbors were generously supplied 
 from this unexpected store. 
 
 A list of losses by the fire, presented to a com- 
 mittee of citizens, foots up ;^39,847, but tlie total 
 loss must have been much greater, as the names of 
 several score of persons, known to have been living 
 in the town at the time, are not included in the list. 
 
 After the fire some of the people were cared for 
 in farm houses along the river; others erected tents 
 and shanties on the commons in the rear of the old 
 town. In a letter to James Madison, Secretary of 
 State, dated August 3, 1805, Governor Hull says, 
 " On my arrival (July ist) every house was crowded, 
 and it was more than a week before I could obtain 
 the least accommodation. I am now in a small 
 farmer's house about a mile above the ruins, and 
 must satisfy myself to remain in this situation dur- 
 " ing the next winter, at least." 
 
 It was fortuitous, indeed, that the fire did not 
 occur in winter, for although there was much dis- 
 comfort, the mild weather made it endurable for a 
 time. The country people soon poured in, with 
 materials to be paid for when the citizens were able, 
 and also offered their assistance to raise new build- 
 ings. Timber, plank, stone, lime, brick, and other 
 materials necessary for building were of course in 
 great demand, — a state of affairs which appears to 
 have been peculiarly satisfactory to the lumbermen, 
 and in a letter to James Madison, written Augu.st 
 
IMPORTANT FIRES. 
 
 491 
 
 5. 1805, and on file at Washington, (lovernor Hull 
 makes known the horrible suspicion of th'.> people, 
 lie says, " It has not been aseertained h(j\v the lire 
 took place, but it is generally believeil it was by de- 
 sign, and by persons interested in the lumber trade, 
 (."ontracts had been previously made for all the lum- 
 ber at the mills, and which could be .sawed this 
 season, which was a novel arrangement in this coun- 
 try." Was it in deference to this belief that Gover- 
 nor Hull issued a proclamation on September 4, 
 1S05, forbidding all persons, on pain of fine and im- 
 prisonment, to cut any timber in the .St. Clair pinery.' 
 or was it because he purposed to prevent, as he did 
 prevent, the people from building on their old lots, 
 ill order to .secure the adoption of a new and really 
 better plan ? Such, at least, was the result of his 
 efforts, for no houses were built during all that year. 
 In connection with plans for the relief of the 
 jieople, some curious statements are made by Mr. 
 Cientle. He says : 
 
 Two (ir thrie days after the fire, the sufferers met in McComb's 
 orchard and appointed a committee to forward petitions to differ- 
 ent p.arts, and to receive rontriliiiti )ns for tile relief of the suffer- 
 ers. ThrouKh neglect the petitions were not forwarded until 
 about six weeks afterwards. I!y that time the public commisera- 
 tion had in a irreat measure subsided ; and this, we may suppose, 
 was the reason why in all the United States not one cent was 
 raised for our relief. Three weeks after the fire a vessel arrived 
 from .Miehiliinackinac and brought a contribution of nine hun- 
 (Ind an<l sixty-one dollars, addressed to Frederick Hates, James 
 Henry, and Robert .Vbbott, to be distributed amongst ' ■ most 
 necessitous of the sufferers. Soon after, a bill of exchar _ of one 
 thousand and ten dollars w.ts received from Montreal by K.lijah 
 lirush for the same purpose. Mr. linish disposed of the bill to 
 R. and J. Abbott, and received four hundred dollars prompt pay- 
 nunt. Meantime Mr. liates gave up his part of the charge to 
 Mr. Henry. Some part of the Michilimackinac money being in 
 bills on Montreal, Mr. Henry gave them over to K. and J. Abbott, 
 to the amount of $3j6. The whole in R. and J. Abbott's hands 
 is$9!5 ; in Mr. I!riish's, $400 ; in all, $1,1/11. 
 
 Towards spring, 1806, a meeting of the sufferers was held, and 
 a committee empowered to compel those to whom this money was 
 .nlrusted to give an account of its expenditure. A demand was 
 made, bn< the nswer not being satisfactory, it was resolved to 
 "iiler siii'.s agamst them al the following September term, if pre- 
 vious to that time they did not comply with the above demand. 
 
 The disposal of these contributions gave rise to 
 much controversy, ard the matter was considered 
 by the (iovernor .and judges on October 22, i8o8, 
 when "Judge Woodward laid on the table a reso- 
 lution for the appointment of a committee on the 
 subject of sundry considerable sums of money sub- 
 -scribed by the inhabitants of Montreal and Michili- 
 mackinac for the relief of the sufferers by the con- 
 llagration of Oi^troit." 
 
 It does not .ippear from the old records that a 
 .settlement was then made, and it is not probable 
 that any settlement would have been thoroughly 
 satisfactory to all parties. There is no evidence 
 that any of the funds were misappro|iriatcd. As 
 late as October 20, 1817, Solomon Sibley, who, in 
 
 some way, became the custodian of a part of the 
 funds, turned over to the University the sum of 
 $625.67, as part of the donation received from the 
 citizens of Mackinaw, and from some other party, 
 enough more (part or all of which came from Mon- 
 treal) was turned over to make up the sum of $940. 
 (.See History of the University). 
 
 The remembrances of 1805 made the people care- 
 ful and vigilant ; and for twenty years thereafter no 
 record or memory exists of a single conflagration. 
 
 1825. On the 27th of September the brewery of 
 Abbott & C.onverse was consumed, with a large 
 quantity of beer and barley. 
 
 1827. I'wo years later the Detroit Gazette an- 
 nounced the second burning of the brewery on the 
 17th of February, as follows : 
 
 Between 8 and g i'. m. a fire broke out in the brewery of 
 Mes.srs. Abbott & Converse, situated on Palmer & McKinstry's 
 wharf, adjoining the storehouse and wharf of Dorr lit Jones. 
 After most severe and unceasing exertions for upwards of lour 
 hours, the fire was so far checked as to warrant the hope that no 
 faitlur damage would be done by it. On taking i survey of its 
 rav.iges, it was found that in addition to Ihi^ brewery, the ashery 
 of Thomas Palmer, the shop of R. W. Paine, wagon maker, and 
 the shop of V'-. Kwers, cooper, were destroyed. Several small 
 buildings were torn down and others damaged. 
 
 1830. On April 26 the Detroit Gazette office, the 
 dwellings of John Smith and Judge McDonnell, the 
 stores of Major Brooks and Mr. Griswold, and the 
 offices of Dr, Clark and Thomas Palmer were 
 burned. 
 
 1831. On Sunday, January 16, at one P. M., 
 a building on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and 
 Griswold Street, occupied by .Mr. Heartt as a 
 hardware store, and also by Mr. Wendel, was 
 burned. The tlames extended to an adjoining 
 building, occupied by Dean & Hurlbut as a saddle 
 and harness store ; also to the adjacent dwelling 
 house occupied by the Messrs. Moon, Cole, Porter 
 and Dr. I lenry, which was destroyed, together with 
 many household goods belonging to John Farmer, 
 stored, during the absence of the family, over Dean 
 iS: Ilurlbut's. Total loss, about $8,000 ; insurance, 
 $4,000. 
 
 June 8, Judge Leib's house in Hamtramck was 
 burned. 
 
 December 9, the dwelling of Julius Eldred, 
 French &: Eldred's woolen factory, S. Phelps' gro- 
 cery and bath-house, also a house owned by B. 
 Campau and occupied by Mr. Moon as a grocery 
 and by Mr. Fairbanks as a dwelling, were destroyed. 
 All were located on and near the corner of Ran- 
 dolph and Atwater Streets. Loss, $9,000. 
 
 1832. March 16, a cooper shop, with dwelling 
 occupied by Mr. Sutton was burned. 
 
 March 28, house and stable owned by Mrs. 
 Hanks, occupied by J. Keeney. Two horses burned. 
 
492 
 
 IMI'ORTANT FIRES. 
 
 September 15, stable of Robert Al)b(itt, below 
 the city, burneci. 
 
 1833. July 15, Mr. Cioodell's barn, near the 
 jail. 
 
 Au.tfust 15, the new chvellintj of Mr. Heaubien 
 tool< fire ; Lieutenant Morris, with severa] U. S. 
 soldiers, aided in puttin,ij out the fire. 
 
 October 5, a fire at i A. M. in Z. Kirby's leather 
 store and W. & V. lirewsfer's dry gooils store, in 
 or next to Smart's Hlock. Roof burned and some 
 of the goods. 
 
 1834. Sunday, January 12, cabinet warehouse of 
 Moore & Hritton, corner of Randolph and Atwater 
 Streets, entirely consumed. 
 
 January i 5, Heartlsley's blacksmith shop. 
 August 21, steamboat, Oliver Newberry, partially 
 burned ; loss, $1,000. 
 
 1835. On Sunday, December 13, at 10.30 A. M., 
 a fire, corner of I.arned and Brush Streets, burned 
 an unfinished building belonging to the proprietors 
 of the Jcurnal and Courier; one adjoining building 
 was als(i entirely destroyed, and several others par- 
 tially burned. 
 
 1836. February 17, a fire began about 8 i'. M., 
 which burned N. T. Ludden's grocery and John 
 Hales dry goods store and shoe shop on Atwater 
 Street, near Herthelet Market. 
 
 September 6, Rice & Clark's steam saw-mill and 
 sash factory. Loss, about $15,000. 
 
 1837. January 4, at 3 P. M., a fire on the north- 
 east corner of Jefferson Avenue and Shelby Street, 
 in T. C. Sheldon's block, burned the Free I'ress 
 office, W. A. Naglee's confectionery and bakery, 
 Rufus Brown's grocery and A. Chaffee's blacksmith 
 shop. Total loss, about $23,000. 
 
 April 27, at 12.30 A. M., a fire broke out in the 
 bakery of Mr. White on Woodward Avenue, which 
 burned seventy-three buildings. It extended on 
 Woodward Avenue from Woodbridge to Atwater, 
 on Atwater, both sides, from Woodward to Ran- 
 dolph ; on both sides of Woodbridge to the Steam- 
 boat Hotel, near Randolph Street, leaving in three 
 blocks only one brick house and a range of low 
 wooden buildings, opposite the Steamboat Hotel. 
 Loss, about $200,000. Following is a list of the 
 property destroyed : John Farmer, block of three 
 stores ; J. L. Whiting, storage and forwarding 
 house ; J. White, bakehouse ; M. Bishop, provisions 
 and groceries; McKenzie & (Iraves, provisions and 
 groceries ; F. Moore & Co., provisions and grocer- 
 ies ; S. Fletcher, Hall of Amusement ; Garrison & 
 Holmes, grocery; J. Roberts, cigar manufactory; 
 Little & Wells, chair manufactory ; A. C. Pierce & 
 Co, wholesale grocers; H. P'arrar, liquor store; 
 Jesse McMillan, grocery and liquor store ; Robert 
 Terhune, crockery warehouse ; Amos Lewis, St. 
 Joseph House; Michael Dougherty, upholsterer; 
 
 William Dickenson, groceries ; William Andrews, 
 groceries; Mrs. Copland, bakery and confectionery; 
 Cieorge .Miller, groceries; Michael Kelly, provisions 
 and groceries ; C. L. Bristol, new block of five 
 stores. 
 
 1838. May I, building on northwest corner of 
 Jefferson and Woodward Avenues burned. The 
 occupants were: John McReynolds, loss $11,000, 
 insured for $6,000; T. H. Hickcox, lo.ss $3,000 ; 
 (icorge Doty, loss $5,000 ; De Graff & Townsend, 
 loss $1,000, insured; William IMielps, loss $300. 
 
 December 17, a bowling alley, tailor shop, gro- 
 cery and barn, at foot of Woodward Avenue, 
 burned at i A. u. 
 
 1839. February 9, at 3 A. M., a woodshed, stable, 
 two horses and a cow, belonging to Mr. Wilkins on 
 Jefferson Avenue. 
 
 June 26, Wednesday, at lo P. M., T. M. Ladd's 
 two-story house on Cass P'arm. 
 
 September i, evening, Cireat Western, at the 
 wharf of Gillett & Desnoyers. 
 
 1840. September 26, 4.30 A. M., corner of Gris- 
 wold and Larned Streets, a barn and four horses 
 burned ; the property of O. Field. 
 
 October 31, a barn and several small buildings 
 on southeast corner of Monroe Avenue and Farmer 
 Street, belonging to Major Kearsley. 
 
 December 17, Fletcher's Hall of Amusement and 
 Campbell's liquor store, foot of Woodward Avenue. 
 
 1841. Sunday, January 3, at 6.30 A. M., Major 
 Dequindre's house, corner of St. Antoine and Wood- 
 bridge .Streets. 
 
 May 17, C. L. Bristol's house, opposite the Capi- 
 tol, and Central Railroad House, on Michigan Ave- 
 nue, kept by John Chamberlain. Loss, $9,000. 
 
 1842. On Saturday, January i, a fire broke out 
 about 10 p. M., either in the Coyl House or the New 
 York and Ohio House, old wooden buildings, located 
 on the northwest corner of Woodward Avenue and 
 Woodbridge Street. The fire burned over the 
 entire block, bounded by Woodward and Jefferson 
 Avenues, Griswold and Woodbridge Streets, con- 
 suming twenty-five buildings, including the two 
 finest four-story brick stores then in the city. En- 
 tire loss, $200,000. 
 
 Among the buildings were those of Messrs. Lud- 
 den, Garrison, John Palmer, Webb & Douglass, 
 Dequindre, Moore, Chandler and Dwight. The 
 following business places were burned out : Adver- 
 tiser and P'ree Press offices, the Museum, F. Ray- 
 mond's clothing store, Warren's confectionery, 
 Gardner's crockery store, G. & J. G. Hill's drug 
 and grocery store, A. C. McGraw's shoe store, E. 
 Bingham's drug store, Nelson's grocery, Salsbury's 
 grocery, Johnson's tailor shop, the Custom House, 
 and many small establishments. 
 
 At this fire the ollicers and soldiers of the Fifth 
 
IMPORTANT FIRES. 
 
 493 
 
 Lud- 
 
 oiiglass, 
 The 
 Adver- 
 Ray- 
 tionery, 
 's drug 
 tore, E. 
 sbury's 
 House, 
 
 e Fifth 
 
 United States Rei^iment did effective service, for 
 which they were thanl<ed by tlie Common Council. 
 
 April 27, the Canadian steamer Western burned 
 at \Vatl<ins & Bisseli's dock. 
 
 October 6, 1 1 i'. M., O. Newberry's warehouse 
 and part of the Commercial Hotel. Loss, $3,000. 
 
 1843. Februruy 20, at corner of Woodward 
 Avenue and Woodbridge Street, a building occu- 
 pied by A. H. Stowell, H. U. Moore, and Witherell's 
 law office. The adjoining buildings, occujiied by 
 A. M. Bartholomew and M. F. Dickinson, were 
 much injured. 
 
 August 12, several small buildings, also a horse, 
 corner of Woodbridge and Beaubien Streets. 
 
 October 18, at 1.30 A. M., on south side of Jeffer- 
 son Avenue, between Bates and Randolph Streets, 
 the bin'lding occupied by (ieorge Egner, confec- 
 tioner; Tyler & Beaufait's hat store; Dr. Bar- 
 tholick, druggist; and Oantry, tailor, were burned; 
 also Barney Campau's dwelling. 
 
 1844. November 4, the house of G. Mott Wil- 
 liams, corner of Congress and Wayne Streets. This 
 was the first fire that had occurred since the one 
 last noted, over a year previous. 
 
 December 13, early in the morning, Campau's 
 Block, on northwest corner of Jefferson and Wood- 
 ward Avenues, partly burned. The stores were 
 occupied by W. & D. Bennett, druggists. Loss, 
 §5,000. Adjoining store of De Oraff & Townsend 
 slightly damaged. 
 
 1845. March 15, 2 A. M., Detroit Iron Com- 
 pany's Foundry entirely consumed. 
 
 1846. August 28, Mr. Holmes' residence on 
 Larned vStreet much injured ; barn burned, also a 
 carpenter shop and R. H. Hall's stable. 
 
 1847. March 8, dwelling on Woodward Avenue, 
 owned by C W. Morgan, occupied by J. C. W. Sey- 
 mour. Loss, $6o3. 
 
 July 24, dwelling near Central Depot, owned by 
 Mr. Lothrop, of Jackson, occupied by Mr. Le Roy. 
 
 .September 15, tannery of W. Barker, near Water 
 Works, burned. Loss, $10,000. 
 
 December 21, an extensive fire broke out about 
 1 1 o'clock in the block on north side of Jefferson 
 Avenue, between Randolph and Brush Streets. It 
 was first discovered in Long's wagon shop. It 
 sjircad rapidly half way to Brush Street, west to 
 Randolph Street, and north to the alley between 
 Jefferson Avenue and Larned Street, burning all as 
 far east as William Moore's livery stable. 
 
 1848. January 24, residence of Samuel Pitts on 
 Jefferson Avenue. Loss, $3,000. 
 
 April 12. 9 I'. M., barn used by D. Smart, corner 
 of Russell Street and Jefferson Avenue. 
 
 May 4, Odd Fellows' Hall, on Woodward Ave- 
 nue, considerably damaged. 
 
 May 9, an e.xtensive conflagration occurred. It 
 
 burned more buildings and destroyed much more 
 property than any previous fire. 
 
 It originated in De Wolf's storehouse, better 
 known as the "old yellow warehouse," located on 
 the river between Bates and Randolph Streets, and 
 was caused by sparks from the propeller St. Joseph, 
 then lying at the dock. The fire extended from 
 this point northeast nearly to the southwest corner 
 of Jefferson Avenue and Beaubien .Street, burning 
 most of the buildings, nearly three hundred in all, 
 south of Jefferson Avenue to the river ; and from 
 the middle of the block between Bates and Ran- 
 dolph Streets to the middle of the block between 
 Brush and Beaubien Streets, — a space equal to six 
 squares. For many years the locality was desig- 
 nated as the "burnt di.strict." Of the buildings 
 burned, one hundred and seven were dwelling- 
 houses, and between three hundred and four hun- 
 dred families were left homeless. Among the more 
 prominent buildings burned were the old Council 
 House, the Berthelet Market, Wales Hotel or the 
 American House, and Woodworth's Steamboat 
 Hotel. The fire broke out at 10.30 A. M., and lasted 
 till 4 P. M. The sparks were so numerous and so 
 large that, east of Woodward Avenue, nearly every 
 house had to be watched, and sparks brushed from 
 the roofs. The whole city was alarmed, and there 
 was great fear that the fire could not be subdued. 
 Several buildings were blown up and others torn 
 down, to hinder the progress of the fiames. Furni- 
 ture was carried for safety to points a mile distant, 
 and many families, nearly that distance away, com- 
 menced to pack their most valuable goods. The 
 total loss exceeded $200,000, on which there was 
 but $34,000 insurance. Sufferers by the fire were 
 relieved by committees of citizens. 
 
 August 22, William Barclay's !<> mdry burned; it 
 was a large wooden "building, on the corner of 
 Lafayette Avenue and Shelby Street. Loss, about 
 $12,000. 
 
 October 31, 11 P. M., United States Hotel, on 
 Woodbridge between Grisw'old and Shelby Streets. 
 
 1849. February 14, three wooden buildings near 
 the Commercial Hotel. One entirely, and two par- 
 tially consumed. 
 
 April 14, Bom's shoe shop and dwelling on 
 Larned Street, between Bates and Randolph 
 Streets, burned. 
 
 May 22, twelve o'clock midnight, a fire broke out 
 in the machine shop and engine buildings of the 
 Pontiac Railroad Depot, and the buildings and their 
 contents, including many valuable patterns, tools, 
 etc., were destroyed. The engines were removed 
 without injury. The depot was on the southwest 
 corner of Gratiot and Farmer Streets. 
 
 June 5, Wilcox's carpenter shop, on the north side 
 of Farrar, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues, 
 
494 
 
 IMroRTANT FIKKS. 
 
 ciilircly, and llic acljoiniii;^ old l)ii(k tlu'.itrt.- partially 
 ik'sii()y(.'d. 
 
 June 14, John ICtiwards' uld Ferry House, at tlie 
 foot of Woodward Avenue, was Ininied. 
 
 Au.i,^ust 23, a t'ln: on Monroe Avenue, near Ran- 
 dulpli, burned Northrop's bkuksniitii shop, (iraves' 
 paint shop, and a earpenter siiop. 
 
 December 7, a lire on soutii side of Jefferson 
 Avenue, between Hates and Randolph Streets, 
 originating in a frame buildinj,' next to M. H. Wei)- 
 ster's hardware store, burned Stewart's Ixitanie 
 store, Ilirseii «S: Silberman's eivjar store, William 
 Lambert's clotlies cleaning establishment, anil other 
 business places. 
 
 November 19, officers' (juarters at l-'ort Wayne 
 burned. 
 
 1850. March 20, about three o'clock A. M., a fire 
 broke out on northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue 
 and driswold Street, and Collins' eating house. 
 Banks' clothing store, Rankin's shoe store, Marsh's 
 jewelry store, and the stores of Kowe & Co., oyster 
 dealers, anil Hates &. Henderson, tailors, were de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 May II, the Williams' IJlock, on south side of 
 Jefferson Avenue, corner of Hates Street, was dani- 
 aged by a fire in the upper stories; building occu- 
 pied by Carpenter & liice, J. & W. Thompson, and 
 James Lowry. 
 
 Jinie 17, a grocery, on corner of Jefferson A\enue 
 and Heaubien Street, and several wooden buildings 
 were burned. 
 
 September 23, a barn attached to the Michigan 
 Railroad House, on northwest corner of ('iriswold 
 Street and Michigan Avenue, was set on fire, and 
 the llames communicated to the hotel, which was 
 totally destroyed. 
 
 October 29, tnx' in a carpenter shop on State 
 Street, in rear of (J. M. I lyiWs dwelling and First 
 M. E. Church. The last two buildings somewhat 
 damaged. 
 
 November 19, the M. C. R. R. Depot, with all its 
 contents, was burned. Loss, $150,000. The burn- 
 ing of this depot was the culminating act in the 
 " Railroad ConsjMracy Case," and had much to do 
 with that celebrated trial. 
 
 1851. April 11, the Seamen's Home Hotel, on 
 Atwatcr Street, together with three or four other 
 wooden buildings. 
 
 May 3, F. V. Markham & Hrother's book store, 
 on Jefferson Avenue, next to l-iremen's Hall, also 
 James Riley's house in the eighth ward. 
 
 December 22, (irand Circus Hotel and barn. 
 
 1852. January 23, car manufacturing shop of 
 M. C. R. R. and mucn lumber. 
 
 April 16, Cooper Hlock, on Jefferson Avenue, be- 
 tween Ciriswold and Shelby Streets, nearly con- 
 sumed. 
 
 September 28, three dwellings and two burns, 
 corner of Congress anil Russell .Streets. 
 
 October 15, C. C. Jackson's house, on Woodwnrd 
 Avenue, between State and (Irand River Streets, 
 binned, and I). C. Holbrook's much injured, 
 
 1853. February 10, the furniture factory of 
 Stevens & Weber, above Cirand Circus, burned. 
 
 February 15, Fllis's ilry goods store, southeast 
 corner of Woodward y\ venue ;uul Congress Street. 
 
 June 23, a fire on Ciratiot Street, near Heaubien; 
 four buildings entirely, anil several others ]iartially 
 ilestroyid. 
 
 May 30, the dry kiln of Sutton's pail factory, on 
 l'"ort Street West, burned. 
 
 August 15, a pottery on Orleans Street, near 
 (iratiot, was totally ilestroyed, and a man burned to 
 death. 
 
 November S, old Howling .Mley, on Monroe Ave- 
 nue near the Campus Martins, known as the Halo 
 Alto Saloon, and two adjoining buildings, occupied 
 as a bakery and a meat shop, were burned. 
 
 1854. January 10, the First i'resbyterian Church, 
 on northeast corner of Woodward Avenue and 
 Larned Street, with half the block between Larned 
 Street and Jefferson Avenue, the fire extending to 
 the old Hoston shoe store of L. L. Farnsworth. The 
 tire began in .Smith & Tyler's shoe store, on Wood- 
 ward Avenue, and consumed the grocery stores of 
 T. Lewis and (leorge Davis, T. H. Armstrong's 
 hat store, Foster's paint shop, a barber shop, P. 
 Teller's residence on Larned Street, and the Presby- 
 terian Church. The burning of the church was a sad 
 but splendid sight ; as the llames streamed up and 
 enveloped the steeple, they illuminated half the city. 
 
 The picture given of the fire is from an oil paint- 
 ing produced from a sketch made by Robert 
 Hopkins the morning after the fire. The original 
 appearance of the church is more accurately shown 
 in connection with tiie history of the churches. 
 
 January 22, M. C. R. R. oflices, at foot of Third 
 Street, burned. Loss, $10,000. 
 
 June 26, Colored Hapiist Church, known also as 
 Liberty Hall, on Fort Street East, between Heau- 
 bien and St. Antoine Streets. 
 
 June 29, Phillips' sash factory, part of the Penin- 
 sular Hotel barn, a bakery, and four dwellings, 
 burned. 
 
 August 6, Lutheran Church, on Monroe Avenue, 
 corner of l-'arrar Streets, anil two frame dwellings. 
 
 August 19, a number of barns and sheds between 
 Larned Street and Jefferson Avenue and Hrush 
 and Heaubien Streets. 
 
 September 19, two wooden buildings on Atwater 
 and First Streets burned and two others injured. 
 
 October 20, Ingersoll's carpenter-shop, on Wood- 
 bridge, between Bates and Randolph Streets, 
 burned. 
 
IMPORTANT FIRES. 
 
 495 
 
 Di-cember 22, cooihi- sljop ami three clwclliiii^s 
 on (Iratiot Avenue. 
 
 December 23, Wenzell's tin shop and adjacent 
 buildings, on Woodward Avenue near the Campus 
 Martius. 
 
 1855. January 24, Wilcox's carpenter shop on 
 Farrar, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues, 
 consumed. 
 
 March 7, Lonj^'s livery stable, on Woodbridge 
 Street in rear of Firemen's Hall. 
 
 May 28, grocery and feed store of Todd & Van- 
 
 August 17, Mechanics' Hall, on Ciriswold Street, 
 partially consumctl. 
 
 August 19, Commercial Hotel, on Woodbridge 
 and First Streets. 
 
 September 19, dwelling houses, occupied by the 
 Mi-sses Scott and Mrs. J. C. Ladue. corner of Hast- 
 ings and Lamed Streets, partly burned. 
 
 December 24, C. & 1". Melius's saw factory, on 
 Fort Street East, near Heaubien. 
 
 1857. January 13, old Abbott Block, on Atwater 
 Street. 
 
 I'enin- 
 
 ■ilings, 
 
 Burning of First Presbyterian Church. 
 
 (ierwarker, southeast corner of Woodward and 
 (jrand River Avenues. 
 
 September 4, Cass Warehouse, foot of First 
 Street, occupied by Williams & Buckley, burned. 
 Loss, $30,000. 
 
 1856. May 1 3, German Theatre, corner of Rivard 
 and Macomb Streets, burned, two other buildings 
 injured. 
 
 May 18, Tribime Building, northeast comer of 
 Woodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street. 
 
 February 12, New York Boiler Works and Hall's 
 Hotel, on Atwater near Hastings Street. 
 
 Jime 20, fire in Tenth Ward, caused by inhabitants 
 seeking to drive disreputable persons out of the 
 ward. 
 
 1858. February 5, the old Srpart Buildings, 
 known also as the " Scotch store " of Campbell & 
 Linn, on northeast corner of Jefferson and Wood- 
 ward Avenues ; also the adjoining brick stores on 
 Woodward and Jefferson Avenues, occupied by 
 
496 
 
 IMrORTANT FIRES. 
 
 Sheldon i\: Brother and Anibcr.ij tit Co., were 
 burned. Loss, §50,000. 
 
 February 14, larcje wooden building, corner of 
 Brush and (iratiot Streets, occupied by Moross & 
 Provost. 
 
 March 7, old wooden theatre on northwest corner 
 of State and Farrar Streets. The old brick theatre 
 opposite partially burned. 
 
 April 1 1, Hyde's planing mill, in Tenth Ward. 
 
 April 16, Moffat's saw mill, in Tenth Ward. 
 
 September 20, old barn on Cass Farm, belonging 
 to Mr. King. 
 
 December 31, Tribune Building, northeast corner 
 of Woodward Avenue and Woodbridge Street. 
 
 1859. February 8, stables of Grand River House, 
 near corner of ( Iriswold and Grand River Streets. 
 
 March, 24, Funke's hat store. King's clothing 
 store, and Elliott's paint shop, on north side of Jef- 
 ferson Avenue, between Bates and Woodward. 
 
 April 25, Grigg's chair factory, on northwest cor- 
 ner of Brush and Gratiot Streets (formerly used as 
 a warehouse by the D. & P. R. R. Co.), and eight 
 otlier buildings. 
 
 May 22, dwelling of A. H. Stowell, on northeast 
 corner of (iriswold and Grand River Streets, par- 
 tially burned. 
 
 June 15, old railroad freight building, on Michi- 
 gan Avenue, site of New City I lall, partially burned. 
 
 June 20, William Phelps c\: Company's store, 98 
 Jefferson Avenue, damaged, and three or four other 
 stores burned. At tl.is fire R. W. Wright, by over- 
 exertion or inhaling of smoke, was much injured. 
 
 July 2y, W. F. Belman's grocery, corner of John 
 R Street and Woodward Avenue. 
 
 i860. January i, old Whig Cabin, next to Bid- 
 die House, occupied by several small firms. Loss, 
 $5,000. 
 
 January 19, Blindbury's planing mill, on Atwater 
 Street, between Rivard and Riopelle Streets. Loss, 
 $3,000. 
 
 January 29, frame house, corner of Lamed and 
 Brush Streets. Loss, $1,000. 
 
 March 5, box factory, rear of 200 Macomb Street. 
 Same day, old oilcloth factory, on Jefferson Avenue, 
 near St. Aubin Avenue. Loss, $400. 
 
 March 18, residence of H. H. Wells, corner of 
 Jefferson Avenue and Rivard Street, greatly dam- 
 aged. 
 
 May 3, two houses on Hastings, between Fort 
 antl Lafayette Streets. Loss, $1,000. 
 
 May 15, dwelling on Earned Street in rear of the 
 Cathedral. 
 
 May 30, a row of one-story buildiijgs, corner of 
 Michigan Avenue and Third Street. Loss, $1,000. 
 
 June 3, several piles of lumber at Pitts' Mill. 
 Same day, U. M. Richardson's match factory. 
 Loss, $1 2,000. 
 
 June 17, J. Taylor Sc Co.'s grocery, a two-story 
 building, corner of Macomb and Grand River 
 Streets. Loss, $4,000. 
 
 July 4, old Detroit Institute, or Fowler School- 
 house, in use as a livery stable, with eleven horses, 
 burned. Loss, $3,200. 
 
 July 7, barn near Woodward Avenue and be- 
 tween Columbia and Elizabeth Streets. 
 
 July II, frame dwelling, corner Park and Sproat 
 Streets, occupied by Mr. Deming, burned ; several 
 others injured. 
 
 August 1 1, several stables in alley near Beaubien 
 and between Congress and Earned Streets. Loss, 
 $1,500. 
 
 August 12, two buildings, on Earned near St. An- 
 toine Street, partially burned. 
 
 August 29, fire on the dock between Cass and 
 First Streets ; Newman's roofing establishment and 
 Pittman's warehouse burned, and other buildings 
 damaged. Loss, about §5,000. 
 
 December i, stores of J. Van Baalen, P. Carr, W. 
 G. Peters, IE S. Lapham; Wanbeq & Musche, J. 
 O'Connor, and D. McCormick, burned ; they were 
 on north side of Michigan Avenue, between Gris- 
 wold and Woodward Avenues. 
 
 1861. January 4, fire on north side of Jefferson 
 Avenue, between Griswold and Woodward Ave- 
 nues. D. Amberg's clothing store burned and S. 
 Grigg's furniture store badly damaged. 
 
 January 25, Traub Brothers' jewelry store, on 
 south side of Jefferson Avenue, between Bates and 
 Randolph Streets. 
 
 February i, old wooden buildings on west side of 
 Woodward Avenue, from Atwater Street to dock, in- 
 cluding Brady warehouse. All burned. Loss, §7,000. 
 
 February 22, fire in .Scotten, Granger, & Lovett's 
 tobacco factnry, on Randolph Street, and in A. 
 Eingeman's jewelry store, at head of Michigan 
 Grand Avenue. 
 
 March 15, Mechanics' Hall, in use for police 
 court, on Griswold Street, partly burned. 
 
 REiy 5, residences of S. E. Pittman and Mrs. Van 
 Anden burned, also two or three smaller buildings 
 on Woodbridge Street, near St. Antoine. 
 
 May 29, building on Sixth and Locust Streets, 
 occupied by Mrs. Starkey's select school. 
 
 June I, F. E. Eldred's tannery, in Springwells, 
 badly damaged. 
 
 June 10, Ouinlan's grocery, corner of Seventh and 
 Grand River Streets. Loss, $2,500. 
 
 Ju'v 4, house belonging to Mr. Flattery, occupied 
 by Mr. Elliott, also adjoining residence and two 
 barns, corner of Rivard and Earned Streets. 
 
 July 13, old building, formerly a Catholic Church, 
 on the Church Farm in Hamtramck. 
 
 July 18, Michigan Oil Company's store, in 
 Woodbridee Street. 
 
IMPORTANT FlRKh. 
 
 497 
 
 Irs. Van 
 juildings 
 
 jccupied 
 ind two 
 
 I Church, 
 
 Ire, 1 1 1 
 
 Auifust 22, two houses on Maple, hctwciii Or- 
 igins and Dciiuiiidrc Streets. 
 
 September 6, larije barn and shed in Kini^'s 
 stiiikyard, also a bull. 
 
 December 23, store on corner of Macomb and 
 Si. Antoine Streets. 
 
 December 26, residence of Mr. German, corner 
 ol Clinton and Chene Streets. 
 
 1862. April 2, M. C. R. R. cujjine house. Ki.vjht 
 loiMimotives badly damaj^ed, §20,000 worth of 
 property destroyed. 
 
 Auijust 1 2, steam sawmill of H. A. (.\: S. (i. \Vi,i,'iit. 
 Loss, S75.000- 
 
 1863. January i, tire at Heavenrich brothers' 
 store, 78 Woodward Avenue. Loss, §5,000. 
 
 January 7, twelve o'clock i'. M., \V. V.. Tunis's 
 stori', near northwest corner of Woodward y\veiuie 
 and Larned Street, upper part occupied by rdj^rim 
 lv: Cray. 
 
 I'ebruary 3, T. J. ILaywood's store, on Atwater 
 Sucet, between (Iriswold Street and Woodward 
 Avenue. 
 
 March (>, durini,' the riot ajijainst the neijroes in 
 connection with the trial of F.iulkner, the city was 
 tired in sonic twenty places, and eiyhty-tive build- 
 injrs on Lafayette, between Brush and St. Antoine 
 Streets, on Brush near Conirrcss, and on Beaiibien 
 nc.ir Croi,diaii, were burned. 
 
 July 18, Congress Street ^L E. Church nearly de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 1864. September 23, warehouse occiipii-d by ]>. 
 O'Cirady and Black & Young, on dock at foot of 
 First Street. 
 
 September 30, large brick factory and shop of 
 Morhous, Mitchell, & Byram, on south siile of 
 Woodbridge, between Beaubien and St. Antoine 
 Streets. 
 
 1865. April 23, Campbell & Linn's dry goods 
 house, on northwest corner of Woodward Avenue 
 and Congress Street. Loss, $50,000. 
 
 October 18, M. C. R. R. freight house and large 
 quantity of freight. Loss, $1,500,000. 
 
 1866. April 26, in the evening, the passenger and 
 freight offices and depots of the D. & M., and M. 
 S. & L. S. Railroads, also the freight depot of the 
 (>. W. K. R., at foot of Brush Street and extending 
 to St. Antoine Street, were burned, together with 
 over eighty cars, the steam ferry Windsor, antl an 
 immense amount of freight. Loss, over $1,000,000. 
 Kighteen lives were lost at this tire, and in this re- 
 spect it was the most disastrous the city ever ex- 
 perienced. 
 
 May 6, three distinct hres took place, burning the 
 liardware store of Charles Busch, on north side of 
 Jefferson Avenue, near Bates, a carpenter shop at 
 1 1 2 Randolph Street, and a two-story house on 
 Clinton Street. 
 
 October 9, Frost's woodenware works, on Wight 
 at foot of Leib Street. Loss, $20,000. 
 
 November 24, the paint shop of M. C. R. R. 
 Loss, $80,000. 
 
 1867. June 3, Worcester, Standish, & Co.'s paint 
 factory and eight dwellings.' Lo.ss, several thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 Jime 28, the b(<.\ factory of Dewey tX: Brady, and 
 last f.'ictory of Mumford, Foster, >.■<: Co., on Atwater 
 Street, at foot of RiojU'lle Street. 
 
 1868. January 2, old wooilen buikling, on north- 
 east corner of .Atwater and St. .\ntoine Street.s, oc- 
 cupied as City Mission Lodging House. 
 
 April 4, part of the old Merchants' F..\change 
 Motel. It was occupied by the Detnjit Stove 
 Works and LL B. B.ildwin X: Cu. 
 
 December 7, Hubbard iS; King's planing mill. 
 Loss, §20,000. 
 
 1869. January 23, old Athemeum, formerly Con- 
 gress Street .M. K. Church. 
 
 June 29, Fulton Iron Works, corner of Franklin 
 and Brush Streets. Two tiremen badly injured. 
 Loss, about §50,000; insurance, §2o,cxx). 
 
 July I, the picture frame factory of Date & Berry, 
 on southwest corner of Randolph and Atwater 
 Streets. Loss, §60,000. 
 
 1870. January 9, a two-story fr.ame building, 
 used as grocery and dwelling, on Wight Street, be- 
 tween Walker Street and Joseph Campau Avenue. 
 Five persons burned to death. 
 
 1871. February 11, Trowbridge ]ilock,aL foot of 
 Bates .Street, on west side, jiartially burned. Loss, 
 §60,000. 
 
 ^Llrch I, Peninsular Dressed Lumber Company's 
 Works, on southeast corner of Atwati-r and Riopelle 
 Streets. Loss, §50,000. 
 
 May 1 1, I'ullm.an Car shops, on northeast corner 
 of Croghan and Deciuindre Streets; three cars and 
 one of the shops biuau'd. Loss, §50,000. 
 
 June 1 1, !•". Stearns' drug stt)re, on west side of 
 Woodward Avenue near Larned Street. Loss, 
 $16,588. 
 
 July 31, Excelsior Club Boathouse and boats, on 
 south side of Atwater, between Chene Street and 
 Joseph Campau Avenue ; also four ice-hou.ses be- 
 longing to Seitz Brothers. 
 
 December 4, the tol)acco factory of M. Rosenfield 
 & Co., 19 Jefferson Avenue, on north side, between 
 First anil Second Streets. Loss, $20,000. 
 
 December 30, F . .Stearns' drug .store, on west side 
 of Woodward Avenue, burned, — second tiroc this 
 year ; four lives lost. Loss, $64,000. 
 
 1872. July 14, brick store at 522 Gratiot Street. 
 Loss, $10,000. 
 
 July 29, four stores, numbers 948 to 954, on 
 Michigan Avenue. Loss, $9,500. 
 
 August 5, match factory, on corner of Grand 
 
498 
 
 IMPORTANT FIRES. 
 
 River Avenue and Thirteen -and -a -half Streets. 
 
 Loss, $20,000. 
 
 September lo, the jj^ymnasiiini buiidiny^, on the 
 southwest corner of Congress and Randolph Streets ; 
 also a i)icture-franie store on Jefferson Avenue. 
 Loss, §30,000. 
 
 ()etoi)er 7, brick store, 145 Woodward Avenue. 
 Loss, $43,000. 
 
 November 1 5, brick caipenter shop and wood- 
 workin;^ room of M. C. K. K. Loss, §100,000. 
 
 December 5, tire at I'uihiian Car Works. Loss, 
 $18,000. 
 
 1873. February 9, foundry on corner of Atwater 
 and Dequindre Streets. Loss, $1 1,500. 
 
 April 13, Tribune printintf buildinj,^, on north side 
 of Larncd, l)el\vecn C.riswold and Shelby Streets ; 
 also property belonjjing to the Michii^an Farmer 
 and Commercial yVdvertiser offices. Loss, $1 1 2,000 ; 
 insurance, $55,000. 
 
 May 1 5, Schulenburif's billiard factory, on Ran- 
 dolph Street, partly burned. Loss, $15,000. 
 
 June 7, Frojieller Meteor and lUilkley's ware- 
 house, at foot of First Street. Loss, §87,000. 
 
 June 30, destructive fire in K. C. Ikirker & Co.'s 
 tobacco factory, south side of Jefferson Avenue, 
 near Cass Street. 
 
 September 2, Republic Brewery, on l-'lmwood 
 Avenue. Loss, §14,000. 
 
 October 11, Weber's planing mill and lumber 
 yard, a brewery, nine dwellings, and other buildings 
 in the block bounded by Hastings, Rivard, Maple, 
 and Sherman Streets. Loss, §35,000. 
 
 November 27, distillery on corner of Larned and 
 First Streets. Loss, §12,000. 
 
 December 20, Hinnian's oil store, 54 Jefferson 
 Avenue, Loss, §12,000. 
 
 December 30, Farrington, Cdmpbell, & Co.'s spice 
 mills. Loss, $25,000. 
 
 1874. February 18, tobacco works, 152 Ran- 
 dolph Street. Loss, $20,000. 
 
 March 5, Kieler's Hall, 339 Lafayette Street East. 
 April 14, burial-case factory, on southeast corner 
 of Congress and Third Streets. Loss, $75,000. 
 
 1875. April 29, at night, W'eber's furniture fac- 
 tory, on corner of John R., between High and 
 Montcalm Streets; also fifteen dwellings. Loss, 
 $250,000. 
 
 June 14, Adams' saw mill. Loss, $8,000. 
 
 June 30, bridge and iron works, on Foundry 
 Street, near Michigan Avenue, partially burned. 
 Loss, $30,000. 
 
 1876. March 25, Fort Street Presbyterian Church, 
 on corner of Third and Fort Streets, a large and 
 'elegant stone building, was almost entirely destroyed. 
 The fire was probably caused by a defective chim- 
 ney. Loss, about $100,000. 
 
 June 13, market shed on Michigan Grand Ave- 
 
 nue. The heat was so intense that the plate-glass 
 windows in the Kii.ssell Mouse, McKinstry and 
 Willi.'uns lilocks. were largely destroyed. 
 
 December 30, Wight's saw mill. Loss, $30,000. 
 
 1877. May 7, Phillips's show-case factory and 1 ), 
 ^L Ferry & Co.'s box factory, on northwe.st eornci- 
 of East Fort and I5eaubien .Streets. Loss, $23,oo(j. 
 
 May 29, seven small houses and three barns on cor- 
 ner of Hastings and Marion Streets. Loss, $8,000. 
 
 June 5, Charles Tegier's planing mill and other 
 buildings on north side of High near Beaubien 
 Street. Loss, $1 5,000. 
 
 June 10, .steamer R. N. Rice, of the Cleveland 
 line, burned at foot of Wayne Street. Loss, $40,000. 
 
 July 5, house, barn, and sheds, 46 Lewis Street. 
 Loss, §2,600. 
 
 July 22, Theatre Comique, on Jefferson Avenue 
 opposite the Biddle House. Loss, §12,000. 
 
 .SeiHember 17, the cracker factory of Vail iV 
 Crane, on southeast corner of Woodbridge and 
 Randol[)h Streets. Loss, §9,700. 
 
 SeiJtcmber 20, several factories at 34 Atwater 
 Street, occupied by C. B. .Seitz, W. H. Scott, and 
 W. O'Callaghan. I.oss, §7,000. 
 
 November 9, frame store and dwelling, 1 1 1 Joseph 
 Campau Avenue. Loss, §2,200. 
 
 December 14, >L M. Ciisler's house, 1062 Wood- 
 ward Avenue. Loss, §4,000. 
 
 1878. January 13, Amos Chaffee's brick store, 
 occupied by Ikirnes Brothers antl Hazard & Brew- 
 ster, on Jefferson Avenue. Loss, §32,000. 
 
 March 26, tower of engine-house on Ale.xandrine 
 Avenue struck by lightning and destroyed. 
 
 April 29, Free Press liuilding burned. Loss, 
 $44,000. 
 
 May 22, coal-shed and coal of Gas Company, and 
 Bigley's packing and ice houses, at foot of Twenty- 
 second Street. Loss, $12,000. 
 
 May 23, Berry Brothers' varnish factory. Loss, 
 $45,000. 
 
 August II, several one-story stores, dwellings, 
 and sheds, at 485 Grand River Avenue. Loss, 
 $6,500. 
 
 October 24, Doane's flour mill, corner of Larned 
 and Second Streets. Loss, $12,000. 
 
 1879. May II, Post and Tribune Company's 
 printing office. Loss, $30,000. 
 
 May 28, Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic Church and 
 rectory partly burned. Loss, $2,000. 
 
 August 13, propeller Steinhoff and a warehouse 
 at foot of C.riswold Street. Loss, $19,000. Two 
 persons burned to death. 
 
 November 23, brick house, 169 Fort Street West. 
 Loss, $5,500. Also, Kaiser's brick tannery, 219 Rio- 
 pelle Street. Loss, $4,000. 
 
 1880. May 3, M. Maier's trunk factory, 55 Mon- 
 roe Avenue. Loss, $6,000. 
 
INH'ORTANT FIRKS. 
 
 499 
 
 :y. Loss, 
 
 jf Lamed 
 
 I'arehouse 
 Two 
 
 leet West. 
 219 Rii)- 
 
 I 55 Mon- 
 
 July 27, brii-k store and dwelling, 316 Rivard 
 Streel. Loss, $4,200. 
 
 October 13, old warehouse, corner of Second and 
 Front Streets. Loss, $4,700. 
 
 November 4, H. McCain's dwelling, 379 Clinton 
 .Street. Loss, $2,000. 
 
 1881. January 2, M. J. Reardon's store and 
 dwilling, 445 Triinibull Avenue. Loss, $1,250. 
 
 January 12, boiier explosion anil tire at Union 
 Steam Mills, corner of Ninth and Woodbridge 
 Streets. Loss, $25,000. 
 
 January 22, co.nb factory, 203 Mullett Street, 
 owned by William Roth. Loss, $4,303. 
 
 February 6, a two-story dwelling, 474 Congress 
 Street East, occupied by H. Hunter. Loss, 
 §1,000. 
 
 February 27, store oi Amos Chaffee, 141 Jeffer- 
 son Avenue, occupied by liarnes Brothers. 
 
 March 18, two dwellings, 280 Congress Street 
 East. Loss, $1,000. 
 
 March 31, Ci. M. Traver's store, in Woodward 
 Avenue. Loss, $8,000. 
 
 April 20, store and dwelling, 646 Twelfth Street. 
 Loss, $1,500. 
 
 April 30, Frost's woodenware works, Wight near 
 Adair Street. Loss, $41,000. 
 
 May 4, barns and dwelling, 268 to 272 Alfred 
 Street. Loss, $1,500. 
 
 May 6, Detroit Lithographic Ofiice, 54 Bates 
 Street. Loss, $6,000. 
 
 .May 16, frame store and dwelling. 356 Chestnut 
 Street. Loss, $1,200. 
 
 July 20, J. E. Davis & Co.'s store, corner of Jef- 
 ferson Avenue and Wayne Street. Lo.ss, $45,500. 
 
 August 23, frame buildings, 70 to 74 Catherine 
 Street. Loss, $6,500. 
 
 September 3, I^elray Glass Works burned. 
 
 October 27, L. Lauren.se's moulding fiictory, on 
 Atwater Street near Bates. Loss, $2,000. 
 
 December 5, Sowden's Mills, on Gratiot near 
 Detiuindre Street. Loss, $1,325. 
 
 December 12, store 271 Michigan Avenue. Loss, 
 81,100. 
 
 December 29, J. E. iJavis & Co.'s drug store, on 
 Wixjdbridge Street near Bates. Loss, $3,000. 
 
 1882. January 20, C. Schulte's soap factory, 
 Woodbridge Street West. Loss, $1,768. 
 
 January 22, Horace Turner's upholstering stores, 
 foot of Woodward Avenue. Loss, $17,550. 
 
 March 7, Harnum's wire works, 12 and 14 At- 
 water Street liast. Loss, $5,549. 
 
 March 23, T. Hawley's building, 280 Atwater 
 Street East. Loss, $6,500. 
 
 May I, Martz Brothers' brewery, 487 Orleans 
 Street. Loss, $4,500. 
 
 June 19, Shefferly's planing mill, 193 Croghan 
 Street. Loss, $16,300. 
 
 July 22, Mctlregor's machine shop, corner of St. 
 Antoine and Atwater Streets. Loss, $3,500. 
 
 August 5, J. llartness's soap factory, 119 Father 
 Street. Loss, $2,500. 
 
 .September 11, .Seitz's icehouses, foot of Mc- 
 Dougall Avenue. Loss, $2,500. 
 
 September 20, Detroit Dry Dock Co.'s sawmill, 
 foot of Orleans Street. Loss, $18,000. 
 
 October 24, Backus & .Sons' planing mill, corner 
 of Fort and Eleventh Streets. Loss, $150,000. 
 
 November 14, William Saurs's cooper shop, Ber- 
 lin Street. Loss, $10,000. 
 
 November 18, Backus & Sons' lumber yard, cor- 
 ner of Fort and ICleventh Street. Loss, $4,682. 
 
 I3eceniber 30, carriage factory, Randolph Street. 
 Los.s, $5,776. 
 
 1883. January i, candy store at No. 8 Grand 
 River Avenue. Loss, $3,296. 
 
 January 8, Telegraph Block, southeast corner of 
 Congress and Griswold Streets, badly damaged. 
 Loss, $19,414. 
 
 January 22, factory on the corner of Randolph 
 and Atwater Streets. Loss, $3,058. 
 
 February 28, Miller's soap works at 606 Wood- 
 bridge Street West. Loss, $7,100. 
 
 March 30, Gisler's carriage shop, on Lamed 
 Street West. Loss, $6,000. 
 
 April 4, lumber yard of Mr. Japes, at 643 Gratiot 
 Avenue, burned. Loss, $5,500. 
 
 April 13, furniture stores at 47, 49, and 51 Jeffer- 
 son Avenue. Loss, $30,410. 
 
 May 10, John Marr's cooper shops at comer of 
 B;igg and Twelfth Streets. Loss, $5,000. 
 
 May 21, explosion of boiler and fire at Wolverine 
 paper mills. Loss, $14,650. 
 
 August 2, Henkel & Voorhees's flour mill at south- 
 west corner of Randolph and Woodbridge Streets. 
 Loss, $31,450- 
 
 August 10, Saurs's cooper shops at corner of 
 Arndt and Berlin Streets. Loss, $18,376. 
 
 November 21, Detroit Dry Dock engine works 
 badly damaged. Loss, $5,747- 
 
 Since the organization of the Fire Commission, 
 great care has been taken to keep a record of fires, 
 with the following result : 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 iif Fires 
 
 Total Loss. 
 
 Year. 
 
 of Fires 
 and 
 
 Total Loss. 
 
 
 ALirnis. 
 
 
 
 Alarms. 
 
 
 1867 
 
 212 
 
 $185-473 
 
 1876 
 
 232 
 
 202,433 
 
 1868 
 
 137 
 
 99,828 
 
 1877 
 
 340 
 
 238,832 
 
 1869 
 
 152 
 
 240,490 
 
 1878 
 
 234 
 
 177.933 
 
 1870 
 
 190 
 
 172,960 
 
 1879 
 
 261 
 
 89.687 
 
 1871 
 
 191 
 
 239,006 
 
 1880 
 
 191 
 
 77,619 
 
 1872 
 
 128 
 
 192,935 
 
 1881 
 
 230 
 
 150,011 
 
 1S73 
 
 154 
 
 390.315 
 
 1882 
 
 226 
 
 290,134 
 
 1874 
 
 240 
 
 195,249 
 
 1883 
 
 283 
 
 210,767 
 
 1875 
 
 222 
 
 250,909 
 
 
 
 
500 
 
 FIKF. MAKSIIAl.. TlUi: I.IMrrS.-CIIIMNEY SWKKl'S. 
 
 IIKK MAKSIIAL. 
 
 This oflioe was first cstablislicil by orcliiiancc, 
 a|)pr(ivf(l April 3, i860. 'I'Ir' ortiinaiuL' t^rcatly 
 I'urlaiiid the powers of llie chief eii).;iiieer, and j^ave 
 the marshal power to eiifone t)rdiiiaiues as to tires, 
 to eaiise chiiiiiu-ys to be eleaned, to examine 
 premises as to tiieir safety against lire, and to over- 
 see the lire wardens. The salary of the marshal 
 was lixed at $600, ,ind tliat of tiie chief en,v;ineer re- 
 duced from $500 to $joo. 'I'he projjosed .iclion 
 greatly displeased some of the firemen, and on Ajjril 
 2, 1.S60, liu'V held ;i larije mi'i'lini; at I'irenien's 
 Hall to protest against it. Tiieir jirotest, however, 
 was of no avail, and the ordinance was approved 
 tlie next day. The ol'iice of tire marshal was abol- 
 ished on .M.irch 26, 1867, by the Act ■ .^ating the 
 Fire Commission, 
 
 The following persons have sit\ j mar- 
 
 shals: 1861, II. A. .Snow; 1862, .^s Haltle; 
 
 1863-1866, William Champ; 1866. J. H. Van 
 Schoick, 
 
 By Act of May 23, 1877, the oflicc was revived, 
 but with such additional i)ower and increased duties 
 as to make it virtually a new otlice. The Act 
 provided that a tire marshal, and, if need be, an 
 assist.int tire marshal, should be nominated by the 
 tire commissioners, ;ind appointed by the council. 
 
 It is the duty of the marshal to be present at all 
 tires, to in(|uiie into their origin, recommend pre- 
 cautionary measures, and to prevent the transi)orta- 
 tion and storing oC d.'ingerous materials; and all 
 persons erecting or altering buildings are recjuired 
 to get a permit from him. The charge for a |)er- 
 niit within the tire limits is, for repairs costing less 
 than Si, 000, one dollar ; for repairs costing over 
 $1,000 and less than $5,000, two dollars; and for 
 every addition;il $1,000, twenty cents. 
 
 The marshal has power to stop repairs or altera- 
 tions in a building, in case they increase the tire 
 risk. (Jeorge Dunlap was the first marshal under 
 the law, serving till April i, 1880, when he was 
 succeeded by W. H. IJaxter. 
 
 FIRE LIMITS. 
 
 Fire limits were first prescribed by ordinance 
 passed October 7, 1845, the limits including all the 
 territory between Randolph and Cass Streets to 
 
 Lamed, along I.arned to (Iriswold. up CiHswoId to 
 Michigan Avenue, on Michigan Avenue to Mates 
 Street, on Mates to L.inied, along Larnid to K;m- 
 ilol|)h, and down Kandol|)h to the river. W ithiii 
 the.se limits no building was to be erected over 
 twenty feel in height, unless built p;irtly of stone or 
 brick, with tire walls ten inches above the roof. 
 
 After the gre.it fire of May 9, 1848, a new or- 
 (liii.tnce w.is p.issed, which prescribed that wooden 
 buildings of more than twelve feet in height, twenty 
 feet in length, and sixteen feet in width, should not 
 be erected within the limits detiiied by the follow- 
 ing streets: Meaubien from the river to Congress, 
 along Congress to Randolph, along Randol|)h to 
 Monroe, ilown Monroe and Campus Martins to 
 Michig.'in Avenue, on Michigan Avenue to .Shelby, 
 down Shelby to Fort, on Fort to the west line of the 
 city, which, at th;it time, extended only to the {'"or- 
 syth F.irm. Since 1848 the limits have been gradu- 
 ally extended, and they are frequently changed. 
 
 CHIMNKY SWKKI'.S. 
 
 The oversight and cleaning of chimneys received 
 the attention of the trustees in 1802. Fines were 
 then intlicted for dirty or defective chimneys, and. 
 in some instances, ilangerous chimneys were ordered 
 to be torn down. 
 
 A curious illustration of the changes that take 
 l)lace in public oi)ini()n and in l.iw is afforded by the 
 fact that, by ordinance of 1836, the tire-wardens 
 weri' authorized to "cause chimneys tf) be buriud 
 out," while later aiul present ordinances i^rovide 
 that if any chimney burns out, the owner shall he 
 t'yied for not preventing it. 
 
 liy ortlinance of November 18, 1845, and up to 
 1859, the lire-wardens were to nominate, ami the 
 council to apjioint a chimney sweep ; the tire- 
 wardens, however, held no regular meetings, and 
 oftentimes no sweeps were apiiointed. Hy orilinance 
 of November 15, 1869, the office was dignitied .ind 
 disguised under the title of insjiector of chimneys. 
 Two or more sweeps are appointed yearly by the 
 council. The present ordinance allows the chimney 
 sweep to charge twenty-five cents for each story 
 that the chimney passes through, and when the 
 chimney has more than one Hue, ten cents per story 
 for each additional flue. 
 
,) IWitcs 
 () K.in- 
 
 Williiii 
 L'd over 
 stone or 
 oof. 
 new or- 
 
 wooden 
 t, tweiUy 
 loiild not 
 • follow- 
 'oiiirress, 
 (lolph to 
 .irtiiis to 
 Shelby, 
 ine of the 
 
 the l''or- 
 jn ijradii- 
 nged. 
 
 s rereivid 
 "ines weri' 
 neys, aiul, 
 re ordered 
 
 that take 
 ded by tlie 
 e-\vanlens 
 
 )e buriuti 
 ;s provide 
 
 r shall be 
 
 and up to 
 , and the 
 the lire- 
 
 lniv;s 
 
 and 
 
 ortliname 
 
 [nitied and 
 
 ehimneys. 
 
 rly by tl 
 
 le 
 
 le e 
 
 himniy 
 
 ach story 
 
 I when the 
 
 per story 
 
 CIIAPTI'R LV. 
 
 THE OLD FIRE DKI'ARTMKNT. — TIIK STFAM FIRK iJKi'ARTMENT.— 
 11 IK FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY. 
 
 THE OI,n FIRF, DF.PARTMKNT. 
 
 TlIF, earliest fire cxtinijiiishers consisted of lonsj 
 poles with swabs attaeiied, and with these the lirst 
 )tal>itiiiis of Detroit literally nio|)ped out the fires. 
 When the sparks llcw so thickly as to be tlanj^erous, 
 packs of furs were opened, and deer ;uul bear skins, 
 with the fur downwards, were spread upon the 
 roofs; if they were ijreen they would not be injureil, 
 and in any case a little water did not hurt them, and 
 they often did as jjood service in protectin;,' their 
 owner's property from tire as they had oriirinally 
 (lone in protecting their four-footed wearers from 
 the cokl. 
 
 '{'he first mention of a fire engine occurs in con- 
 nection with the proceedings of the Court of (Quarter 
 Sessions. It reads as follows : 
 
 I'liisday, March i j, 171^8. 'I'liu Court rfccivcd the nccnunt of 
 TliDmiis Cox rispiitiiiK thi' tnjjini', hy wliich it .-ippdiirs there is a 
 balance rcmaiiiiiiK' in his hands of $10.47^^. 
 
 How this money came into his hands docs not 
 appear ; possibly it had been collected to pay for 
 repairing the engine left by the English when the 
 |)ost was surrendered. 
 
 At the second meeting of the tnistees of the town, 
 on February 23, 1802, an ordinance entitled " Regu- 
 lations for securing the town of Detroit from injuries 
 from fires " was drafted. It was the first that they 
 acted upon, and was adopted two days later. It 
 re(]uired all chimneys to be swept every two weeks 
 between October and April, and every four weeks 
 the rest of the year, the sweeping to be done on 
 Saturdays before 9 A. M., under a penalty of $5.00, 
 and a further penalty of $10.00 if a chimney took 
 fire. Each householder and shopkeeper was also 
 required to have two bags holding three bushels 
 each, to place goods in, in case of fire, and to keep 
 at his shop, where it would not freeze, a keg or light 
 barrel filled with water, 1. ig ears on each side, 
 with a lever or pole to pass through them so that 
 two men could carry it. Two buckets, holding 
 about three gallons each, one ladder to each chim- 
 ney fastened on the roof, and one other long enough 
 to reach up to it, were also to be provided. The 
 householders and shopkeepers were required to take 
 
 or send the kegs or buckets to every fire under a 
 penalty of $5.00 for each neglect, and every house- 
 holder capable of assisting was directed to turn out 
 on the first cry of fire ; a line was then to be formed 
 from the river to the fire for the purpose of passing 
 water, and any person refusing to apiiear. or con- 
 cealing himself, was fined $2.00 or imprisoned for 
 two weeks. James May, Jac(|ues (lir.irdin, and 
 Auguste Laffrey, together with twelve United States 
 soldiers, were requii'ed to assemble at the engine 
 house, and t.ike the engine out on the first notice of 
 fire, under penalty of $5.00 foi any neglect or refusal; 
 and Fr.-mcis Frcro, director, l'res(iue Cott;, Sen., 
 Theophikis Meltez, liaptiste Peltier, Charles Pou- 
 pard, and Prcs([iie Cote, Jr., were required to appear 
 at the same time, each armed with a good felling 
 axe, to be used as circumstances might require. 
 Any one of the above not appearing when alarm 
 was given was to be fined $5.00. 
 
 It appears that the trustees were not observant of 
 their own regulations, for on March 24. 1803, they 
 fined three of their own number, and also their sec- 
 retary and assessor, for violation of the fire ordi- 
 nance, and the next day another trustee, Joseph 
 Campau, was also reported to b(; fined. 
 
 On May 2, 1803, Joseph Harrison and Joseph 
 Campau were appointed inspectors of ladders, buck- 
 ets, fire bags, water barrels, etc. 
 
 There was continual trouble in enforcing the fire 
 ordinance, the inspectors repotting some persons 
 without buckets, others without ladders ; the barrel 
 of water frozen in some places, and the barrel empty 
 in others, the shop bags filled with gotxls instead of 
 being ready for use, the ears off the barrels and 
 the poles missing. In a word, then as now, ordi- 
 nances were not obeyed. On one of their rounds a 
 quick-witted widow saw the inspectors coming, and 
 knowing that her barrel v/as empty and that her 
 excuses for previous neglect would not avail, she 
 jumped into the water-cask herself, saying, " You 
 see, gentlemen, the cask is full." Of course there 
 was a hearty laugh, and the gallant inspectors could 
 do no less than to obtain water and fill the widow's 
 cask themselves. 
 
 The old records make it evident that the trustees 
 
 I501] 
 
502 
 
 TMK OLD FIRE DEPARTMKNT. 
 
 were mi)rl)i(lly apiirelu-nsivo of fire ; ri'vjiilations 
 were made and inspectors of cliiinneysappoiiUicI at 
 almost every ineetinvj. On Septenil)er i<>, 1.S03. a 
 eonilnitti'e was appointed to ascertain uhillicr liie 
 enjfinc was in order for immediate use ; on Scptcm- 
 l)cr 26 thirtc.n persons were appointed to worl< tile 
 engine, iiiuicr direction of "Dr. Win. M. .Scott, 
 ICscj.," and on Monday, Marcli 4, 1804, James Dodc- 
 mcad was appointed in his stead. On May 11 
 Charles Curry and J. lUe. l'i(iuette were appointed 
 inspectors of fire reijuiations. On Monilay, October 
 I, till- trustees ordcrctl "the screws of the envjinc to 
 l)e put in jfood order." May 11, itSo5, tiiey resolved 
 that " the Hoard do determine that from and after 
 the first Monday in June next, the Ins|)cctors of 
 fire rej^ulations do go around once every week tlur- 
 injf the time of their .ippointment." On Monday, 
 June 3, Dr. McCoskry and Robert Munroe were 
 appointed inspectors of fire regulations " within the 
 picket.s," and John Oentle and John Harvey "for 
 the suburbs," with orders to go around once a week, 
 liefore tiie time for their secoiul tour there were 
 neither iiou.ses nor chimneys to inspect, for the fire 
 of June 1 1 liad destroyetl the town. (See history 
 of fire.) 
 
 After the fire of 1805, no traces of fire regula- 
 tions or apparatus appear until April i, 1811. 
 Cicorge McDougall tlien applieil to the (iovernor 
 and Judges for a donation lot in the city of Detroit, 
 near the center thereof, whereon to erect a frame 
 building for the firj engine. There is a tradition 
 that during the War of 181 2 Coiumodore ferry's 
 tlag-ship was provided with a fire-pump, which, 
 after the war, became the property of Detroit. 
 
 On December 4, 1815, an ordiifance provided for 
 the appointment, by the trustees, of six household- 
 ers, who were to be furnished with three " battering 
 rams," to demolish buildings in case of fire ; and 
 another, of January, 18 16, appointed twelve house- 
 holders as "a.\emen," six as "battering men," and 
 twenty-four as "fire-hook men." On February 5, 
 1817, the ordinance was revised, but no important 
 changes were made. The next year, on September 
 23, the Hoard of Trustees organized a fire company 
 of eleven ^ixemen, with H. Woodworth as captain ; 
 fourteen fire-engine men, with D. C. McKinstry as 
 captain; and fourteen bagmen, with H. J. Hunt as 
 captain. There was evidently nuich trouble this 
 year occasioned by evil or mischievously disposed 
 persons stealing or hiding some of the apparatus. 
 On September 30 the secretary of the trustees was 
 directed to " procure information as to where the 
 Fire hooks and Hattering rams are," and on Novem- 
 ber 14 John R. Williams was authorized to provide 
 eight battering rams and two fire hooks. The 
 Gazette of December 16, 1818, contained the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 NOIICK. 
 
 Any iK-rsiMi wliii will vfi^'i' '<ii< l> inrorniiiilon iih will Ic ad tu tin 
 riTdvcry of ihr fire liookii mill luittrriiiK rniiiH lii'liin»:iiit( t(i tin 
 city, wliii li liiivir fur wtmu lime hccn io^t or iinurali-il, will l>' 
 (Inly ri'wariii'il. 
 
 Tuns. Kdwi.ANi), 
 
 StCKif/iiry, 
 
 The notice w.ts evidently of no avail ; new fire- 
 hooks h.ul to be obtained, and at a meeting of the 
 trustees, January 28, iSnj, Harvey Williams prc- 
 .sented an account of $55 for making them. (Jn 
 March 13, 1.S19, a meeting of the citi/ins w.is luM 
 at the call of the trustees "to consider the propriii) 
 of r.iising a tax to buy a fire engine." The tax was 
 voted down, because a sclu'iue was in progress tn 
 procure one by means of a lottery to come olf April 
 I. A communication in the Oazette of March 26 
 made the following plea for the plan : " Let every 
 citizen i)uy a lottery ticket as soon as possible in 
 order to procure the means to lessen the danger 
 from fire." Ten per cent was to be deducted from 
 the eighty-four prizes for the jiurijose of ])urehasing 
 the engine. The value of the pioperty put up was 
 $4,040, ;md it was to be disposed of by selling 808 
 tickets at $5.00 each. The lottery did not draw, 
 and meantime the old engine was repaired and the 
 following notice api)eared : 
 
 KIKK! I'IkKI 
 
 The mcmbiTs of l\n: K»y;\u Engine Comp.nny arv hereby iii- 
 forimil Uiat the eriK'nu is now lU for use, and that aureeahly In 
 the liy-laws of the Company, they must assemble every Mondiy 
 niurning at siinrisi: fur the space uf si\ months. 
 
 N. I!.— There not brini; a suitable btiildinj; iTerted in which In 
 keep Ihc cMiiiiie, it is hi the care uf Captain II. Siiii<ler.son, at 
 whose house the Company will meet until further directions. 
 Uy order uf the Acting Captain. 
 
 J. W. Coi.TlONN, 
 March 31, 18 19. Clerk. 
 
 On April 28, 1819, a bill for repairing the engine, 
 amounting to $87.10, was presented by H. Samler- 
 soii ; it was paid May 1 1, and on the .same day John 
 W. Tompkins was paid $130 for building a house 
 for the engine and for fire-hooks. 
 
 In January, 1820, J. D. Doty was secretary of 
 the fire company and Robert Irwin director. On 
 September 1 1 following, another meeting was held 
 to consider the voting of a tax to purchase an engine, 
 but the people again voted against taxation. The 
 condition of affairs at this time is set forth in the 
 following from an editorial in the Gazette for Janu- 
 ary 19, 1 82 1. 
 
 The Corporation, it is trtie, is in posiwssion of a small engine, 
 hat it is much too small and is believed to be out of repair and 
 unlit for use. The fire company met once a week at sunrisi- for 
 several weeks for drill, but at lliis dale the organization is extinct- 
 
 The article further argued that buckets were pre- 
 ferable to " tubs with cars " to be carried on a pole, 
 and complained of the unwillingness of the citizens 
 
//^ 
 
 TUF. OLD FIRK UKPARTMKNT. 
 
 503 
 
 III "shouldiT tlu'ir tubs wlun alarmed by cry of 
 
 lire." 
 
 On Marrh 29, 1821, the chairman of the Hoard of 
 InisttH's and II. J. Hunt wire aijpointcd a coinniit- 
 nc to wait on tlic (lovcrnor and Jtulj^cs, and solicit 
 an ;i|iprn|)ri;ition low.irds ijmcurinj,' an cni^int'. It is 
 III he presumed tli.it tiie coinniittee were unsueccs.s- 
 fiil. fur on April <; a eiti/.ens' ineetini^ voted $400 to 
 pnieure one, the amount to he collected hy a t.ix on 
 re.il and personal propi'rty. 
 
 Me.intinie the editorial in the Ciazettc bore some 
 fruit, for on .May 16 the ho.-ird of trustees repealed 
 tluit [ 't of the ordinance which required a wooden 
 vessel with loops ;uul pole to be kept by citizens, 
 
 Ndtwithstandin;; the vote in f.ivor of purchasing 
 ;i lire en.ijinc. the trustees were slow in procuring it ; 
 hut tin.illy, on December 24, they resolved "to c.irry 
 into iinniediale elfect the vote of y\pril 9 last, and to 
 raise $r)Oo instead of $400 to purchase a tire engine." 
 This resolution, like m.'uiy others, was never carried 
 out. 
 
 On October 16, 1824, a committee of the newly 
 created Common Coimcil w.as appointed " to ascer ■ 
 tain wiiere a suitable site for the luigine house 
 could l)e obtained, and to make an estimate of the 
 expense of removing said building," .and application 
 w.is made to the trustees of the university for llic 
 privilege of "placing the engine house in front of 
 tile .ic.idemy." 
 
 On March 2, 1825, the council appointed a 
 "committee to procure information from New York, 
 Pliil;idelphi;i, and such other places as they may 
 think proper, relative to the jirice and (luaiity of a 
 Fire Engine for the City," and on March 15 the 
 committee "was authorized to remit the funds 
 ill tile Treasury, applicable to the purchase 
 of a Fire Engine, directly to such maker of 
 engines as they might think proper, accom- 
 pjiiiied with ;in order for the immediate for- 
 warding of a Fire Engine ; provided the 
 price thereof did not exceed six hundred 
 dollars." On April 7 a committee was ap- 
 pointed to apply to the Legislative Council 
 for such exemptions and other provisions 
 .'Ls would facilitate the establishment of a 
 I'ire Company; and on June 4 a committee 
 of the Council was appointed " to superintend 
 the removal, repairs and painting of I'.ngine 
 I louse." The building was moved " in front " 
 of the old academy, on the site now occupied 
 by the store of Farrand, Williams, & Co. 
 
 On June 4, 1825, an elaborate fire ordinance, 
 modelled after the New York ordinance, was passed ; 
 among its various provisions was one making it the 
 duty of every watchman or patrolman, upon the 
 breaking out of fire, to alarm the citizens by crying 
 "I'ire!" mentioning the street where it was, that 
 
 the lircmen .'uid citizens might know where to vjci, 
 and hoiisehnldcrs were enjoined to "place a li);hti'd 
 candle at the windows of their respective dwellings, 
 in order that citizens niiijht p.'iss along the slreels 
 with gre.iler safety. " This custom was kept up iinlil 
 the lelenr.iph jilarm went inK* operation, and m:uiy 
 a time the nights were filled with terror by the 
 hoarse shouting of "Fire!" the hurrying crowds 
 of men and boys, ruul the rattling of the engines 
 as they were pulletl over the uneven walks and 
 pavements. 
 
 On .September 28, 1825, the council gave notice 
 that a Fire Company would be organized the suc- 
 ceeding day, and it was .esolved "tli.it it lie the 
 duty of the Chief Engineer to niise a hook and 
 l.idder company, to consist of not less th;in eighteen 
 men." On October 4 intiuiry was made in the 
 Detroit (i.izettc as to the whereabouts of the fire 
 engine, for which the citizens had paid four or five 
 years previously. 
 
 The engine finally arrived, and the Common 
 Council records for December i, 1825, say that "an 
 account w.-is audited and allowed of $54 for trans- 
 portation and storage of a Fire I'mgine from New 
 York." On January 11, 1826, the council tendered 
 the thanks of the corporation to W. & J. James, of 
 New York, for gratuitous commission services, in 
 procuring a fire engfne on September 21, 1825. As 
 the balance due William «.K: John James, in pay- 
 ment for the engine, was not remitted until June 13, 
 a resolution of thanks was certainly their due. 
 The engine, the first one really purchased by the 
 corporation, was named "Protection No. i." It 
 remained in use for upwards of thirty years, and 
 
 rUW. tVllUlflMIMtll.l 
 
 Olu No. 1, " Tub Coosbneck." 
 
 served as the organizing machine for Engine Com- 
 panies Nos. 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9. For many years after 
 it was laid aside it occupied the post of honor on 
 review days, and in Fourth of July processions was 
 drawn about on a platform.. Concerning the man- 
 
504 
 
 THK OLD KIRK DKI'ARTMKNT. 
 
 a,v(fm(Mil of this ciii^ine al a Urv., on Kcbnuiry 17, 
 1K27, the Dt-troil (ia/clU; says: 
 
 'I'liii-io I ili/'Ms wild had llir iii.'injvii'ini'nt cif niir liltio cn^;iiii' 
 ilrsirrvu praisr lor llic-ir :ii livity and iMMScvcraiiic, yil il w.i'> a 
 jjc.icral n-mark that not snlVii irnt iiliicrity was displayd l>y thini 
 ill Mf'llliik; Ihi'ir i ii<in< lo i In- si iiir nf artiiiii. I hr di-Jisirr w ill 
 d<Mihtt<-ss Irad In ihr |)i'riiiaiiLiil uD^^aiii/atidii <jf il ('111- c<iin|iaiiy, 
 and tu ihi- adopt inn of such regulations, hy our cili/rns jjini'rally 
 as will, at a future time, prevent u recurrence of the confusion 
 wliirh then I'xisted. 
 
 A few (lays afti-r, on l'\-l)riiary 22, llu' records of 
 llic cuimcil sliovv llie appoiiitiueiil of a "commillcc 
 to JLsccrlain the practicaljility of rt|)airinj4 the old 
 I'ire Iji^ine l)cloiigiiig to lliis eily, and to contract 
 for said repairs at any sum not exc cedinj^ $25." At 
 tlje same mectin]^ it was resolved that " I'.. 1'. Hast- 
 ings, Marshall Chapin, R. A. Forsyth, Henry S. 
 Cole, and Kdmund A. Brush be requested to asso- 
 ':iat('. to themselves siuh persons as tiiey may think 
 jiropcr lor \hc. purpose of lakiiii; care of said Kii- 
 j^ine;" also that "Aldermen I'almerand Cha|)in he. 
 a committee to ascert.ain the number and condition 
 of the lire hooks belonj^inj^ to this city; and, if 
 necessary, to procure so many as that the wholt; 
 luimber shall amount to six ; and, also, to report on 
 the practicability of converliny; the !■ laj; staff at the 
 cantonment into ladders for the use (A the city." 
 
 On March 12 a council committee on iniprovi'- 
 meiiLs reported in favor of purchasing a new engine, 
 repairing the old one, procuring twelve good lire 
 hoflks, well provided with handles, tlie organi/alinii 
 of suitable lire companies, and the procuring of a 
 " triangular bell for lire alarms inly." 
 
 On March 51 i'Mre Company No. 2, with thirty- 
 one meujbers, w;is organized, and retjuired by the 
 council to have the old engine repaired at a cost of 
 not i;\ceiMling $127, and to use tlu' same for a lime 
 On May 14 they were authorized to increase their 
 number to thirty-six; on .September y the old lire 
 engine was again ordered to be repaired at a cost 
 of not <\ceiding $275, and on November 26 a bill 
 for repairs was au<liled at $^I3.''>3. 
 
 (ireat eiicuinagement was afforded to lirenier. by 
 an Act of the Legislative Conncil of April 4, 1.S27, 
 which exempted hem from military service in 
 time: of pe.ice and from serving on a jury. l?y Act 
 of July 31, 1830, the mimi)er exempted was limited 
 to forty, liy Act of March 14, 1S40, aH tiremen 
 were exemptcfl from military and jury duty. 
 
 On January 21, 1830, the council contracted for 
 four additional fire ladders. On April 2S they de- 
 ciiled to organize a Hook £ind Ladder Comp.iny, 
 and the chief engineer was directec' to proeure mort; 
 fire hooks, also six ladders, and caps and wands for 
 use of himself and wardens. The following day 
 the first (ir(!mcn's inspection and review was hekl. 
 It took place on the I'ublic W'h.irf at 4 r. M., and 
 
 was p.irticipated in by Companies Nos. 1 and 2, , 111(1 
 the newly <irg;iiiizcd Hook and Ladder ( oiiip.inv. 
 'I he (jrganization of the last eomp.'iny was fully jxr- 
 fected two days afterward. 
 
 In J.iniiary, i<S3i, a new engine w.is prociiri'd fm 
 Lagle Comi)any No. 2, and on April 13 follow iiij; 
 the council borrowed $800 of the Hank of Michigan 
 to p.iy for it. On .Sei)teml)cr 14, 1831, the chief 
 enginier was directed "to procure a tub or cask 
 mounted on wheels, to be attacjied to one of the 
 engines for use i;i case of lire." On i\Liy 3, 1832, 
 the council supplemented that primitive arrange- 
 ment by ordering "six "eservoirs, to contain i'o,oo<j 
 gallons e.-'.ch, to be built and connected with logs 
 of Tive-inch calibre for use in case of tire." On 
 .September 4, 1833, the eoiincii disbanded Company 
 No. 2 for neglect of duty. 
 
 'l"he organi/.ilion of a hose company was recom- 
 mended by a committee of the council on July y, 
 1834, and on October 8 a hose coin|)any was or- 
 ganized, ;ind .'ilso a new com|)any for No. 2. 
 
 On December 2, 1835. Comp.iny No. 3 was 01- 
 g.'inizcd, placi'd in |)ossession of the "old origin.tr' 
 engine, and located ne.ir the Herlhelet \farket, at 
 northwest corner of R.-mdolph and Atwater Streets. 
 ( )n April 13, 183^), , e company was disbanded by 
 the council, and another e(jm|i;my, consisting of 
 I )a\ id Sin.irt and twenly-twtj others, was recognized 
 as Company No. 3. 
 
 On August 1 1 the i-oimcil 
 
 /uMi/ri'i/, III. it a (iiiiiiiiitli'i: tie appointi <l willi authority tu 
 cnntrai't for tlic rrritioii of a htiildini.; mi tlie t'l-inale Si-iiiiiiai) 
 Inl.nu nortlirast i urmr of I'ort and < Iriswold stnils, for iiscol 
 l''iiv;iii'* Cuiiipany No. -j. 
 
 '{'he building w.is duly erorted. and occupied li\ 
 the company uiilil Dcccnijjcr 12, 185^; they then 
 mo\( d into tli<ir new building, on the north side ol 
 L.irncd .Slii'i'l, betwciii W'oodw.ard yXvenue and 
 li.ites Street. 'I'his building w.is elig.intly lilted 
 up, .iiid at the liiiic, .111(1 for ni.iiiy yc.irs, w.as the 
 '" ;st in tlu; city. '1 lur engire houst^ for No. 3 w.is 
 I tl'-' north sidit of L.irned, between Hrush and 
 iie.iiiliicn Streets, and in 1884 is still standing. 
 
 In September, 183^1, ,1 new .and el.ibor.ate tire or- 
 din.ince w.is |);pssed by the. council. Il |)rovi(le(i 
 lli.it ;it the time of a lire tlu; m.iyor, recorder, ;iiid 
 .-ildermen should sever.illy c'lrry "a while wand 
 wilh .1 gilded ll.ime at the lop, ;ind c.icli of the en- 
 gineers shall we.ir ;i Ic.ithcrn c;i|), p.iinicd white, 
 with ;i gilded front thereto, .'ind a lire engine 
 blazoned thereon; and shall, also, c.irry a speaking 
 trumpet, painted blac, with tlie words 'Chief I'.n- 
 gineer, Lngine No. 1,' etc., as the c.is(> m;iy be, in 
 white letti;rs." J-Iach of ihe lire wardens was ti- 
 wear !i similar rap, p.iinted white, with the city 
 arms embl.'izoi led on the from, ;i d to carry a speak- 
 
THK Ol.I) FIKK DKPARTMF.XT. 
 
 505 
 
 inif tnimpit, painted vvliiti-, willi tlie \vf)r(ls " Chii-f 
 I irc! Wardrii," aiui " !■ in; \Vai(k:ii No. i,"i'tc., in 
 lilatk IcttiTs. 'I'lic cap of each foreman was to have 
 ihc word •' I'oicnian " painted on liie fnjnl, lomtiiei 
 with the nntiii)er of liie company to which lie l)e- 
 loiijfed, and each metnIxT was to ha\-e the nnmher 
 of liis company jjainted ni)on tlie front of his cap. 
 
 'I'he sarn(- ordinance re(|nired eaeli hiiiiiHnj.; in 
 , he city to have one lire hiickel for every !ire|)lacc 
 iir stove, to iiold two .and a lialf ,i;,iil-)ns e.icii, 
 m.irkcd vvilli owner's name, number of liis liouse, 
 ,ind name of .slri^et; liie l)ii(k( ts were to l)e "siis- 
 |icn(ied in some conspicuous place in the entry near 
 ihe front door of e.ich house, so as to he re.idy for 
 delivery and use in extinijiiishinij fres." One half 
 iii the number of buckets n(|uired minhl be de- 
 |insited with the city, and if lost two dollars w.is 
 p.iid the owner for th(;iii. After a lirt: all buckets 
 ih.il were unel.iimed were left at the market liou.se, 
 lo be called for by their owners. 
 
 An cm-I) I'lui'. Ill ( KKT. 
 
 IJy the sanu! ordinanci' tlu' council, in the month 
 of May of each year, w.is to ;ippoint one or more lire 
 w.udens in each ward, who wi're clothed with 
 |io\\ci' to enti-r any house and examine all chimneys 
 and lirepla' js. 'I'iiey <.vere al.so aiithori/.id, at the 
 lime ^f ,1 Cire, to "direct the inhai)iiants to form 
 themselves in ranks for the purpose of handing 
 buckets and siipplyinjLi; water." Soon aftir the pas- 
 s.ii;-e of this ordinance the number of wardens was 
 MK re.iseil to live in each ward. In 1X45 there were 
 diree for the (Inst ward, and two e.ich for the other 
 wards; the followinij;- year there wire four in the 
 tirst, and three in e.icli of the other wards. The 
 miinber of wardens was subseqiiently increased to 
 .ichivf and four .assistants, and fin.illy seven war- 
 • lens w;a\: assii;neil to e.ieh ward; the ollice by this 
 lime JM'came a sinecure, and in June, 1857, it was 
 publicly allirmed that, with .a sini,de e.xcciHio.. not 
 a warden iiad been present at a tire for two years 
 
 previrius. 'Vhf ollice existed in n.ame up to 18^)7, 
 but on tli( ere.iiion of the I'ire Conunission it was 
 disi'oniiiiui'd. 
 
 In 1856 the council provided for payini; five dol- 
 lars to the person tirsl .vjivin;^- an al.arm .and rini^ini; 
 tlu; bell. At this time the bells were tolled instead 
 of niiiv^. in 1X41, a change from tolliiiJL; I'l rin^inj; 
 W.IS ni.ide, .and those who h.id ch,ir(.;e of the bell 
 run.n it so effectively that the whole city w.as st.artled 
 by the (|uick .and r.itllini; ehar.ieler of the .il.irm. 
 
 In I1S47 the council divided the city into districts, 
 ■and .1 w.iich w.is kept in the steeple of the l'res!)y- 
 teri.in C'luirch, on the corner of W'oodw.ird Avenue 
 .and L.trned .Street. 'I .le locality of .1 lire w.as indi- 
 cated, then .as now, by laps upon .a bell. A ni.nht 
 w.atilim.an w.as sul)se(|uently st.atioiied in "he c up<il.i 
 of the .N.ational Hotel, now the Russell House, .and 
 .afterwards in thi; steeplis of the Sl.ite Street .and 
 Jefferson Avenue I'resbyleri.an Churches. In .M.an h, 
 1857, .a steel tri.inj^le w.as ordered, u|)on which 
 al.arms were to be j,dven. It w.as hun^' in the (aipol.a 
 of the old City II. all, .and for years j)eriodie efforts 
 were m.ade to so pl.ace it th.it it would ^ive .a s.ati.s- 
 f.actory .al.arm, but .all efforts were fruitless. 
 
 in 1.S5S the city w.as divided into tuo districts, 
 the lirst, si'cond, fifth, eighth, .and ninth w.arch cuin- 
 |)osin]i( the First District, .and C'omi).inies 2, 4, 5, 8, 
 10, .an<l 1 2, .and the Hook .and I. .adder Comp.any 
 were to do duty therein. The Second I )istriet com- 
 prised the third, fourth, sixth, sexcnth, .and tenth 
 w.ards, .and C'ompanies i, 3, 6, 7, y, .and 1 1, .and thi; 
 Hook and L.addi r Comp.any were to .attend ,ill lires 
 in the distrii t. 
 
 in 1866 the entire city was divided into live tire 
 districts, .and two com|).inies were desiv; ti.it I'd to 
 •atli'iul .all lires .and .al.arms ori.nin.atin.n; in each dis- 
 trict. A ifcncr.il .al.arm w.as tirsl sounded by rin.nini; 
 .all the bells, and then tin; number of the w.ard was 
 v;i\cn. 
 
 rurninjLf .aj.f.ain to tlu- history of th.e coni|).inie«; 
 we tind th.at oii October 4, 1836, the in.avor noti- 
 lied the council lli.il he h.ad conlr.acle<l with Mr. 
 Smith of New York for a new lire engine of the 
 most .approveil kind, to be delivered in New ^'o^k, 
 October 15. On J.inu.ary 1837, the C'ominil- 
 
 lee on Fire Dep.artment w.is '■ ie(|uesti'd to .a.scer- 
 tain the nmsl i-lii^Mble site wiiich can be obl.iined 
 for the erection of .a i)erm.anent biiildiii).; for the 
 usi: of Fnij^ine C.'omii.any No. 1, the I look .and 
 I. .adder Comp.any .and a Hose Comp.any, .and the 
 terms upon whiih such site can be h.ad, .and 
 wlulher by piirch.ase or by ieasv'. On Febni.ary 3 
 it w.as resolved "th.at th<' tire en,i,dne Lately arrived 
 be ih'livered to I'.nj;inc Company No. 3, provided 
 tlu; number of members of that company shall be 
 increased to not less th.an twenty-live by the 18th 
 inst." It wiis also resolvei. " that the sum of fifty 
 
5o6 
 
 THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 dollars be ajipropriatcd, and expended under the 
 direction of the Cliitf Knj,n'neer, for paintinij the 
 enjfine formerly beloni^inij to Company No. i, ami 
 lately in possession of Company No. 3, and that said 
 enjjine he hereafter desij^jnated and considered as 
 engine No. 4," also tli.it "the Chief Knj-ineer be 
 requested to use his efforts to embody a company to 
 be attached to I'ngine No. 4." The effort to organ- 
 ize this company was nut immediately .successful. 
 A house was built for llicm in the rear of Washing 
 ton Market in the- simimcr of 1S40, but the company 
 was not oriiciaily organized until May 18, 1841. 
 
 The names of the ofiicers of the companies in 
 January, 1837, were: 
 
 Company No. i : C. Hurlbut, foreman ; John 
 Owen, assistant foreman; A. Ewers, treasurer; K. 
 E. Roberts, secretary ; James W. Sutton, steward. 
 
 Company No. 2 : Thomas J. Jieese, forcm.'in ; O. 
 II. Jones, first assistant foreman ; Charles C. Trow- 
 bridgi', second assistant foreman ; H.J. Caniff, sec- 
 retary .ind treasurer; W. II. Wells, engineer. 
 
 Company No. 3 : Francis E. Eidred, foreman. 
 
 In January and .April of this yi'ar very disastrous 
 I'lres occurred ; the supply of hose was insullicient, 
 and the firemen declared that they were unable, on 
 tii.it account, to do got)d .si'rvice. There can be no 
 (juesiion of the heroism th.it .some of them displayed. 
 The members of Company No. i suffered severely, 
 ami many had tiicir coats entirely destroyed by the 
 ilames. At the burning of the Creat Western, in 
 1839, the gallant boys of No. 4 st.itioned themselves 
 within fifteen feet of the fierce Ilames, and remained 
 until t'.icy were extinguished. The heat was so in- 
 tense that it w;is nccess.ary to throw the w;iter over 
 them as they stood at the br.ikes. 
 
 On June 6, 1837, Hurlbut Hose Company No. i 
 was formed, and in February, 1844, LeRoy Hose 
 Company No. 2. 
 
 In 1838 the firemen had so increased in number 
 that plans for mutual improvement began to be 
 suggested, and on August 21 they opened a reading 
 room and library. 
 
 In January, 1839, the council obtained the use of 
 the lot on the northwest corner of Earned and Hates 
 Streets, and the same ye \r the first Firemen's Hall 
 was erected, at a cost of S3.300- !•• was paid for by 
 the city, aided by the firemen. It was of brick, 
 thirty by fifty feet, and was first occupied in Decem- 
 ber, 1839. The lower story was used by Protection 
 Company No. i, Hurlbut Hose Company No. i,and 
 the Hook, Ladder, and Axe Company. The upper 
 room was used for .some time i:)y the common coun- 
 cil, and in 1852 for a public school; it afterwards 
 became the office of the Water Works. The entire 
 building w;is finally occupied for business purposes. 
 It w;is torn dov.n in 1872, to make room for the 
 store of Farrand, Williams, & Co. 
 
 During 1842 one thousand feet of hose was con- 
 tracted for, and for nearly six months the question 
 of how to obtain $860 in good money, to pay for 
 it, was before the council. .So dilTicult was it for 
 the city to support the department that a propo- 
 sition to turn over the engines and apparatus to the 
 Fire Deiiartment Society was .seriously discussed. 
 The records of the council for June 15, 1842, con- 
 tain the following : 
 
 Ri-soii'iii^ that a committee, with the Mayor as chairman, be 
 appiiintril to receive priipiisiils from, and to confer with the Fire 
 Dipartnient of the city, relative to the s-ile to them of the fire 
 cn^inis, liosi-, hose carts, and other apparatus now in use by the 
 I'ire Department. .And tliat s;iid committee be authorized to 
 make such s;de and conveyances for , such consideration as they 
 deem most advisable for the city. 
 
 -- Jg^lg^^^ 
 
 Old Firembn's Hall. 
 
 On June 27, 1843, the council further 
 
 Kesohuu/, that the Recorder be anlhorized, in consideration of 
 the valiial)le ser\'ices rendered the city by the firemen thereof, m 
 sill and convey, for and on behalf of llw Mayor, Recorder, Aldei- 
 nun,and I'iremen of tli<- cily of I >etroit, all the fire engines, hose, 
 hose carls, hooks and ladders, tnicks and the appurtenances of 
 the various fire companies, and now owned by the said city, to 
 the Fire Department of the city of Detroit, provided that swiid 
 matters and things continue to be used for the purposes for wiiich 
 they were obtained. 
 
 As the Fire Depart nenl Society did not dare to 
 assume the risk whicn the purchase would involve, 
 this piece of financiering failed. The hard times 
 finally passed away, and there was no occasion for 
 further considering the propcsition. The creilit ami 
 ability of the city was, liowever, .so uncertain that, 
 lest the property should be attached, a law of Feb- 
 
THE OLD FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 507 
 
 cialiiin of 
 liciTof, til 
 cr, AUli'i- 
 irii'S, liosc, 
 •naiici's iif 
 id lily, 1" 
 that snid 
 for wiiich 
 
 dare to 
 involve, 
 times 
 sioii for 
 ^tlit ami 
 ill that, 
 )f Feb- 
 
 d 
 
 niary 6, 1843, and amendment of March 9, 1844, 
 exempted it from execution. 
 
 J5y this time the jjrowth of the city made another 
 company desirable, ;ind on August ly, 1845, rh{i;nix 
 Company No. 5 was organized. A new engine n'as 
 then procured, and in 1846 an engine house was 
 built for this company, on Clifford, at the head of 
 Griswold Street. 
 
 Oi.u No. 5 Engine House, CuKPonn Street. 
 
 About this time it became the custom for firemen 
 to visit other cities and receive visits in return. On 
 these occasions the Detroit Fire Department always 
 performed its part thoroughly and well. Concern- 
 ing the preparations for one of these events a paper 
 of August 12, 1845, says: 
 
 At n mfcting of the committee on l)ehalf of the Fire Pepart- 
 mcnt of the city of Ocirnit, convened at the National Hotel on 
 the morning of the nth inst., the following preamhle and resohi- 
 tioiis were adopted. Whereas, Ithaca Hook and Ladder Co. No. 
 ), liavinR compIimente<l lis hy a visit to the " City of the Straits." 
 
 Kesoh'eif, that there be a torchlight procession, to form at eight 
 o'( lock this evcninjj at King's Comer. 
 
 Kesoh'cii, thai we invite our guests of Ithaca to partake of a 
 dinner on the late Camp ground on Jefferson Avenue, at two 
 o'( lock 1'. M. on Tuesday. 
 
 On July 2, 1849, Company No. 2 went to Ivoch- 
 (ster, New York, on the steamboat IJaltic; their 
 engine was sent on the Mayflower. 
 
 The popularity of these occasions made the office 
 of a fireman attractive, and when the growing city 
 nciuired a new company its formation was not difh- 
 I lilt. The residents of the Third and Fourth 
 Wards met on Monday, September 22, 1845, at the 
 I'iremen's Hall, and resolved to form a company, 
 to be called Michigan Engine Company No. 6. 
 
 The following temporary officers were appointed : 
 N. Greuscl, foreman ; F. Raymond, assistant fore- 
 man; W. W. Duffield, secretary. 'Ihe name of 
 the company was soon changed to "Alert," and 
 then to "Rough and f<eady." A new engine was 
 provided in October, and the company was officially 
 recognized by the council on November 6, 1846. 
 A building was erected for them in i<S5; on the 
 northwest corner of Earned and St. Antoine Streets. 
 
 fn January, 1849, two companies. Union No. 7 
 and Mechanics No. 8, were organized. The house 
 of No. 7 was on the corner of Lamed and Riopelle 
 Streets. Company No. 8 was located on Third 
 Street, between Lafayette and Howard Streets. 
 
 From the year 1830, it had l)een cu.stomary to 
 have an annual review of the Department. In 1849 
 a firemen's parade was arranged for September 26, 
 during the session of the State Fair, and a torch- 
 light procession for the evening. For some re.ison, 
 Company No. i was disaffected, and voted not to 
 turn out, and on November 20 it was disbanded. 
 The other companies paraded, adding greatly to 
 the attraction of Fair week. Th.ese parades were 
 always occasions of gre.it interest. The gayly dec- 
 orated engines, polished to the last degree of 
 brightness, the festoons and wreaths of tlowers 
 with which they were ornamented, the red shirts 
 and spotless black pantaloons of the firemen, and 
 the firemen themselves, were the admiration of all 
 eyes ; and the " throwing " was watched with anxiety 
 and delight by both boys and men. Members of 
 the company which threw the largest stream, high- 
 est or furthest, were as proud as Orecian victors. 
 A victorious engine was mounted with an immense 
 broom, and sometimes with several, and to say 
 "She carries the broom" was the highest praise. 
 The steeple of the Presbyterian Church, on the 
 corner of Woodward Avenue and Lamed Street, 
 the steeple of the liaptist Church, on the corner of 
 I'ort and Griswold Streets, and the Cupola of the 
 City Hall, were favorite places for testing the 
 "highest water." 
 
 Different companies often challenged each other 
 in order to test the muscle of members and " ma- 
 chines." Sometimes bonfires were built, or false 
 alarms raised, that one company might mislead or 
 defeat another and be first at a tire. In case defeat 
 seemed probable in a trial of skill, members of 
 some companies did not hesitate to cut their own 
 hose, or the hose of other companies, in order to 
 carry out their plans or make good their claims. 
 
 These were days when not only the safety of the 
 city was in care of the firemen, but they also held the 
 balance of political pow r, and neither council nor 
 citizens dared refuse their requests. Because of the 
 power the organizations possessed, disreputable 
 persons sought to become firemen, and in some 
 
5uS 
 
 TIIK ()l,l) IIKI'. DIll'AKTMKNT. 
 
 companies they were adiiiillcd. 'I'lif lirciiuii's halls 
 llu'ii hccaini.' disjifiju cfiil imiis, and as tlicsi i)alK 
 siU'Cj-edcd facli diIkt in ia|ii(l sn<'it'ssi(iii, and as 
 ev<Ty niic was cxijci led in l)iiy a lirkil wluiuvir 
 asked, llie lax liccainc soiniwliat o|)|irrssive. 'I'iie 
 worst rliaia< Itrs anion^ the Intimii, however, 
 wiMild, at the time of ;i tu'e, do deeds ol dariiij; tiial 
 were the admiration and pride of the riiy. 
 
 A tire ol any mom<iil alforded a scene of excili:- 
 menl that now is never |)aralleli'd. I'lie loud ( ries, 
 the hoarse slioiitin^(. the raitlinj; thud of tlit; hreaks. 
 
 "washed." 'I'his was considered a (|ee|) disj^raee, 
 and when sm h instances occurred, liienK'H have 
 heen known to throw np their hals and abandon 
 the engine. In orilci- in avoid such dilliciilties, 
 ureal < are uas taken that iiu one of the com|)anies 
 was supplied with an eiii-ine heller lli.in the 
 
 nthcrs. 
 
 iJiiriii)^ these ye.irs the duties of liremen wen; 
 very lahorions .ind exiiaiisiive, and it hecame cus- 
 lomary to supply ihem with icfreshmenls .ifu-r a 
 lire, especi.illy if in the nielli. Citizens whose 
 
 , /A ' 
 
 .and the picinres(|nc dress of the tiremeii, were in properly was saved often vied with <ai h other in 
 markc'd cnnir.'ist 
 with the (juiet 
 aixl system of 
 lilt; present day. 
 ".Start her live- 
 ly!" "Jiimpher!" 
 wi'it' llie cries 
 lie.ird ;is the 
 hrave ;ind hnis- 
 tcidiis " h'lioys " 
 lll;;He<l ill llli- 
 ropi-s, and 
 "pulled away" 
 for a lire. Of- 
 leiilimes ;i ri- 
 v.il company 
 reached the 
 scene he font 
 I heir hose-c.irl 
 arrit'cd. .and lo 
 prevent anoiher 
 eom|):iny from 
 ijetlini; w.iter 
 ih.it tlii'y u.mlcd 
 themselves, .i 
 h.irrel or box 
 unuld he h.islily 
 llirnwn (ivcr llu: 
 hydr.iul, and it 
 cniild not he li.'td 
 wilhoul ;i slrtiir- 
 
 4, 
 
 
 A " Masi " cil- nil- ftllU'N 'I'lMK. 
 (I''rciiii II paiiiliiiK )>>' K<>l><i> I li>|ikiii.) 
 
 the hospil.ilities 
 whii h they prof- 
 fered to the 
 f.'iilhfiil lint- 
 men, .iiid m.iiiy 
 ).;,illons (if entice 
 .mil hiiskcls ol 
 h;ird hoilcdej^^s, 
 witholhcr.iii cs- 
 sories, were pro- 
 vid<<l. The fnl- 
 
 Inuill^ nnliccs 
 
 tell their own 
 story : 
 
 'I lit iindt isj^'iit'il 
 lilkr^ lllis llMiliiiit ul 
 f^lillt'fiilly ill i(Il(,w) 
 < il^'lll)^ his jllilrlitill 
 111 ^^ lo Ult- (ililllftl 
 
 III III! I ily (ill llii If 
 |iriiiii|il I flu ii IK y ill 
 Mi\ iiif{ liis ri-siili-iii r 
 IriiiM (Irstriirliiiii liy 
 lirr nil Siimliiy iiiinn 
 iii^ ; iiiiil tM Ills 
 m i^jIiIhiI', fill llir 
 liiipiiiliiil ussisl.inii' 
 II iiili'ii il liy llirni. in 
 iillislill^; tllr nill- 
 
 IlilV.Klli'lll. 
 
 /. I'm iii'K. 
 
 /)//•/■/ IMl, iRs'- 
 
 )^y. If llnise 
 
 could liavc drowned .i lire, few fires would h.ive 
 m.idi' any iic.idw.iy .ifler the enniiu's were f.iirly 
 at \v<Mk. In his encrj^ciic cnde.ivors the forem.in 
 often mouiilcd llie " m.ichiiie," ;ui<l " I'p with iier, 
 hoys!" " 1 )nwu wiiji the hi.ikes!" " Me lively !" and 
 •a hundred oilur ejaculations llowed from his lips .is 
 fast .as the si re. nil fmm the iio/./.le. Often, jusi .is 
 the .stream hejfan xaiuin^ on ihe lire, the hose would 
 hurst ,111(1 drench the hyst.iiiders, .-ind then there w.is 
 loud and fervent commeiil. Sometimes, owinj.^ to the 
 .scarcity of water or of liosc, one m.u liiiie |)i,iyeil into 
 aiiotluT, ;uul an enviine lli.it could not throw <iiii 
 water ;is fast as .iiioilu r threw it in was s.iid to he 
 
 I'riilri liiinCii. Nil. 
 
 I ti'iiili'i tlirir Uiaiiks 
 
 to l>r. I'ilrliiT mill 
 
 Mr, Tlionini ('. Sliililnn, for rcrrCDiimcnta aflrr llw lin- mi tin 
 
 iiKiiiiliiv; <i( lilt' |i<lli nil. 
 
 JUNKK MlMiI.I.AN, 
 
 Htcrttary. 
 
 Money was frc(|ut'nlly sent lo the companies or 
 the I )i |).iriuieiil in .acknowledgment of services ren- 
 direil, .111(1 from lime to time elegant s|)e.ikin.t;- 
 trumpels of silver were presented. One such w.is 
 presented by the eiti/ens of Windsor for v.ilu.ii)le 
 services rendered ,it the time of .1 lire. 
 
 If the people ne^dected lo furnish refreshnients, 
 the coiiii)aiiies .after ;i lire often ri-.;aled themselves 
 with holeolfee ind ".sundries" at llicirown liouses. 
 
•nil': oij) I'lKi: dipau'immnt. 
 
 5' '9 
 
 ' >ti siiili Dic.isioiis llii- (cilluvviiii; h"iiJ4 was |in|iiilai° 
 uitti many nl ilu: Iikiiicm : 
 
 KIKKMKN'S |i|<INKIN(; SONf.. 
 
 Hri'i: Ih III Niiiiilii I I liK , ilriiik III I ilxwii, 
 
 lli'ici»lii Niiiiibui (JiK , ilriiik liii iIkkii, 
 
 llcri' it 111 Niiiiilii-r Oiir, fur llwir Imys iir<- full nf liiii, 
 
 lliink liir (li'Wti, (li iiili lii-i (liiwii, iliiiik In i ili'^vii. 
 
 Tlu; liist Ivvu liiiisiif caili verse wire tonsiriii led 
 .ilikc, anil till- irfrain was ilu- same in all, the lliini 
 lines of llie veises were as follows: 
 
 III II- i-1 III NuNllil:! Twn, liil lllrll liijyi all' K"<"l •^'■l I 'lie, 
 
 III n i-1 III N'liiiilii I Tliiif, mill ymi M In llrr li I In r In-, 
 
 III 11- is III Nilliili' I {''mil', fur lllr Imys llii'y iiiaki- llfl rmir, 
 
 lliii: in III Niiiiiliui I'Ui, liii till ljiiy:>aiu all alivi , 
 
 ill II- is 111 NiiiiiJMT Six, fur Ilu- Imys liny n'lvr lii-r filit, 
 
 llrir is Id Nilliil»-r Sivi 11, liii Ilii y air all u k'i'"K '" Ik'UVcii, 
 
 111 ir is III Niiiiilii'r I'ImIii, liii ilii y mvir jji't ilirir luu, 
 
 Urn is III Niiiiilnr Niiii', lur tiny iiiak)- tin: lust <if tlllii-, 
 
 llrii' is 111 Niiiiiliir 'li n, Inr liny arc all Irisliiiiin, 
 
 III Ir is III Nllllllirr Kli VI II, l|ii|ii' III liiirl llli III all ill In avi li, 
 
 11(11' is til Niiiiilii r Twilvr, tiny 'ri' ton fai avv.iy In Inar lln lii Ms. 
 
 i'lirtiicr reioljii lidiis of ilie "old d.iys" are eon- 
 lained in the followin;^ lines, wriueii by William II. 
 ( ciylc, ,'iiid folliiilij.; |»allof :tn ode re.id ;il a lire- 
 iiien's bcneliL al die .National 'i'liealre on July (S, 
 1K50: 
 
 Wlnii, ill lilt: ill L|i aiut dim iiiiiliii^lil, 
 
 la lii'iird a riy nf wild iiffiii^lii, 
 
 A slirirk, lliiit pirn I'S sliiiiilin 's car. 
 
 Ami I hills the IiIhiiiI willi Iniriid fi ar, 
 
 Wiiilc |i('als til* .il.iiiii liniii many a s|iirc, 
 
 And lln ilri'iid sniii.d nf " I' ire ! I- ire !" 
 
 W.ikis llic slill 1 My, wlm a|>|iiais, 
 
 Swilt llirn' tin- darkness, wild Iniid 1 licers ? 
 
 " I 'ml ill inn." K.ill.inl Niinilicr One, 
 Win n III II and lriini|ii I 1 alls 1 ai li xnii 
 01 d.iiiiiK InKli, lills Inr liinad sliiclil, 
 Till- lirst 111 11 s< lie, last til yield. 
 
 'I'lic iiiiLilr " l''.ayle," Niiiiibc-r 'I'wo, 
 Often Iricd, and ever true, 
 Willi ciiKtin* new, llial 1 .iii'l In lieal, 
 (liiineHllMindcrinK dnwii lln ion li-hi street, 
 
 'I'lie " Wiilveriiic " next, Nnnilici 'lliiee, 
 Nn lii>i){aiil ill tlic lield will lie. 
 Siniil arms are lln-irs, llial never tire, 
 I'lUl liravely work, thru' siiniki: and lin:. 
 
 Olil " l.afayijle," -l.iiiiiili N'niiiliir Iniir, 
 A liiiii III, lnn>; and sliniix, v\itt |iiiiii ; 
 With i^ealniis pride In Inr lined name. 
 She 'It li'.nl llie hnliisi, In n est llanie. 
 
 Ilirnii: " l'liii'iii.\," Nimilicr Kive, 
 Impalient, dashes oil, In strive 
 AjjainsI the flic, on fearless wiii>;s, 
 And Imm lli<- iislics roiii|iicriiii2 springs. 
 
 Old " KhiikIi and Kcady," NnmlierSix, 
 ^follntM fiireinost nn Ilu: mnf In fix 
 Her pipe ; ill peril Uliru anil steiuly, 
 Al the liell tap always re.nly. 
 
 Iiilicpid " liinin," Niuiilier Seven, 
 Wlnii 1 mill IS Hash and lly In heaven, 
 Wlii-i Is inin hni , .1 Sp.irlaii liaiiil, 
 And lights lln lin Iniid hand In hand. 
 
 " .Ml I hanii ," velei.in Niimlnr I'.inlil, 
 
 < III duty III II r kimuii inn l.ilc, 
 
 Mans her liiakis, .mil makes llieiii rinx, 
 
 As llnnd nil llnnil I he ipiil k Sllnkes llill){. 
 
 Nnw " llllllllllt llnsi ," and ynllllK " I.I Knys," 
 'I aki 1 .11 h ihcil post, while 'inid lln nniM 
 And smnlln riii;; sinnkc, lln li iiiii|iel hlnws, 
 
 " I leal the irai k !" " Keep nil Ih.ll llnsc !" 
 
 " llnnk. Axe, anil Ladder, s< .lie lln walls!" 
 
 " I'nII haul, my l.nis! il ini ks, il I, ills, 
 
 llnwn liimlilmK ni n liliind-rcd lila/.c ! 
 
 Iliiii.ih ! " And nnw in i hnriis riiisi: 
 
 'Ihrec I heirs, my Imys, we 've Willi the fivhl ; 
 
 '1 luce iiinre ! (innd iii)>ht ! ^nnd iii>;lit ! ^ihhI ni>iht 
 
 Tlie mottoes of tilt; companies also indi< aied the 
 s|)iiil of lilt' limes. 'I'li.il of No. I read, "needs 
 .ire fruits, words are but leaves." 'llie moiio of 
 No. 4 was "When d,in).{ir (.ills we're |)roni|ii to lly, 
 and bravely do, or bi.ively dn-. " I In- li.uk of 
 l'dij.(ine No. 5 bore ihc |ei.;('nd, " M.in tin bi.ikes 
 and keep me ele.ni, ;ind I'll lake the bull from any 
 niai hull-." Kesetie Hook and L.tddir <. omp.my 
 No. I li.id lor a motto tin wouIn, "We la/.e to 
 have." 
 
 Ill 1851 the ((iiidilioii of the I )( p.irlnnnt w.is .IS 
 follows: 
 
 I'roteetion i.iliviii nieinbiis, inline biiill lojj, 
 .150 ft. hose. 
 
 I'iav^le 2, lifly-onn niiinbiis, int^iin; biiill iM.}S, 
 51X) ft. hose. 
 
 Wolverine 5, foriy-foiir nunibirs, eiiniiur biiill 
 I1S51, 350 ft. hose. 
 
 [..if.iyette .(, hlly-loiir nniiibers, rlinilie bnill 
 1851, .\i>n fl. hose. 
 
 I'lionix 5, foriy-thn (■ iiii'mlnis, i'ii'.;iiie bmlL iM.j.S, 
 
 500 ft. hose. 
 
 Koti}.(h .iiid Re.tdy 0, Iweiiiy-nine membeis, in- 
 ).;iiie btiilt i84fi, 5(x> ft, hose. 
 
 I'nion 7, forty members, engine built 18,1, !;ix> 
 fl, hose. 
 
 Meejianies' 8. lliirly-two inembns, cn^ini: biiill 
 1850, 400 ft, hose. 
 
 'I'heie weri: ;ilso four old ciiyiines iioi in use. 
 Mook .'ind Ladder CNimpany had no members. The 
 company ollii crs eonsisled of .a foreman, lirst, 
 seeoiid, .111(1 ihird .assistants, .ind .1 seerct.iry. l!om- 
 mittees wen; .ippoinled by eaeli (oinpany monthly, 
 to care for ihe engine. 
 
 'I'lie tijiper story of e.ieh engine house w.is lilted up 
 as all assembly room, and in.iny of llu; rooms were 
 re.illy elegaiil .iiid inviting. Ofteiilimes the liremeii 
 plated their eiiirjnis ;it their own expense, ;ind llu; 
 members of sonu; (omp.-tnies toniribiited more tli.ni 
 the city to further the ubjct is of their orgaiiizatiuiis. 
 
5i<^ 
 
 rill': oi.i) iiKi: di.I'Ak rMi:N r. 
 
 'I'lic ( iiiiiliiinn iif many <>f ili<' siiciis al iliis |)ci iml 
 oticliliiius iiMilc the iltauili^ iif llii' I li^ilKS a \(iy 
 lianl lask, <s|)i( lally if hiil (cw iihiiiIm is ti( a i uiii- 
 |)aiiy wiTt' |ins(iii. 
 
 'I'licir was j^icat rivalry aiiKHii; llir ((impanics to 
 i^rl ilit"lirst strtaiii nii." I )i ays were (ri |ii(Mtly 
 iisi c|, and jiajil fur l)v ilic < uiiiit il ; if no dray was al 
 iiand, llic <'(irn|)ani('s ran on tiic sidewalks, to iIk; 
 danyjcr of pcilcslrians, ai.-' tin: dania^r of sliade- 
 Iri.'i'S and oiinr |)ro|i«rly. As llic <(irn|)aiiiis in- 
 creased in nninber, the livalries iniicased in 
 iniensiiy, inilil N'^ilitnale and |)raiseworliiy einnla- 
 tion was transformed, in some < ases, into [I'-tty and 
 malignant jealousy, .iml in llie elfort lo he Insl .it a 
 lire, some of 
 tile companies 
 would crowd 
 others from ihe 
 walks, ;ind (All! 
 rnn into them, 
 <i.'una>{in,i4 the 
 env^ines, and 
 making tiie 
 I lists lor ripairs 
 frei|neni and <x- 
 pensive. 'I'herc 
 w.is also miK h 
 disturi).ini'e at 
 the en>^ini: 
 houses caused 
 hythchoymem 
 1)1 rs of the hose 
 companies, and 
 (or this reason 
 in Man h, 1855, 
 the hoy coin- 
 panics were (lis- 
 b.'inded.and the 
 hose was there- 
 after cared for 
 by the men. 
 
 I'his entailed niort- work and increased ihi; dissatis- 
 faction and disorder. 
 
 In order to remedy sijiiic of the ixistinjr evils, the 
 council, on April 24, 1855, prohil)ile<l the rnnniiij^f 
 of lire eiii^ines n|)on the sidewalks of paved streets 
 helween the hours of 6 A. M. and 10 i'. M., ,ind 
 l)rescril)<-d a penalty of live dollars, or live days' 
 imprisonment, al the discretion of liie maycjr's 
 court. I'his jfreatly displeased the firemen, and on 
 the follow iii,i( wiik the council repealed the clanse 
 imposing ihe pen.ilty of imprisonment, and adojiteil 
 an ordinance providinjf for the expulsion or suspen- 
 sion of the K'l'ilty p-'irty from the f''ire Department. 
 Certain of the firemen, however, were still dissatis- 
 lied, and at the semi-annual review, on May 2, they 
 held a meeting to discuss their ffricvances, after 
 
 KiKI'.MKN's DaNNI'.K, C'lMIANV No. 4, 
 
 whii II some ol (he nu-mhers of C.'oin|)anies 1,4, 5, 
 (>, '/, and H .iliaiidoned their eiiv^iries ,'iiid l<;fi tin 
 service; numlnis of ihein m.iri lied through ili< 
 streets Willi hats reversed. On iIk- s.inie d,iy, .11 iIh 
 call ol ihe m.iyor, .1 meeliii)^ was held, .ind .1 |.ii|.( 
 nnmhei ol prominent ( iti/.eiis, many of them old 
 liremeii, leiidiied tliiir services for the prole«lioii 
 and m.in.i^emeiilof such eii^i;ines ;is were iiiimaiiiied. 
 On ihe lollowiiiv; day tin; employees of tin M, ( . |<, 
 K. .iml ol Jackson and Wiley's i'ouiulry or^aiii/.e<l 
 a lire (ompaiiy, called .M.iyllower No. yf>, and vol 
 uiUeered io j^;o to all liics iieediii); their services. ( )ii 
 May 15 new ( oiii|)aiiies for Nos. 5, ^, and H wen 
 (ji^;ini/ed by the council, an<l by June 15 ci^lil new 
 
 comp.iiiies ii.'ul 
 been formed. 
 'I'he ii.imes of 
 soiiiei ompaiiH '^ 
 were I In II 
 ( h.in^eil as fol 
 lows: I'hd nix 5 
 lo Washiii^ion, 
 and I hen bai k 
 a^.'iin lo I'lid- 
 iiix; Uoii^h and 
 Ready'') to N<'p- 
 tuiie 6 ; and 
 Mechanii s' H to 
 C'ontineni.il H. 
 'Ihe meinbers 
 of lliis Last com- 
 pany were uni- 
 formed in C'(,ii- 
 tineiital-soldii I 
 style, and in tin 
 suinmei of 1857 
 the company 
 built a new 
 
 llOU.se (Jll the 
 
 bile of the old 
 one. 15esides 
 ihe fiirnishinjf it cost somethinjf over $5,000, of 
 which till' ( oinpany raised $ },tJoo, ami the remainder 
 w.is paid by llie city. 'I'he speedy and sui < cssful re- 
 or>^ani/.ati(jii of the Department did not please the 
 diss.ilislied memliers of the old coni])aiiies, and fctr 
 nearly a year there were numerous false alarms 
 believed to have been )riven by former lireiiien. 
 
 On June 10, 1856, Detn)il Company No. <j was 
 or^janized, .and on November 21, 1856, took pos- 
 session of a new brii k bnildiii;; on north side of 
 Ciratiot near St. Aiiioim- Street. They were provideil 
 with .1 new envjine, which was first ii.sed on May 
 26, i«57. 
 
 On June 9, 1856, Operative Company No. 10 was 
 orjjani/.ed. They occupied .1 brick building on the 
 north side of Onliard, corner of I'ifth Stn-et. A 
 
'llli; ol.l) I IKI. DIJ'AKTMKNT, 
 
 5'« 
 
 new iiiviiiii; for litis inmp.iny .'irrivnl, ;iii<l was tfstc(| 
 .il llic saint: liiiic. as llic mw i iij^iiKr of No, 'j. 
 
 A «;<)iii|)aiiy kiiuuii as Spoultis No. i i was oi- 
 ^alli/<•ll I'fliniary i i, i«57. 'I licy wen: oiiv;iii.illy 
 (|csii;iialctl tlic I lariilraiiu k .Siioiiins, 'I liiir nii^iiic 
 lioiisf, l)iiill ill iH5<>, was loi ali-d on tin: < oiik i uf 
 Jc llcisoii and Si. Auliin Av<iiiics. 
 
 W'oodliiiilm: ( oinp.iny No. 12 was oij^am/.i d in 
 M.iK II, 1^37. 'I'lli-y wen: loi.ilid oil llu; idrncr of 
 loll and 'l'lioni|isoii, now 'rwrllili .Sin-ci. 
 
 A ioni|).iny, styled ( .latiol i'in; C'oiiip.iiiy No. 13, 
 was or^aiii/.<'<l Novcniliir 2 }, 1X57, l<ni .1 1 oiiiniillic 
 wf lilt; t oiim il ifpoiliij a^jaiiisl a< 1 ipliiiv; il. 
 
 Ily rniiiii-ii, and fspii ially hy inciiibtis of C oin- 
 |i,iiiy No. 2, "<j|d Joe," lilt; tiri-iiu-n's tloK, will lie; 
 riiiicinliiiTil. He was a larj^t; hiat k Nivvfonnd- 
 l.iiid, boti^lil, wlu:ii Iwo years tilil, by John Alkin- 
 soii of a s.iilor, ami ^jivtii lo Kobi rl MtMillaii. lie 
 I). lonj.;i<l to I'iault; Company No. 2 for six or sfvtn 
 )c.iis, was always on li.iiid at tiifs, and natly al llu: 
 liisl tap of llif bill lo sii/i: llu; lopts and bark llit: 
 .il.iriii. i lii was proviiltti willi a lint; collar, anti was 
 ;i X<iiii'al f.ivoiiif, .-nil! on liis df.illi, in M.iy, i«5S, 
 w.is siiHfnly inoiirncil. 'I lie ;it 1 oni|).inyiiin pii uirc 
 of old Jot- is from ;in oil paiiitin).{, and llit^ painter 
 alone is ri:sponsible for the |)erspt:(live. 
 
 '■■# 
 
 
 
 (Ji.ii JoK, I III' I' ikumi'.n's 1)u(;, 
 
 I'ivi'ii .after tin; rttort^.ini/.alion of the dip;irtnu;nt 
 ill 1H55. pcai:e diil not always rei^n, and .'imon)j[ 
 those who jf)inetl the fomp.mies were ni.iny un- 
 worthy inenibers. On AiiKiisl 4, 1H58, some mem- 
 bers, or prt;ten(letl friends, tif Comp.iny No. 4 
 started ;i dan^^eious jjonlirt; on the eornerof l..irneil 
 anil W.iyne Streets, anti when No. 8 arrivt;tl they 
 int their hose and threw stones al the men. In 
 fact, the flisortfer w.is .ilmo.st as jjreat as it had been 
 in 1855; the property of the ff)m|i;inies was nejf- 
 le< ted, anil the hose allowed to j^o uiuared for im- 
 lil much of it became until for use. September 2, 
 1X5H, marked the bej^innini^ of a new era. On that 
 
 • l.ile a ste.im firir envjint; was first trieil in Detroit. 
 Il u.is one of Silsby iV' C'o.'s m.ike, .inil by a>;rec- 
 nieiit its ineriis were to be I tiin|)aretl with the scr- 
 vici; reiidereil by hand eiij^ines. 'I'lie iri.il look 
 |il.t<fon till- I'.impns M.irtiiis. 
 
 The ellj^ilies oil ;i Ix II siyjlial wel'e to start at 2 
 I'. M., :iiid nieei in front -/f the City ll.ill. I.onj,; 
 befoit; U\oo'(|oik lilt; .iviMiiii! was thronged with 
 peojile an.xioiis ttj see the r.u t: anil the tii.ii. iai- 
 ^ine t i)m|);mits 8 .uitl 10 were .selecletl as rtpn- 
 seniinjr tilt: li.inil-eii^iiie comp.iiiies, '{'he time of 
 arriv.il ami tiimmencemeiil tjf throwiii)^ was as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Arrival. 
 Hour. Atin. .Scj. 
 No. 10, 2 o'c|ot:k ij 47X 
 No. 8, 2 " II \\'/i 
 Slt;.imer, 2 " II 20 j4' 
 
 CtiiiiiiK'iKi'd to lliriiw wuU-r. 
 //itur. MiH. Sfi , 
 2 oc ioi k Kj 54)i( 
 2 •• i 1 471.^ 
 
 K','^ 
 
 On the sm ti:eiliiij^ il.iy the st<:amer was .i^.iin 
 testeti, anti for two hours it tliiew a ((Uiiinnous 
 stream willi ^reat force, abiiml.inlly evim in>{ its 
 ailv.int.i^'e in enilurame <A<r iianti |)os\er. Oil 
 November 5, i85i_;, .inother tri.ii look place, .tml the 
 ste,iiiit:r won still mtjrt; f.ivor. 
 
 IJy this liiiit: interest in tlit; volimletr com|);inies 
 li.'itl .ilmosi p.isseii aw.iy. Com|)aiiy Ni>. 2 dis- 
 l)ande.d on December 31, 185'^. 
 
 Upon lilt: introiluction of sie.im fin: eni^iiics the 
 city .lulhoriiies look possession of the dillcreni 
 engine lit)uses, but a iiuiiiixr of the 1 iimp.iiiies stili 
 ke|)l up a sort of t liib or^^ani/.alion, anti at their 
 meetiiiv;s il w.is ciistom.iry for them lo siiij^ this 
 soii^, I (imposed by .1 member of Lafayette Com- 
 pany No. 4 : 
 
 •rilAT Ol.l) MACIilNK ANI) IIDSK. 
 
 AlK " ihc hluitliMn .Siow <</ O/4I l'i>/;iMiiy." 
 
 'I'liu hiiii liii!i n'lnc ttowii ill till' wcslcni xky, 
 
 Ni^lK'' |iiittillK hrr niaiitli; on, 
 'I III' inooii aiiil '<l/ir>> an- liikiiiK llicir plai.'e. 
 
 To sliiiK will II iIk: »uii in gone. 
 Tlieri' is SI an riy ii liii.'illi lo stir llu: liavts, 
 
 All iiatiirr si'iins in ri [low, 
 Anil llii' iloor in loi knl on tin olil iiiacliini', 
 
 Tin: oiil niadiiiii' and lio>>r, 
 CAorus. TIlcii give u» liai k tli.ii olil iii.k liiiic, 
 '1 hat ulil mat liiin: and Inm , 
 Oil ! K>^'<' "t !>"■ k that old niucliinc, 
 Tiiul old muciiinr uiid liosic. 
 
 'T Is now the fireman necks for resl, 
 
 Hii l.'iliorHall liilii); doni', 
 And kind < inoiions fill liis breast 
 
 As 111! rearlii s liis wi li omr home. 
 His mind is free from sorrow and i are, 
 
 He lianishrs all his woes, 
 And ipiiiy thinks of tin old muchine, 
 
 The olil inuL-hine anil liune, 
 CAorut. 
 
51 
 
 rill': oi.i) KiRi': |)i;i'arimi;ni. 
 
 Niiw llir finniMU i-. >;iciwin>, uliI, 
 
 llii rare in ii .irly mil, 
 liiil III- has iioiliiii^; t>> K-v^Mt, 
 
 Mis dill)' III' 's iiiilily diini'. 
 Sii nlii'ii III' is ill'. Ill anil t^niir in nsi, 
 
 Aiul lakii'K liis last ir|Hi>i , 
 UraK nvrr liis ^ravr I hat <il>l iiiai liiiii.', 
 
 That old iiiuchiiu' and hose. 
 ^'lll'l Hi. 
 
 Oil J.inu.iry 24, iSfio, ilic Cdiimil Commillir on 
 Firo I )fi),'iiimi'!il was iriiiu'slid to report on ilic 
 i'\|)i'(Iii'!U'y of prociirinif oiii; or more steam iirtj 
 ciii^iacs for the lity ; aiitl soon after this, i)roi)osals 
 
 nics 3 and 4 dishamled. Tlie second .steamer arrivi il 
 J.innary 7. iSM , and, under the n.ime of Nepliiiu 
 No. J, u.'is lo«','iu (1 in ihe engine liouse of old No. fi, 
 Dii the eorni r of l.iiriuil ;ind St. Anioine Streets, 
 
 On July 24. i.Sf)!. a third steamer, known ,is 
 i'hd'iii.x No. 3, was procured, and locateti in the 
 house of old No. 5, on Clilforil Street. 
 
 On June 25, 1 86 1, ;in ordinance w.is passed whicli 
 piii\ided for i).iid hand tire en.;;ine comp.inies ; llu 
 foremen ;ind stewards were to he p.iiil S50 a <iiiar- 
 ter anil inemhers §25 a t|iiailir, and twciity-thici 
 men were appointed fur each of four tunipanie.'^ 
 
 i'lUlNix SliiA.M t'lKK Kni.im: No. ), A'^ 11' \ I'l'i-. M.'i': 1 1 IN iiiK l''rNiiu,\i. I'holussihn ok 
 I'uicMDiisr Lincoln, Aikii. ^.'s, 1865. 
 
 for fiirnisliiinr ste.im entwines were invited. On May 
 2i> propositions were received, and on June 2A a 
 contract was made witii the Amoskea^ MaiuifaC'- 
 turini; Company of M;inche.ster, .N. 11., for a.ste.imcr 
 lu cost Sj.r 50. The engine was duly received, and 
 on October 4, i860, it was housed and m.inneil for 
 service. It was named Lafayette No. i, and was 
 located on the northeast corner of I.;irned and 
 Wayne Streets. On C)ct<;ber y the council formally 
 appointed the olTicers and members, and a paid 
 Ste.iin I''ire Department was inauv;urated. 
 
 A secinul steamer was ordered November 20, 
 1S60, ami on the 27tli of the same month C'ompa- 
 
 orjrani/ed. Members of the hook and l.idder coni- 
 l).inies were to be p.iid $120 .'i year, anil by ordi- 
 n.ince of June 17, 1864, ijiis w.is incrcised to §160. 
 
 The steamer K. C. llarker No. 4 arrived Febru- 
 ary I, 1S65, ;ind was st.uioned in the enj^ine house 
 ;il the corner of Orch,ird .and Fifth Streets. It cost 
 $4.5ixj, ;uul w;is re;uly for use I'ebruary 1 1. 
 
 On l'"ebru;iiy 17, 1865, the p.iid hand lire eni^ine 
 coiiipaniis were disbanded, and on May 16 the 
 chief eiij^ineer resiirned. 
 
 On June 27 tiie steamer J.imes A. Van Dyke 
 No. 5 was i^rocured. It was located on the corner 
 of l.ariK'd and Riopeile Streets. 
 
STKA.M I'iKi: i;':i'artmi:n |-. 
 
 5' 
 
 Ur cdni- 
 
 111 ()(liihir, icSr,^, ilu' tity ((Hilraclitl for ;i lire 
 ai iiin lrlinia|)li. Il was known as llu; Kry anil 
 |;< il |)lan, and liad wociikn boxt's. The wdrk of 
 ni::iinvj il up Was bi'jL-un 1 )c(cnil)rr 2(>, ami it was 
 .iM rpli'il tiic sanii' inoMlli. 'I'lu; apparatus cost 
 •iv'ixJ. On January 4, i.Sfiy, it was tistid l)y tlic 
 (. liininitti'i' on Fire I )iparinicnt, tin: lire ni.irslial, 
 aiiil nicnibi'rs of tliu idinuii, and j;avc yood salis- 
 la< lion. 
 
 Us tills time ptiblir opinion was ready for the 
 isiabli^hincnt of a I'irt.' C'oinniission, and on Man li 
 j(), 1S67, it was ( nali-d. 
 
 Mil' iliiif in;^inti'rs of tlic okl I'irr I)i'|>artnu'nt 
 Wire appointed by the conncil, with salaries varying 
 fniui S3CXJ to ijiscx). 
 'lluir names and 
 tcrnisof oMice wi'ri;: 
 iSji. D. C. Mc- 
 KiMstry; I1S30. Levi 
 CiMik ; 1.S31, J. I.. 
 W liilinv;; 1X32, 
 Marshall t'hai)in ; 
 
 if^33-''''35. l-i'vi 
 Ciiiik; i.'^35, Noah 
 Slllloll, 1 1. \'. I)is- 
 hriiw; i^j)'', II. 
 \'. I )isbrow; 1N37, 
 Uiatiniy Uuilbul; 
 iSyS, 'I'lleodore 
 Williams; 1839- 
 1.S4J, C. Ibirlbnt; 
 1.S4:, Matllie;v 
 ('kmm! i n;;- ; 1S43- 
 
 1.S45. ll.ll.i-iKoy: 
 
 1.S45 I1S47, James 
 
 Stewart: 1X47- 1. S4(). 
 
 William llariiav ; 
 
 i.S4<)-i.S5i, William 
 
 Duncan ; 1.S51, I,. 
 
 II. Ciibb; iMjj if^54, John I'ation; KS54-1857, 
 
 William Diinean; 1S57. William Lee; 1 858, William 
 
 DiiiK .Ml ; 1851;, William Lee ; 1860, William Ilolnu's; 
 
 iM^o 1X63, James liattle ; 1863, Thomas Oakley; 
 
 iy<i4 1867, James l>atlle. 
 
 Till, SII'.AM IIUK Dl.l'.VKIMKN r. 
 
 I'lie present Steam I'ire Department is bilieved 
 to he one of the best ori;ani/tcl in the eoiintry. It 
 v.as created by Act of March 26, 1S67, and reorijan- 
 i/.cil by Act of March 18, 1S71. The latter Act re- 
 iDu^tittited the commission, remi'died some defects 
 in the law tirst |)asse<l, and delincd more fnlly the 
 |)(i\vers of the board. A further Act of NLirch 31, 
 1 8- 1, lei^ali/ed some technically illegal acts of the 
 ciunniission. The commissioners named in the 
 
 I'lUK t'uMMIssKiNKKS OhKltH, AMI KmiINK IIoCSHS, 
 (.UK.SliK L.VK.NBU A.MJ W'AVNli SlKliKTS. 
 
 tirst Act look the oath of oflice and entered upon 
 their duties on Ajiril i, 1867. Tlu'y at once found 
 much to do; the houses in'cded lilting up, and the 
 machines needed repairing. The hand engines 
 and some lots and buildings which siemed unde- 
 sirable were solil ; anil from year to yiar, since the 
 organization of the commission, tlie value of the 
 property and the elliciency of the force have steadily 
 inerea.scii. 
 
 The dep.irlment is r-ian.igi'd u|)on military princi- 
 ples, eai h person being held strictly aceoiintabie for 
 the work assigned to him; everything is required 
 to be done ,uid repotted with much precision, and 
 all ditails coniij before the board at its wcikly mei't- 
 
 ings. I'he captain 
 of I'ach c(ini|),iny 
 ri'ports to the chief 
 engincei' tlu' facts 
 ,'ts to all alarms 
 gi\iii and tires at- 
 tended, specifying, 
 on c.K h occ.'i.sion, 
 till' prcscnci: or ab- 
 sence of cuh inem- 
 berof the company. 
 Tluse reports are 
 m.ide d.iily, certi- 
 lied to by the chief 
 engineer, .ind ri-- 
 p or ted to the 
 bo.ird. I'or all ex- 
 penditures .1 sys- 
 ti'in of checks ;md 
 balances is pro- 
 vided, ;md a com- 
 plete record is kept 
 of all .articles used. 
 ;\ll oriKrs for siip- 
 jilies of .any kind 
 must l)e signed by the presiiU-nt of the connnission ; 
 c.K h comp.iny is charged with the supplies fur- 
 nished, ,ind the chief engineer ,ind capt.iin of each 
 companv .ire re(|uirt'(l to certify th.it .irlicles are 
 needed before they are furnished or procured. 
 
 The ye.uly expenses and the value of the property 
 of the department havi' been as follows: 
 
 Yr.iis. 
 I 867 
 
 l8(.8 
 1 869 
 I 870 
 1871 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 l'.\|niisc. Iiiviiitury. Years. Kxpiiisi-. liivtiitory. 
 
 S^'3.4^'9 $I3'.''^5- ^^7(: $fOij,42} $344,334 
 
 71,138 
 69,02 5 
 78,106 
 85,845 
 71,062 
 105,806 
 
 152,529 
 166,778 
 202,730 
 
 ^•7.155 
 24 1 ,69 1 
 
 299,382 
 
 109.7W 334/'3u 
 109,766 338,y3y 
 
 1S77 112,059 360,189 
 
 1878 103,655 367,272 
 
 1879 104,022 398,895 
 
 1880 111,197 417,867 
 
 1881 117,290 412,384 
 
 1882 142,53^' 439.041 
 
 1883 177,869 47S-35 
 
5'4 
 
 blKAM IIKK UKI'AKIMKNT. 
 
 I'.ni^inc Houses, 
 
 
 lillilt. I'H.llh.ll 
 
 |S«2 Sixti.trilli .It lii.iil of r.iiKK Sunt. 
 
 I'rinr lo till- in\;.irii/;ilii<n u( llic < niiimissioii, and 1.S.S3 N. \V. < oriiir draliui and ( iiaii(l\ Av( luu 
 
 for several years tliereafler, llic ciijjiiie houses were i.S«4 'rwcnlictli Street near Mii liivjaii Avenue. 
 
 i-.S^ I.arned near St. .Anlnine Stntt. 
 
 I'.ityjnis. 
 
 When I lie I' ire (Ununission orijani/.ed, ii 
 eanie inlx imssessiun nl live •^It aineis, all ul 
 whil 1), e\i(|)l one. \Mfe sill! in nse in I'SiS (, 
 some of them, liowcver, iiave heen so 
 liioron^jhly nliuilt as in In piai iieally new. 
 
 \'erniilion led, ,ei an ( niiiji main al loloi , 
 is ilie disnn'.;ins|iin'>; mark ol .ill I he deparl- 
 niiiil |>l'o|)eil y. I lie liodyol I he enj.;ines, 
 ho, I I .iiria).(es, su|i|ily \\ai;oiis, ihe tiie- 
 alanii boxes, ;iiid |)osls indii .iliinf loeatioii 
 of eislerns, ,ile ,ill of lliis ( olor. The or- 
 (liiiaiy sic.iiiiers uciyli fioiii I u o tollnMf 
 tolls cieh, eost an a\<r.i)L;( of S4,cxxj, .-iiid 
 ha\c a eajiaeity of from ti\e in six hniiilnd 
 }.jallons |)er ininiiie. 'i lie self-|)r(i|)e||( r 
 l';N(,iNit ll.ji'M',, ((iKNi-.K l.AKM'.i- ANii si. Anj.mni, Sii<i.|..is. wei.^lis fouT aiid a half t<iiis, was |)nr- 
 
 iised ;is pollini^r pi.ii cs .and oec.-isionally for political 
 meelinifs. In the fall of 187(1 the hoard prohibited 
 tlu; use of tlu- ''n^ine houses for any purpose- not 
 ailually (Dnneeled uilh llie work of tlu! depart- 
 ment. The upper |)art of each house is neatly litied 
 up with beds and fnrniliire for the acedinmod.ition 
 of the tiremen, and all the rej^jtilar force are re- 
 (|iiired to lo(l\.;e in the buildinv;. I\aeh house is 
 provided with a lower about .seventy feel hi^h, and 
 a conliiuions watch is kept from 8 I', .M. to 6 a. m., 
 the lime luinij apportioned between the members 
 of the company. All the hours are slriiek by lho.se 
 in I h.irnc of the tower, in the City Hall lower a 
 watelinian is on duly day antl iiiijlit. In 1883 there 
 were sixteen buildin;.;s belon).,dni; lo the deparlmenl. 
 The location and date of ereition of each buildint( 
 is shown in the followin,v{ table. Some of the 
 houses, however, h.ive- been almost entirely rebuilt 
 since the dale i;iven : 
 
 lillilt. l.iMjitiiiii. 
 
 1849 Corni'r I.arned and Kiopelle Slrcet.s. 
 l8s6 Orchard near liflh Street. 
 
 Corner Lained and St. .Anloine Streets. 
 
 Corner I.arned and W'.iyiie .Streets. 
 
 Corner !li,nli and Kiissell .Streets. 
 
 Corner Lamed and Wayne Streets. 
 
 Corner Sixth and Ilaker Stnets. 
 
 C(»rner Klmw(«)d Avenue and Fort Street. 
 '^73 l'".i.i,diU'enth near Howard Street. 
 1874 H.islini^^s near I.arned Street. 
 1876 Alexrmdrine near Ca.ss Avenue. 
 1879 Montcalm West near lark Street. 
 1879 Clifford near Woodward Avenue. 
 
 ^5' 
 i«57 
 1857 
 1867 
 1870 
 1871 
 1X73 
 
 I''.N(,INK HOesE, CDHNP.H I.AHM'.l) AND I\ KIII'.I.T.K Si KI'll I •.. 
 
 chased in Janu.iry, 1874, at a cost of $5,000, ami 
 was the third machine of the kind l)uili in the I'lii- 
 led Stales; it can |)ro])el itself on the p.aved stre(i~. 
 
STKAM I IKI. Dl.rAIMMI.NI", 
 
 515 
 
 ,v ilir r.ilf cif ,1 mill' in ftnir niiiiuit s. I\.ii li straiiur 
 I ii|)|iliiil Willi a |)aliiil In altr, liy vvliii li llif w.ilc r 
 ii. ilic Idiilcrs is ki|)l al sm li a l(iM|iiiatiirr llial 
 ^'•alll < .III l)i: vjincraliii ill two or llini: iiiiiiiitts, 
 ,11. i| till- kiinlliiii; ami < oal an: alwass in plan- in llic 
 lin-iiox. In 1X74 IJcaiifail's automaiir li.;litir w.is 
 Mi|i|ilii,-il for cai li cnv^int:, li i oiisists of a niati li 
 so arranj^cd that, as llic i-'iij^iiu: is drawn tint of tin 
 Iidusc, it cumcs in contact witii u rouj^li surface, ami 
 
 witli all tlic fii^'incs c.xrciii tint sclf-proiMllcr, arc 
 drawn liy two horses, 'I lie stalls arc so arranniil 
 that the horses' heads fa( c towards llic front of tiic 
 ciiv;inc, ami <iii an alarm beiim j^ivcn, they can |)ass 
 without (It lay to tin ir proper plates. When an 
 alarm is jjivcti from .any box, the s.ime str(»kt; of the 
 liainiinr ih.it strikes the y^nw^ in the eiii^ine house, 
 ilisi oiiiiet Is ;i win: ,'iml jillow s .i wi ij;lit th.il holds 
 the slall-iloors to thop. 'I he doors of the sl.alls 
 thru lly opt n, the horses .arc nle.ised, ami .n tiially 
 bound Ui their plates; the harness, which is sus- 
 
 I^.NUINK llolSl!, COKNKK l''()KT Si. ANIJ Kl.MWiiolJ Avii. 
 
 liK.IITKI'.NIII StkKI'.I KnCINI'- lIul.SH. 
 
 tlic fuel is itjnitfd. In 1872 the env^ines were siip- 
 I with M.ayor's n-lief v.ilvcs, whieh n-.;(iilalt: 
 
 c.'ist: ihi: si/;t; .and How of tin: stre.im. Ti:!! 
 
 years later SLimese eonneitions, by wliirh the ftiree 
 iif several streams can be ct)ni:eiUrateil in one, wt:re 
 .'idiipted. 
 
 I^ach entwine is provided with ;i host-f,irri.a,;(f, 
 larryiiiif fn>m Him to 1 2'Xi feet of hose, whit h, with 
 the: c.irriaijc, wcii^hs about two tons. In 1883 the 
 (li p.irtmcnt li.id nearly 23,''>5o ft:t:t of hose. Prior 
 t'l 1873 •ill t^lic hose-carts were two-wlicelcd and 
 drawn by one horse. On j.anuary 8, 1873, the first 
 fonr-whecletl cart w.as intrfxluccd, and simc 1878 
 all the hose-carts li.ave been four-wheelers, ;ind thev. 
 
 pcndctl over the pl.ice where the horses t.ake their 
 pii'-iiion, is tiroppcd ui)on them .and ■nljiisted ; .aiitl 
 within seven secfimls from llic lime of ,111 .al.irm, the 
 t:n,i(ine f.an leave tht: house. The horses art: excep- 
 tion.illy well c.ari:d for, .and since 1882 an inlirin.ary 
 h.is been m.aintained in conneilion with tlie cnj^dne 
 house on AIt:xandriiu: Avenue, .and tiis.ibled horses 
 are there c.ired for. 
 
 When the commission was or^.anized there w.as 
 but one hook .ami Ladder com|)<any, the truck for 
 which w.as built in 1852. It w.as replaced by a new 
 one on November 17, rS7o. A second hook and 
 Ladder company w.as ortj.inized Auj:just 12, 1871, 
 and a thin! in February, i88r. Company No. 2 
 
V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /2 
 
 % 
 
 v: 
 
 
 V 
 
 /A 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 U^ |2.8 
 
 IIM 
 
 ■^ 1^ 
 
 12.2 
 
 
 t 1^ III 2.0 
 
 WUI- 
 
 ■ 1.8 
 
 11.25 11.4 11.6 
 
 
 / 
 
 C? 
 
 (./ 
 
 .'* 
 
 ^0 .#^J5 
 
 
 w- 
 
 /. 
 
 
 y 
 ^ 
 
 
&. 
 
 w- 
 
5i6 
 
 STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 
 IC.M.lMi llll 
 
 vi:, II \->i ISC' 
 I..\i;nki> 
 
 has a patent fire escape extension lacUler. A re- 
 serve tire escape ladder and tniik went into service 
 in January, 1880. Each truciv is provided with 
 ladders, buckets, axes, ropes, crowbars, lanterns, 
 and Babcock fire extin.i^uishers. Two chemical en- 
 gines, or large liabcock tire extinguishers on wheels, 
 were procured in 1876; they throw a tUiid that 
 quickly smothers an in- 
 cipient fire. 
 
 On January i, 1883, 
 a protective company, 
 composed of seven 
 men, was established. 
 They were stationed 
 at the Hastings Street 
 engine house, and are 
 provided with a two- 
 wheeled, eight-gallon 
 chemical engine, and 
 a large number of 
 waterproof covers to 
 spread over articles 
 that would be damaged 
 by water. 
 
 The names of the 
 engines in 1 883 were : 
 Lafayette No. i, Nep- 
 tune No. 2, I'hcrnix No. 
 
 3, K. C. IJarkcr No, 4, 
 Jas. A. Van Dyke No. 
 5, Detroit No. 6, L. H. 
 Cobb No. 7, Continen- 
 tal No. 8, and Chauncy 
 Hurlbut No. 9. Nos. 10 
 and 1 1 are unnamed. 
 Rescue IIook& Ladder 
 No. I, Eagle No. 2, 
 Alert No. 3, and — NO. 
 
 4. Chemical No. i, 
 Chemical No. 2, Clu-ni- 
 ical No. 3. In ICSS3 
 there were also three 
 reserve engines, for use 
 in special emergencies. 
 
 T/te Fire Alarm Tel- 
 egriLph, 
 
 The telegraph which 
 was put up in 1866 
 proved so unreliable 
 
 that in 1869 a contract was made for the Game- 
 well apparatus. It was completed and tested 
 November 3, and accepted on November 7, 1870. 
 The cost of the apparatus and putting up was 
 $8,500; with it were furnished seven himdred white 
 cedar telegraph poles, six repeaters, seven engine- 
 house gongs, seven galvanometers, and sixty boxes. 
 
 , 1,1-, I U i:i:\ Cll.M.Kl.SS AM) 
 
 hjiiiiiiiis. 
 
 EsiiiNK llciiM-;, Ali:x.\ni)i;ink Avkm.k. 
 
 Up to 1883, these had been increased to one 
 hundred and thirty-four miles of wire and four- 
 teen hundred poles, On tlie erection of the appar- 
 atus, the services of the bell-ringer in the steeple oi 
 Dr. Duttiekl's church were dispensed with, and on 
 January 20, 1872, an electro-mechanical bell-striker 
 was put up in the City Hall, for the purpose of 
 
 giving alarms on a 
 large bell there located. 
 .Since these imjirove- 
 ments, the Detroit fire 
 alarm is believed to be 
 almost perfect. There 
 is a complete metallic 
 circuit starling from 
 and returning to the 
 central ollice on Lar- 
 ned, near St. Antoine 
 Street. The line, as it 
 passes about the city, 
 is "looped " at con- 
 venient intervals ; e;ich 
 loop embraces several 
 boxes, and is supplied 
 with a repciating wire 
 which conveys the 
 alarm from the loop 
 to the central station, 
 from whence it is con- 
 veyed to all the other 
 stations. Each loop 
 is connected at the 
 central station with a 
 galvanometer, similar 
 to a compass in its con- 
 struction. When the 
 loop is in go(jd workiin; 
 order the pointer of the 
 galvanometer (a mag- 
 netic needle) is always 
 detlected from its 
 natural position. If 
 an examination of the 
 galvanometer of any 
 particular loop shows 
 the needle to be in iis 
 natural position due 
 north, it becomes evi- 
 dent that the lo(ip 
 is out of order or 
 broken. With the aid of what is called a " switch 
 board " any portion of the looji line may be discon- 
 nected from the battery, and in case any of the 
 wires are out of order, the particular part of the loop 
 that is affected is readily determined. 
 
 On the arrival of an alarm from any loop, a 
 repeater at the central station shuts off an alarai 
 
STKAM FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 5^7 
 
 d to one 
 and four- 
 llie appar- 
 
 stecple oi 
 h, and on 
 bell-striker 
 nirpose of 
 ms on a 
 re located. 
 
 iniprove- 
 Jetroit tire 
 eved to be 
 ct. There 
 :e metallii: 
 Lini; from 
 ng to the 
 c on Lar- 
 ;t. Antoine 
 c line, as it 
 It the city, 
 1" at con- 
 rvals ; each 
 ces several 
 is supplied 
 .;atini; wire 
 1 V e y s the 
 
 I the loop 
 ;ral station, 
 •e it is con- 
 
 II the other 
 Each loop 
 
 d at the 
 tion with a 
 er, similar 
 in its con- 
 When the 
 k1 working 
 nter of the 
 r (a mai;- 
 ) is always 
 rom its 
 isition. If 
 ilidO of the 
 er of any 
 oop shows 
 o be in its 
 jsition line 
 ■conies evi- 
 the loop 
 order or 
 a " switch 
 be discon- 
 any of the 
 of the loiip 
 
 ;iny loop, a 
 ff an alann 
 
 iVoni any other lodp until the first alann is fully 
 Hi\en. If two alarms are j^o'ven from two different 
 hdxes on the same loo|), at about the same time, an 
 automatic non-interference arrangement (~onnected 
 with each bo.x shuts off the com])letion of an alarm 
 from the second box until the alarm first given is 
 completed. 
 
 The fire-alarm boxes are kept locked, and the 
 keys deposited in the nearest and most convenient 
 store or house; all members of the police force are 
 also provided with keys. Within each box is a brass 
 hook, and in giving an alarm the hook is pulled 
 lirnily downwards 
 as far as it will go, 
 once, then allowed 
 to slide back. If 
 the line is in work- 
 ing order, a small 
 hell in the same box 
 will at once ring. 
 I'he pulling of the 
 hook causes an 
 alarm to be struck 
 oii the gong at the 
 I'ligine houses, and 
 rings the bells in all 
 the fire boxes. If 
 the bell in the box 
 does not ring, it is 
 evident that that 
 t)ox or part of the 
 line is out of order, 
 and an alarm should 
 then be given at the 
 next nearest box. 
 If on going to a box 
 the bell within is 
 heard giving an 
 alarm, the signal 
 should be coimted, 
 the same as the 
 signals are counted 
 fronithe tower bells; 
 if it is evident from 
 the number that 
 
 the alarm is not for the same fire, then the hook 
 should be pulled. Each box has a particular num- 
 ber, and the pulling of the hook causes the 
 slipping of a bar into certain notches, thus register- 
 ing the number of the box. On an alarm being 
 given, the City Hall bell and the tower bells 
 immediately strike the number of the box. in this 
 manner: Ten regular strokes are first given, indicat- 
 ting that a fire has broken out; the number of the 
 box from which the alarm comes is then given. If 
 the alarm comes from Box 73, seven regular strokes 
 a'e given; then, after a short pause, three strokes; 
 
 the general alarm of ten strokes rmd the lunnber of 
 the box given is twice repeated. Lists of the num- 
 ber and location of each box are printed, and refer- 
 ence to a list will show the vicinity of the fire. At 
 each of the engine houses the fire-alarm instrument 
 is enclosed in a walnut case with a glass front, which 
 shows the working of the machinery. Connected 
 with each fire-alarm box, but entirely distinct from 
 the other apparatus, is a small bell, attached to 
 a wire that reaches all the boxes and all the engine 
 houses, and with these bells by a system of signals 
 information is conveyed, or help summoned, from 
 
 any engine house. 
 To protect the ap- 
 paratus from dam- 
 age during thimder 
 storms, nearly all 
 the fire-alarm boxes 
 are provided with 
 large copper wires, 
 which extend to the 
 ground, and carr\' 
 off any surplus of 
 electrical currents. 
 The followingshows 
 the number of fire- 
 alarm boxes in use 
 in various years : 
 
 Year. l><).x(s. 
 
 1867 49 
 
 1868 50 
 
 1869 51 
 1870-1S72 60 
 
 1872 68 
 1 873- 1 87 5 77 
 
 1875 89 
 
 1876 104 
 1S77 96 
 1878-1881 106 
 1881-1883 124 
 1883 138 
 
 Engine House, cokneu High a.nu Rissell Streets, 
 
 In addition to 
 the care of the en- 
 gines, hose, horses, 
 and apparatus, the department has the care of 
 the tire hydrants and cisterns, each company hav- 
 ing charge of those within its district, and it is 
 the duty of the captain to see that those in his 
 district are kept in order, and that ice and snow 
 do not accumulate on or about them. In 1883 red 
 posts were set up near the hydr.ints to denote their 
 location. The cisterns hold from one hundred to 
 five hundred barrels and cost from $65 to $1,100, 
 and both they and the hydrant;-, are paid for by 
 the Fire Conmiission. The following table gives the 
 number of cisterns and hydrants in different years: 
 
5i8 
 
 STEAM FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Years. 
 
 K(S.-r- 
 
 viiirs. 
 
 Ily- 
 
 ilr.iiits. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Kescr- 
 
 \'()irs. 
 
 Hy- 
 drants. 
 
 1867 
 
 134 
 
 265 
 
 1875 
 
 170 
 
 601 
 
 1868 
 
 144 
 
 305 
 
 1876 
 
 171 
 
 606 
 
 1869 
 
 144 
 
 330 
 
 1877 
 
 172 
 
 662 
 
 1870 
 
 .36 
 
 3^'5 
 
 1878 
 
 172 
 
 689 
 
 i87r 
 
 •35 
 
 394 
 
 1879 
 
 172 
 
 746 
 
 1872 
 
 •34 
 
 420 
 
 1880 
 
 •75 
 
 75« 
 
 1X73 
 
 r46 
 
 4^'3 
 
 1 88 1 
 
 •75 
 
 809 
 
 1874 
 
 •57 
 
 535 
 
 1883 
 
 202 
 
 954 
 
 Ajiparatiis, lUiildinxs, and Tclci^raph. Each nicm- 
 hvv of llic coniniissioii is cliairmaii of, and serves 
 on U\() (oniniitloes. 
 
 The eonmiissioners named in tiie ori).jinal Ari 
 were T. H. Ilinciinirm. William Duncan, L. II. 
 Cobb, and J. W. Sntton. 'J"he lerin of T. 11. 
 llinchman t'.xpired April 1, 1871. He was re-ap- 
 pointed for two full terms. On his election to the 
 State Senate in the fall of 1876, lie resiyrncd, and 
 was succeeded in December by L. 11. Cobb, who, 
 
 Co»!)l!lSS/OfU'rS. 
 
 The Act of March 26, 1 867, determined the length 
 of term of each of (he first four commissioners, and 
 
 Engine House, Coijni-.u m Si\i ir ash liAKi.n Sru-RRTS. 
 
 on the expiration of their terms, others were to 
 be nominated by the mayor and appointed by 
 the council for terms of four years each. The 
 commissioners serve without pay and cannot hold 
 any political office ; if nominated for any such office, 
 a commissioner must decline within ten days or his 
 place will be deemed vacant. Each commissioner 
 serves as president of the board during the Uist year 
 of his term. 
 
 Their first meeting was on April i, 1867. Regu- 
 lar meetings are held every Monday at 4 P. M. at 
 the office, corner of Earned and Wayne Streets. 
 
 The commission is divided into eight committees, 
 viz., on Finance, Supplies, Men, Horses, Water, 
 
 ENorNF ITofsn, Montcalm Strf.rt West. 
 
 as one of the fir.st commissioners, had previously 
 served front 1867 to 1S73. Mr. Cobb died April 1. 
 1879, ruid T. H. llinchm.'Ui was ajipointcd his suc- 
 cessor, retriining the posiiion until November, iSSo. 
 when he resigned, and w.is succeeded on Novem- 
 ber 5 by R. W. C.illctt. On April i, 1872, Jerome 
 Croul was appointed as the successor of William 
 Duncan, and has since been three times rc-.iivpointcil. 
 On A])ril i, 1873, Joseph Codfrey was apjKiinted tlu' 
 succes.sor of L. II. Cobb. Mr. dodfrey died 
 January 7, 1875, and the .same month Peter 
 Ilcnkel was appointed to fill the vacancy, and 
 he h.'is since !)een re-appointed. The term of 
 
sti:am firk djci'Artmknt, 
 
 5^9 
 
 
 ="j^ 
 ^ 
 
 ircviously 
 ■d April 1, 
 (i his siH- 
 ilx-r, iSSo. 
 n NoN'cm- 
 
 2, Jfronu' 
 f William 
 aii;i(iinti'il. 
 Kiiiitcd the 
 Ifivy (linl 
 
 nil Pctir 
 
 J. W. Sullou expired April i, 1870. licnjaniin 
 Wrnor was appointed as his successor, and has 
 since been three tinics re-ap])()inted. The chief 
 oilicers appointed l>y the coniniission, and ihcir 
 terms of service, have been : l>ecretaries, \\. F. 
 r.akcr. April i, iSri;. to Jnly 24, 187 1 ; F. 11. Scy- 
 nidiir, July 24, 1 871, to January i, loSi; James]':. 
 'Irvnn, from January l, 1S81 ; Chief Juv^inecr, 
 James ]5aille, from April i, 1867; Assistant Fn- 
 ijiiu'er, J. R. I'dliott, from April i, i<sr)7 ; Snpcrin- 
 teiulcnt of Telegraph, M. H. Cascoi-ne, from 1873; 
 Surgeon, William Brodie, M. D., from 1873 ; Veter- 
 inary Suri,n'ons, A. 
 J. Murray, 1876 to 
 1S71;; Robert Jen- 
 nings, from 1 879. 
 
 Fimiirn. 
 
 All members of 
 companies are rc- 
 iiuired to be citizens 
 iifthe United States, 
 andovertwenty-one 
 years of age ; they 
 •are also required to 
 furnish reliable 
 references, to pass 
 a medical examina- 
 tion, and also an ex- 
 amination as to 
 business ability and 
 moral character. 
 The endeavor of 
 the commissioners 
 from the first has 
 i)ecn to secure the 
 best men possible 
 consistent witii the 
 pay allowed, and as 
 a result, the charac- 
 ter and Dwralc of 
 
 the force is calculated to reflect credit on the city. 
 The bravery and devotion of the men and their faith- 
 fulness in time of danger are worthy of all praise. 
 Many of them iiave suffered sirious injury, as the 
 result of heroic efforts to save life and property. 
 In July, 1 88 1, one of the firemen, Mr. McQueen, 
 was instantly killed by falling walls. It was the 
 lifst fatal accident in fourteen years. 
 
 The uniform was adopted in November. 1870. 
 It is of blue cloth with brass buttons, upon which 
 are the letters ]). F. I). 
 
 All membiM-s of the department are reciuiri'd to 
 join the l'"ircnicn's Fund yXssociation within one 
 month after their appointment. Fcave of absence 
 for not more than five hours may lie granted 1iy the 
 
 captains of either engine or 
 
 •s: fAirfft^' ryrc' 
 
 Engine House, Clufoku Street. 
 
 look and ladder ccmi- 
 panies, provided not more than one stationary man 
 or one pipemrm is granted leave of absence at the; 
 same time. Leave of absenc^e for engineers of 
 steamers, for men of hook and laddiT companies, 
 may be granted only by the diief engineer. Per- 
 mission to be absent for more than five hours is 
 granted only by the president, tipon the endorse- 
 ment of the ca[)lain, countersigned by the chief 
 engineer. Substitutes, in all cases, must be pro- 
 curid by those who wish to be absent. Daily re- 
 ports are made of the absences of each member of 
 
 the company, the 
 condition of the ap- 
 paratus, and the 
 visits of theoniciTS, 
 and a sununary of 
 these reports is 
 niatle by the chief 
 engineer to the 
 board. Money or 
 rewards forser\ices 
 can hv ri'ceived only 
 by the chief en- 
 gineer, must be 
 turned over by him 
 to the board, and 
 cannot be used ex- 
 cept by permission 
 of that body. A 
 fire company con- 
 sists of ten persons, 
 — one captain, one 
 engineer, one fire- 
 man, one engine- 
 driver, one liose-cart 
 driver, and five pipe- 
 men. 
 
 The nimibcr of 
 men employed dur- 
 ing the several years 
 has been: 1867, 62; 
 1868-1871,72; 1871,78; 1872-1874,81; 1 874- 1 877, 
 107; 1877, 119; 187S, 1 1 5; 1879, 127; 1880, 137; 
 1881, 142; 1883, 187. Of those serving in 1883 
 only one hundred and seventeen devoted their 
 full time; the rest ot the force, who are under en- 
 gagement to serve wlu'n needed, are men engaged 
 in various business occupations, who pursue their 
 ordinary avocations during the day, and report 
 and sk'cp at the company quarters at night. They 
 are paid from $240 to $300 per year; the salaries 
 of the men in constant scn'ice range from $650 to 
 $1,000 per year. 
 
 The Detroit l^'ircmai's Fund Association 
 was incorporated on Aiiril 17, i8ri7; its o1)jccts are 
 
520 
 
 TIIF. FIRE DEPARTMKNT SOCIETY. 
 
 to afford relief to sick and disabled firemen wlio 
 are connected with the Fire Department, and to re- 
 lieve the widows and ciiiidren of deceased mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Any member incapacilalcd from altendinij^ to his 
 work is entitled to live doll.irs per week, for such 
 time as a commiitce deem proper; and by a two- 
 thirds vote of the trus- 
 tees, a larger sum, not 
 exceedini;' twelve dol- 
 lars per week, may be 
 granted. In case of 
 death, a sum of not 
 over one hundred 
 dollars may be ajipro- 
 priated for funeral ex- 
 penses. Widows .and 
 children are relieved 
 by such monthly pay- 
 ments, and for such 
 length of time, as the 
 trustees may agree 
 upon. 
 
 The initiation fee of 
 active members is five 
 dollars, with annual 
 dues of four dollars, 
 payable quarterly. 
 Honorary members 
 pay five dollars a year, 
 but have no privileges. 
 The annual meeting is 
 on the first .Monday of 
 April. Twenty trustees 
 are elected on the last 
 -Saturday in .March be- 
 fore the annual meet- 
 ing, each fire company 
 being entitled to one 
 trustee. 
 
 All active members 
 of the Fire Depart- 
 ment are members, 
 and there are besides 
 a large number of 
 honorary members. 
 
 Engine House, Sixtee.nth, head of Bagg Street. 
 
 THE FIRK IiKI'AK I'MKN r SOIIKIV. 
 
 The pul)lic interest felt i.i the Fire De|iartmcnt. 
 and the facilities which old Firemen's Hall afforded 
 for meetings, led to the organization of this society. 
 A constitution was drawn up by James A. \'an 
 Dyke, and adopted in January, 1840. The first 
 election was held January 20, when the following 
 officers were chosen : Robert E. Roberts, president ; 
 Frederick lUihl, vice-president; lulmund R. Kears- 
 ley, secretary : Darius Lamson, treasurer ; Elijah 
 
 Goodell, collector. The Board of Trustees was 
 
 composed of the officers of the society, the chid 
 
 engineer, and deleg.ates elected from each company. 
 
 The object of the organiz.'Uion w;is thus stated: 
 
 'I'lu- iMirposc iif lliis Assiiciiiiioii >liall Im tlir more cITi.'fUiiilly 
 to enable the firemen of said eity to perfect the olijert of their 
 or.i,'.iiii.^ation, .'ind to provide for llu: relic f of disaliled and indi- 
 
 Ktnl firemen and their f.ini- 
 ilies. 
 
 All llri'men while doinj; 
 duty as snch, and heinK in- 
 di^'ent, all nii'men who have 
 heen disalile<l while doini; 
 duty as sneh, and liavim,' 
 hecome indigent and int'irni ; 
 anil all lireinen havinj^' served 
 the time prescribed by law 
 as Sikh, and who shall resign 
 thereafter, and haviiiv; he- 
 come indiuenl and inlinii, 
 shall heentith'd to relief from 
 the Kire Di'parlment fund. 
 'I'he widows an<l orphans ot 
 <t11 sneh pi'rsons shall, also, 
 be entitled to assistance from 
 the fund aforesiud. 
 
 On February 14, 
 1840, the society was 
 incorporated under the 
 name of the l'"ire De- 
 partment of the City of 
 Detroit. Membership 
 certificates were fixed 
 at two dollars each; 
 other funds were re- 
 ceived from entertain- 
 ments of v.'irious kinds, 
 from donations of 
 citizens who.se property 
 was saved from loss, 
 and from sources in 
 part indicated by the 
 following letter, found 
 among the old records : 
 
 1)1 iKDrr, March 3d, iS.|i. 
 John Oii'in, L'si/., Prcsiiiiiit 
 of Fire Dcpt. of City of 
 Detroit. 
 Deak Sir, — 
 
 Enclosed yon will find a 
 warrant on the city Treasurer 
 for $100, which I received for services as Chief KuKineer. lieing a 
 believer in franklin's doctrine that no man should grow rich by 
 emoluments of office, I remit the warrant to you for the benefit 
 of the fire Department. 
 
 Very respectfidly yours, 
 
 ChAUNCV HURLIIUT. 
 
 The funds of the society grew quite rapidly ; in 
 September, 1 848, there was $6,000 in the treasury, 
 and it was decided to build a large F^iremen's Hall. 
 The lot on the southwest corner of Jefferson Aveniu 
 and Randolph Street, from which the old Council 
 
ustecs was 
 {, tlie chid 
 li company, 
 hus stated ; 
 
 ■ re clTccliKill;, 
 ilijcrl (.f tlicii 
 >lc'(l and iiidi- 
 lul lliiir f.iiii- 
 
 while doins; 
 and lirin^ in- 
 aii'ii who havr 
 
 wliilc duini; 
 
 and liavini; 
 at and intiriii : 
 lia\-in>; scrx'cd 
 ■rilii-d hy law 
 1)1) shall rcsii:!! 
 il havini,' hr- 
 : and inriini. 
 d t(i ri-licf frnni 
 irlmcnt fiuiil. 
 nd orphans nf 
 ns shall, also, 
 issislancc from 
 suid. 
 
 )ruary 14, 
 
 society was 
 
 d under the 
 
 ic ]'"irc Dc- 
 
 f the City of 
 
 Membership 
 
 wore fixed 
 
 ars eacii; 
 
 were rc- 
 
 (.■ntcrtain- 
 
 lous i<in(ls, 
 
 itioiis of 
 
 )se proiuTly 
 from loss, 
 
 sources in 
 ■d by the 
 tier, foinid 
 d records : 
 
 irrh ^d, 1S41. 
 f'/., Vrt'sitient 
 t. 0/ City vf 
 
 I will find I 
 ity 'J'reasun r 
 ccr, lifiny a 
 ^row rich l>v 
 )r the bcndit 
 
 :v HuKi.iiCT. 
 
 ■apidly ; in 
 e treasiirv, 
 len's Hail, 
 nn Aveniu 
 Id Council 
 
 THE FIRE DErART.MENT SOCUiTY. 
 
 521 
 
 House iiad a few nionllis before i)cen swept iiy tlie 
 lire, was purcliased, and on j.iniiary 15, i^>49, J. A. 
 \an Dyke, II. II. LeRoy, and Hunh Molfat were 
 appointed as a l)iii!(!ini;' committee. Comparatively 
 little was done until .1 year later; then, on January 
 j'l, 1X50, it was resolved lo solicit loans of money 
 ill sums of lifty dollars and n|nvard, and i;ifts 
 id' l)uildinn- material, or goods of any kind that 
 oiuld be turned to account in erecting the slruc- 
 tiire. [•"rom this time the work went forwarti ; on 
 July 4, I '^50, tlie corner-.stone was laid, and the 
 occasion celebrated by a parade of all the fire 
 companies, the reading of the Declaration of In- 
 
 Mr. \'an Dyke retired from the presidency; tlu 
 department tendered him its thanks for his untir- 
 ing zeal and successful efforts in its behalf, and 
 resolved, as a token of high esteem and affection- 
 ate regard, to procure his portrait to .adorn the 
 w.ills he had sjient so much time to raise. The 
 portrait, a very striking one, was painted by Hicks 
 of New N'ork, and cost, with its elegant frrune, 
 nearly §700. 
 
 After the coiuplction of the Ilall the dciiartment 
 inaugurated a course of lectures, the first of which 
 was given on January 7, i<S53, by J. A. \'an Dvke ; 
 his subject was "The Fire Department of Detroit, — 
 
 
 A SriiAM Fire Engine. 
 
 
 dependence, an original ode by W". II. Coyli\ and 
 ail or.ation by l'. Ti'acy Howe. 
 
 On T'ebruary 14, 1851, the department gavt' a 
 supper and concert in aid of the enterprise, w hich 
 were very successful, and on October 23. 1851, the 
 Mail was opened with a concert by Theresa I'arodi. 
 Slie subsefiuently addri'sscd a Utter to the president 
 itf the department, in which she compliimnted the 
 Hall by saying, "I think it one of the very be.st 
 that I have ever sung in." The formal dedication, 
 hy a grand ball, took place on Thursday evening, 
 December 4. 
 
 The lot co.st Sq.ooo and the building $i 8,000. 
 The Hall is fifty-six by seventy-five feet and twenty- 
 six feet high. It was originally seated with arm- 
 I'hairs, .tnd was for many years the best public 
 'iill in the city. On the completion of the Hall, 
 
 Pa-sl, Present, and Fuuirc." One month later U. 
 Tracy Howe delivered rui addri'ss on 'Tlu' l'"ine 
 .Arts." During 1854 a don.ition of $100 was received 
 from J.imes Stevens, and on January 15, 1855, the 
 department adopted the following: 
 
 Kciohid, lliat this I'iir lliparlnunt .ippropriale llio $too 
 riMcivid fniin Mr. JaMUS Sicvins towards tlu' purchase of a lot 
 in I'.lnnvood Cenn'Icry, to !"■ usc<l for the interment of deceased 
 finnun. 
 
 During 1876 the society erected an elegant Fire- 
 men's Monument on the lot. It cost $5,083. 
 
 In 1858 the walls of the Hall were rai.sed and the 
 front and roof re-constructed at a cost of $6,000. 
 The Hall was re-oi)cncd on July 8 with a concert by 
 Miss Caroline Richings. On August 21, 1858, the 
 department opened a library and reading room. 
 
 
522 
 
 THE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY. 
 
 The wealth of the corporation continued to increase, 
 and on January 25, 1859, an Ait of ilic Ixxislaiurc 
 gave it power to hold $60,000 worth of properly, 
 and exempted it from taxation. 
 
 The disbandiiii; of the companies, caused by the 
 introduction of steam engines, made it imi)racticable 
 to elect trustees from tiie several comjianies, and, by 
 Act of March 15, 1861, it was therefore provided 
 that, on approval (jf tiie society, twelve trustees 
 should be elected by ballot at the annual meeting 
 on the third Monday of January, six to be chosen 
 for one, and six for two years, and six annually 
 thereafter. These trustees, v.'ith the president, vice- 
 
 28, 1870, but no practical results grew out of the 
 action. 
 
 Meanwhile, many members neglected the pay- 
 ment of their dues; the ollicers luUI ihat tiiey had 
 thus forfeited their rights as members ; and on May 
 21, 1877, the Legislature provided that every mem- 
 ber who had failed lor three years or more previous 
 to January i, 1878, to pay his dues should cease to 
 be a member ; and that memljcrs failing for three 
 years after that date to pay their dues should forfeit 
 their membership; the Act also provided that new 
 members, selected by the trustees, might be admitted 
 by a two-thirds vote of the society at any lawful 
 
 Firemen's Hai.i, S. W. Ckkneu of Jefferson Avrnif, and li.wuoi.iii Street. 
 
 president, and secretary, were to manage the affairs 
 of the society. On November 30, i8(Si, the society 
 voted in favor of this method, and provision was 
 made for reducing the dues to fifty cents per year. 
 Notwithstanding this reduction, the membership 
 constantly decreased, and as there was little occa- 
 sion to apply its funds to the use originally in- 
 tended, the Legislature, on April 3, 1869, author- 
 ized the socit ty to maintain " an Institution or 
 Institutions for moral and intellectual improve- 
 ment and the relief and instruction f)f such liome- 
 less and destitute persons of the city of Detroit as 
 the Board of Trustees may select." The society 
 accepted the provisions of the Act on September 
 
 meeting. T^y an Act approved April 21, 1883, it 
 was provided that property to the amount of §120,- 
 000 should be exempted from taxation, and each 
 member was authorized to ajipoint some one to suc- 
 ceed him on his demise ; and in case any member 
 neglected to aj^point his successor, the trustees 
 were authorized, on the death of a member, to name 
 a successor, who should have and exercise all the 
 rights of the original member. 
 
 In 1883 there were about one hundred and thirty 
 members, and the property of the corporation 
 amounted to nearly $100,000, about one half being 
 in cash or its equivalent. 
 
 The presidents of the society have been : 1 840, 
 
THE FIRE DEPARTMENT SOCIETY. 
 
 523 
 
 (■'■jbcrt K. Roberts; 1841-1843, John Owen ; 1843, 
 'Jli.iuncy ilurlbut; 1844-1847, David Smart ; 1847- 
 1S53, James A. Van Dyke; 1852-1855, Eben N. 
 Willcox; 1855-1857, John I'atton; 1857, Robert T. 
 I'.Uiott; 1858, Robert E. Roberts; 1 859-1 861, John 
 IX Fairbanks ; i86t, Benjamin Vernor; 1862, H. H. 
 Weils; 1863, II. W. Newi^erry; 1864-1866, L. H. 
 Colib; 1866-1868. S.G. Wight; 1868-1870, T. H. 
 Ilini-hman; 1870-1872, Robert McMillan; 1872- 
 1874, Jerome Crnul; 1874-1876, W. S. Pcnfield; 
 1876-1878, J. S. Vernor; 1878, T. H. Hinchman; 
 
 1879, William Adair; 1880-1882, Alexander Cop- 
 land; 1882-1884. R. S. Dillon; 1884, John Camp- 
 bell. 
 
 The secretaries have been : 1840. E. R. Kearsiey ; 
 1841, W. 15. Wesson; 1842-1846, H. M. Roby ; 
 1846-1848, B. D. Hyde; 1848, P. C. HisRins ; 1849- 
 1851, R. W. Kintr; 1851-1854. R. E. Roberts; 
 1854-1857, C. S. Cole; 1857 1859, B. Vernor; 1859- 
 i86i,c;. W. Osborn; 1861, II. .Starkey ; 1862-1877, 
 George W. Oshorn ; 1877-1879, G. C. Codd; 1879- 
 Mark Flanigan. 
 
PART VIII. 
 
 RELIGIOUS, 
 
C H A P T E R L V I . 
 
 ROMAN CATHULIC MISSIONAKIhS AND I'KIKSTS. - CIIUUCHES. 
 
 DIOCESES. — TME CATHOLIC UNION. 
 
 UISIIOl'S ANO 
 
 MISSIONAKIKS AND PRIESTS. 
 
 The first settlcmcnis in lliu Wost differed from 
 iKarly all the eastern eoionies, in tiiat the settlers 
 were not I'lirilans, but members of the Roman 
 Catholic Chiireh. l.onjj before tlie first posts were 
 esiahlishetl, the Jesuit and Stilpitian missionaries, 
 with tmsiirpassed devotion to liieir faith, and with 
 skill and courajfc tiiat no dit'ficiiliies coiikl over- 
 eonie, traversed the entire West, exi)lorini;, stiuly- 
 inJ,^ and planninj;' for the future of their Ciuirch. 
 One after another they visited tiie rei^ion of the 
 lakes, and the Indian soon learneil to respect the 
 "black jjowns," and in form, if not in fact, to 
 adore the Crucified. Father Sajj;ard came to Michi- 
 i^an in 1632; Fathers Raymbauil and Jo^ues, in 
 1641 ; Dablon, in 1655; Menard, in 1660; Allouez, 
 in 1666; Manjuette, in 1668; and in the spriny of 
 1770 the Sulpitian Galinee was at Detroit with La 
 Salle. 
 
 A bishop and nuns froin the hij^jhest ranks, rep- 
 resenting the best blood of France, followed in 
 the footsteps of these priestly explorers. Father 
 Hennepin came in 1679. Twenty years later the 
 settlement was determined upon, and in 1701 the 
 cross was set up on the shores of the Detroit. 
 It was well that the old faith was represented by 
 the ancient Gallic Church : independent but faith- 
 ful, zealous but liberal, the impress of her spirit 
 remains to this day. 
 
 S/. Aiiiic's Church. 
 
 One of the first acts of Cadillac was to provide 
 a place of worship. He arrived on July 24, which 
 was St. Anne's Day, and two days later he laid 
 the foundati()ns for a chapel. Father Francjois 
 X'alliant, a Jesuit, and Father Nicholas Constantine 
 del Halle, a Franciscan, both aided in the pious 
 work. 
 
 Cadillac's letters and various other old manu- 
 scripts make it evident that ne preferred the Fran- 
 ciscans, who were usually in charge of the posts. 
 The director-s of the Colony, however, chose to estab- 
 lish a Jesuit missionary, and agreed to allow 800 
 francs yearly, necessary food and clothing, and free 
 transportation for those who were sent to the settle- 
 
 ment. The personal preferences of Cadillac ilid 
 not trouble the colonists, and ere the .settlement 
 was a month okl the little log church just outside 
 the stockade vsas completed, the rude cross pointed 
 to the sky, and thereafter the bell was daily rung 
 anil daily prayers were said; and when harvest 
 time hail passed, the priest's granary was full. 
 
 Father V'alliant and Cadillac did not agree, and 
 early in the fall of 1701 V'alliant left the settlement. 
 The presence of a Franciscan priest was dis- 
 tasteful to the Jesuits, anil, hoping that the settle- 
 niLMit would |)rove a failure and that the Indians 
 would return to .Mackinaw, they evaded the king's 
 orders directing them to establish themselves at 
 Detroit, and for several years after V^alliant left 
 there were no Jesuits at Detroit. 
 
 In 1703 some Indians, who hail become disaf- 
 fected, set lire to a barn, and as a result the church 
 and the home of the priest were burned, together 
 with other buildings. A new church was immedi- 
 ately erected, in which, as will appear, Father del 
 Halle was buried. 
 
 With the year 1704, so far as is now known, the 
 records of the church began ; and, excepting those 
 of the Roman Catholic churches of St. Ignace and 
 Kaskaskia, which date back to 1695 and 1696, there 
 are no manuscript records in the West so ancient 
 and so interesting as those contained in the thin 
 quarto volumes now in possession of the parish 
 priest of St. Anne's. The records are complete 
 from the beginning, and the faded and yellow pages 
 tell the history of events that thrilled the hearts of 
 the colonists of Detroit for generations before the 
 war of the Revolution. Their authenticity is at- 
 tested by the signatures (as witnesses at weddings 
 and burials) of Cadillac, De la Forest, De Noyelle, 
 Tonty, Rellestre, Dubuisson, Boishebert, and other 
 noted military characters. The record of births, 
 deaths, and marriages, from 1704 to 1744, is con- 
 tained in a small book of three hundred and thirty- 
 four pages. The following translation of one of 
 the pages gives evidence of a care which has pre- 
 served them to the present time : 
 
 The undersigned ReeoUect Priest, exercising vicarial functions 
 at Fort Pontchartrain of Detroit, declares that the present book 
 
 1527] 
 
^i^fcj^iji^^K^iiJBj^;;^^ ■"'•:.;^^-*as#^'^:?!if*;^iasr 
 
 i.TB *iU«.' ■"■" 
 
 
 
 ,^^/r-^ "^(^t-Ci^ eM-?i^T^ '^ /<M^4 ^'^<3''>^»ij^t 
 
 0/4eoy^V^ yZ^.K^/- ffM- {^i^v?^u^ 9-Q^ /f^a^z'j^ 
 
 ^-3 t-'Z. 
 
 
 
 Qi:n/iAO(/ 710MS ano-hJ /^^^ (^^ f ^^ui^ /?/K>Ycr' 
 ^ ^^(^(yrv^x ^nt-^ ^^^.. C^^¥^yi/n^ 7?i^rznJ^ ^^(^ii^^ eoy^^ 
 
 ^ I 
 
 
 First Pa(;p. oi St. Anne's Records. 
 
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. 
 
 529 
 
 coatailis thirteen sheets of paper, being the veritable first I'.ook 
 or i'.Lgistry of ISaptisms and Interments at Kurt I'untchartrain, 
 ail ! that it has been prepared and arranged by the venerable I'ere 
 1) iiiinique de la Marehe, formerly Professor of 'I'heolujjy and 
 Kr( ollect Priest, my predecessor at this said mission of Fort Pont- 
 cli irtrain; and for the purpose of givint; to this Registry all 
 ni ' Lssary force and value, I have reciuested Monsieur Antoine 
 d' la Mothe Cadillac, Commandant fcr the King at said Fort, to 
 limior it with his signature. Done at said place the 15th of Janu- 
 ary, 1709. 
 
 FRiiRE Chekuium Dknian, 
 
 Recollect Miss. Priest. 
 
 We, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, T.nrd of the places of Doua- 
 giKland Mont Desert, Commander for the King at Fort Pont- 
 chartrain, certify that the prisent book contains thirteen slu its, 
 being the First Registry of IJaplisnis and interments ; in faith of 
 .vliich we have signed. 
 
 Done at said Fort, January ifith, i7o<j. 
 
 La Mothe Cadillac. 
 
 A reduced fac-simile is given of the first page of 
 the record; ' the size of the original is seven l)y eight 
 and three quarters inciies. 
 
 The second entry tells of the baptism of the child 
 of a soldier and an Indian woman. 
 
 From 1704 to 1709 three or four other books of 
 registry were formally opened by the jiriests in 
 charge, and a special registry is preserved, in which 
 baptisms of savages, principally of the Huron tribe, 
 are noted. 
 
 Between April 24 and August 16, 1706, during an 
 attack on the fort by the Indians, while walking in 
 his garden outside of the stockaile. Father del Halle 
 was seized ; he was soon released, but as he turned 
 to enter the fort he was shot and instantly killed by 
 one of the Indians ; the place of his burial was the 
 chapel in which he had officiated. In after years, 
 when newer and larger churches were erected in 
 different localities, the remains of del Halle were 
 four times removed, the first time in 1709. Two of 
 the removals are described in the following transla- 
 tions from the records : 
 
 In the year of our Lord 1723, May 13th, at the request of Rev. 
 Father Bonaventure Leonard, Franciscan Missionary for the post 
 of Detroit on Lake Erie, «r the undersigned declare having been 
 on the ground where was formerly the church in which had been 
 buried the late Rev. Father Constantino C\ lialle, Franciscan, 
 fulfilling the functions of a missionary for the said post ; and, 
 .leeording to the indication given us, we recognized the ex.ict spot 
 where his remains would be found. The Rev. Father I3onaven- 
 
 ' Translated, the entry reads ; 
 
 1, brother Constantine del Halle, missionary, Recollect Priest, 
 and Chaplain at Fort Pontchartrain, certify that I have conferred 
 lii'ly baptism on Marie Thtirese, legitimate daughter of Monsieur 
 .Antoine de la Mothe Cadill.ic, commandant for the King, and of 
 Ml. lime Marie Theriise (luoin, the Father and Mother. There 
 «,i- fur ('■odfather, Uertrand .\rnault, and for Godmother, Md'lle 
 (liiievieve le 'I'endrc. In faith of which we have signed, this ..d 
 of February, 1704. 
 
 Fr^re Constantine del Halle, 
 
 Recollect. 
 Arnaid. 
 
 Gbnevievr i.e Tenprk. 
 
 ture paid two men to make researches in the said ground. The 
 same day these men found the cofiin of the late Rev. Father, who 
 was recognized by the marks every ime has seen ; that is, a small 
 cap, many pieces of cloth of his cloak, very distinct marks on 
 his body of a string and of haircloth. After that examination 
 the Rev. Father Bonaventure ordered the body to be taken into 
 the church. 
 
 In testimony whereof we assure whomsoever it may concern of 
 the truth of our present attestation. Made at the Post of Detroit 
 on Lake Krie, May 13th, 1723. 
 
 (Signed) H. Campai'. Pierre Hubert Lacroix 
 
 Cms. Chesne. P.onaventuke. 
 
 In the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty- 
 five, the thirteenth day of July, we, priest, Franciscan, and chap- 
 lain at the Fort of Ditroit, in the name of His Majesty, the King 
 Louis, and fulfilling in the said place the holy functions of priest, 
 rector in St. Anne's parish, according to the resolution taken 
 December 24th of the preceding year (1754) have transferred from 
 the old church into the new one, first, the remains of the vener- 
 able Fathir Constantine del Halle, heretofore Franciscan Mis- 
 sionary, who had been killed by the Indians in 1706, in the per- 
 formance of his holy duties. 
 
 In the year 1723 these rem.'.ins had been already transferred 
 into the said old church, and buried under the steps of the altar 
 by our predecessor. Rev. Father Honaventure Leonard. 
 
 We have deposited them,/ry /<^w/y>-i", under the steps of the 
 altar in the new church, until the lengthening and other improve- 
 ments may be made ; then we will give him a last seijulture con- 
 formable to his dignity and to the miracles performed through 
 his intercessicm ; these miracles are related by many persons 
 worthy to be trusted. 
 
 Finally, we have transferred also to the new church all the 
 other bodies and bones found in the old one, and we have said a 
 Requiem Mass for the rest of their souls. 
 
 (Signed) Simtlk P.oci.aKT, 
 
 Priest., Franciscan Missionary. 
 
 Immediately after the death of Del Halle, Cadillac 
 induced two Franciscans to take charge of the little 
 tlock, one of whom remained three years. 
 
 In 1708 it was decided to build a new church, and 
 in the following year it was erected, proof of which 
 is found in papers deposited with the Department 
 of Marine in Paris. 
 
 In 17;:, at the time of the attack of the Outa- 
 gamies, the connnandant burned the church lest it 
 should afford a place of refuge to the Indians. 
 About this time, on account of the discouraging 
 condition of affairs, many of the inhabitants left the 
 settlement, and consequently there were several 
 unoccupied houses, one of which was used for 
 church jDurposes. 
 
 On June 6, 1721, Pierre Francis Xavier de Charle- 
 voix, a Jesuit missionary, arrived on a visit to the 
 colony, and remained nearly two weeks. Two years 
 later, on May 13, 1723, Father Bonaventure arrived, 
 and within a year he began the erection of a church, 
 which was duly completed and was the first to 
 receive the name St. Anne's. It was situated near 
 the stockade, and was probably the first church 
 located inside the pickets. Both the church and the 
 cemeteiy then occupied a portion of the property 
 now lying between Griswold and Shelby Streets, 
 on the north side of Jefferson Avenue. 
 
DO 
 
 O 
 
 MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. 
 
 Concerning priestly life and labor at this time, 
 Father Emanuel Crespel, who visited the settlement 
 in 1729, says: 
 
 In the spring I made a journey to Detroit on the invitation of 
 a brother of our order, who was there on a mission. In seventein 
 days I reached Detroit, and was received by the priest I went to 
 visit with a warmtli whicli showed the extreme pleasure we ex- 
 perience in meetins; one of our countrymen in a distant region ; 
 besides, we are brethren of the same order, and quilted our coun- 
 try for the same motive. 
 
 I was therefore welcome to him on many accounts ; nor did he 
 omit any opportunity of convincing me how pleased he was with 
 my visit. He was older than I, and had been very successful in 
 his apostolic labors. His house was agreeable and convenient ; 
 it was, as 1 may say, his own work, and the habitation of virtue. 
 His lime which was not employed in the duties of his oHice was 
 divided between study and the occupations of ibe held. He had 
 a few books, the choice of which afforded a good idea of the 
 purity of his morals and the extent of his knowledge. Willi the 
 language of the country he was familiar : and the facility with 
 which he spoke it made him very acceptable to many of the 
 Indians, who communicated to him their retlcctions on all sub- 
 jects, particularly religion. Affability attracts conlidence, and no 
 one was more deserving of the latter than this good man. He 
 had taught some of the inhabitants the French language ; and 
 among them I found many whose good sense and sound judg- 
 ment would have made them conspicuous even in I'rance, had 
 their minds been cultivated by study. Every day 1 remained 
 with this man I found new motives to envy his situation. In a 
 word, he was happy, and had no cause to blush at the means by 
 which he became so. 
 
 In 1738, Father de la Richardie was here as mis- 
 sionary to the Hiirons. He afterwards went to 
 Montreal, and was succeeded by Kather Louis An- 
 toine Pothier, who as early as 1742 was in charge of 
 a mission among the Hurons on Bois Blanc Island. 
 In June, 1747, the Hurons fell out with the French, 
 and J^othier returned to Detroit. In 1748 friend- 
 ship was restored, and Fathers Pothier and De la 
 Richardie built a church and established a mission 
 among the Hurons at Sandwich. For several years 
 prior to 1761 Father J. B. Sallenauve was in charge 
 of the Sandwich mission, and then Father Pothier, 
 who in the interim had been in Detroit, was again 
 at Sandwich. 
 
 Concerning Father Pothier, the Pontiac manu- 
 script says. "The French, who knew and respected 
 the Jesuit Father as a worthy ecclesiastic, considered 
 him as a saint upon earth." He spent much of his 
 time in Detroit, where he died July 16, 1781. His 
 death was occasioned by a fall which fractured his 
 skull. 
 
 In 1754 Father de la Richardie was again in 
 charge of the Huron mission, which was still at Bois 
 Blanc Island. 
 
 With the year 1749 immigration took a new start, 
 and so great was the increase of the inhabitants 
 in Detroit that a larger church became a neces- 
 sity ; and in 1754 Father Bocquct, who then had 
 charge of the parish, determined that one should be 
 erected. Accordingly, either on the old site, or in 
 
 its immediate vicinity, just west of the present Gris- 
 wold Street, and covering a part of Jefferson Avenue, 
 the church was erected. In March of the following 
 year it was consecrated by the Right Rev. Henri 
 Dubreuil de Pontbriand, Bishop of Ouebec. He was 
 here the i6th of March, and .spent several weeks in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 It will be borne in mind that, at this period, in 
 addition to the inhabitants inside the stockade, there 
 was a large number of settlers on both sides of the 
 river and on either side of the fort. It was not 
 always safe or convenient for them to attend ser- 
 vices at the fort, and therefore as early as 1763, and 
 probably soon after the capitulation of 1 760, Jacques 
 Campau, in pursuance of a religious vow, built a 
 small church, about twenty by thirty feet in size, on 
 his farm, now known as the James Campau I-'arm, 
 or east half of Private Claim 91. The building 
 stood near the river, and was known in more recent 
 times as the Red Chapel. On May 13, 1787, Father 
 Frechette, for the first time, said mass in it, and the 
 odor of incense mingled with the smell of apple- 
 blossoms from the surrounding orchards. The 
 building was burned in August or September, 1843. 
 It was doubtless at this church that these services 
 alluded to in the Pontiac manuscript took place : 
 
 On Sunday, ist of May, about three in the afternoon (the 
 French thtn returning from vespers), Pontiac, with forty chosen 
 men, appeared at the gate. 
 
 On the Moon day, the i)lh of May, the first day of Rogations, 
 according to custom, the curate and all the clergy made a pru- 
 cessiim out of the Fort very i)eaceably. The mass was celebrated 
 in the same manner. 
 
 With regard to the feelings of the Indians 
 towards Pothier, the manuscript says : 
 
 Father Pothier, a Jesuit mi ionary of the Hurons, who in the 
 quality and by the power he IimI over them, had brought part of 
 them, particularly the good band, within the bounds of tranquil- 
 lity, by refusing them the sacrament. 
 
 We find also in the same document the following 
 interesting item : 
 
 Thursday, June i6th. It is usual, in places besieged ..nd 
 blockaded, to observe silence, and not on any .iccount to ring the 
 bells of the churches, in order that the enemy might not know 
 the time the people go to chinch. The bell of the F'rench church 
 of this place had not been rung since the commencement of the 
 siege. The commander having incpiired of the curate why tlie 
 bell was not rung, permitted it to be rung, and it commenced its 
 function by ringing the Angelus. 
 
 Trustees for the parish of St. Anne's were ap- 
 pointed as early as 1744, and the pews were prob- 
 ably first rented about that time. An old account 
 book in possession of the writer contains this entry : 
 
 Widow McDougall, Dr. September 28th, 1781, cash paid her 
 seat in the church, i6s. 
 
 The best known of the older priests was the 
 
MISSIONARIES AND TRIESTS. 
 
 531 
 
 le Indians 
 
 Kcv. Ciabricl Richard, of the order of Suipilians. 
 He arrived liere on the feast day of Corpus Ciiristi, 
 in June, i7yS. Ho was a man of great ciilholicity 
 of spirit, much esteemed by both Catholics and 
 I'rotestants, and for nearly a quarter of a century 
 labored assiduously for the interests of his flock, 
 and the whole city as well. His connection with 
 educational and publishing interests is set forth 
 LJsewhere. In 1S07, on the invitation of Governor 
 Hull and others, he preached several times in the 
 Council House. Although an accomplished French 
 scholar, his English was defective ; yet his discourses 
 commanded respect because of the character of the 
 man, and because they were devoid of churchly 
 assumption. During the War of 1812 he was 
 imprisoned for a time at Sandwich, because of 
 loyalty to the United Slates. After his release, 
 (hiring the period of distress that succeeded the 
 war, he was actively engaged in ministering to the 
 necessities of the people. 
 
 In 1823 he had the rare honor, for a priest, of 
 being elected a delegate to Congress; he served 
 until 1825. This is the only instance in the history 
 of the Territory or the State where a clergyman 
 held this position. A short time before his elec- 
 tion one of his flock married a second wife, without 
 having obtained a divorce from the first. For this 
 he was e.vcoiumunicated by Father Richard, and so 
 injurious were the consequences that he sued for 
 damages, and obtained a judgment for $1,116. 
 bather Richard was unwilling or unable to pay the 
 amount, and was imprisoned in the old jail, remain- 
 ing there three or four weeks. After he was elected 
 to Congress, Messrs. Louis Beaufait, Charles Rivard, 
 and Joseph Bartlett became his bail, and one even- 
 ing, about nine o'clock, he was released, and pro- 
 ceeded to Washington, where he faithfully served 
 the Territory. 
 
 At the time of the first visitation of the cholera 
 he was unselfishly active in affording temporal and 
 spiritual relief to the sick and dying; finally, on 
 September 13, 1832, at 3 A. M., he was himself 
 carried away by the dread scourge. His decease 
 was universally lamented, and both Protestants 
 and Catholics were sincere mourners at the funeral, 
 which took place at 5 r. M. He was buried in a 
 crypt beneath St. Aime's. Beside him, in other 
 crypts, are the remains of Fathers Vanderpoel and 
 De Hruyn, Louis Antoine Beaubieii, and a .sister 
 whose name is unknown. A memorial window, 
 bearing an excellent likeness of Father Richard, 
 occupies a conspicuous place at the left, as you 
 enter the church. It cost $400. 
 
 The church in which I''ather Richard first offici- 
 ated is shown in the view of the city as it was in 
 1796. It was a large building, towering far above 
 the surrounding houses. In the fall of 1799 it was 
 
 repaired and enlarged at an expense of about 
 §3,000. On June 11, 1805, it, with the rest of the 
 town, was burned. At this time Rev. John Uilhet 
 was associated with Father Richard. The ruins of 
 the old church, overgrown with weeds, remained 
 on what is now Jefferson Avenue until 181 7 or 
 later. 
 
 After the tire a tent was erected on the Commons, 
 and for a short time services were held therein. 
 Meldrum's warehouse, which stood not far from the 
 foot of the present Woodward Avenue, was next 
 negotiated for, the trustees, on August 27, voting 
 to offer $300 New York currency for the property. 
 Whether they bought it or not does not appear, but 
 for about four years it was occupied by the church. 
 From the Meldrum Warehouse, as early as the first 
 of January, 1809, the services were transferred to 
 Spring Hill Farm, so called, now known as Private 
 Claim 30 in Springwells. This farm was rented of 
 the United States, for $205 per year, by Father 
 Richard. The Government had taken the farm in 
 settlement of its account against Matthew Ernest, 
 who, while collector of cu.stoms in Detroit, became 
 a defaulter to the amount of $6,000 or $8,000. 
 Father Richard remained on the farm until Novem- 
 ber I, 1 8 10, or later, and was so unfortunate that in 
 181 1 the United States had to sue for a portion of 
 the rent. During this period occasional services 
 were held in a chapel built on the Melcher or 
 Church Farm in Hamtramck. 
 
 It was evidently the congregation which wor- 
 shiped in this chapel that had the disagreement 
 with Father Richard spoken of in Spalding's " Life 
 of Bishop Flaget." The trouble seems to have 
 grown out of the proposed removal of the old 
 cemetery from the church grounds, through which 
 Jefferson Avenue had been extended. The dis- 
 agreeing members were also opposed to the building 
 of St. Anne's on the site it now occupies. On Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1 81 7, Bishop Flaget issued a pastoral letter 
 reproving the schismatic members at Detroit and in- 
 terdicting their church. In order to fully settle the 
 difficulty, the bishop, in company with Reverend 
 Fathers Bertrand and Janvier, and Messrs. Godfrey 
 and Knaggs, left St. Thomas for Detroit on May 
 15, 18 1 8, They made the entire journey on horse- 
 back, and on June i, when within ten miles of De- 
 troit, they were met by a number of persons who 
 escorted them into the city. The bishop soon 
 brought about a reconciliation between the chief 
 members of the congregation on the Melcher Farm, 
 and they agreed on behalf of the congregation 
 
 to rcmovi; their dead from the street and lot, to contribute 
 towards tlie erection uf the new church in Detroit, and not to speak 
 of the past, but to bury it in oblivion. On his part, the bishop 
 promised to raise the interdict on their church, to permit burials 
 in the cemetery, and to send them a priest once a month. 
 The preliminaries of the reconciliation having been satisfac- 
 
532 
 
 MISSIONARIES AND I'RIESTS. 
 
 torily adjusted, the bishop determined to render the ceremony of 
 removing the interdict as public and solemn as possible. Ac- 
 cordhijjly, on 'I'uesday, the gth of June, 1818, he was conducted 
 to their church in Krai'l jirucession, the discliarKe of caumm 
 announcing the approaching ciriinony, and the music of the 
 regimeiital liand mingling willi that of the choristers. Addresses 
 were deli\-crcd in I'.nglish and French. An affecting public recon- 
 ciliation took place bclwecn the schismatics and tlieir pastor, M. 
 Richard, who shed tears of joy on the occasion. .\ collection of 
 $500 was taken up on the spot, which the bisliop considered a 
 substantial omen of a permanent peace." 
 
 The corner-stone of St. Annc'.s was laid the same 
 day. Later in the day, while the bishop was 
 returning from a dinner party at General Macomb's, 
 his horses took friyiil, and he was thrown down the 
 high hank, then e.xisting below what is now Cass 
 Street, receiving a severe injury on the right shoulder 
 from which he never ful'y recovered. 
 
 On June 17 the bishop, with Father Bertrand, 
 left in a sailing vessel for Montreal. He returned 
 on July 27, and remained until September 3, when 
 he went up to Saiilt St. Marie, returning on the nth 
 of October. When he arrived he was quite ill, but 
 gradually recovered, and on November i he con- 
 firmed two hundred persons. Soon after this he 
 commenced a "spiritual retreat" at the Melcher 
 Farm church, discontinuing it on the 17th for a trip 
 to the River Raisin, and resuming it after his 
 return on December 30. The exercises were abun- 
 dantly profitable to the people. On April 19, 18 19, 
 he again visited the River Raisin, returning in May. 
 On the 29th he took his final departure from De- 
 troit, going by steamer to Erie. 
 
 The first church on the Melcher Farm was built 
 of logs, and was consecrated May 10, 1809. During 
 the year 1 834 it was repaired. The following e.xtract 
 from a letter of Rev. Mr. Kundig to Bishop Le- 
 fevere, dated January 12, 1857, gives interesting 
 particulars as to its condition at thiit time : 
 
 He, Bishop Rese, ordered me to repair the old shabby church, 
 whicli I did by taking off the casing and shingles. But the night 
 following, February asd, 1834, the whole concern was, by a great 
 sti)rm, blown lo the ground. It had looked as old as if it was 
 Noe's Ark itself. He then put u\> a new churcli, he built the 
 additions to the old and worthless house and repaired it, and from 
 that time he took care to have :' clergyman remain there. 
 
 The new church was built by a man named 
 Payee, and was consecrated by IMshop Fenwick. 
 At various times Fathers Bernier, Warlop, Vander- 
 poel, Kilroy, Ma.xwell, and Duboix were stationed 
 here. Father Duboix procured a bell for the church 
 in 1848. The building was burned on July 13, 1861. 
 
 Returning to the history of St. Anne's Church, 
 we find that in 1798 the use of about an acre of 
 ground was given for a cemetery. Seven years 
 later, on account of the wider streets laid out in re- 
 building the city, after the fire of 1805, a new 
 church location became desirable. Accordingly, 
 
 Father Richard presented a petition asking for a 
 definite grant of the ground the church had been 
 using for a cemetery, and on October 4, 1806, the 
 Governor and Judges passed the following : 
 
 Kesolvcii, that the Roman Catholic Church be built in tlie 
 centre of the little military square, on section No. i, on the 
 ground adjacent to the burying ground ; tlie said lot fronting on 
 Kast and West Avenue (Michigan Avenue) two hundred feet 
 wide and running back two hundred feet deep, and bounded on 
 tlie three sides by three other streets. 
 
 It will be noticed that no title was conveyed by 
 the above resolution, and the description does not 
 define all the land which was actually conveyed at a 
 subsequent date. About six months after the pas- 
 sage of the resolution, "The Catholic, Apostolic, and 
 Roman Church of .St. Anne, of Detroit," was incor- 
 porated under a general law for the incorporation of 
 religious societies, passed a few days before. One 
 of the provisions of this law was that trustees could 
 acquire and hold personal property, "slaves ex- 
 cepted ;" but no society could hold more than two 
 thousand acres of land at one time, and the property 
 was liable to taxation. 
 
 The articles of incorporation were drawn up antl 
 signed April 12, 1807, and recorded three days 
 later, in Liber 2 of Deeds, page 149. 
 
 The following persons were named in the articles 
 as trustees : Antoine Beaubien, Francois Chabert, 
 Gabriel Godfroy, and Jacques Campau. The cor- 
 porators were Charbert Joncaire, Henry Berthelet, 
 Pierre Desnoyers, Charles Poupard, Joseph Beau- 
 bien, Antoine Cecille, Etienne Dubois, Alexis Cerat, 
 Joseph Cote, Presque Cot6, Gabriel Godfroy, and 
 f>ancis Frerot. 
 
 On January 11, 1817, in consideration of the re- 
 linquishment by the church of all right to the prop- 
 erty lying within the limits of the then new Jefferson 
 Avenue, the Governor and Judges conveyed to the 
 church certain property which they had previously 
 occupied on Jefferson Avenue, near Griswold, and 
 also the interior triangle of Section i, sixteen lots 
 in the block adjoining on the north, and thirteen 
 lots in Section 9. Under the treaty of Fort Meigs, 
 of September 29, 18 17, St. Anne's Church also ob- 
 tained an undivided half of the six sections of land 
 given by the Indians. This land was located in 
 Monroe County, and was sold about 1840. 
 
 On March 26, 1834, the Governor and Judges 
 gave a new deed for the interior triangle of Section 
 I and the sixteen lots adjoining on the north, shown 
 on John Farmer's map of 1831. The chief point of 
 difference between this deed and that of 1817 was, 
 that the new deed gave the church the right either 
 to dispose of the property or to erect buildings for 
 any use, instead of exclusively for church purposes. 
 In 1836 a brick residence for the bishop, facing Ran- 
 dolph Street, was erected on the property. 
 
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. 
 
 5- - 
 
 OJ 
 
 iing for a 
 had been 
 1806, the 
 
 built in tlu 
 o. I, on tllr 
 t fronting tji, 
 liundred f n i 
 1 bounded on 
 
 nveyed by 
 1 does noi 
 iveyed at a 
 ^r the pas- 
 :)slolic, and 
 was incor- 
 poration of 
 fore. One 
 stees could 
 ■ slaves ex- 
 e than two 
 le property 
 
 iwn up and 
 three days 
 
 the articles 
 
 is Chabert, 
 
 The cor- 
 
 Berthelet, 
 
 ;eph Ik'au- 
 
 exis Cerat, 
 
 dfroy, and 
 
 of the re- 
 3 the prop- 
 w Jefferson 
 ;yed to the 
 previously 
 swold, and 
 ixteen lots 
 thirteen 
 ort Meigs, 
 h also ob- 
 )ns of land 
 located in 
 
 id Judges 
 of Section 
 rth, shown 
 ;f point of 
 1817 was, 
 ight either 
 ildings for 
 purposes, 
 cing Ran- 
 
 The house was built about an old wooden dwell- 
 i!ig. Tradition says that the property on which the 
 wooden house stood was given to the church to be 
 used as long as the building should remain standing, 
 and that the brick encasement was designed to pre- 
 serve the inner building. A careful investigation 
 of the deeds fails to afford the slightest evidence 
 upon which to found any such tradition. 
 
 KR-SIUIiNLli KUHCIKn BV HlSHOl' RiiSE. 
 
 As to the erection of the church, the following 
 advertisement from the Detroit Gazette of August 
 19, 1818, gives interesting facts : 
 
 Great 1)A1«;ain ! Offered by Gabriel Richard, rector of Pt. 
 Anne, 200 hard dollars will be jjiven fur twenty toises of long 
 stnne, of Stony Island, delivered at Detroit, on the wharf of Mr. 
 J.icob Smith, or two hundred and forty dollars, if delivered on 
 the ( hurch ground. 100 barrels of lime are wanted inimediately. 
 I'ive shillings will be given per barrel at the river side, and si.\ 
 shillings delivered on the church ground. 
 
 It has been said that the stone for St. Anne's was 
 brought in bateaux up the Savoyard Creek, but the 
 above advertisement indicates nothing of the kind, 
 and the late I'eter Desnoyers, on two different 
 occasions, told the writer that the statement as 'o 
 the conveying of the stone up the Savoyard was en- 
 tirely incorrect. The stone was furnished by J. B. 
 St. Armour and Louis Uesolcour. The timber was 
 supplied by Messrs. Young and St. Barnard, and 
 was obtained on Pine River, St. Clair County. It 
 Nvas while this church was in process of erection 
 that Father Richard issued the " shinplasters " 
 which were so extensively counterfeited. 
 
 It was at first intended to have a row of pillars 
 ahout the outside of the church, and numbers of 
 ihem were procured. This plan, however, was re- 
 considered and abandoned ; several of the pillars 
 were finally used in building a porch in the rear of 
 the bishop's residence. 
 
 The steeples were completed and tinned over in 
 
 the fall of 1820. While putting on the tin, the 
 workmen used a pot of live coals to heat their irons, 
 and by some carelessness one of the steeples took 
 fire. It was late at night when it was discovered, 
 and one of the firemen, who had been out on a hunt 
 all day, was thoroughly tired out ; when aroused and 
 warned to hurry up, he carelessly turned over in 
 bed, saying, "Oh, never mind ! It won't burn much 
 till morning; it's all green timber." His careless 
 prophecy proved true, and the old stf^-ple still 
 remains. 
 
 In 1820 the basement was opened for use. The 
 upper portion of the church was completed and first 
 used December 25. 1828. There was placed in it 
 the pulpit and two of the side altars saved from the 
 fire of 1805, and these relics are still preserved. 
 The old bell, with its birthmark of 1766, rescued 
 from that fire, no longer rings the Angelus, but is 
 laid away as a memorial of the past. 
 
 The size of the church is sixty by one hundred 
 and sixteen feet. Originally there was in the center 
 ■ in octagonal dome, thirty feet in diameter and thirty 
 feet high, and two small cupolas at the rear. The 
 center dome was surmounted by a representation of 
 the sun, on which was a human face, and over it 
 a cock. On the smaller cupolas were representa- 
 tions of the moon and a fish. The center dome and 
 the cupolas were removed in 1842. The next year 
 the towers were fully enclosed and the front porch 
 erected. In the spring of 1850 the brick extension 
 in the rear was added. In 1880 the church sold a 
 portion of the property, fronting two hundred and 
 fifty feet on Lained Street, and extending along 
 Randolph Street through to Congress Street, for the 
 sum of $100,000. 
 
 The changes of the passing years have affected 
 not only the property, but the customs of the church. 
 A curious illustration of past scenes, and of the 
 mingling of the duties of the territorial militia with 
 those of the church militant, half a century ago, is 
 afforded by the following copy of an official letter 
 on record at Lansing : 
 
 Adjutant Genekal's Oificr, 
 
 Df.tkoit, May 28th, 1820. 
 
 £lR,- 
 
 Ry general order of the 21st inst., which will be inserted in the 
 next Gazette, the company lately commanded by Captain licau- 
 fait in the second Battalion of the first Regiment, has been con- 
 solidated with that commanded by you. It therefore becomes 
 necessary that you should take immediate measures to carry that 
 provision of the General Order into complete effect on or before 
 the first Monday of June next. Vou are also hereby directed to 
 cause your company to be assembled at 3 o'clock i'. M. of that 
 day, at which time the Adg't. and Insp. General will attend in 
 person for the purpose of inspecting the state of their discipline, 
 and of introducing the system of discipline established by law. 
 
 In the interim you are requested to appear with your company, 
 on the General Parade ground in the rear of this city, on Satur- 
 day next at 2 o'clock 1'. M., with a view to prepare your men to 
 attend as a military escort at the celebration of the anniversary o( 
 
534 
 
 MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. 
 
 the iiisliuaion of the feast of the blessed saiTamcnt uf (jur Lord 
 
 Jcsiis Clirist. 
 
 Yiiiir "lit. scr\''t, 
 
 To Cd/'t. ynii/iii's Ciiiii/iiiii, and 
 III ('((//. /'. (,'iv//><>.r, on ilte 
 siihjii t of till- ionstuiilatioii 
 o/ their tom/i,tHi\s. 
 
 John K. Williams. 
 
 pmiiiincnt citizens. The hij^hest military ofliccrs 
 often assisted in this service; and it was no unusual 
 sijL,dit to see Major-t 'lenerai Maconil), of tiie I'nited 
 States Army, and (leneral John K. Williams, of the 
 Territorial Militia, assi.st in larryini; the canopy. 
 This naturally secured tlie co-operation of the troops 
 and the militia; and thus, witii the boomin,^; of can- 
 non and a jLieneral parade of solilicrs, these occasions 
 possessed imcomnion interest. The procession usu- 
 ally formed at St. Anne's, procecdin,i( from thence 
 to the little chapel on the Campaii Farm, or to 
 similar chapels on the Lafontainc and Codfroy 
 Farms on the west of the town, and to other shrines 
 temporarily erected. These public processions were 
 kept up until about 1S25. At this same period, 
 durinsi; the last week of T.ent. the church hell hunt;- 
 untolled and unrung ; and instead thereof, men stooil 
 upon the street corners, and with crecelle or rattle 
 called the people to prayer. The Rogation d lys, 
 spoken of in the extract from the I'ontiac Manusciipt, 
 were publicly observed up to 1828, and probably 
 
 St. Anve's Church. 
 Original appearance. 
 
 A further relic of the olden time is the 
 following advertisement from the Gazette 
 of June 2, 1S20, which has reference to 
 the same occasion : 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 According to ancient custom, the solemn Proces- 
 sion in commemoration of the lilessed Sacrament, 
 commonly called the I^ord's Supper, will take place 
 on Sunday ne.\t at 5 o'clock r. ^^, within thr en- 
 closure of the Church of St. Anne. A short address, 
 e.splanatiiry of the ceremony, will be delivered at 
 half past four. Christians of all denominations are 
 wiieonie. It is e.xpected, however, that they will 
 conform to all rules observed by Catholics on such 
 occasions by standiiiK, walking and kneeling. The 
 Military on duty only may remain covered. 
 
 It is enjoined on all persons to preserve profound 
 silence during the whole ceremony. 
 
 N. I!. — A collection will be made, the proceeds 
 of which will be employed in completing the 
 steeples of the Church of St. Anne, and covering 
 them with tin. 
 
 In earlier days, this procession on 
 Pentecost, or Whitsunday, was succeeded 
 by the feast of Corpus Christi. On such 
 occasions, almost the entire settlement 
 turned out, and nearly all united in the 
 procession. Priests with lighted candles 
 and acolytes bearing small flags preceded 
 the host, which was held aloft enclosed 
 in the ostentorium, and shielded by a 
 canopy, which was usually borne by four 
 
 St. Annk's Roman Catholic Church. 
 
MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. 
 
 535 
 
 u 
 
 somewhat later. On these days the procession pro- 
 ccidcd from St. Anne's, circled .-ibout the f;irms, 
 anil blessed and prayed for the fertile fields, while 
 seeds and grain were brought to the altar to receive 
 tiie priestly blessing. These were the halcyon days 
 of security and peace. 
 
 The corporation of St. Anne obtained possession 
 i)f a large amount of l.md when it was of compara- 
 tively little value, and as a natural result is now the 
 wealthiest church organization in Detroit. It has also 
 received at least one valuable gift. On February 
 
 15, 1845, Presque Cote, one of the original corpora- 
 tors, deeded to Hishop Lefevere, for the church, Lot 
 No, 61 in Section 2, located on the west side of 
 Woodward Avenue near Lamed Street, and now 
 occupied by the stores of T. A. Parker and James L. 
 I'isher. The deed, which is recorded in Liber 16. 
 page 1 57, provided that the property could never be 
 alienated, sold, or rented away from the corporation, 
 and imposed the further condition that forty masses 
 annually be said ff)r the repose of the souls of the 
 father and mother of the grantor, his brother Joseph 
 and sister Madeline; and ten masses yearly for 
 himself, after his decease. This property affords a 
 yearly income of about $4,000. The estimated 
 value of the whole property belonging to the chtirch 
 is not far from $250,000. 
 
 The priest's residence, erected in 1858, cost 
 §3,200. The church seats eight hundred and fifty, 
 and in 1880 there was an average attendance of five 
 hundred and fifty. At that time, the priest's salary 
 was $700 ; the expenses for the choir, $700, and for 
 sexton, $300. The total annual expenses were 
 $3,500, and the receipts from pew rents $2,500. 
 The parish then contained eight hundred families, 
 and included all French inhabitants west of Rio- 
 pelle Street. The following is a list of the priests 
 whose names appear in St. Anne's records. The 
 (late of the first and last entry by each is given. 
 It will be noticed that several must have been 
 here only on a visit, their names appearing but 
 once : 
 
 1. Constantine del Halle, Priest, Franciscan Mis- 
 sionary. February 14, 1704; April 24, 1706. 
 
 2. Dominic|ue de la Marche, Priest, Franciscan 
 Missionary, F'rst Lecturer in Theology. August 
 
 16, 1706; July 29, 1708. 
 
 3. Cherubim Deneau, Priest, Franciscan Mission- 
 ary. January 14, 1709; May 11, 1714. 
 
 4. Hy.icinthe Pelfresne, Priest, Franciscan Mis- 
 sionary. August 20, 171 5; March 25, 17 18. 
 
 5. Calvarin, Priest of the Foreign Missions, Vicar- 
 C.eneral of the Mission. March i, 1718 ; August 3, 
 1718. 
 
 6. Jean Mercier, Priest of the Foreign Mission. 
 Officiated at baptism. August 3, 1718. 
 
 7. De Thaumur, Vicar-General, Superior of the 
 
 Mission of the Holy P'amily. August 3, 1718; 
 March 25, 1728. 
 
 8. Antoine de Levis. Priest, Franciscan Mission- 
 ary. December 12, 1717; March 9, 1722. 
 
 9. lionaventurc Leonard, Priest, Franciscan Mis- 
 sionary, June 28, 1722; July 8, 1757. 
 
 10. P. Daniel, Priest, Franciscan Missionary. 
 August 31, 1735: Jii'ie 19. '738. 
 
 11. Lanioirinie, Jesuit Missionary. November I, 
 173S; April 13. 1739. 
 
 12. Jean Baptiste de la Riviere, Jesuit Missionary, 
 witness of a wedding. January 27, 1737. 
 
 13. C. de la Richardie, Jesuit Missionar)'. Octo- 
 ber 19, 1741 ; August 17. 1743. 
 
 14. Do (iasmar, Jesuit Missionary, officiated at 
 Ikiptism. September i, 1743. 
 
 15. Simple Pocquet, Franciscan Missionary, Vicar 
 General. September iS, 1754; January 14, 1781. 
 
 16. Louis Coller, Chaplain for the Troops, Janu- 
 ary 14, 1760. 
 
 17. S. Payet, Rector. September 30, 1782; July 
 4, 1785.^ 
 
 18. Pierre Hubert, Vicar-General ; afterwards 
 P)ishop of Quebec. October 31, 1784; December 
 
 I, 1784. 
 
 19. Pierre Frechette, Vicar-General. November 
 29, 1785; August 4, 1789. 
 
 20. Dufaux, X'ica'-General ; died in Sandwich, 
 buried in the church. " 1st 30, 1793; July 14, 1798, 
 
 21. Edmund Basil; car-General. November 
 J, 1794; November 3, 7, 
 
 22. Michael Levadoux, Vicar-General. August 
 16, 1796 ; June 4, 1801. 
 
 23. Gabriel Richard, Vicar-General. October 23, 
 1797; September 13, 1832. 
 
 24. John Dilhet, Rector. August 18, 1803; June 
 
 II, 1805. 
 
 25. Marchand, Rector ; died in Sandwich, buried 
 in the church. June 4, 1809; July 3, 1823. 
 
 26. R. Janvier, Rector. March 4, 1814; 1822. 
 
 27. R. Francois, Rector. May i, 181 5. 
 
 28. F. y. Badin, \'icar-General ; first priest con- 
 secrated in the United .States. June i, 181 5 ; 1828. 
 
 29. P. D. Kelley, Rector. Ju'y .'., 1815. 
 
 30. Hermant. 1826; 1827. 
 
 31. Patrick Kelley. 1829; 1831. 
 
 32. Jean Haptiste Hatchey, Priest. September 4, 
 1830. 
 
 33. F. Baraga, Vicar-General. September 15, 
 1832. 
 
 34. Francis Vincent. 1832; 1842. 
 
 35. P. Lastrie, Rector. June 2, 1833. 
 
 36. Vanderpoel, May i, 183.^, 
 
 37. J. Kinderkins, Vicar-General. October, 1842; 
 May, 1848. 
 
 38. P. Hennacrt, Vicar-General. May, 1848; 
 July, 1853. 
 
oj^ 
 
 MISSIONARIES AXD PRIESTS. 
 
 39. C. Moutanl. July, 1853; OctolKT, 1856. 
 
 40. 15. J. SoITlts. (JctdlKT, \ii-,C<; Oclober, 1871. 
 
 41. T. Anciaux. October, 1871. 
 
 J/o/v Trinity Church, 
 Tl'is society was the socoml Catholic parish 
 organized in Detroit. Its first house of worsliip 
 
 was added and other alterations made in An^nist, 
 1839. In Auifust, 1849, the buildinij; w.'is moved to 
 the northeast corner of Porter and Sixth Streets, 
 where it did ^ood service initil June, 1856, when ii 
 W.'IS demolished to make room for .a briek edifice, 
 wliicli w.'is consecr.'iteil October 29, 1866. 
 This building will accommodate 1,134 persons. 
 
 HoLV TKiNiry C'.hoi.k Cihuch. 
 
 occupied.the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue 
 and Hates Street, and was purchased of Alpheus 
 White, in August, 1834. The building w.as origin- 
 ally owned and used by the First Protestant Society, 
 and a picture from a sketch m.ade December 21, 
 1840, by Robert T. Elliott, is given in connection 
 with the history of th.at organization. The steeple 
 
 cost $30,000, and was extensively repaired in 1870 at 
 a further cost of .about $10,000. In 1880 the value 
 of the church property, aside from the school, was 
 $50,000. The priest's residence, built in 1851, cost 
 $3,000, and with the lot was valued, in 1880, at 
 $5,000. Three services of mass are held each S.ib- 
 bath, the aver.age attendance at each in 1880 being 
 
in Aui;iist, 
 
 ^ iiiovrd t< 
 
 til Streets, 
 
 ;6, when ii 
 
 ilk edit'ice, 
 
 J. 
 
 14 persons, 
 
 in 1870 at 
 the value 
 ■hool, was 
 1 85 1, cost 
 1880, at 
 each Sah- 
 880 being 
 
 MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. 
 
 537 
 
 I >pcctivcly 1,200, 800, and 1,000. The choir cost 
 ,s70o per year, and the total yearly exjienses 
 were S4,<xx3. The i)ew rents amounted to ahoiit 
 8;,.4oo. 
 
 hi March, 1881, an eleg.-mt white hmnze tatilet, 
 ;ii a cost of S375, was erected in memory of tiie 
 SI veiitern acolytes and members of the chiiri h who 
 [.crishi'd in the .Mamie disaster, which occurred on 
 ihe Detroit River, July 22, 1880. The parish, in 
 1881, embriiced the territory bounded by Third 
 
 February, 1S48; Rev. M. I'.. I".. Shawe, March to 
 December, 1848; from January. 1^49, to .\u,i;ust, 
 1850, mass w;is celebrated by priests from the bish- 
 op's residenct'; Rev. .M. !•'. I' Ktourneau, Au).just, 
 i85(j, to Man h, 1851; Rev. i'atrick ^'. Donahoe, 
 Man h, 1851, to December, 1852; Rev. I"rancis II. 
 I'eters, December, 1852, to February, 1869; Rev. 
 .\. F. lUeycnbergh, I'ebniary, 1869, to December, 
 1883. In December, 1883, Rev. Robert Doman 
 was placed in charge of the parish. Rev. J. Savaye 
 
 TnR AfKMouiAi. Tai'.i.kt. 
 Design furnished by J. H. K.ikijis, founder (if tlii) I)etrr)it I'ronze Conip.iny. 
 
 Street, Grand River Avenue, Eleventh Street, Na- 
 tional Avenue, and the river, and numbered eight 
 luindred families. 
 
 The regular clergymen have been as follows: 
 Rev. Bernard O'Cavanagh, 1834-1839; Rev. Mar- 
 tin Kundig, July, 1839, to May, 1842; Rev. Law- 
 rence Kilroy, January, 1 841, to October, 1847; Rev. 
 John Kenny, March to June, 1843 ; Rev. M. Cannon, 
 July, 1S43, t" May, 1844; Rev. W. Ouinn, July to 
 October, 1844; Rev. E. Dillon, May, 1846, to De- 
 cember, 1847; Rev. John Farnan, October, 1847, to 
 
 became assistant priest on July 24, 1870, and was 
 succeeded by Rev. Fathers J.imes Hyrnc, Peter 
 Leary, P. A. Baart, and D. Coyle. 
 
 S/. Afary's C/iitrrk {German). 
 The first Roman Catholic services in German 
 were conducted by Father Martin Kundig in St. 
 Anne's Church, on Sunday, between 8 and 10 o'clock 
 A. M. in October, 1833. In 1836 Rev. Anton 
 Kupp conducted the .services, and in 1837 he was 
 succeeded by Rev. Clemens Hammer, who remained 
 
5:v^ 
 
 MISSIONAUII'.S A\l) I'KIKSTS. 
 
 lill /\ii.i;ust, iX. JO, when Maiiin Kiiiuliv;' .r^.iin tnuk ii'iii,iinc(| iiiilil I1S61. I'alliiTs 'I'. Majciis, J. Nav;!' 
 
 'liar;;!' nf llu' llmk. lli- sudii iiiailf pic |)araliciiis am! I. 
 
 ; liicssfns, iif llic Ki'diiMpiorisI (inlcr. 
 Will: tluii ill I liari;i' fur scMial yrars. Ii< 
 i.sr/) Fatlicr V, N. \'aii I.mstcdc was ii 
 (liar^'c; in 1X67 and l.Sr,.S Rev. J. I!. I Icsp. - 
 Iciii. .-md from 1.S6.S to 1S72 Rev. Jolm I), 
 |)\l<(r. In May, 1S72, tlic tliiinli wa. 
 |ila((d iindtr the care of ilic I^'ranciscan 
 I' at hers, and in 1S77 an (•li^;ant rrsidfiK ( 
 was creeled for llieir use on C'roj^han Street, 
 adjareiii to the ehiireii, .'it a <"ost of $2o,(xx); 
 tile lot cost S3,(x'x>, 
 
 .S^Si^"' 
 
 
 Sr. Maky's CaiikiLK Ciirncii. (( iriKiniil l>nililiii«.) 
 
 KUANCISL'AN I'mIIFKs' 1 1 1 II'SK, S I'. MaKv's (mI'KCH. 
 
 for a elinreh hiiildincf on the 
 soulhe.ast conur of Si. Anloine 
 and Cro!,d).'in St reels, and on 
 June ro, 1S41, the eorner-stnne 
 \v;is laid, 'liu' ( luirc-ji w;is con- 
 secr.'ited Jiiiu' Z(), 1843. It was 
 60 l)y 125 feel; ;md ii.id 231 
 pews, witli si'alinjLf capacity for 
 ai)oiit 1,000 persons. Itsoriiiinal 
 cost was aboiii Jij.cxx). The 
 value of I lie eluirch, priest's 
 house, and loi, in iSSo, was 
 $50,000. l"athc:rs Skoila and 
 ("lodcz succirded Fallier Kundig 
 in i<S42, and on tiie completion 
 of the cliurch Rev. Mr. Kupp 
 was put in eliarije of tlie parish. 
 In J.'uuiary, 1847, Rev. Martin 
 Ilassiinijer took eiiarije, and the 
 society w.'is incorporated on .Sep- 
 teml)er 28, 1847. In 1853 Rev. 
 A. Schel'ilar became tlie priest, 
 and in 1856 or 1857 lie was suc- 
 ceeded by Father Bcrnick, who 
 
 Priests' Housk, St, Anne's Chuklh, Corner of Larned and Hates Streets. 
 
MISSION AKIi;S AM) TKlKSrS. 
 
 5;>9 
 
 i. J. NukI. 
 isi ortlir 
 yciirs, 1 1 
 (Ic was ii 
 
 li. I l(S|)i 
 V. Jnlin I ) 
 luirili \va . 
 I''nincis( ,11; 
 t r<'si(!cni > 
 liaii Sii-(( I, 
 
 ('IHKCM, 
 
 reels. 
 
 In iiScSo till! total yearly cxpnisfs nf the iliiinli 
 \\> ri: $io.fxx), (if which aiiKuml Sjik) was fur ilic 
 clmir. Ahniil S3,()ix) was icccJM'd finin tlif pews. 
 ■| lit' aV(Ta\;(' allindaiirc was cii^ht hiindiid. I'ivc 
 luiiidnd and sivtrity-tivc lainiliis luldiiv; to tliis 
 |),i;ish, w'liirli in iSSi inrjiidcd all llic ( urnians hc- 
 tuccn Kusscll and Third Streets, and snutii of the 
 line of N.'ipdieon Street, I )urint; 1.S.S4 the iild <iuirch 
 u.is turn down and the ere( tion of a new buildinir 
 iv.i^ he.viun. The estini.ited cdst is §^)5,lxx). It will 
 si.ii 1,500, ;ind is tu be cdinpleted (liirinif 1885. 
 
 .S'.S'. /W,r (Uui l\iii!'s ( liurch. 
 
 The corner-stDne of tiiis ehincli, on the nortiie.ast 
 (•(irner of jelferson .\\-emie and St. yXnioine .Street, 
 w.is laid on June jy, 1.S4.), ,ind the 
 (liiireh w;is I'lnisiied ,ind e<inse- 
 (iMted four ye.irs after, on Jniic 
 21;, 1.S41S. , Arclibishop Mi-rleston, 
 (if lialtiniore, |>re;iehed in thi' 
 iiiorninj^, and the ves|)er service 
 w.is coiulucted by Archbishop 
 Kcndrick, of St. I.onis. While 
 lii^ho]) I.i'feven- w.'is in ehari^e of 
 the diocese it w.is ctlled the 
 l';ithedr.il, II is built of brick, is 
 eighty feet in width, one hinidrcd 
 ;uid sixty feel in lenv;th, ;ind se\- 
 culy-lwo feel hi.vjh. It se.its 1 ,(xxj, 
 ;ind cost S3o,(X)o. A chime of 
 hills costiii.if §4,000, presented by 
 Mrs. .\nn Keveny, was conse<'r,ited 
 (iM .April 15, 1H79. The priest's 
 lumse, ne.xt to the Cathedr.il, w;is 
 hiiilt in iSjiS, and cost §7,000. 
 The i)r()perty in i<S<So was esti- 
 mated as worth SSo.ooo. 
 
 The first priest was Rev. John 
 I'arnan. He w.'is siiceeeded, as 
 e.irly as 1850, by I'ather M. IC. E. 
 Sh.iwe. who was followed by 
 I'atlur I )iil'fy. After him eainc Father llenn.iert, 
 who had charjfc for twenty-three years, F.ithers 
 llennesy and Cionnesso beinj.; associated with him a 
 part of the time. After l'";ither Ilenn.aert came 
 F,ilher I'lrne.st Van Dyke, who remained in eharv,re 
 one year, and was succeeded by ['"atlier O'Donovan, 
 \vl«) remained until June 3, 1877, at which time the 
 Ji suit Fathers took chariife, Father Mieje servinij 
 iiiiiil June, 1880, when he was succeeded by l-'ather 
 J. ('.. W.alshe. 
 
 The number of f.'imilics \vorshipini( at this church 
 in i8(So was about three Inmdred, rcpresentinij one 
 'huus.ind five hundreil persons. The averavje at- 
 t' nd.uice at the earliest m;iss was fully i,oo<j. The 
 parish is bounded on the east by Dubois Street, on 
 the west by Randolph Street, on the north by Gratiot 
 
 and Adams Avenues, and on the south by the river. 
 rhechin-ch expenses for 18S0 were §3,500. 
 
 St. Josiplt's (.'/iKii/i. 
 
 'i'his church w.as orii;in.»lly loe.itcd on a p.art of n 
 l,iri;e tri.inv;ul,ir tr.act of l.ind owned by the soiiety 
 on the south side of (ir.atiot .Avenue, between Rio- 
 |)elle .ind ( )rle,ins Streets. It was ,1 wooden build- 
 in;;, forty-four by one hunilred feet in si/.e, (ost 
 §5,000, and seated live hundred people, it w.is 
 eonsecr.iled M,iy 25, 1856. After the <'ompletion 
 of ;i new church the old one was moved to J;iy 
 Stri'ct, .and used for school purposes. On Auiju.st 3, 
 1881, it W.IS ]).irti;illy deslroyed by lire. 
 
 In 1863 .1 residence for the priest w.is erected on 
 
 Client II AND KiiKMltl; C \ IHI'DKAI, Ol- SS. I'kTHK AM) PaCI.. 
 
 Orleans Street, at a cost of §5,000. In Au.t^ust. 
 iS7o,the found.itions of the present church buildini; 
 were l.iid. It is situated on the southeast corner of 
 ( )rleans .and Jay Streets, on a lot f.acini; one hundred 
 feet on Jay Street, .and extending two hundred ;ind 
 thirty feet on Orleans throui,di to Antietam Street. 
 The edifice is built of stone, and is .seventy by two 
 hundred feet in si/e. It was completed, excepting 
 the tower, and consecrated on November 16, 1873. 
 It will se.it 1,500. The cost, without the tower, was 
 about §125,000. After ten years, in the fall of 
 1883, the erection of the tower was begun; it is 
 estim.'ited to cost §18,000. 
 
 The v.ilue of the church property in 1880 was 
 $130,000. The tot.il yearly expenses, aside from 
 interest, w'as $3,000, of which $1,000 was for the 
 
54<5 
 
 MISSIONARIES AND I'KIKSTS. 
 
 priest and 8550 for the ilioir. 'I he pew rents aim unit ( nst ijiio.ixjo, and tlu' oii^^inal siiuiiuif Ifeij.uoij 
 to $5,5cKj |)cr year. The parish nunibirs one iIidu- li was t.'nlariL;i'd in 1872 at a cost of $3o,(xx), and 
 sand two Iiiindrctl familii'S. At tlic six o'riock now scats i.joo. 'I'lic lot for tin: priest's lions( 
 niorninj,' mass tlicri' is an averaj^c attriidancc of cost §9,050, and tlic lioiise itself, wiiii ii was l)uili 
 500; at half past seven, 1,500; at nine o'cloelv, for in 1867, cost 87,000. I'lie property w.is valiied 
 children, 1,000. in iSSo at i?ii(xvxio. 'I'jie s.-il.iry of tin- |)ricsi 
 
 in 1S56 a mutual benefit society was established was S700; ilie clioir cost §4 50, and tiie total yearK 
 
 expenses were 83,400. The yearly receijjls 
 from |)ew rents were S-.f^oo, Mass is cele- 
 l)ratcd twice each Sal)bath, witii ;in average 
 attendance at each of yoo persons. 
 
 The first priest. Rev. J. A. Ileiinesey, 
 served until his decease on October 11, 
 1875. He was succeeded by Rev. Charles 
 i'leilly, I). I)., who continues in charj^e of 
 the parish, wliich includes all north of the 
 .illey between Columbia and Elizabeth 
 Streets, and is bounded on the west by 
 <'ir;uKl River Avenue, and on the cast by 
 dratiot Avenue, 
 
 .S7. / 'inccnt tfc l\iuL 
 
 This church is located on tlie ea.st side 
 of Fotn'teenth Street, between Dalzelle and 
 Marantette Streets. The building was con- 
 
 
 wsjsSSait^fSLJtt. 
 
 OlilClNAI. Si. JlClilll's I'm la II AM) I'RIIiSl'', IllllSli. 
 
 in connection with the churcli. the mem- 
 bers of which receive 85 a week in case of 
 sickness, and in case of death the fimeral 
 e.xpenses are paid. The parish includes all 
 the Cierman-speakin.v( Catholics east of Ran- 
 dolph Street. 
 
 The priests have been: 1856-1859. Rev. 
 Francis \'an Campenhaudt; sprint^ to fall of 
 1859, Rev. John .\. Koenii; ; f.ill of 1859 to 
 1861, Rev. Charles Chambille; 1861, Rev. A. 
 Durst; 1862 to , Rev. J. V . Friedland. 
 
 St. Anthony's Church 
 
 is located on the (".ratiot I'load, just out- 
 side the city limits. Tlie buildinj^ cost 
 $6,000, and was completed and blessed on 
 July 5, 1857. It seats 300, and the averaj^e 
 attendance at early mass in 1880 was 300. 
 The total yearly e.xpenses were $1,075. The 
 names of the various priests have been: 1857 
 to August, icjS, Rev. Leopold I'anlonski; 
 1859, Rev. J. A. Koenig; i860, Rev. P. 
 Nagel; November, i860, to January, 1864, 
 Rev. August Durst; January, 1864, to Octo- 
 ber 9, 1867, Rev. J. F. Friedland. Rev. P. 
 Andre commenced his term in 1867 and is 
 still in charge in 1884. 
 
 St. Patrick's Church. 
 
 This church, located on the southwest cor- 
 ner of Adelaide and John R. Streets, was 
 consecrated on March 17, 1862. The lot 
 
 St. Joski'h's Cmiicm.ic Ciilkch. 
 
ROMAN CAIIIOLIC CHUKCHliS. 
 
 541 
 
 ,o,iK)o, anil 
 
 St's ll()llS( 
 
 was bull' 
 as valiui! 
 the prifsi 
 otal yearl\ 
 •ly rt'ifijus 
 iss is cclt:- 
 [in average 
 s. 
 
 I IcnncsL'y, 
 ctobcr 1 1 , 
 •v. Charles 
 
 charj^'c nf 
 jrlli of thi 
 
 Klizabclli 
 c west by 
 tie east by 
 
 e east side 
 alzfllc and 
 ly; was con- 
 
 w 
 
 s rratcil Di'ciiiilx'r 2, iHfiC). Tlii; lot cost $2,</k), 
 ,111(1 the cliunli about $16,000. It contains two 
 hundred pews and will acconuuodatc Xoo persons. 
 Tlio priest's house, built in i<S66, msl $4,.Soo, 
 ,iiid the lot on which it stands, $3,000. In 
 i;-i8o the church property, exclusive of the 
 sriiool, was estiiiialcd to be worth §28,000. 
 'Ilic parish then containetl i,i(X) f.imilies, 
 and included all Catholics west of I'.leventh 
 .Street and National Avenue to 'I'wenty-si.xth 
 Street, and all south of (Irand River Avenue. 
 The priest's salary was S700, the choir ex- 
 panses $400, ;uul the total expenses $3,000 
 \> ,irly. About $2,000 per ye.ir was received 
 friiin pew rents. Mass is said three limes on 
 Sunday, with an average attendance at each 
 service of <jou. 
 
 Kev. A. I". lilc^ nbergh, the first priest, 
 look charge in December, 1866, anil left in 
 I'rbruary, 1869. llew.is succeeded by Rev. 
 .M. Willigan, who left in the fall of 1S71, and 
 was succeeded by Rev. 1'^. \'an I'amel, who 
 nni.iined initil June 1, 1877, when Rev. M. 
 o'Donov.in look charge. 
 
 Streets, ;md was consecrated I U'cember 8, 1867. it 
 is of brick, fifty by one hundred and ten feet in 
 size, and cost $10,000. It will seal yoo persons, 
 
 St. Anthony's Gkkman Cathol . Chukch. 
 
 Our Lady of JM/,. 
 This church is located on the west side of Elm- 
 wood A\enue, between Lamed and Congress 
 
 St. 1'atkh.k's Caiiioi.ic Chukch. 
 
 and there is an average attendance at each service 
 of m.'iss of about 400. Value of property aside from 
 school in 1881, §15,000. 
 
 The |);u'ish extends from Dubois Street to Con- 
 nor's Creek and includes all smilli of (ir.iiiot ,\\c- 
 nue. In 1880 the .sal.iry of the priest was $700; the 
 yearly expense of the choir S500; anil the total 
 expenses $1,500. 
 
 The priest's house cost $2,000. The first priest 
 was Rev. (i. 11. M. Limpens. He was succeeded 
 in 1877 by Rev. J. C. I'ulcher, who was succeeded 
 in 1 88 1 by Rev. James Savage. 
 
 St. Boniface C/uirch. 
 
 This congregation was organized in the fall of 
 1869, and for fourteen years met in the chapel of 
 their school building, on the west side of Thir- 
 teenth Street near Michigan Avenue. It seated 400, 
 and in 1880 there was an average attendance 
 of fully ih.at number. The income from pew rents 
 in the same year was $2,000. The total church 
 expenses were $3,000. 
 
 The priest's house, of brick, was erected in 1873, 
 at a cost of $6,000. The first priest, Rev. A. KuU- 
 man, remained until October, 1872. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. H. J. Wermers. In 1880 there were 
 two hundred families in the parish, which included 
 all the ( "lerman Catholics west of Third Street. 
 .During 1882 and 1883 the society erected a 
 church on the southeast corner of High and Thir- 
 teenth Streets. The corner-stone was laid on Au- 
 gust 13, 1882, and the church was consecrated 
 ,ust 19, 1883. The building cost about $30,000, 
 and the lots in 1883 were valued at $5,000. 
 
542 
 
 Rum AN CATHOLIC CHURCHES. 
 
 SL .llbcrt's Church. 
 This parish was uriraiii/.cci ill 1870. The church 
 is ua ihc west side of St. Aubiii Avenue between 
 Winter and Fremont Streets, and was consecrated 
 on July 14. 1872. The lot cost $^000 and the 
 church $11,000. It seats 1,200, and the average 
 
 St. ViNciiNT uE Paul Catholic Church and Priest's House, 
 
 attendance in 1880 was 750. The parish includes 
 all I'o'.^s in the city east of Woodward Avenue. The 
 priest's house, built in 1872, cost $1,600, and his 
 salary is S700. The expense of the choir in 18S0 
 was $420 and the total church expenses $2,400. 
 The church j^ropcrty was then valued at $; 5,000. 
 
 Tne several priests of the parish have been : 
 1871-1873, Rev. Simon Wieczorek ; 1873-1875, 
 Rev. Theodore Ciieryk ; 1875-1879, Rev. A. Dom- 
 brouski ; 1879-1882, Rev. John Woilouski ; 1882- 
 
 , Rev. I). H. Kolasinski. ICariy in 1884 the 
 
 society began the erection of a new church ou the 
 southwest corner of St. Aubin Avenue and Fre- 
 mont Stivct. The building is intended to seat 2,450 
 persons ami will cost $80,000. The corner stone 
 was laid June 2y, 1884. 
 
 St. Aloysiits (J'ro-Caf/''iira/). 
 
 The buikling occupied by this congregation, origi- 
 nally built for the Westminster Presbyterian Church, 
 is located o\\ the east side of \\'ashington Avenue, 
 near State Street. It was bought by Bishop Borgess 
 in the sirring of 1873 for $2 5,000; $12,000 additional 
 were spent in improvements, and it received the 
 name of St. Aloysius and was opened on August 24, 
 1873. The priest's house, which was bought at the 
 same time as the church, cost $1 5,000. The church 
 seats 728, and in 1880 there was an average attend- 
 ance of 400 at each mass. 
 
 The parish is bounded on the north by the alley 
 between Columbia and Elizabeth Streets, on the 
 
 east by Randolph Street, on the west by ThJKi 
 Street, and it extends to the river. The salary 1 >\ 
 the priest is $703. the cost of the choir $1,000, and 
 total yearly expenses $4,000. Eroni pew reius 
 $2,300 are yearly received. Rev. Ernest Van Dyki 
 has been in charge since the church was first organ- 
 ized. The estimated value of the church prop- 
 erty in 1880 was $35,000. 
 
 St. Joachi Ill's Church {French), formerly 
 Church of the Sacred Heart, 
 The wooden building, used for both school 
 and church purposes by this congregation, 
 was blessed on June 11, 1875; it is located 
 on the north side of Fort Street liast, between 
 Chene Street and Joseph Campau Avenue. 
 The lot cost $1,150, and the building $4,000. 
 It seats 300. The parish includes all Frencli 
 Catholics east of Rioj^elle Street to Connor's 
 Creek. The priest's house cost about $3,500, 
 and the lot $1 ,000. The total yearly expenses 
 in 1880 were $1,800. \'alue of property, 
 aside from school, $5,000. In 1882 the name 
 of the church was changed to St. Joachim. 
 The first priest, Rev. M. L. Laporte, is still 
 (1884) in charge. 
 
 Church of the Sacred Heart {Geruiaii). 
 
 The brick clninh of this congregation is on the 
 southwest corner of Prospect and Cirove Streets. It 
 cost $15,000, and was consecrated June 27, 1875. 
 It seats 800, and in 1880 there was an average at- 
 tendance of 400 at mass, The total yearly expenses 
 
 Catholic Church of Our Lady ok Help. 
 
 of the church in 1880 were $1,300, and about $1,800 
 was received from pew rents. The cost of the choir 
 was $240. There were then 275 families in the 
 parish. Rev, Eugene Butterman, O. S. F., the first 
 
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES. 
 
 543 
 
 by Thiici 
 c salary m 
 ji.ooo, an'i 
 pew aiii - 
 \'an Dykr 
 first origan - 
 lurch prop- 
 
 formcrly 
 irt. 
 
 joth school 
 ii}4Tc,i(ation, 
 ; is located 
 St, between 
 lU Avenue, 
 invf $4,000. 
 all French 
 o Connor's 
 out $3,500, 
 ly expenses 
 : property, 
 2 the name 
 it. Joachim, 
 rte, is still 
 
 mail), 
 
 n is on the 
 Streets. It 
 li 27, 1S75. 
 iveraj^e at- 
 y expenses 
 
 )ut $1,800 
 
 the choir 
 
 es in the 
 
 „ the first 
 
 piiest, remained until 1878, when he was succeeded 
 by Rev. Uavid Kerstiiig, (). S. F. The parish in 
 i.SSo included all (lennans livint,' north of Nap- 
 oleon Street and between Third and Russell 
 .Streets. 
 
 The priest's house 
 \v;is built in 1875, 
 I'osting about 
 S2,ooo. The value 
 of the church jirop- 
 uty in 1880, aside 
 from the school, 
 was $20,000. 
 
 St. W'rihcslaus 
 Chiircli. 
 
 This society in- 
 cIikIcs all the Bohe- 
 mians in the city. 
 The church, a 
 wooden structure, 
 is located on tiie 
 ijjrthsideof Leland 
 .Street, between 
 lieaubien and St. 
 Aiitoine Streets ; it 
 cost $4,000, and 
 seats about 200. It 
 w;is consecrated in 
 I1S74. The lot was 
 ijiven by the execu- 
 tors of the Van 
 Dyke estate. The 
 society bejL,^'xn with 
 sixty families, and 
 in 1880 there was 
 an average attend- 
 ance at mass of 2 50 
 persons. Father 
 
 Tichy, the first 
 priest in charge, re- 
 mained till it'77. 
 and was succeeded 
 by Rev.WcncesIaus 
 Tillek, who re- 
 mained till March, 
 1S79. From that 
 time there was no 
 priest in charge un- 
 til April 26.^884, 
 
 when Rev. W. Koerncr was appointed. The yearly 
 expenses in 1880 were $550. 
 
 Church of ihc Holy Redeemer. 
 
 This society began church services in March, 
 1880, in -i. hall over P. Ratigan's grocery on the Di.x 
 
 Si. lloMI'AlE CAliroI.IC Clll'UCH. 
 
 Road. The Redcnipiorist Fathers, who were in 
 charge, soon obtained a lot on the southwest corner 
 of Dix Road .and (Jrand Junction Avenue in Spring- 
 wells, and on July 17, 1881, the church, costing 
 
 $5,000, was con- 
 secrated. It seats 
 850 people. A 
 house for the priest 
 was built at the 
 same time. The 
 parish includes all 
 of Siiringwells as 
 far east as Twenty- 
 sixth Street. In 
 1884 the following 
 fathers had charge 
 of the parish : Rev. 
 E. Snuilders, Rev. 
 Terence Clarke, 
 and Rev. C. Kern. 
 
 St. Cassivtcr's 
 Church. 
 
 The church and 
 school of this so- 
 ciety occupy a brick 
 building on the 
 southwest corner 6f 
 Twenty-third and 
 Myrtle Streets. 
 The six lots owned 
 by the society cost 
 $2,330. The build- 
 ing cost $7,670, and 
 was consecrated 
 April 29, 1883. 
 Rev. Paul Gutow- 
 ski, the first priest, 
 was still serving in 
 1884, and tile school 
 in the same build- 
 ing was taught by 
 three Polish Fran- 
 ciscan Sisters. The 
 parish includes all 
 Polish Catholics liv- 
 ing west of Wood- 
 ward Avenue. 
 
 St. Ihmavcnturc Church and Monastery. 
 This establishment, under the management of the 
 Capuchin Fathers, is located on the east side of Mt. 
 Elliott Avenue, opposite the entrance to Mt. Elliott 
 Cemetery. The grounds embrace about four acres. 
 The Fathers arrived on May 8, 1883, and tempo- 
 
544 
 
 ran IV 
 Mt. \i 
 
 ROMAN CAI'IIOI.IC CIlUKtUKS,— lilSIK^rs AN'I) DIOCICSKS. 
 
 OCCU 
 
 llioU 
 
 )ii'(l a ii'su 
 CcriKtcry. 
 
 k'lui' fnniRTly coiiiuTlnl willi 
 On July 2y, 1883, the cuimli- 
 
 Sl. Ai.iu-.Ki's C'atikii.u C 
 
 sionu of one of their l)uil(hiiv;s 
 was laiil. It is of brick, one 
 huiidnti and lifty fi-ct S(|iiari', 
 and iin'hulcs a ihunii forty-tive 
 by one Inindred and Wn (vet in 
 size, frontinif on Mt. I'.lliotl 
 Avenue, and also a chapel 'I'lie 
 ciuirch will seat ^00. It was con- 
 secrated July 14, 1884. The mon- 
 astery in rear of the church is in- 
 tended to acconimod.ate thirty 
 persons. The estimated cost of 
 the two structures is §75,000. 
 
 Crotto of till- lUiSSid I 'h'l^iit 
 Mary. 
 One of tile most atlracti\e, 
 and for this country most picu- 
 liar, structures connected witii 
 chunh life is the grotto cri'cted 
 
 "in memory of tiie apparition at I.ourdes." It is 
 near the Ciuuch of the Assmnption, in the town- 
 shi|) of llamtramck, alxnit seven miles from De- 
 troit on the dratiot road. It was built tiirougli 
 the exertions of Rev. I'ather Amandus \anden- 
 ilricsschc, who has been in ehartfe of the parish 
 since 1S51. The grotto is located at tiie end ol 
 an avenue of trees nearly i.ock) feet long, planted 
 through the s.inic ze.'il th.it caused tlu' grotto to be 
 reared. The entire cost of the structure is estimated 
 at $6,000, though much of the work has been gr.atui- 
 tously performed. It was begun by the blessing (jI 
 
 the 
 
 groLuul, on 
 
 the last Sinidav <if Mav, 1881, 
 
 and 
 
 just a year from that time mass was said for th 
 
 hrst tune, 
 
 Within the grotto, tc fi-ct of ilic wall on eitlu'i 
 
 hanil are (jccunietl 
 
 pietl hy tour rows ol niassi\e stones, 
 .ill dressed to the S(]uare, the f.'ice of e.ach stone 
 bi'.iring ,in iinblem of the church or of tlu' \irgin. 
 They ,ire also inscribed with the n.imes of various 
 dec(;ased priests. 
 
 On each tif the stones in the ceiling wil 
 
 1)1' en- 
 
 graved the name of oni; of the pojies, with the date 
 of his death, and the name of the donor of the stone. 
 
 )W ])rojection or 
 cornit-e of stone, bearing on its sides the inscrip- 
 tions: "Ibiil, Mary, full of grace; the Lord is with 
 
 At the base of the arch is ,1 narrc 
 
 thee 
 
 Holy Mary, motlu'r of dod, pray f 
 
 or us 
 
 sinners," the words being sejiarated by stars. On 
 
 till' rear i-ornice is tin 
 
 ' sanctus 
 
 tl 
 
 irice re- 
 
 peats 
 
 The tloor will be of marble. 
 
 RDM.W CAIimiJi: IIISIIOI'S A.\l) DIOCK.SKS, 
 /\ diocese w;is first created for New France on 
 Juiu' 3, 1658, ;iiid I'r.mcis (\c l,;iv.il de Montmorency 
 
 St. Ai.ovsus Pro-Catheural a,nu Priest's Housb. 
 
otto to 1)1 
 
 L'stiiuaU'd 
 
 le insrrip- 
 
 HKSKS. 
 
 'ranee on 
 iitniorrncx' 
 
 br. Aluekt's I'oi.isii Catiuh u Ciiukch. 
 
 I In process uf crcttiuii.] 
 
 L545I 
 
546 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHKS.— lilSHOPS AND DlOCKSKS. 
 
 was made IJishop of I'lina in fhiitihus infidiiiuin, 
 and vicar apostolic of Montreal. 
 
 He arrived at ( Hiebec on June 6, 1659. In 1670 
 he was made Iiisho|) of Ouebec, and the episcopal 
 
 F^?^^ 
 
 rfytjj^f'^- 
 
 - — ^ -'r. /i>/V,-. -»"/' 
 
 Sr JiiACiiiM Kkksch Catholic Sciiooi. and Ciiuuc 11. 
 
 residence was transferred to tliat jilace. On January 
 24, i6vS8, he resigned. The following bishops suc- 
 ceeded him : 
 
 John Baptist de la Croix Chevriercs de St. \'alier, 
 consecrated January 25, 1688; tiled December 26, 
 
 Sackku Heakt Catiioi.ic Chl'rch and School. 
 
 1727. In 1728 M. IJnullard was vicar capitular. 
 The same year Louis Francis Duplessis de Mornay 
 was made bishop ; he died November 28, 1741. In 
 
 1734 I'icrrc llcnnan Dos(|uet was acting bishop; lu: 
 died March 4, 1777. He was succeeded in 1740 I)y 
 I''rancis Louis de I'ourroy de I'Auberiviire, who 
 died August 20, 1740. MM. de Miniac and Ilazcur 
 then served as vicars c.ipitular for a year, auvl in 
 1741 Henri .Marie Dubreuil de I'ontiiri.uul was made 
 bishop. So far as is known, he was the first bishop 
 who visited Detroit. He was here M.irch \(\, 
 1755, and s|)enl se\eral weeks in this vicinity. Hi' 
 died June 8, 1760. Hetween 1760 and 1766, Rev. 
 Fathers Briand, 1'' rnmlt, and Montgoltler were 
 vicars capitular, m 1766 John Oliver Briand was 
 bisiiop; he died Jlmic 25, 1794. As early as 17S4 
 Louis I'hiiippe .Mariaucheau d' Lsglis w.'is in charge 
 
 St. Wencuslaus' Catholic Chukch. 
 
 of the diocese. He died June 4, 1788, and was 
 inunediatcly succeeded by John Francis Hubert, 
 who died October 17, 1797. Peter Denaut was 
 immediately appointed to the vacant bishopric, and 
 visited Detroit in June, iSoi. Old records .show 
 that he went to Monroe on June 18; returned on 
 June 25, and confirmed several persons in the vicinity 
 of Detroit. He died January 17, 1806. 
 
 About this time Detroit was included in the juris- 
 diction of the Diocese of Baltimore, under the care 
 of John Carroll, who was consecrated y\ugust 1 5, 
 1790. Leonard Neale was made coadjutor of Bishop 
 Carroll, December 7, 1800. Bishop Carroll died in 
 1815, and Father Neale in 1817. The Diocese of 
 Bardstown, to include Detroit, was created Ajinl 
 8, 1 80S, but Benedict Joseph Flaget, who was to ix; 
 the bishop, declined the honor, and Detroit was 
 
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES.— HISHOI'S AND DIOCESES. 
 
 547 
 
 islinp; lu; 
 11 1740 l)y ' 
 icre, wlio 
 id Ilazciir 
 ir, aiiv.'. ill 
 was niaiU 
 rsl bisliop 
 ,larch \f'. 
 inily. lie 
 1766, Rev. 
 lliiT wen; 
 Iriaiid was 
 •ly as 1784 
 i in chapj,!' 
 
 8, and was 
 
 lis Hubert, 
 
 bfiiaiit was 
 
 lioprio, ami 
 
 ■ords show 
 K'turned on 
 
 the vicinity 
 
 In the juris- 
 |er tile care 
 lAiigust 15, 
 Lr of Hishoji 
 [•roll died in 
 1 Diocese of 
 ^ated April 
 was to be 
 )etroit was 
 
 lactically in the Diocese of iialtimore until June 
 I, 1811, when i'laj^et consented to serve, and 
 iiilered upon his duties. He was consecrated No- 
 ,( mher 4, iSio. John 15. David was consecrated 
 loadjutorto I'lav^ei and Bishoi) of Mauricastro on 
 .\ujiust 15, lyiy- 
 
 CiiiuLii OF Hoi.Y Ki'.nF'.r.MRK. 
 
 In 1882 Detroit was included in the Diocese 
 of Cincinnati, presided over by Bishop E. Fcnwick. 
 When Father Richard died, in 1832, Bishop Fen- 
 wick was with him, and that same year he also 
 passed ;iway. The Diocese of Detroit was now 
 created, and Detroit became a cathedral city. 
 Frederick Rese, the first bishoji of the tliocese, was 
 consecrated at Cincinnati on October 6, 1833, and 
 arrived in Detroit January 7, 1834. Within six 
 years after, unfavorable reports concerninj; him were 
 forwarded to Rome and he was summoned there to 
 answer them. He never returned, but in accor- 
 dance with the custom of the church he retained 
 tile title of Bishop of Detroit until his death, on De- 
 cember 29, 1 87 1. By an instrument dated Rome, 
 December 4, 1840, he constituted Rev. John M. 
 Odin his coadjutor and attorney at Detroit. On the 
 iSth of May, 1843, Father Odin, who had become 
 Vicar of Te.xas, transferred his legal authority over 
 the property of the church to Rev. Peter I'aul 
 Lefevere, who, on November 21, 1841, had been ap- 
 pointed Bishop of Zela /n partibus iitfulcUiini, and 
 Coadjutor Administrator of Detroit. He arrived in 
 December, 1841. He died on the 4th and was 
 buried on the 9th of March, 1869. There were two 
 bishops and seventy-nine priests in attendance at 
 his funeral. It will be noticed that his death took 
 place two years before that of Bishop R^se, so that 
 he never actually possessed the title of Bishop of 
 Detroit. 
 
 The Right Rev. C. H. Borgess was consecrated 
 
 bishop uf the diocese on April 24, 1870. On No- 
 vember I, 1853, Frederick I'-araga w;is t onsecrated 
 \'icar Apost(jlic of the rp|)er Peninsula of Michi- 
 gan, and fi.xeil his residence at Sauk Ste. Marie. In 
 1857 the Diocese of Mar(|uetle and Saull Ste. Marie 
 was created, ami in 1865 Barag.t removed to Mar- 
 quette. He died on January 19, 1868. 
 On February 7, 1869, Ignatius Mnik was 
 consecrated bishop of that diocese. He 
 resigned in 1878, anil on September 14, 
 1879, John \'ertin, D. D., was conse- 
 crated in his stead. C)w May 19, 1882, 
 the Diocese of Orand Rapids was created 
 by bull of Leo .\lll. This diocese em- 
 braces .'ill the country iiuilh of the south 
 boundaries of Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm, 
 Gratiot, and S.iginaw Counties, and all 
 west of the east boundaries of S;iginaw 
 and B.iy Counties. The lirst bi.shop 
 of the diocese, Jlenry Joseph Richter, 
 D. I)., was consecrated at (irand Rapids 
 on .April 22, 1883. 
 
 All of the vicar-generals (jf the Dio- 
 cese of Detroit, save oni», the Rev. Ed- 
 ward Joos, of Monroe, have at some 
 time ollicialetl .at St. Anne's, and their 
 names will be found in connection with the history 
 of that church. 
 
 St. Cassimsk Polish School anu Chukch. 
 
 The secretaries of the Diocese of Detroit have 
 been: Rev. H. J, H. Schutjes, January, 1874, to 
 March 15, 1880; Rev. C. P. Maes, from March 15, 
 1880. 
 
548 
 
 CATHOLIC UNION. 
 
 CATHOLIC UNION SOCIKIY ANH YOUNG MICN S 
 CATMOLIC UNION. 
 
 An association named the Catholic Union was 
 orp^anized lX:femi)cr 25, 1868, and incorporated 
 March 29, 1861;. It ol)jccis were " to promote the 
 cause of the Catho- 
 lic Church hy every 
 availaliic nieaiis, 
 among which will 
 be the foundinj^ of 
 readinij rooms, li- 
 braries, and places 
 of innocent amuse- 
 ment, performinj^ 
 works of charity, 
 educatiniLf the poor, 
 procurinj^ the deliv- 
 ery of lectures to 
 the public, etc." 
 
 Its affairs were 
 managed by nine 
 directors, elected 
 annually in sets of 
 three persons, for 
 terms of one, two, 
 and three years, and 
 all of them were re- 
 quired to be in full communion with the Catholic 
 Church. Any Roman Catholic, eighteen years of 
 age, could become a member by vote of the direc- 
 
 St. liONAVKNTURK CATHOLIC ChURCH AND MONASTKRV. 
 
 tors at any of their meetings and by paying the fees 
 prescribed. The active members of the Union en- 
 joyed all the rights and privileges under the Ar- 
 ticles of Agreement and By-Laws, iniiuding the 
 right to vote at the meetings of the corporation; 
 
 associate members 
 were admitted to all 
 the rights and pri\- 
 ilegcs except that of 
 voting at the meet- 
 ings of the corpora- 
 tion. No Initiation 
 fee was charged, 
 but active members 
 paid quarterly in ad- 
 vance an annual fei' 
 of twelve dollars, 
 antl associate mem- 
 bers ([uarterly in ad- 
 vance an annual fee 
 of six dollars. 
 
 Regular meetings 
 of the directors 
 were held on each 
 Monday evening. 
 The annual meet- 
 ing was on Kaster 
 Monday. The total yearly expenses averaged about 
 $1,500, of which $600 was for salaries. The rooms 
 of the society were at first located at 146 Woodward 
 
 Grotto of Church op the Assumption, Connor's Crbbk. 
 
CATHOLIC UNION. 
 
 549 
 
 ^ the fees 
 Jnion L'li- 
 • llic Ar- 
 itliiii( the 
 •|)()ratiiiii ; 
 IllcIllbL•|■^ 
 tlL-d to all 
 and priv- 
 ^pl thai (if 
 the iiiccl- 
 c corpora- 
 I initiaiidii 
 
 charged, 
 ; incnibers 
 tcrly in ad- 
 annual [(jf 
 'c dt)llars, 
 ;iate nieni- 
 tcriy in ad- 
 annual fee 
 liars. 
 
 ir meetings 
 
 directors 
 
 d on each 
 
 evening. 
 
 nual nieel- 
 
 on I'-asler 
 -aged about 
 The rooms 
 Woodward 
 
 Avenue, l)ut in Scptcml)er, 1877, liiey moved to 
 ilu; tliird and fourlii floors of the Williams lllock 
 (Ml Monroe Avenue, and on Novi'iiiber 27, 1.S81, 
 Idtlie 1 iilsendcgjn illock. The rooms included gym- 
 ii.isium, bowling alley, billiard roimi, and reading 
 idoni. The |)residi'iUs and sccri't.-'.rics have bi-en : — 
 Presidents: l<S6(j, R. .S.Willis; i.S7(>-i«7 1, C. J. 
 ()'l''lynn; 1872, R. R. Elliott; iHy^, John Heffron; 
 1S74, Hishop Horgess; 1875187^., W. \\. Moran; 
 1X77, Willi.'im Foxen; 1878 i,S7(_), A. Ch;ipoton, 
 Ir.; 1880-1883, M.W.O'Hrien; 1883, Rev. Charles 
 Kcilly, 1). 1). 
 
 Secret.iries : i8r)(;-i874, W. H. Moran; 1874, C. 
 J. O'I'lynn; 1875 1882, J. li. .Moore ; 1882, John J. 
 I'.nriglu ; 1883, John l.elteker. On November 21, 
 1883, this society uas consolidated with a younger 
 Society known as the Young Men's Catholic Asso- 
 ciation, the two societies uniting under the name 
 of the N'oinig Men's Catholic Union, with jirac- 
 tica'ly the same objects. They occupy the rooms 
 in the Ililsendegcn iUock. 'I'he president in 
 1884 is Jeremiah Dwyer and the secretary, J. A. 
 Russell. 
 
 t**^' ■:;. 
 
CHAPTER L V 1 1 . 
 
 EARLIEST PROTESTANT MINISTERS. — THE MORAVIANS. — LATER MISSIONARIES 
 AND CLERICAL VISITORS. — FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES. 
 
 When the English troops arrived, Protestantism 
 for the first time entered tiie palisades. At that 
 time Protestants were as rare a sight in Detroit as 
 Mohammedans would be now. The official records 
 show tiiat in 1 77o,aside from the soldiers, there were 
 only 360 adult male Protestants in Canada, while of 
 Catholics there were 1 50,000. The army lists of 
 England, however, show that, with scarce an excep- 
 tion, each regiment had its chaplain, whose name 
 was given with as much regularity as that of the 
 colonel and other officers. Of necessity, he belonged 
 to the Church of England ; and as the English 
 troops came to Detroit in 1 760, and members of the 
 Eighth, Fifty-fifth, Eightieth, and other regiments 
 were stationed here, it is probable that each of 
 those regiments was accompanied by its chaplain. 
 
 General Hradstreet, who was in Detroit in 1765 
 with an army of twelve hundred men, undoubtedly 
 composed of parts of two or more regiments, prob- 
 ably had at least one chaplain with him ; and as he 
 stationed seven companies of soldiers here, we may 
 presume a chaplain was left with them. 
 
 The earliest record found of the presence of a 
 chaplain is contained in Professor C. E. Anthon's 
 " Narrative of the Anthon Family." He states that 
 Doctor G. C. Anthon and Mariana Navarre were 
 married in Detroit by Chaplain Turring of the Fifty- 
 third Regiment, on August 13, 1770. After that 
 date we have no positive knowledge uf the presence 
 of Protestant clergymen in Detroit until those de- 
 voted missionaries, the Moravians, were brought 
 here as prisoners, on suspicion of having aided the 
 Americans during the War of the Revolution. 
 Under the orders of Colonel De Peyster, brethren 
 Zeisberger, Senfeman, Heckenwaeldcr, and Edwards 
 were arrested near what is now Sandusky, by two 
 Delaware Indians who had allied themselves to the 
 English. They were brought to Detroit on Novem- 
 ber 3, 1 78 1. It is evident that the Indians were 
 accompanied by an English guide or officer, for an 
 account book of a government ofiicial, now in pos- 
 session of the writer, contains this item : 
 
 Obcdiah Robbins, Cr. 1781, By Indian account expenses 
 bringing oR Moravians, £^i 101. 
 
 The Moravians were tried on November 9, and 
 acquitted, the Indians confessing that they had 
 wrongly accused them. On November 14 they left 
 Detroit, and reached Sandusky on the 22d. 
 
 The renegade Girty still suspected them, and on 
 the 1st of March, 1782, he produced a letter from the 
 commandant at Detroit announcing that, on the re- 
 quest of Half King, an Indian chief, he had deter- 
 mined to remove them from among the Indians. 
 Accordingly on March 1 5, in deep sorrow because of 
 this overwhelming calamity, six of the teachers, 
 with four women and two children, started for De- 
 troit under the escort of Matthew Elliott and an 
 officer named Leslie. Owing to the non-arrival of 
 vessels, they were obliged to wait for some time in 
 Lower Sandusky. At length two ships came, with a 
 corporal and fourteen ritlemen, and on April 14 they 
 again set out, and reached Detroit in safety on the 
 20th. A large room in the barracks was given to 
 them, and many English, French, and German 
 oflicers visited them and treated them very kindly. 
 
 Colonel De Peyster offered them the use of his 
 own house, and gave orders that they be provided 
 with clothes and other articles. They had been 
 robbed of their watches, and De Peyster bought 
 them back of a trader to whom the Indians had 
 sold them, and returned them. He also told the 
 missionaries that they might remain at Detroit or go 
 to Bethlehem, as they preferred. After several 
 weeks, they left the barracks, and moved into a 
 house at a small distance from the fort. Loskiel, 
 their historian, tells this story of their stay in Detroit: 
 
 On tlic 2d of July the missionaries had the inexpressible satis- 
 faction to bid two families of their beloved Indian (lock welcome. 
 These were soon followed by Abraham, a venerable assistant, 
 with his and another family, who immediately ertcted huts near 
 the Missionaries' house, lirother Richard Connor arrived likewise 
 with his family at Detroit. One of the dispersed came with some 
 Heathen warriors painted like a savage. He did not expect to 
 find the missionaries still here, but upon seeing them said, " You 
 see, my brethren, that I have no more the appearance of a 
 brother. I despaired of ever hearing the word of Cod again from 
 the brethren ; I therefore thought that I ought to live peaceably 
 with the heathen and do as they do, lest they should persecute 
 me. But as I perceive that the Indian congregation is gathering 
 together .again, and our teachers are with them, I pray that they 
 would kindly receive me again." This request was granted with 
 
 Uso] 
 
THE MORAVIANS. 
 
 551 
 
 INARIES 
 
 ;s. 
 
 ber 9, and 
 they had 
 14 they left 
 d. 
 
 ;m, and on 
 er from the 
 on the re- 
 had deter- 
 le Indians. 
 ■ because of 
 e teachers, 
 ted for De- 
 ott and an 
 n-arrival of 
 jme time in 
 ame, with a 
 Ipril 14 they 
 ifety on the 
 as given to 
 d Cierman 
 ry kindly, 
 use of his 
 le provided 
 lad been 
 ter bought 
 ndians had 
 told the 
 troit or go 
 ter several 
 ed into a 
 Loskiel, 
 in Detroit : 
 
 iressible satis- 
 lock welcome, 
 ible assistant, 
 ttd huts near 
 rived likewise 
 me with some 
 not expect to 
 said, " You 
 carance of a 
 xl aRain from 
 peaceably 
 lid persecute 
 is gathering 
 ray that they 
 granted with 
 
 Pleasure. The rest of the dispersed Indians rejoiced greatly at 
 lije friendly nu'ssa.v;e sent them by the fiovfrnor and the Mission- 
 fiues, but suffered themselves to be intimidated by the lies of 
 some malicious people, who wished to prevent them from return- 
 ing to the brethren, and resolved therefore to wait a little hmger. 
 I:i the meantime the missionaries began their usual daily meetings 
 uilh their Indians, and met in the open air for want of a eliapel. 
 '1 hey were commonly joined by the neighbors, prisoners, and 
 oilier strangers, to whom it was a new and interesting sight to 
 see such devotion among the Indians ; and the sweet singing of 
 the Christian Indians was particularly admired. Mere the mis- 
 sionaries had a good opportunity of bearing many a testimony of 
 the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom they invited all the 
 wiary and heavy laden. As they were frequently desired to bap- 
 ti.:e -children, or to bury the dead, they improved these oppor- 
 tunisms to preach the gospel, both in the English and German 
 languages. 
 
 Ilrnther Zeisberger delivered also several discourses to the 
 |>risonprs, many inhabitants of Detroit being present. Fly this 
 time twenty-eight lielieving Indians had returned to the .Missicm- 
 aries, and th-y therefore resolved, with the consent of the 
 (lovernor, to begin the building of a new settlement. * * * 
 
 The Governor liberally assisted them in various ways, furnished 
 tliem with provisions, books, plank, and the necessary utensils 
 from the royal stores, and gave them some horses and cows. His 
 Lady presented them with a valuable assortment of seeds and 
 r.">is, and both of them gave the most obliging proofs of their 
 benevolent disposition. 
 
 The brethren were more particularly thankful to the Governor 
 that he assisted them in renewing their correspondence with 
 Pennsylvania and Kurope, so that they could again procure 
 money which was remitted by way of Montreal. * ♦ * On 
 July 20th, 1782, the brethren Zeisberger and Jungman with their 
 wives, and the two single brethren Edwards and Michael Jung, set 
 out with nineteen Indian brethren and sisters from Kort Detroit. 
 Many of the inhabitants had conceived so great a regard for 
 them during their abode there that they shed tears at seeing them 
 depart. 
 
 The brethren Senfcman and Heckenwaelder with their families 
 remained with the rest of the believing Indians at Detroit, to 
 attend to the concerns of the reviving mission in this place. The 
 travelers passed over Lake St. Clair into the River Huron, arrived 
 on the 21st in the evening at the place destined for their future 
 residence, and chose on the following day a convenient spot on 
 the south side of the river, where they marked out a settlement, 
 calling it Onaden-huetten,* in remembrance of their settlement 
 on the Muskingum. 
 
 In August they began to build, and first erected only one street 
 of block houses. Towards the end of the month those who had 
 staid in Detroit followed them to New Gnaden-huetten, and the 
 missionaries moved into their new house. September 21 they had 
 a solemn celebration of the Lord's Supper, which appeared as 
 new to the Indians as if they now partook of it for the first time. 
 * * * Whenever our Indians passed through Detroit to New 
 Gnaden-huetten, the Governor always provided them with food 
 anil, if needful, with clothes. Even the inhabitants of New 
 (inaden-huetten went now and then to Detroit to fetch provisions, 
 which the Governor kindly ordered to be given them gratis till 
 they could reap their own fruits. * * * 
 
 On November 5th, the small flock of believing Indians collected 
 here, to the number of fifty-three persons, met to consecrate their 
 new church unto God. * ♦ * In May, 1783, the missionaries 
 received the joyful news of the conclusion of peace between Eng- 
 land and the United States, and in July they had the pleasure 
 
 * This New Gnaden-huetten was on the Clinton River, then 
 called the Huron. The location was about two miles west of 
 what is now the village of Mount Clemens in the township of 
 Clinton. The lands they occupied were confirmed by the Com- 
 missioners of Claims of the United States as Private Claims 137 
 and 138, to the heirs of Richard Connor, who, as we shall see, was 
 left behind at the time the missionaries went away in 1786. 
 
 to sec the brethren Weygand and Schebosch arrive from liethlc- 
 hem after a journey of above seven weeks, by way of Albany, 
 Oswego, Niagara, Eort Erie, and Kort Detroit. 
 
 As it happened that no ordained Protestant divine resided in 
 Detroit at that time, the missionaries, at the request of the 
 parents, baptized several children when they visited the fort. 
 Some parents brought their children to the New Gnaden-huetten 
 to be bapli/ed there ; and a trader, who had tw(j imbaptized 
 children, went thither with his wife and whole family, and pub- 
 licly presented his children to the Lord in holy baptism. 
 
 On November 14, 1784, the first grow^n person 
 was baptized at New Gnaden-huetten. About this 
 time the governor of Detroit sent word that their 
 labor of clearing lands and building might be lost, 
 as no guarantee could be given that the dovern- 
 ment would allow them to .stay; the Indians also 
 threatened them, and the missionaries determined 
 to remove to the south side of Lake Erie. In May. 
 1785, Mi.ssionaries Jungman and Senfeman passed 
 through Detroit on their way to IJethlehcm, I'enn- 
 sylvania. In March, 1786, it was fully determined 
 that New Gnaden-huetten must be inhabited by 
 white people, a survey was made, two hundred dol- 
 lars were paid to the missionaries for their houses 
 and fields, and preparations were made for their 
 departure. 
 
 April 2oth they met for the last time in the Chapel at New Gna- 
 denhuetten to offer up praise and prayer unto the Lord, thanking 
 Him for all the benefits and mercies received in this place and 
 commending themselves to His grace an<! protection. Then they 
 all set out in twenty-two canoes, except the family of Richard 
 Connor, who stayed behind. The white inhabitants of that 
 country, both English and Erench, came from all places to take 
 leave of our Indians, and expressed great sorrow at their depart- 
 ure ; having always found them upright and punctual in their 
 dealings. At Detroit they were well received by the Governor 
 and treated with great hospitality for several days. 
 
 On April 28, 1786, they left for Cuyahoga River, 
 going in two trading vessels, the Beaver and the 
 Mackina. 
 
 After the departure of the Moravians, no record 
 has been found of the presence of any Protestant 
 clergyman in Detroit until 1795 ; the Simcoe papers 
 at Ottawa show the presence here in that year of 
 Rev. Mr. Burke, who was chaplain of the Queen's 
 Rangers, then stationed at Detroit. Next after Mr. 
 Burke wc note the arrival of the Rev. David Jones, 
 a Baptist minister, and chaplain in General Wayne's 
 army. Mr. Jones's journal says : 
 
 August 25th, t7g6. Landed three miles below Detroit where 
 we shaved and changed our clothes. The wind rising high we 
 wr obliged ta walk to town, leaving the soldiers with our goods, 
 and Major Henry sick, who came next morning. Through the 
 care of that God who has preserved me all my life, I came safe 
 and enjoyed the happiness of seeing General Wayne in good 
 health. October 2nd, preached to the troops in the citadel. Oc- 
 tober 30, Sunday, preached in the Council House. 
 
 Soon after this he left Detroit. 
 
 Four years later the city was visited by Rev. 
 
552 
 
 LATER MISSIONARIES AND CLERICAL VISITORS. 
 
 David Bacon, sent out by the Coiiyrej^atioiial Mis- 
 sionary Society, of Connecticut. He left Hartford 
 on August 8, 1800. on foot and alone, carr)'inj( his 
 own b.ijigav^c. He arrived September 11, having; 
 made the distance from lkiff;iIo, by sail-vessel, in 
 tiiree days. He was received ;iiid eiUertaini'd by 
 Major Hunt, and on tlie 131)1 left for Mackinaw to 
 look over that field. He was detained at 1 larson's 
 Island by adverse winds, and finally concluded to 
 return to Detroit, where he arrived Septembir 30. 
 On his return he found two ministers here, sent to 
 obtain information respectintj the Indians, with a 
 view of sending missionaries, 'i'hcy h.id been here 
 about ten days, but had had little opportunity to 
 inform themselves, as the Indi.m .'igent was absent 
 with (leneral Tracey; they s.iiktl about half an 
 hour after Mr. Bacon's return. These ministers 
 were the Rev. Joseph ISadgcr of Connecticut, and 
 Rev Thomas E. Hughes of I'cimsylvania. Mr 
 Badger reported respecting Detroit that "there 
 was not one Christian to be found in .all this region, 
 except a black man, who appeared to be pious," 
 
 On October 7, 1800, Mr. Bacon attended a grand 
 council of Indians, and was introduced to them by 
 Ceneral Uriah Tracey, who told them of his desire 
 to benefit them. Soon after Mr. Bacon left Detroit 
 for the East, arriving at Hartford about December 
 15. On the 24th of December he was married to 
 Miss Olive Parks, and on the last day of December 
 was commissioned as a missionary to the Indians of 
 the West. 
 
 Departing from Manchester on February 1 1, 1801, 
 with his wife and Beaumont Parks, her fifteen-year- 
 old-brother, he set out for the w(Jods and wilds of 
 Michigan in a two-horse sleigh. At K.ast T>loom- 
 field, in Ontario County, he sold the sleigh, and 
 about April i they proceeded to Buffalo, taking 
 turns in riding the horses. When within about 
 fifty miles of Detroit, Mr. Bacon sold one of the 
 horses, and the rest of the way he and his brother 
 traveled on foot, reaching here on Saturday, May 9. 
 He was too much fatigued to preach the next day. 
 On the following Sabbath he preached, and of these 
 services he says : 
 
 In the forenoon I gave them an introductory discourse showing 
 the need and advantages of Divine revelation and of a regular 
 ministry of the word. The assembly, which was more numerous 
 than I expected, appeared to be all attention. We make use of 
 the court-house, which is very convenient for the purpose. As 
 the congregation is more numerous in the forenoon (on account 
 of their being in the habit of visiting and riding out for ple.-isure 
 in the latter part of the day), if I have a sermon of my own, I 
 deliver it in the forenoon. I am so cold and lifeless through the 
 week that it seems an if T should be in no way useful to this 
 people. Hut when the Sabbath comes, I am generally so unex- 
 pectedly assisted, and the people appear so uncommonly atten- 
 tive, that I cannot but hope there is mercy in store for them, and 
 that it will be poured out upon them in answer to the prayers of 
 thousands who are pleading for my success. I use notes, but the 
 best of my sermons often come to me while I am preaching. 
 
 Four or five of my hearers «rc men of liberal iihuation, but I 
 luive not hiurd that liny have nmde any unfiivi>rabl(- remarks 
 Iiidiid, lam trcati-d with much more respect by all Classen m 
 people than I li.id any right to expect. ♦ * ♦ I'hough I ha\ ■ 
 been inabliMl, as I lulli've, to declare to this people the countel it 
 Ciod without reserve, y<t tlu: number of my hcnrem increases. 
 
 The people all demanded b.aptism for their chil- 
 dren, and seemed to think th.at this was the princip;il 
 thing for which they wanted a minister. He refuncd 
 to b.'ipti/e the children of p.irents making no pni- 
 fe.ssion of religious experience, and this caused 
 much comment. 
 
 On August 25, 1801, he wrote that .Mr. Denkey, 
 one of the Moravian ministers from Fairfield, 
 C.'in.ida, h.id been to see him, to incpiire whether 
 he had any objections to his Laboring among the 
 Chippewas on the St. Clair River. Soon after Mr. 
 Bacon discontinued his ;ifternoon servires, and h"l(l 
 instead a service about six miles from the town on 
 the Rouge. 
 
 About .September 25. a second visit w.'is received 
 from Rev. Messrs. iSadger and Hughes. The latter 
 preached on the Sahb.ath morning to but few hear- 
 ers ; in the evening Mr. B.ulger h.-id a large audience, 
 sever.al of whom expressed their disapproval by 
 "winking and grinning." 
 
 Meantime Mr. B;icon w.as casting about for a 
 favorable place for a mission among the Indi.ans, 
 and making himself acriuainted with their language 
 and logic. On Fehru.iry 19, 1S02, he was gl.addened 
 by the arrival of his first-born, the late Rev. Dr. 
 Leonard Bacon of New Haven. 
 
 The following incident of those days is given by 
 the l.ist named in a sketch of his father's life : 
 
 It was while my parents were living in Detroit, and wi.en I was 
 an inf;mt of less than four months, that two Indians cauie as if 
 for a friendly visit ; one of them a tall and stalwart young man : 
 the other shorter and older. As they entered my father met 
 them, gave his hand to the old man, and was just extending it to 
 the other when my mother, quick to discern the danger, exclaimed 
 " See I he has a knife ! " At the word my father saw that while 
 the Indian's right hand was ready for the salute, a gleaming 
 knife in his left hand was partly concealed under his blanket. An 
 Indian coming to assassinate waits for a moment when his in- 
 tended victim is looking away from him, and then strikes. 
 
 My father's keen eye was fixed upon the murderer, and watched 
 him eye to eye. The Indian found himself strangely disconcerted. 
 In vain did the old man talk to my father in angry and chiding 
 tones ; that keen black eye was watching the would-be assassin. 
 The time seemed long. My mother took her baby from the birch- 
 bark cradle, and was going out to call help, but when she reached 
 the door she dared not leave her husband. At last the old man 
 became weary of chiding ; the young man had given up his pur- 
 pose foi' the time, and they retired. 
 
 The last week in April, 1802, Mr. Bacon made a 
 missionary visit to the Indians on the Maumee, 
 remaining there nearly three weeks ; he returned to 
 Detroit May 1 8, and about June 2 went to Macki- 
 naw on a similar errand. He remained there until 
 August, 1804, and then returned to Detroit, intend- 
 
LATER MISSIONARIES AND CLERICAL VISITORS. 
 
 553 
 
 Kiitinn, hill I 
 ilil(: rciiwirlv- 
 all classes i : 
 liDUK'h I ha\ 
 lit' counsel '•: 
 increases. 
 
 ■ their chil- 
 V princip.!' 
 Ic rcfu:'.iii 
 ijj no prti- 
 lis caused 
 
 r. Denkcy, 
 rairlie!(i, 
 ■e wlictlur 
 imonjij the 
 after Mr. 
 s, and h-ld 
 le town on 
 
 IS received 
 Tile latter 
 t few iiear- 
 e audience, 
 iproval by 
 
 bout for a 
 
 le Indians, 
 
 ir laniTjuase 
 
 jjjiaddened 
 
 ' Rev. Dr. 
 
 is given by 
 ife: 
 
 w).cn I was 
 ins came as if 
 ynvitiK '"*" • 
 father met 
 tending it to 
 T, exclaimed 
 w that while 
 a gleaming 
 blanket. An 
 whun his in- 
 rikes. 
 
 and watched 
 
 [lisconcerti'd. 
 
 and chiding 
 
 ■he assassin. 
 
 im the hircli- 
 
 she reachetl 
 
 the old man 
 
 up his i>Lir- 
 
 n made a 
 Maumee, 
 ^turned to 
 o Maclci- 
 ere until 
 t, intend- 
 
 ill.; to go to Cleveland, but was detained by sicknes.s 
 II arly two montlis, after wiiidi he started for his 
 destination, and his connection with Detroit termi- 
 ii.ited. 
 
 The next reliijious event of note was the arrival, 
 in the spring of 1804, of Daniel Freeman, an 
 elderly local preacher of the .Methodist I'.piscopal 
 Church from Canatla. Soon after he arrived he 
 announced that he would preach on tiic following 
 Sabbath afternoon. He faithfully fulfilled his prom- 
 ise, his sermon proving prolitabic to at least one 
 person, and though he stayed but a few days, his 
 n.tine and his mission were long remembered. 
 
 In this same year Rev. Rich.ird I'ullard was rector 
 of the Church of England in Sandwich, and the 
 records of that church show that hi frequently held 
 .services in Detroit, and performed the ceremonies of 
 baptism and marriage. William McDowell .Scott, 
 an EjMscopal layman, also occasionally read collects 
 for particular days. 
 
 Rev. Nathan Mangs, subsequently one of the most 
 eminent ministers and authors of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, was the ue.xt clerical visitor., lie 
 had been appointed by the New York Conference 
 in July, 1804, to preach in this region. He arrived, 
 probably in August. In his History of the M. E. 
 Church, he says : 
 
 When the writer of this history visited Detroit in 1804, he ob- 
 tained an old building called the C'mincil House to preach in. 
 
 On his second visit, while preaching in the evening, there arose 
 ,', mendous storm, accompanied with the must vivid lightning 
 ■Mil. awful peals of thunder. He continued the sermon, however, 
 nininding his hearers that this war in the elements was but a 
 faint resemblance of that day " when the heavens shall pass away 
 with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat; 
 the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up." 
 Ill- was afterwards informed that some of thi! " baser sort " of 
 the young men, after the randies were lighted, deposited some 
 powder in them at such a distance from the blaze that tluy sup- 
 posed it would take fire and explode during the sermon. They 
 were disappointed. The exercises closed without any explnsiim, 
 because the candles had not burned down io the powder. 'I'hese 
 wags, after all was over, informed their nssnciates of what they 
 hiid done, and remarked that while the peals of thunder were 
 bursting over the house, they were fearful that the Almighty was 
 about to hurl a bolt at their heads as a punishment for their 
 wickedness, and hence they sat trembling for their fate during 
 the greater part of the sermon. 
 
 On this visit he met the Rev. David Bacon, who, 
 as has been shown, was detained by sickness in the 
 fall of 1804. Concerning the meeting a note in Mr. 
 Bangs' history states that he 
 
 wns introduced to a Congregational minister, who told him that 
 he had preached in Detroit until none but a few children would 
 come to hear, and s;iid he : "It" you can succeed, which I very 
 nmi h doubt, I shall rejoice." On his third visit, which was on 
 th.- Sabbath, sure enough, only a few children came to the place 
 ef worship ; and no one appearing to take any interest in hearing 
 tht' Gospel preached there, our missionary shook off the dust of 
 his feet as a testimony against them and took his departure. 
 
 Thus even the Methodists at that time gave up 
 Detroit. 
 
 In connection with the history of IVote.stanti.sm, 
 we ne.xt notice this entry in the records of the Gov- 
 ernor ancl Judges, for April 27, 1807 : 
 
 A pitition fiira spot of grnuiid on which to build a Protentant 
 Church was pri'srnteil aiul riail, and it was thiTeupon resolved 
 that a I ommitlee be appointed to report on said petition, and it 
 w.is orderi:d that the committee consist uf one, and thuC Judge 
 tlriflin be the s.iid cnniniittee. 
 
 On May 13, 1807, the following entry appears; 
 
 'I'he (iimmittee to whom was referred the pitition of the I'resby- 
 teiian Church, made a report, which was ordered to lie upon the 
 table. 
 
 It will be noticed that the word "Presbyterian" 
 is used in this latter entry, instead of " lYotestant," 
 but it undoubtedly refers to the i^etition of Ajiril 27, 
 and the change may be accounted for by the fact 
 that the entries were made by two different indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 On May iS, 1807, the (iovernor and Judges 
 
 AVWrW, that a <ommittee be appointed to report on the pcti- 
 ticm of William Scott, Ksi|., in behalf of the membirs of the 
 Pri'sbylerian Church. Ordered that siiid coiiiinittee consist of 
 one, and that the (lovernor be the said committee. 
 
 No further references to the matter appear in the 
 records. 
 
 With the year 1809 a see*. ;id and successful effort 
 was made by the Methodist Episcopal Church to 
 establish services at Detroit. 
 
 At a session of the New York Conference, held 
 in May of that year. Rev. William Case was ap- 
 pointed to this locality as a missionary. In a letter 
 to Hisho)) Asbury, dated Chatham, N. Y., May 16, 
 1 8 10, Mr. Case says: 
 
 ♦ * * According to your appointment, I set out from Ancas- 
 ter to Detroit, the 2?nd of Jtmc. * * * T had thought to have 
 visited Detroit immediately on my first coming into the country ; 
 but by reason of the revival, my wholi' attention was necessary 
 on the Canada shore, so that 1 did not visit that town till, I think, 
 about the last of September. * * ♦ 
 
 Our Lord has instructed us, that into whatsoever place we 
 enter, we are to enquire who in it are worthy ; but as I could not 
 understand that there were any serious persons in the town, and 
 as I knew of none more worthy than the rulers ought to be, I 
 immediately went to the governor, and having introduced myself 
 to him as a minister of the Gospel, I requested the privilege of 
 the Council House to hold meetings in. He appeared very 
 friendly, and used me as a Christian minister, and ordered the 
 Council House to be prepared for meeting, where I preached to 
 crowded and listening congregations during the time I staid in 
 that country. As yet there is no society formed in this territory, 
 (Michigan, Detroit being the principal town), though some few 
 were brought under awakening, and three or four had found peace 
 in believing, and expect to join in society when a minister shall 
 •again be sent among thein. 
 
 Mr. Case preached frequently at Detroit, and on one 
 occasion some of the boys of the place, offended at 
 his denunciation of their follies, broke into the stable 
 
554 
 
 FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES. 
 
 where his horse was kept, and closely sheared the 
 mane and tall of the unfortunate animal. In the 
 morninjj the dauntless minister mounted his horse, 
 and e.xhibited his eonilition by ridin.v; throuj^h the 
 to'vn. Several of the leadinjj citizens were so 
 mortiHe(l at the occurrence that they offered a larj^e 
 price for the horse, but Mr. Case declined to sell, 
 and was not ajjain molested during the year that 
 he rcm.iincd. In 1810, about three months after 
 he h.id left, he w.is succeeded by Kev. William 
 Mitchell, a member of what was called the "West- 
 ern Conference," and in the .'uitumn of this year a 
 Methodist Kpiscopal Church was orj^^uiized. 
 
 This, the lirst Protestant church in the Territory, 
 on its ornjanization numbered seven members, 
 namely, Robert Abbott and wife, William McCarty 
 and wife, William Stacy and wife, and Sarah Ma- 
 comi . 
 
 It is evident th.'it, by this time, the Methodist 
 Church was fully alive to the importance of Detroit, 
 for in this year two ministers from two diftorent 
 conferences were sent hither, one of whom was 
 the ^'r. Mitchell before mentioned, the other the 
 Rev. Ninian Holmes, who came from the dencsee 
 Conference; tindintf Mr. Mitchell on the jjfround, he 
 crossed over to the Canaila side, and l.ibored there 
 for a year, and in 181 1 held services in Detroit. 
 
 In the sprinj,^ of 181 1, according to Pilcher's His- 
 tory of Methodism, the ordinance of baptism and 
 sacrament of the Lord's Supper, with other services, 
 were observed by the church at the house of Wil- 
 liam Weaver, a Roman Catholic who lived on the 
 Rouge. At this time the church numbered about 
 thirty members, some of whom lived in Detroit and 
 others at the Roujje. In the autumn, services 
 were conducted at the house of Robert Abbott 
 in Detroit, by Rev. Henry Ryan, the presidin,t( elder, 
 and by Rev. Ninian Holmes. Mr. Holmes remained 
 until August, 181 2, and perhaps longer. On Au- 
 gust 16, the day of the surrender, he baptized a child. 
 
 In 1811 Rev. Silas Hopkins was appointed to 
 assist Mr. Holmes on the circuit, and by July, 18 12, 
 about fifty persons, most of whom lived in or near 
 Detroit, had united with the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church in Michigan. 
 
 In July of this year. Rev. George W. Densmore 
 was appointed to Detroit, but the war prevented his 
 coming, and scattered the little dock that had been 
 gathered. 
 
 When the city was recovered by the Americans 
 in September, 181 3, the destitution of its inhabitants 
 as to bodily comforts symbolized their condition as 
 to spiritual good, so far as Protestant serv'ices were 
 concerned. 
 
 Each brigade of the American troops had a chap- 
 lain. The late Rev. Dr. Alfred Brunson, in a letter 
 to the writer, said that he heard one of them preach 
 
 at Detroit in 1814. Mr. Urunson was then a private 
 soldier in the 'l"vventy-seventh United States Infan- 
 try. It is (|uite possible th;it this ch.iplain was the. 
 Rev. James 'i". Wilmor, who died ;it Detroit on 
 April 14, 1814, after a long and painful illness. Ih 
 was a brigade ch.ipl.iiii in the nortluvcstcrn ;irniy, 
 and prior to his .ippointment as an ;irmy chaplain 
 had .served for thirteen years as chaplain in Con- 
 gress. 
 
 No effort appears to have been made by any one 
 to re-establish i'rotestant services until July, 1815, 
 when the Kev. Joscj)!) Iliikcox of theCicncsee Con- 
 ference was api)ointel to this |)l;ice. (Jn his arrival 
 he found no members e.\cei)t the original seven; 
 truly a "perfect number." they held fast their pro- 
 fession through all the storms of war, and all of 
 them remained acceptable members of the church 
 during life. 
 
 Mr. Hickcox was received very cordially by dov- 
 ernor Cass, who said that the Council House would 
 always be at his service, and that himself and his 
 family woukl be constant attendants at the services. 
 
 The morals of Detroit at this time were in a 
 deplorable condition. .Soldiers and Indians were 
 frequently seen intoxicated in the .streets ; profanity 
 and unbelief were rife ; indeed, the whole popula- 
 tion were draining the dregs from the cup of war, 
 and giving abundant reason for the passage, on 
 November 4, 1815, of the following law, which 
 savors a little of the old Blue Laws : 
 
 If any person shall wilfully blaspheme the holy name of find 
 by 'inyini;, cursing, (ir contumelioiisly reproachip); His bein^ "r 
 providence, or by cursing or contumeliously rcproachinj; Jesus 
 Christ or the Holy ('.host, or the Christian Reliijion, or the holy 
 word of (iod, that is, the canonical Scriptures contained in the 
 books of tlie Old and New Testament, or by profanely seolTinn at, 
 or exposing them or any of them to contempt or ridicule, then 
 any person so offending shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine 
 not exceeding $200, or an imprisonment at hard labor, not ex- 
 ceeding twelve months, or both, at the discretion of the court. 
 
 Mr. Hickcox preached at Detroit once in three 
 weeks on Sabbath evening, and in the interim at the 
 Rouge .ind also in Canada, doing to the latter 
 place in winter was a perilous undertaking ; on one 
 occasion at least he crossed the river on floating ice, 
 leaping from cake to cake. 
 
 At the time Mr. Hickcox arrived, Governor Cass 
 and Generals Harrison and Brown were holding a 
 conference with the Indians. A large number of 
 soldiers were also stationed at Detroit. In his diary 
 Mr. Mickcox says : 
 
 In this state of society but little impression could be made by a 
 sermon once in three weeks. True, the Council House, .t large 
 and commodious building, was always filled with attentive audi- 
 tors, the superior officers setting .1 decorous example by their 
 uniform presence and respectful attention. Hut in my hurried 
 rounds on .1 three weeks circuit, traveling some three hundred 
 miles, my stay in Detroit was necessarily so short that I could not 
 
FIRST RKGULAR rROTIiSTANT SERVICES. 
 
 555 
 
 liime of God 
 
 is beinK or 
 :hing Jesus 
 
 or the hilly 
 liiuil in the 
 
 sciilTmK at, 
 idiciile, then 
 
 •d by a line 
 b(ir, not ex- 
 thc court. 
 
 made by a 
 use, a large 
 :ntive audi- 
 le by their 
 my hurried 
 ee hundred 
 I could not 
 
 finliw up, to nny extent, by pantorul vinitntion, any imprt'i«ioi, 
 til .1 might have been made by tin Uboi of ilie pulpit. 
 
 Ill the l.tttiT jiart of 1816, durinjr liis sccrmd year 
 ill Detroit, Mr. Ilifkcox was j^rrcatly aidttl hy the 
 s(,\ices of Rev. Joseph Mitcliell, an elderly local 
 tin acher of real ability, who soon filled almost all 
 (il the appointments on this '■'■^^ ..f the river. He 
 1)1 (ame very popular with all classes by reason of 
 ills sturdy indein-ndenee, but his popularity did not 
 (iiili his we.'ipons or cause him to forj^et his duty, 
 lie was still faithful in reproof and warning. On 
 Olio Sabbath, when his theme was "The New 
 Itirth," the old Council House was crowded with 
 ti'rritorial, military, and city officers, tojjether with 
 kMdintf citizens. Near the close of his sermon, 
 addrcssinjf the parties almost by name, he called 
 out, " You, jfovernor ! You, lawyers! You, judges! 
 Vmi, doctors ! You must be converted and born 
 aijain, or (lod will damn you as soon as the bejjgar 
 on the dun)j;-hill." The ne.xt morning C.overnor 
 Cass sent him a five-dollar note, and expressed his 
 kindly thanks, saying that the sermon was the best 
 he had ever heard. 
 
 At the close of his second year, in the summer of 
 1817, Mr. Hickco.x reported thirty members for 
 Detroit Circuit. In June of this year the Rev. 
 Cideon Lanning was appointed to Detroit, and was 
 so well liked that when he preached the Council 
 House, yard, and adjacent street were filled with 
 listeners. Tlie Detroit C.azette of August i con- 
 tains the following announcement of one of his 
 .services : 
 
 On Sunday eveninir the Rev. Mr. LanninR, a missionary from 
 New York, will deliver a discourse in the Council House. People 
 are requested to attend at early candle lighting. 
 
 In a letter to Rev. Dr. Carroll, quoted in his Case 
 and his Cotemporaries, Mr. Lanning says : 
 
 Detroit in 1818 was a mission-fiekl embracing the whole of 
 Michigan and a small section of Ohio. It did not extend into 
 Canada, as had been the case previously, but was attached to the 
 Upper Canada District still. In Detroit city I found no society, 
 and only two members (Judge Abbott and his wife), belonging to 
 a snciety seven miles distant ; but I had a large congregation 
 which met in the Council House, there being no church of any 
 denomination in the place. I found but one class of twenty 
 members, and a few other names at various points, making a 
 grand total of thirty members in all in my hands ! I'ut there 
 were many doors open to receive the Gospel messjige, and I had 
 th(' honor of preaching in many places where no one had ever 
 pre.iched before. In consequence of failing health I had to leave 
 this most inviting field of ministerial toil after the lapse of a few 
 months; and one Thomas Harmon, a local preacher from Canada, 
 ofllciated the balance of the year. 
 
 On account of sickness, Mr. Lanning remained 
 only until New Year. He had been assisted, espe- 
 cially at the Rouge, by a local preacher named 
 Tliomas Harmon, who filled the rest of the appoint- 
 ments for the conference year, which ended in June, 
 
 1818. There were reported this year forty members 
 for the circuit. It was under Mr. Harmon's l.ibors 
 that the log church on the Kouge was erected. 
 This location was selected, in jiart at least, through 
 the intUience of Rev. J. Ilickcox, who had entered ;i 
 tract of land on that river. The church was sitii;ited 
 on Private Claim 52. then known as the Sargeant 
 Farm. The deed for a s(|uare acre of land is d.itcd 
 November 21, 1817, and was recorded in l.iber 6, 
 |)age 89, of County Records, on April 24, 1821. It 
 was m.ide by Thomas and John .Sargeant and liieir 
 wives for the consideration of one dollar. The lot 
 was on the north side of the Rouge, about one 
 hundred and twenty rods from the river, and twenty 
 rods west of the town line which forms the eastern 
 boundary line of Private Claim 52, in the town of 
 Dearborn. 
 
 The church '"as twenty-four by thirty feet in size, 
 and of course a rough affair, rcm.irkable only as being 
 (except the one built by the Moravians in 1782) the 
 first Protestant church built in Michigan. It was 
 erected March 31, 1818. Disaffections arising in 
 the society, the building was used for church pur- 
 poses only about ten years. It then became a 
 school-house, and finally "fell from grace," becom- 
 ing a place of evil resort. In 1843 the neighbors 
 .set fire to it, and then pulled it down. In 1882 the 
 site was occupied by an orchard. 
 
 In July, 181 8, Alpheus Davis was appointed to 
 Detroit Circuit, but on account of ill health he was 
 soon transferred to Ancaster circuit, in Canada, and 
 was .succeeded at Detroit by Samuel Belton, who 
 served the rest of the year. He was followed by 
 Truman Di.xon, who at the close of his year in 18 19 
 reported sixty-six members. 
 
 In 1820 Rev. John P. Kent was put in charge of 
 the circuit, which was probably divided this year, as 
 Mr. Kent reported only twenty members. In the 
 summer of 1821 he was taken sick, and his appoint- 
 ments were filled for two or more Sabbaths by Rev. 
 J. li. Finley. So acceptable were his sermons that 
 Governor Cass, the Messrs. Hunt, and other promi- 
 nent citizens sent a request to the bishop to have 
 him stationed at Detroit, but he did not accede to 
 their wishes. In September Piatt B. Morey was 
 appointed to this circuit, but he died soon after his 
 appointment, preaching in Detroit only once. His 
 predecessor, John P. Kent, having recovered his 
 health, finished the year, preaching freciuently in 
 the First Protestant Church. He reported one 
 hundred and thirty members on the circuit, an 
 inc. ^ase of one hundred and ten. 
 
 On January 25, 1822, the charge v/as visited by 
 Rev. John Strange, the presiding elder, who preached 
 in the Council House, greatly edifying his hearers. 
 
 We now turn back to 18 16. In that year corre- 
 spondence with one of the professors of Princeton 
 
556 
 
 FIRST RLGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES. 
 
 College resulted in tiie a]i|)c)iiitmi'iu of llie Rev. 
 John Montcitli to Detroit by the American Hoard of 
 Commissioners for I'"orei,t|;n Missions. A montii's 
 pay ($40) was advanced iiini, until arranncnients 
 could be made for his salary amon.ij^ those for whom 
 he was to labor. In due time he reached the 
 city, and on June 30, 1816, he preached his first ser- 
 mon in the Council Mouse. On Aui,aist 8, at a 
 public meeting called for the purpose, a committee 
 of three, consisting of Ciovernor Cass, II. J. Hunt, 
 and James Abbott, was appointed to represent the 
 people, and they made 
 an arrangement with 
 Mr. Monteith to stay 
 one year for $. o. 
 He preached regu- 
 larly every Sabbath 
 in the Council House, 
 except that on every 
 third Sabbath in the 
 evening the services 
 were conducted by a 
 Methodist minister. 
 
 The next year on 
 September 15, 1817, 
 an association, com- 
 prising all persons 
 who chose to belong, 
 called the Eirst Evan- 
 gelistic Society of De- 
 troit, was organized 
 with the object of 
 sustaining the ser- 
 vices. It was in no 
 sense a church, but 
 simply an ass( )ciation. 
 About this time it was 
 decided to fit up the 
 upper story of the 
 new University Build- 
 ing as a place of wor- 
 ship, and on October 
 
 24, 1 81 7, the Detroit Gazette contained the follow- 
 ing notice : 
 
 The citizens of Detroit and vicinity are informed that the 
 upper story of the building now erectinjj and belontjinjf to the 
 University of Michijj. i, is to be laid out and furnished for the 
 accommodation of the Protestant Con.v;re);ation as a place of 
 worship, and that the pews will be sold for one year to tne high- 
 est bidder, on Monday next at 3 o'clock I'. M. at the Council 
 House, where a plan of the pews will be exhibited. 
 
 This project apparently did not succeed, for ser- 
 vices were still held in the Council House, as appears 
 from the following notice, in the Gazette of Decem- 
 ber 26, 1817 : 
 
 The Musical Society and others are requested to assist in the 
 public exercises to-morrow at the Council House. The hymns 
 will be selected from Dr. Watts. 
 
 ti ■ ■ 
 
 First Protesta.it Chuhcii as it A 
 Catholic 
 
 It ai)pears that there were some persons who diil 
 not approve of the form or the name of the organi- 
 zation of 1817; the Gazette of March 27, 1818, 
 contained the following editorial : 
 
 /•'hst Evangelic Church of Detroit. — On the morning of ilir 
 ■.lid inst. an assembly was held at the Council House in this cily 
 for the purpose of establishing a Protestant religious society, thiTc- 
 lieing no "rotestant Chur';h yet established in this Terrilory. Viw 
 of the indgcs of \.\w. Territory addressed the assembly, and de- 
 duced the oigin of the word I'rotestant from the publicatiiMi 
 on the t 'lurch door of Wittemberg, on the 31st day of October, 
 '•' lie theses of Luther, containing ninety-five proposi- 
 .inst indulgences ; and the subsequent protest and unieii 
 of certain potentates of 
 Germany, published on the 
 19th day of April, 1529. 
 He then stated the events 
 connected with the Cen- 
 tennial anniversary of Oc- 
 tober the 31st, 1817, and 
 the resolution to reduce 
 the Protestant sects into 
 one general denomina- 
 tion under the name 
 Evangelic. He read pans 
 of the decree signed by 
 the Minister of the In- 
 terior at I'erlin on the 
 30th day of June, 1817; 
 reducing the Protestant 
 sects into one denomina- 
 tion ; and assigning the 
 reasons for abolishing the 
 term Protestant and sub- 
 stituting the term Evan- 
 gelic. 
 
 After some further ex- 
 planations it was succes- 
 sively resolved to adopt tlie 
 term Evangelic in lieu of 
 the term Protestant, or any 
 less general Sectarian de- 
 nomination, to designate 
 the first religious society 
 established within the Ter- 
 ritory of Michigan, of a 
 persuasion different from 
 that of the Roman Cath- 
 
 ll'EARED WHEN IN USE 1!Y TkINITY olic. 
 
 ChL'KCH. 
 
 The judge who de- 
 livered the learned dissertation could have been no 
 other tlian the pedantic Woodward, and the article 
 in the (iazette bears marks of his authorship. The 
 next Gazette, of April 3, 181 8, contained the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 The notice contained in our last number respecting the estab- 
 lishmeiil of a Church we found to be incorrect. We published it 
 hastily according to *he information we received, supposing that 
 although there had be^n for a long time regular worship in this 
 city, there probably was nothing before that could be called a 
 chuii ii. In this, however, our informant was mistaken. No 
 organization of a Society took place on the 2 )d ult. 
 
 The Protestant Church in its present form existed before, and 
 in some form ot other bus existed more than ten years. 
 
 The following was published for the first time in 
 the same Gazette • 
 
ns who dill 
 the ortjaiii- 
 1 27, 1810, 
 
 nornintj of ili 
 jsc ill this fit;. 
 s society, thcrr 
 'crriliiry. Oni 
 ml)ly, and di ■■ 
 iie publication 
 ly of ( )ctober, 
 if-fivc proposi- 
 itcst and iiniuii 
 
 p<jtentatcs ui 
 ;iblished on the 
 if April, 152^. 
 ted the events 
 vith the Cen- 
 ivcrsary of Oc- 
 ist, 1817, and 
 ion to reduce 
 ant sects into 
 xl denoniina- 
 r the name 
 
 He read parts 
 ree signed by 
 :r of the lu- 
 Derlin on the 
 f June, 1817; 
 he Protestant 
 one denoniina- 
 
 assi.yning the 
 
 abolishing the 
 stant and sub- 
 le term Evan- 
 
 ne further ex- 
 it was succcs- 
 ed to adopt the 
 ;elic in lieu of 
 jtestant, or any 
 
 Sectarian dc- 
 
 to designate 
 
 linious society 
 
 thin the Ter- 
 
 icliigan, of a 
 fferent from 
 
 Roman Cath- 
 
 ,c;e who de- 
 
 ivc been no 
 
 the article 
 
 hip. The 
 
 d the fol- 
 
 ing the estab- 
 'e published it 
 upposing that 
 worship in this 
 d be called a 
 listaken. No 
 
 d before, and 
 
 rs. 
 
 rst time in 
 
 FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES. 
 
 557 
 
 UIK FIRST PROTESTANT CHURCH Ix\ TilK TKRKI- 
 'I'ORY OF MICHIC.AX 
 
 DEDICATION, 
 
 was erected at the River Kouge on tlu; jist ultimo by a society of 
 Mrlliodists, a body cor|>oiate belonging to the Methodist Kpisco- 
 |iai Church in the United Stales, The iuid •society was estab- 
 lisiud at the River Rouge in the year j8io, and, through tlu' 
 mi reies of (lod, has remained inllexible through the slonus ..f 
 war and various other trials, and by the Divine blessing is still in 
 a prosperous way. R„„krt Annorr, 
 
 One 0/ the Trustees 0/ the M, K. Church. 
 KlVKK RotiCE, April ad, 1818. 
 
 No further efforts were made to change the name 
 of tlie Evangel- , 
 
 istic society, and 
 ihc services went 
 on. The natural 
 ijrowth of the 
 city and Mr. 
 Monteith's pop- 
 ularity rendered 
 a larger room 
 (lisiiable, andon 
 January 17,1819, 
 Mr. Alonteith 
 was authorized 
 by the society to 
 g<i East and so- 
 licit funds to aid 
 in building a 
 church. His 
 mission proved 
 successful, and 
 on June 17 he 
 returned with 
 $1,122.46. Pre- 
 parations were 
 at once made 
 for erecting the 
 
 building, and as a preliminary step, on July 26, 1819, 
 the (lovernor and Judges 
 
 Resolved, that the burying ground adjoining upon Woodward 
 Avenue be granted to the Trustees if the Protestant Religious 
 society of Detroit by tlieir legal designation for the use of siiid 
 society, exclusive (jf the streets and alleys therein ; and that the 
 surveyor make an accurate survey and plat of the P otestint 
 burying ground for this Hoard. 
 
 It is said that one of the judges had scruples 
 about giving lots for ;i church, and therefore no deed 
 was granted at this time. Tiie church, however, 
 was at once erected on a part of the burying ground 
 on Woodward Avenue, about one hundred feet 
 mirth of Earned Street. It cost §7,000. The pews 
 were sold at auction on Saturday, February 26, 
 1820, at 10 A. M., and the next day the church was 
 dedicated. 
 
 The Gazette of March 3 contained this notice : 
 
 Fac-simile of Scrip issued uv First Protestant Society. 
 
 The dedication of the First Protestant Church of Detroit took 
 place on Lord's Day, -..'ylli ult. The sermon was delivered b> the 
 Rev. John Monteitli, liishop of the Church, from Psalm cxxii. i. 
 " I was glad when tlicy s.iid unto me, let us go into the house of 
 the Lord." A Christian society was then formally organized and 
 three elders ordained with the imposition of hands. In the after- 
 noon a sermon was preached by Mr. Moses Hunter, a missionary 
 of the General Assembly, from Canticles, 85, "Who is this that 
 Cometh up from the wilderness leaning on her beloved ?" 
 
 The sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Suppi-r were then 
 administered, 'i'he assembly was large and remarkably attentive 
 andsoknin. 'I'he music was good and particularly the tunes of 
 Denmark and Tamwortli were well performed. 
 
 The society 
 was still com- 
 posed of Episco- 
 j)alians, Presby- 
 terians, Metho- 
 dists, Congrega- 
 tionalists, and 
 persons holding 
 no particular 
 creed ; and it 
 was, perhaps, in 
 deference to the 
 Episcopalians or 
 Methodists that 
 Mr. Monteilh re- 
 ceived the appel- 
 latit)n of " Bish- 
 op" in the notice. 
 The Presbyter- 
 ians were conci- 
 liated by the or- 
 daining of three 
 elders, Messrs. 
 J. J. Deming, 
 Levi Brown, and 
 Lemuel Shattuck ; and as all pew-holders, or those 
 who paid $5.00 a year, had a right to vote on ques- 
 tions connectcil with the society, the Congregation- 
 alists nuist have been satisfied. 
 
 The precentor of this period was Abraham Del- 
 ainatcr, a drummer or lifer connected with the 
 United States troops then stationed at Detroit. He 
 led the singing dressed in his regimentals, a bright 
 red coat being part of his attire. The trustees were 
 I). C'l. Jones, H. J. Hunt, S. Mack, L. Shattuck, and 
 J. Abbott. The secretary was James D. Doty, who 
 afterwards became Governor of Wi.sconsin. 
 
 Only nine tenths of the pews were sold up to 
 Ai)ril, 1820, but enough was realized to more than 
 pay the cost of the building. The people, however, 
 did not respond readily to the calls for money, as is 
 evident from the following statement, published in 
 the Gazette of November 17, 1820: 
 
 ' \ 
 
558 
 
 FIRST REGULAR PROTESTANT SERVICES. 
 
 SABBATH COLLECTIONS. 
 
 We have been iiifi)rined from respectable sources that sonic of 
 our citizens wlio licluni^' tu the I'mlesUint Association make olijec- 
 tions to tlie practice of coilectin.i; money on each Sabbatli, |)re- 
 vious to the dismissal of the con);re),'ati(jn. 'Jo do away with 
 these objections we are requested to stale that the money collected 
 is to be applied to the enclosinj; of the I'rotestant burying 
 ground. l"here have been already several collections made ex- 
 clusively for that purpose, but enough has never been collected 
 to defray more than one half of the probable expense of the 
 contemplated enclosure, and it will not be commenced until a 
 sufficient sum is collected to complete it. 
 
 Money was also needed to pay Mr. Monteith, yet, 
 notwithstanding all the efforts made, it coukl not be 
 raised, and as a last resort, the society issued due- 
 bills to the amount of S700, in sums of one, two, and 
 three dollars each, dated March 15, 1821. These 
 due-bills were paid over to Mr. Monteith on account 
 of salary. They were evidently intended to be cir- 
 culated as money, for almost every merchant and 
 corporation at that time issued their own bills; but 
 the credit of this church corporation was so poor, 
 or the time of ISIr. Monteith's stay so limited, that 
 the bills were never circulated or redeemed, and 
 consequently Mr. Monteith was never paid. 
 
 On April 13, 1S21, James Abbott, as treasurer of 
 the Protestant Ciuirch, gave notice in the Oazette 
 that persons could be accommodated with single 
 seats at fifty cents a quarter, and on June 30 fol- 
 lowing he gave further notice to "all persons who 
 owe subscriptions or taxes on the pews, that if they 
 are not paid by July 6, coercive measures will be 
 resorted to for their immediate collection." Possi- 
 bly the funds were needed to pay Mr. Monteith, for 
 he left on the 23d of July, when an appropriate ad- 
 dress was voted him. 
 
 On October 1 5 a meeting of the corporation was 
 held, and the following persons were elected 
 trustees for one year, namely : James Abbott, 
 Austin E. Wing, Thomas Rowland, Henry J. Hunt, 
 DeGarmo Jones, and C. C. Trowbridge, The last 
 named served also as .secretary of the board. 
 
 At a subsequent meeting of the corporation a 
 new constitution and articles of incorporation were 
 agreed upon, under the title of First Protestant 
 Society of Detroit. The society was incorporated 
 under a general law of April 12, 1821. On Decem- 
 
 ber 7 the articles were signed by the following citi- 
 zens: Charles Larned, A. E.Wing, Thomas Palmer. 
 J. D. Doty, Thomas Rowland, Stephen C. Henr\, 
 Francis Autlrain, William Woodbridge, John Hum, 
 Justin Rice, James Abbott, Henry J. Hunt, Henry 
 Sanderson, DeGarmo Jones, John P. Sheldon, J. J. 
 Demiiig, Lewis Cass, 15. Woodworth, Arthur Ed- 
 wards, and B. F. H. Witherell. 
 
 No important change was made in the govern- 
 ment or management of the society at this time, 
 and it was entirely destitute of any denominational 
 predilection. It was organized " to secure the regu- 
 lar public worship of Almighty (}od, and the 
 enjoyment of the many advantages resulting there- 
 from." 
 
 After the departure of Mr. Monteith, the services 
 were conducted occasionally by Rev. John P. Kent, 
 a Methodist clergyman, and also by Rev. A. W. 
 Welton, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, who 
 became a resident of Detroit in November, 1821, 
 but was not settled as a pastor. On May 10, 1822, 
 he was engaged for a few weeks as a supply. 
 
 Soon afterwards C. C. Trowbridge, secretary of 
 the society, called a meeting for July 1 1, to arrange 
 "to supply the pulpit with preaching." This evi- 
 dently had reference to the coming of Rev. Joshua 
 Moore, the second preacher sent here by the Pres- 
 byterian Board of Missions. He arrived on the day 
 appointed for the meeting. Two days before he 
 came the Rev. Mr. Gratton had been engaged to till 
 the pulpit, and therefore the engagement of Mr. 
 Moore for a year did not begin until September 22. 
 On September 23 a meeting was called by Mr. 
 Trowbridge " to consider about levying a tax on the 
 pews for the regular preaching of the gospel for 
 some definite term." Mr. Moore served until 
 October, 1824, when he was obliged to leave, as the 
 society was unable to pay him. On the final settle- 
 ment the society gave him a note for $1,450, which 
 was never paid. 
 
 On January 23, 1825, the First Protestant Society 
 and Church was reorganized, and Articles of Faith 
 adopted which, for the first time, fully committed 
 the organization to the Presbyterian doctrines and 
 government. Its history will be found in another 
 chapter. 
 
CHAPTER LVIII. 
 
 THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.— EVENTS OF INTEREST TO THE 
 
 DENOMINATION. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 
 
 The advent of Methodist " circuit riders " in this 
 iL'irion, and the services they held, have been already 
 tictailed. The present article concerns the corpo- 
 rate body known as the First Methodist Episcopal 
 Society, and later churches of the same denomina- 
 tion. 
 
 Several notable facts serve as an appropriate in- 
 troduction to the history of this particular church. 
 As is elsewhere shown, the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church was the first Protestant organization that 
 appointed a minister to labor with the white people 
 of this region, and the earliest continuous church 
 services were conducted by a Methodist minister. 
 
 First M. E. Church. 
 
 The first Protestant church building in Michigan, 
 other than that of the Moravians, was built by and 
 for the Methodists, and the society named above 
 was the first Protestant denominational church 
 organized in the Territory, and the first to become 
 incorporated. 
 
 The effort to build a Methodist church especially 
 for Detroit dates from 1820. A meeting was held 
 on May 16 of that year, for the purpose of consult- 
 ing in regard to it, and committees were appointed 
 on site and subscriptions. The following notice 
 tiien appeared in the Detroit Gazette : 
 
 NOTICE 
 
 The committee of arianjjement who were appointed to procure 
 a suitable site for the erection of a Methodist Episcopal Church 
 ill the city of Di-troit, and to receive subscripticms for building of 
 the same, will meet at the Council House in said city at 6 o'clock 
 I'. M. on Monday, the 22nd day of May, 1820, at which time and 
 place the citizens of Detroit are respectfully requested to attend. 
 
 KoiiKKT AiiiHirr, 
 S. T. D.WKNi'oRT, Jr., 
 William W. Petit. 
 
 Com. 
 Detroit, May 16, 1820. 
 
 At an adjourned meeting on Monday, May 22, 
 the committee previously appointed made a report, 
 but it is evident that the enterprise was not vigor- 
 ously prosecuted, for the meeting was adjourned to 
 May 29 and then to June 6. On June 6 Robert 
 Abbott, Jerry Dean, and Edwin W. Goodwin were 
 
 appointed a committee to draft a constitution. 
 After this action, promoters and committee appa- 
 rently rested from their labors, for nothing further 
 was done for nearly two years. 
 
 Then, under an act of April 12, 1821, a society 
 was organized. The original copy of the articles, 
 drawn up by John Farmer, is still preserved, and 
 the writer identities, beyond a doubt, the heading 
 and the body of the document as the work of his 
 father's hand. The articles were dated March 21, 
 1822, and are the only articles of incorporation of a 
 Protestant church organized under territorial law 
 now known to be in existence. The following 
 twenty signatures are appended : Robert Abbott, 
 Joseph Hickcox, William Hickcox, Joseph C. Corbus, 
 Israel Noble, James Kapple, Nathaniel Champ, 
 William McCarty, James L. Reed, John Ramsay, 
 Joseph Donald, James Abbott, H. W. Johns, Edwin 
 W. Goodwin, William R. Goodwin, P. W^arren, 
 Jerry Dean, Joseph Hanchett, Robert P. Lewis, and 
 John Farmer. 
 
 It is worthy of mention that the Joseph Hickcox 
 whose name appears as one of the corporators was 
 the minister who came after the war, in 181 5, and 
 reorganized the Methodist Church, afterwards re- 
 tiring from the ministry and settling on the Rouge. 
 And as Robert Abbott, Joseph Hanchett, Joseph C. 
 Corbus, William McCarty, and possibly some others 
 of the twenty, had been members of the church on 
 the Rouge, the new organization may be properly 
 considered the legitimate successor of that church. 
 
 The articles of incorporation bear the signatures 
 and approval of A. 15. Woodward and James With- 
 erell, judges ; Charles Lamed, attor.iey-general ; 
 and Lewis Cass, governor of the Territory. The 
 society was thus doubly legalized, for it was not 
 only duly organized under the Act, but the articles 
 received the specific and written endorsement of 
 the governor and two of the three judges ; and as 
 the Governor and Judges then possessed legislative 
 power, the articles had almost the force of a special 
 enactment. 
 
 March 21, 1822, was named in the articles as the 
 time for the first election of officers of the society, 
 and on that date the following persons were elected 
 Lss9l 
 
"^•^ 
 
 ARTICLES OP Incorporation of First Methodist Ei'Iscotai. CHURtH. 
 Fac-siraile, half size. 
 
.^i. 
 
 t^f^tfl 
 
 m^fi> ife^'i* 
 
 
 
 ^■iC4^uiW<£y, 
 
 /^cryr^a 
 
 
 'M^C^ 
 
 ■^<t.-Ai^CtC m/f- tc*.y/ A^ ic.y^^^i^ y-Cdca-t^^t/xy irtLyiu.C£i ^n.f(Ci:it, ^^mi^ aJL^ 
 *./c\iJaXi^ CT-a^£^ <K«Muvix^ ^dlUi'tvv'.'/K*^ Cnu'^Ji^ <», .m4.-'rt*,ti.-/lr £iC /Ht^J^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Articles op Incorporation, I'Aon », 
 I561] 
 
xiUtnt$L /*it^. 
 
 
 7*4^*^ 
 
 
 -*'i- 
 
 
 Z^ 
 
 
 
 JA 
 
 €> /ti^^^ncaCft^ 
 
 
 ^y\jiM> 
 
 Akticles of Incorporation, pagb 3. 
 
TIIK METHODIST Kl'lSCOl'AI. CIUKCIIKS. 
 
 563 
 
 
 
 ,a^ .ta^^ae^T'^^'^^^ 
 
 
 Articles oi- I^JCORl'0K.\TI0^', page 4. 
 
 as trustees : Rf)l)ert Abbott, Philip Warren, Jerry 
 Dean, Edwin \V. (loodwin, Setii L. I'appino, Robert 
 1'. Lewis, James Kapple, Timothy Murphy, and 
 Joseph Donald. 
 At the next meetinj^, held October 30, 1822, it was 
 
 Ki'soh'i-ii, tluit John Ramsay, John I'armur, 1!. I'. H. WillunU 
 and Israel Ni>l)le bu apiiciliUi-il to supply the vacancy occasioned 
 liy the removal of Timothy Mnr|)hy, Joseph Donald, Setli T,. 
 I'appino, and Kdwin W. Goodwin. 
 
 In September, 1822, Alfred Hrunson and Samuel 
 Baker were appointed to Detroit Circuit. Concern- 
 i",!^ liis stay in Detroit, Dr. Hrunson i,nves this 
 account : 
 
 I lie house I rented had been occupied hy the Indian bl.iek- 
 siiiith, his shop answering for a stable. My wife had feared that 
 
 she would he afraid of the Indians, especially when I should not 
 be at home. lUit she soon got bravely over it. The Indians, not 
 knowing of the death of their blacksmith, came to the shop to 
 get work done, but Ihuling no smith, they came to the house or 
 to the door to inquire for him, when my wife, by the best signs 
 she could make, informed them of his death. Upon this they 
 would step back in apparent deep distress, and sit on the wood- 
 pile before the door, at a loss to know what to do. She, seeing 
 their distress, and that they showed no disposition to molest her 
 or the children, soon felt her sympathies for them roused up, and 
 gave them food. This they received with so much apparent grati- 
 tude, that she soon became attached to them, and they recipro- 
 cated her feelings and made presents of brooms, baskets, and 
 bowls wrought out of ash knots. 
 
 While here in Detroit 1 saw , what I have since seen more clearly 
 exhibited, that the missionary spirit is the millennial spirit. 
 
 There was but one Protestant minister in the Territory besides 
 myself and colleague ; he was a Presbyterian licentiat<-, and not 
 being in orders himself, he requested me to give his little flock 
 
564 
 
 THE AIKTHOUIST lil'lSCOl'AL CHURCHES. 
 
 tliL Sacraiiiciila of the Lord's Suppci' itiid llaptism. To acnjin- 
 modati' him and them, as well as my own charge, I adniinisteretl 
 thu Kucnarist once a quarter, inviting iheni to attend, and bap- 
 tized IhiiM and their children, when reqiicstid to do so. 
 
 In the missionary held we met as hrethren, laborers with (lod 
 in one common cause. No controversy between ourselves, on 
 non-essential doctrines, and no seeking of the supremacy one 
 over the other was ajiparently lhou>;hl of ; hut Christian cour- 
 tesies, as of brethren in one common harvest-field, seemed to 
 prevail. In this 's plainly seen tlie spirit that will prevail in the 
 millennium, win n the wat< hmen of /ion will see eye to eye. 
 
 For tlu" first three montli.s tliat Mr. Hrunsoii was 
 here, lie ami .Mr. Haker preaclied on alternate .Sun- 
 days at the Council House, and then the service was 
 left entirely in eharire of Mr. Hrunson. 
 
 The next year the fcjllowing notice appeared in the 
 Gazette* 
 
 Ordered by the Trustees of the First M. E. Society of the city 
 of lletroit, that the Secretary give notice, in the lletroit Oazette, 
 that the trustees will receive proposals till the I'lth of Kihruary 
 for the furnishing to said society 8o,noo good merchantable brick, 
 to be delivered on the banks of some navigable water within a 
 few miles of the city of Detroit, on or before the 1st of July ne.\t. 
 And also proposals for the mason and carpenter work, to erect a 
 brick church, of the dimensions of fifty feet in length by thirty- 
 si.\ in breadth, and twenty in height ; the proposals for the brick 
 and stone work to be made separately. 
 
 All proposals to be delivered sealed to the Secretary. 
 
 Ja.mks L. Reed, 
 
 Secrciarx, 
 
 N. B. — The pl.in of the building may be seen at my store. 
 
 J. L. Rkhd. 
 Detkoit, Feb. fith, 1823. 
 
 Soon after, this notice appeared : 
 
 M. K. Mf.ktini; llui si:.— The Trustees of the First M. K. 
 Church of this city conteniplate building a meeting house during 
 the present season, of the dimensions of 50 by ^(j feet , two stories 
 high, with a suitalile cupula. Tlu' funds necessary are to be 
 raised by subscription, and we trust that the usual liberality ol 
 the citizens of Detroit will display itself on this occasion. 
 
 March 7th, 1823. 
 
 The next publication was as follows : 
 
 NoiicE is hereby given to those who have subscribed moneys, 
 etc., for the erection of the Church of the First M. F.. Society, of 
 the city of Detroit, thai I he society are about to commence the 
 erection of their church, .ind that the subscribers will shortly be 
 called on to comply with the terms of their subscription. 
 Hy order of the Society, 
 
 James L. Reed, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 On April 22. 1823, the Governor and Judges gave 
 Lots 55 and 56 in Section 7, on the southeast corner 
 of Gratiot and Farrar Streets, to " Robert Abbott, 
 Fhilip Warren, Jerry Dean, Robert V. Lewis, James 
 Kapjile, John Ramsey. John Farmer, B. F. H. 
 Witherell, and Israel Xoble," as the trustees of the 
 society. The deed provided that a church should 
 be erected before March 19, 1826. Tiie erection of 
 the church was commenced soon after the deed was 
 received, but the work moved slowly, and tiie funds 
 were all gone before the walls were completed. 
 
 In Septeml)er of tiiis year ICiias I'attee and '" \ 
 I'lympton were stationed 011 Detroit Circuit, and the 
 next year I'attee was returned with Isa.icC. Hunter 
 as his associate. During 1824 Mr. I'attee was com- 
 missioned to collect funds to finish the church, and 
 on April 22, he reported that he had collected in 
 Ohio, over antl above his traveling expenses, $291 .82, 
 and this amount was paid over to the trustees. In 
 1825 he was .sent on a similar trip, and a story has 
 been put in print that his expenses were $2.50 more 
 than the sum he collected, and that the trustees 
 were obliged to make up this deficit. The official 
 records, however, disprove that story, for they show 
 that he collected "$625.25 over all expenses," and 
 that out of this amount he was paid $175.00 for his 
 services. 
 
 Rev. J. H. Finley, in his history of the Wyandotte 
 Mission, gives incidentally the following aixount of 
 one of his visits to Detroit, during this period : 
 
 We set off ne.\t morning (December iCi, i.Sjj, froui lirownstowu) 
 for Detroit city. Here we were joyfully received by my old 
 friend, brother Dean. The news got out that some of the Chris- 
 tian Indians were with me, and this calliil togethiT some who 
 were skeptical on the subject of the possibility of Indians being 
 religious. They conversed with them on the subject and fouiiil 
 that they were not at a loss to give a reason for the hope that was 
 in them. 'I'hey could tell of their conviction, conversion, and 
 progress in godliness iis well as though they had been taught to 
 read, or were brought up by Christian parents. 
 
 After the conversation ended, in which 1 took no i)art, hut left 
 them lo make the examination for themselves, 1 asked the Indian 
 brethren to sing a hymn in Wyandott, which they did to the 
 astonishment of the company. Then I asked Mononcue to pray, 
 which he did with great fervor and zeal, and before he was done, 
 the company were affected to tears, to bear a poor Indian pray 
 with such power. When we arose from our knees, they sung 
 again, and with their faces wet with tears, went around the room 
 and shook hands with all present. This put an end lo all their 
 unbelief, and they most c(jrdially received and embraced them as 
 children of God, born of His spirit, and bound for the land of 
 Canaan. It was a blessed evening to me and all present. 
 
 3'he ne.\t morning (December 17, 1823) we visited Governor 
 Cass, and were received with great kindness, and obtained from 
 him all the information he was in possession of, in reference to 
 the situation of the Indians in that region of country. We were 
 referred by the (lovernor to Major liaker, commandant of the 
 garrison, who had recently built the military works at Saginaw. 
 Drother Mononcue and myself dined with the C.overnor, who 
 treated us with the greatest respect. I tried to preach at candle- 
 light, from Romans vi. 23: " The wages of sin is death," etc.; 
 and (lod owned t.is word. Many were cut to the heart, and en- 
 quired the way of siilvation. 
 
 On the morning of the 18th we took breakfast with Hrothcr 
 Lockwood. * * * On the 26th I preached on the Rouge 
 river, at brother Robert Abbott's, from F.phesians v. 15, 16: 
 " See that ye walk circumspectly, not as fools, but as wise, 
 redeeming the time, because the days are evil." We had a time 
 of feeling, many wept, and a few joined class. 
 
 I returned lo Detroit (on Sunday, Dec. .'Sth) and preached at 
 night from Rev. .\x. 12 . "I saw the dead, small and great, stand 
 before Cod, and the hooks were opined," etc. This night will 
 be remembered in eternity. Such were the cries for mercy that 
 my voice was drowned. More than forty came forward to be 
 prayed for, and several experienced the pardon of their sins, 
 while many others resolved never to rest until they found 
 redemption in the blood of the Lamb. This city seemed now 
 
THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 
 
 565 
 
 and '• \ 
 
 .1. and tlic 
 J. 1 liinlLi- 
 was com- 
 urcli, and 
 illccti'd in 
 ^ $291.82, 
 stws. Ill 
 story lias 
 2.50 more 
 e irnstces 
 lie ollicial 
 they show 
 iscs," ;in(l 
 .00 for his 
 
 vVyandotte 
 account of 
 :riod : 
 
 lirownstowii) 
 ;il by my oUl 
 ; of the Chris- 
 icr Slime wlm 
 In.liaiis beini; 
 tct iiiul fiiiind 
 
 liiipe llial was 
 inversion, and 
 been taiixbt to 
 
 o part, but left 
 
 ked llie Indian 
 
 ■y did to the 
 
 oneue to pray, 
 
 he was done, 
 
 Indian pray 
 
 es, they snnK 
 
 nd the room 
 
 liid to all their 
 
 iraced them as 
 
 or the land of 
 
 escnt. 
 
 ted Governor 
 obtained from 
 1 reference to 
 try. \\'e were 
 andant of the 
 s at Saginaw, 
 .ivernor, who 
 ach at candle- 
 death," etc.; 
 heart, and en- 
 
 I with r.rother 
 Im the Rouge 
 |ns v. 15, 16: 
 but as wise, 
 IVe had a time 
 
 Id preached at 
 Id great, stand 
 ]his night will 
 iir mercy that 
 Iforward to be 
 If their sins, 
 |l they found 
 seemed now 
 
 til lie visited wiili -'i cloiid of mercy, and it appeari'd next 
 il.iy as if all business w.is suspended. I went from house to house 
 uid e.\h<irted all to turn to Christ. I went into the barracks 
 unong the officers and soldiers, and preai bed to them Jesus and 
 ihe resurrection. I prayed in every house which I visited, and 
 there was an awful shaking among the dry bones. About si.vty 
 joined the church, as the fruit of these meetings; and, if I 
 (oidd have staid, I have no doubt that many more would have 
 joined ; but it was imperiously necessary f<ir me to return home. 
 
 In 1825 William Simmons was appointed to De- 
 troit, and diirini( his ministry services were held in 
 the old University iiuilding, on Bates Street near 
 Congress. 
 
 FiKST MKriioiusr KrisrupAi. Ciirnni. 
 Original brick liuilding. 
 
 In 1826 Zarah H. Coston was appointed as pas- 
 tor. He undertook to lit up the church, making a 
 pulpit himself ; there was a gallery on three sides, and 
 the .seats were rough boards, supported at either 
 end by pieces of short plank piled together. The 
 building, though never formally dedicated, was used 
 from 1826 to 1833. It was far out on the commons, 
 with only an occasional board or stone for a walk, 
 and in wet weather there w'as no lack of room for 
 those who attended. The society realized, as early 
 as 1828, that the location was an imfortunate one, 
 and sought to exchange with the (Governor and 
 Jutlges for a more eligible site, but no exchange 
 could be made. During 1827 Rev. \Vm. Runnels, 
 one of the preachers for Detroit circuit, preached 
 several times in this church. Rev. Arza Hrown, who 
 was pastor in 1828-1829, obtained funds for and 
 laid a plank walk to the church, and the attend- 
 ance was greatly increased. 
 
 In September, 1829, the membership was seventy- 
 eight. During these years, when the pastor was 
 unavoidably detained, one of Wesley's sermons was 
 
 occasionally reatl by a young man named Jolin 
 Owen. In 1830 Alvan Hillings was pasttjr. lie 
 was succeeded in 1831 by Henry Colcla/er. 
 
 The following full record of the proceedings of 
 one quarterly conference during the pastorate of Mr. 
 Colcla/er affords several illustrations of old-time 
 methods : 
 
 Pl«lCHHlllN(;S or TIIK <)l riCI.M, .MliMllKkS Ol- rilK t'lH HIH, IIEI.D 
 
 IN KuiiHKr Aiumrr, Ksi.i.'s, Okhce, ()i ioiiek J4111, 1832. 
 
 After some consultation, it was 
 
 Kisoh'i-ii, I. That John Owen and Orson Fddy be a committee 
 to pripare the .stoves for winter service. 
 
 licsohfd, 2. That the preacher in charge be authorized to 
 select his place of boarding for the ensuing year. 
 
 Kfso/rvi/, 3. That in order to raise funds we attend, ist, to oiir 
 quarterly collection among the members; 2nd, that wi have a 
 penny collection after each service on the Sabbath ; ird, that we 
 at ;i suitable time circulate a subseripli<in amongst the cili/ens. 
 
 Rcsol7>eii, 4. That we change the manner of sitting in the con- 
 gregation so that the men will o(i;upy the seats on left of the 
 aisle, and the women on lh<' right. 
 
 A'fso/ivi/, 5. That Thomas Knapp, Jerry Dean, and Mr. Owen 
 be a eoininittee to select aiul purchase a lot for the purpose of 
 building a church thereon, after which the meeting adjourned. 
 
 JiiUKV IIean, 
 11. C'oi.cLAZEK, /v. Secrttary. 
 
 On June 18, 1834, the tni.stees were authorized by 
 special Act to dispo.se of the old lot. On May 15, 
 1833, Mr. Witherell, on behalf of the church, paid 
 Smog for the lot on the northeast corner of Wood- 
 ward Avenue and Congress Street. On June if, 
 1833, the society ordered that the old church and 
 lots be adverti.sed for sale, and .Messrs. Witherell 
 and Owen were appointed a committee to obtain 
 plans for a new church ; and on June 27, this notice 
 appeared in the Journal and Advertiser : 
 
 'I'he trustees of the Methodist Kpiscopal Church contemplate 
 creeling a new House of Worship, and offer the one they now 
 occupy for sale, together with the two lots on which it stands. 
 I'or terms apply to 
 
 J. Dran. 
 
 On January 24, 1834, the committee reported the 
 sale of the old church and lots for $1,500, payable 
 one third in cash, one third in six months, and 
 one third in nine months, i'rior to this sale, on 
 June 5, 1833, the Common Council had given the 
 society permission to remove the Council House 
 from Earned Street near \\'oodward Avenue to the 
 lot on Congress Street, in the rear of the church they 
 were about to erect. In this new location the build- 
 ing was used for services until the completion of the 
 church. The new church, built of wood, cost 
 $3,000, and was dedicated July 13, 1834, during the 
 pastorate of Elijah Crane; he came in the fall of 
 1833 and remained two years. On July n, 1834, 
 on account of a debt hanging over the building, the 
 trustees resolved to rent one half of the slips in the 
 church at a minimum price of six dollars each, 
 with the privilege of retaining them for five years by 
 
566 
 
 THI'. MI'THODIST Kl'ISCOI'AL CHURCHES. 
 
 paymciU of the rent yearly in advance. The jias- 
 tor's salary, in I1S40, was §63^). 
 
 The successive pastors ;jftcr Mr. Crane, up to 
 1850, were: 1835, William llcrr; 1836-1S38, Rev. 
 (sul)sc(iuciuly lUsliup) luhvard Thompson; 1S38, J 
 E. Chaplain ; 1839-1841, I lenry Colclazer ; 1841, A. 
 M. Fitch; 1S4J, James S. Harrison ; 1843, James S. 
 Harrison and Jonathan lilanehard ; 1844. Jan'.es \'. 
 Watson; 1845-1847, J. A. Haughman ; 1847, O. 
 Mason and !•-. Crane (temporary supply) ; 1848- 
 1850, S. D. .Simonds. 
 
 Early in 1S48 the building of a new church bepan 
 to be at,ntateil, and on February 16 it was resolved 
 to .sell the property then occupied. 
 
 In selectinif a site for a new church the choice lay 
 between a lot on the corner of Lafayette and Shelby 
 .Streets and the lot on the northwest corner of 
 Woodward Avenue and State Street. The trustees 
 finally decided to 
 buy the first- 
 named lot, but as 
 their decision was 
 not wholly satis- 
 factory, the sub- 
 ject was referred 
 to the class leaders 
 of the church, and 
 they reported in 
 favor of the lot on 
 Woodward Ave- 
 nue. On June 26 
 it was agreed to 
 purchase the lot 
 on Woodward 
 Avenue at $2,cxx), 
 and four days after 
 the deed was made. 
 
 On March 22, 
 1849, the lot on the corner of Woodward Avenue 
 and Congress Street was sold for $7,000. The 
 erection of a brick church on the new lot was begun, 
 and on Sunday, April 8, 1849, the basement was 
 first used for public worship. During the previous 
 week the old church was moved to the northeast 
 corner of Lafayette and Fourth Streets to be used 
 as a Mission Church. 
 
 The new church was fifty-five by seventy-eight 
 feet and cost $11,000. It had galleries on three 
 sides, and could seat seven hundred persons. The 
 audience room was dedicated on June 2, 1850. 
 The morning sermon was by Dr. Edward Thomp- 
 son, then president of the Ohio Wesleyan University. 
 In the afternoon Professor Scager, of Buffalo, 
 preached. From 1850-1852, E. H. Pilcher was 
 pastor; 1852-1854, W. H. Collins; 1854-1856, A, 
 D. Wilbor; 1856-1858, F. A. Blades; 1858, S. 
 Clements; 1859-1861, S. Reed; 1861-1863, John 
 
 First M. E. Chirch, cornrr Woodward Aveni'e and State Street. 
 
 M.Arnold: during the pastorate of Mr. Arnold an 
 entrance to the church on the south side was built, 
 and other imjirovements made, and on July 14 the 
 audience room was re-opened for service. From 
 1863 1865 J. M. Buckley was pastor. The siTmoiis 
 of Mr. Buckley were highly ajipreciated, and during 
 his pastorate m.any persons who had not been in the 
 habit (jf so doing commenced to .atlend the (hunh, 
 and the building became too small for the con- 
 gregations. 
 
 It so happened that a few weeks prior to the 
 coming of .Mr. lUickley the church building of the 
 Congress Street .M. E. Society w.is destroyed by lire; 
 that .society soon deciiled to build in ;i new locatimi, 
 and purchased live lots on the northeast coriier 
 of Woochviird ;uul Ad.ams Avenues for $8,600. 
 Meantime, while arranging their jilans, the congre- 
 gation worshiped in various public halls. At the 
 
 same time the 
 trustees of the 
 First Church had 
 under consider.i- 
 tion the selection 
 of a site for a new 
 church. Kre long 
 committees from 
 the two churches 
 were in consult.i- 
 tion, and after sev- 
 eral conferences, 
 in February, 1864, 
 it was agreed to 
 unite the property 
 and intluence <>f 
 the two societies 
 and build a stone 
 church, to cost not 
 less than $50,000, 
 on the site selected by the Congress Street Church, 
 the building to be erected in the name of the First ^L 
 E. Church as the older corporation, but to be known 
 by the name of the Central M. E. Church, which 
 name had been selected by the Congress Street 
 Society. There was also included in the agreement 
 the contribution of $2,500 towards the erection of a 
 chapel on Jefferson Avenue, and the partial support 
 of a pastor there for three years. 
 
 On March 14. 1864, the following persons were 
 appointed as a building committee for the new 
 church; John Owen, David Preston, L. L. Farns- 
 worth, John Kendall, Aaron C. Fisher. The esti- 
 mated value of the property possessed by the First 
 Church was $18,000, and that of the Congress 
 Street Church $17,500. The old edifice of the First 
 Church was finally sold for $23,000, and the prop- 
 erty of the Congress Street Society, aside from the 
 lots, netted $13,500. 
 
 
THE MKTHOUIST Ei'ISCOI'Al CHURCHES. 
 
 567 
 
 Arnold an 
 was built, 
 Illy 14 thr 
 :e. Kroiii 
 K' sermons 
 111(1 (li;riii'>; 
 Ix-fii in tile, 
 hv churc li, 
 • the con- 
 
 rior to tlk' 
 lint^r of the 
 ycd by llru; 
 !W location, 
 j;ist conuT 
 for S8,6oo. 
 the conjjru- 
 Is. At the 
 time the 
 s of the 
 Zhurch had 
 consitlcra- 
 le selection 
 :e for a new 
 1. Ere long 
 ittees from 
 ,•0 churches 
 in consulta- 
 nd after sev- 
 conferences, 
 ruary, 1864, 
 agreed to 
 le property 
 ntluence of 
 societies 
 ji!d a stone 
 to cost not 
 an $50,000, 
 eet Church, 
 the First M. 
 be known 
 reh, which 
 ress vStreet 
 agreement 
 rection of a 
 tial support 
 
 Tsons were 
 )r the new 
 
 L. Farns- 
 
 The esti- 
 )y the First 
 
 Congress 
 of the First 
 
 the prop- 
 le from the 
 
 The Sunday schools of tiic two iliurches wen- 
 united, and met together for the tirst time on Sep- 
 ti inber 25, 1S64, The occasion was observed with 
 appropriate exercises. 
 
 It was soon decided to build a chapel as well as 
 a church ; this necessitated more ground, and on 
 October 21, 1864, two lots facing on Adams Ave- 
 nue wt!re purcluised for the stun of §2,5(K). The 
 erection of the chapel was commenced, and on Sep- 
 tember 21, 1865, the building was dedicated. The 
 total cost, including the fiu'nishiiig, w;is §27,834; 
 the si/e of the buikling is tifty-tw(j by ninety-four 
 feet, and it seats five lumdretl persons. 
 
 On the completion of the chapel, .'is neither it nor 
 the old church was l.irge enough for the congrega- 
 tion, the Detroit conference appointed Rev. J. H. 
 MeCarty as associate pastor, and he and Rev. J. M. 
 lUu'kley preached alternately, morning .ind evening, 
 to the two congregations. From the fall of 1866 to 
 that of 1867 Rev. J. H. .McCarty and Rev. L. R. 
 Fiske were associated in the same way, and then 
 Rev. L. R. Fiske became the sole pastor. 
 
 On July 2, 1866, at a tiieeting of the members 
 and friends of the church, $13,200 was subscribed 
 towards a church building, and on the next day the 
 corner-stone was laid with apiirojiriate exercises. 
 On November 17, 1867, it was completed, and dedi- 
 cated with services conducted in the morning by 
 bishop M. Simpson, in the afternoon by Dr. T. M. 
 lUldy, and in the evening by Rev. J. .M. Buckley. 
 
 The burden of soliciting the fimds for the erection 
 of both chapel and church fell largely upon David 
 Preston, and his presentation of the claims of the 
 church, and j^lea for funds, on the day of dedication, 
 was a combination of power and eloquence, born 
 of feeling, probably never excelled on any similar 
 occasion. In the work of paying for the church, 
 the services of John Owen, its long-time treasurer, 
 were especially valuable ; inider his management 
 no bills have ever gone unpaid, whether the church 
 was or was not in possession of funds. 
 
 The entire length of the church is one hundred 
 and twenty-three feet, general witlth, fifty-eight feet, 
 width including transepts, ninety feet ; height from 
 ground to ridge of roof, seventy feet, to top of tower, 
 one hundred and seventy-five feet. It seats 1,200 
 and can accommodate 1,500. Ir.cluding tlie furnish- 
 ing, it cost $92,000 exclusive of the ground and not 
 iniluding the cost of the chapel. 
 
 In order to insure light on the eastern side of the 
 chapel, and as a site for a parsonage, the church, on 
 September 28, 1868, bought Lots 8 and 9 on Adams 
 .Avenue for the sum of $4,800, making the total 
 anK)unt paid for the grounds $13,900. The frontage 
 on Woodward Avenue is 100 feet and on Adams 
 Avenue 238.79 feet. 
 
 The pastorate of Mr. Fiske ceased about two years 
 
 after the dedication of the church, and from the fall 
 of 1 869 to the fall of 1870 the pulpit was sup|)lie(l l)y 
 Rev. Dr. H. F. Cocker, Rev. D, 1). Buck, and Rev. 
 {). (.',. Lyon. From 1870-1873 Rev. W. .\. Ninde, 
 D. D., was in ch.irgc, assisted the first ye.ir by Rev. 
 C. C. Vemans. In 1873 Rev. L. R. Fiske, I). I)., 
 again became the pastor, and remained for three 
 ye.irs. He was assisted the last two years by Rev. 
 J, li. Atchinson, who had the morning mission Sun- 
 day school especially in charge. 
 
 During Mr. Fiske's pastorate, in May, 1S74, the 
 church published five hundred copies of a hymna! of 
 two hundred pages, c()mi)iled under its direction by 
 the organist. Professor L. H. Thomas. It found 
 favor with several other congregations, and was 
 used until displaced by the denominational hymnal. 
 
 In the f.ill of 1876 Rev. \V. .\. Ninde. I). D., (now 
 Bishop), was for the second time appointed jiastor, 
 and served imtil the fall of 1879. He was succeeded 
 by Rev. J. II. Bayli.ss, D. D.,who remained until the 
 fall of 1882, when the Rev. W. \V. Ramsay, D. I)., 
 entered upon the pastor.ate. This year, for the first 
 time, the pews were rented for one year with the privi- 
 lege of retaining for three years at the .same rental, 
 and they brought a larger price than ever before. 
 
 As is the case in many of the larger churches, 
 various societies for the proinolion of particular lines 
 of church work have been organized among the mem- 
 bers. A Ladies' Missionary Society was organized 
 May 14, 1844, reorganized as a Missionary and Be- 
 nevolent Society on November 7, 1855, changed to a 
 Church Furnishing Society in 1864. and on December 
 10, 1867, again organized as a Benevolent Society. Its 
 special object is the care of the sick and poor of the 
 church, but from time to time it has turned its 
 efforts in various other directions. The first young 
 people's prayer-meeting in the city was organized in 
 connection with this church in November, 1855. It 
 has been continuously successful, and is now in 
 charge of the Young People's Society. A branch 
 of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society has 
 been in successful operation for nearly ten years. 
 
 During 1883 the society erected an elegant par- 
 sonage with stone front facing Adams Avenue. It 
 cost, with its furnishings, about $12,000. The 
 annual expenses of the church average about $8,000. 
 In 1883 $7,000 was realized from pew rents. About 
 $1,000 is received annually from ordinary Sunday 
 collections. The pastor is paid $3,000, the sexton 
 $700, and the choir costs about $1,100 a year. The 
 value of the property in 1880 was $150,000. The 
 society is entirely free from debt. 
 
 The average attendance at morning service in 
 1880 was 600. The number of members in the 
 several decades has been: 1830, 78; 1840, 241; 
 1850, 198; 1860,269; 1870,600; 1880,769. Since 
 January i, 1879, a paper, called The Central .Mirror, 
 
Central Methodist Kpiscoi'al Chukch, Chapel and Parsonage. 
 
 [5f'8| 
 
THE METHODIST El'ISCOI'AL CHURCMKS. 
 
 5<^9 
 
 -rfC 
 
 iias been published, devotecl to the inter, sts of the 
 chiircli ami Sunday school, l-'rom 1870 tiu' church 
 has had especially in its cliarj^je a mornin;,' mission 
 Sunday school, ori;;uii/.ed in 1S44. 
 
 ' " ItH pantnrand fntiiidi'r wire Imth the uimr, 
 A (■criiian linitlirr, llrlwi>: l>y ii.iiik, 
 Me K''itli<''<>l ill frmn lane and strtTt, 
 lie was /iNilcpiis, and wi^c, anil alsci dUrrcct, 
 All <dd wdixl biiildiiiK, yrlli>w and Kray, 
 Slirltrri-d lln' siliu'd <iii Us nalal day, 
 On llrusli, near l.ariird, the .sihuol bc);an, 
 "r was fiHin<h'd i>n ihr nnlnn phin. 
 It fldiirishcd ihcrr fur si'vcrid yt«r:t, 
 Its teachings watcird with prayrr and tears. 
 In fiirly-ninc a honic it found 
 In the ('■(■rinan t'hiinh new to thn xronnd, 
 On 1 cirnit nf ('ri>>;han and Uiaidiiin Strict, 
 And inrniiiry lin^'irs n'rr many a swcit 
 Whiidi came li> our hi arls while l.ihurinn there 
 With souls new filled with joy and prayer. 
 In sliiKinn W(^ used the "Sunday Seliool Hell," 
 And then the " llarmnnist " as well, 
 And " Chain," and " Shower," and " Censer " all, 
 With " SinwinK' I'ik'rim" made ihelriall ; 
 " I'resh Laurels," too, were strewed alonn. 
 And " ltriv;htest and llest " was full of sonR, 
 And " Jewels" with setting of " Pare Oold," 
 Shed rays of joy on youny; and old. 
 And " Hiamonds" l)rij;hter than the day 
 I.ured ns on in the upwar<l way 
 And as we sunK alonx the road 
 We never ealled the work a load. 
 Hut gladly Kave both means and care, 
 For benedielions ("died the air ; 
 And many a sold is nearer heaven 
 I'eeausc of lessons thiTein ^iven," 
 
 On July 17, 1870, the school was opened in a 
 new location, on the southeast corner of Clinton 
 and Hastings Streets. 'I"he original cost of the 
 property was $ 4,000, and $ 2,000 additional was spent 
 in improvements. In June, 1883, the property was 
 sold for $3,458. The school was then reorganized 
 and continued in the same location. 
 
 Con^i^rcss Street Church. 
 
 At the conference of 1843, Rev. Jonathan Hlan- 
 chard was appointed to Detroit to aid in organizing 
 this church. Under his leadership several members 
 of the First Church, with some new members, or- 
 ganized this society. In 1844 Rev. R. R. Richards 
 was appointed as the tirst pastor and served two 
 years. Ser\'ices were at first held in Mechanics' 
 Hall, then in the Capitol, and in May, 1^45, the 
 society began worsliiping in the United States Court 
 Room, on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Gris- 
 wold Street. 
 
 The first meeting of the trustees was held on 
 March 1 7, 1 845. The following persons were present : 
 William Scott, S. W. Higgins, William Phelps, J. 
 S. Trask, Charles Lee. J. H. Van Uyke. and L. L. 
 Farnsworth. At a meeting held on the following 
 day, it was resolved to purchase the lot on the 
 
 northeast corner of Congress and Rantlolph Street.s 
 for S'/xj, ,111(1 to build a brick church at an estimated 
 cost of $3,754. 
 
 The church, forty-two by sixty-seven feet, was 
 completed and the b.'iscment dedicated with ;i ser- 
 mon by Rev. Noah Levings, on Septeml)er 14, 1845. 
 The body of the church was dcdic.itcd July 24, 
 1846, with a sermon by the clo(|iK'nt and eccentric 
 Rev. John N. M.'ifiitt. Some d.iys after Mr. Mallitt 
 delivered a k;cture, as appears from the iollowing 
 newspaper notice : 
 
 Rev. I'riifessor Mallitt will deliver a lecture Iji t!ie new brick 
 Methodist I'.piscopal t'hurth on Congress Street, this eveniii).;, 
 July vSlh, at H o'elock. Snbji'et : ('dory of Mech.inisni ; tlii' 
 iMeeh.inisni of the Heavens and the K.arth ; of .Man ; of .Mortals ; 
 of Kellxlon, and Ktvrnily, and the l'h<enix 1'ird of Immortalily. 
 Admission, jn cents. 'I'he lecture for the benelit of the Second 
 Methodist I'.piscopal Church. 
 
 In 1846 Re\, James F. Davidson served . is , cas- 
 tor, and was succeeded in 1847 by Rev. Il.irrison 
 Morgan. The salary of the p.i.sior at this lime was 
 $400, ,'ind of course don.'itioii jxirties were made use 
 of to help raise the amount. It is not to be regretted 
 th.at these misnomers are things of the past in 
 Detroit, .and yet tiiey were m.irked occasions, for 
 the good cheer anil frienilly intercourse that pre- 
 vailed. The parsonage during this ju'riod w;is on 
 Congress Street in the rear of the cluinii. 
 
 In the fall of i84(; Rev. (ieorge T.'iylor became 
 the pastor. During his iiastor.ate, in tiie sjiring of 
 1850, through an introduction from Colonel J. 15. 
 Cirayson. he made the acquaintance of Lieutenant 
 U. S. C.rant, and as a result Lieutenant (ir.inl 
 rented a pew in the church and was ,1 regular 
 attendant during his stay in Detroit. When Gen- 
 eral (Irant became I'resideiU, he li'stilied on several 
 occasions his esteem for his former p.astor, both by 
 word and deed. 
 
 In the fall of 1851 Rev. John Russell was .ap- 
 pointed pastor; in 1852, Rev. C. C, Olds; in 1853, 
 Rev. William Mahon, and then for two years Rev. 
 M. Hickcy was pastor. 
 
 In 1855 the old steps in front of the church were 
 removed, and a new entrance with other improve- 
 ments made. At this time a Library Association, 
 with several hundred volumes, was in existence, 
 regular meetings- were held for social intercourse 
 and the exchange of books, and there was much 
 activity and interest in the affairs of the church. 
 
 From 1856 to 1858 Rev. A. J. Eldred was pastor. 
 On October i, 1856, the society purchased the Good- 
 rich property on Randolph Street for a parsonage, 
 at a cost of $6,000. From 1858 to i860 Rev. F. A. 
 Blades was pastor. Soon after his appointment, on 
 October 18, 1858, it was resolved to take in the old 
 parsonage lot on Congress Street and increase the 
 leng-h of the church fifty feet. 
 
5/0 
 
 THE METHODIST Kl'ISCOI'AL CHURCHES. 
 
 Tlie extension was completed and tlie iluircli re- 
 opened on January 22, 1859. Tlie cost of tlie im- 
 provements was $2,500, including tlie tittini,^ up of 
 
 CoNGKF.ss Strket M. E. Cihrlh. 
 
 two stores in the basement. On February 20, i860, 
 the (ioodrirh prop,„rty was sold to I'eter Henkel for 
 $6,500. This year Rev. F. W. May was pastor; in 
 1 86 1 he was succeeded by Rev. O. W. Sanborn, and 
 durinjif his pastorate, on January 14, 1862, the 
 society bought of Governor Cass two lots on the 
 northeast corner of Second and George Streets for 
 $1,200, and soon after erected a parsonage thereon 
 at a cost of $2,000. 
 
 In the fall of 1863 Rev. J. S. Smart was ajipointed 
 to the church, and became the last pastor of the 
 organization. 
 
 The church was wholly destroyed by fire on July 
 t8, 1863, Immediately after the tire services were 
 inaugurateii in a hall on Wooihvard Avenue, be- 
 tween State and Grand River Streets, and continued 
 until October 25. The society then commenced to 
 hold services in Young Men's Hall, remaining there 
 
 until January 3, 1864. The last public services of 
 till' organization were held on that day, as the 
 society had virtually decided to unite with the 
 Woodward .\venue Church, and build on the corner 
 of Woodward and Adams Avenues. 
 
 The number of members in 1850 was 150; in 
 i860, 182. 
 
 Tabernacle Church. 
 
 This society, which at different times was desig- 
 nated also by the names of " Lafayette Street " and 
 "Trinity," was organized and incorporated May i, 
 1S49. Their first church, a wooden building, was 
 on the northeast corner of Lafayette Avenue and 
 Fourth Street. It was the old building formerly 
 locitcd on the ccrner of Woodward Avenue and 
 Congress Street. On its removal to the new site 
 the building was extensively repaired, and on Octo- 
 ber 14, 1849, it was dedicated anew. The parson- 
 age, in rear of the church, was built about 1854. 
 
 Tabbrnacle M, E. Church. 
 
 OrICINAI. I.AIAVEITK SlUKEl M. K.ClllKrM. 
 
 Early in 1868 the church was again repaired 
 at a cost of about $5,000, and on Februar\- 2 
 was rcdedicatcd with a sermon by Hisliop 
 Thompson. After five years more of service, 
 it was decided to sell the property and build 
 elsewhere, and accordingly the last ser\-ice in 
 the old church was held on August 24, 1873. 
 The property was sold for $11 ,000 and the 
 church torn down. 
 
 Meantime lots had been jnirchased on the 
 northeast corner of Howard and Fourth 
 Streets at a cost of $8,000; the chapel built 
 thereon was dcdic.ited ( )ctober 26, 1873. ( )n 
 .September 13, 1874, the church was dedi- 
 cated. It se.'its 875. The church and chapd, 
 including uie furnishing, cost $38,700. The 
 
services of 
 ay, as tin 
 : with the 
 1 the corner 
 
 as 150; in 
 
 was desig- 
 itrcet " and 
 ted May i, 
 liiilinij, was 
 ivenue and 
 jr formerly 
 V venue and 
 he new site 
 id on Octo- 
 'iie parson- 
 iboiit 1854. 
 
 ^ 
 
 2;:^?" 
 
 THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 
 
 571 
 
 in repaired 
 
 ebruar\- 2 
 
 by Bishop 
 
 of service, 
 
 and l)iiild 
 
 sen-ice in 
 
 t 24, 1873. 
 
 IDO and the 
 
 iscd on the 
 id Fourth 
 hapel built 
 1873, On 
 was dedi- 
 md chapel, 
 700. The 
 
 pastor's salary in 1880 was $1,700. The total 
 annual church expenses were §2,500. and S'.ioo was 
 received from pew rents. The choir cost $100 a 
 
 Wai.nit Stuekt M. l". Ciuucii. 
 
 year, and the property at that time was valued at 
 840,000. The average attendance at morning ser- 
 vice in 1880 was 325. Number of members in 1S50, 
 43; i860. 58; 1870,225; 1880,234. 
 
 The following is a list of the pastors: 1849, J. J. 
 IVrry; 1850, I.. I). Price; 1851, (ieorgc Taylor; 
 1852-1854, M. Ilickey; 1854-1856, William' H. 
 Perrine ; 1856-1858, J. F. Davidsoa; 185S, Robert 
 15ird ; 1859-1861, D. C. Jacokes; 1 861, Seth Reed, 
 1862-1865, J. C. Wortley; 1865-1S67, O, Whit- 
 more; 1 867- 1 870, E. E. Caster; 1870- 1873, J. 
 McEldowney; 1873-1S76, W. H. Pearce; 1876,!.. 
 R. Fiske; fall of 1S77 to 1880, C,T. Allen; 1880 to 
 fall of 1882, William Dawe; fall of 1882 to 1883, 
 John Alabaster ; 1883 to .E.W.Ryan. 
 
 Simpson Church. 
 
 This society, also formerly designated as " Sev- 
 enth Street," " Walnut Street " and " Sixth Street " 
 M. E. Church, grew out of a mission Sunday school 
 established in 1853 by Rev. M. Ilickey and Welling- 
 ton Willets. The school was designed as a help to 
 the Lafayette Ave. M. E. Church, where Mr. Hickey 
 w;is then stationed. It began in the parlor of a Mr. 
 F.lliott, on Seventh Street near Walnut. Through 
 the agency of the Methodist Sunday School Union 
 a church with t . menibers was organized in Sep- 
 tember, 1856. The first brick church was built on 
 a lot donated by Colonel X, Prouty. on the north- 
 west corner of Seventh and Walnut Streets, then 
 worth S300. The building was dedicated June 15. 
 1856, Dr. E.O, Haven preaching the sermon. The 
 church seated 150, and cost $1,500. 
 
 A Hoard of Trustees had been created on Febru- 
 ary 14, 1854, to hold title to the lot donated. In 
 1 868, under the direction of the Church and Sunday 
 School Union of the M. E. Church, and especially 
 
 through the efforts of David Preston, a large lot, 
 fronting one hundred and fifty feet on south side of 
 (irand River Avenue and two hundred and forty- 
 nine feet on east side of Sixth Street, was purchased 
 for $4,500 ; and on August 24, 1868, the corner-stone 
 of a new church was laid, and on December 5, 
 1869, the basement was dedicated. The main audi- 
 ence room was dedicated July 22, 1870. 
 
 The old church projierty sold for $2,600. The 
 new building cost $37,325, and .seats $1,000 per- 
 sons. The average attendance in 1880 was 300. 
 It is named Simpson Chuch, in honor of Bishop 
 Simpson. 
 
 In 1876 the brick parsonage was built in the rear 
 of the church at a cost of $5,000. The pastor's 
 salary in 1880 was $1,600. The total annual expen- 
 ses were then $4,000, of which $250 were for the 
 choir. The yearly receipts from pews was $3,000. 
 Number of members in i860. 30; in 1870, 124; in 
 1880, 371. Value of property in 1880, $40,000. 
 During the summer of 1883 extensive repairs and 
 
 Simpson M. E. Church. 
 
57^ 
 
 Till'. Ml'/niOOISr KI'ISCOPAI. CHUKCHHS. 
 
 improvomt'iits were made 
 formally reopened Oetober 
 l)v Rrv'. Dr. W. X. Niiidc. 
 
 to tlie eluircli, and it was 
 14, iH8^, with a sernvm 
 
 Jkkii'.umin A\i;m !■; M. V.. Cm kcii. 
 Ori.^inal liuildinx- 
 
 Tlu' names of tlie pastors in cliarnc and tlieir 
 vcars of si'rvjce, liavc l)een : 1.S56, M, lliikey ; 1K57, 
 j. Le\in,i;ton ; 1S5M, J,.\. I>aui,diman; 1 1^59, Arthur 
 lldwards; 1S60, John l.exini^ton; 1861-1863, ^^ • 
 Kello);x; 1863, J. M. Arnold; i8'i4, II. N. ISrown; 
 1805, S. I'. Warner; i8f.6, M. Fliek.y; 1867. S. I'., 
 Warren; 1868, W. J. f.imphcll ; 186.; 1871, I'. J. 
 Joslin; 1871, W. II. Shier; 1872 1875, Thomas 
 Stalker; 1875 1878, W. W. Washhm-n ; fall of 1878 
 lofallof 1879,!). easier; fallof 1871; to fall of 1882. 
 W. II. I'oolr; fall of 18S2 to , f. T. .\lk-n. 
 
 I'iihiur M(')iion\il M. I-'.. CliiDrh, fornirrly /(J/i'r- 
 s<>ii .Irriiiir ( '///Oi //. 
 
 The erection of this ehureh was jirovidcd for .it 
 the time the Conirress Stri'ct and I'"irst I\I. 1^. societies 
 iniited. Thi' nucleus for the enterprise was a Sunday 
 school, establislu'd mainly throui.,di the clforts of 
 Mrs. I). M. Rice, in the machine-shop of lur hus- 
 band on .At water Street. The school was suhse- 
 <|uently removed to a boat-house farther up the 
 river, and merged into the church school when the 
 buildinii;- of this society w,is erected. 
 
 The original church, on the south side of Jeffer- 
 son Avenue near the west corner of .St. Aubin 
 i\vcnue, cost S3/'75. • be lot, which is ninety-si.x 
 by two hundred feet, cost $3,500. The churcli was 
 dedicated on December 23, 1866, Rev. I'.. O. Haven 
 lireachinjj the .sermon. Tlu' society was ineorjior- 
 ated December 30. 1866, .it which time tliirty-si.x 
 persons became niembers. 
 
 in the f.ill of 1875 the buildinir was enlarjjcd by 
 the addition of a win.n on e;u'hsi<le; twenty-eiv^ht 
 additional seals were gained, making the total num- 
 
 ber of seats 400, The <ost of the alterations .i-k] 
 improvements w;is $3, 71X). On December 19, i,s,5, 
 it was reopened. In 1880 there w;is an aver.i 'c 
 .ittend.'uue of 325. The p.istor's s;il;iry w.'is tlun 
 $i,7o<j. The ihoir cost S300. The total ye.nly 
 expenses were §2,375,, and the .innu.il receijUs frnm 
 the pews, $650. Nmnberof members in 1870, lui ; 
 in 1880, 207. \alue of property in 1880, §20,0 «;, 
 In October, 18S3, it was sold for $14,500. 'I he 
 socii'ty tluMi bought a lot on the southwest corner 
 of I,.af.iyette Street .iiul .\le| )oug.dl .Avenue, wlii.li 
 cost $6,00 >, ;md .1 ehureh eslim.ited to cost §24,ikx) 
 is in process of i^reetion. The corner stone u.is 
 laid .May 14, 1884. The society during this ve.ir 
 
 i'm.mkk MiMcini.M. .\I. K. Ciieiuii. 
 (M;isun A Kiic, .\riliilC(ts). 
 
 (1884) w.is newly ineorponited .is the M.iry W . 
 P.ilmer Memori.il M. K. Church in honor of ihe 
 mother of Thomas W. I'.almer. .She was one of 
 the earliest Methodists ri'siding in Detroit, ar.fl lur 
 son h.is been ,1 liberal contributor to this ami otlur 
 Methoilist i' crests. 
 
 The past. irs h.ive been : 1866, M.IIiekey; 18^17 
 1870, A. I'", llourns; 1870 1S73, E. I'.. Caster; 
 1873-1875, A. R. r.artlett; 1875, J. M. Fuller; 
 1876, 1'",. II. rileher ,iu(l I). C. J.aeokes ; 1877 1880, 
 R. S, I'.irdinglon; 1880 1882, C. T. yVllen ; fall of 
 1882 to , Willi.un D.iwe. 
 
 /■'('>■/ Shtif C/ntrc/t. 
 This society ;n;iy be called in p.art the o-ugrowth 
 of a mission Sund.ay school, established in 1856, 
 under direction of .a City Methodist .Sunday School 
 Union, in a priv.ate house on Thompson, now 
 Twelfth Street. In 1857 the school w.as moveil 10 
 the jMiblic school building on I.afontaine, now 
 Fifteenth Street, holding its first session there on 
 June 14. In tlu; fall of 1S5S it was .again moved, 
 this time into the newly creeled Second German 
 
TiiK Mi;rii()i)isr ki'iscoi'al churciiks. 
 
 57; 
 
 hs inovfii 
 
 M. 
 at . 
 tlu 
 
 I 
 iiiti 
 a 1 
 pur 
 
 i ;. Cluirch. A mission sciiool was also cstaljlislicd, 
 1 laliT (lay, in Sprini^wtlls, by I'.dwin lU-cdiT, at 
 
 I (irniT of Indian /\\aMuu! ami I'ort Slrccl. 
 
 II iiS/i scMial persons wiio liad l)L'i'n si)ecially 
 ••(•sti'd in these mission seiiools dt'cided tocre't 
 
 mildin^ for their permanent liome. A lot w, s 
 viiased on the northoasl corner of Fort anu 
 
 mined to establisii a cluirch, aiid a society was 
 incorporated Auj^nsl 22, US71. On Se|)ienil)er 11, 
 1S71, till' corner-stone of tlie i)riei< cluirch, tifty-six 
 by sixty-seven feet, on the west side of Sixteenth 
 Street at the junction of W'.ilmit (now I5a.i;ii;) 
 Street, was laid. It was completed and dedicated 
 July 28, ;.S72. It occiii)ies two lots, which cost 
 $1,200. 'I'he buildiii)^ cost Sio.txxj, ;ind can seal 
 350. 'I'he averai;e attendance in iSSo was 150. 
 The p.istor's s.ilary was §800, .and the total yearly 
 expenses of ihe eluinh §i,2«). 'I he |)roperty was 
 valued at Si 1,000. The number of members u. as 82. 
 Tlic following is the list of p.aslors: 1873, H. 
 N. IJrown; 1874 iS7r), L, !', D.ivis; i87r), L. U. 
 Dean, S. !■;. Warren ; 1877 1878, John Russell, 
 L. II. Dean; 1879, J. C ilinyins; 1880 1881, L.E. 
 Lennox; 1881 1883, 'I'. 11. liaskerville ; 1883- 
 C. 11. .Spencer. 
 
 ain movei!, 
 tnd Ccnuaii 
 
 Fort Strkht M. K. Ciicrcii. 
 
 Twenty-second Sirt'cls at ;i cost of $2,000, and .1 
 wiiuilcn buildinv;'. forty by forty-six fei't, si'.atiu!,^ 400, 
 and coslini; $7,500, w.as erected. It was dedicated 
 October 15, 1871. lloth of the mission Sunday , 
 schools were moved into the buildiiij;. The society 
 w.is ineorporaticl in 1873, and on February 22, 1874, 
 a 1 liunh w.as oriL;.inizi (1 with 30 members. In 1880 
 llic membership was 1 25. 
 
 The church was in charv;e of Ri'V. F. II. I'ilcher, 
 |)n .idinj; elder, until the fall of 1874, when Rev. R. S. 
 rardiiiirton was ajipointed pastor, .and served until 
 till' fall of 1 877. He was succeeded by Rev. W. '^ 
 Ikirnett, who remained until the f.all of 1880, .and 
 was followetl by Rev. C. \V. Fowe. In the fall of 
 iS.Si Rev. II. .v. .Merrill became pastor, serving; 
 iiniil 1883. He was succeeded by Rev. C. M. Stuart. 
 
 I'he pastor's salary in 1880 w.as §1,200, and the 
 liilal yearly expenses $1 ,800. The value of the prop- 
 LTty was $8,000. The .iver.a.ne attendance was 120. 
 
 S/xfiiiif/i Sftttt ( '/lurch. 
 
 riu: bejrinnin^ of this society tl.ites from a mis- 
 sion school begun in May, i8()i;. It was soondeter- 
 
 SixTKii.srii SriiKiiT M. K. CuuRCii. 
 
 Junction ( 'hioch. 
 
 In the fall of 1875, through the efforts of the pre- 
 siding elder, Rev. F. II. I'ilcher, this chiircli w.as 
 erected on the cast side of Clippert Avenue, between 
 Audniin .and Fdwards Streets, in Springwells. Al- 
 though unlinished, without even being Lathed, it 
 w.as dedicated on Sunday .afternoon, June 18, 1876, 
 ai-al from that time services were held regularly on 
 tlie .Sabb.ath. 
 
 The following month .a weekly prayer-meeting 
 commenced, .and on July 9 a .Sabb.ath school was 
 organized. The last service in 1876 was held on 
 
574 
 
 THE METHODIST El'ISCOl'AL CHURCHES. 
 
 September 17. As llic cluircli huildiiii; was too un- 
 comfortable for fiirtlier use, a room near the present 
 location was leased, anil a union Sunday school 
 organized. On Fei)ruary 4, 1S77. Kev. j. M. Ker- 
 rijje began to hold services at tiie Junction, and on 
 March 1 1 a church class with ten nicnibcrs was 
 organized. During tiiis ye.ir a lot in a new location 
 was given the society by Mr. A. Leavitt, but it was 
 deemed too small for the church. Mr. C. R. Mabley 
 then gave one lot Uj the society, and sold it another, 
 and the church was moved from Clipjiert Avenue to 
 the north side of Leavitt Street, between Hammond 
 and Welch .Avenues. In its new location it was dedi- 
 cated on October 28, 1877, by Rev. F. A. l>lades. 
 In the fall of 1880 the lot given by Mr. Leavitt was 
 sold, and the cost of moving and litting up the 
 church paid in full. The entire property, as it was 
 
 Junction M. E. Church. 
 
 in 1880, had cost §2,000 and was worth $2,500, 
 The church had 180 .sittings, and there was an 
 average attendance of 50 persons. Up to the fall 
 of 1882 it had no regular jiastor, but was cared for 
 by Rev. K. .\. lilades ; Rev. J. A. I.owry was then 
 appointed to the charge. He was succeeded in the 
 fall of 1S83 by Rev. H. A. Merrill, who was placed 
 in charge of this, and also of the missions of Del- 
 ray, Wesley, and Asbury c-hapels. 
 
 Dclray Church, 
 
 This society is the result of a Simday school 
 established in the upper story of a public school 
 building on May i, 1881. On November 20, a 
 church was organized, and on June r, 1882, its 
 building, on the south side of the river road, just 
 east of the village of Delray, was dedicated. It cost 
 $1,550; the lot, valued at Sjoo, was donated by M. 
 
 W. Field. The first regular pastor. Rev. S. 1'. W/u 
 ncr, w.is appointed in the fall of 1882. Number (j| 
 memlurs ill 18S2, 56. The names of the first trus- 
 tees were recorded in the county clerk's office De- 
 cember 16, 1882. During 1883 an addition to the 
 church, costing $400, was erected. 
 
 Delkay M. E. CiiUKcii. 
 
 Wesley Church. 
 
 This society had its beginnings in a Simday school 
 established by the .M. K. Church and Sunday School 
 Union. The school, under the superintendence of 
 Mrs. (ieorge Hargreaves, began on February 12, 
 1882, in a room on Indian Avenue near the Dix 
 Road, previously occupied as a saloon. The 
 school nourished, and a lot was procured on the 
 northwest corner of X'inewood Aveiuu and Dix 
 Road, at a cost of $1,700. A building was erected 
 at a cost, including furnishing, of $2,700, and on 
 January 28, 1883, it was dedicated. It .seats 270 
 persons, and can be made to accommodate about 
 50 more. The average attendance at the school at 
 time of dedication was 180. 
 
 Weslev M. E. Church. 
 
 Cass Aih-nue Church. 
 
 This .society was organized May 8, 1882, by the 
 election of nine trustees ruid a Hoard of Stewards. 
 
THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 
 
 575 
 
 , V. War 
 .mibcr ot 
 'irst triis- 
 )l'lk-c Dc- 
 jn to the 
 
 iday school 
 iday Scliool 
 cndcnoc of 
 ibriiary 12, 
 ar the Dix 
 oon. 'Vhv 
 red oil the 
 and l)i\ 
 IS erected 
 30, and oii 
 seats 270 
 date about 
 e school al 
 
 [82, by the 
 Stewards. 
 
 The lot on the northwest cor- 
 ner of Cass and Selden Ave- 
 nues was purchased and held 
 (or the society by David Pres- 
 ton ; including the interest, it 
 ( ost nearly $9,000. The 
 (haix'l, with its furnishings, 
 cost about $11,000, It was 
 dedicated December 2, 1883, 
 Rev. J. H. IJayliss, D. D., 
 preaching in the morning and 
 Rev. R. M. Hatfield, D. D., 
 ill the afternoon. The first 
 pastor, Rev. Dr. W. W. Wash- 
 burn, was appointed in Sep- 
 tember, 1883. 
 
 AslJtoy Mission Chapel. 
 
 This enterprise is the 
 outgrowth of a Sabbath 
 school established in an 
 unoccupied building by the 
 M. E. Church and Sunday 
 School Union. The chapel 
 is located on the north 
 side of (iartield Avenue 
 just east of Chene Street, 
 It is thirty-two by forty- 
 eight feet in size, and with 
 the lot, cost about $1,700. 
 It was dedicated October 
 7. 1883. 
 
 First German 
 Chureh. 
 
 This society 
 was organized 
 and incorporated 
 in May, 1847, 
 and held their 
 tirst meetings in 
 an old yellow 
 building on 
 Brush Street, 
 near Larned. On 
 July j, 1848, the 
 corner-stone of 
 their brick 
 church, on the 
 northeast corner 
 of Croghan and 
 lieaubien Streets 
 was laid ; and in 
 May, 1 85 1, the 
 church was dedi- 
 
 FiRST German M. E. Church. 
 
 AsBUKY M. K. Mission CHAtEL. 
 
 Cass Avenie M. E. Chai'gl. 
 
 cated. It seals 300. The lot 
 cost S300 and the building 
 $3,000. In 1S73 $2,600 was 
 expended in repairs, and the 
 front of the building was much 
 improved. The parsonage, 
 built in 1857, is in the rear 
 of the church, and cost about 
 $800. The salary of the pas- 
 tor is $600 ; and the total 
 annual e.\penses are $1,000. 
 Value of property in 1880, 
 $10,000. Amount of debt, 
 $750. 
 
 The average attendance 
 in 1880 was no. The 
 number of members in 
 1 850 was 48 ; in 1 860, 78 ; 
 in 1870, 92; in 1880, 133, 
 The pastors have been : 
 
 1846, Charles Helwig ; 
 
 1847, John M, Hartman ; 
 
 1848, Charles Helwig and 
 C.Grimm; 1849, Charles 
 Helwig; 1 850-1 851, John 
 A. Kleine; 1852-1853, Ja- 
 cob Rothweiler ; 1854- 
 
 1855, I'eter F. Schneider; 
 
 1856, Emil Baur; 1857- 
 i858,N,Nufer; 1859-1860, 
 John Schweinfert ; 1861- 
 1862, Ceorge Xachtrieb; 
 1863-1866, C.eorge Ren- 
 ter; 1866, 
 Charles Melit- 
 zer; i 867-1 870, 
 Geo. Schwinn ; 
 1870-1872, An- 
 ton Warns; 
 1872-1875, H. 
 Pullman; 1875- 
 1878, Charles G. 
 Hertzer; 1878- 
 1880, A. Loe- 
 benstein ; 1880- 
 1883, Charles 
 Treuscliel; 1883- 
 
 , G. Weiler. 
 
 Second German 
 Church. 
 
 This society 
 was organized 
 in 1857, and on 
 September 5, 
 1858, dedicated 
 the brick church 
 
57^> 
 
 'iiii': Mi:iii()i)i,si- i.i'isc oi'Ai, t inii<riii:s. 
 
 im lasl shU- oI Sixirciiili Slicil, lluii called l.asalk; 
 .\V( line, JHlween Mi(lli;;ail A\'clHle aiul l)al/ellc 
 Sliicl. A lar.nc poilioii ol llie |)iii(liasc [iiiee of iju- 
 lilt, $i(xj, was (ioiialed by J. W. Joliiisloii. Tiic 
 (iiun li < list $1 51X). Ii seats J(xj, and tin; averaj^i; 
 altendariii; ill iKXu was alxml kxj, I'lic iiumiIjct of 
 iiieinluTs in iK6owas 25; in 1^70, 74, in 1880,88. 
 'I'iiu salary of llic p.islor was $600, and tin; ollu-r 
 cluireli expi'iises in iS.So fooled ii|) ,il)onl ijiujij. All 
 the |)ews are free. 'I'lic parson.i,;;!: was biiill in |85<; 
 and cost $yM. 
 
 i'lii: followinjr persons have served as ]i;islors; 
 185(1, (aislavns Laas ; 1857 1859, (liistavus li.r- 
 trams; 1859 1861, William A. Hocrns; 1861, Jaeob 
 
 SUCONU CilCKMAN M. K. ClIUUCll. 
 
 Hraun; 1862-18^)5, C. ('■. Ilert/.er; 1865, Henry 
 Maeiit/. ; 18C/1 LSr.S, John S. S<lineider; 1868 1870, 
 William i'lorelu'i-ilin^; 1 870, A. Mevir; 1871 1874, 
 jae(il) r.iaiin ; 1874 1876, Henry Krill; 1876 1880, 
 (■.eoi\;c A. keiiier; i8,Su-i88j, William Miller; 
 1882- , !•;. Wnndcilieh. 
 
 Thirfy-Xiioiuf S/r,Yf Curnian Church. 
 
 This society was orv;ani/.ed, ;ind the church orv 
 'riiirly-second Street, ne.ir Michis;,in Avenue, dedi- 
 c.ited on l'"el)riiary 26, 1882. The lot cost $5o(j, the 
 liiiildini; cost §i,ic)(j and scats 200. \Kv\. R. I'Uiddc- 
 inan, the lirsl |)aslor, is still scrvinj^, in 1884. 
 
 l.iifiiVfffc Sfrtui African Church, 
 
 It may I)e mentioned to the credit of the colored 
 race th.at one of the first I'rotestant missionaries to 
 the Indians in this rei^ion was John Stewart, a free 
 m.'in of color and a Methodist, born in i'owhattan 
 County, \'irv;inia. In November, 1816, he arrived 
 at the Wyandotte Village, near Detroit, as a v(jhm- 
 
 leer L'hristi.in leaclier. 1 lis mission proved .1 suc- 
 cess, as he was both well received and well ad.ipt( il 
 for the work. In 1819 his mission was taken in 
 <h.irv;e by the Ohio ( onfereiice, ,ind the s.ame year 
 the Missi(»n.iry .Society of the M. V.. thiirch was 
 orn-ini/ed ;iiul his mission contimied. 
 
 A colored .Methodist socutty w.is oi^.ini/ed in 
 Detroit in 1839, but was not orii^in.illy connected 
 with the African .\1. V.. Chun h. Their lir.sl meet- 
 inj;s wi-re held in ;m olil buildinjf locati-d on north 
 side of (.'onj^nss Slrt'i't near Woodward Avenue, 
 known as Military H.ill or Council House. It w.is 
 ^nmted by the Common Council to the colored 
 Methodist Church on July 9, i8;,9, ;md removed 
 within a few wei'ks to t'ronh.in Street near 
 tile northwest corner of il.islin.ns Street, on 
 wli.'it was known .is I'.iiher Armstronjf's lot. 
 Wiiiie the society w.is there located, John 
 M. iSrowii, now ;i bishop, w.is an exhorler 
 in the ( hurch. The society reni.iined on 
 Cro^han Street for .1 year or two, and on 
 May 10, 1841, w.is oiv;,ini/.ei| iiiidir the 
 direct control of the Afiic.ni M. !■'.. Church. 
 The biiiMinv,^ W.IS then mo\'<(l to I'Drt Street 
 I'.ast, .1 liille west of I'.c.uibien Street, neatly 
 '>^ fitted up, .and formally dcdic.ited on June i-l, 
 1H42; il was used by the society until the 
 brick church on the south side of l.af.iyctte 
 Street, immediately in the rear, was com- 
 pleted, 'flu; lot on I,.if.iyelte Street W.is 
 bou.i.;ht June 5, 1845, for iji^'o. 'I'he church, 
 forty !)y tifty feet, was dcdic.ited September 
 19, 1847, and cost !j;2,o(Xj. 
 On July 30, if^49, the society w.is iiicor- 
 por.ited. On December 2, 1866, .ifler beinx ix- 
 teiisively rep.iired, the church w.is re-dedicated, 
 ■flic rep.airs cost .about S4,0(xj, incrcisin.^' the si/c 
 of the buildinv;- to forty by sixty-eii^ht feet, .and 100 
 seats were gained. Tiie church now seats 500. 
 
 TiiiRi v-Si'.i(iNi> Srniti;!' (Iii.man M. V.. Ciiuk M. 
 
Till'; MiriioDisr icnscorAi, ciiukciiks. 
 
 577 
 
 reel W.IS 
 
 cliunli, 
 
 IS iiu'<ir- 
 iiiv; IX- 
 (licalcd. 
 the si/c 
 
 niul K'lJ 
 500. 
 
 I,,, Si), }()iS. 
 
 rile n, lines of ilie pastors ;irc as follows: 1842- 
 111, Mr. Il,irv;i.u(^; i.S.|.| 1 S (6, J. ■riioiti,is ; 
 i;i.(6 1S47, lulwanl Davis; 1.S47 1848, Kdward 
 
 In iSSo ilif avcra.iff altinilance \v,is 500. the pas- lirst occiipifd its own bniidiny^ (tn Ciihoim Slrt'cl. 
 
 i. IS s.ilary was $'/J(j, and tin- loi.il ( liun li cvpcnscs In 1.S74 the old .Second C'onnrei.;,ition,il C'liapel w.is 
 
 ,ilioiil $1 !)iiiJ pel" year. Ilie \.ilnc ol (lie propeily purchased and ino\cd htside the loriner ineiliii;;- 
 
 u,is$ii,om). The luinibeidl inenil)ers in i84(ju,is house of the socii:iy; it was dedicated in its new 
 
 I 1; in 1850, KX); in i86u, 1 51,; in i<S7o, joo; in lociiion on .SeptiMiiher 5, 1.S74, with ;i serinoii by 
 
 llishop W. .\.\V .IS 111,111. The old buihhnv; was 
 then transfoVined into ,1 p,irsona).{e. The present 
 chinch seals 51XJ. 
 
 The aveiaije atlendaiKur in i.SS()wasi25. The 
 pastor's .sal. try was S.;oo, and total annual expenses, 
 $.So(). Tile v.ilue of the jiroperly was $3,500, .'ind 
 llie number of inenibers 85. 
 
 They iiad no p.isior until 1873; since then the 
 pastors ii.ive been: 1873, ( I. Ward, 1874, L. I J. 
 Crosliy; 1S75, II. II. Wilsuu; lS7r, 1R78, R. Jef- 
 fries; 1878 1881, J. Siiiipsun; |8,S| to l88.(, !,. I). 
 ('ros!)y ; |8,S,| , V. I'rid-. 
 
 X/ou .l/r/iii// CIniiili. 
 A society uilli seven nieiiibeis, cillcd tin- j'irst 
 Independent .M. I.. C hunh, w;is orv;aiii/,ed in April, 
 :87i), by Kev. Henry Henderson, and a wooden 
 church, on tlie south side of f.ilhoun .Street, between 
 Il:isiiiiy;s and I'ldspecl Streets, \\;is dedicated 
 Odobcr 15, 1871. Mr. Henderson rein.iined until 
 tile f;iil of 1871, ;ind was siicceedi-d l)y Ilisiiop A. 
 K. ( ireeii, who rcni.iiiied live niontlis. Kev. John 
 (Ireeii w,is then pastor for two ye;irs. In 1874, 
 .ind until ;ii)out the close of 1875, Kev. J,inies 
 Simpson was p;istor. The church tlieii hecann- 
 disoi\;aiii/.ed, ;ind m.'uiy of the metiibefs joined 
 oilier coii'.^ relaxations. 
 
 I.AiAvi.iii.. STKicn- AiMCAN JJ. K. CicKCH. '''l"' l>'-eseni /ion Church was ()rv;ani/.ed in 1875, 
 
 with live members. In 1880 ii had niiielccn mem- 
 
 llc;irt; 1848 to Ani.,aisl, 1850, I'elcr (lardner; 
 
 AiiiiXiist, 1850, to Marih, i85t, J. liownian; Aii- 
 
 i;iist, 1851, to Anijusi. 1852, v.. Heart; 1852- 
 
 1854, Is.iac Williams; 1854 1 856, John A. Warren; 
 
 185C) 1858, .\. II. Turpiii; 1858 i8ou, .\. K. (lieeii; 
 
 i.%o 1862, John .\. Warren; 1862 1864, K. A. 
 
 Jiiiinson; 1864 1865, II. J. Voun.i; ; May, 1865,10 
 
 Aii.mist, 1867 \. Mclntosii; 1867 1 S69, W. S. 
 
 I.aiikford; 1869 1872, < i. C. Uooiii ; 1872 1874, A. 
 
 r. Hall; J.inuary, 1874, to August, 1875, Willi.iiu 
 
 l. Trev.in; 1875 to March, 1877, W. S. l.ankford; 
 
 March, 1877,10 Aiixust, ( '.. C. lioolh; August, 1877, 
 
 111 Anniisl, 1879, J. Mit<iieni; Alienist, 1879, to 
 
 .Au'^usi, 1882, 1). r. Koiicris; Aii'^iisi, 1882,10 1884, 
 
 .\. A. I'.iirici.^h; |88.|.- , j. ILiss. 
 
 /■'./iriircrr .Ifrnnn Chitrih. 
 
 This society, located on the iiorlh side of Calhoun 
 Sireet, between lU-;iiil)ien ;ind Si. AiUoine .Streets, 
 
 WIS ornani/ed, with thirteen members, by Rev. (1. bers. The church was c,irc-d for i)y ■;iriotis elders 
 
 {' Uooiii. in Cook's Hall, corner of l'ros|)ect and until October, 1879, wiien Kev. .\. \. Wilson, of 
 
 Wiilson Streets, on November 2, 1871. The .Siiiulay i'onli.io, be^;iii to serve; as p;islor. He w;is siK- 
 
 school be^Mii the following .Snnd.iy with twenty- ceeded by Kev. d. W. Ciordon, who |)reached his 
 
 tlirce mciiibers. In Auijust, 1872, the society lirst sermon October \(\ 1881. In the winter of 
 
 Kbknbzek Ai'idCAN M. E. Ciii'rch. 
 
578 
 
 THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 
 
 1880 tlic biiiklini; was torn down, anil the society 
 then procured, for S75. 'i leased lot and bnildini; on 
 the north side of Ohio Street, between St. Antoine 
 and liastinjrs Streets. The buiklini; aecoinniodates 
 eighty persons, .iiul in 1880 there was an average 
 attendance of 50. 
 
 French Church. {Extinct.) 
 
 This society was an outgrowth of the labors of 
 Rev. Thomas Carter. The tirst services were held 
 in the old Congress Street M. E. Church. Success 
 attending these endeavors, a lot costing S300 was 
 purchased on the east side of Rivard Street, between 
 Croghan and Lafayette Streets, and a substantial 
 brick building, costing §4,000, erected. It was dedi- 
 cated on November 20. 1853. in tills year lifteen 
 members were reported. 
 
 \\\ 1856 Mr. Carter was called to another tield, 
 and the church, for the next tliree ye.irs. formed 
 part of the City Mission, and w.is supplied, for one 
 year each, by Revs. M ilickey, J. l.evington. and J. 
 A. Baughman. Most of the members tlien joined 
 other churches and in the summer of 1861 the 
 church building was scjld to a congregation of Jews 
 for 13,500, and was set ajxirt by them on August 
 30, 1861. It was subsequently sold to be used for 
 business purposes. 
 
 The money received by the Methodist society 
 from tile sale of the property was in\ested in ;i lot 
 on Jefferson .\venue, a church was erected thereon, 
 and the name of the French M. E. Church changed 
 to Jefferson Avenue M. E. Church on May 31, 1875. 
 
 /'///,■ StiCi-t Protrstaiit Mrthodist C/iitrch. 
 
 ( l-lxll'lhlA 
 
 A society of Protestant Methodists was organized 
 on February 10. 1867, by Rev. \V. H. Hakewell, 
 and a wocxlen i-hurch erected on the north side of 
 Pine Street, between Si.xth and Seventh Streets. 
 Although not completed, it was dedicated on No- 
 vember 2y. 1868. The society then h.id thirty 
 meiubers. Rev. W. M. Goodner, who served in 
 1869, was the last pastor. The buikling was sub- 
 sequently tm'ned into a machine shop and eveiuu- 
 allv burned. 
 
 Bethel Evangelical Association Church, 
 
 This society, although not connected with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, is nearly the .same in 
 its doctrines and usages as the Cerman M. E. 
 Churches. The society in Detroit was organized 
 August 20, 1856, with twenty-six memt)ers. and in- 
 corporated July 3. 1879. riie wooden church on 
 the .southeast corner of Hastings and Montcalm 
 
 Streets was dedicated July 25, 1858, The thrc* 
 lots on Hastings Street cost $800; the church cost 
 $1,700, and sealed 300. The parsonage was built in 
 1859, and cost S300. (Ju June 26. 1883, the pro|)- 
 eriy was sold for $j,i8o, anil a lot on the northwesi 
 corner of Catharine and Dubois Streets purch.ised 
 for Si, 200. In the fall of 1883 a church cosiiiiv 
 $5,700 was erected thereon; it was dedicated .\n 
 vember 4, 1883. It seals 300. The average attend- 
 ance on Sunday morning in 1880 was 60. The 
 salary ol the i);istor was S500. anil the other church 
 evpenses $125 per year. The numbei' of members 
 in i860 was 24; in 1870, 25; and in 1880, 70, 
 
 Bp.TiiiiL CiriKiM (II- K\ \S(;hi.I( Ai. A.ssociation, 
 ( )rigiiiiil liuikling. 
 
 The following persons have served as pastors ; 
 1857 1859, J. P. Schantz; 1859 1861, C. Trainer, 
 1861 1863, j. Meek; 1863-1866, J. M. llaiig; 1866- 
 1868, J. C. Ude; 1868- 1870, M. Speek ; 1870-187:, 
 J. M. Fuchs; 18721875, C, Deike; 1875 1878,]. 
 F.Mueller; 1878, J. Frankhauser; 1879 to April, 
 1880. C. (".. Koch; April, 1880, to 1883, Frederick 
 Klump; .April, 1883, to , W. T. Zander, 
 
 XkW I'hIIIKI. (.'hIH I nl- \\\ WCIil.lCM. .AsSlllt AIIDN. 
 
EVENTS OF INTEREST TO TllIC DKNOMINATION. 
 
 579 
 
 KVENTS or INIKKKSr To TIIK DKNOM INA I K i\. 
 
 1837. — St'ptL'ml)LT f), first session of Michigan 
 IdnfiTt'iiri: lu'ld in tiu' cluircii on corner of \\\)od- 
 ward Avi'niK' .uul Slate Street, IJisiiop R. R. 
 ivoljerts presiding;. 
 
 iSyj. - July 17, Centenary celebration of foiiiul- 
 'm\r of Methodism in Enj,dand. Convention in De- 
 troit. 
 
 1839.— Sunday, Seineniber 1, Rev. Hishoj) Sonic 
 preached in the church corner of Con.vjress Street 
 and Woodward Avenue. 
 
 1845. — Sei)t'Mnl)er 10, Session of Miciiiyan Con- 
 ference held m Coni^ress Street M. E. Church, 
 liishop v.. S. Janes presiilinir. 
 
 1847. —March 7, Sunilay farewell missionary 
 nieetiniLf on the occasion of tlie departure of Rev. 
 Jiidson ]). Collins, of Michij^an, to China, at the 
 Congress Street M. R. Church, lie was the first 
 Methodist missionary sent to that country. 
 
 1851. -June 8, Wetlnesday, Procession of seven 
 hundred Sunday school scholars. Dinner servetl in 
 basement of the church ccjrner of Woodward Ave- 
 nue and St.ite Street. 
 
 1S53. — September 14, Michivfan Conference ses- 
 sion held in State Street M. K. Church, liishop B. 
 Waui^h presidinif. 
 
 1854. — November .13, Detroit Methodist .Sunday 
 School Union ori^anized, compo.sed of ministers, 
 oHicers, and teachers of all the Methodist Sunday 
 schools, with the desi^ai of improNinif the methotis 
 of instruction and increasing; the membership 
 of the schools. (Uiarterly meetinirs were hekl 
 on the Sabbath at different churches at which all 
 the children were ijjathered. Addresses and sini,nn,i,' 
 constituted the e.Kercises, which were always enjoy- 
 able. It was under the direction of this Union that 
 the Sunday schools were established which resulted 
 in the forminjr of the Fort Street and Simpson M. 
 E. Churches. 
 
 1S55.— Au.u^ust 2, General Sunday School cele- 
 bration of the M. E. Churches of the city. Excur- 
 sion to Wyandotte on May Queen, and picnic there, 
 1,400 jKirticipants. 
 
 1856. —^May 25, Sund.iy, Dr. F. J. Jobson of the 
 liriiish Conference in Detroit. He stopi)e(l at the 
 liiddle House. In his book on " America and 
 American .Methodism." he says, " We passed the 
 Sabbath in Detroit, and as our Sabbaths in .America 
 had been wholly spent anions the Methodists, we 
 resolved, after a visit to the .Methodist Church, to 
 attend on that day the services of <nher denomina- 
 tions." 
 
 'i860. — October 21 and 22. .Anniversary exercises 
 of the ( icneral .M. E. Sunday School Union. Sermons 
 ami adtlresses were delivered by Rev. Dr. (after- 
 
 w.irds liishop) 1). W. Cl.irk, Rev. Dr. Wise, editor 
 of the Sund.iy .School Advocate, Kev. J. II. \inccnt, 
 D. 1)., and Rev. T. M. Eddy. D. 1). 
 
 1861. Sc|)tember 25, Detroit Contcrcncc session 
 in Wooilward .\yenue .M. E. Church, presided over 
 by liishop K. R. Ames. 
 
 1863. -January ly, Ceneral Methodist Missionary 
 Meetini; at Vounif Men's Hall. Addresses by Rev. 
 R. .M. Hathckl, Rev. M. A. l)oui;hcrty, Rev. T. C. 
 CJardncr, Rev. 15. F. Cocker, and others. 
 
 1866.— October 25, Centenary Jubilee of foimding 
 of American Methodism. Services in chapel of 
 Central .M. E. Church, sermon by Rev. ]•:. O. Haven, 
 Union Love Feast, adilresses, etc. 
 
 1868. -January 31, The Sunilay .School and Mis- 
 sionary Union of the M. K. Church of Detroit was 
 ori;anizeil ; it made it.self chielly useful in stimu- 
 latiiii^;- the buildinj; of the Simjjson M. I-'.. Church. 
 
 1869. September i. Detroit Conference met at 
 Detroit in Central Church, liishop Levi Scott pre- 
 sidini;. 
 
 1872. — NovemJjer 25 and 26, .Anniversary exer- 
 cises of (ieneral M. E. Tract Society held at Detroit. 
 
 1874.- .August 30, liishop J. T. I'eck, while in 
 attendance at the C.crman Conference, preached 
 Sunday morning at Central M. E. Church. 
 
 1876. -April 14, (.Uiarterly .and ninth annual 
 meetinifs of Northwestern liranch of Women's For- 
 eign .Mi.ssionary Society in Central .M. E. Church. 
 
 1876. — Aujrust 30, Detroit Conference session at 
 Tabernacle Church, liishop E. R. Ames presiding. 
 
 1878.— July 15, The M. E. Church and Sunday 
 School Alliance was formed to further the interests 
 of the Methodi.st Church in Detroit. .Soon alter it 
 was orj^anized, the project of uniting all the churches 
 in an effort to pay off the united debts of the Eng- 
 lish-speaking Methodist churches was proposed, 
 and, after various meetings, ratified by the official 
 boards of the several churches. As a result, there 
 was raised the sum of $35,500, and on Novem- 
 ber 25, 1880, at a jubilee thanksgiving service, held 
 in the Central M. E. Church, the total of the debts 
 of the several churches was reiJorted, not only as 
 subscribed but actually paid in, so that the can- 
 celled mortgages and obligations were presented to 
 the officiary of the several churches. 
 
 1882. — May 10, The semi-annual meeting of the 
 Bishops of the M. -E. Church- began. There were 
 present Bishojis Simpson, P'oster, Peck, Wiley, 
 Hurst, Merrill, Warren, and Andrews. On Sunday, 
 May 14, they occupied the .several .Methodist pulpits, 
 and the annual missionary collections were taken 
 up. 
 
 1882. — September 19. Clo.sing session of Detroit 
 Conference at Central M. E. Church. 
 
58o 
 
 KVKN'IS ol" INTKRKSI' In Till; DKNOMINATION. 
 
 I'rfsidin^ I •'.Id as of t lie District, huliitlin^ 
 hitroil. 
 
 Now Yi)rk Confrr- \ 1804, S;iima'l Coatc. 
 
 ciu'c. \ I Soy, Joscpli Sawyer. 
 
 ^ ,, , r 1810-1813, Henry Ryan. 
 
 Genesee Confer- \ „ ,,..:;. ,.' ' 
 ■ iSi 5, \\ illiani Case. 
 
 ( 1816 1.S20, Henry Ryan. 
 
 1820, James H. l-'inley. 
 
 1831, Jiilm Strange. 
 
 i8jj, James 15. Finley. 
 
 1823, Jiilm Slr.'inife. 
 
 1524, James \\. I''iiiley. 
 
 1525, William Simmons. 
 1826-1829, Z. H. Coston. 
 1S29 1832, Curtis Cioddard. 
 1832-1836, James Gilruth. 
 
 Ohio Conference, 
 
 Michigan Confer- 
 ence. 
 
 Detroit Confer- 
 ence. 
 
 I836-- 
 
 837. William lierr. 
 
 1838- 
 
 842, C.eoryc Smitli. 
 
 1842- 
 
 843, K. II. I'ileher. 
 
 1844- 
 
 S48, I'.lijah Crane. 
 
 1 848- 
 
 852, J.unes Sliaw. 
 
 1852- 
 
 '^53> J' A- r>au,i;hman 
 
 1854- 
 
 856, W 11. Collins. 
 
 iS^6- 
 
 857, W. 11. Collins. 
 
 185K 
 
 S59, J. F. D.ividson. 
 
 i860 
 
 S64, M. Iliekey. 
 
 1864^ 
 
 868, S. Clements, Jr. 
 
 1868- 
 
 S72, V. \. r.lades. 
 
 1872- 
 
 S76, K. 11. rileher. 
 
 1876- 
 
 8S0, J. M. Fuller. 
 
 18S0- 
 
 883, W. W. W.ishhurn 
 
 1883- 
 
 , J, iMeKkluwiiey. 
 
CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 IIK l'K()TF:STy\NT KIMSCOPAL CHURCHr.S.-HISIIOI'S, DIOCESES. AND CONVEN- 
 TIONS— ANGLO-CATHULIC AND REFORMED EI'ISCOI'AL CHURCHES. 
 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 
 
 S/. Paul's C/iun/t. 
 
 TllF, first orij.ini/.atinn of ;i rrntest.int Episropa! 
 CIuirIi in Detroit dates from November 22, 1824, at 
 wliich time a few persons met in the Council House 
 on the corner of Jefferson /\ venue and Randnlpii 
 Street, and, aided by the Rev. Richard 1''. Cadle, who 
 had arrived July 12 orijanized St. Paul's Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, the first of the denf)mination in 
 Michi,i>;an. In February, 1825, under a jreneral law, 
 the church was incorporated. 
 
 The city irovernment seems to have specially 
 f.nored Episcopalian ministers, for when it came 
 into possession of several dwellings on the Military 
 Reserve granted by Congress, the Council, on Nov- 
 ember 18, 1826, reduced the rent of Rev. Mr. 
 Wells, the Presbyterian minister, from seven to five 
 dollars per month, while the Rev. Mr. Cadle's rent 
 was reduced from four dollars to one dollar per 
 month. 
 
 The church services were held in the Coimcil 
 House and Fort for some four years, and then, under 
 Mr. Cadle s ministrations, •'■ was determined to erect 
 a church. The First i'rotestant Society, at this time, 
 had become a regularly organized Presbyterian 
 Church, but retained possession of the entire prop- 
 erty of the old society. The members of St. Paul's 
 Church claimed a portion of the land, on the ground 
 that they were a part of the original owners ; and 
 on August 7. 1827, a lot si.xty by one hundred was 
 deeded to the rector, wardens, and vestrymen of St. 
 Paul's, on condition that they would move the 
 Wv)oden church, then owned by the Presbyterians, 
 from the middle of the lot to the corner of Earned 
 Street. This was done at a cost of $150, and on 
 August 10, 1827, the corner-stone of St. Paul's 
 Church, on Woodward Avenue, was laid. The 
 church was completed and pews sold on July 26, 
 1828, and on August 24 it was consecrated. It was 
 a very plain brick building, forty by si.xty feet, cost- 
 ing, with its furnishings, $4,500. Rev. Eleazer 
 Williams, the reputed Dauphin of France, read the 
 consecration service. The sermon was by Bishop 
 John H. Hobart, of New York. 
 
 In June, 1829, Mr. Cadle left on account of failing 
 
 health, and on March 30, 1830, Rev. Richard Rury 
 was installed as his suci'essor. In August. i.S3i,an 
 organ was procured. Mr. lUiry was compelled to 
 resign the rectorship on account of illness in .',' irch, 
 1833, and was succeeded in \pril by Rev. .Addison 
 Scarle. In 1834 the church had sixty-eight con>- 
 nuuiicants and a Sunday .school of one hundred and 
 eighty members, with an average attendance of 120. 
 This year an addition forty-seven feet in length was 
 made to the rear of the buikling; galleries were also 
 put in, and a tower one lunidred and fifteen feet 
 high added. The total cost of these improvements 
 was $3,000. (See picture given in a general view 
 in connection with history of First Presbyterian 
 Church.) 
 
 Mr. Searle served as rector until January. 1835. 
 Rev. Hugh Smith, of New York, then came and 
 preached, but declined a call. On June 29, 1836, 
 Rev. S. A. McCoskry was made rector. He arrived 
 at Detroit in August. 
 
 Mrs. Jaineson, who was in Detroit in July, 1837, 
 thus speaks of the church and its services at the 
 time of her visit : 
 
 On entering, I perceived at one Rl.ance that the Episcopal 
 Church is hfri', as at New York, the fashi(inat)li' chunli of tlie 
 place. U was crowded in every |)art ; the women will dressed, 
 but, as at New York, too much dressed, too fine for ^ood taste 
 and real fashion. I was handed ininirdiately to the " stranjiers' 
 pew," a book put in my hand, and it was whispered to me that 
 the bishop would preach. Our English idea of the exterior of a 
 bishop is an old gentleman in a wig and lawn sleeves, both 
 equally ,h- rigiieur. I was therefore childishly surprised to find 
 in the liishop of Michigan a young man of very elegant appear- 
 ance, wearing his own fine hair, and in a plain lil.uk silk gown. 
 The sermon was on the well worn subject of charity as it consists 
 in giving,- the least and lowest it may be, of all the branches of 
 charity, though indeed that depends on what we give, and how 
 we give it. 
 
 We may give our heart, our soul, our time, our health, our life, 
 as well as our money ; and the greatest of these, as well as the 
 least, is still but charity. At home I have often thought that 
 when people gave money, they gave counters ; here when people 
 give money they are really charitable ; they give a portion of their 
 time and their existence, both of which are devoted to money- 
 making. 
 
 On closing his sermon, which was short and unexception.able, 
 the bishop leaned forward over the pulpit, and commenced an 
 extemporaneous address to his congregation. ♦ * » I have 
 never heard anything more eloquent and more elegant than this 
 address. It was in perfect good taste besides being very much 
 to the purpose. He spoke in behalf of the domestic missions of 
 
 I58.] 
 
582 
 
 'iiii; i'K()ii;siAN r kimscoi'ai. chukciiks. 
 
 hi« ditiCFitc. I imdiTntmid that tin- nii««iiin- liitluiio mippurtiil 
 In llu- li,u k Willi mints .irr, in miiMi|iii iin' nf llu c xlrcini' 
 lircKHiiri' iif till' llmi'4, likily In Ih' willulMivn, anil llu mw, lliinly 
 pinplcd (li.itriils thus Ufl williDiit any n.iiMstry wlialivcr. Hu 
 rallrd 111! Ilii- pcdplr In n'wr llirir iilil tnwanU '<n«l.iinil)i: lli.sc 
 diinit'stii nii!iHi(in.iru'!<, at liast (ur a lime, and said, ,iniunK oilier 
 tliiiiK"<, that ir I'Hcli indi- 
 vi<lual of ilir I'.pim iipal 
 Church in the I'liitrd 
 Statu* sidiM-rilii'd one 
 crnt per wn k for one 
 yi'ar, it woidd amount 
 to uiorr than $^tK)f(MN), 
 
 This aildros was rc- 
 xpnndcd to by a sid)»i'ri|)- 
 tion iin thr spot, of alinvr 
 $400, — a larK'' »um for n 
 small town, snlTorinn, 
 like all otlnr plait-s, from 
 the present iitinmen'iat 
 difTieiilties. 
 
 In Octohcr, 1S42, 
 the servitTs at St. 
 P.-uil's were so 
 larjjjily attriulfd 
 tliatthe l)isli()iici)m- 
 nu'iii'cd lioldiii;; fx- 
 tr;i services in llic 
 City II.ill. and in 
 N'()vi'inlK'r.iS42. the 
 followinjr .ippeared 
 in a daily paper: 
 
 (JwinK to the want ot 
 room in St. I'aid's 
 Chiireh, hetnilt, the 
 liisliop cif the hioeese 
 has orwani/ed a cli.i|)el 
 in connection with said 
 cluireh, and has pro- 
 cured the use of Mechan- 
 ics' Mall, where Protest- 
 ant l'".piseop,il services 
 will he held niornint; and 
 afternoon e.ii h Sahliath, 
 at the usual hours. 
 
 The attend.ance 
 (lid not \v,irrant 
 their eontinuance, 
 and they were 
 jriven up: hut the 
 ij row til of tlie 
 cluireii and the jiro- 
 jjrcss of till' times 
 made it neeess.-iry 
 to erect ,'i iaij.^er 
 buildinjj, and ac- 
 
 cor(h'ny;ly a new site was selected on the northeast 
 corner of Couirres.s and .Shelby Streets. In March, 
 1S51, and 1.S52, tlie |)roperty on Woodward Avenue 
 was sold to seveivil parties for ;i tot.il of §12,^)42. and 
 in April. 1S52, the old church was demolished. The 
 
 St. Paii.'s I'kothstant I.ti'^copal Ciiukch. 
 
 last .service w.is held on Ka.ster Mond.iy. Services 
 were then held in i'Mremeii's ILill until the church 
 was completed. 
 
 The new huildiii;; mm\ its furnishinyfs cost ?l4;^,ooo. 
 it was dedicated I>eceml)er ly, 1S52. Its s\m' i- 
 
 .seventy hynne hun- 
 dred ,-ind thirty- 
 three feet. It has 
 one hnndrcd ,-ind 
 sixty-si.\ pews ;ini| 
 seats eiv;ht hundred 
 and fifty persons 
 The lots cost $4,400. 
 The rectory ne,ii 
 the cluirch, built in 
 I1S52, cost S3,ocK). 
 and the lot S4,5o<'. 
 Rev. I)r, Mc- 
 Coskry resij^ned the 
 rectorshiji in 1S63. 
 and w.is succeeded 
 on October 1 1)\ 
 Rev. Milton C. 
 Liujhtner. lie w;is 
 followed in()ctol)er, 
 1867, by Rev. Dr. 
 T. C. i'itkin. who 
 served the jxirish 
 until April, 1.S77, 
 ■'uvl durintr his ]i;is- 
 tor.'iti'. on Novem- 
 ber 22, 1X74, the 
 semi-centenni;il of 
 the orij.ani/.ation of 
 the cluirch was ap- 
 propriately observ- 
 ed. Rev. KufusW. 
 Clark became rector 
 September 12, I1S77. 
 The rector's .sal- 
 ary, in 1880, was 
 $2,500 and the use 
 of the rectory. The 
 cost of the choir 
 was Si, 600, the sex- 
 ton s .salary, S475, 
 and the total an- 
 nual e X p e n s c s, 
 S7,ooo. The re- 
 ceipts from pew 
 rents were $5,000. 
 Value of the prop- 
 erty §100,000. The average attendance at Sun- 
 day morninir service in 1880 was 500. Number of 
 members in 1830,40; in 1840, 291 ; in 1850, 250; 
 in 1860, 2C)5 ; in 1870, 296; in 1880, 448. In 1883 
 the three missions of All Saints, St, Barnabas, and 
 
TFIi: I'l<i)ri:STANT KIMSCoI'AI, CIirKCUKS. 
 
 5.^3 
 
 ScrvicL-s 
 If cliiirili 
 
 t S4,Votxr 
 Its si/c h 
 'one hiin- 
 I thirtv- 
 . It li.-is 
 Irrd .'iiiil 
 :if\\s nnd 
 t iiuiuir((l 
 persons. 
 )st $4,400. 
 <iry lu-.ii 
 h. built in 
 ;t Sl^oo''. 
 ot S4,5()(< 
 Dr. M.- 
 siv;ni'<l till 
 > in iSfi;,. 
 siiccfi'dfd 
 Ikt I liy 
 ilton C. 
 IK' w.i'i 
 nOctdluT. 
 Kfv. Dr. 
 itkin, wiiii 
 hv parish 
 iril, 1S77. 
 ivj his pas- 
 1 Novi'ni- 
 1S74, the 
 I'lmial nf 
 ix.ation nf 
 h was ap- 
 y ol)si'r\- 
 RufusW. 
 niu'rccior 
 r 1:, 1S77. 
 ■tor's sal- 
 81S0, was 
 1(1 tlu' use 
 iry. Till' 
 "ic clioir 
 the sex- 
 ry, S475. 
 total an- 
 iens c s, 
 The re- 
 pew 
 S5.000. 
 he prop- 
 at Sun- 
 umber of 
 I.S50, 250; 
 In 1883 
 ibas, and 
 
 lorn 
 
 S TliomaH, were under the care of Si. Pjiiiis 
 
 C iireh. ''he former rectory, now kno^vn .as St. 
 
 1 il's buil<lini(. is of'upicd l/v a ela.s.sicjil .school 
 t,. i.iiiit by Kev. I 'aid Ziei^lcr. 
 
 • Ill .\pril <), i.S(>3. it was cfinserrateil. Tin- cost of 
 the bnildin^r .ind its fiirnishinins w;is iftjiS. 150. It is 
 built in the form of ;i Latin cross. The tot.il lcny;th 
 inside is one hundred ;mil twelve feet, the width 
 niToss thf nave forty-four feet, and across the tran- 
 .sept seventy-seven feel; height from tloor to rid^,^' 
 of roof, t'ifty-live fet't. It seats yoo persons. 
 
 In ( >ctober, I1S64, a chime of nine bells was 
 placed in the tower, .at ;in e.\]iense of S5.409. The 
 sever.il bells were contributed by the foUowin.if 
 p.iriics: Hill No. I, by the I.,idii's' .Society; No. 2, 
 by Mrs. C. C. Trowbridi;c; No. 3, by the .S.-uiijcr 
 family; No. 4. by the children of the Sunday .school; 
 No. 5, by tlie younyf men of the p.irish as a tesli- 
 moni.al lo the .senior w.irden. .Mr. C. C. Trowbrid).;e ; 
 No. 6. by J. N. Ford; No. 7, I)y J. ]•:. I'ittman; No. 
 iS, by I'.dward and M.irtha I.yon ; No. 9 by Mar>'S. 
 M;iii(lclb;iuin. 
 
 In 1.S64 the rectory on \Voodbrid!L;e Street, in 
 rear of the church, was purchased for ^.',500, .and 
 in 186^1 it was enl;u;;((l ,it .1 cost of $3,000. 
 
 lllKlM l'l;illKSI.\N I 1.1 1^ 
 
 \l. (.Ill K< II, I lKll,IN.\l. l!l ll.l 
 
 C//>/\/ Cfiinih. 
 
 This, the second p.irish of the denomin.a- 
 tidu in Detroit, was or,i.{anized on May 26, 
 1.S4;. The articles of .association were sij,'neil 
 l)v sixty-seven persons. As the St.ate Law 
 under which it would ha\e been necessary to 
 incorporati' w.is then unsatisfactory, the so- 
 lietv w;is not incorpor.itcd until M.arch 27, 
 1S57. 
 
 Ill 1845 .a lot on the south side of Jefferson 
 Avenue. between ll.astinvis.and Riward Streets, 
 w.is jirocured, and .a fr.ame church, forty-two 
 hy seventy-two feet, eri'cted ;it .1 cost of 
 Si. 500. It se.ateil 300. .and was consecrated 
 M.iy 31, 1846. The first rector w.as Rev. W. 
 \. I.yster. He served until April. 1S49, ,ind 
 \v,is succeeded in July by Rev. Charles .\ldis, 
 who remained until June, 1851. During th.it 
 summer the church was enl,ari;ed by an ad<li- 
 timi of thirty feet on the rear, at a cost of 
 aliiuit $3,000. The se.atinyf capacity w.as thus 
 iiii Teased to 500, 
 
 In November. 1856, Rew T. R. Cliipni.m 
 Inr.ame rector, and remained until November, 
 iSy;. Ill February, i860. Rev. H. II. I'.addock 
 tiidk charire of the parish, and on October 
 1 1) following;, the corner-stone of the stone 
 chapel on the rear of the lot was laid. The 
 ch.ipel was fully completed and cf)nsecrated 
 nil June 9, 1861. It seats 300 persons and 
 (list S3. 706. The old church w.as then torn 
 (linvii and the erection of a new edil'ice beifun. 
 
 Chkist Protestant Episcopal Chckch. 
 
584 
 
 THK PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCHES, 
 
 In iVpril, 1869, Rev. Mr. Paddock resiijned his 
 rectorship. He was succeeded in January, 1870, 
 by Rev. J. \V. P>ro\vn, who rfniaincd until February 
 1S76. In August, 1S76, Rev. William J. Harris 
 became rector, and in December, 1881, he w.as 
 succeeded by Rev. Chauncey V>. Hrcwster. 
 
 In 1877 the tower of the church was completed, 
 at a cost of $4,000. 
 
 A short time before his death tlie senior warden, 
 Mr. C. C. Trowbridge, presented the church with 
 an elepant memorial window, bearing a repre- 
 sentation of the (iood Shepherd, witii tliis inscrip- 
 tion, "I am the Ciood Shepherd. In memory of 
 Rev. William N. Lystcr, lirst rector of this parish, 
 and of Ellen E,, iiis wife." 
 
 The rector's salary in 1880 was $3,000. The 
 annua' expenses for the choir are Si.ooo. The 
 se.xton is paid S300. The total yearly e.\i)enses in 
 1880 were about $5,000, antl the receipts from pews 
 $4,500. The average attendance at the morning 
 service was from 350 to 300. Number of com- 
 municants in 1S50, 94; in i860, 149; in 1870, 
 399; in 1880, 500. Value of property in iSSo, 
 $120,000. Amount of debt, $?, 700. 
 
 Marint'rs' Cliiircli. 
 
 This church owes its existence to the liberality 
 of Miss Charlotte Ann Taylor and her sister. Mrs. 
 Julia Ann Anderson. Miss Taylor died February 
 1, 1840, bequeathing all her property to her sister, 
 but with a verbal and well-uiidi'rsiood agreement 
 between them that Mrs. Anderson would e\entually 
 bequeath it, witli her own property, to establish a 
 mariners' church. Both ladies were, at the time of 
 their death, communicants of St. I'auls. 
 
 Mrs. Anderson died October 28. 1842. aged forty- 
 nine years. Fn.-r will, dated eight d.iys before her 
 death, gave the lot lifty by one hundred feet on 
 northwest corner of Woodward ;\\enue and Wood- 
 bridge Street, .is .1 site for a cluinii, to be called the 
 Mariners' Church of Detroit, and directed that it 
 be built of stone. For the purpose of building and 
 maintaining the church, .she gave a lot of land in 
 Monroe, and a lot in the rear of the church, on 
 Woodbridge Street, extending through to (iriswold, 
 with a front of forty feet on that street, together 
 with $13,100 in cash. 
 
 On March 29, 1848, by special Act of the T cgis- 
 lature, C, C. Trowbridge, who had been appointed 
 a trustee by the executors, and eight others who 
 were to be appointed, were constituted a corpora- 
 tion under the title of Trustees of the Mariners' 
 Church of Detroit. The Act jirovided that the 
 pews in the church to be erected should be forever 
 free. 
 
 The erection of the church was begun in the 
 spring of 1849. On Octoi)er 24, Rev. Horace Hill 
 
 was chosen rector, and on December 23, 1849, thu 
 church was consecrated. It is fifty by one hundred 
 feet in size, and seats about 500 persons. The 
 entire cost was $15,000. The lower story has 
 always been used for business purposes; it was first 
 occupied by the post-otlice, and has since been 
 rented to various business firms. fSce picture given 
 in connection with chapter on Merchants and Trad- 
 ing-) 
 
 Mr. Hill resigned in December, 1856, and was 
 succeeded by Rev. Rufus Murray. He rcmaineil 
 until March 27, i860, and on April 28 of this year, 
 Rev. A. L. Rrcwer became rector. He resigned in 
 December, 1864, and the parish was caretl for by 
 the bishop until November, 1865, when Rev. A. M. 
 Lewis began his term.. In May, 1872, he resigned, 
 and on October i, Rev. V.. W. Flower was appointed. 
 He resigned October i, 1876, and was succeeded on 
 February 14, 1877, by Rev. William Charle.s. 
 
 The revenue of tlie church from rents amounts 
 to about $2,500 per year, and is used in its m.iin- 
 tenance. The rector's salary is $1,400 ; the ;uuui.il 
 expenses of the choir and sexton are $200 each ; 
 and the total expenditures, abcnit $2,000. The 
 average .attendance at the church in 1880 was 130. 
 Number uf members in 1850, 63; in i860, 134; in 
 1870. 13^; in 1S80, 53. Value of the property in 
 
 1880, $I'X),000. 
 
 St. Peter's C/wri/t. 
 
 This society held its first services in a private 
 house on the corner of Haker Street and Trumbull 
 Avenue. On February 12, 1858, it was incorpor- 
 
 St. Pbthr's Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 ated. A small house on T.everette Street, near 
 Trumbull Avenue, was then fitted up, but as it could 
 not be used in cold weather, the services were con 
 ducted in a store on the northwest corner of Raker 
 Street and Trumbull Avenue, subseciuently at Mor- 
 
nil'. rROTKSTAXr KI'ISCOTAI, ciiuuciiks. 
 
 5S5 
 
 s mrorpor- 
 
 n -s Hall, and then in an old cnvjimj house on Third 
 Hireet. In 1859 Governor Wcodbridv^e ijave the 
 S'lcicty a lot on the corner of Chunh Stn et and 
 'rnimbnll Avenue. 
 
 I'lu' society purchased the adjoinincj lot, and a 
 plain wooden church, costing §1,200 and seating 
 230, was erected, ;md t'lrst used in December, 1860. 
 On April 25, iiS6i, it was p.irtially ilestroyed by 
 tire. It was repaired, and again in use early 
 ill the fall. In 1866 tiie elun-ch was moved 
 l),ick thirty feet, and an addition lliirty by .seventy- 
 fix e feet .and a towi'r ninety feit liigli I'rectecj. 
 Tliese improve- 
 ments cost 
 §4,300. The 
 church, seating 
 360, was ri'- 
 opened after 
 these additions 
 (111 April 22, 
 
 isr/,. 
 
 On April 29, 
 
 18S3, a meino- 
 
 ri.il window, 
 
 erected by a 
 
 Masonic So- 
 ciety as a 
 
 memorial to 
 
 Thomas May- 
 bury, one of 
 
 the former 
 
 wardens, was 
 
 fdrm.illy pre- 
 
 sentetl to the 
 
 church. 
 The pastor's 
 
 s;ilary in iSSo 
 
 w.is $.Soo, the 
 
 Idl.il church ex- 
 penses $1,700, 
 
 ami the receipts 
 
 from the pews 
 
 S400. \' a 1 u e 
 
 of property, 
 
 Sto.ooo. Num- 
 ber of members in i860, 40; in i8''o, 71; in 
 iSSo, 180. 
 
 The rectors have been : March to November, 
 1N59, Rev. C. Reighley ; December, i860, to June, 
 1.S61, Rev, E. Denroche; winter of 1861 and 1862, 
 Rev, Osgood K. Fuller; July, 1862, to May, 1865, 
 Rev, II. J. Rrown ; June, 1865, to November, 1866, 
 Rev. A. P. Crouch; January, 1S67. to .\ugust, 1S69, 
 Rev. (',. E, Peters; Jannan,', i^/o, to April, 1871, 
 I<ev. J. L. Taylor; July, 1R71, to J.inuary, 1876, 
 Rev. \V. R. Tillinghast; July, 1876, to April, 1879, 
 Rev. \V. H. Watts; May. 1S79, t" fall of 1883, 
 
 Rev. I'aul Ziegler; December 
 Dr. J. H. Hart/.ell, 
 
 kSS;, to 
 
 , Rev. 
 
 St. John's I'sotestant I'.riscorAL Ciicrch, Ciiaiei., an'd Rrctorv. 
 
 S/. Jolni's ( 7/ //>■<■//. 
 
 This society was organized and incorixirati'd on 
 December 13, 185S, Its existence is largi'ly due 
 to the libenility of 1 1. P. H.ildwin, who g;ive the 
 society a lot valued at $10,000, fronting one hundred 
 and twenty-tive feet on Woodward Avenue by one 
 jiundred and sevenly-tive feet on High .Street, 
 and built .a re<-tory ;it ,a further cost of $7,000. Tlii' 
 coriU'r-stone of the stone cli.ipel w.as l.iid April 19, 
 
 1859. and on 
 June 29 follow- 
 ing it was rc- 
 solvi-d to illA'ite 
 Rev Willi.im 
 E. Annitage to 
 become rector 
 of the p.arish. 
 He came in Oc- 
 tober, and on 
 November 19, 
 just sevi'ii 
 months from 
 the laying of 
 the CO r n e r - 
 stone the 
 
 chapel \\;is 
 consecrated 
 It cost $10,576. 
 Two days after- 
 ward the pews 
 were rented, 
 and it at once 
 beiame evi- 
 dent that the 
 chapel was 
 too small for 
 the congreg.a- 
 tions that gath- 
 ered. Within 
 two weiks af- 
 ter the. chapel 
 was open I'd, 
 Mr. Paldwin offered to give $17,000 additional, on 
 condition that a church to cost not le.ss than $32,000 
 be erected. In aildition to this amount lu: subse- 
 quently gave $8,000 and then $10,000 to the 
 enterprise. 
 
 The corner-stone of the church was laiil June 6, 
 1S60, and on December 19, 1 861, it was consecrated. 
 Rev. C.eorge P.urgess, Rishop of Maine, .and many 
 clcr<xymcn of note were juvsent. The total cost of 
 the church and its furnishings was $4(S, 512. It seats 
 1,000. in order to relieve the rector, who needed 
 rest, on June i, 1863, Rev, M, Swectland, of New 
 
586 
 
 'IIll': I'RorKSIANT EPISCOPAL CHURCilllS. 
 
 York, was (.'in^ajLivd lo take his jilace for three 
 months, .-md in NOvL'inlx'r, 1S64, on tlic nivitation 
 of Mr. IS.ilcKvin, Mr. Arniila.iic accompanied iiim on 
 a trip to Palestine and tiie I'last. They returned in 
 July, iSC),, their tour liavinisf lasted sonic eij;ht 
 months. 
 
 On September 29, 1866, Mr. Armitaj^e announced 
 to the vestry his .acceptance of the IJisiioprir of 
 Wisconsin, to wiiich he had been elected, and his 
 resitjnation took effect October i, 1S66. 
 
 On November 10, Mr. li.iidwin donated to the 
 church a lot twenty-live feet front on W'oodw.ird 
 Avenue by one hundred and seventy-live feet deej), 
 adjoiniii;., the rectory on the south. 
 
 In M;irc-h, 1867, Rev. John J. McL'ook was called 
 as rector, but beinvj iniable to come till October, 
 Rev. IJr. McCullough tempor.irily served as rector. 
 Mr. McCook came in October, but before he had 
 served a year, the f.iilinv; health of himself ,ind 
 wife coniiK'lled his resinn.ation, which took effect 
 on April 27, 1868. On June 23 followin;;, Rev. 
 (".eorsj^e Wortliinvjton w;is called, and on Sep- 
 tember 6, 1868, he preached his first sermon in 
 the parish. 
 
 In December, 1873, liishop y\rmit;i.i(e died. The 
 intellijrence l)rou,y;lit deep sorrow to his friends 
 in Detroit ; his remains were brouiL^bt here, and 
 buried in l-".lnuvood. The funeral, on December 
 1 1, 1873, was lariL^ely attended by clergy from several 
 States. 
 
 The parish of St. John's is pre-eminent in mis- 
 sionary work. Its members orijanizedand jiuslied 
 into successful operation the church of St. James 
 and St. Mary's Mission. In order to give informa- 
 tion and aiil in their church work, a monthly ]xipi'r, 
 called St. John's Chronicle, has been issuetl since 
 Novembi'r, ! 874. 
 
 The a\er .^i, attendance ;it .Simd.ay morninj; ser- 
 . vice in 1S80 was 600. The rector's s.al.iry was 
 $2,500, the choir cost $1,000, and the tot.il annual 
 expenses wi're Sy,'^75. I'hc yearly receipts from 
 tl, ; jii'ws were $5,000. N'alue of property, $1 10,000. 
 N'lmiber of mi'mbirs in 18A0, 140; in 1870,630; 
 in 1880, 923. 
 
 The assist.ant rectors ff tlu' jiarish h;i\-i' bci'u : 
 M;irch, 1866, to E.ister, 1867. John l\. Dunn; M.iy, 
 1869, to J.anu.ary 4, 1S71, Jt-sse T. WebstiT ; 1872- 
 1874, John L. T.iylor; 1875 to Pebruary, 1877, 
 W. Ch.arks ; M.irch, 1876.10 Pebru.iry 1, 1880, S. 
 R. CarpcntiM" ; I'"ebru.iry, 1880, to July, 1882, S. \\ . 
 Frisbii', in ch.artre of St. Jaiiu's' Clupel ; .Se|)teml)cr, 
 1880, to Novemijer, 1882, \V. J, Roberts, in ch;iri;e 
 of St. M.iry's Ch.apel ; J.inu.iry, i8Si,to .\i)ril,i882, 
 (i. Molt Willi.ims ; .Ajiril 9, 1882, to Se|)tember 25, 
 1882, W. J. Roberts; November 1.1882,10 
 first assisl.mt. P. P. Tuniii.uul ; second .assistant, 
 "W. Warne Wilson. 
 
 Grail' C/iun/i. 
 
 This society w.is orij.ani/.ed ;md incorpor.iitd Jul\ 
 12, 1867. The tir.st .service was held on Sundas 
 ■afternoon, September 2, 1867,111 the Paf.aycttc Ave- 
 nue .M. K. Church. Afternoon services were sub.se- 
 quenlly held in the Congregational Church, .and then 
 St. .Andrew's I Pall w.as rented, .and here the congre- 
 gation rem.-iined until their cluu''.h w.'is completed. 
 On December 21, 1867, Rev. M. C. Pightner w;i> 
 callid to the rectorship, and exactly three ye.ars 
 .after, on December 21 1870, their brick church, on 
 the northeast corner of Port ,and .Second .Streets, 
 w.as openi'd for worship. 
 
 The lot, seventy-live by one hundred and thirty 
 
 fiKAcK I'koI liSI AM Kl'lsCOlAl. C'lll.KCII. 
 
 feet, and then worth §13,000. w.as given by I^. N\'. 
 Hudson. The building is sixty-six by one hundred 
 .and twenty feet, and with its furnishings, cost 
 $75,(xx). It will scat twelve hundred persons. In 
 1879 .a mortg.age of $16,000 on the property was 
 p.aid by J. \\'. Waterman, who presented the society 
 witli the cancelled document. As the church was 
 now free from debt, on J.aiui.iry 7, 1880, it was 
 consecr.ited. 
 
 The axir.age attendance at Sunday morning ser- 
 vices, in 1880, was 300. The rector's salary was 
 S3. 500, the choir cost $1,500, the .sexton was p.aid 
 $350, .and the tol.al .annu.al expenses were $6,000. 
 Till' ptw rents .amounted to $4,500 per year. The 
 v.ilue of jiroptriy was $(Xi,ooo. Nimiber of mem- 
 bers in 1870, 409; in 1880, 535. 
 
'IIII". I'ROTF.S'IWN r KIMSCOI'AL CHURCIIKS. 
 
 l\t'V. Mr. Li,v;liliRr iisii^iKd SepliMiibir 13, i<S73, 
 ai 1 nil Seplciiibcr 28, 1S74, ilic Kiv. Li-wis I'. \V. 
 \',.:\ch was elected as rector, lie died ... June 4, 
 ir;5, and on June 11 Rev. C. H. W. Stockinj; 
 w.iS (hosen his successor. He resiirncct in 1883, 
 pi\,'icliin,i( liis last sermon on August 5. In Janu- 
 ar.. 1884, Rev. J. McCarroll accepted a call to serve 
 as rector. 
 
 .SV. Sit'/)/ii)i's L'/iiirc/i. 
 
 I'hc huildin.ij of this society is located on the 
 nii'ih side of Catharine Street, between I)er]uindre 
 Street and St. Aiiljin Avenue. The society was 
 (ir-aiiizt(l in 1868 by Rev. M. C. Litrhtncr The 
 ( liiirch huildiiii,^ was (-((nsi'crated November 18, 
 1X73. It seats 300. The lot cost S500. and the 
 jniildinij $1,500. In 1870 there were seveniy-rive 
 (■iiinmunii'.'uits, .and in 1880. 30. The averajjje at- 
 tiiul.tnce at morning; service, in 1880, was 30. The 
 tdt.il yearly e.\penscs were Si 50. The estimated 
 v.ilue of the pro[)erty was Si.jcK). 
 
 The following; rectors have officiated in the order 
 in which they are named : Rev. M. C. Linhtner, 
 KiA. Milton Ward, Rev. E. W. Flowers. Rev. 
 William J. Harris, Rev. William Charles. In 18S3 
 
 St. Steihkn's I'uotksi.vnt Ki'IS( (h ai. Chirch. 
 
 the church was cared for by Rev. C, B. Hrewster, of 
 Christ Church. 
 
 I'.itianidl Afi'inon'ii/ C/mrr/i. 
 This church ,i,Tew out of services instituted by 
 lv\. Henrv Manwcil in his house on Forest 
 
 .Vveniie. They were be^un in the f.ill of 
 and continued until June, 1S73. Sirvicis 
 next held in the chapel of the Fiist \\ 
 
 5^7 
 
 1872 
 
 were 
 .-ijitist 
 
 Km.wcki Mkmoki m. 1'kiii i.;..T.\N r I'. ii~< i>iai. C'liirnji. 
 
 Chun-h on Hay;ij Street. In the fall of 1873 Rev. 
 .Moses Hunter took charije of the work, and in I'eb- 
 ruary, 1874, services were held in the buildin.y; of 
 the I'eninsul.ir Cricket Club, on Woodward Avenue 
 just above ■•"rcmont Street. .Mr. Hunter retired 
 from the w(jrk on October 25, 1874. and on Novem- 
 ber 30 the church was incoriioralcd. ,\ lot just 
 north of the Cricket buildin,^;, eij^hty-eiyht by two 
 huiulred feet, was then leased, and a church erected 
 which cost $4,035. The entire amount was i^iven 
 by Mrs. L. R. Medbury, as a memorial of her hus- 
 band, Samuel Medbury. 
 
 On J.inuary 27, 1875, Rev. J. T. Webster was 
 called ,is the rector. The first service in the new 
 buildinij was held on February 14, .875. Althouvrh 
 present at this service. Mr. Webster did not enter 
 upon the rectorshi]) until April 4, and in the mean- 
 time services were conducted by J'iev. Paul Zicijler 
 and Rev. C. A. Ciry. On June 7, 1875, the church 
 was consecrated. 'IVo years Later the society pur- 
 chased two lots, eijrhty feet front on the north side 
 of Alexandrine .Avenue, between Cass and Woe 1- 
 ward .Avenues, for $4,400. Tlu' ihurch building 
 was moved thither, and alter.atiiHis and repairs made 
 which cost $2. 500. 
 
 On ,Aui;tist zG, \^77, the buildinsr. seating ^loo, 
 was opened for worship. In 1878 , a rectory costing 
 $2,000 was built on the lot formerly occupied by the 
 
588 
 
 riiic I'ROTKsrAN r i;i'isc(^i'Ar, churciiks. 
 
 church. Mr. Webster resigned on Decenilu'r 31, 
 US79. RfV. (".. v.. IVUTs tlu'ii servid until the first 
 Sunday in Lent, when Rev. M. C. Doiten became 
 rector. The number of meml>ers in iSSo\vas2 2o. 
 Tiie averaj^e attendance at .Sund.iy morninir service 
 was 200. The rector's salary was $1,200, in aildi- 
 tion to the use of rectory. The total annual 
 expenses amounted to S5.500. ■in'^l nearly $1,300 
 was received from jiew rents. The property was 
 valued at $15,375; .imount of debt, $4,000. 
 
 Ai.i. Sainis' 1'. 1'^. Mission. 
 
 /I// Sdiiifs' Chapel. 
 
 This mission w.is established in 1873. The first 
 services were held in a hall on Michigan Avenue 
 near the R.ailroad Junction, in 1S74 three lots were 
 jnircli.ised on the northwest corner of Otis ;ind 
 Wesson Streets, in .Sprinv;\vells, at a cost of $(/x), 
 and a buildinvj enacted which cost $1,000. It h,is 
 120 sittin.n's, and the .avcrajL^e attendance at Sunday 
 niorninjf service, in 1880, was 60, and there were 41 
 conuiumic.ants. The yearly expenses were $450. 
 
 The rectors in eharye have been: 1874 1877, 
 Rev. v.. TT. Rudd; Aucftist 5, 1877, to Februan." i, 
 18S0, Rev. S. \V. Frisbie. After th.it date Rev. 
 William Charles and Rev. II. J. Drown continued 
 the ser\-iccs for a time, and then they ceased tinti! 
 resumed under the direction of Rev. Mr. Clark of 
 \'::. Paul's Church. 
 
 ^V. Jaiiifss Church. 
 
 This church is the oiitjCfrowth of a mission estab- 
 lislied on May 17, 1S6S, by St. John's p.irish, in tiie 
 upper .story of a buililinif on Crand River Avenue 
 near Sixth Street. In 1S74 the property on the 
 northwest corner of Wahml and Seventh Streets, 
 
 which had been owned and used by the Simpsoii 
 M. J".. Church, was purchased for $2,600. The oM 
 church was torn down, and a new one, costin.; 
 $1 3,000, was erected. It was lirst opened for public 
 worship oti Febru.iry i, 1876. It w.as consecratnl 
 June 8, 1S80. Number of sittin.n's, 400. Averai^^c 
 attend.ince ;it mornii\ij service in 1880, 1 20. Xumlur 
 of communicants, 1 50. The rector's salary w.is 
 $1,000, and the total .uiiuial expenses $1,850. The 
 receipts from pew-rents were $C)oo. X'.ilue of prop^ 
 erty, $18,000. 
 
 The rectors in ch.irj^e have been: Rev. J. T. 
 Webster, Rev. J. I,. Taylor, Rev. Willi.'ni Chrnks, 
 Rev. S. 15. Carpenter and Rev. S. W. I'risbie. The 
 term of the last named began February i, 1880. 
 
 On February i, 1882, the society became a rej^ailar 
 parish, severing; the connection it h.ul previously 
 sustained as a mission of St. John's. 
 
 Sr. James P. K. Church 
 
 Af/ssi(i)i of fhr M'l'sst'iih. 
 
 This nu'ssion w.is established by Christ Church 
 in June, 1874, in ,1 three-story brick iniildins;'. No. 
 1 160 Jefferson .\veiuie, near Ml. Elliott Avenue. 
 It proved so successful that a lot on the southeast 
 corner of Mt. Klliott Avenue ami Fort Street was 
 purchased, at a cost of $800, and a buildinij; erected 
 costin.i^, with the furnishing;, $1,700. It was first 
 used on November 9, 1879. It seats 200. In 1880 
 the jiroperty was valued ;it $3,000. The avera.^c 
 attendance at service in 1880 was 80, and there 
 were thirty-tive communicants. The yearly expenses 
 were $600. 
 
TllK I'KcrrKSTANT El'lSCOl'AL CHL'RCIIKS. 
 
 5S9 
 
 c Siiiipsd,'. 
 
 Tlic »' 1 
 
 R!, costing 
 
 for public' 
 
 onsecratnl 
 
 Avcra'^e 
 ). NuiiUur 
 vilary w.is 
 ,850, Tli>: 
 ic of prop 
 
 <ev. J. T. 
 
 nn CharLs, 
 •isbic. 'I'liu 
 I, 1880. 
 10 a regular 
 previously 
 
 ["lie rectors in charge have been: Rev. C. A. 
 I'aiv, to September, 1875; Rev. \V. A. Cochran, 
 liiiiu September, 1875, to July, 1877; Rev. Lucius 
 
 Irisl Church 
 iiilding. No. 
 ill Avenue. 
 le southeast 
 Street was 
 ling erected 
 It was first 
 In 18H0 
 the average 
 and tlicro 
 By expenses 
 
 PuoriisrANr Ei'Iscoi'al Missihn m- Tin- Micsmaii. 
 
 Waterman, from July, 1877, to June, 1879; Rev. 
 J. J. ,\h)rton and Rev. Mr. Alcorn, from June, 1879, 
 to September, 1879; Rev. 11. Banwell, from Novem- 
 ber. 1879, to February, 18S1 ; Rev. W. J. Roberts, 
 from February, 1881, to January i, 1882; Rev. G. 
 M. Williams, from January r, 1882. 
 
 .SV. Miuy's M/ss/oii. 
 This mission was established February 7, 1S75, 
 in Cook's Hall, on the corner of I'rospect and St. 
 Aiitoine Streets. On December 29, 1 878, the pres- 
 
 
 Sl, M AKV's I'KOIKSIANT El'ISCOlAL MISSION ChAI'EL. 
 
 ent church, on the southeast corner of Benton and 
 St. Antoine Streets, was first used. The lot cost 
 Si, 000 and the church $'. 440. It seats 200. The 
 average attendance at Sunday morning service in 
 
 iS8o\\as rcK) ,ind the number of members 20. The 
 ycirly exiiensis were ^djO. The value of the i)rop- 
 erty in 1880 was §2.500. Auniunt of (kbt, 6i3o(x 
 
 The following (icrgymen have been in iharge 
 about a yiar eacli, d.uing from 1875: Ri'v. Paul 
 Ziegler, Rev. William Charles, Rev. .S. H. Carpenter, 
 Rev. J. W. I'rosser, Rev. S. W. Frishie. The term 
 of liev. W. J. Roberts began Sepicmber i, 1880, 
 and ceased in November, 1882. lie was succeeded 
 January i, 1883, by Rev. K. L. Turquand. 
 
 M/ss/on of tlic Ciooit Slu-plicrtL 
 This mission was inruigurated by the establish- 
 ment of a Sunday school in July, 18S1, in a building 
 on Vinewood Avenue, ownetl by Cleorge Hendrie. 
 
 (loon Siiii'Miiuii I'. I., \|l■^-rn^•. 
 
 Regular church services, under the charge of Rev. 
 Cj. I". Peters, were commenced in the same place 
 in April, 1882. .V lot for a church. loc;ited on the 
 east side of \''ine\vood Avenue, between Michigan 
 Avenue ar.d the M. C. R. R. was donated by Mr. 
 Hendrie, and a church building begun in 1882, 
 anil fmisheil at aost, including furnishing, of ab(jut 
 §3,500. The value of the intire property is about 
 $4,000. The building w.is first used by iIk- Sunday 
 school on December 25, 1883. Church services was 
 held in it for the llrst time on May it, 1SS4, 
 
 St. Thoiiiiis s M/ss/i'it. 
 This mission Sunday school, located on the north- 
 east corner of Twenty-sixth Street and Shady Lane, 
 was established by the members of St. Paul's 
 Church in December, 1882. Their new building 
 was consecraied August ;,. 1884. 
 
 S/. /unii(i/i(is' s .]//ss/i>ii. 
 
 Tl.is mission was inaugurated July 13, 1883. on 
 Giaiul River .\venue near Sixteenth Street. Their 
 
590 
 
 Tin: I'Rori'.siANT f.imscoi'al churchks 
 
 chapel, oil t!io t()rin.T of (iiaiul \<\\\v A\ciuic ami 
 Foiirlcfiiili Sirci't, was iirsl used on (Ktobcr 14, 
 iSiSj. The lot ami biiildiii^^ rust nearly $3,000. 'Vhv 
 mission was oii^inaiiy under the rare of Rev. .S. W. 
 Frisbie, and Rev. (l. Molt Williams. On January 
 I, 1884, it was jjlaced in liiar^e of Rev. i'aul Zi(.i;ler. 
 
 -' '^ *" ~' ■'^ 
 
 Sr. 1!.\KNAI1AS p. K. MI.-..SUJN. 
 
 //o/y Trinity Afission. 
 
 This mission was established by authority of the 
 bishop, in the buiidinif formerly occupied by the 
 Holy Trinity An,i;lo-Catholic Church on the corner of 
 Fourteenth Avenue and Howard Street. The first 
 services were held on December 16, 1883. The 
 mission be,v;an under the care of Rev. G. Mott 
 Williams and Rev. C. A. Cary. 
 
 Hoi.v 'I'kinitv I'. K. MrssioN. 
 Formerly the Aiiglo-Caiholie Church. 
 
 Si. Liilr's Mt'iiiorial Ciiapel 
 
 is located on the grounds of St. I.uke's Hospital, 
 just west of the main buildini^r. It is of brick, cost 
 $7,000, and was consecrated February 27, 1881, the 
 anni\ersary of the birthday of the wife of C. C. 
 Trowbridge. It was erected by Mr. Trowbridijje 
 as a tribute to her memory, and is an eleijant and 
 substantial testimonial, both of the worth of the 
 
 dead, ;ind of the wisdom that remembers tlu- dc. I 
 by doinn i^ood Id the livinvj. It is ilesijt;m'd 1 
 accommodate the inmates of the ho.si)itai, .11 1 
 others in tli;it nei,i,diborliood, ;uid will seat u,. 
 .Services were conducted by the chaplain of tiir 
 hos|)ii,il. Rev. Aui^ust Bush, until his death in Ma\, 
 1883. 
 
 St. Link's .Miimokiai. I'kui lisi an i Kjisloiai. Ciiaii 1 
 
 St. Ma/t/ii:i''s CInirch (Colored). 
 
 The coniifreijation thus ilesiirnated first met fur 
 worship, in 1847, in .111 old buildinij on Fort Street, 
 west of Heaubien Street, previously occupied by 
 the .African M. E. Church. The society remained 
 there until their church, on the .southeast corner of 
 Conx;ress and St. .\ntoine .Streets, was completeil. 
 This was built in the fall of 1851, but beini.,' en- 
 cumbered by debt, it was never consecrated. 
 
 Services were conducted by Rev. W. C. .Monroe 
 until 1859. Rev. Mr. Kinij; then served the chun li 
 for a brief period, and as early as April, i85<;, Rev. 
 S. V. Berry was in charge. The cluirth had no 
 members, as such, because it was not fully ori^an- 
 ized. Many of those who attendeil held member- 
 ship in other parishes. The i)resent i5ishop of llu 
 Island of Hayti, James Holly, attended this chun h, 
 In 1864 the buildinjr was sold to the Hebrew con- 
 i;Te.i(ation, Shaary /edec. A portion <jf the av.iils 
 was invested in a lot on the southwest corner of St. 
 Antoine and F.li/.abeth Streets, on which, in 1883, 
 
Tin; i'K()Ti:sTAXT episcopal ciiukciiks. 
 
 591 
 
 rs i!u' lit ! 
 il(.-sij;iu'(l ■■ 
 Dspilal, aiM 
 II siat i-s. 
 )lain of ill'- 
 ;alli ill Ma\, 
 
 ■^:^.:/^r 
 
 I'.Al. Cll.\l'i:i. 
 
 \cd). 
 
 Itirsr met for 
 [•"ort Struct, 
 [(H't-upifd by 
 [ly renuiiiifd 
 :isl corner of 
 conipli'lal. 
 .It bciiix eii- 
 ated. 
 
 C. Monroe 
 the chunli 
 I, [85<). Ki'v. 
 Iinh liad im 
 fully orijan- 
 ■kl nu-nilKT- 
 |isli()|) of tlu 
 this chunli. 
 Hebrew cou- 
 \ the avail^' 
 •nrner of St. 
 Ich, in 1883. 
 
 , eiiiircii was erectetl, which, witli the lot, cost 
 sS.ooo. 'I'lic l)uildin,i( was dedicated May 13, 18S3, 
 
 iiiiiiiii;..:;:-! 
 
 j-H/IMIi 
 
 CJku.inai. Si. .M.\itiii-:u'.s I'. \\. Cm Ki. ii. 
 
 witii a sermon by Kev. 
 (ieoriiie \\'orthin;>;ton. On 
 January 1. 1S82, it was 
 placed in charv^e of Rev. 
 fi. Molt Williams. 
 
 St. /(>sip/i's Mriiiorial 
 C/ia/hl. 
 
 'I'his chapel is located 
 on the noitheast corner of 
 Woodward and Medbury 
 Avenues. It is forty by 
 lifty-hve feit, is built of 
 Ionia stone, and cost about 
 iffj.ooo. The lot was 
 donated and the chai)el 
 erected by Mrs. I,. R. 
 Medbury. It was conse- 
 crateil July 9. 1884. 
 
 sittitins, was erec-ted. 'I'lie society was fully orj^an- 
 i/cd April 22, and incorporated on May 2, 1874. 
 Mr. .McC.ee left in 1876, and was succeedeil by Rev. 
 Mr. Rudd, who remained only about si.\ months. 
 
 Rev. (\. 1;. Peters ihiii ser\ed for a short time, 
 and in 1877 services were conducted by a lay reader. 
 On I'ebruary 14, 1879 the society transferred the 
 properly to I'jnanuel Reformeil I'.piscojjal (.'huich; 
 it was subseiiueiitly returned to the Protestant I'.pis- 
 copal Church, and on .May 25, 1880, was sold to a 
 society styled St. John's Evangelical Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 niSllOl'S, piUCKSKS, AND CONVENTIONS. 
 
 When the dioce.se of Michiv;an was created, a 
 canon of the cluirch provideil that any diocese with 
 si.\ presbyters mi.nht elect a bishop. The Episco- 
 palian Church in this region had been classed as 
 mission ground, but it was decided to create the 
 
 Diocese of .Michig.m, and 
 ^j 1)11 September 10, 1S32, 
 this was done, In i833tlie 
 standing committee votetl 
 to \)\\\. the diocese under 
 the care of liishop Mc- 
 llvaine of Ohio. At the 
 convention of 1835, held 
 at Tecum.seh, Henry j. 
 W'hiteliouse was elected 
 bishop. He declined, ;md 
 as one of the t krgymeii in 
 charge of ;i parish soon 
 after left, there was no 
 legal authcjrity to elect a 
 bishop. By the pass.ige ol 
 a new c;mon the I louse of 
 Hishops w.is allowed to 
 elect a bishop for a dio- 
 
 Sr. M.MIHKw's Kl'IstnlA[. Cmi'Ucii. 
 
 Trinity Cliiircli. [ I'.xtiiut.) 
 
 Tliis society w.is incorpor.ited June 25, 1838. Tt 
 worshiped in the old capilol, anil in 1839 reported 
 forty-three communicants, with Rev. Richard Bury 
 as rector. It e.\isted only a year. 
 
 St. Mark's CJnirch. (Extinct.') 
 
 This enterprise was commenced as ;i mission in 
 rented rooms on Twenty-fourth Street, near .Michi- 
 gan Avenue, in August, 1873, L)y l-^ev. Mr.' Liglitner, 
 then in charge of (irace Church. After two months' 
 labor. Mr. I.ightner transferred the work to Rev. E. 
 McCice. Inder the supervision of Mr. McOee two 
 lots, on the snnthwe.st corner of Twenty-third .and 
 Ash .Streets, were purchased at a cost of S950, and 
 a brick cluirch, costing S-.500, with one hundred 
 
 Sr. J'i^iiiii\ Mi'Moki Ai. I'. I.. Cinii'.i.. 
 
592 
 
 ANGLO-CATHOLIC AND RKFOKMKi:) Ll'LSCOl'AL CUL KCllES. 
 
 cesc (Jii a|)plicati()n, even if there were not the 
 reiiuisile luimber of (•lerv,rymen with eharnes in tlie 
 thocese. Under this last canon, in Jnne, 1836. Rev. 
 S. A. McCosi<ry was electee! bishop, anil on July 7, 
 he was consecrated at St. Peter's Churcii in I'liila- 
 delphia. On December 2, 1874, Michigan was 
 divided into two dioceses, and on February 24., 1875, 
 at Orand Rapids, Rev. Cicorge B. C'.illespie was con- 
 secrated Hishop of Western Michigan. 
 
 liisiiop McCoskry resigned on March 11, 1878, 
 and was succeeded by Rt. Rev. S. S. Harris. He 
 was elected June 6, and consecrated September 17, 
 
 1879, at Detroit. 
 
 This city has had the honor of furnishing three 
 bishops for other dioceses : the Rev. W. K. Arnii- 
 tage, rector of St. John's Church, consecrated liishop 
 of Wisconsin ; Rev. 15. H. Paddock, rector of Christ 
 Church, consecrated Bishop of Massachusetts; and 
 Rev, W. E. McLaren, formerly pastor of Westmin- 
 ster Presbyterian Church, now Bisiiop of Illinois, 
 
 Conventions of the dioce.se were held at Detroit 
 in November, 1S35; October, 1S36; June, 1840, 
 1845, 1S47, and 1851 ; November, 1852; June, 1853, 
 1855, 1857, i860, 1862, 1867, 1S71, 1S77, 1S7S, 1S79, 
 
 1 880, 1881, and 1883. At the first, convention, 
 April 20 to 27, 1834, Bishop McHvaine of Ohio was 
 present, and preached on the first and last day of 
 the session. 
 
 The diocese owns an episcopal residence, bought 
 in 1866, at a cost of $12,000. In 1879 it was en- 
 largetl, anil partly rebuilt, at a cost of $8,000. Its 
 estimated value in i S80 was $20,000. The creation 
 of a diocesan fund, the interest to be used to pay 
 the salary of the bishop, was begun in 1854. In 
 1883 the fund amounted to $84,000, which sum is 
 invested, and in the care of trustees appointed from 
 year to year by the convention. 
 
 On January 30, 1880, the Church Association of 
 Michigan was org.inized to assist the religious, 
 charitable, and educationrd interests of the Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church in Michigan, by acting as the 
 trustees of gifts or legacies given in aid of any of 
 the enterprises of the church. From 1880 to 1883, 
 C. C. Trowbridge was president, and John IL Bissell 
 secretary and treasurer. 
 
 ANGLO-CATHOLIC AND REFORMED EPISCOPAL 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 .%. Aldan's, formerly Holy Trinity, Anglo- 
 Catholic Church. 
 
 This organization, established >Tay i, 1876, met 
 for six weeks in St. Andrew's Hall. It then moved 
 to the store No. 842 Fort Street West, near Twen- 
 tieth Street, which was fitted for church purposes. 
 The room was first opened for service on July 18, 
 
 1876, and the pastorate of W. R, Tillinghast then 
 began. 
 
 On July 29, 1S77, the society dedicated a build- 
 ing on the northeast corner of Fourteenth Avenui 
 and Howard Street. The lot cost $i,5'X), and tin 
 church and furnishing about $4,500. The buildin.; 
 seats 600. It was badly damaged by fire on May 
 28, but was repaired, and again opened on July 5. 
 1879. On August 19 following, the rector was 
 ticcidently shot and killed by a boy, at Fo.x Island. 
 His successor. Rev. Y.. B. Taylor, served from 
 August 30, 1879, to May 23. 1880. Rev. R. M. 
 Edwards began his pastorate in August, 1880. 
 
 Number of members in 1880, 84. Average 
 attendance at Sunday morning service, 75. Pastor's 
 salary, $820. Total yearly exi)enses, $1,000. The 
 society was incorporated April 14, 1881, and the 
 church debt at that time amounted to $2,300. 
 In 18S3, owing to the fact that the title to the 
 church property was vested in the widow of the first 
 pastor, the Rev. R. M. Edwards and a portion of 
 the congregation withdrew and began services at 
 746 F'ort Street West, their opening meeting at 
 that place being held on November 25, 1S83. 
 On June 22, 1884, Mr. Edwards resigned, and the 
 society ceased soun after. 
 
 Epif)Jiany Reformed Episcopal Church. 
 
 This society was organised and incorporated 
 March 10, 1880, with fourteen members; during the 
 year the number increased to forty. The first 
 
 EPIFIIANY RkFORMUU EllSCOI'AL ClIL'RCH. 
 
 services were held in what had been St. Mark's 
 Protestant F^piscojial Church, and the society fur a 
 time controlled that projjerty. It was eventually 
 turned over to its original owners, and the societv 
 built a new church on the south side of Myrtle 
 Street near Trumbull Avenue. The lot cost $600 
 and the church $1,400. 
 
REl'URMEU Ll'lSCUl'AL CHURCHES. 
 
 593 
 
 Lrhasl the; 
 
 cd a build 
 ith Avenih 
 rx), ami tip 
 he buildiiiv 
 fire on May 
 
 on July 5, 
 rector was 
 Fox Island, 
 irved from 
 Rev. R. M. 
 , 1880. 
 
 Averajje 
 5. Pastor's 
 1,000. 'Ilie 
 81, and the 
 
 to $2,300. 
 
 title to the 
 V of the first 
 X portion of 
 1 services at 
 
 meeting at 
 T 25. 1883. 
 ;ied, and the 
 
 Tiie church was first used on l",aster Sunday, 
 1S80. It lias two iiundrt'd sittini^s, and the averai^e 
 Sunday inorniiiv; atU'nd.ime during tiial year was 
 60. The total annual expenses were §400. 
 
 Up to if?S3 the society had no rccjular ordained 
 p.istor, altlu)Uj,di in i8S_' it was supplied for a time 
 liy Rev. Dr. W. II. I'oole. The services since that 
 lime have been conducted by Rev. Frederick 
 Woolfenden. 
 
 Fmaiiiiil Rt-forincd Episcopal Church. {Extinct.) 
 
 'i'his .society was or^^■ulized in January, 1879, by 
 Ki. V. 1'. H. Morgan. The first meetings were held in 
 
 the First Congregational Church, and subsequently 
 in Young Men's Hall, in tiie Tabernacle Cliunh on 
 -south side of Dufiiekl Street near Woodwartl Ave- 
 nue, in the V. M. C. A., and St. Andrew's Halls, 
 in the Opera House, the Industrird .School build- 
 ing, and then again in the Tabernacle Church. 
 The society was incorporated on February 13, 
 1879. Rev. Dr. Morgan left in January. 1881, 
 and after that date services were conducted by lay 
 readers. 
 
 Number of members in 1880, 110. Average 
 attendance, 35. Total yearly expenses, S35t>. I'l 
 .March, 1882, the society disorganized. 
 
 Church. 
 
 incorporated 
 during the 
 The first 
 
 St. Mark's 
 
 kociety 
 
 for, 
 
 eventually 
 the society 
 
 of Myrtle 
 k cost $600 
 
ClIAl'TK K LX. 
 
 Till': rKi:siiv'i'i:Ki.\N fin'Rcni:s. — occ/Xsions or i\'i'r.Ki:sT to i'Ki:sr.vTi:RiAN- 
 
 PRKSr.Vrr.RIAN' fHURCIIKS. 
 
 I'iist P>i'il>yti-n\in C/iiiit//, 
 
 The oriraiiizalioii known as ilic First Protestant 
 Society inlK'ntfil the title, l)iiil(iin.i;, and pn)|K'rty 
 of the (lid soiieiy wliose name it bears. Ily tiio 
 adoption of certain Articles of Kailii, on Jannary 
 25. I.S25, it became a I'resbyterian Church, with 
 twelve male and thirty-seven female members, 
 and became the third Protestant denominational 
 
 Mary Unnt, Sarah Hubbard, Tlicodocia C. Piiu, 
 Nancy Caniff, Mary Llillett, Sophia Seymour, iau y 
 P.rown, Melicent Hunt, Mar\' Kico, Slary Owin, 
 .Matilda llurd, Asenalli Lee, ICmily l)emin,i(, Ann 
 Henry. M this time the society h.id no minisii r. 
 Rev. Noah M. Wells, who had been previously calkd, 
 arrived in May, 1835, and Ijccame the first pastur. 
 ' .. November 5, 1S25, the (iovernor and Judvjcs 
 '.•red that ;i Deed issue to the trustees of \\w 
 .tant Church fur the ground lieretofure ordend 
 
 1^34 5 67 
 
 \\v.\\ (IP Cin'KiiiKN ON Kast Side 01 WHonu \i>ii Avrni k is 1S41). 
 
 1. I'ir-t Milliiidisl K.|iisiii|)al Chiircli. 2. CoiiKri'^!-; Slri it. ; ( Hd liiinliaril iUiildink'. 4. St. I'aiil's 
 l'.|)iMii|Kil t'liiiii li. 5. Scssioti kiiiim. Ci. I'irst I'lciliytiiiaii (liiiirli. 7. I..inii(l Stirrt. 
 
 church oru^anized in Detroit. The names of the 
 rirst members wen as follows: Stephen C. Henry, 
 Enrotas P. Hastings, John J. Demini^, Ashbel 
 S. Wells, Klijah Converse, J. W. Woolsey, Seth 
 Beach, Cullen Brown, Justin Rice. Wm. B. Hunt, 
 l^hebe Crosby, Mary Chapin, Catharine Jones, Panny 
 Mack, Hannah Roby, Plli/.abcth Noble, 'Pemperance 
 Mack, I.ovicy Cooper, Rebecca Converse, F.lizabeth 
 Cass, Marujaret An Irain, Jane Kelly, Jane Palmer, 
 Martha 'Pen Eyck, Mary J. Scott, Almira Willco.x, 
 Pydia Sanderson, Mary McMillan, Abivjail (ioodwin, 
 Mary Brewster, Achsah (ioodin, Lucretia C.oodwin. 
 Catharine Bronson, Ann Hunt, Ruthv P^dwards, 
 
 to be conveyed to them." This deed, which was 
 the first one made for the proiierty, it^ave them what 
 was known as the " Pnijlish buryinn-nroiuid." (Hi 
 Woodward ,\\enuc, includinj^ all of the block west 
 of the alley between Woodward .Avenue and Ikites 
 ■Street. The (\i.xi.\ is datetl December 9, and was 
 recorded December 21. 1835. 'Phe ijift was cer- 
 tainly a munificent one, even at that day. 
 
 In 1S27 the city came into possession of the Mili- 
 tary Reserve and bufldinirs of old Fort Shelby, on 
 Fort Street, and in September the Assembly Room, 
 or Military Hall, was removed to a lot on Pariud 
 Street in rear of the church. It was there used ;is 
 
 l5';4l 
 
TIIL: rKEbBVTLKlAN CllURCHKii. 
 
 595 
 
 TKKIAN-., 
 
 ;. .scssioa-ruom, 1k)IIi by llic Common Cuunoil and 
 111- cluirch. Tliis same year llic luvsbyli'ry of 
 I I troit was cri'aU'd, (oiisistinif of Rev. N'oali M. 
 \\ ills, of Detroit, Rev, i;. rriiuc, of i'arminjfton, 
 lUv. Isaac W. Kiii;v;k'^. "f I'oiitiac, Rev. William 
 M, Kerry, of Mackinaw, and Rev. William 1 'age, of 
 Monroe. 
 
 tlicre was a revival 
 
 |SJ2, 
 
 In March or Apri 
 a' Detroit, anil sev- 
 enty persons joined 
 llie eluireli. In tlie 
 sin-ing of 1833 tlie 
 ihiirch erected a 
 liiifk session-room 
 1)11 Woodward Ave- 
 iinc, and durinij the 
 year Mr. Wells re- 
 sli,aied. After his 
 departure the pulpit 
 was supplied by 
 Rev. r.enrjje Horn- 
 ell and Rev. (".eori^e 
 .Sheldon until June, 
 1S34, when Rev. J. 
 P. Cleveland be- 
 came the pastor. 
 
 A plan for a new 
 church had been 
 drawn by AInn/o 
 Merrill, .as early as 
 ICS31. In the spring 
 of 1834 the work of 
 erection was beijun. 
 •Maiison Sheley was 
 the contractor. As 
 a preliminary step, 
 the ohl wooden 
 church was sold. It 
 was purchased by 
 Robert Hilton, who, 
 with Mr. Caniff, 
 John Farrar, and 
 others, proposed to 
 establish a Univer- 
 .salist Church. The 
 biiildinir was moved 
 to the northwest 
 corner of Michij^an 
 .\ venue and Hates 
 
 Street, where it became a Roman Catholic Church. 
 After the sale of the church the coni^rejijation met in 
 the Capitol until their new church was completed. It 
 was of brick, sixty by ninety feet, with a s'-'- -«le one 
 hundred and thirty feet high. The total cost .esched 
 830,000. 
 
 It had one hundred and forty-six pews, with 
 galleries on three sides, and seated nearly one thou- 
 
 FiRST Presdvterian Church. 
 
 sand persons. It was dedi-'.-Ued April 28, 1835. with 
 a sermon by the pastor, and tlie exercises were 
 m.ade particularly interesting by the singing of an 
 original hymn written by Mrs. L. II. Sigourney On 
 May J7, 1.S35, Rev. Mr. Clevel.ind was regularly in- 
 stalled. At this time the church hail two hundred 
 and twenty members. Mr. Cleveland resigned in 
 1S37, and on November 26 preached his farewell 
 
 sermon from Jonah 
 iii., 2. On October 
 I, 1838. Rev. Geo. 
 Dutlield became 
 the pastor. On t)c- 
 tober iC> following, 
 a clock, which had 
 been contracted for 
 three months 
 before, was com- 
 pleted and began to 
 keep town time in 
 the tower. In Jan- 
 uary, 1840, Horace 
 Hallock started a 
 branch Sunday 
 school in the City 
 Hall, which was 
 continued for nearly 
 three years, with an 
 average attendance 
 of some three hun- 
 dred scholars. 
 
 In December, 
 1844, the society 
 lost a number of its 
 members by the or- 
 ganization of the 
 First Congregation- 
 al Church. On Feb- 
 ruary 1 1 , 1 849, other 
 members left the 
 congregation a n d 
 founded the Sec- 
 ond Presbyterian 
 Church. In Febru- 
 ary, 185 1, the old 
 brick session-room, 
 with the ground on 
 which it stood, was 
 sold ; the building 
 was torn down, and a brick block erected the same 
 year. 
 
 In the fall of 1852 Dr. Duffield visited Europe 
 and Palestine in search of needed health and rest. 
 He remained abroad about a year, and during his 
 absence the pulpit was supplied by Rev. Myron 
 Barrett. 
 On January 10, 1854, the church, with several 
 
50 
 
 'Illi: l-kKSMYTKRlAN CIIUUCIIKS. 
 
 otlirr biiililiiins in ;m .iiljiuciit hlink, was riiliiily 
 biiriicil. \\ lun llu' llaiiK-s i-aiiKl>t tlic tail sliijili' it 
 was a mav^niluiMl si^lit. AfliT tlir lire tlic ninains 
 of tlu- iilil IhII wliicli had lalkil tlKHisaiuls to piayir 
 ami praise wiiv liiiK '"H *'f ''"' 'H'"'*. ""il luinuTtiiis 
 soiivi'iiiis in till' siiapi' of tr.i-i)(lls \\v\v cast. 'I'licy 
 vvtTc iiisiribcil, " Tart i)f tlif ulil bell (iistiiiyeil Jan- 
 uary ID, 1S54." and iradilysolil at S5 eacli, lirinKins 
 many dniiars iiitn llif fund for a lu-w ihnicli. 'I'lie 
 oil! bill lin.iiis no mnrc for lire, but its voice in 
 many luniseliolds i,jives a welcome eall to tea and 
 toast. 
 
 Dn July 15, tlie tir.st Siinilay after llie lire, ser- 
 vices wire lield in firemen's Hall, and in the old 
 VouniL; Mens Hall nii Janu.try 2iS, and eonlinunnsly 
 tliere.ifter until the i ompletion of the new briik 
 cluircli on the northwest corner of Sl.ite and 
 l-'.irmer Streets. 'I'liis buildinj;' w.is dedic.ited Sep- 
 tember 9, 1S55. The lot. oiii' iiundred by one 
 hundred and twenty feet, cost $S,oou; llu chureli, 
 .seventv by one hundred, cost S4'>.ixJo. It has one 
 hundred ,uul forty pews. ;ind .seals about "ik). To 
 ;iid in buildin.iL;' their elunvli the .society received 
 about one half the net proceeds from the .s.ile 
 of the old property; the rest w.is jL^iven to the 
 Jelferson Avenue anil Fort Street rresbyte'iaii 
 churches. 
 
 In M.uvh. 1862. the side ijalleries in the audience 
 room were removed :i\u\ other improvements m.ide. 
 In .\pril. 1S05, Kev. W. .\. MeCorkle was called as 
 assot i, lie pastor. 'I'liree ye. us Liter, in June. 1S68, 
 while Dr. Dullield w.is ii^ivin;;- .m .address of wel- 
 come to the ilele!i;.Ues of the Intern.iiional Conven- 
 tion of the '1'. M. C. .\., a sudden illness sei/.ed him, 
 from which he did not recover, lie died June :6. 
 All elevjaiU marble tablet, with nudallion portrait, 
 W.IS erected ;is a memori.il .it the rii.;ht of the pulpit. 
 His associate continued as p.istor until May, 1S71, 
 when he resivjned. In Sei)teml)er. 1871. Rev. Dr. 
 li. 1). li.iker became the pasior. He was installed 
 on October ;>. 
 
 The pastor's .saLiry in 1880 was §3,000. The 
 cost of the choir. S'.-oo. The sexton w.'is paid 
 S300. The total annual cNjieiises. reaching $6,000, 
 are almost entirely defrayed by the receipts from 
 pew rents. The property in iSRo w.'is estini.itcd 
 to be worth S55.000. The a\eraj;e attendance ai 
 the mornint; services was 400. Number of mem- 
 bers in 1830, 86; in 1840 and 1850, the same num- 
 ber, 44S. is reported in e.ach decade; in 1S60, 300; 
 in 1870, 368; in 18S0, 733. 
 
 This society has the favored distinction of Iieiiv.; 
 the only one th.at h.as ever .ittempted to sust.iin ,1 
 .school for the Chinese. Since 1S72 ,1 number of 
 these " Celesti.ils " have been foimd here on every 
 Sabb.ith. in the care of faithful and benevolent 
 teachers. 
 
 Siii/,/i <<>■ Ciiittal Pitshytii iiUt C/iioi/i. 
 
 The |)reliminary meetiiij,; which resulted in t! 
 orj(.ini/ation of this chureli was held in a mom < 
 the old City Hall, on Novembei lu, 184J. Tw 1 
 weeks .after, tlie lot on the northwest corner ^ 1 
 I'.irmer .ind U.ites Streets w,is purch.ised for Sso'i. 
 and a plan for ,1 wooden church, forty by se\eiiiy 
 feet, ,iv,reed upon. 
 
 The buildinv; W.IS opeiieil for worship in an luiii 
 islied stale on September C\ 1S43. Kei^ular servi( ( s 
 
 ThK CkNTR.VL PRKSllVTliKl.\.N ClICKCII. 
 
 in the completed church bixnn in October, 1844. It 
 cost $3,500 and seated 6ou. On I'ebruary 21, 1845, 
 tlie society decided to unite with the rniteil .Asso- 
 ei.ite Church of Scotland, and on .April 14 followiiiji; 
 a church w.is fully orv;.ini/.ed. with sixty-tive mem- 
 bers, and Rev. D.avid in^jlis ;is p.istor. He resi.v;iuil 
 on May i, 1846, and was succeeded by Kev. Mr. 
 Torrance, who preached for ab ui six weeks. Kev. 
 Mr. Dalrymple. from Scotland, then .served the 
 eliurch for two months, but declined .1 call. 
 
 Rev. John Mcl.ell.in entered upon the pastorate 
 in December, 1847, was inst.illed in 1848, and re- 
 signed in April, 1.854. Rev. John Hogg, the next 
 
Till". I'RF.SnYTKKIAN CHURCUFIS. 
 
 597 
 
 'finnh. 
 
 iiliiil ill li 
 I a roniii 1 
 1842. 'I V, . 
 it rorniT 1 
 ,hI (iir S5110, 
 y by sfviniy 
 
 • ii) ail iiiirin- 
 ular siTvicis 
 
 )lxT. 1844. It 
 
 IV :i. \^A'y 
 (1 Asso- 
 iilldwiniL; 
 
 lua 
 
 Iriii 
 |l 14 f 
 
 Ixtv-tivi' I1U I 
 
 11- 
 
 lli' irsiv;iut 
 
 bv 1 
 
 \l'V. 
 
 Wll'KS, 
 III SCl'VCi 
 
 all. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 K.v. 
 
 d llic 
 
 1 the pastorate 
 1848, and ri.- 
 logg, the nuxt 
 
 |i UM", st-rvid frciin 1 )((t injur, 1.S54, ti> .\|)ril. iKyS. 
 II, was .sill Tii'di'd by Kt'v. Stcplirn llaliiur, who 
 w i^nriiaiiiiMl in Novi'inbrr, iS^o, and rt">iv;inil July 
 I. iSdo, Diiriiiv; llir iiixl tlirif yiais tluir was no 
 n .; liar pastor. Dii July 29, lSf)i;, Krv. (irorm' 
 M Kitii Millii;aii was inslalli'd. During; his pas- 
 t.'i.iti' till' old I'iiiirrli was sold, .ind iiuntd to 
 \\ .i^liin^ton .\\iniK'. 
 
 A brick cluinh sv.is bi\Min. and tlu- basfiiirnl 
 Ills! iisid on July, \, 1S71. ( )n No\iinl)cr 5 fol- 
 jiiAiiiv;, till' main aiidiiiu'i' room u,i-i di'diialid. 
 liH ImliiVn till- 
 i; 1 1 li'iii'S, tlir 
 fliiirch si'.its 
 I, '■ lo, and fost 
 ji'o.ooo. On 
 A|iril 12. 1879, 
 till riinv;ri"^.il ion 
 (1( . idcil Id iinilc 
 with ihf ,\mu ri- 
 c.iii I'rcsiiyU'ri.in 
 C'liiiiili, and till- 
 11,1 nil' of the 
 I'liiirch, t'xci'pt 
 fur lorporatf 
 purpnsi's, was 
 rli.iiii^fd lo C'fii- 
 iral rri.;>bytiri- 
 ,in. Mr. Milii^.-m 
 SI "111 afli'r w- 
 sii^iitil till' |ias- 
 tiiiaic.pri'.uhinvj 
 ills Liivwrll srr- 
 iiiiiii on OitobiT 
 1,1X76. Ill- was 
 siici'fi'di'd bv 
 Ki'v. Willi. tin 
 Sti'iihcnson.who 
 was railed on 
 Oiidbcr 24, cii- 
 Urcii iipiiii his 
 iliitirs Niivrm- 
 Inr 15. was reg- 
 ularly installed 
 (111 ! )(Cfnibi'r 1 1, 
 
 1^7^'. and resigned on Febrii.iry 25, 1S78. On 
 A|iril 25, 1879. Rev. J. F. Diekie was installed as 
 his successor. 
 
 The average attendance .at morning service, in 
 iStSo, was 4CX). The pastor's .salary was $2,000. 
 The total church expenses were §2,760. 'I'he num- 
 ber of members in 1830 was 300; in i860 and 1870 
 the number is given at 350 for each ilecade ; in 
 1880 there were 292 members. 
 
 For/ S/n-it CJiurcJi. 
 The beginnings of this society gave no indication 
 
 I'oKr SlKllir I'RlihllVTEKlAN Ciieiaii. 
 
 of its |)reseiil strength .111(1 iiilliieiice. The lirsi 
 record st.'ites ih.n on August 7, iS4<S, the First I'res- 
 byteri.m I'hiircli ap|)omted .1 committee to co-oper- 
 ate with Kev. K. K. Kelloyg in otablisiiiiiv; ihe 
 society. On September lo he commenced holding 
 services in the old c.ipiiol ; on Febru.iry 21, 1849, 
 a society w.is fully organi/.ed with lwenty-si.\ nu'in- 
 bers, and on .March 19, 1849, was incorporated 
 as the Second i'rcsbytcri.in Church. In August 
 following they began the erection of a brick church 
 on the southeast corner of l..if,iyette .\vcnue ;md 
 
 W.iync Street. 
 
 'I'he building, 
 forty-live by 
 seventy-live feet, 
 was dedicated 
 on .April 7. 1850. 
 It cost S4.364. 
 On .M.iv2i,i85o, 
 Kev. K. K. Kel- 
 logg w;is in- 
 stalled .is the 
 pastor, ;ind con- 
 tinued as such 
 until he ri'signcd 
 on September 1, 
 1853. He was 
 suc( ceded by 
 Kev. llinry 
 Neill, who en- 
 tered upon the 
 p.astor.ile in Jan- 
 nary, and was 
 installed ( )cto- 
 ber 18, 1854. 
 During his i)a.s- 
 tor.ite the church 
 buililiiig on the 
 southeast i orner 
 of I'"ort and 
 Third Streets 
 was erected. 
 The lot cost 
 $7,000, and the 
 buildingS7o.ooo. 
 It was dedicated November 18, 1855. It was built 
 of lime-stone, the main .iiidicnce room was si.xty 
 by ninety feet, had 120 pews, and .seated 1,000 per- 
 sons. The basement was twelve feet high and 
 would seat 4cx). The height of the sjiire from the 
 ground to the top w.is two hundred and thirty feet. 
 On the com|iletion of the new building, the old 
 church was sold to the I'nitcd Presbyterian Society. 
 On June 17, 1857, Mr. Neill resigned. The 
 church was then supplied for three months by Kev. 
 P. S. liyington. lie w.is succeeded by Kev. James 
 Means, who remained six months " '^ " 
 
 Kev. Dr. Etrin 
 
59^ 
 
 TIIF. I'kl-.SnvrKRI.W CHIJKCHKS. 
 
 Hall then prcadicd 'wo iiioiulis, aiul was fnlKiwcd 
 l)y Kcv. \V. A. McCnrkl.. Kiv. A/ariali Kldrid'^c 
 was installi'd |)asl(>r dii December 2, i.SyS. ( >ii 
 Marcli 19, i<S5i;, by s|)eeial A( I of llu- I.ei;islalure, 
 tile name of tlie sneiety was (hailed In I'orl Street 
 I'resbyteriari C'litireli. Mr. l''.ldiidv;e resiv^iied mi 
 hme 4. 1.S65. Ktv. W. II. Claik tluii siiiiplied tiie 
 pulpit for three nionths. In detober, iSC>5, Kev. S. 
 'I'. Clarke beiijan his ministry, lie was inst.illed 
 July I, 1866. and resii^med in Novemlier, F.S6.S. On 
 l'"e!)riiary 8, 1869, a < ,il! was extended to Kev. Ar- 
 thur T. I'ierson, of Waterford, New \u\l, who was 
 installetl May 5, i86r), In Aii,i,Mist, 1882. lie resii;ned, 
 and on J.innary 7, 188-5, Rev. A. I'. Tinker entered 
 upon the pastoiate as his siieei ssor. <i»\iiiv; to poor 
 health, he was able to serve bin a few nionths. .•ind 
 on M.ireh 1, 1884, he r'jsigiied. lie was siieeeeded 
 by Rev. II. r. Miller, 
 who ei-immeiu"ed to 
 serve as pastor in 
 April. 1884. 
 
 On January 30, 
 1S70, ,1 yoinii; peo- 
 l>le's pr.iyeiineelini; 
 was est .ibiished, 
 and this year the 
 entire interior of the 
 eliureli, and as lar 
 as necessary the 
 exterior also was 
 repaired and ini- 
 jiroved at a cost of 
 $3o,cxxj, and on the 
 ( veniii.i^ of I )eet'm- 
 ber 29, i87(j, the 
 ehnreh was re- 
 opened witli ,1 \(ieal 
 and instninienl.il 
 concert. .About 5 
 A. M. on M.ircli 25, 
 1876, a tire broke 
 out in the ciiiirch 
 w''ieli destroyed the 
 bnildin^. Whitney's 
 ( )per.i House was 
 then env^;ii;i'd for 
 th( S.ibb.ith ser- 
 vices, and the pub- 
 lic, as well as the 
 oid cron.nre.i^ation, 
 thronjjed tlu' biiiid- 
 itii,' from S,;l)b,itli 
 
 to Sabbath. Meantime the work of rebuililini^ the 
 church went forward, and as the old pl.an w.is 
 elos<'ly followed, the present building js .ilmost a 
 fac-siniilc of the origin.il. 
 
 J. was dedicated on June 10, 1877. The expense 
 
 of reconstruct ing .amounted to about $<p,ooo, twi 
 thirds of the .imotint being provided by the insui 
 ance. .\li the .appointments of the church ai. 
 exceplion.illy compl<lc, even to ,1 servici: of tabli 
 wan; for festi\;il use, made expressly for tlieehur( h, 
 with ;i picture <if ilie biiilcHng on i.irl 
 piece, J. I). I l.iyes. .after the lire, diipli 
 citing his original gift of lifteen hinidic 1; 
 lieces. 
 
 The p.istor's s.il.iry in 1880 was §4,500. 
 
 The choir cost $i,vx>. I'he sexton w.a. 
 
 Kiid $770. The loi.il expenses were 
 
 §7,5(X), .and ?ig.<Kx) w.is received from 
 
 lew rents. The ]iro|)erlv w.is tlnii 
 
 N.llued .It §l(XJ,0()n. 
 
 The church h.is 
 sittings for 1,3'xi. 
 The .avcr.agc ;ii- 
 tcnd.incc at Sund.iy 
 morning service 111 
 I 880 w.as 8 50, 
 Nimibcr of mem- 
 bers in 1850, 62, 
 in 1860, \ijC} ; ill 
 1870, 282 : in 1880, 
 686. In .addition to 
 its own Sund.iy 
 sell, ij, the chini h 
 sheltered for m.iny 
 ye.irs ,1 .Sund.iy 
 school which W.IS 
 esl.iblished in 1833 
 in a public schiml 
 liuilding in the 
 flight h W.inl. 
 When .s( hool build- 
 iiij^s could no longer 
 bi' used for Sund.iy 
 schools, the siliodl 
 w;is '•einoved to this 
 (lllirell. where it 
 w.as held until 1874, 
 when its eoiitinii- 
 aiice was no Ioniser 
 deemed desir.able. 
 In its e.ailii r lifi' il 
 accomplished gre.il 
 good. 
 
 Jl'.IFI'KSDN AVKNIK I'misr.VTIiUlAN f'lll'RCIt, 
 
 JijU'irsoii Aiuiiui 
 CliurtJi. 
 
 '{"his society was 
 incorporated J.innary 25, the cluire'.i was org.ini/.ed 
 I'ebru.iry 8, 1854. and began Sund.ay-sehool ser- 
 vices in the old I>eti<iil Institute, ,1 n. hool buildiii;.; 
 on the north side of Jefferson Avenue, lietween 
 IJe.uibieii .and St. Anloiiie Streets. 
 
iHK rKi:.siivii;KiA\ churciiks. 
 
 599 
 
 ip.CXX), tWi 
 
 y tin: iiisiii 
 clmrcli .11' 
 •(■ of l;il)li 
 
 llic clninii. 
 
 n^; on (■;i( I, 
 
 lire, (liipli 
 
 (11 liiindrcii 
 
 \v;is $4.SO(i. 
 
 SfXifill W.is 
 
 iiiiscs wxn 
 civcd frniii 
 was llicii 
 .il !iiil(X),(X«). 
 
 cliiirih lias 
 
 fur \,y>". 
 
 ;ivcraj;c at- 
 
 ic at Siiiulay 
 
 yi stTvi<(' in 
 
 was S50. 
 
 T (jf nicm- 
 
 II 1X50, O2 , 
 )o, \f/i ; in 
 !S2 : in iSSo, 
 
 III ailllilidll Id 
 
 ai Sunday 
 
 , till' <liiinli 
 
 (■■1 ((ir many 
 
 ;i Sunday 
 
 wliicli was 
 
 cd in 1S53 
 
 )lir scIkkiI 
 
 ;^ ill IIk- 
 
 Ward. 
 
 Iidol lilllld- 
 
 d no Iniv^cr 
 
 for Snnd.iy 
 
 ilic SclllKll 
 
 lOVl'd In lliis 
 
 wlicrc it 
 
 I until 1S74. 
 
 Is continu- 
 
 s nc l<)n!.;(r 
 
 dcsir.'lliir. 
 
 niii r lifi' it 
 
 islud gri'.it 
 
 I rom here, in (Jctobcr, ihcy moved to the 
 I. I Coni^rci^at ion.il Cliurcli, on Jefferson Avenue, 
 liic Kcv. Josliu.i t'ook w.is ilicn serving as 
 
 .('// .hull II r 
 liunJi. 
 
 society was 
 ,is orj;aiii/ed 
 -selioo! sei- 
 lonl hiiildin;: 
 lie, bctwetn 
 
 I 
 
 l''RnN I I':N.\( Am.NIIH I'li I-.MIV I KKI AN M l-.-.IUN. 
 
 pastor. In the spriiii; of I.S55 Rev. Ilui^li Me- 
 IJriiy took eli.irge of llie eonv;re.i;.'ition, and on 
 December 9 of the s.une yar the briek eiuircii 
 on the north .sidi; of Jefferson Axcniie, between 
 Russell and Riv.ird Streets, w;is dedi(.iled. The 
 ( hurrh with lot cost §50,000. The .-ludienee room 
 is sixty by ninety fei't, 
 with otu; hundred .and 
 seventy pews, .-md will 
 scat I, (XX). Mr. Mel'.lroy 
 was inst.illed .as p.islor 
 (111 July 2, i.S5r), and died 
 Hccember 24, 1.S57. A 
 lahlct of It.ili.m m.arblc, 
 111 the cliureh. bears tes- 
 tiiiiDiiy to his worth. 
 
 1 1(' w.as succeeded by 
 Ki\-, W illi.am lloi^.irth, 
 1). 1)., who W.IS iii- 
 si.illed Jul)' ^o, 1858, ami 
 resi,i;ne(l July i ^, 1.^73. 
 The pulpit w.ts llu n su|)- 
 p'icd bv x'.irious ckTi.^'y- 
 nicu until M;iy 6, 1.S75, 
 niieii Rev. R. J. L.iid- 
 i.iw w.as iiisl.illed. I le 
 icsi^riicd I'ebru.iry (S, 
 I ^^78, and W.IS succeeded 
 in M.iy by Rev. I'"., ii. 
 
 Mason, who \\,is inst.ii'id on May 15, i.S7(;. In 
 llic(;niber, iK.Si.lic r(si;.;iie(!, and on April K;, I1S82, 
 Rev. K. II. Ki'lloj^v; was ord.iiiied his successor; 
 
 lu! i(siv;ned iii .-ie|)teml)er following- 'he next 
 regul.ir p.istor, the Rev. Thom.as A. lloyt, o;v;an 
 his Labors in April, 1883, and in May, 1S84, w.is 
 Kuecceded by Rev. T. S. Hamliii. 
 
 'i"!ie p.istor's s.il.iry in i88(j was $3,250. The 
 ( hoir cost §1 ,(x;o. The sexton was |).ii(l §3^15. The 
 tol.il yearly expenses were §5,250, .and §4,250 were 
 r.iised from |)ew nnts^ Number of members in 
 i860, i8(;; in 1870,346; 111 :88o, 360. The .aver- 
 age allcndaiicc ul incjrning service in 1880 was 300. 
 
 This church for a time had ch.artje of .1 mission 
 school ill 1 l.imtr.iiiK k, which w.is commeiKcd in 
 1803. in . I room at the M.irine llosiiil.il. ( )ii I'cb- 
 rii.iiy (i, i87(j, .a new buildinv; erected for the school 
 w.is dedicated. Il is located on the southe.isl ( oriuT 
 of I'roiiteii.ie Avenue .and Idiiv^rcss Si, eel. The 
 lot C()si S5'J<^^. ''uid the building; S3,5(xj. It si'.its 3(j(). 
 Ill 1882 the school was placed in iliarge of the 
 I'resbyteri.ui Alliance. 
 
 W'lsthiinslir Cliinu li. 
 
 This .society was organized with thirty-one mem- 
 bers, on October 6, 1837, .and incorpor.ited on < )eto- 
 ber 26. The tir.st .services, with Rev. Henry Neill 
 .as pastor, W(r(r held in the United I'resbyleri.in 
 Chureh on Laf.iyetle Avenue, corner of Wayne 
 .Street. The society worshiped there until J.anii- 
 ;iiy 13, 1861, when the briek ehurcli, on the e.ist 
 side of \Vashin.;;l()n Avenue, betwi'en Stale and 
 {ir.and River, w.as dedicated. I'he buiidiuy; w.as 
 
 Wl'.sl MiNsMtK I'Pdi'llVI ICKIAN Cm la II. 
 
 sixty-six bv one hundred feel, .and se.ited livi liun- 
 clnd and lifly persons. 
 
 in April, 1861, Mr. Neill resigned. Ua July 
 
 .■.^' 
 
6oo 
 
 THE PRESUYTERIAN CHURCHES. 
 
 14 Rev. Ci. W. l'ii;iu' intcrcd upon tlu' pastorate, 
 ami was iiistalkd ( )(tol)cr 2;^, i<S6i. In tlic sum- 
 mer of 1866 liis lu-illli failed, and he went al)ro,id. 
 Tlie eliurcli was then temporarily supplied by vari- 
 ous eleri(ymen until July, 1867. Rev. W. E. Me- 
 Laren tiien beeame the pastor, antl soon after ttic 
 building was extensively cniarnjed ami repaired at a 
 eost of §17,000. It w.is rededieated Diiruiber 8, 
 
 1867. .Mr. Mel.aren was inst.illed January 12, 
 
 1868, and resijrned in l'"ebruary, 1S72. He was 
 succeedeci in April l)y {■lev. William Aikm ni, D. 1)., 
 wlio was installed June 5, 1872. 
 
 On Mareh 1, 1873, the soeiety .sokl tlieir jtrop- 
 erty. and it passed into the possession of the St. 
 Aloysius Catliolie Chureh. The last .serviee of 
 the I'resbyteri.in Society was on M;ireh 2. 1873. 
 On the first Sund.iy of the previous November 
 evenin^r services had been eonuneneed in one of the 
 buildings of Harper Hospital, and on and after 
 Mareh 9 all the chureh services were held at the 
 same \i\;n\\ A Sunday school had been conducted 
 in the buildiiii.^ by R. C. .Smith since 1865, and this 
 was now transferred to the church. 
 
 I'rior to their removal, the society had bought, for 
 §16,000, a lot on the northwest corner of Wood- 
 ward .Avenue and Parsons Street. .\ large brick 
 ch.'i]X'l. costing S20.000. was erected on the rear end 
 of the lot. ;md on May 10. 1S74., it \,as dedicated. 
 It seatetl three hundred and si.xty persons. 
 
 Dr. .Aikman resigned on May i. 1877, -'"I'l ^^''T* 
 succeeded by Rev. I'raiik T. Ii.iyk-v. who |)reaclud 
 his first sermon January 27, and w.is installed M.mh 
 7, 1878. On February 11, 1SS3, he resigned on 
 account of his wife's hv.'ilth, and soon .after removed 
 to Portland, Maine. In June, 1883, Rev. Nathaniel 
 West. D. n.. entered upon an engagement for six 
 months; his term exjiired in Nr)vember, and on the 
 26th of that month ,1 c.ill was extended to .and 
 accejUed by Rev. Ci. II. I )iittield, ,ind on .\|iril lo, 
 1884. he was installed. 
 
 In 1S79 the audience room of the ch;i|xl w.'is 
 enlarged, increasing its cip.icity .about tlftv sittings. 
 
 The church eost §35.ocxj :i\-n\ se.its 860. It was 
 first used November 13, and w.is dedicated Novem- 
 ber 29. 1S81. The estim.ited value of the church 
 property is §65.000. 
 
 The plan of the church contemplates a tower on 
 the southeast corner, to cost §7,000. 
 
 The pa.stor's sal.iry in 1880 was §3,000. The 
 choir cost $550. The number of church members 
 in i860 was 72; in 1870. 192; in 1880, 252. The 
 average attendance in 1880 was 350. 
 
 Cnh'iiry Church. 
 
 This church is an outgrowth of a mission Sunday 
 school. The school w.is st.irted in M.iy, 1868, in .a 
 small building on Harrison Avenue which had b;*en 
 
 a grocery; in October it was moved to a cottai^e 
 on Miihigan .\venue near the toll-ga.te. In tin 
 summer of 1869 a lot was purcha.sed on the south- 
 east corner of .Mayberry Avenue and lUitternin 
 Street, .and a frame building, thirty-six by seventy- 
 five feet, was erected at a cost (jf §3,500. It was 
 dedicated December 13, 1869, 
 
 On October 3. 1S72, a church w.as organized and 
 incorporated with sixteen members. Rev. Dr J. 
 (]. Atterbury, the first pastor, served until August, 
 1S74, He was succeeded by Rev. Willi.ani (irandy, 
 as stated si^ ijly. On November 24. 1878, Mr. 
 (irandy resigned, and on October 29, 1879, Rev. d. 
 W. liarlow \v;is installed. 
 
 The church seats 300. The average morning 
 attendance in 1880 was 200. The number of mem- 
 bers. 1 15. The pastor's s.ilary was §1,400. and tin 
 total annual expenses, §1,800. 
 
 
 
 C.M.VAKV Pui:m;\ IF-IJIAN Chikcii. 
 
 Uiu'oit Church. 
 Tliis .society had its beginnings in a mission 
 .Sunday school established by Z. R. P>rockway. He 
 was eflicienily aidvd by John S. Newberry. J;imes 
 and Hugh McMillan, .Mrs. H. .\. Wight, and many 
 others. The school was opened .March 8. 1863. in 
 a primary room of the Piishop School. It was 
 largely attended from the first, and within a ye.ar 
 subscri|->tions were obtained from persons of every 
 denomiii.ition, to erect a building for the sch vil. 
 The last §400 of the amount reci'iveu A.as obtained 
 at a union meeting at the Jefferson Avenue Presby- 
 terian Church, D. L. Moody, of Chicago, makiny an 
 appeal for the money. 
 
nil': I'KKSHVTERIAN CHURCHES. 
 
 60 1 
 
 J. In tin 
 the south- 
 Biittcrnui 
 )y scvfiuy- 
 Kj. It \v;is 
 
 anizcd and 
 <ev. Dr J. 
 itil August, 
 im rinmdy, 
 1S78. mV. 
 ~<-), Rev. (1. 
 
 ;c niornin^Li 
 cr of nuni- 
 00, and tin 
 
 a mission 
 cway. Ill' 
 rry, James 
 and many 
 8. 1S63, in 
 It was 
 hm a year 
 (if every 
 i( srh Mil. 
 s nhtaineil 
 le I'resby- 
 iiaking an 
 
 On March 20, 1864, the eiiai)el, a neat wooden 
 h iildiniL;, was tirst oeeupied. It was located on the 
 n. irthwest corner of Russell and Nai^oleon Streets, 
 and in 1866 was enlarged by an addition, twenty 
 bv thirty feet in size. In the summer of 186S it 
 
 Union Pkesuvteri an Ciicrch. 
 
 was moved across Russell Street to the sjrnunds of 
 the old City Cemetery in order to make room for a 
 new brick building, seventy-t"ive by eighty feet, 
 which was dedicated February 17, 1869. It could 
 scat 2,150 children, and cost §16,000. 
 
 Mr. lirockw.iy did not favor a church org.iniza- 
 lidii, and it was dillicult to determine the fi'll results 
 nf the efforts put forth. In 1872 he was called to 
 aniither field of labor, interest in the school began 
 til w.ine, and fur a lime it \\;is iiilirely closed. 
 
 On May 15, 1S74, the I'resbyterirm Alliance se- 
 cured the property, and on February 18, 1875, a 
 duirch was org;inized with si.xteeii members. Rev, 
 A. F. I lastings w.is appointed p.astor. and continued 
 as such until his de.itli on November 28, 1880. 
 I\( V. Lewis R. Fox succeeded to the pastorate on 
 April 10, 1881. 
 
 The l)uil<ling c.m accommod.ite 1.200 adults, 
 i'lie jKistor's salary in 1881 was §1,500, ,'md the total 
 yearly expenses, §2.000. Number of meirbers in 
 1S80, 105. .Aver.ige .ittendance Sunday mornings, 
 100. \';ilue of iiroperty, $20,000. 
 
 Mtiiiorial Cliurcli. 
 This church is the outgrowth of one of the oldest 
 mission Sunday schools in the city. Tiie school 
 was first est.iblishetl on February 21, nSjS, in the 
 (lerman Reformeil /.ion Church, on Russell between 
 Sherman and Catherine Streets. On July 20. 1S62, 
 tlie school w;is moved to ;i ballon Clinton Street 
 li'tween Russell .and Riopelle Streets, and on (Icto- 
 her 19 of the same vear it w;is moved to the Tenth 
 
 Ward i'tiblic School building on Larned Street. 
 The school diil not tlounsh, and in the fall of 1854 
 it was transferred to the primary school building on 
 Clinton Avenue near St. Aubin .\. venue. In Sep- 
 tember, 1 866, the buildings near by. which had been 
 used as barr.acks, were .sold at auction ; the one 
 which had served as a hospital w.is purchasi d for 
 the -school at a co.st of $3-5- I-ol 70 of the Chene 
 Farm, on Clinton Avenue oppo'^ite the Duflield 
 I'nion School, was leased for .1 term of tifteen years, 
 and on December 31, 1856, the Clinton Avenue 
 Mission Ch.apel Society was incorporated. 
 
 The building was lilted up, and first opened on 
 January 27, 1867; and here the school grew and 
 prospirec'. 
 
 During 1880 Mr. Leonard I.aurense. who h;ul 
 l;eeii conni'cted with the school for many years, 
 conceived the ide.i of building ;i Memorial Chapel 
 in nuinory of his deceased wife, who had been a 
 zealous worker in the school. Rev. 1). M. Cooper 
 propcised to unite in the tnterprise. ami erect a 
 church with the chapel, ;is a memori.al of his 
 deceased f.ither. uKithcr. ,and wife. The jirojei I was 
 entered upon, .and the chapel was dcdic.iied J.anuary 
 16, i(SSi, ;uul on J.inuary 27, 1881, ;i chun h with 
 fifty-one members was organized, with Rev. D. M. 
 Coojur as |-),istor; he was installed on Novem- 
 ber 21. 1883. The church w.is erected at the s.ame 
 time ,as the ch.ipcl. but was not finished until 
 December 17, 1SS2. on wliich d.iy it was form.illy 
 dedicated. The total cost of lots, chapel, church. 
 
 Mf.mukiai. Presiivtkkian Ciu kcii. 
 
 and furnishing was §35,900. nf which amount 
 §2.000 was received from the sale of the old prop- 
 erty. To make up the balance. Leonard I.aurense 
 gave §5.000, Rev. 1). M. Cooper, §25.500. .Adeline 
 S. antl Irene Spragiie. each §1,000. In .addition to 
 the amount already mentioned, Mr. Cooper made 
 
6o2 
 
 THE rRESI5VTr:R!AN CHUUCUKS. 
 
 provision for llic iiniidii df a parsdiiavji' adjoiiiiii.v;- 
 tiic rluirtli, III lost not kss than §(),ooo. I'lic ciuinii 
 is i^niili'il witli a cliiiiu' of fonr lirlls, and srvnal 
 staini'il ijlass windows, wliirli ri'prodiui' tlif ex- 
 ceedingly elaborate emblems and deeorations pre- 
 pared at immense eost of lime and labor for the 
 ter-centenary I'rcbbyteriun celebration held at I'hila- 
 deljihia in 1872. They have not been prodnced for 
 anv other editire, and are artistically and historically 
 the most valuable memorials to be found in any 
 church in the country. I'ollowinjLj the deilication, 
 the pastor arrangeil for a series of memorial dis- 
 coursis.ihe first on December 24, 1S82. by Leonard 
 W. Hacon, 1 ), |)., upnn his i;randfather, David 
 Bacon, and \u> lather. Dr. I.ci'm.iril Kacon, who was 
 born at Detroit. On the day of this ;iddress, an 
 elej;;int memori.il tablet, iilaccd in the church by 
 himself and his relatives, was lor the first time 
 unveileil. 
 
 Addresses were subsequently delivered: 
 
 On Rev. John Monteilh, by John Monteith, of 
 Missouri. 
 
 On Rev. Noah M. Wells, by (.'leorj^e D. I5aker, 
 D. D. 
 
 On C.eorge Dullield, D. D., by D. ik'lhunc Duf- 
 field. 
 
 The subjects suggested by the memorial windows 
 were iliscourscd upon as follows: Italy, bv Ri'V. 
 i Unry C. McCook, I ). 1 )., of I'hiladelphi.i ; .Scotland, 
 by Rev. James F. Dickie, of Detroit; Ireluul. by Rev. 
 J.imes McLcod, (if lUiff.ilo ; I'.ngland, by Rev. \Vm. 
 M. r.lackburn, D. D.. of Cincinnati ; !•' ranee, by Rev. 
 Win. I'. Hived , D. D..of riiiladelphi.i ; Swit/crland. 
 by Rev. II. .\. MacCr.icken. D. 1)., of ritlsbiirgh ; 
 liolunii.i, by Rev. A. T. i'icrsun, D. D.. of Indian- 
 .ipolis : I loll. mil. by Rev. J. Ambrose Wi^hl. D. I)., 
 of Hay Lily; t icrm.uiy. by Rev. /.;ichary luldy. D. D.. 
 of Detroit; Ilung.u-y. by Rev. D.ivid M. Coojier. 
 
 The avcr.ige attendance in i.SSo, on Sunda\ 
 morning, in the ch,i|H-l, w.is 180. Total yearly 
 expenses in 1880. $500. The church hasaccommo- 
 d.ilions for 500 persons; the chapel for 300. 
 
 Truinbull ./■"'< 7///, ■ CInirili. 
 
 This enterprise beg.m with a Sunday school, 
 org.ini/ed M.irch 18. 1877. in .1 sm.ill wooden build- 
 ing ;it No. 484 Trumbull .\vcnue. The pnscul 
 buililing is located on the southcisi corner of Trum- 
 bull Avenue and Fulton Street. The lot is one 
 hundred feet on Trumbull Avenue by one hundred 
 and iwenty-four on Fulton Street. The .society 
 was organized .\ugust 28, 1881, with 72 members. 
 The lot cost §2. 500. ;ind the building and furniture 
 $7.3cw. The chapel w.is dedicated July v 1S81. 
 It is of brick. forly-si.\ by eightv-one feel, .-md seats 
 500. Rev. .Allen M. Dulles became the first piistor 
 in November, 1881. 
 
 L nittii /'ris/iv/ir/\iii C/iuit/t. 
 This society was organi/.i'd May 8, 1853, ;md held 
 ils first meetings in ihc old Wayne County L'ouri 
 
 Tui Miiei.i. .\\i:niic rui;shvn;ui.\N t'liAiii.. 
 
 Koom, corner of driswold ;ind t'ongress Streets, 
 moving from there to the old City Il.ill. ,ind iluii 
 purchasing, for $(),5tx). a church which h.id been 
 erected by the .Second l'resbyleri,in Society, on the 
 southeast corner of l„if;ivctte Avenue .md W.iviie 
 Street. I'lie first ser\ice of the new owners was 
 
 1.'niti:i) Pkeshvtkuian Ciukch. 
 
 held on December 23, 1855, In 1869 the building 
 was extensively improved, at a cost of .about $1 i.otxi, 
 ,ind the selling c,i]),ieity increased from 500 to 650. 
 It was rededieatcd on September 12, 18C9. 
 
THK PRESBYTERIAN CllURCllLlS. 
 
 603 
 
 ria- first pastor, Rev. Saimu'l Palton. was in- 
 s :illi'(l I K-tTinbor :?;, 1S54. Mr. I'alton iliid a(ii r 
 ^iivinij abmit two ami a half years. Rrv. J. 1'. 
 ^ .HI. 1). 1)., bcijaii his labors July 29. was installed 
 Novcmbor 30, itS5(), and on January 20. 1.S7S, re- 
 si^iU'd tho pastorate, preaeliiny; iiis last sermon 
 jchruary 24. He was sueeeedeil by Rev. R. Turn- 
 
 JMlll. 
 
 i'he pastor's .salary in 1.S80 was $1,500, and tlie 
 I. ii.il yearly o.xpen.ses $3.otxj. The nunil)er ,)f nieni- 
 Ivrs in 1.S60 was 30; in 1.S70. 12\; in 1.S80, 301; 
 Tlu' ,iveraj;e atter.d.inee Sunday niorniny; in 1.S80 
 \^''^ 375- '"'i^' I'liiireli ii.ul a ilei)t of $5,000. iu 
 iSSo. which has since i)een i)aid. 
 
 .\n occasion 1 s|)i'ci,il inti'rest to this society was 
 the annual convention of ilie lirst synod of the West, 
 which coniniencetl its sessions in the church on Au- 
 gust 28, 1S83. 
 
 I'rrnch, or French and German Prrs/iyfcrum 
 Church. (Extinct.) 
 
 A society known as tiie l"renili Presbyterian 
 Clnirch was orn.ani/.ed ;is early ,is March ;,, 1854, 
 ,iiul purciiased on ih.it day a lot on the south side 
 (if Catharine Street near Russell Street forS7oo. On 
 September i, 1856, a society called the French .and 
 ilerman I'resbyterian Church was incorporated, and 
 on October 18 following; the orii^inal society tr.ins- 
 ferred the lot to the new orj^jani/alion. A wooden 
 church was then erected, which w.is deilicatcd l'"eb- 
 riiary 22, 1S57. Tlic society did not prove har- 
 inoiiious or successful, .and on \\\x\\ 22, 1S61, a 
 sDciety in ch.irjije of Rev. 11. Miller, a branch of St. 
 John's Lnlher.m Church on Monroe Avenue, ob- 
 tained the use of the buildinvj. It w.is subseciuently 
 sold to still .another Lutheran congregation. 
 
 Rcfornicif Church of .Inicr/ca. 
 
 This society w.is org.ini/.ed in Deci-mber. 1872, 
 with 42 mem!)ers. In August, 1874, lluy dedicated 
 their church, which is on the south side of C.ith.irinc 
 Street in the middle of the block between I)e<|uindre 
 Street ,unl St. Aubin .Avenue. The lot I'ost $650 
 and the building Si.ioo, The building seats 200. 
 It is held in trust by the Uo.ard of Home Missions. 
 Rev. II. R. Boer w.is the tirsi |)astor, serving from 
 l.'^72 to 1874. Rev. M. Rirki'iiocld took charge in 
 1875, and on account of f.iiling health resigned in 
 1877. The cluircli remained without .1 pastor until 
 June 25, 1882, when Rev. (i. Niemeyer became 
 p.istor .md served until June, 18S4. The number of 
 members in 1S80 w.is 38. 
 
 OCIASIONS (IK INTK.RF.ST T(1 PRF.SHYTERl ANS, 
 
 1833, October 12. — Mcctinjj of Synod of Western 
 RcsetTc in Detroit. 
 
 1837, October 23. -First meeting of Synod of 
 Michig.m in Detroit. 
 
 1842, Octol)er 14, — Synod again met in Detroit. 
 
 Den 11 Ukuik.miii (.ihkim, 
 
 1845, June 19 to 24. — Joint Convention of Con- 
 greg.ational ;uul I'ri'sbvti'ri.in ministers and deleg.ites 
 from churihes in northwestern St.ites.' Dr. I.ym.in 
 lleecher and I'rofi'ssor C.iKin V.. Stowe were pres- 
 ent. 
 
 Jmie c;, 1848. Meeting of St.ite Synod. 
 
 M.iy 16 to 29, 1850. The I'resbyteriaii Cicnenil 
 Assembly convened .it Detroit. M.iny distinguished 
 persons presi'iit. 
 
 October 27. 1864. .111(1 July 12, 1870. Meetings 
 of St.ite Sviiod. 
 
 M.iv if> to 30. 1872.-- I'resl)yterian Cicncr.il As- 
 sembly in session in Detroit. 
 
 In November, 1872, the rresbyteri.m .\ili.ince of 
 
 • It is a 1 urioiis lail that r llii' scciiiul Miliiiiu- I'f Dr. jlicilicr's 
 .\ultil'i.i<rapliy, cilili il liy liis son, Uiv. diaries llcrtliiT, this 
 iiu-t'tinK is slalril to liavu Inrii liilil in t'liiiaj^o. TIk' narrative 
 says, "In Iiinr, iS,(s, Dr. Ilriihci allindi-il a ronvinlion ai 
 C liica.i;o, .if t'onK'r<>;ational anil I'rcsbyti'rian I luirclHs. * » * 
 I hi- convinlion was a ^jrcat and vsood ono, whoso inlUnnre will 
 1)1' felt powerfully for nood throiij,;!! all eoniing time. It will, I 
 trust, avert a schism between Conis're.v'alional and I'reshytcri.in 
 Chiirelies and eonsummate and perpetuate their nnioii. * » ♦ 
 I preaelud for the Methodists on llie Salihath, on jiistifieation by 
 faith, witli Kre.it delight and nuiliiplied .Aniens, and the other 
 tokens of emotion and approbation ; and thons'i niy theories 
 often swept aeross their Irarli, ibi- stream of feilini; swept them 
 along, and tliey still cried /\ men 1 ll was a delii;lilfiil tniio of 
 boundless lil)trly and heart melting and llowing onw.ird r>£ the 
 copious stream of triilh." 
 
6o4 
 
 TIIF. I'KKSI'.YTKRIAN CHUKCHKS. 
 
 Detroit was orifaniziHl, and in Frbniary, 1S74, it 
 was incorporated. It is roniposid of tin: sessions of 
 the rri'si)yterian Cluirclies in tlie city, toijether with 
 suil) l'resi)ylerian ministers and elders residing in 
 said city as sliall i)y tleetion be admitted. Its ob- 
 ject is tile foundini; and estai)lisiimcnt of IVesby- 
 terian cimrciies, missions, and .sciiools, and such 
 oilier work as may promote the interests of said 
 denomination in the city of Detroit ami its vicinity. 
 It is a consuitinif and advisory body, M'cnrinu; 
 unity of ojiinion .md harmony of action in mattiTs 
 of common interest. It is sustained by voluntary 
 C(jntrii)utions. When money is needed an .assess- 
 ment is made upon the churches .lecordinn' to their 
 several abilities. This call is usually presented to 
 
 c.icli I hurcli under llic diniiiMii nf its session ;ifli . 
 its own method. 
 
 The presidents have bet'ii : i<S73, Kev. W'm. ilo- 
 IH,uth; 1X74. Kcv. Will. ,\ikman; 1875, Rev. A. T. 
 riiison; 187^), kiv. (leori^e I). I laker; i(S77, Uev. 
 Robert J. I,;iidlaw; i(S7,S, J.acob S. l'';irrand : i(S79, 
 i;iisha Taylor; iS.So, (ieorj^a- W. Ilolfm-an; i.SKi, 
 Rev. James Dickie; i88j, John Cameron ; i'SiS3- 
 Rev, C. \V. Barlow. 
 
 Treasurers: ICS73 ''^7^'' Janies II. Muir; 1.S76 
 , Cicorife v.. I land. 
 
 Secretary: Rev. J. C Atterbury. 
 
 18S0, October 11. Synod of Miclii^an met in 
 Detroit. 
 
CHAP T E R L X I . 
 
 TIIK liAITIsr CIIURCUKS.— OCCASIONS OF IN TliKIlST TO TIIK DENOMINATION. 
 
 /■Vrs/ Pmfitist C/nin/i. 
 
 TliK Rev. Henry Davis, a IJaplist niiiiisicr, is 
 said to have conducted services in the old I'nivcrsity 
 Uuilding, on liatcs Street, in the spring of 1^26. 
 
 ORUilNAI. l!l'lI.T)lN(; 
 
 I'iKST li.M'Tisr CiirucH. 
 
 This date is, prohai)ly, one year too early, as the rec- 
 ords of liie trustees of tiie University do not 
 show that tile use of the i)nildini( was v,rranted 
 prior to .Nhiy 28, K- "^ ; on that dale a rt'soiu- 
 tion appear? ; ■•■'■>\\, "tiiat the IJaptist 
 Society may ha\ . mh f(ir minister for 
 
 si\ monllis." ()u_,.ay3 followiu).;', tiie Detroit 
 (iazette contained a notice tiiat tlie "trustees 
 of the L'niversity had ,i;iven tlie liaptists per- 
 mission to use the lower room of tile academy. 
 I'reaching by Rev. Henry Davis." 
 
 On Aiigiist 19, 1827, Mrs. Nancy Cobel! 
 was baptizeLJ. tliis being presumably the lirst 
 baptism by immersion in Detroit. 
 
 Tin; society was fully organized on October 
 20, 1837. Mr. Davis was compelled to resiGfn 
 on account of failing health in April, i82S,aud 
 oil June 10 of the same year the city donated 
 to the society the Ini on the northwest corner 
 of I'ort anil Oriswold Streets. In May, 1829, 
 Ml. I irowning announced to the church " that 
 he had loncluded to go forward and build 
 a house of one story, twenty-two by thirty-five 
 feet, as .1 meeting room for the church, upon 
 the lot granted by the city loiincil List year," 
 and in November, 1830, the old records 
 speak- of a i)roposition to meet in their house 
 of worship. 
 
 After Mr. Davis left, the chnrcli was without a 
 pastor for .se\eral years, but w.is kept together 
 largely through the faithful efforts of Francis I'. 
 Browning. In 1831 the society \\;is admitted to 
 the Michigan ISaplist .\ssoci;itioii, and in July Rev. 
 S. (ioodman became the pastor, niiiaining one year, 
 after which, notwithstanding tluy were now left 
 without .'I shepherd, the members of the lloek were 
 not hopeless; for in September, 1833, the old frame 
 church w.is .sold to James Witherell, and a new 
 church was begun on the original site. The old 
 building was moved to the site now occupied by the 
 Detroit Opera House. In the .spring of 1S34 KIder 
 Looniis, agent of the New \\)vk Baptist Conven- 
 tion, w;is employed three months, and in November 
 following Rev. Robert Turnbnll commenced his 
 labors. 
 
 On January 11, 1835, the new church was dedi- 
 cated. It was of brick, lifty by seventy feet, with a 
 steeple one hundred feet high. 
 
 On August 31, 1S36, delegates assembled in 
 
 FlUSr IlKH K UaI'TIST ClUKl 11, tOK.NKK 
 
 L605] 
 
 ItlKl A.NU (JKISWUI.U brUliKTS. 
 
C)oC) 
 
 rili: I'.AI'IIST ( IUKCIIKS. 
 
 Itiliiiil. aiul llic r.a|ilisl Si, lie (.'(iinciiliiiii was 
 orijani/cd. I'lir |iastiiratc nf l\c\. I\. runihull 
 lasted two years ami a lialf. Ilellieii went I'.ast, 
 ami as an aiillmr a< liiexid esteiKled fame. It was 
 (I'.iriiiii;- his jiastniale that Mrs. Jatnesoii visited 
 I )etrciit ; she alteiidid ser\ iei- lure, and thus reeords 
 Iht impressimi of the eliiireii and its sir\iees: 
 
 I'lir 1 liLUili is uiii- iif llii' l.iii;<"-l ill llii' liiwn, plain in :i|i|>r;M- 
 aiiir, lint till- iiilriiiir IiiiikImhiu-, mikI in >;cmji| tiislf. 'I'lii- t iimkh - 
 X.itiiiii «.!» Mill (Tdwiliil, liiil I'oinpciMil iif iiiiist rispii liiMc , 
 siriiMis, «i 11 (liisMil |»(i|ili . * ♦ * ( )n rinsing' Ills siriiiiin, III' 
 iiiiiiniriiK'd a iiniycr, iiinl I li.ivr m lilnm lislinid ti> oiiu iniiri' 
 i'liii|iiriilly fcrviiil. Ilnlli llir siiniiiii .iiiiI lln- prayir wire 
 ixtiiii|iiiraii<Miiis. Ml! piayrilliT all pniplr, naliuiis, onli'rs, anil 
 lonililiniis iif iiicii lliri)ii>;liiMii tin- wni Id, iniliiclinK lln Kin>,'<>f 
 (Iriat I'lilain, Imt tl\e prayrr for llic I'lrsiilinl nf llii' I'liiliil 
 Stall's HtriiK'il III nir it litllr nii^liial, iiiiil ailniiralily rait lllaird tu 
 suit tli« t«i> parlii's who arc: at prrsint diviiji-d on tin' nn i it-, of 
 that unitlinian. 'llic suppliant lii'sonjjlit tlic .Mininlily lliil if 
 Mr. \'aii I'.nnn wrnt a noud man, lir nii,i;lil '"' niadi' liilli r, .iiiil 
 if a bad man, In: miijlit I": spi rdily rrgriuratcd. 
 
 Second I^kuk I!.\i iim Cm uoii, cuKNiiK Koki amj Liui^wui.u biKUETb. 
 
 .Vfter Mr. riirnhiill left, the ehureli wa.s i)ast()rless 
 initii I'ehniary, wSv"^. when Kev. ( ). C.Comstoik 
 was seilled (i\er it and remained until September, 
 I1S39. He was su<-eeeded in l'"el)riiary, i<S4i. by 
 Rev. lliiwell Smith, and in Se|)tember of the same 
 year Rev. .Andrew Ten Rrook was ordained and 
 settled as the pastor. In I.S44 Mr. Ten Rrook was 
 ealled to the ehair of Mental and Moral Science in 
 the Michigan University, and in .September, 1844, 
 Rev. James [ni^lis was ordained as pastor. lie 
 remained until the sprinv; of 1S47. In October fol- 
 l:iwinjf Rv'v. Samuel Haskell aeceptetl the pastorate. 
 In I S49 several nu'iiibers (jfnanized the Tabernacle 
 Baptist Chiircti. Rev. Mr. Haskell left in March, 
 
 1852, and Kev. Mr. Coh'er bec.'inic pastor in A])ril, 
 
 1853. He remained until March, \^-,(>, ;ind was 
 
 siieceed((l by his son, Rev. t'hailes K. Cdlver, will, 
 remained until June, 1857. After lie left, thechun I 
 was supplied by Rev. ('■. \V. Harris, editor of tin 
 I'hiistian Herald, and Rev. S. C'onicliiis. ( )n Janu- 
 ary I, 1S5.S, Rev. J. W. ■l'a,i,;X''i'' \^''^ .settled a- 
 pastor. 
 
 In the sununir of 1.S59 the old church was torn 
 down, ami the erection of the third chuich on lln 
 same site was bc^fim. 'I'he corner-stone was l.dil 
 September S, 1859. While the church was bnildiii;,; 
 the c(»n]L;rcv;ation foiuid temporary (|u.irters. lirst in 
 tlu; old Com^rcj^.ition.il Church on JcMcison Avciuii 
 and then in the li.ill in t'oyKs building on Wood- 
 ward Avemic, .iboM- Slate Street. 
 
 In iSfio several membirs of the church orv;ani/eil 
 the Lafayette Street Raplist (.'hurch. Rev. Mr. 
 Ta.v;.i.;art's lal)ors closed in June, icSf.i. bi Ji;l\ 
 Re\'. J. H. ('irinith ((inimeiieed p.isior.'il work, am! 
 in November followin^-^ he was or<l;iiiied. 
 
 After about two ye.irs the con,nre,natiiin 
 bei^an to use the basement of their new 
 chin'ch, and on < >ctol)er 11, i.S^^, the main 
 audience room w;is dedicated. It li.id an 
 avera!.;e width of sixty-six feel and was 
 seventy feet loni; ; the width across the 
 tr.'insepts was eij;hty feet. The tower w,is 
 not completed, but the cost of the church 
 and furiiishinj; reaclu'd giJ5,tx)o. It seated 
 (150 |iersons. 
 
 Mr. (iririith rt'si.i;iu'd on April 14, iSCi;. 
 Rc\. (1. S. Chase succeeded him ill De- 
 cember, i.Sfi7, .111(1 remained until I'cbni- 
 ary, 1870. I k', with otlur members of tin 
 church, then withdrew and formeil the 
 I'ark Sircct I'.aptisl Chuich. 
 
 About this time it was d<'<ide(l to sell 
 the I'ort Street site, and build a new 
 church on the corner of Cass A\i'iiue and 
 I'",i;,U Street. 'I'he lots were boui^hl and 
 a brick cluipcl erecteil, which was lirsl 
 used in May, I.S72. 
 Rev. L. M. Wdodruff, who succeeded Mr. Ciia.se, 
 remained until July. i<S72. In January. 1073, the 
 I'irst and i'ark Street C'liiirches were united, 
 Rev. John M.itihews. of the I'ark Street Church, 
 servinv,^ ,is pastor from i-'ebruary to Noxember, 
 
 1'^/ J- 
 
 In July, 1874, Rev, N. C, Mallory commenced 
 his pastor.ite. He resiirned in 1871;, and was suc- 
 ceeded on July 1 by Kev. /.. Cifenell. 
 
 On .April 25, 1875, the new church on Cass 
 y\ venue w.is dedicateil. The lot has a front;i,ije of 
 one hundred feet on Cass Avenue by one luindretl 
 and lifty feet on Hav^j,^ Street, and cost $9,(xx). Tin 
 lenirih of church and chapel is one hundred and 
 thirty-eitjht feet, and width seventy-four feet. Tin 
 main ;iudicnce room is sixiv-ti\c bv one hundred 
 
TiiK iiAi'Tis'i' ciii:rciii:s. 
 
 607 
 
 Solver, wild 
 
 llic clHinl, 
 
 iior (if ilii 
 
 < )n J;imi- 
 
 scttlcd a-- 
 
 •li was Ion I 
 
 licll oil till 
 
 (• was laiil 
 as hiiildiiii^ 
 <'rs, liist ill 
 ioii Avcniii 
 
 oil \\'(l(l(|- 
 
 li ort;aiii/(il 
 
 K.v, Ml. 
 
 I. ill July 
 
 I work, aiul 
 
 f tlicir new 
 
 )\, llic main 
 
 It had an 
 
 it and was 
 
 across the 
 L' lower was 
 
 llir cliunh 
 J. It seated 
 
 ril 14, 1S67. 
 liilii ill De- 
 iiilil I'ehrii- 
 iihers of the 
 loriiied the 
 
 led to sell 
 
 Id a new 
 
 i\elilie and 
 
 l)<iii]u;ht and 
 
 was first 
 
 Mr. Cna.se, 
 lh73, the 
 ■le united, 
 ■et (.liiireh, 
 
 November, 
 
 iimnieiK'ed 
 (1 was siic- 
 
 h oil Cass 
 froiil.i.i;e of 
 lie hiiiulred 
 ),(xK). Till 
 lulred and 
 feet. The 
 le luiiidred 
 
 The 
 
 h.api'l 
 
 Icet. It lias 122 pews and se.its 700. 
 rost !|>l(),cxj() and the chiireh $5<),(xxj. 
 
 The !eii.v;th of ehiirch ;iii(l chapel is one hundred 
 ,ind thirtv-ei^ht feit, .iiid width seveiitv-foiir feit. 
 
 C\s.s AM'.snc liMiisi (ill Rill. 
 
 Till' I'.astor's s.d.iry in i.SSo w,is $2,500; the choir 
 cost $250; .ind the tot.il annual I'.xpeiisi's wen: 
 §4,500. The ])ew rtnts amounted to S5.000. The 
 proinrty w.is valued .it S75,(xxj. The aver;n.;e .a- 
 tend.ince on Sund.iy inoriiiii).,^ w;is 4(X). Number of 
 nieiiihers in iiS3o, 10; in 1840, 153; in iiS5o, 2(iy, 
 ill i860, 350; ill 1870, 266; in 1880, 421. 
 
 SiKDii/ luiptist Chin I h {.Coloreii^. 
 This church was orff-nnized in 1836, and held its 
 lirst services in jirivate liousi's. As cirly as March 
 ',0 1836, the society contracted for .1 buildiiij; to 
 ( ost S480. The church, however, w.is imi built, and 
 ill 18^1) the society held meetini^s in ;i buildinif .also 
 used for school piir]iosi's. on the south side of Fort 
 Street, between T?eaubien and St. Antnine Streets, 
 subsequently known .is Liberty H.ill. On M.irch 
 18, 1839, the society was incorporated. 
 
 l'"rom .Nuifiist 16 to 20, 1850, the church was 
 oceiipiiil by till' annual meetiiij; of the Auii'i istbuii; 
 li.iptist ■Association, to which the .society l)eloii;;ed. 
 In Septi iiiber, 1851, the society was reeeivid into 
 till' Miclii.n.ui ilaptist As.soeiation, On June 26, 
 1854, the chiircli w;is burned. Services wire then 
 held for ;i time in .in old school-house on the south 
 side of l'"ort near ll.istinvjs Street. In I'ebruary, 
 1857, the society boii^hi their present property on 
 the north side of Cronh.ui iie.ar lie.iiibieii Street for 
 !5>3,8(j<) of the l'"irst (lirni.iii Reformed /.ion Church, 
 which society had built it in 1851. In 1881 it w.is 
 e.Nlensively rei);iired, at a cost of l3;3,ooo. In 1875 
 the church .adopted J. Newton llrown's ll.iptisl 
 Church .Manual. 
 
 .Number of members in 1840, 15; in 1S50, 80; 
 in i8f)o, 221 ; jii 1870, 165; in i88t), 3(/i. Number 
 of sittiiii^s in the church, 275. The .-iver.-ivie .atteiid- 
 .inee .it niorniii,i( service in 1880 w.is 150, 'I'hc 
 p.istor's s.il.iry w.is S7(X), The tot.il yearly e.\peiises 
 were S875. The property w.is v.ilued at $i8,txx), 
 .iiid encumbered with a debt of $1 2,o<xj. 
 
 Ke\. W. C, Monroe, llu' lirst p.istor, sirved from 
 i83<'i to 1847, kev. S, II. 1 ),ivis W.IS ji.istor from 
 1847 to 1 85 1, and W.IS succeeded by Rev. D. Ci. 
 
 Shciinh H must Cm iiRFii CiiuRcii, 
 
 Lett, who remained until 1856. In 1857 Rev. VV'ii- 
 li.im Troy w.as pastor. Tie was followed l>y Rev. 
 (i. \V, Anderson, who served from 1859 to 1861. 
 Kev. S. Chase served from April 1, 1861, to April 
 I, 1874, .and Rev. J. I'. Wills from M.ay i, 1876, to 
 December, 1881. He w.is succeeded on October 1, 
 1882, by Rev. W. R. Davis, who remained only one 
 year. 
 
6< )S 
 
 TIIF: liAI'TIST ClirKCMKS. 
 
 I.AIAYKl 1|. Avi-NIK li.Mllsl ClIl'Klll. 
 
 Lii/irviffi- .Iviiinr C/iiir,/i. 
 
 TIk- first steps towards orjf.uii/.ini^ litis cluircli 
 Will' lalscii at a mci'tiiiv; held on June 3, iSdo; and 
 on June t, folldwiin;, tlfiy-six jJiTsons, iiidslly from 
 till- I'irsi liaptist Clmnli, nnitcd lomtlirr as tlic 
 Lafayette /Vveniie llaplisi (.'lunrli. 
 
 'I'lie sneiety lirst nu't in the 'ral)erna<'ie Cluireli, 
 on Howard lU'ar Second Street. In ( )ttol)er, 1.S60, 
 tile cluirtli was rereived into the Miiliii;an ISaptist 
 .Association. On W'edncNday, I'ebrii.iry 13, 1X61, 
 Kcv. Jdlin Matthews was inst.illed as pastor, and on 
 I)eccnil)er 12. liS6j, the society was incoi|)orateil. 
 In i.sr)3a lot seventy-live by one-hundred and thirty 
 feet, on the south side of Lafayette Avenue between 
 Cass and Kirsi Streets, w.'is piu'chased for $3,1^5, 
 and a cli.ipel scitinyf 250 was eri'cted. it was tirsi 
 used oil janii.iry 31, 1X64. ( )n October 6, 1865, 
 Mr. Matiluws resivjiied, and on December J.S foj- 
 lowin's^ the m.iin chiM-<'h w.is dexlic.ited. The tot.il 
 cost of the church, ch.i|)el, .ind furnishin.i;s, w.is 
 $26,000. 
 
 On jaiui.irv 2<). !iS66. Kcv. M. '{".lylor w.is c.illed 
 as the pastor. I le r(siv;nc(l on September 29, and 
 was succci'ded on November 21, 1866, by l\e\'. 
 Alfred Owen, who was inst.illed I.iiiii.iry 20, 1X07. 
 In May, 1.S7C), the society jirojecti'd ,1 mission 
 whiih desiloped into the l".ii;hlecnth .Street IJ.iplist 
 Church. The jj.istor.it'' of .Mr. Owen closed Jul\' 
 I, 1877, and for a time Rev. !•'. I>. Cressey supplied 
 
 the pulpit. I le was siifceedcd on < >cinbcr 22 of tin 
 .sami' ye.ir Ity Kc\. W. W. Il.immond. I le re.sixmd 
 in December, liS.Si, ;ind Jii' pulpit \\;is icmpor.uilv 
 supplied by v.irions persons until July, i!S,S2. whin 
 Uev. C. I\. Henderson w.is c.ilk'd. He |)reai:liL'(l 
 his lirst sirmon .;.■. the p.islur on .September 3. 
 
 The church h.is 50*1 sittiii,;;s. '!"hc ,i\er.it;e .it- 
 tend, mcc .11 morniui; service in icSSo was ',ix). TIk 
 pastor's s.il.iry was §2,(XJo, the i lioir i nst §i,(X)o, 
 .ind the loi.il ,'innu.il church expenses were l»i.t,4oi). 
 The prnpcriy \\as \;ilncd ;it $35,cxk). Number i>| 
 mcmbirs in i.Srw). 6o; in 1^70, 242; in icSSu, ifid. 
 
 in July, I1S.S3, sever.il members of the sociiiy 
 l)()ii).;ht a lot on the souihe.ist corner of \\dod\\,ii(| 
 Avenue .iiid Winder Street for !iii42,<Kxj. i he lot 
 h.is ;i frontage of sc\(nly-li\'e feet on W'oodw.'ird 
 A\'eniH' by one hiuulrcd and si\ly-li\e on W'indci-. 
 ;iiid the coni;rev;.iiion proposi' tlu' erection of ;i new 
 and costly cluireh. 
 
 ///■*/ (ii-r/ihui ClntPili. 
 
 This society w.is ori^.-mi/.ed .Aui^ust iS, 1S64, anil 
 re<ir;;.ini/cd by .1 Coiiiicil of ILipiist (.'hurches on 
 Janu.iry iS, i.Sf)(_). i'he lirst mcetini^s were held 
 in the I'ri'nch il.iptisl Church, :ind then in the 
 Clinton .Avenue Sund.iy .School buildini;. 'i'heir 
 church, on the norlhwcst corner of St. Aiibiii A\e- 
 nne .ind .Mullet Strict, w.is (Udie.ited May 8, 1870. 
 The lot cost S7<Kj ;ind the church $2,ixm). in ilu; 
 winter of 1.SS2 .md 1.SS3 an addition w.is m.ide to 
 the front of the buildinjj;. it scats Tpi.y. 'I'lie p.ir- 
 sonay;e. on the s.ime lot, w.is built in 1875, and cost 
 S51XJ. 'i'he .i\er,n;e atlend.incc in iSSo w.is 2(X). 
 The p.istor's sal.iry w.is $450, .md the tot.il yearly 
 expenses of the church S</x). \alue of the prop- 
 erty. §3,000. Number of members in 1870,51; in 
 1880, 130. 'I'he followin.i; h.ive .serviil ;is |)ast()rs: 
 S. Thoms, from 1X04 to iXO.S; C. Jnni;, from 1868 
 
 I'lK'^r (liiioM.M IfAiriM' Cmii.cH. 
 
rill. r-Ai'i iM' I III Ki iii.s. 
 
 I )0(J 
 
 22 of tilt 
 • risii;ll(il 
 m|MPr,iiily 
 {82. will 11 
 
 prracliiil 
 -T J. 
 
 •cniKi- at- 
 ',(><). 'I'lii 
 
 si ^I.IHMI, 
 
 re §4.4ot). 
 .iimlur III 
 ;,S(., ]ii(>. 
 lir Miiiily 
 A'l II iiiwanl 
 
 ■\hv llll 
 
 A'l II 111 ward 
 III Winilir. 
 II of ;i iHW 
 
 , 1S64, ami 
 iiiriiu's 111! 
 
 WlTl' llrlil 
 
 III! in llu- 
 iiit^. 'I'luir 
 Aiihin Avc- 
 lay <S, 1S70. 
 IX). Ill llu: 
 ts niadi' 1(1 
 Tin- par- 
 5, and I'osl 
 was J<xi. 
 la! yearly 
 llu; prop- 
 870, 51 ; in 
 IS |)asluls". 
 In 111! li^()i^ 
 
 1, 1876; 11. I rlliiiaii. fri'iii iS/r. til i.S.So. In May, al S''',v>"- 'n Man li, i.S8_', Krv. Mr. ("nsscy ru- 
 
 iSiSo. l'". C KuililiT Ihi anif pasinr, 
 
 Z/c// ('/iioi/i {('i>/i»,;/). 
 
 This Miciily has iin liiiiidiiii;. Il sv.is or- 
 v iiii/<tl in 1870, nitiiiin; al llic liniisc of 
 luiiri;i- I'lciii li, \]ij .M.iriiMiit Sinil. Ki-v. 
 (iiorijf lliirihiil was p.isiiir fniin iS'/otn 1S72, 
 .'iiiil tluy liavf ii.id iiniic simi'. Niinilicr of 
 iikmiiIhts in 1870, .j^, in iS.So, jj. The swi- 
 ciy iiKorporaU'd January Jj. 1871. 
 
 /•,/(,•///(< 7//// S/r,;/ (lull I /t. 
 
 I'iiis rliiinh .^ivw oiil of a inissiun isiah- 
 hshcd hy llii' i.afayrlli' .Xvi'iiiu- Snciilv. .\ 
 imitin,n was lu-liI al llial (liiiri h mi Mav 1, 
 I1S76, to foiisidrr ihf siihicil, ,iiii| mi M.iy 1.; 
 il was (licidcd to cslahiish llir I'i^liitciilh 
 Slicil Mission. .\ lot on the cist sidf nl 
 I'.ijLjliliinlh Slirrt nc.ir M,iri)iii lie v\as piir- 
 rli.isi'd al a I'lisi of :<ii,iiM>, and a i liiin li, 
 (iisiiiiv; S.V4'^-'*' •'"'''itional. w.is iriMtid. Kiv. 
 i , I'l. Cressry. tlif liisl pasinr, li(',^an his labors 
 May 15, and on M,iy 20, 1877, a Siiiid.iv 
 mIiooI was idnmirmcd with one luinilinl 
 .iiiil sixty-two sihol.irs. The linildinn was 
 fiiiinaliy (Icdii'.itiil June v i^>77. and regular 
 liri.iciiini.; scrxici's hci^.in ]\\\\k' 10. 
 
 I lie a\i-r,im' ;illrndaiiri- ;il ciuin li in liir nimn- 
 iii.H, in 1880, w.is 125. 'I'lir .sal.iry of tiic p.isinr 
 Uas §I.21XJ, .111(1 the lol,l! Vf.irlv fXlUllsrs, $1, v>o- 
 111 .Miiy, |S8(), iJic I hiin h w.is inlarv;i'd. and ihr 
 scaliiij,^ cap.u'ilv incrrasid from 275 to jix. I lir 
 |)( \\s .lie ,ill free. 
 
 siv;ii((l, ,111(1 Oil .Match j6 lie wu.s siirciriiiil hy Kcv, 
 M. II. WOrrali. 
 
 
 'rWKLlTll STKBlvr HaITISI CllUKCIl. 
 
 IWilflli Slr,;l ( /////■<//. 
 'fhis is llif oiilijrowlh of a Sniid.iy school ori^,in- 
 
 i/cd ill the f.ill of 187C) ill ihf upper p.irt of ,1 siofe 
 
 on (ir.iiid Ki\er A\eiuie hetueeii 'Iwclftli ;iiid Tliir- 
 
 rile ehlireh proper w.is mvj.illi/ed Jillv I, 1880, teentll Streets. The |)ro',perily of I lie school led to 
 
 Willi one limidred ,illd eivjhteen nieniiiels ; reiilv;ail- (lie ohl.iiiiim; of a lot oil liie smithe.isl coiller of 
 
 i/ed on July 6, ,ind fmin.il reeov;iiilii)n service held rwclllii ,ind 1 .illdcn Streets, .illd the lelllowil ihelelo 
 
 (111 July II, 1880. The properly was then v.ihicd nf the iiiiiised I'.irk Street I'.aptisl t'hureh. On 
 
 l.inuaryf), 1878, the school hist iiicl in tiial biiildiiiv;'. 
 < 111 M.iy 1 Kev. S. W. Titiis coiiinieiieed his labors 
 ,is p.islor. ( )n September h; ;i cluireii w;is ori;;m- 
 ^ i/id, ,111(1 on September 21;, 1878, tlu: society W.IS 
 incorpor.ited. 
 
 The society beii^.in witii forty-one, and in 1880 
 had one hundred .iiid iiiiulieii nunibers. The lot 
 cost §800, and the removal .and relilliiij; the church, 
 §5 50. The ctiurch si;ils 380. The p;istor's salary 
 in 1880 w.is §i,cxx), ,ind the total yearly (;.\pciises 
 ^1,300. The \;iluv of the properly w.is §4.o(X). 
 TIr: .iver.ine ;itleml;ince was 200. In tiie f.ill of 
 1883 the lecture room w;is eiil.irmd .and other 
 imp!-o\'eineiUs m.ide, ;it .1 cost of about SOcx). 
 
 SiiOiii/ (iiiinan Clitiith. 
 
 This society h.id its bejj.innin^s in .1 ( ierm.an 
 Suiulay school, eommeiiced February 20, 1S76, in the 
 
 Eighteenth Stkeet 1!aiti;>t Chukch. 
 
^ 
 
 
 .o.;^>^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 :r«a 
 
 == .r 112 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 Hi I 
 lu 
 
 I 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 lis IIIIM 
 
 1.8 
 
 U IIIIII.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /2 
 
 /: 
 
 ^<s 
 
 > ^) 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 '/ 
 
if 
 
 Q, 
 
 S 
 % 
 
 1 
 
6io 
 
 TllK 15Al'Tlsr CllLRCllKS. 
 
 Calvary I'rcsliytcrian Cliurch. A cluirch was then 
 oriraiii/ed, and willi twenty- live nK'ml)ers was duly 
 recojjni/.cd on y\ii,ijiist 16, 1877, and on S(.'|)tcnil)(.r 
 25 it was received into the Michis^an Ikiptist Asso- 
 ciation. The cluircii biiiidinir, located on tlie east 
 side of Mt. Hope A\cnuc. between Michiijan Ave- 
 nue anil Ash Street, was hrst used ]i\nc 29, 
 and forniaiiy dedicated December 16, 1879. The 
 lot cost $400 and the buikliiin' •*420. The cluirch 
 seats 90. In 1880 there were twenty-four nii'mbers, 
 and an average attendance Stmday morning- of 30. 
 The property was valued at $1,000. 
 
 The church was organi/,ed by Rev. C. Jung, who 
 served as ]iastor \\\i to 1882. On January i, 1883, 
 Rev. A. Freytag became his successor. 
 
 SiieciNi) (Ikuman liAi'Tisr C'licntii. 
 
 Clinton Anionic Church. 
 
 The church building of this society is located on 
 the southeast corner of Joseph Campau and Clinton 
 Avenues. The society was organized November 30, 
 1880, with fifty-two members. 
 
 The (diapel was dedicated on December 12, 1880. 
 The lot cost $2,000 and the building $5,000. It 
 seats 500. The lirst pastor, Rev. J. I), i'ulis, began 
 his pastorate November 30, 1880. 'llie average 
 attendance at the morning service in 1880 was 
 250. The pastor's salary was $1,200. and the total 
 annual expenses $1,500. The value of the projierty 
 was $8,000. A chach costing $15,000 will be com- 
 pleted during 1884. 
 
 Shiloh Cltiirih {Colored). 
 
 This society was organized December i . 1 88 1 , by 
 ]^ev. John V. Wills. Twenty-five members, mostly 
 from the Second IJaptist Church, luiited with the 
 society. Mr. Wills died on May 14, 1882, and was 
 
 succcedt'd by Rev. T. C. Johnson, and he, in October, 
 1S82, by Rev. John S|)ears, who continued the str- 
 \ices where they were begun, in a private house, at 
 421 Hastings Street, hi November, 1S83, that prop- 
 
 Clintiin Avrnie I'.ArrisT Cmai'ei.. 
 
 Clinton Avenuk Uatilst Chikch. 
 
 erty was sold ; services were then held for several 
 months in a hall at 258 Gratiot .Avenue. 
 
 In the spring of 1S84 a building on Columbii 
 Street, between Hastings and I'rospect Streets, wa^^ 
 purchased for $1,300, with the purpose of fitting it up 
 for church services. 
 
THK I5APTIST CHURCHES. 
 
 6ll 
 
 iirst /■'iiiu/i liaptist Cliiiiih. 
 This cluinii was ori^ani/fd Sci)lcinlj(.T 20, iiS57, 
 and iiu'orpnralcd May 2, 1.S60. TIk: lirsi services 
 were iield in llie old Cons^reiialioiial Cluireli (jii 
 lefferson Avenue, wliieii was used uiilil llieir 
 (iwn buiUlinn' was ((juipleted. It is joeated nu 
 the iKjrih side of Siierniaii Street between Rivard 
 and Russell Streets. The lot was donated by (Gen- 
 eral Cass, and the brick church was iledicated l"eb- 
 ruary 11, 1862. It seats 200 persons and cost 
 >;2,ooo. 
 
 Till'; KuKNCEI liAITISl ClUKCII. 
 
 The pews are free. 'I'he averat^^e attendance in 
 1S80 was about 125. Number of members in 1S60, 
 49; in 1.S70, 157; in 18X0, 100. Rev. R. 15. I)es- 
 riiclies is the (lastor, and his salary is S700. The 
 total expiMises in rSSo were S<Soo. The property 
 was estimated to be worth $3.5fX). 
 
 Taln'macli- Chnrc/i. [ /•'.a/i/u/.) 
 
 This society was a branch of the I-"irst Baptist 
 Church. The Iirst meetini^- was luld July 17, 1849, 
 and on July 21 a Council of Churches or,nani/ed 
 the society. On (Jctober 28. 1849, Rev. J. in,i;lis 
 look charire. Services were hekl in the Detroit 
 Institute, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue near 
 St. Antoine Street, and in -Si'piember, 1850, in 
 N uunjr Men's Hall. About' this time deneral Cass 
 ilunated a lot on Howard Street, between Second 
 .111(1 Third Streets, and in the fall of 1852 a chapel 
 thirty by forty feet was erected. In Auiijust, 1852, 
 Kev. A. E. M.-'.ther succeeded Mr. Inj,dis, and soon 
 alter services were held in the new chapel. It seated 
 200. Mr. Mather remained a few months, and the 
 ' luirch was then without a pastor for a year. In 
 "ctober, 1S54, Mr. Inj^lis aj^ain took chari,'e, but in 
 ilie summer of 1855 he resigned. Rev. A. E. 
 
 M.-ithcr a,i;;iin ser\ed for tw(j or three years, and 
 then for some tinu- the church was without a p.astor. 
 Rev. J. C;unpi)ell I'ame ne.\t, and remained two 
 years. 
 
 ( )n July 20, 1859, it was decided to sell the chapel, 
 buy a lot on Washington Avenue, c(jrner of Clifford 
 Street, for $6,000, and erect a church. 
 
 On October 1, 1859, the .society laitl the corner- 
 stone of a bi'ick liuuHh, and on Au^iisl 26, i860, it 
 was detlicateil with preachinir by Dr. James in the 
 morniiit;'. and Dr. Ini^dis in the evening-. It cost 
 $10,000, had sixty-nine pews, and seated about 500. 
 In this church, from 1859 to 1864, Rev. James ln,tr|is 
 served as pastor, and in the fall of 1864 Rev. E, 
 Curtis took charj^e. He remained through 1865, 
 and was the last minister (jf the society. 
 
 On .April 20, 1863, the old church on Howard 
 Street was sold to a society c-allini,;' themselves 
 the "Howard Street Church of Chri.st," aiul on 
 March 19, 1867, the church on \V:ishington Avenue 
 was sold for $17,000 to a Jewish congrej;ation. 
 The proceeds of the sale were used in liquidatini;' 
 debts, and the balance divided among those who 
 had paid for 'he erection of the church. 
 
 In 1850 tht society had 45 members and in i860, 
 no. After tlie sale of the church many of the 
 members joined other .societies. A year or two after 
 the church was sold a few of the members began 
 meeting for worship in the chapel built about 1869 
 by Dr. Richard Inglis on the south side of Duflield 
 Street, near Wooilward Avenue. The frame of the 
 building had formerly been a barn, but was refitted 
 and practically built anew. About twenty persons, 
 remnants of the old Tabernacle flock, with some 
 additional members were worshiping there in 1883. 
 The building was owned by William Cowie. 
 
 Pdik Sfnrt Chitrch. {Extinct.) 
 
 This church was organized by Rev. G. S. Chase 
 in February, 1870, mostly from among members of 
 the First Baptist Church. They dedicated their 
 wooden church on the northeast corner of Park and 
 DufHeld. Streets, on October 2, 1870. It cost $5,500 
 and seated 420. In 1870 they had 73 members. 
 In 1872 Rev. John Matthews became the pastor, 
 and in January, 1873, the society united with the 
 First Church. In December, 1877, their building 
 was removed to Twelfth Street, and became the 
 property of the Twelfth Street Baptist Church. 
 
 OCCASIONS OF INTEREST TO THE DENOMI- 
 N.VTION. 
 
 The semi-centennial of the organization of the 
 Baptist Church in Detroit was observed on Septem- 
 ber 25, 1877. 
 
6l2 
 
 OCCASUXNS UK INTEREST TO THE UENOMl .ATION. 
 
 Sessions of tlic Baptist State Convt'iitioii have 
 been lickl in Detroit as follows: At the First 
 Church, beijiniiinjr Aiiyiist 31, 1836, ()etol)er 11, 
 1S50, anil October 14, 1S64; at the Lafayette 
 Cluirch on October 8, 1S69; and again at the First 
 Church on October ly, 1875. 
 
 The Detroit Baptist Social I'nion was organized 
 May 20, 1878. It was established to propagate and 
 establish the principles and practices of the Baptist 
 Church. The inenibershi|-) fee is $2.00. 
 
 The following have served as officers ; 
 
 I'rcsidcnts: 1S78 and 1879, A. II, Wilkinson; 
 1880-1881, C. C. lioweii ; 1882, Rev. Z. (ircnell; 
 18S3, D. A. Waterman; 1884, _ I). Standish. 
 
 Secretaries; 1878- 1 88 1, Rev. i". B. Cressey ; 
 1881, S. C. Annabel; 1882- , J. " ■adlc. 
 
 Treasurers: 1S78-1881, Solon • Jss ; 18S1, 
 I). A. Waterman ; 1S82- , (' ■■ . King. 
 
 The National Baptist Annivei^ .js tor 1884 were 
 held at the Cass Avenue Church, beginning on May 
 21,1884. 
 
CHAPTER LXir 
 
 ''^HE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES.— NOTABLE CONGREGATIONAL GATHERINGS. 
 
 CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES. 
 
 First Congregational Church. 
 After the visit of Rev. David Bacon, we have no 
 record of the presence of a Congrei^ationa! minister 
 in Detroit until 1843, when the following notice 
 appeared in the Daily Gazette : 
 
 The Rev. K. McDowell, of the Kastern ConKregational Asso- 
 ci.Ttinn of Michigan, will preach to-morrow (Sunday) in the City 
 Hall, at J o'clock w M. The public are invited to attend. 
 I'reacliinn may also be expected at the same time and place every 
 Sabbath until further notice. 
 
 These services, which were .soon discontinued, 
 had no connection with the orc;anization of the First 
 Conirreirational Society, which dates its beginnings 
 from the autumn of 1844, when a series of .Sunday 
 meetings was held at the City Hall and also in the 
 Scotch Presbyterian Church, corner of Farmer and 
 Bates Streets, by Rev. Henry L. Hammond. 
 
 On November 25, 1844, at a meeting held at the 
 residence of C. G. Hammond, preliminary steps 
 were taken to form a church. On December 8 
 following, at a meeting held in the City Hall, the 
 plans were completed, and on December 23 tlie 
 First Congregational Society of Detroit was incor- 
 porated. A Council of the Churches was held De- 
 cember 25, and the society duly organized with 
 thirteen members. On January 5, 1845, a Sunday 
 school was established. On March 31 a lot was pur- 
 chased on the southwest corner of Jefferson Avenue 
 and Beaubien Street for $2,000, and the society com- 
 menced tlie erection of a church. Services were 
 held meantime, first in the City Hall, then in the 
 Capitol, and finally in the Circuit Court room, on 
 the corner of Congress and Griswold Streets. 
 
 On Sunday, December 14, 1845, ser\'ices were 
 first held in the basement of the new church. On 
 August 30, 1846, the building was completed and 
 (Indicated. It was of brick, cost about $5,000, was 
 forty-five by seventy-five feet in size, had 180 pews, 
 and seated about 1,000. 
 
 During the first two years of the existence of the 
 church, David Hale, of New York, paid $600 a year 
 to the support of the pastor. Rev. H. L. Hammond. 
 
 On January 16, 1847, the noted revivalist, Rev. C. 
 <'. Finney, visited Detroit, and preached every eve- 
 ning for the week following. Several were added 
 
 to the society. In his biography the fact of this 
 visit is not mentioned. Mr. Hammond resigned 
 his pastorate on July 5. 1847, and was at once 
 succeeded by Rev. O. C. Thompson, who preached 
 for about two months, when failing health com- 
 pelled him to tjivo \\\) the charge. Rev. R. R. 
 Kellogg then served ,-is pastor for a short time, and 
 on November 11, 1847, it was agreed to engage 
 Rev. \V. W. Atterbury to fill the pulpit for .si.x 
 months. During the winter evangelistic services 
 
 First Congregational Church. 
 Original building 
 
 were held in the church by the Rev. J. P. Avery. 
 On July 10, 1848. Rev. H. D. Kitchell was called to 
 the pastorate; on Sunday, October i, 1848, he 
 preached his first sermon, and on December 6 he 
 was installed. 
 
 In the fall of 1852 the subject of a new church 
 in a different location began to be agitated. On 
 January to, 1853, it was decided to locate on the 
 southwest corner of Fort and Wayne Streets. The 
 lot cost $10,000 and the building and furnishing 
 
 L6t3] 
 
6i4 
 
 CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES. 
 
 $45,yo8. The cliurcli was dedicated September 21, 
 1854. The old elnifch and lot sold for S9.'50- 
 
 On November 2, 1864, Rev. H. 1). Kitehell re- 
 sijijiied, and on December 2, Rev. S. M. Freeland 
 was called. He commenced his laiiors on March 
 20, 1865, and in less than a year a muvenient for a 
 Second Congregational Church was inaugurated. 
 iVir. Freeland 
 resigned as pas- 
 tor of the First 
 Church, andover 
 one h u n d r e d 
 members went 
 with him into a 
 new organiza- 
 tion. In April, 
 1866, Rev. A. 
 IkiUard began to 
 preach for the 
 First Church. 
 He was called 
 soon after, com- 
 menced rej;iilar 
 pastoral work in 
 June, and on 
 October iS, 
 1866, he was in- 
 stalled. 
 
 On December 
 9, 1 869, the char- 
 ter centennial of 
 the organization 
 of the church 
 was observed 
 with appropriate 
 exercises. Dr. 
 r>allard resigned 
 on February 5, 
 1 87 2, and the 
 pulpit was sup- 
 plied by Rev. 
 Mr. McWil- 
 liams. Rev. Pro- 
 fessor Esta- 
 brook, and oth- 
 ers, until Sep- 
 tember, 1873. 
 Rev. Dr. Z. 
 Eddy then be- 
 gan his pastorate. He was installed October 10. and 
 resigned just ten yt'.-irs later; his successor. Rev. 
 \V. H. Davis, accepted a call to the p.istorate in 
 April, 1S84. 
 
 In the summer of 1874 the church was extensively 
 rep.aired and improved at a cost of $12,260. The 
 number of sittings in liu- church is 940. The avi'r- 
 agc attendance at Sund;iy morning service in 1880 
 
 was 500, the pastor's salary was ^3,500, the yearly 
 expense of the choir sfyoo, the se.xton was |)aid !J!30o, 
 and the total annual expenses footed up $6,000. 
 The value of the property was .tscooo. About 
 .f.5,500 is received annually from pew rents. The 
 number of members in 1850 was 166; in i860, 355; 
 in 1870, 279; in 1880, 516. 
 
 SiroiKf Chiircli. 
 Ihe first ef- 
 fort to establisli 
 a .society called 
 the Second 
 Con gregational 
 Church was 
 maile by l-lev. 
 Josciih Parker, 
 and a society 
 thus called was 
 incorporated on 
 January 24,1850. 
 It was proposed 
 to build a church 
 on \\'oodwar(l 
 Avenue to be 
 called Detroit 
 Tabernacle, ami 
 on P'ebru.'iry 14, 
 1850, a fair was 
 held in a vacant 
 stori' on Jeifer- 
 son Avenue to 
 obtain funds in 
 aid of the enter- 
 prise. The soci- 
 ety held meet- 
 ings for a time 
 in Mechanics' 
 ll,-ill,l)ut the en- 
 terprise was 
 soon ;ibandonc(l. 
 The Later .•ind 
 successful soci- 
 ety branched oil 
 from the l'"irsi 
 C h u re h i n 
 March, 1 86r., 
 w;is incorpora- 
 ted March m. 
 and organi/cd 
 by a Council of Churches on April 3. Rev. S. M. 
 l'"rcel;ind resigned as p.'islor of the Y\x\ Church to 
 become pastor of the new Hock, which numbered one 
 hundred and ten persons. The society first met in 
 the church then known as the Tabernacle liaiHist, "ti 
 the corner of Washington Avenue and Clifford Street. 
 In July, 1866, a lot was purchased near the corner 
 of Woodward Avenue and Sibley Street for $5,oo<i. 
 
 FlKST CONCHECATION \I. ChUHCH. 
 
COXGRHGATIONAL CHURCIII'.S. 
 
 615 
 
 ,111(1 a 'liapcl forty by sixty foct efccU'd on tlie rear 
 .if Uic liii. It was completed at a cost of !il(i,5oo, 
 and (k'dii-aied July 23, 1867. in 1870 the society 
 liad one iuindred and ninety-seven members, and 
 
 
 iiil 
 
 Second C(is(;kkg\tionai. Church. 
 
 this year they purchased an adjoininjf corner lot for 
 !S;5.500, and in the fall of 1S73 bci^an to build a 
 church. The basement was completed and first 
 used Aui^ust 23, 1874. The chapel was then sold 
 to the African M. V.. Church for $300. The body 
 of the church was dedicated Xovember 21, 1874. 
 It seats nearly 1,200. The cost, including furnish- 
 iiii;'. was about $70,000. 
 
 Mr. Freeland resigned, and his pastorate ceased 
 March i, 1875. lie was succeeded, on April t, by 
 Rev. (leorj^e Porter, as special supjily to October 1. 
 Kev. W. T. Sprole then entered upon the duties of 
 the jiastorate. He was followed in September, 1878, 
 by Rev. R. DeWitt Mallary, who remained a year, 
 and in October, 1879, Rev. Moses Smith t/ecame 
 the pastor. 
 
 From the time the society built its new church it 
 was heavily in debt, and beini,^ unabh to pay a 
 morti^ajfe on the property, on Febru;t;y 21, 1S79, 
 tile church became the property of t'le mortujau'ee, 
 and the .society for a time worshiped in the cha|)el 
 of the Cass Avenue Haptist Church. Arran,y:ements 
 were finally made to rent the church, and on Xovcm- 
 hcr 22, 1880, the connTci,ratio'-. subscribed enous^h to 
 purchase the church, and apain became owners of 
 the property. 
 
 The pastor's salar, in 1880 was $2,500, the yearly 
 cost of choir, $;-j, and the total annual expenses, 
 §3,500. Four thousand dollars a year was received 
 
 from |u\\ rents. The value of the property was 
 $60,000. The ;iver.i,;fe attendance was 375. Num- 
 ber of members in 1870 was 197: in 1880, 279. 
 
 'rruiiiliiill /h'lniic Church. 
 
 This .society is the outj;rowth of the Ninth or 
 Trumbull Avenue .Mission School, which was estab- 
 lished in 1868 on the west side of Trumbull Avenue 
 near Howard Street. The building was dedicated 
 November 7, 1868. The cost of the property was 
 about $10,000. The .school flourished, Sunday 
 evening services were held from time to time, 
 and on April 27, 1881, a Congregational church 
 with seventy-three membt-rs was organized, with 
 Rev. R. W. Wallace as pastor. The building seats 
 500, and the average attendance at church serxices 
 in 1 88 1 was 100. The total yearly expenses were 
 $2,500. 
 
 In .August, 1881, the building was moved to a 
 lot which cost $4,500, on tiie northeast corner of 
 liaker .Street ami Trumbull .Avenue. In its new 
 location the building was dedicated on October 16, 
 1881. The property was then V'alued at $10,000, 
 and ;it lh;it time there was a debt of $3,000 on 
 the property. 
 
 Sprm<riiH -lis Ch iirch. 
 The building of this organization is located on 
 the (,ranc Farm, on the west side of Lovers' Lane, 
 about five hundred feet from the river. The lot, 
 worth $600, was donated by Cieorge Jerome and 
 o'.her owners. The church cost S-/)00. and while 
 
 TrCMRI'M, AVRNIIR CoNGRFOATIONAI. ClIURCH. 
 
 in an unfinished condition, was first occupied by 
 the Sunday .school in December. 1879. It was 
 seated with chairs, and could accommodate 300. It 
 was gradually completed, and in January, 1881, was 
 
6i6 
 
 XOTAISLE CONGREGATIONAL GATHERINGS. 
 
 turned over l)y tlic building committee to tiie care 
 of the First L'ongregatiouai Society. A church 
 
 200. Tiie scho(jl was established on July 23, and 
 is under the care of Rev. t), C Thompson. 
 
 
 
 Si'niNGWEi.i.s Con(;rk(..\ti(in.\i. Ciukcii. 
 
 society was organized in tiie spring of 1881, with 
 twenty-five members. 
 
 The enterj^rise is the outgrowth of a mission 
 school established about 1868, under the care 
 of the First Congregational Church after 1875. 
 1 'reaching services were begun in November, 18S0, 
 with an average attendance of 75. In 1S81 this 
 and the Trumbull .\ venue Congregational Church 
 were both untler the pastoral care of Rev. R. \\'. 
 Wallace. On February 19, 1882, Rev. S. R. Ronnell 
 became the first regular pastor; he resigned on 
 October 15, and on March 15, 1883, Rev. A. B. 
 Allen entered upon the pastorate. 
 
 Harper Ai'i'iiui' Mission. 
 This mission is located on the south side of 
 Harper Avenue, between Woodward Avenue and 
 John R. Streets. The building was dedicated on 
 
 Harpkr Avence Mission Chapel. 
 
 March 4, 1883. The lot cost $1,600, and the build- 
 ing and furniture $1,050. The building can scat 
 
 J//. J/<if>i' M/SS/IDI. 
 
 This mission schnnl is located on the 
 west side of Mt. Ilupe .Avenue, about one 
 block south of Michigan Avenue. Tlu- 
 building cost S400 anil is on leased ground. 
 It was first occupied on (October 19, 1882. 
 
 The school is under the care of W. H. 
 Russell. 
 
 NOTAHI.K CONdRKdATlONAL CATHKU- 
 INCS. 
 
 In May of the years 1845, 1854, 1859, 
 1864, and 1880 the Slate meetings of the 
 General Association of Michigan were held 
 in Detroit. 
 
 
 
 
 .Mt. Hoi'E AviiNUE .Mission. 
 
 On October 17, 1870, the Triennial Council of the 
 Congregational Churches began its sessions in 
 the Second Congregational Church. Many distin- 
 guished delegates were present, including Fresi- 
 denls Woolsey and Magoun and Rev. Dr. Storrs of 
 New York. 
 
 On .September 7 to 11, 1858, the forty-ninth 
 meeting of the .American I)oard of Commissioners 
 for Foreign Missions was held in Detroit. Mark 
 Hopkins, EL. D., Leonard IJacon, LL. I)., and many 
 other noted clergyiuen, were present. Twenty-live 
 years later, from October 2 to 6, 1883, the sessions 
 of the IJoard (the seventy-fourth), were again held 
 in TMroit, at the Central Methodist Episf^opal 
 Church, which was tenilercd for the meetings. 
 There was a very Large attendance, and nuich inter- 
 est was manifested in the services. 
 
|uiy 23, ami 
 sun. 
 
 itfd on tlic 
 l;, about oiH' 
 cnuc. Tlu- 
 isccl .vrrouml. 
 )er 19, 1882. 
 re of W. n. 
 
 L CATIIKR- 
 
 1854, 1859, 
 .'lings of ihi- 
 an were held 
 
 
 -.a^ - — 
 
 " ~ -i-i rA nirR' 
 
 touncil of the 
 sessions ill 
 l^lany distiii- 
 ludins Trcsi- 
 ll)r. Storrs of 
 
 forty-ninth 
 
 limniissioiu'rs 
 
 Itroit. Marl; 
 
 p., and many 
 
 Twcnly-fivc 
 
 the sessions 
 
 le attain held 
 
 \. I'.pisrojial 
 
 le meetinijs. 
 
 much inter- 
 
 CHAPTER LXIII. 
 
 THE luthi;kan churchks. 
 
 St. John's German Evan<:;i-Iicnl Cliitrili. 
 
 This society grew out of services first held by 
 Rev. F. Schmid on August iS, 1833, in a carpenter 
 shop owned i)y John Hais, located on the corner of 
 Woodbridge and Bates Streets. On September 22 
 following, two elders, N'alentine Ruelile, Jr., and 
 David Striker, were elected. Un January 30, 1836, 
 the Governor and Judges sold the society Lot 54, in 
 Section 6, on the northeast corner of Monroe Avenue 
 and Farrar Street, for S40. Mr. Schmid preached 
 until July, 1836, and then the society obtained 
 I'.o services of Rev. J. 1'. Schwabe as a pastor; 
 the services were 
 held in the Presby- 
 terian Session Ro-Mii 
 on Woodward A\'e- 
 nue. Mr. Schwabe 
 remained until 
 January, 1837, and 
 soon afterwartl died. 
 During 1837 a wood- 
 en church, thirty-five 
 by fifty feet, was 
 erected on the Mon- 
 'oe .\ venue Lot, and 
 in March it was near- 
 ly completed. 
 
 On October 22, 
 1S37, Rev. M. 
 Schaad was called 
 to the pastorate. He remained until June, 1841, 
 and was succeeded in October i)y Rev. F, Herman, 
 who served until August, 1852, and was followed by 
 Rev. C. Haass, who arrived on August 19. Soon 
 after this the church wiis sold, moved to the south- 
 east corner of licaubicn and IJcacon Streets, and 
 turned into a dwelling. It was afterwards burned. 
 y\ new i)rick church, fifty-six by seventv-five feet, 
 was then erected. It seated 850, and was dedicated 
 J uiuary 9, 1853. Rev. ^h-. Hartman of Chicago 
 preached the sermon. 
 
 On August 6, 1854, at twelve o'clock at night, the 
 inside of the church was almost entirely destroyed by 
 fii'e. Mr. Haass left in September, and in October, 
 1 854, Rev. C. F. Si ildan became pastor, remaining one 
 year. He was succeeded by Rev. Herman Miller, 
 
 who continued until February, \^(i\, wlicn he, with 
 a part of the congregation, left tiie society, and 
 organized a Oerman Presbyterian church, holding 
 services in a building on the soutli side of Catharine 
 near dratiot Street, I'rected in 1867 ;is ;i French and 
 Germ.in Presbyterian Church. Rev. C. lia.iss was 
 again called as i)astor of the original society, and 
 in April, 1862, he began a pastorate which is still 
 continued. 
 
 In 1872 the congregation sold the jiroperty on 
 Monroe Avenue for §25,000, and in February, 1877, 
 the building was torn down. After the .s.ile of the 
 
 l')roperty the church 
 on Russell Street, 
 between .\ntict.'im 
 .and Chestnut Streets, 
 was erected. It was 
 dediciited on Sep- 
 tember 20, 1S74. 
 'I'lie lotscost §13,100, 
 and the church and 
 school $72,000. The 
 church debt, in 1880, 
 was $30,000. The 
 church scats i..:arly 
 1.500 persons. The 
 number of commu- 
 nicants in 1840 was 
 175; in 1850, 375; 
 in i860, 638 ; in 1872, 
 1.550; in 1874, 1,272; in 1876, 1,346; in 1880, 
 1,250. In 18S0, the total yearly expenses, and 
 receiiHs from pews, were about $5,000 each. The 
 salary of the pastor w.is $1,200. The average 
 attendance at Sund.iy morning .service was 750. 
 
 On September 23, 1883, the semi-centennial or- 
 ganization of the church was observed with appro- 
 priate exercises, sermons were preached by several 
 clergymen from other cities, and three bells, pur- 
 chased at a cost of !j! 1,600, were dedicated. 
 
 St. Piinl's Gcrnuxu Evnui^n^/ifn/ Church. 
 
 This society, a branch of the original Monroe 
 Avenue Church, was organized with twenty-four 
 members on (October 21. and incorporated on 
 November i, 1872. Its brick church, located on 
 
 [r„7] 
 
 Part of Monroe Avf.nuk in 1872, and sf.lond blmlding of 
 St. John's Church. 
 
6i8 
 
 THE LUrilKRAN CHURCHES. 
 
 the lonur cif Scviiilcciuli ami Rose StrcLls, was 
 dedicaled oil I'l binary 16, 1.S73. The iliunli cost 
 jjli.S.ooo, and seals 700. 'I'lie lot cost §1,850. Rev. 
 J. (i. Ilikliier was llie first pastor, and 111 1SS3 was 
 still serving. In 1880 the number of eonmiunicaiits 
 was 1,000, representing Joo families. The average 
 attendance at church was 250. The pastor's salary 
 was iji/oo. The total yearly expenses were |3,(xx), 
 and the receip.s from pews, sj 1,700, Adjoining tiie 
 c h ti r c h is a 
 brick parson- 
 age, which cost 
 ^2,470, the lot 
 cost $1. 375- 
 Th e church 
 debt, in 1S81, 
 was $ 1 1 .000. 
 
 .SV. .Uiiik's 
 Crri'idii I'.i'an- 
 gclical Church. 
 
 This society 
 wor^;hip in a 
 building located 
 on the corner of 
 Military Ave- 
 nue and the nix 
 Road. They 
 own a property 
 costing $1,750. 
 and a building 
 which cost 
 $1,300. It IS 
 used both for 
 church and 
 school pur- 
 poses. It was 
 dedicated on 
 .Sunday, Janu- 
 ary 16, 1804, 
 and se.'its one 
 h u n d r e d and 
 twenty persons. 
 
 St. Jchin's ('.Ki;M\N Evas(;bi.ical Cmikch and Si hooi, HufSR. 
 
 I'linity /i^'tJii^r/ifit/ Lii/hrrau ( 'hiircli. 
 
 This church was org.ani/cd in tiic vcar 1850, and 
 incorporated M.arch 10, 1851. The tirst jiastor, Riv. 
 J. M. (1. Sch.-illcr, accc|nc(l a call in November, 
 1850, and meetings were begun in ,'i building on 
 Woodbridge Street, in rear of Christ Church. 
 
 In 1 85 1, J. H. Toepcl {\m\ about twenty-live 
 others bought, for $200, the old frame w.irehouse 
 on Woodbridge Street, between Shelby and Waviu' 
 Streets, which h.id been used as a Ilethel Church. 
 It w.-is moved .'It ,'U1 i'.\|)cnse of $200 to ;i lot si.vtv by 
 one hundred .iiid tifly feet, costing $1,050, on the 
 north side of Earned Street, between Rivard and 
 
 Russell .Streets, and fitted up at a fuiiher cost of 
 $300. Rev. J. .M. C. .Schaller stayed three years, 
 anil in 1854 accepted a call from St. Louis. In 1854 
 Rev. H. Fick succeedeil .Mr. Schaller, but .soon .ifter 
 his coming, owing to his failing health, an assistant 
 had to perform much of his duty. In 185^) an ad- 
 dition, e<iual in size to the original building, was 
 erected, and the seating cap.acity increased to .joo. 
 In 1858 Rev. A. \V'esserma,a became pastor, and in 
 
 January, 1 860. 
 . he was suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. 
 J. A. Huegli, 
 who was still 
 ser\ing in 1883. 
 In i8r)f) a lot 
 with dwelling, 
 on the north- 
 east corner of 
 ('■r.'iliot Avenue 
 and I'ro )ect 
 Street, was pur- 
 chased for 
 $6,000, and a 
 brick church, 
 fifty by one 
 hundred and 
 three feet, cost- 
 ing %\ 5,000 
 was erected, 
 It was dedi- 
 cated Octobi r 
 24, 1866, and 
 s c a t s s e \' e n 
 humlred per- 
 sons. The old 
 church was 
 turned into 
 a d w e 1 1 i n g . 
 N u m b e r of 
 comnuuiicants 
 in 1 860, 200 , 
 in 1870. 400; 
 in 1880,450. The average attend.'uice at niorning 
 ser\ici' in 1880 was 500. The ye.'irlv cost of main- 
 taining the church was ;d)i)Ut §2,000, and the same 
 amount w.'is received from |H'w rt'iils. Including 
 the |-)ar.sonage, the pnjperty was v;iiucd at about 
 $30,000, and in 1881 there was a debt of $4,000. 
 
 lUthUIu'in Gcnnati lli^aiiotlual Liithiran 
 Chiirrh. 
 
 This society, located in the village of Norn's, was 
 established in 1874. It has 60 communicants. Tin 
 pastor is Ri'w Conrad .Schwankoosky. Conmctcd 
 with the church there is a school with one teaehci- 
 and forty eight scholars. 
 
TiiK u'Tiir.R.w ciiruciii:s. 
 
 619 
 
 •tlier cost of 
 three years, 
 uis. Ill 1S54 
 lit soon aftci 
 , an assistant 
 1 8 56 an ad- 
 luildinjjf, was 
 .■ased to 400. 
 lastor, and in 
 Hilary, 1 860, 
 ; was s ne- 
 eded by Rev. 
 A. Hnejrli, 
 u) was still 
 rvin.i; in 1883. 
 Tn iR^>C) a lot 
 ilii dweilinj,;, 
 I tlie nortli- 
 .st corner of 
 r;ili(it Avenue 
 id I'rc K'ct 
 ireet, was piir- 
 liased for 
 ■1,000, and a 
 riciv cluircli, 
 fty by one 
 nndred and 
 irec feet, eosl- 
 ig $ I 5,000 
 as crertcd. 
 was dedi- 
 ited October 
 1866, and 
 Its s c \' e n 
 ndred per- 
 Thc old 
 urcli was 
 lud into 
 d w e 1 1 i n i; . 
 niber of 
 >ninuniicants 
 1 860, 200 , 
 1 870. 40f) ; 
 al nioniin;^ 
 •dsl of niaiii- 
 and tiu' saiiu' 
 Iiiclndin'^ 
 iK-d al aboul 
 of §4,000. 
 
 Luf/nrar. 
 
 f Norris, w.is 
 nicants. 'Ilic 
 ConiH'cti'd 
 l> one teacher 
 
 TUINUY Kv \NULLIC.\I. I,CTI{l:H.\N (jlIKH II. 
 
 hiDUixHiicl /■huvi^i^r/tra/ l.utlirran C/n/rr/i. 
 
 This or,irani/,ation is a branch of I'riniiy 
 Church. It was ori;ani/.cd in 1864 wilii lif- 
 iii'U nienii)ers, and iiicoi-porated ,\uj.,''iist 14, 
 18C15. Their tirsl church, a wooden biiildinir, 
 iwcnly-six iiy tifty-si.K feet, was erected on 
 Tninibiill .\ venue, i)etween Orchard and I'luin 
 Streets, it w;is dedicated Xoveniln'r 5. 1865, 
 and seated tliree luuulred and fifty jiersons. 
 
 sefiuentlv torn down. Kev. i\, I.. Mull, the lirst 
 pastor, came to the city I'cbruary '>, 1800, ,ind is 
 still servini; in 1884. In 1870 the number of coin- 
 nninicants w.is 460, or sixty-six heads of families, 
 and in i88t), L.^C), or one liundrrd .-Liid forty-live 
 heads of families. The averajije attiiidance at 
 m(irnini,r service in 1880 was 800. The pastor's 
 s.-ilary in 1880 was ij(6oo. The total yearly expenses 
 were 12,51x3, and the receipts from jhw rents, 
 !fi,7oo. There was a church debt of $9,000. 
 The parsonajL^e was l)uilt in 1871 and cost ifi.jcx). 
 
 Zi'oii /■'.V(Vii^c//tii/ ].iitJtcra)i Cliiirch. 
 This society was orv^ani/.ed Anijust 22, 18S2, I)y 
 Rev. K. L. Mdll. The buildinij is Idcated on Welch 
 Avenue in Sprinijwidls. The luts idsi S!,2(X3an(l 
 the church $8,000. It was dedicated July 8, 1883. 
 The lirst pastor. Rev. C. F. Schal/,, commenced his 
 labors October 1 5, 1882. 
 
 St. Paitl's /■'.Tni{!i;r/i\a/ Liitlwrnii C/im r/i. 
 The church ociuipied by this society is loc-itcd 
 on the northeast corner of Jo.seph L'ampau Avenue 
 
 St. M \hk's r.l'.RMAN F:v.\NT,ri.I(AI, ClICRrH. 
 
 On J.uuiary 12, 1873, their brick church, 
 si/.e, forty-cij;^ht by one hundred and twelve 
 feet, on the corner of Seventeenth and Tine 
 Streets, was dedicated. The lot cost !j!i,fioo, 
 and thechnrch $14,000. The buildinir seats 
 nine hundred persons. The old liuildint;- 
 was turned into a school-liouse, and siib- 
 
 I'.MI.'S ('•RUMAN I'A.VNCKl.lt \1. C'lllRCH, 
 
 Corner Suvuiilcuiith and Kosc Strcc'« 
 
620 
 
 'iiii: ia-'iiii:ran ciirKciiRS. 
 
 and Jay Street. The society was nrijaiii/rd in Octdher, 1X71, of families in connection wit! 
 and incorpor.'itetl SeplenilKr S, 1S7J. ii alliliates uilli 'Irinity cliunii in 1.S50, icSoo, and iSjou 
 
 Cliuivh, Injni which its l"irst members came, l lie einireli was 
 consecrated .Septcnilier S. 1S73, 'I'iic lots cost S-.3<'>o, the chiircli 
 S(S,954, and tlie paisona.m' S-.oo<'. 1 lie averaxt: attendance in 
 1880 was 5(J(). I'lie pastoi-'s sal.ii'y was if'ioo. '{'he yearly 
 expenses were sj^.^oo, and the receipts from pews !J!i,6oo, The 
 churcli eleljl, in icSSi, was ij 1,100. 'I'he church st'at^ 700, 
 
 Durinij 1PS3 a towi r was added to the chnnli, and a chime 
 of threi- bells iirociiriil, at a total cost of about ijsj.ooo. Tliey 
 were consecrated 011 .Sepiember 9, 1883. 
 
 and ni 1880, 40. Tlu- pews are 
 I'hc total yearly c\|)eiises are 
 'I'he jiastor's salary in 1880 was 
 
 1 tli( 
 
 '•^ 33. 
 fret. 
 
 *33o. 
 
 Oii 
 
 .iiNAL Immancei, Evangelical Lutiieuan Ciu'hcii, 
 
 Rev. K. Danlcworth, the first pastor, was suc- 
 ceeded on I'eliruary 15, 1S7S, by Rev. C. H. Rohe; 
 on Anyust 17. 1882, he was followed l)y Rev. II. J. 
 Schuh. The church be,i;-.'ui with 17 members in 
 1 87 1, and in 18S0 had 500. 
 
 S/. JAc////(7i''.v I'.i'aiit:;!-!/'!!!! I.uthryait CJninh. 
 
 This s(jciety was oriL^anized and incorporated No- 
 vember 10, 1845. They held their first services in 
 tlie City Hall. Their brick church, on the south 
 side of Coni^'ress Street, near Rivard Street, was 
 dedicated on Auj,nist 2, 1846, and seats 200, with an 
 averai;e attendance of 130. The lot cost !J!20o. The 
 parsonaije, on the same lot, cost !f;40o. 
 
 On Aui,mst 8, 1850, the church united with tlie 
 Kvanijelical Lutheran Synod, of liiiffalo. Rev. J. 
 V . Winckler, their first pastor, remained vntil 1856, 
 and then went to lluffalo. New N'ork, to become 
 a professor in tlu' Lutheran Collcv^-e. The numl)er 
 
 I.MMANCEL F.VANCELICAL Ia'THEKAN ChL'HCU. 
 
 The value of the property was $10,000, 
 and there was a debt of !?8oo. 
 
 The pastors liave been: 1845-1S57, 
 
 J. F. Winckler; 1857- 1859, Sij^niund 
 
 Fritsclul ; 1859, William C.rabau; 1860-1864, Fred 
 
 I'liplinv;; 1864- 1871, Charles Scli.aciow ; 1871-1875, 
 
 Henry Meir; 1875, Charles Sehadow; 1876, none; 
 
 ZioN Evangelical Lutherak Church and School. 
 
THE LUTllKKAX LlirRCllllS. 
 
 621 
 
 [ IIEKAS ChLUCII. 
 
 pcii-MS about !j!(/x). 'I'Ik- valui' nf the iiiii|irrty was 
 ifij.ooij; and tlurc was a cluinli diht ol' ifLjoo. 
 
 I'lic pastors liavi; been : A. lifikcy, Ni)\X'iiil)( r 
 20. iS4,S, to Jmi'- 20, rS,::; 1',. I'lurkcr, Aiij^iist 11, 
 1S52, to bcptciubcr 24, 1654; 1;. Spies, ULlobcr 1, 
 1S54, to Jaiuuirv 3, 1S56; II. Hoff, January u), to 
 February 1, 1S57; A. Slirooter, May 11, 1.S57, to 
 Ma'xh 6, 1S60; C. Cast, Ucluber 28, iSOo, lu I'eb- 
 rtiary 26, iHC/t; I'. (Iretling, Tebruary 26, 1S66, to 
 Aii'^U''t C'. 1^70; Ji'lin liaiiniijertner, Septenibt-r 19, 
 1870, Id May 12, 1873; John Nieliolf, May 12, 1.S73, 
 to Mareh 1, i{i76; William Hansen, from May 3, 
 1S76. 
 
 S/. /'r/ir's (hrinan l-liuiui^cliial LittJuiwi ClnniJt. 
 
 This conv^rei^ation was ;;atliere(l in tin' s|)rin'^ of 
 i<S7,S i)y Kev. I'.mii Dankworlh. 'I heir ciuirrh, 
 hjcated on llie northwest corner of I'ieree antl Chene 
 Streets, on lots eostini^f §1,450, was ron:;ecrati'(l in 
 June, liS/S. 'I'hc building beats 1,200, and cost 
 §7,000. In 18S0 there was a debt of !5:('i,ooo. In 
 18S0 there w.is ;in ;iwrage atteiid.inee (jf 450 at 
 mornini^ sersiee , niunber of conmuuiieants, 750. 
 The pastor's s.il.ary w;is S6S4, and the church ex- 
 penses about $1,084 yearh'. 
 
 St. Pail's 1'.\ AM.Ki.h \i. I.i iiii-.ii\;j Cm i;i h. 
 
 1877, John Orabau ; 1877-1880, Alexander 
 Lan^e ; 1880- , John Kindem.an. 
 
 /Joii i.i(riiiaii RrJ'oriihd C/nirch. 
 
 This coni^rcijation was ori;ani/,ed on 
 November 20, 1849, and incorporated May 
 22, 1850. Their hrst meetings were held 
 ill the City Hall. Un April 12, 1852, they 
 dedicated their brick church, on the north 
 side of Croghan, near Heaubien Street. 
 
 In February. 1857, they sokl it to the 
 Second Ikijitist Colored Church for 83.^00. 
 and on July 9 of the same year it was 
 resolved to buy the lots on the cast side 
 of Rus.sell, between Sherman and Catha- 
 rine Streets, on which the present church 
 is located. They cost §7 50. The church, 
 thirty by forty feet, was erected at a cost 
 of Si,6oo. In 1862 it was enlarged at a 
 cost of about §2,200. The parsonage was 
 erected in 1857 at a cost of about S'ooo, 
 including the lot. The church .seats 200, 
 and in 1880 had an average attendance 
 • t 75, In 1850 there were 65 comniuni- 
 lants; in i860, 107; in 1870, 120; and in 
 
 ,ND School. 
 
 1S80, 135. The salary of the pastor in 
 1080 was $600, and the total annual ex- 
 
 St. .MATTIIliw'b EVA.VGELICAL LuTHEKAN ChCRCH. 
 
622 
 
 TiiK lutiii;ka\ churches. 
 
 Sa/rm German /'.Ttvixt/An/ I.iii/ifnvi Cltiinh. 
 
 'I'his sociutN' owns and oi'cnijius the biiildinvr oii- 
 i(inally (.■ri'clitl in I1S57, on Catharine Start nrar 
 dratiot SliTi I, as a I'fiiii-li and (ii'iinan rrtshs U'liaii 
 Cluircli. ( )n Mai'cli 9, iiS(i2, a ('nrinan LutluTan 
 Clini'cli was (iri^anizrd in llic i)iiildini;', and contin- 
 iic<l lIuTr ahdiit two vfars, wilii KfV. H. Cnndcit 
 as pasiuf. The socict)- then di.sufyanizcd, and 
 tiu' |ii-()|)crty passed into tlic jiossession f)f tlie 
 present scieiety, wliieh was oi';<ani/.eil in June, 1S64. 
 On November 26, icS(')5, tlic iniildiny was dedicated, 
 
 ZioM Gek.mam Ri;i-c)Umi;i) Chlkch. 
 
 and on Janiwiry 20, 1866, tlie society was incorpo- 
 rated. The jM-operty was inirchased February 26, 
 1866, for 12,000. Tile lliree-story brick parsonage 
 cost .ti,5oo, and tlie entire iiroperty in 1S80 was 
 worth about %\ . Tiie number of sittings in 
 
 tlie church i' ->, an 1 the average attendance in 
 1880 was 173. . jer of members in 1864, 4; 
 in 1870,37; in r -», 230. Pastor's salary, I400. 
 Yearly expenses the church, $700. The first 
 pastor was Rev. J. .Schmidt. In October, 1877, 
 he was succeeded by Rev. J. Sturmer. 
 
 St. Luke's German FAianirelical Lutheran Church. 
 
 The small wooden building of this society is 
 located on the south side of Leland Street near St. 
 
 Sr. PliTKu's ('iliUMA.N KVANC.KI.U Al. I.IIIIKKAN ClllUtll. 
 
 Antoine Street. The church and lot cost $1,500, 
 The building was erected for a Swedish l.iitlu-ran 
 Church, designalt'd as St. John's. Rev. (). C. 
 .Vinble was the founder of the society. The 
 enterprise f.ailed of support, and services were 
 continued only about a year. 'I'lie church was 
 then unoccupied until 1881, when it was rented, 
 and opened on June 5, with services by Rev. John 
 J. Schmidt. 
 
 S.\LEM German Evangelical LuTiiiiUAN Ciicucii. 
 
THE LUTIiKRAN CHURCHES. 
 
 62 
 
 iKAN CHLKCH. 
 
 t cost $1,500, 
 (lisli I.mluTan 
 <rv. O. C. 
 snt-icly. Ihn 
 services were 
 e church was 
 t was rented, 
 by Rev. John 
 
 iH- 
 
 
 St. Ia'Ke's CiliKMAN I'.VANCIU.K AI Ll IHliKAN CllUHCH. 
 
 St. Juiin's lM.i;ri;M)i:NT I.eiiiKKAN Ciiumii. 
 
 It lias tv.-o hundred sittinijs and an aver-'ii,^e Twenty-tliird ruid Ash .Streets, on March 25, 1880 
 
 attendance of sixty persons at services. In iiSSi 
 there were twelve members. 
 
 .S7. /o/ui's Independent Lutheran Chitreh. 
 
 This .society purchased the old St. Mark's lipisco- 
 ]ial Church projierty, on the southwest corner of 
 
 The cliiH-ch and i)arsona^;e are v.'ilued at sji^.ooo. In 
 1S80 there were about one hundred communicants. 
 Tlie tot.al church expenses, inchidinc; the pastor's 
 salary, were Jjsjoo. 
 
 Rev. Emil Hardrat was pastor in 1883. 
 
CHAPTl'LR LXIV. 
 
 THE CriRlSTIAN CHURCH. — TllK XKW JI'-RISAI-KM CHURCH. — THE UNITARIAN 
 
 CHURCH. — THE UNIVER.SALISr CHURCH. THE THIRD AX'ENUE MISSION 
 
 CHURCH. — JEWISH CUNC.Ki;c.AriONS. — GENERAL CHURCH 
 
 STATI.STICS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN CIIUKCH. 
 The l-iist CInisliiVi Cliurch. 
 
 A society known as Discipk's, Cami)l)flliti's, or 
 Christians liclil nK'(.tin,i;s in Detroit in a piivatc 
 lioLisc ;is early as I1S38. in 1.S46 meetings were 
 iieid in .a sciiool-rooni near the corner of Coni^ress 
 and i\aniloi|)li Streets, under tlie leadersliip of Re\'. 
 W. 1\. Nay. Tile s.inie year tlie use of llie State 
 Capitol was obtained, and st-r\ices were hekl each 
 Sal)l)ath, and about this time .Mr. Nay was suc- 
 ceedeil by Rev. Eli Rej^al. He was scrviny as 
 pastor in October, 
 1 85 1. After worship- 
 intr in the Capitol for 
 a few months, the 
 society moved to the 
 Odd Fellows' Hail, on 
 Woodward A\ enue : 
 then, on April y. i S48, 
 to Fowler's school 
 building, on the north 
 side of Jefferson A\- 
 enue near St. .\ntoine 
 Street ; from this 
 place they moved to 
 the old City Hall, 
 where they remained 
 until 1S63. Several 
 members of the soci- 
 ety then purchased 
 the old Connreya- 
 
 tional Church on Jefferson Avenue, and on January 
 3 of that year held their first .services there, witli 
 Rev. I.saac Errctt as pastor. I le remained until 
 January 1, 1865, and was at once succeeded by 
 Rev. W. T. .Moore. Umier .Mr. Moore's pastorate, 
 on October 15. 1865, the Howard Street conirreiLja- 
 tion (whose history is j^iven separately) united with 
 the Jefferson Avenue Church, but in January, 1868, 
 they left to re-establish their own societv. 
 
 Mr. Moore remained until February, 1866, and 
 was succeeded on .March 15 by Rev. A. J. Hobbs, 
 
 -^ 
 
 W \SII1N(/11IN AVKNII; ClIKlSTIAN ClUKLII. 
 
 who cf)ntiniied until April i, 1S67. He was followed 
 on May i, 1867, by Rev. T. \'. Rerry, and in July 
 of tlie next year a iiorlion of the con,nre).;ation, with 
 Mr. llerry, the pastor, left the Jefferson .\\enue 
 coni;rt'j;ation, ruid conimenced services at St. .An- 
 drew's Hall. In 1869 and 1870 Rev. M. S. Clajjp 
 was pastor of the conj^renation at .St. .Andrew's 
 Hall. Meantime the Jefferson A\eiiue Church luul 
 as its pastors J5. A. Hinsdale in 1868, O.l'. Millar 
 in 1869, and II. 11. lU.ick in 1870. 
 
 In March, 1871, the two con,i;re.t^ations united, 
 and soon after, under the pastorate of Mr. Clapp, 
 
 they beyan worship- 
 . ^ iny in the Wash- 
 ington Avenue eili- 
 fice. This building 
 formerly belonged to 
 the Scotch I'resbyte- 
 rian Church, and was 
 purchased for and 
 presented to the soci- 
 ety by Colin Camp- 
 bell and Thomas 
 Linn, at a cost of 
 $2,600. The lot cost 
 •^7.500, and the prop- 
 erty in 1880 was 
 valued at $15,000. 
 Rev. C.ilbert J. Ellis 
 succeeded Mr. Clapp 
 on July I, 1 87 1, and 
 remained until No- 
 vember I, 1875. Rev. T. D. lUiller served from 
 September 1, 1876, to March, 1878, and Rev. (ieorgc 
 Clendciining from September 1, 1878, to Ajiril, 1880. 
 The ne.xt regular pastor was Rev. W. 15. Thompson, 
 whose term began in July, 1883. 
 
 The church seats 600, and the pews are free. 
 The pastor's salary in 1880 was $1,500, and tli<' 
 other church e.\pc:nses about $400 per year. 
 
 The average attendance in 1880 was 150. Num- 
 ber of members in i860, 75; in 1870, 175; in 1880, 
 230. 
 
 Lo. 
 
THE CHRISTIAN CIIUKCII. 
 
 625 
 
 s'lTARIAN 
 SSION 
 
 was followud 
 , and ill July 
 rc'^alidn, wiili 
 rsoii Ani'iuk: 
 .•s at Si. An- 
 M. S. Clapp 
 St. Andivw's 
 c Cliunli had 
 S, (). 1'. Millar 
 
 ;itions united, 
 (il Mr. Clapp, 
 ligan worship- 
 1 tlic Wash- 
 Avcnuc cdi- 
 rhis l)uiidini;' 
 ly boloiuivd to 
 )tcii rresbytc- 
 urch, and was 
 scd for and 
 (.'tl to the s(H'i- 
 Colin Canip- 
 md Thomas 
 at a cost of 
 The lot cost 
 and ilv-' prop- 
 11 1 880 was 
 at $15,000. 
 [ilbert J. Kllis 
 led Mr. Clapp 
 I, 1 87 1, and 
 ■d until No- 
 served from 
 |l Rev. C.eoriLiv 
 April, 1880. 
 |r>. TJKinip.son, 
 
 :\vs are 
 
 free. 
 1 500, and the 
 year. 
 
 1 50. Num- 
 1175; in 1880, 
 
 Chii. ih of Christ. 
 This conajrepation, worshiping; on the corner of 
 Fcjurth and I'luin Streets, is a part of the ori,t,nnal 
 .society of Ui.sciples, After a portion of the 
 ci)iiiL(re,i.;ation had left to ()r}.janize a church on Jeffer- 
 son .\veniie, the remainder, for a few months, wor- 
 
 •'lifilrrtif"* 
 
 W^'^^f^^^i 
 
 iJiscii'i.ics <ii' Chkist CmucH. 
 
 shiped in the City Hall. Finally, the society pur- 
 chased of the Tabernacle S(jciety a little frame 
 church on Howard Street, for §2,000, and oti May 
 29, 1863, was incorporated as the Howard Street 
 Church of Christ, which is still its legal title. The 
 Howard Street Church seated 200. On October 1 5, 
 1865, the society united with that worshiping on Jef- 
 ferson Avenue, and \\\ April, 1866, the old church 
 on Howard Street was sold, and soon afterwards 
 turned into a dwelling. During the first week of 
 January, 1868, the two societies separated, and on 
 July 26, this society first used its building on the 
 nordiwest corner of Fourth and Plum Streets. The 
 lot cost Si, 800 and the building $3,000. The church 
 seats 300. All the pews are free. The average at- 
 tendance in 1880 was 200. Number of members in 
 1850,60; in 1S60, 100; in 1870, 120; in 1880, 220. 
 In 1880 the estimated value of the property was 
 S''>,ooo, and the yearly expenses about $500. During 
 1 883 the society established a mission on the corner 
 of Fourteenth Avenue and Ash Street. The lot 
 cost $1,250 and the building $1,350. It was first 
 used on May i. Tlit society has no clergyman, so 
 calli?d, the services being conducted by elders and 
 deacons. 
 
 New Jerusalem Church. 
 
 The first church of this name in Detroit was 
 organized with seven members on August 25, 1839, 
 at the house of Nathan Goodell, by Rev. H. Weeks. 
 Sir\ices were held until the summer of 1842, and 
 then discontinued until March 14, 1844, when Rev. 
 G, Field began teaching the doctrines of this church 
 in the second story of a building opposite the Michi- 
 
 gan I'".xcliangc. On July 14 following, Sunday 
 morning scr\ices, which had been held at the house 
 of S. Hall, were first held at this place. 
 
 On January 13, 1846, Mr. Field rented a store 
 underneath, and litted it up for meetings, and on 
 Sunday, May 3, an upper room in the Republican 
 Block was first used. The society on December 6 
 moved from there to the United States Court Room, 
 over the I'ost Oflice, on the corner of Jefferson Ave- 
 nue and Ciriswold Street, and there, on January 30, 
 1848, was fully organized. In September, meetings 
 were held in the County Court Room, on the corner 
 of Ciriswold and Congress Streets. In 1851 Rev. 
 Jabez Fox became pastor, and on July 18, 1852, the 
 Detroit society of the New Church was incorporated. 
 The society then moved to the old Congregational 
 Church on Jefferson Avenue, holding their first ser- 
 vices there on July 22, 1855, and the same year the 
 pastorate of Mr. Fox ceased. In 1856 Rev. O. Field 
 again became pastcjr, and as early as February, 
 1858, the society moved to a room over 154 Wood- 
 ward Avenue, near the Campus Martins, remaining 
 there nearly a year, and then moving back to the old 
 Congregational Church. A lot and building on 
 Macomb Avenue near Park Street was next bought 
 and fitted up at a cost of $4,000, and dedicated 
 August 26, i860. From this time until 1862 there 
 was no pastor. In the latter year Rev. G. Field re- 
 turned, and remained until 1866. 
 
 Mission Chapel— Disciples of Christ. 
 
 From December, 1867, to March, 1868, Rev. W. 
 G. Day was pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. E. 
 C. Mitchell, who remained from 1869 to 1872. 
 During his pastorate the church property was sold 
 for $6,000 and the proceeds used in the purchase of 
 a lot on the southwest corner of Cass and High 
 
mm 
 
 626 
 
 StP-fts, wliic 
 §.S,ooo was t 
 
 3. iS?-:. It 
 ccT bi'iaiiR! 
 
 'I'liK Ni:\v ji:ki'.s.\i.i:m ciiiikiii. 
 
 li cost 
 un IT 
 
 si'ats 
 jiaslor 
 
 33"- 
 
 lu'kl il 
 
 111 1.S73 Kcv. L. 1'. Mrr- 
 i' riiiiaini'd until 1X77, and 
 
 ,000. A new chnrcli I'nsliiiiir Detroit, and at his sin^iri'stion srrvici'S wrfi' 
 :(!. anci dedicated N()\'eml)e|- the Tniliil Stales (.'(unl Kdoni, eixiiei' of Jellerson 
 
 A\iiine and (Iriswold Stri'ct. ( )n his letni-n iiiu 
 liiini the West, another nieetinj; was held in the uM 
 seminary biiildinv; on (iriswoid Street, and 
 .as ,1 resnit of these ineetinj;s, in the sprin'^ 
 of iSy), .1 room was rented in the old Odd 
 I'ellous' liall, an Ael of Incorporation (ih- 
 t.ained from the I .ei;islaliM-e, ,ind on Oclolm- 
 f), 1X50, the church was orj;ani/,ed .and 1k- 
 cime .a eorpor.ilc' body. I )nrinjL; the sinunK r 
 .and fall of i.S^o (xcasional meetini;s were 
 held by Knsh R. .Shiiipcn, 1 )r. I losnier, K( \. 
 C. ,M. T.n^n.irt, and l\e\'. 'I'. C". .Ad.im. In 
 April, I1S51, Ke\-. j. A. rennim.Mi, of S.iv.in- 
 nali, (leori^ia, ((HuliHted scrsices, and on 
 July 4 of this year Kev. '!'. J. Mimifoid b. - 
 canu' the first rei;nlar p.istoi'. He was in- 
 st.illcd on Anj^nsl .!4. I'nder his p.istor.iie 
 the two lots on tlk^ northwest coiiur nf 
 Lafayette Avenue .anil Shelby Stic .1 weu 
 secured .it ,1 cost of S3,ckjo, .and a cliiirc li 
 erecled, .and (Ktlie.iled 011 .September .S, 
 1X53. It cosl ||!i!2,(XJO, .and h.ad sittings lor 
 4.SS persons. In 1.S59 Mr. Mnmford went 
 I'!.ist on account of his lie.illli, .and this ye.ir 
 the pnlpil w.is snp|ilied by Kev. Kich.ird 
 Metcilf. He was followed, in the f.ill of 
 1.S60, by Kev. Mr. Silsbee, and on 1 leceiii- 
 
 •IMSAI.liM (.'ill HI II. 
 
 was siKTceded in the f.all of iS79l)y Kev. 
 J. 15. I'armelce, who rem.iined only .1 few 
 months. Kev. C.eorno l''ield then served the 
 church for three months, and the pulpit was 
 .afterw.ards supplied tempor.arilv by v.irions 
 persons inilil April 1, i.SiSi,when Kev. H.C. 
 \ctterliiii,r came. He remained biiL ,a fiw 
 weeks, .iiul w.as followed by Kev. j. U. Ilib- 
 bard, who, .as the pri'sidinn- minister of the 
 Michiiu;;m Association, carid for the chnrch 
 ill the absence of ;i jjaslor. On Se|nember 
 16, 1S83, a regular p.astor w.as si'cnred. Rev. 
 A. F. l'"rost beginninv;- his thities on th.il d.ite. 
 'I'lic number of members in 1.S40 w.as 7 ; in 
 1850,38; in i860, 1870, .and 1880, the number 
 w.as 70. 'I'he aver.ine .attend.ance in 1880 .at 
 nii)rninj> service was 80. The ji.astor's .s;il- 
 ary was $1 ,000, and the total yearly e.xpenscs, 
 $1,200. V.ilue of the property, $15,000. 
 
 The CoNGKKIi.VnONAl. UnIIAKIAN CllCkl II. 
 
 T//i- Coni^rivathmal Um /far/on Church, k--., .0/; \^ m ri- i 
 
 '^ -^ ber 31, i860, Mr. Mumfords p.asior.al 
 
 Tlie l)e)rinnini(s of tliis society date from the win- form.illy closed. 
 
 ter of 1 840- 1 8 50. Rev. F. W. Hollaiid, secretary of After Mr. Mumford's wilhdrawal 
 
 the American Unitarian Society, then paid a visit to was supplied temporarily until 1862. 
 
 term was 
 
 the pulp't 
 Kev. S. S. 
 
■rill'. i'Ni\i:ks.\i.isi' tiUKcii. 
 
 627 
 
 ■S Wt'll' lulll I 
 
 ii' (it Jilk'iX'i 
 lis rt'Uini til;! 
 lulll in till' iiM 
 lid Stli-rt, ,111 i 
 
 i, ill lllC h|lliL-. 
 
 in tlic (ilil ( )iM 
 iMixiratiiin ol'- 
 uul (Ml ( )('l(il)i r 
 aiii/.cil anil 1" - 
 in.iL; llu' snmnii i- 
 millings \\i ir 
 •. I Idsnur, Kr\. 
 t'. Adam. Ill 
 inian, of Savaii- 
 ■r\ici'S, and mi 
 |. Mnmftird 1" - 
 ir. Mr. was iii- 
 i-r his pastdi'ali- 
 wi'sL •■(irniT I 'I 
 Iby Sin .1 \\i 1' 
 .), and a (imi' li 
 1 Si'|)lcinlKi' S, 
 had siltinys Inr 
 Miimfiiril went 
 ill, and this ycu' 
 y Krv. Kiill.inl 
 1, in tin: fall "f 
 and on Diciiii- 
 
 S*!;, 
 
 |U( II. 
 
 loral term was 
 
 jsal the pulpl 
 Kev. S. S. 
 
 iiinil) .\\iniir and I'arl-; Sli'cct. 'I'luir liisi Siiiiday 
 lAriiinU' siT\ii'i' was lirld theie on ()(l(iliir \(i, llu: 
 buildini^ was dedicated on Oeloher iS, and will seat 
 750. The lot (III wliieli the hiiildinv; stands is leased 
 fur foiirleiii yeais at a nmninal nnlal, the |iiiee of 
 the lot to be liMil al the end of the lease. The 
 
 lllinliliv; then lieeame the p.istor, be'.;innini; Jaiui- 
 
 .iiy I. i<'^''-. and reiiiaiiiinn' until March Ji. iMfi^. 
 
 I lining his tenii, Oil January n;, iSdj, the annual 
 
 cMiitereiice of the Weslern I ! iiil.iiiaii t'hiiiilies was 
 
 lulll in 1 )etr(iit. Ri\'. A. ( 1. 1 libbai'd becime pastor 
 
 (»i tuber 17, liS(i.|, and icmained nntil .March 25, 
 
 iSdfi. Rev. Jason I''. Walker then serviil for nearly ihiirch and fiirnishiiii^fs cost §5o,ix>). Mori! than 
 
 iwii years, ;iiid was fol- 
 
 liiwcd for a few months 
 
 |i\' i\c\'. t'. M.ic.inley. 
 
 Urv, W. K.C. .Mcllcll lleM 
 
 ciiurcd upon the [i.istoi'- 
 alc, was inslalled March 
 .|, iSfii;, and continued for 
 two yc.irs from tli.il date. 
 I •iiiiiii;' his term, in 1S71, 
 e.\lciisi\e impro\eiiienls 
 were iiiaik; to the front 
 ( niraiice of the church .ind 
 til the b.iseiiunl, and the 
 iiilciior was litted with 
 iirw pews, ornan, etc., ;il .1 
 cost of §17,500. ( )ii M.iy 
 |(), 1.S72, Rev. Calvin .Steb- 
 hiiis became the jiastor, 
 rcmainini^ until January 5, 
 1X71;. Kc\'. T. li. I'lii- 
 liiisli became |),istor oil 
 M,iy 5, iSSo. The avera>;e 
 aticiid.uice on Sunday 
 iiiorniin;' in iMSo was 250. 
 The pastor's .salary was 
 Jj.^oo, the choir cost 
 ijiijtx), and the tot.il ;in- 
 iiii.il expenses reached 
 85,000. 'I'lie amount re- 
 alized from pew rents was 
 S^.ocx: per year. The 
 iiimiber of niembers in 
 if^io was 140; ill i.Sfio, 
 2(10; in 1S70, v'^'I in iMSo, 
 ;iXo. The debt in i.SSi 
 w as §5,000 ;md the church 
 pru|icriy was valued at 
 §4'i,ooi). 
 
 Durinvi' '•'^^'^.i -'i l"t was 
 hiiimlit as a site for a new 
 
 cliiircli on the northwest corner of Woodward and 
 Si Men Avenues. 
 
 Cliitriii of Our I'atlirr { [')i/;Yrsii//sf). 
 riiis society was ornani/eil and incorporated in 
 Miy, 1S79, and in iiSiSo had one luiiidred and sex- 
 em y-live members, with Rev. !•',. L. Rexford, I). 1)., 
 as pastor. They held their lust .service in Wliii- 
 ii(\'s Ojiera House on Ai)ril 20, 1H79, remainiiiiL; 
 til' re until October, iSiSi, ;md then movinv; into 
 tli ir stone church on the northwest corner of .Ma- 
 
 Clll'Kl II nl- OCU I'aTIII'.K - l^MVK.liSAI.IST. 
 
 half the total cost WMs jMiid by S. J. Murphy. The 
 averajje attendance in 1880 ;it the Opera House was 
 300. The number of members, 180. The yearly 
 expenses were about §4,000, of which §3,000 was 
 for the pastor's s.nlary. In 1S83 a .Stale eouveiitioii 
 of I'niversalists held its sessions in this cluircli; 
 the opeiiinj^' session was on the 6lh of October. 
 
 'I'liiril .l-i'tinir Mission Church. 
 This society was orijauized June 7, 1882, with 
 
62 8 
 
 THK MISSION CHURCH. H'.WISH C0N(;RKC.ATI()NS. 
 
 fifti't'ii members, with Rev. C. K. IIiiIIhiI as p.istor, 
 and iiu'orporated December 14, iSSj. It is evaii- 
 gflical ill I'liaraeter, but not comiecti'il with any 
 deiiuniinatioii. In 1882 it liad twenty members, 
 
 1 llllcl) .\\j:mk MlbMlIN .SUNUAV Sciloill. lii il.DlNl,. 
 
 and on December 14 of that year was .acorptjrated 
 under the title of Third Avenue Mission Church. 
 The services are held in a mission Sunday-school 
 building, which is con- 
 trolled by a society incor- 
 porated under the name 
 of the Third Street Mis- 
 sion, on March 17, and 
 orjranizedon May 1 1, 1867. 
 The buildini,^ forty-four 
 by sixty-six feet, cost 
 $4,000, and was dedicated 
 May ID, 1868. The prop- 
 erty is held by five trus- 
 tees, elected for terms of 
 three years each by the 
 Sunday-school teachers. 
 
 Beth }'.! Jnuish Society. 
 
 This society was orii^an- 
 in August, 1850, in- 
 
 i/( 
 
 corporated on April 21, 
 185 1, and reorganized in 
 1853. For the first two 
 years they met in a private 
 
 house, ;ind for the next three years ovci^ llic stortMjf 
 Silbcrman l\: llirsch, on Jefferson Avenue. Tin 
 r.ibbi, ;it this time, was Rev. S. Marcus. He was 
 succeeded, after his death in 1854, by Rev. I.. Adler, 
 who remained seven years. During nio.st 
 of his term the society met in a room over 
 Dr. Scherer's drug store, at No. 39 Michi- 
 gan (Irand Avenue. On March 5, i860, tin- 
 society was incorporated anew, and in 1861 
 bought the old French Methodist Church on 
 Rivard Street, between Croglianand Lafay- 
 ette Streets, and dedicated it on August 30. 
 Rev. A. Laser now served three years, and 
 was followed by Rev. Dr. J. Kallisch, who 
 remained the .same length of time. After 
 he left, the old place of worslii]) was .sold, and 
 the forms of service iiiodi'rni/.ed. The 
 temple on the corner of Washington Ave- 
 nue and Clifford Street was ])ur<-liased for 
 $17,000, and (k'dicated on August 30, 1867. 
 Rev. F. Fppstein was the tirst rabbi of the 
 new temple, remaining till 1870. His suc- 
 cessor, Kiv. Dr. K. Koliler, servi'd two years. 
 Rev. K. Cjereehter ser\ed for one year, Kiv. 
 L. Wudner for three years, aiul in Scjjtem- 
 ber, 1876, Rev. Dr. II. /irndorf took charge. 
 ( )nlymen are admitted as members (A the 
 society: the number in 1850 was 12; in 
 1860,40; 1111870,60; in 1880, Kjo. 'Jill' 
 church se.its 600. The average; attendance 
 at service in 1880 was 500. 'I'he salary of 
 the r.'ibbi was $2,5cx). 'I'he .sexton was jKiid 
 The choir cost $1,000, and the total annual 
 expenses were $5,500. The projii'rty was worth 
 $25,000. 
 
 $300. 
 
 Biiiii El bv.NAGouuii. 
 
GKNKRAL CHURCH STATISTICS. 
 
 62( 
 
 r ilii^ slorcof 
 .vciuic. Tin 
 us. He \va' 
 lev. I.. Adlir. 
 Duriiiv;- nmM 
 
 a room over 
 so. 39 Midii- 
 h 5, 1860, till 
 ,•, ami ill iHfii 
 list CIuutIi oh 
 an and Lafay- 
 :)n Autjust 30. 
 -cc years, and 
 Kalliscli, will) 
 ■ lime. After 
 ) \v;is sold, and 
 ■rni/.ed. The 
 sliiniLiton Ave- 
 l)urehased for 
 isrnst 30, 18^17. 
 a rabbi of the 
 ^70. His siu- 
 rved two years, 
 one ye.ir, Kiv. 
 iiid in Se|)teiii- 
 irf took ehar^e. 
 nenibers of the 
 50 was 12; in 
 !8o, 100. The 
 a.i^o attendance 
 
 The salary of 
 ,exton was paid 
 
 le total annual 
 
 ■IV was worth 
 
 C'onneeted willi the eliiii( li is a Hebrew Relief 
 Suiiely, of wliieh the lirst president w.is I), (1. 
 Workiim, lie was sueeeeded by !■;. .S. I leineman. 
 I he eonjrrenrition is known as Kefornu'd llebrews, 
 and their ser\iet' diifers but little in method from 
 that observed in rrotestanl ehurehes. 
 
 S/ianiy /.Ciirc Jn^'isli Sori'rtv. 
 
 This society w.'is orir.anized .September 2"], i.S(')r, 
 with a membership of seventeen. It met o\i'rI)r. 
 S( herer's iXxw^ .store, on Nbchii;.ui (ir.uid Avenue 
 near H.ites Street. 
 
 In 1864 the society hou.nht the old St. Matthew's 
 C'olored I'lpiscopal Church, on the soiitlujist corner 
 of St. Antoinc and Con.^ress Streets, for §4,500, 
 ,iiid i.^\\ September 23, 1864, it was dedicated for 
 their u.se. In the f.ill u[ 1876 the old church was 
 sold and torn down, and the erection of ;i new one, 
 to cost $15,000, bejkjun. '\\\c eonjfreij.ation, becom- 
 iiii.^ divided in .sciuimciH, vv is unable to p.iy for the 
 
 SVNAGOGIII! Ol' SlIAAie, ZeDEC. 
 
 new buiklinjj, and on April i, 1879, it was turned 
 over to the contractors. After the sale (jf the old 
 liiureh the eongreyation separ.ited into three por- 
 tii)!is, meeting in Kittelberirer's I fall on Randolph 
 .Street, in Funke's Hall on Macomb Street, and at 
 the corner of (Iratiot and Ha.stings Streets, Late 
 in 1881 a number of them united in renting the 
 huilding they had been forced to sell, and used it as 
 a synagogue. They are known as orthodox Israel- 
 ites, and observe many of the ancient forms and 
 ceremonies. The number of members in 1870 was 
 48; in 1880, 35. The officiating rabbis have been: 
 iXC)5--i86S, La.scr Kontrovitch; 1868, A. C.old- 
 schmidt; 1 871- 1874, B. Moscowitz; May, 1882- 
 , Joseph Rapperat. 
 
 (iKNh k.M, (■iii;u< 11 siA risiio. 
 
 The following tables, the lirst of the kind tli.it 
 have been comiiiled for Detroit, give ;i v.iriety of 
 interesting facts. .Ml clnirches of the s.ame general 
 faith or pr.Ktiee .are grouped together: 
 
 Nu.Mlll'.K (IF ClHHCII I'l'II.DINO.S. 
 
 Rnm.in f'.illinlic, . 
 
 .MilliiidisI 
 
 I'li-sliyhriMii .... 
 
 I'.pist npaliaii 
 
 r.a|plist 
 
 I.ullii'nin 
 
 N(!W Ji'i'iisalrm (Swc- 
 
 <li:nliiir;;iaiil 
 
 Clirisiiaii ( I lisciplol. . 
 
 (iinnnnaliiiiiat 
 
 t 'llilal'iall 
 
 lywi-li 
 
 UiulctKiiiiiiialidiiul . . . 
 
 Totals 
 
 |8<K> 
 
 I8I0 
 
 i8ao 
 
 1830 
 
 1840 
 
 1850 
 
 18(1(1 
 
 1870 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 • ■ 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 I 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 ■i 
 
 ■i 
 1 
 
 5 
 >) 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 r 
 I 
 
 ') 
 u 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 f. 
 
 I 
 s 
 3 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 .■> 
 
 9 
 
 • 8 
 
 :)t 
 
 5a 
 
 1880 
 
 '4 
 13 
 9 
 15 
 II 
 
 <) 
 
 80 
 
 Ne.MllKK OK Ml'.MIII'.liS. 
 
 Rfunan ratlinllr' 
 
 Mclh.,(lisl 
 
 J'lcsliyliri.iii 
 
 K|)is('u[>aiian 
 
 liaplisl 
 
 I.iillician- 
 
 Ni'w jiTiis.ilcni 
 
 Clirif-liaii 
 
 Coii^Tcv^.il ioiial 
 
 Unilaiiaii 
 
 Ji:wi>li 
 
 Tiilals 
 
 iH.io 
 
 i84.> 
 
 18511 
 
 18(0 
 
 l87(, 
 
 1880 
 
 78 
 
 ■^8i 
 
 .SI'l 
 
 821 
 
 '.171 
 
 2,48^ 
 
 86 
 
 44« 
 
 81.1 
 
 i,U7 
 
 l,'.i.I 
 
 2,./(.2 
 
 4" 
 
 2.JI 
 
 407 
 
 728 
 
 2, III') 
 
 ,, ^m 
 
 10 
 
 1C.8 
 
 VI" 
 
 4,|o 
 
 ',')l'l 
 
 1,701 
 
 
 7 
 
 .(8 
 
 . 7" 
 
 7" 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 f»i 
 
 '75 
 
 ^•t". 
 
 450 
 
 
 
 ,Ch 
 
 2S5 
 
 47" 
 
 795 
 
 .. 
 
 
 If. 
 
 2(10 
 
 ioo 
 
 380 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 ..,5fu 
 
 40 
 
 108 
 7. tl'i 
 
 '.t5 
 
 214 
 
 I, '95 
 
 I2,2i/> 
 
 Perckni'aim'. (i|.- Cm ii( II Mrmmkus 10 I'l.i'i i.atki.n. 
 
 
 tSjo 
 
 J 840 
 
 i::s') 
 
 1 8(10 
 
 Rnnian Catholic * 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mellicidisl 
 
 •»15 
 
 .0)0 
 
 .o^'c; 
 
 .017 
 
 I'rcsliylcriaii 
 
 .0(8 
 
 .048 
 
 .o;8 
 
 .02 I 
 
 I''.pisinpalian 
 
 .018 
 
 .CI 11 
 
 1 
 
 .01 s 
 
 r.a|>lisl 
 
 .<; 14 
 
 .018 
 
 .018 
 
 .<«> ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New lirusalriii 
 
 
 
 .001 
 
 .001 
 
 Cliristian . ■ 
 
 
 
 
 .OOJ 
 
 ..x)4 
 
 Conyrt'^alidiial 
 
 
 .... 
 
 .n,^ 
 
 .005 
 
 Unilariaii 
 
 
 
 
 .(K)(i 
 
 .005 
 
 Jt.wisli 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■rc.l.ils 
 
 .0.15 
 
 .127 
 
 .11(1 
 
 ■"79 
 
 I.H70 
 
 .("116 
 .010 
 
 ■"•■5 
 
 .000 
 
 .(IQI 
 .005 
 .0<li 
 .001 
 
 .085 
 
 1880 
 
 .02t 
 
 .025 
 .02t; 
 .014 
 
 .000 
 .OO) 
 .006 
 .003 
 
 .oot 
 
 >IUM11ER OF SiniNCS. 
 
 
 1820 
 
 Unman Catholic. 
 
 .\I<tl)(Klist 
 
 I'rcsljyltiian 
 
 Kpiscupaliaii 
 
 I'ia|ilist 
 
 I.iiUuraii 
 
 850 
 
 
 
 Cliristian 
 
 (dncrcKational.. 
 
 I'nitarian 
 
 Jcsvish. . .! 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 850 
 
 1830 
 850 
 
 200 
 
 450 
 
 35" 
 
 aoo 
 
 1840 
 
 1,300 
 500 
 
 l,COO 
 
 700 
 f,5o 
 350 
 
 1850 
 
 3,300 
 
 '.7' 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,500 
 
 650 
 
 55" 
 
 l,fKH1 
 
 i860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 4,484 
 
 7.384 
 
 12, 012 
 
 3,6o<i 
 
 4.3"5 
 
 6,013 
 
 3,800 
 
 4,550 
 
 6, 950 
 
 2 , 650 
 
 4,810 
 
 7. 4"5 
 
 '1275 
 
 «>445 
 
 3.545 
 
 1 6<» 
 
 2iS5o 
 
 6.350 
 
 
 200 
 
 330 
 
 
 1,300 
 
 (JOO 
 
 IjfXKI 
 
 1,240 
 
 2,090 
 
 488 
 
 50., 
 
 S«> 
 
 
 900 
 
 1,050 
 
 8,897 
 
 3<-'.'84 
 
 47. '45 
 
630 
 
 GENERAL CHURCH STATISTICS. 
 
 l"HKCltNIA<lK i)|f SlrriNlis 10 I'ni'l'I.AI ION. 
 
 KiMiiiiii Calhiilii'. 
 
 Mrlllci(ll>,l 
 
 I'rcsliyliriiiii . . . 
 
 l'',|lis(li|W.lMll . . . 
 
 I!a|)ti-'l 
 
 I.iillirnin, 
 
 New IniiNiilcni. . 
 
 C'lirisiiiiii 
 
 C.'i)iii;rin,iliip|i il. 
 
 Unilai'iaii 
 
 Jttwisli 
 
 TotillH , 
 
 .SK.; 
 
 •5"'; 
 
 .3Ka 
 
 .(>C|C) 
 
 . ilna 
 
 .IS7 
 
 .IH)0 
 
 ■Ml 
 
 .US4 
 .loK 
 ..71. 
 .1.7.. 
 
 ...ja 
 
 •4«7 
 
 .IS7 
 
 ...H.. 
 
 .07 
 
 .1.71 
 
 •".)" 
 .ojti 
 
 "47 
 
 ,487 
 
 HiKl 
 
 .K7.. 
 
 .H,8 
 
 ."oa 
 
 ..78 
 
 .<i^,4 
 
 :;:^ 
 
 .<.S7 ' 
 
 .<)(HI 
 
 (.^7 
 
 ■".V 
 
 ".I'i 
 
 •<'.)» 
 
 
 .i«ia 
 
 
 ...16 
 
 iijt 
 
 .015 
 
 itIO 
 
 .(K.fl 
 
 
 .Oil 
 
 410 
 
 ■.175 
 
 ■ >' '.} 
 
 .11(13 
 
 ."3'> 
 ■"S4 
 .<«ia 
 
 •"•'7 
 ..118 
 
 ...14 
 
 .l.K) 
 
 ' As llic Catlwilic cliiiiilii'H kcrp im ilil'milf nidicl (i( lliu num- 
 ber iif families rDniU'i-tid with their parishes, and no rceurd of 
 iiidiviiliial iianies, it is nut pussible t>i ciinipute their nninliers witli 
 acciiraey. The lulal iiiiinheruf raniillis repurled frniii the several 
 Catholie parishi's In iHRo was 7,ii>], and tlieir iiiillinrllics estinialt^ 
 an average <if five persons to eaili family as adherents (if the 
 chnri'h. 
 
 " Tiic laitheran chiirehcs keep their nemils with greater 
 
 Knnian Pathnlic 
 
 Mrlhodisl 
 
 
 \\eia>ie Al- 
 (i'IkI.iiici* at 
 Miiiimin sir- 
 vice in 1K8.1. 
 
 ';. Ci" 
 a, 71s 
 
 ■ ,7K,> 
 
 .u<<y' 
 ,s.> 
 
 g7S 
 a.S'i 
 
 3110 
 aS.fHui 
 
 lulal ChiiKh 
 
 l''..\pensrs ill 
 
 iHSu. 
 
 !|fl4.4'«' 
 
 4a..ias 
 
 iS,.'i7S 
 
 I«..t84 
 
 i,a(K> 
 
 i|(.i 
 II, ,'it) 
 
 4,,.«, 
 
 Vahir iif 
 
 Chun h I'riip 
 
 erty in iU8<>. 
 
 $774,.... 
 .V'.lt'".. 
 .M'^'.7S.) 
 .^7.).87S 
 154, H«l 
 fi(H),(ir)ii^ 
 
 ISi^NM) 
 
 I'ri',liyierlan 
 
 l''plsi opalian. . . . 
 Haplisl 
 
 
 I.iilheiaii 
 
 
 
 
 < 'mr^re^^aliiiiial . 
 
 I iiitarian 
 
 Jewish... 
 
 
 1 lll,llfNI 
 4fl,IKl.| 
 
 a.S,<>«' 
 
 
 
 liilals 
 
 $-j4,ai,, 
 
 la.STS/'as 
 
 
 aieiiraey, hut have no liniforin mothml, some keeping lists nf 
 families, ami others uf cnmMiiinieanls only ; their stali'.lies are, 
 llierefiire, niil as satisfai Imy as oiu' eoiild wish. A K^'onpiiix ol 
 the (Inures for some uf lliese eliiirehes, ;iml earefiil 1 slinuiti s from 
 others, nive . I lul.il uf (',1 1 1 euiiinuiiiieaiils uf Lutheran ehiirillcs 
 ill 1.S80. 
 
 » N'ut iiu ImlliiK the si houl prupirly uf llir 1 hnrehes. 
 
nil 
 
 Viiliii' iif 
 
 ill 
 
 Cliiin li I'liip 
 
 
 crly ill iHH... 
 
 
 $774, <x«, 
 
 
 3,13, 1«K. 
 
 
 tl^'.?''." 
 
 
 .■i7').«7S 
 
 
 I54,,»., 
 
 
 9.«),.«».- 
 
 
 lS|i«»i 
 
 
 al.iiiai 
 
 
 1 |ll,IMXi 
 
 
 .,(.,.-■■. 
 
 
 25,(««. 
 
 f a> STS/'*"! 
 
 I! kicpin« lisls Ml 
 their Malislirs an-, 
 sh. A K''i"i|'"'!< "' 
 I'fiil I llnmli s lii'ii. 
 l.iitlii-ruu tluialio 
 
 liiiri'lii'S 
 
 ciiapt1':k j.x v. 
 
 IIIK KlKS'l' srXDAV SC'llool,. MISSION SUlool.S. Sl'NDAV SCIlool. SIA TIS IK'S.— 
 SUNDAY St;il(>()l, UNIONS, UONNIAI'loNS. ANI ) Cl'.l.l'.l'.K A IIONS. 
 
 TIIK KlUSr SUNDAY SCllDOL. 
 
 \Vk know Mill liiiw lluy l>ftamc ciiliilcd to tlio 
 11,11111; of " (liicclors," hut the Injjdwiii;; ctrd, prinU'd 
 ill ihc d.i/.ctU', fully idfiuiru's tlic foimdcis of iIk; 
 tiist I'rolcslaiil Siiiulay school in Micliigan, and 
 shows when llu; si'hool hf^aii : 
 
 SUNDAY SCIKM)!,. 
 
 Al a ini'i'tinK of llic I lini Ims nl the Sunday Schiiol AssiH'iaii<in 
 of Ihi^ city "f Diiiciii, Mr. l.iiuiiil Sliattiuk was uiiaiiiiiion^ly 
 ii|j|iciiiiU(l Siipi tIiiUikIi-iiI lliircuf, and il wa.s rcsolvud llial ilir 
 mIiiI'iI shall K" iniii (ipnatiiin on Siiiuliy, ihr 4tli inst., tii coni- 
 mriin- al hall past B d'chu k ■\. M. 
 
 Till' nlijt'i't elf till' AssiM'ialicm is li> iiistnict children and others 
 in ilii' art ol r'- idiiij{, free of cxpriiso, and to stiiniilalr tlniii In 
 rxi'iiion ill anpiirin^; thu riullinents of kiiiiwledK<-'- Kiwards will 
 111' (li-iiriliiili'd to ihu des'Tvinn. 
 
 Miiih lu'iK'lit has liccii received from Riniilar iiisliliitions in 
 most of the populous towns in the Uiiil il Slates. The citi/eiis 
 of Detroit have contributed Uherally for this estalilisliiniiit, and 
 it is hoped tliey will now exert themselves to Beiul every one, 
 male and feiiiali:, that needs iiislriietiiai, 
 
 II. }. lIl'NT, A. K. WlNli, 
 
 I.. SlI.Vl-fUCK, 
 
 III 
 
 111, 0,f. I, 1818. 
 
 M. Dii Knv, 
 Stkaii, 
 
 JJircifors, 
 
 It will he oh.scrved that the modern idea of iSibli; 
 instiiictioii was not a proniinciU feature. A iioiicc 
 and report eontaineil in the ("i.ix.elte of January 7 
 ;tiii! 14, 1820, jjives details of some of the now obso- 
 Kic methods then in use, ;iiid reve.als a slate of 
 nior.ils that does not recommend the past as being- 
 better than the present. The notice reads : 
 
 SUNDAY Sc:il()()I,. 
 
 Al a meeting of ihe S. S. Assoeialioii of ihe city of Detroit, 
 held at the Academy on Saturday, the aslh insl., the president 
 and \ iei'-prisideiit l)ein< absent, the Kev. |. Monteith was called 
 to ilii' chair. The report of thi' school was presented by the 
 Siipirintendent. I'or nasons appearini;, the business of the 
 aiiiiii.il ineelin>; havinij bieii suspended since September last, the 
 A-^oi iation proci'i'deH to elect the followini; officers to serve 
 tlii.Hinli the ensiiiiii; year: Hon. William Woodbridne, president; 
 llriiiy I. Itiint, vice-president; Levi Thrown, tre.isiirer; John .1. 
 Di tiiin.n, s.'cretary ; directors, Rev. J. Monteith, Maj. J. Ander- 
 son, 1!. Siead, A. G. Whitney, and D. G. Jones. 
 
 A\:w/:;;/, ihat the riport of the superintendent be r,;ad in the 
 I'rrshyterian Church of Detroit, on Sunday, the 29th inst., and 
 th.ii he be requested to furnish such parts of it (or publication as 
 he may think proper, ^finiilis o/" Association. 
 
 J. J. Deming, 
 I'l luorr, Dec. 25th, 1819. Secretary. 
 
 The report reads: 
 
 The degraded state of the learninjj and luornls of u great por- 
 liou ot oiireili/.ens has loiiK been ,i subject which diservi-d the 
 commi.seration of the well-wislurs to the K"'"' of society ami the 
 prosperity of religion. Ileinn '"I recently deprived of thi' means 
 of the general dilfii.ioii of knowlidxi', and espeiially that of u 
 mural or rulitiious character, and e.\posed to all the demuiali/inx 
 infliienci' of war, without the sulhcieiil means to 1 heck the force 
 uf that inlluenci', our youth have liien usually lell to nmvi up ill 
 the practice of vice without restraint, and uuinlliienced liy the 
 motives a religions education inculcates. The Salib.illis have 
 been profaned by lompanies of noisy boys, and an im|>ropcr .mil 
 liulawfiil course of loiubict pursued by certain ilasses of people, 
 dls>;rai I'ful to the community which pirniits it, 'I'he people of 
 color have also attracted much attention. 
 
 lieini; excluded from llii' usual privilejjes of sociely, and espe- 
 cially ol our ordinary schools, the Lunditioii ul most ol them was 
 that of extreme ignorance nnd dei^rndation. That such evils 
 have existed in Uelruil is no reproach on the virtuous part ol the 
 community; but so lon^[ as we sulTer them to continue wilhout 
 eiiioiiou, or desire not their removal, they will stand a miuiuuiiut 
 ol our disyrace a.s men, citi<:eiis, or Christi.ms. While facts like 
 these were daily pri'sented to our vii'W, motives, powi'rful and 
 commaiuliii).;, uixed us to concenlrate luir inlluince in initivalinK 
 the evil by pioinotiuK a kuowledne of the doclrini'S and practice 
 of the (Uilies of the Christian rellKion. In accomplishing such 
 desirable ends, the yood effects of Sunday S( liools in various 
 parts of the United States hail been attested ; and under the 
 iiiipressioii that siiih an institution would be eipially beiielicial as 
 well in belteriuj,' the couditiou uf the poor ehildri'ii .is tho.se of 
 the weallhy, the Sunday School Association of the rity of Detroit 
 was formed in September, iSi8. The objei t of this association, 
 as expressed in its Constitution, is to establish schools for the in- 
 slriictiiii; chihlnn and others in a knowledge of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures, and in llii' art of i'e.ulln>; when necessiiry, ol aidiiij; and 
 stimiil.itiiii; them in a prolil.ible employment of the Lord's Day, 
 nnd of iuciilcalin>; the principles of reliijiou and morality. 
 Though our means would not allow that systematic ::nd extensive 
 exertion which is madi' in more populous and highly favored 
 towns, yet the pecuniary aid and persoi.al assistance necessary to 
 the commeiicejuenl of a school was proiuplly and liberally sup- 
 plied. The school was opened the lirst S.dih.ith in October, 1818, 
 and the services of some respectable and benevolent individuals 
 were tendi'red as teachers. Necessity has, however, compelled 
 us to carry on the labor of the .school with fewer teachers, and u 
 greater variety to each class, than would have been desirable, and 
 doubtless the projjress of the children has, in many instances, 
 been retarded by having teachers with whom they were iinac- 
 (piainted. * * ♦ 
 
 Soiiii' books have bi'cn procured for the henellt of the school, 
 but it has been a subject of regret that we have been able to pro- 
 cure but few of such as we desired. The attendance of the 
 children has been so irri'giilar as materially to rel.ird their pro- 
 gress in the studies assigneil them, and at times to disiourage and 
 almost overthrow the design of the teachers. There have been 
 many, however, whose punctuality at school has shown how 
 valunble the instruction they receive is deemed, nnd how careful 
 
 I63O 
 
632 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOLS. 
 
 nil' III!' lUiri'lllH tllllt lllcy Kll >!<> •UMIHIlllllllly lit lliil lo lusr llmsi' 
 
 li'Miirit wliii li a |Miiii tii.il iilli'iiil.inri' sciiii'is In llii in. 
 
 Tlir liiiii! Ill linlilliiK llii' siliiHil liiiH Miriiil (loin I In' iniirnlii)( I'l 
 till- iirti'niixiM at Hi'Vrnil liiiwit, In rnllfoliii loilp |iiililii ii'll>;i>ins 
 rxtri iscs, lint then! has Ihtii iinifnrmly 'Oir si liunl cai h Salili.itli. 
 It hat Ih'i n llw nivaiialilr I'l-Kiilatiuii nf llu' hi hniil ihal it slmiijil 
 III' iiiiriii'il wilh 1 railing a jxirliun nf S> ii|iliiri' anil piayrr, I' Inn' 
 ha^'r Ihtii Iwn Krinial illvl'.iuns aiiioiiK lln: si;IiiiIiiih, kiii h as 
 Wrrr inllrcly illiliiatr, anil snrli as imilil nail. 'I'lillir foinnr 
 havr Ih I n laiiKht nailing, s|ii IIIiiki < I> . ' " llx' latin havr lni n 
 assi^;iiiil |i<iri{i>iiH Iff Si liplnri', hyiniis, rali'iliisin, ami nllnr sijri I 
 k'Hsiins, wliirli iiiiilain tin Irailiii^ tiiiihs iil nioi.ility anil llir 
 Cliristian irliKiiiii, 111 l"i 1 nininilliil In niTnimy. In siinii' liiivr 
 bi'i'll |iiii|>nsi'il i|iii .linns III' tasks, mi wliii h lliry wrrr In I'xrri isr 
 tlirir jnilKmriil ami nivr In llw nsiili In wriiliikj. 'I'lir lask nl 
 cnniiniiiiii aliiiK ii'lininiis liislnnlinn In lln- illili lalr is rxthinrly 
 liiiliinll. 
 
 As sunn as thr si liiilar,s win: capalilr nf n'lriviiiK it, lillnr liy 
 rciulini; nr iiiiivrrsalinii, it has Ik rii the usual |irartlri' lii){>v<' it. 
 Of thisrlass IlllVi' lli'i'll lllnst nf lllr priipli' nf nilnr, wlln havi: 
 bci'ii fnuiiil as I'linally ilistiluti' nf a kiinwIi-ilKT nf Ihr most 
 ohviniis irnths nf tlir llilili: iis liny win; nf thr (irsl rmllimnts nf 
 rrailiiiK. Dili lliT niialir pail nf lln; srininl li.is rmisisliil nf llir 
 fhililntii nf ri'spi:i talilr laiiiilirs wlin iiijny llir piisili>;is nf ordi- 
 nary SI llnnls. 'I'hi' SI linni has lirrii iliviili il inio tin ilassrs, to 
 rai h nf H'hii li, wlii'il wr rnillil lir siippliril, a liai lii'i was assl>^ni'il; 
 anil In stiiniil.ili' tin' pupils In rxi'tiinii anil iinprnvrnn'nt, priiiliil 
 tii.kuts have Iii'lii xivin to ihi' (lrsri\ iii^;. 'riiisr tii ki'ls have a 
 linininal valiir alliirlnil In Ihrin, ami havr liri'n nili'i'iniil in 
 bniiks, trai:tH, anil ii'liKiniis prrindiral wnrks, paitirnlaily The 
 (iiiaidian, or Vniilh's Krliyiniis Inslrnrlnr, svlili li is ir).;iilai'ly 
 rivi'lvrd fnini Nrw Mavi-n. 
 
 Kr^iilar niiiinli'H nf the alteiidaiii:!', brhavinr, and rccituliuiis u( 
 the schnlarH, as will as nf Ihr altiinlanrT nf ihr Irarhrr^ or vi>i- 
 tnrs, have lierii krpi hy lln' Siipirintindint, and it has liirii thr 
 usual prarlirr iil lln' rinse nf r.ii h srhnni In i'i'|inrl the iiliinher nf 
 versen ill Seriptiiii', hyiiiiis, ipiehtinns ill caleLhisni, ele., that 
 were rcrlleil during; the liine. 
 
 Sitiee the eninini'iii'i'inent nl the selinni, aliniit nne liiiinlri'd anil 
 fifty SI-'" irs have liiin admitted, nf wliniil Iwenly-lwn iiii! 
 |)eiiplc (.nlnr. The uveraj^e attendance each .Sabliatli Inity- 
 I'iKhl, of whnni ahniil thirty have been .ilile In reeite lessmis to 
 Ibeir teai'liers. 
 
 Some idea nf their iiiiprnvennnt 1 an lie fnniii'.l frniii tin- Inllnw- 
 in|{ statement ; 'I'hiise nf llie people nf enlnr who have liariied to 
 re.id sinee the eoinillein emeiit of llie silionl are iinw alile In reeili: 
 frniii twenty In lidy verses nf Seriplnie at each all< mlani e. 
 AmoiiK the oilier 1 lasses, a >iirl of seven years of a,L;e li.is reeiled 
 i.7')l verses in Siripliire, 570 verses in hyiniis, and 77C1 answers in 
 I'i.'leehism, in all, ;|,I3>>. Anolher of ten years, -•,».(>_( Verses in 
 Seripturc, 1,248 verses in hyiiuis, aiul i,n6i answers in tatechisni, 
 in all, .(,/«). Anolher, who alleinled tweiily-foiir S.diliallis only, 
 ri eited -^S--') verses in Si lipinie, 1 oinprelienilin^,' llie four ( lospils 
 and I'rovirbs, liesiiles other seleet portions of the llilile, i.in;, 
 verses in liynins, and 250 answers in raleehisin, in all, i;,i'^4. 
 These are a few out of many similar iiistaiues whieh iiii^lit be 
 selected from the record.s of the sehool to show thu industry and 
 emulation of the .scholars. Tlie;;iealest recitation in one day, by 
 thirty selinlars, w.ts 1,737 verses in Seriptnre, 735 in hymns, and 
 (O answers in eateeliism, — in all, 3,41)2. Ueeiled by llie whole 
 sebool since the eommeneemeiil, 3H,445 verses in Seriptine, 1,140 
 verses in hymns, 10,3-^1 answers in lateehism, 462 answers to 
 Ciiniminn's ipnstions, xiveii in writing, and 48 prayers. 'I'olal, 
 (k>,(iHi'i. This will make an average of 35 verses per day to each 
 scholar. * * ♦ 
 
 It iH partieiilarly iiiiderslood that no leiiels peeiiliar lo any 
 religions denomination are taught in sehool. There appears to 
 be a visilile iinproviineiit in the morals and manners as well .'is 
 intellei liial knowlidife of the scholars; and instead of idle pro- 
 faiiers of the Sabballi, many of Iheni observe the day, anil become 
 diligent seekers of religions knowledKC. The difrcrencc between 
 
 llinsi! ihildren reKiilarly alli'iiilinx the Sunday Si liool anil those 
 who do iml, I veil while enjoyiiiK eiinal ailvanliiKis mi tilhir day., 
 is very app.irenl ; and il is to be n-Krelted that every class of imr 
 youth laniini be iiidiiied In spend the Sabballi in so prnrnalilp a 
 in.iniier. It is hoped and lariieslly nipiesteil llial inore exertinii 
 be made by pan ills, ^'iiardiaiis, and iiiasteis, to have those iiiiiji 1 
 their I are atli ml re>;iilaily and piiiii iii.illy al the hours of si liiml, 
 and lo I o-operale with the teailnis in 1 nforrin>;, hy preiepi iiinl 
 example, llie iiislnnlion lliey rei eive from them. It js presiimeil 
 other similar si bonis iiiixhl be iidvanlaKiniisly eslablislnd 111 
 jielrnil nr \ iiinily. few 1 liildren innsider altendiiiK the srhnni 
 a I niirnienii'iit. * ♦ ♦ 
 
 We lannni inniliide this repnrt wi'.limit ^ralc fully aiknnwledn- 
 
 in^ ihe peeiiiiiary aid that has 1 11 besinweit iiinl the patiniiai;i* 
 
 wliiih has been ([iveii to the s< liool by the riti/etiH, NoiiiImi 
 insliliilinii reenmnieiids itself fur its cheapness sn wi'll as ours, 
 and those small expenses which were iieiesHarily iiii iirreil will 
 dniibtless be defi.iyi'd by a liberal publie. Ibit In lliime who have 
 devoted their lime and laleiils In the labnriniis duties uf leaeliiii).;, 
 miii'h mnre is due. Vnii have ineriled llie iippiobalinii anil ^rali 
 Hull' of the whole (ominiinlly. If ollnr reward is iiei issary, wi- 
 niiisl refer yoii to that satislai linn whii h ynii iinw feel in your 
 own bn.islsina nview of tin >;nat xooil yon have done. Voiit 
 ilieils an: known and n'menibered !ii Ile.iveii. 
 
 Out of the nninber of those who have been en^UKed in lli< 
 iiistliiillon, one has been railed fnuii us to llie elernal world. Il 
 is bill just that a Iribiile of respei t should be paid lo llie memory 
 of the pious and benevolent IIiikIi M. Dickie, for sonic time one 
 of the directors and leachers ol mir si lionl. He eiilisleil bis feel- 
 ings ardently ill the work, lie had Ihe affections of liiM Kcholars 
 and was an able support of the institution. While we bow with 
 submission to ihe will of (!od, in all his righteous dispensations, 
 teailiers and scholars sliiiiild be impressed witli tin- ini|iorlaiiie of 
 beinj; prepared for death, Joyful indeed will be the lot of that 
 leai her who is the hoiniieil inslniiiniil of leading a child friiiii 
 llie ways of ignorance and vice to a knowledge nf the lelJKinii nf 
 Jesus ('III isl, and of saving bis iiiinioital sniil. Teachers! wlial 
 a motive In persevering diligence in the iliseharKc of duty, 
 liy order of llie Ituard of Directors, 
 
 L. SlIAlTPCK', 
 
 Sufierintenili'iit. 
 
 The whole expense of the school, iiii ludiii>; books, stalioiicry, 
 tickets, .iiid fuel, for the fifteen months of its existence, has been 
 only $|i.'»i. 
 
 Ahniii .1 yi'.'ii" aftiT tin- srhool l)ejfan, the folli)w- 
 in,(r .ulvcrlisiMni'iit a|)|H'an'(l in the (lazt'tte: 
 
 SUNDAY SlIIDill, I'OU I'I'.Ol'I.K OK COI.OU. 
 
 Mr. Uowe will liaili persons of color, of bolli sexes, fnim 3 lo 
 ■i--, years of hkc, on Sundays, oralis. 'I'liose who wish to atleiiil 
 an: di'sind to c.iU on Mr. Kowe for a ticket previous to their 
 entram e into his sehool as pupils. 
 
 DiciKoir, yii/y j\i\\i\, iHiij. 
 
 It would ,i|)|)(','ir tliat litis separate scliool was iml 
 loiiir m.tiiit.iiiii'd, for the report shows that c.olorcil 
 ehilth'eii wcrt; in atlendaiiei; ;il the main scliool. 
 
 'rite sffond annual meeting was luJd Deeeiiihtr 
 6, 1820, and at this time the report showetl tliat 160 
 ililfcrcnt schol.irs, from three to ninettien years of 
 aire, h.td attended durinjj; the year, nineteen of tiiein 
 l)eiii.n' eolnreil. 'I'he smallest attendanee on any 
 Sund.iy w.is 35, and tin; l.iri^fst 83. 'I'he average 
 allendanei; w.is 57, and an averai.ft; of 30 h.'id lessons, 
 tile recitations averaginj; 543 verses of Scripture, 2.1 
 
MISSION SCHOOLS. 
 
 633 
 
 S(l I unci III.. 
 
 iKi'H ml iillii'i il.i> , 
 
 cvrry riais cif i.m 
 I) ill sii iinifiliilil. < 
 lllltl lllnrr cxrlli.n 
 
 I liiivr lliiiw iiiiil. I 
 III' limirs iif si'Ihi.iI 
 
 "Ki I'y I'f'i'P' "ii'l 
 III. Il K inrsiiini ,1 
 isjy rsl.ilili^lii'd III 
 ti'llllillK till' srli...:| 
 
 I'fiilly ackiiiiwlcil.'. 
 Hint till' imlriiii.ii..' 
 liti/t'iis, Niiiillni 
 'ss mt well iiH Mill' , 
 aiily iiHinrcil »ill 
 
 . Ill lIlllHI' will! Illlv. 
 
 iliilii's of tt-ailiiii. , 
 iiiliatiiiti anil ^;i'.ii 1 
 inl is ni'irssary, h. 
 
 II iiiiw fci'l ill yi.ia 
 
 I liavr tliiiK*. \'iMii 
 
 I'll riiKiW'! ill III. 
 • I'liriial worlil. Il 
 laid til tlir llicinnry 
 ', f(ir MiiiU! tliiir mil' 
 It- t'liljsti-tl his till' 
 ions nf bin Hrlii.hii'. 
 Wliili' wf Imhv witli 
 runs (lispciisaliuiis, 
 
 II till' illl|ll>llaill r .if 
 
 II 1)1- the lot iif lli.il 
 ailing a 1 liilil frniii 
 r i.f llic ii'llKiiMi iif 
 I. 'I'rai In IS ! wlial 
 irne of duty. 
 
 'iiiAriiit'K, 
 Su/icriniemlfiil. 
 
 bonks, staliiiiniy, 
 cxistpncc, has bi 111 
 
 rm, the follow- 
 i/.cttc : 
 
 l)|.' COLOK. 
 
 Ill si'M's, friiiii 3 I.I 
 
 iln> wish tu attriiil 
 
 previous to their 
 
 scliool \v;is nut 
 s tli.il. colorcil 
 in scliool. 
 1-1(1 Dc'ccmhci" 
 owi'd tii.it. I'»J 
 clccn years of 
 uli'c-n of tluiii 
 l.iiicc oil any 
 Tlic average 
 30 li;i(! lessons, 
 f Scriiituro, 24 
 
 iiyinns, 327 (|iicsli()iis in calciliisiii, ami 2 iir.iycis 
 lor ciili Siiiiday. 
 
 'rill! lioiiks used wcfe tiic ilihlc, llrown's C'.iic- 
 rliism, l''.m('rsoii's I'.vanKclifal I'limcr, l''.|)is(o|i,il 
 ( .ttccliism. I olcm.iirs ( '.iii'i'liisni, ( 'iimmiiiv;'s < Jms- 
 lioiLs, and Walls's i'.saliiis and llyiiiiis. 'I'lic scliool 
 was licld from 1.30 lo 3 o'clock i'. M. 
 
 Al llic lifv;iiinint( of iS.!o, the scliool owed the 
 siipcriiilciidciil §17.00. During llie year the collec- 
 tions .inioiinled to if34.44 ; the expenses were $44.25, 
 lc.ivin).( .'i ncl b.tl.iiice of $26.81 due the stiperiii- 
 Iciulenl. 
 
 Aiiioni; the le.ichers were l''.piseopali.iiis, I'reshy- 
 tcii.ins, .iMil Me'iliodists, all iiniiiii).; in the work with 
 the ulinosl harnlony. 
 
 'I"he second report says, " l.ihr.iiies ;ire freiincntly 
 est.iblislied in Sunday Schools, ;ind did our fnnds 
 perniil, it woulil he of esseiili.il servii:e to connect 
 one with this school." On Sund.iy, nereniber 17, 
 iiS2(), the school .isseinliled ;it ihe iicideiny ;ind pio- 
 (ceded to the ( hiircli, where a serinon w.is pri'ached 
 hy the Rev. John .\Ioiiteith. Diiriiij,^ this .iiid llie 
 fiillowin).^ ye.'ir i.eniiiel Sh.ittiick continued tostiper- 
 inlend the school, which was eveiitii.illy tr.insferred 
 to the rrcsbyteri.ins. 
 
 MISSION SCHOOLS. 
 
 from time to time, .'is tlu' city has j^Town, mission 
 schools have been ost.'iblished in various localities, 
 sometimes under tin- fosteriiii; cire of a p.irticiil.ir 
 cluircli, but often snst.'iined by individti.il members 
 of different chiirches. 
 
 In the f.ill of 1H51 Rev. W. I'".. I'.o.ir(liii;iii, then 
 residing; in Detroit as.ai^eiit of the American .Sund.iy 
 School Union, arranj,'ed to establish a mission Sun- 
 day School in the Fourth Ward School House, 
 a sni.ill, one-story wooden Iniildinir on the south 
 side of Fort Street, l)etwcen Ilastinjjs and Kivard 
 Slri'cts. Hi; appealed to the Contjreyr.'ition.il (.'liurch 
 for teachers, received responses from a niimbi'r of 
 persons; and diwinij the eonlinu.ance of the school 
 iiuist of the te.ichers were members of that church. 
 After liftei'ii years of service the school w.ts discon- 
 tinued beeause of a rule adopted by the Hoard of 
 F.duc.'ition which forbade the use of school build- 
 injfs for Sunday Schools. No other convenient 
 pl.ice in tli.it vicinity could be found, and the school 
 ni'cess.irily ce.ased. When it was first est.iblislied, 
 that |>art of the city was sparsely .settled and there 
 were no ehurehes in the immediate vieinity. When 
 it closed, the neiu;hl)orliood w.as well supplied with 
 churches .and Sunday .schools. Fr.ancis Raymond 
 was superintendent of the school durinir most of the 
 lime th.it it was in existence. Il was held at nine 
 o'clock A. M. and had a;i ;i\'era^e attendance of 100. 
 The foliowinji persons, with others, were connected 
 with the school : Professor Moses Coit Tyler, IJ. F. 
 
 J.icobs, the well-known Sunday School .iiid V. M. 
 C A. worker, Mrs. F. M. Sliddnn, .luihorcss of 
 " History of Michiyi.in," J.iiiu'S II, .\liiii, Joseph , and 
 'I'hom.is llerry. Col. F. W. Swift, .md Miss C. 
 I'rossm.in. 
 
 Diiiiuv; the summer of 1X51, Mr. Ho.irdm.in al.so 
 established what was known as the I'.li/.abelh Street 
 .Sund.iy School, A nicctiuiLf, held mi the evciiiii),; 
 of June 15, was .attended by .Sylvester L.trned, John 
 Robinson, A. N, Reynolds, Miss N.anry Fisher, 
 Jon.iihau R. Axtell, David II. Reeve, Mrs. Nancy 
 Reeve, .\I.ar;,'.iret .md I'.li/.ibeth lie.attie, Aj;nes 
 Robinson, Mrs. Sheldon, .ind ni.iny others. After 
 consiilt.itioii it w.is decided to (ir,i;.iiii/e .a school, 
 .tiid .Mr. A.xtell W.IS .appointed superintendent. The 
 school W.IS held in .a sm.all cotta^.^e on the north side 
 of l''.li/,.ibetli Street between Woodward Avenue 
 .and I'.irk .Street, \\liicli w.is occupied diiriii>^ the 
 week by a d.ay-school. liiis btiildiiiij soon became 
 too small, .and Mr. !..irned volunteered to secure 
 better .acconimod.ations. Not rinding- a suitable 
 |)l.ice, ;ind beiii),{ eneour.ai^cd .md aided by the 
 friends of the school, he erected .1 biiildin|L{ on Cass 
 Avenue, .a little south of Fli/.ibeth .Street, it w.as 
 lirst occupied on September 21, 1.S51, with .a iSible 
 el.ass of 30, an iiif.ml class of 28, and ;i nnodly num- 
 btT of m.ale and fem.ale el.isses. 
 
 Mrs. I'',. M. Sheldon li.id charj^^e of the inf.mt 
 class for some time; she was .succeeded by Mrs. 
 John Winder, and about the .s.anie lime I'r.ancis 
 l.,mil)ie bec.mie interested in the school. 'I'lie 
 teachers were mostly connected with the Second 
 I'resbyteri.m Church, .and the school was consid- 
 iired .1 mission of that society. (lei>rj.je S. i''rost 
 suci ceded Mr. I.arned as .superintendent, and in 
 October, 1X55, Ilovey K. C!larke becime his succes- 
 sor. A short time after, as the nei),;hborhood w.as 
 cared for by other churches, the school w.as di.scon- 
 liiiued .and the buildiii;^ converted into .a dwellinij. 
 
 A school, held ill the Indiisiri.il School lUiildiii),;, 
 w.as or)j[ani/ed in November, 1864, hy Miss Flmore, 
 who w.as te.at liiiiij the d.ay-school, and .added 
 this to her other duties. The school j,(rew, .and 
 Messrs. A. F. F. White, R.msoiii Ciillis, Henry 
 W.astell, and Hr.idford Smith, Mi.;s L. K. V. I)ol- 
 sen, Miss Helen Hudson, .and others came in to .a.s- 
 sist. On December 17, i<S65, John Harvey was 
 elected superintendent, and has ociaiiiied tli.at posi- 
 tion ever since, The school is uiulenomin.ation.al. 
 In 1880 the enrolled list of members numbered 250, 
 with .an aver.atje attendance of 140. It is held .at 
 2.30 I'. M. 'i'he school li.is .accomplished an amount 
 of ijood second to no other effort of the kind. 
 
 Several schools established .as mission enterprises 
 have developed into ehurehes, .and are described in 
 connection with the church that now represents 
 them. 
 
634 
 
 SUNDAY SCllooI. SIATISTICS. 
 
 SUNKAV S(^l|i)(M. Sr APIS IKS. 
 
 Tlu' apiH'iuk'd .Siiiul.iy Silmol .Sialistics, compiled 
 by tlu' writer in 1863 and 1870, and then puhlisiicd 
 in till' d.iiiy papers, contain many facts of intiTcst, 
 and are the only statistics of the kind ever gathered 
 in Detroit. 
 
 suND.w sciiixii, siA risiii s rou isft;?. 
 
 Si'NDAV Sciinoi, STMisru H — iimtiimeii. 
 
 neniiminntidii I.ncatidn — 
 SiiprrinU'iuli'iits. 
 
 IlAll 1ST. 
 
 Fort Stri'i't, ((iriur nf (IriswciUI, Rev. J. 
 
 H. ('■rilVith Siip'l '. . 
 
 Iltiward Strril, lu'.ir SichikI, Riilliii I'. 
 
 Smith, Sii|>'t 
 
 WasliiiiKtiiii Amiiui', ciiriHT of ClilTord. 
 
 Kc'v. |. hlnlis, Siip't 
 
 IIIkIi Si'iiri, near Kivaril, Aitluir Inail- 
 
 way. Siip't 
 
 Cri)j;li 111 Stn it, mar llcaiibicii (coliiri'il), 
 
 C. K. Silsliy, Sup't 
 
 ( ONliKKIiATIONAl.. 
 
 Kort Strcft, cnrni'r of Wayni', K. W. 
 King, Sup't 
 
 IHSCII'LKS. 
 
 JcrffiTsrin Aveiiiii', corner itiaiiliicii. Jos. 
 
 Hawliy. Sup't 
 
 I'duih il Kiiiini, City Hull, (ieorKc K. 
 
 Ih'dWLi, Sup't 
 
 EiiscorAi.. 
 
 Conifri'^is Stroi't, corner of Slielhy, A. A. 
 
 R.ibiiuMU, Sup't 
 
 WoiKhvaril Avimimi', corner of 111^1' 
 
 Stn'ct, II. I*. Ilalihvin, Sup't 
 
 Jef(cr<i)n Avenue, near Il.i'-tlnKS Street, 
 
 C. 0. rrcuvhridkii', Sup't 
 
 Woiulvv.ud Avi'iiue, corner Woodhridne 
 
 Street, S. \V, juluKoii, Sup'l 
 
 Michigan Avenue, corner of Trninbull 
 
 Avenue, (!. .A. Karwell, Sup't 
 
 C'onijrem Street, mar St. Antoiue Street, 
 
 (Cijiircd) r. Lambert, Sup't 
 
 IIKIIKEW. 
 
 Rivard Stri'et, near Croi.;lian, Rev. A. 
 Laser, Sup't 
 
 METHODIST. 
 
 Woodward Avenue, corner State Street, 
 
 H. A. I Iraves, Sup't 
 
 C'om;ress Street, corner of Randolph, C. 
 
 l'eli,'rini, Sup't 
 
 Lafayette Avenue, corner of Fourth, R. 
 
 CoUloni,'h, Sup't 
 
 Walnut Street, corner of Seventh, '1'. 
 
 Rattenbury, Sup't 
 
 Heaubien Street, corner Croghan, A. T. 
 
 Harns, Sup't 
 
 Iteauhien Street, corner of Croj;lian, R. 
 
 Iturchele, Sup't 
 
 Lasiille Avi'nue, near l>alzelle, ('■, Slrai- 
 
 cher, Sup't 
 
 Lasalle Avenue, near I lalzelle, J. P. 
 
 Vanderrneulen, Su|)'t 
 
 Lafaveite Strict, near I'eaubien (colored) 
 
 R.'.NL Smith, Sup't 
 
 MISSION SCHOOLS. 
 
 Abbott Street, corner of Sixth, I'".. C 
 
 Walker, Sup't 
 
 Cass Avenue, near Klizabeth Street, 11 
 
 S. Frost, Sup't 
 
 Catharine Street, near St. Antoine, F.. P. 
 
 Fitch, Sup't 
 
 Lamed Street, near Dubois, F. M. Sum 
 
 ner, Sup't 
 
 Fast Fort Street, near Hastings, F. Ray 
 
 mond, Sup't 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 
 a.oo I'.'M, 
 
 a oo " 
 
 a.tio " 
 
 4.00 *' 
 
 9 . 00 * ' 
 
 -e 
 
 I 
 u 
 
 it 
 
 'I 
 
 y. 
 
 a.oo 
 3.00 ** 
 
 2.<x> *' 
 3.30 " 
 a. 30 " 
 
 1-45 " 
 2.00 ** 
 
 9.00 A.M 
 
 1.30 1'. M 
 
 1.30 " 
 2.00 " 
 
 a.oo " 
 2.00 *' 
 g.ooA. M 
 3.00 I', M 
 9 . o* 1 A.M. 
 a.oo I'.M. 
 4-30 " 
 
 9.00 A.M 
 9.00 ** 
 9.00 '* 
 9.00 *' 
 9.00 " 
 
 
 it 
 
 y, 
 
 i.»i 
 
 ')" 
 
 I t lull \d(\ 
 
 i 
 
 30 a55 
 
 33 
 
 .(.•> 
 
 4') 
 
 
 55' 
 
 .30 
 J30 
 
 170 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 '3 = 
 383 
 
 ^tm 280 
 
 iCi 
 
 470' 160 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 761 253 
 
 191 
 III 
 
 147 
 118 
 
 56 
 77 
 107 
 
 '30 
 
 ■5' 
 
 68 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 40 
 
 5' 
 7" 
 
 79 
 
 150 
 
 1 10 
 
 60 
 
 35 
 
 230 
 
 II 'J 
 
 75 
 
 58 
 
 90 
 
 60 
 
 lieiiominalli 11 Location — 
 Supirinlendents. 
 
 MISSION SI. 1I0OI.S, 
 
 
 1 
 
 \i 
 
 11 
 y, 
 
 10 
 1 1 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 •4 
 1 5 
 
 30 
 20 
 
 ■'4 
 
 7 
 
 i> 
 9 
 
 ao 
 
 9 C 
 
 y. 
 
 .^o 
 
 IJO 
 
 30 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 3»5 
 
 86 
 
 : 
 
 5(»1 
 
 'R3 
 120 
 
 "50 
 42 
 
 160 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 J!; 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 U 
 
 > n 
 
 < 
 
 Woodward .\veiiue, corner F.irnsworth 
 Street, r. 1,. rarlrliUe, Sup'l 
 
 r.ishop Sclioul House, /. R. Ilrockwny, 
 Sup't 
 
 a.nu I'.M. 
 a. 30 " 
 3.00 " 
 a.c» •' 
 
 a.oo '* 
 
 a.oo " 
 a.oo " 
 
 a.i» " 
 a. 30 " 
 1.30 " 
 a.oo " 
 
 I 30 " 
 2.00 " 
 
 12.00 M. 
 
 38 
 150 
 30 
 
 3C 
 
 as 
 
 a.^ 
 70 
 5c 
 
 Orphan Asylum, Jeffermin Avenue, K. 
 1 ). 'I'avlor, Sup't 
 
 Ilithel, WiiodbiiilKU Street, corner of 
 liates, Sup'l 
 
 NEW JUKI SAl.EM. 
 
 Macomb .\ venue, near I'ark St., CieorKi- 
 Field, Sup't . 
 
 I'KHsllV 1 KKIAN. 
 
 Fort Street, corner of Third, H. C. 
 
 I.afayeilr A\inue, corner of Wayne, 
 
 Wa-hiUKton Avenue, near State Street, 
 II. K. I'larke, Sup't 
 
 Ji ITerscui .Avenue, near Rivard Street, 
 II. Ilallock, Sup't 
 
 State Street, corner Farmer, .\. Sheley, 
 Sup't 
 
 '5! 
 
 Dates Street, corner of Farmer. James 
 Ure, Sup't 
 
 Russell Street, near Catharine, 1'. Vol- 
 
 Re 
 
 KEFOKMEl). 
 
 Monroe Aveu'ie, corner of larrar Street, 
 
 Rev. C. Haasii Sup't 
 
 Catharine Street, near St. -Vnloine, M. 
 
 130 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 CNITAKIAN. 
 
 Lafayette Avenue, corner of Shelby, Rev. 
 S. S. II iintiiik; Suo't 
 
 
 Mornin,;; Schools 
 
 Afternoon 
 
 Total number of schools 
 
 Total number of olTuers and teache 
 
 10 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 7S1 
 
 Total number of childnii on school registers 6,65? 
 
 Total average attiiulance 4,6a6 
 
 Probable number of children attending two or more schools, 650 
 According to the census of September i, 1862, the total 
 number of children in the city between the ages of 4 
 
 and 18 was i5,3''8 
 
 The number attending the public schools was 6,747 
 
 .\s an interesting fact, in this ccuincctiiui, it may be mentioned 
 that, as compared with the niuuber of families in the city, the 
 average was live chiklien to every thrie families. 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1870. 
 
 METHODlsr SAIUIATII St Hool.S. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Central . ..... 
 
 I'entral Mission 
 
 Simpson 
 
 JefTerson Avenue 
 
 I.afayette ,-\ venue 
 
 First ('■ermaii 
 
 First (lerm.in Mission 
 
 Second Cirman 
 
 Lafayette .Avenue Mission 
 
 Lafayette Avenue Mission 
 
 No. 2 
 
 superinleiulenl. 
 
 I. H. Fonda.... 
 
 II. Hitchcock .. 
 (1. W. Hough .. 
 
 J. Oakes 
 
 A. T. Ilarns.... 
 
 F. Ilechler 
 
 F. Schultz 
 
 C. Weimer 
 
 j. S. Thompson 
 
 Edwin Reeder . . 
 
 —. 
 
 _4 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 t-c 
 
 1; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '— lZ 
 
 c 
 
 * 
 
 - 
 
 5^ 
 
 600 
 
 -■7 
 
 275 
 
 25 
 
 275 
 
 30 
 
 400 
 
 18 
 
 156 
 
 18 
 
 75 
 
 12 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 ISO 
 
 23 
 
 150 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 ■J c 
 
 > V 
 
 410 
 200 
 
 165 
 
 180 
 
 I20 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 130 
 
 139 
 
 60 
 
SUNDAY SCllOOI. STATISTICS. 
 
 635 
 
 __ 
 
 9 
 
 t 
 By 
 
 
 il 
 
 
 5" 
 150 
 
 5" 
 
 .(I 
 '4 
 •5 
 3« 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 1 ) 
 9 
 
 3».S 
 
 Uu 
 
 75 
 a 65 
 
 3tx» 
 I2i> 
 15" 
 
 42 
 
 ^1 
 
 38 
 150 
 30 
 
 3C 
 aj 
 
 2'<i 
 
 7f 
 
 5C 
 
 aiic 
 
 '55 
 
 130 
 
 85 
 
 130 
 36 
 
 20 160 64 
 
 ic 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 7Si 
 
 f,,r-5? 
 
 4,636 
 
 schiuils, 650 
 thi- total 
 \V;fS of 4 
 
 '5,3')8 
 
 6.747 
 
 y lif nu'iitiiiiu'il 
 11 the city, tlie 
 
 R 1870. 
 
 __; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 :i 
 
 r. 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 fxx) 
 
 
 410 
 
 »75 
 
 
 200 
 
 275 
 
 
 1 6s 
 
 400 
 
 
 180 
 
 IS6 
 
 
 I?n 
 
 75 
 
 
 fo 
 
 70 
 
 
 60 
 
 150 
 
 
 •3° 
 
 150 
 
 
 139 
 
 80 
 
 
 60 
 
 SUNUAV StllOill. Sr.UlMKS lOHtlHUt'li, 
 MKIIIDDISI' SAlmAIH sniilOl.s, 
 
 Name. 
 
 Mriian 
 
 VIrican Nn. a 
 
 I .vanxelicul Awiuciation . . 
 
 TotaU, Schools. 
 
 Supcrlntcndfiit. 
 
 C. IVI^rim.. 
 Cr. H. Smith. 
 Mr. Look-.- 
 
 vk-1 
 
 (I 
 
 6 
 
 371 
 
 i 
 
 X 
 
 2i«i 
 
 40 
 
 J. 57" 
 
 u a 
 
 17,1 
 4-! 
 
 30 
 1.755 
 
 Incroaik' since i86.t ; schools, 4 ; teachers, 8g ; scholars, 1,358. 
 Average attendance, 850. 
 
 I'KKsnVTKKIAN. 
 
 rir<t I A. Slu-l.'y 
 
 I ..rl Street liiiulforil Smith . 
 
 |. Ifc Koii .\vemie II. H.illoik 
 
 Hcsiiuiiisler (1. |liml;i|i 
 
 I .ilv.iiy Mission W.I'. KellnxK.. 
 
 I'liiteil I. Cameron 
 
 Sioieh Rev. Mr. .Millitjan 
 
 Kort Street Mission .lohn ll.irvey 
 
 380 
 afm 
 260 
 75 
 i"5 
 118 
 tfx) 
 "5 
 
 i.V>5 
 
 Increase since i8(i); seliools, i ; teachers, 87; scholars, 8jo. 
 .Average attendance, 586. 
 
 Totals, Schools. 
 
 37 
 
 4.38 
 
 4" 
 
 J(K1 
 
 .*» 
 
 .15" 
 
 15 
 
 I JO 
 
 »') 
 
 •.•50 
 
 36 
 
 335 
 
 38 
 
 210 
 
 15 
 
 200 
 
 333 
 
 •'i"<)3 
 
 I'nion Mission 
 
 Iiuliislrial School 
 
 II.OMlr.iiMek Mission. .. . 
 
 Clinton .Avenue 
 
 Third Stri'et 
 
 Ninth .Vvenne 
 
 Wiiochvard Avenne 
 
 MISSION sriiooi.s, 
 
 /. R. I'.roekway 
 lolin Harvey. . . 
 1 -. l-awrenee . . . 
 I'. M. Snmner . 
 C. \V. Noble ... 
 I). M. Rchards'n 
 R. C. Smith 
 
 Totals, Schools 7 
 
 loS 
 
 I..!5" 
 
 15 
 
 "5" 
 
 '5 
 
 '50 
 
 25 
 
 .!5o 
 
 30 
 
 400 
 
 -'5 
 
 500 
 
 '4 
 
 200 
 
 242 
 
 5,000 
 
 933 
 
 75 
 100 
 200 
 310 
 270 
 163 
 
 I.'ISS 
 
 Decrease since i86j of schools, 2 ; increase of teachers, \^t \ 
 scholars, 2,015. •'Average attendance, 1,343. 
 
 Rllscoi'AI.. 
 
 I. 1'. Conover. . . 
 j. 1'. SterlioK.... 
 l". C. TrowliridKe 
 A. .Matthew..... 
 Rev. I), l.nmsd'n 
 Is;iac l)e tlraff 
 
 St. lohn's 
 
 Si. Vaiil's 
 
 Christ ..^ 
 
 M. |'<-icr's 
 
 St. Stephen's 
 
 St. John's .Mission 
 
 tlracc 
 
 Totals, Schools. .. 
 
 Increase since 1863; schools, i; teachers, 45; scholars, 93. 
 Avera.i,'e attendance, 318. 
 
 .S9 
 
 700 
 
 560 
 
 32 
 
 I iO 
 
 lao 
 
 3-' 
 
 .!-',S 
 
 2l6 
 
 2f. 
 
 200 
 
 150 
 
 '-■5 
 
 T36 
 
 no 
 
 32 
 
 250 
 
 T40 
 
 38 
 
 203 
 
 '75 
 
 234 
 
 1,94a 
 
 1,411 
 
 First 
 
 Lafayette Avenne 
 
 S< eond (colored) 
 
 lierinan 
 
 I'rench 
 
 •I'ark Street 
 
 Totals, Schools 6 
 
 nAPTIST. 
 
 A. H. V'ilkinsou 
 (). S. Cnlley .... 
 C. K.Silsbee .... 
 Rev. C. JniiK.... 
 
 S. Kinney 
 
 Rev. t;. S. Ch.ise 
 
 M 
 
 180 
 
 30 
 
 '75 
 
 30 
 
 250 
 
 »4 
 
 '25 
 
 22 
 
 170 
 
 10 
 
 (10 
 
 "5 
 
 y'o 
 
 130 
 125 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 no 
 
 60 
 
 725 
 
 * Held temporarily in a private honse till church is ready. 
 Increase since 18(13: schools, 1 ; teachers, 29; scholars, 376. 
 Average attendance, iCk). 
 
 nisciei.ES OF christ. 
 
 Fourth Street 
 
 St. .Andrew's Hall. 
 Jefferson .Avenue. . 
 
 Walter Sanders'n 12 
 J.M.I,. Campbell 
 Rev. H. H.IMack 12 
 
 70 
 70 
 no 
 
 .50 
 rx> 
 
 70 
 
 1 30 
 
 250 
 
 180 
 
 Totals, Schools.... 3 
 Increase since 1863: schools, 1; teachers, 15; scholars, 173. 
 Average attendance, 113. 
 
 SiNKAV Si lloni Si Allsni S — ii>»l//»|/»i',/, 
 IDM.KKl.AriONAI.. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Supirintendeni. 
 
 -! 1 - 
 
 u a 
 <; - 
 
 First 
 
 M. C, llostwiek.. 
 F. 1). lay lor ... 
 \V. 11, llrunson. . 
 
 .14 ' 210 
 Ji) 330 
 
 8 («. 
 
 71 5'" 
 
 |8S 
 170 
 
 5" 
 4"5 
 
 Second...... 
 
 Totals, Schools ) 
 
 Increase since iSfij ; schools, a; teachers, 39; scholars, 390. 
 Aver.iKe attend.mce, 2.S5, 
 
 1.1 TIII'.M.VN, 
 
 St. lohn's Reformed i Rev. C. Haass. . . 
 
 ♦Trinity Riv. |. A. Hiuxli 
 
 Salem ! Rev |.S.Sehmi<ll 
 
 ♦linmanuel , Rev.'K. 1,. Moll. 
 
 3SO I a35 
 
 KXl 100 
 
 IlKl 70 
 
 fio 40 
 
 5"o I 435 
 
 Totals, Schools 4 I 
 
 * Not strictly a Sunday si liool sirvicc. 
 
 Inire.ise sime tS'M: schools, 2; teachers, 3; scholars, 318. 
 Average attendance, 209, 
 
 NKVV |kkisai.i:m. 
 
 H, liigelow \\ So 60 
 
 Increase since 1863: teachers, 1 ; scholars, so. Avera.ge attend- 
 ance, 35. 
 
 ItNITARIAN. 
 
 First A. W. Kicc .... 3^ 158 140 
 
 Increase since i86j : teachers, 3 ; scholars, 58. Average attend- 
 ance, 76. 
 
 IIEMUKW. 
 
 ♦Hebrew Rev. Dr. K. Kohlcr 2 40 30 
 
 ♦ Meets on Saturdays. 
 
 Decrease since 1863; te.ichers, 7 ; scholars, 30, Average attend- 
 ance, 10. 
 
 Total number of Sabbath schools, 54 ; increase 
 since 1863, 10. Niinil)iT of otiicers and tcaciicrs, 
 1,25! ; increase, 468. Nu'iil)er of cliiklrcn ciin)iie(i. 
 12.115; increase, 5,363. Averajje attendance, 8,691 ; 
 incroa.sc, 3,975. Forty-foin' of the schools were held 
 in the afternoon, and ten in the morning; the increase 
 was wholly of afternoon schools. The morning 
 schools met at 9 A. M. ; of the afternoon schools 
 three meet at 12 P. M., one at 1.30, twenty-one at 2, 
 thirteen at 2.30, four at 3, one at 3.30, and one at 4 
 p. M. 
 
 From careful observation and inquiry, it is believed 
 that the number of children attending two or more 
 schools in 1870 did not exceed 500. and the propor- 
 tion was much le.ss than in 1863. The proportion 
 of children attending Sabbath schools in 1863, as 
 compared with the enrollment made by the State 
 for school purposes, was about 40 per cent. The 
 number of children attending in 1879, as compared 
 with the .similar census for 1869, was 46 per cent. 
 The average attendance on the public schools for 
 1869 was 7.127. the average attendance on Sabbath 
 schools in 1870 was S,6oi. 
 
636 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS. 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOL STATISTICS FOR 1 880. 
 
 As there is no uniformity among the Lutheran 
 and Catholic churches as to the hnlcline; of Sunday 
 schools, and as both of these denominations make 
 a specialty of giving religious instruction in their 
 day schools, the tcnal number of children receiving 
 religious instruction can be determined only by 
 combining the number of week-day scholars, under 
 their auspices when such schools are held, with the 
 number of Sunday-school scholars connected with 
 the churches of the same denominations that have 
 no day schools. 
 
 That method was adopted in the following table : 
 
 Si'NDAY School Statistics fok 1880. 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC. 
 
 St. P.itriclc's 
 
 St. Anne's 
 
 St. Joseph's 
 
 St. I'eter's and St. Paul's . 
 
 St. Aliiysiiis 
 
 Our Lady of Help 
 
 Sacred Heart (Ourman), catechetical. 
 
 Sacred Heart (French), do 
 
 Trinity, 
 
 St. Albert's, 
 
 St. Vincent de Paul, 
 
 St. lionifacc's, 
 
 St. Mary's, 
 
 St. Anthony's, , 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 Totals . 
 
 BAPTIST. 
 
 Cass Avenue 
 
 Clinton Avenue 
 
 Eighteenth Street 
 
 Twelfth Street 
 
 l^afayette Avenue 
 
 Second Baptist (colored) ... 
 
 First French 
 
 First German 
 
 Second Uerman 
 
 PRESnVTEKIAN. 
 
 First 
 
 Jefferson Avenue 
 
 Calvary 
 
 Union 
 
 Westminster 
 
 Fort Street 
 
 United 
 
 Clinton Avenue 
 
 Central 
 
 Trumbull Avenue 
 
 Hamtramck 
 
 Dutch Reformed, Catharine Street. 
 
 I'ROTESTANT 
 
 Christ 
 
 Mariners' 
 
 Emanuel 
 
 All Saints' 
 
 Grace 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 St. John's 
 
 Church of Messiah 
 
 St. Paul's 
 
 E?. Peter's 
 
 St. James' 
 
 St. Stephen's 
 
 Total. 
 
 UT3 y 
 
 0"r- 
 
 Total 177 
 
 75 
 14 
 >4 
 25 
 12 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 >4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 3' 
 20 
 
 24 
 22 
 10 
 25 
 5 
 
 Total 328 
 
 40 
 3= 
 25 
 55 
 30 
 35 
 28 
 21 
 20 
 20 
 8 
 14 
 
 Anglo-Catholic 
 
 Reformed Episcopal, Epiphany . 
 
 39 
 8 
 
 27 
 8 
 
 34 
 22 
 60 
 «5 
 31 
 22 
 
 23 
 8 
 
 •97 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 On Roll. 
 
 II 
 
 << 
 
 600 
 
 200 
 
 55° 
 180 
 
 HOC 
 
 1000 
 
 450 
 
 390 
 
 150 
 
 140 
 
 27s 
 
 22s 
 
 350 
 
 300 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 750 
 
 700 
 
 450 
 
 42s 
 
 700 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 80 
 
 500 
 
 450 
 
 500 
 
 70 
 
 6,385 
 
 5.830 
 
 41S 
 
 303 
 
 337 
 
 240 
 
 360 
 
 265 
 
 •75 
 
 '45 
 
 133 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 70 
 
 100 
 
 go 
 
 120 
 
 105 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 1,803 
 
 1.373 
 
 400 
 
 2^1 
 
 260 
 
 i8g 
 
 225 
 
 190 
 
 700 
 330 
 350 
 
 5'o 
 263 
 280 
 
 224 
 
 159 
 
 '75 
 '50 
 
 140 
 116 
 
 250 
 100 
 
 .90 
 65 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 J. 255 
 
 2,432 
 
 450 
 
 287 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 200 
 
 '5° 
 
 81 
 
 46 
 
 238 
 
 182 
 
 250 
 
 190 
 
 700 
 
 450 
 
 no 
 
 85 
 
 3'o 
 
 260 
 
 230 
 
 161 
 
 180 
 
 '5' 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 2,849 
 
 2,032 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 SiNDAV School Statistics i'Or 1880 — con/inuei/. 
 
 LUTHERAN. 
 
 St. Paul's, corner Seventeenth and Rose 
 Streets 
 
 St. Paul's, corner Jay Street and Joseph 
 Canipau Avenue 
 
 Refornud Zion 
 
 St. Luki's (German Evangelical) 
 
 St. lohn's 
 
 St. Peter's, catechetical 
 
 St. Matthew's, do 
 
 Salem, do 
 
 Immanuel, do 
 
 Trinity, do 
 
 Total 
 
 METHODIST El'ISCOPAL. 
 
 Central 
 
 Fort Street 
 
 Tabernacle 
 
 Simpson 
 
 Jefferson Avenue 
 
 niorning Mission 
 
 Sixteenth Street 
 
 First (ierman 
 
 Second German 
 
 Junction 
 
 Lafayette Avenue African 
 
 Zion (colored) 
 
 Ebenczer (colored) 
 
 Bethel Evangelical Association 
 
 Total 
 
 Third Avenue Union Mission 
 
 IJethel 
 
 New Jerusalem 
 
 Church of ( )ur FiKther 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Christian, Plum Street Church 
 
 Christian, Washington Avenue 
 
 congregational. 
 
 Fort Street 
 
 Woodward Avenue 
 
 Trumbull Avenue 
 
 Fort Wayne 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand total 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 
 
 !£ ■= 1 
 
 a 
 
 0'"^ 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 200 
 
 I 
 
 300 
 
 20 
 
 180 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 31 
 
 400 
 
 2 
 
 «5" 
 
 I 
 
 30 
 
 I 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 3 
 
 225 
 
 79 
 
 1,8.5 
 
 = f.fl 
 
 150 
 150 
 
 120 
 
 40 
 300 
 140 
 
 25 
 30 
 
 200 
 200 
 
 63 
 
 3' 
 25 
 38 
 32 
 32 
 19 
 '9 
 18 
 12 
 '9 
 5 
 8 
 
 25 
 342 
 
 22 
 7 
 9 
 15 
 '7 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 650 
 
 225 
 250 
 
 475 
 189 
 180 
 
 625 
 
 443 
 
 340 
 
 275 
 
 500 
 268 
 
 272 
 200 
 
 "5 
 
 90 
 
 137 
 
 no 
 
 120 
 128 
 
 50 
 85 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 140 
 
 130 
 
 3.569 
 
 2.554 
 
 240 
 
 198 
 
 120 
 
 97 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 208 
 
 119 
 
 151 
 
 112 
 
 135 
 
 '05 
 
 32 
 
 235 
 
 33 
 
 225 
 
 42 
 
 630 
 
 '5 
 
 194 
 
 122 
 
 1,284 
 
 1,640 
 
 22,114 
 
 nil 
 ■75 
 335 
 119 
 
 8 20 
 
 7.257 
 
 SUNT)/ ' SCHOOL UNIONS, CONVENTIONS, AND 
 CELEBRATIONS. 
 
 A territorial Sunday School Union, au.xiliary to 
 the American Sunday School Union, was organized 
 on March 22, 1831, to encourage and aid those 
 engaged in Sunday school work, and to promote the 
 establishment of new schools. Jonathan Kearsley 
 was president, E. P. Hastings, secretary, and De 
 Garmo Jones, treasurer, with directors representing 
 the several counties then in existence. On March 
 6 of the following year, the society held an anni- 
 versary at the Presbyterian Church. Its second 
 annual report, presented in March, 1833, showed 
 that there were then in the Territory 68 schools, 
 422 teachers, and 2,672 scholars. 
 
 In some form or other, similar organizations have 
 existed ever since; and occasional meetings have 
 been held to promote the Sunday school 1 ause. On 
 June 24, 1857, a State convention was held in De- 
 
SUNDAY SCHOOL UNIONS, CONVENTIONS, AND CELEBRATIONS, 
 
 (>0/ 
 
 ontinueii. 
 
 i 
 
 CI 
 
 U 
 a 
 O 
 
 II 
 
 > s 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 o 
 I 
 I 
 
 2 
 I 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 I'OO 
 
 300 
 180 
 60 
 
 400 
 
 150 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 240 
 
 225 
 
 1,8.., 
 
 ISO 
 
 150 
 120 
 40 
 300 
 140 
 
 3^ 
 200 
 200 
 
 1.355 
 
 650 
 225 
 250 
 
 475 
 189 
 180 
 
 625 
 
 443 
 
 340 
 
 275 
 
 500 
 268 
 
 272 
 200 
 
 "5 
 
 90 
 
 '37 
 
 no 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 50 
 
 8s 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 140 
 
 130 
 
 3.569 
 
 240 
 120 
 100 
 120 
 
 208 
 151 
 
 135 
 
 2.554 
 
 97 
 
 70 
 
 loo 
 
 llq 
 112 
 ■05 
 
 troit at the P'irst Presbyterian Church, and General 
 Cass delivered an address. On (October 23, 1866, a 
 State convention was held in the same church. D. 
 L. Moody and Ralph Wells were present. On June 
 14, 1870, a State convention was held in the First 
 Congregational Church ; Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, 
 D. W. Whittle, and B. F. Jacobs were the chief 
 speakers. In connection with the convention, a 
 children's meeting was held at the Detroit Opera 
 House, at which addresses were made by Rev. T. 
 K. Beecher and Professor J. M. B. Sill. 
 
 The Sunday School celebrations of the olden time 
 were always held on the Fourth of July, and for 
 many years constituted one of the features of that 
 national anniversary. On July 4, 1838, the exer- 
 cises were held in the Presbyterian Church. The 
 
 celebration of July 4, 1842, was a very notable one. 
 About one thousand children marched in a proces- 
 sion which was nearly a mile long. The exercises 
 consisted of dialogues, etc., by the children. Ten 
 years later two thousand children took part, and the 
 exercises were held at the Presbyterian Church. 
 The next year, on September 15, 1853, the celebra- 
 tion took the form of an excursion on the steam- 
 boats Keystone State and May Queen. This is be- 
 lieved to have been the last Union Sunday School 
 celebration held in the city. 
 
 On Sunday, April 24, 1864, various Sunday 
 schools met in Young Men's Hall to hear addresses 
 from Chaplain C. C. McCabe, B. F, Jacobs, and J. 
 M, Strong, of the Christian Commission, 
 
 2 
 
 23s 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 225 
 630 
 
 5 
 
 194 
 
 2 
 
 1,284 
 
 1° 
 
 22,114 
 
 U)I 
 
 '75 
 335 
 iiy 
 
 820 
 
 17.257 
 
 riONS, AND 
 
 auxiliary to 
 
 as organized 
 
 aid those 
 
 promote the 
 
 an Kearsley 
 
 iry, and De 
 
 representing 
 
 On March 
 
 eld an anni- 
 
 Its second 
 
 33, showed 
 
 68 schools, 
 
 zations have 
 etings have 
 ause. On 
 leld in De- 
 
CHAPTER L X V 1 . 
 
 UiNlON RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.— UNION MEETINGS.— REVIVALS AND REVIVALISTS. 
 
 UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 
 Yoiin^ Men's Christian .Issocintion, 
 
 The first society in Detroit bearinij' the name of 
 Younjf Men's Christian Association was ory^anized 
 on September 27, 1852, at Youny Men's Hail. 
 Rev. H. D. Kitchell, chairman of a committee ap- 
 pointed at a previous meetinj^, presented a constitu- 
 tion and by-laws, which were adopted, antl tiie 
 followins^ ofliccrs were elected : president, Edward 
 C. \Vaik-(T; vice-presidents, T. C. Miller of the 
 Episcopal Church. S. M. Holmes of the Congrega- 
 tional Church, R. C. Smith of the liaptist Church, 
 L. L. Karnsworth of the Methodist Church, H. C. 
 Knight of the Presbyterian Church; recording sec- 
 retary. B. Vernor; corresponding secretary. George 
 Mosely; treasurer. C. N. Ganson ; managers: First 
 Baptist Church, J. M. Ciregory. M. (ilover. Con- 
 gregational Church: Rev. II. D. Kitchell, E. D. 
 Fitch. Tabernacle Baptist: M. S. Frost, Seymour 
 Finney. First Presbyterian Church : George S. 
 Frost, Will. A. Raymond. Second Presbyterian 
 Church: Rev. R. R. Kellogg, B. F. Bush. First M. 
 E. Church : S. Phelps, James Fenton. Second M. E. 
 Church : Rev. C. C. Olds, \V. C. .Sabine. Lafayette 
 St. M. E. Church: D. F. Ouinby, J. Willetts. 
 St. Paul's P. E. Church: Jamcs~\'. Campbell, H. P. 
 Baldwin. Christ P. E. Church: Wm. N. Carpen- 
 ter, James E. Pittman. Mariners' P. E. Church : 
 E. Hewitt, Wm. Henderson. Wesleyan Methodist 
 Church: S. A. Baker, Amos Page. At this meeting 
 an address was delivered by Mr. Hoyt, of Boston, 
 who spoke in glowing terms of the work of the 
 Y. M. C. A. of that city. 
 
 Rot)ms were procured in the Phcenix Block, on 
 south side of Jefferson .\ venue lietween Woodward 
 Avenue and Griswold Street, and a very complete 
 reading room was established. On January 30, 
 1853, the president delivered a lecture on the de- 
 mand for the Association and its work, which was 
 so highly appreciated that it was published in pam- 
 phlet form by vote of the board. In May, 1853, 
 nearly r'i the original officers and members were 
 re-elected, and during this year several lectures 
 were given before the Association by the different 
 pastors of the city. 
 
 In February, 1854, old records show that "several 
 
 hundred dollars of debt" was troubling the organ- 
 ization. 
 
 At the annual meeting, held .May 22, 1854, D. B. 
 Dul'ficld was elected president, and in May, 1855, 
 he was succeeded by Hovey K. Clarke. On August 
 20 of this year Geo. S. Frost, E. C. Wilder, H. E. 
 Baker, and E. M. Clarke were elected delegates to 
 the International Convention held at Cincinnati. 
 This year terminated the existence of the Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 A second organization of the kind was called the 
 Young Men's Christian Union. Prior to its estab- 
 lishment, the Free Press of October 24 and Novem- 
 ber 7, 1858, contained articles nearly a column long, 
 urging the revival of the Y. M. C. A., and on De- 
 tember 4, 1858, in response to notices given in the 
 churches, a meeting was held in the basement of the 
 Baptist Church, ;i constitution was adopted for a 
 society as above named, and the following ofliccrs 
 were elected: president, G. S. Frost; .secretary, 
 L. S. Trowbridge; treasurer, Caleb Ives. The 
 Free Press of October 30, 1859, contains this record 
 of their work : 
 
 It is not quite .1 year since the Voting Men's Chiistian Union 
 (if this city was organized. It has ii tract department, through 
 which the entire city is visited monthly, and a tract pUiced in the 
 hands of every one who will receive it. Ilihies are also circulated 
 through this means, and all the work of culixirlage regidarly per- 
 formed. IJesides these methods of labor, direct missitinary work 
 has been done by visiting tlie jail and imparting religious instruc- 
 tion to the prisoners, and hoUling i)rayer meetings in various 
 localities where, from the isolation of the neighborhood, tir fr<jni 
 the peculiar c.mdition of the people, they are not within the 
 influence of any church. At the small chapel on Catherine 
 Street near Hastings, they also sustain a prayer meeting and two 
 Sabbath schools. 
 
 The tract organization was very complete. Eighty- 
 one visitors were enrolled, nearly 40,000 visits made, 
 and about the same number of tracts distributed, at 
 a cost of $175. 
 
 At the annual meeting, held on December 5, 
 1859, Mr. Frost was again chosen president. On 
 January 22, i860, an anniversary meeting was held 
 at the First Baptist Church, at which addresses were 
 made by Rev. Messrs. Hogarth, Blades, Neill. 
 Eldridge, and others. At the request of the Y. M. 
 C. A. of Richmond, Va., the following Friday, Jan- 
 uary 27, was obser\'ed by all the associations in the 
 
 16381 
 
UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIKTIES. 
 
 639 
 
 IVALJSTS. 
 
 country as a clay of special prayer for the preserva- 
 tion of ilic Union. 
 
 Durinj; 1S60 the wort; of conducting Sunday 
 scliools and distribulinir tracts was (.•xtcnsivcly car- 
 ried fcjrward. At the second annual niecliiii;, held 
 November 26, the fcjllowinij; otlicers were electeil : 
 president, Robert W. Kinij; secretary, Charles 11. 
 ikirrett; treasurer, M. H. Croft; Sunday-.school 
 visitor, U. Hethune Duflield; superintendent of 
 tract distribution, C. H. Barrett; members of e.xecu- 
 tive committee, Oeors^e S. Frost, Francis Lambie, 
 R. O. Wheeler, Bradford Smith, A. T. Barns, 11. H. 
 Dundee, W. IS. Smith, J. H. Muir, Andrew Bates, 
 and Geori^e B. Dickinson. 
 
 The excitement of the war with the South, and 
 the assumption of work so clearly belon<,nnjj to the 
 churches as the establishing of Sunday schools, 
 caused the Association to decline in favor, and the 
 organization ceased in 1861. 
 
 The third Society tlates from August i, 1864. 
 At that time none of those most active in its or- 
 ganization were aware that any such society had 
 |ireviously existed in Detroit. 
 
 Its origin was as follows: While on a visit to 
 Chicago, the writer chanced to attend an Interna- 
 tional Convention of the Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociation, and was made the corresponding mem- 
 ber of the Executive Committee for Micliigan. 
 
 Returning to Detroit, correspondence was had 
 with Mr, Pond of Boston, chairman of the Execu- 
 tive Committee, as to what was expected of a cor- 
 responding member. The organization of a" asso- 
 ciation was then undertaken, and every l'rol..stant 
 pastor visited and an endeavor made to enlist them 
 in the work. 
 
 After obtaining from nearly all the ministers the 
 names of two persons, members of their churches, 
 to represent them in a meeting, the persons them- 
 selves were visited, and a preliminary meeting was 
 called lor July 28. At this meeting a committee 
 on constitution was appointed, and August i their . 
 report was iidopted, and soon after James W. Far- 
 rell was elected president; F. I). Taylor and .\. 
 Treadway, vice-presidents; Silas Farmer, corre- 
 sponding secretary; A. Howard, recording secre- 
 tary ; and T. D. Hawley, treasurer. 
 
 Funds were solicited, and the work of tittilig 
 up rooms in the third story of Merrill lilock was 
 begun. Over $1,000 were expended for this pur- 
 pi)se, the design being to command immediate re- 
 spect for the enterprise. The rooms were formally 
 dedicated on November 28, and public exercises 
 were held in Merrill Hall on the same floor. Ad- 
 dresses were delivered by Rev. Messrs. G. W. 
 i'rime, J. H. Griffith, B. H. Paddock, W. Hogarth, 
 md J. M. Buckley. The rooms were at once visited 
 by large numbers of persons, and became the head- 
 
 quarters for all sorts of benevolent and philanthropic 
 enterprise. 
 
 On Jtme 24, 1868, the thirteenth International 
 Convention of the .\ssociations began its sessions in 
 the Central .M. E. Church. This gathering is noted 
 as being the largest, and up to that time the mo.st 
 profitable ever held ; also for the sad fact that, while 
 delivering the address of welcome, the Rev. Dr. 
 UuHield fainted and fell. This fall was the precur- 
 sor of his death, which occurred a few days later. 
 
 In the fall of 1S71 the Association acted as 
 almoner for many associations, distributing over 
 $10,000 in money and hundreds of cases of goods 
 for the relief of sufferers by fire in northern Michi- 
 gan. 
 
 The growth of the work caused an increasing 
 need for larger and more eligible rooms. From 
 time to time various plans were jiroposed for .he 
 accomplishment of this end, but nothing definite 
 was reached until January 15, 1875, when, on the 
 strength of pledges of $250 each from ten persons 
 towards the first payment, a lot on Farmer 
 Street, between Monroe and Gratiot Avenues, was 
 purchased for $14,100, payable in five annual 
 instalments. The property fronted sixty feet on 
 Farmer Street, and ran back nearly one hundred" 
 and forty feet, with an alley all along one side, 
 across the end and h.i.'. vay up the other side. 
 
 The building on the lot had bee", erected in 1S51 
 as a hotel barn. Subsequently, and at the time of 
 the purchase, it was (occupied as a factory, and was 
 not thought to possess any jiermanent value. On 
 the strength of the purchase, several thousand dol- 
 lars were subscribed, but not enough to pay for the 
 lot or erect a building. Meanwhile, it was neces- 
 sary for the Association to move, and it was finally 
 determined to build a new front to the old building, 
 and fit it up for temporary occupancy. This was 
 done at an expense of about §4,000, and very com- 
 fortable quarters were secured. The house was 
 dedicated on February 14, 1876. The free-will 
 offerings then made were noticeably given with 
 hearty good-will and manifest appreciation of the 
 results secured with so small an outlay. The prop- 
 erty was held by the following special trustees, 
 elected on April 5, 1875: F. D. Taylor, Silas Far- 
 mer, Walter Buhl, Arthur Treadway, Leonard 
 Laurense, E. C. Hinsdale, and Horace Hitchcock. 
 
 The work grew, and two additional rooms were 
 fitted up for use. In January, 1877, an arrange- 
 ment was r : idc with the Woman's Christian Tem- 
 perance Union, by which they were given the use 
 of one half of the first story for two years on con- 
 dition that they finished off and floored the room, 
 which was then unfinished ; this was done at a 
 cost of $700, and after two years the Association 
 received $400 a year rent therefrom. 
 
640 
 
 UNION RKLUUOUS SOCIETIES. 
 
 Soon after the openinjj of the builcliii,^; tlic ajJiiar- 
 atiis of a defunct j;yninasiuni was procured, a room 
 was tilted up for its reception, and tlie most con- 
 venient i;_ Tinasium in the city offered to the use of 
 those joining the Association. Not lony after the 
 library of tlie Mechanics' Society was placed in the 
 care of the Association for live years from August 
 I, 1877, and members of both bodies had equal use 
 of it until June i, 1882, when it was again trans- 
 ferred to the Mechanics'Society. The library, added 
 to other advantages, brought in hundreds of new 
 members, and before tlie close of 1877 the Associa- 
 tion numbered over twelve hundred J^aying members. 
 
 During its earlier years one of the most successful 
 plans for obtaining funds was the annual strawberry 
 festival, conducted by young ladies from the several 
 churches; the receipts for several years averaged 
 $500 per year, anil the festivals were acknowledged 
 to be the most attractive entertainments held in 
 Detroit. The Authors' Carnival, given in June, 
 1875, under the Joint auspices of the Home of the 
 Friendless and this organization, netted the Associa- 
 tion over $1,000. In its earlier years the Association 
 was specially indebted to its treasurer, Walter C. 
 Skiff, who not nly contributed liberally but often 
 preserved the credit of the Association by advanc- 
 mg money to pay its bills. On his decease in 1S70 
 he left a bequest of $5,000 to the Association, pjiy- 
 able after his mother's death, on the condition that 
 the Association possess, in addition, a property 
 worth $20,ooQ. 
 
 At the present time the Association is sustained 
 by membersliip fees and special donations. The 
 religious work has included a wide range of effort. 
 A Monday evening service has been continuously 
 maintained. Services at mission chapels, and at 
 suitable seasons, open-air meetings have also been 
 held. The jail is visited, and a Bible class at the 
 House of Correction is especially appreciated. The 
 noon meeting has been successful from the first. 
 One of the most important meetings was the Satur- 
 day evening IJible reading. When conducted by 
 Rev. A. T. Pierson, it had an average attendance of 
 over three hundred. Literary, social, and educa- 
 tional helps in the way of classes, lectures, and re- 
 ceptions have also been supplied. From 1876 to 
 1882 a statement of its meetings and its work was 
 published in a weekly or monthly bulletin. 
 
 On the 1 2th of October, 1880, a confere ice of 
 ladies and gentlemen was held at the residence of a 
 friend of the work, and it was determined to raise 
 the sum of $70,000 for the purpose of purchasing a 
 more suitable home for the Association in order to 
 enable it fully to carry out its plans of Christian 
 work. The work of canvassing began, and about 
 $40,000 was pledged, and then the project was 
 allowed to sleep. Meantime the trustees were unable 
 
 to furnish the Association with rooms free of rent, 
 and at the same time pay the interest due on the 
 purchase price of the property, and tinaily they were 
 directed to sell, and on March 24, 1SS2, sold the 
 properly for $15,000. The Association, in May, 
 
 1882, moved to 250 Woodward Avenue, occupying 
 the store on the ground lloor. From here, in April, 
 
 1883, they moved to the second, third, and fourth 
 stories of the Williams Block on Monroe Avenue, 
 facing Campus Martins, where they have thirty 
 rooms, which were formally opened on April 5. 
 The rooms were handsomely fitted up at a cost of 
 about $2,500. 
 
 One of the most hopeful features of the work is 
 the Boys' Branch, established on September 12, 
 1882, chiefly through the efforts of Mrs. J. E. Fos- 
 ter. They have an enrolled membership of over 
 one hundred, conduct various meetings, and publish 
 a monthly bulletin, called the Branch Record, which 
 is sprightly and healthful in character. 
 
 The Association was incorporated on January 12, 
 1874, and the annual meeting is held on the second 
 Tuesday of January. The society is managed by 
 twenty directors, all of whom must be members of 
 churches holding the d(jctrine of justification by 
 faith in Christ alone. The directors are elected by 
 the members, and the officers, except the secretaries 
 and treasurer, are selected from and elected by the 
 directors. 
 
 The presidents of the Association have been: 
 1864 and 1865, James W. Farrell; 1866 and 1867, 
 F. D. Taylor; 1868, Silas Farmer; 1869 and 1870, 
 David I'reston; 1871 and 1872, Bradford Smith; 
 1873 and 1874, E. C. Hinsdale; 1875-1879, F. D. 
 Taylor; 1879-1884, E. W. Wetmore; 1884- 
 S. M. Cutcheon. The paid secretaries have been : 
 1864-1866, D. D, Davis and James Westaway; 
 1866-1869, W. H. Gibbs; 1869 and 1870, John 
 Seage; 1871, C. C. Yemans; 1872- 1876, E. B. 
 Moody; 1876-1881, C. E. Dyer ; 1883- , L. F. 
 Newman. 
 
 The Railroad Branch had its origin in a meeting 
 held in the Hall of the Association on May 7, 1876, 
 at which addresses were delivered by Messrs. Lang, 
 Sheaf, and H. W. Stager, of Cleveland, who had 
 been invited for the occasion. Several prominent 
 railroad ofiicials were present, and the movement 
 proved a success from the outset. A committee 
 was appointed, a room on Woodbridge near Third 
 Street secured, and on June 21 it was formally 
 opened, with T. C. Boughton as superintendent. 
 The work grew rapidly, and on November 21 a 
 room was obtained at the Grand Trunk Junction, 
 and neatly fitted up for the use of the men there 
 employed. Religious exercises were held on the 
 Sabbath, and occasionally on week days, and reading 
 matter provided. 
 
UNION RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 
 
 641 
 
 free of rent, 
 t due on the 
 illy they were 
 J82, sold the 
 on, in May, 
 le, occiipyinir 
 lere, in April, 
 d, and fourth 
 iroe Avenue, 
 have thirty 
 
 on April 5. 
 p at a cost of 
 
 f the work is 
 jptember 12, 
 rs. J. E. Fos- 
 rship of over 
 ;, and publish 
 <ecord, which 
 
 n January 12, 
 on the second 
 nianajjed by 
 e members of 
 stitication by 
 re elected by 
 he secretaries 
 lected by the 
 
 have been : 
 566 and 1867, 
 59 and 1870, 
 dford Smith; 
 1879, F. D. 
 1884- 
 s have been : 
 s Westaway ; 
 1870, John 
 1876, E. B. 
 ,L. F. 
 
 in a meetin.cf 
 May 7, 1876, 
 Icssrs. Lang, 
 id, who had 
 d prominent 
 ie movement 
 A committee 
 near Third 
 i-as formally 
 ierintendent. 
 vember 21 a 
 Ilk Junction, 
 le men there 
 held on the 
 and reading 
 
 In November, 1877, John H. Fry succeeded Mr. 
 Houghton, and liiree months later 11. \). W.irren 
 became the superintendent of the rooms. After a 
 k\v months Mr. C. E. Dyer took charge of both 
 the main Association and tiie Railroail Branch. In 
 N'ovember, 1878, l.(i. Jenkins became the secretary 
 of the Railroad liranch. In February, 1878, a room 
 more easy of access to the men seeming desirable, 
 quarters were fitted up under the oilice of the yard 
 niiister on the depot grounds, and the room on 
 Woodbridge Street was given up. On the 29th of 
 August following, .M new building at the Junction 
 was first occupied. It was erected at a cost of 
 §1,000. In August, 1883, the building was moved 
 to vacant grinind near the original location of tiic 
 iiHiMis, Tiu; secretary issues a little monthly pajier 
 called the Headlight, which contains much informa- 
 ticiu of value. 
 
 ■fliis outgrowth of the Y. M. C. A. has resulted 
 ill tile establislinieiit of several reading rooms for 
 r;iilroad men at slatiniis along the lines of roads 
 centering in Detroit, and is constantly developing in 
 power and usefulness. 
 
 C'//y, County, and St'itr Bible Societies, 
 
 The first Bible Society in the .State wiis organized 
 at Detroit in November, 1816. Its first anniversary 
 was held November 4, 1817, andthe reports showed 
 that f 146 had been received in subscriptions. The 
 following persons were officers in 1817 : Lewis Cass, 
 president; William Woodbridge, first vice-presi- 
 dent ; C. Lamed, second vice-president ; I^ev. J. 
 Monteith, corresponding secretary; II. J. Hunt, 
 recording secretary ; Henry Brown, treasurer. The 
 organization was in existence in 1820, but ceased 
 soon after. 
 
 On November 3, 1830, a County Bible Society 
 wasorgrmized with the following officers; president, 
 Lewis Cass; vice-presidents, John ISiddle antl B. F. 
 H. Witherell ; recording .secretary, C. C.Trowbridge ; 
 corresponding setretary, Rev. N. M, Wells ; treas- 
 urer and depository, E. P. Hastings; executive com- 
 mittee, J. J. Deming, J. Owen, H. Whiting, W. 
 Ward, and E. Bingham. This society remained in 
 existence for several years, and distributed many 
 thousand Bibles and Testaments. 
 
 In October, 1838, a State Bible Society was again 
 formed, and in 1845 the local society received the 
 following notice : 
 
 WAYNE CO. Hini.K SOCIETY. 
 
 A meeting of the friends of the American liible Society was 
 111 Ul at the Presbyterian Session Room, October 7th, 1845,— J. 
 Kuarsley chairman, W. Phelps secretary. The chair stated the 
 "lijcct of the meetinjj to he to resuscitjite or reorganize the Wayne 
 County liible Society auxiliary to the American liible Society. 
 Messrs. .\. Shcley, A. McFarren, and J. V. Watson were on mo- 
 tiiiii appointed a nominating committee. 'I'hty reported for 
 
 president C. C. 'I'rowbridKe ; vice-pnsidiiit, C. ('>. ilaminoiul; 
 ticiisnrer, John Owen; secretary, Samuel Hastings, Report 
 adopud and the noniineus eUcted. 
 
 W. PiiKi.is, Secretary. 
 
 This thi-'d organization seems also to h.ave died 
 out, for on February 2, 1857, under the inlluence of 
 the revival sentiment of that year, a new society 
 was organized and a constitution adopted. Since 
 then, at irregular intervals, new officers have been 
 elected, and endeavors made to secure the general 
 circulation of the Bible by sale or donation. 
 , (irants of Bibles or Testaments are made by the 
 ollicers on satisfactory evitleiice that the recijiients 
 are un.able to jiay for them. The depi/siiory, from 
 time to time, was established at various bookstores, 
 but in April, 1877, it found an appropriate home in 
 the rooms of the Y. M. C. A., and was placed in 
 the care of Mrs. J. E. Foster. The .sales in 1883 
 amounted to S305.55. The society struggled with 
 debt for many years, but this has been entirely 
 ])aid, and there is hope th;it a much larger work 
 may be done hereafter if the cause is properly aided 
 by the churches. 
 
 Union Bethel Society. 
 This enterprise was organized on September 20, 
 1830, under the auspices of the Western Seamen's 
 Friend Society. Fifteen years later an okl ware- 
 house on Woodbridge Street between Shelby and 
 Wayne .Streets was procured, the centre of the sec- 
 ond tloor cut out, and an audience room with a gal- 
 lery was thus obtained. The building was dedicated 
 April 2, 1846, with a .sermon by Rev. Dr. Duflield. 
 Rev. Dr. Harrison was put in charge, and large 
 numbers of sailors and others gathered at the .ser- 
 vices. The building was eventually sokl to the 
 Trinity Lutheran Church. On September 8, 1850, 
 a hall on the second floor of store No. 66 Jefferson 
 Avenue, on the southwest corner of Cass Street, 
 was dedicated for the use of the Bethel Church, 
 with a sermon by the Rev. Dr. Kitchell. At this 
 time Rev. A. M. Fitch was chaplain. From 1851 
 to 1 863 Rev. N. M. Wells was pastor. At the begin- 
 ning of his term, a room was titted up in the Hawley 
 Block, on the northwest corner of Bates and Wood- 
 bridge Streets, and there the society held services 
 until 1862; from that year until 1865, services were 
 held in rooms on Woodbridge Street, just west of 
 Wayne Street, with Rev. Mr. King in charge; from 
 1865 to 1868, a room in the Board of Trade Build- 
 ing was used, and the Rev. William Day was in 
 charge. After 1868 the services were discontinued. 
 
 City Tract Societic<!. 
 The first .society of the above character was organ- 
 ized on March 22, 1831, but no details of its work 
 have been found. 
 
642 
 
 UNION MKI:TIN(;S.— RKVIVALS AND RI'.Vl VAI.ISTS. 
 
 In 1839 .'i society called ihe Mielii.nan 'I'laet So- 
 ciety was in existence, with 15. K. I.arnecl as presi- 
 dent and fliarles C'leland as correspondiii),' serri'taiy. 
 A society, c.alled the Delroit City InKl Association, 
 w.is inslituli'd on J.iniiaiy 12, i<S4(), willi the follow- 
 injr oHicers: Rev. Cicor^e Dnlliiid, president; 11. 
 L. il.unniond, viet'-|)residenl ; II. Ilallock, i;tiK'r;il 
 siiperiiUendent ; A. McKarrcn, treasurer, and !•'. 
 Raymond, secret.iry. W.ird Superintendents: I'irsl 
 W.ird, jolni lliilhert; Second W'.ird, Cli.irles M. 
 Howard; Third Ward, David l'"rench ; i'oiirth Ward, 
 Ross W'ilkins; i'ifili W.ird, Thoni.is Rowland ; Sixtii 
 Ward, J. I). H.ildwin. 
 
 'I'lie prin('i|),il object of the ori;,ani/.;ilion w.is to 
 eirciil.ile i^r.itnilously tiie tr.acts .and oilier piibii- 
 e.ilions of the Aini'ric.in 'I'r.ict Society. The city 
 W.IS divided into lifty-nine dislriels. Montliiy re- 
 ports were made hy e.ich visitor, .and ;i ^re.al .amomiL 
 of faithful l.ahor cxpi'nded. The socii'ty continued 
 its efforts up to S53, and was then discontimied. 
 
 Jh'trvit /■^'7'nii_i;t-//( 11/ Allitvuc. 
 
 The object of tiiis orn.uii/.ilion is to promote 
 Christi.in fi'llowship .amonn liie dilfi'renl ciuirch 
 sfnieties. it w.is orj^ani/.ed in Ditroil, June 30, 
 1S73, ;ind tii<' followinjj; otlieifs eieeti'd : i)rt'si(lent, 
 C. I. Walker; coiTi'S|)()ndin),( sceret.ary, Rev. (1. I), 
 n.nker; recordin^i; secret.iry, Sil.is l'",iriiior; treasurer, 
 J.acob .S. I'arnind. 
 
 The time for llu' annual meeting is in October, 
 but only two sets of ollicers h.ave bi'cn chosen. 
 Those in ohici' in 1883 witi' : J.icob .S. I'.irr.md, pri'si- 
 dcnt ; II. v.. Ikiker, secrel.ary ; W. II. Hrearley, cor- 
 responding; secret.iry; Rev. A. T. I'icrson, Rev. J. 
 M. Arnold, and I'". I). Taylor, executivi- committee. 
 
 On October 30, 1877, on liie invitation of tin; 
 society, tlu' Hienni.il Conference of the; I'lvjinj^elical 
 Alli.mce of tiie United St.iti's w;is held in Detroit, 
 at tiie First Presbyterian Church. There w.is ;i 
 larvje .attendance and iiiucii iiUi'resi in the exercises. 
 
 Dvtroit Ministerial Union. 
 
 This orjj.anization dates from 1850, .and is coni- 
 |)osed of the p.istors of tlu: sever.il so-called evan- 
 jrelieal cluirches of Detroit. They hold weekly 
 meetinifs on Monday morninij to discuss .any sub- 
 ject or <iuestion connected with the religious pros- 
 perity of the city or tiie country. 
 
 UNION MKKTIN(;.S. 
 
 Mornint^ Prayer Meetinv;s. 
 
 The Union morning prayer meetings were an out- 
 growth of the deep religious feeling that pervaded 
 the entire country immediately subsequent to the 
 p.anic of 1857. The first of these meetings in 
 Detroit was held at 8 A. M., March 4, in the base- 
 
 ment of the Il.ipiist Ciiiircli, corner of ( iris^v(iM .mkI 
 l''ort Streets. The .attendance of .idive business 
 men W.IS ,1 marked feature from the outset, .and tlu 
 meeting grew ,ii),ice. On .account of the i.irge ;it- 
 tend.iuce, the mei:tings, .aftir M.ireli J(>, iS5,S, were 
 held in the body of the eiiurch. Otiur morniii'^ 
 meetings wc; iuld in the Congreg.ition.il Cluucli 011 
 J( rfersoii Avenue, .and .1 noon meeting in the Water- 
 ni.an Mlock, and in sever.il eliun lies. Tlie meei- 
 '■i.;: in the Congregation.a! Church continued till 
 im: Last of April. On May 4 tlu' meeting in the 
 li.aptist Ciiurch w.is discontinued for one week, and 
 .a committee .appointed to consider the subject of 
 its contiuuance. On M.iy 10 it w.is resumed, to 
 be held from 8 to 8.45 A. M. On July M, 1859, 
 .as the church w.is lo be torn down, the pl.ace of 
 meeting w.is eh.anged lo tiie b.isemeiil of tlu' Sec- 
 ond M. I',. Ciliircil, on the corner of K.in(iol|)li 
 .and Congress Streets. After tiie burning of tli.ii 
 church, on July 18, i,Sr)3, the meetings were iuld 
 in the b.isemcnl of lIu' l'"irst M. V.. Clmrch, cor- 
 ner of Woodw.ard Avenue and .St.ale Sirei't. Ileir 
 it W.IS continued till Maich 4, 1872, ulu'n, on iis 
 foiirteeiitli .iiiiiivers.iry, liie last of the morning 
 mei'liiigs W.IS held, the .iltentlance not .seeming to 
 warrant a further continuance. 
 
 Noon Meetini^s. 
 
 In. addition to the noon meeting of 1857, which w,is 
 held in the W.aterm.an hlock, .and kept up from 
 March to the middle of M.ay, .a noon meeting w.is 
 several times attempted in tlie Y. M. C. A. rooms, 
 on the corner of Jeiferson .and Woodward Aveiiiu's ; 
 but the .attend.ance was .always small and the meel- 
 iiigs were soon discontinued. 
 
 The only successful and continuous noon meet- 
 ing was opened Tuesday, February 15. 1876, in the 
 ^'. M. C. A. I)uilding, on l''.arnier Street. It li.is 
 been continued d.aily ever since, with an aver.agc 
 attendance of from twenty to thirty persons. < )n 
 May 30, 1882, tlie first service w.as held .at the rooms 
 in the M.ather lilock, and on Ajiril 2, 1883, the lirsi 
 service was held in the rooms on Monroe Avenue. 
 It is heM from 12 to 12.30 M., and many evidences 
 of its value have been made manifest. 
 
 RFVIVAI.S AND KKVIVAI.I.STS. 
 
 The first effort of different denomin.ations to eo- 
 oper.ate in >a series of religious meetings w.as made 
 in 1865. Th(! meetings, under the direction of Rev. 
 K. 1\ Hammond, beg.an on .Sund.ay .afternoon, Feli- 
 riiary 26, 1865, ,at the Fort Street Congreg.ation.il 
 Church. The hou.se was filled with children .and 
 Sunday-school teachers, and the service was rem.ark- 
 able for its solemnity .and power. Tlu; morning 
 meetings in the Woodward Avenue M. E. Churcli 
 
KIAIVAI.S AND KKVI VAIJSIS. 
 
 'M3 
 
 "iriswdld ;inil 
 
 ivc l)usiiiiss 
 
 ilsft, anil llu 
 
 llu; larni; al- 
 
 ), i.S5(S, wrrc 
 
 liiT moniiiiv; 
 
 lal Cliiircli on 
 
 in llic Walci- 
 
 'I'Ih' nu'i't- 
 
 'onlinni'd lill 
 
 trliii); in vhv 
 
 nc wi'i'k, and 
 
 \\v. subji'it III 
 
 i rrsnmcd, In 
 
 nly 1 1, i'^5v. 
 
 tlic |)laci' (il 
 
 il (if till' Sic- 
 
 (if l\and(il|ili 
 
 rninjL;' of thai 
 
 v;s Wfi'c licid 
 
 Cininli, rni- 
 
 Slrcct. line 
 
 wlR'n, on ils 
 
 till' in(iinin;< 
 
 i)t seeming to 
 
 sv<Tc soon criiwdt'd, and at llu: cvcninvi; nuctinjtjs in 
 various cliiniiu'S, then: wore always more than 
 I oiilil be seated. The closing service was iuld on 
 March k;. 
 
 A scries of nnion meetings, conducted by Messrs. 
 Whitlle anil Uliss, was coninienci:d on the evenini.; 
 of October C>, 1S74, ;il ijie Second Coiii^reijational 
 (.'hnrcli, and closed on tin: n^tli of NoMinbcr. 
 These nieetinj;s were inau,t;uraled and conducted 
 by the Y. M. C. A., bnt were heartily sii|)|)orti(l 
 by niosl of the I'rolesl.uit clergymen and ,v;rew in 
 interest to liu' end. The servii'es, held cliii:lly in 
 ihe C'l'nlral Mctimdisl ;tnd I'nited I'rcsbytcrian 
 clmrches, are i^ratefully riincnibered by many per- 
 sons. 
 
 A memorial service, in memory of !'. I', i'.liss, 
 who perished in the Ashl.ibiila railroad disaster, 
 was Iuld on Smul.iy afternoon, Janu.iry 7, 11X77, at 
 Whitney's Opera House. 
 
 r>y invitation of the Clerical Union, the Kev. 
 (leorj^c I'. I'entecost canu' to Detroit, and led a 
 series of reli,nious services, commeiuinj^ on Jaiuiary 
 4, i.S.So, ;uul closiiu,^ the l.Sth of M;u-ch. Most of 
 the nu'ctin,i;s were held in the I'irst Conijri'j^a- 
 lional .uul I'orl Streti IVesbyterian Chunhes, .nnd 
 were hij,dily enjoyed by llu- nuiltitudcs who.itU'nded. 
 Durin.^r his sl.iy, nui'lini^s for business nu-n were 
 condu<'led a p.irl of the linu: in Merrill II, ill , -uul 
 ;ilso in ;i vac.uit store on Jefferson Avciuic near 
 l''irsl Street. 
 
 In the sprinjr .and fall of 1883 Il.irry I'. .S.ayles, 
 known ;is the sinj^inji^ ev;inj;clisl, conducted a 
 series of rcviv.il nicelintjs in the luj^hieenlh Street 
 li.iptist, Second t'oni;rc)^.ition.il, 'i'hird Street Mis- 
 sion, l-'orl Street Methodist Mpiseop.al. and Twelfth 
 •Street 15;i|)lisl Churches, his successive cii^.ii^emenls 
 in lluse v.arious churches alfordiii); the best of evi- 
 dence of the public apprecialiua of his labors. 
 
 ?57,whicli was 
 kcpl up from 
 
 meelin.n was 
 \. rooms, 
 
 ird Avenues ; 
 uul the meel- 
 
 , t 
 
 noon nicet- 
 
 . 1876, in ihr 
 
 reel. It has 
 
 1 ;ui ;iveiat;r 
 
 )ersons. < 'n 
 
 ;il the rooms 
 
 S83, the lirsl 
 
 nroe Avenue. 
 
 ly evidences 
 
 t. 
 
 S'I'S. 
 
 lalions to co- 
 ij^s was m.ulc 
 eclion of Kcv. 
 ternoon, Feb- 
 on^Tcj^alional 
 children and 
 ; was remark - 
 riu: morning 
 M. E. Church 
 
■^ 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII. 
 
 I'OVKRTY. AND ITS KKIJKK. — 'I'lII'. I'OOU COMMISSION. - CI TY I'l lYSICIANS. - 11 II'. 
 
 COUNTY I'OOK. 
 
 I'OVKRTY, AND ITS KKl.IK.K. ( )„ M.-inli 14, 1840, llir ((Hiiu ilappoiiilcd ;i lom- 
 
 Tll h'. lirsl scllici's Wfiv mostly pool", hut formally iDittcc to contract willi the siipcrinlciKlciii of the 
 yc'.'irs i)aiipcrism was imkiiowii. 'I'lic pluck that coinit)' poor foi- the siip|)orL of i ity paupers at 
 
 ius|)iri(l tile comiuy; to a wilderness, and the vii;!- 
 laucc wiiicli .1 residence in such wilds deniauded, 
 l)reeluded thai supineiiess of which poverty is horn. 
 True, tliiMe wi'fe linns of trial .ind se.isous of dis- 
 iress; crops failed, and nioic than once i^aiml 
 f;uuiiic hovered .ihoiil the palisades of I'ontcli.ir- 
 
 t'i.nhleen cents e.'ich per day. The Council I'ro- 
 ecrdiii^s for 1S47 ,ind 11X48 siiow th.il when occ.ision 
 demruided, it was eiistoiu.ary for the .ildermen to 
 vote such sums .IS ihey dei'ined lU'ciss.iry for liie 
 suiiporl of the poor. The oilice of city director nl 
 poor dates from Acts of April j ;, i.S^), .md .\I.ir( h 
 
 liaiii. Such times, however, wint only incidinl.il. 7, i.S 54, w hicii coiiierred ui)on the council the power 
 
 (i.ime . and nr.iin were usu.iliy pjcnliful, ,ind ihe few to do for the poor wh.it under the Slate l.i\\ the 
 
 families who dwell lure ;ile their own hre.id .and county directors were re(|uired to do. liji to I'Cl)- 
 
 nsked no .alms of str.in.ners. Nol until the N'.inkecs ruary 21, iiS4y, the oHiccr w.is .i|)poinled hy the 
 
 came did "iK^^xars come to town," .and then not couiuil ; .aflcr that d.ale he was elecled. Uiuli'r the 
 
 bcraiisi: the N'ankees sel the ex.imple of heiL^ijiiin', ordin.anrc of J.amiary 14, 1.S62, the director .adver- 
 
 biit because upon llieir .ad\inl the popul.ilion in- tist'd for propo.sals, .and hiils were received from 
 
 creased, and .as towns j^row, beni^.ars mulliply. v.arious person'-- for furnisliiiiir groceries, me.it, 
 
 The relievinjf of the poor enlisted the altention of 
 the (iovernor and Judj^es soon .after the Northwest 
 'i'erritury was orw[aiii/ecI. I5y .ait of November 6, 
 
 hour, .and wood. I'nder ordin.mce of December 
 14, iiSfic;, ilie i)oorm,ister ,n.ive orders for needed 
 articles upon stores in differeiil p.arls of the city. 
 
 ■)olll 
 
 1790, the Conrt of Ouartcr Sessions .appointed one Orders amouiitinjr to $117,325 were i;iveu on ,il 
 
 or mon; overseers of the poor for e.ach township, 
 
 anil old records siiow the .appoinimciil in i.Sui, for 
 
 the township of Detroit, of Ja<(|ues ( iir.ardin ; J.inics 
 
 M.ay, Robert (aioin, ;iiii! Ci.ibriel (iodfroy were 
 
 .ai)poiiileil in 1S03; Joseph C.ampaii was ap|)i.iuted 
 
 in pl.iee of (luaiii in December, 1S03, .and re,i|)- 
 
 poinled in 1804. 
 
 In 1806 the sum of iwcnly-live doll.irs was .ip|)ro- 
 pri.ated by the riovornnr .and Jud;.^es for the support 
 of the poor in Detroit. 
 
 My Law of M.arch 30, 1827, e.acli towaishiji w.is 
 
 two hundred dilferenl stores in 1878; the wimii 
 bill for the s.ime ye.ar .amounted lo $3,760. The 
 .aiuoiml i;i\en .at any one lime lo the .s.ame per- 
 son, or the total amount j.riven to the s.une person 
 or f.amily in ;i j;iven length of time, w.is entirely 
 discretionary with the director of the poor; his 
 orders on the stores were |)aid monthly by the city 
 treasurer. That this discretion.ary ])ower w.as noi 
 .ilw.ays wisely e.xerciseil is evident from the rejiorl 
 of .1 committee of the Common Council m.ule in 
 April, 1870; it shows th.at of 1,236 f.amilies who 
 
 .lulhori/.ed lo elect two overseers of the poor. ( )n received provisions in I''ebru.ary of th.al year, 400 
 October 2y, 1829, e.ach township was .luthori/.ed to could not be found, .and 223 were unworthy; wood 
 elect live diri'ctors of the poor, .anil the olhce of w.is .also rei)orted to li.avc been dilivered lo 120 
 township over.seer was to lermin.ile after April, dillerenl f.imilics that could nut be found. 
 1830. Hy Act of Febni.ary 26, 1831, the plan of one Under the ordinance in force in 1879 it was the 
 
 director for each tow nship w.as revived, and in duly of the direcior, when .applied to for relief by 
 M.arch the folluwiny' was api)eni.leil to the notice of or for any person, to invi'sli^.atc the case, and if 
 
 such person wi're nol in .a lonilition to be reinoveil 
 to the county i)oorliouse, temporary relief mii^lit 
 be jriven. In case of the death of persons with- 
 out means, the direcior h.iil |)ower to j^ive tirders 
 on the city sexton for their buri.al; .and in 1877, 
 of the city, and from time to time small sums were 333 paupers were thus buried. In all cases of 
 placed in his hands for distribution. relief granted, whether from public funds, or 
 
 t''M4l 
 
 an eleclion: 
 
 liiiini'dialcly aflir ilcisiiin llu' |iiills, a ta.x will l)c vciUd for thu 
 inaiiiU'tiaiiL'u ami siippdil nf tlii^ pixjr of Ditiuit for llic <iisniii>{ 
 yi ar. 
 
 At this time the city m.arshal ncivxl .as the .almoner 
 
Till'. I'OOk COMMISSIDN. 
 
 645 
 
 lNs. -riiK 
 
 liiitid ;i loiii- 
 ■tulclil of llic 
 • paiiiKis al 
 Council I'ni- 
 ilirii occasion 
 aldcniu'ii to 
 rssary for llu' 
 ly director of 
 5, and March 
 nil liic |)o\\cr 
 Stale law llic 
 
 Ul) to I'll)- 
 
 linlfd by the 
 I, Undi'rtlir 
 rector ad\'er- 
 ■ecei\e(l from 
 iceries, meal, 
 of Deci'Miber 
 for ni'cdcil 
 h of the ciiy. 
 veil on alioiii 
 ■i ; the wood 
 $;„7f'o. 'I'he 
 le same |)i'r- 
 same person 
 was entirely 
 poor; his 
 l)y the city 
 )wer was not 
 m the rejiorl 
 ncil made in 
 familii'S who 
 at year, 4«) 
 •orthy; wood 
 vered to i::o 
 ikI. 
 
 () it was the 
 
 fur relief by 
 
 CISC, and if 
 
 be removed 
 
 relief mii^lil 
 
 )ersons wilh- 
 
 ^ivc orders 
 
 and in 1877, 
 
 all cases of 
 
 He funds, or 
 
 Ikjui fluids or articles furnished by induidu.ils, it 
 was the (Inly of the director of the poor to enter ni 
 ,1 book the n.ime of the person recei\inv; .aid, the 
 n.ime and number ol street he lived on, ,ilso the 
 MMinbei' of Ills \vard, with the kiixl and amoimt of 
 relief fiirnislu'd, and n.imes of the persons on whom 
 ihe orders were drawn; .ill of which inform.ition 
 w.is opi'U to the inspection of the public, and n- 
 porled monthly to the coiim il. It w;is also the duty 
 <if llu- direclor. within Icii d.iys .after the monthly 
 i(|)orl was ni.ade, to furnish lists of tlic persons re- 
 lieved, ;uT;m,i(ed by w.ards, with llicir residences, Lu 
 ilie city clerk, .and the clerk was to c.'uise not over 
 one hundred copies to be printid, .aiid pl.accd al the 
 ilispos.il of the .'ildermen. In i<S77 j.txxj jiersons, 
 K |)riseiitin,n' 1,250 f.imilies, were relieved, .and the 
 iiil.al expenditure by tlii; city for Ihe siiiiport of the 
 poor in lli.il ye.ar w.as $37, .^S4. Add to this the 
 salaries <if the city pliysi<i.ins, S2,4»x), the cost of 
 ilie i;ciur.il v.iccin.ition of th.il ye.ir, S4,(xx), .and the 
 I ity's proportion of the cxpendiliires by the county 
 ill beh.alf of the |)oor, .and we li.ive .a loial of 
 marly §.S(), ()()() p.aid by Delroit in I.S77 for ilu' beii- 
 clil of the poor, in .addition to llie thousands of 
 doll.ars expended through priv.ate iharil.ible orn.ini- 
 z.ilions. 
 
 'Ihe s.al.ary of the director w.is $1,^100, .and his 
 term of ollicc two years. A dei)iity director w.is 
 .also apixiinled yearly, with .1 s.il.iry of !J;i,-!o<). 
 'Ihe oHice (a'.iscd on the creation of the I'oor (0111- 
 iiiission. I'lillowiny is .a list of superintendents .and 
 directors : 
 
 I'ity Superintendents of Poor: 11827, S. Con.anl, 
 l.c\i t'ook ; I1S2.S, Levi t'ook, 1). C. .McKinstry ; 
 t^i'), I). C. McKinstry, Cullen llrown. 
 
 Directors of I'oor: 1830, kobert Smart, J.ames 
 Abbott, Jerry De.in, S. Con.uit, J. J. Deniinj;; 
 1S31, J. J. ('..irrisoii, J.amcs T. I'enny; I1S32, S. 
 Con.int, A.S. I'orlir; i(S33, 1 1. i\l. Campbell; 1X35, 
 A. (.:. C.inilf, J. I':idred ; 1.S37, Roberl Stu.art; i<S3,S, 
 S. (.!on.int ; 1N31J, Roberl Stu.arl ; 1.840, J. J. (Harri- 
 son, (]. Paul; 1841, I). \V. i'iske; 1.S42 1843, II. 
 Newberry, l'"r.ancis Cicotie; 1844 1847, M.ason 
 I'.ilmcr; 1847, Willi.am Cook; 1848 1849, A. C. 
 I'owell, C. \V. Hooper; 1850 i,Sr,2, I.. II. Will.ard; 
 i.sr.j 1866, W. V. James; 1866 1870, 1.. IS. Wilkird ; 
 1870-1872, Stephen M.arlin; 1872-1878, L. IJ. Wil- 
 lard; 1878-1880, \V. V. Kies. 
 
 'I'tlK I'OOU COMMISSION. 
 
 The Poor Commission was crealed by Act of May 
 31, 1879, .and did away with the offices of director 
 of |)oor .and city si'xlon. Tlio bo.ard consists of 
 four persons nomin.ated by the m.ayor .and .a|)pointed 
 by the council, who serve without compens.ation. 
 Under Act of M.ay 20, 1881, llic bo.ard .appoints its 
 own ot'liccrs. 
 
 'I'he liisi commissinneis were .a|)poiiiie(l i>>i icrms 
 of one, two, llirei', .and four j'e.ars. .Since iSiSoonc 
 h.as been .appointed each year for a term of four 
 years. I'nder the Laws .nid ordin.ances ijoveriiiiijf 
 ihe Hoard, its memb(a"s .are .aiilhori/ed lo co-oper.atc 
 with ch.irii.abl<' sociities .and the county siipeiin- 
 teiidenis of till' poor. If ans' person needinv^ li(l|' 
 h.as resided less ih.an .a )('.ar in the cii)', the nlief 
 extended is |).aid for out of ihe county treasury. Ily 
 Al I ol April 10, 18.S3, the pipwer lo relieve .all such 
 couiiiy poor is lodged with the i'oor C'oinmi-.si()n of 
 I )eiroit. They h.ave power III purch.ase .and loinr.acl 
 for .all needful supplies for ihe poor, .also lo receix'c 
 .and dislribuh- volunl.ary don. at ions; they conlr.acl for 
 the <',are ol the sick pour, .ami h.i\c elLirvje of lh<' 
 biiri.il of I hos(' ih.al <lie; I hey in;i)' |iro(aire railroad 
 tickets for such p.iii|)ers as wish perm.uienlly to lea\'e 
 the (ily or county. .All sick or othi r poor reipiiriiiir 
 perm.inent siipporl .aii', if possible, iiio\,i(l to iIk' 
 county pooihoiise. The Commissioners arc re(|iiire(l 
 to keep .a dcl.i'led record, .ilph.abetieally .arr.aiivjed, 
 sliowini( n.ation.ality, .ai;<', sex, condition, pl.acc; .and 
 leni;ih of residence in city of each .applieanl for relief, 
 toi^ithcr with .1 sl.atemenl of cause of destitution, 
 usu.al .avoc.alioii, .and the kind .and .nuounl of relief 
 .afforded. 
 
 'I'he ex|)enditures during lIu' lirsl seventeen months 
 of ihe existeiKa' of the commission, t'lidini; June 30, 
 1881, were $32, 'kj8. The chief items were: orders 
 on j.rro( iries, $').<)<>(> ; provisions furnislu'd. §5,C)5o; 
 niilro.ad fares \y,M, $264; wood. §4,854; eaie of 
 sick poor, S5,8.So; buri.al of poor, $1,430; 1,648 
 families, includinj; 6,022 persons, were relieved. 
 
 The report for the lisc.al year endiiiv; June 30, 
 1884, showed ih.al .aid h.ad been vjiviai lo yjij f.imi- 
 lies, or 3,569 persons. Thi' v.aliie of the provisions 
 distributed w.is $12,133.25; of wood, 826'2' cords 
 were sup|)lied. 'I'he lol.al expenditures for the ye.ar 
 were $27,429.77. 
 
 In further.ince of their work, on Detember 13, 
 1880, the lommissioners opened ;i store in I'iremen's 
 1 ball, from which they supplied various .articles of food 
 to pi'rsoiis in lU'cd. 'I'he store w.as closed on M.ircli 
 26, i.S8i,.ind they ri'turncd lo ilie old |)lan of ,nivin).j 
 orders on grocers. These orders m.ay bo presented 
 .at .any jL;rocery ; but .a printed notice on the order 
 forbids the deliverinj; of liiitio'-s, or of .any firlicies 
 except Hour, p<it.atoes, sut;.ir, bread, tea. coffee, me.al, 
 rice, lard, so.ip, beans, lish, candles, oil, .and m.alches. 
 The amount .and price of each .article must be noted 
 on the order, .and (■(■rtifu'd to by the y;roc<'r. 
 
 The oflice of the commission w.as .at first located 
 in the City Hall, but in November, 1881, il was 
 moved to the New M.irket P.uildin.ij. 
 
 The commissioners li.avc bei'ii : 1880, Thomas 
 Berry, A. \V. Copland, Henry Heames, .ami Jo.seph 
 h. Moore. 
 
646 
 
 CITY PHYSICIANS. 
 
 Oil January ^S, iS.Si, Mr. Copland was sncci'i'dcd 
 l)y lidward Kantcr; i" I'lbruaiy, iiSSz, W. K. Muir 
 was a|)|»)int((l in place of 'I'liomas lirrry, and in 
 i.S<S4 Mr. KanUT rusij^^ncd, and was Mice xcdcd by 
 Simon llcavcnrirh. 
 
 r. 11. Dwycr, secretary, and John K. Marlin, 
 snpcrinlcndent, original apixiinlees of llu; coniniis- 
 sion, wurc still .scrvini; in 1S84. 
 
 ('.TV I'llVSKIANS. 
 
 The lirsi. intimation of tiic existence of tiiis ollice 
 is found in the Proceed in,i(s of the Coinieil for May 
 II, 1829; because of fear of small-po.\, the foilow- 
 injj resolution was passed : 
 
 Kenoh'iii, lliiit till' uratiiiliiiis sriviii'S uf tlir nii'(lii::il ;;(iulr- 
 Intn of the city he rcspiclfiilly soliiilrd in bihalf of cuir titi/ciis 
 wliosr |)(i:imiary cirtumstimcis riiultr them objcrls of tliiir 
 bciRVoliiicu. 
 
 In 1837 there was another "small-pox scare," and 
 Doctors Russel, Rice, Cowles, and lireckeiiridife 
 were ajipointed to vai'cinate the pcjor at the expense 
 of the city. 
 
 An Act of February 21, 1849, provided for the 
 election of one city physician each year. Hy the 
 charter of 1857 the council was jjjiven the power of 
 appointment, and in May of that year the number 
 of city physicians was increased from one to four. 
 Hy ordinance of January 31, i860, the city was 
 divided into three districts, and one physician ap- 
 l)ointed for each district at a salary of $300. An 
 ordinance of January 9, 1874, provided for increas- 
 inii,' the number of districts and physicians to six ; 
 .and on an order from the mayor, the director of the 
 poor, or an alderman, it was their duty to attend 
 the sick poor in their respective districts. An ordi- 
 nance of January 14, 1879, divided the districts as 
 follows: First District, Wards Ten and Thirteen; 
 Second District, Wards Six and Fleven; Third Dis- 
 trict, Wards P'our and Seven; l'"ourth District, 
 Wards One, Two, and Three; Fifth District, all of 
 Wards Kijrht, Nine, and Twelve lyini^ south of 
 Michiijan Avenue; Sixth District, Ward Five, and 
 all of Wards Eight, Nine, and Twelvj lying north 
 of Michigan Avenue. 
 
 The physicians were required to furnish all medi- 
 cines for the poor at their own expense, and when 
 requested by the Common Council were to examine 
 into and report all sources of danger to health in 
 their several districts; and under ordinance of 
 1863, it was their duty to vaccinate without charge 
 any person applying to them. On making affidavit 
 at the end of each cjuarter that all persons who 
 called for that purpose had been vaccinated, they 
 were entitled to $12.50 per (|uarter in addition to 
 their regular salary, which was determined yearly 
 by the council. In 1877, inidcr a general plan of 
 
 vaccination, the sI.k city physicians reported that 
 betsveen June 29 .and July 17 they luid v.iccin.ated 
 6,054 persons. 
 
 Uniler (jrdinance approved .May 31, 1SS2, the di.s- 
 trirt system w;is .abolished, and jirovision w.as made 
 for two physici.ins for the entire city, to be ap- 
 pointed by the Hoard of Aldermen on the second 
 Tuesday of June in each year. The charter of 
 1S83 provided th.it the city physici.ins should be 
 .appointed by the iio.ard of Councilmen on nomina- 
 tion of the Iio.ard of lle.ilth. The .appointees are 
 recjuired to h.ave ;i regul.ir di|)lom;i from .a res|)ect- 
 able medical collage, with live years' experience as 
 a |ihysici;in, .and to give their whole time to the city 
 patients. An oHice .assistant is also |)rovided, who, 
 in the year ending June 30, 1S84, tilled 8,070 pn - 
 s<riptions .and jirescribed for 2,148 cases. Tlu 
 out-door physicians m.ade 6,551 calls. 
 
 The city physici.ins liave been: 1S42 and 1843, 
 J. 11. li.igg; 1844, C. N. Fge; 1845 .and 1846, 11. 
 Lemcke; 1847, Z. Pitcher; 1 848-1 85 1, L. H. Col)l); 
 1851 1853, J. B. Scovill; 1853. P. Klein; 1854, 
 M. P. Chrisii.in; 1855 -1857, J. li. Scovill. 
 
 1857. Dis'rict i, W. Cowan; District 2, C. R. 
 Case; District j, S. M. Axford; District \. J. li. K. 
 Mignaiilt. 
 
 1858. District i, William Cow.m ; District 2, 
 C. R. Case; District 3, S. M. Axford; District 4, 
 Robert .Mull.mey. 
 
 1859. District 1, 1. M. Allen; District 2, I.. 
 D.avenport ; District 3, F. L.auderd.ile ; District 4, 
 II. Kiefer. 
 
 i860. District i, Ir.a M. .Allen; District 2, Louis 
 D.avenport; District 3, Fdw.ard L.auderd.ile; Dis- 
 trict 4, Will. J. Cr.an.age. 
 
 1S61. District i, Ch.as. 11. liarrett ; District 2, 
 Casp.ar Schulte ; District 3, F. W. Sp.arling; Dis- 
 trict 4, 1) wight I). Stebbins. 
 
 1862. District i, 1. M. Allen .and J. M. Alden; 
 Disti f 2, Fdw.ard Schroeder ; District 3, C R.Cise; 
 DistricL 4, R. .Mull.aney. 
 
 1863. District i, L. II. Cobi); District 2, Nich- 
 ol.as Pfciffcr and P. Klein; District 3, C. R. Case; 
 District 4, R. Mull.aney. 
 
 1864. District i, L. H. Cobb; District 2, Edward 
 K.ane; Di.strict 3, J. M. Alden; District 4, Davis 
 Henderson. 
 
 1865. Di.strict i, L. H. Cobl) ; District 2, IC. 
 Schroeder; District 3, J. M. Alden; District 4, 
 R. MuUaney. 
 
 1866 and 1867. District i. Henry Newland ; 
 District 2, E. Schroeder; District 3, D.avis Hender- 
 son; District 4, R. Mull.aney. 
 
 1868. District i, Henry F. Ly.ster; District 2, 
 C. H. 15arrett; District 3. C. Schulte; District 4, 
 Wm. A. Ch.andler. 
 
 1869. District i, H. F. Lystcr; District 2, F. H. 
 
TMK COUN'IV I'OOR. 
 
 647 
 
 Spraiiifcr ; District 3, C. Scluiltc ; District 4, W. A. 
 ( li;m<lii:r. 
 
 1S70. District 1, John M. ilivjcjow ; Disf .i-t 2, 
 Andrew Morrowniaii ; District 3, I'rlcr I', ( liiniarliii ; 
 I )istrict 4. Illislia Leach. 
 
 1.S71. District 1, II. V. Lyster; District 2, John 
 IliiitcrniaM; District 3, Wni, II. Lathrop ; Dis- 
 trict 4, \V. \. Cliaudlcr, 
 
 1H72. District r, II. F. Lyster; District 2, J, 
 I linti-rnian ; District 3, II. L. .Sniitii ; District 4, 
 William G. Co.s. 
 
 1573. District I, Josepii C. l''cri(iison ; District 2, 
 .Alonzo Harlow ; District 3, I Icnry (). Walker ; Dis- 
 trict 4, R. A. Jamicsoii. 
 
 1574. District I, Harris A. Cionciwiii ; District 2, 
 \. Il.irlow; District 3, J. C. i'criruson ; District 4, 
 II. (). Walker; District 5, ll.iiniltoii L. Smith; 
 District 6, K. A, Janiicson. 
 
 1875. District i. II. A. (loodwin; District 2, 
 A. Harlow; District 3, J, C. l'"crv;usoii ; District 4, 
 II. L. .Smith; District 5, Tlico. F. Kerr; District C>, 
 Clias. Fwers. 
 
 1876. District I, II. A. (ioochvin; District 2, 
 J. I'. Corcoran; District 3, J. J. Mulheron ; District 
 4. ('.. A. I'"osrer; District 5, T. \'. Law; District 6, 
 Clias. Lwers. 
 
 1877. District i, Chas. F. Iler/.oi;; Ui.strict 2, 
 C. Schulte ; District 3, Aiijjjustus Kaiser; District 4, 
 (ui). H. Foster; District 5, Ceo. W. Montijomery ; 
 District 6, ICdward Liclity. 
 
 1878. District i, A. F. Hoke; District 2, John 
 ('icori,^; District 3, A. Kaiser; District 4, Wm. A. 
 McDonald; District 5, Albert ('.. ISissell ; District 6, 
 i;. Lichty. 
 
 1871;. District i, J. W. Mona.i,dian ; District 2, 
 0. I'. Laton; District 3, O. Jacobs; District 4, H. 
 IL Smith ; District 5, A. Harlow; District 6, J.J. 
 Mulheron. 
 
 1880. District I, F. Kuhn; District 2, G. Jacobs; 
 District 3. (). 1'. Faton; District 4, T. V. L.iw; 
 District 5, II. F. Smith; District 6. R. A. Jamieson. 
 
 1881. District i, F. Kiihn; District 2. J. G. 
 jdlmson; District 3, A. 'riuiener; Di.strict 4, T. \'. 
 I.,i\v; District 5, W. Chancy; District 6, R. A. 
 Jamieson. 
 
 1882. E. J. Mcl'harlin, Ferdinand Kuhn; C. P. 
 I'raiik, assistant. 
 
 1883- . W. Chaney, G. D. Stewait; C. P. 
 I'rank, assistant. 
 
 In October, 1872, thirty-four acres of land in 
 (Jrossc I'ointe, on P. C. 641, were purchased for 
 SCi.ooo of C. S. Atterbury for a city hospital, but 
 the city made no u.se of the .v^rounds until 1881, 
 when a hospital twenty-six by seventy-si.x feet, one 
 story hiirh, was erected at a cost of $3,000. It was 
 ilesiijned especially to accommodate small-pox pa- 
 tients. A dwelling on the property was intended 
 
 as a residence for doctors and nurses. The dis- 
 tance of the hospital from the city ;ind the fibjec- 
 tion made by residents of the township to the use of 
 it for small-pox patients caused the abandonment 
 of the |)lan, .and the property was rented foi iiiili- 
 vidual occupancy. 
 
 TIIK (Dl'.NI'Y POOR. 
 
 Under Michiiifan Territory, by l.iw of October 8, 
 1805, on notice to three justices of the p(;ace that a 
 person was poor and incapable of self-support, 
 they, as eonstitutinj,' the Court of (<)^iarter .Ses- 
 sions, were authorizeil to direct the m.arshal to con- 
 tract for the sujiport of such iierson ;it a cost not 
 exceedin.if twenty-five cents a d.iy. I5y Act of 
 February 1, 1809, the judjjes of the di.strict courts 
 were authorized to appoint three overseers of the 
 |)oor for lach district. In 1817 the |)oor were aj.(;iin 
 placed in care of the Court of Ouarter Sessions, 
 with provisions simil;ir to those of the Act of 1805. 
 On February 17, 1824, an act was |)assetl Ki^''"K 
 the county conuiiissioners the care of the poor, and 
 under their direction the sheriff was to adverti.se 
 yearly for proposals for the care of paupers. liy 
 Act of June 23, 1828, the IJoard of Supervisors was 
 empowered to appoint three directors of the poor 
 for the county, and by Acts of July 22, 1830, and 
 .March 7, 1834, the Hoard of Supervisors was given 
 power to appoint one 01 more sui)erintendents of 
 the poor. Under the Revised St.itutes of 1838 the 
 county commissioners were authorized to appoint 
 three superintendents of the poor, to hold ollice one 
 year, atul to have the .k^eneral superintendence of 
 the county poor ;uul the poorhouse. The Act of 
 March 11, 1844, which created the lioard of Audi- 
 tors, authorizetl the appoint-Uient '>f three superin- 
 tendents of the poor yearly for terms of three years 
 each. They are chart;ed with the care of the county 
 asylum, the poorhnusc and farm ; with the control 
 of thosi: who .'ire sent there; and of the sick poor 
 sent to hospitals or St.ate asylums. They are e.x- 
 IK'cted to i^ay weekly visits to the poorhouse and 
 the asylum, and to constantly provide for and super- 
 vise tin- manai^ement of both institutions. From 
 time to lime they contract with various hospitals for 
 the care of the sick poor, the usual price beinj; 
 .about $3.50 per week. The total expense of caring 
 for the .sick poor, and insane in 1870 was $33,523; 
 and for the year ending September 30, 1883, $58,016, 
 of which $24,719 was ex]ien{lc(l for ]irovisions; there 
 were also used provisions raised on the farm valued 
 i't $5,057. The superintendents are paid $35 each 
 jKT month. 
 
 If a poor person has lived in the county less than 
 a year he is deemed a county pauper, and the whole 
 comity is chargeable for his support. If he has 
 lived longer than a year in any part of the county, 
 
64.S 
 
 rili: COUNTY I'OdR. 
 
 lilt: iDWii'ili |i i»i- ( iiy will ii- lie ri'sidcs is iiiuic r ulili- 
 )>ati(ihs III i.ikr rare ul linn. 
 
 Till- iniiniy sM|>ri iiiliiiilinls t>( ilw piHir liavf 
 lu'i'ii ; icS^H iiS.}i, J.imi s I l.iiiiiur, Aiiiiiiiiii ISinwii, 
 W. H. Iliiiii, i.S.p i.S.j.l, \V. S. (.KKury, S. II 
 Aliiinli, jaiiiis llaiiiiicr; 1.S4) 1S45, Jaincs liaii- 
 mii. Mnirisiiii Swifl, W. (i. I'oilir, T. J. Ovvtii 
 (|)ail (if liiiii) ; ICS45, Tims Dull, I'llci I )(sii(iycis, 
 AmiMim llidwii; iH^fi, (.liaiKs I'lllnr, Amiiinii 
 hiowii, James lliii'kliii; 1847, (. . I'diiii. J. Ilinklin, 
 VV.irivii •I'littlr; 1.S4S. ('. IVllicr. \V. riiulf, i;ii|ali 
 llawlcy. Jr. ; i.S.|i;, W. Tulllc, Iim M. IIiiiiv;Ii, C. 
 I'ciliir; iSi;'), ('. I'clticr. Ii.i M. Ildiij^li, I'.. Il.iwlcy. 
 Jr.; i.Ssi, I). A. A. I'.nswniili, i;. llawlcy. Jr., J. 
 .Siicaivr; 1S52, C. I'cllicr, i:. Ilawlry, Jr., I. M. 
 llmiKli; i«5.5, IIiikIi (>'IS<iriir. I. M. Ilnii,v;li, K. I'. 
 Cl,iri<; 1.S54 1.S57, I'-. W. lliit-lKs, I. M. Iluiinh. K. 
 r. Cl.irk ; 1S57 i.Srio, J.imcs S.iljiird, M. T. I.,inf, 
 Tiliis l)(irt; i.Sfiu, J. SallnKl, M. T. I..111C, I ). 
 Sacki'll; 1.S61 i.Sri^, M. V. I.aiir, S. W. Walkii. T. 
 T. I.vdii; I.S6?, K. I). Hill, S. \V. W.ilkii, r. T. 
 Lynn; 1X64, T. T. Lynn, II. I Idd^kinsnn. ,\. .Sluli y; 
 1865 i«6ij, H. lliHlj^kinsdii, Willi, iin D.ily, .\. he.; 
 1.S61; 1.S71, i). I lodv^kinsiin, W'illi.im 1 )ysnn, Willi.im 
 n,ily ; 1.S71 i<S7^, \\'illi,iiii Dysmi, 1^ \'isi;ir, IS. 
 I l(idv;kins(in ; 1X75 1X75, J. A. I'.ilrick, \V. Dysmi, 
 K. Visyvr; 1.S75, j. A. I',ilri.k, A. Ivis, j. K. Ilosic; 
 1876, j. A. I'airiik, J. K. I lnsic, J. \V. Kcilli ; 1.S77, 
 M. Dunn, J. W. Kcilh, N. I'. I'li.iyir; i.S7,S i,S79, 
 N. I'. Tlwiyrr, M. Dunn, J.u(il) Ciith.ird ; iSSn, M. 
 Dunn, J. C.ulli.ird, J. I'. M(D(in,ild; iSSi i,S,Sj, .M. 
 Dunn, j. C. MrDim.ild, I). Sli.in.ilian ; iS.S}. J.J. 
 Vninni.in, M. Dniin, I). Sli.iii.ilian ; i<S<S4, J. J. 
 Vroom.iu, D. Sh.in.iliaii, (icorvjc .\1. Ik:iiry. 
 
 Ciiiinfv I\h» lioiisi'. 
 
 Till' lirsl rci-iird cnnrciiiini^ .1 pnnrlKiusi' in W.iyni; 
 County is Iniiiul in an Act ol June 25, 1.S28, ;uillii)r- 
 i/in,H llir people Id vile, (in llie lirsl Mniukiy of 
 July, on Ihe (|uesti(in of ereetinii; a buildiii;.;. The 
 vole \v;is ;i;;;iinsl iis ereclion : many persons, lunv- 
 c:ver, deemed such an insliiiilion ;i iieeessily, ;md by 
 Aels of July li, iSjo, and M.ireli ^, I.S31, tlic lio.ird 
 of .SupiTvisors was aiilliorized tu build. 
 
 On September ii, iS^o, ,1 meelini;- of citizens of 
 Detroit was held, ,ind .1 resolution p.isscd in favor 
 of llu; project. Messrs. 1 1. M. Campbell, .S. Coiiimt, 
 ;md I). l'"reiieh were .'ippoinled a committee on site 
 aiul plan, and in October, 1831, the lio.ird of Super- 
 visors appointed a committee to contract for a build- 
 injj. This committee provint; ncj;lii;enl, on M,ireh 
 8, 1832, ;i new ri'solution w.is p.issed lo piir( hasi: 
 lam! for a poor-farm, the e.xpeudiiurc for l.uid and 
 buildinv;- not to exceed $1,200. In .-iccordancc with 
 this resolution, on Miirch 27, 1832, .-ibout seventeen 
 acres were purchased at a cost of $200. 'I'he land 
 
 W.IS on ihe c'lsl side of the l.cib I'.iiin, ,iiid limili i| 
 on ihe ( M'.iliol Ko.id. 
 
 ( »n ( )( Idbci .\, 1832, .1 conir.iet w.is m.ide with 
 D. r reliell 111 creel .1 house for ijii'),"- 111'' (('Ullail 
 W.IS duly lullilled, he w,is p.ud on DimihIhi ;i. 
 183.!, .111(1 rem.ukable f.icl the eiilire cdsl (if l.iinl 
 .and biiildiny; was $S" I* "''' than ihe ainouiil .ippio 
 pii.ileil. The building w.is a wndileii striniiih, 
 I'lii.H .'ind Idw. Oil J.inu.iry 5, i83(, J. I'. ( ihiIia 
 
 W.IS .ippiiinled keeper. 
 
 While these picp.ir.ll ions wel'e K"il'.s ""• 'll''' 
 fe.irfnl scoiirj^c, the Asi.itic choler.i. was hoveriiiy; 
 (i\i I ihe ( ily. In llu- se.isdii nf 18 i; ii b(y;an ii' 
 \Miik, ,111(1 in 1834 cirrieil death .mil sdiidw in 
 m.iiiy hoiisehdlds ; ne.irly I'lfty ehildien were m.idi 
 orph.uis, in. my of w hdin were si nl In ihe pnni 
 hdiise. Mdved with pily for iheir (diidilion, on 
 M.ireh 8, 1S33, ihe Sislers nf Cli.irily, ihniuj^h llislmp 
 Ki^e. .ipplied Id the liii.ud (if Supil\ isiils, ,iskili'^ 
 Id be pill in (li.irvje df ihe I dimly lidiise, .is must nl 
 ihe p.irenis (if the children h.id been of iheir f.iiih, 
 ,\ idiiir.iel was ill once ( utered into with ihein, willi 
 the privilcifc of rcvokiiii; il ;il ;my lime. I nder ihis 
 coiitnicl, in July, 1834. Ucv. M.uiin Kimdii;, llir 
 ( lerm.in Koni.in Cilholie priest, wlm h.id won ii^dldin 
 opinions fiiiiii ,ill seels by his ,'issidiiiius labors in 
 beh.ilf of Ihe victims of the clioler.i. was insl.illcil 
 .IS supeiiniendenl. In M.iiili, 185^1, he cdnlr.ieieil 
 to lake ( ,ire ol the pnnr Inr sixteen i cuts per d.iy 
 I'.'ich, but .IS i)rovisions were very hiiiih, ■•uid .'is In 
 W.IS (diniielled to t.ike his p.iy in couiily w.iif.inls. 
 he lost much money. In 1837 he .ii.;reed to cm 
 for the piHir .'It twenty-two cents e.ieh per (l,i\, 
 Diirin;^ the summer there wiic fnim (So lo khi 
 inmates in the poorhouse, with ;m .■iver;i,n'e of si.Mv 
 coiiliiuul to their beds. At the close of this ye.ir lie 
 W.IS WKi^Xm compelled to t.ike his p.iy in w.irr.inis, .is 
 the cdiinty h.id iidlhini; else to ^ive him, .ind on 
 these he lost froiii 40 In 60 per cent. 
 
 .Apprcei.iiiin; the, value (if his services Id the Sl.ite, 
 the l.eijsl.iliire of I 837 Vdled him $3,001), but this 
 did nnt in.ike up his Idsses. The next vc'ir he h.nl 
 eh;iiv;e di three hundred persims, ;iud u.is dbliy^ed 
 Id feed .111(1 cldtlie them wilhdiil the aid (if .a ddll.ir 
 of current money from the county- This so einb.ii- 
 r.issed him th.il his persdii.al |)r(iperty w.as seized 
 .111(1 sdld .It .iiiciidn. 
 
 On April It, 1831^, the iiim.iles of the poorhouse 
 were removed lo the f.irm now oeeiiiiied by the 
 county. 
 
 That Mr. Kundi.i,f did not lose his interest in tin- 
 poor is evident from the fdlldwini; cMr.iel fidiii tin- 
 records of llu: Common Council: 
 
 ritestiti\\ ytiniiary Vith^ iK^i.- A t <iininiii)i< aliuii was ii-criMil 
 fnuii Marlin Kiiniti^', pasliir nf 'I'lliiity Cliiiiili, iiii lusini.,' $s'>. 
 .'Hill tiiidrrini; llu- llianlcs <if liis riiM^i'i'v;.'ilii>M fur the t^initnrss 
 willi whirli lliiir piicir liavi- lici;ii trr.iliil. Arri'|ilr(t, .iml (Hi 
 iiKiliiiii III Aldciiiiaii I'uiiU, 
 
lili: LOl N TV I'OOK. 
 
 !).((, 
 
 I, ami finiiic ( I 
 
 s iii.xli' ^Mlh 
 
 I lis ( iiiiirai I 
 )i( cml)!! ii, 
 
 I' CdSl of l.'lllll 
 
 iiiiiint ,i|i|iiij 
 
 Ini siiin lull , 
 
 J. I'. I'lM.l.y 
 
 )inv; on, llial 
 was lio\tiiiiv, 
 il i)(v;aii il' 
 III .suirow 111 
 •n well' maili 
 111 llir {iiiiii 
 riillilltloll, nil 
 ir(illi;il llislidp 
 VIM IIS, ;iskiiii; 
 sc, as Mills! Ill 
 of tlicir faiili. 
 
 illl llu'lll, \\ llll 
 
 I'lidirlliis 
 
 Kimili.v;, llir 
 
 111 won iMijijiii 
 
 lulls labnrs III 
 
 was iiisl.iliril 
 
 lir cimliarlril 
 
 iiils per il.iy 
 
 ;!), ;inil as lir 
 
 inly w.inaiils, 
 
 iLjITcd III r.llr 
 • IcI) per (la\. 
 
 II (So to 1 1 11 I 
 
 ■iai;i' of si.vly 
 I his year lir 
 uarraiils, as 
 hill), and mi 
 
 s to the Stair, 
 ,1X11), l)iit this 
 yi'.ir lie il.ld 
 w.is ol)lii;r(i 
 id of :i (ioll.ir 
 liis so cmhai- 
 y was .sii/.id 
 
 he l)0(illU)llSC 
 ii|iii'd by the 
 
 lUcrcst in till 
 i;icl from ihr 
 
 III «:is ll'CliMll 
 
 I, rill liisin.L( $ ,". 
 fur till' kiniliifs., 
 (Mrptcil, lliut ull 
 
 A',.,./,v./. iii,.i III, (■ ill..- nil l'....r !.,• i.,|ii. ,i,,i I,, i,i„i,r ^■.^^■^. ,,f |||,, |,,,i i.nis, li,is .'i s.ilaiy of jtMoi), ,uid is 
 
 llll' tli.iiik't iif llir Ciiiii'iiiiii (I.MMii II III till' iKisliir ami I iiiit-ri K'l- , i i .1 . 1 . r .1 
 
 , , , , .. ,, ,, , ,1 )|iiillllrii liS' Ihr siini'iiiltfllilinls of the jioor. 
 
 null III Iniiily Lliiinli In lliiir iliiiialinii nl f ,<i, ,is will .it ill.- ' ' ' 
 
 ni.i r In wliiili llihwi.iliiily wiisi..iiiiiiimi.iil..l. ''H'" '" ''"" '''■''•' "' •'"' ••sylum, illl III. ihir 
 
 |i,ll icills UiMC ki-|il ,ll till' 11 mill V house, or sent to 
 
 In liSv; lin' loiiiity 'oiiimissioiiirs wcit ;iiitlior- K.il.iini/.oo. At thf |>risiiii iiiiir iif t oiiniy .isy liiin 
 
 i/cd to sell the |iro|)riiy oil ihcCiialiot Ko.id, lull is Used for the lcm|)or.iry <li'i'niioii of iiis.ini' pir- 
 
 lin |)liri|l,is('r W.IS found lllllll I'lhllMiy, I.S.pi, uhrll sons, who air to lir sml in mir of the I'll, iir Ins.inc 
 
 il w.is sold lor §1,1 !(. The prisinl f.irm ol luo .'isyliiins, ,iiid also lor tlie s.ifc kif|)inv( of iiis.uir 
 
 hiindntl .iiid srvciiiy-scvni ,i(r(s, known ,ii liiiic of poor proiioiinri'd incur.ihic .mil scui l),ii k from ihe 
 
 piiri li.isc ,is the roilirri I'.irni, w.is Imuidii oil ItIi- Si, lir .isylimis. 
 
 iiMiy.!-', I iS v>, foi ;is 1 ,^< K ). It lies in Ihi' lownsiiip I'oor prisons, deinird ins;mc, ;irc smt to liw 
 
 (il N.mkin, alionl sixiiiii miles west of Detroit, on eoimls' or the Sl.ile .isyluni on .1 eerlitie.iie o| two 
 
 ilir line of liie M.C. K, K., ,iiid two miles east of physiei.iiis 111 the jiidv;'' of pioliate, w ho oureii'iv- 
 
 ilie \ ilLn,^' of W.ivnc. The properlv, wiih the linild- inv; siieh cerlilicite ijives .111 order |iir the paiieiil's 
 
 llli;s .mil .ip|)llltiliailees, is \,ili|( d .It .ihnllt $1 ()<),()ih). .iillllissioll. 
 The lll|il(lini,;s lil'sl (ililained were two kiri^e lov;- 
 
 lioiises that had lieeii iiseil ,'is ;i t,i\irn. In I.S45 
 
 llie lirst, hiiek liiiildin^ was erected, ,ii .1 eosi of In ;iddiiion lolhe eiiiiniy pliysiei,-m al liieasvliim. 
 
 about li)4,5"<J. In iM53.<ir 11154 .iii .iddilion.il brick Iwo oiIh rs are .ippiiinled ycirly by ihe I'm aid nl 
 
 ( 'oKlllv /'/l\"i'( /illl.^. 
 
 tit^ 
 
 
 
 .... __ 4^.^ 
 
 X.I I.' I r»-() IWl !■ r.-T4it-ii^T,:-P*V'VW 
 
 CliUNIV Ins.\N1'. Asvi.um. 
 
 hiiil(iin',f was erected, ,-iiid in i.S,i) siill ;inoliier w.is 
 'III up for A hos|)ii,il, ,ii .1 cost of .iboiit $i,fiiK>. 
 
 The .•i\'er;i;;(' number of inm,iies in the eonnly 
 liniist! ill iiS.S^ w;is '/iD. Del roil sl.iiids eh,irj.;i'd 
 liireclly with .aimill three se\'euthsof liie cNpeilse of 
 llieir ni.iinleii.inci', in .iddilioii to nearly live si.Mhs 
 iif tin: b.'ilance i'h.iri;c.ible to the eoiinly .iL larnc 
 
 ( 'cinity //is(i)ir . Isv/itiit. 
 
 This biiildiny, loe.iicd on the coimty f.irm, w.is 
 lust occupied in /\in;iist, iiSfii;, It cost $24,<x5(). 
 Il is two hniiilred ;md lifly-lwo feet lomr and 
 frum lhirly-eiv;hl lo lifty-si\ feel wide. In I1S76 
 \viin;s wer(; built on the e.isl ,ind west sides, .'iiid 
 (liirinj^- iiS.S;} ;md |S,S4 two .idditioiis, cosiiiivr about 
 fi.(,5(K) e,ich, were creeled. In I .S.S^ there W.is .in 
 .iveraijc of lu'.'irly two hundred inni.'itcs. 
 
 Thf total cost to the eonnly is .about twenty cenls 
 |iir d.iy for i';ich inm.ile. 'I'he county physici.ui for 
 tlir county buildings is cb.irgod with the medical 
 
 ClHNU I'iMilclli.l sl(. 
 
 Auditors, .Il .a s.ii.irv of §J9) cnh. Tluir dnlies 
 ,ire conrmed chielly lo the eitv. where thev .illenil 
 loiinly p.ilienis .11 the linspii.ils. It is .ilso their 
 
 duly to .lllend the cornller's ill(|Uesls, 
 
 The (iillowiii;,; persons li.ive served ,is coiinly 
 physici.uis: l■S.^}, Linus Moii ; 1X4^, /. Pitcher; 
 1.S4O, I'., lliinl, Linus .Moll; i.S.j;, Ch.irles I'erre/; 
 iK.pS 1.S51, I'eter Klein; 1.S51, |. I!. Scovill; I1S5J, 
 I'. Lower; i.S,^, ('. Il.isiini;s; t.Sj^^.uid 1.S55, L. 
 Klein; i.S^fi, ( ). L. ('liiil)l); 1X57, I.. D.ivenport ; 
 |S5,S 1.S51;, S. M. ANford; i,Sr,i), C. K. Case; i.SC.i, 
 J.M.AIdcn; i.sr.j t,sri5, f. 1 1, li.irreii ; i.Sr,5, L. il. 
 Cobb; i.sri6, J. .M. Allien; i.Sr.7 iSO,;, 1 1. .\, Smiih ; 
 |S6() .111(1 i,S7o, L. |. ('h.i\ey; 1.S71 .and I.S72, I'. !'. 
 C.ilmarlin; 187^ and 1.S74, f. f. N'emans; 1.S75, 
 .111(1 1.S76, l'".. Lichiy, C. .Scliulte; 1877 .and 1H7S. 
 .\. liorrowni.iii, D. L. D.ikin; iS79.iii(l i.SSo, ii. (). 
 W.ilker; T. I'". Kerr; i.SSi .iiid iSH.:, !•:. Lichiy, J. 
 W. .Moii.inh.ui; iSS^, C. Schiilic, !■', W. Owen; 
 1884, i'". W. Owen, Aloys 'i'luieiicr. 
 
msm 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIII 
 
 CHARITAI5LE AND HENEVOLENT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The year 1817 marks an era in the life of the 
 city. Tile first />iW(i fiUc newspaper, the first uni- 
 versity schools, the first public library, and the first 
 charital)le society were all establislied in that year. 
 Prior to tiiat date individuals had not associated 
 themselves into public societies of any sort; but in 
 this year the Yankee element began to assert itself, 
 and very soon institutions of almost every kind weri' 
 orijanized or projected for Detroit. Of these, one 
 of the earliest, the .Moral and Humane Society, was 
 founded December 29, 181 7. Its objects were to 
 suppress vice and to report any poor children desti- 
 tute of education. It lived three years, .and in i<S2o 
 expended $64.37 in carryinij forward its work, no 
 details of which are to be found. 
 
 The ne.vt on the list of e.\tinct societies, tiie \'ouny 
 Men's Benevolent Society, an offshoot of the ^'oun,^• 
 .Men's Society, was organized January 7, 1848, with 
 S. Harstow ,as president; Z. Ciiandler, treasurer; 
 and J. V^ Campbell, secretary. The city was divided 
 into seven districts, and each district assignet! to a 
 committee of three, wiiose duty it w.as to iiKiuire 
 into and report upon all cases of need presented to 
 their notice. In 1850 E. C. Walker was president; 
 in 1852, (f. T. Howe; in 1855, Heia iluijbard; in 
 1859, Morse Stewart. W. A. Raymond w.is secre- 
 tary in 1S52. Soon afterwards this position was 
 filled by R. R. Elliott, antl he served as secretary, 
 and A. II. Adams as treasurer, up to i860, when 
 the society disorganized, as its work seemed no 
 longer required. The expenditures of the society 
 for the first six years were : 1848, §480; 1849, $694; 
 1850, $648; 1851, $1,406; 1852, §1,407; 1853, 
 $1,165. Total, $5,803. 
 
 After a lapse of six years, on May 17, 1866, a 
 similar effort was inaugurated under tiie title of the 
 Detroit City Mission IJoard; the lirst officers were: 
 president, E. Taylor; secretary, J. C. Ray; treas- 
 urer, Caleb Van llusan. The society was managed 
 by an executive board chosen from the several co- 
 operating churches and charitable societies. The 
 services of \V, A. Bacon as city missionary were 
 secured, and under his leadership one of the most 
 complete plans ever devised for the moral uplifting 
 of the poor was brought before the societv. It was 
 almost Utopian in its completeness, embracing sys- 
 tematic inquiry and furnishing inform.ation upon 
 
 every jiossible subject connected with the health, 
 homes, and habits of persons needing help. The 
 .society entered upon its work with its heatUiuarters 
 at the rooms of the V. M. C. A., and for some two 
 years its members visited and systematically relieved 
 the poor. On January 2, 1868, a still more practical 
 work was undi'rlaken, by the opening of a lodging 
 house in a building on the northeast corner of 
 Atwater and St. .Vntoine .Streets. The house was 
 soon literally thronged with newsboys and tramps, 
 some of whom were lodged free, and others at very 
 low rates. The receipts, however, were not equal 
 to the expenses, and the lodging house was discon- 
 tinued in June, 1868. After this date the .society 
 had only a nominal existence, and on November 2, 
 1869, its pn liberty was donated to the Woman's 
 Hospital and Foundlings' Home. 
 
 St. Vincent's Fonalc Orphtxn Asylum. 
 
 This asylum may be called the successor of the 
 oldest charitable institutic-n in the city. ICaiiy in 
 1834 its progenitor, a society called the Catholic 
 Female Association, was organized *' for the relief 
 of the sick and poor of Detroit." At this time the 
 poorhouse on the (iratiot Road was almost unin- 
 habitable, and the inmates were greatly neglected. 
 Ascertaining these facts, the society, in the spring 
 of 1834, petitioned the board to remedy the evils. 
 
 Almost simultaneously with this request the chol- 
 era broke out in the city, and Father Kundig, who 
 was s|iecially active in the care of the sick, soon 
 found himself burdened with the guardianship of 
 .about thirty children, committed to his care by 
 those dying of th.it dread disease. He was forced 
 to find homes for them at various places, and boarded 
 them at his own expense. Some were sent to the 
 county hotise, and others were gathered in a buikl- 
 ing on Earned Street near Randolph, and the 
 Female Association undertook to care for them. 
 In order to obtain funds the members, on De- 
 ccniber 31, 1S35, held a Fair at which over $i,6cx) 
 were received in one evening ; such an amount, 
 even in these days, would be deemed extravagantly 
 large ; and in that day it was convincing proof of 
 the sympathy and appreciation of the public. A 
 similar Fair was held in November of the succeed- 
 ing year. 
 
 |r„ni 
 
ciiAKiTAi'.i.i'. AM) r.i:Ni;\'()i.i:N'r sociki'iks and insii rirnoNS. 
 
 65, 
 
 s. 
 
 1 the health, 
 ^ help. 'I'hc 
 licatlquarters 
 for sonu- two 
 it-ally relieved 
 iiore practieal 
 of a lodiiini; 
 ast eoriier of 
 'he house was 
 s and tramps, 
 others at very 
 •ere not equal 
 se was disi'oii- 
 itc the society 
 November 2, 
 the Woman's 
 
 Asylum. 
 
 iccessor of the 
 ity. l''.arly in 
 the Catholic 
 for the relief 
 this time the 
 almost unin- 
 [.-itly neirlectcd. 
 , in the spriii!^ 
 (ly the evils, 
 ■quest the chul- 
 jr Kun(li,^L,^ who 
 the sick, soon 
 uardianship of 
 lo his care by 
 lie was forced 
 s, and boarded 
 re sent to the 
 ired in a buikl- 
 ilph, anil the 
 are for them, 
 nbers, on De- 
 h over Si/'O*^ 
 h an amount, 
 cxtravaj^antly 
 ncinij proof of 
 he public. A 
 f the succeed- 
 
 in ll;e spriii.if of 1836 twenty acres of I.iiid adjuin- 
 li,^ the coniUy farm on the (Iratiot Ko.ul were 
 le.ised, ;i btiildinv,' erected thereon by l'"ather Kun- 
 iliif. and the orphans rt'movt'd tliitlu'r. Tlu; house 
 h.id never less than twenty inmates, and one luin- 
 (Ired and forty different children were cired fur. 
 \ided by the .Association, a school, which was free 
 td .ill, was (ipeiied, .-uid maintained until 1S39. 
 
 ■j'lie ollicersof the .Association for 1837 were Mrs. 
 I'.iuilv I.eib, jiresident ; Mrs. John Watson. Nice- 
 president ; Mrs. J. .\. \'an Dyke, treasurer; Miss 
 I'.llcn O'Kecfe. secret.iry ; Miss M.iry I'.'ihns, assist- 
 ant secret;iry. 
 
 i'.ither Kundi.i;, who w;is appoiiiti'd supc'-intend- 
 i-ni of the po.ir in 1S34, coiitiinied in onice until 
 i.S^i;. Such were the diHicullies of the jiosition, 
 resulting- in jiart frmn the panie of 1S37, th;it he 
 hec.ame b;inkrui)l, atid in the sprini;- of 1839 cert;iin 
 I if his creditors seized .and .sold the clothes be- 
 liiiiv;ini,f to the thirty orph.ans then in his ;isyluin. 
 After the purch.ise of other poorhouse property by 
 
 u^muUll^ 
 
 St. Vincknt's Catholic Fi;m.\i,k OrniiAN Asyi.c.m. 
 
 the county in 1S39, the .asvlum was closed, and t;,' 
 oiph.ins distributed .amoni;' f.arniers and ac(juain 
 aiices until homes could be obtained. 
 
 The present institution had its first home in an 
 old buildinjL;- on the south side of I-arned Street, 
 just west of R;in(lolph. It was opened by the -Sis- 
 ters of Charity on Jutie 5, 1851. The next yt'ar 
 this buildin.n was ri'iiioved. and a bri(~k building', 
 with a frontage of si' 'nty-li\e feet atid a depth of 
 twenty-ti e feet, erected on the site. It was fir.st 
 used in October, 1852. At that time ti.ere were 
 forty orphans in the establishment and a '..wy^c d.ay- 
 si hool was maiiu.'iitied. The asylum wis subse- 
 quently moved to the brick buildinj,^ formerly known 
 .IS the bishop's residmce, on the west side of Kan- 
 il'ilph, between Coni^ress and i.arned Streets. Here 
 the asylum rcm.iined until 1S7O, havinjr an averayi' 
 of from one hundred to one imndred and fifty 
 children. 
 
 The Sisters lln.ally i)urch;iseil ;i lot two hundred 
 and fiftv-two by two hiuidred .and sixty feel on .Mc- 
 Doujl(;iII Aveiuie, between I.arned ,ind C'onnress 
 Streets, ,at ;i cost of $16,000, ;uid erected .a buildinii; 
 M ,1 cost of nearly S7c 000. The m.iin structure is 
 one hundred and thirty by sixty-eixht feet, with two 
 win^s, e.aeh sixty by thirty-two fed. The buildinv; 
 w.is dedicated July 19, 1876. l' 1882 Hie asylum 
 h;id no rej^iil.ar revenue, but v, -pendent on vol- 
 unt.ary donations, and the |iroceeds of ;m annu.il 
 K.iir, which w.as usually \i-ry successful. .Since 
 1882 it h.as been sup|).)rted by an .assessment tiiion 
 the se\er;d Catholic coni^-re.nalions in the city. Only 
 twirls , lie received. During' 1880 the institution cared 
 for one hundred .and sixty-five; two hundred ;inil 
 fifty c.m be .accommod.ated. 
 
 It w.is incorpor.ated in September, 1871,, mil the 
 .innu.il meetinir is on the last Mond.ay of J.anu.iry. 
 The n.imes of the .Su|)eriors who h.ave h.ad cliar;;e 
 ,are Sistirs Lovola, l.ucreti.i, I'.dmonil, and Mary 
 StelLa. 
 
 T/ic Ladit's' Protestant Orphan ^Isyluni. 
 
 This institution was orir.anized M.ay 18, 1836, in- 
 corporated March 21, 1837, and newly iiicorpor.ited 
 June 9, 1859. On the date first named, a number of 
 ladies met in the Presbyterian Church on Woodward 
 Avenue to consider the projiriety and necessity of 
 establishing^ .an orjihan asylum. At this nuetinij 
 Mrs. J. 1'. Cleveland presided, and Mrs. K. I'. Hast- 
 int^s acted as secretary. After consider.able deliber- 
 ation it w.as decided lo com[)lete an ()rnanix,alion,,and 
 Mrs. Ch.irles .Stu.irt and .Mrs. John I''.armer were 
 appointed .1 coinniittee to draft a constitulion. At a 
 subsequent meeting; this committee reported a con- 
 stitution .and by-laws, which were ado|)teil, and the 
 followinjj^ ladies were • lectcil officers : Mrs. C. C. 
 Trowbridge, hrst din ; Mrs. Robert Stuart, 
 
 second directress; .Mr. ihomas I'.almcr. third 
 directress; Mrs. 1^. P. i I;is.'n.i;s, treasurer; Miss I'.. 
 .S. Trowbrid<;e, secretary ; Mrs. Ch.uies .Stuart ;uul 
 Mrs. 11. J. I lunt, .auditors; Mrs. Ciod.ird .and Mrs. 
 John P.armer, Committee of I'in.ance; Mrs. M;icoml) 
 .and Mrs. Crockei-. Committee of M.iinti'nance ; Mrs. 
 C. Stuart and Mrs, .\mbrose. Committee of P.duc.a- 
 tion ; Rev. Robert 'I'urnbull, .M.ajor Ilcnj.amin 1''. 
 L.arncd, M.ajor Henry Whitinj^-, l-',urot,is P. Hast- 
 ings, Charles C. Trowbridi^e, .and Jerry Dean, 
 Counselling' Committee. 
 
 The Association ,at once comm.uided sympathy 
 and sui)port ; Cullen Rrown ,i;.a\e the use of a house 
 on lie.aubien, just south of Port Street, rent free, 
 for one year. On I'rid.iy. J.anu.ary 13, 1837, the 
 Ladies took possession, .and on l''el)ru,iry i follow- 
 '\\\\^ the asylum w.as opened under the superin- 
 tendence of Mrs, Charles Chambers, .assisted by 
 her husband. She was p.aid a salary of §200. 
 
CHARITAIILE AND BENEVOLKNT SOCIETIKS AND IXSTI lUTlUNS. 
 
 nuriii^' llic t'irsL yi'ar t'lrvcii orphans were rrri'iM'il, 
 all of whom wcri' in tlic asyhiin at thi' rlose of 
 the )X'ar. A city lot was now donated lo tlu' 
 society l)y Idon I'"arnsworth, and ( Icorgc liiuu 
 ,L;a\x' an acre of land on his farm, froMtin_i; on 
 Jefferson Avenue near the corner of Adair Street. 
 ( )n }unc 8, 1S37, tlie following- olficers were elected ; 
 first directress, Mrs. C. C. 'rrowi)ridi;e ; seconil di- 
 rectress, Mrs. C. Stuart; thirtl direitress, Mrs. T. 
 I'almer; treasurer, Mrs. K. !'. IIastini;s; seci-etaiv, 
 Miss E. S, Ti-owbridj^e ; Committee of I'"inance, Mrs. 
 Lois Caiiiphell and Mrs. Mason I'almer; Com- 
 mittee of Maintenance, Mrs. John Ilulheri rmd .Mrs. 
 Crocker; Conmiittee of I'.chication, Mrs, Kirkland 
 and Mrs. John I'"armer; auditors, Mrs. Henry J. 
 Hunt and Mrs. Henry Whiting; counsellors, ]•'. P. 
 
 Pkotestant OuiiiAN Asylum. 
 
 Hastiness, C, C. Trowhridi^e, Major Henry Wliitinc;-, 
 Mr. Crocker, Major lienjaujin !•", I.arned, .iiu! John 
 Owen, 
 
 On November 14. it was decided to move the 
 asylmii to a house owned by Messrs, Hastinj^s, 
 Kercheval, and Newi)erry, and the society also di'- 
 termined to erect a buildini; of its own as soon as 
 fimds could be obtained. The citizens responded 
 liberally to the call for this purpose, IMrms were 
 prepared, and in the fall of 1837 Messrs, H, 1>, 
 Lothrop and H, H. LeRoy volunteered to supervise, 
 without charijo, the erection of the bm'ldini^. The 
 work bc,y;an; but lack of fluids, owint;' to the h.ird 
 times that soon came- on, caused the work to stop, 
 ^nd the building remained unfinished until Julius 
 
 Iddred advanced the necessary means for com- 
 lileting a portion. In the latter iialf of January. 
 1840, eight girls and seven boys l)ecame its tirsi 
 inmates. The original building w.as forty-two feet 
 square, and cost $6,833, The wing on the west 
 side was added at a cost of S4.000, and was dedi- 
 catetl February 13, 1872, 
 
 Owing to the society's ]ilan of binding oiu the 
 children in its care, their number in 184, h,id dini- 
 ini:.'.icd to five, and in June, 1846, the society, 
 ln'ing in debt to the amount of $700, decided tn 
 close the institution tmtil such time as tliere should 
 be greater nei'd, and larger means for. carrying 
 it on, Tlic building was rented for gioo a year, 
 the few children left were boarded in a jirivalr 
 family, and for the ne.\t six years even tlu' .innu.il 
 meetings were unattended. 
 
 On June' 10, 1852, the society was rcorg.'mi/;eil, 
 and the following olficers elected: lirst directress. 
 Mrs, John Wintler ; second directress, Mrs. Rev. 
 M. Allen; third elirectress, TMrs. A. M. li.irtholc- 
 mew ; setretary, Mrs. Rev. R. R. Kellogg; treas- 
 urer, Mrs. (). C. Thompson. 'I'hirteen orph;ins that 
 had been placed in ;i house on R.indnlph Street were 
 tr.ansferretl to the care of the new organi/ation ; 
 but ;is the projierty on Je'l'ferson Avenue had been 
 rented to jiriv.ite parlies and also needed ri'pairs, 
 they remained where they were until May, 1853, 
 when the snciotv again took |")ossession of its prem- 
 ises. The lirst ye.irs afte'r their return we're ye.irs 
 of sm.ill re'sources .'ind great labor. Day after day, 
 as re'gularly as she cared for her own household, 
 the first directre'ss solicite'd or luirchase'd the elav's 
 supply of food for the little ones, and then carried 
 it to them, paying fai'e at the toll-gate, tlu'ii 
 locate'd this side of th<' asylum. From time to 
 time, as childre'u died, she took tlu' little' coffins into 
 her own carriage, and bore! tlu'in to the ceme'tery. 
 
 The annual meeting of the society is lu'ld on the 
 second 'I'htU'sday in J;uni;iry. It is conti'olk'd by ;i 
 Board of Managers, consisting of two pi'rsons from 
 eae-h of the Protestant churches of the city. The 
 bo.ard se'k'Cts direct<>rs and otiu'r ofliceTs. The 
 average number of inmates is thirty-live, anel si.vty 
 could he .accommodated. The yearly expenses .are 
 $2,000. The means of revenue' nvc .annu.il nuni- 
 bership fees of Si. 00, collections in churches, |)rii- 
 ceeds of lectures, rmd interest on re'serve fuiuN. 
 The property in 1880 was e'stimated to be woi-lh 
 $1 5,000. 
 
 The ]irincipal officers since 1852 h.avc been: first 
 directress, 1852-1860, Mrs. John Winder: 1860- 
 1S64, Mrs, C, I, W.alker; 1864 187S, Mrs. Lewis 
 Allen; 1878, Mrs. A. C.. Linds.iy ; 1879 , Mr^. 
 
 v.. C. Ihaish. Recording secre^taries : 1853 and 
 1S54, Mrs, A, L. Story; 1855-1S60, Mrs, ]•:. M. 
 Clark; i860- , Mrs, P. E. Curtis. Treasurers; 
 
s. 
 
 ciiaui'i.\i;ij: and iuiniaolkni' S()C1i;tii:s and iNsrrrurioNS. 
 
 (^53 
 
 ms for I'liiu- 
 " of January. 
 :auiij its t'lrsi 
 [orty-Uvo fill 
 on the wisi 
 nd was (k'di- 
 
 lulin.t;' out tin- 
 J45 liad (lini- 
 , the society. 
 o, (lecided In 
 s there .sl)oulil 
 for, earryiiv^ 
 $100 a year, 
 I in a private 
 fii liu' .annual 
 
 IS reorj;ani/,ed, 
 first directress, 
 ss, Mrs. Rev. 
 . M. liartlKiln- 
 <ello,n\n' ; ireas- 
 n orphans lliat 
 Iph Street were 
 ,- ori^ani/atioii; 
 vnuv !iad been 
 needi'd repairs, 
 nil May, 1853, 
 on of its preiii- 
 uai weri' years 
 Day after day, 
 n houseliold, 
 sed the day's 
 then carried 
 ill-!,;ate, llun 
 roni time tn 
 lo colVuis iiitii 
 V cemetery. 
 
 held on the 
 
 luirolled l>y a 
 
 pt'rsons from 
 
 H' city. 'I'he 
 
 licers. The 
 
 hve, and sixty 
 
 y expenses .are 
 
 umual metu- 
 
 cluircties, prn- 
 
 reserve funds. 
 
 d to 1)0 worth 
 
 ivc been: tirst 
 /indcr : 1S60- 
 S, Mrs. Lewis 
 S79- . Mfs. 
 es: 1853 and 
 Mrs. K. M- 
 Treasurers ; 
 
 I 
 
 1S32-1S55, Mrs. (). C. Thompson : iS 5 5- 1876, Mrs. 
 .S, Davis; 1876-1S78, Mrs. A. ("■. I.inds.ay; 1878- 
 , Mrs. D. R. Shaw. 
 
 S/. Mary's Hospital. 
 
 This hospital, the first in the city, was 
 Lstablisheil by four Sisters of Charity, in an 
 old loi; buildin;,; on tln' southwest corner of 
 K.indoliih and Lamed .Streets, it was opened 
 for occupants on June 9, 1845, under the 
 ii.inie of St. X'incent's. 
 
 Thv first superior in chai\i.(e was Sister 
 Loyola, who, with Sister Rebecca, became 
 iikiitilled with its history and success; .and 
 Ixith saerifieeil their li\es in the exercise of 
 lUilies connected with the hospit.al. It is 
 proper lo mention here, to the lastin;.; credit 
 of their order, that their hosjiilal is the only 
 oni' to which persons with conta;,;ious diseases 
 were e\er .idinitted ; this f.act made their 
 name, " Sisters of Charity," not a barren 
 title, but .1 blessed and [iractical reality. 
 Such p.atieiits were, of course, isolated from 
 the citlurs. 
 
 .\ficr about five years of service in the 
 original location, the Sisters ercctetl a build- 
 iiii;' on Clinton Street ne.'ir St. Antoiiu- : .and 
 the name w.as then chaUiLjed to St. .Mary's. The 
 Int runnini;' ihrouii^h from Clinton to Mullet Street, 
 uitli <a front.a^e of eii^hly-seven feet, was tlonatcd 
 b\ Mrs. Antoine ISeaubien, 'I'he builtliny occupied 
 
 In this buil(linl,^ for twenty-nine years, the ininis- 
 ir.ations of the Sisters were freely j^iviii and thank- 
 fully received. On November 21, 1871;, their pres- 
 
 
 ^:-^.---'?^.- 
 
 rr^ Jvifnt^D't 
 
 Sr. Mary's Hospital. (New Rtiilding.) 
 
 the entire width of the lot, was fifty-four feet deep, 
 ami cost $io,cxx). It was tirst occupii'd on Novem- 
 Iht fi, 1850. and had accommodations for one 
 luindred and fifty patients. 
 
 Si. .M.m;\'s Hospitm.. (OiiMinal niiilclini;.) 
 
 ent eleg;int structure, in the s.'uiie block, but facing;' 
 St. .Antoine Street, w.is formally oiH-ned. It was 
 erected ,'it ,a cost of $50,000. on Land worth Si 5,000, 
 and in uSiSu h.id .accommodations for one himdred 
 .and thirty inmates, A free dis|)ens;itory is 
 maint.ained in connection with the hospital. 
 Till' old building, which is iust b.ack of the 
 IH'W one, is ,isi-d for clinical inirposcs. The 
 p.atients .are m.iinly recei\ed on .an order from 
 the director of the iioor, but others .are fre- 
 C|uently accommod.ated ; applications for .id- 
 mission ,ire matle to Sisti'r M.irv I'"rancis, w ho 
 has ch.ar.ne of llu' hospital. Tin- jirice of 
 boanl ;md attendance is from $4.50 lo $10,00 
 per week. 
 
 .V. . \iu1r,-,cs SiHirtv. 
 
 A societN' by this n.ime was in e.\isti'in'e 
 ill 1835, with A. D, I'r.iser .as presieleiit. The 
 present societv, comjiosed of Scotchmen .and 
 their descendants, was oriLj.anizi'd November 
 30, 1 849, and incorpor.atcd July 3, 1877. Its 
 annu.il meeting- is on November },o. with 
 re,i;ul.ir meetin.v,^s on the first Monday of each 
 month. Its object is to relieve natives of 
 Scotland, their children, or grandchildren. 
 
 It has about one hundred members, e.ach of whom 
 
 pay 1 2. 00 annually as dues. 
 
 The chief ofTicers of the organization have been: 
 
 Presidents: 1850 and 1851, J. L. Lyell; 1852,1:. 
 
>54 
 
 CllAKI TAIiLK AND lUA'llVOLKXT SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Anderson; 1S53, Duncan Stewart; I1S54, Robert 
 Linn; 1S55, William Adair; iH-^')' 'lui^ii Moffat; 
 1857, William Barclay; 1S5S, licoryc .McMillan; 
 1S59, James S. lilair; iSfc, Robert Linn; 1S61, V. 
 J. Scott; 1862, Janus iJlack; 1863, \'. J. Scott; 
 1S64, John Stewart; 1865, John l>. Wilson; i8''-6, 
 James Fonsyth; 1867- 1870, Nicol Mitchell; 1870, 
 Alexantler Mac Adam; 1871, James Anderson; 
 1872, Thomas McGregor; 1873, John 15. Wilson; 
 1 874- 1 878, William Adair; i?"" '880, John Mc- 
 Gregor; 1880-1882, John 15. v., .,on; 1S82- , J. 
 C. Cobb. Treasurers: 1 850-1 852, (ieorge Kennedy; 
 1852, R. McDonald; 1853-1868, E. Anderson; 
 1S68-1874, R. Hosie; 1874, Thomas Linn; 1875- 
 1877, John .McGregor; 1877- , William Lock- 
 hart. Secretaries: 1850-1851, James IJlacl:; 1852, 
 James Cameron; 1853, William Ikirclay; 1854, 
 John Wilson; 1855, (ieorge Hutton; 1856-1859, 
 Alexander Reekie; 1859-1861, Peter Young; 1861- 
 1863, A. .McLean; 1863-1865, Robert Hosie; 1865, 
 William Ikichan ; 1866, Alexander MacAdam; 
 1S67-1871, (ieorge T. Gray; 1S71, D. T. Corrie; 
 1872, William Gillis; 1873-1876, (ieorge T. (]ray; 
 1876, .Andrew Smith; 1877, R. Laidlaw; 1878-1880, 
 John I'ettie; 1880-1883, Thomas T. McMillan; 
 1883, Robert Lisk. 
 
 lV(>rA7'//i^'-/)!rH's Aid Society. 
 
 This society owns what is known as Arbeiter 
 Ilall, on the northwest corner of Russell and Cath- 
 arine Streets. It was organized September 24, 
 1851, ;md incorporated February 17, 1867. The 
 hall was dedicated on May 17, 1868. The lots an'i 
 building cost $32,000. 
 
 The annual meeting of the society is on the first 
 Tuesday in January. It numbers about live hun- 
 dred members, who pay an initiation fee of $'5 ^nd 
 dues of $5.00 per year. .\ny able-bodied man of 
 good character, between twenty-one and fifty years 
 of age, is eligible to membership. The society pays 
 its members §5. 00 per week during actual sickness, 
 and S425 to the family on the decease of a member, 
 $300 of which comes from a State organization. In 
 case the wife of a member dies, $100 is given him. 
 
 Lafaycltc Bciu"iioL.it and Mittunl Aid Sikiiiy. 
 
 The organization of thi:; society dates from Feb- 
 ruary 3, 1853. It was incorporated in September, 
 1S57, re-incorporated in June, 1863, and again, by 
 special Act, in January, i86S. Its annual meeting 
 is held on the thirti Thursday in June. The Hoard 
 of Directors, who have general management of the 
 society, meet on the first and second Thursdays of 
 each month. It has about one hundred members, 
 who pay yearly dues of S3.00 each. The mem- 
 bership is confined to persons of French descent 
 or affiliation, and others who speak the French 
 
 Language. Sick members are allowed $5.00 per 
 week for not more than six months, on the occasion 
 of any one illness; and S40 .are granted towards 
 funeral expenses in the event of deiease. 
 
 The society has a lot and a building on the north 
 side of Gratiot Avenue, bclwceii Hcaubit'ii and .St. 
 Antoine Streets. It is worth about $8,000, and was 
 purcha.sed October 4, 1865, for $3,500. The society 
 spent $2,300 in refitting it, and to(jk possession 
 December 1 1, 1865. 
 
 The presidents have been: 1853-1856, Daniel J. 
 Campau; 1856, Charles Doniine and Francis X. 
 Cicott ; 1857, Edward N. Lacroix and Israel 1. 
 Beniteau; 1858, Pierre Desnoyers; 1859, Thomas 
 Campau ;■ 1 8O0, Israel I. lieiiiteau; 1S61, ICdward 
 V. Cicott; 1862-1S65, Edward N. Lacroix; 1S65 
 1867, Francis .\. Demay; 1S67, Charles J. Dossin; 
 1868-1871, Jean H. R. Gravier; 1871, August 
 I'aulus; 1871 1873, Adolphe Gaudron; 'S73-1S75, 
 James poffinet ; 1S75 ^'^77' f'hilip J- ^^- Van Dyke; 
 1877-1879, Joseph Iielanger; 1879-1883, Jacques 
 L. Favre; 1883, C. M. Rousseau. 
 
 T/ir Fiidiistrial School. 
 
 In response to a notice read in the .several Pro- 
 testant churches, about sixty ladies gathered at the 
 First Congregational Church, on June 2, 1857, to 
 consider the establishment of an organization for 
 the special purpose of breaking up the begging 
 from house to house by children. At this meeting 
 it was resolved to form a society, and on June 16 it 
 was fully organized. Its present scope is somewhat 
 larger than was originally contemplated. Any girl 
 under fourteen or b(;y under ten needing clothes 
 and schooling is deemed a proper subject for its 
 benevolence. 
 
 Its first rooms were in the upper stories of 26 
 Monroe Avenue; they were opened October 5, 
 1857, with sixteen scholars. Mrs. M. Ci. Tyler 
 served as teacher and matron. Within a month, 
 during which time the school had increased to 
 seventy-nine scholars, the matron was compelled by 
 illness to resign. Mrs. E. M. Sheldon succeeded 
 her, and continued in charge until May i, 1858. 
 The school was then moved to its present site on 
 the northwest corner of Washington and Grand 
 River Avenues In order to obtain funds for carry- 
 ing out its work, cards, with the address and object 
 of the school printed thereon, were sold, to be given 
 to children who solicited alms. This plan was ilis- 
 continued about 1870. Funds are now obtained 
 from membership dues of $1.00 per year, and from 
 various entertainments. Those given under the 
 auspices of gentlemen prominent in the Hoard 
 of Trade were particularly successful. Among the 
 early supporters of the society, the name of John 
 Hull deserves special mention. For a long period 
 
ciiARrrAiuj': and uenevolent suciliik.s and insiitutions. 
 
 ^55 
 
 t;cl $5.00 per 
 1 tlic occasion 
 iiUcd towards 
 sc. 
 
 ;• on ihi: nortli 
 iil)icn aiul St. 
 i.ooo, aiul was 
 The society 
 .)k possession 
 
 856. Daniel J. 
 d Francis X. 
 and Israel 1. 
 1859, Thomas 
 1861, Edward 
 acroix; 1865 
 ■les J. Dossin; 
 1 87 1, August 
 a; 1873-1875, 
 D. Van Dyke; 
 -1883, Jacques 
 
 L 
 
 e several Pro- 
 ^alliered at the 
 une 2, 1857, to 
 irganization for 
 P the begginvi; 
 
 t this nieetini; 
 
 on June 16 it 
 De is somewhat 
 ited. Any girl 
 leeding clothes 
 
 subject for its 
 
 • stories of 2C 
 
 id October 5, 
 
 M. G. Tyler 
 
 ithin a month, 
 increased to 
 compelled by 
 
 Ion succeeded 
 May I, 1B5S. 
 
 present site on 
 
 )n and Grand 
 
 unds for carry- 
 ess and object 
 ild, to be given 
 plan was dis- 
 now obtained 
 
 year, and from 
 en under the 
 n the Board 
 Among the 
 
 name of John 
 a long period 
 
 iif lime he gave all the meat needed for the d.iily 
 meals of the pupils, amounting to hundreds of 
 ixjunds. SinceJiis death, Thomas llarlmn has fol- 
 luwed in his footsteps and, year after year, gi\es 
 large (|uantilies of meat. 
 
 in 1866 the society purch.ised for SC),o(X3 
 ihc lot anil buikling they were occupying, 
 and in January, 1868, they became a I'or- 
 ponite body. On June 11, 1879, the old 
 building was put iiU(j the li;uuls of work- 
 men to be tleinolishcil, and the school was 
 kept at No. 13 Grand River Avenue until 
 I he present t.asteful structure was coni- 
 pletetl. It st.'inds on the old site, cost 
 si2,cxxD, and was ileilitated on December 9, 
 1.S79. C.l. Walker and Rev. Z. Eddy made 
 ;ippropri;ite addresses on the occasion. In 
 i.SSo the i)uilding and lot were estimateil 
 to be worth $20,000. The building can 
 acconuiiodate two hundred children. The 
 aM-r.ige attendance is fifty in siuumer ami 
 iiiie hundred in winter. 
 
 'I'lie society is managed by representatives 
 selected from various I'rotestant churches. 
 Its annual meeting is on the second Monday 
 of January, and regular meetings are held on the 
 lirst .Monday of each month. A tc.aciier and a 
 matron are constantly eniployetl. The annual cash 
 ex|)enses of the institution are about §1,500. One 
 
 pr.ictical work ,is occasion ulfers. The i;irls are 
 t.iught to pre|)are vegetal )hs, to w.ish, scrub, and 
 clean, to set the table and serve as waiters, and 
 from 3 to 6 1'. M. evi'ry day they .are taught to .sew 
 by ladies who \isii the school for that ptirpose. 
 
 ;?^w^ ^ j » i » «j i ^ ^3^...^» r . T; ..-,. > ^ .-' : . ^ 
 
 
 Oi.ii 1m)1 siKiAi, Seiioui. llrn.i)iN(.. 
 
 Since November, 1866, a Sunday school has been 
 
 held in the building, which most of the children 
 
 attend. 
 
 The chief oCficers have been : first directress, 
 1857 1864, Mrs. 11. II. ISrown ; 1864-1868, 
 Mrs. \V. A. liutler. Presidents: 1868, Mrs. 
 
 ~| W. A. Butler; 1869, Mrs. G. V. N. Lothrop ; 
 1870- 1872, Mrs. Cleaveland Hunt; 1872- 
 1874, Mrs. Colin Campbell ; 1874- 1877, Mrs. 
 \V. G. Henry; 1877- 18S4, Mrs. C. \'an Husan; 
 1884, Mrs. E. II. lUitler. Recording secretaries: 
 1857-1862, .Mrs. 1). B. Duflield; 1862-1866, 
 Mrs. Lewis Allen; 1866-1870, Mrs. Cleave- 
 kmd Hunt; i8;o, Mrs. M. II. Webster; 
 1871- , Mrs. John Harvey. Treasurers: 
 1857-1859, .Mrs. A. 11. Dey ; 1859-1866, .Mrs. 
 S. 1:. Noyes ; 1867-1870, Mrs. C. Campbell; 
 1870 '-. Mrs, (;. N. Fletcher. 
 
 S/. Joscfy/i'x Rclrci}! (foniwr/y Mickii^an 
 Retreat for the Insane). 
 
 The grounds occupied by this in.stitution 
 were originally usid by the Sisters of Charity 
 for farm purposes, ;uid convalescents from St. 
 Mary s Hospital were sent there to recuperate. 
 Sister Mary De Sales has always had charge, 
 and under her direction, on January 25, i860, 
 daily meal is furnished regular scholars, and good the Sisters opened the Insane Department in a large 
 li ■^'^ons and attendance will procure reward tickets, frame building on Michigan Avenue just beyond 
 p.ivable in clothing. In this way nearly two suits Twenty-fourth Street, outside the city linu'ts. In 1870 
 •1 year are provided for the children. Boys are a brick building was erected at a cost of about 
 t.night to split wood, sew on buttons, and do other $20,000. It will accommodate ninety patients, and 
 
 The New Industrial School. 
 
656 
 
 CliARITABLl': AND HKNKVOl.KNT SdCIKTlliS AXP INSII rL;T10NS. 
 
 is usually luaiiy full. It ni civis its fuiuls from 
 fiiciHJs (if llii; patifius, who pay f.ir tlair cart-. 'I lie 
 v^rouiuis (.iiibracc Iwcnty-oiic aiivs, and llic entire 
 property, worth about $45,000, is owned by llie Sis- 
 ters in cliariLje. It was incorporated December 27, 
 KS70, and reincorporated on November 30, 18S3, by 
 tiic name of Si. Joseph's Retreat. '1 he property at the 
 
 Si. Jo.sei'h's Ketheat kuk iiih Insane. 
 
 same time was com'i'vcd to the followim^ trustees : 
 Sanih Tyler. M.iry Kvv^], l.ydia Miller, I'dizabeth 
 .Sweeney, and Mari^aret C. Mullen. New trustees 
 are elected yearly on the first Tuesday of March. 
 
 S/. Luke's I lo^pihil, Cliitrch Home and Orpliaiuii^^c. 
 
 This institution was ini'or|i<jratcd Marcii 16, i8r)i, 
 ;ind ;i;^ain ou March 31, iiS66. 'I"he annual meetiiii^ 
 is on the first Tuesday after I'iaster, and re^iil.ir 
 nu'ctinv;s of the I-'.xecutive Committee are held the 
 lirst Monday in e;ich month. The society had its 
 orii^^in in a l)e(|uest of §1,500 mrule by Mrs. Canilf, 
 which at tlu' death of her husband was to revert to 
 St. I'.iul's Church as the nucleus for a hospital to l)e 
 called .St. Luke's. The further sum of S900, tlu' 
 use of which she left to three nephews durini^ their 
 life, w;is evculu.ally to revert to the hospital. These 
 becjuests stimulated the orij.-uiization of the institu- 
 tion, but no funds were realized therefrom until 
 1878, when the sum of §2,100 was obtained. 
 
 The hospital was opened in a building on the 
 south siile of Lafayette Avenue, between Griswold 
 and Sliclby Streets, the use of which was donated 
 by Mrs. \\. R. Andrews, by lease dated April 2y, 
 1864. About $600 were spent in repairs, and on 
 July 18, 1864, the liospital was opened for patients. 
 
 In order to aid the enterprise, a number of ladies 
 from the several parishes jjave a dinner in Hub- 
 bard's Cirove, on July 4, 1865, which netted about 
 
 $600. The sale of the property on Lafayette Ave- 
 lun' necessitated a removal, and on April 3, 1866, 
 the society was reori^.inized, and the follow ini( 
 month took possession of one of the buiklinjfs of 
 the ll.irper Hospital on Woodward Avenue, and 
 remained there until their own buildinir was com- 
 pleted. It is located on the south side of Fort 
 Street West, Just beyond Clark Ave- 
 nue. The society, on Seinembcr 13, 
 1865, purchased a strip of land about 
 two hundred and fifty feet wide, e.\- 
 tendinjr to the river, a distance of oni; 
 tiiousand seven hundred feet, for 
 $8,400. 'I'hey sub.se(iuently exchanged 
 the river front for a strip adjoininv^r on 
 Fort Street, and in 1880 Robert 1'. 
 Toms yave them an additional piece 
 of land which cost him $1,500. They 
 now have live hundred and lifty feel 
 on Fort Street by about nine hundred 
 feet deep, or nearly nine acres. Their 
 building' was erectetl in 1868 at a cost 
 of $22,500; the corner-stone was laitl 
 on Au.i^ust 21 of thai ye.ir. With tin 
 grounds, the pro])erty is worth $50,000. 
 In 1880 they had other property, 
 worth an addili(jnal $50,000. Anion.i,^ 
 the i^ifts that largely increased their 
 th.it of Henry L. Walker was one of 
 His will, which was probated Jaini- 
 arv 29, 1874, gave to the hospital $10,000 of 
 Second N.itional Rank stock, $7,000 in mortga- 
 ges, ami a house and lot worth $5,000 on Howard 
 Street. The be(iuest was subject to an annuity of 
 $300, to be |)aid to his invalid sister. She consenteil 
 to remove to the hospital, where she v.as hand- 
 
 possessions 
 the largest. 
 
 St. I.IKli'b IIosl'lTAl., ClIUKCll HUMK AND Ok 111 AN Al.li. 
 
 somely cared for during the three years she lived. 
 His housekeeper, by the terms of the will, has tlu 
 use of the Howard Street house and $300 per year. 
 In addition to the above, Frank Nevins made a be 
 quest of $1,500. 
 
CHARITABLE AND BENEVOLKN'I' SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 657 
 
 ifaycUc Avc- 
 vpril 3, 1866, 
 he fdllowiiiv; 
 
 buildiiiiis (it 
 AvciuR', ;inil 
 ins ^^'^^ loni- 
 sidc (if I'l'ii 
 (1 Clark Avc- 
 icptcnibcr 13, 
 of land aboui 
 feet wide, ex- 
 listancc of om 
 red feet, for 
 Uly excliani;e(l 
 p atljoininii 011 
 80 Robert 1'. 
 ddilional piece 
 §1,500. Tluy 
 I and tifty feel 
 t nine hundred 
 ; acres. Their 
 i86iS at a eosi 
 -stone was laid 
 ■ear. With the 
 .worth $50,000. 
 other properly, 
 j.ooo. Anion;^ 
 increased their 
 ker was one of 
 )robated Janu- 
 al §10,000 (if 
 100 in niort,y:a- 
 00 on Howard 
 i) an annuity of 
 
 She consented 
 ,he was hand- 
 
 lu ()l;l UANAOli. 
 
 [ears she lived. 
 
 le will, has tin 
 
 §300 per year. 
 
 lins made a be 
 
 in order to provide ijreater se( urity for the trust, 
 Uiose who held the property C(;nveyed it on Ajjril 
 2^, 18S1, to the foUowint,' nine trustees, who were 
 elected for life: 11. 1'. Haklwin, T. 11. Eaton, C. C. 
 Trowbridge, E. Lyon, R. T. Toms, T. l'erj.jus(in, 
 Robert McMillan, V. E. Priirirs, and S, D. Miller. 
 After tile death of Mr. Trowbriili^e .and Mr. 'Toms, 
 (leoriLje II. Minchener an(i H. C. I'arke were eletted 
 to the vacant trusteeships. .\t the time the properly 
 w.is conveyed to truste( s, the scope of the instiuilion 
 wasenlar^a-d to include the care of or|)lian children. 
 
 ,\ltliout,di nianaijed e.\clusively by members of the 
 I'rotestant Episcopal Church, and intended prim- 
 arily as a home and lujspital for the aged, sick, 
 and jjoor of this deiiomin.ition, persons of ;ili 
 denominations may be admitted. Some are ad- 
 iiiiiled free, and the charge for other patients, in- 
 cluiling medical atteiulance, ranges up to §7.00 per 
 week, 'There is an average of thirty-tive inmates, 
 ;ind from tifty to .seventy-five can be accomtiiodated. 
 The annu.il expenses are about §6,000 ; very many 
 ariicles, however, are donated. 'Tlie institution is 
 niaint.aiued by collections in the several parishes, by 
 membership fees of §2.00 a year, by voluntary dona- 
 tions and the .sums paid by inm.ites. 
 
 'Tlie chief otlicers have been as follows : presi- 
 dents : 1861 1866, liishop S. A. McCoskry ; 
 IJ66-1S73, Henry P. Baldwin; 1873, deorge S. 
 Swift; 1874-1877. William E. Warriner; 1877-1882, 
 F. E. Driggs; 1882, C. C. 'Trowljridge ; 1883- 
 T.ll. EaKjn. Recording secretaries : 1861-1864,11. 
 \ernor; 1864-1866, A. A. Rabine.iu ; 1866-1871, 
 Sidney I). Miller; 1871-1873, C. L. .\tler!)ury ; 1S73- 
 
 1882, Preston Brady; 1882- , (leorge II. Min- 
 chener. 'Treasurers: 1861-1S64, W. I'arker ; 1864- 
 1866, M.W. Field; 1S66-1873, A. \. R.-ibineau; 
 1873, S. U. Miller; 1874- , II. 1'. Baldwin, 2d. 
 
 7Vu' Detroit Lad/cs Socictv for t/ir Support of 
 
 Hcbrcxo Widow:; and (h-p/iaiis in the 
 
 State of Mic/iiiiait. 
 
 'This society was organi/.ed in July, 1863, and in- 
 C(jfporated March 21. 1865. 'The annual election is 
 held on the secontl Sund.iy in October. Its aim is 
 to help needy Israelite widows and orphans. It has 
 about eighty members, who pay quarterly dues of 
 81.00 each. The .society has no building, but pro- 
 vides for the care of its beneficiaries wherever it 
 deems best. 
 
 The chief officers have been: presidents: 1864, 
 ■Mrs. E. S. Heineman : i865-i86(), Mrs. Fannie 
 Hirschman; i86(; 1872, Mrs. S. Schloss ; 1872- 
 
 1883, Mrs. E. S. Heineman : 1883- , Mrs. Hyman 
 Frank. .Secretaries: 1864-1866, Mrs. I. Frankel ; 
 1N66 1868, Mrs. S. L. Knoll; 1868, Mrs. S. Cohen; 
 i!^6(;, Mrs. E. Eppstein; 1870-1872, Mrs. Hugo 
 Hill; 1872-1874, Mrs. E.M.Oerichter; 1874-1879, 
 
 Mrs. I. F'rankel ; i87(;, Mrs. E. Kallman; 1880 and 
 1881, .Mrs. R. Karpeles ; 1882, .Mrs. L. Sloman; 
 1883- , Mrs. H. A, Krolik. Treasurers: 1864- 
 1866, Mrs. M. 'Trounstine ; i806-i86y, .Mrs. B. I'rell ; 
 i86(; 1872, Mrs. E. S. Ileinem.in; 1872 1876, Mrs. 
 S. Schloss; 1S76- , .Mrs. A. Landsberg. 
 
 Harper Hospital. 
 
 This institution rejjresents one of the largest 
 donations ever made to an\- object in Detroit ; and 
 it is not greatly to the credit of other and more 
 wealthy citizens that one who m.ide most of his 
 riches elsewhere should ha\e given most of the 
 means for the establishnK'iu of this magnificent 
 charity. 
 
 Walter I larper did not hold to his wealth as long 
 ■ IS life lastetl, but became his own executor, and 
 lived to see his gift of a hospital in acti\e opera- 
 tion. He accumulated his property in Philadelphia; 
 came to Detroit about 1832, and lived here an al- 
 most unknown citi/.en for more than a (piarter of a 
 century [jreceding the execution of his deed of trust 
 of February 4, i85(^. 'This tleed conveyed nearly 
 one thousand acres cjf land, most of it within a few 
 miles of Detroit, .and also three dwellings in Phila- 
 deli)hi.i, to a Board of Trustees, for the puri)ose of 
 establishing the hospital which bears his name, 
 'The property was then estimated to be worth about 
 §30,000. 'The only condition that he made, as to 
 himself, was that he be paid during life an annuity 
 of §2,000, jiie half of which was to be devoted 
 yearly to tlie discharge (jf a mortgage of §8,500 on 
 the jiroperty until it was |)aid. 
 
 On March 2, 1864, he vokmtarily reduced the 
 amount of the annuity he was personally to receive 
 to §600 per year. 'The deed of trust jirovided for 
 the establishment, in the discretion of the trustees, 
 not only of a hospital, but of a scho(j|, to be organ- 
 ized and conducted according to the system of Flm- 
 anuel de Fellenberg, as exemi)litied by institutions 
 at Hofroyl, in Switzerland, and also in Prussia, 
 the s|)ecial (jbject being to afford poor but deserving 
 youths opportunities of learning the ordinary arts 
 and trades without a long antl unsatisfactory ap- 
 prenticeshi[). 
 
 At almost tlie first meeting of the tru.stees, on 
 March 15, 1S59, they received a further accession of 
 property in trust. Mrs. Ann Martin, more familiarly 
 known as Nancy Martin, deeded for the benefit of 
 the hospital a five-acre lot in Detroit and fifteen 
 .acres of land in the Ten Thousantl Acre 'Tract near 
 the city, the property thus given being then valued 
 at §1;, 000. By the terms of the gift the hospital 
 was to be located on the five-acre lot and was to 
 maintain ;i lying-in department ; Mrs. Martin was 
 to have a small house built for her use and to 
 receive an annuity of §600. On July i. 1864, she 
 
65S 
 
 C llARllAliLK AND HENEVtJLIAl' SUCIETIKS AND INS TlTUTlUNS. 
 
 j^MVt; nil adilitional tliivc atTL'S, wliicli was only 
 partly paid for, to llu- hospital, siibjcrt to ,1 fi-\v lift' 
 privileges. In accurdaiicc with the leiins ol the 
 i^ifts, a house wliidi cost only S450 was Iniilt on the 
 fivc-acrc lul for llie (jcciipamy of Mr. llarptr and 
 Mr.s. Martin. Tln' house was siihs('f]iientlv moved to 
 Kremont Street, at a cost of !5_>i4, ;ind lure bolli 
 lived until the de.ilh of Mr. Harper, on .\ii,i;ust :;,S, 
 18C7, after which Mrs. Mariii-. n,ade tlu' hospit.il 
 her home. 
 
 Tile y^lh of Mr. Harper was a surpiisi' to ..\c pub- 
 lic, and a greater wonder still w;is that fi'cim Nancy 
 M;u'tin, whom the older ciii/i'us remembcM\'d as ;i 
 coarse, rou,!L;h-spokt-n woman, who for many years 
 had kepi ,1 vcgetable-s;.i!! in the old market, and 
 li\etl with .Mr. Harper as his housekeeper. About 
 two years after her first i^ift, she relinquished the 
 market business; and lu'r spirit .and manner becmie 
 
 Karrand, David Cooper, l''rederiek liuhl, lliickmin- 
 ster Wi-ht, A. C. McCr.iw, ,ind < '.. I!. Russel. 
 They orjijani/.ed on I'ebrn.u'y 7, 1X59, by ileciini; 
 Rev, Ci. Duriield, D. D., president ; D;ivi( I Cooper, 
 treasurer, ,ind D. I!. Dullieid, sccret.irv. On the 
 death of Dr. Dullieid on July;, i.SCi.S, lluckminsler 
 \\i,i;hl succeeded him as jiresideiit ; .-ind (ju his de- 
 cease, I', liuhl w.is chosen president. R. W. Kin;; 
 tiMik the pl.icc of Dr. Dullieid as ;i iruslee, ;md on 
 December 0, iSfiS, became secretary of the board; 
 D. .M. [■'erry took the i)l.ice of li. Wivjlit. On the 
 de.ith of l),i\-id Cooper, his son. 1). .M. Coopi'r, suc- 
 ceeded him as trustee, and on Janu.iry 12, iS(Su, sik - 
 ceeded Mr. Kini; as set'ret.iry. 
 
 Tlu' .innu.il meeting- is on the second Mond.iv of 
 January. 
 
 Diu-in^ the progress of the w;ir with die South, 
 on June 13, 1S64, ,ind Decemlnr 15, 1.S65, the trus- 
 
 
 
 II.\i;i'I:k IIdsiiiai.. (< Irij^inal l'iiil(liii.;>.) 
 
 much more mild and womanly than before. She 
 died on February 9, 1875. Her portr.iit and that 
 of Mr. Har|)er adorn the reception room of the hos- 
 liit.il as the honored founders oi one of the most 
 e.xtensive charities in the city. 
 
 Under Act of M.arch 20, lSf)T„ the hospital w;is 
 incor|)or;iled on May 4 followini;-. It is mana^i'd 
 by a board of seven trustees. 'i"he tlrst bo.ard 
 were named in the articles of incoriioration, and 
 unless ini'apacitated were to serve during jjfe, and 
 were authorized to receive a reasonable compensa- 
 tion for such care and attention as they g.iNe to the 
 trust. \',icancies in the board can be tilled only on 
 noniiimtiuns made by the lirst Protestant (Presby- 
 terian) Society, which submits, from time to time, 
 as a vacancy occurs, the names of three jiersons to 
 the board, and they decide which of them may serve 
 as trustee. 
 
 The first trustees were George Duflield, Jacob S. 
 
 tees ])urchast'd, for $10,587.50, five acres adjoining; 
 the lot they alre.idy possessed on Wof)dward Ave- 
 nue ; and the entire tract of ten acres was offered 
 to the Ciovernment, rent free, as a site for a military 
 hospital, proxidetl it would jMil up suit.ible build- 
 ings. The offer w;is ;iccepted, and eleven bmldings 
 Wire erected ami furnished at ;i cost of $60,000. 
 On October 12, 1864, the hospii.il was ready for 
 use, and hundreds of sick and wounded soldiers 
 were brought here to be nursed. At the close of 
 the war, on December 12, 1S65, the buildings were 
 turned over to the society on the condition that they 
 would reeei\e and care for discharged, invalid sol- 
 diers from Michigan. On December 28 following, 
 the Mi<'hig;m ISninch of the rniled States Sanitary 
 Commission agreed to pay the hospital S2,ixxj ami 
 such other .amounts as their funds would ailmil I'n 
 condition th.it the hospil.il reci'ive and care for tin 
 soldiers then in the Soldiers' Home in the old Ar- 
 
v-ilAKlTAULK AND DENEVOLK.NT Si^ClL IILS AM; INS iri'L' llo.NS. 
 
 659 
 
 ilil, I'lUckmin- 
 
 ;, r.. RusmI. 
 
 ;, by I'lci'tiiiv; 
 )a\i(l t'lxipir. 
 aiy. On tin 
 , IliM-kiniiistiT 
 iiul (111 his (Ir- 
 U. W. Kiii'< 
 •ustcc, and on 
 of ihr Ixianl ; 
 i.v;lu. ( '11 llu' 
 . CoopiT, siic- 
 '12, 181S0, SU( - 
 
 md .Mi)iulay >>i 
 
 itli ihc South, 
 iH^ij, the irus- 
 
 ncres adjdinini,' 
 ^'oodward Avt'- 
 rcs was offiTfil 
 c for a niilil.'iry 
 suitable build- 
 k-vin buildini;s 
 osl of $60,000. 
 was ready for 
 mndcd soldirrs 
 ,\l the- (dose of 
 buildings were 
 dition that tliey 
 ^cd, invalid soi- 
 T 28 folio wins;, 
 Slates Sanitary 
 )ital S2,(x>o and 
 would admit on 
 [id care for tin 
 in the old Ar- 
 
 senal r>iiildini( oil corner of Jefferson Aveniii' ;iiid 
 Wayne Street; anil on the following da) twi-nty 
 xildiers were renioveil from the home to tlu' hospi- 
 i.il. In i>S,S3 ai)ont a dozen MiehijLjan soldiers were 
 I ,ired for at the hospital, at the e.xpense of the State. 
 
 The hosjiital w;is ojxned for orilinary patients in 
 j.inuary, 1866, .and up to 18S3 had an averai^e of 
 ,ihout lifly inni.ites with aeeoinmodations for one 
 iiiiiidred. The price of board, ineludin.i^r medical 
 attendance, rani(es from S3. 50 to i^J.uo per week. 
 The hospital admits for treatment those of .ill 
 n.itionalities and religions, .and the physicians tre.at 
 ,ill dise.asi's not contagions. Any peison, chunii, 
 society, or .association contributing to the treasury 
 of the hospit.al one thous.and doll.irs or less is 
 cnlilied to have constantly one p.atieut free of charge 
 in c.are of the 
 hospital, .at the 
 r.ilc of one 
 nionth in e.ach 
 vc.ir for every 
 omduindred dol- 
 lars contributed ; 
 .ind conti"ibutoi> 
 of a SLun \v>- 
 tli.an one hun- 
 dred dollars are 
 entitled to pi'n- 
 portion.ate pri\i 
 leges. Annual 
 suliscribt-rs of 
 oneluiudi'ed ilol 
 l.ii's .are entitled 
 to have a p.itient 
 on the books, 
 and in the care 
 
 of the hospital, for eight months of the year for 
 which the subscrii)tiou is matle. Subscriptions of 
 siveiity-tlve doll.ars .a ye.ar secure a similar privilege 
 for six months, those of t'ifty doll.ai-s for foiu" 
 nionihs, .and those of twenty-live iloll.ars for two 
 luonilis. Annual subscribers of .any lesser sum .are 
 entitled to ha\'e a p.alient on the books for <a lime 
 e(|ual to double the amount of the subscriplion at 
 ihe established rates for pay jjalients. Any person, 
 church, or .assoei.ation i).aying by successive .aniui.il 
 subscriptions a lot.al sum of one thous.and doll.ars 
 m.iy claim the |)rivilege of the pro\ision .above, 
 nu nlioned. 
 
 (hi December 3. 1S67, .a dis|)ens,ary for the poor 
 Was opened, and on the jlh of J.anu.ar\' following 
 rules for its m.anagement were adopted. It was to 
 he open from 10. \. \l. to 12 M. On I'cbru.arv 1, 1S69, 
 it w.as tr.ansferred to the Medical College esi.abhshed 
 in one of the buildings. 
 
 An iinex|)ected and liber.al beciuest w.as ni.ade to 
 the hospital by the will of James 'Idionipson, of 
 
 'l'lll5 IIm;IKK llnsl'HM.. ( N I'W I lllilllillK- ) 
 
 Ahnont, who dii d ni i.S.So. lie luid alone, and 
 being wilh(pul relatives, .asked .1 friend, some years 
 before his de.ilh. wh.it he would recommend h . to 
 do with his means; this friend .advised uith hun 
 and called the attention of K, W. Kim; to tin- 
 re(|uesi. Mr. King then wrote to Mr. llKimpson, 
 setting forth the objects .uiil opportunities of I l.upcr 
 Hospital, but received no reply to his letter, and the 
 m.atter h.id .almost p.assed from his mind. The 
 "bread cast 011 the waters" w.as, however, not 
 wasted, for in his will .Mr. Thompson m.iih' the trus- 
 tees of the hospit.al his residu.ary legatee, and llu-y 
 derived from his estate the smn (A Si i.jJj. 
 
 The .assets of the hospit.al in iSSi werr estim.ited 
 .at $i5o,(joo. In i.S.Sj .1 portion of the property 
 froniiiig on Woodw.ard Avenue was sold for the 
 
 sum of $j[,^(>(>. 
 Contracts were 
 then let for .anew 
 brick building, 
 in the rear of the 
 old grounds 
 fronting (.n John 
 R. Street. It w.as 
 enclosed in iSiSj. 
 .and tinished dur- 
 ing 18S4, the 
 total cost footing 
 vp .about $1 15.- 
 ouu. The p.a- 
 tien'.s were re- 
 moved from the 
 old l)uilding to 
 the new struc- 
 ture on .Xjiril 12, 
 and the hospit.al 
 foian.ally opened on June 19, i(S84. It will .accom- 
 modate two htmdi'cd .and t'ifty p.atients. 
 
 Ilnuir I'f t/ir /■>■/, //(//css. 
 
 The oi'igin of this institution d.ales from M.ay, 
 i860, when the I.,i(lies' Chrisiian I'liion was organ- 
 ized. 'I'heir tirst annual report w.as m.ade on July 8, 
 i8di. Soon .after the society was organized, Mrs. 
 II. R. .Andrews g.ive the use of ,a house on Lafayette 
 .\venue, bi'tweeii Ciriswold .and Shelby Streets, and 
 lii're. in the summer of i860, she superintended a 
 home for won'ieii who wished to reform. 
 
 In December of the s.ame yi.ar, largely through 
 the efforts of Mrs. S. I,. I'.apineau, the luaiie was fully 
 est.ablished. OiiTuesd.ay. l'"ebrnary 26, 1862, it was 
 moved to No. 72, on the e.ast side of Brush Street, 
 between Congress and l.arned Streets. Hire the 
 society continued until May 23, 1863. when they 
 remoN'ed to the north side of High Street, be- 
 tween Woodw.ard .\vetuie .and John R. .Street. 
 Their [)resent capacious and attractive home, on 
 
66o 
 
 c iiAKi r.\i;i.i'. AM) nKNi;\'()Li;N r .S()Cii;rii:s and iNsi til tions. 
 
 the soiitli sick- of Warri'ii Avfiun.- near WooiKvanl 
 Avcinic, was dt'iliiatcd OcIoIkt 2\, I1S74. 'I'lir 
 grounds cover cij^lu lots, earh thirty l)y <iih' luiiuhxd 
 and fifty fci't, and were purchased in 1868 U)r 
 §3,600. I'he hnilthnif was erected at a cost of 
 $30,500. 
 
 lu 1 88 J there was a debt on liie property of 
 $3,500, which was secured l)y a mortgage given to 
 the Tiionipson Home for ( )ld Ladies, and that 
 organization also luld liircc of tiie lots origin;illy 
 piircii.ised i)y tile lionu- of tlie Frieiidiess ; diiriny' 
 1883 the niortg.ige was |)aid, tlie lots repnrciiased, 
 and tlie organization now controls all of the |)rop- 
 erty they originally purchased. 
 
 THK IIilMR OP TMR KkIFNDI.KSS. 
 
 In 1881 the Home of the Friendless received a 
 becpiest of $10,000 from Mrs. Fi'iny Davenport 
 Waterman, and in 18S3 the coriior.ition became the 
 residuary legatee of Mrs. Sarah Prentiss, of Romeo, 
 and received from her estate the sum of $8. 430. 
 
 Originally the society was somewhat broader in 
 its aim than now, imdertaking the care of any 
 woni.m who wished to return to a virtuous life. 
 Now the home is maintained rather as a preventive 
 of vice than as a reforma.tory institution, and there- 
 fore "common ilrunkards, jirostitutes, children of 
 depra\evi habits, persons bearing the taint of disease 
 or insanity, or who are subject to tits; ,-uid also pro- 
 fane or ho|)elessly idle persons, or those guilty of 
 any tlagrant vice, are not received." The change 
 in purpose and in name was ni.ule about the time 
 the institution was moved to High .Street. 
 
 In order to facilitate the work and to prevent the 
 application at the home of improper eases, .all jier- 
 sons seeking admission must apply to some one of 
 a reference committee of seven ladies, selected from 
 different parts of the city so as to be easy of access. 
 Such persons ;is they recommend are admitted as 
 transient boarders free of charge. Two members 
 
 of the committee are changed every two months. 
 In the year i8f)6 the society commenced taking ;is 
 boarders the children of widows and persons in ser- 
 vice. In 1875 the boarding at low rates of single 
 woiiuMi needing a tiinpor.iry home was also made 
 a jiart of their work. 
 
 'I'he presitlent's statement of the work of the 
 .society in 1881 is as follows : 
 
 'I'lic wurk <i( till' Ileum' iil iju- I'riLiKilos is to iiiri' fur friiinl- 
 Ifs.^ and .niinilr-s w.irru-n uiul i hildit-n. We Ji\ iriiKc |kt liay 
 llini sui li wuiiuci, ami Iwiiily ( liiKlmi, for wliuiii aiui from 
 wliiini we luvtr rciilvi; a |niiny (if cciMiptiiMitioii. 
 
 Si'(Mii(lly, we liiiard at a siiiii that i^ alllKist iiKiiiiiial, diildn n 
 who ha\e niif <ir inurt: pari-iils out at si-rvicr. Alsd tin; thiUlrin 
 of |iariiil> win re I'ltlnr lliu iiioihcr or fatjur arc roijl'iiad in jail~ 
 ur the House of C'orrecticjii. .Mueli has Imii diiiie fur Midi ami 
 their unhuppy parents. 
 
 'I'liirilly, we board waif and stray old l.idies wlio are depench ni 
 upon relatives helter able lo pay for than to yive the (are liny 
 need. 
 
 Konrthly, we have a standini; eontrael with lla lady niana^ci^ 
 of the 'I'lioinpson Home to finnisli their Home with lij^ht, Inal. 
 and water ; lo supply iheir table with food, and do their latindij 
 work, for a specified siiiii per (apiia ($-'.50 |icr w<( k). 
 
 The association was incorporated on Jamiarv d, 
 1S63. Its annual meeting is on the tlrst 'I'ue.sday 
 in May. The Hoard of Managers was origin.alK' 
 composed of twenty-five members, but in 1871; tin 
 number was increased to thirty, representing all 
 denominations except the Catholic. In former years 
 the society elected as vice-presidents twenty or 
 thirty ladies, resident in tlilTereiit p.irts of the State, 
 ami through them received many donations; but of 
 late the practice has fallen into disuse. 
 
 The home is now supported by subscri])tions of 
 $1.00 a year frtjiii all who wish to enroll themselve:-; 
 as members; by voluntary donations of money, food, 
 and clothing. ;ind by an ;iniui;il donation reci'ption. 
 Among its most generous contributors are many of 
 the |)roprietors of the meat and vegetable stalls at 
 the Central Market, who, since 1862, have tilled tin 
 "Home basket" every Wednesday antl Saturday 
 when brought by boys from the home. The annual 
 expense of maintaining the home is about $4,500 
 This .amount, howeser, does not inckule the value of 
 articles donated. 
 
 One of the most efficient means of making the 
 home known to the public. " 'Ihe Home Messenger." 
 was first issued on December i. 1868, as a monthly 
 paper. It was temporarily discontinued in Decem- 
 ber. 1879, but was revived as a quarterly in March, 
 1S83. The .society derived some $2,200 revenue 
 from the sale of two editions of the " Home Messen- 
 ger Cook Book," tir.st published in 1873. It was 
 compiled by Mrs. Rev. George DufTield and her 
 daughter. Mrs, Morse Stewart, and is regarded with 
 great favor by those who have used it. 
 
 The average number of inmates in the home is 
 sixty-five, and there are accommodations for eighty. 
 
CMARITAMLK AND lU'.N'KVOLl'.XT SOCIETII'.S AND INS 11 IT'lIoNS. 
 
 66 I 
 
 u\ii miiiilli'', 
 ird lakin.v; ;>^ 
 i.TS(ins in siT- 
 ilis (il ^in^li' 
 as also iiuuli- 
 
 work ()( till 
 
 u ciirf f(ir (rirml- 
 
 llvrrilK'' I'^'f ''•'>■ 
 wlumi .111(1 fiiiiii 
 
 I. 
 
 ii'>iiiii>iil, (liiUlnii 
 Alsii llic iliililn II 
 
 !■ ((.nrincil in jaiU 
 
 loni' for Mitli iiii'l 
 
 ,lln ail' llrpi mil 111 
 ^\\v tin- liin- llii V 
 
 tin laily iiiaiui^ii- 
 i- willi liKl''> '"'"■ 
 d (III thuir laiiiuli) 
 A'.ik). 
 
 on January (>. 
 
 • first 'l lU'sday 
 was (iriginally 
 
 )Ut in 1S79 llu' 
 
 ■I'prcscnliny; al! 
 In fornuT yt;u> 
 nts twenty nr 
 ts of till' Stat( 
 
 Illations ; but nl 
 
 ubscriiitioiis dl 
 liroil thciiiSLivi;' 
 
 f money, food, 
 ition reception. 
 IS are many ot 
 elabie stalls at 
 1. liave tilled tlu- 
 
 and Saturday 
 [I.-. 'I'lie annual 
 
 about S4.500 
 [ide the value of 
 
 of makinii the 
 iiie Messen,i,a'r, " 
 Is, as a monthly 
 jueil in Deeeni- 
 [terly in Mareli, 
 lS2,20o revenue 
 
 lIonieMessen- 
 ,873, 11 was 
 
 ifTield and hel- 
 ls regarded with 
 
 lin the home is 
 lions for eighty. 
 
 (icncral visitors ;ire .liw.iys wi'ieome, .ind rinir/.day 
 is es|)eeially set ;ip;irt for the frii nds of inm.ites, 
 Sinee itS75 a teacher for tiie childnii h.is been con- 
 stantly employed. The principal ollicers have been ; 
 presidents: 1.S60 1S62, Mrs. M. II. Webster; 1.S62- 
 1S65, Mrs, Seth Keed; 1865 1807, .Mrs. William A. 
 Howard; 1867 1870. Mrs. David I'rcston • 1870- 
 1S75, .Mrs. Morse Stewart; 1875, Mrs. \V. M. John- 
 son ; 1S76- , Mrs, .Morse Stewart, 'rreastirers; 
 1860 1867, Mrs. W. A. liow.-ird; 1867- , Mrs. 
 D.ivid Carter. Recording Secretaries; 1860-1864., 
 Mrs. K. M. C.ilm.in; 1864 1866. Mrs. Morse Stew- 
 art; 1866, .Mrs. John 11. (iritlith; 1867 1870, Mrs. 
 Willi.im Oakes; 1870-1S83, Mrs, D, W. lirooks; 
 18S3 , Mrs, \V, C. Duncan. 
 
 Mrs. D. Prcstnn and Mrs. Morse .Stewart were 
 elected special trustees in 1863, and eonlinue in 
 that office, 
 
 ,.S7, .■liitliony':< Malr Orpluvi Asy/iiiii. 
 
 'I'his institution, a Roman Catholic asylum, for 
 hoys only, is located on the north side of theCiralioi 
 Road, just outside of the city limits, and aliout four 
 miles from the City Hall, on the so-called Cluirch 
 I'arm, The grounds embraie ninety-si.\ acres. 
 The building w.is opened on May 26, 1867, The 
 entire projierty is worth $50,000. 
 
 The land was needed by Bish()|i Lefevere to a 
 ho.'ird of twelve trustees, consisting of two each 
 from the following churches : Cathedr.il of St. I'eter 
 and St, Paul, St. Ann's, Holy Trinity, St. Patrick's, 
 St. X'ineent de Paul, and Our Lady of Help. The 
 trustees became a corporate body on January 23, 
 1867, 
 
 While managed by the corporation, the asylum 
 w.is conducted by four Sisters of the order of the 
 Imm.aeulate Heart of Mary, from Monroe. 15y 
 arr.mgement with the Lady Superior, tliey received 
 $100 .1 year each and board. L'nder the manage- 
 ment of the trustees, annual collections were taken 
 up in the si.\ churches represented in the board, and 
 they alone could send orphans to tlie asylum. Sub- 
 scriptions were also obtained from individuals, and 
 some moneys were received from the sale of farm 
 [jroduce. This arrangement did nol prove a success, 
 and on January 16, 1877, the corporation was dis- 
 solved and the property deeded to Hishop Horgess. 
 by whom the institution was placed in the care of 
 lay members of the Franciscan order, and collections 
 in the parishes then became voluntary. The average 
 number of orphans in the asylum is about eighty. 
 After the boys reach the age of thirteen they are 
 cither bound out or other homes are provided. 
 
 The officers of the corporation were : Presi- 
 dents: i868-i87i,M.B, Kean; 1871-1874, P. J. D. 
 ^'an Dyke; 1874-1877, Jeremiah Calnon, Secre- 
 
 taries: 1867, I'.dwanl I'.r( iin.in ; 1868 i.S7(), 1'. J. I ). 
 \',iiil)yke; 1870 1875, W. li. Moraii ; 1875, (ieorgt: 
 ll.Sl.iter; 1876, P. J. I). \';in Dyke; 1867 1873. 
 Willi.im I'.ucli.inan; 1873, A. Cha|)oton ; 1874-1877, 
 H, !'. i'.rownson. 
 
 U'lHiiiii's Hospittil ijitil i'oituiiliiii^s' lloiu,\ 
 
 it is \\ noteworthy fact th.it this institution, as 
 well as the Home of the I'riendlcss. grew out of 
 organizations called Ladies' Christi.m Lnions, one 
 of which was established in i860, ,iiid the other in 
 1868, These L'nions were origin.illy designed for 
 rather different work th.m tli.it .ificrwards pursued, 
 but both soon found their appropri.ite sphere in the 
 iiuble charities they now carry forw.ird. 
 
 The L.idies' Chrisii.in Inion, au.\ili;iry to the 
 City Mission I >o,ird, was organized at the Congreg.i- 
 ti(jnal Church on January jy, 1868. The society 
 held several meetings without a,greeing definitely on 
 a p.irliiul.ir line of work, but tin.ally. on October 19, 
 .a proposition was ni.ide to establish a WOmen's 
 llospit.il and Foundlings' Home. The jilan nut 
 with f.ivor, .and on Octobt'r 28 .1 society was organ- 
 ized. 
 
 The building .No. 40 Ciss Avenue w,as rented, 
 ;in(l on November 1 1 Miss Lkaiior V.. Howe, M. D., 
 W.IS placed in charge. The incorporation of the 
 society took place on June 5, 1869, and on No\em- 
 Inr 2 of the same year the City .Mis.sion JSoard 
 tnmsferred its property to this organization. This 
 was sold and the proceeds used in the ]nirchase of a 
 house and lot No. 499 iicaubien Street, costing 
 S2,ooo. A very successful fair, in the fall of 1870, 
 enabled them to complete the payment in full. 
 
 In .\pril, 1S72, they sold the property and pur- 
 ch.'ised \\\<^ lots on Putnam Avenue, removing tem- 
 porarily to one of the llarjjer Hospit.il l)uiltliiigs. 
 In July following they sold the Putnam /^ venue lots 
 ;ind bought a property on the west side of Thir- 
 teenth between Linden and Mulberry Streets. The 
 lots cost 83,000. Here their home was erected at a 
 cost of $14,000, and formally opened on January 20, 
 1876. 
 
 The institution is designed to accommodate 
 foundlings and women about to become mothers. 
 .Most of the p.iticnts are unmarried, and more than 
 two thirds are from other States or from Canada, 
 
 All applications for admission are passed upon 
 by an advisory committee, but no foundlings are 
 sent away. The admission fee for p.itients is $20, 
 and is reckoned as payment for board at the rate of 
 from S3 00 to $10.00 per week, according to size 
 and location of room. While these are the terms, 
 residents of the State are never refused admission 
 for want of means, but received without regard to 
 creed, color, <ir nationality. The price of board for 
 infants is from $1.00 to $3.00 per week. The so- 
 
66 
 
 Ml \ui I \i:i I AM) III \i \()i.i.\ I S' xii; iii:s AM) iNsri n rioNs. 
 
 I iciy Iiii|ii I'M'iiiii.illy III |iiii\iilr .1 liniiit' till' silk 
 |iiiiir, u liriln r wuinrn m i iiilijnii. 
 
 'I'llc llii<|iil;il I ,111 .11 I iilllllliiilatr liii'ly wiiiiu ii ,iiic| 
 fij,;hly iliililn'ii, ;inil .i ycirly a\ri,iv;i' <>l mu' hiiiiilnd 
 WDiiU'ii and ihk' iuiiulrttl and twi iity-lisi' ( liilduii 
 .'ire I arcd fni. Ii !•, siip|inii( i| li\ iniinlic'''lii|) dui's, 
 
 I.S.Si, Mis, Kii hard Mai aiiiiy ; i.S.Si , Mrs. |. 
 
 S. Liiiiidiii. Tifasiiivis ; iS'i.S, Mr-,, /,. K. Ilinik- 
 way: iSfx;, Mrs. jj. k Andrews; 1S70 1X7 •,, Mrs. 
 II. <ilu\rr; 1.S7?, ,Mi.,. \\ . II, I'.ii.iisuii ; lS'/.j i.S;^. 
 .Mrs. J, I'. «.ilininv. iSy(,. .Mrs. (). N. I'lrtdifr ; 
 1.S77 . Mrs. A. W. Ki.c. 
 
 'I'lir: WilMA-.'. II. I IIIM. \.li |iilSliJI\..', II.IM1.-. 
 
 Slli)si rilM inns, (liin.ilidlis, cnlrll.iilinicnls, ;mil |i rs. 
 Till' .1111111. il 1 Aiunsfs, .isidr limu till- .irliiirs con- 
 llililllril. .ilf .'llliilll SJ,!!"'. .'~iilli-r .\|)l"il. 1S77, 
 r(li!L;iiins srlAircs ll.i\c IhtII liclil cvrry S.ll)l),(lll iiy 
 
 Mrs. J. 1^. I'lisicr. Iilii.iiian nl tin- Ncumv; Men's 
 C'lirisli.in Assiiei.ii i. ill ; .-iiiil III r niinisiiMiidns, rni- 
 (leleil lliil iinly .Il lllr lldllle. lull ,lll r| w.irds, ll.ne 
 pi'nved .1 jilissiil;.; In 111, IMS' III lli Hi III 1. il e WcHlliil. 
 
 (Illeiif llie Illiisl i|llli|Ue Ir.lllllcs nf 1 Ilis eliaril V 
 ll.lS lieeli ils I'l.ihy l\eee|il il HIS. 'I lie InsL of lllese 
 
 w.is lu'jil June lo, i.S7,(, wlieii Iwi iiiy-si\ liiile ones, 
 
 (Iressid ill lllcir licsl .111(1 (jriiil.ileii willl riiilxins, 
 received their friends. /\ll.iihii| in ihe iire.'lsl III' 
 f;iell child wis ,l e.llii lie.irill;^ ils n.ime .iiiil .iv^e. Il 
 W.is a piell \' sii^iil , ,11 111 I me I h.il .ililie.iled sn striini^lv 
 til ciiinii.issiiinale he.irls. I li.il .il llie secDiid rei'i'])- 
 tiiili, ill the Inllnwim;- I >eeeinlier, iilliy one of tin: 
 tWeiity-si.\ reinailied, 
 
 'I'lie .'innn.'il ineeiinv; is on the llist 'riiesil;tv in 
 J.'lllli.irv. Ihe hii.ird is eoinposed of two l.idies 
 frnin e.icji (il the I'rnl csl.iiil churches. Tile |)rn|)- 
 I'rty is held hy eleven trustees. The chief onicers 
 liaxc hi'cn : Presidents: i.Sf.S, Mrs. R. Il.iwley; 
 1869 1.S71, .Mrs. 1.. 1,. I'A^v: i,S7i i,S7r). Mrs. K. 
 ilawley; i,S7r, 1X78. Mrs. |. f. joy; 1.S7.S iS.Si, 
 Mrs. [. J. i;.iv;iey; 1S.S1-' , Mrs. J. I'. Joy. 
 Kecordiiivr secret.iries : 1S68 1.S71, Mrs. d. .M. 
 Lane; 1S71, Mrs. .M. J. !■:. Mill.ir; 1X72 1.S74, Mrs. 
 F. U. 'IVrry; 1S74 i.S7,S, .Mrs. (i. M. Lane; 1.S7.S- 
 
 'I'liis inline fill ilcsiiiiiic .111(1 .ih.iiidoiK d children, 
 and lyiiiiL^-in hospit.il fi.r iinfortiiii.iie .nid dcstimii' 
 
 lei Dales, is coiidlicli (1 iiy (lie .Sisli 1 s n| ( h.llll \ . W itii 
 
 .sister .M.iry Siell.i in < li.ii\;c. It \\,is oii;,nii/ei| in 
 liSfii;, .111(1 nil 01 |iiii,iiei| III i.S7\ il cires for ( hil- 
 ilrcn niilil l';ey .ik si\ ye:iis of .ii^e, ,ilter wlinli 
 tunc llic\ ,iie i^i\(ii tor ,ii|o|iiion or traiisleiicil to 
 :in orpii.in ,tsylnin. It li.is m ns cue ,1 ye.uly ,i\er- 
 aye III one liniidi'cd .nid ten c hildrcii ,'iiii| se\eiit\ 
 (Miniiii, 
 
 The lioiiK . ( jpciK il ill Aii',^iist, I .Sfii), w .IS orinin.illy 
 silll.iled on I'lilirteelllh .\\eiine, Ipclweell I l.il/cllc 
 ;ind M.iiaiitelle .Slieels. ( >ii M.ik Ji .• |, i,S7f., it 
 W.IS iiio\ cd to the ( )lil r.cinliiiii lioiiicsi( .III, on th, 
 liorthuesl collier ol .St. ,\iitoll|e ,111(1 [■.li/„il)cth 
 .Sireels, 'I'lie house is in.llllt.lilled l)S simis p.iid 
 lor lin.ird .111(1 by \ (iliini.ii \ doii.ii miis, I hi cost n| 
 ni.iintcii.iiK ('. inchidiii'.; pioli.ililc v.iliie ot lonirilHi 
 tioiis of fond, is .ihoiii ;«)|,(X)o per year. '1 he prop- 
 erly is Worth §jo,(XK). 
 
 '/■//(■ l\,',uiy_i'lii i>l I.KlhiiiUi (>)p/h()i .!/(/ Sdi/t/y. 
 .\lllioiii;h iioi liK .lied in the ( ii\. tills iiislitntion 
 is pr.ictic.illy one of the ell. nil iis of Detroit. \\y\. 
 ( 1. Speckh.ird W.IS ihe loiiiidci .iiid lirsi tcu her nl 
 llic sociel), v\hicli w.is oi\;,ini/ed M.irch 10, 1M7;;, 
 
 II'iCK OT- ri;ilVllll!NCI!. 
 
 • 
 
 ,'ind incorpor.iicil on .\|)ril 1; follow iiii;. It w.is 
 ori).;in.illy located .il Koy.il ( );ik, wlu-re the sociely 
 procured twenty-three ;icres of I,illd. Snl)se(|lienllv 
 il. W.IS removed to Norris, where il ni.ikes use nl 
 tweiilv .leres of kind don.ited by Colonel Norris. 
 'I he Iniilding cnsl !3ii3.5cxj, and was dediejited ji:ly 
 
CIIAKI I Al'.l.l AND 1;I.M;\u1,i... r !,i)UI.l li;s AND INSTII'UnONS. 
 
 6()3 
 
 . Ml--. J. 
 [, I'liiM k- 
 <7 V Mrs. 
 ;; t 1X76. 
 11. idler; 
 
 cliililrfn, 
 
 (l.slillllc 
 llll\ . wiili 
 ,;uii/i'il in 
 , fur I lill- 
 ii-r w liii li 
 sicrnil III 
 •arly .-ivii'- 
 ul sfvcniy 
 
 . Ill iv;in,ill\ 
 
 II D.ll/.llr 
 
 (, iS/d, il 
 ad, on llu 
 
 i;ii/,ii)(iii 
 
 Minis |):ilil 
 
 riic cosi i>i 
 
 I ioIIII'iIhi 
 
 rill |)iii|i- 
 
 insliliiti<in 
 
 roil. l<<v. 
 
 Il Ml licr III 
 
 1 10, 11^71, 
 
 v; 
 
 til,' siii'ii'iv 
 il)sc(|U(iiilv 
 ikcs use "I 
 ml Norris. 
 icilcil Ji'iy 
 
 •!;. IS7S. 'I'ilr .lllMllal nici till'.; is lli'lijiili till MiiilKJ linn. Cllllliat ill'^ llic IlllilV lllmk ln)Mll(|ri| liv Sllill, 
 
 I liursilay in Man li. I lair. • M li alls, ,iiii| I )i'i jiiiiKlrc .Mrccts. u,is ili>nal''(| 
 
 ,\iiy iiiriiilii I III I mills nr Si. I', nil's j.iitliir.iii liy r.isliii|i I'MirvMss. .iml m i.SSi u,is isijin.iicl m 
 
 I liiiri'liis iii.is lir ,1 iiii'Milii r III I Ills siK iciy. Iis|i,ii'- be wnrili iii5,ixii) llu Imiisr \\,is fiiiicd , 1 ,i ('nst 
 
 111 lll.ir (il>)ri I Is 111 1 dm ,ilr III |)li,ilis ,111(1 (|r,if lllllli s, n| $_'.!,ix)i), ,iml orillpliij nil I )r|(il)cr I, liS7fi. .\m 
 
 Tlir ai III. illy disiiiiiii ,iir ,ii|iiiiiiiil hii ; oi liiis p.iy aildil ii ni.il iMiildim^, insiim; jfi.vt.i >()•>, was inii- 
 
 iiiit iiKirc lli.iii §1 '11 1.11 II |i(i' yi.ir. .Si.xty 1 liildnn slimud, .iiid mu iiid nii Oiiolu'r S, |S8_'. IWn 
 
 r.iii lie .11 1 iiiiiiiiiid.iicd, and the avtTi'iji^c atliMdami' himdii'i! ,ind I'lflv' prrsuns cm now !)<■ .H'cummn- 
 
 is iliiny-lliiic, llif liiKil yiaiK i\|)riisfs ,iir ,il)iinl d,iltd. 'rile liiiiils Im llu'sc stnirliirfs were nh- 
 
 «^(,oi)o. Cuiiiribiiiiiiiis [nr iis siippnrt ,iic i.ikiii up l.iincii frniii tlic I'allinlif hislmp ,iml ilcrv;y .ind 
 
 in llic limn Ills. Uiv. J. .\. I lui>;li, lln' tiisi pn-- Inmi nilirr hcncvoli'iU iiidisidn.ils. 
 siilriil, siivrd iiniil .\l.in 11 1 |, 1.S7S, wluii litu.i 1 hi' lioiiic is iii.iiiilaiiR'il witiioiil .my i(A;iil,ir 
 
 siici (('did by Kiv. C. 11. Knlir, In iS.S; Kev. J. .\, nvrmii'. 'I'lic I.illlr Sisters j;n .ibniit^fnmi ikiy in 
 
 1,1 1 1 1 1 sr.i IK.' lliiMi 
 
 III'. Al.l'.li I'uilK. 
 
 i lll(i;li \\.is,m,iiii scr- 
 viii.i;, ('. 11. I'liyii, p 
 llii'lirsi sccrcl.iry.siill 
 i'( iii.iiiis ill oriicc. 
 
 Ilitliiin lUiir.uiliiil 
 Soi illy. 
 
 This snriil\' v\',is 
 ()i\;,mi/cd April (o, 
 1S7 \, and iinnrpiir- 
 ;ilrd jnly -M, 1K75, 
 Il linlds riv;iil;ir imcl- 
 illl.;s III!' SI rnml Muil- 
 il.i\' iif r.irh llinlllll. 
 I lie njiii (IS .il'i- I'lcr- 
 
 I 111 (|n;iri crl y. Il 
 luinilirrs ,il)nnl lliiii\' 
 iiiinibcrs, will) p.iy 
 
 \r.lliy (Inrs nf SCi.(H) 
 
 i.H 11. lis spcrial nb- 
 
 jnls ;irc In assist 
 
 inciiibiis ill ihr I'.isc 
 
 nf sickness, prii\iik; 
 
 fur funer.ils ill llie e\(>nt of deatli, ;iiid ;ilsn lo .issisl 'I'lie iiome is coiidiieled bv .1 Mother Superior 
 
 nieilibeis ill obl.lillini; elliploynielli. \iw\ ele\'eil Sisters, who do their own work, keepilli; 
 
 Ojlicns. rresideiils: 1X7;, I'. r,iliiiieri ; lS7.(- im serv.iiils. Sister Mieh.iel llie ,\nli,mi;el, the 
 
 1.S77, .\. Domleni; 1S77, \'. I'oriii; 1S7.S, I', i'.il- lirsl Superior ;iiid Siiperiiilemleiil, was siueceded 
 
 mil li ; 1.S71;, W. |)i riim,isn; i.S.So, I', j'nli; i,S,Si, by Sister M.irie C'l.iire. X'isitnrs .ire admitted from 
 
 r;. b,irtle_\ ; iiS.Sj, A. Dnmlem; 1 SS 5, bilni Andli. II A.M. In 5 I'. .M. on Week days, ami from 1 lo 5 
 
 SeiTei.aries : 1X7-',, .\. I'nissnlinn; 1S7.1, )'. j'.ilmieri; 1'. .\l. on .Sniidavs. 
 1.S75, (1. I'niiii; !.S7((, !'. r,ilniieii; 1.S77 - i.S7i>, 1'. 
 
 I'.ili; 1.S7,, i.SSi. P, j-ahiiieri; iSSi, J. Dmiden.; '''"' """"h"' Homr for OU /..u/i.s. 
 
 iiS.Sj, I'. |',uili; i.SS^, C. M,irtello. 'i're.isiirers: 'i'liis niv.mi/..iiioii. iij) tn the timtM)f the eoniple- 
 
 i-'>73 ^^77< \'. l'"oriii; 1.S77. A, Dondem; 1S7S- tion of ils own home, m.ide list- of jLirt of the 
 
 iiSHo, \'. iMirni; i.S.So and iSSi, ,\. Doiidcro; iSS^, liuildin- owned by the lloimr of v\v l''rieiiilless 
 
 1'. I'mli; 1.S.S3, ,\. Dnmlero. Assoei.-itiuii on Warren Avenue, 'i'he institnlion 
 
 owes ils existeiiee to the iieiictieeiiee of Mrs. D.ivid 
 
 /'//. /.////,• S/s/,-rs' lloiih' for Ihr .(vvV Poor. Tliompsoii, who i:i 1874 cuiilribuicd llic sum of 
 
 'I'lu- Sisters in eh.iri;i- of this home were invited §io,cxk) in cash .is ,1 fund for its ost.-iblishmeiit. 
 
 lieie by iiishoi) l)ori;i'ss in I1S72. Their lirst home, 'I'his momy w.is ir.iiisferred to the Home of the 
 
 llie old l'i(|iiette 1 loiiso, on the northwest eoriicr of l''rieiidless Im .1 inortv;;iv;e of §;„50() ,iiid three lots 
 
 lort Street and l'"oiirti"entii Aveiuie, w.is opened on W.irren Avenue; the lii.in w.is rep.iid .ind the 
 
 M;iy 20, 1.S74, with twenty inmates; the use of the lots rede(Miied in i.SH',. In Deeember, 18.S2, Mrs. 
 
 house was given by ils owiiefb. Their jiresenL luca- Tliompsoii inatle .1 further donation, piircliasing .1 
 
 d.iy solieiting the 
 nil. ins for its support. 
 The poor of both 
 se.xes, and nf .ins re- 
 lii;iiilis f.'iilh. il nlil 
 ,iiid di stilnle, ,ire re- 
 eeived nil the leiniil- 
 iiii'iiil.iliiin III .in\' 111 
 the I'.lthnlie clergy 
 nf the St.ile. In iSKj 
 there were one huil- 
 dnd and tweiily iii- 
 m.iles, sixly-live men 
 .1111 1 lifly-tive w I linen. 
 Tlu' soeiely wasin- 
 corpor.ited I )ei ember 
 I .'. I.S7.|. The prop- 
 el I \ is \(sled In live 
 llllslees. members nf 
 the iiiilir, wliii are 
 elected ;it the annii.il 
 meelin.i; on the second 
 iMoiidaN in I.inii,irv. 
 
664 
 
 CIIARITAnLE AND HENEVOLEXT SOCIETIES AXD INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 lot fur ihe huiuc on the iuulhuasL corner of Cass 
 and Hancock Avcnncs; the Int is one liundrcd and 
 t\vrnty-si\ fi'i't on Cass by one lumdrcd and fifty- 
 four on Hancock Avciuic, and cost $5,900, On this 
 property, diirinvj I1S.S4, she c(in)|>letcd the erection 
 of ;in tlej;ant and subsl;intial structure, sixty hy 
 ninety fet't, cont.'iinini;' forty nioins. 1 lu' i)uil(lim^ 
 h.is ;i tower ei^ht)- feel hi^h .ind till' entire cost 
 reached fulK' Si-. 000. all jirdvided l)y the ^tncrous 
 donor. 
 
 A society for the mana.ijcmcnt of tlio homo was 
 incorixiniteil on A\i\i\ 10, 1875. The annual meet- 
 ing; is on the second Tuesday in January. 
 
 The object of the inst'tution is to provide a home 
 for aj(ed women. 
 In its oriiL^inal 
 location it had 
 accommoda- 
 tions for only 
 eleven persons, 
 and many api)li- 
 cations were nn- 
 heeded for want 
 of room. A 
 
 Committee on 
 Ap|)licatioii is 
 annuallyelecLed. 
 and no iierson is 
 received into the 
 home as an in- 
 mate without re- 
 c om mendation 
 from this com- 
 mittee, nor ex- 
 cept on their 
 order. No per- 
 s(jn is ridmitted 
 who has not n- 
 sided in Michi- 
 tjan during the 
 ten years pre- 
 
 eedinu; her application, unless by the unanimous 
 vote of not less than sixteen of the manasjcrs pres- 
 ent at a rejjjular mectinjjf. Persons under sixty vi'.'irs 
 of atje arc nut admitteti either as boarck'rs or pi'u- 
 sioners, unless by a \ote of two thirds of the whole 
 number of managers. All candidates for admission 
 must furnish satisfactory testimonials of the respec- 
 tability ei their character and the propriety of their 
 conduct. I'endinv^ admission, each ]icrson is re- 
 ceived on a ]in)i)atii)n of three months, after which 
 time the lio.ard of Managers .acts detlnitely on the 
 case, and if not conllrmed ;is a iierm.incnt inmate, 
 
 The TiKiMi'soN Home. 
 
 man.iged by a bo.ard of thirty-two tiustecs, who, 
 with the other olticers, must in all cases be ladies 
 belonging to or .atti'iiding the I'rotest.int cluirchi - 
 of the city. The trustees ilect the olficers from 
 their own number. The thirty-two trustees named 
 in the articles of incorpor.ition were divided into 
 four classes of eight jiersons each, and one of these 
 classes goi'S out of office every year. 
 
 The annual expenses are about $1,500, and the 
 home is supported by donations and interest on the 
 admission fees. The officers liave been : 
 
 Presidents: 1875-1877, Mrs. David Preston; 1877- 
 , Mrs. David Thompson. Secretaries; 1875- 
 1882, Miss E. P. Kirby; 1882, Mrs. J. S. New- 
 berry; 1883- 
 ,Miss E.]'. 
 Kirby. Treas- 
 urers: 1875- 
 1880, Mrs. John 
 S. New berry ; 
 1880- ,Mrs. 
 K. (j. Evans. 
 
 '/Vic lVorl-/i!j^ 
 U'o/>/ tilt's 
 
 Hoiiic. 
 
 The begin- 
 ning of this 01- 
 g;mi;:ation dates 
 from March 7, 
 1877, at which 
 time the first 
 meeting in re- 
 gard to it was 
 held in the hall 
 of the Young 
 .Men's Christian 
 Associ.uion. Its 
 constitution was 
 adopted April 
 2^, officers were 
 elected May 4, and the society was incorporated 
 on December 3. 1877. 
 
 The annual nucting is on the first Monday in 
 April. Twenty lady tr.istees, w ho must be mem- 
 bers of Protestant churches, elect the officers and 
 also the executive connnittee of five ladies, who 
 meet weekly. The home was opened on May 28, 
 1877, in a portion of the Haigh lilock on Jefferson 
 Avenue. It was afterwards moved to No. 41 Con- 
 gress Street West; then, on June 6, 1881, to No. 
 "8, north side of the same street, and on Ajiril 25, 
 
 t is designed to 
 il.ice 
 
 1883, to No. 120 Cass Street. I 
 
 the .idmission fee, which is not less than S300, after afford a .safe and respectable boarding pl.ice for 
 
 deductingbo.-irdat the rateof three doll.irs per week, girls and women who are temporarily out of em- 
 
 is returned. ployment, and has an average of twenty-one board- 
 
 Thc business of the corporation is controlled and crs jiaying at the rate of $.2.00 per week. Girls 
 
trusU'fS, who, 
 asis he ladies 
 staiit chunlu . 
 : (lilu-crs from 
 rustees naiiu'd 
 J divided into 
 (1 one of lliese 
 
 11,500, and llie 
 interest on tin- 
 ■en : 
 
 I'reston ; 1S77- 
 etarics: 1875- 
 •s. J. S. Xew- 
 erry; iiS<S3- 
 , Miss ]•:.]'. 
 lirby. Trcas- 
 rers: 1S75- 
 880, Mrs. Jolin 
 New berry ; 
 8S0- ,Mrs. 
 ^. (j. Kvans. 
 
 I' he Workhii^ 
 
 W'oiiuxii's 
 
 Home. 
 
 The bccjii''- 
 ling of tliis 01- 
 
 ani;;ation dates 
 roni March 7, 
 1S77, at which 
 inic the first 
 U'eiinjj; in re- 
 ird to it was 
 
 Id in tlie hail 
 the Vouni;- 
 
 en's Christian 
 
 ssoci.ition. Its 
 onstitiition was 
 
 opted April 
 6, officers were 
 incorporated 
 
 •A Monday in 
 lUst be nieni- 
 e ollicers and 
 ladies, who 
 :i on May 28, 
 on Jefferson 
 No. 41 Coii- 
 kSSi, to No. 
 on April 25, 
 designed to 
 ins;- jilace for 
 ont of eni- 
 ty-one board- 
 week. Girls 
 
 CHARITAr.Ll': AND i'.I'.NFA'OLfA"!' SOCIimi'.S AND INSTriTTlONS. 
 
 665 
 
 I iiijiloved in stores and shops, whose homes are far 
 from tlu'ir jtlaces of business, find heri' a pleas;uii 
 restini^ jilaee and a i^ood dinner for the sm.all sum 
 of tifii'cn cents. In connection with this work an 
 iiitrlli,^;ence office is maintained, which, from the 
 first, lias been wonderftiliy useful. Applicants for 
 
 Marsh; 1883, Mrs. J. li. I'.loss; 
 .\. Chan.ey. 
 
 I S84- 
 
 Mrs. H. 
 
 ZoAU Ok1'H.\.N AsVI.UM, Sl'KI.NGWELI.S. 
 
 help pay fifty cents; those seeking places pay fees of 
 twenty-five cents e.ach, and these sums do much 
 towards sustainiivj; the institution. No recommen- 
 dations are j,,dven or retjuired (^ther than such as 
 ordinary {.^ood jud,i;nu'nt would dictate. During; 
 the year 1SS3 ei.nht hundred and twenty-three 
 women were provided with steady employment, and 
 a l.irvje number with occasion.al work. 
 
 In addition to supplyini^ help in the city, hundreds 
 of j,nrls have been rescued from temptation by beinjj 
 sent to various jiarts of the State; when thus sent 
 out of the city, both their character .and tii.at of the 
 pl.icc to which they ,i;o are cirefully investiiii.'ited. 
 
 The annu;il expenses of the home .are .about 
 S:,ooo .and it is the aim of the society to m.ake it 
 self-sustaining. 
 
 The following officers have served: Presidents: 
 
 1877, Mrs. J. j. IS.agley; 1878, Mrs. I). .M. Rich- 
 ardson; 1879, Mrs. L. 1>. Austin; 1880, Mrs. J. H. 
 Mulliken; 1881-1884, Mrs. \V. F.I.inn; 1SS4- 
 Mrs. J. 15. Mulliken. Corresponding Secretaries: 
 
 1878, Mrs. M. J. I-:. Millar; 1879. Mrs. L. H. Austin; 
 1880. Mrs. W. F. Linn; 1S81, Mrs. J. \\. Mulliken; 
 1X82-1884, Mrs. M. H. M.arsh; 1884- . Mrs. H. 
 Cardner. Recording .Secretaries: 1877, Mrs. J.N. 
 Fuller; 1878. .Mrs. S. Nay; 1879-1882, Miss A. M. 
 Ilarrah; 1882, Mrs. FI. N. P. Hlodgett : 1883. Mrs. 
 11. A. Chaney; 1884- , Miss Ijiima Hayward. 
 Treasurers: 1877. J. B. H. IJr.atshaw; 187S and 
 
 1879, G. W. Hoffman; 1S80, Mrs. Ira D. liush; 
 18S1, Miss Gertrude Banks; 1SS2, Mrs. M. H. 
 
 Ziiar Orfthan Asylum of /.ion Grrman Ro formed 
 C It It yell. 
 
 This asylum wms incorjior.ated in 1880, and 
 established in 1881, b}- the church .above n.imed. 
 Its grounds consist of thirty lots in S|iringwells on 
 I I.arvey Street, between the River Road .and I'ort 
 Strict. 'I'hey cost $5,500; the building cost $2,336, 
 and was opened Ajiril i, 1882. In Januarv, 1883, 
 its inmates were fifteen orphans .and three widows. 
 
 'f^he Detroit Day Xiirsery (Did Kiiideri^'iirten 
 
 .Issiieidtioii. 
 
 This society was organi/.ed .antl incorporated No- 
 vember 21, 1881, chielly through the efforts of Mrs. 
 v.. C. Preston. The object is to provitle a pl.ace 
 where children from infants up to si.x yeais old can 
 be cared for and taught while their parents are at 
 work, on payment of five cents a <la\ for each child. 
 Further amounts necessary to sustain the institu- 
 tion arc obtained by membership fees of S2.00 per 
 year and voluntary donations from those favoring 
 this practical charity. Luther Beeeher gave the 
 society Lots 17 and 18 on the north side of Church 
 Street at head of Tenth, valued at about $2,500, and 
 in 1882 a brick building costing $5,000 w.as erected 
 thereon. It was formally opened on January 18, 
 1883. 
 
 Dktkoit Dav Nl'kserv .xsn Kini)er(;autkn I1uili)is(;. 
 
 The first trustees were Mrs. Newell Avery, Mrs. 
 Z. Kddv, Mrs. Jefferson Wiley. Mrs. I). M. Richard- 
 son. Mrs. D. V. Bell. Mrs. C. H. P.uhl. Mrs. W. N. 
 Haillm.an. Mrs. H. V.. Champion, Mrs. William 
 Ke.ivev, Mrs. M. H. Marsh, Mrs. E. C. Preston, and 
 Mr. Hoyt Post. 
 
 The first officers of the society were : President, 
 Mrs. E.C. Preston; Vice-President. Mrs. George H. 
 
^ 
 
 666 
 
 ciiAKiiAiii.i': AND i;i:Ni;\'nij:N T s()cii:iii;.s a\'I) iNsrrii'iioNS. 
 
 Hammond ; Scircliuy, Mrs. W. I'.. Anthony ; Trcas- 
 nicr, Mrs. II. II. Champion. All the al)o\i; wcic in 
 ollicc in 18S3. 
 
 Coii'i'tiit of the Good S/icphrrd, 
 This institution was inau,v(iiratt'(l on November 
 22, 1S.S3, i)y live Sisters of the Order of tlie ("lOod 
 .Slu'iiherd, who arrived here from ,Si. Louis on that 
 day. In anticipation of their arrival the property 
 known as tiie Ward ri'sidenee at N\). 792 Fort Street 
 West, near Nineleentii Street, u.is |>urehase(l at a 
 cost of S24,CKX). TIh' oi)jeet of the instilnlioii is to 
 
 
 Emm 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 ;4 
 
 V ^ ' 'r ^ 
 
 1 
 
 .J 
 
 " 1 •; > 
 
 * 
 
 
 IF^^ "iB^ 
 
 — ■" 
 
 SS iSlEl 
 
 Sfc-r-v liJSir •■IB ■ 
 
 T>nfni:Trvir* •ui 1 
 
 7~ I 'T^' ,* r^,ir. 
 
 111 
 
 »■','■ 
 
 jr- 1 — — ^- 
 
 
 i^^ 
 
 ■ 1 —-"I 
 
 Catmiii.h Convent of this (Ihdek di- the GoOu Sheiiieud 
 
 reclaim fallen women and to rescue those in danger 
 of njoing astray. 
 
 Roman CathoJic Beneficial Societies. 
 
 There are si.\ of these on^ani/.ations, with about 
 one hundred members each, e.xcept the Hibernian, 
 wliich has nearly three hundred. The members 
 pay monthly dues uf from 25 to 5J cents. The 
 societies afford relief to their members in sickness, 
 and also, to some extent, relieve the widows and 
 orphans of deceased members. 
 
 St. i'atrick's .Society w as ori;.ini/.etl in 1836, reor- 
 ,u;anized in 1857, again on March 7, 1S67, and for 
 the third time on March f), 1872. 
 
 .St. Joseph's was organi/A'd in 1847, .and incorpor- 
 ated June 6, 1864. 
 
 St. Jean Baptistc was organized in 1S68, and 
 incorporated Novembet* 20, 1871. 
 
 St. Vincent De I'aiil was organized November 3, 
 1868, and incorporated January i, 1869. 
 
 The Ililx lian Society was organized August 6, 
 1871, and incorporated November 9. 1873. 
 
 St. Boniface Soeiety was organized in Juno, 1872. 
 
 /)et><>it . I.ss(>i iiitio/i 11/ Cliarilies. 
 
 The list of charitable institutions may well be 
 roncluded with this sorit'ty, which co-operati's with 
 and seeks to m.ike more elft'ctive the work of all 
 the others. In 18X3 tifty-two different churches and 
 charities .availed themselves of its knowledge .and its 
 methods. 
 
 The speci.-il object of the association is to prevent 
 imposition, repress street begging, ami to belter 
 the condition of the honest and deserving poor. It 
 seeks to assist chantable societies and the public 
 generally to direct their benevolence into channels 
 where it will do good rather than harm. To this 
 end the a.s.sociation investigates the cases of .ill 
 .apiilicants for relief who may appeal to citizens, 
 church societies, charitable institutions, or city ofli- 
 cers. The city is divided into convenient districts 
 for investig.ation, with .an ollice and committee for 
 each district, and a central oflice at 10 Merrill Block. 
 The association imdert.'ikes to furnish suitable ein- 
 |)loyment to those in need of work, and gives orders 
 for meals and lodgings, which are good only 
 when endor.setl by the police ollicer in charge of 
 the central sl£ition. Professional begg;irs .ami 
 those unworthy of aid are thus detected, as .ill 
 a|)])lic.ants are brought imder the eye of this one 
 officer. 
 
 liy the efforts of the association, a law providing 
 for the punishment of those who ])urposely neglect 
 to proxide for their f.amilies, w.as |).isse(l. .and its 
 intlueiice has been s.alut.iry in m.iny cases. Tin 
 expenses for 18S3 were §2,067, obtained ehielly 
 from subscriptions. 
 
 'I'hrough the inlluence of the society, the owmrs 
 of the ste.amer Carrie Blood, .and the Detroit, Wind- 
 sor, and Belle Isle I'erry Com]i;iny during 18.S3 
 don.ated the use of their bo.ats to inmates of .ayslunis 
 and ch.aritable institutions for .several e.xcursions on 
 the river. 
 
 In 18.S3, 2.236 cases were brought lo the notice of 
 the association ; worK w.as obtained for 1,209 persons, 
 and the needs of all looked .after. 
 
 The society was first est.iblished in 1878, l.ugcly 
 through the efforts of .Mrs. Morse Stew.ut. It wa:- 
 reorganized on /\pril 22, 1S80. The presidents have 
 been; 187S 1 880, ( leorge C Bangdon ; 1880 1881, 
 B. I,. IS.ubour; 1882, C. C. Trowbridge; 1883- 
 (i. \'. N. Bothrop. The secretaries h.ave been: 
 1878-1880, W. IB Smith ; 1880-1883, John Stirling; 
 1883- , R. R. Klliott. 
 
 The total value of the property of the v.arinus 
 priv.ate eharit.iblo and phil.aiuhropie institutions 
 ri^aches fully $650,000, .and the lot.al yearly expenses 
 foot up about $35,000, nearly 1,000 persons being 
 cared for. 
 
)NS. 
 
 n/'/it's. 
 
 s may uc-ll Ix- 
 •o-opcratrs witli 
 tlu' work of all 
 nt cliiirchcs and 
 owlfdijv and its 
 
 )n is to prevent 
 and to better 
 •rvin,i( \MMw. It 
 and the piil)lir 
 e into channels 
 harm. To this 
 he cases of all 
 eal to citizens. 
 >ns, or city ofli- 
 enient (hstricts 
 committee for 
 
 Merrill I'.ldck. 
 ish suitable em- 
 iid j.;i\cs orders 
 ;ire j^^ood only 
 r in ciiarne of 
 
 bctjirars and 
 ietected, as all 
 3ye of tliis one 
 
 law providing; 
 rposely ni'i;li( t 
 )assed. and its 
 ly eases. The 
 Hained chielly 
 
 L'ty, tiie owners 
 Detroit, W'ind- 
 y diirin.i; itS,S3 
 ;ites of ayslums 
 
 1 excursions on 
 
 10 the notice iif 
 ■ l,2oy per.scjns, 
 
 11 tSjS, lari.;(ly 
 ewart. it wa- 
 ^residents have 
 m ; iiSJSc) 1881, 
 ,'e; 1S83- 
 
 ■s have l)een : 
 , John Stirling ; 
 
 of the various 
 
 )ie institution'^ 
 
 y-eariy expcnsi s 
 
 persons beini; 
 
 PART IX 
 
 LITERARY. 
 
Cll ATTI'li J. XIX. 
 
 l..\Rl.\' Mi;'lII()l)S ol IM I' 
 
 (;r.wi:vakij. 
 
 iMiiN".. nil. MKsr Ni.\vsi'.\i'i:ks. 'I'lii: \iavsi'ai'i;k 
 i.i\i.\(. I'ai'i;ks AM) 1'i;ki(>i;icals. — cri'V 
 
 rklNlKKS.- NLWSliUVS. 
 
 i:\Ki.v Mi:iii(ii)S i>i- I'l r.i.iMiiNC. 
 
 I'lii: |)iil)lisliinj4 coiuciiiiiiics <if caily days wen; 
 f( \s indeed. Notices al lllsl wire left al the (inor 
 (il cMiy liniiM-, aiul in the time of the I'oiitiae War 
 were nailed tu tiieehiirih diitir. A tew ye.irs after, 
 ih<' town erier made iiis a|)|)earaiiee ; an old aeeonnl 
 l)(i(il< shows that tliat |)osiiion was lilted hy Thomas 
 Williams, who, on January 25, 17.S1, is credited eiyjhi 
 sjiillinj^s for " pnhlishini; to brinj.; in bUaw, " ami on 
 Aiit^nsl ij the estate of Jai(iiies St. Martin is 
 charged by A. iV \V. Macomb with fourteen shil- 
 liiij^s, paid to Thomas Williams for ■'diuni-beatiuv^ 
 and ptiblisliin;.^." 'I'he drinn was evidently iiscil lu 
 aitrael attention lo the notices. 
 
 In slill later days other methods were in use; .-md 
 rheiiphihis Metle/, wiio was a publisher of reiii^ions 
 biHjks, became also the general piiblibiier u( news. 
 Il will be renieml)ere(l that about |S(J9 tlic in- 
 liabitanis wee ciiielly Freiieli, and could n(jt ha\e 
 r( ad an lln^lish paper, even liad one been issued, 
 llierefore some other n)ethod of malsinv; public 
 aunoimccments became nt(issary. .No occasion 
 called more pcoph- toi^cllui' oi" afforded i)etter 
 iipportmiiiies for noii<'es than the weekly servi<es at 
 St. /\nni''s. I'riend Melliv, the printer and book- 
 binder of that period, w,is e(|nal to the demand of 
 tile times; at the 1 lose of ser\icc in St. .Xnni's, Ik: 
 would ehan.i;<' his .icolyte dress for iiis regular habit, 
 station himself .it oiu' side of the eihtice, ami, from 
 Sunday to .Sunday, announce the enterl.iinnunls 
 of the coming week and other iveiits that were to 
 occur. In this way iliie notice was i;iven of the 
 races on ihe Ivom^c, the auction s.ales of merch.an- 
 (lisc, and of .ill the curri'iit e\enls of that i)iimitive 
 period, 'li-.-idiiion says that .an I'.piscop.ili.iu lay 
 leader, Willi;im McDowell Scott, w.is aicustomed, 
 at the liose of his si'r\i<'es, to .innounce the time 
 and place of ilu' ne.\t fox-hunt. The publication of 
 ime kind of notices by criers is within the nietnory 
 of ni.iny persons. Hefore the present police system 
 W.IS est.'ibiished, when a child w.is lost ;i erier went 
 iliroiijrh the city rin.i;in,i; .1 bell .and at inlerv.ils r.ais- 
 iii'< the cry. "Child lost! Chilil lost!" — a cry thai 
 always .startled anil alarmed. 
 
 ■nil. I IKsr NKWsl' M'I'.K.S, 
 
 fn the p.aris of ( ■.ui.id.i ■^ovcrn-d by the I'reiicli 
 no priiilin^ of ,uiy kind was allowed lo be done. 
 'I'he laiv;lish sciilcmeiits were supplied with p.ipers 
 .il ,1 very e.irly d.ilc. Within three ve.irs .ificr il.ili- 
 f.ix w.is louudcil, n.niielv on \I.irch J 5, 175.;, the 
 lirst number of ,1 jKipcr c.illed The il.alif.ix Ca/.ette 
 W.IS issued. 'I'his W.IS the lirst newsp.ipcr publisln-d 
 in wh.it is now known .as Canada. It was .a four- 
 p.ii.;e sheet, of two columns lo a paije, and was 
 |)rinti-d by John lluslmcll. 
 
 The iie.xt p.iper issued in Canad.i w.is e.ailed 'Ihe 
 (Hiebec ( l.i/ette. \dllime I, Numl)er I, is d.ated 
 June 2[, 17(14. '' st.arted with .1 list of one hundred 
 .and lifly subscribers .uid w.is prinlcd in l)oih Ireiiih 
 .111(1 JMiidisli. 
 
 West of ilic .Mlenh.inies the earliest p.ipcr w.as 
 The (i.i/elle, issued .it l'ittsbiirj.;li by John Scull 
 and Joseph Hall. Tl ■ lirst number w.is il.aled 
 July i>), 17.SO. ;\ liitle more tli.iii .1 year .afterw.ards. 
 on .August II, 17.S7, John lir.ullord issued the lirst 
 number of The Kelltucke (l.a/.elte ;il I.e.\iliiL;loii. It 
 was published for m.iny ye.irs. It is said that .1 
 piijier w.as .also published .at Kno.wille in 1795. The 
 first p.iper which .ippe.ued north and we.st of ihe 
 Ohio w.as called The C'lntinel of Northwest I erri- 
 lory, .and w.is published by Willi.im M.ixwcll .at 
 C'incinn.ili. No. 1 w.is issued November 9, 179J. 
 It w.as .1 half sheet, (juarto form, it was i)ureh.iseil 
 in 1796 by I'M ward I'leemaii, who ehani.;ed its 
 n.aine to l^'reeiiLin's Joiirn.al. He is s.iid lo h.ave 
 printed it on |).iper m.ide .il or near Cincinnati. The 
 p.i|)er w.as lin.illy imblislied at Chillicothe. 
 
 The Si lota (lazetle w.as published .at C'hillieolhc 
 in icSoo by N'.ath.aniel Willis, the f.itlur of N. !'. 
 Willis, K.anny I'ern, .and Kicli.ird Storrs Willis. In 
 1799 then W.IS published ,1 p.iper called The West- 
 ern Spy .and Hamilton ( la/.etle. In 1823 its name 
 w.as ch.an^red to N.ilion.il Kepul)lic.tn .and Ohio 
 Political kenister, ,ind the s.anie year it w.is merited 
 with I'Veeni.in's Joiirn.il. On Deeeniber 9, ito4, 
 The I.ii)erty H.ill .and C'ineinnati Meniiry first 
 .appeared, it w.as published for eleven years, .and 
 then united witii The Cincinnati I ja/.etle, which was 
 
V 
 
 670 
 
 THE NEWSl'Al'l.R (;RA\I:V.\K1). 
 
 eMt;il)iiNln.(l ill hSof). In iSo.S ,i paper was publislud 
 at \'iiiicmics, and The St. l.ouis RcpiibliLan ,nul 
 'I'liu Missouri (iazcllc arc said to have l)ccn piib- 
 lishril the same year at St. Louis. The I'ittsl)uri;h 
 Cninnionwealih ,i papei' wiiicii |)ai(l siieiia! attention 
 ti) news froiu Hetroil, was lirsi issued on July 24, 
 1S05, and was pubiisheil as late as May, i8oy, 
 
 ■nil'. NKWSl'AI'KR t;K.\vi'.v.\ki>. 
 
 The newsiwpcr Iiistnry of Detroit abundantly 
 illustrates these lines of an old hymn : — 
 
 " DnnviTs sland thick thrniisli all Uii' grouml 
 Til push us to the luinli." 
 
 Since iSog the city has witnessed the rise and fall 
 of one hundred ami cij^hty-one different and dis- 
 tinct literary ventures in the way of papers and 
 nia;.,M/.ines. The lirst of th( se was 
 
 The M/t/u\^tin /'.sstiy or Impartial Ohscr^'cr. 
 
 It is said that "history rejieats itself." As to this 
 paper, that which is r.cither history nor fact has 
 been repealed o\er and over a,!.;ain, one person 
 after another h.iving copietl the niisstalenients of 
 some i)retlecessor. .\s a sample of a score of other 
 statements 1 tiuote the follow inv;: — 
 
 'I'liL' Kssai du Miiliij;an iir ( llisrrvaliiir Impaili.il * * * 
 was (irst issued by I atlicr Ciabrli 1 Uichaid, * * * J:inu s M. 
 Miller bi'iu)i the [Jiinti r. It w.is priiiUd lualiily in I'luiich, but 
 Iiad an ICiiglish dtparhutaU. 
 
 In collecting:; materials for the history of Detroit 
 I fouiul in Worcester, M.issachuselts, \'olume I, 
 Number 1, of this, the tirst pa[)er ever issued in 
 Michixaii ; I had photographs taken of its four pa^es, 
 and tin y show that this identical number has a 
 history of its own. It was sent to Isaiah 'I'homas 
 of Wop.cster, author of the tirst " History of i'rint- 
 invr" published in America. On the margin is the 
 following : 
 
 Ui'iCA, N. v., August j, iSio. 
 
 Itlr. Thomas : 
 
 Sir,— I srnd ynu this papir, publisluil by a friciul of uiino, to 
 insLTt in yiiur " History ol rrintiuii;." If hu sees your advurtisu- 
 mcut he will send you inori', perhaps, of later dale. 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 C. S. McCllN.SKl.l.. 
 
 The paper was undoubtedly iirinteil on a sm.ill 
 hand-press brought overland to Detroit from Haiti- 
 more by the Rev. (iabriel Richard, and one or more 
 books were printed before the paper was issued. 
 
 Father Kichard, however, was not the publisher, 
 and his name nowhen,' appears in the p.aper. It is 
 distinctly stated at the head that it is "printed and 
 published by James M, Miller." It is dated .\ugust 
 31, I1S09; was to be published every Thursday, ami 
 has four columns to a page, each page being 9,'+ by 
 16 inches. The title is not in French, and instead of 
 
 being |)rinU(l niainly in th.it langu;igc, but one and 
 a half columns otit of the sixteen are in French, —not 
 one tenth of the paper. 
 
 The make-up consists of articles from the London 
 Morning Chronicle, Liverpool Aurora, New \ork 
 Spectator. Pittsburgh Commonwealth, Tlnston Mir- 
 ror, and items I'reditcd to iSaltimori: .ind Dulcli 
 papers. I'here are also extracts from Young's 
 " Night Thoughts " and from O.ssian ; three short 
 poems on livening, llapi)iness, and Futurity; ,1 
 communication on Manufactures, and short prose 
 articles on Politeness, F.irly Rising, ami Husbandry. 
 The information from Lurope is from four to live 
 months okl, .and th.it from various parts of tin: 
 LInited St;ites was new from four to six weeks before 
 its publication in the Fss.iy. '["here are no loc.il items 
 of any sort whatever, and of course no telegraphic 
 or market news, .'ind l)ut one ailverlisement, thai 
 of St. Anne's School. In the only article at all of the 
 nature of an editori.il, "the public are respectfully in- 
 formed that the Fssay will be conducted with the 
 utmost imiJartiality ; that it will not espouse any 
 political [Jarty, but fairly and candidly communicate 
 whatever may be deemed worthy of information, 
 whether foreign, domestic, or loc.il ;" and " gentlemen 
 of talents are invited to contribute to our columns 
 wh,'ite\er they suppose will be acceptable and bcne- 
 llcial to the public, yet always remembering th.at 
 nothingof a controversial nature w'ill be admissible. " 
 
 Elsewhere in the paper the publisher announces 
 that he proposes to print several works, such as 
 "Nine Days' Devotion of tiie Sacred Heart of Jesus; 
 a Manual of Agriculture; cards of small pictures for 
 the study of history, geograj'jhy, etc. ; and a Cyclo- 
 pedia of .Anecdotes for children." 
 
 'I'lie price of the paper was "S5 a year to city 
 subscribers, I4.50 by mail to residents of Upper 
 Canada and Michigan, and $4 to more distant sub- 
 scribers." .\d\ertisements not exceeding a square 
 were to be 50 cxnts for the hrst, and 25 cents for 
 each subsequent insertion. 
 
 After the facts concerning this paper had been 
 brought to light three additional copies were found. 
 One of them w.is obtained by II. E. liaker, of The 
 I'ost and Tribune, from Thomas Lee, of Leeville, in 
 whose possession it had been for nearly tifty years; 
 the other was found by William Mitchell, of Detroit, 
 among a lot of old papers. ISoth of these copies 
 are duplicates of the one already described. A 
 fourth copy of the s;ime issue is known to have been 
 in the collection of the old Detroit Museum, and 
 still another copy of \'olume I, Number I, is known 
 to be in existence, it thus .appears that the only 
 copies that have ever been described, or that any 
 living person has seen, were of \'olume I, Number 
 I, and no authentic .statement has ever been made 
 that more than one number was issued, Hrown's 
 
iiii: m;\\.si'ai'i:k (.ra\i;vaki). 
 
 671 
 
 L;f, l)ut (iiie ami 
 11 I'lviuli, — not 
 
 (im tin- I.oiuion 
 jra, New \'urk 
 li, lUiston Mir- 
 n'l; ami Dutcli 
 
 from ^'uLiiiij's 
 in ; throe slion 
 1(1 FuUirily ; ,[ 
 11(1 short prost 
 iikI Ihisbaiuhv. 
 1)111 four to liM 
 IS parts of tin: 
 lix weeks before 
 re no local itein^ 
 
 no teiei^rapiiii 
 tisciuenl, lliai 
 iele at all of the 
 : respectfully iii- 
 liicteil with the 
 i)t espouse any 
 ly coininunicate 
 of inforinatioii, 
 iiul " ireiUleineii 
 to uur euluiniis 
 table and bene- 
 leiiiberinif that 
 
 be admissible. " 
 sher announces 
 works, such as 
 
 I leart of Ji'sus; 
 
 lall i)ictures for 
 . ; and a Cyclo- 
 
 a year to city 
 leals of Upper 
 ire distant sub- 
 ■edinv; a S(iiiare 
 id 25 cents for 
 
 iper had been 
 ies were found, 
 liaker, of I'lie 
 , of LeeN'ille. in 
 rly lifty years; 
 lell, of Detroit. 
 f these cop.ics 
 described. A 
 n to have been 
 
 Museum, and 
 )er 1, is known 
 
 that the only 
 d, or that any 
 me I, Number 
 rer been made 
 ued. Ihown's 
 
 " Cami)ai,i;iis of the Western Army" says, "Only 
 iliree numbers were issued;" but from the connection 
 in which this statement appears, it is evident that it 
 was made merely to indicate that the i)a|)er was 
 hliort-lived, and not to lix delinitely the number of 
 i^^ues. It is doubtful whether more than one nuin- 
 her was printed. Mr. Miller, the ixiblislur, came 
 here from I'tici, and died at Ithaca, .New ^'ork, in 
 the sprin;^' of i(S38. 
 'I'he second paper published 1,1 Michij^an was 
 
 TJir Drtroit Gazette, 
 
 ;i weekly, issued by Sheldon iV Reed. Its jniblica- 
 tion was continued without intermission for nearly 
 thirteen years, and fortunately nearly every number 
 has been preserved. 
 
 It was a Democratic p.aper, ;ind established ;it the 
 su;<,ifestion and under the p.itrona^e of (io\ernor 
 Cass. The first number was issueil on July 25, 
 1.S17. The price was S4..00 .1 year to city subscrib- 
 ers ,111(1 S.vS^ when sent by mail. It was printed in 
 the old Seek House, near Wayne Street. Its situa- 
 lidii was then described as beini^j "on Atwater 
 Street, a few doors abo\-e the public wharf." In 
 October, 181S, it was inn\t(l to a small wooden 
 huildinjr on driswold Sti . just below Jelferson 
 .\venue. The print ineasmcd 9^-^ by 1612' inches, 
 made up in four columns. I'he type was boiirifeois 
 and lonj.( primer, evidently second-hand. The press 
 used was one of Ramaji^e's, and as the j^laten was 
 only half the si/.c of the sheet, it re(|uired two |)li!1s 
 to make a complete impression. On the last paii^e 
 a few of the more important articles were repro- 
 duced in l'"rench. 
 
 Occasionally the type-cases were overtaxed, and 
 the number for October 18, 1822, tjives the names 
 of signers to a call for a public meetinjij in so many 
 kinds and sizes of type that one mi,i,dit imagine that 
 the compositor had just returned from a w;ike. 
 
 That [Hiblishers had their tribulations then as 
 now is evidenced by a notice in The dazette for 
 September 11, 1818. After warning the people 
 ai^ainst a person who had defrauded thein, the pub- 
 lislK-rs say : 
 
 Citixuns will) have- been wruiigcci by scuuudicU li.ivu only to 
 SLiul a notice of their wrongs and tile name of the scoundrel to 
 iliis office in order !■> i>iit tlu' pnblie on i;nard. Such notices will 
 I".- imblished gratis. 
 
 In the last number of the paper, printed on .April 
 22, 1830, this notice appears: 
 
 Some liKht-rinKcred j^mtleinan entered onr office and took 
 from thence a dotd)le-cased silver watch with a steel chain and 
 Irto jjold seals and a ki'V the man who won Id steal from a 
 i'l'nter oniiht to be compelled to drive a snail thronyh the lllack 
 >wamp to Uustun in duy-days, and suck a dry spunjje fcr ntiurish- 
 ■.lent. 
 
 .An editorial of July 14. i<S2o, shows th.at they had 
 other per|)lexities. It says : 
 
 We have in till' lily of Diiroitf).' siibscribiTs ; at Uiver Raisin, 
 17; in other parts of the Territory, |.^ ; total, 118 subscribers in 
 Michiijan Territory ; _■ subscribers in I'ppir C'.niada, and ; • in 
 differenl parts of the Union. Total subscribers, 152. Not one 
 of llie .ulvertisenicnts have been paid for, and only 'jo subscribers 
 h.ive paid for I he paper. 
 
 Possibly in order to get their pay more reailily, 
 the price was reduced the next year to $5. 
 
 The followin;; extract from the Carrier's Address 
 of January 1, 1822. is sugj^restive : 
 
 Detroit ihy liiil,- capital, 
 
 'Thy little viiri'.-es likewise. 
 In iiiiniatiire sh. !l mimic all 
 
 'That mankind see beneath the skies. 
 
 .'Vmbltiou still sh.'ill find the means 
 
 I'o show capacity of sconce ; 
 And Council House shall furnish scenes 
 
 T'or those ivho spout for fanu' or pence. 
 
 Still shall delicious whitolish run 
 
 \ •uillions through our noble strait ; 
 
 .And many a daughter, many a son, 
 lie born to bless our future State. 
 
 foolish t|iiarrrls, friendly greetings 
 
 Will be numerous as ever ; 
 -Viul weddings, dinners, births and meetings 
 
 Shall make, at times, all siirts feel clever. 
 
 In July, 1828, The ( '.a/.ette was leased to II. L. 
 \\{\\\ for nine years; John 1'. Sheldon became editor, 
 and January, iS2(^. witnessed tlu- beginnings of 
 what is doubtless the most remarkable e\ent in the 
 history of the press of Michigan. /\ man named 
 John Reeel had been comieted of larceny in the 
 circuit court of Wayne County. When the jury 
 w,ts being drawn for trial of the case he challenged 
 one of the jurors for cause, but his challenge was 
 overruled, and he had to make use of his statutory 
 right of perein[)tory challenge in order to have the 
 objectionable juror dismissed. It was not claimed 
 that any of the other jurors were objected to. The 
 objectionable juror did not sit. The prisoner had 
 no occasion to use his remaining right (jf peremp- 
 tory challenge, and the trial was conceded to have 
 been fairly conducted. Nevertheless the Supreme 
 Court, in January, granted Reed a new trial on the 
 ground that he had been illegally compelled to 
 e.xhaust one of his rights of peremptory challenge. 
 
 On January 8, 1829, after the adjournment of the 
 court, Mr. Sheldon published an article in his paper 
 headed, " Progress of the Perfection of Reason in 
 Michigan." The first paragraph said: 
 
 The Suprente Court of the territory terminated it.s December 
 session last week. .\s usual there was liut little business done, 
 and a portion of that little, we are led to b"lie\e, was but poorly 
 done. 
 
 Then followed nearly a column of what would, in 
 this dav, be deemed a mild criticism of the action 
 

 672 
 
 THE NEWSl'Al'KR (;RAV1:VAK1). 
 
 of llic court 111 i;r;iiuiiv^' a new trial tif the case 
 naiiictl. This article was folldwed in subsequent 
 issues by others of tlie same import. 
 
 For these articles, on March 5, Mr. Sheldon was 
 arrested fur coiiti'mpt of court, and Tincd §100. I',. 
 A. lirush and K. 1'. Hastings offered to pay the 
 tine, but Mr. Sheldon refusetl to accept their offer, 
 and w;is committed tn j.ail. 
 
 Un the evenin^v; o| the same d;iy a public meelin),^ 
 to consider the subject was held at the Mansion 
 House, a noted old hotel on Jefferson Avenue near 
 Cass Street. Major Kearsley was called to the 
 chair, with H. \'. Disbrow as secretary. Resolu- 
 tions conilemniiu^ the action of the jnd.ijes were 
 passed and a committee was appointetl to take up 
 subscriptions to jiay the fme, in sums of not more 
 than 12>^ cents from each person. 
 
 Meantime arraniri'iiients were bi'inii made for a 
 public dinnei' to be i^iven in the jail in honor of Mr. 
 Sheldon, ;inil on M.iy 7, 1S29, for the first and only 
 time in Michigan, ;i i)risoner in jail was t;e,'Ued to a 
 complimentary dinner. Nearly three hundred persons 
 were present, John Garrison was chainnan, and 
 Judti^e John McDonnell and l.ouis Davenport were 
 vice-presitleiils. \\ lien it is renieuiiiered that the 
 entire population of Detroit, a ye.ir Liter than this 
 lime, numbered only two thousand two hundred 
 persons, it w ill be seen that nearly every adult male 
 in the city must have been present at this dinner, 
 and the jail, which then (jccupied the site of the 
 present jjublic library, was tilled to overtlowinv;. 
 The meetinjj^ was both serious and hilarious. Sor^s, 
 toasts, and speeches were the ortler of the day, and 
 the old jail raii.i;' and ran.^; av^ain with the cheers of 
 the gathered throtij;. The first toast, for John 1'. 
 Sheldon, was offered by Major Kearsley ; the sec- 
 ond, " The Press," by D. C. McKiiistry ; and the 
 third, " Liberty of speech and of the press i;iiaraii- 
 teed to every citi/.en by our laws and constitution — 
 a jury must ilecide on the abuse of either," was 
 offered by John l'"armer. 'I'liese toasts were suc- 
 ceeded by a dozen others of similar character. 
 
 Mr. .Slieklon remained in jail nine days, and tlur- 
 iny his imprisonment w rote se\eral articles for his 
 paper dated " Wayne County Jail." On March 14, 
 the fine havinj,; been raised, a committee, accom- 
 panied by a lar^e number of citizens, waiteil on him 
 at the jail with a carriaije, and went with him to the 
 Mansion House, whence, after a luncheon, he de- 
 parted for Oakland Comity, where his family re- 
 sided. 
 
 On April 23, Mr. Sheld<in retired from the edi- 
 torial chair and was succeeded by ICbcnezer Reeil. 
 For several weeks after, the paper was filled with no- 
 tices from eastern papers concernim;' the affair, with 
 comments on the action of the jud,v,a's. y\ll this 
 aiivertising, however, failed to make the jKiper pay, 
 
 and on October i.tliis lameiilatioii appc.iicd in its 
 columns : 
 
 Our suhMi'lplitJii lUt ill .Michigan Uais no |jrii|Hirii<iii lu tin 
 luiinbcr of subscribers wu have in i>Uur Stairs, riiniijn suliscri- 
 liirs pay in advance, wliilc: Ukisu in Mic liii;an pay ur nivir pay, a'- 
 il may I lianic In suit tliiir fancy. Si>nii tiinis wc ^t I a pig or m 
 Iciail iif pumpkins fruin lliciu, and nncc in a threat wliilc there is a 
 man of nultlc who payscasli for liis paper. 
 
 Till' 1,1st number of the p.iper w;is issued on .\pril 
 22, l<S30, the press and prinlin;;- iii.iteri.il beini^; en- 
 tirely destroyed by fire four d.iys Liter. 'l"he fire 
 was set by a printer n.imed I'lysses (i. Smith, who 
 was im|)risoiied for the offense. 
 
 On June 17 it w;is announced tli;it the paper 
 would be re-i'stablislied in .iboul twiiity da\s, but 
 they iiuist lia\e been d.iys of the Rip \'aii Winkle 
 order, for it ne\i'r reappeanil. 
 
 The names of subsi'i|ueiu iiewspapir ventures in 
 the ortler of their establishment are as f(jllows: 
 
 published by 11. Chipni;in and Joseph Seymour. It 
 jirofessed to be iieuir.al, but re.'iUy fa\'ored the 
 W'lii^s. It was a weekly at if 3 00 a year. 'I"he 
 first number was issued May 10, 1S25, antl the last, 
 April 30, 1829. 
 
 Tlic i'ia::cttc I'yaiK^ai'sc. 
 
 This, the first French p.iper publislud in the 
 'territory, w;is issued from the (iazette otfict' : I'.. 
 Reeil, editor. It was in octavo form, issued the 
 first and tliiril week of each month, at $1.50 pel' 
 year. \'olume I, ?sumber 1. was d.ited October 31, 
 1825, and cont.iineil this su;s;gestive editorial: 
 
 rile editor lequests tile [latroiis of llie Ga/elle lo recollicl tliat 
 tliis is only a venture, and it depends a >;reat deal upon llieir 
 generosity if he will continue or not. 'I'liey must not borrow the 
 (lazelte from lluir neighbors. If they wisli tile editor lu con- 
 tinue to publi^li, thi y must all subscribe. 
 
 At least three numbers of the pajjcr were issued. 
 
 riiL Detroit I'ch-graph. 
 A p.'ijier with the above title was issued in Sep- 
 tember, 1829; it was probably short-lived. 
 
 I'lic Hnald of Litcratuic ixiut Science, 
 
 a small (juarto, was issuetl by the Detroit Debatiiiij 
 Society as a monthly, at si.\ shillings a year. \'oI- 
 ume 1, Number 1, was tlatetl May 14, 1831. Four 
 or more numbers were issuetl. 
 
 Tlie Mieliii^an State Rci^istcr, 
 
 a semi-monthly, tlot-umentary and historical in char- 
 acter, was lirst issued July 1, 1836, price $3.00.1 
 year. (\. L. Whitney, publisher, and (leorge Cor.se- 
 lius, editor. The fourth number was about to be 
 issued on August 31, and if issued was the last 
 number. 
 
npiH-arcil in its 
 
 I |>n>|>iirilnii til ill' 
 liiii'i,i;ii MiliMii- 
 i;iy 111' iirvir pay, a'. 
 •s wv ml a |)i>j i>r a 
 L'Ut wliili; lluTt; is a 
 
 issiu'd on April 
 urial iK'in.^- rn- 
 attr. Tiic tin 
 ; Ci. Sinitii, wlm 
 
 tiial tlic jxipn- 
 Atnly days, but 
 ;ip \'an W'inkir 
 
 ipcr VL-nturc's in 
 as fiilluws : 
 
 W 
 
 ill Se-ymniir. It 
 ly favored tlu- 
 lu a year, 'liiu 
 :;, antl the last, 
 
 St'. 
 
 iibiislu'd in ihr 
 i/.ctlc dlli'i.' : 1'.. 
 irni, issued ihe 
 1, at $1.50 per 
 
 ?d (Vlober 31, 
 
 ditorial : 
 
 lie to ifiulli it ihat 
 
 it ikal iipiiii Ihiir 
 
 ^.t not liiirriiw llic 
 
 tlic Ldiluf tl) LUU- 
 
 jr were issued. 
 
 //. 
 
 issued in Sep- 
 
 -lived. 
 
 '/ Science, 
 
 ;truit Debating 
 
 a year. Vol- 
 
 4, 1831. Four 
 
 /^/cr, 
 
 ■itorical in char- 
 jiriee $3. 00 a 
 (ieop^e Corse- 
 ts about to be 
 1 was the last 
 
 THE XKWSPAPEK GRAVKVAKD. 
 
 673 
 
 Detroit I'ri'ciiiiii^ Spectator antt J. itcrniv (.nr.ittc. 
 iiiis paper was i)ui)lisbe(i by I>. Kin.i,'sl)uiy and 
 (r. r. I'.urnhain (ixitli from ISoston) ;it Kepublie 
 Hall, 144 Jeffirsuii A\enue. It was a semi-weekly, 
 issued on Wednesdays ;ind Saturdays, at $4.00 a 
 year. It was printed l)y ('■. I.. Whitney, The fust 
 niiinber was issued October 20, 1S36, anil it was in 
 e.\istence as late as May 20, 1838. 
 
 /'//(■ S/>v in Micliii:;an 
 
 w;* a weekly devoted to the Whig cause. It was 
 edited by V.. .M. Midraw, published by Morgan 
 I'.ali's, anil |)rinti(l by llarsha & ISates. The first 
 luiniberwas issued Jinie \2, 1837, and it continued 
 ,is late as November 13, 1838, when it ceased for a 
 lime. DiM'ing 1839 it was revived, and published 
 fur about a year. 
 
 The Detroit Mornin^.^ Post. 
 
 'I'his paper, the second establisheil by Kingsbury 
 vV Durnham, was $6.00 per ye.'ir. It would be ai)- 
 propriately described as a daily issued at irregular 
 intervals. The hrst number was issued in Jtily, 
 
 Our old fellow-citizen, ex-city marshal, and legis- 
 lator, Patrick Mcdinnis, went to work on the paper 
 as "devil" in 1837. One day Mr. Kingsbury, who 
 was always ready for a practical joke, sent him over 
 to the Free Press office with a tin measure to bor- 
 row •' a gill of editorial." As the verdani messen- 
 ger entered the composing room, he met .Mr. Hagg, 
 the editor, and made known his errand. Pagg im- 
 iiu'diately stepped to the wall, and taking down a 
 pu ture of a jackass, haniled it to McCdnnis, saying, 
 "lake that to Mr. Kingsbury." Instantly taking 
 in the situation, Pat blurted out, " Arrah, now, Mr. 
 liagg, give o\er will your tricks on a poor Irish boy. 
 Sine it's an editorial my master wants, and not the 
 editor." 
 
 In 1838 J. M. Perger was proprietor of the pajier 
 anil !). Kingsbury, Jr., editor. In this year a weekly 
 was issued at $2.50. In December, (.'<. K. (Iriswtild 
 hicime proprietor, and he anil Kingsbury were as- 
 siiriate editors, in January, 1839, the paper was 
 consolidated with 
 
 Tlie Craftsman of Michigan. 
 
 This paper was first issued in May, 1838, by E. 
 J. Roberts, as a weekly at $300 a year. After its 
 consolidation with the Post, a Democratic paper, 
 
 called 
 
 The Morning Post and Craftsman, 
 
 was issued by Kingsbury & Roberts, until June, 
 when it was changed to The Evening Post and 
 Craftsman. In the fall of 1839 it suspended for 
 
 .iliout l\\i> months, ,iiid w.is ,ifierw;iiils n \i\e(i,and 
 piiblisheil during the early part of 1840. 
 
 'The Michigan iihser';<er 
 
 w.is first issued on .S.iturday, June 17. 1837. Rev. 
 W.'irreii Isliam was editor. It was a weekly, de- 
 bited to religious and monil subjects, ;ind was dis- 
 continued after the issue of June 22, 1839. 
 
 The Wor/,/ 
 
 w;is the title of a numtlily issued for ;i short time in 
 1837. E. Pordman was publisher, and W. Marsha, 
 printer. 
 
 The JejTersoniiUi Ihinoerol , 
 
 acampaign i)aperof 1.S37, w,ts issui.-d in the interest of 
 John D. Ellis of .Monroe. .Mr. liutterson was editor. 
 
 /'//(• ]^ov lUiok, 
 
 a daily penny |)aper, was published by William 
 Ilarsha in 1838. Eight or ten nimibers were issued. 
 
 'J'he Michigan Agriculturist, 
 
 W. II. Snelling, editor, was first issueil in ( )ctol)er or 
 November, 1838, and continued till January 8, 1839. 
 The price was $2.00 a year. 
 
 Tlie h'.glantine 
 was in existence in J.inuary, 1839. 
 
 i'hc Mirror of the Lakes, 
 
 a literary and society ]iaper in quarto form, was 
 ])ublishc(l l)y II. II. Snelling, at S3-0^ •' year. \()1- 
 UUK' I, Number 9, is dated March 2, 1839. 
 
 Tlie Journal if Julucation 
 was being published in January, 1839. 
 
 I'he Spirit of '76, or Theller's Daily Republican 
 
 ^■lih'ocate, 
 was first issued on August 17, 1839. Daily and 
 weekly editions were printed. H. H. Snelling was 
 publisher, and Dr. E. .A. Theller, editor. It was in- 
 tendeil to aid the cause of the Patriots, anil the 
 editor was impri.soned for participating in the Patriot < 
 War. The paper was issued as late as October 17, 
 1840. 
 
 The Western Farmer, 
 
 a semi-monthly agricultural paper, at $1.00 a year, 
 was first issued by Josiah Snow on January 26, 
 1841. On October 15, 1841, 15. F. .Armstrong be- 
 came the publisher, Mr. Snow .serving as editor. 
 In 1842 Bela Hubbard served as editor, and with 
 Number 5 of this year William Ilarsha became pro- 
 l)rielor. On January 21, 1843. li^' ^^1^ ^h'^ paper to 
 
674 
 
 Till': Ni:\vsi'Ari:R c.raxi'.vard. 
 
 1). I> r. Moore, wlio soon ii'inoxtd il lo Jackson, 
 (•l\an,m'(l il lo a nioiitlily, al lifly iiiils a year, and 
 issni'd it in .Xprii, 1^43, as 
 
 Till- Miili 1^,111 h'lViiii) If III/ ll'is/rni .lt;r/iif/- 
 liirisl. 
 
 In DfrcinixT, 1.S4.1, il was sold lo W. !•'. Storey 
 ami - Clu'iiey. In i<S45 it w.is sold to ,ind edited 
 by II. lliirlbiit. In April. i,S4C. II. C. Woodliull 
 Iweaiiu- a parlner. In Deeeniher. iiS47, Warren 
 Isliain hej^aii lo eondnet it, and with the new vulnnie 
 Vi was eli.miLjcd lo a .senii-nionthly and the piiee 
 raised to $1.00 jHr year. In 1S41J it was iiiiar^eil, 
 and piil)lislied Iioth ;it J.iekson ,ind Detroit. In 
 1850 Warren lsh,iiu was both editor ,ind |)nl)lislRr. 
 ill i>S35\\'. S. hniK'klee .niil K. I . Johnstone |iur- 
 eh.ised the p.iper of W.irnn Ish.ini, ,ind the next 
 yi'.ir Mr. Duiuklee sold out to .Mrs. I,. I'., .\dains. 
 bi the fall of 1X54 Mrs. .\daiiis purehased 
 
 The /uiniirr's Conifhiiiion iviil I lortinilliiyal 
 
 (ill :illi\ 
 
 whieh h.id .is editors C. h'ox, j. C. Holmes. I. inns 
 Cone, and t'li.iiies Hells, t'. I'dx w.is publisher 
 It W.IS established .is ,1 monlhly on Heeeinber I, 
 1.S5.;. Mr. I'ox died, ,ind the l.ist number w.is 
 daU'd Se|neml)er, 1854, after which it w.is nieii;id 
 with tlu' Michii;.in l'',iniK'r, ;ind on J.mu.iry 1, iiSjV, 
 thai paper was eh.mncd to ,1 weeklv. In Septem- 
 ber, i.Sf)i, it w.'is sold to .Mr, Doty, who continued it 
 for .about ;i ye.ir. In the f.ill of 1862 W. S. bond 
 and ("icorife Snyder i)i'e.ime proprietors. In Sep- 
 tember, I1S64, they sold it to H. N. F. Lewis, who 
 chani;eil it into a paper called 
 
 Tilt- U'l.s/,/-// Riiiiil, 
 which, in the fall of 1869, w.is mo\ed to L'liit';i_i;(). 
 
 Till lull o\iJii/i: 
 A pajier with this name w.is issued in September, 
 iSyj, by the ry|)oj>T.iphical Union. 
 
 Till' M/il/lt^ii/i CI/r/.s/liN! Ili-nild. 
 
 This p.iper w.is published in J.inu.iry, 1842, as a 
 monthly, by the IJaptist State Convention. The 
 price W.IS fifty cents a year. K. C. Smith was pub- 
 lishinjr ajreiit, and Rev. A. Ten Brook editor. At 
 .some time prior to 1845 the paper w.is chaiivjed to 
 a weekly, and S. N. Kendrick became associate 
 publisher. In 1844 Rev. J. ln,i,dis w.is eilitor. In 
 1845 Miles Sanford w.i.s a.ssociatod with Mr. Inj;lis, 
 in 1848 he was succeeded by Ri'v. Ci. \V. Harris. 
 The same year the [Xiper w.is transferred to Mr. 
 Allen, and in 1850 the names of M. Allen and O. S. 
 (iulley apjieared .is |)ul)lisliers. The price was $2.00 
 a year. In Janu.iry, 1863, the paper was .sold to 
 several members of the baptist Church, and re- 
 
 nio\nl to K,il.im.i/.oo, .111(1 in the f.ill of i.SMi Re\'. 
 J. .A. t'lark sold their interests in tin- paper to the 
 ll.iptist Standaril of Chicaj^o, and that paper siip- 
 plii'd the unexpired subscriptions, 
 
 /'//( Mlili/i;iUi l.itiriiiy lirni, 
 
 ,1 montlily, .il Si.(X) ,1 ye.ir, w.is in e.xi.stcncc in 
 .M.ircli. 1842. 
 
 /'//(• 1\'iisIi/iil;Iii>i/iiii. 
 
 This p.iper, the or]L;.'in of llie St.ite Temper.ince 
 Society, W.IS |).iblished ori.i^in.illy at Jackson, lli»'ii 
 at Marsh.ill, and linally at Detroit. The tirst num- 
 ber issiictl here w;is d.ited .M.irch 12, 1842. Il wi'.s 
 a semi-nionthly ,it $1.00, and lived a year. 
 
 /■//.' Dilroit Piiily I'/iius, 
 ;in lAcnini;. .inti-sl.ix-ery Jonrn;il, w.is published by 
 W.irren Ishani ai !j<8.ck) ,1 yiar. The lirsl nunibei' 
 .ippeaieil M.iy 14, 1842. It ce.i.seil in November. 
 
 ■/'/■(• Constiliitional Dcinocrui 
 
 w.is lir.st issued on May 25, 1842. It was a .semi- 
 weekly, .at $3.50 ,1 year, issued by Currier, I'rijL^ijs, i\ 
 Co., with !•:. D. llllis ;is idilor. .\fter Oclolur 1. 
 1842, it W.IS issued inil once .1 week, .il %i.iv.-> .1 
 ye.ir. In 1844 it was chaniLjed to a daily, and in 
 1845 it was niei\;ed with 
 
 Till- Aiihiiiiiii Cilt::iii, 
 .a Weekly pjijier, iK'Voted to llie free-soil |)arty, 
 which was in existence as kite as M;iy 14, 1847. 
 
 '/'//(■ W'lstiiii Ciitliolii A'r^/s/ii. 
 This paper, the first number d;ited July 23, 1842. 
 w'.as published by lui.nene T. Smith. It w.is issued 
 eviry Saturday, at §1.50 a year, and e.xisteil just ,1 
 ve.ir. 
 
 V'lir nrtroit IKi/ly (Inr.:,//,-. 
 
 \'olimie I, Number I, was issued December 10, 
 1842, by Sheklon McKni,i;hi, ,it |6.oo a yi'ar. .\ 
 weekly w.is also |)ul)lished at $2.00. The paper was 
 continued for some three years. 
 
 I'/ic nclroit Miii;;ii::/iir 
 was tirst published in October, 1843 by S. N. Gantl. 
 It w.is short-lived. 
 
 l.'.linic' lie la Jcu/ussc i^Fricnd of Youth), 
 ;i French paper, was first issued on May 23, 1843. 
 It was a weekly at $3.00 a year, published by James 
 A. Ciir.inlin, with K. N. Lacroix as editor. Nine 
 numbers were issued. 
 
 The American Vineyard, 
 a temperance and anti-Catholic sheet, was issued by 
 1'".. .McDonald as early as Se|)teml)er, 1843; it was 
 discontinued .ind then revived. The last number 
 was dated May 19, 1848. 
 
IIli; Ni;WSl'.\l'l.R (.KA\ I.N ARI). 
 
 <'75 
 
 by S. N. Gantt. 
 
 uilli Ki'V. (ii-ori;i' Diillirlil ;is editor, and I), I'.. Duf- 
 lii Id as "liscal axfiil," was printi'd by (icij^ir \- 
 (liiisliaii. and was I'lrsl issned nn Monday, Novi'ni- 
 Ikt iS, 1S44, It was a wirkly, al $i.ixj a year, anil 
 was in existence as late as ()it()l)er 5, 1846. 
 
 Till' Drtroil Rri^istif, 
 a weekly, first issncd in Diicinlicr, 1.S44, was puh- 
 lislied for two inoiitlis l)y llaisha X: Willcox. 
 
 /'//,■ Ihtroit l),\ily .V'ti'.v 
 
 was first issued oil July 7. i>S45. Il was a handsomi' 
 slu'cl, lU'iiiral in i)oiiiics, tilled almost cxcliisivcly 
 with oii'^inal niaHii'. Il was puMislud by M. I'. 
 riiristiaii, C A. Ilrdv;is, I'",. M. ( uii;ir, J. (.'ampbcll, 
 and I). ll.Solis, all |)ra(li('al printers. I'rice, 1^4.00 
 a year, or ten rents a wick. 
 
 'I'lh' Wisli-ni hlxtiisior 
 
 was i.ssueil in the iiilinst of the lolored |)eople. 
 \'oliiine I, Xuinbrr I, was dalcd M.inli 29, I1S4S. 
 
 Tlic Mi'i /ii'i^iUi JiHinhil of lliiiiutofiailiy 
 
 was publisliid by I )rs. John I'.llis and V.. \\. '^i-ake. 
 I'lie first inoiillily iiumbir was issued in Xoveniber, 
 i,S48. .S. IJ. Th.-iyer sneeeeded I'.. II. Drake, and at 
 
 the close of the ye.ir it w.is discontinued. 
 
 The Wistrni l.itiiarv M isctlldiiy 
 was published by (leorjije ISrewster ,il $i.ix) ;i ye.ir. 
 \dlume 1, Number I, w.is issued in .\[)ril, 1849, and 
 was probably the only luimber printed. 
 
 IVi/iiitaii's l.ilirnry Mhiillauy 
 
 was the mo.st pretentious and popular magazine 
 r\er printed in Detroit. It was esl.iblislied by J. K. 
 Wellnian. The first number w;'s issued in July, 
 1841;, with D. r. Quinby as editor. Il w.is ,in oci.ivo 
 of forty-eiiLihl p.anes, ;it f2.oo a ye.ir; and as the 
 l'.,istern ma,vja/ines h.ul not .iitainid their later 
 poi)iilarity, it soon had si.\ thousanu subscribers. 
 The m;i,n;i/ini' numbered amon;.^ its contributors \. 
 I'. Willis, Rev. 11. I). Kitchell, Rev. .S. 1). Simo;v.!;;, 
 Rev. I). U. Whedon, Rev. K. 'riiompson, Jacob M. 
 Howard, Washington Irving, Horace .Mann, Rev. 
 D.ivid Injflis, Rev. 15. St. James Fry, Rev. H. V . 
 Telft, Moses Coit Tyler, T. D. Wilkins, ;uid Rev. 
 W. 11. Collins. 
 
 In February, 1851, the inaga/,ine was sold to 
 l.uther Heecher and L). F. Ouinby, .iiul its narne 
 c h.inged to Monthly Literary Miscellany. In July, 
 1852, .Mr. Heecher sold his interest to II. .S. Sparks 
 ;ind — Russell, and the ne.xt month A. ('.. Wood 
 w.is admitted as a partner. In Janu.iry, 1853, the 
 name was chantjed to Western Literary Mi.seellany ; 
 iii the spring or suiuiner. Wood, Sjxirks, and Rus- 
 
 sell sold ilieir interest to'^uinby, .iiid on .August 20, 
 1855, he sold to Mrs. !•;. .M. Sheldon, .mil lor the 
 fourth time ;i new name w.is given to the mag.i/ine. 
 It w.is now liilled '{'he Western Liter.iry Cabinet. 
 Light p.iges were ,idded to the m.ig,t/ine. iiiiil Mrs. 
 Sheldon published in il a series of very interestinjf 
 transl.itioiis of documents concerning Detroit, ob- 
 tained by CiO\'crnor C.iss while I'nited St.ites Min- 
 ister to I'r.ince. These tr.iiisl.itioiis formed .almost 
 the whole of the \oluine she subseiiueiilly issued 
 under the title of " I'.arly History of Michig.m." The 
 l.ist number of the inag;i/ine w;is issued in August, 
 1854. li was disconiinued on .iceount of the death 
 of ,Mr. Sheldon. 
 
 '/'//(■ \'i<rl!ia'riiti-nt Aiit'ocali', 
 a Whig jLiper, W.IS published in ( )ctober, i84(j, by 
 Josiah Snow. Il lived but .1 short lime. 
 
 Til, nctroit Daily linald, 
 a penny jviiier, w.is first published November 26, 
 |S4(>; its 1,1st issue was December 6, 1850. Its 
 ])roprietors vmic Joliii N. Ingersoll and W.T. N'oung. 
 
 Till- . liii, riiii/i (.iliiiiir, 
 
 liter.iry in ch.ir.icter, w.is iniblished by .\iinin & 
 \\<.vi.\, .It i^i.uo a year. Volume I, Number I, was 
 dated J.anuary 1, 1850. Only .1 few nuniber.s were 
 i-ssued. 
 
 /'//(■ Monllily IIcsfHrian iviif Oi/d Fi'lhm>s' Lifer' 
 ii/y .]/(ri^'ti:t/re, 
 
 published by John N. Ingersoll ;ind Henry ISarns, ;it 
 I2.00 a ye.ir. .ippe.irei. in January, 1850. In the 
 May number for 1852 the names of Moulton, Cr.iw, 
 i!v Conip.iuy are given ;is ])ublishers. The maga/ine 
 existed three full years ; the l.ist year the worils 
 "Odd I''ellows' " were dropped from the title, and 
 " American " substituted. 
 
 77ie Afeiiiiiin, 
 
 a .scni-moiuhly mag.azine, at $1.00 a year, was de- 
 voteil to the interests of the Swedenborgian or New 
 jiius.ileni Church. It appeared first .at Jackson on 
 December 25, 1848 ; was afterwards moved to Mar- 
 shall, and on January 15, 1850, to Detroit, It was 
 published by J.ibez I''ox. Soon .after its removal to 
 Detroit. L. W. Harber became associated with Mr. 
 l'"ox. .About 1853 the paper w.is moved to Cincin- 
 nati, and then to New York. Its name was changed 
 to New Jerusaletii Messenger on February i, 1863. 
 
 /.(■ Cit(yen 
 
 was a French literary paper, in quarto form, issued 
 on Saturdays, at $2.00 a year. L. J. I'aulin was 
 publisher, anil K. N. Lacroix editor. It w.is issued 
 for six months. Volimie \, Number L was dated 
 May II, 1850. 
 
676 
 
 THli NEWSI'AI'KK (.K.W KVAkI). 
 
 The J\/i/ii.u(/io I'oioitiiin, 
 
 a tcmiH-TaiHi' jniiiii.il, was tiisi issiird Sal unlay. 
 May 17, 1851, with IliiiiyC Kiiiijlil, iHlilm. TIk: 
 biisiiR'ss iiiaiiav;i iiniii ua^ (oiilrnllcil by Morgan 
 Hales. 1 1 livdl U.ss iliaii a year. 
 
 '/■//<• .Xiirt/ru'tsfiiii Miisinil lliialil, 
 
 piiblislud by /\. Mcl'.irrm .iiid tdilcd l»y Charles 
 Ilcss, tii.ulc ils ,'i|)|)('.ir.iiii c ill M.iy, 1S51. 'I'lu: 
 piii (• w.is lifty cciiis .1 yc.ir. Tlu-rt; was little of 
 ritlicr money or iiuisie in it, anil it was soon iliscun- 
 liiuied. 
 
 /'///■ W'isli'iii l'.;>aiiy^ilhl, 
 
 a weekly, at $1.00 ;i yi'.ir, w.is lirsi jsmied Id the fall 
 of iS5(j by J.ibiv. I'dx. lie w.is succeeded l»y Ki-v. 
 S. A. Maker, wlm piibiislied llie [Kiper ;isliiLea.s 1652. 
 
 The Diiroil Coinmtitial llullctin, 
 
 edileil by Cieoryfe W. I'.ittison, w.is an old paper 
 revivi'd. It biv;.iii for the second time as .1 penny 
 daily, ;il)oul 1.S51. ll was burned mil in the Cooper 
 I'nildiiii^ in the lire of April 16, 185.!, and was itol 
 again i.ssued. 
 
 Thi- Ripitbliitin, 
 
 a Gerpian weekly, w.is i)iiblisheil .ibnul live months, 
 in 1852, by M. Kramer and .Moys Wiierth. 
 
 Thi- Sliiiiiiits Oll'i-riiiii, 
 
 published by scholars of the iMghth W.'ird .School, 
 was first issuetl in 1853, aiul continued through three 
 ur more vulumcb. 
 
 The Athiniis, 
 
 a derman literary monthly, edited by Christian 
 Esselcinc, was issued for several months in 1853. 
 
 The Detroit Catholie ViiuiL itor, 
 
 edited i)y Thom.is R. Klliott ;ind |)u!)lished by Dan- 
 iel U'llar.i, w.is .1 weekly (ju.irto, ;il $2.00 ;i year. 
 The lirsl number was dated April 30, ICS53. Dr. 
 Hasset succeeded Mr. O'llani as proprietor, and 
 eonlinued the paper, at 12. 50 a year, until January, 
 i860, when it was merged into 
 
 The Detroit Ciiiariiian. 
 
 Volume I, Number I, of this paper, .a Catholic 
 weekly at ^1.50 a year, was issued January 21, i860, 
 by T. C. Fitzgibbons, and continued for five months 
 or more. 
 
 The Detroit Daily Times {Xo. 2). 
 
 This was published by G. S. Conkiin and E. T. 
 Sherlock, with J. N. Ingersoll ;is editor, at $3.00 a 
 year. It appeared in May, 1853, was purchased by 
 Ingersoll & Tenny in November, 1854, sold De- 
 
 cember, l'S55, to ,111 .issori.iliiiil of join iieyiiuii 
 printers, and continued by iheni until tlie s|)ring ot 
 1850. 
 
 The Peiiinsii/itr Journal of Meiliciiu; 
 
 an nct.'ivo monthly, w.is origin. illy |)ub!ishi(l ,il Ann 
 Arbor. lis lirsl issii ■ w.is d.iied July, 1.S53. V.. 
 Aiiditws, A. M., M. D., W.IS editor. In July, 1854, 
 Dr. A. ll. I'.iimer bec.mie associ.ilc ediiur. .ind in 
 July, 1855, the oIlKe of publication v\as removed to 
 Detroit. Dr. .Aiidci'ws now retired, and 1 )rs. '/.. 
 I'itJier, A. 15. r.iliiier, Willi.im iirodie, .iiid i:. I'. 
 Chr. li.iii serveil .is editors. /Viler the number lor 
 March, 1858, it was united with 
 
 '/'//(■ Ml <//( HI Itii/i /ll iii/iiit. 
 
 The first niiiiihcr of ihis p.iper, (diud by Drs. II. 
 (lo.idby, v.. Kane, ;iii(l I., (i. kobiiison, was issued 
 Marcli 1, i.S^6. in M.in h, 1857. \bises(;imn .ind 
 I,. (1. K()l)iiisoii became editors, and the inaga/.ine 
 was ealleil 
 
 'J'lie I'eninsiiliir iviil I iiili/niitleiit. 
 
 In ,\|)ril, i.SjcS, it w.is edited by .\. ll. I'.'ilmer, 
 Moses ('iiiiin, .ind Iri'deriek .Ste.irns. 'I'he last 
 number w.is issued in .M.irch, i860. 
 
 The M/ih/i;an I Imiuvofiiithie Journal 
 
 w;is lii'sl issued in ()itol)er, 1853, by Drs. John I'lllis 
 and .S. W. Thayer, and was eonlinued lor a little 
 over a year. 
 
 The Aliehii^an Journal of Julucatiun and 
 Teaehers' Jlai;a::int' 
 
 was published by (]. E. I 'oineroy X: Company, at 
 34 Woodward Avenue. Number I of Volume 1 
 ■ippeared in Janu.iry, 1854. It w.is edited by I'.. O. 
 Haven. D. 1)., who .iflerw.irds bec.ime successively 
 president of the .Micliig.in, Norilnvestern, .and Syr.i- 
 cuse I'liiversities, and a bishoj) of the Methotlist 
 episcopal Church. The .second volume w;is piib- 
 lijjied by II. H.irns, and edited by J. M. (Iregory, 
 aflerw.irds .Superintendent of I'ublic Instruction and 
 president of the Industrial College of Illinois. With 
 Volume \'l I'rofessor A. Wiiichell of the Michigan 
 University became ils editor. It was printed for .1 
 numi)er of ye.irs at Ami Arbor, but w;is lin.ally re- 
 moved again to Detroit, where it was discontinued 
 about i860. 
 
 IVayinarliS in the IViltlerness, 
 
 a monthly m.aga/.inc devoted to Script un; .studies, 
 was ]niniished by James Inglis X: Company. The 
 first iuiini)er w.is dated .\l;iy, 1854, Number 9 c;ini( 
 out in J.inu.iry, 1855, ;md soon after the magazine 
 was disconiiiuied at Detroit. 
 
nil. Ni:\V>il'Ai'r.K i-UW I.VAKI). 
 
 677 
 
 d fi.r a lilllc 
 
 /'///■ l.illlr \i',i/,;nii,\ 
 |)iii)lislu(l l)y Mrs. I-'.. .\l. Sluldun ,ii tliiity 1 1 iiis ixr 
 year, was lirst issued in ,May. 1.S54. Only lour 
 iiiimlHTs w'lTf piinicd. 
 
 /'///■ . Is/i/iir, 
 ,1 innnllily, dcvnicd to \l,is(inir iiucrcsis, w.is pnl)- 
 lishcd hy Allyii Wcstdii. .il if.l^r^ ,1 yiar. The lirsi 
 niinil)er was issued in .Se|)U'uil)er, \^-)\, and it. was 
 COUtiuued fill' ,il Ic.isl ihice years. 
 
 '/7ii' I hilly l.riiiiiii;; AVr.'v (Xo. 2). 
 
 This second d.iily wiili the title of News was 
 first issued on M.ireh |i), itSjCi, by the Kr.inklin 
 I'rintinjf Assoei.iiion. eoni|)ose<l of Willi, im S It'iicl, 
 t'li.irles S. Stevenson, Charles .Miller. (». S. Unnlu k. 
 I'". I). Ross, ,ind I leiiry M<l/. The |).i|)er soon he- 
 e.une (juile popul.ir. i^.'iininv; a lireul.ilion of live 
 tlloUS.md copies. Troubles, however, .irose lie 
 iween the ai.in.ii^ers, ,ind .ilier about three nionihs 
 it vv.is diseonliiuied. 
 
 '/'///• /'//vv/.vfw'.f Journal, 
 
 a w<'ekly p.'iper at $i.7S a year, was lirst issued in 
 Sepieniber, 1S56. by ( ieorvje W. i'.ittison, anil was 
 in exislence .is i.ito as llic fall of 1861. 
 
 I'risl,»i\i I'liil,;! Sliiti-s luiiil: Xcli' lu/ii»l,r 
 made its tirst ;i|)pcaran('L' l)eeeuiber .(. 1X5^); 1). 
 rri'ston, |)roprieior. It w,is published twice a 
 month for ne.uly livi; years, ;uid then monlhlv until 
 December. i.S''5, wliiMi it was discontinued. Tlu: 
 price was $1.00 ,1 year. 
 
 Unni'/i'.'i Rrfiortrr, 
 
 published ,it hrsi by John lirown. and then by J. 11. 
 K.iple X: Co., was issued from I1S57 to 11X59. 
 
 I'lir M(i!^iiziiir of Tro'irl 
 
 u;is issued from Janu.iry. 1857. to iSjS. It w.as 
 I iindncted by W. X; W. !'. Ish.ini. 
 
 Till- ]'o/(//x Mill's Joiiniol oinl .lih'Oidlr of 
 
 riiii/iiiiiii, r 
 w.is published in Sepieniber, i.S^i). by Cireen \- 
 r.rown. It w.as .ilivc in 1.S61, but in the followinir 
 year j^ave jilaco to 
 
 '/'//(• 'I'mnsnifif 
 ■■\ temperance p.aper, ptiblishcd ;it $1.00 a year by S. 
 I ). ( "irocn. 
 
 Tin- Ilfhoit llrrahl, 
 I weekly at $2.(x-) a year, w.is in existem-e in icSji;. 
 I . O'l'lyiin ;md Dr. /Mvord, editors. It w.is dis- 
 mntinued alxiut 1S61. 
 
 /'//,■ S()hit of flir l\;,i- 
 W.IS published for ;i short tinu' e.irlv in iSfiu. 
 
 /'//<• Miiliii^iiii Ihiiiotnil 
 was publislie<l by John S. U.ikx. i" '^''ki. as an ultra 
 Demoer.ilic p.iper. Il e\ist<(| only a few inontlis. 
 
 rih I rill hiiiuhrat 
 was issued from the ollice of (). W. I'atti.soii in the 
 
 f.lll of I.S^n ;is .1 (anip,iiv;ll p.iper. 
 
 Ihi luii/iiiili I >i iiioi rat, 
 a Cicrni.in i'residc'iiti.il e,imp;ii),;ii p.iper, w.is pub- 
 lished i)y i'". ,\, .Seliober iV Conip.iiis', and edited by 
 K. I )iepenbeck .ind K'.iil Schmi'm.imi. The price 
 W.IS $(.()<) .1 ye.ir. The lirsl niimbci w.is d.iled July 
 
 l.(, .llld the l.lst ( )elipbcr 10, ■■'^'i^. 
 
 J'lir Slira/iiiil, 
 .'I weekly I'.'inip.iii;!) |).ip( r published in iS^lj by S. 
 11. Mi'Cr.ickcn. w.is desiv^ued lo represeni the inor( 
 iilir.i or r.idic.il 1 )einocr.iiii' sentiment of the period. 
 Il W.IS (dinmeni'cd the List of July, and conlii'.ied 
 lhrou);h the caninai).;n. 
 
 I'rot/i, 
 an illustrated comic monthly, litliojijraphed, w;is i.s- 
 siied on Moiid.iy, December 12, I1SA4, by several 
 i^cnllemeii comiecled with the Detroit \ Milw.inkee 
 k.iilro.id, .After Number 10, it was jirintcd from 
 type. It W.IS discontinued ill November, i<Sf)5. 
 
 lyir Cliristiiui ( 'nioiiist, 
 published monthly by I'.. A. I.od.ije, ;it $1.50 a year, 
 lived .a few months only. The first number was 
 dated J.inuary, 1S65. 
 
 '/'//(• Piiroil lotirniil of Comiiwrcc, 
 
 a weekly .it %i.<.v.i .1 ye.ir, w.is established in 18^)5 
 by Thom.is K. Miller. It w.is Mibsccincntly, in 
 I .SCiiS, owned by H.irry \ Ciradwcll. On August 19, 
 1.S71, they sold it to I'.rowse T. I'lcntis, who tmn.s- 
 ferred it to a stock comp.iny. It w.is then nier.ncd 
 with 
 
 Till- Poilv Suit, 
 a iKijicr lin • issued on October 2, 1874, and con- 
 tinued until "^jG. 
 
 7'lir Piiiiiisiiliir Ifrixlil 
 w.'is first issued at Romeo, in June, 1S64. It was 
 sul)se(|uently removed to Detroit, where it made its 
 first .appearance on October 24, 1866. It was pub- 
 lished and edited by Rev. John Russell and C. I'. 
 Russell. ( )n December i, 1869, it was sold to a 
 joint stock company. January 12, 1871, it \v.-<s 
 transferred to V. N. Newman, and on February i, 
 1872, the name was changed to 
 
67S 
 
 THE NEWSPAPER CRAVEVARn. 
 
 Tlic last issue was datod July 3, 1873. 
 
 T/ir Dvtroit KiT/'rw of Medicine and Pharmacy, 
 a ninntlily, at $3.00 a year, was (■stal)lislicil in Janu- 
 ary, 1866. It was (.'(iitcd at titst iiy Drs. (".. I'. 
 Andri'ws, !•:. W. Jcnks, I". A. McC.raw, and S. P. 
 Dutlic'id. 'I'iicy were; succeodt'd about wSyo by Drs. 
 W. \\. Lathrop, A. H. Lyons, .and I.cartus Connor. 
 From i(S7i to 1877 Dr. Connor was sole rditor. In 
 Janu.iry, 1877,11 was nicrijcd into The Detroit Medi- 
 cal Journal. 
 
 The I'eninsiifar Journal of Medicine, 
 the second maijazine of its name, w.is ;i montlily 
 octavo, edited by Drs. H. K. Lyster and J. J. Miii- 
 heron. It w.'is tir.st issued in July, 1873. In J.mu- 
 ary, 1875, Drs. T, K. Kerr and J. J. Mullieron were 
 editors, and in J.anuary, 1876, the l.ist named bee.ime 
 sole editor. With the number for December, 1876, 
 the Journal was mery^ed into 
 
 The Deircii Medico/ Journal, 
 which was edited by Drs. 1.. Connor ;ind J. J. Mul- 
 heron and published by E. I>. .Smith \ Comp.any ;it 
 $3.00 a year. It w.is published only in 1877. 
 
 The Western Medical .lilvance and /'roi^'-rcsx of 
 
 riiorniacY, 
 a quarterly, edited by W. II. L.-uhrop, M. I)., was 
 published from June, 1871, to June, 1873. 
 
 The Detroit J'rice Current, 
 a weekly sheet, was issued from 1S5 Jefferson Ave- 
 nue tluring 1866 and 1867. 
 
 The Detroit Monitor, 
 a d.'iily eveninij paper, published by Joseph W.arretl, 
 at twelve cents ;i week, was lirst issued on June 3, 
 1867, and discontinued .after four months. 
 
 The Mechanic and hwentor, 
 was first issued on September 23, 18^)7, at fifty 
 cents a year. It was the orvj.in of the Aleehanics 
 ■and Inventors" Assoei;ition. In December, 1874, 
 it was mcrjfed with 
 
 The Scientific Manufacturer 
 
 a paper established by R. A. Spraijue in .September, 
 1873. After its union with the above j(jurnal, the 
 paper was called 
 
 The Scientific Manufacturer and Patent 
 Infellit^encer. 
 
 In the fall of 1874 it was merged with a paper 
 called 
 
 The Journal of Connncrce (\o. 2), 
 
 established in 1874. In April, 1876, this last named 
 paper was mcrgi'd with 
 
 /'//(• Sunday Times, 
 and in I'ebru.'iry, 1877, this w;is suspended. 
 
 The Odd relhn^'s Wreath, 
 
 ori^iiLilly piii)lislu'(l ;it .M.ason by D. J>. ll.irrin.;.;liin. 
 w.is llrst issued here on September i, i.S^.S, at $1.5" 
 ■A yc.ir. Aficr Au.i;ust, 1869, it w.as mo\cd to Chi- 
 cago and called The Western Odd ]'"ellow. 
 
 The Western Catholic 
 was first issued on September 12, 1868, by David 
 Il.irry X: Co. Messrs. M. J. iV W. Dee ;ifter- 
 w.irds iH'-.ime editors .and jiroprietors. It w;is ;i 
 wiekly .'It S2.CX3 a year. In January, 1872, it was 
 moved to Chicago. 
 
 Baptist Tidini^s. 
 This paper, a monthly at $2.00 a year, was moved 
 from IM.'ison to Detroit by D. M. ll.irrington. ,ind 
 first issued here on October 17, 1868. .After July 
 29, 1869, it was consolitlatetl with the Standard, of 
 Chicago. 
 
 L' Impartial, 
 a iMcnch weekly, was issued by a French society 
 .and I'dited by iMederic L.anctot. Tlie first number 
 w;is issued November 20, 1869. It was to h;ive 
 been published every Wednesd.iy and S.ilurd.iy, .it 
 $4.00.1 ye.ir. Only ten numbers were issued, and 
 it was succeeiled by 
 
 The Ant i- Roman .-hh'ocate, 
 which w.as first issued by Mr. L.inctot in March, 
 1 870, and discontinued in y\ugust. 
 
 Z' Tltoile Canadienne, 
 was published by Josejih A. Oulette and J. A. 
 (}ir.ardin, and issued on Thursd.ays .at if 2. 50 a year. 
 A'olume I, Number I, w.as dated J.inuary 19, 1871 ; 
 it lived just ;i year. 
 
 The Som;- Journal, 
 a musical monthly, at sjii.oo a year, first published 
 January 1, 1871, by C, J. Whitney & Company, was 
 discontinued in April, 1877. 
 
 Our Mutual T'ricnd, 
 
 a rather ptctentious literary weekly, at $2.50 a year, 
 was established in April, 187 1, by W. C, Armstroiii.; 
 v\: Company, but live<l only a few months. 
 
 The Popular Appeal, 
 a five-column folio weekly, at I2.00 a year, was 
 commenced by S. B. McCracken in September, 
 
TMK NKWSI'APER CIRAVEYARD. 
 
 679 
 
 was mcrijcd with Vhv Livinvj Church, published in 
 Chica.ifo. 
 
 T/ir Siiudiiy Giu'st, 
 
 a moiitlily Sunday School paper, at two shil]in,;rs 
 piT ycMr, was publislu-d by J. M. Arnold iV Com- 
 pany in January, 1.S74. It was afterwards pubiisiicd 
 by John Willyount;, and discontinued in April, 1882. 
 
 Thv Better At^^c, 
 
 was puiiiislu'd by J. Russell & Son as a temperance 
 sheet on January i, 1874. In October following: jt 
 moved to Chicaj^o, and soon after was discontinued. 
 
 Till- W'oh'erinc Mcsscns;cr, 
 
 1S71, and discontinued in November of the same 
 year. 
 
 I'lic Ihtioit Coniiiu-rcial lUillctin, 
 
 ,1 weekly, at $2.00 a year, was in existence (Iiwin,;,' 
 III) months of 1871. It was pul)lished by Hopkins, 
 llethrin,i,non. i\: O'Neil. 
 
 The Leather Apron 
 
 was first issued in July, 1872; only ;i few numbers 
 were printed. 
 
 Our Yankee Land, 
 
 an .amateur monthly p.aper. was first issued by A. 
 
 W. ISai^v: i" Janu.iry, 1872, at fifty cents a year. 
 
 Duriui,' the year the price was raised to $1.00. 
 
 With the number for October, 1873, the paper was a monthly, the origan of the I'clouze Cadets, was 
 
 discontinued. issued durint,^ 1875. 
 
 The Detroit Pulpit, The Aui^lo-Catholi-, 
 
 a monthly .it Si.oo. edited by Rev. J. W Scott, con- a church nrijan, was issued scmi-moi.thly by Holy 
 
 t.iinin.^r sermons by v.irious Detroit |)aslors, w^s first 'ivinity Church, from April, 1S75, to August, 1S83, 
 
 issued in September, 1872, and was continued three under the supervision of the rectors. The price 
 
 y^''"'-'^' was fifty cents ;i year. 
 
 The Mystic Star, 
 ,, . ,, " ,. , , „ ^'''' Detroit W'eelciv rriee Current, 
 
 a Masonic monthly, at §1.50 a year, edited by l<ev. 
 
 I. M. Arnold, was published in 1872 and part of "^ • ^'^- ^'i'l'ird, mana.tjer, was first issued December 
 
 i,S7^, by F. N. Newman, and was then moved to "• ■«75. at Si.oo .a year. It was discontimied in 
 
 Chicago. November. 1882. 
 
 The noy of the Period, '/"^"' ^'''''^'' /''•"//'• 
 
 an amateur venture of C. H. & O. M. Leonard, ^^'-'s published by Johnstone i\: C.ibbons. .it ^ii.cKi, 
 
 was first issued in November, 1872, .as a montiily.at f'"" •' y<-'ar from January i, 1875. 
 
 liftv cents a year. It ceased with the issue for ™ , ^ , „ , , 
 
 , ' , o_^ Truth for the People, 
 
 Aiiijust. 1876. -^ ' 
 
 a weekly, at $1,00 a year, w.as started J.inuary i, 
 
 77ie Afirhij^on Journol of l{oni,vof>othy. ^<^^^^ i/y y^^^ -^x j y Mi|l;ir. On Fei)riiary i. 
 
 ,1 (luartcrly, ;it lifly cents ,1 ycir, inihiishcd by I >r. 1878, it was sold to I'", il. ISiirye.ss. On August i, 
 
 I.. 1\. ililis, be^-.-m ill July, 1S72, and was discon- 1879, its n.ame w;is changed to 
 
 tinned in April, 187^. 
 
 'Pile M/ihij^'dn Truth 'Peller, 
 
 riie Miehi-;ni Edition ,.'' Xorthio.st R.fwrt.r and Iniiii compels the s'ateiiient th.il il died in 18S0. 
 
 w IS the re[)resent;iti\e of 
 
 'The ( oftitol, 
 
 Su/>nn,r Court JWisions, published by sHi<leiUs of the lli;^h School, w;is 
 
 a i|ii;irlerly l.aw-jonrn.il, lirst issued ill October, 1S73, issued in i'v6 .and 1877. 
 
 With lloyt I'ost as editor. In October, 1875, the 
 
 namew.is ch.in-ed to The Michi.v^an L.iwyer. The '^'^"' ''■'■'■"'"K -"^l"''- 
 
 liiiee w.is ;. 50 ;i year. In October, 1S78, the n.ime This paper, the result of a strike; amoni,^ the 
 
 I'f the joiirn.il w.is ch.mjred to Michij;;;in Fdition of coniposiiors of The Fveiiinv; Ni'ws, was first issued 
 
 \nith\vest Reporter, and it w.as published by Rich- September 22, 187C), ;uid disc oniiiuied October 7 
 
 inoiid, IS.u'kus & Company, aiul issueil weekly at following;;. 
 
 S5.i>j a ye.ir u[) to 1S82. 
 
 '/V/i- I'r<r7'eler/ Illustrate,! Cjlieial Raihi'ay 
 
 Our Pioeeses, Reporter, 
 
 a I'rotesl.ant I'.piscopal ]),iper, was established by a very complete p.imphlet oct.avo. w.is first issued in 
 Kev. J. T.Webster .is .1 monthly in November. October, 1876, by the Western Railway Advertising 
 i>!73, ;it $1.25 per ye.ir. On February J 4, '880, ii Company. Two numbers only were published. 
 
68o 
 
 THE NEWSPAPER GRAVEYARD. 
 
 Li' Courii)-, 
 a literary weekly, at $1.50, inil)lislu'(l l)y I'.oudin \- 
 Diimont, was issiiocl OcIoIkt 12, 1876. The title 
 was scon ehanged to 
 
 /./• [(Uinuil ifr Di'trptt, 
 
 It was eontinued tiuriiiiL:^ |)art of 1S77. 
 
 Thr /Mro/f HcrahL 
 
 a weekly, at $1.00 ,1 year, was published for a few 
 months in i<S76 by II. K. Wesson. 
 
 The Mii/i/\;aii l'('//cs Zt/'/iiiij^, oriijinally ealled 
 /"//(' Ditroit Soiitii:^ Zi/'/iiiii;. 
 
 a weekly at $2.00 a year, was first issued on 
 October 15, 1876, by C. .Marxhau.sen; on June i, 
 1880, it was sold to John IJeeker, and in July, 1881, 
 it was sold to Weisc Wienckc. On February 11. 
 1882. I.. Lochbihier & Conipruiy became proprie- 
 tors, and with the issue of March 3, 1882, the name 
 was chanijed to The Michiiran \'olks Zeitunj;. It 
 was discontinued May 16, 1884. 
 
 T/tr Marine Record. 
 A pa|)er with tiiis title was issued by Watson 
 Jones durinjj the sea.son of naviijation in 1877. 
 
 The Anieriean Workman and Trades Reporter, 
 
 a weekly, published by J. W. & (.',. C. Jenks, at 
 f 1.50 a vear, was issued from April 21 to July 14, 
 1877. 
 
 Rose's .Vose, 
 
 a weekly paper f)f little merit or morality, was pub- 
 lished by Lester .\. Rose for one year from Autjust 
 16, 1877. 
 
 7'he Red a /id White Ribbon, 
 
 a temperance weekly, w.as oriji^inrUly published by 
 Gertrsre M. Chester, and in 1S77 by Chester & Bar- 
 tram. It lived about eii^lit months. 
 
 The Western lira, 
 
 a theatrical illustrated monthly paper, at S2.00 a 
 year, was issued from September 3, 1877, to J.inuary 
 I, 1878, by E. A. Sa.xby. 
 
 The Detroit Xational, 
 
 the State orsr.an of the so-called Greenback party, 
 was issued for a year from February 28, 1878, by H. 
 A. GritTin. It was then merited with 
 
 The Miehii^an Weekly Sun, 
 
 published by H. N. Mather, which made its first 
 appearance on January 14, 1879. In October, 1879, 
 it was mo\ed to Jackson. 
 
 The Soeialist, 
 ■a weekly .at S'oO, owned by the Detroit section of 
 the Soei.ilistic Labor party, was published from 
 October 13. 1877, until June 8, i87S,an<l then meriifed 
 with The Xational Socialist of Cincinnati. Jud.son 
 Grencll, editor. 
 
 The Miehii^aii Homestead. 
 
 a weekly, at Si. 50 ,1 year, was first published by J. 
 Saunders November 14, 1878, and in September, 
 18S0, was mery;e(l with The Atiricultural World of 
 Grand R;i|iids. 
 
 The Penny Times 
 
 was first issued December 8, 1878, and continued 
 only eight days. 
 
 The Popular F.ra, 
 
 a weekly, at $1.00, devoted to the interests of the 
 colored |ieople, was t'lrst issued by Albert Swain on 
 May 31, 1879, ,'uk1 was discontinued in November. 
 
 /"//(• I-\ii)iily Journal, 
 
 a monthly, at two shillings a year, was moved to 
 Detroit from Toronto, by H. A. -Storrs, and the first 
 number issued in July, 1879. It was soon discon- 
 tinued. 
 
 Moore's Masonie Messeni^er, 
 
 a monthly, published by Charles Moore, was first 
 issued in October, 1S79. Price. $1.00 a year. On 
 account of Mr. .Moore's death, it was discontinued in 
 March. 1881. 
 
 Public Spirit. 
 
 an illustrated weekly, at S4.00 a year, was issued by 
 L. A. Rose and I'.it Reilly, from July 12 to October 
 4, 1879, and then by W. J. H. Traynor as 
 
 The Detroit Graphic. 
 It was discontinued in February, 1881, 
 
 The SiDiday Herald 
 
 was first published on November 9, 1879, by J. F. 
 ISurnham. It was a weekly society paper, at |2.oo 
 a year. About June i. 18S1, the proprietor pur- 
 chased 
 
 The Detroit Times, 
 
 first issued by Grencll, Labadie, & Company, April 
 10, 1881. a Trades' I'nion paper, at S1.50 a year. 
 The Herald was discontinued November 20, 1881. 
 
 The l.ri'cr, 
 
 a temperance weekly, at 1 1.50 a year, was first pub- 
 lished at Grand Rapids, April 20, 1878. by \'an 
 Fleet & Noll, and first issued at Detroit in August. 
 1880. Its last number at Detroit was dated March 
 16, 1883, after which it was published in Chicago. 
 
Ln'iNc. 1'.\1'i;ks and i'kriodicals. 
 
 68 1 
 
 troit sortioii dl 
 )ul)lislK'(i from 
 1(1 tlu'ii nK'rv;\il 
 iiiiiali. Jiidsoii 
 
 ■,uL 
 
 published by J. 
 
 in Scptcniiicr, 
 
 Itiiral World of 
 
 and continued 
 
 interests of the 
 Ul)ert Swain mi 
 I in November. 
 
 was moved to 
 Ts, and the tirst 
 as soon discon- 
 
 loorc, was first 
 oo a year. ( )n 
 discontinued in 
 
 , was issued by 
 y 12 to October 
 lor as 
 
 i88i. 
 
 ), .879, l)yj. F. 
 paper, at f 2.00 
 proprietor pur- 
 
 ^ompany, April 
 t $1.50 a year. 
 eml)er 20, 1881. 
 
 r, was first pub- 
 1878, by \'an 
 troit in Au.tjusl, 
 as dated March 
 led in Chicago. 
 
 Ihtroit lllustrntiul, 
 1 monthly (]uarto, was hrst issued by Wesson X: 
 Wood in September, 1880, at $1.00 a year. It was 
 discontinued the last week in December, 1881. 
 
 Till- SiDidtiY Sun. 
 published by (i. Watson Williams, had but one 
 issue, November 20, 1881. 
 
 T/ir Daily Mail, 
 a penny paper, was first printed July 24, 1879, and 
 suspended with its thirty-fifth issue. 
 
 Coiiinicrcial I.a:j Xcii's, 
 a weekly, w.as lH'y;un September i^>, 1879, and ]nil)- 
 lislied about three months. 
 
 T/ir Piiyxiii'i'ant 
 was published by Talbot >.*v; Company, weekly, at 
 S3. 00, beijinniiiiLj with November 9, 1S79, and was 
 discontinued in a few weeks. 
 
 /'//(• X or tlnoc stern Rn'ii-^w, 
 a literary monthly, six columns, quarto, at %\.\o ,i 
 year, was first issued in J;uui;iry, 1880, by the 
 Northwestern rublishiiii;- Company, It susixndcd 
 in 1882, 
 
 Tlif I.al'or Rn'ii-^', 
 ;i monthly, at seventy-five cents a year, published 
 by J. A. L.'ibadie. Judsoii ('•renell, and Henry Tool, 
 was iniblishcd from January to July. 1880. It was 
 then suspended until .\u.!,iust. 1S81, when it w;is re- 
 vived, and issued by Henry i'ool as a semi-monthly 
 until March, 1882, and then discontinued. 
 
 The Detroit Gazette, 
 a weekly, at $1,00 a year, was published from May 
 8, 1880, to July 18, 1881. It was chietly an adver- 
 tisiiiv,^ sheet. 
 
 Our Catholic ) outh, 
 an illustrated monthly, published by John C. Lap- 
 pan, bejian its career in Aui(ust, 1880, at $1.00 a 
 year, and suspended in February, 1882, 
 
 Our Churehes, 
 Two numbers of a paper with the above title 
 were issued in December, 18S0. by M. L, Wilson. 
 
 Miehii^an Traile fu-^'ieu\ 
 Number I, \'olume I, of this paper, a weekly, at 
 $3.00 a year, was issued by Wilson. Stapleton, & 
 Hopper, April 16, 1881. It was short-lived. 
 
 The Detroit Unionist. 
 a semi-monthly at twent}--five cents a year, was 
 first issued on March 10, 1882. and ceased with the 
 numlier for March 28, 1883. It w.as oriu;inally 
 edited by W. Murtagh and then by Judson Grenell. 
 
 The /I'.'enin^' Tehxn-ani, 
 a one-cent daily, was |)ul)lislied by Rich iv Son. 
 The llrst number was issued .Xuifust 8, and the last 
 October 23, 1882. It was continued as 
 
 The Detroit Daily I'inies, 
 a one-cent d.iily, which was first issued October 24, 
 1882, and continued until January 31, 1883, 
 
 The Xatioiial I'eofile. 
 an oriLjan for colored people, published by W. A. 
 Sweeney, was lirsi issuetl in Ai)ril, ami was discon- 
 tinued in July, 1S83. 
 
 I.IVINi; I'AI'KRS AM) PKRIODICAL.S, 
 
 The Detroit Post ami Tribune. 
 The I'ost and Tribune numbers several papers in 
 its ancestral line, ..le first of which. 
 
 The Xorth:<'<stern Journal. 
 was published by ('ieori,a' L. Whitney. Number I 
 of X'olume I was dated November 20. 1829. It 
 w.'is a weekly jiaper, at S3-oo a year, edited by Wil- 
 liam Ward, and established by the political friends 
 of John (^uiiicy .Adams. .\t the close of the first 
 year it took the name of 
 
 The Detroit Journal and Miehi^^an Advertiser. 
 Numl>er I of the new paper bore date November 
 24, 1830. It was issued on Wednesday of each 
 week, at S^.oo a year. On March 16. 1831, the 
 closinij editorial of Mr. Ward appeared. He was 
 succeeded by H. W. Bellows, the subsequently 
 widely known and j^opular Unitarian minister. 
 With the number for June 21, 1832, Charles Cle- 
 land became editor, and on Aujjjust 29 of the same 
 year he was succeetled by Thomas Rowland. On 
 March i, 1833, the paper was called 
 
 The Detroit Journal, 
 and issucfl as a t'lve-column semi-weekly, at $4-00 
 a year. Mr. Rowland's connection with th'* paper 
 ceased on September 3, 1834, and he was probably 
 succeeded by CieorL,re Watson. On A-uijust 28, 
 1835, the paper was made a tri-weekly, and the 
 price raised to $5,00 a year. At this time (ieorge 
 Corselius was editor. 
 
 The first paper merged with The Journal was 
 
 The Detroit Courier. 
 
 This was established by Stephen Wells on FJe- 
 cember 23, 1830, as a literary and religious news- 
 paper. It was edited by George Brewster, and is- 
 sued weekly, on Thursdays, at $2,50 a year. It was 
 printed by T, M. Ladd. 
 
 At this time the anti-Masonic excitement grow- 
 ing out of the Morgan affair was but little abated, 
 and as the publisher would not allow the editor to 
 
68; 
 
 t.IVIXf, I'Al'KKS AXn I'l'.RIODir.M.S. 
 
 wriU' ;ij;aiiist Masonry, Mr. lir(.A\sU'r ri'^i,i;iK(l. 
 William \\ ard then rloscd his cuniicction with The 
 louriial and AdvertisiT and lu'canic editor of 'I'lic 
 Courier. \\v rcsi^iu'd on Octoljcr 27, iiSji, and 
 was surcc'i'di'd on Noxcnibfr 3 by Franklin Sawyer, 
 Jr., a graduate of IIar\ard College. 
 
 On December I, 1 83 1, Weils & I. add lu-came 
 joint piil)lishers of the pajier. From January 1: to 
 June 21, 1832, Charles Cleland was .-issociated with 
 -Mr. Sawyer, and after the latter date he became 
 sole editor, bi this year, and jirior to Aiisjust 23. 
 Mr. Cleland became one of the projirietors, and the 
 firm name was T. M, I. add iS; Company. This 
 partnership was dissoive<l on J.mu.iry 9, 1833, ami 
 Messrs. Clel.inil it Sawyer became I'ditors and pro- 
 prietors. Tlu'V announced themselves as thoroui^hly 
 anti-Masonic. Their parlnersliip continuetl only 
 till July 31, when Mr. Cleland became sole owner, 
 and the name of I".. I', ('■.irihier appeared as printer. 
 The last number of tlie |)aper was issued on Janu- 
 ary 14, 1835, it beinv; thereafter consoMdatcd with 
 the Join-nal under the name of 
 
 T//r Ihtroit Journal and Courier. 
 
 This new paper was deemed the leijitimate suc- 
 cessor of The Northwestern Journal, antl the 
 volumes were all nimihered therefrom : the first 
 issue under the new headinvf ajipearinii;- as X'oiume 
 \'I. Number 9, January 21, 1835. ti. L. Whitney 
 was publisher, and the price was !J«2.oo a year. 
 
 In February a semi-weekly edition called 
 
 TJu- Journal and .lifvi'rf/Sir 
 
 was issued; on Auijust 28 a tri-weekly edition was 
 published on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, 
 at $5.00 a year. The price was increased the next 
 year to i^Ct.oo. 
 
 The growth of population and the di'sirability of 
 keepini^ jiace with opjiosinij papers, made the esl.ib- 
 lishment ofa daily edition a necessity, and on June 
 II, 1836, the first number of 
 
 T/if Drtroit Pa/'/y Aihu-rtiscr 
 was piven to the public. The ]irice was §8.00 a year. 
 
 Duriuij all these years the ollice of the pajier was 
 in the tliird story of a buildini; on the .southeast 
 corner of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. In 
 1837 it was moved to the southwest corner. In 
 January. 1838, the papiT was sold to F. A. Hardiny; 
 and F. Sawyer; and after a time Auijustus .S. 
 I'orter became one of the proprietors. 
 
 In January, 1839, the paper was cnlarijed, and on 
 September 6 was sold to deorpe Dawson, late 
 editor of The Albany Eveninjj^ Journal. Morij;in 
 Hates was his partner. These .irentlemen discon- 
 tinued the tri-weekly Advertiser, and all editions of 
 the paper now apjieared under the title of " Adver- 
 
 liscr," the wiirds "Journ;!! and Courier" beinv; 
 omilti'd. 
 
 .\ tire on Janu.iry 1, 1842, destroyed the entire 
 bloc k in whii-h the ollice \\-.is located, but on J.anu- 
 • iry 4 the paper was issued .as usual. Mr. Dawson 
 now sold his interest to Mr. li.ates, and the jiapir 
 was moved to the Sheldon lllock. On Novemlxr 
 10. 1843, it was sold to Cieneral A. S. William.s, and 
 in M.'iy, 1844, it was moved to its oriijinal location 
 in the third story of Kinvj's Corner. 
 
 The third paper absorbed by The .\dvertiser w,is 
 called 
 
 The Daily IC.x/iross, 
 and w.is tlrst issued as an evenini^ p.aper on June 2, 
 1845, by Smith X: (Uilley, at twelve cents a week. 
 It was published for nearly six months, the last 
 issue bciny dated November 29, 1845. '^"''^' ^^^^' 
 scription list was transferred to The Advertiser. 
 .Mthouyh Mr. Williams was .ibsent in the Mexican 
 War, The .Vdvertiser was published in his name 
 until January i, 184S. He tlien sold the paper to 
 N, 1. Rawsou, 11. II. Duncklee. anil Cicorge W, Wis- 
 ner, who conducted it under the firm name of Raw- 
 son, Duncklee i!t Company. Mr. Wisner was chief 
 editor, and was assisted by William S. Wood. In 
 this year the ollice was moved to 226 Jelfer.son 
 Avenue, two doors west of Firemen's Hall. 
 
 Rufus llosmer, who became editor on May 17, 
 1849, was noted for his genial character and story- 
 telling ability, in 1850 Mr. Raw.son sold his interest 
 to F. /\. Wales, and the .same year the paper was 
 first printed by steam. 
 
 In the fall of 1852 Mr. Wales erected a building 
 at 212 Jefferson Avenue, between Hates and Ran- 
 dolph Streets, especially for the paper. lie took 
 possession on January 1, 1853, ;it which time a new 
 r.team cylinder press was introduced. In this ve.ir 
 Mr. Duncklee left the firm, and .Mr, Wales became 
 sole proprietor. During the year, James M. VA- 
 munds was a regular contributor. 
 
 In the spring of 1854 Allyn Weston was installed 
 as editor, and ditring the year the paper was in- 
 crease<l to eight columns. About this time Morti- 
 mer S. Thompson, better known as " Doesticks," 
 was connected with the paper. 
 
 On June 30, 1855, four more papers were added 
 to the list represented in the present Host and 'i'rib- 
 une, Uf these 
 
 The Free Denwerat 
 
 was established in September or October. 1S52, as 
 a weekly " free soil " paper, by Rev. S. A. ISaker. 
 A daily edition was commenced on April 3, 1853, .it 
 $5.00 a year. The paper was then published by R. 
 F. Johnstone and S. M. Holmes, under the firm 
 name of R, F, Johnstone & Company. On January 
 
I.I\'INC. I'AI'l'.RS AM) 1'I:R1()I)iCALS. 
 
 683 
 
 liner 
 
 liciiiv; 
 
 L'd tlu" entire 
 l)Ut on Janu- 
 Mr. 1 )a\vs()ii 
 m\ till' paper 
 )n Novi'nilxr 
 Williams, and 
 i^inal loeatinn 
 
 .lUcrliser was 
 
 ■)cr on June 2, 
 ■eiUs a week, 
 iths, tlic last 
 5. The stib- 
 10 Advertiser. 
 1 the Mexiean 
 
 in his name 
 I the paper to 
 ;orgc W. Wis- 
 namc of Raw- 
 ^ner was chief 
 S. Wood. In 
 
 226 Jefferson 
 
 Hall. 
 
 )r on May 17, 
 
 ter and story- 
 
 )ld iiis interest 
 
 ic paper was 
 
 d a building 
 tes and Kan- 
 er. 11 took 
 time a new 
 In this year 
 A'ales beeanie 
 imes M. lid- 
 was installed 
 aper was in- 
 is time Morti- 
 Doestiek.s," 
 
 •s were added 
 'ost and Trib- 
 
 obcr, 1S52, as 
 S. A. iSaker. 
 pril 3, 1.S53. at 
 iblished by K. 
 nder the firm 
 On January 
 
 1 1, 1S54, James F. Conover became a partner, and 
 Rev. J.ibi'/ l''()N one of the editors. 
 
 .\bout this time The I'ree Democrat became the 
 npri'senlatixe of two other ]iapers, iiamely. 
 
 /'//(■ .)//( ■///>(?// (hxit/i i>J riinpiiiuur, 
 
 printed by Ci. W. I'attison. and published by II. S. 
 I )ecker i\: Compr.ny, a weekly, at Si.ix) a year. The 
 first number was issued abi'M May 12, 1S52, and 
 ill {"ebruary, 1S53, it w.is consolidated with 
 
 /'//(• M/i/i/\;iVi 7'(»i/yriitnti' . lifi'ocn/r, 
 
 published by F. Yates & Comixuiy, the first number 
 iif which had been issued in Decembir, I1S52. 
 
 On N'ovember 4, 1854, Mr. fonover dissolvid his 
 conection with The Free Democrat, selling out to 
 Mr. ISaker, .ind on February 5, i<S55, the paper was 
 consolidated with 
 
 T/ir Pa/h' I-.m/ii/iur. 
 
 This paper was established on January i<S, i<S54, 
 as an independent paper with \\'hij; proclivities. 
 Rufus Ilosmer was editor, Frederick Morley asso- 
 ciate editor, and up to the time of its consolidation 
 with The Democrat, it was published by Hosmer & 
 Williams. The new paper formed by the consoli- 
 dation was calkd 
 
 77ir Diinottdt aiiif I'.iu/ithi'r. 
 
 About four months after its first issue under this 
 name, on June 30, 1855, it was consolidated with 
 The Ailvertiser, which ib.en became a pronounced 
 Republican paper, edited as before by Rufus Ilos- 
 mer. The Democrat and Kncjuirer was issued as 
 an evenini>; paper until November 19, 1S55. A 
 weekly, called The Michigan Free Democrat, was 
 issued during the same ]>eriod. 
 
 On November 22, 1856, Silas M. Holmes became 
 sole proprietor, and was the real publisher until 
 August, 1858. Frederick Morley then became pub- 
 lisher and editor, with Joseph Warren as associate 
 editor. In 1859 A. M. ("■riswold, better known as 
 the " Fat Contributor," was one of the editorial 
 staff. In October, 1861, Mes.srs. J. E. Scripps and 
 M. Cieiger became |Kirtners with S. M. Holmes, and 
 on July 8, 1862, The Advertiser was consolidated 
 with 
 
 The Ditroit llaily Tribinw, 
 
 a Whig paper, established as a weekly October 23, 
 I1S49. at $1.00 a year. A daily morning edition was 
 begun on November 19, 1849. In June, 1851, it 
 l)i,came an evening paper, |)rice $5.00 a year. The 
 paper was projected by Josiah Snow and Henry 
 I'larns, both of whom acted as editors. It was pub- 
 1 shed by K. H. Way & Company. T. C. Miller fur- 
 nishing the capital. The Tribune soon obtained 
 the subscription list of 
 
 I'lic Piniuxiilnr I'rrrniini. 
 a "free soil" paper, which was first issued in the 
 fall of 1848. ;is ;i weekly, by Robert Mclir.itney and 
 J. I). I.iggitt. In December, 1851. the ownership 
 of The Tribune was veste ' in Henry I'.arns ami \\. 
 C" Stimson, uiuler the I'r m name of li. d. Slimson 
 i\: Company. On July 1, 1852, the paper p.tssed 
 into the h.'inds of Cicorge F. I'omeroy. I!. Wight, 
 II. Rams, and Joseph W;urcn, the latter serving as 
 editor. In llu: fall of 1854 Mr. Wight sold his 
 interest to T. C. .Miller, and in the spring of 1855 
 H. I5arns w;is the publislu'r. 
 
 On May 18, 1856, the ofiice, on the norllu'.ist 
 corner of Woodward Avenue and Wnodbridge 
 Street, was burned, .\fter the tire J. I-". (.dnover 
 succeeded Mr. Warren, .assisted during a jiortion of 
 the time by Charles S. May. On December 31, 
 1858, the office was again burned. The p.iper was 
 then iirintedat The Advertiser ol'fice until February, 
 when it was removed to the east side of Shelby 
 Street, just north of Jefferson Avenue, and here it 
 was managed by a firm consisting of H. Barns, 
 Joseph I'rench, ;ind I'". I!, W;iy. After its consoli- 
 d.ition with The .Advertiser on July 8, 1862, under 
 the name of 
 
 'riw . hh'n/t'srr and Trihitiw, 
 
 it was issued from the old Advertiser office on 
 Jefferson Avenue. The new proprietorshi|) took 
 the form of a corporation, with Henry Harns, of 
 The Tribune, as editor, and James F. .Scri|ips, of 
 The Advertiser, as business manager; its general 
 .affairs were regulated by a bo.ard of five directors, 
 elected annually. From the f.ill of 1863 until J.inu- 
 ;iry i, 1867, W. S. tieorge was business man.iger. 
 
 By this time the proprietors were hungry for 
 another i).aper, and accordingly, on the i ith d;iy of 
 J.'uuiary, 1864, they purchaseil 
 
 The Pftyoit T'lic I 'iiimi. 
 
 This paper, a semi-monthly, at Si. 50 a year, was 
 started by F. 15. I'orter; the first number w.is issued 
 July 18, 1863. On October 15 ;i weekly edition w;is 
 begun. After a struggle of somi' two years, the p.aper, 
 like many of its predecessors, w.is discontinued. 
 
 When the consolid.ition with the .Advertiser .and 
 Tribune took place I". 15. Ward jiurchased the 
 interest of S. M. Holmes in The Advertiser and 
 Tribune. 
 
 In February, 1865, J. K. Scripps bought I-".. 15, 
 Ward's interest for §24,000. Of this, stock to the 
 amount of §10,000 was sold, half to Hiram W.alker 
 .and half to F. C. Walker. In 1868 Hiram Walker 
 purcha.sed ;m addition.il §5,000 worth of stock, and in 
 1S72 §5,000 more. On January 1. 1870, the paper was 
 iiKwed to a building erected in the rear of the pres- 
 ent elegant iron and stone building on Larncd Street 
 
684 
 
 MNINd I'AI'KKS AM) I'KKK )DICALS. 
 
 West, trrctfd in 1S73. In July, I'i;::, ,1 Ildcfinii- 
 cylindcr typc-nsolviniL^ pass, the first in tiie Stiilc 
 w.'is sit up. Ill KS73 and 1S79, llirani W.ilkir 
 houj^iit still niori! of the stock of llic jiiipiT, ;m(l in 
 18.S0 ownrd most of tlie stock of tlu' (dr|ior.ition. 
 
 Mr, Conovtr, who liad been tclitor-in-chicf since 
 1863, was siiccci'dcd, on Apiil 29. ]^~i. liy Charles 
 K. ll.ickus. In 1870 
 Willi.mi M. Cuic- 
 ton was one of the 
 editors of the week- 
 ly. In l'"ehru;iry, 
 1873, J. K. Scripps 
 retired from the 
 ijeneral m;ina,y;e- 
 nient, and was suc- 
 ceeded by II. K. 
 Baker, and in 1877 
 the pajier was con- 
 solidated with 
 
 77/^- Ditroit Daily 
 Post. 
 
 This paper, whose 
 publication was be- 
 yun March 27, 1S66, 
 was tlie first eight- 
 paiLje daily issued in 
 Detroit. It contin- 
 ued in that form for 
 nearly four years. 
 Tri-weekly and 
 weekly editions 
 were begun with the 
 daily. The paper 
 was established as a 
 radical Republican 
 orcfan by a joint 
 stoik eomiirmy. /.. 
 Chandler .md I'.. B. 
 Ward were l.irtje 
 shareholders. Carl 
 Schurz w.'is editor- 
 in-chief for a year; 
 and from March, 
 1867, to January i, 
 1876, the editorial 
 and business departments were under the control 
 of Frederick Morley. 
 
 During the first year of its existence Charles F. 
 Clark and H. H. Rowlson were in charge of its 
 business department; after January i, 1876. it was 
 managed by I.. F. Harter. From the time Mr. 
 Morley left until the consolidation of the paper 
 with The Advertiser and Tribune. Willi.im Stocking 
 was chief editor, and during its existence the fol- 
 
 Thb DAfiv Pont HriLuisd. 
 42 to 48 Laincd Street Wost. liiiilt in 1873. 
 
 lowing persons were connected with the t-diioria 
 dej)artment : L. J. Hates, V..('<. Ilolden, W. J. Cih 
 son, II. M. I'tley, R.iy Haddock, and Akxandei 
 Morrison. 
 
 On June \<\ 1866, ;i Snnd.iy edition took the place 
 of the Mo'M.iy issue. An e\'ening edition w.is sint oiii 
 on Au.^iist 22 and was continued until December i. 
 
 After its consol- 
 idation with The 
 Tribime, the first 
 numbir of the pa- 
 per, under the title 
 of 
 
 Till' Post iviif 
 Tyil'inic 
 
 was issued October 
 
 14, 1877. A paper 
 called 
 
 The ETrm'»s[ 
 Telegraph, 
 
 at two cents per 
 copy, was issued by 
 the same corpor.i- 
 tion from October 
 
 15, 1877, until No- 
 vember I 5, 1878. 
 
 (^n May 1 1, 1879, 
 the office of the 
 Post and Tribune 
 was damaged by 
 fire, with a loss of 
 830,000. On March 
 1, 1 88 1, the paper 
 was sold to a new 
 company, and one 
 month later William 
 Stocking succeeded 
 Mr. Backus as man- 
 aging editor. 
 
 After the consol- 
 idation, L. F. Harter 
 managed lUc busi- 
 ness department 
 until February 18, 
 1878, when he was 
 succeeded by James 
 H. Stone, and he on June 17. 1882, by William H. 
 Thompson. On September 3, 1883, Frederick 
 Morley became sole luanager of both the editorial 
 and business departments of the paper. The price 
 of the daily was reduced from if 10.00 to #7.00 on 
 November i. 1883. The price of the semi-weekly 
 is $4.00. of the weekly, $1.00 per year. 
 
 On June 12. 18S!, the paper was first printed on ;! 
 Scott Rotary Press, and changed from a four-page 
 
LlVlNCi PAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 
 
 685 
 
 to an cii^lu-pa^c daily. On ihc day of intmducinij 
 Uic new [iress a scvcn-cokiinn paper of lliirly-twcj 
 paj^es was issued, also a supplement i^iviiiv; a fac- 
 simile of the lirst number of the first paper pub- 
 lished in Michiijan. 
 
 The press prints. cMts, folds, and pastes from ten 
 ti) twelve thousand pa|)ers per hour. 
 
 On August I, 1884, die paper was transferred 
 to J. L. Stickney, who became chief etlitor and 
 inanai^er, and on the same date the paper first 
 ai)[)eared under the title of l'!)'.' Daily Post. 
 
 '/■/■,■ Detroit /'>•■•, Press. 
 
 The burning of The Gaiiette in April, 1830, left 
 Mr. McKiiit^ht. its proprietor, without sufficient 
 means to establish a new paper ; but the rush of 
 iiniiii,!L;ration to Michigan was bejjinnini;, and a 
 paper was essential to the interests of the Demo- 
 cratic party. In order to meet the deiuantl, Joseiih 
 (.'.iiiipan and John \^. Williams, under the firm 
 name t)f Joseph Campau <S: Company, ])urchased 
 The Oaklaiul County Clironicle (which had been 
 |)iiblislied by Thomas Simpson, at Pontiac, from 
 June 25, 1830), and .ijave Mr. Mcl\nii;ht the control 
 of the material, which was to be paid for as soon as 
 circumstances woulil admit. 
 
 The type and presses were removed to Detroit, 
 and as far as possible the subscribers of The Chroni- 
 cle were retained for 
 
 The Demoeratie Free Press and Mkhigan 
 Intelli^^eneer, 
 which was first issued on Thursday, May 5, i83r, 
 On June 2 John P. Sheldon assumed the editorship, 
 but resigneti on account of illness on August 25 of 
 the same year. The price of the pai)er was %2.iX) a 
 year: the ol'fice was on the corner of Bates and 
 \VoodbridjL;e Streets. 
 
 On October 27, 1831, C. \V. Whipple was ap- 
 pointeil lisca! ayeiit of the stockhoklers. With the 
 bei^inninjf of the second volume, on January 5, 1832, 
 the i)aper was enlarged, the words " Michigan In- 
 tclliirencer " omitted from the title, and the day (if 
 issue chanyetl from Thurstlay to Wednesday. 
 Charles Cleland was editor. In February Messrs. 
 S. McKniirht, T. C. Sheldon, and Andrew Mack 
 bciiii^ht out the orii^inal owners, and .Mr. McKnight 
 was made sole manatjer. On the 3d of the month, a 
 l'>ar dinner, given on the retirement of the judges, 
 t'luk place, and The Free Press of February 9 con- 
 t. lined an account of the speeches which were (|uite 
 l.uulatory of the judges. The people were so glad 
 t'l be relieved of obnoxious judges that the article 
 greatly displeased many persons, as it was thought 
 tliat the judges indulged in too much self-g''atu- 
 1 Uiou, and that the members of the 15ar were too 
 
 complimentary in their s|Heches. Such a clamor 
 was raised that on .May 3 Cleland was forceil from 
 the editorial chair, and John P. Sheldon .again placed 
 in charge. On .November 8, 1832, the office was 
 removed to a three-story brick building nearly np- 
 posite the Post-office, which was then on the south 
 side of Jeffer.son Avenue near Wayne Street. iCarly 
 in .April, 1833, John P. Sheldon was appointed 
 assistant superintendent of Ir.nl mines west of the 
 Mississip])i River, ami Sheklon .McKnight became 
 editor and publisher. The paper continued to be 
 issued as a weekly until June 19, 1835, when it be- 
 came a semi -weekly. 
 
 The constantly increasing number of educated 
 people that were streaming into the State encour- 
 ageil a further venture ; and on September 28, 1835, 
 McKnight issued the tirst lurmber of The Daily 
 Free Press. It was the tirst atteivt of the kind in 
 the Stale. The sheet was a f(jlio. w ith a page about 
 ten by seventeen inches. The price was S8.00 a 
 year. The office, at this time, was at 63 Jefferson 
 .\ venue, on the northeast corner of Shelby Street. 
 On February t, 1836, McKnight .sold out to L. L. 
 Morse, who had been editor of The Ontario (New 
 York) Messenger, and John S. Bagg, both of whom 
 acted as eilitors. On June 27, 1836, the paper 
 was enlarged from four to si.\ columns in width, 
 about a column in length, ami (Jtherwise improved 
 in appearance. On July 22 following John S. Bagg 
 became sole proprietor. 
 
 On January 4, 1837, at three o'clock r. M., a tire 
 broke out in the Sheldon Block, and burned the 
 office together with several other buildings. After 
 the tire, on February 1. 1837. J. S. Bagg. S. .\. ISagg. 
 and Henry Barns became publishers, under the firm 
 name of i5agg, Barns, i^ Comi^any. They located 
 o\er King's clothing store, on the corner of Jeffer- 
 son and Woodward .Avenues. On February 22 
 they issued their hrst paper. They began the semi- 
 weekly cilition on Febru.ary 28, and resumed the 
 d.'iily as X'olume 1, Number I, on June 5, 1837. On 
 February 16, 1838, J. S. and .S. .\. Bagg became 
 sole owners of the paper, and on April 10, 1840, A. 
 S. B.'igg became proprietor. On August 26, 1841, 
 the office was moved to the old Museum Building on 
 the soul' ast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Oris- 
 wold Street, and here, on January i, 1842, the ollice 
 was again burned. The fire destroyed the entire 
 block, and as both the Free Press and Advertiser 
 offices were bufned, neidier could aid the other. 
 
 On January 3, 1842, A. S. Bagg and J. H. Harmon 
 formed ;i new firm. In order to obtain type, they in- 
 duced The Macomb Republican and The Port Huron 
 Observer to suspend for the winter, and on January 
 II, on the corner of Shelby Street and Jefferson 
 Avenue, they issued a five column paper; the second 
 number was si.\ columns wide and a column longer ; 
 
686 
 
 LIVINC. 1'A1'I:RS AM) I'l'.KlODICAI.S. 
 
 ami llii'ii si'\cimI luimlurs wrrc issiii'd nf alxml lialf 
 si/.i:. On January JS. 1.S4J, llic paiJrr rcMiiiiuil ils 
 old form, bul alili()iii,;li issued daily, liic wnni " daily" 
 was dropped from the licadinif. During April iliu 
 proprietors of 'I'hc ()l)scr\cr took away lluir press, 
 and consiKiucnlly the sheets printed from April 14 
 to iS were rciliiccd in si/e. On Mareh 3, iiS^.j, the 
 oriiie was moved h.alf w.iy towards (irisw(jld Street, 
 opposite the Cooper lilock, .and here. bejL^innin^r with 
 March 15, I1S44. it was publishetl solely as an even- 
 ing p.iper until J.mu.iry 7, i>S45, when it resumed its 
 morning issue. Soon .after. C. 15. l'"loo(.l betaiue 
 editor, and on .September 30 the paper w.as enlari^ed 
 one idlun»n in width. 
 
 IJetween May and December, 1845, the ollice 
 was moved U) W'oodw.irii Avenue, opposite old St. 
 i'aul's Church, and here, in 1S46. the lirst power 
 press in Michi^.an. anil the lirst west of liulT.alo. 
 was sit up. The first work jiriiUed was the 
 Revised Statutes of th.at year. In M.iy, 1.S47. 
 John S. 15a,n;v^ a^ain became editor, and the p.iper 
 was enlarijed one column in len,:,(th. Durinv; 
 these years but little attiiuion was paid to local 
 items, or else there was a remark.ablc dearth of 
 events worth notin.u;. On May 9. 11^49. .\. -S. l''a,v;x 
 sold out his interest to John S. ISai;!^; .and early in 
 1850 the paper w.is issued by Hai^i;, ll.irmon, i\: 
 Company. On June 22 the firm n.ime was chanijed 
 to Harmon. Brodhead, iS: Comi)any, with R. O. 
 ll.irmon. T. I'", lirodlicid. .and J.icob li.arns as pro- 
 prietors. T. I''. Drodhe.id servin.if as editor. On 
 September 23, iiS5o, the paper was moved to 50 
 Cjriswold Street, just north of Jefferson A\'enue. 
 
 Duriiij; this year it absorbed the subscription list 
 of 
 
 /'//(• nctroit Coiiiiiicriinl lUillclin, 
 
 a paper established on May 28, 1.848. by D.aniel 
 Mun.i;er .and ( ieort,re W. I'altison, with d.iily, tri- 
 weekly, and weekly editions. On .April 1, 1851, 
 The l'"ree Press ;ii;.iin changed owners, Jacob Harns, 
 S. M. Johnson, and T. I'". Brodhead becominiL; pub- 
 lishers under the lirm n.ame of ISarns, Urodhe.ad. iV 
 Conip.iny. .Messrs. ISrodheail anil Johnson served 
 as editors. This year the ollice was proviiled with 
 new type, ;ind on October 7 the paper w.is enlar^;eil 
 to seven columns, .and the woril •'tlaily" ajL^ain .i|)- 
 peared in the title. 'l"he paper was now for the 
 first time i)rinteil by steam. An effort had been 
 maile to use steam in 1847, but as the boiler and 
 enyine were defective, and the tkior not stronj^ 
 enoui^h, the jiress was operated by m.an-power un- 
 til the fall of 1851. The occasion which led to the 
 use of steam was as follows : The work of printing; 
 in book form the report of the jjreat Michigan Cen- 
 tral Railroad conspiracy case had been under- 
 taken by H. A. Wales of The Advertiser. His press 
 facilities were inailei|uate, and the Free I'ress office 
 
 was ciiled upnii lo aid in the work. Uurini; the 
 print inir the m.in-power proved so unreli.ible th.u 
 sieam was substiiuted. /\ careful examination ol 
 the tiles of the p.iper fails to disclose the d.ite on 
 which the i).iper w.is first printed by steam. It 
 seems sin,milar indeed that so inii)orlant an eveiil, 
 an event markinij; .in era in the West, should h.ive 
 i(one unnoticeil, and it seems iloubly strange in view 
 of the f.ici that the papers of the present d.iy, ;ii 
 least, .ire not over-inodest in the recital of their 
 achievements. One of the proprietors of the paper 
 ;it that time, in .1 letter on this subject, .says, "We 
 did not then publish our own enterprise as is now 
 so universal with the press." 
 
 On April 7. 1852, .another ch;in,v;e of proprietors 
 took pl.ice, the p.iper bein,;( issued by J.icob IS.ariis 
 .and S. M. Johnson under the lirm name of Jacob 
 liarns \: Company. .Mr. Johnson served as editor 
 until {•"ebru.iry 3. 1853, when \V. K. Storey becinu 
 both editor ;ind proprietor. The |);iper was enl.irneil 
 one column in width and one in len,;;th on the I7tli 
 of the s.ime month, and on October 2, 1853, a Sun- 
 day paper was issued for the first time. It took 
 the pl.ice of the Mond.iy issue. 
 
 In the f.ill of 1859. or early in i860, the office w.as 
 moved to the northwest corner of ("iriswold .iiul 
 \Voodbrid;.;e Streets. On June 5, 1S61. Henry N. 
 W.ilker became editor anil proprietor, and on Au- 
 i^iist 28, V . !,. Seitz became .a ii.artner. 'fhe firm 
 n.ime w.is Walker iS: Seit/.. On December 24 of 
 the same year the pajjcr w.as sold to a new tirm. 
 composed of H. N. Walker. C. 11. Taylor, .iiul 
 Jacob Harns. In 1861 William K. ()uinl)y beciinc 
 one of the eilitors. and two years i.iter purch.ised a 
 quarter interest in the est.iblishment. 
 
 On Janu.iry 2, 1865, the p.iper w.is reduced om- 
 column in width and one in length; on M.iy 29 it 
 was enlarired to eii;ht columns, and on August 7, 
 1866, it w.as issued in quarto form. 
 
 On August 18, 1866, ;i .stock company was or- 
 ganized under the n.ime of The Detroit Free I'ress 
 Comi)any. The (|uarto form of the p.aper w.as ilis- 
 continued on .April 3, 1867, ,aiid the folio form rein- 
 st.ated, with an enlargement, on August 22, 1869, 
 of one column. In 1872 W. \\. Ouinby became 
 h.alf owner of the paper, .and in January, 1875, he 
 purchased a large share of the remainder of the 
 stoi'k. The p.aper has .always r.inked .as the leading 
 Democratic paper of .Michigan, and during most of 
 the time since it was founded, it has been the only 
 Fnglish Democratic p.aper in the city. It has 
 achieved much popularity through the " Fime Kiln 
 Club" articles of C. M. Lewis, whose nont dc plunu- 
 is M. Oil. id. 
 
 The weekly supplement known as The House- 
 hold w.as lirst issued on January 12. 1878. It is 
 designed especially for the ladies. On .A|)ril 29, 
 
LIVING I'AI'KKS AND I'KKIODICALS. 
 
 6S7 
 
 i.S7<S, the (iHicc was hiiiiird out, l)iil il was suoii ii'- 
 r>ial)lislic(l, and nii June z fdllowinii; the I'lic I'nss 
 (Huipauy, Inrtlu' lirsi tinii' in Micliii^an, uiadf usu 
 111' the |)ai>ici--uiarlu' sli'i\(il\|K' prm'iss, and willi a 
 nrw llulliK k pcrfiiiiui; pi'iss witli Sinll fuldrr was 
 al)li.' to prim, foltl, ,iiid p.istr twcKc tlinus.uid pajnis 
 ptT hour. 'I"1r' event was siynali/.cil by printing 
 a tliirly-t\\'o-i)agc 
 p.iprr will) a sLip- 
 plfUR'nt of four 
 pai;i's, .and ;it lliis 
 linir llir paper was 
 chaiivifd from folio 
 ini|n;irto form. ( )n 
 July i(>, i<S>Si, the 
 romp.my in;iu\;ii- 
 r.iled a new (ie|);ir- 
 luri.: l)y seiidin,!.; 
 die papier -m;i('lie 
 iiialriees of their 
 weekly |i;iptT to 
 London, .■uid print- 
 in;;' there .a reiujiilar 
 weekly edition, to 
 whieha few special 
 lolumns were ad- 
 ded. The first issue 
 (jf the pajier was 
 sixteen thousand; 
 the sei'ond, v\yt;h- 
 leeii thousand ; by 
 December 1 it had 
 re.aehed ;i hoiia fufi- 
 sale of thirty-five 
 thousand copies 
 w eekly ; and on 
 v'hristmas.i special 
 holiday eilitioii of 
 (Uie hundreil thou- 
 sand copies was 
 printed. It is sold 
 Inr a penny, anil 
 up to 1SS3 was the 
 Duly American pa- 
 per republished in 
 the Old World. 
 
 The fir.st number w.as made particularly attractive 
 lo Lomloners by the salutatory of our fellow-towns- 
 man llronsoii Howard. His loiiv;- t.irry in London 
 and the success of his plays had made him so well 
 known that bis "send off" was of great value, hi 
 June, 1884, the Detroit office was moved to the 
 northeast corner of L.irned and Shelby Streets. The 
 liist paper in the new location was issued on June 
 ''"'ill, the event being signali/.ed by the issue of a 
 I'lirty-si.x-p.ige paper. The f.icilities afforded in its 
 new quarters are second to those of no otber paper. 
 
 I'luc I-'kI'I; I'lacs.s 1!ui[.din(;. - N. K. Cok. 1,.\ijm-;ii and Sin:i.iiV SiKiilvi's. 
 
 The present stockholders ,iie Will. I'.. (Uliliby, .\. 
 (i. Iioynloii, N. I'.iseiilord, Joseph (iruesi I, John .\. 
 r.ell, John t )'Conilols, and ( ieo. I', (lood.ile. The 
 editoii.il stiilT consists of W'm. v.. 'Hiiiibv, A. (). 
 
 I'.oyntoll, Joseph (.lillsel, I'.. Ci. Iloldell, John A. 
 Hell. ( ii'o. I', t loodale, C l>. Lewis, Robert U.ill, 
 John liarr, II. F. Wright, J. \\. Robison, Ceorge 
 
 F. Hellwig. C. L. 
 Dean, Cico, H. 
 Taylor, K. H. Hos- 
 ford, Theo. (Hiinby, 
 i'r.ink Heiinett, 
 Nb-s. M. L. Rayne, 
 and Miss Jennie (). 
 Sl.irkey. 'I'he d.iily 
 is S7-00.1 ye.ir. and 
 the weekly Sl.o). 
 issued on TlH'S- 
 
 ilavs. 
 
 TItc . ill^^riiiriiw 
 Xii'/iin.;, 
 a ( ierman Diiiio- 
 cratic wiekly, at 
 S2.00. w.is first is- 
 sued by Dr. .\n- 
 th(<ny Kamiusky 
 on Se|-)temlH'r 31, 
 i8_|4 ; with the 
 bev;imiini; of the 
 se<'ond vdlunie the 
 name was chaiii^ed 
 to St.i.'its /eituni; 
 of Micliii;;m. and 
 the [iriee retluced 
 to $1.50. In the 
 spring of 1848 M. 
 W. All.irdt Iiecanie 
 a partiKr with Ka- 
 miusky, remaining 
 one year. In 1850 
 K.'iminsky ilietl, 
 ,111(1 Messrs. HutziK: 
 Schimmel bought 
 the paper and 
 changed the name 
 
 to Michigan Trilnine, or Cernuui Organ of the 
 Democracy, (^f this luw jiaper Casper lUitz was 
 editor, and as e.irly as July, 1850, he became pro- 
 prietor. The paper continued until 1854, when it 
 was merged with 
 
 77u- M/i/i/o<vi Douorral, 
 
 which was established the same year by a joint 
 stock company composed of Dr. \\ Klein, F. Ruehle, 
 J. 15. Schmittdid, C M. Rich, I?, and C. Fischer, 
 and others. The paper did not prove .1 success, and 
 
688 
 
 Ll\'lNti 1'A1'1:K.S AM) I'LKIUDICALS. 
 
 on May i. if^j^), it was ^old to I'. Kkin. who iiaiis- 
 fiTiiil il, on j.iiniaiy lo, 1857, lo Doniidioii X: 
 Kramer, wlio, tlic same year, boiijLflil out 
 
 /•//,■ M/\/i/-iiJi I'oll^sblatt, 
 
 a scmi-wcL'kly, at $2.00 a year, wliicli was first issued 
 on May 1, 1853, by I". \ W. Siliiinnu 1, witli Ku- 
 (lolpli lJie[)enbeek as eilitm . 'I'lie paper was called 
 'I'he ^Ii(■Ilil,^•ln Democrat aiifl \'olksl)latt. In De- 
 cember, iSjcS, I'hilip Kramer boii^hl out the interest 
 of Doinedion, ;ind l)i'came ;i jiartner. I'wo years 
 latiM", in Nd\emi)er, i(S6o, a daily issue was i)enun, 
 and ;ii)out this time the n.ime was ciiani^ed to 
 .Michii^;an Xdlksblatt. I'nder this title, in May, 
 1S62, it piu'chased 
 
 ritr M/i///\;im S/iin/s /.lilitiii^, 
 
 a daily inurninjL; paper, lirst published in 1.S58 by 
 Charles D. Haas; Consl;mtine lieyerle was his p;irt- 
 iicr in 1859. i'lie price of tiie daily is §C.uo, and of 
 the weekly, $-'.50 a year. 
 
 r/if Miiliii^ii II Journal and Herald 
 
 dates its be.^innini; from 'i'he Micliiv,r;m Journ.'il, the 
 tirst ('icrman d.iily jiublished in Michiv;.in; il was 
 established un June 13, 1855, with daily and weekly 
 editions, by A. & C. Mar.xhausen. hi Jime, 1870, 
 it w;i old to V. Cornehl ;md I". Tope, who discon- 
 tin" daily after Nbirch, 1876, and at the .same 
 
 tir. t,eti the jxiper with The Herald of Mil- 
 
 wai...ee. The i)aper, imder tile title of Micliii^an 
 Journ.'il ;md Herald, has since ixen isstied weekly, 
 both from Niilwaukee and Detroit, by I'ope t\; Cole- 
 man, at $2.50 a year. 
 
 The Com Dur rial Advertiser and Michii^an 
 I Ionic Journal 
 was established in iSf'u l)y C"li,-u-Ies F. Clark, imder 
 the name of The Commercial Advertiser, a weekly 
 at S' 00 ,-i year, (^n January i, 1S63, it was sold to 
 William ii. i>urk, and in the fall of 1866 the name 
 " Niichii^an iionie JoiuMi.il" was added. ()rii;in;illy 
 established chictly ;is a tomniei'cial pajier, il has for 
 sever.il ywars circulated as a literary and family paper. 
 The price is §2. 50 a year. 
 
 Tlic Anurhan lloinwopathic Ohsemcr, 
 
 a montlily iiom(i(jpatliic joiu-ii.il, was established by 
 Dr. K. A. Lodge in January, 1864. The price is 
 $2.50 a year. 
 
 Tlic I' ant Hi en Blaetter, 
 
 a German l^ciiulilicin weekiy, was estai)!ished by 
 Aug. Mar.xliausen, July 1. 1866, at S2.50 a year. A 
 daily issue, called 'i'he Abend Post lias i)een pub- 
 lished since September i, 1868. I'riee, $7.00 per 
 year. 
 
 '/'//<■ . [i^rii ulliiral and t tiolii ullin iil Jiun not, 
 ,1 semi-monlhly, was i'stal)lished by i'ope \ C ok- 
 man on J.uuiary i, i86(j. i'riee, Sl.25 a ye.ir. 
 
 ■/'//(• Mi(/iii;iin I'arnier and Stale Journal of 
 
 .li;rieitlture 
 w.is commenced, as an cntirtly new weekly paper, 
 on .May 15, i80y, by Johnstone >.\: (libbons. i'riee, 
 S2.00 a year. 
 
 77ie I'riii^'-ress of the .\i^e, 
 
 a semi-weekly, |Mil)lished by i'ope iV' Colem.an, was 
 establislu-d in J.uuiary, 1872. I'riee, $ii .25 a ycii'. 
 
 'I'lie Western Home Jinirnal, 
 
 an eight-p.'ige C.atholic weekly, ;it §2.00 a ycir, was 
 established i)y the i ionie Journal Company, .Septem- 
 ber 28, 1872. On J;uiuary 15, 1878, William I'. 
 Sax'age became the |)i()prielor, and on J;uuiary 5, 
 1883, he was succeeiled by W. ii. Hughes, wiio 
 continued its publication under tiie name of Tlie 
 Micliigan Calliolie. 
 
 The /Ci'eniiii; AV:i'.v. 
 
 This, the tlrst successful ciie.ip daily in Niichigan, 
 was est.iblished on August 23, 1873, l)y J. !•,. Scripps. 
 i'"or tile first two months it was prinleil at 'l"iie i''ree 
 I'ress office; then, on October 23, it was moved to 
 
 ^^^ejfci 
 
 The Evening News licrLDiNi;.— 65 Sni-a,iiv Stki-.ei-. 
 (Built ill 1877.) 
 
 .Shelby Street where four years later a commodious 
 brick building was erected for it. It was printed on 
 a four-cylinder Hoe pre.ss from 1873 to 1880, wiien 
 ;i Scott wel) press, witii a capacity of 28,000 sheets 
 per hour was suiistituted and in 1883 the printing 
 facilities were further increased by a second press 
 
LIVINC. I'APKKS AND I'KRIODICALS. 
 
 689 
 
 \l /iHII lilt/, 
 'opt' iV t'nli- 
 
 ;i year. 
 Jounial I'/ 
 
 ^vrikly i)a|Kr. 
 ibuiis. I'ricc, 
 
 Coli'iiian, was 
 Si.::, a yrar. 
 
 iial, 
 
 3() a yt'ar, was 
 panv, SrpU'in- 
 ^, William 1.. 
 oil January 5, 
 1Iui;Iks. \\1i" 
 name of '1 1h 
 
 ly in Mit-liiiiaii. 
 ly J. 1',. Scriijps. 
 l;i1 at 'I'lic IVci- 
 was muvcd lo 
 
 'A 
 
 |i;i.iiY Stki-et. 
 
 a oonimodious 
 
 I was printed on 
 
 to i<S(So, wlu'n 
 
 28,o<x3 sheets 
 
 |83 tile printini; 
 
 a second press 
 
 I if like <-aparity. Knini the first the paper was ex- 
 reptioiially prosperous and it closed its tenlii year 
 vvitii a eireiilatidii of 4o,cxx) eo|)ies daily, i'or 
 Mveral years it boasted a larvjer daily i ireiilaiioii 
 tlian all other daily papers in Michigan eoniliined, 
 and is elaimed to be the most valuable newspaper 
 property in the stale. Amoni^' those who larvji'ly 
 .lided Mr. Scripps in the developmeiil of the paper 
 h.ive been M. J. Dee, R. li. Ross. C. R. Osmiin, 
 |(ilin M('\'ii'ar, Ciiarlts I'. May. and others in the 
 editorial department ; \V. II. ISrearley, A. II. Ilerron, 
 and (1. II. Scripps, in the business de|)arlmeiU ; and 
 K. W. Wyckolf, inthe ineeh.inical. The p;iper has 
 heeii the defend.mt in a .ijri'at number of prosecu- 
 tions for libel .md is perhaps tlu' only newsp.iper in 
 the country which has ever had to p.iy .1 judgment 
 (if $20,00;) .and costs, th.at amount bein^ paid in 
 1S.S4 in tlu: f.imous M.icle.in e.ise. Towards this 
 amount a consider.ible sum was contributed 'by 
 lliost' who believed the |);iper to h.ave been harshly 
 Heated. In July 27, 1S76, the paper absorbed the 
 subscription lists of 
 
 Tlic Ihtroit Daily Union, 
 
 which had been st.irted as a workinifinen's organ 
 (111 July 4, I.sri5, by ;i comp.my of striking; printers, 
 which Liter bec.ame ;i democr;ilic p.apcr, and ulti- 
 niati^ly fell into the hands of John Atkinson ,ind T. 
 I). Il.'iwley. W. II. 'i'hompson w.is its business 
 ni,in,ii(er, dnrintf the j,(reater |).irt of its history, and 
 was succeeded by M. II. (iodfrey. Thomas M. 
 Cook was its last editor. On October 15, 1S78, a 
 weekly edition of The ]l\'enin,^ News was estab- 
 lislit 1.1 under the name of The J'lcho. 
 
 /'//(• Miclii^^an Christian Herald, 
 
 the .Si.iteoiKan of the ISaptisl Church, was first pulj- 
 lished .It Kal;uiia/oo on I'ebruary 1, 1S70, by L. II. 
 Trowbridi;e as a bi-monthly, under the name of 
 The Torchlight. In January, 1871, it was changed 
 to a monthly, and on J.inuary 1, 1873, was issued 
 bi-weekly at %i.oo a year, imder the title of The 
 ller.ald .and Torchlighl. In October, 1873, it was 
 moved lo Detroit, and on J.inuary 1, 1874, it was 
 issued as a weekly, at S2.00 a year. On January i, 
 1875, it took its present title, The Michig.in Chris- 
 tian Herald, and on J.aniiary i, 1880, was enlarged 
 from four to eight pages. 
 
 Till- Public I.iailfr, 
 
 a paper devoted to the interests of wine, beer, and 
 li(|Lior dealers, was established May 19, 1874, by the 
 Leader Publishing Company. In 1874, the com- 
 p.iny bought the Tr.ules Journ.al of Ottaw.a, Illinois. 
 Tile Leader w.as sold on M,iy 1, 1875, to II. .S. I'ot- 
 ttT, .and sixteen d.iys later w.is trrmsferred to \V. J. 
 H. Traynor. The price is §2.00 a year. 
 
 lilt' Miiliiiian Clirisfian .lilvDnilr 
 is the successor of The Adrian District Methodist, 
 a monthly paper first issued October 1, 1873. I)y 
 Rev. 0. Whitmore, .It Atlriaii; it w;is published on 
 till' rei'ommend.itioii of the |)reachers of the .Adri.m 
 District, two of whom, Rev. I. N, Illwood and Rev. 
 A. !■'. Hourns, were especi.illy helpful in starting the 
 
 ilitiiK.AN Chki.stian Herald BniLDiNC. Built 1880. 
 
690 
 
 LIVINC. I'AI'KRS AND I'KRIODICALS. 
 
 |)a|)i'r. ( )ii till' ii'( (PiiiMuiulalion of llu' district cotl- 
 fcniiits III' srviTal disiiicts, it was riilarvjcd oil 
 ni'criiil)cr I, and tlic iiaiiic iiiaii]i;id lo Mithixaii 
 Clirislian Ad\(nali\ In Scpli'nilicr, I1S74, tin- Di- 
 troil Coiifii'iiK r adiipii'd 11 as its Imal oiii^an, and 
 in Dull ml)!.'!' i!k' Mttiuidist ruhlisliinv; C(ini|iany 
 oi'j^ani/.fd, i)()ii)^ht llu: |)a|)ii', and i\inn\(jd it to 
 Detroit, wlicro on January 1, 1.S75. it was lirsi issutil 
 as a wi'okiy. Ki\. ( ). \\ hiiinoii' and Ki'V. L. K. 
 Kiski-, 1). I)., wiri' irn;a.v;i(l as iiiitors, and con- 
 tiiniid in ciiari;!' until Siptcnilur, wlii'ii l<i'\. J. M. 
 Aiiiold siicci'i'di'd to tile i'ditorslii|), and is still in 
 cliarj;i;, with Kvv. J. II. i'otls as assoiia'u iditoi'. 
 With the issue for N'ovenibcr u, iSiSi, the paper 
 was ihanvjed from folio lo (luariu funn. I'rice, 
 $i.gu a year, 
 
 A'lW I'rcptiralioits, 
 
 ;i iiiedieal (|uarterly, was lirst issued in J,iniiary, 
 1S77, by (leorvje S. Davis, It was edited hy Dr. 
 (.'. 11. Leonard. In J.nuiary, 1S71;, it w.is ehanncd 
 to .1 monthly, .and Dr. W'illi.im Ilrodie hicaine tin 
 editor. In January, 1S80, the name was elian.iietl to 
 
 'rihlitf)illtic I'lilZCttt'. 
 
 This is a roy.il .ieia\o of four lunuhcd ami eij^hty 
 I I ;es yearly. The price is ijti.oo a year, 
 
 I'ltc Dtlroit Daily llnlil lufniftcr aiiil /ui/'/u'ity 
 
 lil(i(/i'. 
 
 w.is lirst issued Mareh 17, 1.S77, hy W, J. II. 
 'lYavnor, 
 
 T/it- .liitphi'oH, 
 
 a nuisical moiuhly, established by Whitteinore «.^ 
 Stephens in Au.^ust, 1874, is publisheil by Roe 
 Stephens, at $1.10 per year. 
 
 Die Sliiniiii' •fir W'a/ir/ir/f, 
 
 .1 Cierman weekl\, .it $2.50 ;i year, w;is fonmu'in'ed 
 in i<S75, with J. I!. .Mueller and K, Antlries as 
 editors ant! proprietors. 
 
 y'//(' Wiiyfii- County Courier 
 
 was est.'iblished ;it W'y.indotte in M.iy, 1870, under 
 the title of The Wyandotte Enterprise by D. II. 
 Thomas, and sold in i<S7i to I i. A. Ciritlin. Soon 
 .after, ('irit'fm & B.'ites, .-md on J.muary 1, 1.S72, 
 (■iririiiu\; Nellis, were publishers, in uS79the paper 
 was sold to v.. O'lSrien. Its politics were Republi- 
 c.'Ui until its removal to Detroit in 1876, when it 
 bec.ime the hrst (hx-enbaek pa|)er in Miehij^an. 
 .After its sale to Mr. O'llrien, it aj^ain became a 
 Rejiublican p;ii)er. In 18.S1 it w;.:. ])ublished by 
 O'Brien ^: Robertson, and on October 27, 1881, it 
 was sold to \V. J. M, Traynor. The price is $1.25 
 a year. 
 
 The Medical Advance, 
 
 a quarterly, which was hrst published in January, 
 1877, l)y Dr. C. H. Leon.ard, ;it hfty cents a ye.ir, w.is 
 continued for three years, and then succeeded by 
 
 Leonard's Illustrated Medical Journal, 
 first issued in 1880, The price is 50 cents a year. 
 
 The Index, 
 
 an advertising octavo, was first issued November 1 5, 
 1877, by T. J. Crowe, 
 
 I'lie Mieliiiiitn luuhihid Guide, 
 
 ,1 monthly, has been issued since M.iy, 1877, by I'!. 
 Schober. I'rice, Si.cxj .a year. 
 
 /'//,• luiiiiilv Circt 
 
 |)ublishcd by I'oi)c iS: L'olem.in, ;i weekly at $1.25 a 
 year, W.IS lirst issued in J.innary, 1878. 
 
 /'//(■ Detroit Lancet, 
 
 a monthly, eilited by Drs. I.. Connor and II. ,\. 
 Clel.ind, w;is lirst published in 1878 by \'.. 15. Smiili 
 i.\: Company, at S3.00 a ye.ir. In .May, 1S79. 
 Cicor^e S. Davis became the publisher, and 1.. 
 Connor, iM, D,, sole editor. 
 
 /■//,■ Medical . /.cv, 
 
 .al.so iiublished by Oeorge S. Davis, is the sticcessor 
 of 
 
 The Miehii^an Medical ..\'<7i'.v, 
 
 ;i semi-monthly, ediletl .and published by Dr, J. j. 
 .Miilheron, and hr.st isstied in January, 1878, at $1.00 
 a year, in January, 1883, it was purchased by 
 George S, Davis, 
 
 I'he Detroit Clinic, 
 a weekly, ;it $1.00 .a year, was established January 
 4. 1882, with II. ().' Walker. M. D.. and O. W, 
 Owen, M. D., .is editors, .and Drs. Theodore A, 
 McOraw, K. L, Shnrly, N. W. Webber, and T. N. 
 Reynolds as associate editors. It w,as owned by 
 Cicorjfe S. Davis, who, after the purchase of The 
 Michijjjan Medical News, combined the two perioili- 
 cals under the name of The Medical Ajje, It is a 
 semi-monthly, at $1.00 a year, Dr, John Mulheroii, 
 nian.a^iny; editor; Drs. Henry V. Lyster, T. A, Mc- 
 Graw, D.iniel La Ferte, and H. O. Walker, asso- 
 ciate editors. 
 
LIVINC PAl'KKS AND I'KKIODICALS, 
 
 691 
 
 •il in Jaiuiaiy, 
 idiltil by Dr. 
 t was tliani;iil 
 lie lu'canu' tin 
 ,vab cliaiii;t.».l Id 
 
 \\vi\ ami i-iKl>t\ 
 year. 
 
 <■ ,1/11/ /uiiluuiy 
 
 l.y W. J. II. 
 
 ■ lay, 1877. L>y 1- 
 
 reeklvat $1.25 a 
 1878. 
 
 <■/. 
 
 iiiiior and II. A. 
 
 78 by K. li. Smith 
 
 In May, 187U, 
 
 ublishcr, and 1- 
 
 is the successor 
 
 AVti'.v, 
 
 >1hi1 by Dr. J. J. 
 
 ■y, 1878, at Si.oo 
 
 •as purchased by 
 
 iblished January 
 
 I)., and O. \V. 
 
 s. Theodore A. 
 ibber, and T. N. 
 I was owned by 
 
 purchase of '1 1h' 
 d the two perioili- 
 ical Arc. U is a 
 
 John Mulheroii, 
 I.yster, T. A. T^b- 
 
 6. Walker, asso- 
 
 )r 
 
 A A'(7i' /</<■(/, 
 i'liis nioiiliiiy paper, devoted lo pliarni.ueutieal 
 interests, is i>ubiisliiil by V . .Stearns \ Conijiany, 
 ind was established in J.uuiary, 1878. i'riie, lifty 
 cents a year. 
 
 Mhlu\uin .1. (A r. ;/■. //.n,/,/. 
 This orj^.iri of the American Order of United 
 Workmen w.is first ij*ued in M.iy. 1878. The |)rice 
 is lifty cents a year, and it is published niunlhiy. 
 
 Kvfty Siilitiday 
 may be called the successor of 
 
 J)i/n>/t Siu/i/y i\Ww, 
 edited l)y K. I J. Daniels, the first jiaper of the 
 kind in Detroit. It was a weekly, pubiisiied by the 
 .Miiiiij^an Ready Print Company, at $1.00 per year, 
 from December 14, 1878, to March, 1880, when it 
 was sold, and transformed into Kvery Saturday, 
 established by Moore iJv; Parker on March 6, 1880. 
 Ill February, 1884, it was sold to W. II. IJrearley, 
 • ind II. A. Ford then became editcjr, anil was suc- 
 ceeded in June by Miss Alice Cary. It is a literary 
 and society paper. Price, $1.50 a year. 
 
 a society paper, was first issued March 26, 1881, by 
 1). J. McDonald and Lloyd P.rezee. In July, 1881, 
 Mr. McDonald retired, and in July, 1883, the paper 
 was sold to Cleorge M. Chester. The price is $2.00 
 ;i year. 
 
 7'/u' Detroit Marine Xcu's, 
 a weekly, at $2.00 a year, first issued A|)ril 29, 1881, 
 is edited and published by Watson JtJiies. 
 
 /'//(• /uuiii/v Hcralif, 
 a weekly story paper, at §2.00 a year, |)ublished by 
 \V. J. II. Traynor, was tirst issued on May 7, 1881. 
 
 The Hoiiu- J/issi'/tj^'i'r, 
 a monthly, was first issued by liie ISoard of Man- 
 av;ers of the Home of the Friendless on December 
 I, 1868, at seventy-five cents a year. It was discon- 
 tinued in December, 187c;, and resumed in March, 
 1SS2, as a quarterly at $1,00 a year, with Mrs. C. F. 
 Livermore as editor. 
 
 /'//(• Indicator, 
 a monthly paper, devoted to insurance and real 
 estate matters, was first issued in May, 1882. Price, 
 Si. 00 a year. It is published by W. H. Burr. 
 
 The Western Wnuspaper Union 
 is the successor of The Michijjan Ready Print, 
 established in 1877 by Joseph Saunders. The first 
 number of the Union was issued on Januan,- i, 
 i^>83. It is a weekly, at $1.00 a year. M. H. Rcd- 
 ficld, manager. 
 
 The Manujaeturer and Inventor, 
 a si.\teen-pa};e monthly, price $1,00 a year, was first 
 issued in .March, 1883, J. H. McDowd, editor. 
 
 The Western Land duidi', 
 a monthly, devoted to all matters concern iii.i; l.inds, 
 w.is first issueil in M.iy, 1883. The price is$i.o(j 
 a year. It is |)ubiislied by Willco.x tJl; Howell. 
 
 The Detroit PlaindeaUr 
 is a weekly devoted to the interestii of the colored 
 race. It was first issued on May 16, 1883. It is 
 published by J.icob Coleman, R. and 15. Peihani, K. 
 Redm.in, and W. Stone. Price, $1.50. 
 
 The Spectator, 
 the orj^an of several labor orj^anizations, was first 
 issued June if), 1883. It is a weekly, at $1.50 a 
 year. 
 
 The Michii^an Mi>ador and Good Templar. 
 
 The history of the two papers represented in the 
 above title is as follows : A paper called The Michi- 
 gan Ciood Templar, a monthly, at thirty-five cents 
 a year, with C. P. Russell and C. S. Pitkin as edi- 
 tors, was first issued in December, 1882, and after 
 one ye.'ir was .sold to W. W. Secord. He was then 
 publishing The Michigan Miraiior at Belleville, 
 Wayne County, having begun its publication in 
 April, 1881. After purchasing The ("lood Templar, 
 he continued both jiapers for a year. In May, 1883, 
 he removed to Detroit, and in December both 
 papers were consolidated under the above title. It 
 is a weekly prohibition paper, at Si. 00 a year. 
 
 The Detroit Coniinercial, 
 a weekly, at $1 .00 a year, published by R. C. Wilby, 
 was first issued on .August 17, 1883, 
 
 The Detroit Fvenina^ Journal. 
 This paper, i)ublislied by the F^vening Journal 
 Comjiany, was founded by Lloyd Breeze and first 
 issued September i, 1883, with Lloyd Brezce as 
 editor-in-chief and C. C. Packard as business mana- 
 ger. It is a two-cent daily, and commenced with 
 a capital of only S3. 200. Originally an individual 
 enterprise, on December 6, 1883, a stock company 
 with S37.500 cash capital was formed for its publi- 
 cation. The amount was increased on May 27, 
 1884, to !J!5o,ooo. On .September 18 a controlling 
 interest in the pap^'r nas sold to S. J. Tomlin.son, 
 who became its chief editor. It was at first located 
 at 50 Larned Street West. On May 24, 1884, it was 
 established in a building at No. 40 Congress Street 
 West, issuing then and since an eight-page paper 
 on Saturdays. In its new quarters it commenced 
 using one of the latest styles of the Scott press, the 
 press doing all that any other presses in the city will 
 
692 
 
 CITY I'RINTERS. 
 
 perform, besides pasting, foMinjj and counting its 
 papers in [)aci<ages. 
 
 I'lic Ditroil Tiiitii. 
 Tiiis two-cent morning daily was first issued De- 
 cember 4, 1X83. The ollice is at 47 I-arneil Street 
 West. It is conducted i)y a sloci< company, with a 
 capital of $30,000; Charles Moore, Charles M. 
 I'arker, 1). J. McDonaki, and Frank ]■;. Robinson 
 being the chief managers. They print a paper every 
 day in the year, a four-jiage p.ijKr i)cing issued on 
 week d.iys a-d eigiit i)ages on Sundays. t>n the 
 morning of Aprii 1 1, 18S4, tlieir ollice was entirely 
 destroyed i)y fire, but tiirough the courtesy of other 
 papers their morning paper was promptly issued. 
 
 The Anuriran Mctcoroloi^ical Journal, 
 ;i monthly, at $3.00 a year, w.is first issued in .May, 
 I1SS4. It is published by W. II. I!urr & Company, 
 and edited by I'rof. M. W. Harrington, of Ann Ar- 
 bor, 
 
 CiTV PKINTl'.KS. 
 
 Appointments to the office o[ city printer were 
 made as early as 1824, but the duties of the office 
 were not prescribed until 1842. After that year 
 proposals for printing wiTe invited, and yearly con- 
 tracts made, for printing the proceedings of the 
 council. I'roposals are iinited by the Com|)troller, 
 and the contr.ict is ;iwartled by the council at the 
 beginning of each fiscal year. 
 
 The contractor for the Tublic Printing prints in 
 some daily ])aper full proceedings of all meetings 
 of the council, and furnishes about tuinly-live 
 copies for the use of city ollicers and aldermen, 
 lie also prints annually the notices of tax sales, the 
 proceedings of the council and the reports of all the 
 ofliiers and of some of the boards. Since 1870 the 
 sever.il ollicial reports have been collected annually 
 and bound in one volume. 
 
 Uy .\ct of April 13, 1871, provision was made for 
 printing the proceedings of the council in a (ierman 
 newspaper. By Act of 1879, not more than §2,500 
 may be paid for printing oflici.il |irocee*"'ngs in all 
 languages ; and the |nil)lishing of the tax-list is 
 restricted to one official i)aper. 'l"he bills for city 
 printing for various decades have been : 1830, §63 ; 
 1840, $297; 1850,1685; i860, $2,393; 1870, S13,- 
 633; 1880, $13,908. 
 
 We give bi'low a list of the city printers who have 
 |)rintetl the oflicijil proc-eedings of the council : 
 
 1824, Sheldon .K: Wells; 1825, Sheldon iV Reed ; 
 1826-1829, Chipman iK; Seymour; 1829, H, S. Hall ; 
 1830, Sheldon & Wells; 1831, Sheklon McKnight; 
 1832, G. L. Whitney ; 1833-1S34, Cleland .."v: Saw- 
 yer; 1834-1837, (".. !,. Whitney; 1837, I5;igg, Barns, 
 iS: Company; 1838, d. L. Whitney; 1839, Daw- 
 son & Bates; 1840, J. S. Bagg; 1841, Dawson & 
 
 Bates; 1842, iiagg (1<: Ilarn.on; 1843, Sheid.Mi 
 McKnight ; 1844 1847, A. S. Williams ; 1847, l',;igg 
 & Harmon; 1848 1850, H. 11. Duncklee iV Com- 
 pany; 1850, F. B. Way iV Company ; 1851, Duncklee 
 l\; W.ilcs; 1852 1862, W. F. Storey; 1862-1864, 
 Advertiser and Tribune; 1864-1866, Walker, Barns, 
 i\: Co.; i^'66. Daily I'nion Company; 1S67, Free 
 i'ress Company ; 1S68, .Advertiser X: Tribune; 1869-- 
 1871, Free I'ress Comp.my; 1 871-1874, Daily I'ost 
 Comi)aiiy; 1874, J. K. Scripjis ; 1875, Free I'ress; 
 1876, Daily I'o.st ; 1877, Kveiiing News; 1878, Free 
 I'ress Company; 1879, I'o.st .and Tribune; 1880, 
 Free Press; i88l- , I'ost and Tribune. 
 
 NKWsnoY.s. 
 
 These are one of the modern institutions, the out- 
 growth of war intluences ,ind of the l.irger popula- 
 tion of the city. Newsboys and bootblacks were 
 com|);ir;itively unknown prior to the summer of 
 1861 ; siiictt that lime there h.is been ;i constant in- 
 crease in their number. In .\pril, 1862, ;in attempt 
 was made to have them licensed, but the effort 
 
 A Nkwsiidv. 
 
 failed. Four years later they had become very 
 nume-ous, and Hiany of them, having no home, 
 slept in the streets. Mrs. Beulah Brinton made an 
 earnest "ffort to promote their welfare by providing 
 lodgings tor them in the Hawley Block; but after a 
 few months' trial, the attempt was abandoned. In 
 1874 and 1875 a similar and more i)ersistent effort 
 was made, chiefly supported by Luther Beechcr. 
 A .school for two evenings in a week was established, 
 and a .Sabbath school, and food and clothing were 
 provided, but after sever.al months' effort the difficul- 
 ties of the undertaking caused it to be discontinued. 
 An .amusing indication of the indeiiendent spirit 
 of the new.sboys was shown on July 20, 1877, when 
 they .attempted to prevent the sale of The Eveniiii.; 
 News, the price ch.arged them being in their ()i)inioii 
 too high. They would not sell the paptw and tried 
 to prevent others from doing so. Their generally 
 unruly character finally compelled the passage, on No- 
 vember 26 following, of an ordinance requiring eacli 
 
1843. Slield.m 
 is; 1847. \'m'.^ 
 K'klcc i\: Coin- 
 1S51, Diiiuklw 
 y ; 1 862 1 864, 
 Walkur, 15;inis, 
 ly ; iSC)?, ••'•■'Jc 
 rrihuni;; 1861/- 
 874. Daily I'osi 
 ?5, Free I'rfss ; 
 \vs ; 1878, Free 
 rril)unc; 1880, 
 ibunc. 
 
 tiitions, tlic out- 
 ; lar,ncr popula- 
 jootblacks \\\a\ 
 the siinmuT nf 
 n a roiislant in- 
 862, an atlempl 
 , but llif (.'fforl 
 
 NEWSnOYS. 
 
 693 
 
 
 ii('\vslw)y to oldaiii a yearly license, and wrar a bail^jc (^(ood ((iiuluei, and were to be the eil\'s property, 
 
 |nr wliieli they are re(|iiired to |);iy ten eeiits. liy and to be returned to the city unless renewed at 
 
 amended ordinanee of T'ebruary 6, 1S7S, the b.idi^cs expiration of tlu- license. The number of boys tlitiS 
 
 were lobe issued only on satisfactory assurance of lieensetl in 18S1 was ji.>o; in 1883, 1,424. 
 
 •.-i 
 
 \ bccoiiK' very 
 ivinvi no home, 
 rinlon made an 
 ue by providin.u 
 lock; but after a 
 abandoned. In 
 ])ersistent effort 
 l.uther Hceeher. 
 was established, 
 id clothinij were 
 ffort the ditlicul- 
 be discontinued, 
 ilependent spirit 
 y 20, 1877, when 
 of The F.venin:< 
 r in their opinion 
 paptw anil tried 
 Their RencralK 
 u passajje, on No- 
 :c requiring each 
 
•^ 
 
 ciiai'Ti:r lxx 
 
 KAKLV I'.ooK I'K1\IIN(,. I'.OOKS AND I'.oi )KSI:1.I.I:KS. ALMANACS.— CA/.i: IT KKKS. 
 
 DIKIIC' l'()Rli:s. MAI'S OF Mlt IllCAX. 
 
 r.ARl.V liOOK I'kIN I INC.. 
 
 It is .iliiinst ccTtain lli.it tliiTc wris ,1 printinc^ 
 ]in'ss luTc ;is t;irly as 1777, for l.it'iiicn.'iiU-CiDVi rnor 
 llamilloii (listril)iiti(l loiln' " \\(\k\ Colonists" l.ir^o 
 mimbers of prorlani.itions d.iud from, .iiul in all 
 |)r()l),'il)ility ])rinlf(l at Ditroil. 'I'lii' carlicsl account 
 of a printin(.j press in tiiis rci^ion is containi'd in ;i 
 manuscript Icttcr-hook of Akx.indcr i\: William 
 M.yonih. A letter thiTt'in. \vri;ten in 1785 to one 
 of their correspondents .at London, refers to ;i 
 printinsf press they had reciived. ,ind tluir corres- 
 pondent is reminded lli.it no directions have been 
 sent for puttin).^ it in workinif order. No exidi'nce 
 
 )f th 
 
 (! use 
 
 f tlu 
 
 •ss h.is been fmmd. but there is 
 .abund.mt e\'iilence of the usi' of the press .and tyjie 
 l)roui;ht here from Boston or ll.iltimore in 1809 by 
 Rev. C/.abriel Rich.ird. .and immedi.itely rented or 
 sold to James M. Miller. 
 
 The first book printed on this press w.as prob.ibly 
 "The Child's .Spellini^ Hook, or Michi,iL^;an Instructor, 
 beinj^j compiled from the most apj^roved authors by 
 a teacher of Detroit." It is .a book of twelve ]iay;cs, 
 with the d.itc of Aii.i,nist 1, 1809. .and printed by 
 James M. Miller. In 1883 there w.as ,a copy in pos- 
 session of C. X. Fl.ittery. The Micliiv^in Kssay. a 
 newsp.ipiT issued in 1809, .also bt'ars Miller's imprint. 
 The s.inu' ye.ar he issue<l a jir.iyer book with the 
 title, " L' ame jienitente, ou I.i nouveau consider.a- 
 tion sur les verities etiTnelles, etc., etc. J.icciues 
 Miller. Imjirimeur, I)elroit. 1809. " i(')mo., p|). ^oo. 
 
 In 181 1 A. Coxsh.awe w.is in ]iossission of the 
 printinjir material, .as is jiroved by two books be.irin,;;- 
 liis imprint; "La journe du Chretien S.anctilir p.ir 
 1,1 jiriere et medit.ation. A. Coxshawc Imprinu'ur. 
 Detroit, 181 i." i i.imo. thick), .and " Les Ornenuns 
 de l.a Meinoire extr.aits des poets l"r.ini,-.iis pour 
 servir ,a 1' education de l.a Jtaniesse. A. Coxsh.awt' 
 Imprimeur, Detroit, 1812." (121110. ]ip. 130.) 
 
 In 181. > Theophilus Mctte/. h.ul ch.arne of the 
 prt'ss, ,111(1 in tli.at year hi' issued the following- works, 
 all of them printed in both I'reiich .and I'.n^lish : 
 " Kpitres et evanvjiles pour tout les dimanches et 
 fetes de I'ame. D" apres rediiion du MonseiiL;iuur 
 leviMiue de (hiebec." (121110. ]ip. 3'/i.) " I'etite 
 Catechisme llistoriciue, .abre,m' de I'histoire s.ainte 
 
 et de l.i doctrine chreticn. Par M. I'"leury. I'retrc." 
 (i2mo. pp. 3CX1.) "Journal (Us I'.nf.uis — ChiLlreii's 
 Journ.il. Mor.al ,and entcrt.iinin;.; stories in dialogue 
 from the I'lcncli of M. ISer(iuin." 
 
 Durini; the W.ar of 1812 the procl.am.itions of 
 Cicnerals Hull ,ind ISrock were printed from the 
 same type. Cojiies of the iirocl.ini.itioiis are pre- 
 ser\t(l by \;irious |iersons. .and the libraries of 
 j.inies A. Ciir.ardin .and K. R. I'.lliott contain sever.al 
 of the books. 
 
 In June, 1843, Hislio|) I.efcvere presented .iboul 
 seven hundred pounds of the old ty|)e to J.imes A. 
 Ciir.ardin .iiid L. \. L.acroix to be used in printing .1 
 ji.iper; soon .afterw.ard it w.as sold for old metal, and 
 sent to Lyman's Type I'oundry at iUiffalo. 
 
 HOOKS AM) l!()OKSi:i,I.KR.S. 
 
 The people of to-d.ay cannot realize the poverty 
 of the earlier inh.ibit.ants in the m.atter of books. 
 Now. there is scarcely .a home in tlii' city where 
 books m.iy not be found. In early d.ays, up to.abniii 
 18 1(1. there were h.irdly three hundred volumes in 
 the whole city. Book-stores were unknown, and 
 new books of .inv kind as compared with presciii 
 issues were as oiu to .1 thousand. New publications 
 were occasion.ally forw.arded to some oilicer of the 
 j;.irrison. or ini|)orte(l with p.ack.aijes of merchandi/c 
 .and <i new book by .a new author would set society 
 on tijitoe to sei', or hear, or read it. Occasion.ally a 
 leading nierch.ant would "briii;.; out" a few st.andard 
 volumes on an order, but these orders were r.arely 
 ,t;iveii. 'I he books ih.at wi'i'e obt.ained reprt'S(.iite(l 
 the best (jf the Ln^nlish cl.assics, .and, if you found 
 .any, you would Ihid Sh.akespcare, 'i'lu' R.anibler, 
 The S|Hi'l.itor, ll.inn.ah Mores works, Roilin's .An- 
 cient History, the works of Josephus, Walter Scott's 
 no\els, I'Ox's Book of .M.artvrs, the poems of Milton. 
 .Moore, I'ope. and lUirns. N'oun,i;'s Ni,i;lil Thoughts. 
 LdiLjeworlh's T.iles, .and very likely the works nl 
 Sterne, Sniollet, and I'ieldinn. 
 
 When the C.azette appeared in 1817 the proprie- 
 tors sou.nht to eiicouraije literary t.aste and increase 
 their profits by sellini^ books ,as well as p.apers. .and 
 by their efforts the book Ir.ade w.as bcijun. The 
 business w.is continued b\' |ohn I'. Sheldon, and in 
 
 IfiQHl 
 
BOOKS AM) i>>)oksi.i.i.i:ks. 
 
 \/.i:iTKF.US. 
 
 [•"toiiry, I'ri'lrc." 
 lis — CliiLlriM's 
 )riis ill (lii.loniu- 
 
 rdclamalioiis nl 
 •inted from tin 
 i.'itions arc pn- 
 :lu' lil)rarii's of 
 contain st'Vi'ral 
 
 ircscntcii alxitii 
 pc to Janu's A. 
 ;c(i in print inii; a 
 ir old metal, ami 
 Uitfaio. 
 
 KRS. 
 
 izc the poverty 
 lattt'r of hooks, 
 the city where 
 vs, np to ahoiit 
 red \olumes in 
 unknown, and 
 d with present 
 ew |)iihlications 
 • oflicer of the 
 f merehandi/e. 
 iild set society 
 ( )ccasioiially a 
 a few standard 
 t'rs were rarely 
 ed repri'sentcd 
 1, if yon found 
 'I'iu' Kamhier. 
 <s, Roilin's All- 
 Walter Scott '■- 
 lems of Milton, 
 iv;lit 'rhoii.nlits, 
 the works of 
 
 69 1 
 
 I17 the proprie- 
 le and increase 
 as papers, and 
 > heijnn. The 
 iheldon, and in 
 
 iS:6 Stephen Wells became a p.'irliur with him. 
 Ill 1S32 Mr. Wills was the sole owner of the store, 
 lie died in 1X34, and the stock was sold to I,. I,. 
 Morse, and he and S. W. Johnson hoiii^lit ont 
 ihe store of A. II. Stowell, established in 1S3J. 
 I he two stocks were c ombiiuil and larj;e additions 
 made. Morsi; X: Johnson were succeeded by ISer.^^cr 
 iv Stevens. The linn of Snow & Fiskc, established 
 111 I cS 34, had jirobably the most coni|ilete stock of 
 .uiylirm up to lh.it date. On the death of Mr. I'iske 
 Sidney L. Rootl became proprietor; he went out of 
 hiisiness in 1841. In 1.S36 John S. iv A. S. i>a.v;.i;. 
 (i| the l'"ree Press, were proprietors of a Ixiok-store. 
 J. S. l>a.i;,i; retired, and it was eo.iiiiuud until about 
 1.S52 by A. .S. Haj4X. The lirm w.is then eh.iiii^fd 
 to liaj,% I'allen, & McDonald; in 1855 the firm 
 name was McDonald tt I-'inley; after a year or two 
 1\. II. I'"inley bi'caine sole |)roprietor .and i;radu,illy 
 M)K1 out the stock. In 1837 1'. R. I.. I'ierce w.is 
 kee|iini; a book-store, as was ;ilso Ilonice (iaipin. 
 As early as 1S37 or 183S Messrs. Aymar \' Shaw 
 and Alexander Mcl'"arren be.^an. John I. lierrick 
 went into the. trade about 1840; he soon admitted 
 Cicori^e McKen/ie into ]\irtnersliip, and in 1S46 
 McKeiiicie was sole proprietor. In 1843 .M. M. \\ il- 
 li.ims was advertised <as a bookseller at the I'ost- 
 olfn-e. Abont this time Chaiincey Morse be.i^an 
 business. Mr. Selleck became his partner about 
 1S54, and the firm of Morse & Selleck continued 
 until 1856. Mr. Selleck then retired, and Mr. Morse 
 went to (irand Rajiids. Kerr, Doiii,dny. vv l.aiiham 
 hetran about 1852. The lirm afterwards changed 
 to Kerr& Doughty; in 1855 it was Kerr, Morley, & 
 Company, then J. A. Kerr vV Com|)any. and from 
 1S57 to i860 I)()U).,duy, Straw, iV Company. In 
 i.Sto or iSCii they sold out to Raymond & Lapham. 
 The be^inninvrs of this last establishment date from 
 1S53, when T. M. Cook was eng.aged in the tradi'. 
 In 1855 Francis Raymond was a.ssociated w ith him, 
 ;ind the hrm of Raymond iv Cook suci'ccdeil to the 
 business of .Alexrmder Mcl'.irren. In 1S56, .ind up 
 to i860, the lirm name was Raymond X: Selleck; 
 tlun R.iymond i\: Lapham; in i860 or 1861 they 
 hoiiijht out Doughty, Straw, (!v Company, ami in 
 1S62 the firm name was R.iymond & Adams. In 
 1.S63 Mr. R.iyniond sold his interest to T. K. Adams, 
 and soon after the business was closed uji. (i. I'". 
 Rood commenced a stationery and blank book-store 
 ;il)out 1844, and in 1851 sold out to Friend Palmer. 
 Ill 1853 Mr. Whipple became a partner, rem.iining 
 two years. The business w.is next conducted by 
 Friend P.ilmer, and in 1S59 by Palmer i<: F'isher. 
 Ill 1861 I'riend Palmer was .sole proprietor, continu- 
 ing until 1S63, when he was succeeded by F. Ray- 
 n'.ond, who went out of business in 1872. 
 
 J. A. Roys began in 1845, and in 1S84 is the 
 Nestor of the trade. In 1S47 Messrs. li.iles iv: 
 
 liuriis opeiK'd ,-in exlensi\e book-store. About 1848 
 J. ( i. Kriig commenced keeping .h siii;ill stm k of (Ger- 
 man C.itliolic books. The business is still continued. 
 John riikering was keciiing ;i book-store ase.arlyas 
 1852, as was also 1'. P. Markham & Brother. The 
 .same year the lattir lirm changed tf) Markh.am i.*<: 
 Flwood; in 1853 and 1855 the lirm name was S. I). 
 KIwood & Company, and in 1857 the linn was suc- 
 ceeded by W. H. I lout'. In 1869 he sold out to J. 
 II. Caiiie i\: Company, and they to .Mr. Clark of 
 Pittsburgh, who sold the stock at auction. After 
 selling out to Mr. Howe, .Mr. lllwood went into 
 the law-hook tr.ide on Ciriswold Street, and in iHTjS 
 fornu'd ;i p.arinersliip under the lirm n;ime of W. A. 
 Tliroo|) \: Comp.my. On the retirement of Mr. 
 Flwood, Cove Porter became a partner with Mr. 
 Thidiip. After a few years the lirm went out of 
 business. 
 
 In 1853 Mr. /Mien was ,'i wi'll-known book-dealer. 
 In i860 Putnam, Smith, X: Company had succeeded 
 to his business. In i860 F. P. Smith was sole pro- 
 prietor. l'"rom time to time other persons became 
 associate partners, and the firm name was changed 
 to !■",. P,. Smith & Company. In 1880 T. Xour.se be- 
 came .sole proprietor. In 18S2 the firm name was 
 changed to W. I.. IVrry \: Company, liarly in 
 1S83 (lorton, Blewett, dv Company succeeded to the 
 business, and on October 4 f)f the .same year the 
 firm name was changed to dorton. Berry, & Com- 
 pany. During 18S4 Mr. Nourse again became sole 
 owner, ;ind discontinued the business. ("■. X: M. 
 ISoehnleiii beg.in about 1857, .and still continue.' J. 
 M. .Arnold began in 1863. In 1864 the firm was 
 Arnold i^ Littlefield ; afterw.ard .Arnold Ov \'an 
 Aikin. In 1867 and 1868 tin? linn was composed 
 of J. M.Arnold .and Sil.is I'armer. .After 1868 C. 
 II. C.aston became a member of the firm, and was 
 succeeded by John Willyoung, who, in 1S80, became 
 sole owner. He diid in 1884, and the business w.as 
 sold to Pliillii)s iK: Hunt, as managers of the Metho- 
 dist ISook Concern. 
 
 W. F.. Tunis beg.in the book tnuie at Detroit in 
 1863. In 1872 the lirm w.is Tunis \: ParkiT. .After 
 the death of Mr. Tunis, in 1876, I). P. Work suc- 
 ceeded to the retail business, lioothroyd X: ^'ollng- 
 blood were in businiss in 1864. P.oothroyd «,\: (libbs 
 from 1S72 to 1876, .and lioothroyd. Woodward, iK: 
 Comp.iny from 1876 to 1884. In 1863, .and for a 
 few years .after. F\erett X- Comiiaiiy .and W. F. l"os- 
 ter ilv Company, were known .is booksellers. L. .S. 
 Freeman beg.in about the same time, and in 1872 
 was succeeded by Maciuley P>rothers. J. D. An- 
 drews beg.in in 1 873. As e.arly .as 1 869 I lerman Reiff 
 was eng.iged in the sale of Cierman Ixioks. Herman 
 Sucker beg.in in 1875. The Detroit News Com- 
 p.my, J. A. Marsh man.ager, w.is established in 1876. 
 In 1874, and for a year or two after, C. H. Borgman 
 
696 
 
 ALMANACS. -STATK ( ;A/.i:i TI'.I'.KS. 
 
 w.is l<(i|)iii'^ .1 ( icrman l)ook-slorc. 1,. I'. Kilmy 
 l)cv;.iii in I1S7.S. Jolm W. M.icf.ii Luh' o|Knii| liis 
 store in icSiSi. Mcssis. I,a|)h.iiii \ lliiniii) (om- 
 nicincd ill July, i.SiS.j. 
 
 ( )f the (l<aliis ill si( ond-liand Imoks, (1. W. I'al- 
 tisdii is ilic iiimircr, ami lias biiii in iIk' trade fur 
 nlxiiit Iwcntv var*^. /\nilrcw Wanliss and W. M. 
 Lomasiii'y arc also ciinavicd inilic same lini' of lra(l<'. 
 
 ^V 
 
 
 I)|'.IUllir NliWb ClJ. .SlOKh 7 liiKI SlKhhi Wl'.SI. lUll.l IN 1B64. 
 
 ALMANACS. 
 
 Almanacs wiih titles as follows were iinhlislied in 
 tlie years named: "'I'lie W'eslern Alinanar and 
 Mieliiv;.in l\ei;isi( r for IiSji). Asironoinic al (aliu- 
 lalions i)y Hiram Wilmartii. I'rinted and puiilislied 
 liy J. W. Scyninnr." " I'armer's Calendar or Mieii- 
 ixaii Alman.ie for iiS^4. /Xslronomieal (.aleiilalions 
 by II. Wilinarih. I'ni)lislied i)y C. I.. Whitney." 
 " Detroit Almanac and Micliii^an Reviister for the 
 year 1H39. Astronomiea! Calenlations by William 
 W. Mcl.otilh. lYinted and sold by lieri^er \- 
 Stevens." " Miciiiijan Alman.ie i.'vjo. rnblishei! 
 by .S. I,. Rood." " Mit hi;;an Alinanae 1K4V I'nti- 
 
 lislied by W. jl.ii'.ha. C.ileill.ilioiis by A. I.. 
 Il.ithon." " .\bi hi'.;an /Mmaii.ie for I'Sij. C.ileii- 
 l.ilions by A. I.. Ilallion, Diiroil. John I. jler- 
 
 riek, |inl)lisl|( r, v'^ Jelfelsoll Aviillle, iJelloit." 
 
 I'.clilioiis of ihe Clnisiian Alinan.ie. wiiji ;i fe\\ 
 |)ai.',es of iienis <s|>eei,illy |ire|),irec| lor residents of 
 !Vli( liiv;,in, Wire issued in icSjr,, i83S,'i83f;, 1X40, 
 and |)rob.'ibly in odier ye.irs. 
 
 In \>'>(<i), :a\i\ yearly since then, iIh' imblisliers of 
 ihe I'osI .and 'I'libline ha\e is^i|e<! "The Mil hiv;.!!! 
 AIni.inae." it loniains ,1 v.iiieiy of j^eiieral and 
 st.ilistie.il information, and is sold ;it fifteen cents 
 |)er copy. 
 
 STAIK OAZKI'IKI'.KS. 
 
 'file lirst Ca/etleer of the Territory w;is entitled 
 "The lam\;rants' ( liiide. or I'm kit < i.i/eiteer of the 
 Surveyed I'.irt of Miehi^an," .iiid was |)iiblislied In 
 John l'';iriner ,it Alb.niy. New Nork, in 1X30. Ii 
 was ;i small p.iin|)hlet of thirty-two p.ij^es in fine 
 type. It y^-.ivi- a scry 1 oinpieliensi\'e view of the 
 I oiintry, ;inil for ih.it time was rel.itively as eom- 
 plele ,as those of latii' d,i\s. It u;is sold both 
 
 <e|i,ir,itely ,iiid in lonneiiion with ;i map of ih< 
 Territory, .md le.iehed ;i 1 in iil.ition of m.iiiy ihoiix 
 .ands. A sei ond ,and revised edition w.as issued in 
 
 iKy, In i<S/) Mr. I'.irmer issued ;i mw work, 
 intiiled "'file I'jni^nmts' ( iiiid •. or I'm kit Cazct- 
 lei r of the Surveyed I'.irt of \Iiehi'.;,in." It eon- 
 l.iined iiifonii,ition n.ilhered from every post-oiliie, 
 ,ind w.as sold se|i,ir,ilely and in eonneetion with .1 
 
 m.lp of the St,lte. 
 
 In 1X^8 John T. lilois eompiled and (i. I,. Rood 
 |)riiitt(l the lirst bound < i.i/.etieer, ,a rem.irk.iblv tlior- 
 ou'^h .and v;ilu,ible work of 4i,S i);iv;es. /\fter I1S3.S 
 iioihinj^ worthy of the title of ( i.i/etteer w;is issued 
 niitil 1S63, when Ch.irles I'. Cl.irk issued a C;i/et- 
 teer of Miihiv;,in. It 1 ont.iined ^6.', p.aijcs, ;iiid w.;s 
 in everyway,! model. In i.S^nj.ind i(Sr)5 ( i,i/eiteers, 
 of 400 .and ^<x) p,iv;es respeeiivel)', were issued by 
 
 (.. W. Il.iwes. 
 
 In l.Sr,7 II. II. Ch.ipin published .1 ( l.izelteer of 
 540 p.'t,i;es, ;iiid in 1X71 M. T, I'l.atl one of 350 
 pavjes. In 1X73 Messrs. J. I''.. Scripps .and R. I.. 
 I'olk issued .1 ( i.l/.elteer W hieh W.is the must eomplele 
 of .any issued; it contained 74'') paj,'cs. In 1875, ;ind 
 every other ye.ir siiiee, R. I,. I'olk vV C()mi)any have 
 issued complete Ci,'izetteers of the St.ate. The linn 
 also publish Ci.izetteers of all the territories and of 
 Illinois, low.i, Kans.is, Kentucky; Minnesota, D.i- 
 koi.a, .and Mont.an.i, in om; volume; Missouri, I'eiin- 
 sylv.inia, y\rk.ins;is, Indi.ina, .New Jersey, Texas, 
 Wisconsin, Delaware; M.iryl.ind, .and West V'ir).{ini,i. 
 in one volunu;; .and City Directories of Detroit, 
 (ir.ind R.apids, I'.ast Saijinaw, .S.ai^in.iw, H.iy (.'ity. 
 J,iekson, Indian.ipolis, I'ort W.ayne, Toledo, St, I'aiil, 
 London, <)nt., ,inil sever.il other titles. 
 
inns l)y /\. I',. 
 r I'Sii. (';il(ii" 
 J..lm I. Iln- 
 , I )(iiiiil." 
 I.ir, wiili a fi\\ 
 |i)|- icsidciiis III 
 ■>3.S,'|839, \'<\\i>, 
 
 !<• |)lll)lisll<|-S ll\ 
 
 " 'I'lic Mi( liii^.m 
 nf i^cricial ami 
 at. Hflccii ((III', 
 
 iry was cniillcd 
 ( ia/riiccr (if ilii 
 lis piihlishcd ii\ 
 k, in hSv'- •' 
 ■1) pav^cs in liin 
 ivi; view (if till 
 lalivcly as ( mn- 
 was sdid I Kill I 
 a map ni llii 
 (if many llioiis- 
 111 was issued in 
 d a new W(irl:. 
 |- l'(i( kcl Oa/.cl- 
 lij^an." Il con- 
 very |)()st-()l(i( c, 
 iinccti'iii with a 
 
 and ( i. I .. Isdiid 
 ciiiaikalily liioi- 
 cs. y\ftcr 1.S3S 
 tccr was issued 
 issued a < la/el - 
 )ai;cs, and was 
 l.sr)5 ( ia/elteels, 
 were issued iiv 
 
 I < la/elteer (if 
 latl one of 330 
 |)|)s and l\. !.. 
 V musl compli II- 
 In 1S75, and 
 ; Company liavc 
 ilatc. 'I'lic linn 
 niiories and of 
 Minncsoia, Da- 
 Missouri, i'enn- 
 
 Jeiscy, Texas, 
 I West Virjfini;i. 
 ries of Detroit 
 in.iw, Hay I'ily. 
 lolcdo, .St. I'aiil, 
 es. 
 
 cirv Diuiu loNir.s. mai-s oi' .mkiik.ax. 
 
 697 
 
 (IIV hiui.i I'lkii.s. 
 ,\ iJireclory with a m.tp w.is pro|)osed to he 
 I Mjed .IS early as iK;5J, biil none w.is juihlisliid 
 iiiilil .M.ircli. 1857, wild) Julius 1'. lioliv.ir Mi C'aite 
 broiinlil out liis ( oinplete .and useful Wdrk. in May, 
 ii'v(2, lie .111111. uiiccd .a Dire( lory to .appear in June; 
 
 li.ll not reeeivii^ silllli iclll elieonr.av^einent, lie W.IS 
 illi,il)le In pillillsli. 'I lie lojjowiliL; laiile v;ivi s (he 
 inoic imporl.iiil le.iliires of tlie se\(r,il Direeioriis 
 III ilie city. 'I'iie losses by cnlisiinenl for the war 
 widi the Soiilli .are clearly iiidi(.iled \>y ihe ndiHiij 
 iiuiiihcr of ii.imes in t'i-^d], iXO j, ,uid i.S^i^: 
 
 l'iilili>.licrs. jiaii-, 
 
 j. I'. 1;. M(C,ii)e i«57 
 
 l.lines 11. Weililll^'S 1M45 
 
 [.lines i I. Wellini^s i.S.(fi 
 
 D.iily /\(lverliser iKjo 
 
 |. Shove l«52 
 
 |. lines I ) Johnson 1853 
 
 James I ). Johnson i,S55 
 
 lames I ). Johnson 1.S56 
 
 (.lines D. Johnson 1M57 
 
 J.'iines I ). Johnson ••'"iiV 
 
 ' I). \V. Ii'niherhine i.S6() 
 
 J. D. Johnson X- Co. iS^ii 
 
 ( h.irles I'. Clark- iHdz 
 
 ( h.iries K. Clark iXr,^ 
 
 Ch.irles V. a-.ak 1X64 
 
 ( li.irles !•'. Cl.irk i.Sr.j 
 
 Ch.irles !•'. ( l.irk i.%r, 
 
 (h.irles I'. ( l.irk 1.S67 
 
 Ch.irles !■■. Cl.irk i.Sr„S 
 
 (h.irles !•'. Cl.irk 1869 
 
 C. I', (l.irk i\. Co. 1X70 
 
 ( . !•■. ( l.irk \ Co. 1871 
 
 liiireli iV I 'oik 1872 
 
 llilhliell \ Weeks 1S72 
 
 J. \V. Weeks \ Co. 1873 
 
 J. W. Weeks iV Co. 1874 
 
 j. W. Weeks \- Co. 1875 
 
 J. W. Weeks iV Co. 1876 
 
 J. W. Weeks i\: Co. 1877 
 
 J. W. Weeks X: Co. 1878 
 
 J. W. Weeks \ Co. i87(j 
 
 J. W. \V(!cks iV^ Co. 1880 
 
 J. W. Weeks it Co. 1881 
 
 J. W. Weeks X' Co. 1882 
 
 J. W. Weeks X: Co. 1883 
 
 J. W. WccLs ..V Co. 1884 
 
 i'.lK. .. 
 
 "5 
 _'H 
 
 2V'> 
 2 (8 
 ^JO 
 
 V>\ 
 .n-i 
 
 2'J2 
 156 
 
 U4 
 V)<> 
 312 
 o 22 
 
 331 
 352 
 3VX 
 4(/) 
 
 44S 
 488 
 484 
 34X 
 
 55" 
 628 
 650 
 
 (t<j2 
 740 
 790 
 850 
 
 886 
 
 I ,UI)<) 
 
 r.155 
 1,232 
 
 «.43« 
 
 N... ..I 
 N;mii. , 
 
 1.5V' 
 J , 800 
 
 3.23« 
 
 7.7 \<< 
 8,o'/i 
 
 I I , I'MJ 
 I 1,282 
 
 I", 51 2 
 
 I, .,8 5 
 14,850 
 14,620 
 12.456 
 I "K 222 
 
 I4.-M'J 
 18,225 
 
 >V.''i43 
 22,640 
 
 23.75" 
 24.840 
 
 25.3^6 
 14,050 
 28,728 
 32,408 
 36,(//) 
 38,(^38 
 
 3'>5"'^ 
 42,5(x) 
 
 43,212 
 
 44.240 
 45,8(X) 
 
 53.^'H8 
 
 5'''.54" 
 61,480 
 07,002 
 
 MAPS OK MICHinAN ISSUF.D AT DRTROIT. 
 A Map of the Territory was first siiiri^'csted in 
 ilie f.ail of 1823. I'hilo I'".. Jiidd then issued pro- 
 IKisais for a Map of .Mieliii.;;in, price $2.(X), to he 
 
 ♦A r.usiiiiss l)irtcliiry iiiily. 
 
 twenly-lwo liy lweiil\-M\ ini Iks in si/e, on a scale 
 of iweiily iiK lies to oik mile, .md III ill .aceomp.a- 
 nied hy .1 ( i.a/etteer. Ihe title of this m.i|) w;is 
 (■(.pyri^hted on .\l,iy 5, 1824. .Mr. Jndd died .at 
 ll.it km k on Sepleinher \<), .and his manuscript 
 w.is l)ou)^ht by John I'. Sheldon, who in December, 
 182. |, ,11111011111 I'd the prob.iiile coiniileiion of the 
 work iii June, 1825. 
 
 This pl,in w;is not consiimm.alcd, for the t.ask of 
 prcp.iriiii; .an .aiciir.ite in.ip .and i^.i/.eiteer w,as found 
 to be more foriiiid.ible ih.iii ii.'id been ;intiiip;ited, 
 ■and III the iiicuiliiiie other pnblii .alioiis enii red the 
 held. Dminv; September, 1824, ,and before the 
 de.ith of ,\lr. Jiidd. ( )ranv;e Kisdon published jiro- 
 pos.ils for .-i m.ip of .Mil hiv^.iii, lo Iik hide ,ill south 
 of S,i;..;iii,aw li.ay ;ind cisi of the prim ip.il meridi.an, 
 to be on ;t sc.'ile of four niiles in ;in jni h, the |)rice 
 to be three dolkirs, in book form. The ('iiv;r.a\c(i 
 I opus of this m.ap ( ont.iin no nienlion of the f.-ici, 
 bill the dr.'ifi w.is iii.ide by Joliii I'.ariner. The title 
 W.IS copyri^lilcd on J.iiiii.ary 2(^,"i825, but the m.ip, 
 which w.as ennr.ived ;it Alb.iiiy. New N'iirk,w;is not 
 issued until ;i year or more .ifterw.inls. 
 
 While this m.ip w.as bein^ enj^r.avcd, .Mr. I.ariiier 
 himself com hided lo become ;i m.ap publisher. He 
 w.as nndoiibtedly well i|ii.ililiei|, \ti\\\)r ,a lhoroiiv;lily 
 I'diK.iied surveyor .and reiii.irk.aijly skilful in jien- 
 lu.anship ,111(1 (lr,iu.i;litiii;(. In the year 1821, before 
 comiiij,' to Detroit, he h.id t.auj^hl m.ap dr.awiii).; in 
 tile best schools of Alb.aiiy. In 1822, .and duriiijj 
 the followin.;^ year, he m.idc by hand scores of 
 ni.ips of .Mil hi^.m from the surveyor's pl.ats, wliich 
 for some monllis foiind ready s.ale .at $5. (x< per copy, 
 lie siibse(|iiently t.auijht m.ap dr.awiu.i; in Ohio. 
 Ketnrnini.; to Delroil in the sprin).( of 1825, he 
 m.ade for the Treisurer of the L'nitefl St.ates .a 
 m.ap of the ro.ad from the Ohio St.ale line to 
 Detroit. These v.arious eiitcrpiises suj^ijested the 
 ide'i of pr(;|);irinj.; .and iiiiblisliini.j .a m.ap in his own 
 n.ame; .and ('.arly in June, 1825, his m,aiiuscri|)i m.ap 
 w.as |)ut into llie li.iiids of env^r.ivers ,at l-'li( .1, New 
 York. '\'\\v. title w.as ( (i|)yri.i;,dned on Aiivjiisl 2f), 
 .and the m.ap w.as (•()mi)leted .and |)ui)li^.lle(i in Sep- 
 tember, mon; lli.an si.\' months ix.'fore the kisdon 
 map .appeared. His maj) thus bec.ame the lirst 
 published ni.ap of Miclii'^.an. It w.is warmly com- 
 mended by Ciovernor '.'.ass, by the Secnt.ary of the 
 Territory, William Woodbrid.i^'e, .and by oilier terri- 
 tori.al olfici.als ; .and w.as so f.avor.ibly received that 
 the m.ap of Mr. kisdon, when issued, f(jund com- 
 paratively few purchasers. 
 
 The ro|iyri;,dit of Mr. I'".armcr's work was sold, 
 soon after its publication, to I'ldw.ard lirooks. In 
 1826 .Mr. Farmer laid out the vill.ai,'(' of Npsil.inti 
 .and several other embryo ( ities. In the s.ame year 
 he issued a second M.ip of Mi( liisf.an, the hnished 
 copy beinyf deposited .at W.asliinjrton on December I, 
 
698 
 
 MAI'S OF MICIIir.AN. 
 
 1826 (ihc ccrtilicitc of deposit heirs tlu' siv;n;i- 
 tiirc of I Ic'iiry (.May as Si'crclary of Statt;) ; lie also 
 prepared for llic Li:,v;islative Coiiiuil a very lar^ie 
 inaiuiscript map of llic 'I'orritory. In \i^2ij lie 
 drafted a similar map for the same body, besides 
 layiii)^^ out and stirveyin.v; roads in various directions 
 for the territorial offieers. In that year he also 
 copyrijLjhtcd two dilferenl maps of .Miihii;an, and 
 one of " Micliiiran and Oiiiseonsin Territories." 
 Thcst: maps were placed on the market in 1S30 and 
 many thousands were sold in IJoston, I'rovidence, 
 Hartford, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia. Wash- 
 intfion, Albany, Kochester, liuffalo. Cleveland, l!rie, 
 and other places as well as at Detroit. So v^n-eat 
 was the demand for these maps that, in that day, it 
 was almost impossible tosnjiply them. l'.mi\;ranlson 
 their arriv.il ,ii Detroit, before .t^'^iini; into the woods, 
 would often i^o from lioiisi- to house, seeking; to 
 purchase a second-hand copy, and many m.ips 
 chantfed owners at an advance of sever.al hundred 
 per ct'nt on their first cost. In I1S33, 1834. and 1S35 
 Mr. Farmer collected matc'rial from all parts of the 
 Territory, and planned ,1 much more el.ibor.ite map; 
 indeed, the dr.ift was so minuti- that the eastern 
 on),n-avers would eni^rave it only ,'it a jirice th.it 
 utterly ]irecludi'd .any idea of ]irotu from its publi- 
 cation. Mr. Farmer then (k'lermined to do his own 
 en.u^ravinij. and thou,v;h he had literally no knowledge 
 of the business beyond that obtained by observation, 
 he procured :i set of engiviver's tools and undertook 
 the work, which was .1 pronouived success in excel- 
 lence of e.xi'ciition. in det.iil, and in .amount of s.iles. 
 Single book-stort's in Detroit bought over one 
 thousanti copies at .1 time. The m.ip w.is sold sep- 
 arately and in connection with a pocket (iazetteer, 
 issued the s.ime year. 
 
 These m.ips .and gazetteers of 1S30 and 183^1 cir- 
 culated extensively at the Fast, and had a more 
 marked effect in stimulating the unprecedented 
 emigration of those d.iys than any and ;ill other 
 priv.ite enterprises. It will be remembered that 
 Michig.m has a large"- proportion of \'ork State and 
 New Fngland .settlers than any other western State. 
 No other Territory or .State, in its infancy, was so 
 accurately represented or so thoroughly advertised 
 by means of reliable maps ;is Michig.m. The m.ips 
 and gazetteers of Mr. F.armer contributed l.irgcly to 
 this work, and his publications, though issued by 
 priv.ale enterprise, were none the less a great public 
 advantage. To this d.iy there are scores of witnesses 
 to the fact that his mai)s were deemed as essential 
 for travelers as pocket-book or <'ompass, and with 
 their aid new-comers by hundreds, on horseback 
 and on foot, traversed the wilds of the Lower 
 Peninsula of Michigan and personally selected their 
 future homes. So .accurate were his maps that it 
 was a common thing to decide from the map alone 
 
 the number of .acres of m.arsh l.ind on a ir.ict of 
 I'ighly acres, or the number t)f rods that a stream 
 ran on .1 given tnict. The camping-grounds of 
 travi'llers, for days .ilie.id, were deternnned from the 
 m.ip .iloiu;. The m-ij) of 1S36 was sold to J. II. 
 L'olton \ ComiKiny. of New N'ork. .and w.is pub- 
 lished by ih.il lirm (or m.iny ye.ars. 
 
 In 1S37 Mr. Farmer was extensively employed in 
 linking maps of the innimierable "paper cities" of 
 th.it period, to some of which he g.i\c pl.aci: on his 
 maps. /\s tinu' provi'd them f.iiltires, tlu'y were 
 (■'■ iseil. Other pulilishers who niadi' use of his 
 I lors copied these new cities, .and m.iiiy of their 
 m.aps show, e\(ii to this d.ay, "paper cities" whose 
 sites li.ave been owned .and eultiv.iled .is f.arni l.inds 
 for .1 si-ori' of years. It is un(|uestion.ably true th.it 
 tlure is no ni.iii of Michig.m. I.irge or sni.ill. tli.it 
 does not contain v.ilu.ibk' inform.ation origin.ally 
 givi'U on the ni.i|is compiled by Mr. I'",armer and his 
 sticci'ssors. and .ippropri.itt'd therefrom. In 1X4.; 
 Mr. I''armer pcrson.illy eiigr.ived ;i ni.a|) of Michig.an 
 on ;i scale of twelvt' miles to .m inch. It cmbr.iced 
 such .an .amount of det.iil. was so cle.arly .and be.iu- 
 tifully exeiiited. .and w.is wiih.il so thoroughly 
 .aciur.ate. th.at it g.ave him a n.itional repul.ition. 
 No St.ite other than Miehig.an has h.id a ni.ap com- 
 p.ar.ible with it for compli'teiu'ss. .Millions of acres 
 of Land h.ive been located by reference to it, .and 
 for this purpose alone tlioiis.mds of copies li.ivc: 
 been sold. As .a to|iogr,a|)hic;il ni.ap it h.as never 
 been, .and prob.ably ne\er will be. superseded ; 
 although it first .appeared nearly forty years .ago, 
 it stili h.as .1 regul.ar s.ale to appreciative customers. 
 
 During 1847 Mr. Farmer issued his first Map of 
 Lake Superior and the Miner.il Regions. Revisions 
 of this m.ap nrv still accounted tlu' best m.i|)s of 
 that region. In 1848 he |)iiblishe(l a section.il M.ip 
 of Wisconsin, and in 1849 his combined .M.i|) of 
 Michigan and Wisconsin, m.ade up of the three 
 majis last noted. In 1853 he i.ssued his Large Wall- 
 map of Michigan, on a scale of seven and one half 
 miles to an inch. This map was extensively used 
 by the St. Mary's I'alls Ship Canal Com|).iiiy in 
 locating their lands. In 1855 he issued .a m.ip of 
 Wayne County, showing all tlic " j.nvate daim.s," 
 with the names of the origi.; 
 
 His tlrst Townshi|i Map of J '^a^ . nd Wis- 
 consin appeared in 1857. Two yi'.ars later he issued 
 ;i revision of his Large m.i|i of 1853. with the addi- 
 tion of two sheets, forming .a map lu'arly six feet 
 square. It included all of Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 On this map he located .all the swamp lands then 
 owned by the St.ite. This inform.ition .afforded 
 facilities which enabled land buyers to make hun- 
 dreds of thous,ands of dollars with but a lithe of the 
 expense they would otherwise li.ave had to imuir. 
 
 In i8C)() John F. (ieil published his very complete 
 
(I on a trail of 
 i that a stream 
 in,i,'-^;rotiii(ls of 
 niiu'd from the 
 ^ sold to J. 1 1, 
 and was piii)- 
 
 :ly cniploy<<i in 
 paper cilii's" of 
 \(' plact: (III his 
 ires, ihi'y wert" 
 dc use of his 
 
 many of tlicir 
 r cities " w hose 
 i as farm lands 
 iiiahly true that 
 
 or small, that 
 ition ori,;;inally 
 Karnier and his 
 roiii. In 1.S44 
 ap of Michii^aii 
 It embrarcd 
 arly and bean- 
 so thoron.nhly 
 nal reputation. 
 ad a maj) eom- 
 lillions of arres 
 ence to it, and 
 of cojiies have 
 p it has never 
 I, superseded ; 
 irty years .'ii(o, 
 tive customers, 
 lis first Map of 
 )ns. Revisions 
 
 best ma|)s of 
 . seetion.il Map 
 ibined Map of 
 
 of the three 
 his larije W;ill- 
 1 and one half 
 xteiisively used 
 il Comp.iny in 
 sued a map of 
 nvato claim.s," 
 
 ■ ,a, , nd Wis- 
 later he issued 
 w ith the addi- 
 nearly six feet 
 ■ind Wisconsin, 
 nip lands then 
 ation alforded 
 to m.ike hun- 
 it .1 tithe of the 
 lad to incur, 
 vi'ry complete 
 
 MAI'S OF'" MICIIir.AN. 
 
 690 
 
 Map of Wayne County. This w.is sul)sei|uently 
 |inrehase(l by the firm of Silas Farmer \- Company, 
 who succeeded to the business of John I-'armer. 
 The la.st named hrm, from time to time, have pub- 
 lished revisions of the maps already named, and since 
 1S62 have sold .ibout forty tlious.md copies of the 
 Railroad and Township M.ip of Michii^an, ;ind m;uiy 
 iliousamls of ;i Township M.ip of Wisconsin, tirst 
 issued in 1S67. They issued .'i .M.ip of Wisconsin 
 in 1865, .about lifty by fifty inches in size, which sold 
 at S'/.co per copy, '{"he same ye;ir they issued a 
 M.ip of i'llmwood Cemetery. In 1S71 Messrs. Cal- 
 vert iV Comii.uiy published :i M.ip of Michi.i;;ui .and 
 Wisconsin, which had been compiled almost entirely 
 
 from the m.ips of Sil.is 1'. inner \ Company, and 
 ujion a showinij of this f.ici in court the ma|) w;is 
 tr.insferred to the l.iiler linn, who, in 1X73, revised 
 ;ind republished the .Michi^.'Ui portion, in 1S74 they 
 published a .Sectional M.ip of Iow;i, which w.is 
 w.armly commended by the county officers in every 
 one of the ninety-nine counties of that St.ite. 
 Their sm.'ill but very comijletc m.ip of W.iync 
 County (price lifty cents) was lirst issued in 
 1S83. 
 
 'The various city tn.ips published by [ohn farmer 
 ;ind his successors .are named elsewhere. 'I'he total 
 s.iles of their v.arious imblications h.ave .amounted to 
 fully one hundred ihous.iiid copies. 
 
CM A I'l I-: K L X X I 
 
 ( ril/I.N AM) \ISIII\(. AllllnKS. 
 
 Il is ;iii liiiiiiii tn il)c ( iiy iliil ii'- li'-l iif .iiiiliMr. of iIk ( i m r.il M. !•.. ( liiMi li. '.\.i'. .1 mm < rssliil i dim 
 
 l)<'V;ills U IIImIs cxlslcni !■. Tlie (iillllilcl iif llii SI II Ic • |(i)S(riif |( li'.;iriiri MPlli;'., .mil ni.invnl llis 1 lUlipir.i 
 
 iiicnl w.'is iiol niily a snldicr hiil a si linlar as uill. limis .m liitjlily |)ii/i (|. 
 
 anil lili- li)|i II i>l luiiiW lrilv;<' llial iir lirsl w.ivrd mi II, ( . Allill is lln .iiilhnl- nj "I III I Iniiiu ojialllM 
 
 tlic slimes III llic hilrmi has never Ixeii cxlin- I liria|Hiiiii s nj luii 1 iiiiili iit I'mi," |iiililisliri| |i\ 
 
 HiiisJHij. If mil" liliiaiy liia\eiis du iiol slmw as ilic I )i;ikc I loiii'i opalliif I'liariiiaiy t i)iii|)aiiy in 
 
 many slais as aie visililr in nllur |i)r,ililics, mil :i 1X7';. 
 
 few (if till' liisl mder aie imliKlid, ami Im^iiliir Krv. Nallian liaii'^s, I). I)., aiiilmr of " liisldry nf 
 
 llicy fmiii a liiilliaiil am! Ixantilnl luiisiclLiiinn. MiiliiKJisin," ,iml Imimlir nl ilir Missinnaiy Sdiicly 
 
 C.'iilill.ii w lull' I m 11 mil's mi A( ailia dcsi riliinv; lln' "f iln M. I .. ( Iniii ii, was lnie ,is a Mitliodist pastni 
 
 <'(i,isl aii<l isl.inds finin N'ma Sinlia In New N'nik. in iI- 
 His inciii'iir mi Mii hiliinai kiiiai iiii liidcs dii.iilid I )i 
 
 (Ifscriplimis nf ilic ,(|p|ir,ir,im r, ii.idii imis. and iis.iijcs I )i| 1 
 
 I'll 1 1 . 
 
 'I. I .iiiii.iid ll.irmi. nf Nl \\ lla\eii, was limn in 
 mil in iMo.!, .ind liis aliilitiis lelln lid Immir ur 
 I iit-i III ii 1. J . 
 
 (Ifsci'iplimis ipf I lie ,(|i|ir,ir,im r, ii.idii inns, and iisaijcs I )il mil in 1 Mo.!, .ind liis .iliiliiiis lelln lid liminr nn 
 
 nf the savage liihcs nf lliat |)nsl and licynnd. Ilr In. Im I li|il,iri . 
 
 w.is ciiiLilly siiiri'ssfnl in disi libiiii; the inaiimis I )i. ( )r( sirs A. Hinwiismi, 1 diinr .md |iiililislii r nl 
 
 and riislnnis nf till- Indi.ins, in siii^vjcsii'ii^ iiiiaiis I'linu iismi's (liiarlcrly l\(\iru, .iniimr nf "l.ssa\s 
 
 fnr niiiwiitim; llir i'aii^lisli, and in cxiinsiiiv; ilic ,iiid Kr\ic\\s," ami nf tillicr wmks of .special inter 
 
 nialiec am! inlriv;iies nf ilmse wlm np|ins(d liiiii. est in Knin.in ( .iilmlie 1 iri les, was a resideni nl 
 
 His wriliii.;;s sparkle wilii /'/'// wc/i .ind eiiii.;r,iiiiiiiali<' hiimii Inr si \iial ye.iis, ,iiid died here mi April r/. 
 
 sciileiiecs, some nf iheiii reiiiai k.ilile fnr their inn- 1X7^. hi iHHj his son, lleiiry I'. ISrnwiismi, eniii- 
 
 eenir.iied ihmiv;lit. Mis reason iiiy; powers wire nf iiieiii id liie piiMji alioimf a proposeij eoniplete series 
 
 a liii^li nider, .mil his .irijiiiiieiits elear, jonieal, of the wnks nf his father, in seventeen volumes. 
 
 fnnilile, 1 lis npininns Were dellllili , .tlld expressed KeV. W'illi.llll I'.. I 'in.irdlll.ill. .lllllmr nf the " j jij^her 
 
 with lie.irness ami pn 1 isinn. lie h;id ni.irked ( in isii.m Life," .iml nf nilur wniks, lived herein 
 
 pnweis of .iii.ilysis, .111(1 deserihed with .1 ininnleiiess 1.S51 ,iml i.S:;.! .is .iv^eiii III ilie American S. .S. 
 
 of detail e(|ii.illy interest ii 11; .nid satisfa( Inry. His Hiiinii. 
 
 wriliiiijs .•ihniind in irnpes, .and provcrhs drnppcd M.iri;,iiei !■ . lim ii.in.in. .ilierw.irds Mrs. Alex.iiidi 1 
 e.isiiy Irnm his pen. His liler.iry siiccessnrs .are Siilliv.iii, w.is ediic.ilid in .md fnr in.iiiy years a 
 named in the fnilnwiiii.; list, which, if imi cnniplde. resideni nf Hiirnii. She li.is liieii .1 fiei|iii nl inn- 
 is iieviTtheless so nearly |)erfe( I lii.ii mil iii.my trilintnr tn v.irimis in.iv;,i/iiies, .md in i.SSi j. M. 
 names from p.isl rcenrds (.111 lie.i(ld(il, iln future, Slndd.ird i\ ('nmp.iiiy, nf I'liiLidi Iplii.i, published 
 it is hoped, will ,idd ni.my iiniewnrihy ii,iines. her " Irei.md nf In-ikiy." 
 
 John /Xiiiiinn, smi of Dr. ( i. t '. Aniiinn, (if ! )etr(iii. Ke\. !■ . r..ii.ii;.i, the Indi.aii mission.ary, after 
 
 was born in the old ('.iss Hmise in 17X4. He wrnic whmn .1 ((iiiiity in I'pper Mi( liivj.m is n.imed, w.as 
 
 .an " I'lss.iy nil the !->iiiily nf I..1W," .md iminemns the .aniiinr nf .1 " I )iilinn;iry nl ' Mchipwe," pnblislii d 
 
 other works. 'I'lie n.iines of iiis iiroilu 1. ( h.irics ,il ( im iiin.iti in i.Si;5, .and of oilier Imli.m diclimi- 
 
 Anllinii, .111(1 iiis nepiiew, (ii.irlcs !■., .Anthnii, ,ire .aries, i(i,iiiim,irs, ,iiid pr.iyer-bnnks, lie lived here 
 
 well-knnwn in liier.irv .and 1 dm .itmn.il 1 in les. in iMcj .and iiSc;. 
 
 well-knnwn in liler.iry .and 1 dm .itimi.il 1 in les. in iMi;4 .and 1M55. 
 
 Miss I.. I'l. Ad.ims in icS6j published ,a book Dr. J. II. ILav;,;; published in I.S45 .a vuliime of 310 
 
 ciilillcd "Sybelle .ind other I'nems." pa^'"^ "H " M.a.v;nelism ; nr, 'i'lie Dnclriiic nf l'.(|iii- 
 
 Kcv. W. ,\ikiiiaii. I). D., fnr se\ei;il years p.astnr libiiiim." 
 
 of Westmiiisler i'resbylcri.in < liiin h, is the .an,'!- ,■ \V. y\. I'.iirt .and liel.i Hnbb.ini's " i-teixirt on the 
 
 of bonks enlilled "'I'lie I'litlirc nf the < nlnred U.ice < leni;r;ipliy nf the .Smith Shnre of !..ake Sll|)erior." 
 
 in ,\imric.i," "{.ifc ,ii Honie, or. The i'.ainily .and I'/i p.ajLjes, w.as published in 1843. In 1S7.S John 
 
 its Members." " 'i'he Monil I'ower of the Se.a," .and i'liirl published .1 |).iiii|)lilel. " History of the Sol.ir 
 
 sever.i! oiher works. ((unp.iss. " 
 
 111 ,\mil ic.i, •■ 1 .lie ai I Ionic, or, I lie 
 its M(aiibcrs." "'I'he Monil I'ower of th 
 sevcr.i! oihcr works. 
 
 l\ev. J. I>. Atcliinsoii, .at one time .assisl.aiil p.istni 
 
 I 
 
 l?*-] 
 
 ( 'ninp.iss. 
 
 I Iciiry I'libb. llic ex-'.l.a\e, u linsc " 11.11 r.ili\e,' 
 
 pub- 
 
I 
 
 '^111 ccssdil I mil 
 
 ll Ills I I)|II|M1 I 
 
 I li>iiiirii|i,'il liM 
 |illlilislic(| Ir. 
 
 V ( iiMi|i,iiiy III 
 
 ■ iif '• llisldty ol 
 
 ,'.ii iii.iiy S(M Id \ 
 
 I I'll KM list |l.'IS|lil 
 
 (11, W.IS Ixilll ill 
 Ici led IliilMil' nil 
 
 iihI |iiililislii r III 
 lior of " l''.ss;i\', 
 if S|K( i.il illll I 
 
 s a ri'siiliiii 111 
 ere on April 17, 
 'iiovviisiiii, I (iin- 
 ioni|il(lc sil'iis 
 (111 X'oliiiiics. 
 of llir " I liv;lin 
 .s, li\c(| li(|-c in 
 Xiiiciicaii S. S. 
 
 Mrs. AU'\aii(lcr 
 many years a 
 
 a fr((|iiiiil 1 (Ill- 
 ill iSSi J. M. 
 
 |iliia. |)iil)lisli('(l 
 
 issionary, after 
 is named, was 
 
 )\ve," pillilislied 
 
 ladi;iii diilion- 
 
 I le lived Ik re 
 
 I V(jltime of iio 
 trine of {■.(|tii- 
 
 l\( port on the 
 ..ike Superior." 
 In 187X Joiiii 
 iry of I lie Sol.ir 
 
 i.irr.ilive," piih- 
 
 tiri/i.N .\\i) \ isiiiNc; .\riii()h-,H. 
 
 :oi 
 
 ii.lied ill I'Sjo, li.id ,'in e.Nleiisive .sale, lived lieie tor C". K. Il.u kiis is .ilso ,iuilior of .1 p,iiii|ilili'i on tin 
 
 I vera! years, "Conir.ii liun of tin- ( iirreiii v," and l^y several 
 
 Levi liisliop wrote " 'l'ei|( lisa firoiidie," .1 poem ycirs ( ompiled the •■ Mii hi^.m Alin.iii.n ." 
 ' oiiimeiiior.itin^ one of the cirly Jndi.ni n.iines of ( iovernor Lewis Ciss u;is .1 fre(|iienl ( onii ihiiior 
 
 Detroil. it lias p.issed tliioiiydi se VI 1,1 1 rdiiioiis. to till- North /\ineri( ,111 Keview .111(1 wrote " Ir.iiMc ; 
 
 .\lr, llishop .ilso tr.inslated sever,il !• icik h pl.iys. its Kiiiv;, ( oiirt, .ind ( iovernmeiil," New York, liS.ji, 
 
 ■Mrs, li. liiinton, who w.is lien; ,il)oiil i.Sfij, w.is and ,1 lift y-liv(-p,iv,'e work on the " Kij^hi of Sean li. ' 
 
 ilie .iiiihor of ■' M,iii is l.o\c." Il.'illiiiioic, I.'-;, (J. 
 
 W. 11. lire.irley is the .iiiilior of " !<(■( (iliei tioii' (if John l.ov;.in ( liipman wrote .1 novd ( illid 
 
 ,111 I'iasl Tellliessee ( ■,anip,liv;ll," (() p;ii;es, published "(,rorv>i- I'ellllierlon ; or Love .llld ll.ili," uiinii 
 
 ill 18O6. W.IS pillilislied hy !•. ( dr.iMiii, Hosloli, .iliolll l>-\jH. 
 
 Mrs. Jiili.i I'. It.ilkini, wife of .1 former p.istor of l'.lisli,i ('li,is(! w.is ,iiiilior of "I he Smcik e of 
 
 ilie I'irst ('oiiv;n'v;;itioii,il Chun h, is the .lutlior of ,1 I )( velopmeiii of tlie Human Lamily," puhlished in 
 
 iiilllieldlls list of liooks (■spe( i,illy desiy;ne(| lor Sun- l^ijo. 
 (I,iy schools. (ieiienl i'. Si. (ieorjjc Cooke, formerlv st.iliom.d 
 
 L.J li.iles, one of till; editors of '! In- I'o't ;iiid here, .iiid now .a resident, is the .nit hor of "(,i\;ilry 
 
 Ti iliiine, li;is piddnicd in.iiiy poiuis; ;i nuiiilierof 'i';i( li( s for ,\iniy "f I'.S.," pnliliJii d li) llie(,ov- 
 
 ihcni iia\-e lieen s( I to iniisie, iiiid olii.iineil ,1 l.ir^e ernment in i.SCii ; he , ilso wrote " S( ciiesjiiid A(l\( 11- 
 
 ^..ile. lures in the I'. S. Army," .and "( ouiiuests of .New 
 
 (l.ir.i I )oty M.ates, one of the editors of 'j'he I )iiroii .Mexico and Cillorni.i," y>7 pay;es, 1S7X. 
 rrihiine from i.SO-/ to 1X70, is the author of " lll.n k Kev. ■ihom.is Cirter, for sever.il ye.irs p.istor of 
 
 |.ikey," "(lassiis of l'.,iliy Laud," " Solids for ( iold the Tn-iK h Methodisi l.pisi op.il Chun h, wrote ,1 
 
 Locks," "( liild Lore," " I ie.iri 's ( (intent," .llld se\-- history of the "(ircii Keforiii.ition in Lntd.ind, 
 
 cr.il other liooks. Some of her works were el.ibor- S( (itl.iiid, el( .," \ys I'aijes, besides sever.il sm.iller 
 
 ;ilely illiistr.ited with orij^in.il dr.iwiiij^sby lii.T sisler, works. 
 Mrs. II. I'. !■ iiiley, ;i nsidcnt of Detmit. Kev. L. \.. C.ister wmn the " Life c 4 Allen," pi ib- 
 
 <).'!'. I'lCinl li.is wrillen inaiiy stories for the (l.iily lished in i.'-1^6. lie w.is formerly p.isior of the 
 
 p.ipers. One of them, " llrisiliii;; with 'i'liorns," has Jellerson /Xvnue .Methodist Ljiisi (i|),il ( hun h. 
 been issued in liook form, lie has also ijiiblishcd ,a Willi.nii M. C.irlelon, the f.nni poii .md b.ill.idist, 
 
 novel I'lilillcd " rr.ide .iik! 'jrouble." w.is employed on the slalf of Ilie 'I'ribune, .and ;i 
 
 A. C. i'.io(lj.;ell li.is .a work in prep.ir.ition entitled resident of I >elroil during 1X71 .and 1.S72. 
 "I he L.aw of the lire liisur.ince Contract." Jiidj^e J.ames \'. C.im])bell is ihc .nitlior of sever.il 
 
 Kev. \>r. Alfn'd lirimsoii, soldier of tin; W.ir of works, the most imporl.inl of wliiili is his "Outlines 
 
 I'Si .;, ,ind early Methodist p.istor in Detroit, w.is tin; of the l'olili(;il History of Mi( liii.;,iii," (xjo |).i,i{es. 
 
 .iiilhor of the " Western I'ioiicer," in two vohiiiKts, M.uiy of his .addresses have been published, also 
 
 .1 "Key to the Apoe.ilypse," and several other sever.il brochures entitled "Polity of the I'. !■„ 
 
 works. Cliiiri ll of the Liiited Si.ites." " M.iterials lor Juris- 
 
 Kev. J.iines M. I'.iK kley. I >. D., formerly p.a-ior of iiriideiK c, ' 'I'ri.al by Jury," .md " r.ikinv; of I'riv.ite 
 
 the (■eiitr.il Methodist l^piscop.il Chun h. is author of lYojierty for l'ur|)oses of I'liblie Utility. ' 
 wdrks entitled "An Appeal to i'ersons of Seiis(! .md 11. A. Cli.aney is the .iiithor of ;i "l)ii;est of 
 
 l\e||(;ciioii," "Supposed .Minnies," " I wo Weeks .it Miehij.,'aii Keports," a " .Not.iry's ( inide " and of 
 
 ttu: Yosomite," .111(1 " Chrisli.ins .and the Thcitn-." "(ir.aduates of L.aw Di^p.arlmeiu of .Micliij^aii. ' 
 
 Dr. 11. J. i'.niwn, .at one time p.istor of St. Liter's 
 Church, wTote " i'ious Dead of the Medii .il l'n>fes- 
 sidii," 320 |)a).jcs, Sever.il other smaller works .also 
 bear liis name; one of the most recent is entitled 
 "New 'Ireatmcnt of Consumption." 
 
 kev. I). D. Illll k, I). !)., for a brief period in 
 i''-;^(j p.istor of the Ceiitr.il .Methodist iipiscop.il 
 
 W. II. Coyle li.id .an edition of I'oems just from 
 the press destroyed in the tire lli;it burned the liook- 
 .ston- of NLirkh.im >V I'^lwood on .M.iy .1. 1X57. 
 An edition of his l'o(!ms w.is .in.ain published in 
 I1SX3, .llld sever.il .'ire n'prodiiced in this work. 
 
 AuilJU.sI Codde is th( .author of .a small v(iluiiie 
 entitled "'I'lie Lxistence of Ci(i(| Attested," pllb- 
 
 ( liiinli, was the .•lullior of sever.il nlij.;ious works ; lished at Detmil in 1XX3. 
 
 one, " 'I'hc Cliristi.iii \'irtiies l'<;rs<)nili(al," 3oo|)aj.(es, 
 was published by Miller, Orton.iK: Comp.any, Auburn, 
 
 I ■■! 56. 
 
 Adam Const- wroti; .1 volume entitled "'riic N( w 
 Philosophy," which w.is published in 1XX3. 
 Colonel An-nt .Scliiivler l)e Pevster, who w;is sta- 
 
 I'lie " Life of Z. Chandler," puf)lishe(l by the Post tioned hen- as commander of the jiost fnmi 1779 
 
 I 'I'ribune Comp.iny in iXXo, w.as compiled by C. to 17X4, w.as .a eultiv.iled v;cntleinan ; he ;ind liis 
 
 K. U.K kus, (). I . lie.inl, j.iiiies H. Slonc, Williaiii wife were rare .a( (|(iisitions to the society of that 
 
 Stocking, and G. W. Parlridgi;, period. During his stay lie wrote luiincrous poems 
 
702 
 
 Clil/KN AM) \ISI I IN(. AiniloUS. 
 
 ami SDlllK'ls full i)f .illlisiuli^ lo Ifxal srtliis, .i|i|i(ill- |i,illl|p|ili I Infill. Ill lH.\H " I ill Idvilir <ll'.;,ili|i 
 
 aiui's .'iiul (Mills. Afiir hi', nliirn in SihiIukI I.,i\\ uhLhikiI lor ilic lliiiii.ni U.nr, m i ,i|iit,il 
 
 lii.iiiy <if tliisc vscic ,v;,iiliti((| idiMlhtr iimli i llir riiiir.liiiM iil loi \Iiiii|it uiiI.iiiiiiI ljy ( lod ,iihI mis 
 
 lillr III •' Misrill.iiiirs liy all < )|||i i i. \i)liiiiir 1. i.iiiiiil liy Kia'.iiii," :.S |ia.^is. In iiS.ji>. " I ||. 
 
 Diiiiiliiis, iXl.J." Niily Dili: viiiiiiiii!, a i|iiaili> of I'liinlDv.y nl I'mlissor I iiiiii y Kr\ icsvi <| ami I'lil li. 
 
 -7/ |ia)4cs. was |)iil)lislitil, .mil it is now very rare. llic 'lest; m, I In- Satml Snipiiins," u^ |'''>v,i- 
 
 Allloll^ iiIIhi |)iii mis il I iilltailis nlic nil " Kcil 
 i-tiviT, a Suiii; (Icsi liplivi: nf tin: DiviTsiull nf 
 Caiiniinvj <>'• S|rii;liillv; ll|lii|| llir In- iif llw I'nsl nf 
 
 |)rli'nil ill Nnilli /Ximiiia"; aiinllni' is niliilril 
 "'llli: (ilinst n| n|i| (mush (a I'iy^i, shni hy I In 
 (iiiaiil ill llir Kiiii;'s .\aval I'anlal Uclroil." I he 
 
 ^I'lll nf llii: linnk Is llir Inllnwill^ 
 
 l.ll.l'.', MvNl Ml Ml , r, I. Il, |lNI-, l/K|; 
 
 Ai M |>i , f.iir Anil, I ilu Ihsi i ■ li, 
 
 'I'llll ll IM|llillV. Kllli <• ■ llllM-<llllM |i< III II, 
 
 'I III- tiiii-sl hull I I iiili il hunt tliii r, 
 Willi. Il yuii inay .ili ly l,ik< lioiii iiiv. 
 Slioiilil I'li.il iiijiit tl 111 '.liiiri lln- (jivor, 
 I'.iit yiiii till piaili, KJvi liiiii llir llavur ; 
 Wliitli Mirrly In: laii'l tak< aliii^iH, 
 Winn 'l issii In i>:liliinil liy yuiir kiss. 
 
 The full liaiMc 111 ihr Lilly In vs'linin till- lines Ui'li: 
 
 sent was Mis. I'nnl I'.iivJ.iinl, ami In r liiisli.iud w.is 
 
 lln-ii .1 liiMiliii.iiit al |)ilinil. If (xtiisc wti<- midcd 
 
 fill wriLiii'^ pDcliy, < (/Iniicl he I'lysicr had an i xicp- 
 
 linnallv •.mod ivnisr m nlfrr. fill- hr W.IS .. |„.rsn„al '' ''•'''^ ■""' '^''^'''''l^^^" l>"l'l'sh.'.l in nSSi, .tml „ 
 
 Iriiudnl Knh.,1 |;„nis, h, I'.ysln, .ili.r his " 'Inal I'r.a.lin: and Trial l..iwy.Ts." |.ul.lisli.d ii 
 
 III' was also a jniiii .iiiilim willi AIImiI ll.iiins nl 
 " I )isi mil SI , nil till' Sahhal h. ' 
 
 I). Ili'iliiiiii l)iillii|i| is llir aiilhni' III iiiiini mil' 
 III I ,1 .jiiii.il |inriiis, si'Mial III wlinli, uilli llinsr nl 
 mini .lullinis, will" ii|)iil(lis|i(d in iKrioJn ,i vnliinn 
 cnllllid ■' I'nrls ,illi| I'lirliy nf llir Wrsl." 
 
 I'.duaid l)nl.iii winii- "Ihr Till nl l.ilitilv and 
 I'alladiiiin nl llir I'nss; Tlir Ailvni .ill- ,ind kipic- 
 srlil.ilivi nf ihr |'in|)li's Kivdils." Il ( niilailKil 5^ 
 pa^rs, ,iml w.is piililislicd in i-^.l'/' 
 
 Morgan I,, nnwiiii.;.; issmd in \>iyi) "Sniillnrii 
 I'risnlis; nr, Jnsir, llir I lilninr nf I'lnlrini-." S"'' 
 |);i^^is ; he .also piililislnd in i.S.Sj ,i Miliiinr i iililli d 
 " KiMsnii ;iiii| Inj.;i'lsnllislll." 
 
 I' . n, I J,ivili|)ni I urolc a scries nf skill lies I'll- 
 tilled " < )ii a .Man nf W.ir," wliii h wire published in 
 riie Tree Press ill I I-i/i;, ;ilii| si|l)se(|inill ly i'.'ilhired 
 lliln hnnk fnllll. 
 
 J. \V. hnnnv.in is the .iillhnr nf ".Mndiili jili^ 
 
 reliiru to .Sinii.iml, .iiid diiiini; the time nf ihe 
 !''reiii h KiMiliiiinii, I niiiinamlid llie I' iisi Kivj- 
 imill nf Ulllllflies Vnluilleirs, nf wllii II imps lln- 
 .'lullinr nf Tani < )' Sh.inler w.is ,iii nrii.;iu.il imiu- 
 
 ber. The l.isl nl I'lUnis's |)neins, ih.il nn '•|,ife," 
 
 wrillcii ill 171/', iil his siek-eh.iniber. jiisi bifnre 
 his de.iih, was .nldressed lo t.'niniiel he I'eysler, 
 .'ind be^an : 
 
 My liiiiiuiiil ('iili.in I, lln |i I III I 
 Vuiir inliii-^i III III)- |iiirl's wral. 
 All I liii«- Miia' liiail lia't- I hi s|ii:i:l 
 
 Tin siK |i i'aiiiassus 
 Siii'iiiiinili-il thus liy liiiliis |illl 
 
 Ami jMitiuii >;l.tss» s. 
 
 i.S.S}. 
 
 Rev. /..u li.iri.ili I.ddy. I), h., l.ite p.islnr nf lirsi 
 Ci)ll,i;rev;,ilinli,il ('liunll, Ulnle " lllllll.lliuel, nr lln 
 Life nf ( IllisI," 75b |).'l.v;es, published by \\'. J. Ilnl 
 kind vN, ( ninp.iny, .Sprinj^held. I le 1 miipiled " I lyiiins 
 of llie ('hiirili," published by rin.iid nf I'nblii .ilinii 
 nf l<i;(nrined hull II (diui<li, in icibi;. lie wa.s as.su- 
 ci.ated with K. Ilililnnik and I'. Sehalf in lln- inni- 
 pilal inn nf •' I lyiuiis and Snli^s nf I'r.iise," 61 x< pa^es, 
 published by A. h. I'. Kandnlph in l.S7,i. 
 
 hr. v.. k. I^llis issued his " I lninu:np,ithii: I'.uiiily 
 (iiiide," ill iSiSj. 
 
 John MIlis, .\I. h., fnriiierly nf hetrnil, is .lUllinr nf 
 
 " l''amily I lninn-ni).illiy," New York, 40.1 p.iv;e^, and 
 Thcisc f;ieis, h.'id they then been known, wonid " Sk(:|)lieisni .tml hi\iiie kevel.itinn," zdu pa.vjes. 
 
 Ii.ave .idded /.isl to our ((-lebr.itinn, mi J.iiiii.iry 25, 
 185V, nf the eiiilell.iry nl lllirns' birlhikiy. 
 
 New Ynrk, i.SHj. 
 
 i'rofessor J.ieqiies l^doii.ird li.is published :i seieii- 
 
 kev. ( ieorj.;e hullield was one nf llie niosl prnlilk lilie novel of sevi;r.tl hundred p.ij.;es, t-ntitle-d "John 
 
 of writers. His lirsl work, iiublishtd .at (.".irlisle, liuil. Uncle S.im, and Johnny Cr.ip.iud." 
 i'ennsylv.iiii.i, in I1S52, was ,1 l,ii\re oet;ivo of 615 I'rofessor Koiiis l'";is(|iielle, ;mllior of sever.il well 
 
 p.iv^cs, entitli!d "Spiritu.il Life or Ke.v(eiier.itimi." knnwii I'' rencli te.xl-books, w.is a resident of helroit 
 
 Il W.IS not considered by the .Synod of uhn li he was in 1857. 
 
 .1 nieinber sullii ieiiily CiKinislic In tniic, .and this C. k'o.x wrote ;i icxl-book on " A^fricultiirc," 360 
 
 y,:{vr. rise lo dillieuliics which resulted in his comin;.,' pa^es, which w.'is published in 1853 by Messrs. I'll- 
 
 lo helroit. In 1842 his " hissert.ilioiis on the I'ro- wood (.\: Comjiany. 
 
 pliceies " W.IS issmd in New York, .ind ihe s.inie Ch.ipl.iin C. W. I'ilcli published a work cntilleil 
 
 year " 'I'lie tMainis of I'.piscop.il liislio|)s," v^p.ii^es. "J.'inies, tin- Lord's Brother." 
 
 In 1845 •• Millcn.iri.iiiisin h(-femlc(l;.i kiply in I'ro- Osgood K. Fuller i.ssued in 1876 "The Year of 
 
 fessor Sli'w.iri." i.S; p.i.i.;cs, w.is issued. In 1845, Christ in Sonjr," 1 32 pa^es. 
 " Aii).;elii|ue," a pniiic siury of l.al-.e Superior, in i<ev, (ieorj.(e I'ield wn... vo (ircii Hooks 
 
)ivilir <Mv;.illli 
 (■ ; or ( a|ill,il 
 ' ( iod .'iikI mi 
 
 I I. ••!('>. •■ I li' 
 kVi<l .mil I'lil t<. 
 •'■." t ■•■<) |).iv',<' 
 
 lull li.llllC'i KJ 
 
 ir (if niiinriiiii'. 
 
 will) lIlMSC III 
 -t'lll ill ,1 VIllllllH 
 (St. " 
 
 of l.ilx'ity 'Hill 
 
 ,llr ,ll|l| l<(|)IC- 
 
 II I ulll.lllKll ■■)<' 
 
 X/o '• SuiillnTN 
 !• InlclHi," V*' 
 \'iililiiir iiilillt i| 
 
 )f skrlt ins <tll- 
 •II- |iul)lisliiii ill 
 iiiil ly v.'il 111 i'liI 
 
 " Mmlilli jili} 
 II |.'-1.'-1 1, .IIKJ kI 
 
 ,," |)lll)lisl|lll III 
 
 paslur of I ir I 
 
 lllllllliri, III' llli 
 
 by W, J. ill.! 
 i|)iliil " I lyiiiiis 
 iif l'iil)li( .ilii'ii 
 
 lie WilS ilSSD- 
 
 ilf in tin: roiii- 
 
 isc," 6lX> jMl^l''', 
 
 :ii|i;iiliii: i'.'iinily 
 oil, is .■iiiiiiiir iif 
 ill," i()u |).'igt:s. 
 
 ll)lisln-(l ;i srirll- 
 »iil.ill(:<l " John 
 
 lid." 
 
 of several well 
 (ieiil of iJclioit 
 
 jrrieiillure," yx> 
 by .Messrs. Ki- 
 ll work entitled 
 .■■■riic Year -.f 
 ) (ire.it Hooks 
 
 CITIZKN AIJIIIOUS. 
 
 7'M 
 
 of Nature," and " Ki vi lalioii, or llir ( osino', .md luiiiiul Ki |hiiI-. in i niiin i inm wiili v;i olovMi .il Mib- 
 
 l.oKos," 5ixj pa^es, 1H71J; " Memoirs, Ineideiils, ami jeris, li.ivi In in |iiiiilii| by tlir Sl.iir lli, .iiinji 
 
 Koinaiiees of the Karly History of ilie New ( liiinii, on the "l„iily ( oloiii/,.iiiini of Deiioii. " \\,is pnb- 
 
 I n .," 570 |ia^; s, 1H79; ;ilso in 1K7';. " i lie Dildi- lisliid by ilie Male I'loinei Sm iiiy. I lis " ( liniaie 
 
 I III r bi'l ween Slieol, 1 1,'ides, and < ii'lieiiii.t, .Hid tin- nl I titroil " was issued in {i.ini|ilili'l fiinii by iIh- 
 
 .MiMiiinv; of liifernns or Infi riiiini." /\iniiii,in Mediral < >l)servii . V'.trioiis oihir .niii l< s 
 
 lliiiiy ,\. lord 1'. lb' .iiiilioi of ,1 "llisiory of with Ins siv;naiiire have a|)|)earei| in bisioiii al and 
 
 riiliiain .md .M.usli.ill I oiiniii s, Illinois," iXfMi. And seieiililii joiirn.ils. 
 
 lie and Ills wife, K.iie lire.iriey I'ord, are joint .niih- .Mrs. jiil.i Ijiibb.ird wrote .1 story intiilid "Tlie 
 
 ors of a "History of ( iiii inii.ili, .ind of ILiiiiilinn lliddi n Sin," wliii li w.is piibli.lied by llar|iir \- 
 
 Coiiiity, Ohio," ,iiiil .iImi of .1 "lli'.ioiv of l.oiii',- Itrolhers in \r\(,f,. It was sti|iiil.iied tli.ii tin .inihor- 
 
 villr." Diiriiiv', iM.Si III' iom|iili'd ,1 voliinu' eiilitjrd slii|i shoiiid not be known, and il w.is not niiiil .dii-r 
 
 •' roeiiis of I listory," .iiid iKo " ,\ l'o|iiil.ii hiitimi her dei ease. liie story was n punted in l.nvjand, 
 
 .117 of I'iiii- ,\ri." hiiiiiiv, i^"'"'| III' iiii|i.iiiii .1 limik in tlirir \oiiiiiir,. .md ii.nl .1 \i ry l.ir^e s.ile. 
 
 iiitiiled " I low to .M.ike Mom y, .iiid I low to Kei |i II . Alr\.iiidii I Iriii y, .iiiilioi of •■ I linrys N.nr.ilive," 
 
 or, ( ,i|)it,il and l..ibor" ilw b.isis of (he uork luinv; e.iim- uiih Colonel I'.r.idstreei in 17^4, and reinaim;(l 
 
 .1 siinil.if volnini' by J.iinis A. H.iviis. It w.is |iiil)- sever.il years, 
 
 lislied by tlir ( ■|i.iiiiberl.iiii riibli'.iiin;.^ C oinp.iny. I >r. I )oii'^l.iss Honvditoii. wliosc ii.iini- .'iiid f.iine 
 
 Kev. 'I'. I». lorbiisli is .iiiihor of ,1 |i.'iiiiplili't on ari' 1 onini ti d with l..ike Siipiiior llironv;liilii < oimiy 
 
 " ■j'l.idiiiiiii.il .iiid l.e;;eiid.iry I .ife of Jr'.iis of N,i/.,i- of lloii^litoii, was a resideiii III heiroil, .iiid was 
 
 retli," |)iiblisliei| in 18K1, biirii d Inn- on .M.iy 15, lSj^, l|r was .iiiilmrof 
 
 II. W. I' .iiib.inks is .•uillior ol a book ol S( liooi mviimI I'liitid .Sl.iles ;ind St.itr ( iioloi^ie.il Reports. 
 
 Sollies piiblislnd in liSHj. (.nub I |iiii'.;liton, his biotln 1 , .iiid 1. W. Iliistol, 
 
 I linrv < iillin.in wrote " Mound liiiildirs of Miihi- wioti .1 " kiporl on ( leoi^r.iphy, 'I'opo^r.iphy, .iml 
 
 ;.^,iii, ' pnblisliid in 1X77 by the Sinithsuni.ni lir.ti- < ii iiloi<y of l.;ike .Siip( rior," I(j<^ |)a^es, piiblishi:d in 
 
 lute. M.iliy of his .iilirlcs on si ielitilii siibjei is li.i\i I.SjO. 
 
 been printed in various jonrn.ils. In iHdi, .1 voliiine riionson How.'ird is tin- stieeessfiil .inilior of v.ari- 
 
 iif his poems w,is .iiionynioiisly pnblislnd by (.ill- oiis pl.iys wliiih .in' iioiiied in lonnei lion with 
 
 lull of .New N'oik, wilii the title, "I'or Life, ,iiid ( li.iptrr on " .\1 iisii ,iiii| ilii- |)r.im.i." 
 
 Ollnr I'oeiiis." I). I'.irrand I lenry is aiiliior ol " I- low of Water 
 
 A. A. < iiilhth, .intlior of •' Lessons in IJomtioii," in Kivirs .ind C.in.ils," Hd p.i.:.;is, pnblishi d in 
 
 livid ill Detroit .(boiii 1870. I''"!'/ 5. 
 
 Henry (ioadby, M. I)., wrote " V'lyjei.ibii; ;iiid 
 /\iiiiiial I'hysioloify," 310 payjes, published by I). 
 Appletoii iV (."onqKiny, 1.S5X. 
 
 J. <;. (dlihrist, .\1. I)., is .uitiioi of "Knlis for 
 liiKJinv; .md I yin;; i'riiuii)al Arteries," jminplilel, 
 
 I'. 'I'raey Howe eoinposed ,111 or.itorio, the " I'il- 
 v;riins of \()2(>," whi< h was set to niusie by Charles 
 I less. 
 
 I<i(h,ird ll.iwley wrote ,111 '• ISs.iy on Kree 
 Tradi," (>] p.i:.ii s, wlm h w.is published in 1X7X by 
 
 I] p.l.V^es, I.S^7; "Sltr).;ie;il I )ise;iscs," oel.ivo, .}il < ■• I'- I'lllnam's Sons. 
 
 p.-ii-es, i«7}; " l':iiiiloi;v of 'riimois," p.iinpiilet. John ( .. I l.iw liy is .iiithor of " Ainerii .ill Ciiniin.ij 
 
 |H pai^es, i«7''p; " Syil.ibns of Snri^ie.il I.eeiiires," Keporls." ■i'lin-e voliiines h.ive been issued. 
 
 (Mt.ivo, Xy |)|)., 1.S77. (iiiis W.IS published by the W. N. Ilailin.imi wioli- " Kin<ier,^arlen Culture in 
 
 il.iss ill llonidop/ithie .Medie.il Colli'jre, Tniversity the l.iniily " and •■jwilve l.eitiiies on the History 
 
 of Miehiy;an). " Siirijie.il 'rher.ipmities," oel.ivo, of l'eda).{oj(y." 
 
 5'J5 i»;i«''S iX«<J- 'I liis lias i)een translated .md .Mrs. .M. C. W. Il.iiiiliii, diirinv; i.S«o .md iKHi, 
 
 piiblisiied in Madrid, I'.iris, I.eipsie, ami \'ienii.t, wrote ,1 series of intirresiiii;^ .iriiiles for the Detroit 
 
 " Siiri^ie;il I'rimiples, ;md Minor SiiiX'Ty." 01 i;i\o, 
 ■■''5 ji'iK''^' ''^^'1 ; " Snrv;ii .il I'.imrijenriis ;md .\i - 
 eidents," octavo, 700 p.iK'"". iX'^4. Ixsides in.iny 
 pamphlets ;in(l minor publii .■iiioiis rei.itiin; to ' )(id- 
 lellowship, musie, ■■md j^eiier.il literaliiii'. 
 
 I'ree Press, entitled "Legends of Detroit," wiliill 
 were sui)se(|U('nlly published in book form. 
 
 Cii.irles li. Ilowitll li.is piiblisiied .1 volume ellli- 
 iliil " Mieliii(;iii Nisi I'rius Deeisions." 
 
 II. A. Il.iiv;h h.is in prep.aralioii "A .M.mu.il of 
 James A. (lirardin has written seveivil artieles on l.;iw for tin- I'si- of I'.irmiis .md Mei haiiies." 
 Iiistorie sul)jeels, wliieh have been printed liy llie C.ipi.iin J. W. Il.ili is .mthor of ".Marine Disas- 
 
 I'ioneiT .Society. I<rs on Wi'stem Lakes," 1872, and "Record of 
 
 J. C. Holmes has edited tlie collections of lii-j Lake Marine," 1878. 
 St.ite I'ioneer Society and furnislied .sever.il special Uishop .S.imiie! S. Il.irris, D. D., is author <*f 
 
 .irtiiles. "The Rel.ilioii of Cliristi.mity to ( ivil ( iovernmcnt," 
 
 liela Hubbard's published works, mostly in the issued in 1883. 
 
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704 
 
 CITIZEN AUTHORS. 
 
 Warren Isliam, who tdilcd a pajKT Ikmc in 184:;, 
 wrote "'I'lu' Mini L'al)in ; or, Cliaracter and 'I'cncl- 
 eiK-yof llrilish Institutions," publislicd tjy I). Apple- 
 ton i\: Company in 1S53. A series of nia.ifaziiie 
 articles by Dr. I)uHieKl and Messrs. Isliani and 
 Hathaway were afterwards included in a volume 
 entitled "Travels in Two Hemispheres." 
 
 Rev. J. Iiinlis, ;i former well-known i)astor in De- 
 troit, was the author of " Spiritual Songs," published 
 in 1860. 
 
 A. 1'. Jacobs compiled "'I'he (".reek Letter .Socie- 
 ties," Detroit. 1879, a "Reference Digest, or lnde.\ 
 of the Michigan {■leports." publisheil in 1881, and 
 the " I'si I'psilon iCpitome," 1833-1883. 
 
 Jiidije William Jennison and Jud.^e J. V. Camp- 
 bell appear ;is .authors of " Annotations of Michi.nan 
 Reports," and in 1882 a work (ju " Chancery Prac- 
 tice " was compiled by Mr. Jennison. 
 
 I'.lisha Jones, M. A., a resident of T')ctroit about 
 1868, is author of " Mxercises in Creek I'rose Com- 
 l)osition," "First Lessons in Latin," and "Exercises 
 in Latin I'rose Composition." 
 
 .Mrs. C. ^L Kirkland, who lived here from 1840 to 
 1S43, and taui^ht in the Female Seminary, was an 
 authoress of considerable note. Her "Western 
 Clearings," published in London in 1846, was 
 descriptive of this region. She afterwards wrote 
 the "Evening Hook," "Sketches of Western Life," 
 "Carilen Walks with the Poets," " llolitlays 
 Abroad," "New Home, Who 'II F'ollow.'" "Patri- 
 otic Flloquence," "Memoirs of Washington," ^UKl 
 "Autunm Hours." 
 
 Isador Kalisch.a former rabbi of P.eth 1^1 Temple, 
 published in 1865 his "Tone des Morganlands." 
 He was also the author of other works. 
 
 S. J. Kelso issued his " Interest and Discount 
 Tables" in 1872. 
 
 Rev. II. I), Kitchell, D. D., for many years a 
 resident of Detroit, jiublished a " C.enealogical His- 
 tory of Robert Kitchell and his Descendants." 
 
 Dr. E. .\. Lodge is author of "New Remedies," 
 an extensive work; also of a panijihlet on "Asiatic 
 Cholera," antl a st'rits of " Domestic Cuides for the 
 use of Honmopathic Remedies." 
 
 H. W. Lord wrote "Highway of the .Seas in 
 Time of War," 58 pages, published in London in 
 1862. He is also the author of Pamphlets on " Idle- 
 ness mere Demoralizing than Ignorance," and 
 "Hospitals and .Xsylums lor the Insane." 
 
 Dr. C. J. Lundy has published "Optic Neuritis 
 with Notes of Three Cases," " Diabiitic Cataract, 
 Iriti.s, etc.," and "Sympathetic Affections of the 
 Eye." 
 
 Frank Lambie has written many lyrics which 
 have api)eared in the daily i)apers. His "C.alilean 
 Ilynui" was printed in pamphlet form in 1869. 
 
 Ur. C. Henri Leonard is '>':''"<r of a " Reference 
 
 and Dose liook," a " Vest-ixx ket Anatomist," 
 "Manual of liandaging," "The Il.iir; its Crowth, 
 Care, Diseases, antl Treatment," and of ".\liscu1- 
 tation, Percussion, and I'rmalysis." 
 
 Rev. R. J. Laiill.iw, former p.istor of Jefferson 
 Avenue Presbyterian Cluuxh, is author of " Religion 
 as it Was and Is." 
 
 Rev. John Levington, former pastor of Simpson 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, wrote "ScriiHure 
 ISaptism," " Power with Cod and with Man," " Wat- 
 son's Theological Institutes Defended," and other 
 works. 
 
 C. I>. Lewis is author of " Ouads Odds," 500 
 pages, issLietl in 1875. 
 
 .'\lexander .Mai'kenzii', . author of " Voyages from 
 Montreal through Continent of North America," 
 was ;i clerk here in 1784. 
 
 Major-(JciK'ral .Mcx.inder Macomb was the .uithor 
 of "Concise .System of Instructions .and Regula- 
 tions for .Militia and X'olunteers," and also of a 
 work on "Court M.ulials." He was born in Detroit, 
 and w;is stationcti here for many years. 
 
 Captain Thomas Morris canie with Ceneral liratl- 
 street in 1764, and was here during p.irt of I7'')5. 
 lielween 1786 and 1796 he published in London 
 several vokmies of I-"ssays ami .Miscellanies. 
 
 Ira Mayhew published his " Means and luids of 
 L'niversal Education" in 1857. His "Manual of 
 Ikisiness Practice" and works on "Book-keeping" 
 are of later date. 
 
 Rev. S. A. McCoskry, D. D., issued his " L^pisco- 
 palian Bishops the Successors of the Apostles," in 
 1842. 
 
 Daniel Munger wrote " Political Landmarks, a 
 History of Parties." It was issued in 1851, 
 
 Rev. J. II. McCarty, former pastor of Central M. 
 E. Church, is author of the " Black Horse and Carry- 
 all," and " Inside the dates. " 
 
 Edward Mason wrote "The Potato Restored and 
 the Rot Remedied," a 16 page pamphlet, which was 
 issued in 1854. 
 
 S. B. .McCrackcn is author of pamphlets on "The 
 State School Sy.stem," and " Religion in the Uni- 
 versity." He also edited and published " iMichigan 
 and the Centennial " in 1876. 
 
 Rev. C. P. Maes wrote the " Life of Rev. Charles 
 Nerinckx, with a chapter on F2arly Catholic Mis- 
 sions of Kentucky, etc." It is a large octavo, and 
 w.as published by Robert Clarke & Company, ol 
 Cincinnati, in 1880. 
 
 Rev. L. P. Mercer, former pastor of the New 
 Jerusalem or .Swedenborgian Chiu'ch, published a 
 volume in 1883 entitletl "'l"he Bible, Its True Char- 
 acter and Sjiiritual Meaning." 
 
 Dr. W. R. Merwin is the author of " Merwin's 
 Universal Instructor." 
 
 John S. Newberry compiled " Reports of Admir- 
 
t Anatomist," 
 ir ; its (irowth, 
 1 of " Auscul- 
 
 >r of Jt'ffrrson 
 )!' of " l\(.liniuii 
 
 or of Siniijsoii 
 )lc "Scripture 
 I Man," " Wat- 
 ud," and ollu-r 
 
 ds Utids," 500 
 
 ' Voyavjcs from 
 irlh America," 
 
 was tlic aiitlior 
 i and Kc,i;ula- 
 and also of a 
 jorn in Detroit, 
 irs. 
 
 (ieneral iSratl- 
 part of 17(>S- 
 led in London 
 llanics. 
 
 IS anil I'".nds of 
 is " Maiuial of 
 L)Ooi<-i<eepini; " 
 
 .1 his " Kpisco- 
 Apostles," in 
 
 Landmarlcs, a 
 I1S51. 
 of Central IVI. 
 jrse and L'arry- 
 
 Kestorcd and 
 et, which was 
 
 ilets on " Tlie 
 n in tlic Uni- 
 letl " Miciiijran 
 
 f Rev. Charles 
 Catholic Mis- 
 re oi'tavo, and 
 Company, ol 
 
 r of the New 
 1. pul)lishcd a 
 lis Tnie Char- 
 
 f " Mervvin's 
 
 jrts of Admir- 
 
 CITIZEN AUTHORS. 
 
 705 
 
 ally Cases in Several District Courts of the Uniteil 
 Stales from 1S42 to 1S57." it was issued iit New 
 Nork in 1857. 
 
 Rev. James Nail was the author of " Practical 
 Ailieism Detected and Exposed," and of several 
 (iilicr reli.iLiious works. 
 
 C. J. Nail, M. U., .son of Rev. Jas. Nail, u former 
 resident of Detroit, has ])ul)lished "Jesus the Creat 
 l'hil()so|)her," and a brochure on " Diseases of the 
 Throat and Chest." 
 
 Noble & Crumb compiled and issued in 1877 a 
 " llisloiy ,ind Directory of the Churches." 
 
 I'. 1). Owen issued a i)ook of poems in 1874. 
 
 lames O'iirien has m preparation a work to l)e 
 issued in 1884, entitled " Dictionary of ISioi^niphy, 
 Irish Celts." 
 
 I'aul 11. I'erkins issued in 1871 a pamphlet en- 
 titled " The Homestead Instructor." 
 
 Rev. 1",. H. rilcher, D. D., wrote "Protestantism 
 ill Michi,nan, a Special History of tlie M. E. Church." 
 It was published in 1878. 
 
 Rev. J. H. i'otts, one of tlie editors of the Michi- 
 gan Christian Advocate, is the author of "Golden 
 Dawn, or I.i.i;ht on tlu' Great Future," and " I'astor 
 anil People, or Methodism in the Field." 
 
 Rev. W. H. Poole, D. I)., is the author of " Per- 
 nicious Effects of Tobacco," and of " An,i^lo-Israel, 
 or The Sa.xon Race the Lost Tribes of Israel," and 
 " History, the True Key to Prophecy." 
 
 lloyt Post compiled a " Notary's Public (juiile." 
 It was first published in 1876. 
 
 Rev. A. T. Pierson wrote se\eral hymns which 
 ai'e published in "Gospel Soni^s." 
 
 G. W. Paitison published in 1863 a "Key to the 
 Masonic Work as taught by Harney and approveil 
 by the Grand Lodi^e of Michigan." 
 
 I'lank Pea\ey issueil a " .Manual of Instruction in 
 (iconraphy " in 1882. 
 
 Rev. Gabriel i'vichard was the author of works 
 w liicli are named in cunneetion with the history uf 
 priiitini;'. 
 
 Robert !•"„ Roberts wrote " Sketches of the City 
 of Detroit," which were originally published in a 
 daily paper and afterward gathered into a pam- 
 phlet of 64 pages. In 1884 he published a small 
 volume entitled "Sketches of the City of the 
 .Strait.s." 
 
 John Robertson is author of " Flags of Michigan," 
 1:0 pages, and "Michigan in the War," a large 
 4iiart(). 
 
 Mrs. M. L, Rayne is the author of "Jenny and 
 her Mother," Chicago, 1867; "Fallen Among 
 Thieves," New York ; C. \V. Carlton & Company, 
 1876; "Against Fate," Chicago; Cook, Kean, «.\: 
 Ciimpany, 1876; "Gems of Deportment," Detroit, 
 I'^l'Si ; and " What can Woman do? " F. 13. Dicker- 
 son & Company, Detroit. 1884. 
 
 Eugene Robinson is author of "Tactics and 
 Tem|)lar M.inual." 
 
 Frank G. Russell issued a " Supervisor's Manual " 
 in 1876. 
 
 W. W. Ry.an, the weather prophet, published his 
 " Thyory of Wind and Weather," 24 p.iges, in 1859. 
 
 W. li. Rouse, -M. 1)., has edited a new edition of 
 Fothergill's " Treatise on Therapeutics," with nume- 
 rous notes and corrections. 
 
 Lemuel Shattuck, who taught in the old I'niver- 
 sity in 1S22, wrote a " History of the Town of Con- 
 c(jril, Massachusetts," ])ublished in 1835, and " \'ital 
 Statistics of lioston," issued in 1841. 
 
 II. R. Schoolcraft was a resident of Detroit in 
 1820, and from 1836101840. He was the author 
 of " .Vrchives of Aboriginal Knowledge," in six im- 
 mense volumes, and of nearly a dozen other works, 
 chietly on Indian tribes. 
 
 Mrs. E. M. Sheldon is best known by her " Early 
 History of Michigan." She also published "The 
 Clevelands," and " Albert Lovelanil : or. The Maine 
 Law is the Inebriate's Hope." 
 
 II. H. Snelling, a resident of Detroit in 1837, 
 wrote a " History of Photography " and " Directory 
 of tiie Photographic Art." 
 
 Rev. J. Hyatt Smith, who was a school-boy here 
 in 1838, is the author of "Gileail ; or. The Vision tjf 
 All Saints' Hospital," and " Ilaran the Hermit ; or, 
 The Wonderful Lamp." 
 
 Judge Abie! Silver, a former resident of Detroit, 
 wrote " Lectures on the Symbolic Character of the 
 .Scripture*;," and "The Holy Word in its own De- 
 fence." 
 
 Ezra C. Seaman is best known by his " Progress 
 of Nations," published at Detroit in 1846. He also 
 wrote " \'iews of Niiture," and "Commentaries on 
 the Constitution and Laws of the United States." 
 
 Rev. C. I). Stebbins, a fcjrmer jxistor of the L>ni- 
 tarian Church, wrote " Chapters from the i5ible of 
 the Ages," 400 pages, a |)amphlet on " Scientific 
 and Industrial I'ducation," and "The American 
 Protectionist's Manual." 
 
 James K. Scripi)s wrote a pamphlet " Outline His- 
 tory of Michigan," published in 1873. His series (jf 
 letters from abroad, w hich appeared in the Evening 
 News in iSSi,were collected and published in 1882 
 under the title of " I'ive Months Abroad; or, An 
 Editor's Observations and E.xperience in Europe." 
 
 J. Annie Scripps is author of " Our Daily Bread 
 and How to Prepare It," a common-sense book 
 published in 1879. 
 
 Rev. J. S. Smart wrote " The Funeral Sermon of the 
 Maine Law," published by Carlton & l^orter in 1858. 
 
 E. L. Shurley, M. 1)., and C. C. Yemans, M. D., 
 wrote the introduction to "Diseases of the Na.sal 
 Cavity," a translation from the German of Dr. Carl 
 Michel, 112 pages, issued in 1877, 
 
7o6 
 
 LI ri/.i.N Ai: iiioKS. 
 
 Mrs. I, ( i. I). Sicw.iil iiirpaiiil ■■ I he I1(jiiii' 
 Mcssciii^cr C link I'lDdk, " 
 
 MniM' Sicuail. Jr.. M. I'., wmic "A I'ik kd 
 'riuT.i|)cuurs ,111(1 l)iisc Hunk," .;'i.| |'.iy;i s. 
 
 I'niltsM)!- |. M. II. Sill 1. llu- aiilliiii- (if ".Syii- 
 Ilicsisdl the {■.iiv;lisli SiiilciH c," Ivisdii, I'iiiin-y, iV 
 (■(iin|).iiiy, iMj*). .111(1 "I'lailical Lcsmhis in (■im.jlisli 
 luaik: Uriel by ( )iiiisNi()ii ol .\uii-l'-h.s(.iilials." A. 
 S. I'liiihs >\ ( 'i ii)i|i.iii\', I SSo. 
 
 W. I'l. Sillnr, ill (iiic lime ((iiiiicdcd willi oui' 
 ])iiMi( sclidoK, is .iiiilinr i>l ".\ii k.liiiiciil.iry < irain- 
 111.11 III till- l.aliu l.ani^iia;..;c," |iulilislu(| l)_\' .\. .S. 
 I lai Ills \ ( iMii|).iii\ , I S()i;. 
 
 I' . 11. .Si\ niiiiir |)iil)lislicil his " ( '.iiHic rri|) " ill r.SSo. 
 
 I'. .\. Slokcs is aulhiir (if " (.'(ilk\v;i: 'rrainiis," 
 issiiiil ill I SSo. 
 
 I.'.iiian !■'.. .S|ii\M- |iiililishci| diiriin; i SS.) .i \n|- 
 limc rill il led "l)rills III llliiliyjlt; (ir. ri'dlilcllls 111 
 
 rroi^rcss." 
 
 Jdliii 'I'liiinliiill, .iiilhiir df " M(l''iii'.;;il," (■.iiiic In 
 hrlidii (III ihc siciinhd.ii .Sii|icridr dii ( )(tdl)(r 17, 
 i.S-'5, and died at the icsidriuit of his son-in-iau', 
 ( idvcrnor \\'(i(idl)ii(l;.;c. h is i-s|)ccially vjiatifviii;^ 
 Id I'diiiicit his ii.uiic uiih llir liicrary liisioiA' df 
 Dcii'dii, because in him, as ,1 |ii rsdii.il friend, Nnah 
 W'ehsier siibiniiled all ihe Mi.iiuiseripl (if his lirsi 
 (|ii,ind dill iiiii,ir\- jiir erii il ism .uid .iiipiiiNMl luldie 
 beiiii; |)Ul in [iriiil. hiidley II. W'dinlhridi^e, nl 
 drdssc I'dinle, h;is the eilitidii cf 1S2.S, in \\vn 
 \dliiiius, ^iveii to iiis i^r.uidlalhe:', Mr. 'I'liinilniil, 
 (■diit,iinin5^'' the preseitt.'itidii ,inid'.,''fapli nf tlie ,1111 lior. 
 
 Ilishd|) i'idward t hdiusdii, dl the .Meilualisi llpis- 
 cdp.il ('hiireli, .iiilhdi- df •' I'.dtie.'itidii.al i".ss,avs," 
 " luidem cs d| I'hrisii.iniiy," " i.etlers from iuirope," 
 " l!ioi;r.t|>lii(al .Sketches," " MdimI and keli\4ioiis 
 I'^ss.avs," ,111(1 "()rieiit,il Missions," u.is p.istur nf 
 the Kiisl .Melliodist i;|)isc(ip,il t'liun h nf hcirnu 
 in 1X56 i,S37. 
 
 Moses C'dil 'I'vler is ;i fiirmer resideiil df I )e- 
 troit. Iiis best known bmiks .nc " llr.iwiuille 
 i'.ipers," i.SCkj, .md "ilislors' of .American Liter.i- 
 liire," two \'dlnmcs, iS/H. 
 
 Rev. Kdbcii ■riirnbiill, llu: |)ast(ir of ihc first 
 l)a|)tisl Chilli h from 1.S35 to i(S37, wroie " ( Icnius 
 of Seoliaiid," " I'lilpit ( )ralors of I'r.ince .nid Swii- 
 /erlaiul," "('icniiis of Italy," " Tlicdpliaiiy, ' and 
 " Christ in llistdry." 
 
 Dr. \'.. A, Thellcr, of i'.ilrioi W'.ir imtoriety, de- 
 taileil his e.\peTiences in a work eiiliilcd " Can.id.i 
 in I1S37 and i.S'yS." 
 
 !'i"(jfcssdr Andrew 'I'eii llidnk, ,111 c.nK il.iptisi 
 pastor, wrote ".\iiK'ricaii State I iiiversiiies, their 
 Origin and i'rojrrcss." 
 
 C. C. 'rmwhridvfe was the ,'iiitlidr df ,1 valti.ible 
 pamphlet entitled " Detroit, I'.ist and rresenl." 
 
 Mortimer N. '["Iiompson, a former member of tli*^ 
 Advertiser ami 'rribuiic staff, wrote " Docsticks, 
 
 W h.ii He S.iys," New Ndrk. 1.S5;;, .nid "I'', I'liiii 
 lliisi.i," published li\ I .i vein Idle iV Kiidd, New NOik. 
 ill i.S^fi. 
 
 !•', |. 'riidin.is is the .iiilhdr ol sevcr,il dper,ilii 
 cdincdies, n, lined in the ,iriiele on " .Music .md die 
 1 )r,iiii,i." 
 
 .\. \\. Teiry, M. D., uidte " Tr.iM-ls in the I'.i|iia- 
 tdri.il kc^idiis df Sol 11 1 1 .\meric, I," published in uS ^j. 
 
 T. S, riiiimp^,iiii is .iiilhiir dl "'riie Cd.isl rilni 
 fur ihc I ppci L.ikcs," i/t p.i'^es, piiblishcd in i.SCuj. 
 
 .Miilll'^dliiciv II. 'Illlddp widle "The I'lltlirc," 
 and " .Si.iiiiic df I' r.iiids." 
 
 C. S. Tiiplcr. M. I)., .111(1 C. ('. 111.11 km.iii. .\1. I)., 
 
 were .lUllldis 111 ,1 " I l.llldbddl.. Ini llu M ilil.ilV .Slll- 
 j^coil." pilbll-^hcd at t iiK iiin.iii in {■'■'(ii. 
 
 I\c\. ( icdiv.c r.i\ldi'. diiec p.isior df C'dii'^ress 
 .Sliccl .iiid riiiiHs M. I-',. Churches, wrote " i'lle 
 klllll idler's IndiLMi.il inn .Meclill'^," ,1 s.iliricil ess;i\', 
 
 ;ilsd" \,irr.iti\c nl l.ijc .nid lAperienccs df I'r.iiii^ni 
 repiii." aii(l".\ I'deiii on the Salaiiie .\i.;ency in 
 1 )riink,iid-iii;ikiiiy." 
 
 J. S. Tibbcls ((iinpilcd the " I'cc (aiidc." 
 
 (.'. .S. 'funic .ippc.irs ,as .milidr ol .1 " llislory of 
 
 Miclii;^,in," published ill I .S7 5. 
 
 Kcv.J. A. \'.iii I' Ice! wrote " ( )lil .and New .M.ick- 
 iii.iw." 
 
 .\. ( '. \',n'iic\ is (inc df I he aiii In us of •• ( )ur I Idiiics 
 .iiid llieir .Xddrniiii Ills," published in iS.Sj. 
 
 .\. II. W'dddward, the (.'rralic, c(iei]|iic, .mil eru- 
 dite iiidv;c, w.is the .iiiihor ol scm-imI works. Iiis 
 '• l'!painiiidn(l,is (III the ( i(i\'ermnenl nl ilie TerritdiA 
 df the Coliimbi.i," w.is published ,il .MeN.mdri.i in 
 j.Soj; ,1 wdik •■<)n the Siibsi,inee of the Sun," in 
 l.Soi; ; •■ f he Svslcni of I liiMis.il Science;," ,it I'liil.i- 
 delphl.i, in iSi'i; ,111(1 •' 'f he I'resideliey of tin 
 fiiiteil Sl,ites," ,il \cw N'dik. in 1.S25. 
 
 t'lilonel ileliry W'hitilli;, of the U. S. ,\., Wldli 
 " 'The ldni.v.;r.mt,",i piiein nf .:y p.ii^es, (leseripli\'c ni 
 Michi'^.m, published by Slidddii >V Keed in i.Sii;; 
 " S.iniLic," .mother poem, 1 5.1 p.iv;es, w.is piiblisluil 
 at lldstdii in I1S31. ,md "()niw,i, the .Son of the 
 l''orest." in i.Sii ; " l\e\'dluti.i!iary 1 )rilers df ( ieiier.il 
 W'.i.liiin^iiin in 177.S. 17.S0, 17.S1, ,md 17X2," was 
 published in i.Si.). 
 
 Jose|)h Whitini; Wldlc " I'riliciples of Idmlisli 
 ( irainmar," published in 1S45. 
 
 ( iciicr.il |, lilies \V,ilson Webb W.IS ,it oiut time st;i- 
 tidiiedhere. Iiis boi ik, " .MtiiW .an, nr incidents ol 
 fife .111(1 ()l)serv;itions in the Koeky M(:iint,ains," iwn 
 voliinies, w,is published by i 1. irper lirothers in i,'l4'). 
 '['vn ye.irs later he published .t work entitleil " Sla- 
 very .•md its 'fendeiii ics." 
 
 I), f. II. W'iiherell eontribiiied many v.ilii.ible 
 .irti( les (111 m.itters comu'eli'd with the early liistor\ 
 of Detroit to the d.ailv jLipers, some ol which .iic 
 published iii the eollei tions of the Wisconsin Stal'; 
 Historical Society. 
 
and •• I'. I'Imii 
 Luld. Niw N iiiL, 
 
 (•vera! <)|i(ialii 
 Music aixl I In 
 
 •Is ill till- I''(|ua- 
 ihlisiud ill iS ;.:. 
 ■|ic Coasl I'ihh 
 hiislicd ill \^'<(i'). 
 ■• Tlic I'litiiic," 
 
 ai kiiiaii. M. 1 ).. 
 ic Miliiary Sui- 
 
 Jl" ( )f I lill'^lC', 
 
 ■s, w niic " 1 111 
 I salirii al rssa\, 
 lies 1)1 I'laiK^DI- 
 
 anil- A,L;e-ncy in 
 
 I .mdr." 
 
 i| a " 1 lislory 1)1 
 
 and Nrw Maik- 
 
 1)1' " ( )iir I iulllrs 
 n iSSj, 
 
 niiiir. anil cru- 
 ral \Mllks. I lis 
 
 1)1 ilic TcirilDrv 
 il AKxaiidria in 
 of the Sun," ill 
 icucc," at i'liil 1- 
 ■sidcncy III ilii 
 
 -5- 
 II. S. A., wroir 
 
 rs, ilrscrililivc III' 
 
 kri-d ill iSh;; 
 
 , was publislii il 
 
 ilir Son of tin: 
 
 lUrs of ( iciKTal 
 
 mil 17.SJ," was 
 
 iKs of iai.i^lisli 
 
 al one linu' sla- 
 ,,{■ Inridfiils of 
 
 Ml niitains," iwn 
 '.niilurs in itl4'). 
 
 k Liilillcd •• Sla- 
 
 inaiiy valiiahli' 
 ilir early liislory 
 u- ol wliic'ii an- 
 Wisconsin Slai': 
 
 visni.\(. Al iiious. 
 
 707 
 
 K. S. Willis, broilii r of \. I'. Willis ,iiid K.iiiny 
 Inn, IS aiillior (jf " < )ur ( linn li Music ,"" W.iifs of 
 Sdiil;," " C'liiiicli ( lior.ils," and oilirr musical works. 
 .\ voliinic of Ins |)ocins, cnliilcd "rcii .iiid Liiic," 
 u.is i)ul)lislK:d in i.S.Sj, 
 
 C I. Walker's iiiosi widely known work is ,'i 
 |i,ini|)lilel liislory of "riie Noillu\'es| during; the 
 kiAolnl ion." 
 
 Willi. nil Ward published ,1 work ;ii Detroit in 
 loji^, elllitled "'I'lic Rise of llle West .illil the A^es 
 1)1 Micliivj.iii." 
 
 Rev. jaines V. Watson, pastor of llie I'irsi M. I'.. 
 lIiiiicIi in 1X4.^, wrote " 'I'ales and 'rakiiiv;s" .and 
 " I lel|)s lo Revivals." 
 
 Colonel (). R. Willcox is the anihor of ,a slorv of 
 Ueti'oii kiiouii bolli by llii' iiaines of " W.ilier 
 March" and " .Shoi-p.ic" lie also wrote "loc.a, 
 .III Army .Memoir," and " liislruclions lor 1' uld .\r- 
 tillery." 
 
 Joshua W. W.aterm.in is author of ,1 " .Mii liiv;,ui 
 Jiislices' (luide. " 
 
 Willi.iin W,ai ner wrote ,a i),iiii|)lilei, entitled 
 ■' Restoration, the Two .Methods." Ii was jjub- 
 lislied in 186b. 
 
 .Mv.in Wilkins cominled the '•Uiiiled Slali's Dic- 
 iiDiiary for Hankers .and I nderwriters," ;) 5.1 p.n^i's, 
 pnblislied al .New N'ork in 1856. 
 
 .Aiulrcw Wanless is aiilhor of " I'oenih ,ind 
 Si)iis.(s," \'j2 p.au'es, issued in 1.S75. 
 
 I). W. Wij;hl, M. I)., Ii,is ediled or tr.insl.iled the 
 lollowiiid; |)ublislied works: 
 
 Cousin's "(.'oiirse of Modern I'hilosophy " ,iiid 
 "Lectures on the 'rrue, the Re.iutiliil, .and the 
 duod," " The I'hilosophy of Sir Willi.im I l.imiltoii," 
 the " Ronianci: of .Abelard and lltiloisc," the works 
 of Chaleaiibriand, l)e Slael, {■'eneloii, l..a loiiiaine, 
 .Moiitai.niie, I'aseal, .and \'oliairf, also li\es of 
 Ces.ar, \'iltori.i Coloiiii.a, Columbus, Joan of Arc, 
 Milton, .Moh.imiiuMl, i'ilt, Socr.ates, Tasso, ;uul 
 others. Also a ninnber of novels and .M.irlin's liis- 
 lory of l''r,ance. 
 
 I'. K. Winder published in 1.S71 ,1 work riiiitled 
 
 I he l''uii,v^i of (,!,in,id,i," .and is also .author of ;i 
 \\iirk on "The .\iiroia Rore.dis." 
 
 Re\. W. W. Washbiirn, 1). 1)., is .author of ,1 
 volume i.sbucd in i«<Sj, eiilitlcil "Import of Jewish 
 Sacriliecs," 
 
 S. R. Wooley prepared .and published " Wooley's 
 I'ractieal M(K)kkcf|)iiijf." 
 
 \V. 'I'. Yoiinv; wrote ,a " Rife of Lewis Cass," 420 
 pa.iL^es, published by NLarkli.am iV I'dwood. 
 
 |ohn IL Voiin,t( compiled "Our Deportnuait," ,1 
 \\ork which h.is reached ,a sale of two hundred 
 tlioiisaiid co|)ies. it is published by !•'. 11. Dicker- 
 ^"11 & Company. 
 
 John /.uihUI, who was here as ornvinisi of the 
 Central M. K. Church, is author of "The Cluir< h 
 
 l'"rieii(l," "Christi.in Ili'arl Soni(s," and "'i'lie New 
 Introit. ' 
 
 / '/\/////:; . liithi'l \. 
 
 'I'lie romantic history ,and dcli,i;htful siiti.ation ;ind 
 surroiindiii;.;s of helroit, ,aiid its loi.ation on the 
 n.itui.il liinhw.ay ol ir.ivcl. h.uc broin^hi ni.iny visit- 
 ors to enjoy its lios|)it,allt\', and not ;j lew persons of 
 noli; ill the literary uoiid ha\(' left on reeonl their 
 iinpressioiis of this, the most historic i ity of the 
 West. 
 
 We li.ive .aceoiinls of the visits of L.asalle .and 
 ( i.alinee .as early ;is i')7o. ileiiiie|)in ,iiid L.as.ille 
 were here ill \('';^i. and ill Seplember, K)iS7, La 
 1 lontaii .and Toiily ( aiiie. In die next cenliiry we 
 li.a\e ;i full .account ol the \isii ol ( liarlcvoi.x in June, 
 i7Ji,,aiiil of I'',, t'respel, .another I'lem h priest, in 
 1721^ M.ajor Robert Rot;i-rs |)ublislieil .111 aeiount 
 of his arriv.al here in 1760. Joii.ith.ui Car\er c:ame 
 in June. i7fiiS, .and 1 leckeinvaelder .and /.cisl)eri.(er 
 were bloUv;lll here in November, 1781. 
 
 Lord laKv.ird 1' ii/.^er,ild visited Detroit in June, 
 1781;. ill coinp.iii\- with Joseph llr.ant. lie wrote to 
 his nioihir mi June .!c) tli.ai he li.ad been adopted by 
 the Rear Tnbe, and made .a i liief. C. V . V'oliiey, the 
 noted iiilidel author of " \'i)|iiey's Ruins," was here 
 in September, 171/1, .and Isa.ac WiM, ,an Iri.si' .autlKjr 
 uf note, was lii-re in ()iiober of the s.anie year. 
 Jacob !Uiriiil, aiilhor of "Notes on the Nofthwesl 
 'I'eiriioi y, " c.iiiii; lure lre(|ueiitly as ,an attorney from 
 179^ to iiSoj. 
 
 In the prcsiait century we li.ave bi'.eii still more 
 lliv;lll\' favored ; e\ery llec.lde h.as broUv;lll scholars 
 .uiioiiv; Us. ( leori^e lleriot, .author of a volume on 
 Can.idi.in Life, came .aboiii iSt/). I'roin July 1 to 
 Jl, i.SiiS, Idk.anah Watson, authoi" of several valu- 
 ,ible works, was here on ,a \isii. ( )ii .Se|)tember 6, 
 iiSiS, 'riioin.is l)oiiv;lass, tiftli I'.irl of Selkirk, .and 
 author of sever.al works of note, while on a visit 
 lure w.is .arrested on acioiint of trouble in connec- 
 tion \viili his Red River settlement. Ill i.Siv W. 
 D.arby made a tour from New N'oik to Detroit. 
 Rev. J. .Morse, the noted i;i'oi.;ra|)lier, and author of 
 Morse's ( ieov;i-.apliies, with his son, Rev. R. S. 
 Morse, I'liited Stati-s Commissioner arrived on June 
 J, I1S20, to iii(|iiire into the (diiilitiini of the Indi.ans. 
 Duriii;^ the next vcar. Rev. J. 15. I'inley, a widely 
 known Methodist .author, was frei|ucntly in Detroit 
 .as a presiding elder of the Methodist I'^iiscopai 
 Church. ( )ii liiiie lb, 1826, 'j'hom.as L. McKiiiiiey, 
 .author o! " .\ Tour of the Lakes," arrived in 
 Detroit; he leh on luiie 23. C. Colton, author of 
 "Tour of .Xmcricaii L.ikes," was here for about two 
 weeks in July and /\iiv;iist, 1S30. Mrs. J. 11. Kiii- 
 xie, .lutlior of " Waubiin ; or, l'".arly Days in ihu 
 Northwest," w.is here in September, 1H30. 
 
 .\lexis de Toc(|ueville with M. M. lieaiimoiit, com- 
 missioned by Louis I'hilippe, King uf I'fftiicc, to 
 
7o8 
 
 VISITINC. AUTHORS. 
 
 visit the i)risniis of AiiK-rica, made a tiircc days' 
 visit to Detroit from July 20 to 23, 1S31. Ciiarics 
 Fciino iloffinan spent a wee!': witii us in Noveml)er, 
 1S33. Harriet Martineau arrived on June 13, 1836, 
 and left the next day. Cajitain Frederiek Marryatt, 
 the prolilie novelist, spent neaily a month in Detroit, 
 in May and June, 1S37. o. 11. M.'irshali, of liuffalo, 
 autlior of several important monojjfraphs conuceted 
 with the early history of New York and tlie West, 
 arrived here May 27, 1S36, spendinii^ several days, 
 and in 1881 he was again here on a brief visit. In 
 July, 1S37, Daniel Webster came to visit his son, 
 Daniel F. Webster, who was tiien praetieiny law in 
 Detroit. Two days before he left, on July 8, Mrs. 
 Anna Jameson eame. She was detained ten days 
 by siekness. In Aui^'ust, 1S37, (leop^e 1', Marsh, 
 on his way to Lake Superior, made a brief t.arry at 
 Detroit. 
 
 General !<.. IS. Marey, author of " ISorder Remi- 
 niscences," was liere with his rei^iment in 1838. J. 
 Stanley (Irimes was here on July 16, 1839. The 
 l^reface of J.ames H. l.anman's " History (>f Michi- 
 gan" is tlated at Detroit, and he spent some 
 weeks here in 1839. J. S. Buckingham, author 
 of a valuable work on " Fastern and Western 
 States of America," arrived July 6, ant! left 
 July II, 1840. He .^aid many pleasant things of 
 Detroit. Hon. Henry ISarnard, the educational 
 writer, delivtired an .address liere on Monday even- 
 ing, December 5, 1842. Margaret Fuller was de- 
 tained here half a day on her trip to I.ake SuixTior 
 in -Seinember, 1843. In 1845 Francis I'arkman 
 spent two weeks in Detroit collecting materia! for 
 his "Conspiracy of I'ontiae." He was here again 
 in 1867. Dr. Lymaii lieecher and I'n^fessor C. K. 
 Stowe were here at a Church Convention in June, 
 1845. In July or August, 1847, the now well-known 
 Dr. ("leikie paid our city a brief visit. His father's 
 family then lived near Moreton, Ontario, opposite 
 what is now the Somerville School at St. Clair. J. 
 Fenimore Cooper visited us in June, 1S48, and in 
 his "Oak Openings" there are various references to 
 tlie city. 
 
 On March i, 1848, Horace Greeley was here, and 
 also at other times. I'rofessor Louis Agassiz, with 
 sixteen graduates and professors from Harvard C<ji- 
 lege, the Lawrence Scientilic and the Dane Law 
 scIkjoIs, among them our own townsman, Jefferson 
 Wiley, arrived June 21, 1848, on their way to Lake 
 Superior, and stayed about four hours. On their 
 return they reached Detroit August 20. Mr. Wiley 
 kejn a daily journal of the trip, and this was largely 
 used by Professor J. Flliott Cabot in the account of 
 the journey which accompanies Agassiz's descrip- 
 tion of Lake Superior. Caleb Atwater, author of 
 "History of Ohio" and .several educational works, 
 was here for some days in August, 1848. 
 
 (leorge Ikineroft was here on his way west on 
 October 6, 1849. 
 
 Frederika ISremer, in her " Homes in the New 
 World," speaks of the city, and of her arrival here 
 on the steamer Ocean from Buffalo on September 
 II, 1850. 
 
 William H. Seward w.as here for some time in 
 1S50, at the Great Railroad Conspiracy 'I'rial. Mrs. 
 I'^ F. Kllet, author of "Pioneer Women of the 
 West," came early in July, 1830, and left on the 
 2oth. Two years later she again visited the city. 
 Rev. D. P. Kidder, author of " Bra/.il and the 
 Brazilians" and various other works, was here 
 on November 6, 1850, and also in 1852 and 1853. 
 
 William Chambers, of the noted Edinbiu'gh pub- 
 lishing firm of W. (S: R. Chambers, himself an 
 author, was here in the fall of 1853. J. J. Ampere, 
 of the French Academy, was here October 12, 1854. 
 In 1S56 James R. Albach spent several days in our 
 city collecting information for his " Western An- 
 nals." In September, 1858, President Mark Hop- 
 kins, of Williams College, and Dr. Leonard Bacon 
 were here, and the lirst named was here again in 
 October, 1883. 
 
 Rev. J. II. \'inccnt, D. I)., author of the S. S. Les- 
 son Leaf system, and of scores of helpful works for 
 Bible students, and originator of the " Chautauqua 
 Liter.ary Circles," has been here a dozen times or 
 more since i860. 
 
 R. G. Pardee, anothernoted Sunday School author, 
 was here several times between i860 and 1870. Ben- 
 son J. I.ossing was with us October 7 and 8, i860, 
 gathering notes for his" History of the War of 1812." 
 A Methodist anniversary in October, i860, brought 
 together Rev. Dr. Daniel Wise (Francis Forrester), 
 Rev. Dr. T. M. Ilddy, Dr. J. H. Vincent, and Rev. 
 D. W. Clark, all of them widely known authors. 
 Anthony Trollope and his wife were here in the fall 
 of 1 86 1. Sir Samuel Morton Peto, the railroad 
 magnate and also an author, visited Detroit in 1865. 
 ])isho|)s Gill)erl Haven and E.O. Haven, both well- 
 known littcratt'itrs, have been here several times. 
 General George A. Custer, whose " Life on the 
 Plains," entitles him to an author's place, visited 
 Detroit repeatedly. 
 
 Fdward I'"ggleston was in attendance on the In- 
 ternational Convention of the Y. M. C. A. in 1868, 
 as was also Rev. J. P. Newman. Rev. Dr. Luther 
 Lee, author of " Elements of Theology." "Universal- 
 ism I':.\amined and Refuted, ' anti " Immortality of 
 the Soul," has been an occasional visitor. 
 
 A. Bronson Alcott held several " Conversaziones " 
 in Detroit in January, February, and November, 
 1870. Fanny Fern and her husband. James Parton, 
 were here in 1870. Rev. William Taylor, the 
 missionary bisho]:), known all over the world, and 
 author of numerous works, has visited Detroit several 
 
1 
 
 > way west uii 
 
 :s in the New 
 cr arrival Iktc 
 on September 
 
 some time in 
 :y Trial. Mrs. 
 Vomen of the 
 ikI left on the 
 isited the city. 
 5razil and the 
 rks, was here 
 i(S52 and 1^53, 
 .dinburgh pub- 
 s, himself an 
 J. J. Ampere, 
 itober 12, 1854. 
 jral days in our 
 •' Western An- 
 ;nt Mark Hop- 
 Leonard liacon 
 s here again in 
 
 )f the S. S. l.es- 
 .■Ipful works for 
 e " Chautauqua 
 dozen times or 
 
 y School auliior. 
 and 1870. Heii- 
 • 7 and 8, i860. 
 eWarof 1812." 
 , i860, brought 
 .ncis Forrester), 
 icenl, antl Rev. 
 <nown authors, 
 ; here in the fall 
 to, the railroad 
 Detroit in 1865. 
 :iven, both well- 
 several times. 
 " Life on the 
 place, visited 
 
 lance on the In- 
 C. y\. in 1868, 
 Kev. Dr. Luther 
 r\\" "Universal- 
 ' Immortality of 
 sitor. 
 
 "onversaziones " 
 ind November, 
 1. James I'arton, 
 m Taylor, the 
 the world, and 
 d Detroit several 
 
 vi.srnxc. .M'TiioRS. 
 
 ro9 
 
 limes. J. DisturiK'll. author of v.arioiis works of 
 I'cfcrence, was lure in 1873, and aUo in other 
 years. On November 16, 1S73. Kev. Ncwm.m 
 Hail, of London, preached in several of our 
 liiurches. 
 
 In 1879WC had a lengthy visit from Rev. Richard 
 Newton, of Philadelphia, a noted writer of sermons 
 to children, and from Rev. Cieorge Mueller, author 
 (if •• Mueller's Life of Trust." 
 
 On September 25, 1879. tiu' city was honored 
 by a visit from Rev. W. M. Thompson, author of 
 "The I^and ruid the iSook." In November, 1879, 
 1). R. Locke, better known as Petroleum \'. Nasby, 
 made a lengthy visit. 
 
 On March 4, 1882. Professor A. D. White was 
 ill the city on his way east. Mary J. Holmes was 
 lure on February 23, 18S0, Dr. James McCosh on 
 ■April 10 and 11, and the Abbe II. R. Casgrain. ,a 
 Cuiadian author, in the fall. On May 20, 1881, W. 
 II. Russell, the well-known corresj^ondent of llie 
 London Times, with the Duke of Sutherland, arrived 
 in Detroit, and stopped at the Russell House. 
 
 in May, 1882, at the semi-annual meeting of the 
 bishops of the Methodist I-jiiscojial Church, IJishops 
 Hurst, Simpson, Merrill, Peck, Fcj.ster, Warren, .and 
 Wiley were present, — all of them known as authors. 
 
 Benjamin Suite and Abbe Cyprian Tanguay, of 
 Ottawa, both widely known Canadian authors, 
 arrived on June 25, 1883, and spent several 
 d;iys. Lieut. D. H. Kelton, V. S. .\., author of the 
 ".\nnals of Fort Mackinac," has been here several 
 times. 
 
 Henri Ferdinand Ouarre d' Aligny, ISishop .Samuel 
 Fallows, J. Russell Webb, Rev. j. Atkinson, and 
 Rev. S. W. Duflield, all of them authors, have vis- 
 iled Detroit at various times. 
 
 The University of .Michigan at Ann Arbor may 
 .almost be claimed as a part of Detroit, and many 
 of the faculty have frecjuently visited the city. Some 
 of them resided here. 
 
 .\m()ng the I'niversity authors are James I!. 
 .\iigcll, Charles K. Adams, Frances Hrunow. j.inus 
 R. I'.oise, T. M. Cooley, P.. F. Cocker, M. I.. 
 D'Ooge, I'",dwar<l S, Dun.ster. S. H. Douglas, 1".. P. 
 I'.vans, F. C. Franklin, Corydon L. Ford, Henry S. 
 
 I'"riezc, Cieorgc J". Frothingliam, .\sa Gray. Mark 
 W. Ilerrington, O. C. Johnson, Don.ald .McLean, 
 Cieorgc S. .Morris, Fdward Oiney, Wiili.-un H. 
 Hayne, Alonzo I>. P.ilmer, A. H. Prescott, W. (i. 
 Peck, P. B. Rose, C. II. Siowell. H. P. Tapp.m, V. 
 C. \'aughn, Alexander Winclull, J. C. W.itson. 
 I). I). Whedon, A. D. White, and De \'olsen 
 Wood. 
 
 The list of literary visitors who have appeared on 
 the rostrum of the Young Men's .Society embraces 
 the names of m.any noted authors. The n.ames of 
 some of tlu' lecturers and the d.ites of their visits 
 are: Wendell Phillip.s, December 16, 1S56; B. P. 
 Shillaber ( Mrs, Partington), November 25, 1857; I. 
 1. Hayes, December 15 and 16, 1857; F. L. N'ou- 
 maiis, January 20 .ind 21, 185S; T. Starr King, 
 February 3, 1858; ('.. I). Prentice, February 1, 
 185S; M. I". M.iury, December 16, 1858; Bayard 
 T.iylor, February i. 1859; Pi-ofessor ,\. D. White, 
 Febru.iry 8, 1859; John p. Hale. Noveniber 9. 1859; 
 .Anson Piurlingame, November 10, 1859; Bishop 
 Simpson, Januai-y 6, i860; H. J. Raymond, January 
 26. i860; Ralph Waldo Fmerson, February 18, 
 i860; Ci. W. Curtis, November 22, i860: Dr. J. C. 
 Holland, Jruiu.ary 14, 1S61 ; Fdward Fverett, May 
 28, 1862; W. Ci. Brownlow, September 27, 1862; 
 C. F. Brown (.\rtenuis Ward), December 3, 1862; 
 J. S. C. .\bbott, November 26, 1864; Horace 
 Clreeley, December 22, 1866; Paul DuChaillu, De- 
 cember 1 1, 1867 ; Mark Twain, December 22, 1868; 
 Justin McCarthy, December 16, 1869; Kate Field, 
 Fel)ruary 10, 1870; Fred Dougla.ss, July 26, 1870; 
 Joseph Cook, May 27, 1878; Frances F. Willard, 
 1S79; Thomas John Capel, November 4, 1883; 
 Matthew Arnold, January 17. 1884. 
 
 In addition to the above, we have had lectures 
 from Park ]5enjamin, O. S. Fowler, Flihu Burritt, 
 H. W. Shaw (Josh Billings), J. (',. Sa.xe, Rev. J. 
 Milburn (the blind i)reacher), (ieorge W. Bungay, 
 Rev. William Morley Punshon. Dr. Thomas Ouard, 
 Henry Ward Beecher, .Anna F.. Dickinson, B. 
 Waterhouse Hawkins, Richard A. Proctor. Robert 
 Morris, Cicorge Francis Train, Rev. T. DeWitt Tal- 
 madge, Theodore Tilton, Oeorge V'andenhoff, Rob- 
 ert G. IngersoU, and John 15. Gough. 
 
CHAP T E R L X X I I . 
 
 i.iri;RAKN', iiisroRicAi., and scii;n line S()Cii;rii;s. 
 
 Thf.RK is no ajiparcnt n;iiiiral coniicction hctwcH'ii 
 lotteries and literature, hut our of tin: earliest Acts 
 of the Ciovernor and Judj^cs |)ro\idrd for four lot- 
 teries for till' purjiost: of raisini;- $20,000 " fur the 
 promotion of literature and the improvement of De- 
 troit." The only literaturi'. ho\ve\-er, that rt-sultt'd 
 tlierefrom is a eo])v of the y\et itseit. 'The e.irliest 
 praetieal i:ndea\or for the foundiui;' of a public 
 library seeured the establishment of the 
 
 City I.ibrivy of Ihtioit. 
 
 The society was orn'.anized in March, and incor- 
 porated on August 2(\ 1S17. It is remark.ably cred- 
 it.able to the citizens of that time that, the next day 
 after the orn'.anization of the society, ninety shares 
 of the stock were sold at live dollars each. The 
 library was located in the old L'niversity buildiiiy;, 
 and the teachers of the University acted as librarians. 
 
 On July 15, i<S3i, the Detroit Atbcna'um, a club 
 reading; room, was ori;;mi/.ed with the following- 
 officers : Lewis Cass, president ; John liiddle, \ice- 
 president ; R. S. Rice, treasurer; aiul H, S. Cole, 
 secretary. The rooms were on C.riswold Street, in 
 the rear of Newberry & Kcrchex-al's store, where 
 the F'irst National Hank is now located. The effects 
 of the City Library were transferred to this new 
 organization. It is jirobable that Mrs. Jameson 
 refers to the rooms of this society in her " Winter 
 Tours and Summer Rambles," where, speaking; of 
 Detroit, she savs : 
 
 Tlirrp is .ilso a KrC'it niimlirr of linnksrllrrs' slinps, .and I rcid 
 in the papers hing lists of hooks, newly arrived and niipacked, 
 which the puhlic are invited to inspect. Wishing to horrow some 
 hooks to while away the long, solitary hoars in whirli I am 
 ohli^^ed to rest, I asked for a circtilatin.i^ library, and \vas dii'ccted 
 to the only one in the place. I had to .iscend a steep staircase, 
 so disgnstl!!i;ly dirty that it was necessary to draw my drapery 
 carefnlly around me to escape pollution. On entrrinfi; a larjjo 
 room, iinfnrnishcd e.vcept with book-shelves, I found several 
 men sitting, or rather sprawling, upon chairs .and reading the 
 newspapiTS. 'I'hc collection of hooks was small, but they were 
 not of a common or vidgar description. I found some of the 
 best modern publications in French and Kn;;lish. The man - 
 gentleman 1 should say, fur all are gentlemen here — who stood 
 behind the counter neither moved his hat from his head, nor bowed 
 on my entrance, nor showed any ofTicious anxiety to serve or 
 oblige ; l)ut with this want of what we Knglish consider due cour- 
 tesy, there was no deficiency of real civility,-- far from it. When 
 I enquired on what terms I might have some books to read, this 
 
 L^intlcm.'tn drsired I would take .any book I pK-ased, and not 
 think aliout payment (jr deposit. 1 remonstrated, and repre- 
 sculcd ih.il I w.as .-i stranger at .m inn- that ?ny stay was uncert.aiu; 
 .and the rcpl>' was ttial froui a l.idy aiul a ^Irauv''i' he could uui 
 think iif rcc living any n-muu(T,ilicin, and tiicu g.ivc hiuiself souu 
 troulilr 1.1 look out ihi' book I wislied for, whi<li I look .away 
 with uic, lie dill uoi ,v<n a«k the name of the hotel at which 1 
 was ^Laying : Jtud wiirn I rrtiunid the books persistetl in tleclin- 
 ing all payiui lit from '* a lady .uul a stranger." 
 
 the 
 
 Soon after her visit, this society was merged into 
 
 Drtroif VoiDio- Afrii's Sorirfy. 
 
 The historv of this ort^anization is as follows : 
 Near the close of 1832 a few youni,^ men met in the 
 stort' of Messrs. John CLark iK: Companv, on Jeffer- 
 son A\enue, i)etween Woodward and (Iriswold, to 
 de\ise means iux greater intellectual improvement. 
 A second meeting was held at the office of Charles 
 l.arned, on the cnrner of Woodw.ard A\'enue .and 
 Larned Street. These preliminary meetings resulted 
 in the holding of a more form.al meeting at the ses- 
 sion room of the i-'irst I'resbyteri.in Church, where, 
 on January nS, 1S33. ;i constitution .and by-laws 
 were adopted, and the Detroit \'oinig .Men's Society 
 organized by the election of the following officers : 
 president, I'ranklin S.awyer ; \ice-president, Douglas 
 Houghton; corresponding secret.iry, ("icorge 1'.. 
 Hand; recording secretary, J. R. .Scott (soon suc- 
 ceeded by Jacob M. Howard) ; treasurer, S. S.Haw- 
 kins; .auditor, \V. A. Wells; m.an.agers, Ch.arles W. 
 I'enny, Jolin M. Hunter, Aaron 15. l^.awles, Silas 
 Titus, Sil.is !'. C.riswold, H. M. Roby, and Ira Van 
 Nortwich. After the organiz.ation, meetings for 
 liter.ary exercises and deb.ates were held every Fri- 
 d.ay evening during the winter months. Either .at 
 the session room or tlie council room. Dr. Dougl.as 
 Houghton delivered their first lecture, and from 
 time to time other citizens eng.aged in deb.ates .and 
 literary exercises ; in f.act, most of our older and 
 leading lawyers and politicians, living and de.ad, 
 made their first speeches before this .society. Anson 
 Ikirling.ame, afterwards United States minister to 
 China and Chinese ambass.ador extraordinary, then 
 a law student here, made his m.aiden speech in the 
 old session room. The libr.ary was kept at the store 
 of Mr. Halloek, and subsequently, until the erection 
 
 [710] 
 
i.rrr.RAKV, iiistoricai., and scik.xtu'ic socii.rii.s. 
 
 1 1 
 
 pli'n<i'(l, ntid licit 
 tr;ili;il, and rcpic- 
 <;tay was iinrcrtaiii; 
 anyrr \w cimld imi 
 nave liiinsrif mhh' 
 liiili I took away 
 111' liiiiil at wliiili 1 
 |)irsist( d ill (Ic'cliii- 
 
 •as merged into 
 
 is as follows : 
 men met in the 
 pany, on Jeffer- 
 ul (iriswold, to 
 .1 improvement. 
 )fficc of Charles 
 rd Avenue ami 
 eetings restilted 
 ting at the scs- 
 Chureh, whert', 
 in and by-laws 
 g Men's Society 
 owing ollirers : 
 sident, Douglas 
 y, (icorge !'.. 
 Seott (soon suc- 
 rer, S. S. Maw- 
 ers, Charles \V. 
 Rawles, Silas 
 IV, and Ira \'ap. 
 meetings for 
 leid every Fri- 
 iths. Hither at 
 m, Dr. Douglas 
 ture, and from 
 in debates and 
 our older and 
 ving and dead, 
 society. Anson 
 ites minister to 
 raordinary, then 
 n speech in the 
 kept at the stori; 
 mil the erection 
 
 :)f the Hall, at such pl.iccs ,'uid under the ch.ugc of 
 such persons as could be secured with little or no 
 expense. On March 26, i.S;/i, the society w;is in- 
 corporated by the l,egisl;iture, ,ind ;iuthori/,ed to 
 hold property to the amount of $25,000, and the 
 s.ime year the ( 'lovi'rnor ;ind Judges |ircsente<l the 
 society, for a nomin.il consideration, with Lot 56, 
 Section [, on Woodwai'd .\\'enue. In lS^cS it was 
 determined to erect ;i hall, and in iSjcj the lot on 
 Woodward Avenue was sold, and .mother j^rocured 
 on Jefferson Avenue, between H.ites .and Ran- 
 dol|ili Streets, On this lot ;i li.ill forty-live by 
 ninety-five feet was erected. It \s-;is comiileted 
 on N'ovembi'r 27, i<S5o, ;it ;i tot.il cost of .ibout 
 SS.jOO, The erection of the building brought the 
 society heavily in debt, but still, ;is they li.ad 
 tile rent.als of two stores under the h.all, the out- 
 look was hopeful. Seven years ji.asscd .away, and 
 then, in 1857, w.is begun the ivil pr.ictice of rush- 
 ing members into the society upon election day 
 without reg.ard to their moral or mental litne.ss. 
 The initiation fees were p.aid by candidates for ollice, 
 .and the n.imes of the new members soon disap- 
 peared from the roll. In 1S59 the Act of Incor- 
 por.ation was so amended th.at the society could hold 
 property to the .amount of §200,000, It was now 
 ]iroposcd to erect a new hall, .and ;i contract was 
 entered into for a lot held by the I'niversity on the 
 corner of L.arned .and n.ites Streets. 'I'he city also 
 cLiimed the lot, but a suit which followed terminated 
 in f.avor of the University. On .account of business 
 depression, the society w.as un.ible to fLdlil its con- 
 tr.ict for the lot, and the plan was .ib.andoned. A 
 v.acant lot, eighty by one hundred .and lifty feet, in 
 the re.ar of the Riddle House and fronting on Wood- 
 bridge Street, togt;ther with a corridor sixteen feet 
 wide, running through the Riddle House to Jeffer- 
 son Avenue, w.as then leased for .a term of twenty- 
 live ye.ars, with the privilege of renewing for further 
 ]K'riods of twenty-tive .and fifty ye.ars, tlu' owners of 
 tlu! land agreeing to t.ike the building .at .an iip- 
 pr.iis.al .at the expir.ation of the term. On this lot a 
 h.all w.is completed, and first openetl to the public 
 on November 21, i86r, with an .address by Hon, 
 J.acob M, How.ird .and a poem by D. I>. Dullield. 
 The total cost of the building was $24,106. The 
 old lot .and hall were turned over to Messrs. Shearer 
 & Chapoton in part payment, and they sold 
 property to Walter Ingersoll, in J.anuary. 1861, for 
 Sit, 000. The balance of the funds required to 
 erect and furnish the new hall was raised by selling 
 stock to the amount of about $17,000, in shares of 
 lifteen dollars each. The hall .seated about fifteen 
 hundred, and nearly two thousand were at times 
 .accommodated. It w.as .at first very popular and 
 was in great demand for v.arious purposes. Other 
 and newer halls and opera houses soon caused a 
 
 serious loss of re\enue from rent.ils, .and the society 
 w.as unable to meet its oblig.alions. 
 
 In 1.S75 the pro|)erty w.is sold to Luther ik'echer 
 for $if),ooo. I'he libiviry w.is moved to the second 
 story of the .Merrill lllock, .and new rooms opened 
 on .\ugust 2. .\t this time they had .about sixteen 
 thous.and volumes, fnc luindred .annual and one 
 hundreil .nd tifiy life members, 'i'he dues of two 
 doll.irs per year were iiay.ible semi-.annu.illy. The 
 amui.il meeting was held on the lirst Tuesday in 
 April. The society was governed by the officers and 
 .a bo.ardof eight directors, four of whom were elected 
 yearly for terms of two ve.trs each, .Si inn .after 
 moving to their new location it bec.une c\ident that 
 the societN cDukl not <'omi)etc with the I'liblic Lib- 
 r.ary. and .after a struggle of ;i few years it w.as 
 deciiled to sell the property, pay the debts, .and dis- 
 b.and, .Accortlingly, during the months of .August 
 and .September, 18S2, the books were sold singly to 
 whoever would purchase, and on September 30, the 
 org.aniz.ation ceased. M.any of thiir books, and 
 some other property, including ,a m.arble bust of 
 Cicner.al Cass and oil ]iortraits of sever.al of tin: 
 presidents of ihe society, were obt.ained by the 
 Public Library. 
 
 The following persons served as presidents : 1(833, 
 Fr.anklin Sawyer, Jr., Douglass Houghton; 1S34, 
 Jacob ^L 1 loward, Charles W. Penny ; 1 .S35, t icorgc 
 C. I'.cates, M.arsh.all J. Hacon ; 1S36, John L. T.albot, 
 Alex.ander W. Ruel; 1837. D. K. Harbaugh ; 1838, 
 Fr.anklin Sawyer, Jr, ; 1839, James A. \'.an Dyke; 
 1840, J. Ci. .\tterbury ; 1841 , S, ISarstow; 1842, J. S. 
 Abbott; 1843, S. T. Doui;i,is ; 1844, W. A. How- 
 ard ; 1845, r.cl.t Ilubb.ird; 1841'), Witter J. Il.axter; 
 1847, T. W. Lockwood ; 1848, J. \'. Canijibell ; 
 1849, K. C. W.alker; 1850, D. P.. Diitfie 
 
 1851, 
 O. V. 
 
 il. IL I'-mmons ; 1852, L'. T. Howe; 18: 
 N. Lolhro]); 1854, C. I. W.alker ; 1855, Levi Rishop; 
 1856. II. P. P.aldwin; 1857. John R. Palmer; 1858, 
 J. I'",. Pittm.in ; 1859, S. Dow Fhvood ; i860, W, A. 
 Moore; 1861, Sidney D. Miller ; 1862, R. \V. King ; 
 1863. J. v.. Pittman ; 1864, John ('.. lu'win ; 1865, IC. 
 LeF.avour; 1866, O. B. Willeox, H. A. Newland ; 
 1867, Peter Voung; 1868, C, H. Wetmore ; 1869, 
 N. (i. Williams ; 1870, A, (]. Roynton ; 1871, L. T. 
 Oriffin; 1872, L, S. Trowbridge; 1873, R. R. 
 Klliott; 1874-1875, H. M. Duhield; 1876. I. H. 
 Wendell ; 1877-1878, T. P. Hall ; 1879. Henry Rus- 
 sel ; i8,So, C. J. Reilly, 1S81, J. R. Stoutenburgh ; 
 1882, Philo P.arsons. 
 
 Lyciniiii of the City of Detroit.. 
 
 This society w.as organized on January 14, 1818, 
 with the following oflicers ; A. R. Woodward, 
 president; Willi.am Woodbridge, first vice-presi- 
 dent ; Charles Larned, second vice-president ; 
 George B. Larned, secretary; Dr, J. L. Whiting, 
 
712 
 
 LITERARY, {IISTORICAL AND SCIKNTIFIC SOCIKTIKS. 
 
 treasiiriT. 'I"lu: toiisiitulum was adnptrd April 2[). 
 aiul primed in lliu l.)<.'trt)il < ia/.ctli.;, occLipyini; several 
 oiiiuinns. Like most of llie ducumeiUs of that 
 period, it was drawn up in ihe vcrbosi' and ma^riii- 
 ficently stilted sl\ie nf Jn(ly;e Woodward. I'he 
 followini; extracts from 'he ori^^'nal constitution 
 amply verify its aiithorsiii|) : 
 
 AuTKi.i! II I, .S'c( //('« 7. riii-i iii^iiliiiidii will .iiriliiilc with 
 any Dtliur .stiujilitU, lilir.iry, liciU'ViiUul, or pauiDtir assiici.iti'in, 
 ill relation tn which it sliall prove rcnlprocally aKreiahlr. 
 
 Serlioii S. — The incmluTs of asiocialions in aflTilialinn with this 
 shall be conMdi'rcd, when present, inenihers of this instil iilinn 
 without any ceremony, or expense of admission or initiation. 
 
 Sec/inn .'?. Tliis institution will intrrchani;'' from lime lo 
 time, with alTiliated institutions, lists of its :nemliers and e.vempli- 
 firiitions of its constitntion and rei,'nlati(ms, and will eo-oper.ite 
 in measures deemed scrviceahle to religion, lo pliil,imluo|iy, lo 
 science, and to literature. 
 
 ■SWti'flit /(.— Non-resident or distant memhors may rcmsiiiute 
 similar ,issoel,itions, wliieh sliall he in afhli.itioii with ihis iiisiitu- 
 lion and with one another. 
 
 Scrtiiiii r,, .i I! asspi-iiiti'on affiUiit tl -vUh luu- in affili^ttiflii 
 with thi.i, slialt I'f in nffi/iiition re///; thi.t institution- 
 Section «. — AlTiliated associations in vicinity may (onstiliite 
 by repre:',entation f>ne more K'eueral. 
 
 Section 7.- .Associations by reiuesentation m.iy eonslitnte 
 others more general. 
 
 .\kt!CI.i-: v.— There shall be kept in this institution lists of all 
 the productions of .\mcrican literature about to emanate from the 
 .Vmerican press ; and subscriptions or orders for any nf ilie s.ime, 
 or for any other productions of American literature, or for .iny 
 productions of foreign literature, shall be received in the bosom 
 of the association, or at the residence of any of the officers. 
 
 Aktk i.K X, Section 1. — A library, a museum, a miuer.ilo.i;ic.il 
 cabinet, and .in Atbenrenm shall be established as soon as shall 
 be found convenient. 
 
 Section -'. .\ philosophical apparatus, an observatory, and 
 laboratory erected, a botanic and an agricultural garden instituted, 
 conducted and maintained ; and any other enter|)rise undertaken 
 which may Iv for the benefit of science, to learning, to humanity, 
 or to public interest, whenever the same shall be judged expedient. 
 
 The ori^ani/.ation lived only about three years, 
 "Died of constitutional disorder" would probably 
 be an appropriate epitaph. 
 
 T/ir Lyci'itm of Mii/ii]i^(ti! 
 
 was nrtjanized December fi, i.S^o, with the followiiiir 
 olTicers : 1,. 'Jass. |iresi(lent; II. R. Schoolcraft .•ind 
 H. Whitiny;, vice-presidents; William W.-ird, .secre- 
 tary; A. S. I'orter, treasurer; J. L. Wliitinu;, W. L. 
 Newberry, and L. Lyon, executive committee. Like 
 its predecessor, it was short-lived, ami nothing' was 
 heard of it after 1831. 
 
 T/ir Historical Soiirfy of Mic/iii^aii 
 
 was incorporated June 23, and fully oriLjani/.ed July 
 3, 1828, at the Man.sion House by the election of 
 the followin;j^otTicers : President, L.Cass; secretary, 
 H.S.Cole; first vice-president, John I^iddle; .second 
 vice-president, Thomas Rowland; correspondiuij 
 secretary, }L Whitiny;; trcasurtr, C. C. Trowbridyje ; 
 librarian, J. L. W'iiitin;,;. Tiiese same officers con- 
 
 tinued till 1S31), ;ind prnb.ihly till 1837. Any |)crsoii 
 voted ill, ;ind iiayinii; one doll.ar .1 year, could become 
 a member. 
 
 The first lecture before the soi iety was delis'ered 
 by ("lOViTiior Cass in SeiUember, i.Sj.S. Subse(|ueni 
 lectures wt re (leli\-ere(l by II. R. Schoolcr.ift, on 
 June 4. 1830, by M.ijor Henry Whiting, on June 5, 
 
 1831, and by .Major John liiddlc on September 15, 
 
 1832. These lectures were |)rinted separ;itely, ;m(l 
 then ^vtthered into one vokime, and |)iiblished riuKr 
 the title of "Historical .and Scientific Skelclies of 
 Michii^'.'in." In 1837 the officers were John Iliddle. 
 |iresidein ; Thoni.is Rnwl.ind, \ice-iiresi(k'nt ; II. 
 W'hiiins;', corresiiondiiii; st'cret.ary ; .\. L. I'orter. 
 recordini^ secri'tary ; C. C. Trowbridj^e, treasurer; 
 /.. I'itchei', librari.an. 
 
 In its e.irlier d.iys the socK'ty collected many 
 manuscripts .and .articles illustr.atini;' .and ex|il.ainini,' 
 the e.arly history of Mirhioan. .ind some \i'ry valu- 
 able i^.apers ;ind objects were entrusted ti> it for safe 
 keeping-. Tile niembirs, however, grew .ip.athetic, 
 .and for nearly twenty yi'.ars little or no effort 
 was ni.ade to m.iiiu.iin or re\i\-e the org.aniz.ation. 
 Kin.ally. on .August 4, 1857, ;t meeting w.as held, 
 and 15. I'. II. Wilherell was ekcted ])resident .aiitl 
 C. I. W.alker corri'sponding secret.ary. Renewed 
 interest w.as m.anifested for .a time, but no perma- 
 nent results were reached, and the collections of the 
 society were tr.ansferred from |)laee to pl.acc. I'".\en- 
 tually C. I. W.alker became the sole custodi.in. .and 
 the society sleejis on, .allowing other States .and 
 societies to g.arner the precious relics of our earlier 
 history. 
 
 Detroit Mrchaiiics Society. 
 
 On June 13, 1818. a number of mechanics 
 .and citizens met .at the hotel of Colonel Kich.ard 
 Smyth to consult on the ex|)ediency of forming .an 
 association for their mutual protection .and benefit. 
 Colonel .Smyth was called to the chair, .and Chaunecy 
 S. I'ayne chosen secretary. After consultation, .1 
 committee, consisting of Judge Woodward .and 
 .M.ajor Robert Irwin, w.as .a|)pointed to dr.aft .a con- 
 stitution. A subsequent meeting w.as held on June 
 19, .and a constitution read, re-committed to a new 
 eominittee of hve, and finally adopted on June 29. 
 The first regular election of officers took pl.ace on 
 July 20, 1818, when the following officers were 
 chosen : iiresident, Robert Irwin : vice-president, 
 Henjamin Stead ; secretary, John P. Sheldon ; treas- 
 urer. John S. Roby ; stewards, Ch.auncey S. Payne, 
 Paul Cl.app, Charles Howard, MI)ene7.er Reed, and 
 Jcremiali Moors, 
 
 On May 15, 1820. the society was incorporated 
 for a term of twenty years, and in 1S28 the city 
 donated to the society the property on the south- 
 west corner of (iriswold Street and Lafayette Ave- 
 
mti:r.\ky. iiistoricai,, and scientific sociETins. 
 
 I ' .1 
 
 7. /\ny inrsoii 
 •, coulil Ixcnnic 
 
 \ was (Iclivcriil 
 .S. Siil)si<|iuiil 
 SclKKilcrall, nil 
 ins;, on June 3. 
 
 Sr|)tclll|n'r I 5. 
 
 st-paraicly, and 
 )ul)lislu(l rndir 
 tic Skitdu's (il 
 re John liiddlc, 
 -piH'sidont ; II. 
 A. I.. INirlci. 
 di;(j. trcasurci' ; 
 
 i-ollcrlc'd many 
 and cxiilainini; 
 onu' \iTy valu- 
 ed to it fur sale 
 Ljivw apatlic'tic. 
 L' or no illori 
 ic ornani/.ation. 
 .liiiji; was licld, 
 I pri'sidfiit and 
 ary. Kcncwid 
 l)ut no pcrma- 
 [)llcc'tions of the 
 o place. I'.ven- 
 custodiaii, and 
 ler Stales and 
 s of our earlier 
 
 cty, 
 
 of mechanics 
 
 nloiu'l Richard 
 
 f forming; an 
 
 on and l)enetit. 
 
 . and Chauncoy 
 
 consultation, ;i 
 
 'oodward and 
 
 to draft a con- 
 
 ^ held on June 
 
 ittcd to a new 
 
 d on June 29. 
 
 took place on 
 
 ot fleers were 
 
 vice-president, 
 
 Sheldon ; treas- 
 
 ncey S, rayne, 
 
 zer Reed, and 
 
 IS incorporated 
 1S28 the city 
 )n the south- 
 
 I.afayette Ave- 
 
 luic, c()nsisiinv; of two lots, with .1 froiit;n;e of dne 
 hundre(l .and thirty feet on ( irisuold Street ami 
 seveiity-tive feet on Lafayette Asiiuie. 'I'lu' lots 
 were then worth $500. ( )n N'oNcmher 7, 1S33, ;i 
 committet; was appointed to siihmit a plan for .a 
 li.ill. On \o\'eml)i'r 15 a plan was adopted, and on 
 June 16, I1S34, the liiill, a two-stury wooden build- 
 iiiij, was first used. In iS^q the l.ei^nslature r<'- 
 iieweil the ch.irter. coinimiiny; it ill force until .M,iy 
 1 , 1 S60, 
 
 On I'ehni.ary 17, i''^57, the l.i'i,Msl;iture passed an 
 Act to incorporate Mechanics' Associ.iiions and 
 under this Act the society reol\^ani/ed in l'"eliruary, 
 ■ 1860. It luimbered nearly all the okl citizens 
 .amoiitj its members, pursued a careful and cnnserv- 
 .itive course, ;in(l in 1.S70 h.ad .a membership of 
 nearly two hundri'd, with .•in ineomi' of about S'.ooo 
 ,1 ye.ir from rents, of which it e.N|)en(le(l some S300 
 or $4^^ -i y*-'"''' f'"' books. The library iucliided 
 .ibout four thousand \olumes. It w.is kept open 
 from 2 to 4.30 I'. M.. and from 7 109 \\ M. on Wed- 
 nesdays and Saturdays, The property was free 
 from all inrtimhrance, and was estimated to be 
 worth §50,000, The aiuiual meetini^ w.as held on 
 the first Mond.ay in M.arch. l''eelin,ir confitlent of 
 its ability, on April 2.S, 1873, the society resolvt'd to 
 erect a block to cover their entire jiroperty, and |ire- 
 paratory to buildiiiii'. the libr.iry w.is removed to 
 vacant rooms o\er Ch;iuncey Ihiilbut's store on 
 Woodwartl Avenue. $60,000 were borrowetl on 
 the property, and the erection of the buildint; was 
 beifini. The contractors failed to ha\e it ready in 
 time to secure tenants, ,-uid beiiiir unable to meet 
 their eiiirajijements, on May 22, 1876, the president 
 and secret.iry made .an assit^iinient to Ilor.ace M. 
 De.ui, J, 11, \'.in Schoick, ;uid James llurns, for the 
 benefit of the creditors. The debts were $1 17,000, 
 ,ind the assets were estimated at gi 73,000. The 
 depreciation in re;d estate caused the entire proj-)- 
 erty to be sold on November 2, i<S76, to Thom.is Mc- 
 (iraw, for $112,500, The libr.ary and furniture 
 were released by the creditors, a.nd ti'iiiporarily 
 stored in the fourth story of the Moff.at lUiililiiii;, 
 On Auv^iist I, 1S77, the Detroit Vounn' Men's Chris- 
 ti.in Association m;ide a ]iroposition to the trustees 
 to provide ;i room and libniri.'in and proper c;ire for 
 the books, and also to furnish the society with a 
 room for their meetinijs for the term of five ye.ars, 
 on condition th.it the luembers of their society be 
 allowed to use the books. The [)rupositioa was 
 accepted, the books removed, and the library form- 
 .illy opened for use in the rooms of the Y. M, C, A, 
 on September 19, 1877. In April, 1881, the Y. M. 
 C. A. sold its property to the Detroit Medical Col- 
 losje, and the library was returned to the Mechan- 
 ics' Society, Arr.'ingerv.ents were then made for its 
 care by the Collei^e, and it rem.aiiicd in the l)uil(linJ,^ 
 
 The |)residenls .and seeret.iries of the societs. 
 up to 1S60, when the pro|)erty w.as pl.aced in the 
 h.inds of trustees, were; I'nsidents : 1.S18 1820, 
 Robert Irwin; 1820- 1827, John 1". Sheldon ; 1827 
 1S29, Ch.irles J.ickson ; 1829-1831, J. \.. Schw.irl/.; 
 1^3' '"'^35. .1"'"' ^'"'li'il; 1835, John I'arr.'ir; 1836 
 [840, I,e\i llrown; 1840 1844, J. Moors; 1844, A. 
 lowers; 1845, Jdhii Roberts; 1846 1851 , Solomon 
 D.-ivis; 1851 1853, Willi.im r>;ircl;iy ; 1853 185^), 
 11. 11. l.cRoy; 1856 1858, \V, W. Wilco.x: 1858 
 i860, John (iibson. Secrel.iries : 1818 1820. J. I'. 
 Sheldon; 1820, W. Ste.ad ; 1821, I.. ISrown ; 1822 
 1827, Olnd W'.iit ; 1827-1829, J. I'.. Schwartz,; 
 1829, J. MeKinney; 1830. L. li.iin; 1831 1835, 
 (l.irry Spencer; 1835, C llurlbut; 1836, W. \V;it- 
 kiiis; 1837 1841. A. C. .\i( I'ir.iw; 1841 1853, John 
 I'.irrar; 1853, William llarsha; 1854 18O0, John 
 R.irnir. 
 
 W'dYur Coiiiilv riiuhir Siuiiiv. 
 
 \ ]ireliminary meetinv^ in the interest of this so- 
 ciety, held on April 21, 1871, resulted in the adoption 
 of a constitution and the cnmpletif-n of an ory;ani/a- 
 tioii on .M.iy 4. It w;is .at first called the Pioneer 
 Society of Detroit, but on .March 23, 1874, the n.imc 
 w.as chaii).,a'd ,as above. The first ol'ficers were : Levi 
 l)isho|i, ])resident; Luther lieecher and Thoiu.is 
 Lewis, vice-|)resi(lents; S. (i, Wivjht, secret.iry; W. 
 A. Racon, treasurer. After Mr. li.icon's death, in 
 Ai)ril, 1873, Seymour Linney was I'lected trt'.isuriT. 
 
 The object of the socii'ty is to colleit and pre- 
 serve historical and bionr.iphicil d.it.i pertainiiiif to 
 the comity. The .'lunu.-il meetini;- is held on April 
 21, and ;i semi-.mnu.al meeting on October 21, with 
 other meetings at the call of the IvNccutive Com- 
 mittee, which is composed uf the president, secre- 
 t.iry, and trctsurer. The membership is limited to 
 persons of forty-five ye.ars of age .and upw.ard, who 
 h.ave lived in Detroit orvieinitycontinuouslyor.it 
 \-,arious |:)eriods for not less than thirty yejirs. An 
 initiation fee of two doll.irs, and .annual dues of f)ne 
 dollar thereafter, .are re(|iiired of lueiubers. Assess- 
 ments of not more' th.an live dollars ;i year ni.ay also 
 be made. The society has obtained a large number 
 of interesting biographical and historical sketches 
 fro:n its meiubers, and these, with other articles, 
 <are preserved at Lansing. In 1876 S. Zug was 
 elected secretary, .serving until 1882, when he was 
 succeeded by James A, Girardin, and in the s.ame 
 ye.ir J. C. Holmes was elected jiresident. 
 
 The State Pioneer Society, organized April 22, 
 1S74, .and many county societies, are outgrowths of 
 the Wayne County Association. The St.ate org.ani- 
 zation h.as issued four volumes, containing a series 
 of miscell.aneous pai)ers by various persons on m.it- 
 lers connected with the history of the State. Some 
 of them possess much interest. 
 
714 
 
 [J ICRAKN'. IIISIORICAI,. AM) SCII;N IIKIC Socll/I'IKS. 
 
 /),■/>■(>// Siiiittilh .\^\iH iatioii. 
 
 < >ii March 27, I1S74, a luimIxT of v;(ntl<'m(ii met 
 in tlic miisciiin (if I'mlcssor J. M. li. Sill, mi tlu' 
 iiDrthcast cnrnrruf I'irsi and Wayne Sirci'ls, for tin" 
 |)urpns(.' i)f i)ri;ani/inv; llii'' socictv. Professor Sill was 
 called to the chair, and I'. Wooifenden elected secri'- 
 t.iry. Mr. I'l. C. Skinner si.ited th.il the object of tiie 
 nieetinvj w'.'is tlie ori,'ani/.;ition of a scicntilic ,issoci.i- 
 tion. wiih the pin'pose of eslablishin); a pi'mianent 
 nmsenni, and cnlti\;ilini;' a love for the suidy of 
 n.itnral history .nid i;cner;il science. .\ coniinittee, 
 consisting of J, C, lloinus, I!, L'. Skinner, Dr. (i. I'. 
 /\iidre\vs, and I'". Wooifenden, was appointed to 
 dr.'ift a constitution and hy-l.iws. nn .\pril 16 the 
 association was fully organized by the adoption of 
 a constitution .and the election of the followin'.^- 
 ollicers; I'resident, (1. I'. .Andrews; lii'st vice-presi- 
 dent, 1^. C, .Skinner; second \ ice-presidiiit, |. M. 1>, 
 Sill; treasuriT, C. C. Cidm.an ; recorder, !■". Wooi- 
 fenden; secretary and cabinet-keeper, ,\. 11. l.\ons; 
 libr.iri.an, I. (.'. Ilolnies; curalois, I). I'. Ilcnr\-. I'. 
 Ste.irns, ,unl 1 1. ( 'lillni.in. 
 
 ( )n \\;\\ (\ 1N74, Room 0, on the third tloor of the 
 Nbilf.it lluildin^n', was le.asi'd for the use of ilie assi^- 
 eialion, and here tln' Museum be^.ui. The rooni 
 l)ein.if too small for a lei-tiu-e-rooni, the weeklv 
 nieetiuirs for business and lecttu-es wen held in i'ro- 
 fe:..-.or Sill's school l)uil(lini,r. In luly, 1S74, the 
 Mtisetnii was mm-ed to ;i l,irj;cr room on the sank' 
 floor, and in August of this ve.ir the associ.ation ob- 
 tained subscriptions for, and pnrch.ised of llenr\- .\. 
 Ward his colleire series of casts of fossils, at a cost of 
 $3,000. .\ l,ari;cr and more suitable room w.is now 
 ;i ni'ct'ssity, and in .Septcmlier, 1S74, the upper storv 
 of the old ^){V\ r'ellows' Hall, '-n the west side of 
 Woodw.u'd .Avenue, w.is obtained. The Musetmi 
 was formally opened in its new quartt'rs bv ;i serii's 
 of receptions .ni\(.ii on. ( )ctober i(\ 27. 2.S, 21), anil 
 31 ; lir.st, to the subscribers to the fund for the piu-- 
 pose of purehasini; the Ward fossils; st'cond. to the 
 Aiiduljon and the St. Clair T'lsliint; Clubs; third, to 
 the c'^y and county olTu'ers ; foui'th, to the clergy, 
 loi^al. .uid medical professions; and fifth, to the 
 teachers of the public schools. In December, 1.S76. 
 the officers of the a.s.sociation were iiotilicd that the 
 rooms occupied by the Museum must lie vacated by 
 tlio first of April, i<S77, ,is the old bm'ldinv; was to 
 i^ivc place to a new block. The association then 
 
 rented the building; in ilie rc.ir of the old Capiiol 
 whic h h.id been \.icalcd by the Public i.ibr.iry. .ind 
 in I'cbru.u'y, 1^77, the .Museiuu w.is moscd ihiilui-. 
 'I'lic llo.ird of I-'.ducation rei|uirini; the tise of the 
 room, the Mu'-eiun, in bme, 1.S71;, w,is a,ij;iin mo\cd, 
 lindin^f tempor.iry (|u,irtei's in tlu' .Mather lilock, on 
 the last side of Woodw.ird .\\entie, near tlu' (ir.and 
 Circus, lly .irr.iii'^ement with the N'. M. C. A., the 
 lectiu'i's foi- the season of I S71;- 1 SSo were i,;iven in 
 tln'ir h.ill ,ind imder the joint auspices of the two 
 ,associ;itions. 
 
 In fune, iSSo, the Museum was moved to one of 
 the \;ic, lilt buildim;sof il.irpcr I lospit.il, .and in M.ay, 
 I.SS3, it \\as pl.iced in I he si'colld stor\' of ihe 1 )etroit 
 Medical 'lei^i' buildinv; on l-'arnur Street, 
 
 from beginning, the intention has been to 
 
 have the Museum open .and free on 'i'uesday, 'fhtirs- 
 day, .and S.atui'd.ay ewninv,''^. and S.iturd.iy ;ifter- 
 noons. Durim; the winter months of sever.al years 
 free lectures were s;i\'en on Wednesd.iv e\cniin,;s, 
 mostly by members of the associ.ition, and the lec- 
 tures, i^encnillv iiiion scicntilic subji'Cts, were .at- 
 tended by l.ir;^f .and .ippreci.itiNc .audiciKa's. 
 
 The Museum contains a lar^e collection of the 
 birds of Xorlh .\mcric.a .and .a f.air number of foreivfii 
 birds, with .1 few specimens of wild .anim.ils. .and .1 
 \ery full colli'ction of North American insects, nion' 
 p.irticularlv of coleopter.i. in the insect dep.artment 
 the exch.aui^c list is \erv l.ari;e, .and i'\ch.an,i;i's ,arc 
 m.idc with nearly ;ill the leading;' I'litomolo.nists in 
 the I'nited St.ites. In the concholoi^y (lc|i.arlmeni 
 there .arc m.any spt'cimens, with .a t;<io(I \ariely nl 
 t;eolot(icil .and bot.anical illustrations, 'fhere is .aN.i 
 .an .arch.elovjical department, .and contributions .arc 
 occasinii.ally received, 'flu' colKction is wiliicd ;it 
 S 1 0,000. 
 
 'file society w.as incorpor.ated on .April 27, i'S75. 
 Any pi'rson .accept.ible to the lio.ird of Directors 
 may become a member .at .any lime by the p.aynieiit 
 of five dollars, 'flic annu.al dues .are fi\'e dollars. 
 'I'lie tnt.al \e.irl\' e.Niicnses of the societv .arc troiii 
 Si. 500 to !52,ooo. 
 
 ■file prcsidi'iits .and secret.aries have been : I'rci- 
 deiits: I.S74, Cicory^e l'..Andrews; 1S75 1877, J. M. 
 11. Sill; 1S77- , J. C. Holmes. Secretaries; 
 
 1.S74, C. !'). liubb.ard ; 1.S75- US77, !•', Wooifenden; 
 1877- , ISry.int Walker. 
 
wwmmm 
 
 u' (lid (.'apilnl 
 ■ l.il)rary. .nul 
 uovi'd tliiilur. 
 lie usi' (if i!u' 
 aiLjaiii iiKivi'd, 
 tlicr I>l<i(k, III) 
 car tlic (iraiid 
 M. e'. A., tile 
 were viivcii in 
 ■(.■s of llic Iwo 
 
 lived tn one (if 
 al, and in May, 
 
 (if the Di'tmit 
 Slri'il. 
 
 II has l)ccii til 
 lu'sday, Tliurs- 
 iaturday after- 
 if several years 
 sdav eveiiiiivjs, 
 111, ;nul the lec- 
 jects, weri' .'it- 
 lii'iires. 
 
 ilieetion "f the 
 mher nf foreign 
 
 aiiim.'ds, and ;i 
 11 inserts, mure 
 ;ect (lep.-irtnient 
 1 e\('hani,fes are 
 I'litiiniiiloi^ists in 
 
 ny deiiartnient 
 
 i;(ii)d \ariety nl 
 
 There is alsii 
 
 nirihutidns ;ire 
 
 111 is v.aliied at 
 
 April 27. i>S75' 
 (if Directors 
 )y the |),iynient 
 sv live dollars, 
 -ociety arc from 
 
 .vc been : I'ri : i- 
 875 1S77, j.M. 
 Secretaries : 
 ■'. Woolfeiideii : 
 
 C H APTHR LXXl I !. 
 
 I'RIVATK SCIIOOI.S AND SI'.MIN.XklKS. - CIirKCil .SCI K )( )!„S. 
 
 rUIVAII. SCHOOLS. 
 
 EntrrATFON' \i. ,idv,iiii,i;,j;cs were slim indeed in 
 the earlier years of Detroit. I'nder I'Vench rule 
 iliililrcii were sometimes si'iit to Montreal ,iiid 
 (Uiebec to he educated, and after the English came, 
 to \-;irioiis scliools in the f,ir East. On one oce.-i- 
 siiiii .Mr. .McDougall sent two of his boys, in e.are of 
 some Dutch traders, from the Moliawl< down to 
 Schenectady, to be educated possibly by Icli.ibod 
 Crane of Sleepy Hollow. The trip in an open bo.it 
 iii-i'upied a lonyf time, and it was nearly a year 
 Infore he heard from them, and then he learned 
 that they h.id pLiyed truant lUTsisteiitly, and minvjied 
 so freely with the children of the Dutch settlers that 
 tlicy had almost lost the use of their mother t()n.i,nie. 
 I'ater McDouvj.all w.is iiidiv^n.un, and proposed to 
 vent his anger on the Dutch, vowing that thereafter 
 he would "kill every Dulehm.in on sight." 
 
 In 1775 HHMitioii is made of ;i school-house just 
 ciutside the furt on the west. 
 
 In an old ledger. Captain Andrew Park, of the 
 King's Regiment, is charged on "June 5, 1780, 
 twelve shillings sixpence cash p.iid for schooling 
 the children of the regiment." In the s.ame book, 
 oil ?»tay 15, 1 78 1, Tctcr (irant is charged unc pound 
 iweive shillings for "cash paid (iarrit for school- 
 ing his son." 
 
 .\bout 1790, and for several years after, schools 
 were taught by Messrs. Recours and Balpour. With 
 the coming of the Americans in 1796, and the ini- 
 ntigr.ition th.at immedi.ately followed, other teachers 
 came. In 1797, MissPaUison ajipears .as a teacher. 
 The s.ame year we fii^learn of John Hurrell. An 
 (lid school-bill of his against James May, rendered 
 ill I7(;7, shows th.at his price for tuition w.is three 
 piHiiids per (]u<irter, in addition to ;i charge of one 
 piHind four shillings for "your proportion of fire- 
 wood." He taught till 1803, or later. One of 
 his contemporary teachers was Matthew Donovan, 
 who taught from 1799 until liis school was broken 
 lip by the hrc of 1805. Old records show that on 
 June 4, 1804, the nolice complained of him " fornot 
 sweeping the street before his school-house." On 
 July 2 of the same year they made a similar charge 
 ag.'unst Monsieur Serrier. the French schoolmaster; 
 Ik; was .still teaching in 181 3. He had been a sol- 
 dier in the French Revolution, and had a sabre-cut 
 
 I 
 
 on his head, and ihis, or tlie liquor which he dr.ink, 
 caused iiiiii ;it limes to ,act like one ins.ine. 
 
 Re\-. I )a\id Ii.acon, w liile temporarily sojournim^ in 
 Detroit, oiieiied .1 .school on St. J.anies Street in the 
 rear of the later .Masonic ll.all, on .May 25, 1801, 
 and four weeks aftiT his wife opened ,a girls' .school. 
 At first their services were greatly appreciated, but 
 the f.ict that they were " N'ankeis " .soon excited 
 prejudice .against them, .and causi'd the discontinu- 
 ance of his school, .111(1 siekiU'ss compe. cd his wife 
 to close her school in October, 1801. 
 
 The next ped.igogue was John ( loff. ( )n ( )ctober 
 24, iSof), he petitioned the (iovernor and Judges for 
 a lot for ,1 jniblic school. His school w.is located 
 near the b.ank of the river, just west of the month of 
 the Savoy.ard. lie ■•ifterwards t.aui^lu on wli.at is 
 now Woodbridge Street, betweni IS.ilts .and R.aii- 
 dolph Streets. He was .aided by his wife. .111 excel- 
 lent lady and .1 good teacher. He was drunken and 
 ill-tempered, .and had much trouble with his schol- 
 ars, but a school w.as kept in his name uji to 1816. 
 
 In 1810 we first hear of D.anit'l Curtis, lie t.iught 
 school to May 6, 1812, or later. I'roni 1812 prob- 
 ■ably to 181S, ,1 school w.as maint.iined by .a Mr. 
 I'.ayne. or I'eyn. This gentleman had an excellent 
 classical education, and his services were much 
 prized. In 1813 a .Mr. Rowe is mentioned as .1 
 teacher. His schofil w.as in an old wooden building 
 on C.riswold Street, near the corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue. 
 
 On June 10, 1816. Mr. Danforth ( ommenced what 
 was called ,i common school, .and mi July 1 he had 
 forty sciiol.irs. He h.ad a violent temper and was 
 brut.al in the extreme, throwing rulers .at the schol- 
 .ars .and on one occasion ,aii open knife His bnit.al- 
 itii!s fin.ally so .amused the members of one iamily 
 th.at he was compelled to seek a refuge .across the 
 river, .and this ended his s''liool. Soon after his 
 dcp.arture Levi Cook opened .a school in .1 building 
 owned by Mr. Campaii on the northwest corner of 
 Jefferson .Avenue and Griswold Street ; he cfintinucd 
 it only .about a year. 
 
 In 181 7 there w.as much discussion concerning the 
 .subject of education, and on August 8 the Detroit 
 Gazette contained the following editorial : 
 
 Frcnrliiiu-n nf tlio territory of >fk-liigan ! Vod miRlit to be(;!n 
 immediately to give .in education to your children. In a little 
 7i5l 
 
7i6 
 
 I'RIVATK SCHOOLS AND SK.MINARIES. 
 
 tinii'lhrrc will hi: in lliis Uriilniy ;is in.iuy \ aiikci^ as Kiiiu h, 
 and if ymi do nut liavc yunr cliildnii cdncautl tlic situations will 
 all lir nivtn to the Yankees. No man is i:;'pahle of serving as a 
 Civil and Military olTicer nnliss liu can, at least, read and write. 
 'I'here are many yiuinn lieo|)li', of frnni eighteen to twenty years, 
 who have ni>t yet le.irned to read, hut they are not yet toocild to 
 ham. I have known those who have learned to read at the age 
 of forty years. 
 
 Ju!*t how mucli this editorial arcomplishcd is, of 
 course, uncertain, i)ut in a suhsc<iucnt issue of the 
 (iazette notice was i^iven that Mr. ISanv.ard's school 
 would open at the Cuuneil House on November 3, 
 1817. The same year William Tlrookflcld and wife 
 were conductini;' a school on the southeast corner ol 
 Woodward Avenue and Woodbridgs Street. They 
 were excellent people and g^ood instructors. Tn iRiS 
 Joiin J. Deminsj; tauj,dit for a few months in the old 
 Council House. 
 
 In May, 1S21. F.. W. Goodwin taught a private 
 school, and Mr. T. Vount;- tau,i;ht an I'Jij^lish school 
 "at Mr. J. H. Laduceur's lari;e house " near May's 
 Creek, in November of the same year, and for 
 several years after, Mr. ISrookt'ield and his wife 
 tauijht what was known as the Seminary in the same 
 place. In 1822 Kli/.,i S. TrowbridiL^e was euijjai^eii 
 in teaching; and for a few months in 1821 and 
 1822 Orestes .A. iVownson tau;^ht a school in Sprinsj- 
 wells. An attack of fever and ague caused him 
 to return to New York. From 1823 to 1825 a 
 large and at first a promising school was taught by 
 Mr. and Mrs. John M. Kinney, but the intemperate 
 habits of .Mr. Kinney broke up the .school. In 
 1826 Mrs Kinney was teaching in the rear of 
 Newberry'.s store, on the corner of (irisv.-old and 
 Lamed Streets. 
 
 On October 27, 1823, the L'niversity trustees 
 voted to allow Mr. Carpenter to occupy a room in 
 the University building for a .school. A year later a 
 Mr. Shepard was teaching a primary school in a 
 small building on the grounds of the L'niversity, and 
 in May, 1825, his wife had a " female school" in th.c 
 same place. On November 14, 1828, leave was 
 granted to P. W, Healy to keep a school in tiie L'ni- 
 versity building. In 1829 he was teaching else- 
 where, and Dehjs Kinnicutt was keeping school in 
 the University. During most of the period from 
 1828 to 1832, jtrivate schools were conducted by A. 
 E. Hathon and I-',. Jerome, each of them alternately 
 surveying town lots and the progress of their pupils. 
 
 In 1829 the want of a good common school was 
 severely felt, and a public meeting was called "to 
 secure the establishment of an English common 
 school." As a result of the meeting, a school wa-- 
 established by Joel Tucker, and on May 12, 1830, 
 the Common Council gave him permission to occupy 
 a building on the military grounds adjoining the 
 Cass Farm. 
 
 Some of these earlier schools were called semi- 
 
 naries, but they had no corporate existence. On 
 March 18, 1830, a society was incorporated for the 
 promotion of female education. The first meeting 
 was held on March 24, and the following officers 
 were elected : [^resident, Lewis Cass ; treasurer, C. 
 C. Trowbridge ; secretary, John J. Dcming; direc- 
 tors, Jonath.an Kearsley, Henry M. Camjibell, De 
 Oarmo Jones, William Ward, I'.uroi.as I'. Hastings, 
 James .Abbott, Charles Larned, F.. .\. ISrush. 
 
 On March 29 the Ciovernor and Judges granted 
 the society nearly all of the site now occupied by 
 the City Hall, on condition th,-it by the year 1835 a 
 suitable building should he erected. Nearly four 
 years passed before the building was completed, and 
 then the following notice a|i|ieared : 
 
 IKMAI.K SK.MINAKV. 
 
 The stockholders of the Association for promotin;; female edu- 
 cation in the city of Detroit are reiiuested to meet at the huilding 
 recently erected for tht: Seminary, on 'i'hurstlay, I )cceniher 4tli 
 inst., at two o'clock e. m., for the purpose of considering the 
 constitution to be proposed for the government of the Associa- 
 tion, and for the transaction of other important htisiness to .ill 
 concerned in this object. The importance of the subject to !«■ 
 sidjmitted induces the undersigned to hope for a very general 
 and pnnctii.d ;ittcndancc of those whose munificence has enabled 
 them to progress thus f.ar, and of all who may be willing to non- 
 tribute further aid to the under'' 7. 
 
 John [!iiini.i:, ' '. 
 Thomas I'.' ... 
 K. li • .oKs, W. L. 
 nRiHce. 
 Df.troit, Dect-ml'i-r •_', 1S34. 
 
 imiiniiriiiMrm- iiiiiii!i!iiiiiii 
 
 H iS ; 1N'(,S, I', r, H. WlTllFREII., 
 
 I' ;. JdSFs, H. M. (' \Mi i!i;i I., 
 
 .IFvKKV, J. l)i;.\N. V. V. 'i'uow- 
 
 HJEEI 
 
 Tm. 
 
 '" ' "^ 
 
 F^^t.■\I.F. Seminarv rifii.Pixo, as it ai I'Kakf.d in 1863. 
 
 The building cost $7. 32 5 ; it was built of yellow 
 brick, with a frontage of fifty-six feet and a depth of 
 forty feet, each of its three stories contained eighteen 
 rooms and a large hallway. It was occupied as a 
 school in 1S36, and in 1837 had sixty pupils and a 
 valuable set of philosophical ajiparattis. Its first 
 princijial was William Kirkland. In November, 
 1836, he was succeeded by .Mr. George Wilson, 
 
c'xisiuncc. On 
 'Ijor.ucd for llu; 
 lie first nicctiii;^' 
 ill()\vin,i,r olficers 
 s ; treasurer, C. 
 I)<niiiiv;-; direr- 
 , Caiiipht'll, De 
 tas 1'. I lastiiii^s, 
 V. I'.rush. 
 Jii(l;^c-s i;ranted 
 (i\v occupied by 
 the year 1S35 a 
 
 1. Nearly four 
 i coiniiletetl, and 
 
 iinotin? fcmalo Cfhi- 
 imit M tlic liiiildiiii; 
 sd.iy, Dcci'rnlxr 4th 
 
 iif coiisidcriiiK tlu' 
 cnt of tile Assiiiia- 
 ■tanl Imsiiii'ss to all 
 >f tlu- snhj.-i t to I'.' 
 
 for a srry >;iMiiTal 
 lificL'mo has ruahlid 
 y he willing; to '^on- 
 
 , r. II. WiTIIFREI.I., 
 
 ;, H. M. (' \Mi'ia;i i., 
 I)i:.\N,l\ f. 'I'lcow- 
 
 1 
 
 PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 PEAREI' IN l86j. 
 
 built of yellow 
 t and a depth of 
 ntained eighteen 
 IS ()e(U[)ied as a 
 cty pupils and a 
 ratiis. Its first 
 
 In November. 
 George Wilson, 
 
 who remained till 1839. Mrs. Hester Scott and her 
 dau,v(hters, .Annie, Isabella, and Eleanor, who had 
 cdiiductetl a yoim.ir ladi(,s' school f(jr two years ])re- 
 viiHis, then took ehari^e, anil remained until 1842; 
 the school was then discontinued. The ladies last 
 named continued to teach in other locilities for sev- 
 eral years afterwards. 
 
 When the property ceased to be used as a school 
 it was transferred to the State in trust for the Uni- 
 \ersity, and was used as a. State Armory, for .sessions 
 of the Supreme Court, and for other State oliices. 
 After it came into possession of the city, the oflices 
 of the Mayor, the Hoard of Sewer Commissioners, 
 and the City Surveyor were located therein. It was 
 eventually demolished to make room for the present 
 City Hall. 
 
 Returning to the year 1S30, we find that on July 
 26 Miss Williams opened an infant school in one of 
 die old military buildings on Fort Street West, cuni- 
 mencing with thirty j)upils. At the same time the 
 .Misses Farrand were conducting a Young Ladies' 
 Seminary, and Mr. George Wilson was teaching an 
 English Classical ScIkwjI, I le was succeeded in a 
 year or two by Rev. 1). S. Coe. In May, 1S32, J. IS. 
 Howe was teaching a Classical Acatlemy. During 
 1S33 D. B. Crane was in charge of a Classical Schonl 
 in the old Council House, on the ctjrner nf Jefferson 
 Avenue and Randolpli Street. In the fall uf 
 
 1^33 
 
 Messrs. Tappan and Nichols were advertised as 
 teachers of the Detroit l-"eniale Seminary in the old 
 University building, and on Nuveiiiber 21 the fol- 
 lowing announcement appeared : 
 
 Ml(Jl!h;.\N llK.ll sc ikkjl. 
 
 ri'.ia iristitutiuii will be npLU un Munday, the jd of iJtccmber 
 nc.\t, ill llic soutli haseinciit mom of the uld Council House, (or 
 the reception of pupils. 
 
 .1. N. 1>ll:ous. 
 
 On March 12, 1S34, the lower part of the building 
 was rented to Mr. D. I>. Crane, and the upj)er part 
 to Mr. Ijellows. On or before .April 7, 1S34. Mr. 
 lleilows had removed his school to its new (|uarters, 
 and on October 24 he transferred his lease to Mr. 
 Crane, who continued imtil 1835 or later. 
 
 A rejjort contained in Niles' Register for. April 19. 
 1834, shows that there were four hundred and 
 forty-eight pupils then in attendance on various 
 schools in Detroit. 
 
 On June 16, 1834, the .Mechanics' Society resolved 
 t(j establish a school in their building on Ciriswold 
 Street, and the trustees were authorized to employ 
 a teacher and maintain a school. .As a result of 
 this action, in October following, Mr. O. Marsh 
 opened the Mechanics' .Academy, under their aus- 
 pices. In 1S35 Mr. Fay was teaching in their 
 luiilding, and John S. Abbott was wielding the 
 birch over a classical school in the Athenitum, 
 
 In 1836 Washington A. Bacon, a native of \'er- 
 mont, who had taught for three years at Sault Ste. 
 Marie, came to Detroit, and in July of that year 
 commenced teaching a select -.chocjl for boys, in a 
 cottage on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and .St. 
 Antoine Street. He subsecjuently removed to his 
 residence on the corner of Jefferson .Avenue and 
 Russell Street, and taught in a building on the rear 
 of the lot. For nearly forty years he taught four 
 terms a year, and though called "strict" by the 
 boys, the length, of time he continued in his profes- 
 sion, the reputation of his school, and the ac(|uire- 
 ments of liis pupils afford the best of evidences of 
 rare (jualifications as a teacher. 
 
 In 1836 Rev. R. Elms was at the head (jf the 
 Detroit Classical .Academy. In the same year three 
 different persons, L. J. Himcs, J. S. Weed, and Miss 
 Clan<-y, conducted sihools in Mechanics' Hall. and. 
 the ne.vt year, G. B. Eastman taught in the same 
 l^lace, This building, from the time of its erection, 
 .•iltorded fa\'orite teaching ground, and its walls anil 
 halls became almtjst classic through the f(jrensic 
 elociueiH e displayed on declamation days. 
 
 In 1836 John T. Blois and Mr. Mitchell had 
 sc'hooW, with al)(jut fcjrt}' pui^ils each. In 1839 and 
 1840 E. J. .Meany conducted a school for boys over 
 the Bank of St. Clair on Jefferson .Avenue. On May 
 25. 1841, Miss E. J. Vai! opened a school for yf)ung 
 l.idirs.on Wayne between Fort and Congress Streets. 
 In the fall and also in the spring (jf 1842, Rev. C. 
 W. l-'itch was teaching a girls' seminary. 
 
 On February 23, 1842, the following notice ap- 
 peared : 
 
 Sei.ki T Si iiiHii.. — Miss A. S. Hagg will commence the second 
 term of her school for the instruction of yoiinij ladies in the vari- 
 ous branches of education usually taught in I'cniale AcadcinieB. 
 
 In 1843 !'• C' Millc'tle, 1'. Iliggins, and Dennis 
 O'Brien taught in the old academy, and Miss San- 
 ford had a young ladies' school on Jefferson .Avenue 
 opposite the Exchange. In the spring of 1S44 
 Stephen Fowler, wlu) is favorably remembered by 
 many oki pupils, and a .Mr. C\)chrane, commenced 
 a classical school in the basement of the Baptist 
 Church on the corner of Fort and driswold .Streets. 
 In 1845 G. C. Curtis was as.sociated with him, and 
 the school was mo\ed to the northeast corner of 
 Michigan Avenue and ( Iriswold Street. About 
 1849 his school was located on the north side of 
 Jefferson Avenue near St. .Antoine Street, in a large 
 wooden building called the Detroit Institute. A 
 school had been taught in the same building the 
 two previous years by George Brewster. 
 
 .Mr. Fowler's school was probably discontinued in 
 1852. About this time Mrs. Clements taught a 
 select school which was largely patronized. 
 
 In 1S44 .Mrs. Elizabeth D. Bryant, a cousin of 
 
7i8 
 
 I'KIWVTE SCIIUUI.S AXU SEMINARIES. 
 
 W'illiain Lullfii liry.mt, coiiiinciicfd a select school, 
 wliicli she coiiuiuiciJ in \arious locations for more 
 than a tliird of a century. 
 
 In 1.S43 ant! 1846 Meciianirs' Hall was occupied 
 by the school of I). T. (;rin(Jd. In 1846 and 1847 
 Messrs. William llrannii^an and N. West lauj^ht 
 boys' schools. In 1847 \\c line! alkisions to tiie 
 sciiools of MeKille \h)ir, .\bner liiird, aiul .Miss 
 HLirllnit. In 1847 and 1848 Fran/, Zini^er taught 
 a select (lernian scIkhjI on Cro,t;han Street between 
 Mastinijs and Rivard, and on July 22, 1849, Jose|)h 
 Kiihn beii^an a school on the corner of Hastings and 
 Cro^han Streets, lie continued it till 1852. 
 
 A successful ladies' seminary was opened by Miss 
 Sarah Hunt, on September 23, 1851, on l-'ort Street 
 West, in the Strong House; the school was re- 
 moved, the year following-, across the street between 
 Griswold and Shelby .Streets. In order to aid her in 
 establishing- her school, .Messrs. Jolm Owen, David 
 French, I'., li. Ward, J. J. (larrison, John Stephens, 
 C. \'an llus.in, James liurns, J. 1). Morton, II. I)e 
 (iral'f, W. K. Coyl. C.eori^e Kirby, .M. I'". Dickinson, 
 and otliers, advanceil three thousand tlollars, which 
 amount w;is repaid in tuition. Her school was 
 moved to Madison .\ venue in 1856, and was discon- 
 tinued in i860. 
 
 For most of the time between 1850 and 1S55 
 Joseph I'unke kept a schf)oI on the east side of 
 Macomb near St. .\iUoine Street, anil .\. Stutte on 
 the southwest corner of Croghan and St. -Antoine 
 Streets. 
 
 From 1S51 to 1854 W. 1). Cochrane maintained 
 an English and Classical .School on .Miami Avenue 
 near tirand Riser Street. 
 
 In the fall of 1S54 Miss C. E. Chaiiin oiieneil a 
 school in Room 10, Sheldon ISIock ; and the same 
 year S. I.. Cain[)bell was teaching a Classical and 
 High ScIiocjI in the old Seminary Building on (Iris- 
 wold Street. After 1856, and up to 18C0 or later, 
 this last school was conductetl by Dr. C. F". Solilan. 
 
 In April, 1856, Misses Hosmer and Emerson 
 openetl a school on the corner of State Street and 
 Woodward Avenue. The school of Miss Ellin wood 
 was in progress in 1S57, and the same year .Miss 
 Maria Rockwell, who for many years had taught 
 successfully in the old Capitol School, opened a 
 Young Eadies' Institute, which was continued two 
 or three years. In 1858 and 1859 Dr. and Mrs. 
 Reighley were conducting an instititute located on 
 the northeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Rivard 
 Street. The Detroit Female .Seminary on the north- 
 east corner of Fort and Wayne Streets, was founded 
 in September, 1859. Originally a corporation, about 
 1874 I'rofessor J. M. 15. Sill became its sole jiropri- 
 etor. The tirst principal was I'rofessor J. \'. Bean. 
 He w.is succeeded in 1861 by I'rofeiisor J. F. I'earl, 
 followed by I'rofessor J. M. B. Sill, whose successor 
 
 was Mrs. S. Towle. In 1879, just twenty years after 
 it was founded, I'rofessor H. .M. .Martin became its 
 manager. In 1883, incluiling those giving special 
 lessons, it hail a cor])s of a dozen teachers. 
 
 I'. M. Patterson's boys' school was organi/i-d at 
 J09Ciriswold Street on September 1, i860. In 1873 
 it was moved to the corner of C.ratiot and I'armer 
 Streets and subsequently to the Chamber of Com- 
 merce PHiilding, where it was continued until .Mr. 
 Patterson's death in 18S2. 
 
 In 1861 Professor Eeo Romer was conducting a 
 school called the Michigan Female Seminary at 215 
 Woodward .Avenue; in 1862 it was moved to I'.uk 
 Place, corner of Cirand River Avenue, where it 
 continued several years. 
 
 TheCicrman American Seminary, althoitgh a jiri- 
 vate institution, was liberally I'udowed by the State. 
 Its history is as follows: During the couNxntion in 
 Chic'igo which nominated .\brah;im Lincoln for 
 PresiiKnt, a niunbir of the (ierman delegates came 
 together for consultation on the interests of their 
 nationality, and one of them proposed that a CJer- 
 man seminary be started for the training of teachers; 
 this was agreeil to, and it was also resolved to locate 
 it in whate\er State would make the largest dona- 
 tion. Some of the |irominent ( Ierman residents of 
 Detroit interested themselves in the project, and 
 induced the Legislature, on May 15, 1861, to i)ass a 
 law granting to them, under the name of the (Ger- 
 man American Seminary, twcnty-i'ive thousand acres 
 of swamp lanil, to be selected in parcels of not less 
 than three hundred and twenty acres, to aid them 
 in erecting buildings on lands granted or leased by 
 the city of Detroit; the lands to be selected within 
 one year. By a subsequent Act. on May 10 of the 
 same year, two years were allowed for selecting the 
 lands. If there was ever any expectation that the 
 city would lease or grant lands for a building, the 
 expectation was unfuUilled, and on March 6, 1863, 
 the Legislature amended the Act, and gave the 
 lands for a seminary to be erected on land provided 
 by the association. The trustees were recjuired to 
 give bonds in the sum of $25,000 that the net pro- 
 ceeds of the .sales of the Lands should be faithfully 
 and " forever " applied to the [uirpose named in the 
 Act. 
 
 Some of those connected with the proposed sem- 
 inary were interested also in a ( Ierman and Ijiglish 
 school established on December 23, 1856, in a small 
 frame building on Lafayette Street between Rivard 
 and Russell Streets, \vith F. Krecke as principal. 
 In 1858 a new building was erected. The union 
 of the two institutions was suggested and consum- 
 mated, and early in 1866 a large brick building 
 was erected, and has since been occupied by the sem- 
 inary. The original object was to establish a sort 
 of nornial school, but apparently this idea has been 
 
i-nty years after 
 rtiii b'/camc its 
 
 i;iviiin' special 
 aciicrs. 
 as ort;aiii/.i(i at 
 
 iS6o. In 1S73 
 iol and l-'arimr 
 lainbcr of Cmii- 
 nucd until Mr. 
 
 is conductiii;.; a 
 
 icMiiinary at .21 5 
 
 niovtil to I'/irk 
 
 cnuc, where it 
 
 altiioii.^h a pri- 
 ed by the Stale. 
 ic convenliun in 
 im Lincoln for 
 delei;ates came 
 Uerests of their 
 iseil tliat a CJer- 
 lintj of teachers; 
 jsolved to locate 
 he larijest dona- 
 nan resiilents of 
 he i)roject, ant! 
 , 1 S6 1 , to pass a 
 mie of the Ger- 
 thousand acres 
 ri'els of not less 
 res, to aid them 
 ed or leased by 
 selectetl within 
 May 10 of the 
 or sclectini^ the 
 utaliun that the 
 a buildiiii;', the 
 March 6, 1863, 
 and gave the 
 n lanil provided 
 ere re([uired to 
 lat the net pro- 
 Id be faithfully 
 se named in the 
 
 proposed sem- 
 m anil Knylish 
 1856, in a small 
 between Kivartl 
 ke as principal. 
 L'd. The union 
 ■d and consum- 
 
 brick buildiny; 
 Med by the sem- 
 establish a sort 
 s idea has been 
 
 l'Rl\-ATI': SCHOOL.S .\N1) SI:M IN AKIllS. 
 
 719 
 
 discarded, and for m.uiy years it has been simply a 
 ( 'lernian schoolfor children of \arioiis ai^es and of 
 .iiith sexes. 
 
 In 1862, and for several years after, a Ladies' Day 
 School was conducti/d by Mrs. C Janus al 
 267 Jelferson Avenue, 'ind a Classical ar.d 
 llii^h School by L. l.eonai'd at 239 W'ood- 
 wartl .Avenue. In 18(13 I'rofessor II. (). 
 
 corner of Cass .\venue .and Stimson Place especially 
 for the school. The U" and building cost $4o,o<k). 
 The school was opened on January 7, 18S4. It can 
 accommodate two luuidretl and lifty scholars. 
 
 .■s began his l)oys' school 
 
 ;8 ( Irand 
 
 Kiver ,\ venue ; remo\ing from there, in 18(^)8, 
 first to l'"armer Street ne.ar Monroe .\\-enue, 
 then to Lafayette, near llru-li Street, .and 
 (ill October I, 1883, to No. 457 Second 
 A\enne. 
 
 In addition to church ;ind public schools 
 there were in 1870 lifti'cn pi'i\ate schools 
 ;ind semin.ii'ies, with ,1 tot.al atti'ntl.mce of 
 nearly sixteen hundred pupils; in l8Sothe 
 luiinber w.as nearly the s.une. 
 
 In 1876 N. Sch.ani/, established ;i ('■ernian 
 and fjiglish Ac.idiiny, uiili a Kindergarten, 
 o!i Farrar Street ne.ir Monroe Avenue, and 
 continued it in the sanu: location until 1882. 
 
 A Home ami 1 ),iy School w.is opened on Septem- 
 ber 18, 1878, at 62 Miami .Vvenue, corner of (Irand 
 Kiver by Rev. J. D. f.iggett. In 18S2 it had ten 
 ti'achers, ini hiding those teaching spcci.il bi'.iiiches. 
 In 1883 a building was erected on the southeast 
 
 Thb LnifaiTi Homk and Pav Scinicn.. r.eii.r in 1S83. 
 
 The (jiiKM \N-AMKiac.\N' Sejunaky. 
 
 In 1876 Rev. .\. 1). lirown opened a boys' school 
 on the northeast corner of Monroe .\\enue ,'ind 
 Lariiier Street, rem.iining there until 1882; he then 
 removed to l'"arrar Street near Ciraliot .XNeinie. and 
 there the school was discontinued. During 1882 a 
 
 bovs' school was estab- 
 lished in the basement of 
 St. I'aul's I'rotestant 
 Kpi^eopal Church. It 
 w.ns taught by Rev Paul 
 Ziegler and had .about 
 thirty scholars. The 
 school prospered and in 
 18S3 was moved into St. 
 Paul's lUiilding. 
 
 Holy Trinity Anglo- 
 Catholic Schofjl was 
 opened at 86 Fourteenth 
 Avenue on September 
 5, 1 88 1, with eighteen 
 scholars. It was con- 
 ducted by Rev. R. M. 
 Edwards, the pastor of 
 the church of same 
 name. In 18S3 it was 
 discontinued. 
 
 ( iicKcil sc ii();)i,.s. 
 
 In (iinsidering nearly 
 every subject [)ertain- 
 ing to Detroit we are 
 reminded that this 
 was originally a Catholic 
 colony, 
 
•20 
 
 CHURCH SCHOOLS. 
 
 Cadillac s|)iakini;' of tlu; several oalors of niis- 
 siuiKirius, aiui of his plans fur Detroit, on October 
 1 8, 1 700, said : 
 
 Tliusc arc ilie Liillivali)i?> uf Uic viiK yanl, wliu ouyht to Iju 
 rcciivi'il without (1istii\('tlon to work in tlic viiu'vanl of tlu^ l.oril, 
 with spec ial iliciclioiis to tcacli thu little SavaKis ihn Krfin h 
 laimiiaK''. 'li''' liiiiiK the only means of civili/inw and luiinarii/inv,' 
 thcrn anit iiifii^inv; into tlu-ir ininils rL'liv;ious anil rnonarthial 
 princiiilis. One tal^o wikl beasts at their birth, birds in their nests 
 to tame and free them. 
 
 On Aui^ust 31. 1703, almost as soon as the colony 
 was settled, he wrote to Count I'ontchartrain : 
 
 I'erniit me to iiisist npon the great neeessily there is for the 
 establishment of a Seminary at this place for the instrnelion of 
 the children of the sava>;es with those of the Krench, inslnietnig 
 them in piety and, at the same time, teaching them onr language. 
 
 Whether any school was established is unknown; 
 we find no indications of schools or teachers until 
 May 15, 1755. when, in connection with the niar- 
 riai^e of Jean n.iptiste Rocoux, it is stated in St. 
 .Anne's recortls that he was "Director of the Chris- 
 tian Schools." 
 
 Half .-i century later, in 1804, Father Richard 
 established a Ladies' .\cadeniy, with Miss Lli/.abeth 
 Lyons, Miss .Anirelitiue Cani|xui, Miss Monitiue 
 Labadie, and Miss Elizabeth Williams as teachers. 
 In the fall of the same year he started a school for 
 young men, teaching them Latin, History, Ceog- 
 raphy, Music, etc. It was broken up by the lire of 
 1S05. 
 
 The condition of the Catholic schools in 1808 is 
 fully set forth in the following memorial, jiresented 
 to the Cuvernor and Judges, through Judge Wood- 
 ward, on October 22. 180S: 
 
 llesides the [■'.Tiglish Schools In the Town of Detroit there are 
 fciiir primary schools for boys, and two for onr yomig ladies, 
 either in Town or at Spring Hill, at (Irand Marais, even at River 
 llnrons; lline of these schools are kept by the natives of the 
 country who had received their first education by the Reverend 
 Mr. hilhet. .'\t Spring Hill, under the direction of .Angeliipic 
 C'ampau and Klizabeth Lyons, as early as the i^lh of Septendier 
 la-l, the number of tin- sclud.irs lias oeen augmented by four 
 young Indians, headed by an old matron, their grandmother, of 
 the I'ottowatamie tribe. In Detroit, in the house lately the prop- 
 erty of Captain KUiott, |)urcliased by tlie subscriber for the very 
 purpose of establishing an Academy for young ladies under the 
 direction of Miss l''.lizabeth Williams, there are belter than thirty 
 young girls who are taught, as at Spring H ill, reading, writing, 
 arithmelii', knitting, sewing, spinning, etc. In these two schools 
 there arc ali<ady three do/en of spinning wheels and one loom, 
 on which four pieci'S of linen or woolen cloth have been made 
 this last spring or summer. To encourage the young students 
 by thu allowinent of pleasure and amusements the undersigned 
 have thesi' three moiuhs [last sent orders to New \ ork for a 
 spinning m.ichiiie of about one hundred spindles, an air pump, 
 an elei tri( al apparatus, etc. .As they could not be found he is to 
 receive them this fall, also an electrical mat bine, a number of 
 cards, anil few colors for dyeing the stulT already made, or to be 
 made, in his .Academy. 
 
 It would be very mci ssary to have in Detroit a public building 
 for a similar .\cadeuiv in which the high braiKlies of malhemat- 
 ics, most importaiii languages, geography, history, natural ami 
 moral pliiloso|iliy should be taught to young geiillemeii of our 
 country, and in wliii li should be kept the inachinek the most 
 necessary for the iiuprovement of useful arts, for making tin 
 most iii'cess.iry phj'siial i-xpi-riments, :uk1 framing a beginning of 
 a Public Library. 
 
 The undersigned, acting as iiilmiiiistrator for the said .Acade- 
 mies, further prays that one of the four Lotteries authori/.ed by 
 the Hon. Leg. on the .illi ilay of 7ber (Sept) lijoCi maybe left to 
 the inanagemeiit of the subscriber. 
 
 (;.\uuii;i. Ru iiAHi). 
 
 DiiTnon-, Sber (Oc-f.) iS. N. S, i8o3. 
 
 Father Richard placed the d.ale of the Lottery 
 Act one year totj late. It was p.assed on .September 
 9, 1805. Xone of the lotteries went into operation. 
 The plans l''ather R it hard liati inatiguratetl, and the 
 further pl;ms iiroposed, do great credit to his judg- 
 ment, and sliow that he was fully alive to the advan- 
 tages of an inilustri.tl education. 
 
 About 181 1 lu: procured a teacher from I'fance, 
 named Le Sallierc, who t.iught for two or three 
 years. In 18:0 .Miss I'.li/.abeth Williams was leach- 
 ing a school which she drsignated as the " Com- 
 mun.ttiti: de Ste. .Marie." .Mthough ftill records are 
 not founil, ,1 school was probably maintained in con- 
 nection with St. .\nne's during the entire period of 
 Father Richard's stay in Detroit. 
 
 In February, 1836, we find that it w.as taught by 
 William McDonnotigh. In 1838, under the same 
 teacher, it is spoken of as a High School, and in 
 November, 1841, ,1 report to the Common Council 
 showed that it embraced nearly all the Catholic 
 children in the city. 
 
 One of the most successful schools of this peritxl 
 was located in Hamtramck on what was calletl the 
 Church Farm. This farm w.as transferred April 5. 
 1808 (see Liber II, page 178, of Deeds) to Louis 
 Beaufait, Jo.seph Cerre tlit St. Jean, ISeiioit ChaptJ- 
 ton, and Charles and Francis Rivard, " Agents of 
 the inhabitants of the .s'orthwest Coast," on condi- 
 tion of their [)aying about two huiulred dollars yearly 
 as rent, and giving the sons of llyix)lite .St. Bernard 
 two huiulred and twenty-si.\ dollars each on their 
 attaining majority. 
 
 .Apparently the inhabitants subscribed or paid the 
 amounts named on ctjiidition that the farm be used 
 for both church and educational I'mrjioses. They 
 evidently had .some rights of the kind in the prop- 
 erty. The chapel erected on the farm is elsewhere 
 described. .A school was established in the old 
 farmhouse within a year after the grant was m;ide. 
 The building was subsequently enlarged and fitted 
 up as .St. Philip's College. It fronted on the river 
 and had a piazza one hundred and ten feet long. 
 The price of tuitit)n was three dollars per quarter. 
 The following cojiy of an advertisement gives fur- 
 ther particulars ; 
 
IlL'S of IIKllllrni.il- 
 
 stury^ natural ami 
 jjriillcnuti of uiir 
 iiachiiu'ii till' most 
 ts, fur inakiiii; tin 
 iiig a bcgiiiiiinK' '•( 
 
 ir the s.iiil Aiadi - 
 rirs autliori/.iil liy 
 Sufi may be left to 
 
 'lAliKll;!. knilAKh. 
 
 (if tllf LdlltTV 
 
 1 on Si'plL-mhcr 
 iiUi) opcralioii. 
 iiraled, and the 
 tlit U> his jiiil.i;- 
 c to tlic advan- 
 
 • from I'" ranee, 
 r two or three 
 ains was teaeli- 
 as tlie " Coni- 
 fnll records are 
 intained in eon- 
 entire periotl of 
 
 was taiiijlit by 
 luler the same 
 Sciiool, and in 
 mnion Coiiiu'il 
 the Catholic 
 
 of this peiioii 
 was ealletl the 
 ferred April 5, 
 
 eds) to Lonis 
 
 ISeiioil Chapo- 
 
 1, " Agents of 
 
 ist," on coihH- 
 
 dollars yearly 
 ite St. Bernard 
 
 each on their 
 
 )ed or paid the 
 
 farm be useil 
 
 •poses. 'I'hey 
 
 (1 in the proji- 
 
 n is clscwliere 
 
 ed in the old 
 
 ant was mtide. 
 
 ri^ed and fitted 
 d on the river 
 ten feet lonR- 
 
 •s per quarter. 
 
 lent gives fur- 
 
 CHLKCll SCHOOLS. 
 
 •21 
 
 St. I'lillip's ColU'Xi: (Cut.' (Ill Ncirdistl, iii.ir H.trc.il, Mii liii;aii, 
 mull r lliu ailspicL-s of tin: UIkIiI Krvircml l)i. Ki'm , liisln'ii of 
 |i> iroit. 
 
 Riv. Mr. \'.iiuU'riiool, Siipi-rior of i1r' In^-tilutioii. kcvrrciid 
 Mr. lie liruyii, I'lxslikiit of stiiiliis, Scijli.-nilur i.|, i8jfi. 
 
 In 1838 Rev. Fatlier Ciilleii was one of the pro- 
 (rssors and \ivv. John l)e ISriiyn [iresident. On 
 .\pril 16, 1839, the college was incorporated by 
 special Act, and this year it had three profess(jrs 
 and thirty pupils. Among its graduates were Chris- 
 t()|iher Moross, Alexander M. Campau, Coluinlnis 
 (iodfroy, John imd Daniel McDonald, John and 
 Cicorge Sclnvart/,, Alexander M. 'I'homas, liarnabas 
 Campau, J. C. D. Williams, J. li. Cict)lte. .M. 11. 
 Keaii, (ieorge Cooper, and David Stuart. .V " gootl 
 dinner" on Sundays w;is one of the special "insti- 
 iiilioiis " of the institution. The usual pranks of 
 l)(ivs ;il school were not forgotten; on one occ;ision, 
 as one of the boys blew otit the light and jumi)eil 
 into bed, he landed on a sheet of ice th.at had been 
 carefully spre.td for him. He immediately n.iincd 
 a [)l;ice where ice is not supposed to exist, and the 
 next morning extra jirayers were offeretl. 'l"he 
 Iniikling biu'iied in October, 1846, and the school 
 was not resumed. 
 
 In ]\l;iy or June, 1S33, several Sisters of St. Caire, 
 iii-iginaiiy from liruges, under the leadcrshi|) of 
 Superioress Sister \"indevogel, came here from I'itts- 
 biirgh, and established a seminary for girls. In 
 1837 they were conducting a (iermaii and ICnglish 
 free school, with forty- live scholars. The same 
 year it was succeeded by a French I''emale Charity 
 School, which was sujiported by Mrs. Aiuoiiie lieau- 
 hien, and taught by Miss Fli/.abeih Williams. It 
 had an average attendance of forty children. Miss 
 Williams died in 1843, and was succeeded by Miss 
 Matilda Couchois, who taught about a year, and 
 was succeeded by the Sisters of Charity. Fou ' Sis- 
 ters arrived on May 30, 1844, and under their charge 
 a free school fur boys and girls was opened on June 
 10, 1S44, in an old yellow building on the south\.-est 
 turner of Randolph and Larned Streets, anil to aid 
 in its supptjrt they alstj opened a " pay school." On 
 May I, 1845, the boys were transferred to the base- 
 ment of St. Anne's Church, and the girls remained, 
 ihe school taking the name of St. Vincent's Semi- 
 nary. In 1846 it had one hundred pupils, only 
 twenty or thirty of whom paid for tuition. The 
 hiick school building on Larned Street was erected 
 in 1852; it was o|)ened in October with one hun- 
 dred and fifty schokirs. In 1853 the schoc'l had two 
 luimlred scholars, and in 1870 two teachers and one 
 luindred and twenty scholars, with an average at- 
 tendance of one luuulred. The Sisters ceased to 
 c induct it in 1871, but it was continued by lay 
 t>j.ichers for four years. 
 
 The boys' school, which had been transferred to 
 
 the basement of .St. Anne's, was cared for by the 
 Sisters until September, 18 51, when the .school, with 
 two hundred ami eighty pupils, was placed in the 
 care of live brothers of the Christian .Schools. The 
 brick addition in the rear of St. Aimc's was erected 
 in 1851 to ;iccomm()d;ttc the school, anil in 1853 
 there were four hundred scholars. In 1855 there 
 wcw three hundred .-md fifty .scholars, and in 1857, 
 four hundred. In July, 1864, the school was dis- 
 continued. In 1882 the scholars of this parish were 
 taught by the Ladies of the Sacred Heart. 
 
 Trill it)' St- /tools. 
 
 \ parish school w.as taught in the ba.semcnt of 
 Trinity Church by Daniel O'Connor, as early as 
 1850. In 1851 two separate schools for boys and 
 girls wi're maintained in the same location. In 1852 
 the Brothers of the Christian School beg;in to teach 
 the boys, .tnil this year they had two hundred and 
 fifty scholars. In 1853 a brick .school building was 
 erected just east of the priest's house at a cost of 
 §1,500. This property, in 1880, was valued at 
 S8,ooo. \ school for girls was continued in the 
 basement of the church until 18 58, when ;i large 
 brick school building w.is erected on I'orter Street, 
 between Sixth and Seventh Streets, at a cost of 
 .* 5,000. It was enlarged in 1844 at a cost of !ife3,50o, 
 and again enlarged in 1875. Including the lots, the 
 
 ^^*Ki^^^^= 
 
 
 TkI.NITV C.AIHOLIC StHOOL. 
 
 property has cost fully $30,000. From 1859 until 
 1872, the girls' school was taught by the Sisters of 
 Charity, and since the latter d.'Ue by the Sisters of 
 the Immaculate Heart of Mary. In 1870 there were 
 four teachers at the boys' school at the corner of 
 I'orter and Fifth Streets, with an average attend- 
 ance of one hundred and seventy-live scholars ; at 
 
722 
 
 CHURCH SCHOOLS. 
 
 the ^iiis' school iluTc wi'i'i' six U'acluTs, wiih an of iiiaiii'.ainiiiv; is al)oul $2/101). lii An;.;iisl, iiS77, 
 
 avL'ra,i;c attutulaiu'f of iwd luiiuliid ami twi'iUy-livc. thf boys' school was traiisfciicd to the care of 
 
 III iSSo there were fourteen teachers and seven seven members uf the Franciscan Order. .Must of 
 
 hundred and lifty scholars, with an avcraije attend- the scholars pav fees of one dollar or two dollars 
 
 ance of seven lumdrcl. The schools were suji- 
 ]iorted at a cost of about S4.ot)o yearly, whii'h was 
 obtained from tiie funds of a sclujol society and 
 from collecions at tlic first two masses on each 
 Sunday. 
 
 Si. .Mauv 's Cai'iihiic Sc hooi,. 
 
 i'/. J/ti/j's UcriiiiV! Si/ioo/s. 
 A school for i,n'rls was established in this parish 
 in 1850; the first year it had ei;.ihty scholars, and 
 seven years later one iuindreil and 
 eiv,fhty. At tirst it was taus;ht by 
 lay teachers. In 186^1 it was placed 
 ill charv^e of the Sisters of Notre 
 Dame from Milwaukee. In 18S2 
 there were five of these teachers. 
 The Brothers of the Christian 
 Schools opened their sciiools for 
 boys on September 24, 1S52. ISe- 
 fore the year closed they had three 
 hundred scholars. In 1S57 they 
 had three hundred .and fifty. The 
 brick school-house, on the sonth- 
 west corner of Croghan anil St. 
 Antoine Streets, was completed in 
 Aii}rust, 1868, The size is hfty 
 by one hundred and twenty-five 
 feet, and it cost $40,000; the lot 
 cost S<i,ooo. In 1870 it hail nine 
 hundred jnipils of both sexes. In 
 1880 it had six hundred pupils, with 
 an average atteiiilaiiceof five hun- 
 dred, the pupils beint;- about equally 
 divided as to se.x. The yearly cost 
 
 l)er month; some are tau;4ht free of ch.iri^e. In 
 1S55 the church erected i.i Orphan Asylum for 
 ,nirls, on the west side of St. .\ntoinc Stri'ct near 
 Lafayette, .'it a cost of 94,000. Sinci; 1866 it has 
 been occupieil by the Sisters, who teacli school. 
 The property in 1882 was worth about $10,000. In 
 1S73 a l.u'm' brick residence, on the south side of 
 Macomi) Street between St, .Antoine and IIasliii,v;s 
 Streets, costing' !?i 2,000, was erected for the lirothers. 
 The lot w;is donated by Judxe Monm. from 1877 
 the buililini^ has been occu|)ied by the Fnincis- 
 cans. 
 
 Si/lihi/sof SS. /',/,7- tUhf I'du/. 
 
 The first school in connection with this |i;irish was 
 established iii the re.ir of the cathedral in 185S, 
 under the eliarne of the lirothers of tiie Christian 
 Schools. It was continued by them for three years, 
 and w;is then tau;<ht by lay teachers. In 1870 it 
 h;id four hundred scholars, with an avera,i.;e attend- 
 ance of three luindred and fifty. On Sei)tenil)er 9, 
 1864, it was placed in charge of the Sisters of the 
 Immaculate Heart of iSTary. They left in Septem- 
 ber, 1 88 1, and the boys' school was put in charj^e 
 of one of the Jesuit Fathers, who was aided by lay 
 teachers. In 1880 the i)arish Ii.id two schools, one 
 for ijirls and one for boys, with a total of two hun- 
 dred and fifty-four scholars, and an averai^e attend- 
 ance of two hundred and twenty-eight. Si.x teach- 
 
 ^^^i^^Mnu/im. 
 
 St. JosEin's Catholic School. 
 
1 All;4list, 1S77. 
 t(i llu' Ct'irt' of 
 )i\lur. Mu.si III 
 or twf) dollars 
 of charier. In 
 an Asylum fm' 
 )iiu Suwl mar 
 K'l: i^()() it has 
 ) lcai:'.i school, 
 nit $10,000. In 
 e south side of 
 ic and I iastin^s 
 for the ISrolhcrs. 
 m. I'roni 1877 
 IV the Kr.mcis- 
 
 /\iu/. 
 I this jiarish \v;is 
 hedral in 1S5S, 
 iif tile Christian 
 
 for three years, 
 ers. In 1870 it 
 
 averatje attend- 
 in September 9, 
 ic Sisters of the 
 
 left in Septeni- 
 is put in eii.iri^e 
 AMS aided by lay 
 two schools, oiu' 
 
 )tal of two hun- 
 
 averai^e atteiid- 
 ight. Six leach- 
 
 
 CIIUKCII SCllUULS. 
 
 723 
 
 ers were in charge, the j;irls beiiiy taught by Sisters 
 of the Sacred Heart. 
 
 S/. Ji<S({)fi'x Srhnol. 
 
 A school for this parish was in e.xisteiici' in i-Sjo, 
 with nearly oiu' liundiail si'liolai's. In 1856 a school 
 was established by the lii'oihcis of the Ciiristian 
 Schools, on the grounds now in part occupied by 
 the priest's residence. The school euiiliiuied there 
 until iS''i7, when the .school buildinia; on the north- 
 east comer of Urleans and Jay Streets was erected. 
 Its size is sixty-eight by seventy-two feet, it cost 
 about $iS,ooo, and it accnmniodatcs eight hundred 
 children. In 1870 the average attendance was st\iii 
 hundred. In 1874 the old church was moved from 
 I'lratiot Avenue tu Jay Street, and litted up fur a 
 .school. In 1S80 the two buildings accommodated 
 cleviii hundred scholars, with an average attendance 
 of one thousand. The cost of maintaining the 
 schools in 1882 was about $4,000. Scholars pay 
 from ten shillings to two dollars per (|uarter. The 
 hoys' school was in charge of the Christian Hrotb- 
 ers, the girls in charge of the Sisters of the Iinniac- 
 iil.ite Heart of Mar)^ from Monroe. A new residence 
 for the lirothers was erected in 1882 on Jay -Street, 
 between Urleans antl Dei|uindre, at iicust of $5,000. 
 
 St. Botu'facc ScJiool 
 
 is located on tlie wt'st side of Thirteenth Street just 
 north of Michigan Avenue. The pro|)erty, iniluding 
 the lot, cost $10,000, 
 
 'l"he buikling was erected and the school estab- 
 lished in 1869, and in 1870 there were two teachers 
 and one hundred scholars, with an average attend- 
 ance of about ninety. In 1S80 there were four teach- 
 ers and three huntlred and twenty-live schcjlars, 
 with an average attendance of three hundred. 
 The girls are taught by three Sisters, members 
 of the Order of the linniaeulate Heart uf Mary, and 
 there is a lay teacher for the boys. The yearly ex- 
 pense of maintaining the school is $2,000. Scholars 
 pay from forty to eighty cents per month. The 
 jiroperty in 1880 was valued at $12,000, 
 
 St. Vincent dr Paul School. 
 
 This school, on the east side of Fourteenth Avenue, 
 between Marantette and Dalzelle Streets, was estab- 
 lishetl in August, 1872. At tirst conducted by lay 
 teachers, in September, 1874, the female department 
 was placed in charge of the Sisters of the Immacu- 
 late Heart of Mary. The average attendance in 
 1880 was live hundred and twenty-tive, with seven 
 hundred on the roll. In 1881 it had ten teachers, 
 >ix of them Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of 
 -Mary, with two male and two female lay teachers. 
 The expenses were about $3,000 per year, and were 
 
 paiil by a school society connected with the cluirch. 
 The .school buikling and convent cost about $6,000. 
 Members of the school society, whose children 
 ■alteiiil the school, pay one dollar per month during 
 the school year. 
 
 St. Vlnckni uii 1'all Cviiiui.u biiiuiii.. 
 
 * 
 School of our Lady of Help, 
 
 This school, on the west side of Fhnwood Avenue, 
 between Congri'ss .and L.arned Streets, war, estab- 
 lished in 1872. The building and lot cost $6,tK)o. 
 In i8,So the school b,id two hundred and seventy- 
 live scholars, with an a\erage attendance of two 
 hundred and twenty-five. Originally lay teachers 
 were elll[)loyc(l. 
 
 In 1872 the school was placed in charge of four 
 Sisters of the Immaculate Heart (jf Marv. In 1881 
 
 SeiiiiiM. 1)1- <Jl'k I.auv oi" lliii.r. 
 
 one lay male teacher was also employed. Families 
 sending one child pay fifty cents per month, or any 
 number may be sent for one dollar per month. The 
 yearly cost of the school is $i,ooq. 
 
724 
 
 cni'ktii sdiooi.s. 
 
 .S'A Alhn-rs School. 
 
 This school is silii.itcd on tlic soiilhwcst. corner of 
 St. /\iihin Avcniif and I'rnnoni Slicn. li was 
 established in iH7-,in a new hiiildin;^ wliiili (nsi 
 $2,500; the lot cost §1,500. Ill l.SXolhc scliool had 
 
 Si'. .'Vi.iiKur's C.\riiiii.i( Sc iiudl. 
 
 h>ur hundixil and lifly scholars, with an avcnij^c at- 
 tendanee of four lumdred and lwenlv-li\'e. iVior 
 to 1.S77 it was nian,i;,;ed hy lav teaeliei's; sinee then 
 it has hi-en eonduetid by ti\c I'olish r'r.nnise.in 
 Sisters. 'I'liecostof inainlainini^ tlic seliooi is about 
 §i,iKX), I'ainilies stMidinv;' children pav fori\-livi: 
 cents per month for one child, and half this i)riee 
 for .any others they may send. The pro|)erty in 
 l.S.Sj was \alned ;it §.|,5()(). A lai\;e brick inotlicr- 
 iiousc for llu: I'r.inciscan Sisters of the liiiled Stales 
 is ioiMted opposite the school; it cost $25,000, aiul 
 was dedicaletl October .|, i8Sj. 
 
 St. Joiicltiiii, Jonncrly Siurnl lliurt l-'mich 
 Si liool. 
 
 'I'his sclinol w.is (.st.ablished in Jiiiu', 1.S75, in a 
 bnildinv;' cri'cted for the purpose on the north side 
 of i'ort .Streit l^asl, between (.luiie Stieet .ind 
 b>scpli Campaii Avenue. It is conducttd by .1 lay 
 teacher under the supervision of I'alher l.aporlc, 
 and in 18S0 ii.ul eigiity sciiol.irs, who p.iid fifty cents 
 per niontli each. 'I'lu; cost of maintaining; the 
 .school in 1S80 was $325. 
 
 Sacred Heart Curiiuin School. 
 
 This school is located on the south side of (hMvt- 
 near Prospect Street. 'I'he l)uildin,!i;' w.is erected at a 
 cost of $3,500, ami tin- school established in April 
 1S75. In iSSo it was conducted by three Sisters of 
 Notre D.iiiie from .Milwaukee and two Franciscan 
 Brothers, 
 
 'I'lie j'caiiy e.\pcnsc ol in.iinl.uniiiv; the selujol is 
 ft'!,3oc). In iSSd it h.ad three Imndred and lifty 
 SI liolars, with an ;i\er,n;e ,itli-nil.ini e of lliice hiiii- 
 ilred. r.imilics sending; children pay '^i.vty cents per 
 liiiilllh lor llic hist I liild, lill\' cents lor the serond, 
 folly eeiiis lor the tliiid, thirty cents for the fourth ; 
 all over this nunibir iire instructeil free. 
 
 Ili'lv l\i<li-,iiirr Scliool. 
 
 This church dedie.iled iheir sehool bllildillv;, lle.ir 
 the corner of I )i\ Koad and < i rand | unci ion A\i;iuie, 
 on September 3, i.S(i2. It cost about §5,i)0(j. 
 
 .sy. ('(tss/iihi's S( //Oil/. 
 
 This I'oli^h school isldcalidon ihewcsi side of 
 TwellU-lhird Street .It the collier of .M\llle Street. 
 
 The hrsi lliior is iiscil fur i hiirch purposes, ,ind the 
 second stor_\' lor a si hnol. The bnildini^ cost ."jl.S.ooo. 
 
 .sy, . //////fV/r'.v .s; //I'll/. 
 
 This sihool is located 011 the north side of ( 'ir.itiol 
 Ro.id .iboiii oiie-h.ilf mile bc\ond Mi, I'',llioii .\\c- 
 llUe. It is ill ch,iri.;f of the Sislei', of llie lllim.icu- 
 late I lean of M.iry, , assisted by .1 l.iy le.icher. It 
 W.IS established .about I.S54, in .1 fr.nne buildinv; 
 built for I he purpose. In \>^(>.[ ,1 brick buildinv; w.ts 
 I'recled, In I M.So the school numbered se\eiil\-ei;;hi, 
 with .an avei",ii;t' .atU'iid.ince of seventy-four. 'I'he 
 cost of m.iiutainim;' in iSSo w.is $412. 
 
 I'l'i.i;'!! I'k.vnciscan t'oNVKNT AM) MiniiiiU' IIonsK. 
 
 ylciii/c///f of t/ic .'<ocrcd J/ciii t. 
 
 This I'Stablishment is under the m;m;i,ijement of 
 the [..idies of the .Sacred Ile.irt. Tlu; society was 
 incorpiMMlcd l'"ebru.iry 28, 1861, under the n.ime of 
 The .Sacred Ile.utof the St.itc of Miehin.m. The 
 .ic.ideniy l)ei^;iu in a frame dweliini; on the north 
 side of Jetferson Aveiuic, just east of the railro;ul 
 briilge. From there it was moved to its preseiii 
 
Mr: m lldiM IS 
 red ;il\il lifly 
 (if lime llllll- 
 -i>iv ((Ills per 
 ir llir scfdiid, 
 (i|- the loiirlli ; 
 c. 
 
 luiilcliiijL;, mar 
 (til 111 .\vci\tic, 
 §5,000, 
 
 (■ wi'st side i)f 
 Ms rile Sircct. 
 KIMS, ,iiul the 
 iv; cost !J;.S,ooo. 
 
 sidi- (if ( iHitiot 
 I. I'.llidll Avc- 
 1 llir Imiiiarn- 
 IV irai lur. Il 
 Ir.inu- liuildin;; 
 k liiiildiii;< \sas 
 I sc\cnl\ -('i;^lii. 
 nty-fiHir. 'I'Ik: 
 
 una; lloi'SK. 
 
 '/r,nt. 
 
 ii.uiaj;fim'nt ul 
 !u' society was 
 rr tlic name of 
 ,liclii.!<an. Tiic 
 r on llic north 
 f tiic railroad 
 to its prcsciii 
 
 CIIIKCII SCIlDol.S. 
 
 725 
 
 silc, occiipvin',4; Hie lirii'k hiiildinv,' on the soiiiiiwcst 
 ininci'dl lillcrson Avenue .ind Si. Anlnine Slicel. 
 A;,;ain nun in^, it w.is ioi.iled mi llie iiurih side ol 
 h'lTerson Avcntie near I'.hnwoiMl Avenne. While 
 ihci'c .1 free school fcir i^iiis u.is ,ilso ni.iiiiiained in 
 a frame Iniildiiii; nearly o|i|iosiU! ihe |ircsenl 
 ac.idemy. 
 
 "■'■"^rrT.^ 
 
 ACAI>I,MV 111' '11 II'. SMiaCI) 111. .MO'. 
 
 The exiensive 'uroiinds of the schonl, (if .alioilt 
 three .icres, ;irc lociled on the soiilliwesl corner of 
 jelfcrson A\(niie .and Si. Antoine Sireei, .and 
 lii;.;ilhcr wilh olher lots ne.ir hv were doiriled in 
 11^51 liy Mr, .ind .Mrs. .\nloine lic.iiiliien. In icS.Si 
 ihe properly was esiim.iicd lo beworih Sioo.cxx). 
 Il \v,is one of the ciindilioiis nf llu- i^ih lh.it llic 
 Sisters should consLinlly c.irc for .iial educate 
 twelve orph.an children. This oMiv^.-itioii h.'is liceii 
 
 more ih.ill fllllillrd. The 111,1111 school lillildiim', 
 
 sixty by eighty-four feel, cost S.V'."""- It was tirst 
 oeciipird (111 September I, i.Sfi.!, ;ind is one of the 
 iiiiist iinpiisim;- strncliires in ihe ciiy. In i.Syoilicro 
 were twelve tciclicrs and ninety schoLirs, with .an 
 .iver.iv^c rilti'nd.ince of sc\'ent\'. In I .S.So iheri! were 
 iweiity-lwo ic.iclicrs .and one hundred ,iiid thirty 
 pupils, with .111 ,i\'er.ij;(' .allciul.ince if oiu: hundred 
 .111(1 twcntv. 
 
 In .addition to the ac.idemv, .a p.irish school not 
 connected with ;uiy rci^ular eluirch parish, w,is con- 
 ducted in i.S7(), with seven teachers .and si.\ hundred 
 .s( hol.us, wilh an .iver.i,i;c alteiidanec of four hun- 
 dred :\\u\ tifty. 
 
 Ill i.S.So the Sisters t;ui,i;ht ;i l''rcnch parish school 
 for St. Anne's Chuirli, which h.ad five teachers .and 
 "lie Inindred children with an averajrc attc^nd.anec of 
 ninety; .and .111 lui^lish p.arish school for SS. I'eier 
 and I'.aul's Church, with five teachers .and one hiiii- 
 dred and ci.i^hty scholars with an avcraj^c .ittend- 
 incc of one hundred and seventy. A boardin.i,^ 
 school will soon be est.ablished in their elejjjant huild- 
 iii;;' on Lake St. Cl,air in the townshi|) of Cirosse 
 I'oiiue, .and their school in 1 )i'troit will thereafter be 
 ' "iiducted ;is a d.ay school. 
 
 The mother foundress. Sister Trinc.ino, w.is siic- 
 cccdid bv Sister .Superiors \'erhuls|, I )ekeis.unl , 
 
 I l.nnilioii, 1 )( siu,iri|iiel, Cormelis, rirciiii.ui, I )iilfv, 
 .and ( )'Koiirki . 
 
 I hi roil ( )>//,x,; 
 I his instiiuiion is loe.iicd on the south side of 
 Jelfcrson \veniie, jusi ,abo\c St, .Antoine Street, .and 
 is in ch.i;;;.' of the I'.atheis of the Society of lesus. 
 
 II W.IS established in Sepnaiilxr, I.S77. The lot 
 .111(1 biiildiiii; cost !iij4,(X)(), .and in .Sepicmbci, i.S.Si, 
 S '0,000 \\,is still due on the propciMv. The iininbcr 
 ol scliol.us in iSbo was one luiiidied .iiid tliirly, 
 with an .iver.an'c .iltend.incc of (inc Inindred .and 
 twculy-si\, under the ( .ire of civ^lii Icicheis. The 
 
 llci,;!' W.IS iiicorpor.iied .\piil 27, i.S.Si. The 
 use of study is divided irio four (|ep,ulmcnls, 
 
 ( 'iillei;i.ile, .\c.ldemie, ( 1 .iiimerci.il, .Hid Scieillirie. 
 
 The ye. Illy I'ost ol in.iiiitiai.aiice is estimated at 
 
 S. 1,000. 
 
 S/,i//\//,\,'f ('iilhi'li, Si hooh 1','r iSSj iSS/. 
 
 Nuinlicr of scliodls 14 
 
 " teachers 87 
 
 " " scholars on rdll 5.0'->.^ 
 
 Av(a'.av;(' .itteiid.iiice 5..'>-7 
 
 Ordin.irv e\penscs $2^,l<S4 
 
 revenues $i.S,o:;S 
 
 Cost |)er c.apit.i df .ax-cr.av^-c .attend.ints Sl-io 
 
 ( ( 1 
 
 CI l| 
 
 DuiKorr t'lii.i.m.K. 
 
 St. lo/m's (irriihvi /■'7'(i/ii;r//!ii/ Sr//i)i>/. 
 This school w.as est.ablished .at the eluirch on Mon- 
 roe Avenue, eorni"r of I'.arr.ar Street, in \i^^;\; a 
 school-house w.is built in the rear, in 1S41;, and a 
 school W.IS m.iint.iined for a portion of c.aih year 
 most of the time for nearly twenty years. In 1862 
 Charles II. i5ori,nnan w.as in ch.arife of the school, 
 eommeiicinjL!;- with thirty jiupils ; in four years tlie 
 number ^rew to four hundred .and twenty. Mr. 
 riorgm.an t.iu.nht until the fall of 1.S66, .and was sue- 
 
726 
 
 CIIUUCII SCHOOLS. 
 
 ceedfd l>yCi, IK'niKiii. In May, i8('/), tlio cluinli 
 |)iircliascil (jf W. W. \\ ilcox li's cariHiiIti" sliii|), 
 wilh till' lilt nil I'arrar Slrni lu ar Mnnrni? Avciuic, 
 for §5,200. 'I'lu- urcatiT part of iIk: buildiii.i^ was 
 torn down, .md ;i iwo-story scliool-lioiisc crcrtcd 
 contaiiiiii^ four Larj^e rooms, cacli lifty l)y twunty- 
 fivo feet. In I S72 tlu' i>ropcrty w.as sold for $10,000, 
 and in Novcnilji'r, i^j}, tlic scliool \\,is moved to 
 the new scliool huildiii)^ on Clicsliuit Street, in rear 
 of the ehureh. in i.ScSothe sehool ii.ad live te.ichers 
 and three hundred .and fifty-two scholars, witli .an 
 aver.aije .attendance of tiiree hundred .and thirty-live. 
 The yearly cost is $2,500, Scholars p.ay from $6.25 
 to $12.25 P*'"' yi-'''"'' ''1 '^^' ^'"^ schuul property 
 was valued at $15,000. 
 
 .SV. Mar/ys lirniitni /■':i'(rUi;r/trtt/ Sr/ioo/. 
 
 This scliool, nnder the care of a church of the 
 same name, was est.alilished on jann.iry 2, 1.S.S4, .uid 
 he^an with twenty-two scholars, it is located on 
 the conuM' of .Milit.ary Avenue and the l)ix Ko.ad. 
 
 Sf. J/ii////i'7t''s I.iitliiraii School. 
 
 Tliis school w.as org.uiizeil in 1846, on Congress 
 near Russell Street, and still remains in tlie s.aiiie 
 location. The school liiiildiui,^ w.as erected in 1850, 
 and cost $200. In 1870 the school h.ad .an .avena^e 
 .attendance of thirty scholars, .antl in lS8oan .a\'erai;e 
 of twenty-live. The schol.ars p.ay ten cents jier 
 week. The school is taui^iit by the p.astor, and the 
 cost of maintaining^ it is about %\ 20 per year. 
 
 Trinity Lcthehan School. 
 
 Trinity Eiiatti^fh'cal Lutheran School. 
 
 This .school was orifanized in 1850, in the old 
 wooden clu'rch on L.arncd Street between Rivard 
 and Russell Streets. In 1855 and 1856 an addition 
 w.as built,' which accommod.ated one hundred schol- 
 .ars. In i860 the school retjuired two teachers, .and 
 
 in 1864 ,1 lot w.as purchased on the nortli side of 
 IIi,i;h mow Shcrm.ini Street, for §600. .\ brick 
 school-house, forty by lifty feet, two stories hii;h, 
 .and costinv; $250, w.as llu'n eri'cted. An .addition 
 w.is built in iS^^, incre.asiniLj the seatinij cajvicity to 
 tivt' himdred. The tot.il cost of the buildini; w.as 
 
 Ill 1870 the school li.id three teachers .and three 
 hundred schol.ar.., with .an .aver.a,v;c .attend.ance of 
 two hundred and ten. In 1877 the .aver.aije .attend- 
 .ance w.as two hundred. The price fur tuition ran,t;es 
 from fifty to seventy cents per month. In 1S80 the 
 school h.ad three teachers, two hundred and twenty- 
 five schol.ars, .and .an .avera.ire .attendance of two 
 hundred. The yearly cost of maint.aininj;- the .school 
 was ij;2,225. The property in 1881 was v.alued .at 
 $5,000. 
 
 Zion Cicniian Rcfoniicd F.uthcran School. 
 
 'J'liis scliool, now located on Russi'll Street, near 
 C.ath.irine, was oriij^in.ally ori^.anized .about 1852, .and 
 up to 1857 met in wh.at is now the Second r>.aptist 
 Church on Cro.nli.an Street, near Heaubieii. After 
 1857 the school w.as disc<mtinued until 1861, when 
 a .school-house w.as built on Russell Street. It cost 
 $823. In its new location the school began on Jan- 
 u.ary 2, 1862. In 1S76 it h.ad .an average of seventy- 
 ti\'e scholars. After 1S76 it was conducted as .an 
 evening school, and in 1880 Ii.id thirty-five schol.ars, 
 with .an .a\a'r,age attend.ance of thirty. The scholars 
 ]).ay one dollar per term of ten wi'cks. There is but 
 one teacher, the p.astor. The v.aliie of the school 
 property in i88r was $1,500, The tot.al yearly cost 
 of maintaining the sehool is $50. 
 
 Sale in Lutheran School, 
 
 This school is located on the south side of Cath- 
 erine Street, between St, Antoine .and I bastings 
 .Streets, in .a brick building, twenty by thirty feet, in 
 the rear of the church. It w.as org.ani/.ed in 1864. 
 The building cost $500, and with the lot w.as valuetl, 
 in 1 88 1, <at $2,000, 
 
 In 1870 the school had two teachers and one 
 hundred and five schol.ars, with an .average attend- 
 ance of one hundred. In 1880 it had forty scholars, 
 with .an aver.age attend.ance of thirty, and w.as 
 taught by the pastor at a yearly ct)st to the church 
 of I50. The charge for tuition was forty cents ]ier 
 qu.arter to members of the congregation, and fifty 
 cents to others. 
 
 Immanuel Eiiangclical Lutheran .School. 
 
 This school was organized in 1866, .and w.as 
 origin.ally located on Ninth Avenue near (Orchard 
 .Street. In 1870 it h.ad one hundred and fifty schol- 
 ars, with .an average .attendance of one hundred. 
 It met originally i' he church. In 1S72 the church 
 
CHURCH SCHOOLS. 
 
 727 
 
 norili side of 
 
 joo. A bii<k 
 
 ) stories liii^li, 
 
 All atldiiinn 
 
 111,' capacily u> 
 
 ImikliiiJL; was 
 
 lurs and three 
 atteiulaiiee of 
 scraiLje atteiid- 
 r tuiliuii raiis^es 
 . In 1880 tliu 
 'd and tweiity- 
 idaiicc of two 
 iiiiiir tllc scliool 
 was valued at 
 
 an Si /too/. 
 
 [-11 Street, near 
 .l)oiit 1852, and 
 Si'cniid r.a|itist 
 auhieii. After 
 nil i8f)i, wlien 
 Street. It cost 
 
 began on J an- 
 
 •ap^e of sevonty- 
 
 )nducted as an 
 
 y-five seliolars, 
 
 The seliolars 
 
 There is but 
 
 of the school 
 otal yearly cost 
 
 i 
 
 huildin.i^f was moved to ilu: corner of Seventeenth 
 ,111(1 I'iiie Streets and altered and eiilaii^ed for 
 sihiiui |)ur|)oscs. In Noveinhcr, i8(Si, it was torn 
 down, and I'aily in 1882 ,1 brick scliool-buildin);- was 
 ircited which cost S3,(XK). In 1S80 tlu' school li.ad 
 i\vo linndred and forty scholars, with an .avenigc 
 attendance of two hundred, .and w.as niaiKivced by 
 two teachers. Schol.ars pay sixty cents per month. 
 The yearly expenses of the school are .'i«i,2oo. 
 
 yj'<}n /''.Tivi^i'/idi/ /jit/hiiU! Sr/iool. 
 
 This school was established in the f.-Jl of 187S, in 
 Spriiiv^wells, on Welch Avenue. The lot and build- 
 iiii,' cost Si.300. In '880 it h.ad one teacher, eighty 
 scliol.irs, and ;in avi^r.age .attend.ince of seventy, and 
 in 1S83 two teachers and two hundred and twenty- 
 live scholars, who paid a tuition fee of si.xty cents 
 per month. 
 
 .sy. /\iu/'s Liit/irran Sr/ioo/. 
 
 This si-liool is located on the corner of Jay .Street 
 and Josejih Canipau Avenue. The building, erected 
 in 1873, cost §3,700, and the school was opi'ned the 
 same year. In 1S81 the property w.as v.alueil .at 
 §5,500. In 1S80 the school had three teachers and 
 three iuindrcd schulars, with an average atteiulanec 
 
 of two lumdred and seventy-five. Parents who arc 
 members of th<' cdngreg.ation pay fifty cents ;i month 
 I'.acli for one or two children, ,ind ,1 third child is 
 t.aught free. Tlu' yearly cost of maint.iining tlu; 
 school is $2,000. A dwilliiig which cost §1,000 is 
 provided for the teacher. 
 
 S/. /'iiii/'t Si-ioiii/ (iiiiiinn /"Ivaiij^c/iiii/ S,/iih>/. 
 
 This .school, on the corner of Seventeenth .and 
 Rose Streets, w.is ot.iblishcd, .and its building 
 eri'cted, in 1873. Tin: building cost $7,(xx). The 
 t'stim.ited v.aliie of the property in 1881 w.is §9,000, 
 111 18.S0 the school h.id one te.icluT ,and se\eiitv 
 schol.ars, with .in .iver.igc .itteiid.incc of sixty. The 
 yearly cost of the school is §5(X), .and s(!hol.ars p.iy 
 from sixty to I'ighty cents |)cr month. 
 
 St. I'rin-'s (i mini It /\7'(r;i^r//io/ Sr//i>o/. 
 
 This school is located on I'icrce .Street near 
 Cheiie, .and w.is est.iblished in 1879. The building 
 cost §1,500. In 18.S0 there were two teachers and 
 one hundred and fifty schol.ars, with .111 .avt'r.ago 
 .ittcndanee of one hundred .and forty. Schol.ars 
 pay from fifty to sixty-five cents per moiuh for 
 tuition. The yearly cost of ni.aint.aiiiing tlu; school 
 is $1,000. 
 
 ol. 
 
 h side of C.atli- 
 .and Hastings 
 y thirty feet, in 
 mi/.cd in 1864. 
 lot w.as valued, 
 
 chcrs and one 
 iverage atteiid- 
 forty schol.ars, 
 irty, .and was 
 t to the church 
 forty cents per 
 ■ation, and lifty 
 
 oil Si/ioo/. 
 
 [.SCif). and was 
 : near Orchard 
 and fifty scliol- 
 one hundred. 
 Hj2 the church 
 
^'Wm 
 
 C II APT !■: R l.XX 1 V 
 
 TIIK UNIVi:KSrr\ ol MK IIIC.AN. -COMMKKCIAI, lOl.l.l'.dHS. — MKDICALCOl.LEr.KS. 
 
 UNIVKKSI'IV Ol' Ml( IIir.AN. 
 
 As the hirllipl.irc n( Michivf.-iii I'liivcrsity, Ticlroit 
 is entitled to mure ree(iv,niili(in in th<' liisiiii-y nf tiiat 
 iiisiiiuliiin tji.in has lieretofore been aeeni-ded, 'l"he 
 iu'esenl university at Ann Arlmr is the lei;itini;ite 
 stieet'ssnr of the iini\'i'rsitv seiioojs I'siahlislied in 
 tiiis city in 1.S17. Tiiis is abundantly i)roven l)y tiie 
 records of liie old and new institutions, and by a 
 decision of the Snpretne Court in January, \'^jC>, 
 The iHiiversitv i^erniinaled here, ,and its reinnwil 
 was an irrep.ir.able loss to i)elr(iit. ll has ;iehieved 
 a world-wide fame in its presi'iit location, , and hail 
 it rein.iined in 1 )etroit its inikicnci' and possessions 
 would h.ive conferred upon the city more honor 
 than all the other institulioiis it possesses, in its 
 present location, it has been clainieil as one of the 
 attractions of Chicai^o. No assumption could have 
 been more ihoroui^hly characteristic th.an that con- 
 tained in an article on Chicayjo in Seribner's .\h)nthly 
 for September, 1.S75. After speakiiijif of the schools 
 of that city, the writer of the article said, " There 
 are in addition many eolle,i;es in the neighborhood 
 of this ci'iy. incltidincf the University of Michi^fan at 
 Ann Arbor." This university is two hundred and 
 forty-six miles e.ast of Chica.tjo, in another State. 
 The Falls of Niajijara are only two hundred ,uul 
 twenty-nine miles east of Detroit, and minhi with 
 greater propriety be described as in the iieijLihbor- 
 hood of Detroit, and included in its attractions. 
 The university is but an hour's ride from our city, 
 and as it was founded here, and is the crowninii- 
 glory of the .schools of Michigan, we may rightfully 
 include it in our educational system and number it 
 among our advatitages. 
 
 August 26, 1817, is a memorable dale, for on 
 that day the " Catholepistemiad or University of 
 Michigania" was born. Under the creative Act 
 thirteen professorships were established, namely : of 
 Universal Science, the professor to be also the jiresi- 
 dent of the university; of Literature, embracing all 
 sciences relative to language ; of Matliematics, 
 Natural History, Natural i'hilosophy, Astronomy, 
 and Chemistry, and of the Medical, I'.conomical, 
 Ethical, Military, Historical, and Intell-nial Sci- 
 ences, the last to embrace all "sciences i itive to 
 the minds of animals, to the human mind, spiritual 
 existence, to the Deity, and to religion." The pro- 
 
 fcs.sor of these last-named sciences was to be vice- 
 president of the unix'ersity. 
 
 '{"he Act ccrt.iinly h.id the tncril of bre.idth, com- 
 prehending as it did the teaching of ;ill the sciences 
 the woi'ld h.iil he.ird of, besides some never heard 
 of bi'fort' or sinci'. It w.is drafted by Judge 
 Woodward, who |)robably coined more words lli.iu 
 any other .Xmericm of his time; in fact, lu' h.ad a 
 jLission for word-coining, and this ,\et, ,is well as 
 his private memorandum book in possession of the 
 Historical Society, .affords abund.mi, evidence of 
 iiidc'.avor to invent new and higli-sonnding words 
 ■and titles. Professors wrn- pro\idid Inr on ••.anthro- 
 pogl;)ssic;i," " physio;.; no -iiic-i," and ' p ilemitica," 
 and the lioard of I'rol'issors was gi\eii p()v>-er "to 
 establish Colleges, Academies, Sciiools. Libraries. 
 Museums, Athenantms, Iiotanic C.ardcns, Labora- 
 tories, .and other usi'ful liter.ary and Scientiiic insti- 
 tutions." 
 
 On September <S, 1817, all 'he professorships weri' 
 conferred upon two men, and tlie proceeding w.is 
 nuule still more strange by the fact that bodi ol 
 these men were clergymen, n.imcly, the Rev. John 
 Montcith, a graduate of Princeton College and ]ias- 
 tor of the Protestant Church, and the Rev. Cabriel 
 Kiehai'd. the Rom.an Catholic priest of St. .Xnne's. 
 'I'hc hrst named held the jircsidency and seven pro- 
 fessorshi[)s, and the other .served as vice-president 
 and held six jirofcssorships. As the president and 
 professors controlk'd the university, the management 
 was in the hands of these two men, who were amen- 
 able only to the governor, by whom they were ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 All of the business affairs of the university were 
 conducted in strict accordance with its grandiloquent 
 title. One of the published " Statutes " of the 
 university reads as follows : 
 
 STATUTES 
 
 OF 
 
 T!!E UNMVKRSITY OF MICHIGANIA. 
 
 STAreTE THE FIRST. 
 
 An Acl cniiccrninK tlic seal of the University of iMicliig.inia. 
 
 I'o it iMi.utcil ],Y till' IJnivursity of Michigania that on tlir si-.il 
 of the University there sliall be a device representing six pillar^ 
 inpportin< a ilonie, witli the nioUo, " Kpisteinia," at their liase. 
 and the l(>;end, seal of the Univi'rsily of .Michigania, around thi 
 inaruin, and l\n\n shininjf on the dome fr mi above; and unlil 
 such seal he proviiled the President may use any tcillliorury seal 
 
 L72fi] 
 
THK rNI\i:kSI IN' (>l MK IIICAN. 
 
 •29 
 
 i. coi,ij:(;i;s. 
 
 was to l)f virc- 
 
 f l)ri'a<ltli, coin- 
 all till' Scil'llCCS 
 
 mi' lu'vcr heard 
 fli'd by Jiitl.i^e 
 lore words tiian 
 I fatt. he had a 
 /Vet, as well as 
 ossi'ssioii of the 
 111 c'vidt'iii'c of 
 sounding' wonN 
 
 lor on "aiuhio- 
 .1 '• |i"l(;iiiitica." 
 fiven i)n>.-i'r "to 
 lool.v i.ihrarics, 
 aniens, l.ahnra- 
 
 Seienliiie iiisli- 
 
 fessorsiii|is were 
 proeeedini;' was 
 ,ct ihal l)o:.ii of 
 ■, the Kov. John 
 ^'olieijc and ivis- 
 he Rev. C.aliriil 
 t of Si. .\nne's. 
 and seven pro- 
 is viee'-prcsidcni 
 c president and 
 lie nianav^cnienl 
 who were anicn- 
 1 ilicy were ap- 
 
 univorsity were 
 Is grandiloquent 
 atutes " of the 
 
 IC.ANIA. 
 
 ty of Micliig,iiii;i. 
 ii\ia that on tlic sc;il 
 n'siMitini; six pillars 
 ■niia," at their hase. 
 
 liinaiiia, animul th( 
 m abovi: ; ami iinlil 
 
 any tcmiiorary seal 
 
 .iliirl) may lir < mivi iilirit. I'asvd at Ihc Clity of ji.lniii, ..ii Iri- 
 .l.iy, till' Iwi'Iftli (lay iif KcptiMiil'ur, mil! tliuimaiiil I iviiii hiirulnil 
 iiiil srvniiccn. 
 
 Jims Mn', II 1 1 ir, 
 /'/v,i;,/,'«/ I'/ till' I iiiri-ysily 0/ Mi\ /iit;iiHl,i, 
 
 Sialiite ihe Second pro\iiled that no snliseriher 
 III ilie institution should he rei|uire(| to |).i\ more 
 ihaii tifly dollars in any one year. Statute the 'ihird, 
 ih.it instruction in tlic primary .schools should loii- 
 sist of writini;, arithmetic, l'.n;,dish tjr.ammar, ,iiid 
 elocution. Slaliite the l''ourlli,ihal a primary s( houl 
 should be cs'ahlished. Statute the I'iftli, tiiat in- 
 struction in the d/issical acidemy should consist of 
 "French, Latin, Mid Creek AiUi(|uities. laiijlish 
 grammar, rnrnpn.-Mtion, mathcniatics, elocution, 
 ijioj^raphy, morals, and orn.amental accomplish- 
 ments." 'riii: followinir books were to be used: 
 Murray's C.r.immar and Spelliinj iiook, the i'.nj^lish 
 Reader and Ivsercises, also Walker's Elocution .ind 
 Dielion.iry. It was further provided that the 
 "Sacred Scriplures shall constitute part of tlunad- 
 iii,;( from the bej^^Muninyf to the end of the course. " 
 Statute the .Si.xtli established the cl.assical academy. 
 Statute the Seventh provided thai thirteen visitors 
 should be appointed (or each <lassic;il academy. 
 
 It should be noted that this instilutioii was eiitii i Iv 
 controlled by two men, —a I'rotestant and a Catholic; 
 and thai all this hinh-soundinij legislation was 
 enacted by these two persons. In case of a tie 
 \(ite, what trouble there mii^ht have been I 
 
 Statute the 'rhirteenth was entitled ".\n Act to 
 .•issumethe Responsibility of Certain i )on;itioiis from 
 Montreal anil .Michilimackin.ic," ■,\m\ read as follows: 
 
 Il7if>i;is, fur (111- rcliif i,| ilic siifdrcrs liy tin- c iinllanialinii uf 
 llu am iiiii iinvM iif Mrlrciil in llic year :.Sii5, ihiTc wrri' tiaiis- 
 iniiicil finin Mi.iiirr.il ami Miihiliniaikiiiai- rcriain sums ul 
 tiiomy wliiili arc iiciw ill llu- ( ily uf hilmit unpaid to smli siif- 
 ii nrs iiwiii); to tlir want (.f sniim prim iplis on wliirli |iayimiil 
 ' III lie iiiaclr, SCI as to disiliarnc llm iioldirs tluifof, and whirc.is, 
 llic said siiffirrrs have .1,'cniTally niaiiifisli'd a disiir thai llic said 
 funds should now he .ippropriatcd in aid of ihr t 'iiin i^ily of 
 Miihijs'ania ; 'I'licri forr 
 
 111- it inai'li'd liy tin.; I'nivtMsily of .Mii hi.i.;,'inia that tlii' linUU rs 
 'if llir same funds payiiijt ovrr Ihr same to tlic Iruslccs of the 
 riiivcrsity, the said t'nivirsity shall lie responsililc for all future 
 I 1 liiiis on the same, on the part of the sufferers liy the 1 onlla^^ia- 
 lioii aforesaid. 
 
 I'.issed lit the City of 1 letroit, on Saltirday, the ?. . day of 
 Si ptenilier, 1S17. 
 
 J. MiiN riiri II, 
 rnsi'leut 0/ the th'crslty 0/ M ii higniiin. 
 
 In response to this demand the sum of S940 w 
 paid over, but one cannot help wonderin.t;- why the 
 amount was not di.sbm-sed at the time of the tire, or 
 bestowed upon the inhabitants after they hatl been 
 i'npoverishcd by the War of 1812. In this connec- 
 •lon the following copy of an original subscription 
 Hst is of interest : 
 
 SriLSCUIl'IKiN l.ls I . 
 Ill ,iid iif the fniversily of Michi^jan, No. i. We ihe Milisrri- 
 liers do ajjree til p.iy on deinand llu- siiins respi rlivi ly iiiin \ed to 
 oiir names, in aiil of lli>' I'liivirsily of ,Mii'liJi{aii, 
 
 1S17, Si pli Miller i.K. janii « .M.iy % aSi'" 
 
 live jlojjarH for Hee yi .irs 
 I ^i;. I ii toiler j'i. |. lines Aliliolt. p.iiil, . . , .TV.1* 
 
 Solomon Sililiy (ti'i.fq 
 
 I .11 kiioH led.;i in my hands %''tS'''l^ In im; a part of the dona- 
 lion money iloii.iiid at Mii liiliinai kiiiai to nllevc the siilfererH liy 
 lire of the l.iie I ii Iroil , w hirli I assume III p.iyoverlo the t'ni- 
 M-rsily of .Mil liik'aii at tin' c.\pir.ilion of siii mouths, mi Ik ini; 
 iiidiMiinilieil. 
 
 Sni,. Slut. I V. 
 Oilo/'fr 211, 1817, 
 
 The total amount of subscript ioi'.s to the rni\cr- 
 sity was ;iboiil ^5, 100, of w hit h S'.i'"' \vas p.iyable 
 on demand. Ai.oiH) the secoml yi'ar, $i;5; the ihird 
 ye/ir, S'^25 the fniirili year, S571 the fifth year, %Gt,\ 
 the sixth year, and ^')i e.ich in the seventh, civjhth, 
 ;ind iiiiilh years. 
 
 I )n .Xiigiist 2<'i. icSi7, the ( io\crniir .'md liiilges 
 appropri.iteil S3()()low,ar(ls the erection of a building 
 and !SiS() for the loi. On November 10 ;i further 
 appro|)riation of §200 w.as m.iile. 
 
 The Act which est.iblishcil the university pro- 
 vided th.al the iniblic ta.\es should be incrc.ised hf- 
 teeii percent for its si;pi)ort, ;tnil ;ilso .aiiilmri/eil the 
 faculty to |)rep,ire four successive lotteries, and to 
 deduct t'lfteeii i)er cent from the pri/.es for its beiietlt. 
 Neither of these |)rii\isions was cirrieil out ; |ios- 
 sibly a tie \-ote ])re\-enled. In the; e day ^ il would 
 cert.ainly be ileenied ,a ni,ar\-ei of legislation if the 
 president .iiid faculty of the university, iiuiuding the 
 resident clergy, were authorized to arrani^e for a 
 series of lotteries for the beiu lit of the instiuition. 
 
 The corner-stone of the iini\'ersity building was 
 laid on Se[)lember 24, nSi/. The building, twenty- 
 four by llfty feet, was located on llie west side of 
 li.ates near Congress Street. ( )wing to tin: deliii- 
 iiuencyof subscribers, its erection jiroceeded slowly. 
 Col. !■;. .S. Sibley s.ays that in 1S17 he went to a 
 school l.aught by .Mi". .Monteith in the old Meldrum 
 House on W'oodbridge Street, just east of what is 
 now Shelby Street. His statement is the only evi- 
 dence found th.it either Rev. Mr. .Monteith or I" Mlier 
 Richard acted as teacher, but an act of .August 26, 
 1817, appropriated $181.25 for their annual salary, 
 and on February 8, 1 821, $2 15 was appropri.ued for 
 the .salary of the president for 181S, iSi9,an(l 1820. 
 
 On February 2, 1818, II. M. Dickie, A. 15., was 
 commissioned by the university to open "a classical 
 Academy where Latin and Creek languages and 
 other branches of science were to be taught at the 
 cit.stoniary prices." Ju.st where he taught is un- 
 known, but on May 12, 1818, the university appro- 
 priated "thirty dollars for rent of rooms for the 
 Cla.ssical Academy up to the nth day of June." 
 
730 
 
 TJIK UNIVKRSITY OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 H(' hi\v;aii .-i1v)iit Fcbniaiy 1 1, .iiul the sclioo! was in 
 (ipcratidn as !al(! as Nnvciiil)ci-, ami pmhaljly l()iiL;rr. 
 
 'riic iini\'i'rsity now commissiimrd iK'njamin 
 Stfad, JaiiU's Connor, and Olivrr Williams as direc- 
 tors of a Lancaslci'ian school, and on Aut;ust lo, 
 iiSiS, a school nndci" thai name was opened in the 
 University hiiiidini;'. It l)ev;an with eleven schol.irs, 
 but by April followinj^ this number had increased to 
 one hundred and thirty. It was tau>;ht by Lemuel 
 Shattui'k, of Concord, Mass.. who was i;i-eatly 
 esteemed bv both parents and pupils. A ski'tch 
 of his life, a( ■.'ompanied with a steel enj^^ravini^', is 
 j,dven in X'olume .\1\', \vv^c 96, of the New l'".n,i.;- 
 laiid Historical and ( icnealoijical Reijister, His first 
 report of the school, dated April 24, 1819, shows 
 that there were then one hundred and eij^Jity-three 
 pupils, and that the 
 average price per 
 q 11 a r t e r for e a c h 
 scholar was $2.60; he 
 further showed that 
 under the okl system 
 the instruction would 
 have cost Sj.i--' in- 
 stead of only $800. 
 
 Of the one hundred 
 and ei,iL,dity-three chil- 
 dren admitted, twen- 
 ty-three were to pay 
 Si. 00 per quarter, 
 two S-.oOi <>"- bi-'ii- 
 dred and three $:;.5o, 
 and tifty-five $3.50, 
 makinjr a total of 
 
 $738.50. ()nly*3>o-- 
 46 was collected. The 
 report intimatetl that 
 most of the trustees 
 and directors paid 
 but little attention to 
 the school. 
 
 On May 5, 1820, "the Board of Trustees of the 
 Primary School and Classical Academy fixed the 
 jirice of tuition at $2. 50 jier cjuarter for ordinary 
 studies, or $3.50 if Cieograpb.y and Mathematics are 
 studied; non-residents to pay $1.00 more than 
 above rates." 
 
 On A|)ril 30, 182 1, the original University Act 
 was repealed, and under the title of the University 
 of Michitj.an all rights of the old cor|)oratioii were 
 committed to the j^ovenior and the f<jllowiiijj twenty 
 trustees: John Bitldle, N. Holvin, I). I.eRoy, C. 
 Clemens, W. II. PulhulT, John Anderson, John 
 Hunt, John Monteith, C. Larned, Q. Richard, John 
 R. Williams, Solomon Sibley. II. J. Hunt, J. L. 
 Leil), I'. J. Desnoyers, A. Vl. Winj^, W. Woodbrid^^e, 
 B. Stead, I'. Lecuyer, ami William I.rown. These 
 
 trustees were .anthorHzed to establish schools .and 
 collei;es at their discri'tion, bnl they de\(ili'd tlii'ir 
 attention solely to Detroit. In 1821, a LariL^'c lot 
 adjoiniui^ the one alre,i<ly in use w.is conveved to 
 them by the Ciovernor and Iud;^i's. ( )n J.iiuiary 7, 
 1S22, A. Mdwards and .\. W. Weltoii were ap- 
 ]iointed as trustees in pl.ice of Messrs. MoiUi'ith 
 and .Siead, wiio declined to ser\'e, and by Act of 
 
 April 
 
 1S27, J. Kearsley and X. .M. Wells were 
 
 IJiKi'inu.^ •: oi' Miciiu.AN UNiviiKsiTV, uiisr siuk of IjAtk: 
 
 NlC.Ak Cu.SlilJliSS. 
 
 appointed trustees to liU vacancies, and provision 
 was made that sewn members of the Hoard of 
 Trustees should form a {[uorum. 
 
 Under the .\ct of 1821. .\brah.am Ildwards, who 
 had been |)reviously actmi^- ;is treasurer, w.is ai^.iiii 
 appointt'd, but on June \C\ 1821, he resii;iied, and 
 James Abbott was ajipointed. Lemuel Shattuck 
 
 was ;i'cri'lary up to 
 December 3, 1821, 
 wlun C. C. Trow- 
 bridge was appoint- 
 ed, and continued in 
 oilice until succeeded 
 by C. Mott Williams 
 on ['"ebru.iry 13, 1835. 
 Mr. Shattuck re- 
 signed as tiacher on 
 October 8, 1S21, and 
 was succeeded hv 
 I'^. Clapp, w hose I'lrst 
 term closed on De- 
 cembi'r 20, and on 
 April 1, 1822. he was 
 succeeded by Rev. 
 A. W. Welton; lie 
 began teaching April 
 y, the |irice of tuition 
 was §5 .00 i)er scholar. 
 He was followed in 
 October, 1824, by A. 
 
 SruiiKT, 
 
 S. Wells, a graduate 
 of Hamilton College ; 
 he taught until November 4, 1S26, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by Charles Scars , he was paid $500 per 
 Near and remained until October. 1827. The ISoard 
 of Trustees then resolved th.it as the funds were in- 
 sufficient fur the support of a classical school, the 
 teacher was thereafter to continue the school at his 
 own risk. 
 
 In 1821 and 1822 there was much discussion as 
 to the merits of the Lanc.asteri.in methods, and whole 
 columns of the (iazette were devoted to the subji'ct. 
 'I'he discussions seemed to favor the systt'iu, and on 
 Oi'tober 8, 1821, the trustees of the university 
 
 Kesi'/!'ei/, that Mr. Shattiuk lie mitlioiizicl to coniniiinicitc 
 witli Mr. William A. 'i'wiud Dale, of Albany, Nmv Yuri;, in 
 orilir to prinnre some snitahle person for a Itaclier of tile 1..'iti- 
 casleriaii seliool upon tlie presuinplivc allowance of five luimlred 
 dollars per iiiinum for liis services. 
 
m^ 
 
 mtm^^mtp 
 
 Till". rMX'KKSirV OF MICIIIC.AN. 
 
 /J 
 
 ;1\ si'luiols ,'uul 
 
 • (lr\oli'il lln'ii- 
 
 I, a lar.ijx: 1(H 
 
 IS ((mvcvcd to 
 
 ( )n January 7, 
 
 •lloii win: ap- 
 
 ■ssrs. MoiUi'iih 
 
 111(1 by Act of 
 
 M. wVlls wiM-c 
 
 and ]ir()visinii 
 
 the ISoanl of 
 
 I'.dwanls, who 
 ii'cr, was a.i^aiii 
 ' ri'sii;iii'd, and 
 ■inucl Slialtuck 
 (.•crLlary up ti; 
 nbcr 3, 1821, 
 
 C. C. 'Prow- 
 :■ was appoint - 
 11(1 continut'd in 
 until succeeded 
 
 Alott Williams 
 ibruary 1 3. 1835. 
 . Sliattuck re- 
 el as teacher on 
 jcr <S, 1821, and 
 
 succeeded by 
 app, whose hrsl 
 closed on 1 )e- 
 vv 20. and on 
 
 1, 1.S22, he was 
 cded by Kev. 
 W Welton ; he 
 1 teachin;< April 
 
 ]irice of tuition 
 5.00 per scholar, 
 vas followed in 
 )er, 1S24, by A. 
 ells, a ,!L;raduale 
 .milton Collev;"e ; 
 hen he was suc- 
 
 l)aid §500 per 
 27. The lioard 
 ■ fluids were in- 
 ical school, the 
 
 lie school at his 
 
 •h discussion as 
 hods, and whole 
 1 to the subject, 
 svsteiii, and on 
 university 
 
 111 to C'oniiiiiinic.ili' 
 iiiy. New \"rk. in 
 l.a«lii.T of ill.' I,an- 
 iKc iif five liiiiidrcd 
 
 .•\s a result of this correspondence, Major I'kl wards 
 went to .Mb.any I'xpressly for the purpose, and 
 srcurcd the services of John I'arnier, who was then 
 in;<a,iL;c(l in teachin;jf in tli.at city. The followini; 
 ollicial notification ^ives details of his engat;enient : 
 
 \i ;i scssidu (pf tlu; linar.t "f 'I'nislrcs of tlio I'iii\-crsily of 
 Micliiijan, held iiiirsii.iiil to noliio at Drtroit on llir lliiiil day of 
 llccrndu-r, 1R21, were prc^irnl (lis l-'..\ri'llciu'y ( lovcrnor Ca-^"^, 
 
 llcniy J. Iliinl, jolin Iluni, Cliarlrs I.ariicd, William W I- 
 
 liridis'i', William llrowii, I'llcr J. I Irsiioyris, and John K. Wil- 
 liams, Ksciiiiiis. 
 
 lt7trri-itA\ Mr. John l*"armrr lias arri\fd her.' iind<T llu^ antlior- 
 lly given to Mr, William .\. Tweed Dale at the last meelinj; of 
 the 'I'nistees, by the rcsolutluii, a eopy of whieli was transniilted 
 10 Mr. Hall'. 
 
 A'l'.tixV'.ii', thai Mr. John farmer he authorized and refinesled 
 to take imnu'diate eliari^e of tlu' I.anca.sterian school until a 
 (inoriim ean he Ii.ad .'iiithori/cd to llx his eompensation ; :\nt\ ih.at 
 a ropy of this resolution he furnished to .Mr. l-'arnu-r, liy the see- 
 ntary. 
 
 I (eriify that the forejjoinv; resolution is truly eo|)ied from the 
 records of the t'liiversity of Miehii^an. 
 
 ('liven iiiuler my hand at Detroit, on the ihir<l day of Deecml>er, 
 A. D. 1821. 
 
 Ily order. CiiARLics C I'kowiikiih.i;, 
 
 On January 7, 1822, the Board of Trustees ;ip- 
 Ijoinli'd ;i committee of three, coiisistini;' of John R. 
 Williams, William Woodbrid^^c, and Ch.arles Larned, 
 to superintend the classical ;ind l.;inc;isterian schools 
 and to prescribe and enforce rules for their i^overn- 
 nient. 
 
 On J.muary 14. 1822, on motion of Mr. John 
 Hunt, it was 
 
 AVWrr^/, that Mr. John Karmer he allowed the sum of live 
 hiindreil (lidlars per year for his services as teacher of the l.an- 
 casterian school, to ciunm^'uce with the loth day of I)ecenilur, 
 1S21, 
 
 and on the s.ame day he was authorized .and re- 
 (incsled to collect all sums due for tuition in the 
 school. 
 
 In 1S22 there were two hundred students. Lucius 
 Lyon .ictini;' as assistant teacher. As \):i\)vr was 
 scarce and dear at this time, the schol.ars were 
 taught to write by tr.aciiii^ the letters in ;i bo.x of 
 (lamp sand. Medals were aw.irded for jj^ood schol- 
 arship, .and this Last practice was continued as late 
 .IS 1825. 
 
 On J.anuary 26, 1824. Mr. Karmer resigned, in 
 order to env;age in other eniployiiKMit, and it was 
 
 AVWrW, that in c.inseipien..' of his resignation a eoininitl..' 
 Ill' appointed to take inlo consideration Ih.' situation of tlie 
 Academy .and lo report thereon ; and also wh.it steps iiiii;ht to lu' 
 taken in order to supply the vacancy. 
 
 M.ijor Rowland and Peter J. Desnoyers were 
 ■ippointed a committee, and in October, 1824, Mr. 
 1'.. Shep.ard, ]iresum;ibly enjji'.med by them, w;is 
 ii'.uhinv; the prim.iry dep.irlment. He continued 
 until December, 1825, or later, and was probably 
 
 the last prim.ary teacher ;i|ipoiiitcd and p.aid by the 
 trustees, 
 
 Tlu' buildinir after 1827 was (.(ninted for school 
 use free of rent, or for a nomin.il sum to such per- 
 sons ;is were deemed competent teachers. At the 
 Last meetini,'- of the tru.stees, held on May 18, 1837, 
 they |-);issed ;i resolution askinii; the Kejj;ents of the 
 new university, located at Ann .\rbor, to est.ablish a 
 br.aiich .at Detroit, .and tendered the buildinv; for 
 that purpose. 
 
 The l)e;;innin^;s of the uni\'ersity ;it Ann Arbor, 
 aiul of the Detroit br.aneh, were ;is follows: 
 
 At the first session of ti.e .State Legislature, in 
 the summer of (836, Rew John I). I'ierce w.as .ap- 
 pointed Superintendent of Public Instruction, .and 
 .an Act w.as |iassed July 26, 1836, instructiiiv;- him 
 to prep.are ;i pl.in for a system of common schools, 
 and for .a univ(.'rsity with its branches. In tlie pre- 
 liminary work of ori;.aniz.itio:i Kev. S.amiiel New- 
 berry, of White Pi.t,^eon, father of Mrs. John J. 
 liaijjley, rendered v.alu.ible service, , and on .March 18, 
 1837, a i.aw w.as ,appro\ed ors^.ani/.in).,^ and est.ablish- 
 ini^- the St.ite I'liiwrsity. Its ,i;()vernnient w.as vested 
 in a ISo.ard of Re.i.;ents, to be apiiointed by tlu' \:;ov- 
 ernor .and sen.ate. It w.as made their duty to estab- 
 lish not only the uni\-ersity, but .also such br.anches 
 thereof in the different parts of the St.ate as the 
 LeiL^islature mii;iit authorize. A further Act, ap- 
 proval ALarcli 20, 1837, located the university .at 
 Ann Arbor, on a site of forty acres to be don.ated 
 to the State for this purpose. 
 
 At a meetiiiiir of the reijents on November 14, 
 
 1837, Dr. K. C. Ciibson, of Monroe, as agent of the 
 uni\i'rsity, reported in lav;)r of .a branch at Detroit, 
 .and on NovembtT r8 the jiroposition of the trustees 
 of the old university w.as recei\fd. On the s.ame 
 d.ay -Mr. Wilkins olfered the followiniLj resolution: 
 
 Kisc/Ti'if, that Chancellor t'arnsworth and Dr. I'itcher he, and 
 they .are hereby authorized to confer with and receive from the 
 I'resident /)■<> iew. of the Hoard of Trustees of the University 
 of Michii;an in lielialf of the Kei,'ents of the University of 
 Michixan the lease of the Academy lot in tlie city of Di-lroit, 
 and th.it the conimitlie on I'.ranelns immediately thereafter pro- 
 ceed tt) orK.'inize a branch of the University in the city of I )etroit. 
 
 At a subsequent meeting' of the regents $8,000 
 was .appropriated to the support of the br.inches, 
 and each br.aneh was to receive $500 towards the 
 support of a teacher ; also a proportionate amoimt 
 of the $8,000 according to the number of their 
 pujiils. 
 
 On J.anu.arjf 10, 1838, the following Board of Visi- 
 tors for Detroit branch w.as .aiiiiointed : J. Kearsley, 
 C. C. Trowbridge, B. V. 11. Witherell, Peter Morey, 
 .and Charles Mor.aii, with John Owen as treasurer. 
 The buikling for the Detroit liraneh reciuired many 
 reii.airs, .aiul was not re.idy for use until June 20, 
 
 1838. it was then opened for boys only, with one 
 
■3-^ 
 
 CoMMl-.kClAI. CoI.I.l'.C.KS. 
 
 lin'iicipal ami (Hif assistant. I'mir tmns a year iiiilUc of the ri'j^uiils prcsciUcd a I'cpori rccommcnd- 
 
 wrrc |)|-n\iiliil for. 'I'lir price nf iiiitinii was Si'^5'J in,^' tliat, on aceonnl of their inai)ility to pi'o\i(le the 
 
 a year, or iJjaxj a U'rni. means, no fiirliier appropriations shotihi i>e made 
 
 Till' first |nil)lic examination was iuld on 'I'lK'sday for hraneh schools. The re])ort w.as .-idopted, i>iii 
 
 and Wediiesd.'iy, Aiij,uist l.| and 15, i^^j^'^. as one of the teachers claimed to h;i\e heeii ;ip- 
 
 On Janii;iry 9, 1839, the C'oinmitiee on I'lranches |)ointed for an iiiKxpired term riinniniL; till < 'ctoljiT 
 
 was authorized to employ .an additional .assist.ini for 7, 1S42, the Detroit Ilraneh was maintained until 
 
 the prinii|),il at Detmit .it ,1 s.il.iry not exceedin'.^- 
 §600. Rev. C. W. I'itch w.is the tirsi priiici|).il, 
 eommenciiii^- in iSjS and eontiiniin^ luilii .\a,^iist, 
 1S41. lie received Si,5(X) a year, and the first assis- 
 tant $Soo. .Ml'. I'ilch \\,is succeeded bv Ke\'. M. 
 
 th.al time. 
 
 In 1.S44 the lio.'ird of I'.ducaiion hem'.in iisinq- the 
 huildiiii^ fiM' school piii'poscs, ;ind continued its us( 
 until the f.ill of i,S5,S. 
 
 In 1858 the ^'o^ln,l; Men's Society claimed llie lot, 
 
 GOLUS.MITII, IiKV.ANT, iV SlK.MKiN lUslNlCS'; UnIVI-KsITV, '.nl Til WliS P LOHNIiH OK 
 
 (iKisUdi.i) Siici-iicr AM' 1,A1A\ I- riK A\i;scK. 
 
 iMeii;s. The assist.ant te.iehers were : 1838, \V. A. 
 ISissell; 1839, Andrew I I.irvie ; 1840 and 1841, W. 
 A. Ilow.ird; 1842, K. C. Walker, W. Cray, W. J. 
 IJaxter. ,-111(1 1".. I.oiindsheiTy. In J.mu.ary, 1839, 
 there were forty ]nipils, and a report of the Com- 
 mittee on lir.inches, in.uli- December 18, 1839, 
 shows tli.it there wore two tearhers, and that the 
 attend.ince li.ad been, for the 
 
 First term, 59; second. 3^) ; third, 28, 
 In 1840 the attendance was : First term, 25 ; .sec- 
 ond, 21 ; third and fourth, 25 each. 
 
 On J.inii.iry 8, 1841, the rei;ents decided to pr.ant 
 only S500 ]ier year to Detroit ilr.inch in .addition to 
 the tuition fees. In Aimust of this ye.ir there were 
 only twenty-fom* pupils, and on Aui^ust 19 ;i com- 
 
 and on November 9 hel,^^n to tear down the biiild- 
 in,^,^ ;ind in its fortieth year the biiildini;- was 
 removed. 
 
 C.OMMI'.RCIAT, COI.l.KOES. 
 
 These institutions in Detroit date from 1848, 
 when Uriah dre^^ory opened his school in the old 
 Odd Fellows' Hall on Wdodw.ini Avenue. It con- 
 tinued for ten years. 
 
 In the fall of 1854 W. D. Cochrane opened .1 
 simil.ir institution in the W.aterman Fdoek, on llv 
 corner of Woodward Avenue and Larned .Street, 
 and it was lari^^cly patronized. Op November 2S, 
 1.^37, it w.as .sold to r.ry.int X: Str.itton, and meri;iil 
 with their school. J. II. C.oldsmith was manager, 
 
MKDICAL C(M.i.i;(;i;.s. 
 
 
 claimed llir lot. 
 
 ;ks. 
 
 ]ato from 1S4S. 
 (IkioI in llic oM 
 \vi'iuic. It con- 
 
 aiul aflrr Marcli i, 1867, sdk: ]iroi)ri< toi'. In 1SS2 
 ihc srJKidl had fnur UmcIuts, and an as'crai^r of 
 from two to tlircc luindn-d sUidrnts. in uSAo ii 
 was movt'd from WaU'rnian Illock lo ihv fourtli 
 story of Mrrrill I'llcnk; in Jainiary, i'S''i> to the Sfit/, 
 lluildiniij on ("iriswoid Street, and from tluri. to 
 Mi.iiianii''s I'.loik, in May, 1X75. < 'n April i, 1S.S2, 
 W. !'". Jewell, who iiad been eonneeted with ihe 
 (i)lk'i,;e for o\'er i'iv;hti'en years, bt'eanie the piineipal. 
 The college is nmv known as the (loklsniith, liryant, 
 v.\; Siraiton Kusiness University. 
 
 In 1S60 Ira Mayliew established a conmienial 
 eollei;c at vMbion, and in Se|Heniber. I.S66, tr.ms- 
 ferreil it to Detroit, corner of Randolph and C'on- 
 i^ress Strei'ts. On the eonipletion nf the new Hoard 
 (if Trade linildini;' in janiiar)-, l.S7(), the eollei^e oe- 
 eupied I'ooms in the up|)er story. In the smnnier of 
 i8Sj he sold the eolleiiic to Messrs. S|)encer, i'ellon, 
 Loomis, i.\: Company, .and in De'cember of that year 
 they had seven teachers and uj scholars. 
 
 MKDICAr, Cc^I.I.KC.r.S. 
 
 Dtlfoit Medical Coll, i^c. 
 
 The. exceptional facilities possessed by the city for 
 clinical i;istruction by reason of the severrd hospii.ils 
 here loe.iled, ;iiul the nnniber (jf cases th.it a l.ii\!L;e 
 city n;itiirally allorils, snvjxcsted the desir.ibility of 
 Idc.'itinv;' ;i medie.al eti||e,v;e in Detroit. 
 
 Arcordini^ly. on M.iy 18, i,S6S, the Detroit Medi- 
 cal Colk'nu was or).;,inized. It w.is opened for the 
 reception of ^tlnk■nts on I'"el)rii;iry 2, iS'k;, in one of 
 the^ I I,ir|)i'r Hospital buildin.v;s, which h.id been 
 litted tip for the purpose. In 1882 the Irnstees pnr- 
 chased the |)roperty of the N'oini^' Men's Christian 
 Assciiiation, on I'arnier Street, between Monroe and 
 Cr.itiol .Avenues, and un September 12, i88j, the 
 (•ollei,fe w.'is ojiened in its new location. 
 
 A free dispens.ary is ni.iinlained, where from 
 twenty to one hundred pei^ons .are treated tiaily. 
 The nnmbi'r of students i^radu.ited for cicli ye.ir 
 since the opeiiiii;;' o*^ the colle);i is as follows : i86(;, 
 j,5; 1870,34: 1871, 2y; 1872,22; 1873, 14; 1874, 
 21; 1875,25; 1876, 29; 1877, 30; 1878,20; 1871^, 
 ;u; 1880, ij \ 1881, 27; 1882, II ; 1883, 13. 
 
 The trusti'cs .and f.ieuliy in 1883 were as follows : 
 Trustees: II. I'. Daldw in, president ; A. C. MeCir.aw, 
 vice-i)resuient; I'hilo r.irsons, secret.iry ; Willi.im 
 A. lUitler, treasurer: .All.m Shekleii, C. li. liuhl, 
 t . \',in Ilns.in, John Owen, Ilirain Walker, Win. Ii. 
 Wesson. Theodore .\. .Mctiraw, Cicorxe S. Frost, 
 M. S. Smith, Win. A. Moore, I". I.. sJiurly, Alex, 
 t'liapoion, II. o. W.ilker, .ind I".. 'T. liarnum. 
 laeuliy: Theodore ,\. MeC.nwv, M. D., president. 
 I'rofessor of Trinciples .and Practice of Sniv;ery .and 
 t linic.il Stiri;ery; N. W. Webber, M. D.. I'rofessor 
 of Cynccology and Obstetrics; II. O. Walker, .M. U., 
 
 I'rolessor of Orthopedic Su|•^ery, Cienito-Urin;iry 
 
 Diseases, , and Clinicil Surv;erv ; \'.. I.. ShurK'. M.I).. 
 I'rofessor of I,.iryn]L;()loi.;y .and Clinical Medicine; 
 J. Ii. Carstens, M. D.. I'rofessor tif ( )bstetrics and 
 Clinical ( iynecolo!.;y ; J. C. Johnson, M. 1)., I'ro- 
 fessoi' of Dise.ases of the .Mind and Xer\()U.s Svstein; 
 .\. v.. Cirrit'r, M. D., i'rofessor of .An.itomy and 
 l)crm;itoloi;y ; Miivjene Smith, M. D., Professor 
 of ( )phtli,ilino|oi;y .and < >toloi;v ; T!. .A. Ch.ipoton, 
 M. D.. Professor of Principles and j'r.ictiee of 
 Medicine; I ),i\ id Inch's. .M. I )., Professor of Prin- 
 ciples ,and Pr.ictice of Meilieine ; 'Thom.as N. 
 Revnolds. M. I )., Profi-ssor of M.ateria Medic.a .■':, ' 
 'Ther.apeiiiics .and of Clinical Medicine; J. \\ . 
 Rol>ertson, M. 1)., Leeturir en L.irvimolo^y and 
 i'hysi'.al l)iai.;nosis; Ch.ailes C. Jennini;s, M. I)., 
 Lecturer on Chemistrv .and Disi'ases of Children; 
 U. \V. ( iweii. M. I)., Lecturer on PhysioloL^y and 
 Cur.atcjr of Miiseuni; V . W. Ilrown, M. 1).. I.ic- 
 ttirer on llistolov;y ,and .Mici'oscopy ; .\. V . Moke, 
 M. I)., Instructor in Obstetrics; John lloice. M. I )., 
 Instructor of Minor Snidery; R. .\. Jamieson, M.I),, 
 Instructor of (.'linic.il Medicine; .\. .S. I'.irker, I'h.C, 
 Instructor in Pli.arin.acv ; .Albert C.iinp.iu, M. I )., 
 Director of Clinical a' Si. .Marv's Ilospii.il Dis- 
 peiisarv ; M. K. Ross, M. D., Instructor in (. hcni- 
 isir\-; I., v.. Maire. ^L D., Instructor in M.ileri.a 
 .Medici. 
 
 Miiliii:;an L'lilln^r of Miulicine. 
 
 'This colle,i;i' was oii;ani/.ed in June, 1879, incor- 
 ])orate(l October 24, .and first opeiu'd Novi'tnber 17 
 of the s.ame year. It is located on the southeast 
 corner of St. .Antoine Stri'ct and Cratiot Avenue. 
 Twenty-eiyht students gradu.iled in 1881, twenty in 
 1882, and twenty-eii^ht in 1883. 
 
 A work of re.il phil.nithropy was in.aiiijnr.ated by 
 this collei^e in the e(|tii|)ment of a \ery complete 
 .ambiil.ince, fn'c to the public for .all einer;.;encies, 
 which has bei'ii a boon to many a person sud- 
 denly wcjLiiided t)r taken sick. 'The ambulanie was 
 |)ut in commission on .\ni;nst 2';. 1881. 'There is 
 also a free disi)eiis.iry connected w uli the institution 
 at which ten tlious.and ]),aticnts were tre.atid durini;' 
 the ye.ir eiuliiii; M.iy I, 1882. ,A hospital dep.arl- 
 iiuiil conneclec! with the collei;e has accomnuxla- 
 tiuiLs fur thirty patients, and is generally full. 
 
 'Till' f.arulty of this collei;e, as well .-is of the De- 
 troit Medical College, serve without p.iy, ;ii;d it is 
 concedeil by those best (lualitied to judv;e tli.at in 
 their corps of instructors, course of study, and .ijtn- 
 eral management, these colleges have exceptional 
 .advrmtages. 
 
 'The trtistces .and faculty in'i8S3 were as follows: 
 Trustees: Sidney D. Miller, i)resideiit ; Wm. 15. 
 Moran. sei retary ; Luther S. 'i'rowl)ridi;e, treasurer; 
 Henry F. Lyster, Charles J. Lundy, Wm. C. May- 
 
734 
 
 Mi:i)iLAL coi.ij-:c;es. 
 
 \n\vy. Will. C. (inslin, Win. C. Williams, 'riinmas 
 liiTry, William l''(iNi'n, ( 'ii'orni.' Ilciulrii', l)i,i;by \'. 
 IScll, JaiiK'.s J!iiri;c-ss liook, Richard II. l''yff, aiul 
 Janus M. Welch. 
 
 I'acully: Henry K. I.yslcr, .M. 1)., prcsidLiU, I'ro- 
 fcssor of I'riiiciplcs and I'raclicc of .Medicine, and 
 Clinical Diseases of the Chest; Wm. llroilie, .M. 1)., 
 Professor of Clinical Medicine; James lUir^css 
 r.ook, M. 1)., i'ldfessor of I'riiuiples and Practice 
 of Surj^cry and Cl'nical Surgery; Wm. C. Custin, 
 
 fessor of Di.seases of the Mye, I'lar, and 'I'hroat ; 
 Wm. C. .Ma\l)iiry, i\l. A., Professor of Medical 
 Jurisprudence; C. A. Devendorf, M. 1)., Pro- 
 fessor of Clinical Obstetrics and the Puer|HMal 
 Diseases; li.il C. Wyman, M. 1)., Profes.sor of 
 Physiology and I' >ioloi;y; Duncan Mcl.eod, .M. D,, 
 Professor of .M.iieria .Me(hia and 'I'lHraixutics ; 
 James D. Munson, .M. I)., Lecturtr on Diseases 
 of the Nervous .System; F. W. Owen. M. D„ 
 and W. N. .Mereditii, M. D., Demon.strators of 
 
 MhHICW (.'()[. 1. hi, !■: (I|- .MuDlelNK, sue lllKASr (IIKNEU O!' Sr. A.NlillNi; amj 
 CATIIAUI.Nli SlEJIilirS. 
 
 M. D., lYofessor of Obstetrics, Clinical Midwifery, 
 and Clinical Diseases of Chikhvn ; Daniel Pa I'"erte, 
 M. D., secretary, Professor of /\natomy, Orthoi)edic 
 Surv^ery, and Clinical Surgery; C. Ili'iiri Peonard, 
 M. I)., Professor of Medical and .Surgical Diseases 
 of Women and Clinical Ciynecoloj^y ; Chark'S I)(ni,n- 
 ias, M. 1)., Professor of Diseases of Children ;uid 
 Clinical Medicine; J. V.. Clark, M. D., Professor of 
 Cii'iieral Chemistry and Physics; Charles C. N'emans, 
 M. D., Professor of C.enito-l'rinary Diseases and 
 Diseases of the Skin; Charles J. Lundy, M. D., Pro- 
 
 Anatomy; Thomas N. Reynolds, Inslructor of 
 Microsco|)y. 
 
 ])ttroit Hoiiuropatliic CoZ/r^c. 
 
 An institution desij^nated by the above name was 
 opened in March, I1S72, with I'. .\. Sprantjer, M. D., 
 as presitlent, .and I''.. R. I'lllis, M. 1)., as .secretary. 
 Its sessions were held in the Coyl liiiildinx, fai'in;;' 
 the Campus Martins. It was discontiiiuetl in I'"eb- 
 ru.iry, 1875. Durinj.^ its existence it graduated 
 eii^hty students. 
 
.r, ami Throat ; 
 
 lor of Mi'(li( al 
 
 M. 1).. I'ro- 
 
 llic l'iRTi)i'ial 
 K, I'roft'ssor (li 
 McLcod, M.l).. 
 1 'I'lR'i'aiH'iilifs ; 
 el' oil Diseases 
 
 Owiii, M. 1)., 
 jinonstrators ol 
 
 \ 
 
 Inslriiclor of 
 
 above name was 
 Spian.nor, M. D-. 
 I)., as secretary, 
 i'.iildin.i;, faein;4 
 )ntiiuietl ill Kei)- 
 je it gradualeii 
 
 CHAPTER LXXV. 
 
 THE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS. - TI IlC liOAKI) oi' IlUUCATlON, ITS SCHOOLS AND 
 
 ITS MANA(;i;.\n:\i'. 
 
 FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 Tine precursor of all coninion schools in tliis 
 ivi;ion was a provision of tiie ordinance of 1787, 
 w iiicli declared tiiat " religion, nioraiity, and i<no\\i- 
 ediL^e beini^ necessary to i^ootl i^overnnient and the 
 hai)piiiess of mankind, scIkkjIs and the means of 
 education sliail be forever encouraj;eil." 
 
 In Mar<-h, 1S02. the inliabitants of tiie County of 
 Wayne souyht encouraj^enient from Conj^ress, aiul 
 ill petitioninvr that body asked anionij other tliiiiiLis 
 for one or more townships of laiul for the purpose 
 of erectinj,^ or endowintr an academy, and on 
 M.irch 26, 1804, the Covernment directed that Sec- 
 tion 16 of tiie pulilic lands in every township be 
 reserved for and appropriated to educational pur- 
 poses. This law laid tiie foundation for tlie iiriniary 
 school fund of the State, the fund at interest beiiit( 
 derived from tiie sales of land thus reserved. 
 
 I'osbibly with the belief that "the better the day, 
 the better the deed," on Sunday, February 26, 1809, 
 Judye Witherell presented, and the Ciovernor and 
 Judges, sitting as a Legislature, passed ".\n .\ct 
 concerning .Schools." It provided that the over- 
 seers of the poor should divide tlieir districts into 
 school districts and act as trustees of the same. 
 Judges of District Courts were to appropriate not 
 exceeding four dollars or less than two dollars for 
 e;icli child bctweeil four and eighteen, the amounts 
 to be collected the same as other taxes, and depos- 
 ited in the district treasury. Reports as to the 
 luiiiiber of children antl the number of weeks school 
 was kept were to be made yearly, and no m<mev 
 was to be paid e.xeept to districts that erected 
 .school-houses or maintained schools. There i., no 
 evidence that any schools were established under 
 this .\ct. 
 
 By Act of yVpril 12, 1827, each, township was 
 authorized to determine by a two-thirds \-ote whether 
 it would maintain township schools, and if so a 
 "grammar schoolmaster of good morals" was to 
 he obtainetl, and a township with fifty families was 
 to have a school for an amount of time ecjual to six 
 iiiontlis in a year ; in one of a hundred families, 
 tuition e(|ual to twelve months was retiuired. Town- 
 ships of one hundred and fifty families were to have 
 two teachers, and those of two hundred families 
 
 two teachers and two .schools ; the scliools in each 
 township to be in charge of not more than tlvecom- 
 uiissioners. 
 
 Under this Act a teacher wassc:ured for Detroit, 
 and on M;iy 28, 1827, the trusties of the old uni- 
 versity directed that " Mr, Cook, the te.iclier of the 
 common school " be put in ])osse.ssioii of a room in 
 the academy, Mr. Cook died soon after, ami on 
 July 26 the trustees " resolved th.at 'he School Com- 
 missioners be authorized to take immediati: inci- 
 sures for the procurement of a teacher of the coni- 
 nion school." 
 
 On November 5, 1829, the Legislative Council 
 made further prosision for common schools in the 
 Territory, but exj^ressly exempted Detroit from the 
 operations of the Act. 
 
 On .April 28, 1830, ".Mr. Coiiant, Chairman of a 
 committee appointed at a meeting of the citizens, 
 applied to the L'niversity Trustees for leave to 
 occupy a room in the At;ademy for a common 
 school." On April 4, 1831, Shubael Conant, Julius 
 ICldretl, Jeremiah Moors, Jerry Dean, and Shadrach 
 (iillett were elected Commissioners of Common 
 Schools, and at a meeting of the trustees of the 
 university, hekl on May 10, 1831, on motion of 
 Major IJiddle, it was 
 
 AVi.'/m/, llial the iisu of Uio Aciidcmy l)c grmULcl to tlic- Direc- 
 tors of Common Schook of Uic City of Detroit imlil tlic building 
 be required forotlier purposes by tlie Trustees of tlie University 
 of Micliig.iii, of wliieh one year's nntii-e sliall l)e given to the 
 said Directors, on condition that tlie said Direitors do repair said 
 building and at al! times during iheir occupancy sustain and 
 keep the s.inie in good lepaii at their expense. 
 
 In 1832 the. city was divided into two distrit ..s, 
 and a school taught by Charles Wells was opened 
 .May 21 in tlie academy. Charles Larned, S, 
 Conant, John Farrar, and 1'. Desnoyers were com- 
 missioners. 
 
 In this same year a mmiber of ladies formed a 
 Free School Society. The following notice, pub- 
 lisiied in December, 1S33, gives interesting p.trtieu- 
 lars concerning their schools. The notice .says : 
 
 It ca.jnot have escaped the observation of any citizen that in 
 our midst are many children who are growing: up not only in 
 poverty, but in ignorance. The object of our society is to take 
 these children and bring them under the culture and moral 
 restraint of a school. We have employed for the year past a 
 
 [7351 
 
THE FIRST COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 i:i'Mi|it li III liistnii III S-, .111(1 li.i\c' I iilli'i licl tui^iilii r iiiiili I lirr 
 not liir fiDiii 11 daily iivrniKi' "I liHy sclinliiis I lien- li.ur lucn 
 iioIi'SsiIkiii iiiif IiiiimImiI anil lilly imiiirs ii|m>ii tlir mil i.l ihr 
 scltoi'I since il.s (oMiiiK-iii rinciit. In aiMilioii tit $j ;j vvliicli llic 
 Siiciiily liiivr paiil III lliuir Inslniitir-i'i, cxiiiiuliil fur wond aiul 
 iitliiT incidi nia! i viiinsi^, \vc liavi: t-rn lud a |iliiin lull subsUmlial 
 s(liiinl-liiiii-;r al a rusi nf $|7s, Inwards llii- discliaw iif wliii-li 
 ilcbl llicy Ikuc |iaid ^isu, Kaviiix a lialaiii'i- i4 $i.s. 
 
 I ANh; M. I'M.MIIC, 
 Mauv S. Wkniiki.i., 
 
 /)/rr< fft-.sst-s. 
 
 The scliools wvrc kept for half a day. Tlic pupils, 
 children hcuvfeii four and ten yi-ars of anc, wcru 
 providi'd v.ith hoolxs and taii,:.;lit ;.;raUiilousl\'. On 
 Tuesdays and 'I'liursdavs tin- i^irls were tauv;lu 
 si'win,^'. The way in which funds were obtaiiu'd to 
 cai'iA' on the work is indicated in the following 
 ad\ertisenient ; 
 
 TDMAIO CATsri' 
 I'lL-liaicd liy lint Ladies I.l tin- lliUcil lice Se lli.ul Sin. iely, and 
 fur sale by iliiir apiininUiient by duzuii ur single bnllle al llic 
 btore it( 
 
 K. IllNliMAM. 
 S,-f'lcllll;-r :■/,, lSj2. 
 
 Another ad\ertisement was as follows: 
 
 A CAKli. 
 
 'I'lir l.adie-, (if llii- Dell-oil I'Vee SiIkihI Siiciety Would anniMinoc 
 to the inililii llial llicir annual sale or I'air will take plai c on 
 Wednesday evening of next week (17II1 iiisl.,) at Woodworlli's 
 I.on.i,' Room, Sleaniboal Hotel, bale lo Liiininence al six u'tlutk. 
 
 Dii 1 laiii', DcinlHy II, 1H34. 
 
 In 1836 the society maintaini'd two scliools, one 
 having in attendance one luiiulred and thirteen 
 children, two thirds of them boys. In [837 they 
 h.id three schools, with an attendance of two hun- 
 dred. 
 
 The ot'licers for 1837 were : Mrs. J. M. Howard, 
 president; Mrs. S. Ciillett, vice-iiresident ; Miss S. 
 K. Dwight, secretary, I',, !'. Hastings, treasurer. 
 
 Whik' these schools wert' in ojieration, on April i, 
 '^33' J- J- Hcming, J. Kearsley, ,\. S. I'orter, I'". 1'. 
 lirouning, and V.. !'. Hastings were electeil Com- 
 missioners of District Schools, but no evidence of 
 service has been found. 
 
 On /\i)ril 23, 1833, an Act was ajiprovcd which 
 niaile special |)rovision for common schools in De- 
 troit. The Act pro\-ided fnr the election, on a clay 
 in May to be appointed by the Common Council, of 
 si.\ commissioners, si.K ilirectors, and si.x ins|)ectors 
 of common .schools. They were to be <li\'ide(l into 
 three classes, the first class to be vacant on the first 
 Monilay in A|)ril, 1834, and two officers of each 
 kind were lo be chosin every year thereafter. The 
 commissioners were to (.lividc the city iiilo school 
 districts. 
 
 'i"he directors were to collect rates, call meetings 
 of Noiers, am! i)resent estimates ftjr schools. If the 
 majority consenteil, they were authorized lo piir- 
 cha.se sites, build houses, and raise taxes to pay for 
 
 the same. .\t the annual meeting in .\pril llie 
 '■oters were to decide on the amount lo be raised for 
 ihe sclinoling of iiu'' jeiil chikireii. Tin: directors 
 were to employ teat lu'is, who were to be p.iid so 
 much i>er month or (|iiarter lor each scholar, ,and 
 teachers were to keep a record (jf the number of 
 days each scholar attended, the statement lo be 
 verified by oath if rei|uircd. In the case of indi- 
 gent sclutlars, the teacher was to be |)aid only for 
 the actual time of tluir attendance, all ollu'rs were 
 to be ch.arged for one (juarter at least. Al the 
 I'.xpiralion of each <|uarUr the directors were to 
 make: an assessment roll of those who h.ad sent 
 scholars, llie luimber (jf days lo be paid for, and 
 the sum to be p.iid, .and wiM'e to determine which of 
 the scholars should be classed as indigent. 
 
 I'nder this Law the council set apart .May 31 as 
 the d.iy when the oflici'rs should be elected. No 
 record can be found of such an election, or of any 
 increase in educational facilities. 
 
 In December, 1S33, at a public meeting of ciii- 
 zens, .Mr. Kearsley stated that there was not a single 
 common school in which boys could acciuire the 
 ordinary branches of education. 
 
 I''our years later, in January, 1837, the Stati; was 
 admitted to the Union, and al the same time 
 1,067,397 acres of land were granted to the Slate 
 for public schools. On March 20 ,a Cicneral School 
 Law was i)assed, and in A|)ril, 1837, Chaiks Wells, 
 C. W. Whipple, and C. .MoU Willi.ims were: elected 
 school inspectors. During this year more activity 
 was manifested in educational matters. A meeting 
 of gentlemen interesti'd was held ,it the Mccli.inics' 
 Institute, on Ocloljcr 11, 1837. John 1). I'ierce was 
 chosen chairman, and Ceorge Wilson, secretary, 
 and the following was adopted : 
 
 Rcsoh'fii^ lliat ;i eonveiilion of pnifessional teachers, and of 
 individuals liiiiidly to llie iiuiresis uf primary .scliools in llie 
 Stale of .Miclni.;aii, should be held in Detroit on Wednesday, 
 January j, iSj3. 
 
 A committee, consisting of Mes.srs. W. Hale, 
 John Owen, and Rev. V.. 'J"hi)mi)son, w.is appointed 
 lo investigate the state of pi'imary cduc.iiioii in 
 Detroit, lo ascertain the number of chiklreii actually 
 attending st:hool, anil the luiniber, of suitable age. 
 not attending school, and to report to the conven- 
 tion. 
 
 The convention met at the City Hall. K. I'. 
 Hastings was made president and John D. I'ierce 
 delivered an address. 
 
 The i^roposed convention and the in(|uiries insti- 
 tuted called public attention lo the f.icts, and on 
 December 2, 1837, the Common Council rciiuested 
 the city attorney to report wh.il ste])s were necessary 
 to organize schools under the Act of 1837. On 
 
; ill A|)ril llif 
 U) be raised for 
 
 'I'Ik: dircclors 
 i; lu i)c paid so 
 li sciiolar, and 
 liii: iuiiiil)rr of 
 laUiiKiil lo be 
 U' <asc of iiuli- 
 i- jiaid only for 
 all olluM's were 
 
 least. At the 
 ■(■elors were lo 
 
 who had sent 
 ic paid lor, aiul 
 .Tniiiie whieh of 
 ilii^x'iit, 
 
 pari May 31 as 
 )e elected. No 
 clion, or of any 
 
 meetings' "f 'i^'- 
 was not a siiiv;le 
 iild a(<|iiire the 
 
 7, the State was 
 
 ihe same lime 
 
 led lo ihe Stale 
 
 (ieiH'ral School 
 
 I, Charles Wells, 
 
 ns wiM'e i:lecled 
 
 more: activity 
 
 , A meetini; 
 
 the Mechanics' 
 
 I), fierce was 
 
 son, secretary. 
 
 il It-acluis, ;iii(l I'l' 
 
 iii.ny M.lioiils ill ill' 
 
 .il iJii W'ciliicMlay, 
 
 essrs. \V. Hale, 
 
 , wis appointed 
 
 ■y education in 
 
 hildreii actiialK 
 
 of suit.able ;i,!.;e. 
 
 lo ihe conven- 
 
 ly II, all. K. 1'. 
 John 1). I'ieiri' 
 
 e in<|iiiries insti- 
 le f.icls, and <iii 
 Hincil riiiuesled 
 s were necessary 
 ■L of 1837. On 
 
 TIIK KlUSr COMMON SCIlooI.S. 
 
 7^7 
 
 December 9 llie city attorney re|)orle(l that these 
 steps had been taken. 
 
 In .\pril, I1S37. inspectors were elected, who, after 
 l)ein)4 iK'arly nine months in ollice, nsoUt-d upon 
 ■ ictioii ; bnl the winter passed away and nolliin)^ was 
 accomplished. 
 
 Si.Mli I )istrict, all north of {..iriied Sireel, bciwet'ii 
 IJriish Street .tiid Mor.in I''.irm. 
 
 S(\'enili Uistriei, ail t-,isl of west line of Moraii 
 ■■'.ii'in. 
 
 Ill June llu- illspci tors issued te.ichers' cel'lilicites 
 io Cli.irlollc .S. Kam;. for I)istri(l No. j; to M.iri.ui 
 
 In /\i)ril, iMjcS, John I'armer, James I'". Joy, ;ind Titus, for No. 3; to .Mice Kuiniuy. for No. 4: lo 
 
 Henry Chipm.in were elected school ins|)c'Clors, Mr. James Stew.irt, for No. ;; ; ,iiid in July to .Mel\ in.i 
 
 l',i!nier \\;is m.ide chairman of the llo.uil, .iiid the A. llurlbut. for No. 6. Certilicates were , also issued 
 
 pro\isioiis of iIk: Sl.Ue l.,iw were, for the lirst lime, to Miss \'an lii,i;tn, J.uiies S. I>;iker, J. I'.. Witeher, 
 
 put in operation. On May 12, I1S3S, tlu' followinj.; (li-ori^e l'"ii'ld, and I'.. !•'. l.ocke. 
 census of ehildreii under fifteen years uf a,v;e was 'I'li.-it the (|uestion of sectirin:^- uniformity in 
 
 ireseiited lu and tiled by the board ; 
 
 
 j^' 
 
 5 „■, 
 
 ■n 
 
 •3 
 3 
 
 \V.\ui) I. 
 
 V 
 
 u \- 
 
 -^ 
 
 T) 
 
 
 a 
 
 -~ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 'ree while males 
 
 57 
 
 X7 
 
 144 
 
 (j 
 
 fem.tles 
 
 ■ 62 
 
 Si 
 
 143 
 
 
 :oi,ii 
 
 119 
 
 i6« 
 
 2S7 
 
 
 WaKIi 2. 
 
 
 
 
 rei 
 
 white in.iles 
 
 53 
 
 72 
 
 125 
 
 
 females 
 
 3^' 
 
 82 
 
 iiS 
 
 Toi.il 
 
 89 1 54 
 
 M3 
 
 school-books w,is, ,it tli,it time, ;i proper subjecl for 
 consideration is e\ideiiced by the f.ict th,il in Dis- 
 trict No. 4 iiliu-y's. I'.irley's, ,uid Smiih's Cicovjr.i- 
 phies wi're in use ; of .\rilhineiics there' w.is ,1 still 
 jLirealcr \;iriets-, .Ad.ims's, Smith's, (.'olburii's, I'ar- 
 ley's. ;iiid I'.merson's ;ill beinv; used in the same 
 school. ( )ilier books used were the Illemeiitary 
 
 6 Spellim; Hook, Child's Third Hook, Wilson's Class 
 Reader, Child's i-"irst ISook in History, and the New 
 Testament. 
 
 Ill 1838 schools wen- m.iinl.iiiud for three months 
 each in live of the districts, the leachi'rs rcceivini.f 
 from iwe'iity doll.irs to thirty dolLirs per month and 
 
 I bo.irdin^ themseKcs. 
 
 I^'ollowinir are ihe naines of ilirectors, with stalis- 
 
 ■ lies for 1838 : 
 
 6 
 
 Wakh ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ree while males 
 
 119 
 
 i::4 
 
 ::43 
 
 •4 
 
 females 
 
 100 
 
 '74 
 
 274 
 
 6 
 
 Ual 
 
 219 298 517 20 
 
 Wakii 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'ree while m.ales 
 
 179 
 
 229 
 
 408 
 
 
 females 
 
 '5' 
 
 ^3'-' 
 
 3X' 
 
 3 
 
 Total 
 
 330 
 
 459 
 
 789 
 
 3 
 
 Wakii 5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 lice white m;iles 
 
 270 
 
 3«5 
 
 ^'5S 
 
 20 
 
 females 
 
 287 
 
 yi^ 
 
 665 
 
 16 
 
 Hi-.!. |liri( liir. 
 
 1. A. Ilarlshorn, 
 
 2. James F.iirbaini, 
 
 3- 
 
 4. (;. I'. I'orler, 
 
 5. J. lle,iubiell, 
 
 6. I'. .\. Cicotle, 
 3 7. i;. V. II. Wilherell, 
 
 Total, 
 
 t'hilclrrn 111- Alti-Miliii« 
 Iwct-n 5 autl 17. scliiiol. 
 
 225 
 
 127 
 
 372 
 
 125 
 
 193 
 
 57 
 
 346 
 
 ^'5 
 
 299 
 
 60 
 
 245 
 
 30 
 
 417 
 
 43 
 
 2,097 
 
 507 
 
 olal 
 
 557 l^'l 'v^-o 3''> 
 
 On May 12, 1838, the city was divitled into seven 
 ■-I liool districts as follows: 
 
 I'irsl District, all south of Jefferson .Avenue, be- 
 tween lirush and Wavne Streets. 
 
 The locations of the schools weri' as follows ; 
 
 The school for District No. i w.as in ;in old two- 
 stor\ wooden buildiiiiK;, forty by eiv;lity leet, built on 
 piles, on the slioiX' of the river, on West Wood- 
 bridi^e .Street, just e.ist of the old Hoard of Tr.ide 
 Huiklintj. The lower part was used as .1 grocery, 
 the uppt.'r pari w.as lilted up for ihi' school, ;ind 
 reached by ;in outside stairw.iy. The buildinv; was 
 leased for lise ye.irs ;it one hundri'd dollars a year, 
 •and w.is occu|)ied until 1842. In 1838. the tlrst 
 
 Second District, ;ill south of L;if;iyelle Street, east ye.ar that the building- w.as oi cupied, \V. K. Coyl 
 i| Woodward .\veiuii'. 
 
 Third District, all north of Lafayette Slreet, west 
 il Woodward .Avenue. 
 
 I'ourih District, all north of Jefferson .\veniie, 
 !• tweeii I'lrush Street ,ind Woodward .Avenue. 
 
 I'ifth District, all south of l.ariied Street, between 
 I'lush Slreet and Muran Farm. 
 
 was assessor ;ind collector for the district. 
 
 'The school for District No. 4 was tau(L,dit by Rev. 
 C.eori;e Field in the basement of the I'irsl .Metho- 
 dist I'.piscop.al Church, on the northeast corner of 
 Woodward .Avenue and Conirress Street. 
 
 'The school fur Distriei N(j. 5 wastauKdit by James 
 Stewart. 
 
7;vS 
 
 Till': riKsr common schools.; 
 
 'I'lu' tcailur fill- I)islri<-t No. G, Miss llurlhiit. 
 t;iin;lil. s( liddl ai Ikt rcsiik'iict (in llic iiorllirast cor- 
 lUT of Jcll'irsoi) Aviiuif ami r«i'aiil)ii'ii Sticil. 
 
 Ill l)islrirl No. 7, §5(H) was i.iiscd in iS^S, to 
 build a mIiooI-Ikhisc. 'I'lic lirst iiioncy rccciNcd liy 
 liic city from tiiL- I'limary S( iiool l'"uiul was ohlaiiicd 
 ill 1X39. Tlic aiiioiiiit rictivid was $1,342.08, 
 W'iiicii, on I'rlmiaiy Ji, i83<^, the iiis|)cclors appur- 
 lioiicd as follows: 
 
 Uist. 
 
 ScIlnl.US. 
 
 Aini'tinl. 
 
 Kist. 
 
 S.Ik. 1,11s. 
 
 Anitiiinl. 
 
 I. 
 
 225 
 
 $i44.ix) 
 
 5- 
 
 2i;v 
 
 $191.36 
 
 '^ 
 
 V'- 
 
 238.08 
 
 6. 
 
 -45 
 
 1 5fi.8o 
 
 3- 
 
 ";3 
 
 '-3-5- 
 
 7- 
 
 4'7 
 
 260.88 
 
 4- 
 
 346 
 
 221.44 
 
 
 
 
 'riu; avcivim' was 
 sixty-four cciiis for 
 oacii of the 2.097 ciiil- 
 (Ircn ri|)orU'd iiy tho 
 school ( ciisiis. 
 
 In l'"cl)ruarv, teach- 
 ers' ccrlilicaics wi'rc 
 issiii'd to J. T. lilois, 
 Charles Chambers, 
 and kowley Morris, 
 aiitl linriii)^ the yt'ar 
 to John Winchell, 
 I.orcn/o Wood, C. C. 
 l\o:id,.ind I larrict M, 
 \'aii Ini^cn. ( )n .April 
 1 5 John {■■armer, A. 
 W". Ihicl.and Thomas 
 Ciiristian were elect- 
 ed school ins|)eetors, 
 Mr. rarmcrai;ain he- 
 comiiiv;' chairman of 
 'die board. 
 
 In 1839 schools were taught for six inonlhs in all 
 of the districts exci'pt the fourth, ,ind there the 
 .school w.is maintained foreivjht monthsand ninedays. 
 
 l'"ollowiii!Lj are the ii.imcs of the directors ami 
 moderators, and the statistics for 1839: 
 
 Cliililnn Ik- 
 
 1'"ik: 
 
 I I'll II 
 W. 
 
 Il-ll.li IV ,\ I' 
 
 .I-; S iKr !■ I . \ I 
 
 The ye.ir 1839 iil,ir!;ed .1 ureat increase of interest, 
 .'is is e\i(lent fitiin the reports of the amoimis \dled 
 and r.iised in the si\-er,il districts. District .\o. 1 
 \'oted $820, and receised from the inspectors $</j. 
 Distiiil No. 2 w.is .ississed $750 for si hool pnr- 
 |)oscs, $5ixj of this amount to build a school-house, 
 and ri'ceivcd $175 from thi' inspectors. District No. 
 3 rai.sed $8(hj, and reciived $123.52 from the inspec- 
 tors. District No. 4 raised $744, 61;, .ijipiopriated 
 $500 of it for a school-house, and rccei\t(l from the 
 inspectors .ti';3- District No. 5 voted $250. and 
 rccci\cd from the inspectors $ii;i.3'i. No report 
 (Mil be found from No. Ci : it pi'ob.iblv h.id no school, 
 I )isirict No, 7 voted $600, of w liicli $5(10 w.is to build 
 a house, and rcci'ivcd $2(iO,88 from the ins|)ectiirs. 
 
 The reiiort of the 
 Su pc I' i nlendcnl of 
 I'liblic Insti'uctiiin for 
 1831; shows ;i tot.il 
 of $3.42(') r.iised in 
 tile cilv to bnild four 
 houses and suppuri 
 schools, ;iiid thai the 
 directors received 
 $1,039,7(1 as primary 
 school money from 
 the inspectors. 
 
 The ri'port of the 
 treasnriT of the in- 
 spectors for 1839. 
 made March I 2, 1840, 
 shows tliJil the entire 
 amount of $1 ,342.0'!. 
 J'rimary School 1' und, 
 ai)|)r(ipriated by the 
 board in l^'cbruary, 
 1839, to the sevi'ial 
 districts, had passed throiiRb his hands, ;md also 
 that $854 W.IS received from the same fund fi'i' 
 1840. This amount was apportioned by the inspec- 
 tors. l'\'bruary 22, 1840, as follows: 
 
 t- I'l I.I.H* Si Mi 
 
 Siii- i.ii\'. 
 
 I list, niiiiioi-. 
 
 Muil.nil.ir. 
 
 ,\lti:iiliii>j 
 
 SlIllJlll. 
 
 1. A. Hartshorn, J. I'.ldred, 
 
 2. J. Owen, J. Palmer, 
 
 3. T. Christi.in, J. 11. Titus, 
 
 4. J. I'"arnier, 
 
 5. v.. Maiicrofl, A. De(iuin(lrc 
 
 6. I). Kreneh. 
 
 7. 11. 1 hillock, Robert Stuart 
 
 220 
 
 3^'3 
 185 
 
 412 
 
 234 
 214 
 
 35" 
 
 85 
 
 137 
 
 80 
 
 '55 
 
 «5 
 «5 
 60 
 
 Dist. 
 
 I. 
 2, 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 
 Total 
 
 St llnliltS, 
 
 185 
 412 
 
 AllH'tltll. 
 
 * 9^.3-' 
 
 '52.33 
 
 77.64 
 
 172.90 
 
 list. 
 
 Scliulais. 
 
 AiniiiiMi. 
 
 5- 
 
 234 
 
 $ 9«.'" 
 
 6. 
 
 214 
 
 8(;.Sl 
 
 7. 
 
 350 
 
 146.81S 
 
 8. 
 
 57 
 
 23.9 -' 
 
 
 2035 
 
 $854.00 
 
 In April, 1840, at the regular city election, John 
 ]'"aniier, S. H.irstow, and T. Christian were elected 
 A total of 687 white children attended these as inspectors, Mr. Farmer was continuetl as chair- 
 
 schools, and the school census showeil 2,138 chil- 
 dren between the aj.;es of live and stveiitccn. 
 
 A colori'd school, known ;is District No. 8, was 
 ist.iblishcd in 1839, but received no appropri.ttion 
 until 1840. 
 
 man. and ,ilso acted this year as treasurer of tin 
 bo.irti, ilirector of a district, and teacher of one ol 
 the schools, receiving; as teacher ii salary of $40 pei 
 month. The school was loc;it''d in the ri'.ar of hi-- 
 residence on Fanner Street, and aniuni;i: his piipih 
 
ISC (if iiiti rrst. 
 luiiimts VdUil 
 Disiriit Nn. I 
 ns|)ci't<ii>^ $<;>•• 
 r siliiml pur- 
 
 Sl l\(Mll-ll(lllSC. 
 
 ,. district No. 
 iim ilir inspi'i-- 
 
 appi'i'l'ii'i'*'' 
 civtil li<im iIh' 
 itcil S250, ami 
 /.. No rtpori 
 
 liad no school. 
 DO was 10 biiilil 
 ilic inspectors. 
 
 rcpoft of til'' 
 nulciHlcni ol 
 
 Insiniciinii l(ir 
 shows a tol.il 
 ,426 raised in 
 y to linilil four 
 s anil sni>iioii 
 Is, and lh.it th'- 
 tors received 
 1^.7(1 as primary 
 il money from 
 lispeclors. 
 r. report of the 
 ircr of tlie in- 
 lors for i<S.i9' 
 
 March 12. 1S40, 
 s th;it the entire 
 mt of Si..U--<J''' 
 [iry School Fund, 
 
 1 
 
 ri 
 
 )riatcil by iIh' 
 in I'l'bruary, 
 to the several 
 lands, and also 
 same fnnd for 
 1 by the inspie- 
 
 Sclii>Uirs. 
 
 Aiimiinl. 
 
 234 
 
 $ 9«--" 
 
 214 
 
 Si^Si 
 
 350 
 
 14^'.!^''^ 
 
 57 
 
 -3'V-" 
 
 2035 $«54"" 
 
 y clcelion. John 
 ian were elected 
 ilinued as chau- 
 treasurer of tin 
 cachcr of one ol 
 ■salary of $M> 1" ' 
 11 the re.ir of hi'- 
 moil};- lii^ pi'P''" 
 
 •nil: MKsr com.mon sci[()()I..s. 
 
 7M) 
 
 w.is Aiisim rinrlini.;,nne, afterw.ir<ls I'nited .States 
 Minisler to t'hin.i. 
 
 On J.inii.iry ^1, 1X40, ,1 teacher's ciTtilic.ite w,is 
 issued to William I'lulps, ,ind dnrinj; the year ecr- 
 lilicites Were issued to 1'.. I)iity, J.imcs 11. W'elliniL;, 
 llli/a I'oser, and John M. Das is. 
 
 'riic lot.il number of scholars ailcndinv;' the dis- 
 ■ lict schools this yiar w.is .S(>5, a .H'lin of 20^. The 
 leuiL^tli of tlu: school terms w.is determined in each 
 district by llu; amount of money in iis trcismy, 
 .uid as a consci|uenci> the se\i'ral distrii ts reported 
 sclloiil:. ,is kepi (ipen four, luc, six, se\en, se\'en 
 .Hid one h.ilf. ;md nine months ri'speclively. 
 
 In .iddiiion to the i'rimary School l'"und, the sum 
 (if SS25 w.is expended in the several ilislrit'ts, $425 
 (if which W.IS paid on ;i Ikiusc and lot for Disliid 
 No. 2; Sido for iinishin'.^ a buildin;^ fur .'i school in 
 |)istricl No. 7 ; the balance of !J;3(JO was ex|)ended 
 lur renl .ind rep.iirs. 
 
 The n. Miles of the district ollicers, and the slalis- 
 licsfor 1.S40, are as follows: 
 
 Mud. (.Ill 
 
 Cliildivii 
 
 ln-l\Vi 1 II 
 
 s and I 7. 
 
 Pisi. Iliiirtur. 
 
 1. 22U 
 
 2. J. ( )\ven. John I'.ilmcr. 331 
 
 3. 'I', (,'lirisiian. 2o<j 
 .[. J. I'.Lrmer. C J.icl<son. 406 
 
 5. J. W.ilson. 1'. 1 1. Sii.irns. kjS 
 
 6. I). l''rencli. J. Stcw.irl. 217 
 
 7. J.Winchell. j,\Vinchell. 455 
 
 •lot.il 
 
 21) ^6 
 
 .\lii iidiiu; 
 
 SlIl.M.I. 
 
 iJO 
 
 57 
 
 ■^4 
 
 156 
 
 70 
 
 -35 
 X95 
 
 The .amount of nionev .■iccrnim;- from the .State 
 I'rimary .School l-'imd conlinucd to decre.ise. ( )nly 
 S473.(^3 was recei\-ed in 1X41, but little more than 
 li.ilf ,is much ;is w.is rcceivi'd llu; ye.ir i>ri vioiis, .ind 
 the schools sulTcred accortlini;ly. The amount w.is 
 apportioned as follows : 
 
 lli^t. Sillid.lis, ;\llliillllt. 
 
 I. 220 !j;4(;..S2 
 
 2- jii 74.V5 
 
 3- 20(; 47.33 
 
 4- 4^^^ 91-93 
 
 1 list. 
 
 Sclinlais, 
 
 Ainoiiiil. 
 
 5- 
 
 '9S 
 
 844 .'"i 3 
 
 (>. 
 
 217 
 
 49- ' 3 
 
 7- 
 
 455 
 
 103.03 
 
 S. 
 
 57 
 
 12.(^1 
 
 Tol.'d 
 
 2.093 $473-93 
 
 On March 21), 1.S41, John l'"armer, Samuel li.ir- 
 stow, and Charles W. Williams were. I'lected siliool 
 iiispeciors. Mr. Farmer, for the fourth time, w.is 
 (lioseii ch.iirni.in. 
 
 Teaclu'is' lerlilicates were j.;r.iiUed to William 
 Merrill anil William I Imitiiv^ton. This year, by 
 l.iw of April 6, [)i'o\isi(in w.is m.ide .lulhori/.iin; the 
 (lectors of ;i township to r.iise a school tax of one 
 dollar for each child betwei'ii five .and seventeen 
 \cars of age. Schools were ke[)t in all the districts. 
 
 except nnmbi'i-^ 1 .indo, from three to nine moiilhs. 
 The ciiiire number of scholars and the .•iveiaj.fi; at- 
 tend. ukc was as follows ; 
 
 lii^l. CInldHM. Silu.l.iis. Itisl. Cliildnn. Sdiul.irs 
 
 '- 5- 237 30 
 
 2. 320 \(j7 6. 
 
 3. i(/) 54 7. 417 131 
 
 4. 401 205 8. iiS 70 
 
 The school in District \o. 7 was t.iiiji^ht by Wil- 
 li.iiii 1 limliiK^toii, who b(A;.in tcichini; about No- 
 Miiibci- 1, on .1 s.il.iry of Sio" 'i (|u.irter. This dis- 
 trict was the only one lli.it owned .1 school-house; 
 ihe money r.iised in 1X5(^10 build four housi's had 
 not been used, .and most of it w.is in possession of 
 the district otlicers .as Lite ;is . April, 1S42. Mr. Ilun- 
 linv^ton t.un;lit .ibotit two months, iiis school num- 
 berini^ one hundre(l ,ind lifly-Jive schol.irs ; the 
 l.iri;cst number prescni ,it .iiiv one time w.is eii.;hty. 
 .Most of them were sm.all children, twenty beiii); in 
 the alphabet cl.iss. With the tcrniin.ilion of Mr, 
 I luntinijlon's scrxices, district schools ce.ised in De- 
 troit. 
 
 Duriiij; these ye.irs the est.iblishment of ;i more 
 lhorout;h sysliMii of educition w.is felt .as .an increas- 
 inv( necessity, and on September 14, I1S41, the Com- 
 mon Council, on motion of Alderm.m I'iske, aj)- 
 poiiUed .1 committee, consist iiijir of /. I'itchci', mayor, 
 and .Aldermen I'iske .and Mor.in, to l.ike the school 
 system under consi(k;ralion and report upon the 
 possibility of devisinvj .1 more perfect system. This 
 committee reported to the (diincil on November 18 
 lh.it there were i,.S5c) children who oii^lit to be in 
 school ai least half the ye.ir ; th.it there were in the 
 citv twenty-se\en schools of all kinds, with 714 
 pupils, who were educated at a cost of §12.600 piT 
 .anniini, ;in .iver.i'.;e of SiS each. The committt'e 
 recommended tli.it the Common Council iietition 
 llu; Lenisl.ituie for jiowcr to r.iise money for the 
 support (if the schools by direct t.ax.ition, and to 
 p|-o\ide for .1 I'loard of I'.duc.ilion. The re|)(irl w.is 
 ordered prii;te(l, ,iud on November 23, i<S4i,was 
 taken up .111(1 re-committed, llu- city altoriu'y bein,i; 
 ailded to the committee. 
 
 At ;i mei.'tiiiv; of the council on J.mu.iry 4, 1842, 
 the committee reported, ;uk1 the mayor was tlu'ii, on 
 motion of Alderm.m Chitiendcn, re(|uested lo call a 
 meetinif of ciii/.i-ns to consider the propriety of jjeli-- 
 tioninu; for .authority to I'st.iblish free schools. The 
 meeting was held on J.inuary 12, 1.S42, and on 
 motion of .S. Ilarstow, it was resoKed to .seek 
 .authority to r.iisi- ;i tax, not exei'edinif one fourth of 
 one \ivv ((lit on the assessed valuation of property, 
 for t'l' ..upport of free schools; also for jiower lo 
 elect ) |)ersons from each ward as a school com- 
 niitiee, or Board of Education, with power to 
 
740 
 
 THE HOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 appoint icactn-Ts and proviilc for the niana,v{i.'nu'nt 
 of srliools. 
 
 The ri.-soliitii)iis wi'iv disciisseil l)y J, R. Williams, 
 Z. I'itiiicr, v.. V. Ila.stin,v;s, John I'arnicr, ami A. T. 
 McKcyiiolds, and iIkii adoptid. On January i8, 
 1S42, the roiimil a|)p()int(.d a conimitu-c of three, 
 eonsistinir of Aiilernien l>a,ni(, (iooilinij, and Cicolte, 
 to present the subject to tiie l.e,i;islature. 
 
 The proposed taxation and liie new methods 
 recommeniled tlid not meet the appro\al of all the 
 citizens, and in order to remove tiieir objections and 
 to inllucneu tiie I.eviislature, a i)ublii' meetiiijj was 
 held at the City Hall on February 7, 1842. The 
 followinif notice waii posted about the city previous 
 to the meeting : 
 
 I'ici' I-; Kni'CATiDN. 
 
 liitilliK' ""■ f'lr llu' |><»ir I (|ii;illy wiUi llii' rii h. Tlu' liuiuKi'f 
 free uiliicatiuii and all otIin'N .irc iiivititl ti> iiutl al tliu lily Hall. 
 Let every tiiaci wliu is in lavur nf free rdiicalioii turii iivit I liiul- 
 li.iieiice ami Liberty iiuisl gu hand in liaiid. 
 
 M \NV (.'ni/i'Ns. 
 
 'I'his meetini^ was produciivL of i^ood, and many 
 doubtful ones were persuaded to favcjr the proposed 
 schools. 
 
 TIIK HO.VUI) Ol' KIU'C.A ri(i\. IIS SCHOOLS AND 
 IIS M ANAi.KMKN r. 
 
 This board was providcil fur by Act of l'"ei)ruary 
 l(S, I1S42. TwcKe insi)eciors were to be elected, 
 two from each ward, and were to have control of 
 the i>ul)lic schools of the city. They were duly 
 clecteil, and the bo;ird org;ini/,ed, and the followinj^ 
 ailverti.semenl soon ap])eared : 
 
 Notice is hereby niveii that I'ree Selumls, under the Itiiard cif 
 Kdncatiiin, will bu opened nn Mcinday, ^Lly 16, i84.>, ii\ the I'irst 
 and Sixth Vv'ards. Miss Sarah M. Standisli in ehar>;c' .if SIniIi 
 Ward School, .Miss Diantha llmvland of Kirsi Ward. The 
 schools will be free to all children within the res|)ective w.ird-. 
 Apiilicutions for admission may be made to the nndersiHned. 
 
 Jrsris LscKksiirr., 
 Wll.i.I \M 1' A rriiKsuN, 
 
 \V. K. SoiAK.Ns. 
 
 The followiiiir aildilional notice appeared sotjn 
 afterwards : 
 
 Notice is hereby jjiven that Primary Schools inider the Hoard 
 
 of Kducalion of the City of Detroit will be opened .Monday, May 
 
 2j, iS-tJ, in the Second, Third, and l-'uurth Wards. .\ school in 
 
 the I'ifth Ward will be opened as soon as a suitable room can be 
 
 obtained. 
 
 John S. .ViiiuiEi', .S'<v'_c 
 
 The members of the board were eneriretic, and 
 on November i middle schools were opened with 
 five hundred scholars, and jirovitled with male 
 teachers, who were paid $3" per month; the lady 
 teachers for primaries were paid .$i8 per month. 
 
 The results of the first year's efforts are indicated 
 in the followinir extract from an editorial in The 
 Detroit Clazette : 
 
 11(1 \M) III-- KdI'i \rioN AMI Dl:ll<o|l Si llool.s. 
 
 Thisboaid H.is estublislied by a l.iw ol i hi! last M'wtion of the 
 Le>{islatnre, and, as nstuil with most (e.iinriH of l,e>{i.'<lation |or 
 the pnbllc K'><>'li >net with opposition, 'llu- excellent i lioice made 
 by oiir citi/iiis, howevir, of Inspi c torn, iiiid the l)old and lU cisiM- 
 measures adopted by them, on their first orKani/ation, had the 
 elfict to m. ike till' opposition to ihi^ proposed system fidler and 
 hisitalein tin ir moviinents. The Primary schools wee open for 
 si. \ month sin till' si.n sever.d wards for the younger class of scholars, 
 and the immediate tonseipieilce was the cliariu),' of our avenues, 
 streets and lanes of ra>;K'e(l, tillhy chlldnii, eimaK'cil iti every 
 species of mischiel, and j;rowinj^ up the pupils of depravity and 
 crime. The second view prisented tliu same children cleanly 
 clad, inmates of school rooms, and the tliiril I'.xhibitcd tluniin 
 connection with children of what is termed the bitter classes of 
 society, contending for superiority, and liimlly the schools for the 
 summer closed with universal siilisfaction. I'he middle orwinter 
 schools are now in successful operation. 
 
 There are si.\ of these est.iblishmcnts one in I'ai h ward pro- 
 videil with excellent leaclu-rs, comfortable rooms, and every tlnn,< 
 a p.irent can desire, and all free. 
 
 On May 12, 18.^2, the board atlopicd the follow- 
 ini; list of books to be used in the primary schools : 
 Webster's S|)elliin^ Hook, Sander's Series of Reatl- 
 ers, Parley's l'"irst Hook of History, Davics' .\riili- 
 metic. and Smith's (ieov;raphy and (".r.immar. 
 
 in the miildlc schools the following were used : 
 Ha/en's Dcliner, Daboll's and .\dams' .\rilhmctics, 
 I'arley's Common School History, Colburn's .Alge- 
 bra, The 1-jiglish Reader, Olmste.id's I'hilosophy. 
 Hale's I'nited States History, and Iloskins' .\stron- 
 omy. Instruction was also gi\en in l'"rench and 
 Latin to those desiring to piu'sue these stcdies. In 
 1843 lirown's drammar was substitutetl forSmith's. 
 
 On May 6, 1844. the "text-book war" w.is inau- 
 gurated by Mr. Ilulbert, who offered a resoliuion 
 prosiding that either the Douay or I'rotestant liiblc. 
 without note or comment, might bi: introduced into 
 the schools, and I'lassed as ;i book authorized for 
 use in said schools, proviiled that no coercion should 
 be used on the part of teachers to seciu'e the stuily 
 or reading by scholars whose jiareiits objected. I'p 
 to this time the ISible h.id been excluded from the 
 schools, and the i)roposition of Mr. ilulbert excited 
 a storm of opposition from both parties, as neither 
 Catholics nor I'rolestants were willing to have the 
 two versions placetl on an eiiual footing. 
 
 On June 13, 1844, a numerously signed ])ctition, 
 asking for the introduction of the I-'.nglish version 
 into the schools, was referred to the Committee on 
 .School Hooks and 'I'eachers, which then consisteil of 
 Messrs. S. 15arstow. I'.lisha 'I'aylor, and John I'"armer. 
 On December 2, the committee submitted two very 
 lengthy reports, the majority report, signetl by 
 .Messrs. Barstow and Taylor, accompanied with the 
 following re.solutions : 
 
 /i!i-S(>/7'i(/, that it is not expedient to Krant the prayer of the 
 petitioners, by which tluy denumd the adoption of the Protes- 
 tant version of the liible only, to the exclusion of the Catholic, 
 to be used in the schools under the direction of this board. 
 
 Risotvedy that it is not expedient to introduce any alteration in 
 
I MOi'l,-.. 
 
 >l mnsiull of 111!' 
 
 f l.ini^lalinll I.. I 
 
 llinl iliiMii- iiiaili 
 linlll aiul llcl isivi' 
 li/atlmi, Um\ llii.' 
 yulciii (all! r aiul 
 luU wti; o|nii fur 
 rclaHitiif scliulurs, 
 ; uf (iiir avcnm-!-, 
 •iiKa«iil ill '■^■•'■y 
 ,,i cU|iraviiy ami 
 cliiUlriii lUaiily 
 xhiljiuil lli'i" ill 
 
 ■ 111 llrr <la>srs c'l' 
 llu- M liiiiils fur llu; 
 c iiiiiUlU' iii-wiiili-i- 
 
 1 lai h ward |iii'- 
 is, ami ivc ly llnni; 
 
 Ull tlu' folUlW- 
 
 iniary schools : 
 cries of Keail- 
 Davics' Ariili- 
 '.rammar. 
 iniif were iiscil : 
 is' AritliiiK'tirs, 
 Jolbiirirs Algie- 
 rs rhiloso|iliy, 
 loskins' Asiroii- 
 iii I'lvnili ami 
 •sc sti'ilics. In 
 iti-d for Smith's. 
 war " was inaii- 
 ■f(l a ri'soluiion 
 'roicslanl Hiblt-, 
 iiitroduccii into 
 autliorizcd for 
 idLTiioiishoukl 
 ■cure llic stiuly 
 s objected. I'p 
 Liiled from tlic 
 llull)ert excited 
 rlics, as iieitlier 
 iiii; to have the 
 iiii^. 
 
 sii;iie<.l petition, 
 av^lish version 
 Conmiittee on 
 hen consisted of 
 ud John l"armer. 
 imitted two very 
 )rt, sii^ned by 
 ipanicd with the 
 
 t the prayur of the 
 Dliun of the Protes- 
 i,n of Ihi: Catholic, 
 of this board, 
 iicc any alteration in 
 
 THE nOARn OF IDIICATION. 
 
 741 
 
 iiursi liool sysliiu dnrinn ihr |)rcsiMit wlinol yrar.aiid that wliatrvcr 
 iiljiiii may he had should havr rcfcn m to, and lakr rlfiit only 
 I'M till.' I'oniniriiccniriit of ,1 jicw m lincil yiar. 
 
 Tlie minority report of Mr. I''armer w.'is siipplc- 
 meiited with tiie foliowinij resolution: 
 
 Ui'st'/i'tif, ih.il llw nihil', without notr or coinmcnt, shall horc- 
 aflur fonstitiili' our of the hookt whii h may I"" iisi d in our puh- 
 lic srhoiils, as ociasinn rr(|itin-s, l»y rhildrrn whose parents miuirr 
 it, tvilhont cvplanalioii vrrhal or wrilirn, hiif shall not liiTiqiiiriil 
 to 111' 'isi'd hy ( liildri'ii of Riuli paren' ■ or >;'iardians lis ulijrct 
 lIuTi'to. 
 
 Hoth of the ri'iinrts were ordered |-)rinted, jiro- 
 vided it could be done without cost to tlu' bo.ard, 
 ;iiid scvir.il ihoiis.and copies were sonn issued in 
 p.iniphlet form, ;ind v;Teatly increased the interest in 
 the <|uestion. Neither of the re|i()rts, however, w;is 
 ado|itcd. ^Te.-llUime se\-er;il te.iehers commenced 
 rcatHiii^ tlie liible at the opeiiiui;- and closini^df their 
 srhoiils, ,'ind a m.iidi'ity of tlu' board sanetioiied 
 their action. Matters rem.iined in this unsettled 
 Nt.ite until I'"el)ru,iry 3, 1.S45. when the boanl .adopted 
 the followino' resolutions, and ortlercd them |)ul)- 
 lished in the d.iily p.iiiers : 
 
 /u'.Wr'i'</, th.'it tlirri' is nothini; in the rnli's or liy-laws at .ill 
 lonllictinx willi 111!' riL;lit of any tiarhrr in the cmploymi'nt of 
 lliis I'.u.ird opening' his or her sihonl hy re.idini;, without note or 
 iiirnntent, from any version of the I'.ilile they may choose, either 
 (.'atliolic or I'rolestant, 
 
 A'r,wi/r','f/, tli.-it the teaeherwho shall in any way note, comment, 
 or retnark, in his or her sihool, tipon .'i passai.,'e of Seriptnre read 
 theri'ln,or othir pass.ij;e of Scripture, shall he ri'inoved from his 
 or Iter school itpon the pioof lieiiit,' m.-ide to the rommitte of his 
 or her school ; the decision of said Miinmiltee, howevi'r, liiini; 
 siihjeet to the action of the Hoard. 
 
 Tliesc resolutions have ijovcrned the action of the 
 teachers since that date, and at the discretion of the 
 teachers both readiiiij the .Scripture and prayer m.iy 
 form p.irt of the opening; exercises, l)ut in .a majority 
 of cases these exercises are omitted. 
 
 On May i, 1S45, Root's .Series of Writing;- IJooks 
 was adopted, and on July 1 5 Mitcliell's Outline Maps 
 were ordered for the .schools. On November 25 of 
 the same year iMcC.uffey's I'clectic Series of Readers 
 was introduced in place of .Sanders'. The Second 
 Series of Ray's Arithmetics were adopted on the 
 same date. 
 
 On M.arch 12, i(S46, it was voted to tyrant leave 
 '"to Mr. I'atcher, who is interested in the ]iublit ation 
 of school books, to present to the board such re- 
 marks as he should deem exiiedicnt touchini.:^ his 
 own publications." His adilress was presumably 
 convincing, for on March 30 the board voted to use 
 iSlois' Ancient Hi.story antl Town's Intellectual Al- 
 .L;cbra. 
 
 The ne.xt year another book agent must have ap- 
 peared, for on July 9, 1847, Town's Speller was 
 adopted in place of all others. On December 9 the 
 
 Child's P'irst Hook of Dr.iwing w.is jipproved .and 
 adopted, .and one week later the bo.ard resolved to 
 nwipenite with .my i iti/eiis who wished to intro- 
 duce music into the .school without cost. At 
 ll'.e s.ame meeting Winchester's liookkeeping was 
 adopted, , and it w.is resolved th.it Wilson's I'nited 
 St.ites History should suiierscde ll.ile's. On .\pril 
 7, 1.S4.S, it w.is voted to use 'I'hompson's .\rilhmetic 
 in pl.ice of .all others. 
 
 C'olburn's Ment.il .Arithmetic, D.avies' .\lgebra 
 and Cieometry. Porter's Rhetorical Ke.ider. Wiil.ird's 
 .School History. I'lobbins' Outlines of History. Mc- 
 Intyre's Astronomy, W.atts on the Mind, .and I'ar- 
 ker's Philosophy were ;ill in use in 1S50. 
 
 Wells' ("ir.imiu.ir w.is in use for ,1 short time prior 
 to I1S51, and in th.it ye.ir was su|)erseded by (ireen's 
 I'irst F.essons. ( )P>rien's Cieoiuelric.il .An.alysis w.as 
 .adojited on November S, 1X51. Mayhew's llook- 
 kt'cping w.is ;i(lo|)ted on J.inu.ary 9, 1.S52, .and on 
 Seinember 16 it w.as .agreed to supersede 'I'homp- 
 son's Arithmetic by Robinson's. Smith's (ieo- 
 gr.aphies were adopted in place of Mitchell's on 
 Janu.ary 24. 1854. 
 
 Welch's English Sentences w.as .adopted .\|iril 26, 
 1855. and on May 30. 1855, it w.as voted th.ii Shma- 
 lelf's (lovenunent.al Instriictor should be introduced 
 into the Union .School by tlu; |)iiniipal teachers. 
 
 Cornell's Cicogniphies .and W.arren's i'hysical 
 Cieogr.aiihy were introduced by vote of .September 
 18, 1856. Cutler's Physiology w.as in use this same 
 year. On December 31. 1859, Creenle.if's Arithme- 
 tic was substituted for Robinson's. In 1861 Loomis' 
 Algebr.a was substituted for Davies' Piourdon, and 
 Frie/e's X'irgil .and i'"asquelle's First i.e sons in 
 I'rcnch were introduced. On May 27. 1862, Robin- 
 son's Pr.actic.al .Arithmetic w.as reinstated in plate of 
 Cireenleaf's. .and Robinson's Algebr.a .also ititro- 
 du'-ed. 
 
 On .April 3, 1863, .Sanders' Speller was adtipted 
 to supersede Hazen's, and on April 9, 18^)5, Mc- 
 (iuffey's Readers took the pl.ace of the Progressive 
 Readers. ()uackenbos's History was adopted .at 
 the same time. On April 6, 1866, it was agreed to 
 use Ray's Algebra. On November 9. 1868, the 
 entire series of .Stodd.ard's Arithmetics were .adopted, 
 and on December 6, 1869, it w.as .agreed to intro- 
 duce the H.artholomew Drawing Cards, Webb's 
 Word Method, and Townsend's Civil (iovernment. 
 
 On September 2. 1S72, the I'rimary and .Second 
 and Third Music Readers were adopted in place of 
 the Song Oarden. Payson, Dtmton & Company's 
 Copy Books were adopted November 11, 1872, and 
 I.ossing's Primary United .St.ates History and the 
 first four books of the Independent Series of Read- 
 ers in place of McGuffey's on September i, 1873. 
 The Weaker Smith Drawing Cards were substituted 
 for the Bartholomew Scries on October 6, 1873. 
 
^^m 
 
 7\^ 
 
 I 111. liuAkl) 1)1 I. DURATION. 
 
 Suiiiiuirs Witnl I'rimiT .iiul l.;mnii.i;^i' l.cssdiis, 
 IJiKikir's llnnk iif \aiuii, ami < >iir Wmltl (imi;- 
 r;i|)hy wi'ic adiipii <l Aiiv;iisi j<i. 1.S75. 
 
 Ill Man li, 1X75, a lfiiy;iiiy ami |)( rsislcnt cllnrt 
 was iiiadr In scciiic ilic icac limi; nf ( icniiaii and 
 I'Vcmii ill ilic schiinls, Imi ihr cllnii was iiiisiic- 
 fcssfiil. 
 
 Alliens C'ili/.cn's Manual and I'lainrs's llcicf llis- 
 tory were intnidintd jiy vdtc nf ,\|iiil 1 (, iSjCi. 
 I'alliison's S|)(llir lonk the plaii' nf Sandiis' cm 
 M ', I „', 1S71;, Till' l''isli-|\n|)ins(iii Ariilnmiir was 
 adnpiid May it), iiScSo, ami ilic Harlli'iloimu' |)ia\\- 
 iiii; Sirii's rcinslalcd mi July J.!, iSSo, ( )ii Marcii 
 9, iSS.!, llic llailii(il(iiiic\\ Scili's was attain dis- 
 plai'i'd, and iln Waller Smith I'moks sniisiiiiiicd. 
 
 Sill's I'luii'ai I issiins in I'.iiyjlisli was ad'ipicd 
 A .y;iisl II, il';;i. Swiniiin's ('nm|)nsiii(>ii fnr liic 
 lli,i;li SiIkkiI, (i;i May j (, iSS.!. ( )n Ani;usl 11, 
 l.SiSj, Avi'i'y's Nainial riiiliisii|)liy was siii)siiiiiicd 
 for Niirtdn's, and al the same time I liilt liinsnn's 
 l'liysi()|()y;y was iniiddmcd in llif lli>;ii Sclionl 
 <'()iirsi', ( )n /Niii^nsi 10, iSS.;, Kcllni^ij's klulorii' 
 was siihslitnlcd fnr liaii's, .uid Andirsnii's llisinry 
 fnr Swinlnn's in liu- llii;li Sclmnl 1 niiisc, and nii 
 y\iij4Mst J4 'riiallifiincr's llislniy nf ilir Inilcd 
 Stall's and Macallistcr's /nnlnv;y were adnpicd for 
 lIlc lli^ll Scllnni cnnisc. ( )n Nnvcmhcr I). iSSj, 
 /\p|)li'lnn's St.andard and I li,i;iur ( lcni;rapiii(S were 
 adnpU'd in |)lac(' nf tlnriuH's. ( )ii January -'5, iSS], 
 McNah's linlaiiy was adnjilrd as a Icxl-bnnk fnr the 
 iiinh Sfhnnl. On June jS. I'SS^, I'.llswnrth's Wril- 
 iiii; i'xinks were adnplcd in plai r nf I'aysnn, Duiilnii, 
 \ Scribncr's, and im ;\u,i;usl J^ fnllnwin>; the lasl- 
 naiiu'd scrii's was ,iv;ain adnplcd. < )n this dale also 
 till' iisi" of OiirW'niid ( ii'ni;raphy was discnntiniicd. 
 'I'lu' i''irst and St'cnmi Kcadcrs nf li.irms' New 
 National Series were adnplcd in place of ihc I'irst 
 and Secniid Imicpcmlcnl Scries nil ()cinl)cr 25, 
 iHS^ 
 
 The fnllnwint;' iinnks were adni)te<l fnr the lli>;h 
 SelinnI nil January 2.[. 1 .S1S4 ; I^'airhank's (.^ninincr- 
 I'ial Arithmclic, Clark's Coininereial Law, rnwii- 
 scnd's Civil ( 'invernmeiil, llnuslnn's Idcmenl.iry I'hi- 
 losnpiiy, and (laic's l''.k'mciils nf I'hysies. li.iincs' 
 'I'liird Ueadi'r was .idnplcd in ))lace of the Indc- 
 pfiuleiU Reader nil Man ii 13. i.S,S4. 
 
 In addition to tlu' al)n\-e bonks, various Siiellin.^ 
 IJIanks, 'I'ablets, and nllier sclmnl rc(iuisiies ;ire 
 used, bill iheir use is saneliniicd bv eniistnt r.itiier 
 than by rule nf the bo.ird. On an order frniii ,111 
 iiisi)ectnr to the secretary, books are lo.ancd to poor 
 children who ,irc unable in pmcnrc them. The 
 l)ooks used in the Litter p.irt of 1.S83 were: In I'ri- 
 mary and C'.niminar .Schools, New Natioii.il Mrst 
 and Second Readers, Independent 'i'hird and l'"ourlh 
 Readers; I''ish's I'MisI Hook, .ind C'oniiilcte Arith- 
 metic ; I'ayson, Uunlon, <!v Scribncr's Copy Hooks; 
 
 I'allerson's Common Sclmnl Speller; W'aliir Smiiirs 
 hrawinv; llnnks; Appletnii's ( lenj^r.iphics ; I looker's 
 Hook of Nature, llinc p.irls; Sill's I'l.nlic.il I .es- 
 sons in I'.iivjlish ; ll.iiiies' Hrief History; McOiilfey's 
 Sixth Reader; /Mdeii's C'ili/eiis' M.inii.il and liiler- 
 iiiediale Music Rc.idcr. In ihc lliv;li S( Imnl, fish's 
 Robinson's C'omplci,' ,\riihniciic ; Alden's ('iii/eiis' 
 •Manual; A\'eiy s N.iiur.il I'liilnsophv ; W'nnd's ob- 
 icet l.essniis in lini.inv; I inlt hiiisons riiysin|<H;y ; 
 Wayl.ind's Inlcll'. dual I'hilnsnphy; Sh.iw's llislnry 
 nf I'Jii^lish I.iler.iiiire; Kelloni^'s Rheloric ; .Smilh's 
 llislorv of ( irecce (sni.iller ediliniii; I .cij.;lilnn's 
 llislnrv nf Rome; /Xlidersnll's Selinnl llislnry of 
 lai^Lind; .Xvcry's ('hemistry ; Oincy's ('oni|)leie 
 .Sclmnl Alv;ebr.t; < )llicy's I'.leinenis nf ( ienmelry ; 
 Junes' l''irsi Lessons in Latin; Jniies' l.iiin I'rose 
 L'nmpnsiiinii ; il.iikiicss' L.itiii ( ir.unm.ir ; ll.irk- 
 ness' Ccs.ir; ll.irkiiess' t'lccin; j'rie/c's .laicid; 
 
 iinise's first I.essnns in ( Ireck ; Jnlies' ( Ircek 
 I'rnse C'nllipnsilinll ; I l,ldle\'s ( lleck ( ir.niim.ir ; 
 Hnisc's /\ii.il).isis ; .Aim's lleiin's ( icrin.in Scries; 
 Willi, nil Till; l.essiiiiui's .\liiiii;i\'nii ; ri.irnihelm 
 ( W'liiliieyi ; Olio's Lremii < 'ir.amm.ir; 1 Mto's Lrcnch 
 Reader; ('h.irdcn.irs Lii luh Lxcrciscs, .md .Soii- 
 vestrc's " I'hilosophie sous les 'rniis." 
 
 .As ;il lirst esl.iblished, no Imv n\'er civjlit nr v;irl 
 n\'cr iwcKc w,is .idmitied In the I 'rimary Schools, 
 ,iiid no bns' under eiv;lit nr y,'\r\ under twelve was 
 admil'ed In the Middle Schools. In hSy) the lin.ird 
 decided In .idmil eiilicr linvs nr t;irls between the 
 
 ai^CS nl ten .111(1 scsentcen In the Middle Selmols, 
 
 In the I'liiiLirv I >ep.irlnieiils children four ,nid live 
 ye.iis nld were .idiniitcd iinlil Seplcmber \. iSdd, 
 when the bn.ird decided lint In ;iiliiiit .any child 
 under six \e,irs<if ,ii;e. .A kiiideri;,irten dei)artiiieiit 
 for yoiini^cr children w.is opened in tlu' Lverett 
 .School in i'^7.i, but .after .a few iimnlhs it w.is dis- 
 eniltinued. 
 
 I)urinv; iSS:;, in, -1(1(1111011 to llie children of resi- 
 dents, ihcre were one hundred .ind lifiy-iwo nnii- 
 rcsideiit pii|>ils. These .are admilled on p.aynuait of 
 twelve doll.ars ,1 yc.ir in the ( "ir.amm.ir .Schools and 
 twenty-four in the lli.^h School. 
 
 C'cri.ain limits are lixed for each school district, 
 ' 'itliin which ,ill scholars of th.it .school .are supposed 
 to reside. 'I'hc bound.arics of school districts ('h.aiii;e 
 .'IS new schools ;irc opened, or as the pn|)iil;itinn in 
 ;iiiy Ine.ality iiicre.isi's. 
 
 Since 1X75 one or more evi'iiini;' schools li.ixe 
 been m.iinl.iined e.icli uiiiter for the .accommoda- 
 tion of children or youth who are iinaiile to .itti'iid 
 .school durinv;- the d.ay. 
 
 The statistics show that the percentage nf schol- 
 ars enrolled. ,iiid .also of llu' aver.ayt' .atleiidance .as 
 comp.ared with the tol.il number of children in the 
 city, w.as six per ( eni less in 1870, and iScSoth.an in 
 iiS5oor i860. A comparison for the same periods 
 
I III r.< >\\<\ 1 Ml I !)!( \ I K )\. 
 
 743 
 
 A'.ilii I' Sniilli's 
 
 Ill's; linnkil's 
 
 riaili<;il l.i'S- 
 y ; Mr( llllfcy's 
 ii.il ,iml InliT- 
 Sillnnl, lish's 
 Men's ('ili/ciis' 
 
 ; Wnnil's • (Il- 
 l's rlivsinliii;v ; 
 
 Sli.iw's llislDiy 
 c'i(iri<' ; Smith's 
 111; l.fi^htdn's 
 
 II ml Hist my i'( 
 
 U'V's I'limiilrti' 
 
 of ( iriillirtl y ; 
 
 cs' l.;itiii I'msf 
 
 iinmar; llark- 
 
 ric/c's .I'.iu-id; 
 
 |iill(s' ( ill rk 
 
 •I'k (iiammaf; 
 '.i|-maii Si lirs; 
 
 III ; rianiiliilm 
 ; ( )lti>'s I'lriuh 
 iscs, anil Sdii- 
 
 ^iT I'ijijlil or i;iil 
 'limaiy ScIkkiIs, 
 iilrr twiUi- was 
 1S51) the liiiafd 
 rls briwccn tlw 
 Miiiillr Sriinnls. 
 
 II fniir and livf 
 
 ilrmluT }. lSf)f). 
 
 iilniit any rliild 
 
 rliii dii)artMU'nl 
 
 ill ihc l''.vcri-tt 
 
 iiitlis il was dis- 
 
 lildfcn nf irsi- 
 I lifty-twn nmi- 
 1 1)11 paynu'iit ni 
 nar ScIkkiIs and 
 
 srhoni district, 
 in! arc suppiiscd 
 districts clian,i;c 
 he piipulation in 
 
 \\r schnnls have 
 
 U' accoinnioda- 
 
 nnablc to attend 
 
 cntaicc ()f sdiol- 
 ;t' atti'n<lanc<' as 
 f children in tln' 
 ind iSSo than in 
 he same periods 
 
 as to the scaling capacity, in ■ oin|>arison wiili the 
 n>lal nnmlicr of childii n in ilic ciiy, shows .m ,i\ri- 
 ;iV,'C dccic.ise nl civ;lll percent In niinilur of silliii'^^s 
 for each dccadt; of i.S;'<i.in(| iSMd, as coinp.iii d with 
 iS^D.ind l.Sfiii. 'I'lie ,11 iriidance of schnkus is ihcii - 
 fore propori innately helii r the kr-l two decides ili.m 
 in ihc two fonncr. 
 
 Ill iS^ii ihe ,ivcr,n;e ,iiiend.nicc sliiiwi d one hnn- 
 died and lllleen pupils to each ten her; ill I S^i 1 
 llieiewere hnl sixty to cn'li teacher; in i.S7i)llie 
 numlier averav;ed I'lfty-two, ,ind in i.SKn there were 
 linL foriy-si\ schn|,irs for e,ii h le.n her. 
 
 The growth in ycirls expense per c,i|)ii.i for en- 
 rolled schol.irs is .IS follows: in iSyi the cost was 
 Si.'"!''^ per schol.ir ; in iWiu, $^1.91 ; in 1.S71), $15,4::; 
 and in l-no, ^1 ^.<K), 
 
 The conifori and hcilih of the schol.irs is pm- 
 vided lor l'_\ havinijthe scats so ;irranv;cd ili.ii llie 
 li'dit f.ilis on the desks from the rear. In older to 
 |)ic\eiit the sjircid of conl.ivjions discises, pupils, 
 licfoic .admission, .are rei|niii(l to exhiliii a pli\si- 
 cian's certilic.ate of \;icciiialioii, ;ind .ill pupils from 
 houses infected hv sm.ill-pox ;ire exi hided until 
 thirlv d.t\'s .after rcniov.il lioin the limise, hy ihe 
 I'lO.-ird of llcallh, of the sm.ill-pox sli.;ii,il. I'lipils 
 coming; from houses where the scirlel fever exisis 
 .are exchidcd nnlil twenty days .after the reiiio\,i| nf 
 the pl.ic.iid, and for ten d.iys from houses where the 
 diphlheri.i exists; .and in the case of mumps, 
 wlioiipiiii^-c()n;;li, ,aiid cliii ken-iiox. schol.irs .are ex- 
 cluded nnlil the |),itieul h.is coinplclcly recovered; 
 in the c.isc of measles lllllil the reco\erv of llie 
 p.iiieiil, .and the pal iiiil nnlil I en d.ivs after rccn\-erv. 
 
 The .seliool census, or ellllllier.alion of scliiml- 
 childrcii in the city belwecii the av;es of ti\e .and 
 Iweiilv, .and .also tin ise not .iilcndinj^' .any schnnl, is 
 t.ikeii dnriiin' tlu; month of Sepli'iiihcr by pcisons 
 .ippoinled by the president of the bo.ard. ruder. a 
 law apiiroved M.ay ',1, l.S.S^, all children between 
 eii;lil and fourteen are rei|uiieil lo attend school at 
 Icisl four months in a year, and .all persons are for- 
 bidden to I'liipioy any child under fonrteeii jears of 
 aj^c, who li.as imt .atlcndcd school .at least four 
 months diirinvf tlu; yc.ir luxl iiieccdiniL; the month 
 of their proposed employmiiil. Tin; s.ame l.iw .also 
 provided th.al speci.il uni;r.a(led schools mii^hl be es- 
 t.ablislu'd for children whose h.ibils or mor.ils ni.ake 
 them undesir.able | in pi Is in the public sclmols. ruder 
 ihis Law .a school of this class w.as opened by tlu; 
 bo.ard in .1 buildiui; on State Stro(;t, lU'.ar W.ishiiiv;- 
 lon Aveiuic, cm Octobers, 1883, with M.J. Whitney 
 .as the teaelier. 
 
 At first there w.as but two j^rades of piiblio 
 schools, n.iinely, Trimary and Middle, -six of each. 
 On April 22, 1844, afier an elaborate report from a 
 speci.al committee of .vliich S.amuel li.irstow w.as 
 chainnan, it was dcciiled to have six J'rimaryand 
 
 only three Middle .Schools, On April ifi, 1845,11 
 w.is decided to incre.ise the number of j'l im.iries 
 
 toe|M|ii. Ill 1 848 ilicie were ihiriccu I'rim.iiA ,iiid 
 lolij- Middle Si hools. In 1 841; the I llloll .System, 
 or llie v;,iilicriiii; of both I'rim.arv and Middle 
 
 Si liuols lllliler one loiif, w.ls ,ido|)tcil. The ( .i|)llo| 
 
 School W.IS the liist of this kind, lint little uni- 
 forinii V 'xisii d ill the coiiise nf stndv nnlil ,\uv;n't 
 f \. l8y8; .1 system then piesenlcd by I ). riilliuile 
 i>ulliild provided for the rcv;nl.ir pro;;iession of 
 pupils nf like v;r.liles ill .ill the schools. 'I'lic plan 
 met with f,l\'or. .ilid .ill the pupils wile cl.asslticd 
 into prim.'i'y, sccoud.irv, junior, and senior nr.idcs. 
 After the (st.iblisliiiieiit of the lliv;h School, th.it 
 bei .Ulie the liflli i;r.lile. To complete tlu' coins 'f 
 study reiiuircd two years in e.ich of the lirst three 
 j.,u;idcs, ,ini| ihrie years each in tiie senior and lii^;h- 
 si hiiol i^r.ides. 
 
 In 1874 ;i system of cl.issillcation w.as established 
 di\iilill'.^ the schnnls ililn three de|i.irt nieiits, vi/., 
 I'limaiA, ( iiMiiiiii ir, .nid I li'^h Schnnls. The stinlies 
 in en h nf these (|c|i.irl incuts extend n\(r fmir yens, 
 .and t w Ive ye.ars ,ire rei|uireil tn cnmplele the entire 
 cniirse, the studies for each year cniistitntinv; .a 
 .ur.idc. 
 
 in 1848 the schnnls npcned ,it 7:41) A. M. .\bnllt 
 |8i^i) the time nf npellill^r W.IS cli.aiiv;<'d tn 8 \. M. 
 In i8fii)tliey bev;.in .at 8:45, ''""' since 187-' at 8:50 
 A. iM., ( losiiii( at 12:15. Afternoon sessions bei;in 
 at 1:50. .and close .at .[ I'. M. .Schonl sessiniis were 
 fniiiii riy held nil S.itiird.iy ninrniii,t;s, the time beini; 
 dc\nied to exercises in dccl.im.alion and composition, 
 but since M.ay 5, 1852, this moinin.if session has been 
 left .at the option of tlu; icachers. 
 
 The schools lirst opened were in session !)ul si.x 
 months, divided into two terms of tlinc months 
 cull with one week of \;ie.itioii inlerveninv;. < )n 
 /\piil 22, 1844, (he bo.ird decided to continue the 
 schonls thrnimh the ycir, dividiiu; the year into four 
 leiitis nf iweKi: wccks e.a<'li. I'i\e years l.atir, on 
 M.iii h :m , 1841;, it w.as resnhi d In li.avc but two 
 terms .1 ycir, niie tn bei;iu the lirsi Moiid.iy in .May, 
 .lud to eniitiiiiie t weiit y-t liici; Weeks, with ;i vacation 
 nf three weeks, bcj^imiiiii,^ tlie lirst Monday in 
 Aiix;iist. After the second term of twenty-three 
 weeks there was a v.acation of ei.nliL d.ays, eommeiic- 
 iui^.at riiristmas. On September i.jof the same 
 yc.ir it w.as decided to li.ave iliiee terms, the lirst to 
 coiiimeiice the second Moiukay after the third S.atiir- 
 d.iy in April, and to elo.se the fourth S.aturd.ay in 
 July ; the second to bi\i;in on the fifth Mond.ay after 
 the fourth S.aturday in July, aiul close the Last Salur- 
 d.iy bi'fore Christmas ; and tlu; third to betjin on 
 the hrsl Mond.ay after tlu; first day of J.anuary, and 
 to close tlu; third S.aturday in April. 
 
 On March 27, 1862, tlu; lio.ard resolved that tin- 
 spring- term should begin April 14, and continue 
 
""'^"^^^ 
 
 744 
 
 Tin: r.().\ki> oi' i.DrtAiioN. 
 
 clcwn weeks. On Dt'cember 30, 1864. tlic terms 
 were arranged as follows: Winter term to beifin 
 January 9, and close March 31. Siiriiiy; term to 
 i)c,tjiii April 10, and close June 31). l''all term to 
 betjin August 2S and iiid December 1 5. In 1.S.S3 
 the terms bey;an the Inst weeks (.t l'"ebruary and 
 Se|)temi)er, each tc'iin continiiiiii^ for a period of 
 twenty weeks. 
 
 DiiriniLi' tiie tin' that tlic public sciiools have been 
 in operation a k"''''^ iuimi)cr of dilfcri'nt persons 
 have acted as ieai'her>. ami many of tiicm li\c in 
 the hearts and memorii's of their |)upils .as true 
 friends .and iu'l|)ers. The one longest in the employ 
 of the board, and, i)y re.isoii of iiis v;duai)Ie ser- 
 vices, tile most wortliy of lionor.ii)le mention, was 
 John F. Nichols. I'rom M.iy 1, 1848. to 1883, with 
 the exception of ,1 simple yi'.ir, he taut;ht continu- 
 ously in tile iHiblic schools of I)etr:)it. He died on 
 January 7, 1883. ills former impils honored his 
 memory by organiziiij,^ ,1 Nichols / lumni Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 The followiiitf re.solution, adopted by tiie bo.ird 
 on .\i)ril 26, 1849, will be 1 reminder to some of 
 his old pupils : 
 
 R'\<.nlTerf , lliat Mr. Nichols be empowered lo exercise siipervi- 
 sinii ,if l)i>tli tile midille and primary scliouls in llie l)iiildini,' nri 
 .Miami .Vvenue, in all in atii rs ol i lassilicalion and citerii.d dis- 
 cipline. 
 
 There can be no doubt tli.at the authority con- 
 ferred w.is made use ol. and not ,a few now liviu'^ 
 have reason to remember the lon^^ Inii^^cr jiointinv,-- to 
 "that boy there." and the siibse(]ueiit interview in 
 the side room. "I'endcr" memories are conni'cted 
 with these interviews, but the tliscipline was usually 
 tempered with mercy. 
 
 On December 12, 1S39, the bo.ird provided th.it 
 the ti'.achers should meet in ;m upper room of the 
 C.ipitol ,it 2 I'. \I. on the lirst .S.iturd.iy of each 
 month for improvement and instruction. 'I'liese 
 meetings v>-ere tontinued until about 1868. 
 
 On .Auijjust 2o, i860, on motion of .Mr. Walker, 
 it was 
 
 Rcinhvi/. ihni u lie in fmnre a part of tlir poliey d this I'oard 
 that marriajje on llie p.irt of any fejnale te.ielier he ■ cpMv.tlent lo 
 her resi^;nation. 
 
 A more patriotic resolution was passed nn Xo- 
 Minber 13, 1862. It read as follows : 
 
 Resohni, ih.il l!ie Hoard of I'.dueal ion for the City of Detroit 
 will not employ any person .is leaeher, ollieer, or laborer who has 
 .isked ixemptioii from llie Draft on account of .any .illei;iane<' lo 
 .my fori'ii;ii powir, .irul nil siieli if any now in ihe employ of liiis 
 Hoard shall he dismissed from service, llie same to take effect 
 from the close of the pr'-^i lit tirm. 
 
 Principals of schools are paid from §850 to 1 1,500, 
 accordine^ to position , and ye.irs of service. I aider 
 te.achers are paid from ^^oo to $700, aceordin,;; to 
 
 the number of years they h.ave been employed in 
 city schools. A ir.iinin!^ .and |)ractiec cl.ass for te.ich- 
 I'rs wasest.ablisheil in 1882, and li.as bei'U jiroductive 
 of much bcnel'il. .\ te.achers' .association was also 
 i)rt;;mi/.ed in 1882. 
 
 'I'he lirst speci.il teacher employed w;is II. II. 
 I'hilbrick. I'or his service's ,as teacher of musie .-m 
 appropri.ition of lifteen doll.ars w.as m.uk: on .Sep- 
 tember 14, i84(;. ( )n December 28, iS5o,thesuni 
 of tweniy-lAe doll.irs w.as .approjjri.iled "to Charles 
 Hess, p.iy.able in June ncNt, in full for his services 
 as musie. il instruetor in Seventh W.ird I'nion ;ind 
 Ciiiilol Schools." In the followino' r'ebru.irv liflv 
 dollars w.is voted to be used for the s.ime jiurpose 
 ;it the discretion of the eonunittee. I'"our yc.ars 
 Liter, on M.ireh hj. 1855, the bn,ir<l, more .appreei.a- 
 ti\'e or more jreneroiis, voted to " emplo\- ,a te.ieher 
 in music, provided th.at not mort: th.in three hundred 
 dollars be expended for any one yi.ir." rnderthis 
 resolution a Mr. Thompson si'rved for .a time, .and 
 w.as sueeeeiled by Professor T. M. Towiie, who 
 filled the olliee fi-om the sprin;.;- of 1839 to 1861. 
 
 On October 2, 1S71, the s.il.ary w.is r.iised from 
 §600 to §i.20i>, .and Professor S. .S. J.icksoii was.-iji- 
 poiiued te.ieher. (i'l .\uv;ust 9, 1875, the salary 
 was fixed ;it $1,000, .and Professor I-'-. C. (lorc was 
 appointed te.ieher, ,ind servi'd until hisde.ath in 1884. 
 
 .■\ special teacher of writing; w.is pro\ided in 
 1846. .and on .\uv,aist 10 Mr. Dixon was voted thirty 
 dollirs for his services in the Middk; .Schools. No 
 record li.as been found of other writimr teachers 
 until .\pril 4. 1870, when ,\. J. Newby w.as ap- 
 ])oiiued te.ieher of penm.inship .at ,a s.ii.irv of §1,200 
 per ye.ir ; he continued until Dect:mber 1, 1877, 
 since which time no other h.is been .a|)pointed. 
 
 On November 25, 1879, Professor John N.atus 
 w.as .appointed teacher of dr.awinv^ ;it a s.alary of 
 Si.cxjo. His term ce.ascd in June, 1881, .and Miss 
 Minnie O'Connor succeeded him. On September 1, 
 18S2, she W.IS succeeded by Miss Myr.a .M. Jones. 
 
 A te.ieher of rcidinij w.is provided for, .and V.M. 
 W.irm.in .ippointed on June 24, 1880; he t.iu,^lit 
 until the summer of 1881, since which time no 
 special teacher of eloi ution h.is been emploved. 
 
 When the bo.ii-d commenced its work it was 
 compelled to use rented buildini^s, .and for ionij 
 pel lods of time the basements of churches and 
 other hired buildiiios served as school-rooms. In 
 1842 four buildings were rented .at .a cost of $ifio a 
 year; one of these w,is on the corner of Clinton 
 and ikiisli Streets, and .another on the northwest 
 corner of Jefferson .\venue and I-"irst Street. On 
 November 9. 1S42, the Council authorized the board 
 to fit up the old W.ashinirton Market, corner of L.arned 
 and W.iyne Streets, for school purposes. Seventy- 
 five dollirs were expended and a school was held in 
 the buikling until the middle of May, 1S47. From 
 
rfj 
 
 Till'. HOARD ol' 1.1)1 CAl'loN. 
 
 •45 
 
 Ml fiiiploycil in 
 class for U'acli- 
 Kvu )in)(l active 
 ation was also 
 
 lmI was 11. II. 
 
 HT of music an 
 
 made: on Scp- 
 
 , 1S30, the sum 
 
 lC(1 "to (.'harlcs 
 
 for his stTvici's 
 
 anl rniiHi and 
 
 I'cbruary tifty 
 
 .■ sanu! purpose 
 
 I'our years 
 
 niort' apjirccia- 
 
 nploy a teaclier 
 
 1 three hundred 
 
 -." Under this 
 
 fur a time, and 
 
 . Towne, who 
 
 •159 to iS')i. 
 
 as raised from 
 
 [arkson wasaji- 
 
 >75, the salary 
 
 •". C. (lorc was 
 
 is death in iiS84. 
 
 IS pi'ovided in 
 
 k'as voted thirty 
 
 i Schools. Xo 
 
 ritinj^ teachers 
 
 ewhy was ap- 
 
 alary of §1,200 
 
 lemher 1, \Si~j, 
 
 ippointi'd. 
 
 r John X.atiis 
 
 at a salary of 
 
 iSSi, and Mi.ss 
 
 n Sep.tember i, 
 
 ra M. Jones. 
 
 1 for, and K.li. 
 
 So; he t;ui,y;ht 
 
 which lime no 
 
 t'mjiloyed. 
 
 s work it was 
 
 and for lony 
 
 churches and 
 
 ool-rooms. In 
 
 cost of $i6n a 
 
 ner of Clinton 
 
 the northwest 
 
 St Street. On 
 
 ri/.cd the hoard 
 
 )rn( rof !.;irne(l 
 
 |)ses. Seventy- 
 
 ool was held in 
 
 ■. 1847. From 
 
 1844 to the fall of 1858 the old University buildini,' 
 ivas also used. 
 
 The only bnildiu'^ owned by the bo.nrd in 1S42 
 was located on l'"orl Street J';;ist,on the lot occuiiied 
 
 Ol.ll ShlCdSI) Wai;1i I'l l.l.ll ScMcini,. 
 
 ill 1883 by the Mverett School. The old buildiiv.^- 
 continued in use until 1869, wIumi it w.as so! 1 for 
 $39. The first sciiool-liouse built by the board was 
 erected in 1843, on West i'ark near ('.rand I\ivcr 
 Avenue, at a cost of 8540. It was removed in 
 .\u,i;;ust, 1855. U|i to 1847 the hoard owned but 
 three hoiisi's ; in that year tlu' old .St.ate Capitol w;is 
 vacated, and on M,iy lotlx' board appointi-d aeom- 
 iiiitteo to nii'iiiorialize thi' Common Council and 
 oht.'i'ii it for school |iurposes. Ac<()rdini;lv on July 
 
 9 Mr. iiishop prcsi'iited ;i memorial, which was 
 referred to ,1 committee. The committee could not 
 ;i,i;ree th.at the city h.ad any ri,i;hts in the building;, 
 and it .seemed diKicuit to determine in whom the 
 title was vt:sted. On Xovember i, 1847, a com- 
 mittee of two was ap|)ointed by the board to (-oiifer 
 with the jjjoveriior, and if possible obt.ain jiossession. 
 V.irious consultations we're held, but no delinite 
 conclusion was reached, {''inally on J.uuiary 28, 
 1848, the board appointed a committee to obtain 
 possession of the biiildinvr, and on M.irch 1 5 follow- 
 ing^ 1). B. DuUield reported that the committee had 
 taken jiossessioii, and th.at he, as secretary of the 
 hoard, lii'ld the key. '{"here bein,n' some doubts as 
 
 10 whether the board h.id lej;;il possession, on .April 
 2^the president w;is directed to ,i.;et a le.ise from 
 the i^overnor. and to h.ivi'. the lease dniwn in such 
 ni.'umer as to avoid the recoi^nition by tiu! bo.ard of 
 any title in the State to s.iid buildini;. 
 
 .\fter duly consideriin,^ the subject it was decided 
 tiiat, inasmuch as the bo.ard w.as 'n ]ie;ice;ible pos- 
 '-cssion, a lease w.is unnecessary. On M.iy 1 the 
 '"'dcr to obt.iin ;i lease w.is rescinded, .and to this 
 'iiy the buildini; has remained in possession of the 
 hoard. 
 
 While the bo.ird were eiiy.i.^ed in this " Capitol 
 steal," they (granted the use of other buildini^s for 
 S.abb.ath-sehool jmriioses. The ciiv f;ithers con- 
 cludeil th.at the schools would m.ake ijood polliny^- 
 pl.aces for some of the wards, .and sonirht to jiro- 
 cure llu'in for the ]iurpose. 'i"he ho.ird, re.asoninv,'' 
 th.at such use would coiillict with their use as 
 schools, .and connect them more intim.itcK' with 
 political m.ilters th.in w,is desir.ihle, on December 
 18, 1848, resolved •' not to .allow use of school- 
 houses or i^rounds for .iny other purposes th.in th.at 
 of Sabbath schools," and "the te.aehers of the bo.ard 
 were instructed to withhold the keys of their .si-ver.al 
 schools from the ollicers of the corpor.atioii desirini,' 
 to use the l)tiildini;s for ek'ctioii ]iurposes." Tin: 
 i,n%aiitinv;' of the Iniildini^s for Sund.ay-school use 
 ce.ased .about 1S65. 
 
 In 1857, by the addition of the Xinth .and 'i'l'iith 
 W.irds, till' ho.ird e.iine iiMo |)ossession of .a house 
 in the 'I'enth W'.ard, ,and of school-houses .and lots 
 on Trowhrid'.;!', Thompson, .and I.afont.iine Strei'ts. 
 
 The tirst Union S<-ho(il buildin;.; erected by the 
 bo.ard w.is the IJ.irstow ; it w.as ()|)eiH(i in M.iy, 
 1850, .and was the tirst buildiiii; supplied with p.Ueiit 
 se;its. w hi<h Were .idded ti\'e ye.ars .after the school 
 w;is o|iened. 'I'he ii;; ^tow w.as .also the lirst school 
 bnildin.y; desiijnated by the n.ime of an individu.al ; 
 it was n.amed in honor of .S.umui Harstow.in ac- 
 
 Thh IIarstow School. 
 
 cordance with a formal resolution offered Ijy Levi 
 ])is!iop on ;\ii'j:ust 22, 1855. 
 
 'i"he Iloiiohton S( hool, ereeted at a cost of $7,500, 
 was the second Union School edifice built by the 
 
^^ 
 
 7K> 
 
 I 111. r.(» \isi» ()i i.Di ( ,\ rioN. 
 
 (■li.'innfd to 1 l(aiv;luiiii ill huiKir of l)(Mii;lass il()ii;;li 
 tDM, I he lirsi prcsiilcnl of llu: hoard 
 
 hoard, and was opciud in ihc fall nf i Ss ;, and it- sun; W'clisirr, afiir 1 lanic 1 \\'( hsUr ; Jnlm < )\\i'n, 
 !)iiilt in 1.S72. It was orii^inally c alKil ilic l.i-^lilh afirr Jdhii 1 >\\rii, r\ Male ri<-asiii( r ; Jolin Norvill, 
 Ward Srliiinl, hni on Man li v iSoo. the iiaiiu: was after Jnhii Norvdl, r\-l'niii(| Males seiiaior; l"w- 
 
 iiaiie, aflei" Michael I'iinane, ( \-i)n".ideiiL of liie 
 hoard ; Tiow-hiid-i-, aller ( harle-, ( . di 1 iw hrid-e, iL 
 hein;^ Ideated on a si reel fori neiiy 1 a lied hy his name ; 
 l-'arrand, afler I >. 1 >. I arraiid. a proiniiieiii physieian ; 
 Niellols, afli r |diin I'. NiehoU, ilie icacliir; Jnhn- 
 sioii, after lames johnsidii, fnrnirr sc hnolin peeinr; 
 Ua'^lev, after e\-( ■|i)vernor John J. Ha;.;! ■}■. 
 
 d'he hnildini^s are cared for hy janitors appointed 
 for iMih. I'drmeiiy the janiinr lived in the 1 1111 Id in;.;, 
 hnl nil .\uL;nsl 15, 1X77, the hoard decided ihat 
 thcie.ilt( I no j.initor shdiild he alldwed to li\c in ihe 
 ScIk dl i)mldlli;.;s. d'he p.iy imiums from $(<) to$loo 
 pi-r monlh, and the amoiini |)aid out foi' their sei- 
 vii'es is ahoiil $1 j.oih) jier year. 
 
 Till'. I lori.M ION Scilni)!.. 
 
 Other schools lia\e hicn n.iincd as fnllows : the 
 l?ishoii, after i.evi l'iislio]i. one of the presidents of 
 the hoard; C.iss, .illcr Lewis t'.iss, who i^ave the 
 i;roiind ; I'i'.inkliii, ;ifter r.eiijaniin l''i .inkliii ; Hiif- 
 field, .liter I >. I'l. |)illlield, .ill e\-pre'.idelil ni the 
 hoard; Irviiiv;, afler \\',ishiiii;ion living; d'.ipp.ui. 
 after lleiirv I', lappan, e\-prcsideiit of the I'ni- 
 VtTsily; Ia'cicII, after lion. I'.dward I'vcrclt ; \\ il- 
 kitis, .iftcr Willi.iin I ). W'ilkiiis, c.\-|)resident ol the 
 hoard; \V.ishinv;ton, after the hero of the cherrv- 
 
 'riii': ) M Ksos S( llniil,. 
 
 In iXCi^, owiiiv;' to l.ick of school accomiiiodations, 
 it was resoKcd to trvtlie h,ilf-(l.i\- pl.in. It w.as iint 
 into siiccessfnl oiM'ralion in ci!L;lit I'rimarv Schools, 
 and on Scpteiiilier ^, \H(\('), the snperiiitcndeni w.is 
 autliori/ed to dr;.;,iiii/e c\er\' rrim.irv SchodI on ties 
 |il,in, which W.IS put into oper.itioii the sanu' ye.ir 
 in fourteen rrimaries, ,and some schools have hi'i'ii 
 condiicieil in this wa\' ncarlv cx-erv \ear. 
 
 I'"ollowini; is ,1 list of liiiildiiii;s owned by llie. 
 board : 
 
 Hars'.ow : I ..iriicd, bet ween Uiopclle .and Rnssi'il 
 
 tree; i'itclier. after Or. /ina Pitelier, an activi; Streets, three-story brick, with b.isement ; built 
 
 worker in the orv^.ini/.ition of the bo.ird ; Lincoln, 1S71. 
 
 .after .\brah.im Lincoln; leffersoii, .after d'hom.is Lisliop: M.iiidii, bclween I l,istiiiv;s .and rrosjiecl 
 
 JelTersoii; C'kiy. .ifier I leiiry flav : f.ampbell, ;ifler Streets, thtee-story brick, with basement; bnill. 
 
 Judge J. V. Cami)l)ell ; Jackson, afler .Andrew Jack- 1.S5.S-US81, 
 
 Tiric I'ai'I'an Scikxil. 
 
mm 
 
 Tiir: i'.( )Aki) (iK i.Di (Ai i()\. 
 
 747 
 
 It r ; Jnlin ( )wi'H, 
 r; Jnliii NnrvtII, 
 fs siii.iinr ; I'ii'- 
 irc^iilciit of iiif 
 . 'in i\\ l)ri(l;^f, ii 
 lied li\- \\\^ ii.inir ; 
 niiiciil iiliysiii.iii ; 
 ■ ir.nlui-; Jdlm- 
 mIk ml in [)i-i|iii'; 
 r.;i:.;l'y. 
 
 inilciis ,i|ii>i>iiil(il 
 (1 ill ilic liinldin;.;. 
 lid (Icciiicii tli.il 
 ^vcd til li\r in tin 
 fiiim !»;ici liiSioii 
 ml fur tiu-ir scr- 
 
 ficcominodalioiis, 
 \i\.[\\. Il was jMil 
 
 I'liinarv ScJidnlN. 
 pi'iinlcnilcnl was 
 ir\- Siliiiul on tlii'- 
 11 till' saiiK' yiai- 
 (111 II lis liavc Ik'Hi 
 
 yi'ar. 
 s (iwiH'd hy llu' 
 
 i|)cllr and Isiisscll 
 l>asciiu-iu ; biiili 
 
 iiv;s and I'rdspn i 
 last'MU'iil ; i)uili 
 
 Cass: (iiand Kixir /\ venue, hi'lweeii Seeniidand 
 ili;^ll Slreels, llilee-slniy liriik, willi baseineii! ; 
 liiiill I.SCi |,S,S.', 
 
 (lay: rilelirr, hrlwcen Cass and Second Sinels, 
 iwd-slory, frame ; Imill 1S7 ]. 
 
 C'anipliill ; Si. .Aiiliin Avenue, n|i|)nsiie Wiihen 11, 
 i\\i)-slnry fr.ime ; Imili 1.S7 |. 
 
 Clinlim : Clininii, IhIwiiii KiissiII and Ui\aril 
 
 .Slreels, lW()-s|nry liriek, w il ll liaseinelil ; I'llill 1X7^, 
 Dllltield : ('lillldll A\enile. Ile.ir (luile, lliree- 
 slorv liriek, willl ll.isellleiil ; imill I.S'iCi. 
 
 I'A-erell : r'nrl, lu'lween ll.islini^s and Kiv.iid 
 Slreels, ihree-sliirv lirii k, wiili liaseineiil ; Imill 
 
 llMllklin: Se\cnlll, belween i.nensl ,-ind riiH" 
 Sirei-ls, l\\(i-slurv liiiek, \\illl liasemeiil ; Imill 1.SC15. 
 
 lim.ine: I'ml Slreel, lielweell Me|)imv;all ,111(1 
 I'.linwiiiid .\\-elllies, I w ii-sli)r\' Wiiiiil; hllill. iSS.!. 
 
 k'.irr.ind : ll.ii'per ,\\i'niii', nn suiiihwesi enrnerol 
 jiilin K. Siie( 1, i\\(i-si(iiy brick; Imill. iSS^ iiS.S.|. 
 
 'I'liK [mmn ( )\v1':n Sc ihHii.. 
 
 ili';li: Cnrner St.-ile and ( irisw-nld Slreels, lu'w 
 ihri'e-sidry liciiise, willl b.iseiiiriii, Imill. 1S75, ( )|(i 
 i\\(i-sinry house, Imill iX.:,S. 
 
 iioiiijlilon : Ciirnerdf Sixlli .iiid .\liboll Slreels, 
 iliree-stors' briek, willi b.isenieiil under ball' ; Imill 
 
 lr\in:^: Willis .\\'eniie, bel w-eeii \V Iward ,ind 
 
 ( ',iss, two-slory briek ; Imill icSSj. 
 
 Jellersoii : Corner M,iri,i ,iiid Cniwfoid Slreels. 
 iliree-slory briek, willi baseiiienl, buill 11X71. 
 
 Jackson: l.:irned, belween I)iil)ois ,ind Cliciu: 
 Slreels, two-story frame; used since 1X51;. 
 
 John ( )wen : Corner of 'I'hirieeiilh .and Mvrile 
 Slreels, two-s!or\- l>riek, willi basenieiil ; Imill 1N71). 
 
 Johnsbin: (lerinan Slreel, belween hiibois ,ind 
 ' heiu; St reels, iwo-slory brick; l)uik 1X84. 
 
 I incoln : ( 'orner St. .\nloine ;iiid Kentiiekv Slreels, 
 Iwd-siorv Ir.ime : biiill 1M7.!. 
 
 .Mi.iini ,\\iiiiie: Mi.inii .\\eiiiie, leiwcen ( ir.ind 
 Kiscr and ( iralioi, oiie-slory brick ; bum 1X5'^. 
 
 Tiiic Ni( III II, s S( iii'i II,. 
 
 Norvell: t )n lierlin ,iiid .\riidi, ne.ir Mi 1 Jonv.il! 
 Avenue, two-story brick, with b.asemciil ; Imill 1X79. 
 
 Nichols; ( )n I'.lin, belween Se\enlh Slreel ;md 
 'rrumimll .\\i nil.', Iwo-si. nv Ir.inie ; Imill iJ-id.S i.SX^. 
 
 I'ilehir: ;iiilli\' Ml ,\\"n;!i, ir .,r \belii;^;in. lliiee- 
 slorv brick, with b,isenii-ni ; biiih 1S71, 
 
 'I'a|>|).iii : ( oriicr 'i'liirieenili .nid M,ir.iiilciie 
 
 Slreels. lh|-cc-s|oi\ liriek : hllill |,S^7. 
 
 'rrowiirid',;e : Se\-eniei'nlh .Slreel, near llow.ird, 
 lwo-st(ir\- biii k ; Imill 1 S57. 
 
 ,.■.«■•.....■■ •:',!.,-/j- •'--.,:■,- ..•.-v«:..»-r' -tjrt^- ..■:.■.- — _jj; 
 
 'I'm! CAMi'iira.L S( iiiini,. 
 \\'.isIiin,;to!i : iic.uiliiiii ,Sircei, lietweeii Adams 
 
 A\enile ,111(1 JI.UMiet .Si reel . I hree-^loiv liri( k, willl 
 
 b.aseineiil ; biiih. i X7 1 . 
 
 Wilkins: I'orier, belween Second ;ind Third 
 .SirK'ls, three-story briik wiih b.isemenl; built lSCk/ 
 
748 
 
 Till". r.().\Ki> OF I'.nrcA I'lox. 
 
 W'c-hsliT : Twrius-lir'^t, hi iw rcn IlowMiil and 
 Mar(|iK'lU' Stri'ots, iwo-stnrv- l)ri('k, with hascnu'iit ; 
 l)iiill 1S74. 
 
 If? 
 
 mil 
 
 Mi a 
 
 'I"ni \\'ll.KI.\-; Si H.nil.. 
 
 Bagli'v: Cnnii r l^'ourti'duh A\i-iiin> ami I'iiu- 
 Street, t\vi)-stnryl)!'ick; Iniilt 1XS4. 
 
 : (_'i)ni(r (if I'lHirtecnth ami 1 lanrock 
 
 Awiuies, oiu'-stcM-y frani"; built 18S4. 
 
 A siic f <r a building lias also hcvn purchasi'il on 
 the iiiirthwc -.t corner of Twelfth an;! I'righani 
 Streets. 
 
 IIic ouu.ido appearance is the same (if the ]-lver- 
 ett and Wilkin-; Sehodls, I'itelur and Jkirslow, Clay 
 
 Tim I.iNccji.:: S(.H(iol. 
 
 and Campbell, Washington and Jefferson. The 
 John Owen, John Xorvell, and Clinton-street schools 
 arc also alike. 
 
 After the romplction of the new Irving School 
 the old building was moved to the south side of E\m 
 
 Strt'it, lutwecn Seventh Strei't and ■j'rumbiill .\\(- 
 niie, .ind enl.irged from ;i four to .a six-room building. 
 Wluii iiurcli.ising the lot for tiie sclx ol the bo.ard 
 obtained ;i sm.ill tri.mgul.ir ]>iece of grotnid on the 
 opposite side of i'.lm Street, on which a work-sli,ip 
 and stori'-housc for their use has bci'ii erected. 
 
 'I'he llrst mention of a High School is foimd in 
 the |)roceedings of the Iio.ardof I'.dueaiion for April 
 22. I1S44, when .'i committee was a|ipointed to sub- 
 mit ;i plan for ;i liigh School, .and the i\egents ol 
 the riii\'ersilv pl.ieed the nld aeadenu' building, on 
 Hates Street, al the disposal of the board for ,'i 
 Classic.il School, tlu'y to h.iw the iiri\ilege of ap- 
 pointing the ti'.aclurs, .-uid the IxKiks ii-ed to he the 
 same as those used in the branch schools. The 
 board accepted the offer, and on .May 2, 1X44, ap- 
 
 'J'hF. FriVNKMN ScHdOI.. 
 
 propriated :?I50 and fuel to the supjiort of a High 
 School to be kept in the second and third .stories of 
 the building. Not over twenty-five scholars were to 
 be admitted, and these were to be boys of eleven 
 years old and ujnvard who had attended public 
 school three months and passed an examination 
 before the Committee on Teachers. They were re- 
 quired to enter within the first two weeks of the 
 session. 
 
 Doubts being expressed as to the power of the 
 board to establish stich a .school, on May 13, 1844. a 
 committee rcjiorted that it had full power, and a 
 school was inaugurated. It continued only a short 
 time. 
 
 On January 20. 1855, an Act of the Legislature 
 gave inereascd facilities for maintaining a High 
 .School, but no action v>-as l.ikeii uncU'r the law until 
 February 20, 1856, when, on motion of Mr. Duffield, 
 
I 'I'ruinbull .\\( - 
 ix-rodin building;, 
 st'luol llu' l)oaril 
 
 )f j^TOUlld oil tile 
 
 lich .1 work-sliop 
 rcn ertc-ti'd. 
 liool is found in 
 liH-.uion for April 
 |ilioiiUi'd to siih- 
 I till' i\t't;i'nts (if 
 cniv liiiildiii.u', on 
 tlu- l)iiard for ;i 
 ]in\ilcii;i' of rip- 
 <s ii^cd to lie lllr 
 •ji srliools. 'I'll! 
 May 2, 1.S44, ap- 
 
 up]H)rt of a Hi]L;;li 
 
 1 third stories of 
 
 c srliolars were to 
 
 )e l)(iys of eleven 
 
 tttended puhlie 
 
 an exaniinatioii 
 
 Tlicy were re- 
 
 wo \vecl<s of till 
 
 the power of tlie 
 1 May 13, 1844, ,-1 
 power, and n 
 iiicd only a sliort 
 
 f the Le.i;isiatiiri 
 itaininij a Hi.uli 
 der tile l;iw until 
 1 of Mr. Dufliekl, 
 
 
 EIVMI 
 
 TilK HOARD ()!■' I'.DrCATIoX. 
 
 749 
 
 {■'(•hruary J5. 1N73. aCoinniiltee on Militai'\- Instruc- 
 tion was appointed, and for two years tin- Ixiys were 
 
 a coniniitlee was a])poinii'd to eonsidei- and I'cport 
 
 upon tlie e\pi'(liene\' of eslai)lisliini; snell a srlidul ; 
 
 III) deliniti: eonrlusions wei\' reached, and on A|)ril dail\' di-ilied. Ihery l)iiy in the siiiool was i'.\peetetl 
 
 .;, 1.S56, tile (|iiestioii was postponed for ;i )ear; in to belony; to llie eoiiipany, unless his parents ub- 
 
 1.S58 the i^oal was re;ielu'(!. .ind on Aumist. 
 
 ;o tlie ilii;h School held its liisi session in 
 
 ihe upper sloi-y of the Mi.iini Avenue school 
 
 Iniiklin.i^'. it bej^an witli tweiily-three pupils, 
 
 .ill lioys. 
 
 in 1S59 a buildin.v: was erected for the 
 llii;h School on the ri'ar p.irt of the Miami 
 A\"eiuic lot, at a cost of S-.'-x'xJ. la.i;lity-ti\'e 
 jiiipils attended at the opeiiinj^ in the new 
 Iniildin;^- on January 16, iSdo, and ^irls for 
 the first time were then admiiteil. 
 
 in September, i<S'')3, the school was trans- 
 ferred to the second story of the Capitol 
 l)uildin,t;', aiul in l'"ebruary of this year the 
 I iti/.eiis contributed $1,000 for the purchase 
 (if philosophical and chemical apparatus. 
 In ic)66 French ;iiul (iermaii were inlro- 
 ducetl as studies. In 1.S75 a new buildim^ 
 was crecli'd for the scIukiI in fi'out of the 
 (lid Capitol, and for the llist time the four 
 ;^i'.'ides were aceomiiiod.aled under one 
 roof. 
 
 In June, 1.S71, the board a^reetl that a 
 (lipliim.i fivim the Ili.^h School should be 
 accepted as .1 certilicate of (lualirication to 
 t(.Mch, but four years Later tliis iinicticc was discon- 
 tinued. A L;re,itt'r honor w.is conferred upon the 
 school, on June 2j, iSjiJ, when the Keijents (jf the 
 Iniversity decided that students j^raduatiiiij from 
 the High School should be admitted to the I'niver- 
 sity on their tliploma, without examination. 
 
 I'm-: C.\^> b(.li(Hii-, 
 
 liM.Aia.iii). 
 
 I'lclieviin.;- that the military drill woukl be beiie- 
 \:c\:i\ to the boys, several i^c'ntlemen, in the f.all of 
 '■"^74, petitioned the Ciovernnu'nt, .and ,irms ;ind in- 
 
 structors were furnished from Fort W 
 
 On 
 
 Till; Ca.ss Seiiii(jL. (Original apiiiarance.) 
 
 jected, and nearly all in each i^rade became mem- 
 bers of the ili.^h School Cadets. The tlrst year all 
 were re<[uired to dress in a uniform which cost 
 eighteen dollars; but after tlie tir>t year this was 
 not insisted on. Two years later drills were had 
 daily for part of the time, ;ind then twice a week. 
 There w.as ;ilw;i\s consider.ibic: discussion .as 
 to the desirability of the jir.u tiie, and at the 
 close of the term in 187;') the urxani/cation was 
 tliscontinueil. In October, 18.S2, a (umpany 
 w.as est.ablished by the students themselves. 
 I'rofessor M, Chaiiey, the first principal of 
 the school, rem. lined until SeiHeniber, 1S71, 
 w hen he resiiLined to |L;ive his time to the Pub- 
 lic Library Ills successor, Professor 1. M. 
 WelliniL^ton, served until i.S.Si, and was fol- 
 lowed by I'rofessor I,. C. Hall. All the prin- 
 cipals h.ave been .aided by .1 Lariie corps of 
 .able assistants. Candidates for admission to 
 the Hi,iL',h School must be twelve ye.ars of aije 
 or over, and must pass .a s.atisfaclory examina- 
 tion in s[)elliivi;-, j^rammar, arithmetic, jreo- 
 ^l•,al)hy, reading;-, Cnited States history and 
 i^meriiiiK'nt. Their .answers to exainiiiatioii 
 i|uestions are w ritten, e.i'ii student beinir desijfnated 
 bv a number attached to his answers. All .answers 
 are examined by .a uniform kev to the questions, and 
 each jiart of all i|uesli(ins submitted h.i^" it'^ definite 
 
^^ 
 
 750 
 
 Till". HOARD Ol" i:i)rC.\TI()X. 
 
 ti'rdil mark. VUc r.itc per ci'iil riiiilliiii; Id iJi'mno- 
 lidii lium (iiK' j;i;ul'' 1(1 aiinilur imiii^cs liom si\ty-livt' 
 to ^(.Aciily-liNL'. I he scluiiil lidLirs ail.: Iidiu <*^.jO 
 
 
 'Im; High Sciukil. 
 
 A. M. to 1.05 1'. M,, including an intcruiission of 
 trn uiiniili'S. 
 
 'I'lic nunihrr of pupils in the scvcial years since 
 iIk' Miiiiul iipfucil lias been: 
 
 lifly-se\en eolored t'jiijdren, i)ut no director was 
 api)ointed or funds appropriated foi' teachiui; the 
 cliildren, as tiie inspectors had no authority fcjr thus 
 
 ()ri;ani/inv; a separate ilis- 
 trict. Thi' l,ev;islaliire. 
 on Marcii 27, 1.S41, re- 
 mcdii'd this iaci< of au- 
 tiionl}', and the same 
 year a siiiooj of seviiity 
 pupils was sustained for 
 four and a lialf niontlis. 
 On Marcii 23, i<S42. 
 tile Hoard of T'ducalioi; 
 opened a similar scliool 
 in the African M. 1'.. 
 Church on {•"orL StiH'ct, 
 just west of Ileanhieii. 
 it I'oiuinued lu're ncarlv 
 ten years, and in i.S4''i 
 and 1.S47 was laiivjht hy 
 J. M. liidwii, who in iSSj 
 was a liislKip in the Af- 
 rican M. v.. t'hurch. In 
 leS5 I it was mo\ed tn the 
 Colored Episcopal 
 Church on tlie corner of 
 Coiii^ress and St. Antoine Streets, where fur se\-eral 
 years it was taught by Rev. W. C. Monroe. 
 
 In i860 a coloi-e(l scluiol, with a white teachci-, 
 was I'stablished on Fort Street just west of Si. An- 
 
 ^■.,.r. 
 
 No. Pupils 
 
 \,:n. 
 
 No, Pupils. 
 
 1S58 
 
 ^3 
 
 IS7I 
 
 281 
 
 1851; 
 
 ^'3 
 
 1872 
 
 3^9 
 
 ! 8C1O 
 
 M7 
 
 ''V3 
 
 280 
 
 1861 
 
 114 
 
 1874 
 
 474 
 
 1862 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1875 
 
 S^3 
 
 1 863 
 
 122 
 
 1876 
 
 932 
 
 1 804 
 
 1-5 
 
 1877 
 
 785 
 
 IS03 
 
 ■33 
 
 1878 
 
 S64 
 
 1 866 
 
 144 
 
 1879 
 
 706 
 
 1867 
 
 172 
 
 1 880 
 
 So I 
 
 1 868 
 
 202 
 
 1881 
 
 773 
 
 1 869 
 
 ^34 
 
 1882 
 
 759 
 
 1870 
 
 -93 
 
 IS83 
 
 743 
 
 An .\liniini Association was or- 
 j^^anized June 21, 1866, ami holds 
 .annual exert'ises on the eveniii;,^^ of 
 the d.iy that school closes for the 
 summer vacation. .\ll graduates 
 may become members. [Ik- an- 
 nual lines arc one dollar for t;einlc- 
 men, and I'lfty cents for ladies. 
 
 Coloftul Srhoolx. 
 
 The school inspectors of the city, in 1S30, ort,ran- 
 i/,ed School District No. 8, in which there were 
 
 Tin; UcFKiiiLu Slhuol. 
 
 toine ; mucli im|irovement was made in classifying; 
 the scholars here, and a lar!,.(er attendance was 
 secured. 
 
 Se|)aralc schools were maintained for the coloreil 
 
Till". noAki) ()|- i;i)i;c.\'ii()\. 
 
 751 
 
 no (lirufUir wa;- 
 fi)i- tL-acliinn tilt 
 mlhdiiiy lor tliiis 
 inv; a si'paraU' ilis- 
 Thc- l.c'v;islaliiri\ 
 ell 27, 1841, IV- 
 
 tliis lack of aii- 
 aiul IJK' saiiu- 
 sciiool of st-\i'ni\ 
 \as suslaiiu-d for 
 i! a half moiillis. 
 March 23, 1.S42. 
 ;ir1 of I'ducalioi! 
 
 a similar school 
 African M. !■:. 
 
 on l''ort Sircct. 
 .•St of liiMubicn, 
 nncii hen; ncarl\ 
 irs, and in i.S4^ 
 47 was tanijht l)y 
 rown, wiio in 1 ScSj 
 lisliop in the Al- 
 1. K. Chnrch. In 
 was nio\cd lo lllr 
 cil Episcopal 
 I on ihc coiner of 
 where for seveial 
 
 Monroe. 
 I a while teacher, 
 t west of St. An- 
 
 ade in classifyin.v; 
 attendance was 
 
 d for liic colored 
 
 
 1 hildren and tiiey were e.Ncluded from liie other 
 public schools nntil the passage of the Ceneral 
 .Schools Law in 1S67, i)niviilinn that all residents of 
 a school tlistrict were entitled to admission to the 
 school. The board claimed that this law did not 
 
 The l''i]i.N.\.M; Sciiooi . 
 
 apply to Detroit, but the colored i)eoi)le claimed 
 the rii.^ht of admission to the schools, and from time 
 to lime pelitioited for their riijhls, hut tlu' l)o;ird con- 
 liiiued lo refuse them. ( )n .\pi-il 15, 1.S67, City 
 Counsellor Willi. im Cir.ay decided ih.at the board 
 h.iil no rii^ht to refuse admission, nevertlu-less the 
 liii.ird persisted, and on Siplember 2, 1 cSC)7, .the col- 
 ored jieople ;i>;ain petitioned for their rights, and 
 c.illed .itteniion to ihe Act, and on December 16, a 
 cnnuniltee of the board I'eported in fasorol ri'sciiul- 
 in;.; thu resolution of exclusion. Their report was 
 
 Niiw Irving School. 
 
 referred hack to the committee, and this shuttle- 
 cock sort of proceedini; w.is continued for neariy 
 two years. The assist.mce of the courts was then 
 .sought to compel obedience to the law, and in iSCy 
 
 the .Supreme Court ilecided that, under the (Icneral 
 School Law of 1S67, the colori'd children hail a 
 riv;hi lo admission. 
 
 This settled the ([uesiion. The Hoard of Lduc.'i- 
 tion yiekleil to the pressure of circumstances, ;md 
 on October II, i.Sf)';, rescinded ihe resolution of 
 e.vclusion. Since th.il date <-o|ored children h.ave 
 bein admilted to ;ill the schools, but .it the re(|ucst 
 of m.iiu' colored citizens sep.irale sihools have bein 
 occasion.illy prosideil. 
 
 The following table !i;i\es a variety of \ali:able 
 facts relalis'e l(j the schools: 
 
 1842 
 
 1844 
 184 i 
 
 I«46 
 1847 
 1848 
 i84'y 
 
 ISS2 
 
 1X54 
 1S5S 
 
 1S57 
 1S38 
 IXW 
 186. 1 
 1S61 
 
 i8r.4 
 
 i8f.5 
 
 iSm'i 
 
 i8rv 
 1868 
 
 isr.., 
 1871) 
 1871 
 187. 
 187; 
 18-1 
 ■ 875 
 1871-. 
 1S77 
 1878 
 187U 
 1880 
 .8S1 
 188.! 
 18S, 
 
 1,1. M 
 2, |.)i) 
 
 5, '.27 
 
 '■..*77 
 
 «.l. ;77 
 
 '7.'74 
 18,00.1 
 1.^,50.1 
 21,^)^0 
 
 2J,0(.. 
 
 28,ai,8 
 
 *5.i,CX3<i 
 70,' KJ*. 
 
 80,34,,; 
 
 10.),2V' 
 
 1 32,7';.. 
 
 i,il,8r«,i 
 I46,iij4 
 148,455 
 183,510 
 jj.S,f,.. ; 
 
 .■45,784 
 -80,477 
 
 ;,•■ 1.7^3 
 4!'.)7- 
 5. .5,8 10 
 54^,410 
 57'i,4l' 
 
 735ii';-' 
 7 7 J, 04.. 
 720,8.3 
 
 ^M4.-75 
 747,fiiii 
 
 770.-S-1 
 77l.^'4i 
 .lil.i'i" 
 Q3".i|5ol 
 
 I 
 
 — "2 
 
 2,. 185 
 3,821 
 
 ■t.<'3i) 
 (,822 
 5,846 
 
 r,,54,, 
 
 ''.JO'. 
 
 I!i Iwcin 
 
 4 atui iS. 
 
 0,.,(.5 
 
 7^883 
 
 8,520 
 
 'h<fi) 
 
 9,01-2 
 10,502 
 12,688 
 1.1.138 
 13,208 
 14,1511 
 14,136 
 I 5..3')8 
 i<'N47.i 
 17. 3'" I 
 18, 7i... 
 
 21,742 
 22,810 
 
 liltHTCn 
 
 5 ami 2.1. 
 
 27.. .3.1 
 ■..6,'.,i 
 28,77'. 
 
 ;i..j.'6 
 .i3.77- 
 .!4.5')i 
 .^=•''7-' 
 
 ■35.7 i') 
 .^^.9r>2 
 37/'84 
 3'l.4''V 
 
 + i7.'i.'6 
 40,21.3 
 4 1,840 
 
 "=3 
 ■ ..•4 5 
 
 1 , 1 1 - 
 
 1,1 
 
 2 
 
 4' 12 
 
 2 
 
 47" 
 
 2 
 
 ,,,.,.. 
 
 3 
 
 ,821 
 
 4 
 
 ,OUO 
 
 4,250 
 4,72.1 
 4,850 
 5,,»>. 
 
 5,OO.J 
 
 .S,5"" 
 5.8«. 
 
 6,' KJ" 1 
 
 4,586 
 6,5.12 
 
 7.'-'4^ 
 7,48'i 
 7..>vl 
 7,,,8(, 
 8,111 
 8.445 
 9.>i7 
 y.22i 
 
 J<7"i 
 
 1.1,717 
 1 1, s ' 
 I i.Sliri 
 
 11,764 
 
 12,185 
 
 12,.j8'i 
 
 'J.7.W 
 14,1 Hi 
 
 13,2.,1 
 
 I3.-';' 
 
 >4.837 
 15,802 
 17,30) 
 
 '7.3'!-' 
 1.1,546 
 
 2 
 
 ')V' 
 
 701 
 
 ',159 
 81.1 
 
 «74 
 i,o6.> 
 
 ».5JJ 
 1. 743 
 
 2,465 
 
 =.7.iy 
 ^•.783 
 5,036 
 
 3.<'87' 
 
 3.3-8 
 
 3,82! 
 
 4,146 
 
 2,728 
 
 4.4'/' 
 
 4.^49 1 
 
 4.'-.(7 I 
 
 4.17.SI 
 
 4.'.'78 I 
 
 4.'i'.i" 
 
 6.157 
 
 6,1551 
 
 6,480 
 
 7.1^7 
 
 7..V'^ 
 7...68 I 
 
 7.88 5 
 8,285 
 8,956 
 
 0.'!i,l4 
 
 .),fol 
 
 10,2. K( 
 I 1 ,46. 1 
 I 0,66 5 
 
 1 1 , • ■ 3 
 12,062 I 
 
 12,835 
 
 «3.3<r' 
 
 A 
 
 - I 3 
 
 X 
 
 4..385 
 4.971 
 
 5."4" 
 S.i?-! 
 5.1'"' 
 5.4-4 
 5.89" 
 6,059 
 
 6.954 
 
 ,118 
 ,5'i4 
 >517 
 ,'71 
 .477 
 ,l-J4 
 iCii 
 ,')5t 
 .54'> 
 ,1 1'l 
 .461 
 ,2. .8 
 
 .'Mil 
 
 .2' '5 
 ,502 I 
 
 $l,.).l ; 
 2,8.,.. 
 4.3S6 
 4.4-. 
 4.1SI' 
 4.512 
 6,637 
 
 y.4'j 
 
 8,2.13 
 1 1 .983 
 12,129 
 
 14..W9 
 15.623 
 
 27.449 
 2i.i54 
 34.638 
 33.142 
 34.".5'i 
 48.72" 
 4<..M5 
 45,62.. 
 .S3. 780 
 57."83 
 70.987 
 9'1.284 
 88,5.1-2 
 103,185 
 
 121.1.17 
 i'i3.5v' 
 177.""" 
 l(.8,59l 
 
 1(5.537 
 
 154, .170 
 
 239,61,7 
 
 ••i<,,ii7o ( 
 
 213,214 
 
 1811,770 
 
 213.277! 
 
 •221.429 
 
 222,434 
 
 256,013 
 
 gOo,')l4 . 
 
 31 
 
 38 
 37 
 41 
 4-' 
 50 
 57 
 61 
 68 
 6.1 
 
 7-* 
 
 8.. 
 
 83 
 8(1 
 
 116 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 ■3 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 »9 
 
 85 
 
 •-•7 
 -'5 
 -9 
 29 
 
 37 
 4-' 
 44 
 4'> 
 5" 
 55 
 63 
 65 
 68 
 78 
 81 
 'H 
 
 127 ' 100 
 143' 112 
 170 i 131 
 177 1 i.i» 
 
 185 
 204 
 221 
 226 
 
 240 
 
 -47 
 249 
 26S 
 
 273 
 288 
 
 149 
 167 
 178 
 177 
 182 
 185 
 187 
 208 
 218 
 228 
 =34 
 
 * Till' laii;r iiuTia>L' ill valuation ovir tlio prtvious yiar w.is 
 chiully from a >;rLUtt;r valiii; put on the pnipfrty of Uic llo.;ril. 
 
 + 'J'liis census or tlii; loriiicr ones must have been carelessly 
 taken. 
 
 The school census of 188-5 showed atol.il of 7,67 i 
 children .attendiiivr other than the public .schools, 
 10,051 at work, and 20,397 not in any school. 
 
iV 
 
 / ,"^- 
 
 Till: I'.OAKI) ol' I'.Dl (A ll(»\. 
 
 Si lll'ol ( >///', ,7V 1I//1/ Sil/iir/i'S. 
 
 I"liu (hill '..il.iiird (i||ii(|-i\ ihc .Sii|i('i ini( mlriii 
 of S(li(Hi|s. Tills (illii (I \\ ,is tiiM |)ii i\ iilcil |(ir hv 
 All tif J.iini.iiy ->>. iMi>5. and nii Apiil .\. |. I'. 
 Nil lidls was ilrrifd In the iMisillon willi .1 sal.irv nf 
 
 *v-.''-t7:— *.,. 
 
 Tim. Wi li-.riiK Sliiwi] 
 
 hllsillrss .iiM'nl fnllllr Im.ird. Tlic S.ll.llV WM'^ !{lf UK) 
 
 riiriilliirdi Sii|ni\ jsiir (if l\c|>,iii -I and riiiildiiiv; 
 
 silciii (led llial nl in(sscni;(r. ( ii'(ii\;i' Molllnir. 
 
 was a|>|iiiMiii (I III till |Misiiiiiii III April, iiS/^, wiili .1 
 
 s.ilary I'f !>>[ , j(H), and ( mil iiiiicd in oIIk c iinlil M.ij 
 
 111, i.S.Xi), wlirii he was siiiciTih (1 
 
 liy I .like C iiisslcv. 
 
 Uy .\il (if M,iii h :.)', I1S7 ;, ih, 
 liii,ii(l w .IS ,iiilliiiri/cd III a|i|i(iiiii ,1 
 s('( rrl,try .ind i^ciicral linsiiuss 
 ;iil;i 111, ,ind mi i''cl)rii;iry I, 1X73,,! 
 sccrt'l.irv w,is .iiiiiniiilid w iili a ^.il 
 ;ir\' I il >'.!,i II"). 
 
 Till' |ii"i sidcnis I if I he 111 i.ii (I li.nc 
 Ikcii; |S.|.;, I )(i||;^I,iss 1 Imi^lllnll. 
 
 Mayiir; iS.(i, /iii.i I'lirlui , M.iynr, 
 1S44 i(S47, Jiiliii K. \\'illi,iiiis. 
 Mayiir ; iM.(7 i N^j, .S.iniiul |',.irs- 
 liiw ; 1 S3 J I 831;, 1 ,ivi 1 lislidp ; 
 iSv^ iSdi, I). 11. Diillicid ; i,S(,i. 
 \V. 1). Wilkins; iSh.- i.Sf,^, W. A. 
 Miimv ; iWiv C". I. W .ilkcr ; i.Sdf.. 
 I'. 11. ll.uiwill; iN(i7. \\ . 1). \\ il- 
 kins ; l(S(i,S i,S7(), K. W. Kin-; 
 1X71) 1.S7J, ()li\(r I'lmiikc; i,S7' 
 1X74, C K. ILnkiis ; 1.S74, M.iik 
 lkiiiii;.ii); 1S75 1X77, C. W. I'l.il. Il ; 
 i'^77-'''^7'>' I'l'i'iiii.in Norxill ; 1077- 
 i.SSi, Micli.ul I'iin.inr; i.S.Si i.SS;. 
 ( icmvu' K. Aii'^cll ; iSS ; , (' . 
 
 I. W.ilkcr. Sc'.iii.irics : 1.S4J 
 i(S44, Jdhn S. Abhdll; 1X44, Jnlin 
 
 §i;oo a year. lie .scrxcd Init mic ycir, ,ind ihc 
 iiriicc was thin iinrilKd until .\iii;iisi r, iiSfi^, when 
 I'liili ssiir j. M I'.. Sill was .iiiiidintrd. lie sirvcd 
 iwiisr.irs, |irii\iii^ ,il lilsl s^i ,(nK) and I hell SI ,X()iJ 
 |iir \r.ii'. In jiliic, I.Xd^. he w.is siiricidcd liy 
 I'n.iiu' Iiiii\. In I iSf.d I he s.ikiiA' was ni.idc ^i.^ul)(); 
 in i.Sdij il W.IS r.iiscd In Sj.sdi), .iiid in 1S71, lo 
 if^.iXM). Mr. 1 )d! \' ( dill iiiiicd ill iillirrniiiil .\pril 1, 
 I1S75, whrn ridfissdr .Sill w.is ,iv,.iiii appninlcd, .iiid 
 ill I .S.X.j. is siill in iillii r ,ii .1 s.il.ir\' df S V lO". 
 
 Tlirir w;is ,ii one lime dmilils ,is Id llic .lUlhdl-ilV 
 of llu'bii.ird In lie. lie this nUicc, hiii mi I'l liru.u'v 
 24, iX'iy, the 1 .ci.jisl.ii lire silllcd till' (|iirslinil by 
 c'\pi\'ssly (■nnliri'inj; ;iniliiiiii\- tn ;ippiiiiii ,1 siipcrin- 
 li'iiiK'iil, and under .\rl nf M.irrli J7, 1X7^, 111' is 
 ili'ck'd fnr U nils df ilncc \ears. 
 
 Ill I.S71 Miss I'l. I\il(\- w;is ,ippdilllcd rlclk Intlu' 
 sii|)criiiti'iid(iil ,il a sal,ir\' nf Sji'i). .iflcrw'.irds in- 
 creased in;f;75(). In iXS^, she was still serxinit:;. 
 The ntliee nf niesseili^er existed ill I.S5(), but was 
 lint nllii i,ill\- ercited imiil I'ebni.arv '^1, iX'k). |dhii 
 I'l. (."misins lu'ld the pnsiiinn finiii iSdo niiiil ,\prii, 
 I.S7('). when the nlliee w,is .iboli^hed. lie w.is the 
 general SiiperiiileiuleiU of Repairs, ,uid aeied .is 
 
 Till'. 'rudWhKnii.K Si iiDOi.. 
 
■rill. Ill <.\\<\i ( M 1.1)1 t \ I K )\. 
 
 75.^ 
 
 • s.il.irv was ijirKX) 
 laiis anil lliiililin" 
 
 ( if(irj;r Muliiiiii 
 
 \|)iil, iSyfi, uilli .1 
 
 II ollii r iinlii M.i\ 
 
 ic was SUlClHilril 
 
 IK li .r;, 1S7 ;, tin 
 i/id t(p a|i|iiiiiii .1 
 i;riuial br.siiuss 
 ihiuaiy I. i<"^7 3. 1 
 )()ilUc(l u illi a sal 
 
 , 111 llic Imanl lia\i 
 iiv^lass ll(iuv;l:liin, 
 la I'llrlui . Mayui , 
 
 III K. W'illiaiii'-, 
 S3J, ^>amtlrl I'lai- 
 c;, I .( \ i riisiliip ; 
 ;. DiiHuld ; iSOi. 
 
 iSiK- 1S63, W..\ 
 . I. Walkrr; iSdi,. 
 
 I,S(.-;.W. 1). Wil- 
 (), K. W. Kiii'^ i 
 I r r.dinkr ; 1.S7,! 
 K kiis ; |X";4. Mark 
 iS77,(;.\V. I'.aMi; 
 nan NoiAill ; l<S7i(- 
 
 iianc; iM.Si i<S.^ ;. 
 
 1! ; iSS; , ( . 
 
 (■! rctarics : i«S4J 
 Uilmlt; 1S44, John 
 
 lliiilurt; i.S4t;-i,S4H, (■,c((rv;c Kul)!), 1.S4S 1.S52, I). 
 H. DiiHicId; i,S5J 1.S54, I'. W. Iliinlus; i(S54, Janus 
 Itiilon ; 1.S55 1S5C;, i:. C. Walkir; 1X51; i.Sru. \\ . 
 A. Moore; i.Sf)i. M. Hall ; i.Sfu, 1 1. C. Kni'^hi ; iW.j, 
 \V. I'. Wells; 1.S64, J. M. ii. Sill; iW-s 1.S75. 
 IHian.' Doly, 1.S75 1X7.;, S. I'., riilnian; 
 i.S7i> liSiSi, I'liiMian Noivell ; i.S.Si , i|. 
 
 M. I'lley. 
 
 l'/ihiiiii(il Risoiiiits I'/' ///(■ lUhtiil. 
 
 W'lieii llic (jisiricl siIkkiI s\slcin <-casc(|, 
 llicir was lniii((l oxer lo the hoard, l>\ |iilin 
 1- arnier, llie lieasLiiir of llic old lioanl, assets 
 III llie nominal \alne of %i,\^(\.-]')\ of tin's 
 aninniit, $i,ji;5.7i), oliiaiiied from persons 
 Miidinv; ejiildren to the old dislriel scliooLs, 
 llir hoard was re(|niri'd to return. The !;^l-lhi 
 reinainini; liad been reeei\ed hdin liie Slate, 
 and willi one hnildin;^ valued at S50(j aiul 
 siAciitv-lix'e doll.irs' worth of henehes, sto\-e 
 and pipe, constituted the assets of the hoaril. 
 ;\,i;ainsl this there were liabilities amounlin,^ 
 
 TIk; /\ei ereatiniL; the boaid anthoii/.ed the eonn- 
 (11 to le\'y a ta.\ of not o\'er one dollar a year for 
 earll child between li\e and seventeen. Much o|)- 
 posiiioii was made lo this law, and in.iny persons 
 tried lo |)ay the school la.x in corpor.ition sliin- 
 plastors, which were then ,i;reatly depreciated. In 
 ciiiisu(|iicncc of llicsc clforls. ;in Act was passed on 
 
 and on .March 1 .!. 1.S47, .-in .\ci w.as proctired .itithoi- 
 i/ini; tin- coiiiicil, wilh eoiiselil of the eili/.elis' MK'i-l- 
 iiiv;, III le\y ,1 spi'ci.il l.ix 111 lis 1 ,501) ,1 vc.ir, to be iis((l 
 ill providiiij; .iddilion.il sihool lois .md biiildiii^.s; 
 
 'I'lii'; llisiior Si.M.i.i 
 
 Mom , ,\s i-;m,\I(i.kii. 
 
 I'hriiary 13, 1S43, reciuirinir ihe scliool l.i.xes to he 
 k' jH separaU- from all others, ;md prohil)ii inv; tin: 
 P ivment of these t.i.xes in shin-pl.islers or other obli- 
 K 11 ions of ihe city. 
 
 I'he ainnnnt received from this ta.*; was too small 
 '" enable the board lo erect the necessary l)Liililiii)4S, 
 
 liii. Ili'.iiiir Sriiiiiii.. (( )iii;iii,il JMiildiii^;.) 
 
 the .\ct ,ilso anthori/((l the bo.nd to borrow Sj.uixj 
 for the s.inie pnrpiisc. I'rinr to this .\i t. ;ind e\cii 
 • IS kite ,is I1S55, members iil the bo.ird borrowed 
 money for its use on their individu.il credit. 
 
 Ily .\ci of M.nch 5. iSjo, ihc school census was 
 ordered to inclndc ,ill children between four and 
 ei,L;litt'i'n years of .ii;e, and by Ai t of J.inu.ary 20, 
 i'^;5, the city w.is direcu-d lo raisi' a la.\ of 
 two doll.irs, instead of mie dollar, for each 
 ( iiild reported. .Act (if I'ebrti.ary 7, WS57, 
 furllu-r increased the opporlnnities of the 
 bo.nd by .niviiii; the council powc'r lo raise, in 
 addition to the per c.ipit.i l.t.x, the sum of 
 Sj(),()<k), lo be expended lor lots and buildings. 
 ( >n M.irch 7, i<SOi,tlie school law was so 
 aminded th.it, at the option of the board, the 
 $_"i),o(K) of speci.il t.ixcs miv;lil be used for 
 HeiU'r.il school purposes insieid of only for 
 lots .and l)uildin,i;s. 'i'he const.anl growth of 
 the city dem.anded still kirner amounts of 
 money, .and on iM.irch 16, i(S65, ilu' council 
 w.is directed to k'vy a school tax of three 
 dolkus for e.i'h child, and ;iny additional sum 
 up to ^jj.cxxj th.il tlu' bo.ird should deem 
 ne<'css.irv; .and ;i Larger sum mij;ht bi' ji^ranted 
 wiili ( onscnl of the citizen's meeting;'. Ily Act 
 of I'ebrii.iry 24, iSfn;, the bo.ird w.is author- 
 ized to borrow S!5,o(K), to be used for school 
 purposi's. It W.IS also |)idvi(kid tli.it the school 
 census should include .all children between the ai.;es 
 of live .and twentv, .and tli.it .1 school l.ix of lour 
 dolkars for t'.ach child should be levied, .and .also that 
 ,1 t.ix of ti\'e 11, ills on the dolkir niii^hl bi' le\aed, for 
 the iirucuring of school lots and buildings. 
 
754 
 
 nii: liUARU UK i:i>LCAllUN. 
 
 On Marcli 27, i.S73,tlK' Lij^islaturr proviilid tliat 
 any scliool tax of hvit live ilollars piT cliilil sIkiuIiI 
 be siibjol to approval of tlic roiwuil, and implied 
 tiiat at kast live dollars per cliild niiv;lu he raised. 
 Ill .iddiiioii to the amounls appr(ii)riaied by tlu: city, 
 the board obtains, aiiordini; to the nimiber of chil- 
 dren in the eity, a porliini of the Slate I'riniary 
 Sihool Kiind, a fund ilerivetl from interest on 
 amounts received from sale of lantls set ajiarl for 
 the support of connnon schools. 
 
 I'"or the year endin;.;- June, 1 883, the amount re- 
 ceived reached the sum of 6>57,5oo. This lari;c 
 increase was ow- 
 in.v( to the fact 
 thai the State 
 debt was practi- 
 cally cancjled, 
 and under the 
 Conslilution the 
 moneys rei'ii\ed 
 bythe State from 
 speeilic taxes 
 were credited U) 
 the Primary 
 School Fund. 
 These primary 
 sehool revenues 
 do not pass 
 through the city 
 treasury, but are 
 p.iid direct to 
 the treasurer 
 of the board by 
 the county treas- 
 urer, on the or- 
 der of the presi- 
 dent and secre- 
 tary. The treas- 
 urer is elected 
 yearly, and pays 
 such percenta.L^e 
 on the monthly 
 balances remaining in his hands as may be agreed 
 upon. 
 
 One of the most noted events in connection with 
 the finances of the schools was a proposition made 
 in 1853 to divide the school funds in order t(3 give 
 the Catholics a portion for the support of their 
 schools. The question became the main issue in 
 the city election of .March 8, 1S53, when the people, 
 by a large nuijority, indicated that they were opposed 
 to any such division. 
 
 Members, Meetiiii^s and Mdnaj^enient. 
 
 Under the Act of 1842 the Hoard of Education 
 consisted of the mayor anil recorder and two in- 
 spectors from each ward, who were to serve without 
 
 'I'hk Jei-fkrson School. 
 
 pay. The mayor had a right to vole, and in his 
 absenci' the recorder had tile s.imc privilege, but 
 after 1846 the right ceased. The lirst inspectors 
 chosen in 1842 were to serve, half for one ye.ar, the 
 others for two years; after th.it dati', and U|) to 
 1881, one w.is elected annually in each w.ard. 'i'he 
 number of ins|)t'(:t{)rs in dirferenl years has been; 
 1842 1848, eight; 1848 1 84(;, fourteen ; 1841; 1K57, 
 sixteen; 1857 1873, twenty; 1873 r874. twenty- 
 two; 1873 1877, twenty-four; 1877-1881, twejity- 
 six. 
 
 I'nder the system of representation by wards, ,1 
 
 variety of evils 
 were imi gen- 
 dered. .\s the 
 city grew, the 
 people moved 
 tluir homes 
 from the lower 
 and central por- 
 tlvjn of the city, 
 but, though their 
 homes wi're rt> 
 moved, the rep- 
 resentation (if 
 the wards on the 
 board continued, 
 anti in 1881 
 wards with less 
 than two hun- 
 dred children 
 had .an ei|iial 
 voice in schoul 
 m.'itters with 
 those that had 
 six thousaiul 
 children. 
 
 In the interest 
 of good schools 
 and reform, ,111 
 Act of March 
 II, 1 88 1, pro- 
 vided that after July i the schools should be maii- 
 ageil by a ISo.ird of Inspectors, twelve in luimber, 
 elected from the city at Large, the tirst twelve to he 
 chosen at the spring election of 1881, six to h 
 oHice for two years, and six for four years eai 
 the terms of each to be decided by lot ; and aftir 
 the first election, six were to be elected biennially for 
 terms of four ye.irs each. I'nder the Act the old 
 Hoard of Inspectors continuetl to ser\e until Juh' 1, 
 1881, at which time the new board went into oflirc. 
 Originally, and up to 1859, the bo.ard held regular 
 meetings once in three months ; special meetin;<s 
 were, however, held whenever it was deemed ad- 
 visable. On April 11, 1859, the board resolved to 
 meet regularly on the first Monday of each month, 
 
 old 
 1 ; 
 
'llli: KoAKI) OF KDUCATION. 
 
 755 
 
 oic, .■uid in liis 
 .• privikis'i'. but 
 tirst in><iHitiiis 
 )r OIK' yiar, llu' 
 iiti', ami up t(i 
 nil waiil. 'llu 
 I'ars lias \)vvi\ ; 
 en ; 1.S49 '^57. 
 ,-1874. uvtiily- 
 '-iSiSi, twenty- 
 ion i)y wards, a 
 i-arii'ty nf evil^ 
 ^vcrf cnj^cn- 
 [Icred. As tlu 
 city KR'W, llie 
 people moved 
 their homes 
 from llie lower 
 and eenlral por- 
 tion of the eily, 
 but.tiiouKh their 
 homes were re- 
 moved, the rej)- 
 resentation of 
 the wards on the 
 board eoiuiiuied, 
 and in 1881 
 wards with less 
 than two hun- 
 dred children 
 had an etiual 
 voiee in seluHil 
 matters with 
 those that had 
 six thousar.d 
 children. 
 
 In the interest 
 of j;ood schools 
 and reform, an 
 Act of IManii 
 II, 1881, pni- 
 sliould be man- 
 A-elvc in nunibei'. 
 I'lrst twelve to be 
 1 881, six to hold 
 fuiir years each ; 
 by lot ; and alter 
 Lted biennially for 
 the Act the c!d 
 ,(rve until July 1, 
 1 went into offiee. 
 joard held regular 
 special meetin-s 
 was deemed ad- 
 board resolved U> 
 ly of each month, 
 
 and monthly tneetin,i;s wcri' lu'ld until 18^11;, after 
 uliicli time rij;iilar meclinns were held twice a 
 month, on the sicond and foiirtlj Thursdays, Uniler 
 the Act of 184J (.■i^hl members weri' lU'cessary to a 
 i|Uornm ; by Law of April 28, 184*'), the luimber was 
 reduced to six, and at the same time the board was 
 atitliori/ed to eli'ct its own presidinv^ oriiccr. Act of 
 March 1, 1867, maile a (jiiormn to consist of eleven 
 members, anil since Act of February 24, 1869, a 
 majority of the members have been iieiessary to 
 form a (iiiorum. 
 
 Sessions of the board wci'e held in various private 
 ofliees, at the old City ll.ill, and just prior to the 
 biiildin_vj of the I lii^h School they met in Mechanics' 
 I l.ill, on the corner of driswold Street anil Lafayette 
 A\enne, A room in the llij;h School buildini^ was 
 then titled up, and has since been the rej^ular place 
 uf Ineetin.^^ 
 
 Seal hi- riiii IIoakh di IOihcation. 
 
 The seal of the board was adopted on June 7, 
 1858, the design and its meaniniij; beinj,f thus re- 
 ported by I). 15. Dullield and i;d\vard Ikitwell : "A 
 female t"i,niire representing Education is pointing a 
 youth with a book in his hand the way of ascent 
 along the rugged hill of knowledge, over whose 
 summit beams a star, the motto being the words, 
 'Sic itur ad astra,' or, ' Thus man thuls his way to 
 the stars.' The corporate name of the board, with 
 the date of its incorporation, is traced around the 
 seal." 
 
 On the organization of the board the following 
 standing committees were appointed : On Accounts, 
 <)Lialitications of 'I'eachers, School-houses, I'rimary 
 and Middle Schools. As now organized, there are 
 ^I'vun standing conunitiees, namely : On Teachers 
 and Schools, Text liooks and Course of Study, 
 Finance, Real FIstate and School lUiildings, Supplies 
 and Janitors, Health and A'entilation, and on Rules. 
 
 By Act of I S42 the board was required to pub- 
 lish in some city paper, in February or March of 
 
 c'lcli ye.a, a st.itemeiit of the number of schools, 
 lunnber of pupils, studies pursued, and expenditures 
 for the schools during the preceding year. These 
 reports were not only published in the |)apers, but 
 with the e.Kcepiion of 1862, ;i pamphlet ie|)ort has 
 been i.ssued each year. Since 1871 the proceedings 
 of each meeting have also been printed and pub- 
 lished yearly. 
 
 'I'he School Inspectors' have been: 
 
 1842, First Ward: S. Harstow, J. S. Abbott. 
 Second W.iril : Daniel J. Campau, l".lijah J. Roberts. 
 Third Ward: Justus Ingersoll, Charles i'eltier. 
 Fourth Ward : John Wiuclull, John Watson. Fifth 
 Ward: Kbenezer A. Uyram, Will.'.ril K. Stearns. 
 Si.xth Ward : Cieorge Robb, W:n. I'atterson. 
 
 1843, I'irst Ward: J. S. Abbott, S. liarstow. 
 Second Ward : J. I'"armer, E. J. Roberts. Third 
 Ward: K. Taylor, Charles I'eltier. Fomth W.iril: 
 S. T. Douglas, J.Watson. Fifth Ward : C. W. Wil- 
 ii.ims, J. FI. Hagg. Sixth Ward: George Robb, 
 William Patterson. 
 
 1844, I'irst Ward : John llulbert, S. Harstow. 
 Second Ward : .M. 1.. (".,ige, John l'"armer. 'Fhird 
 Ward: Wm. O'Callaghan, E, Taylor. Fourth 
 Ward : John Watson, S. 'l'. Douglas. Fifth Ward : 
 Cyrus C.irrett, J, Roberts, C. W. Williams. Sixth 
 Ward: S. W. lliggins, ("icorge RobI). 
 
 1845, First Ward : S. Harstow, J. Hulbert. Sec- 
 ond W.ird : W. Dimcan, M. L. Gage. Third 
 Ward: C. I'". Rood, I). French, Wm. O'Callaghan. 
 Fourth W.iril : A. T. McReynolds, J. IJ. Valle. 
 Fifth Ward : John Roberts, Thos. Hall. Sixth 
 Ward: (leorge Robb, S. W. lliggins, G. Gibson. 
 
 1846, First Ward: J. Hulbert, S. ISarstow. Sec- 
 ond Ward : T. Ga.llagher, Wm. Dtmcan. Third 
 Ward: li. V. Cicotte. (i. H. Throop. Fourth 
 Ward: II. Ledyard, A.T. McReynolds. Fifth Ward: 
 A. Goilard, A. A. Dwight. John Roberts. Sixth 
 Ward : Fevi Bishop, George Robb. 
 
 1847, First Ward : S. ISarstow, J. Hulbert. Sec- 
 ond Ward: D. Mullane; T. (Gallagher. Third 
 Ward : E. N. Willcox, !•:. V. Cicotte. Foiu-th Ward : 
 A. O. Madden, H. Eedyard. Fifth Ward: G. 
 Wood, T. Rcnvland, D. B. Dutrielil. Si.xth Ward: 
 L. Bishop, J. S. Farrand, George Robb. 
 
 1848, First Ward: Mason Palmer, S. Barstow. 
 Second Ward: J. C. Holmes, W. A. Howard. 
 Third Ward: D. E. Harbaugh, J. V. Campbell, E. 
 X. Willcox. Fourth Ward: J. B. Schick, A. O. 
 Madden. Fifth Ward : G. T. Sheldon. D. B. Duf- 
 field. Sixth Ward: J. S. Farrand, George Robb. 
 Seventh Ward: G. W. Wisner. J. Bour, Jr. 
 
 1849, First W^ard: L. B. Willard, S. Barstow. 
 
 ' Where three or more names appear for the same year in any 
 ward, it is owing to the filling of vacancies caused by death or 
 resignation. 
 
756 
 
 illL liUAKD Ul' LDULAllUN. 
 
 Second Ward: II. C.I.nrr, J. C Holmes. Third 
 Ward: (K-or,v;i: lirewsti-r, J. H. Kaliy. Fourth 
 Ward: J. L'ornlicid, J. li. Schick. I'iftli Ward: 1). 
 B, Duifii'ld, (;. T. Sheldon. Sixth Ward : !.. liisiio|). 
 J. S. F.irrand. Seventh Ward: J. (ireusil, l'..\\', 
 Taylor. Eighth Ward: S. N. Kendrick. 'I'hos. 
 Trahy. 
 
 1850. First Ward: S. Harstow, I.. 15. Willard. 
 Second Ward: J. A. Slayniaker, (l. K. Hand. 'I'liird 
 Ward: E. N. Willcox, (ieorijc Mrewster. Fourth 
 W.ird: J. Cornlicld, K. N. l.acroix. Fifth Ward: 
 
 D. H. Dullield. K. Siiepard. Sixth Ward : 1.. llisiio|), 
 J. S. F.-.'rrand. Seventh Ward: J. W. Moore. J. 
 Greusel. Eighth Ward: Thos. Trahy, Richard 
 Hart. 
 
 1851, First Ward: C<. Mutt Williams, S. Harstow. 
 Second Ward: (i. !■:. Hand. V. E. Ue Mill. Third 
 Ward: J. J. Fay. E. \. Willcox. Fourth Ward: 
 Thos, Sullivan, E. \. l.acroix. Fifth Ward; U. T. 
 Howe. D. H. Dullield. Sixth Ward: I., liishoi). J. 
 S. Farranil. .Seventh Ward : J. Reno, J. W. .Moore. 
 Eighth Ward: L. Mahon, R. Hart. 
 
 iiS52, First Ward: S. Harstow, G. M. Williruns. 
 Second Ward: C. 1. Walker, C. G. Hamniontl, (i. 
 
 E. Hand. Third Ward: F. W. Hughes, J. J. Fay. 
 Fourth Ward: I high Flinn, Thos. Sullivan. Fifth 
 Ward: W. W. Deheld, U. T. Howe. Sixth Ward: 
 E. I'rentis, L. Hishop. Seventh Ward: J. W. 
 Moore, J. Reno. Eighth Ward: S. Martin, L. 
 Mahon. 
 
 1853, First Ward: C. Hyram, S. Harstow. Sec- 
 ond Ward: J. P. C. Emmons, C. I. Walker. Third 
 Ward: L. Hishop, E. W. Hughes. Fourth Ward: 
 J. M. Davis, Hugh Flinn. Fifth Ward: 1'. M, Mc- 
 Noah, W. W. Delicld. Sixth Ward : James Fenton, 
 E. I'rentis. Seventh Ward: F. Ruehle, J. W. 
 Moore. Eighth Ward: J. Clanc S. Martin. 
 
 1854, First Ward : S. Harstow m. .Second 
 Ward: C. I. Walker, J. "' ,uns. Third 
 Ward : J. V. Campbell, ' 
 Hugh Flinn, J. M. I) 
 Dullield, P. M. McNo 
 Farrand, James Fenton. 
 
 Fourth Ward : 
 
 ilth Ward: D. H. 
 
 Sixth Ward: J. S. 
 
 Seventh Ward: R. D. 
 
 Hill, F. Ruehle. Eighth Ward : Wm. Huchanan, 
 J. Clancy. 
 
 1855, First Ward: Charles Byram, E. C. Walker. 
 Second Ward: James A. Brown, C. I. Walker. 
 Third Ward : Levi Bishop, James V. Campbell. 
 Fourth Ward: John M. Davis, Hugh Flinn. Fifth 
 Ward: D. B. Duffield, Lewis Allen. Sixth Ward: 
 J. J. Hagley, J. S. Farrand. Seventh Ward : D. C. 
 Frazer, Rodney D. Hill. Eighth Ward: Chas. 
 Dupont, Wm. Buchanan. 
 
 1856, First Ward: E. C. Walker, C. Byram. 
 Second Ward: J. C. Warner, J. A. Tkown. Third 
 Ward : J, V. Campbell, L. Bishop. Fourth W^-lrd : 
 C. C. Jackson. J. M. Davis. Fifth Ward : D. B. 
 
 Dullield, E. Shepard. Sixth Ward: M. I'. Chris- 
 ti.m, J, J. Hagley. Seventh W.ird: W. I). Wilkiiis. 
 I). C. Fra/er. Eiglith Ward: Willi.un Ry.m. C. 
 Dupont. 
 
 1857, First Ward: Charles Hynim. F'.dw.ird C. 
 W.ilker. Second Ward : J.imes A. Hrowii, J.ired C. 
 Warnir. Third Ward: Levi Hishop, J.imes V. 
 Campbell. Fourth Ward: John M. D.ivis, C. C. 
 J.ickson, A. T. C.impau. Fifth W:ird : D. H. Duf- 
 lield, i;. Shepard. Sixth Ward : J. J. Hagley, M. I'. 
 Christian. Seventh Ward : 1 )avid C. I'razer, W.I). 
 Wilkins. I'lighih Ward: Ch.ulcs Dupont, William 
 Ky.in. Nintii Ward: Chris. Reeve. M. F. Dickin- 
 son. Tenth W.ird : Thos. McCook, Henry Zendcr. 
 
 1858, First Ward: I'.dw.ird liatweil, i:. C.Walker. 
 Second Ward: II. C. Kibbee, J.ired C. Warner. 
 Third W;ird : L. 15isho|), A. S. Williams. I'ourih 
 Ward ; John B. I'alnier, A. T. Canip.iu. Fifth 
 Ward; D. H. Dullield, ll. Shepard. Sixth Ward: 
 S.T.Douglas, M. 1'. Christian. .Seventh Ward: 
 L. H. Cobb. W. D. Wilkins. Eighth W;ird : J. 
 O'Connell, William Ryan. Ninth Ward: Levi E. 
 Dolsen, Thos. I.cadbeater. Tenth Ward: J. N. 
 Elbert, James Dubois. 
 
 1859, First W.ird : D. H. Dullield, E. Batwell. 
 Second W;ird : J. C. Warner, H.C. Kibbee. Thiril 
 Ward: Willi;ini A. Moon-, Willi.ini I'atoii. l'"ourih 
 Ward : E. Hall, J. B. Palmer. Fifth Ward: H. M. 
 Cheever, E, Shep;iril. Sixth Ward: H. 12. Baker, 
 S. T. Douglas. Seventh Ward : W. D. Wilkins, 
 L. H. Cobb. Eighth Ward : J.imes Leddy, J. 
 O'Connell. Ninth Ward : L.E. Dolsen, Thos. Lead- 
 beater. S. E. Case. Tenth W.ird: James Dubois, 
 J. N. Elbert. 
 
 i860. First Ward: D. B. Duflield, John Hosnier. 
 Second Ward : H. C. Kibbee, J. C. Warner. Third 
 W^nrd : W. A. Moore, William Warner. Fourth 
 W.ird: E. Hall, A. Wuerth. Fifth Ward: E. 
 Shepard, H. ^L Cheever. Sixth Ward: H. E. 
 Baker, W. W. Wilcox, William Bold. Seventh 
 Ward : W. I). Wilkins, Lucretius M. Cobb. Eighth 
 Waril : John O'Connell, James Leddy. Nintli 
 Ward : Levi I^. Dolsen, Sidney C. Case. Tenth 
 Ward : J. N. Elbert, Leverett B. Walker. 
 
 1861, First Ward : William A. Moore, John Hos- 
 mer. Second Ward : Watson B. Smith, Henry C'. 
 Kibbee. Third Ward : Francis Raymond, William 
 Warner. Fourth Ward : F. Pramstaller, Aloys 
 Wuerth. Fifth Ward : H. S. Roberts, A. P. Moor- 
 man, Edward Shepard. Sixth Ward : Edmund 
 Hall, William Bond. Seventh Ward : Willian) D. 
 Wilkins, L. H. Cobb. Eighth Ward : James Leddy, 
 John O'Connell. Ninth Ward : Herbert Adams, 
 Levi E. Dolsen. Tenth Ward : R. S. Dillon, L. B. 
 Walker. 
 
 1862, First Ward: W. A. Moore, John Hosmcr. 
 Second Ward : Watson B. Smith, N. B. Carpenter, 
 
THE liUARD UF EDUCATION. 
 
 /5, 
 
 : M. 1'. Chris- 
 ,V, 1). Wilkins. 
 liaii\ Ryan, C. 
 
 n, Edward C. 
 Sniwn. Jarcd C. 
 lop, JaniLS V. 
 1. Davis, C. C. 
 id; 1). U. Diif- 
 |. Ua),dty, M.l'. 
 ;. Fia/cr.W.l). 
 )ii|)()iU, \\ iliiaiii 
 , M. F. Diikiii- 
 , liitiry Ziiidcr. 
 il, K. C.WaikiT. 
 ri'd C. Wanur. 
 illiams. Foiirlli 
 Canipau. Fiftli 
 . Sixth Ward : 
 Si'vciith Ward : 
 i);luli Ward: J. 
 Ward: Levi i:. 
 1 Ward: J. N. 
 
 leld, ]•:. IJalwcll. 
 
 KIIjIk'c. Third 
 
 I'alon. Fourlli 
 th Ward: H.M. 
 il : H. E. IkikLM-, 
 
 W. D. Wilkins, 
 ames Leddy, J. 
 lscn,TlKJS. Lcad- 
 
 : J;inics Dubois, 
 
 d, John HosnuT. 
 
 Warner. Third 
 
 arner. Fourtii 
 
 ifiii Ward: F. 
 
 Ward: H. F. 
 
 Uoid. Sevcntli 
 
 I. Cobb. EiKliili 
 Leddy. Ninth 
 
 C. Case. Tenth 
 
 Valker. 
 
 loore, John Hos- 
 Smith, Henry C. 
 ayniond, William 
 
 ■anistaller, Aloys 
 
 u-rts, A. V. Moor- 
 Ward : Ednuiiul 
 ird : William D. 
 
 rd : James Leddy. 
 Herbert Adam . 
 
 <. S. Dillon, L. 11. 
 
 re. John Hosmer. 
 N. 15. Carpenter, 
 
 C, A. Wil.ox. Third Ward: W. Warner. Jnhr. 
 'I'. MeldruMi. l''ourth W.ud : John C. dorlon, Wil- 
 li.iin (h-.iy. Fifth Ward: .\. 1'. .Moorman. K. W. 
 KinK', 11. C. Knivjlu. Sixih W.ird : E. Hall. Wil- 
 li.im Mond. Scivciith W.ird : J. S. Newberry. T. 
 McCarthy, luvflith W'.inl: J.imes Leddy, J.imes 
 F. Foxcn. Niiuli W.ird: II. Ad.ims. D. Fox, Joim 
 Muiry. Tenth W.ird : R. S. Dillon, James A. iJailey. 
 
 1863, First Ward: W. A. Moore, John llosmer. 
 .Second W.ird : (ieoryje A. Wilcox. T. II. ll.irtwcll. 
 I'hirtl W.ird : John T. .Meldriim, John W.ird. 
 l"oiirth W.'ird : Joseph Kiihn. James 1). Weir. Fifth 
 Ward: Ibniry C, Kni,i,du, R. W. Kini;. Sixth 
 Ward : William Hond. E. W. Medd.iu.^h. Seventh 
 W.ird: T. McCarthy. Wm. 1'. Wells. I'j\;hth 
 W.ird: J;imes li. Foxen. Wni. IJuchan.m. .Ninth 
 Ward: Levi K. Dolsen, D. M. Richard.sc^n. Tenth 
 Ward: Jas. A. IJ.iiley. A. C. Woodcock. 
 
 1864, First W.ird: W. A. Moore, W. A. lUitler. 
 .Second Ward: T. H. H.irtwell, C. L W.ilker. 
 Third W.ird: John W.ird, Enos R. M.itthews. 
 Fourth W.ird: J. I). Weir. Sidney I). Miller. Fifth 
 Ward: R. W. Kin,l,^ I'lrvin l';ilmer. Sixth W.ird : 
 E. W. Med(l;iu.u;h. lirowse T. I'rentis. Scvenih 
 Ward: Willi.im I'. Wells, W. D. Wilkins. Eitjluh 
 Ward: James 15. l'"oxen, Wm. liuch.inan. .Ninth 
 Ward : D. M. Richardson, Thos. Sanf(.)rd. Tenth 
 W.-ird : J. A. I5;iiley, A. C. Woodcock. 
 
 1865, First Ward: W. A. liutler. T. D. ll.iwley. 
 Second Ward: T. IL Ilartweli. C. I. W.ilke'r. 
 Third W.ird : E. R. M.itthews, Herman Kiefer. 
 F"ourth Ward : S. D. Miller. Wm. N. Laduc. Fifth 
 Ward : R. W. Kin)s^ !•:. I'almer. Sixth W.ird ; ]5. 
 T. I'rentis, Charles 15. James. Seventh Ward : W. 
 I). Wilkins, John Casp.ary. Eiijhth W.ird : James 
 \\. Foxen, Wm. I5uchan;in. Ninth Ward ; ''\ San- 
 ford, James Gaynor. Tenth Ward : J. A. 15ailey. 
 lohn Kendall. 
 
 1866, First W.ird: T. D. H.twley, J. ^L 15. .Sill. 
 Second W.ird: T. H. H;irtwell, G. W. Osborn. 
 Third W.ird: IL Kiefer, G. M. Rich. Fourth 
 Ward : W. N. Ladue, A. Stutte. I'ifth Waril : R. 
 W. King, E. i'almer. Sixth Ward : C. 15. James, 
 1;. O. Robinson. Seventh Ward: J. C.isp;iry. W. 
 
 D. Wilkins. lu.ijhth Ward: W. lUichanan. r'. Mul- 
 laney. Ninth W;ird : J. Gaynor, J. N. Ahjore. 
 Tenth Ward : J. Kentl.ill, J. A. Bailey. 
 
 1867, First Ward: J. 'SI. 15. Sill, J.is. A. B-own. 
 Second Ward : S. B. MeCracken. I). O. Farrand. 
 Third Ward: G. M. Rich, Henry Lanijley. Fourth 
 Ward: A. Stutte, James A. \'enn. Fifth Ward : 
 R. W. Kinjr, Ervin I'almer. Sixth W;ird : G. O. 
 Kobinson, M.irk Flani.nan. Seventh Ward: W. I). 
 Wilkins, John Caspary. i:i,i;hth Ward: R. Mul- 
 laney, W. Buchanan. Ninth Ward: John Love, 
 !. N. Moore. Tenth Ward: J. A. Bailey, J. Ken- 
 dall. 
 
 iSr)S, First W.ir.l: J. .\. Brown, J.is. M. Welch. 
 .Second W.ird: D. (>. l;irr;ind, Ch.irles K. B.ickus. 
 Third Ward: II. Lan^;ley. Georyje M. Ri( h. I'oiirih 
 Ward: J. A. Venn, J. W. Romeyn. I'ifih W.inl: 
 R. W. Kinv;. D. W. Brooks. Sixth Ward : Mark 
 Fl;ini>,Mn, (), Bourke. Seventh W.ird: J. C.isp.iry. 
 W. D. Wilkins. i;iirluh W.ird : W. Buch.man. 
 Ch.irles E. .Schumm, F. W. Ilu,;;lies. Ninth W.ird : 
 John Love. James Dalv. Tenth Waril: J. Keiid.ill, 
 J. A. B.iiley. 
 
 1861;, First W.ird: J. M. Wei. h. J, A. Brown, 
 Seiond W.ird: D. < ). Farr.ind, C. K. B.ickus. 
 Third W.ird : G. M. Rich, W. V. Rumncv. Fourth 
 Ward : J. W. Romeyn. J. A. \'enn. Fifth Ward : 
 D. W. Brooks. R. W. Kinvr. Sixth W.ard : M. 
 Fl,ini.n.in, O. Bourke. Seventh W;ird : W. I). Wil- 
 kins, S. D. .Miller. Im^IuIi Ward: C. F. .Schumm. 
 J. Finne.i^an. Ninth W.ird: J. D.ily, J. W. Bart- 
 lett. Tenth W.ird : J. A. B.iiley. !•'. J. W.itson. 
 
 1870, First Ward: J. A. ISrown. J. .M. Welch. 
 .Second W.ird: D. (). Farrand, C. K. Backus. Thinl 
 W.ird: W. Y. Rumney, J. R. McCinith. Fourth 
 Ward : J. A. Vvnn, J. W. Romeyn. Fifth W.ird : 
 R. W. Kin.i(. D. W. Brooks. Sixth Ward : M. 
 Flaniij.in. O. Bourke. Seventh Ward: S. I). Miller. 
 W. I). Wilkins. Ei,u[hth Ward: J. Finneir.-m. J. 
 .Mon.'ighan. Ninth Ward: J. W. B.irtlett, A. Bauer. 
 Tenth Ward: F. J. W.itson. 1'. \'.in Damme. 
 
 1871, First W.ird : J. M. Welch, C. Hunt. Second 
 Ward : C. K. Backus, I). O. Farrand. Third Ward : 
 J. R. McGr.-iih. W. V. Rumney. Fourth W.ird: 
 J. W. Romeyn, C. J. Reilly. Fifth W.ird; D. W. 
 Brooks, R. W. Kiny. Sixth W.ird : O. Bourke. M. 
 Fl;ini.i,'.in, Seventh Ward : W. D. Wilkins, R. E. 
 Roberts. Eiirhth Ward: J. .Mona.ijhan. J. Finneijan. 
 Ninth W.ird: A. Bauer, W. C. Colburn. Tenth 
 Ward: I', \';in Damme. J. A. Berry. 
 
 1872, First Ward : C. Hunt, W. Jennison. Second 
 Ward: D. O. Farrand, C. K. Backus. Third Ward: 
 W. Y. Rumney, G. S. Good.ile. Fourth W.ard : C. 
 J. Reilly. G. B. H.-ill. Fifth Ward; R. W. KinK\ 
 A. H. Wilkinson. Sixth Ward . M. Flanigan. J. 
 Flinterman. Seventh W.ird : R. E. Roberts, W. D. 
 Wilkins. Eighth Ward: J. Finnegan, T. McGrath. 
 Ninth Ward: W'. C. Colburn. J. Ford. Tenth 
 Ward : J. A. Berry. J. D. Weir. 
 
 1873, First Ward: W. Jennison, A. G. Lind.s.iy. 
 Second Ward : C. K. B.ickus, G. S. Davis. Third 
 Ward: G. S. Goodale, W. Y. Rumney. Fourth 
 Ward : C. 15. Hall, C. Raseman. Fifth Ward : A. 
 H. Wilkinson, J. W. McGrath. Sixth Ward : J. 
 Flinterman. M. Flanigan. Seventh Ward : W. D. 
 Wilkins, H. Z. Potter. Eighth Ward : T. McGrath. 
 J. Martin. Ninth Ward : J. Ford. W. C. Colburn. 
 Tenth Ward : J. D. Weir. J. A. Berry. 
 
 1874, - Ward: A. G. Linds-iy, W. M. Lilli- 
 bridge. Second Ward : G. S. Davis. G. W. Balch. 
 
758 
 
 THE BOARD OF KDUCATION. 
 
 Third Ward: W. Y. Rumney, R. R. Lansing-. 
 Fuurtli Ward: C. Rascmaii, J. \V. Romcyii. i'lftli 
 Ward: J. W. McC.ralli, J. T. Li.UKclt.- -Sixth Ward: 
 M. Fiani^an, J. W. Siroiiy. Suvciilli Wan! : 11. Z. 
 Totter, W. I). Wili<ins. Ki.^rluh Ward; J. Martin, 
 T. McClrath. Ninth Ward: W. C. C<,il)i'irn, J. W. 
 r.atch'-ldcr. Tenth Ward: J. Coliiini. H. I'lass, Jr. 
 Twelfth Ware', A. K. Hamlin, F. i'eavcy. 
 
 1S75, First Ward : A. ('.. Lindsay, W. M. Liili- 
 bridge. Second Wanl : deor^v W. Halch, Tlios. L. 
 Grant. Tliird \\'ard : R. R. Lansiny, W. V. Rum- 
 ney. Fourth Ward : J. W. Romeyn, Clias. Funl<e. 
 Fifth Ward : J. T. Li^xelt, J. W. 'McCrath. Sixtli 
 Ward: J. W. Stronv;-, 1). J. W()ri<um. ventli 
 Ward: W. I). Wiil^ins, H. '/.. I'otter. Ki,i,diih 
 Ward: T. MeC.rath. J. J. Martin. Ninth Ward : 
 J. W. ISateiiclder Joiin I)iil<, Tentli Ward: H. 
 I'lass, Jr., R. Altenhrandt. Twelfth Ward: F. 
 Peavey, J. T. Maloney. 
 
 1876. First Ward : A. (',. Lindsay, .\lvin C. lUirt. 
 Second Ward: C. W. ISalch, T. I.. C.rant. Third 
 Ward: W. V. Rumney, J. 11. Carstens. Fourth 
 Ward: Joseph Funke, Flenry F. Lyster. I'ifth 
 Ward : J. T. Liirvrett, J. W. McCrath. Sixth Ward : 
 D.J. Workum, W. Hond. Seventh Ward: W. 1). 
 Wilkins, R. K. Roberts, 11. Z. I'otter. i:i;<luh 
 Ward: T. McCrath, J. J. M.irtin. Ninth Ward: 
 John Dick, J. Nicholson. Tenth Ward : IS, Alten- 
 brandt, F. S. dirardin. Twelfth Ward : F. I'eavcy, 
 S. Lamed, J. T. Maloney. 
 
 1877, First Ward : A. C. Burt, A. Chesebrou-h. 
 Second Ward : (L W. Balch, A. Horrowiiian. Tiiird 
 Ward : J. H. Carstens, W. Y. Rumney, P. J. 1). 
 \aa Dyke. Fourth Ward : 11. F. Lyster, J. Finike. 
 Fifth Ward : J. T. Liggett, A.J. Brow. Sixth Ward : 
 W. Bond, C. A. Kent.' Seventh Ward : K. F. Rob- 
 erts, Freeman Norveil. Kightii Ward : T. McCirath, 
 John Considine. Nintli Ward: J. Nicliolson, J. 
 Dick. Tcnlii Ward : F. S. Cirardin, W. N. Ladtie. 
 Eleventh Ward : .Adam Simpson, 1 1. Reif. Twelfth 
 Ward : Sylvester Larned, F. Folsom. Thirteenth 
 W.ird : A. X'alentine, C. K. Trombly. 
 
 187S, First Ward: .\. Chesebrough, A. C. Burt. 
 Second Ward: A. liorrowman, Richard DoRan. 
 Third Ward : Horatio C. Jones, P. J. 1). \'an Dyke. 
 Fourth Wartl : J. Funke, J. S, .Schmittdiel. Fifth 
 Ward: A. J. Brow, John J. Speed. Sixth Ward: 
 C. A. Kent, Adam F. Bloom. Seventh Ward : I". 
 Norveil, R. K. Roberts. Fighth Ward : J. Consi- 
 dine, Michael Firnane. Ninth Ward: J. Dick, J. 
 Nicholson. Tenth Ward : W. N. Ladue, James 
 O'Neil Kleveiuh W.ird : .\. Simpson, H. Reif. 
 Twelfth Ward : F. Folsom, S. Larned. Thirteenth 
 Ward : A, \'alcntine, C. K. Trombly. 
 
 1879, First Ward : A. C. Hurt, A. Chesebrough. 
 Second Ward: R. DoRan, Ceorge P.aradale. Third 
 
 Ward: P. J. D. Yan Dyke. 11. C. Jones. Fourth 
 Ward: J. S. Schmittdiel, J. Funke. I'iflli Ward: 
 J. J. Speed, .\. J. lirow. Sixth Ward : .\. i:. Bloom, 
 C. .\. Kent. Seventh Ward : R. 1'^. Roberts, John 
 
 B. Todenbier. Eighth Ward: \L Firnane, David 
 Corman. Ninth Ward: J. Nicholson, P. Mother- 
 sill. Tenth Ward : J. O'Neil, Josei:)h D. Sutton. 
 Eleventh Ward : H. Reif, A. Simpson. Twelfth 
 Ward : S. Larned, W. R. Montgomery. Thirteenth 
 Ward : C. K. Trombly, A. \'alentine. 
 
 1880, First Waid: A. Chesebrough, O. L.Kin- 
 ney. Second Ward : Ceorge Baradale, T. F. Kerr, 
 Third Ward : 11. C. Jones, J. IL Carstens. Fourth 
 Ward : J. S. Schmittdiel. J. Funke. Fifth Ward : 
 ,V. J. P.n.w, C. R. Angell. Sixth Ward: C. A. 
 Kent, C. S. Jack. Seventh Ward : C. Schulte, W. 
 A. Owen, L. S. Trowbridge. Eighth Wanl : M. 
 Firnane, 1), (iorm.in. Ninth Ward: P. Mothersill, 
 T. J. Craft. Tenth Ward : J. D. Sutton, W. R. 
 Dunn. Eleventh Ward : H. Reif, A. Simpson. 
 Twelfth Ward : W. R. Montgomery, F. Folsom. 
 Thirteenth Ward : A. \'alentine, T. C. Metz. 
 
 /■Vrs/ Half of iSSi. 
 
 First Ward : < >. L. Kinney, H. .\. Harmon. Sec- 
 ond Ward : T. 1'. Kerr, .V. Ciant. Third Ward : 
 J. H. Carstens, 11. C. Jones. Fourth Ward: J. S. 
 -Schmittdiel, C. Rischert. Fifth Ward : C. R. 
 Angell. J. P. Cilmore. Sixth Ward: C.S.Jack, 
 
 C. A. Kent. Seventh Wai'd : L. S. Trowbridge, 
 C. Schulte, Eighth Ward: M. Firnane, D. Cor- 
 man. Ninth Ward: T. J. Craft, P. Mothersill. 
 Tenth Ward: W. R. Dunn, J. Johnston. Eleventh 
 Ward: 11. Reif, A. Simpson. Twelfth Ward: I'. 
 Folsom, A. J. lirow. Thirteenth Ward: T. C 
 Metz, C. R. Trombly. 
 
 At large, July, 1881, to July, 1883: C. R. Angell. 
 M.-ignus I'.utzei, T. J. Craft', N. Callagher, L. T. 
 Criliin, W. N. Hailmann, James Johnston, S. C. 
 Karrer, J. W. Romeyn, L. .S. Trowbridge, C. 1. 
 Walker, C. E. Warner. 
 
 Early in 1882 Mr. Johnston died and Mr. Hail- 
 mann resigned, and the council appointed as their 
 successors Augustus Rohns and (i. R. Thomas. 
 
 At the spring election in 1883 the following in- 
 spectors were chosen for terms of four years each : 
 Ceorge Cartner, J. A. Hickcy, H. W. Candler, C. 11. 
 Mills, H. A. Harmon, and A.Crosfield; and in July, 
 1883, the board was composed of the persons just 
 named and C. R. Angell, T. J. Craft, C. 1. Walker, 
 N. Callagher, S, C. Karrer, and C. R. Thomas, the 
 last named pcson having been appointed by the 
 council in the place of L. S. Trowbridge who re- 
 signed. . J 
 
 In August, 18S3, Mr. Karrer resigned, and was 
 succeeded bv C. 1'-. Warner. 
 
CHAP T E I>l. L X X \' I . 
 
 THE PUBLIC LIliRARV. 
 
 isigned, and was 
 
 This valuable and increasingly popular institu- 
 tion was wlmlly supjinrted uji to iS8[ by the tint's 
 and penalties eolleeted in criminal cases in tlie sev- 
 eral courts. The clause in the State constitUL^nn of 
 iSj5 directing the ai)propriati()n of such moneys for 
 district libraries was introduced in the Constitu- 
 tional Convention by E. D. Eliis. No effort, how- 
 ever, was matle to obtain any of these fines for 
 libraries until January cS. 1S42, when, at the last 
 session of the old iSoard of .School Inspectors, on 
 motion of John Farmer, it was 
 
 moved for a committee of three to ascertain the 
 amount of funds belonging to the board, iieretofore 
 paid to the treasurer of the county; and on August 
 7, 1842, S'^'3'14 was received from the county treas- 
 urer as the city's proportion of the fines. The 
 whole subject of fines, including the (|uestion of 
 what was meant by clear prtjceeds froiii fines and 
 recognizances, was gone over by a committee in 
 August and September, 1842. How the city's shari' 
 of the fines should be ascertained and obtained was 
 evidently a knotty qtiestion; but the board perse- 
 
 I'm; I'l iii.h: l.ii:u m;n . 
 
 AVWtvrf, I'.uil an ordur be drawn <m the Comity Truasinxi lor 
 tin: proportion clue tlie township of Detroit cjf the monoy^ paid 
 into the County Treasury as equivalents for exemptiiMis from 
 Miilitary lines, and for the clear proceeds of all lines for hreaehes 
 "f the penal laws ; and in case the Treasurer refuses to pay, that 
 the City Attorney, or some other proper person, be requested to 
 apply to the present Supreme Court for a mandamus to compel 
 tile Treasurer to pay the same. 
 
 Oil June 16 following, at a meeting of the newly 
 constituted I'jard of lAlucatioii, John S. .Xblioii 
 
 vered, and on March 18, 1844, Messrs. Farmer, 
 Taylor, and Robb were appointed a "committee to 
 ascertain amount of fines antl forfeitures under the 
 penal laws accruing to this board." The committee 
 worked energetically, and from this time small 
 amounts were obtained quite regularly. 
 
 In 1859, under the pressure of the daily increasing 
 neessities of the public schools for books of refer- 
 ence, maps, etc., the attention of the Board of 
 
 bi'j] 
 
760 
 
 Till". ITI'.I.IC I.IIIRARV. 
 
 Kchicatioii was csporially directed to the siibjcrt. 
 ami (111 A|)ril 21 a lesoliitidii was olTircd liy II. I^. 
 IJakiT " for a (•(Hiiiuilti'c of ilii'ie to iiKiuii'e into tlu' 
 facts relative to tlie iKiymciU into the CotiiUy Ifeas- 
 ury of lilies from tiu' (iilfertiit Jiistici's' Courts of 
 itu; countv; and whether liiis board receivi's its 
 ]5roper siiare of stieii lines." Messrs. iiaker. llall. 
 and ClR'i'\er were api)ointed as such coiiiniittei'. 
 On July 9 Mr. li.iker presented .1 report sliowiiii;- 
 that a lai"i;e sum of money had been ili\erted from 
 its jiropir eiiannel. and recommending; that a com- 
 iiiittec bi- aiipointed to colleei it. Accordin>;ly 
 Kdmuiid llall and II. !■'. liaker were appointt'd to 
 take nii'ans to si-ciire the lines aceruiiii.; in the 
 Police Court. 
 
 A suit was instituted, and on July 2. i.Srio, Mr. 
 Hall reported tli.il tlu' .Supreme Court had deeidcd 
 that the amounts in (pii'stion collected during;' the 
 prtvious live ye.irs belon>^ed to the libr.iry fund of 
 tlu; county, and lli.at about three lift lis of tin; tot.il 
 amount of ;>;i7,(joo beloni^cd to the city, l' ■ 'er 
 the stimulus of the de<ision, on motion of Nir. 
 \\'ilkins, on No\rnibi'r 12, iSho. it was directed that 
 " Recitation Room No. 3 be fitted up with a Limp, 
 ct'iitre table, ch.iirs, and book shelves for the use of 
 the Iioard and Ti'-icIhts, as a libr.iry and coiiiinit- 
 teo room." This room w.is in the second .story of 
 the old Capitol. 
 
 The committee continued their invcslij^ation and 
 efforts, and on March 4, 1861, rejiorted that they 
 had made settk'iiient with the county by which the 
 library would receive about $7,000. On May 6 fol- 
 lowinij an atcount was ordered to be kept <if receipts 
 for the fund, and on M.iy 18, iSf);, it was ri'solved 
 to provide accommodations for .a "district libniry." 
 On November 5 the library committee presented a 
 tletailetl plan of the scope and purpose of the |iro- 
 posed library. I'repara.tions went forw.ird, and on 
 M.ircli 25, 1865, it was form.ally opened in the first 
 story of the old C.ipiiol, and .addre.s.scs delivered by 
 C. ]. Walker and \V. P. Wells. At this time thi: 
 library was used only for consultation, but on M.iy 
 2, 1865, it w.is opined forcinailatioii as well. 
 
 In 1867 an addition.al room in the second story 
 was fitted ii]\ and the same ye.ir the libr.iry com- 
 mittee concluded that the bo.iid w.is entitled to the 
 fines inllicted at the Ceninil St.ition Court. On 
 October 26, llieym;ide;i form.il demand for amounts 
 due, but w;is refused. .Suit was broiiijlit, .iiid the 
 Siii>reme Court, on October 20, r868. decided th.it 
 these lines .also belonv;ed to the countv libr.irs' fund. 
 Another larye .■uldition was thus in.ule to the re- 
 sources of the library. 
 
 In 1870 a brick addition for library juirposes w.as 
 erected in tlu; re.ir of the old C.ipiiol ; and on 
 M.arcli 20, 1871, it was o|)cned for use. It became 
 evident almost immediately that the new <|iiarters 
 
 rotild ;iccommo(l;ite the libniry for only a short 
 tiiiu', ,iiid on jiuie 9, 1871, the bo.ird peiitioiu'd the 
 Common Council to i;r;int them the old City llall 
 to be fitted up ,is ;i Public Library. ;<\u\ on July 18 
 the council ^r.iiiled the re(|uest. 
 
 Pl.ms for remodelling;- weri' prepared, but the c.\- 
 pi'iise, it was found, would be so t;reat that the erec- 
 tion of ;in entirely new buildiiii; w.is deemed a 
 bi'ttcr policy. Public opinion st'i'ined to f.i\or some 
 other sitt', ;ind finally, on .Marili 13, 1872, the coun- 
 cil n,i\e the bo.ird a llfty-ye.ir le.isi: of Ciaitri- P.irk. 
 The lease w.is confirmed by the council sittini; as a 
 Land Po.inl on M.iy 21, 1872, .md the Iioard of 
 l''.duc;ition then .i;a\'c n|) its ri,!i;ht to the old City 
 Il.ill. Doubts were eniert.ained ;is to llu' .aulhoritv 
 of the council to make the k'.isi', .and ,1 suit w.as 
 instituted to previ'iit the use of the ]),irk .is ;i site 
 for the libr.ary buildin.i,' ; but in .April, 1873, the 
 Supreme Court decided in favor of the council. 
 
 On M.irch 27, 1S73, the I.i\i;islalure authorized 
 the r.iisiiu; (if !j!i 50,000 to erect a building;' on ap- 
 jirov.il of the P.o.ird of I'.stimales. In April th.il 
 board w.as ,asked to include in its eslim.ates the sum 
 of §[25.(j(X"), in installments coverinj^ three years; 
 but deciined. In the followinv;' year a rei|iiest for 
 $125,000 to be r.iised, .as provided by the Act, w.is 
 acceded to. On AiiiL^iist 24, 1874, the plans of Brush 
 <!v; Smith for ;i buildiny^ were adojited. P>ids for 
 construction were invited, but the lowi'st bid \v;is 
 nearly $30,000 more th.in the .amount ajipropri.ated 
 for both biiildinij.and furniture. Thepl.in w.as there- 
 fore modified by omittin,^ a lari;e .md orn.inu'iital 
 tower, .and two rooms connected with it, also the 
 stone .steps, and lloors in the ujiper ,u;,illeries. 
 
 '{"he cop r-stone w.as laid on M.ay 2(), 1875. 
 .Addresses were delivered by J.inies W. Rome/n 
 .and Diianc Doty, and there w.as also a iirocession of 
 l\ni;^hls Templ.ars, Masons, Knights of Pythias. 
 Pelou/.e .and 1 lii^h School Cadets, and city officers. 
 On Janii.iry 22, 1877, the building; w.is form.ally 
 dedicated, .addresses beinvj delivered by J. 'I'. I.iv;- 
 _v;ett .and si'\'er.al others. 
 
 The toi.il cost of the structure was $124,000. Its 
 size is sixty-four by ei.ghly feel. In aiUlition to its 
 tloor room, e.ich of the foiu\i;;illeries is e.ili ul.ited to 
 eolil.iiii twenty .alcoves, with sp.ice for one hundred 
 and twenty thoiis.ind- volumes. ( )rii;in,illy but one 
 .;;.illery w.is completed ; of the others, one was fin- 
 ished in 1878, another in 1882, .and there is still 
 room for one more. 
 
 An addition to the buildin.n', fifty by sixty feet 
 and three stories hi,!i;li, will be completed diirini; 
 1885 ;it .a cost of .about $32,000. The rooms in the 
 first story will be lire .and d.imp proof .and will be 
 used for ,1 bindery, .and for the stor.a.ije of v.ilu.ibk 
 m.inuscripls and ilocumeiits; the second story will 
 be used for re.ulinj; and study rooms .and offices; 
 
'IIIK ITI'.LIC LIBRARY, 
 
 761 
 
 r only a short 
 1 prliiioiii'ii ilu- 
 • old City Hall 
 ,111(1 on July i.S 
 
 ircd, bill the ox- 
 at that till- tMvc- 
 was (Iccnu'd a 
 ■d to fa\or sonic 
 
 1.S72, till' coun- 
 of Cintiv I'ark. 
 Linri! sitliii.v,^ as a 
 (1 llu' Hoard of 
 to the old City 
 to llu' authority 
 and a suit was 
 t; jiark as a site 
 Aliril, 1S73, till.' 
 the eouneil. 
 :iture authorized 
 buildini;- on ap- 
 ;. In April that 
 miniates the sum 
 ini;' three years ; 
 ear a recjuest for 
 by the Ael, was 
 le plans of Brush 
 opted. liids for 
 iwest bid was 
 unt approjiriated 
 u-plaii was tlure- 
 
 ,uid ornainenlal 
 with it, also the 
 
 galleries. 
 May 29, 1875. 
 les W. Ronie/a 
 M> a procession of 
 yhts of I'ytiiias, 
 mil eity orilcers. 
 11^ was formally 
 
 ed by J.T. I-ig- 
 
 as $124,000. Its 
 In addition to it-> 
 •s is calculated l<i 
 for one liundi'cil 
 riiL;in,illy but one 
 ers, one was fin- 
 uid there is still 
 
 fly by sixty feci 
 onilileted during 
 The rooms in the 
 proof and will In 
 ir.iiL,^' of v.iluabic 
 second story w ill 
 oms and otlioes; 
 
 ilie third story will be devoted to .a museum or such 
 oiluT uses ;is si'cm desirable. 
 
 The receipts from lines for the several years li.ave 
 hct'ii : 
 
 \.Ar. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Viar. 
 
 .\lllollllt. 
 
 V.ar. 
 
 A in >iinl. 
 
 1S42 
 
 S'':, 
 
 I 860 
 
 $15' 
 
 1872 
 
 S7.'>3'^ 
 
 1S44 
 
 26 
 
 i8r.i 
 
 C)0\ 
 
 ■873 
 
 10. 1 51 
 
 1 .S4f) 
 
 ')3 
 
 1 862 
 
 33 > 
 
 1874 
 
 8,508 
 
 |S4,S 
 
 178 
 
 1863 
 
 3."«7 
 
 1875 
 
 ''>.434 
 
 iS;;o 
 
 261; 
 
 1864 
 
 4,210 
 
 1 876 
 
 8,813 
 
 1S5. 
 
 184 
 
 1865 
 
 4.5^>i 
 
 ■ 877 
 
 6, If, 3 
 
 i'S3 
 
 206 
 
 1 8r.r. 
 
 5.3 '4 
 
 187.S 
 
 6.129 
 
 iS^5 
 
 3>4 
 
 1 8r.7 
 
 2.163 
 
 1 879 
 
 2,908 
 
 is,r, 
 
 8r.3 
 
 r 8r,S 
 
 2,r„5 
 
 1880 
 
 34'>5 
 
 ,857 
 
 240 
 
 I ^(u) 
 
 1 2,962 
 
 1 8,X 1 
 
 6.370 
 
 1S5S 
 
 170 
 
 .870 
 
 1 2,220 
 
 |8,S2 
 
 5,826 
 
 1859 
 
 345 
 
 1871 
 
 5.''^39 
 
 i8,S3 
 
 5." 5 
 
 Under the Act of 1881. jirovidini;' for asjiecijil t.ix 
 for libiMry purjioses, there w.is rt-ceived the tirst 
 vc.ir the sum of $15,170, and ;is the t,iN is m.ide 
 (ihliv^.itory, ;i successful tin.ineial future is well 
 assure<l. 
 
 The libr.iry is primarily under the control of the 
 Bo.ard of I''.duc;ition. and was oriv;inally m,in.i',,fe(l by 
 .1 committee of the bo.ird, .and ;ill books were 
 selccti'd subject to their ;ippi"ov,il. By .\cl of Mai'ch 
 v. 1871, the bo.ard w.is ;uitliori/,cd to .appoinl ;i 
 Hoard of Commissioners, .and tr.msfiT the library to 
 ilicircare; the bo.ird to consist of six persons, the 
 tirst members to be chosen for one, two, three, four, 
 li\c, .and six ye.ars ; one member to be elected yearly 
 ilicre.after for the term of six ve.ars, the |ircsi<lent of 
 the Bo.ard of l'",diic;ition to be ,a member i\-oj[]iiio. 
 
 No .action w.as t.aken under this .\ct. .and mean- 
 time ten ye.ars p.assed .aw.av, .and the funds reci'i\i'd 
 frmn lines so diminished in .amount th.it the ni.an- 
 .a^eiiient of the libr.iry became .a burden to the 
 bo.ard. They then became willing;' to share their 
 responsibility, .and with their approval, on .M.arch 11, 
 i8,Si,,an ,\et emboihiny;- subst.anti.ally the s.i ,ie pro- 
 xi'-iiins .as that of 1871 w.as p.assed, with the .addi- 
 linn.al provision tli.at .a city t.ax of one fifth of one 
 mill on I'.ach hundred doll.ars should be ye.arly levied 
 fur the support of the libr.iry. I'lider this .Act, on 
 December 27, 1880, the I>o.ard of I'.ducation .iii- 
 pointed the followinij libr.iry commissioners: J. \'. 
 C.aini)l)tll, for six years; Ci. \'. N. Lothrop, for t'lvo 
 years; A. Chesebroui;h, for four years ; \V. I). Wil- 
 kins, for three years ; II. Kitfir, for two yi.ars ; .and 
 Alexander Lewis, for one year. Their duties be,i;.in 
 oil J.inu.iry 28, 1881. IMr. Wilkiiis diid the last of 
 M.irch. 1S81, and w.as succeeded by L. L. B.irbour. 
 \'r. Kiefer resii^ned in Auj^ust, 1883, ;ind was suc- 
 ceeded by M.iynus Biitzel. 
 
 The librarian is elected yearly; the s.al.ary in 1883 
 w,is $1,500. I'rufcssur Henry Chancy, while prin- 
 
 rip.al of the iliijh School, served .also .as libr.iriaii. 
 After March 20, 1871, he .v;.avi' his whole time to 
 the library, and continued to serve until April 9, 
 187S. lie iiossessed r.are qu.alit'icatinns for tlu' posi- 
 tion, and the institution will always ret.ain evulences 
 of his .ability and zeal. On .April 9, 1878, Rev. M. 
 Ilickey becanu- libr.ari.an, .and w.as succeeded .Ajiril 
 12, 1880, by Henry (iillm.an. 
 
 I>e.y;innin!ii- ^^i^'' ■' libi.aii.an .and one assistant, the 
 force li.as j;r.adii.illy increast'd, until in 1883 there 
 were cmiiloyed one in.ale assist.ant, L. B. Ciilmore, 
 at %f-yx> ,a year, .and six Lady .assistants, with s,al;iri(!S 
 r.ani^ini; from S400 to S450 each. 
 
 When first oiieiicd, no person under eighteen 
 mij^ht dr.aw books from the libr.ary. On September 
 4, 1871, tlu! rules wiae .amended to pirniit |)ersons 
 over fifteen to use the library. Under these rules 
 any resident of the eity, for whom some .ipi)roved 
 person becomes securitv, m.av dr.aw books upon .an 
 a,i;reemeul beiiij^ signed by both ]irincip.il .and 
 surety to .abide by llu; rules. Only one book m.ay 
 W: dr.iwn .at .a tinu-. Prior to M.arch 20. 1871, .a 
 Iedt;cr .account w.as ki'pt with each person (Ir.awini; 
 books; sinie tli.it d.ate persons wishintj to dr.aw 
 books fill out ,1 bl.ank sliji. furnished by the bo.ard. 
 with the n.anie of the book w.anted, their own n.ame 
 .and rcsideiita', .and from their libr.ary card tlu' |)av;e 
 ,and line of the Ivi'cord Book where their n.ame will 
 be found. L.ach person dr.awiin;' books is furnislu'd 
 with .a card with double columns for d.ate of dr.aw- 
 w^ .and rt'luriiiiii^;-, on which, as ,a book is dr.awn or 
 returned, the (Lite of the tr.ans.action is st;im|)ed. 
 I'lUirteeii (Lavs is tlu; ordin.arv limit for which ;i book 
 is loaned, bill on j^ivini;- notice whiai it is dr.awn. or 
 .at .any time prior to the Lajise of the fourteen (Lays, 
 il m.ay be retained for four wci'ks. If no notice for 
 renciV.al is i^nvcn. ,a line of two cents per (Lay is col- 
 lected for each day tli.at a book is det.ained without 
 such renew.al. 
 
 Works of refcrenia', el.abor.ately illustr.ated books, 
 ■and other volumes of specLiI \'.aliie cannot be t.aken 
 from the biiildiiii^'. If the libr.iry card is lost or 
 destroyed, ;i new one can be obt.ained by the p.ay- 
 meiit of five eer.ts. 
 
 On the eveniiiij; of June 3, 1877, the libr.ary w.as 
 entered by sonu' petty thief .and the Reiristry of 
 I'.atrons .and slips of books dr.awn were stolen. No 
 serious loss resulted, but .1 new Registry of i'.atrons 
 w.as rei|iiired. 
 
 The libr.iry ;it first w.as open only b(iwc(ai the 
 hours of 7 .and <; \\ w. on Wechicsd.ays .and -Satur- 
 days. On I"el)rii.ary 10. 1866, it w.as decided to 
 open it d.aily from 4 to 8 i'. M. After it w.as moved 
 to the rear of the Capitol, it w.as kept o|Kn from 10 
 A. M. to 8 I'. M., .and on S.atiird.ays till 9 !'. M. Since 
 November, 1883, it has been open from 9 A. .M. to y 
 i'. M. 
 
■^^ 
 
 7i)2 
 
 llll. riKI.IC I.IHKAKV. 
 
 Ill Ndvcnibcr, i.Sdfi, (■|(\(ii liuiidird and lilly-lmir 
 VnliiMiis lioiil llu' llhl.iiy (il (iciiii.il I'.iss wcic 
 donated III tills iiislltiilloii ; and In Oclolicr, iS/i, 
 the old !• ill! I )t'i)ailiiiiii! Socirly ,i;avi' out: limidii'd 
 and twenty-six voluiius, ilie reiniianl of llieir Jiliiaiy. 
 
 Alier ilif demise of liie N'oiiiii; Men's Soeicty in 
 i.S.S_', ilie piihlic liliiaiy i(eei\'e(l fruin that orijanl- 
 xation foiii' llioiisaiKl an<i lifly \dlnnies, also a niaible 
 hiisl of Lewis lass and six oil |)ainlinii;s of ex- 
 presidi'iis of I lie soeiely. 
 
 Diiiiiij^ the suninier of iS.Si tjic libiarv was 
 closi'd for siscial weeks, and llie books luiiiibeicd ; 
 tlley were also newly aiiani^ed, and an eiiliicly new 
 classitieation adopted ; and in Anv;nsl of llie same 
 year, a tree readini;-rooni, supplied with the leadinii;' 
 peiiodieals, was ojiened. 
 
 The books ;ire ,v;ronped under v;cneral heads, 
 embiaeinv^ almost eveiy department of biblioi^raphy, 
 iiulndinv; almost all hislorieal, theoloi;ieal, seicniille, 
 and philosopliie.il subjeels ;md i^cneral iileratiiK'. 
 'llie libi'.iry eont.iins many rare, enrioiis, ;md ele- 
 j^antly illustrated works, willi .i credilable eolleelion 
 of I' icneli ;md I 'lermaii .inthors. 
 
 The books under e.ieli elassitie.ilion are .'irr.iin;cd 
 on the shelves in alpliabelieal order aeiordini; to 
 n.ime of tlic author. M.mv of ihe books oiieir 
 belonv;ed to indi\idn.il liblMiies, .ind not .1 few of 
 tlii'in be.u" lilt' pii\ate m.irks of disiiniLjnished own 
 ers. The .•uitov;r.iphs of ilor.iee W'alpole, W'illi.im 
 W'ilberforee, .iiid Lord I'lroni^h.im ,ire eonl.iineil in 
 books whieli i'\i<lenil\- beloiii^ed lo llieir private 
 libr.iries. 
 
 .'\moiiv;' the r.ire \-oliimes is ,1 mantiseiipi of \(llnm 
 with eiiijhl fiill-p.iv;'e .ind lifleeii sm.ill ilhmiin.iled 
 niini.ilnri's. The library .also jiossi'sses the wriiiiii^s 
 
 of Si. Aii),jiistinc in the form of .1 verit.ible "1 h.niii il 
 book " of the foiirleenlli ( cnliiiy. with the iron i.isi 
 eniiivjs still .ilt.iehed; \;irioiis enibk'ins ,ire si.imped 
 on ihe bindiiiv;. I.onl Kiiij.;sboron.i;irs " Mexii;in 
 .Anli(Hiilies" is one of lis treasures. The work 
 b.inkrniiled its le.irned .md distiiij^iiished .■inilioi, 
 ;iiid in nine immense volnines rejirodiK ( s in colors, 
 with wonderfnl miniitiiiess, ihe relies of .in .iiicii'iit 
 aiul almost lornotten r.iee. 
 
 Three e.ilaloj^tles h.ive been issued; those of 1X65 
 .111(1 i.Sd.S, with the suppleniiiii of 1S7 1 . .ire .irr.ui^cd 
 .ilpli.ibelie.illy by .tiithors' n.inie^. llial ot 1X77 by 
 snbjeets only. 
 
 The growth in number of Miliimes. and tlu^ use 
 made of them, is indi( ,iled in the follow in,,; tabic: 
 
 N .-.ir. Nil. Ill V'mIijiiks. No. (i( ['.iliuus. ilodlis I li:iwii, 
 
 1SC15 <S..S6.j 475 4,7<K) 
 
 1 Sf/) 
 
 \0.()^i) 
 
 i.ii.t 
 
 I 5,<K>0 
 
 1 Srr; 
 
 1 5.0„'() 
 
 1.650 
 
 30,000 
 
 ISOS 
 
 1 ^,().'.o 
 
 2.466 
 
 3 5, (XX) 
 
 I.S6() 
 
 l7.ySf. 
 
 .Vi^*"' 
 
 4(),<)<K) 
 
 1870 
 
 I.S.7I7 
 
 4,710 
 
 40,01 K) 
 
 I.S71 
 
 2l.lf)l 
 
 5.557 
 
 45,6(X) 
 
 1S72 
 
 22,1 1 5 
 
 ^'.759 
 
 lj)S,(X)0 
 
 '«7.^ 
 
 2 2,.S,S2 
 
 H.2\- 
 
 1 1 5,(KX) 
 
 1.S74 
 
 24.17''' 
 
 9..3S5 
 
 i.;5.o<M) 
 
 1.S75 
 
 24.<><1.^ 
 
 10,423 
 
 I48,(xx) 
 
 1 1X76 
 
 3.?.'''"» 
 
 1 1 .4''>4 
 
 I4X,(X)() 
 
 1.S77 
 
 M.7'\S 
 
 4,2.S6 
 
 I 50,(X)0 
 
 i.S7,S 
 
 .?';."45 
 
 7.7';i 
 
 184,200 
 
 iS7') 
 
 4().VvS 
 
 ';.';17 
 
 i«5.447 
 
 iS.So 
 
 .|o..^(/) 
 
 ■I..1W 
 
 "3.5''^S 
 
 1 SS 1 
 
 »-:.4',^ 
 
 '2.757 
 
 116,932 
 
 |S,S.! 
 
 50,605 
 
 i}^^y) 
 
 102,610 
 
 iS.S;, 
 
 5,5,621 
 
 ' 5.'^74 
 
 1 14,960 
 
ilal 
 
 )lr " 
 
 1 li.'iiiii'il 
 
 h 1 
 
 |i' il'lHI I.ISl- 
 
 lis 
 
 .■irc M.iinpcil 
 
 k1- 
 
 .s •• 
 
 tlc.xicaii 
 
 I'S. 
 
 •11 
 
 V \VI)ll 
 
 ^iii'- 
 
 li('<| 
 
 .-iiilliiii, 
 
 (IlK 
 
 •( s i 
 
 1 rolols, 
 
 S 1 
 
 f .11 
 
 .iliciciil 
 
 ; 1 
 
 111 I'-i 
 
 (if 186:; 
 
 /I. 
 
 III- ; 
 
 rr.-in,i.;c(l 
 
 Ii.it 
 
 ol 
 
 1877 by 
 
 cs. 
 
 .iiiil 
 
 lllf use 
 
 liiw ill;^ 
 
 tal)kr: 
 
 lis. 
 
 li..( 
 
 Us 1 Ir^twii. 
 
 4.7"" 
 1 5,cjoo 
 30,000 
 35,000 
 4o,(.xx) 
 
 40,0(K) 
 
 45,C)(X) 
 
 98, (XX) 
 
 1 1 5,<xx) 
 i45,o<x) 
 1 48,1 XX) 
 148,000 
 
 I 50,1 XX) 
 184, 2<X) 
 
 185,447 
 
 i'3.5«5 
 1 \(>,').]' 
 
 10J,')I0 
 
 1 14.>/)0 
 
 PART X. 
 
 COMMERCIAL. 
 
 •« 
 
C II A FT I': R LX XVI I. 
 
 mi:k(I1anis and 'ikadinc;. cusioM-iiorsi': and coi.i.iicioks. - 'iiii'; i;«)AKn 
 
 ()!•■ IKADi:. 
 
 MKUCMANTS AND TKADINC. ;^^^,\ f,.i,„i|y, vvilll no privilc^,; of Hade. Inily, ,i 
 
 I )i:i kill r was foiiiidcd as a cDinnicnial colony, l)i'j,'.i;arly piltaiirc for s(:rvi<(:s ilial lut liad rciidcicd 
 
 and lir|- iiiciiliaiils wdiild l)clii' all the fads and tra- and could slill pcrforni. 
 
 diiioiis of llu; past if they iKxIcclcd lo foster a com- It is doubtful, indeed, if the tradini^ company 
 
 menial spirit and slreieli out liieir hands for trade, designed to promote the settlement of Detroit ; on 
 
 Those who organized the colony in the wiklerness the coiilr.irv, there seems to li.ive been at least a 
 
 of the lakes, came not because of relij^ious persi'- 
 cution, nor in oider to live, imdcr .i vjovernmeut of 
 their choice; : money ;ind adventure; were; the objects 
 I hey soui^ht. When Cadillac founded the post, In; 
 expected to have full control of tlu; tr.ide ; but no 
 soon(;r had the post be(;n established tli.iii merchants 
 and tradin,i( companies bei^an their iiitriv;iies to 
 possess or destroy it. lleforc; iIk; sto<kade of I'Ort 
 I'ontcharlrain was f.iirly comi)letcd, Louis XIV. .and 
 his ministers broke faith with Cadillac by i^rantiii'^ 
 to the C'ompany of the Colony of Canada the ex- 
 clusive rii^ht to trade at Detroit. That comi)any 
 had souv'.ht this ri;,4ht even before; tin; colonists were 
 s(;nt, and on October 31, 1701, under orders from 
 
 half-formed purpose to so mana.i^e ;is thai tin- settle- 
 ment should die tlirou;;h the; mismaiia.i(ement of its 
 trade. 
 
 The Montre.il merchants were jealous of the jiost, 
 .111(1 sotivjht in every way to destroy it ,and disperse; 
 the colony. They were aided in the;ir endeavejrs by 
 the; Je;suits. In addiliedi to these cmbarrassme;iits, 
 the re;se)iire(;s eif the; e:omp.iny \V(;re sej meai^re; aiiei 
 the'ir plans so ehimeriial, that the; infant e-ejietny was 
 marly stranvjle'd bv the; e)ne that should have been 
 its nurse; and prejte'iteir. 
 
 'I"he eliri-ctors e)f the; e-omp.aiiy se;nt out e-ejinmis- 
 sie)neTS, who chari.;e'd se) e'xorbitantly for the-ir i^<;oils, 
 and |)aiel sej little; for furs, that the; Ineli.ans W(;r(; 
 
 I'rance;, ;i eeintract was maele; with them .it ( hiebee fre;(jue;iuly e'str.mi^eel. At the s.inu; time; the eeim- 
 
 p;my w.is e|efrauele;el by the;se; .at(e-nts, who e)blain(;e.l 
 their .•ippointmeiit thre)iiv;h ne|)olism eif the; mejst 
 ni;mife-st kind. The; e-om|)auy m.ide; |)re)liis e)f from 
 four huiidre-d tej six hunelre-el |)er eeiit em .anununi- 
 tiejii, ;uiel twei hunelfeel per cent ejii be.ids, \ermilion, 
 
 which i;.ive; them the e-etiitreil the^y se)ut;ht. 
 
 C.aelillae- first lu;.irel eif this conir.iet on July 18, 
 1702. Thus, within .a year, he; was ele'|)ri\(el of the 
 chii;f .adv,inta,;(e ejf the; post he; had himself i)l,iiine;el 
 and e'stablishe-el. The; tr.ade; of the e-ejuntrv, and 
 
 e;spi'e'i,illy the furs eif this rei^iein, were undeuiliteelly .aiiel ollie'r j^emels, ,anel, h.avinvr exelusive rights, there 
 
 the chie'f eibjeets of his d<;sire; ; yet .atone bleiw he w.as nei reiom for eeimpctitioti or reelress. 
 w.is dispeisse-sse'd eif tlie;se; (;niolumeuts, ;is the terms C.adillae; refused to be a p.irty tei the fniuds, .and 
 
 of the ceimp.iny's e-h.arte'r |)re;ventcei his tr.aeling sought tei eibtain ag.tin the cemtrejl eif the; eeilony. 
 
 iipeiii his eiwii .aeeennil. The e-eimp.iny, howe-ve;r. In I7(J5 he; (ilieTe;el ten thenis.aiid livres ]ier yi-ar feir 
 
 were to eeimiilete the feirt .anel ke;ep it in re|iair, tei the e\i lusive; right eif tr.ade'. In .a k;tter d.alcd July 
 
 pay .aiinu.illy, em Oeteibe^r 1, six theius.anel livre;s 14, 1704, Count reinte-h.artr.ain .aiknowleelges the 
 
 teiw.ards the sup|)ort eif poor se-tllers, .and t<i be-ar rece-ipl eif Caelill,ae:'s letter of August 3ej .anel 31, 
 
 ilie chief ex|)enses eif the; tr.anspeiri.ation eif .artiil(;s i7<-'3. anel says that .at the; s.aiiie lime he .alsej re- 
 
 for use eif the garrison. In return for his ser\iies e:ei\e-d , a series eif eeimiilaints ag.iinst him ni.aele by 
 
 aiiei effeirts, C.adill.ae v>.istei be; maint.iine;el by the the elirei tors of the tniding company ; th.at he had 
 
 com|).iny, as was alsei one ottie;er; the rest ejf the 
 i^.irrisejii were to be p.aid liy the king. 
 
 Doubtless because of his preitests .and th(;e\ielent 
 iiijusti(;e of the arrang(;ment, .an .agreement w.as 
 
 presented Caelillae;'s prei|)ositiein to the king, .and 
 th.at it had been ae;eepted witheiul .any reeiuirement 
 as to the yearly payment; and th.at the king directed 
 him to write tei the directors tej delive;r up the post 
 
 seion m.ade by which he w.as to h.ave (Jtie third of tei C.aelill.ie: em his l)aying them fejr the geie.ds wliie;h 
 the commerce eif the post ; but this was alinewt im- they h.ad .at Detroit, and hIsd U>r the impreivements 
 mediately .su<;e-ectleel by an agreement. Lasting freim made by them, ronleih.artrain eliieeteel Caelillac lej 
 1702 101704, under which he w.as te> have two gei tei Uuebec to arrange for the transfer of the ])ejst 
 thousand francs a year and subsistence for himself and tej receive further instructions from Vaudreuil 
 
 L765] 
 
'^^^msem 
 
 766 
 
 MKRCIIANTS AM) TRADING. 
 
 c'liul llraulianiois, tlir ;^owniiir anil inlnulant. 
 I'oiUi'li.iitraiii also saiil, "'I'lu; iiiiriiiinn of the kiiiv^ 
 is tliat you sliouUl lia\c full coniniaml, aiul ronducl 
 tin.; c-oinuu'rcu for your own pnit'it as really as the 
 company tlitl for its protit, llir only restriction beiniLj 
 that not oxer liftccn or twenty thousand pounds of 
 beaver skins be shi[)ped yearly, and that no tra<lin)i; 
 canoes arc to be sent to Michiliniaekinac or else- 
 where on the Lakes." 
 
 All the business was to be conducted at Detroit, 
 and Cadillac was to have the privilej^e of attracting 
 as many sa\-ai;es as he could to the post, but was to 
 take care that the privileges of the comi)any outside 
 of Detroit were not interfered with. An inspector 
 of the company was to be allowed to remain at 
 Detroit to see that this last rev;ulation wasobser\'e(l. 
 Vaudreuil was directeil to j^ixe Cadillac as many 
 soldiers as he asked for, and to pay for their 
 transportation. In accordance with Pontchartrain's 
 directions, Cadillac went to (hu'bec, and on his 
 arrival there, early in the autumn of 1704, he was 
 arrested at the instance of the directors of the 
 company, who sought in this way to prevent the 
 carryini^ out of the kind's orders. His trial drat;;.i.;;ed 
 along, and it was nearly two years before he could 
 return to Detroit. The suit was decided in his favor 
 on June 15, 1705, but arrangements were not com- 
 pleted for giving him full control of the colony until 
 June, 1706, and late in August he returned. 
 
 It should be noted that the exclusive trading 
 privileges of the company pertained only to the 
 exchanging of imported goods for the furs of the 
 Indians. Whatever the settlers could make or raise 
 them.selves, they were at liberty to e.xchangfe if per- 
 mits were first obtained from the commandant. For 
 these permits Cailillac charged ten livres peranntmi, 
 and he also reciuircd the citizens to pay for the 
 privilege of carrying on their several avocations. 
 M. Parent complainetl that he was required to pay 
 si.K hundred francs, two hogsheads of ale, and agree 
 to shoe all of Cadillac's horses for the privilege of 
 engaging in the business of blacksmithing. After 
 Cadillac relinquished the post, commerce and the 
 culture of the soil decreased for several years. .M. 
 Tonty, his successor, refused to renew or to ac- 
 knowledge Cadillac's permits, ill-treated those who 
 had received concessions, and obliged them to pay 
 large additional taxes. He charged five hundred 
 livres in furs or three himdred in specie for a 
 trading permit to go to Montreal. He seemed to 
 care only to secure as much as possible for himself, 
 and his exactions almost ruined the settlement. In 
 consequence of his extortions and the increased 
 prices of the traders, many of the Indians sought 
 to exchange their furs with the English at Albany, 
 then called Orange. This displeased the traders, 
 and they had frtquent quarre's with Tonty. There 
 
 were then trailing here, Messrs. Chcsni', Campau, 
 De Marsac, Jian Hineau, I'ierre Keaume, I'icard, 
 Koubidon, Oliver La Devoute, and De ("laudefroy. 
 
 While De iSoishebert was commandant he refused 
 to engage in trade himself, but .sold permits or com- 
 missions allowing others to trade ; from this source 
 alone he obtained funds enough to meet the ex- 
 penses and keep the Indians good-naturcil by his 
 gifts. 
 
 As the years went on, the traders found that not 
 the commandant alone had to be paiil, but every 
 ollicial at the po.st, from chaplain to sergeant; and 
 in 1756 and 1757 the total amount was so exorbi- 
 tant as to almost preclude any protit. The com- 
 mand.ints were also in the habit of demanding extra 
 supplies of goods for the Indians, anti of ma;<ing 
 out false certificates for the amounts disbursed, and, 
 as a result, the c<jlony became greatly involved. 
 
 The last French commandant, Hellestre, was par- 
 ticularly distinguisheil for otficial mi.sconduct of the 
 kind indicated. A desire to regulate the trade, settle 
 the price of jirovisions, and put the colony on a 
 better footing, was one of the chief objects of the 
 visit of Sir William Johnson, who came in the fall 
 of 1 76 1. After his visit all traders were recjuired 
 to procure a license from him or his deputy. Colonel 
 Croghan. With all these precautions, frauds still 
 continued to be practiced, and in the spring of 1766 
 Colonel Johnson was compelled to appoint a resi- 
 dent Commissioner of Trade to supervi.se the deal- 
 ings of the merchants and redress grievances 
 between whites and Indians. In matters connected 
 with trade the commissioner possessed almost plen- 
 ary powers. He outranked even the commandant 
 in these matters, and had power to stop all trading, 
 and even to close the stores of traders, if he deemed 
 it nece.ssary. Jehu Hay, the first Commissioner of 
 Trade, continued in office for several years, and 
 finally became Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit. It 
 is not known that he had any successor as commis- 
 sioner. After the appointment of Mr. Hay, there 
 was much more uniformity in the pri^-es and quality 
 of goods offered in exchange for furs; but the 
 character of the traders was not much improved, as 
 is evidenced by the following extract from a letter 
 of Captain Stevenson to Sir William Johnson, dated 
 June 8, 1772, he says: 
 
 'I'wci-Uiirds (if the traders will iicknowledge that I have been 
 the nuist iiuUil<ent ccmimanding offieor they ever had. They are 
 a sad set, for they uiuild cut each others thruats for a raccoon 
 skin. 
 
 Soon after the English took possession, the town 
 became the great centre of Indian commerce, and 
 the Dutch merchants of the Mohawk frequently 
 came to Detroit for purposes of trade. With one or 
 two portages they reached the lake, and then, in 
 their large open boats, they coasted along the shores 
 
MKKCMANTS AND I KADINC. 
 
 767 
 
 licsiH', Campaii, 
 vcaiiiiK'. I'iiard, 
 
 Do (iaiuk'froy. 
 idaiit 111' icfust.:(l 
 
 ptrinils or coiii- 
 froiii this source 
 to meet the ex- 
 1-iuiliired by his 
 
 •s found that not 
 paid, but every 
 ;() sertjeaiu ; and 
 t was s(j exorbi- 
 rofit. 'I'lie eoni- 
 deniaiKhni.; e\tra 
 , ami of niaxinv;- 
 s disbursed, and, 
 tly involved. 
 uliestre, was par- 
 lisconduct of the 
 e tlie trade, settle 
 the colony on a 
 if objects of the 
 came in the fall 
 rs were reciuired 
 i deputy. Colonel 
 tions, frauds still 
 le spriiiij of 1766 
 ) appoint a resi- 
 pervise the deai- 
 Iress ijricvances 
 itters connected 
 sed almost plen- 
 :he commandant 
 stop all tradinv^, 
 rs, if he deemeil 
 onimissioner of 
 eral years, and 
 of Detroit. It 
 ssor as com mis- 
 Mr. Hay, there 
 i^:es and quality 
 r furs; but the 
 Lich improved, as 
 act from a letter 
 Johnson, dated 
 
 ge that I have buun 
 ever liacl. They are 
 hroats for a raccoon 
 
 ession, the town 
 commerce, and 
 
 lawk frequently 
 
 e. With one or 
 e, and then, in 
 
 along the shores 
 
 of Ontario and I'.rie until they reached this, the 
 most famous tr.idin,^ post in the West. They 
 broui,du iL^oods of every kinil, wrapped in tarpaulins 
 and oiled skins. .So extensive was the trallic and so 
 sharp the competition that only the most wide-awake 
 of men h.id any chance of success. The Indians 
 were alternately pampered and cajoled, but in the 
 enil they were almost always worsted in their bar- 
 gains. The traders not only bought skins, but, 
 sometimes persons as well. Henry \'an .Schaack, a 
 Dutch merchant, of Albany, and a frequent visitor 
 at Detroit, both before and after the I'ontiac War, 
 w.is attractetl by a bright boy that the Indians had 
 taken captive. The Inilian owner was eciually at- 
 tracteil by a silver tankard that he possessed, and 
 the exchange of the tankard for the boy was duly 
 made. As the boy was without a name, he was 
 called Tankard, and his descendants are still known 
 by the curious name that his ransom originated. 
 During the Revolutionary War the traders from the 
 Mohawk could not send goods with safety or regu- 
 larity, and conseciuently many articles were some- 
 times scarce anti dear. With all these drawbacks, 
 tile ([uantity of goods in store in those days was 
 enormous. Several million dollars' worth was 
 often gathered here. 
 
 Within the store of a leading trader, the glitter 
 and bright colors were ecjual to any display matle in 
 our own day ; and for variety no country store of 
 the present time could eijual it. In one corner 
 niigiit be seen bales of mink, raccoon, bear, beaver, 
 muskrat, and deer skins, SLirfieient in value to con- 
 stitute a fortune at the prices of to-tlay, the lloor 
 was usually cumbered with goods of various kinds 
 ill tlieir original packages, the boxes and barrels 
 being lined with sheet-lead to keep <nit the water, 
 and heavily bound with iron. Strings of wampum, 
 dressed deerskins, antl immense snow-shoes were 
 suspended from the low ceiling ; and, in the season, 
 carcasses of venison and bear, with wild turkeys, 
 added a savory odor to the room. The shelves were 
 crammed with a larger variety of goods than any 
 junk-shop displays. Large brass locks with keys 
 that would weigh a pound, iron and brass candle- 
 sticks, pewter plates, tinder-boxes, inkstands and 
 basins, steelyards, Japan mugs, and Oueen's ware, 
 lay side by side. Ini|)lements of peace and war 
 jostled each other; tig-blue, ink-powder, wafers, and 
 quills were shelved with red -handled scalping 
 knives, tomahawks, horse-pistols and holsters; guns, 
 heavy with silver ornaments, hung overhead, and 
 powder, lead. Hints, and fire-steels lay beneath them. 
 The lower shelves were brilliant with gay calicoes, 
 crimson satins, straw-colored silks, , and scarlet 
 cloths ; while red night-caps, black silk breeches, and 
 silk and satin petticoats were in bewildering prox- 
 imity ; these were flanked by boxes of stiff stocks. 
 
 beaver and cocked hats, gold and silver sword-knots, 
 and green silk umbrell.is, while bales of blankets 
 and strouds (a coarse blue cloth), packages of ver- 
 milion, yellow ochre, hair powder, red and gold lace, 
 knee-buckles, burning glasses, wax-lights, lanterns, 
 bellows, decanters, shoe-p.aeks, moccasins, carrying 
 collars, large and small traps, cordage, oakum, irons, 
 and saddlebags helped to make up the assortment. 
 Nor was this all. Household implements were not 
 forgotten; Dutch ovens, Indian baskets, frying pans, 
 copper kettles, and caddies of bohea tea greeted the 
 eyes of thrifty housewives in days gone by. For 
 the children, there were mococks of maple sugar of 
 many si/.es, suited to the purse of man or boy, and 
 brilliant with the gayly stained (|uills with which 
 they had been decorated. The particular delights 
 of the Indians were by no means foriLjotten ; colored 
 beads of many sizes, silver and tin brooches and 
 buckles, ear-bobs, moons, crosses, gorgets for 
 medals and breast-plates and silver bands for tlu' 
 wrists, woolen belts and blankets, rolls of tobacco, 
 and numerous casks of the inevitable fire-water, 
 with luunlreds of other articles, were gathered in a 
 single store. 
 
 As early as 1 767 mention is made of the following 
 merchants at Detroit: Charles Cortoise, I'eter 
 r>aroii, Iienjamin James, Kdmund Pollard, Obediah 
 Robbuis, William lirucc, John Robinson, II. \'an 
 Schaack. Thomas Williams, William Mdgar, Richard 
 .McNeall, Samuel Lyons, D. IJaby, 15. Chapoton, 
 Isaac Todd, and James Cassity. In 1773 James 
 .Stirling, John I'orteous, ^Lacomb & Company, and 
 Abbott & Kdgar were the principal merchants; and 
 within five years after Meldrum & I'ark, a noted 
 firm, began. In 1783 C.raverat & X'isger were 
 largely engaged in the fur trade. In 1787, or pos- 
 sibly earlier, Joseph Campau began business. In 
 1799 Angus Mcintosh, Forsyth X: Company, and 
 Mack & Conant were prominent merchants, and in 
 1809 A. C. Truax. 
 
 For more than a century, under French, English, 
 and American rule, the fur trade was the most im- 
 l^ortant interest. Immense (juantilies of furs were 
 received and forwarded. Over one lumdred thou- 
 sand beaver-skins were shipi^ed in a single year. 
 When Captain Rogers came to take possession of 
 the ]5ost in 1760, he found $500,000 worth of furs 
 in store. In 1781 .\. & W. Macomb bought at one 
 time, of the Widow Ikrthelet, 12,132 deerskins. 
 9,483 raccoon, 413 bear, 682 cat and fox, 16 elk, and 
 three wolf skins. In August, 1784, after great 
 (luantities had been sent away, there were still one 
 thousand jiacks of furs at Detroit. 
 
 During all these years the business of buying and 
 shipping furs was the most important factor in the 
 trade of Detroit. .\ single shipment on August 6, 
 1 82 1, of four hundred and ten packs, was valued 
 
^^^ 
 
 768 
 
 mi;rciia\'I's and tkadinc. 
 
 at Sr)2,(xxj ; and (lining llif yiar (•\(T §vx),ixhj 
 wtirtli were stii|)|K'(l fnini ihv ciiy. In 1SJ9 furs to 
 tile aiiioiiiU of $5:15,000 were exported, and llie 
 sliipnu'iits of raw furs to I'-urnjie. even now, reaches 
 a value of half u luilhoti yearly. 
 
 e4 
 
 H 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 y. 
 
 =i "^ f n "^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 S 
 
 6 >■ 
 
 S y "« J V- .« 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ s? 
 
 .Ss 
 
 
 2 «N<C: 
 
 ^ I ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 P ^5 
 
 ^ V, ^ --^ 
 ^ >^ ^ -2 ^J * ^ ^"« . ■'5 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ~«5 
 
 ^ « S i- <» ^o vj- 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ sS "^ •« > 
 
 3^ 
 
 " * \. ^ >^ s? ^ "3 
 
 2 : .-^ ^l •" 
 
 
 w w •>§ ^ s: 
 
 
 
 .•« 
 
 
 <? ^ Nl :;. 
 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 .■3 5S 
 
 <3 
 
 
 s 1- § v^ § s 
 
 The methods of trade were much the same 
 among ill! who tral'licked with the Indians, the slow- 
 ness of the returns in some measure counterhalane- 
 inir the otherwise lari^e profits. Cioods ordered in 
 the fall would not arrive till the following sununer. 
 hi the winter they would he exchani^ed for furs, 
 which generally did not reach I.ondon or Paris until 
 nearly a year later. In this way, three years, .ind 
 often forty-two months, were required to complete 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 the circuit of trade, indeed, the fur iiicrchruits were 
 ,i{enerally poor and disheartened every three years, 
 owinv; to the enormous exjiensc of the tr.'iliic, and 
 ^^^ the instability of prices in the 
 
 ^^^■t London market, in .addition 
 
 ^^^^P to other drawbacks, the ^oods 
 
 ^^0F sold to the f.irmers were pay- 
 
 ^ .able only in produce, and not 
 
 until the winter followinii their 
 purchase. M.inyof the farm- 
 ers were more fond of i^ayety 
 aiul dissipation than of indus- 
 try, ;uid ninerally evaded p;iy- 
 Iiiil;' for two or three years or 
 until forced by l.iw ; then, 
 however, instead of payin.n' 
 twenty shillings to the |)ntind, 
 they paid from ihiiiy to foiiy, 
 the costs of suit bein>; \ery 
 liis^li. This jiractice of non- 
 payment was so .!L;encral that 
 no one thought it a disv^race 
 to be sued for debt ; on the 
 contrary, it set'iiis to have 
 been considert'd ;in honor, as 
 it ijave them the air of men of 
 business. 
 
 Detroit w.as so noted ;i trad- 
 inji;' post that bands of Indians 
 were cominj;- and ,i;('i'\'^ ''I' 
 the time. Their canoes, by 
 the score, were frt'ciuently seen 
 cominiLj down the riser, or 
 were hauled up on the shore. 
 As late as 1825 they j;;ithercd 
 alonji;' the river road from the 
 ISrusli I''arni eastward tow.irds 
 Cirosse I'ointe ; their canoes, 
 turned bottom-side upon the 
 beach, with one ed^e slii;litly 
 ele\;ite(l. ;il forded shcki-r, and 
 on tin- north side of the i-o;i(l 
 their n'oods were exi)ose(l for 
 sale. ISundles of odorcjus furs, 
 bales of smoke-dressed deer- 
 skins, naked little Indians, 
 blanketed sciuaws, some with 
 niococks of sujfar and other 
 with papooses strapped upon their bticks, nimierous 
 dot^s, immense piles of Intlian baskets, bundles of 
 paddles, Indian brooms, axe-handles, mats, bows 
 and arrows, knot-bowls, and packs of moccasins, 
 straight black-haired and copper-colored braxes, 
 were all on exhibition, forming together a motley 
 spectacle, 
 
 L'nder French rule accounts were kept in French 
 currency, but soon after 1760 the English system of 
 
MHRCIl.Wrs AM) -IkADING. 
 
 769 
 
 [iHTcli.'mts wire 
 ry llirci' years, 
 llic tratlic, and 
 (if |)riiH's in l!ir 
 .'t. Ill aiUlitiim 
 )acks. tlic ,i;(H)(ls 
 mcrs wi'iv jiay- 
 I'oduci', ami not 
 r fdllowini;' tliiir 
 my of tlu: farm- 
 ' fond of 1,^'iyc'ty 
 
 I llian of imlus- 
 ally evaded pay- 
 r three yi'ars or 
 by law ; I lien, 
 ead of jiayint; 
 ;s lo llie pnuilil, 
 
 II thirty to forty, 
 suit l)ein;s; very 
 )raetiee of non- 
 so ^ener.'il that 
 lit it a dis]L;raee 
 )r ilebt ; on the 
 seems lo iiavc 
 •ed an honor, as 
 the air of men of 
 
 ^ so noted a irad- 
 |l);iiuls of inilians 
 and .noiii),;- all 
 leir eanoes, by 
 freciuenlly seen 
 1 the river, or 
 .i|) on the shore. 
 25 they ■^atheretl 
 r road from the 
 astward towards 
 e ; their eanoes, 
 11-side up on the 
 ne ed,i;e slii;htly 
 •detl shelter, and 
 side of the road 
 ere exposi'd Im' 
 , of odorous furs, 
 <e-dressed iKer- 
 little inilians, 
 laws, some with 
 u,v;ar and other 
 baclis, numerous 
 kcts, bundles of 
 es, mats, bows 
 s of moccasins, 
 colored i)ra\es, 
 ifetiier a motle\ 
 
 Icept in French 
 ni^lish system of 
 
 pounds, sliiiiiniis, and pence dis|)l;iced fr.inc 
 ami iivre. Tlie Americ.in nun li.uits dis- 
 liked tiio iMiv^lisli mode of reckoning, and in 
 iSio, or earlier, accounts were ki'pt in \'ork 
 or New York currency, S2.50 l)ein,if eipiiva- 
 lent to the pound. 'I'he old ledvjers of the 
 Macoinbs, of 'i'iiomas Smith, .ami of Jose|)ii 
 Lamp.iu. would do no discredit to tlu; best 
 penman or ijookki'cper of tln' i)iisent d,iy. 
 The debtor ;uul iTedilor sides of .in ;ic( nunt 
 each occupii'd ;i p.ij^i'. and the two pii^es 
 were numbered alike, so th.at led,i;ers of three 
 hundred jia^es would hv numbered .is h.ivini; 
 only one lumdred .and fifty. I'nder Aimri- 
 can rule the jroN'ernor issued spicial lireiisis 
 to those wlio tnided witli the Indians. A 
 far-simile of one, half size, is here repio- 
 diiced. 
 
 Under law of Au.i;ust 29, I1S05, no per.son 
 was .allowed to rel.iil any nierch;mdise not 
 prnilnced in the United Sl.ites without payin;;- 
 .a license of twenty ilolLiis to the treasurer of 
 the Territory. The law does not seem to 
 have acted as a hindr.ance to Ir.ule, for in 
 1 80S, only three years .after the town liad been 
 Ciitirely destroyed, there wore three hundred 
 and thiriy-fix-e stores of v.arious kinds. 
 
 A territorial law of October 7, 1814, re- 
 quired each merchant c<- trader in Detroit to 
 
 
 
 WiioLl'.sAi.i'. Ciuoc KK'V S['i)i;i-:s (iK Hkmiv, !■ n /mmi in->, A t n., 
 
 Nort Invent 1 oimr cif Wiiixlward Ave. and Wooilhridvjr Si. 
 
 Maki.nkk^' I'koiKSTANi- Knstoi'Ai. Ciiincii. I'liilt in 184.^. 
 
 
 Wiioi.RSAi.E Shoe Stores oi- H. 1". Hai.dwin, 2u, & Co., 
 Southwest corner of Woodward Avenue and W(iodliri(ti;e Street. lUiilt in 1851. 
 
 p;iy a territorial license of 
 twenty doll.ars, and all in 
 the Territory outside of 
 the town ten dollars. 
 There is no apparent re.i- 
 son for this discriminatiiHi 
 other than tlie f.act tliat 
 the traders in Detroit did 
 so much more business 
 that they were able to pay 
 more. 
 
 A business list, compilixl 
 in June, 1819, showed that 
 there were then in De- 
 troit seven watchmakers, 
 twelve blacksmiths, ten 
 gunsmiths, sixty carpen- 
 ters and joiners, six coop- 
 ers, three cabinetmakers, 
 one coach and chaise mak- 
 er, five wheelwriiLjhts, three 
 tanners, five harness-mak- 
 ers, twelve shoemakers, 
 twenty-three mason.s, 
 eighteen tailors, six h.at- 
 ters, one tinner, three 
 painters, three printers. 
 
770 
 
 MKIUIIANTS AND TKADINd. 
 
 (Mv;lil iiinkt(|>iis, iwiiity-foiir dry i^nods .itid ^iniccry 
 liK'i'ili.iiits, dill' vslinlcs.ilc ;;icMcr, sixlifii i;i<Mciy and 
 |)r()visinii sioics and .iK'-linnsis, and live l)akci'irs. 
 /Unnnv,' tin: inninincnt iiu i( lianis al lliis time wcio 
 llinry J. Ilunl, julni I.. Wliilinv^, Mack \ (.Onani, 
 J. iV A. W'cndil, I'lniis S. \\ ( ndi-l i\^ C(iin|)any, l)c 
 ( iarmn Jones, llcnianiin I'.. Ken licval, and Alirali.im 
 lidwards. 
 
 As illiistratiM- nf lllc ways df \\u- limes, we nnle 
 tli.il (in \(i\(Hil)ei' _'J, iiS.V), llie l,isi-n,inied inei- 
 
 I ,-., ir^-j^. •«■ '' • .*■ .k\. -... ,-•;■■■'■■, 
 
 C.iMiui.n Kinr.s's l.iiAriiKu Slum;, 
 fii WiMiilu.inl Amuuc;. liiiill in 1845 77. 
 
 chant nnnonneed ili.a lu- had sold dui, ;uid iir!L;cd 
 all p.'irties indeliled lo liiin to " make inimcdialc 
 paymcnl in casli, beans, or Ihnir." 
 
 At lliis tiiiKj, and for at least ten ye.ars later, eur- 
 reney was .so searei: tli.it "dickerinj;' " was the rule, 
 and the tr.idiiii;- of one, arlielc for another was a 
 conmion occiirrcnee. 'I'iionias I'almer used to say 
 to ciistunicrs tliat he wonld "l;ikc anythin.v; for |)ay 
 except money." Levi Cook be^an business in i<S2o, 
 and, after a few ye.irs, was suceeeded by his brother 
 Olucy Couk. In 1838 James liurns became a p.irt- 
 
 ncr. In 1S21 the aih'eriiseinents of the foilowin',^ 
 menh.uils appe.ired in the (i,i/.elie: A. (. Canill. 
 r. J. \ J, I'almer, J. ( i. <\: J. I!. Scliw.ul/, (). New- 
 berry, John II. lie, \\'illi,im llrewsier, and jolin U, 
 Williams. 
 
 The rush of emiv^r.-ilion in ii<](t caused sin h ,1 
 dem.uid for |noo<ls of all kindslli.it escry house tli.ii 
 (duld l)<' obl,iined on Jelferson Aveniie from Shelb\ 
 lo K.indolpli .Sirei I. was lilted up for .1 store .iimI 
 'illed with ^oods ; some householders sold out their 
 le.ises .it an adv.mee of a hundred |)er cent. The 
 rej^iilar iiu'reh.inls j^rew jealous of the auclionieis, 
 will! ,v;;ilhcred crowds totluir sales by si'iidini; oiii 
 acrier with .1 l,irv;e 1)1 11 ; ,ind, undoubtedly .at lluii 
 rc(|Uest, ;in ordin.uice w.is |i,isse(| forbiddini; .lui 
 tioiieers t(» sell .■iiiyi hill'.;' I'seepl li(|uors in casks nl 
 thirty ]L;.illons or o\er, ship furniture .and t.ackle, cir- 
 riiijLji's, f,u'min'.^ utensils, furiiituic, .and .aiiim.als. 
 Ciooilsof .iny kiinl could nol he sold .at .auelioii un- 
 less of the bulk III one barrel or \\eiv;liint; one hun- 
 dred pounds or o\ir; ;iiid the oidiii.uiee |)ro\idei| 
 that " nil billm.ui. ei'iei-, or other i,ie.itis of .attr.ni- 
 ini; .attention of p,issenv;ers sh.ill be used or eni- 
 plo\(i| by ;uiv .auctioneer or olher person for tin- 
 pui'pose of eolleetini; bidders at the sale or .aue- 
 tion of .any properly." The l)usiness of .an .aue- 
 liojirer was orii;in,illy .a public one, .and .appoint- 
 meiils were m.ide by the j;overnor. A law of De- 
 cember 31, iSi I, pro\ided th.it ".auctions sh.ill iinl 
 be held e\eept between suiiiisinv;' .anil sunseltini;." 
 the eviilelll iutellL beill;^" to prevent .any deieplimi 
 lliiiiU'.;h s.ales made by cmdleli^hl. The followiu^ 
 persons Were .appointed .auetioueers in the ye.irs 
 n.iuud : i.SiCi, ( ',eiir;;e Mel )ou,i;;ill, I leiiry Ihow 11 ; 
 I1S17, John Meld rum, John MeDounell ; i.SiS.J uues 
 Abbott, Abr.ih.iui I'.dw.irds, Jnlin K. Williams, anil 
 Dune.in keid ; iSii^, koberl < iarr.il ; icSjo, John S. 
 Koby; i,S.;i,l). 11. Cole ; i.Sjj, .Melviii Dorr, Kiifus 
 ll.iteh; 1X^6, I'.lijah foiiverse, fh.irles C. 1'. Hunt; 
 i8ji^, J. I'.. Sihw.ut/, ; 18 ;o, II. Ilulbrook, I. T. 
 lillm.an, I'.. Ilmoks; i8',i, S. .S. Il.iwkins, D. ('. 
 MiKin>try; 1853, lleiiry Dot)-; 18 ;/>, J.inus k"ilson. 
 
 As the eil\- i,;rew, the v;euer.ll Store, in whii'h W'l'le 
 v;,athered .arlieles of I'vei)' kind, j;a\(r plaia: to stores 
 ni.ikinn' .a specialty of some one kind or cl.ass of 
 jH'oiids ; but for .a loui^' time the oldest .and leading' 
 dry ^oods stores ki |it ,a supply of tea, coffee, su.i;.ir, 
 and olher .st.apii' ,i;roeeries, and sold large (lu.aiuities, 
 espcci.ally to their country (uislomcrs. 
 
 The .gencr.al storis of the olden time, where 
 lAcrylhin^r w,iskcpt, tind their best exponent to-d.iy 
 in the e.sl.iblishment ;)f C. R. M.abley i\: Company, 
 in which clothinjr, boots and shoes, hats and caps, 
 lailies' ,111(1 ,v(enllemen's furnishing; j^oods, milliiuiy 
 .and wookais of m.any kinds .ari' .all on .s.ale in gre it 
 (|uantilies. The tirst store for clolhiny was open"! 
 Kebru.ary 22. 1870. From time to lime others h.avu 
 
,f till fdlliiwiiiv; 
 V : A. c:. Ciiiiitl, 
 hw.irl/.. (). Niw- 
 XV, and Joliii K. 
 
 ') caused siH li .1 
 
 r\iry liniisi- tli.ii 
 
 ■lliic finm Sllfll)\ 
 
 for a stori' ami 
 CIS s(il<l mil lluii 
 1 i)cr ccMl. 'I'lu 
 llic auctidnccis. 
 'S by si'iulin.v; nui 
 (iiil)lc(lly at llicii 
 I f()il)i(l(liiii; am 
 ii|ii(irs in casks nl 
 (■ and tai kic, cai- 
 c, and animals, 
 iild at auiliiin un- 
 ,civ;innvi oni- iuin 
 dinanic pnividid 
 1, leans iif allrai i- 
 Ih: used or cni- 
 •r |)cisi)n fur tii' 
 llic salt; or au' 
 ^iiicss of an am - 
 )nc, and appoini- 
 ir. A law of l)r- 
 |auclions sliall mM 
 ind sunscitin;^," 
 \l any drccpliim 
 'riu; f<illowin:^ 
 rs in liic year-. 
 , I Iciuy I'lrown ; 
 11,11; iSiS.J-ums 
 K. Willianis, and 
 it ; i.Sjo, John S. 
 Iclvin Dorr, Knfu. 
 iii.-s e'. !'. llniii ; 
 lldllirook. 1. I'- 
 ; law kins, 1 ). * • 
 ,S'/), J;inus i''ils(in. 
 re, in which wm 
 ivc i)lacc to sloic s 
 ,<ind or class nl 
 ildcsL and Icadin- 
 ua, coffee, suKiir, 
 (1 lari;e <iuanlilir , 
 
 urs. 
 
 il.lcM time, will''' 
 sL (■xponenl to d >v 
 ibli'y iV Company . 
 )cs, hals and cap , 
 
 i; n'oods, niillini v 
 all on sale in v;n i 
 loihiug was open' I 
 
 ) lime others h.i ': 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 6 
 
 -Vi 
 
772 
 
 MERCHANTS AND 1 RADINC.. 
 
 • 
 
 I)i'i'M added, and now t'iftccn stores, of four and five been made at Detroit of almost all forei^ni com- 
 
 Stories eaeh, are oeeupied w illi the i^oods of tiiis tirm. modities, — easlile so.ip from Mai'seilles, se\eral Ions 
 
 One of the noticcabli- fealtires in tiie nuivantilo at a time; X'enetian red and anunonia from (ilas- 
 
 life of the eity, at tiie jiresent time, is tiie nmnber .^o\v ; hemp and mustard seed in (jiiantities from 
 
 of firms who represent stores established nearly Messina; ber.namot, orij^aniim, lemon, and other 
 
 or quite half a eciitury a^o, Amon^- these are the essential oils, with irums and drtii^s, from London 
 
 establishments of !•'. iiuhl 'S; Company, l^'arrand, ;md (inisse, thousands of j^allons at a time ; ehanu)is- 
 
 Williams 0!v: Company, tleor^e Kirby, 11.1'. liald- skins .arrive in lots of ten thousand ; Trieste sui)plies 
 
 K. II. I'm I ,\ I ...\ 
 loi W Iu;inl Av 
 
 .11 ^ilnl.. .MoUli, 
 
 lliiilt in '.S75. 
 
 win 2(1, i\: Comp.iny. T. 11. Ilin' hm.ni X: ConijKinv, 
 1.. ,\. Smith iv Company, .\. C. MeClrawX: Com- 
 pany, and l'helpsi\: liraee. 
 
 From small be).,dnniin;s the dnnf business, repre- 
 sented by the wholesale ilrtii^-hoiises of f'.irr.md, 
 Williams, iK: Comp.iny, T. II. llinchm.m vv: Sons, 
 John J. Dodds tS: Company, and J.imes I". 1 )a\is i.*v: 
 Comiiany, has beeome one of the largest of mercan- 
 tile enterprises. Sinec i860 direct importations have 
 
 jMijagMiiBfJgiafr 
 
 •V^ . :j ^ 
 
 l''ui;.NrnKii Wakkkooms iJi N. A; J. I'i.ai riiuv, 
 y8 Woiidwaril Aviiiiic. liiiilt In 1851. 
 
 i(tnii-;iral)ic and cntile-hsh bone; Dresden, senn.i- 
 leaves, anise-seed, and chemicals of various kind--, 
 and Liverpool, indi\(() and sal soda. 
 
 The increase in amount of direct importations of 
 various vfoods is shown by the followini^ statement 
 of the amount of iluties p.iid at Detroit: 1810, 
 $2,052; 1.S50, $11,433; 1860, §61,650; 1S70, $23),- 
 842; 1880, §284,464. 
 
 The total capital invested in jobbint;' and ret;iil 
 
nam 
 
 .MI.RCllAN rs AM) TRADINC. 
 
 77^ 
 
 all forcijjjn coin- 
 ilU's, several Ions 
 lonia fidin (lias- 
 (|uanliiics from 
 1111)11, and otlu'i" 
 ^s, from London 
 a linn' ; cliainois- 
 ; Trii'stc sujjplics 
 
 "iVVT^ 
 
 ; Drcsdin, senna- 
 ; of various kiniN. 
 
 la. 
 
 •ct importations <'f 
 ollowinvr str.lcmciit 
 at D.'troii: if^i". 
 1/.50; 1S70. $211,- 
 
 jobhinj;- and ri't.nl 
 
 liniisc'S is about $30,000,- 
 000, and tlie sales for 1.S1S3 
 were estimated at $125,- 
 
 i5(X),000. 
 
 As the city has ii^rown, 
 oiu' locality after anoil.er 
 has heeoino specially de- 
 I sirablc for business pur- 
 
 poses. In 1812 Atwatcr 
 was the principal business 
 street; about i<S2o stores 
 l)ei;an to apjiear on Wood- 
 ward Avenue below Ji'f- 
 fersoii, and also on Jeffer- 
 son .Vveiiui'; from icS3()to 
 I ^yo J el'fersoii .Avenue was 
 the chief business strt'et of 
 the city. In i860 Wood- 
 w.ird Avenue above Jeffer- 
 son bet;-,in to be the better 
 retail 'treet. .Since 1870 
 the tide of business has 
 swept ]iast the Campus 
 M.irtiiis, and up W'ootl- 
 \vardaiidMoni"oey\\eiuies, 
 and Michigan, (Iraiiot, 
 and (1 rand River Avenues 
 iiave for years been lined 
 with stores and shops. 
 
 \Viici[.i;s.\i.i; |)i;ic, Sn > oi- l''\K'iv 
 II lo 17 l,.iriKil Slrctt K.i^l. 
 
 I'l.THoiT Tool Dbi'ot, Stovr, and Cikni:!; m. H akhuaki.; Siuiiiis of T. 15. R.\^ 1, & Co., 
 Northeast tornor k,'. Woodward Avumic ;•, id Coiignss Street. lUiill in 1851-77. 
 
 AMI, Wn.i.iAM-i, A; Co, 
 lUiilt in 187J. 
 
 Some persons cni;;i<,^'d in 
 business have no local h.abita- 
 tion; they ;ire lure, iheri', and 
 everywhere, their own cries j.jiv- 
 ins;- notice of their presence. 
 I'lspeci.ally of Lite years the 
 street-cries of Detroit h.i\e be- 
 come noticeable anioni,' the many 
 sounds of its broad .■ind biisv 
 tliorouv;hfarcs. "Tin^ ;l lini;- 
 tin'.^'-tinn-tin.i;" sotnuls the bell 
 of the scissors-v;rinder, who pres- 
 ently appears with wheels and 
 treadle on his b.ick. Hardly 
 has the sound of his bell died 
 aw.'iy wlu'n the toot of tlu' raj;- 
 man's horn is he.ird, .and his 
 hand-cart comes in si^ht, drawn 
 sometimes by himself, sonutimes 
 byadoir; or possibly he has a 
 rheumatic liorse and a dilapi- 
 dateil uaijon. After him comes 
 one with box of broken ^dass 
 and a rule, and the cry of "dlass 
 put in I" is heard, or the words 
 " I'mbnlLis to mend — to mend 
 — to mend!" sound alon.i^ the 
 way. in the early mornim;- .and 
 
:^ 
 
 ■•J 
 
 o 
 ■J 
 
 01 
 t/3 
 
rwwm 
 
 u 
 
 
 a 
 
 lA 
 
 a 
 
 :5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 -I 
 
^^^i 
 
 11^^ 
 
 mi:rciiants and tradinc. 
 
 ill llicaftcriKion thnu-ws- 
 licjy's ('!•)• is iuard. (imiii- 
 pri'sciit, vinordus, and 
 clear; and ail llic livelong 
 day, in sprinj^; and sum- 
 nuT time, the streets are 
 made to rintj with the 
 cries of " Tatoes ! " 
 
 I'resh 
 
 nsii: 
 
 and 
 
 " Strawhcrrit's ! " Fruits 
 of every kind are thus 
 offered for sale. 
 
 In marked contrast 
 with tlu'se literally " one- 
 horse establishments," is 
 the Ijiisiness conducted 
 by the firm of I). M. 
 Ferry & Comiiany, one 
 of the most widely known 
 firms on the continent. 
 In connection with a few 
 facts as to their cst;il)- 
 lishment, a description 
 ol tile seed biisiiu'ss of 
 the olden time will be 
 suiL^iL^e stive. About the 
 year 1830, while James 
 
 Dry Goods Stores ok L. A. Smith <t Co. (Successors to Ja.mks Hurns & Co.), 
 107 and io<j Wiiiidward .Vvemii', corner of Congress Street. Hnilt in 1871. 
 
 CrROCKRV Stokes oe C.iV K. McMillan, 
 1 ;i WiiiKlwaril Avenue, rorner iif I'lirl Sireel, Built in \'A(\^, 
 
 Ab'iott was postmaster, he culti- 
 vated the main ]ic)i'tion of liie 
 block now bounded by W'oocKvanl 
 Avenue, Ciriswnld, W'nodbi id^e, 
 and Atwater Streets. In tliis gar- 
 den he raised seeds for sa' ■. 
 The wrapiiers enclnsino- ll,e fiw 
 letters that were then reee'ved at 
 Detroit, with the aid of a li;tle 
 jiaste, were transformed iido bai^s 
 for the seeds, and in the s|>iini;', 
 \vhen the first vessel wcit up the 
 lakes to S.airin.'iw, .Mackinaw, and 
 Cireen ISay, these seeds — only a 
 few dozen pajiers in rumber — 
 were sent up for sale to the post- 
 gardeners, :iik1 tt) scatteri'il tann- 
 ers who had settled in the \;ilder- 
 ness. .As comp.ired \iitli sueli 
 methods, the business opi rations 
 of I). M. Ferry iV Compmy afford 
 intorcstinjj evidences of provjre^s. 
 They occupy a foiir-st;)ry waic- 
 hnuse with basement, erected 
 .speci;illv for the jMirpose, Mid 
 coverin.tj half of a lari;c sciu.ire ; 
 and this buildini;, will a l.-'rye 
 portion of an adjoining block. 
 
WBf^m 
 
 MIlRCilANTS AM) TRADING, 
 
 / / / 
 
 ;rns & Co.), 
 t in 1871. 
 
 tmastcM", lie culli- 
 1 pitriimi (if the 
 led by Wiind vvaiil 
 )1(1, \\'()(iill)ri(l;^c, 
 L't'ts. In lliisiL^ar- 
 scL'ds for sa' ■. 
 
 ncliisin;^- tliC fiw 
 
 then rccc'vi'd at 
 
 he aid of a lilK' 
 
 sfnnnrd ii.tii bai^s 
 
 nd ill llic sjinni;", 
 
 CSSOI WClt up till' 
 
 rt', Mackinaw, and 
 so seeds — only a 
 ers in riindier — 
 )!• sale t<i tin- post- 
 to scattered lanu- 
 tlod in tin- \,ilder- 
 ipal'ed \\h\i Slirli 
 isiness opi rations 
 .■v C'omp my afford 
 ences of pro,!L;ress. 
 
 four-stjry waic- 
 isenient, erected 
 he purpose, ."nd 
 f ;i !ar-c s(|nan , 
 n'^-, will ;i h'y'A'' 
 
 ;idjoininjr block. 
 
 . 
 
 Iiardly siiU'ices for ibeir needs. In addition 
 to immense tniets of kind cultivated for 
 iliem, tliey have a seed-farm of their own, 
 loveriny nearly half a mile s<|iiare of j,qMund, 
 and on this farm they have .ifrown, in a 
 sinj;ic yt'ar, 35,000 poinids of onion and 
 c;3,ooo poinids of bttt seed. 
 
 At the w.'ireliouse. proper ihi'y employ 
 ahoiit four hundred pi'rsons, and the aj^^rirpc- 
 -ate miinbt-r of their workmen, ineludini^ 
 those emjiloyi'd at the farm, reaches nearly 
 ci'^ht hundred. They deal directly, fi'om 
 \-cai' to year, with o\-er ei,i;iity thousand mer- 
 chants, located in almost every town and 
 iiainlct in the I'nited .States and Canada; 
 • iiid tlu'y h.ive ye irly corrcspondenci: besides 
 with as many more individu.al fai'mers and 
 j;ardeners. I'pw.irds of 50,000,000 pack- 
 ;ii;i'S of seeds wire sent out in i^^}. They 
 issue over 32 5,(xx) c;it;iloi;iies \'early, .and 
 consume, in connection with their business, 
 nearly a ton and a half of paper ]H'r day, 
 and ship yearly live himdred c;ir-lo;uls of 
 seeds. 
 
 In the olden time wholesale merchants 
 waited for customers to come to thein, 
 lint within the last twenty years the practice 
 of sending out " tlrinnmers," nr travelling 
 
 
 I2T T» BLA^ICE 
 
 SroHK ANI> RbsIDFNCK 01 1'. lil.AKF, UnI)ERT.\KER, 
 25 and 27 I.afayi'ttf Avri\iu'. liiiilt in 1875. 
 
 I'Ai.NriNCAMi I' \i'i:k IIam.i.Ni. I-'.m a 111.1^.11. Mt.Miii- Uka.n, i;oi)iia'.v,\ d: 
 167 and i6g Griswold Street. Ijuilt in 187'j. 
 
 agents, has become increas- 
 inglv conmion, initil now 
 tlu're is hardly a wholesale 
 house in Detroit that does 
 not employ from one to fifty 
 of these s.alesmen. w ho, dur- 
 ing a gre.'it p.arl of the year. 
 tr.'ivel throughout tlu' coun- 
 try soliciting orders for goods 
 of every kind. There are 
 probably not less than four 
 hundred thus sent out from 
 Detroit. 
 
 Within the last twenty 
 years, and esiuci.illy since 
 1870, the practice of deliv- 
 ering goods to every part 
 of the city has become gen- 
 eral among ret.iil dealers, 
 {^ne firm employs nearly a 
 dozen wagons in this kind 
 of service. 
 
 Not much was attempted 
 in the w.'iy of displ.ay in 
 show-windows until .about 
 1850. Ceorge Doty's jew- 
 elry window and J. Ileed- 
 zler's exhibit of fruits and 
 
^■v 
 
 77^ 
 
 MI.RC'll.W IS AND rK.\l)|\(;. 
 
 f.iiicy ni'i "fries were amonv; llif cirlicsi spcci.illy ■^rncicics .ind iiicils iiMnw csiMljIisliincul was (iri'^i- 
 allractivc ili^iilavs. 'riiiscars lain- I- riiK h plali- iialc d in 1.S7 i iiyiln- Mi'^sis. Hull. 
 Vjlass wiiidiiws were iikm'c cnnniKiii, ainl since In lhe\\a\' dl siv;ns, (Hie (if llic must niilieeahie 
 
 then the sliiiw-windiiws on the principal business fnrly \ears ai^o was thai nf Self i\ Sole, shoemakers. 
 
 /\sk iV Seek w(re tailiiis. ( )\(r a (hcr's eslahlisli- 
 inent, nn h'hrisun .\\ennc near Hales Sireei.was 
 the lei^clid, " 1 d\e to li\c." A sii^n on Milllell 
 Street annniinced " Washiii'.; and Ironin;.; and j^oiny;' 
 out to day's works doiic lure." In icceni d.ivs the 
 
 McMriiiai, l-'(isriK, >1- Cd.'s t.|..\ 1 iiku Slum-:. 
 
 It. 1*. Mmnford. K. I). Knstor. Udijulas l';iync. 
 
 16 (Iratiot Avenue. linilt in iS^r.. 
 
 several notices of " Itanknipt Stock " and "Sheriffs." 
 " C'losinn' out," ".Semi-annual," " Kcdiiciioii," 
 "Remnant," .and " Keniov.il .S.alcs," ;ire f.imili.ir. 
 Attention is cl.ainied by represcnt.itions of .ilmosi 
 .streets ha\'e been iiicre.isiiii.,dy attr.irtive in ap|ie;<r- evi'rythin.ij tli.it is used or bon.i,dit or sold, and hiii^c 
 ance. "()|H'nini,^ d.iys," when sprinij; or fall i^oods keys, p.adlocks, pitchers, books, boots, .and w.iichcs 
 are first shown, wen; in,iuv;iir,ited by Newcotnb, line the w.ilks, or .ire displ.ayed on outer w.alls. 
 Kndicott, \- Coniivmy, in uS^y. 'l"hc sale of both laiibleins of culored K'lass. reiircscnlinj^ mortars, 
 
 Mantf.i. anii Tii.r Store ok P, A. Dii. lings, 
 176 Wooihvard Ave. Huill in 1868. 
 
•> 
 
 liiiiciit was (H'l.'^i- 
 
 iniisl. niiliciahlf 
 Kile, .sliiiciiiaki rs. 
 
 (Iyer's (■slal)lisll- 
 '.atcs St feci, was 
 
 sil^li '111 Mllllelt 
 ■(inin;^ ami i;"'i',K 
 I reeeiil <la\s the 
 
 
 B^* 
 
 
 iiim; Sicpu'i-. 
 
 I liiUKlas l';iyi\c. 
 in 187^1. 
 
 :" and "Sheriffs," 
 " Keduetion," 
 ■s," are familiar, 
 rations of alinosl 
 or sold, and Iniiic 
 lots, and watelics 
 on onter walls, 
 'sentinjj mortars, 
 
 s 
 
 MilRCllANTS AND rKADIXC, 
 
 779 
 
 ■|'ilnUNi)IKIi Nciei;s|.; .V Co., I'riu.lsirKK'., I'i;l,\ ri. KS, a.mi ii.ioi;- 
 
 l!l.M>i;i;s, <uinir l..iiiii<l and Slitlby Slncls. 
 
 IUiil(lln>,' rricird 1SH2. 
 
 |iacl<a;;(sof medicines, so,ip, and v.irioiisoilierarlieit.'^ 
 are lell at cvvryilonv ,i, /,/,//, ///;// .indaiinosl ,i</ //i//fi/- 
 ///-w, and li.its.-ind vesis, liy the score, li.ivc l)eeii dis- 
 trihuled to iiromisctioiis crowds. At sonu- opctiiinjs, 
 costly siip|)( IS are served to all who come. .M.iny 
 tirms Spend tlioiis.inds e\(ry year to .attract flic 
 piihlic eye. " llill-postcr Ixi.irds," fences, and many 
 v.ic.int w. ills .are covered w ith show-hills, pl.ic.ards, 
 ,111(1 " dodders." I.,ist.l)iii not Icisi. the iiewsp.apers 
 should he n.imed. Some sin'.;le licwsp.ipcr ;i(l\-er- 
 lisiiij; lirms ( (iiilr.icl for .and control space in .a thoii- 
 s.iiid p.apcrs, secure orders from .all over the I'liiled 
 Stales for the insertion of advertisements, and ,ire in 
 const.int receipt of copies of .all jKipers .and periodi- 
 cals. One ,iv;eiicy receives live thons.aiid dilfereiit 
 papers every week, h.is h.id contracts with .i single 
 lirm for over S'i^.oik) worth of adxcrtisin.;;, .and li.is 
 pl.ii cd .a portion of the ad\-ertisemeiits of one house 
 which, nnder .i sin'.;le eontr.act, (xpeiided S5'k),o(X) 
 for .advertisini;. 
 
 Amonn' the modern .adjuncts of tr.ade the coin- 
 merci.al a,;.jencies are prominent. These .are desiijned 
 to .alford re.idy and reli.ihle inform.iiioii as to the 
 responsihility of persons seekin^r credit, 'i'he sys- 
 tem comprehends tlu' ohLiiiiinvf, hy nu-ans of resi- 
 dtnt correspondi'iits or tr.iveliiiv,'' emplovces, of 
 inform.ition of every kind which affects in ,tny w.iv 
 the reli.ahility of |)ersons doiiii; business in ,iny \i!l;i),fi.' 
 
 shirts, and Iiorso-shoos, add 
 hrilli.incy to the scene, 
 wooden Indi.ms and stuffed 
 skins of he.ir and deer 
 stand beside the |),ilh, .and 
 colored tiles with owners' 
 ii.ames .are inserted in the 
 w.alk. 'I'hese efforts .are 
 supplemented with adver- 
 lisemeiiis on car tickets, 
 :^as bills, hotel re,t;isters, 
 hloitiutr p;uls, .and pro- 
 :<iMmines. Cheap f.iiis, 
 rules,t.i|)e measures, ni.atcli 
 s.afes, p.aper-wei,i;hls. .and 
 plac(|ues with .advertise- 
 ments thereon, are i^iveii 
 aw.ay by thous.ands, .and 
 elc'^.iiU steel ent,n-;ived ;md 
 ( olored cards, with myri.ads 
 "f devices, are distributed 
 ' ' serve the donor's ends. 
 ' liildren and ])ersons of 
 ' "\; rv^rowth vie with each 
 oilier in the v.iriety .and 
 '"■iiity of iheir collections 
 ' ■' ' hese free .ijifts. Sample 
 
 Wlini.F.RAl.F. Driic. Smiji.'; nr Jamps I",. ItAvis & Co., 
 21), ^t, 31, .nnil 3=; I.nrnid Strcrl West, niiilt in 1887. 
 
-0 
 
 7 So 
 
 M1;KC11AMS AM) TF<AI)ING. 
 
 or luinlihcirliood. I'liis infnnn.-itioii is inihlisluil 
 (|ii;irtciiy or si'mi-anmially. in various sized volumes, 
 and is furnisJK'd to sul)scriiicrs only. I'rom tiuu: to 
 time, lists of important changes in tlic business 
 
 Drug He ^e op John J. D^dhs & Co., 
 
 (Successors tu Swift it l>HiUl|i) 
 51 and 53 Sliclljy Sirci-t. I'.iiilt in 187Q. 
 
 slandiny; of persons en^a.^ed in trade are supplieii. 
 Tiiese ai;encits also ftu'nish such of tluir jxitrons 
 as subsi-riho for the same, with information re- 
 garding any person intjuircd about; and at 
 
 regular intervals, circular notices of cii.-inges arc 
 sent out. 
 
 'I"he agency of R. ("i. Dun & Company \v;is 
 established in r)etr()it on Au.^L^u^t i, 1856. J. M. 
 Reilly, the llr.st man;igcr, rcmaintd until 1859. lie 
 w.is succeeded by James Moore, ;in(l he on .Augusi 
 I, 1863. by ("icorge II. Minchcmr. 
 
 WhuI.KS.M.K (il.AsS AM) I'Al.Sl SluKI-. ■■!■ UM. Kl-IH, 
 
 7! and 7, I.anicd Strcc t W.st. Iliiilt in i&Hj. 
 Rfl.iil Stores, ij and 14 (onurcss Street Kast. 
 
 The ISradstreet Agency was m.m.igcd from 1S3S 
 to i.sr„Si)yC. I'". Cl.-irk ; from i<S6S to i8;8 by N. 
 J. Ilubbell; from iSj.S to April, 1879, by 1'.. S. 
 Lowe; and since A|iril, i87(), 1)y C. 1". lieck. 
 
 An institution of similar character is the Mer- 
 ch.ints and M.inufactiircrs' {■".xihange. organi/cd 
 l'"cl)ru;u'y 2^, and incm-poralcd in .\pril. 1878. In 
 addition to its usual business, endc.i\ors ,arc m.idc 
 to regulate or prevent any practices injurious to 
 
■vw 
 
 MKRCllANTS AND TKADINC. 
 
 7S1 
 
 , of chaiij^is nrc 
 
 v: Company was 
 
 . I, 1S36. J. M. 
 
 iiiilil 1859. Hi' 
 
 ml lie on Aii)j;iisl 
 
 f 
 
 m 
 
 s;^!^ 
 
 -i^^i 
 
 1 111 \Vm. Ki;ii), 
 I'.iiiU in 18S.!. 
 
 ss StKlt KilSt. 
 
 iiia;<(il from iS;S 
 ^S to 1.S7.S by N 
 1, 1S79. by K. ^■ 
 c. r. r.rck. 
 •aclir is till' MiT- 
 lian'^c, ornaiiiziii 
 1 April, I'S?''^- '" 
 ulravors arc niadi' 
 liics injurious to 
 
 trade and commerce, and to promote the business tember zH, 1.S50, all of the district north of the 
 
 interests of the city. To this end it appoints not forty-fourth |)aralU,l was attached to tiie District of 
 
 only an executive conunittec. but also committees on Mackinaw. 
 
 transportation, arbitration, insurance, m.inuf.iclures, 
 
 and real estate, i'he ori;;mi/.;ilion is supported iiy 
 
 the fees of members, who pay S50 per year, its 
 
 rooms are at 101 (iriswold Street, corner of Coiiv,n-ess 
 
 Street. T. II. iiinchm.ui has been jjresidcnt and C. 
 
 1'.. Hull, treasurer, from the date of orvjani/atiou. 
 
 Joseph Coll served as .actu.iry until .April, 1S79, he 
 
 was succeeded by H. 1*. S.mner, who resi!.,nicd in 
 
 .March, iSSo, and was followed by S. .S. Seefred. 
 
 The District of Detroit now extends aloni; the 
 frontier from the mouth of the St. Clair River to the 
 southern boundary of the St.ite, .and covers llu' 
 counties of ( ieuessec, .Shiiiw.assci', l.ivini^'stou, ( ),ik- 
 l.md, M.icomb, \V.i\iie, W'ashtiii.iw, Lenawee, .Mon- 
 roe, ruid the eastern portion of Ingham .and J.ickson. 
 
 Detroit is the primip.il port of entry .and delivery, 
 with siibordin.ite pmls at: Tri'ntoii, Wyandotte, 
 Monroe, Newi)ort, ('libr.alier, I'.corce, Spi-in,^'Wt'lls, 
 
 \Vii(ii.i;s.\i,K Dkv (.'luniis Harsh; oi- Kdso.w, Moonii ii Co., 
 i(H li, jnt JrfTrrs.iii Amiimc. Iliiilt iii'i.S.'^t. 
 
 CfSrOM HOl'SK AND lOM.KC li )KS. 
 
 lly .\ct of M.irch 2, 1799, Detroit was made .1 
 poi't of entrv. (."ustom-house rev;ulalions were then 
 provided for .1 district embniciui;- ;ill the w.aters. 
 shores, and inlets of L.akes Ij-ie. St. Clair, antl 
 Ihirou, west of the .Miami Kiver to M.iekin.aw. 
 
 The sal.iry of the collector was tixed at $250 
 yearly, with three per cent on the amotmt collected. 
 
 ISy l.aw of June }o, 1834, the coasts of Lake 
 Miihiv^'.an, for tift\' miles north of Cir.and River .and 
 Milwaukee, were iittaehed to the district. On Sep- 
 
 Rockwood, New ii.altimore, Mt. Cliuuns, and 
 Crosse Isle, at each of which one deputy collector 
 and inspector of customs is located. 
 
 When a vessel arrivt's from a forei,i;n country the 
 s^roods must be entered and the duties paid before 
 hv'uv^ lauded, unless they are to be i)laeed in a 
 bonded w.irchouse. The entry consists of a written 
 statement containin;.; the name of the vessel and 
 her master, the name of the port from which the 
 articles were ship|)etl. their particul.ar marks, luim- 
 bers, nualily, and (luantity, denominutiun, and prime 
 
"•^•■^ 
 
 7S2 
 
 CUSTOM IIUUSK AM) CULLKC TOKS. 
 
 cost, ami llic advaiuu rliaini'S 011 llu'iii. 'I'lu' im- L'aiiailiaii or oilier fi)rci,v;ii ports, lie issiu's yearly 
 
 porter must also priKliue tlio orij^ina! iiivoiie, or liiiiises to vessels eiiy;a,iL;ed in lake or riser trade ; 
 
 other diiiuiiieiiis in liiii tiii'reof, with llie liills of keeps ai't'ouiil ot all vessels Ixiilt within ilic disiriri, 
 
 ladiiii;. \'essels s.iiliii^ lioiii the Liiited States also of those arrivirivj and di|)artinv; from Detroit, 
 
 obtain from the collector wrilli'ii permits to leave, Kivin;< their liiaracicr and descri|)tion, and niioris 
 
 called "cloaraiu'fs," and sailors obtain ccrtilieales iif the same to the re|<ister of liu- treasnry; lie makes 
 
 their nationality, usually denomin.ili'd " |)roleilions." ritiirns df all imports ,ind e\ports,il this port; he is 
 
 which serve to bccurc them the privileges of Ameri- also the disbursini; a.^eiit uf the tiovermneiit lor the 
 
 f. ^Si 
 
 ¥-^ 
 
 Wnoi.n<!Ai.K Drv Gnniis Storrs of Am. \n Siif.lden & Co., 
 162, 1^4, iffi, and ifiS Jefferson Avenue. I'.recteil in 1879. 
 
 cnti seamen. The collector certifies to the correct- 
 ness of the manifests or bills of ladinc^ of j^oods on 
 board of vessels sailing from this to any f(<reii^n 
 port; he also issues res^isters to ships, specif yinj^ the 
 description and nationality of such as are j,'<>'"!^ to 
 foreign countries, and collects a tonnage tax of 
 thirty cents per ton from all vessels trading with 
 
 Revenue M.irine service, and acts as custodian of 
 the marine liospit.il, custom-house, and posl-oriice, 
 including the court-rooms and ol'tices therein con- 
 tained, and is chargeil with the repair and presenta- 
 tion of the buildings and furniture. 
 
 All imported merchandise is examined and ap 
 praised, whether imported direct or through ;'. 
 
cusroM iiousi: anu collkcturs. 
 
 ;«3 
 
 I Ic issiirs yi'arly 
 ;i; or ii\ir iradi' , 
 illiiii the district, 
 iv^ from l)itr(iit. 
 tioii, and reports 
 :isury ; lu' makes 
 t lliis port ; he is 
 vcrimieiil lor llnj 
 
 s as custodian of 
 (.', and posl-ollice. 
 Iliccs therein con- 
 lair and presen-a- 
 
 xaniined and ap 
 :t or through a 
 
 bonded warehouse, uhieh is tmder Government are also inider thu' eontrol of the oHiecrs of the 
 siipersisioii. The appraiser is appointid l)y ihi' eiistoms. 
 
 Secretary "( ihi' 'I'ri'asiiry. and receixes $3,ocx) a To aid in the enforcement of the rev<'ntii: laws 
 
 vear. h". A. Illadi's, serving as appraiser in 1.S.S4, tlie ( lovernnn ni has a revenue steamer in tlie (hs- 
 was appointed on June 16, 1.S74. tijct, ilie I'essendcn, which iiatmls the river and 
 
 Moiuled warehouses arc for the henelit of im- lakes at a yearly cost nf abmit ^.'o.oo.. 'I'lu' steamer 
 ixirters who do not wish to pay the entire duties Miclli^,^ul, of the liiited States Navy, also makes 
 un any lot of jjoods at the time tlicy arc ini- occasional visits to this jxirt. 
 
 Tile collector's force in iSX;, included sixty-one 
 persons, whose salaries, ran;^'ini; froniijiioo tciJ.^ajO, 
 a.nxfe.ijati-d about §55,(kkj .anniiall}'. Sonu; of the 
 otlicers are jiaiil solely by their fees. All the sub- 
 ordinates are ;ippninie(l by the collector, who is 
 appoinlcil by the I'rcsidciit, with the consent of the 
 senate. 
 
 ,^m^ 
 
 
 I'UK ESTAIILISHMENT ANU HaT StOKE OK F. "'JUL & CO,, 
 
 146 iind 148 JctTirson Avciuie. lUiilt . .^32-82. 
 
 jiorted. In all such cases the ijoods are stored 
 in the warehouse, and the duties paid from time 
 til time as portions arc withdrawn. These ware- 
 houses were first used in l")etroit, in June. 1872. 
 In addition to the reyjular bonded warehouse, 
 bonded rooms ari' allowed in the stores of in- 
 ili\iduals for storage of merchandise imported, 
 owned by or consigned to them, and such rooms 
 
 Wholesale Cloi hinc Stores ok Heinemas, I'ctzel, & Co., 
 142 and 144 JclTcrsjii Avomic. Hiiilt in 1852. 
 
 The receipts from all sources during; the year 
 ending December 31, 1.SCS3, were $373,906. The 
 importations made in the district the same year 
 were vakietl at over SS.000.000. 
 
 The principal imports in 18S3 were 
 
 V.-\lue. 
 
 Barley §211.565 
 
 Malt 7.178 
 
^^ 
 
 784 
 
 I'irewood 
 I'r.is .111(1 beans 
 Si-r.ip iron 
 Till plates 
 
 cusroM iiousi-: and coi.i.ix ioks. 
 
 Value. 
 
 $216,715 lUittd' .'iiul laid 
 iiS.i^^l 'I'liliarcd 
 16,807 I'ly ' ><"'ils 
 
 WllOLESAI.!! ClOTHINi; SrOKliS OKHli/WKNRlCH Uros., 
 138 and 14U Jcflcrsun Avciiuc. built in i83o. 
 
 Tlic principal exports in 1.S83 wi-ru : 
 
 (Jiiaiitily, 
 
 Wluat, bushels 57i,n.S 
 
 C'nrii " 42 J, Soy 
 
 Oats " 41,853 
 
 \\ licat-llour, bbls 21,309 
 
 Value. 
 ISI2.584 
 93,648 
 33.159 
 
 V.iliic. 
 
 S6oi.78y 
 
 228,555 
 
 13,001 
 
 124,266 
 
 Spiriliiniis li(juors 
 
 IIi)rsc'S, catilf, sheep, and hogs 
 
 Hides and skins 
 
 Agricultural seeds 
 
 Potatoes and other vegetal)les 
 
 Fruits of all kinds 
 
 $3 1. 643 
 237,622 
 67,686 
 62,741 
 1 5,060 
 1 1 ,498 
 
 Wii ii.i:sALii Dkv (iouijs Shirks ui- Chas. Kout & Co., 
 ij4 and ij6 JclTersun Avinuu. lUiilt in 1871. 
 
 Coal, tons 116,915 $407,437 
 
 Cotton, lbs. 3,010,080 331,101 
 
 Tobaceo " 294,009 80,500 
 
 Pork " 743.S11 64,151 
 
 Lard " 46,561 4,667 
 
 lieef " 5^'.'/'5 4,126 
 
 Ham " 109,071 12,997 
 
 Hardware 125.343 
 
 Household furniture 150,834 
 
 Agricultural implements 4.978 
 
 Agricultural seeds 42,096 
 
 Total value of domestic exports 3,21 1,673 
 
nwwmm 
 
 TlIK IH)AKI) ol" TKAni:. 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 82.5.S4 
 
 
 93,648 
 
 
 23.' 59 
 
 ■(J : 
 
 
 ity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 18 
 
 Sr,o 1,789 
 
 S09 
 
 J28,555 
 
 «53 
 
 13,001 
 
 3oy 
 
 1 24.266 
 
 '^■^i-^. 
 
 m 
 
 .V, V \ ■ 
 
 A"^. Ul 
 
 )(1T it Co., 
 
 iiilt 111 
 
 1871. 
 
 915 
 
 S4O7.437 
 
 ,080 
 
 331. lOI 
 
 ,009 
 
 80,500 
 
 ,811 
 
 64,15' 
 
 .561 
 
 4,r/,7 
 
 •'/'S 
 
 4,1-''' 
 
 ,071 
 
 12,997 
 
 
 125.343 
 
 
 1 50,834 
 
 
 4.978 
 
 
 42,o9r. 
 
 
 3,21 1, 67 J 
 
 The collirtors li.tvf htm ;i:i follows: 
 171/^ 1S05, .Maltlicw Kriicst ; during at IcaM |)iiil 
 of iSuJ.John DnckiiK'.'vd was post inspector; June 
 1S05, to June. 1806, Joseph Wilkinson ; 1806 i,Si>,S, 
 .Stanley Griswuld ; 1808-1814, Kcuhcn Atwatti ; 
 1814 1R2S. William Wondhridcfo ; iS:S. Tnim.nn 
 lliicliiT ; 1829 1831;. Andiiw M.ick ; 1839 1X41, 
 John McDoniK'll; 1841 1845. Kdward iirooks; 
 1845-1849, Cliarlci- :. llainiiiond; 1849-1853, Oliver 
 
 -»-i-- -'"JSi-^ 
 
 H Q Q T & ^fixl'iqCTtj y y m^'cT^ 
 
 Wliol.KSALli lioDl AM) Slliilv SlOKi:> O !• A. C McCiKAW & Co., 
 
 128, 130 am! I !J Jofli r^DTi \viiiiiu, I'uili in iS3'i-7o. 
 
 M.llydc; 1853 1S57, John II. Harmon; 1S37 1S60, 
 Mithael .Shoftnaker ; 1 860- 1 Sfi i , R. W". D.ivis; 
 i8r,i 1S66, X. C. Isbill; iSr,r.-i867, 11. A. Morrow; 
 i8('>7-i869, N. C. Ishrll ; 1869-1875, Cicori^^c Jerome; 
 1.S75-1884, Di.iLihy v. r.tll; 18S4 , William 
 
 Livinystune, Jr. 
 
 TlIK IKIAKI) (If TRADE. 
 
 'I'he first ort,^'ini/ation of this character w;is called 
 ilie " Merch.'ints' IlxchaniLie and Hoard of Tr.ide," 
 and was the result of a meeting; held ( )elol)er 19, 
 
 secret.iry. At ,1 suhseinieiil inectiiij^. In Kl 
 20. ilie joliowin.; |Mrni.uient ollicers were 
 William ISrewstrr, |iresident; Charles How; 
 prcsiilent ; A. Diidm-nn, tre.isiiirr; John 
 
 .0. 
 
 t )i lolur 
 elected : 
 ird. \ii I- 
 Chester, 
 
 ' MpLfmrmm ' 
 
 in.iLa* ' ''jML ■'/_/"'' 
 
 ^-n'>^-Oilll 
 
 r P: llt\ I" '' 
 
 iii'li^^^JiiJfkv^iiiJI|L<lii)i'iiii<»t.. ii>u iiii *'^-\iw 
 
 ■ , in> iiBiii; I 
 
 l7?Vlll]'Jfc,,'t""li|jim |i™« „„. "wiu.illi v^ I 
 
 iifeJii ^ liiiii - 'iik Ji- i»l 
 
 I! .villi !|"ll: 
 
 I jik ' 
 
 ■ LlikJlLJiik.;! 
 
 \Vn..Li.sALi-. Hm, C'ai' anu I'l k Sidkks ijy II. A. Ni-.ui.am) & 
 Cii., I..4 and i.'6 JitTirsdn .Avcnne. llnilt in 1879. 
 
 secretary; [ames Abbott, .\. S. Kelloirir, S. Lewis, 
 F. ^h).')re,' F. I'.uhl, 7.. Chandler, IF P. I'.ridvje, 
 
 1847, at the oflice of li. F. Webb, C. C. Trow- referees; J. Owen, li, L. Webb, C. llurlbut, 
 bridge acting as president and John Chester as directors. 
 
^mmm 
 
 ■■ 
 
 7.S6 
 
 •llli; I'.oAkI) til' TKADi:. 
 
 Daily mci'linL;^ (if ilic biiard l)('v;;iii nil ( >(t<il)ir J7, in llic proixiscil l)iiil(liiin. 'I'lic funds. liowiAcr, 
 
 1S47, in a \a( anl ■^tdic. ou nnl li\ jdlin K. Williams, wiIiikjI iurilicnniini;, and I lie hoard continued in 
 
 loi'aU'il on llu' soiiiliwcsl roiiii r 111 \\ ooduard .\\ c- llir old ioralioii iinlil Srplcinhcr 17, lS_(v. llirii 
 
 nuc and Atualtr Strict. I lie luw iHi^.ini/.ition nut ino\cd to the H.iikiis lliiiidiin;. on 'I'liird Slrr(i lu ar 
 
 with fa\<)i", and very soon iH'cinu^lrsiroiis of o( cii- the t iiiir.il l)i|iot; and soon allcf tlic follouini; 
 
 pyini; .1 hnildini.;' of ilsouii. A roiniiiiitci u.is .ip- noii( c ;ip|)iai( il : 
 pointed to eonsiiU'i' tlu- inojeet. .nid on M.ireli Ji, 
 1.S41S, liu: followinv^ notice ai)pearcd : 
 
 A pillilic miitill;; iif Ihi: lili/clisiil II1II..1I »illlii llclil .iltlic 
 
 rooiii («c ii|)ii(l liy llir riuaiil cif Iriiilr cii liu- i .iriin ni \\i)c.ilw:ir(l 
 Avniiic and Alw.ilir Sircil, ciii 'lliiirsday liu- -.•iiil day ci( March, 
 
 
 ^% 
 
 ■^-^ 
 
 /w„/.w.i^. /><•/: 
 
 WfI'M.i.m.i C.i.ik i-.u', ANii Sill 1; SriiMi 111- A. K. A' \V. I''. I.inn, 
 1 16 J( ffcrsdii Avium, llir. Slnlliy Slrccl. Hiiilt in 1S4.!. 
 
 ut llircc o'ljcM k 1: M., Id liiai tli'' n purl •>( ili. 1 oininillii' in nv 
 lalioii to till' tri'i tiiiii iif a .\i> ri liaiils' I'.xrliaii^r lliiililiMv; in lliis 
 city. As iliis is a snlijii 1 in wliii li all liavi an inli ri si, il is liupi il 
 tluTi' will Im a lull allrluLlIK >■, 
 
 '/.. t'llAM<iii(, S. lauc., ('.i-.ii;i,|.. I'',. II \Nii, 
 
 'I'. \V, l,cMKHiinl>, I'. 'I'liM \ Ijnu 1:, C'nw. 
 
 'I'lie siihjcci was discussed, the l.e^^isi.iture .ip- 
 
 Kiiiii'Tii/ : rill' n<Miil "I I I. nil will liuM iIkIi millings (ai 
 and alicr Wiilnisda> , ilci..l>.r 11, i:;|i, iiillu- iirw l';,\( lian,v.i', 
 I'arnii'i'sand Mnli.inii^' Hank llnildiiK;. Ijniii-., r iui/a. m. 
 r.y cinlir nl ih. I >ii. . i.n-,. 
 
 JiiiiN Ciii ■ 1 in. Sti'y. 
 
 Wu I II . I \M. ( >r Si.il r III A. C. 1; \. .IN iV C'li., 
 
 8fi JilTiirsiin .Avrniir, rurnir Wayne Street, 
 r.iiill tn 1.S8.'. 
 
 ( )nly ;i few nieetinvjs wcii" In Id in the h.ink Iniild- 
 illL^'. 'I'lie drin.iiuN of tr.ade did not c ill for its coll- 
 liiuiance. and the ri\-.Tlry of luisiiiess linns leniiin 
 ati'd the existence of the bo.ird. l'omp.ir.ai\i K' 
 litilc liiisiiicss w.'is .■.itiiallv tr.ins.icted ,11 iis d.aiK' 
 
 ]icaie(l to, and on Mar<li 14. i.Sj.S. the l)elioit Mer- si'ssions. Dealers uishini,^ to liny produce j,;ciier- 
 fhaiits' l'..\ch,inj,;e ('oinp.iny w.is ini'orpor.ited. 'i'he ally went direct to the hnsiness linns wiio were stip- 
 Act .nitliori/.ed them ;o erect .1 hiiildim;. and jLjavu |)o:.ed to h.ive the desired .articles in store. l'"roin 
 to the N'i)iir.,i;.Men's ,111(1 l'"ire De|)a'iiiieiil Societies the liist the soi iety was chielly promoted by fo'- 
 powcr tu take slock to the .iniounl of $ Kj.ixx) each wirdini;' .iiid ( Dinniission merchants; eventually a 
 
'I hi; i;<).\i<|) ok tu adc. 
 
 7>^7 
 
 imds, lioucscr. 
 'li rontiiHicd in 
 
 17, lS.|i;. IIk'II 
 
 liird Slicii IK ,ir 
 r llii- follow i^^^ 
 
 llli il llh I lilies 1. 11 
 ill.- IM W I'M li:lll)-'.l'i 
 ,111-,, 1 • M I.' A. M. 
 s. 
 (IN ('Ml ■ I IK, Sl(y. 
 
 ai^*.-*S 
 
 III llic bank liiiilil- 
 (il, (ill fur its cdii- 
 ■ss tinns icniiin 
 I'lHiiparaiisrl'. 
 idcd al its (lail\ 
 y |)ri).liitr uriur 
 IIS wlln wen: S(l|'- 
 
 iii store. From 
 l)roilV)lr(l l)y for- 
 ms : cvciiuially ■' 
 
 niiiiilK-r of persons in ordinary iiiereantilc Iratk; 
 jniiird iliu soeieiy, jjaid fees of §j.(x) per year, aiul 
 the siieiity lor a lime luinibered alunii one hun- 
 dred iiiimlxrs. I )iirin.v;' tiiis period, and from i.S',5 
 I0I.S35, (Ik liusiiuss of reeeiviiii^, forw.irdiiiv;, stor- 
 iii;,^', .111(1 selling ;,;rain ,'iiid pi'odnee w.is extensive 
 and protit.ii)le. At the lime' of the Crinie.iii W'.ir, 
 in i'S54, die lirms of liridv;!' «.\; Lewis .iiul J. I,. 
 I liird iK: riiinpany su|)phei| as iiianv .'is j.(>iM> l),ir- 
 rels per d.iy. I'drw .irdiiii^ ,iiid eoniniission houses 
 
 111;; II. r. IWidi^e .letcd .is <ii.iiriii,iii, ,iiid Jul 
 la'will .IS seeret.iry. A c oillllliUee, ( onsisliiii^- I 
 MeC'liesiiey .-md S.iinilel Lewis, W.IS .ippoiiil 
 
 dr.ifl .1 eoiisiiiiition .-uiij h) -l.iws, .md 011 |iilv 1 
 bo.ard w.is orj;,-iiii/.ed. 'rweiily-lis<- persons si 
 
 the eniistitlllioii, .inil the followini;- oIlKeis 
 
 ele.ied : president, 11. I', i'.ridm'; viee-presid 
 Dnni.iii .Siew.irt, Robert .MeChesiuy; dirn 
 Josrph Aspinall, W'illi.ini ll.Cr.ii;;. (len|--e W. 
 sell, John W. .Stroiii;, ,\. I'.. Kissell, J.iiius ]■: 
 
 in ( ). 
 if R. 
 
 i-d to 
 3 the 
 ;;lle{| 
 were 
 (•Ills, 
 tors, 
 liis- 
 
 I'itt- 
 wcrc llieii esl.iblished in lari^e w.iiehuii.scs aloiiy man, W. 'I'ruesdale, John I!. I'.ilnier; Lre.isiirer, II. 
 
 — -■•« 
 
 pJ^-Xw-^.f*^-*-' 
 
 _L-- '^"~^<»*-'«W*- ^C^** 
 
 -^ifs*- 
 
 \\ iioLi; , M.I-; Dm I. .Si.iM. . .11 T. II. IIimii,ma;«A S.;N'., 
 ukI Sci JctfrrsDii Avcmir. :,H anil i.«) Wuiiilbridxi; Street. 
 Iliiili ill 186S. 
 
 die river, lint the inere.ise in niimlier of railro.ids, 
 md the readiness wit'i wciieh siiipmeiUs maybe 
 'ii.ide direct, without lel.iy or e.Mr.i cii.arnc, have 
 I ir.nely done ;iway wilii the special business carried 
 'in by such lirms. 
 
 I he present iSo.ird of Trjide v;re\v out of .1 iiieel- 
 iii'.; held June 3, i.S^ri, ,ii ijie (itliir (if !•'..( ",. Merrick, 
 dii'ii located .at llir fool of W'.ivne Street, in w li.it 
 w.is known as W.ird's W.uehonse. /\t this meet- 
 
 Win hi'Saii.: Kkim SinuK or Ihvvi'.u A- Viiav, 
 
 (id JtlTirson AvcMiii-, rornurKf Cass .Struct. 
 
 I'.iiilt ill 1S78. 
 
 K. S,in,i;er; seeret.iry. Milo 1). Il.imilton. , .le 
 membership dues were tixed .at Sio.txi per year. 
 
 On Ati.naist 6, .at \o a. M.. d.iily sessiohs bej;;iii to 
 In- held in .1 store on Woodbrid^je Street under the 
 Miehiv,,ni l'".xeh.an,i,n'. On December 2 the d.iily 
 meetiiii;s were sus|H'nded until the first N.'ind.ay in 
 M.in h. Oil /Xii^iist 4, I.S 57. sessions be^,^ln to lie 
 held from (; to i<) A. M.; they .ire now lield from 
 10 A. M. to I 1'. M. si.iiid.ird time. 
 
►.(JO 
 
 Tin; r.oARD oi ikadi:. 
 
 In iSCx) the lin.ird pul)lisli(<l in 
 ])ain|)lil(l f(ii;n a slati-iiu iit dl llu' 
 biisiiuss (if ihc city f(ir liS^i;. Si\- 
 rral similar (■(impilatictis lia\i' since 
 W-v\\ issued, liiit not usually by (lii\-et 
 aiilhdrily cf llie ini^ani/alinn. 
 
 ( »ii Man h 5, i.S'ii , it was xoled lo 
 (■(insi iliiLile the (illices (jf secretary 
 and treasurer, ;ind un M.ii' li 4 of 
 llic yi.'ir f(iil(i\\i 11.14, f'"' ^l"-' '"'^'■ 
 time, a s.ilary of SJ5(j \v,is \(>ted to 
 the secretary, < Mi Janu.iry ::o, i.S'i v 
 J.ames .\s|)inall, I'.. K. M.ittliews, 
 and llernard ()'(ii-ady were ap- 
 pointed ;i comniittee to procui'e .1 
 new charter, and on M.in li iw. 
 iiS(')3, an Act of Incorporation, em- 
 bnieini,^ liberal pro\isions .ipplicible 
 to Hoards of 'I'r.idc and Ciiamlx rs 
 of Commerce, was passed by 
 the I.ei^isl.itin-f. ( )n June J, the 
 lio.ird adopieil a new consiitntioii. 
 On July I of this ye.ir the dues of 
 persons not in the ;^rain. produce, 
 or milling' business wire re(lii( cd to 
 $5.00 a \e,ir. 
 
 'I'lic eri'ctioii of an appropriate 
 
 
 111! I II ii I 
 
 
 Ul.h lIoAiU) ui- 'I'kAi.i-. Ill 
 
 WllOLBSAI.B (iUuCI-.KV So 'K-' dl' W, J, (iuClW Al C. 
 
 01 anil C,t Ji ffcrsiiii Avnun-, liiiill in 1S82 
 
 "buildin:; now bei^.m to be increas- 
 in.;;ly ;iv;:tate(l, ;ind on ()ct(ib(r 20 
 the lot on the souili>Mst corner ot 
 \\'o(idbridi;e anil SIk Ibv Streets w.is 
 purch.ised ;it .a cost of S-bS'"-', ' 'n 
 November J 3 follow ini^,,i joint slock 
 building; comp.inv w.is fornie(l .and 
 books Were opened for subscrip- 
 tions. On iJecember S the sto( k- 
 liolders met, .and elected the follow- 
 ill'.; directors; Josrph .\spin.ill. .\l- 
 e.\ander Lewis, Dunc.in Sicw.di. 
 
 ( aiil^e W. r.issi II, !;. ( )"(,r.ld\. .\. 
 !■'.. Ilissell. J.uiles As|)in.lll. II. J. 
 I'lUi kley, .and I ieoi\;e I', |ia'.4lcy. 
 Joseph .X^pin.ill w.as elei iid presi- 
 dent of the ((inip.in\. .iiid J.iiiKs 
 .\spin.ill secretary .aiu' ti't .ssiin r. 
 
 The I (irner-stoiK i' the buildiii;,; 
 w.as laid on June .S, i.'i^.j, .and tin 
 stru( ture W.IS ((impleted ,it .a (d"-! 
 of .about !fi35,(MK>. It was de(ii(.iteil 
 ■ 111 I'lbni.try J_' iS'13, The e\er- 
 I ises consisted of .Ml opening .id 
 dress b\' Jose|)h ,\spin.ill, .an o(le li\ 
 I. I..inibi( . .and .111 .iddnss b\ ( i 
 \ . N, l.olhidp, followed l)y a dinii' 
 .at the I'liddle 1 loUse ,illd :t il.lii il 
 
'I'lli: I'.nAKl) OF 'rKADK 
 
 ;S<^ 
 
 ^ft 
 
 1 to !)(.• iinivas- 
 ,,n ( )it(il)i r -" 
 
 !■ .IsL (onul' III 
 
 ll)y Streets \\.i> 
 
 if 84.5"'^- "" 
 iv;,;i jiiiiil stiH k 
 ;is fdrtned .-lllil 
 fur suliserip- 
 )<r S tlie st<»k- 
 lUil tlie fiilliiw- 
 h Aspiiiall. Al- 
 iiiit all Stew. lit. 
 ;. ( )'( ,nii!\. .\. 
 Aspin.iU. il. J- 
 -e V. I'.a'^Ky. 
 
 s rlirtol l>re-i- 
 ii\, aiul J.iine- 
 nil' tn iisiifei'. 
 I tlie luiililill'v 
 
 S, ['.\(<.\. ami till 
 lilted at a eii-i 
 ll was deilieate.' 
 
 ISdj. 'rlu- e\er 
 
 all cp|nninv; a' 
 
 ^piliall. .Ill "de li'. 
 
 n .iddress 1)\ < . 
 wed l>y a diiiii' ' 
 ,,■ and' a liall ii 
 
 llie evciiiiv^-. The I'.nai'ddf 'I'rade I lall w.is i( nted 
 
 liV the ( iilpiilMl icili tn llii- sneiclv \<>V t \\ (lit \ -llille 
 
 \e.iis, at S51W) Inr the lir>t year, Syji* |ier \<:ir fur 
 
 I he next fiiiir \( 
 
 ml jii .(XX) jier yi :r hir the sm - 
 
 ' icdint; \e.irs. ( )ii M,ir( h (> II. I". Ilnd'^c (i|lrr<i| .1 
 lisiiliitinii e.illili;; fur a ((ilUflll inn (if the lloirds nl 
 I'rade (if tile I'liiied Si.ites and l'.riti>h l'r(i\ imi'-. 
 
 The resiihllinll Ixire fniil in (ille of tlie l.irv^e^t .111(1 
 
 most ini|)(irt.iiit eommerci.ii eniucntinns cvn- hi Id. 
 ll ((nuciied Inly 11, lX''i5, and eoiiliniK d in sessimi 
 f.iiir d.ns, diiiiii;,' whieii the alilest hii-'iness men of 
 tin I'liiied Slates and llnti^h I'lovim ts iL;av(; their 
 
 W IIOI.Ks X! H JI AKDWVHK Stums (if I )|( i| \inii% Kl FT' ll.nj, iV C(J 
 
 r, loC, U'imhHimcIl:' Siriil W. ~i. Cmli ihi-»7. 
 
 lews fin the inipiirtaiil <|ii('sti(iiis nf reeiproeity, 
 
 ■"■insit and tr.uisport.ilidii, iiiipnivement (if rivers 
 
 '■'.d harbors, cdiKmetei', fiii.inee, a'.;rii iilinre, ni.uiii- 
 
 ' I lures, and subjects (if ((ivrii.iie inten '-t. AiiKHivj 
 
 ic not.iliies present Were IlaiHiii)al il.imlin, Jnlin 
 
 . F;ir\vell, and N. K. I'.iirlianks. 'I'hc fe( liii's^ (if 
 
 ': nieetiriif w.is iinniisiak.ibly av;.iinst the n iiew.il 
 
 ■' till! reeipr(H iiy tre.iiy witli t'.in.id.i, tml on the 
 
 ' id.iy 11(111. J(is(|il( ildwe, (if N(i\,i S( (iii.i, spdke 
 
 f.ivdr of reiiewiii'^ the treaty. " In sunie r( s|)cets 
 
 vas liic most reiuarkalilc speech ever delivered in 
 
 Ni ii Ii. , 
 
 I (. ihi 1; 
 
 \Vl|ill.l','~\l.i: CtKlX I'.kV, ('..I I IK .iM. .Sli h .Mli.l.T (ll- 
 
 1!. F. I'"arhis(.|(in & Co., 
 
 -|ii"i' ^i". .!■ Il( rsdil .Vviiiiif, ,-111(1 IJ"- iirid Ij.. Wdiilll r:(Ii;r Sllfct. 
 
 Iliiill ill iK8j. 
 
79 
 
 o 
 
 TIIK HOARD OF 'I'RADK. 
 
 the Uiiiud Sl.iU's, comljiiiiiii;' ;i wralili of illnsira- 
 lion, a profdiiiul kiuiwlnl;^!' nf the sul)ji'i't, aiul a 
 power of nioviiiij llic liiim.m luarl wliirh has lanly 
 been oqualli'd in thi' annals of oralory." At mw 
 lime, in lieseribinii;' tiu' return of iiis son from liiree 
 years' iionoraljle service in ihe I'nion army, the 
 ])allu'tir elocjiienee of liie speai<er nuned many of 
 liie six hundreil {lelej;;Ues to tears. At the close of 
 his .speeeii a resolution was adopted rcquestinvj Con- 
 ijress to renew -the reciprocity treaty on eiinitable 
 terms, which was carried unanimously. As ,i result 
 
 WllomsAi.ii H\uinv\Ki. SiDiv-Ks 111 SrANi>\Fn Di, Mn;i<>, 
 t)j to i;6 Woodbricl),'f Simt West, llnilt in 1872. 
 
 of tills convention the National Hoard of Trade was 
 ori;ani/ed. It hekl its first meetinv; in I'hilailelphia 
 on JiMie 5, 1868. Detroit sent delevjates to these 
 nieetinifs up to Aujiinst 24, 1S77. when it witiidre^' 
 from menil)orship, under the i)elief that tlu' central 
 orjij.ini/.aiion was of no special benefit to traile and 
 commerce. 
 
 In 1865 tlic ihies for i^niin ('e.ilers wi're increased 
 to $15. In July, i^(<<<, daily ti ley;r,ipliic reports 
 from New ^'ork were first received, llie folliiivini;' 
 year the bo;ird look steps to ha\e Detroit m.u-kets 
 telei;ra[)hed to the associated press, 'riic readiiiv; 
 
 aloud of the tele^faphic reports of f )rii;.;n m.irkits 
 be-all on March 4, |S6(;, ;ui(l on Dei ember 4 a cc 11- 
 tract was maik; for daily lelei^raphic reports fr'Hii 
 I.iveriiool. 
 
 The daily rci'eipts and shipiiieiii ^ at Detroit of all 
 sorts of provisions, i;r;iin, li\e-stock, produce, I 1111- 
 ber. ;ind staples of various knuU, by r.iil ;ind 'ake, 
 are collected d.iiiy .uid posted ii the rooms. 
 
 In March, iS7o,the membc ship dues were laised 
 to ;i>::5 for those re,;;ularly faiisactiu;,; business at 
 till- bo.ird, ;uid $15 for otlic members. 
 
 ( )n May <>. 1871, the olfices of secretary and tre.i- 
 stirer were a^.iin united. On Det'cmber 13. 1871, a 
 National Commercial Convention was held in the hall 
 to promote the buildinii; of ;iii Anieric.in canal abotn 
 
 Waiii.i.'- M K I'lKcuikV Sii)i;i>i ok I'm-ii*^ ,V l!i;.\ci", 
 81 and 8) Urfirs.m Avriun'. Utiilt in 1868. 
 
 the Falls of Niav;,ira, and Coni^ress was asked to 
 nndert.iki' the work. On July 22, 1874, the city was 
 visited by the Ch.unber of Commerce of I'eoria. 
 The ji^uests were met ,it tli! dejiot by ;i committee, 
 (.jiven a reception at the Council (.■|iamber in the 
 the evening, .ind the next inornini,' welcomed 
 and lunched at ;lie rooms of the board. 
 
 In 1S73 the board p.aid S5.OCX3 to the owners of 
 the li.ill to secure a c.incell.ition of tlu'ir lease, ;iiul 
 arr.ini;cd for the iiri'panilio 1 of a hall .and rooms in 
 a Hew buildin'..; on the sonllie.-ist coiner of Jefferson 
 Avenue aiul Ciiswold Street, ;it ;i rent of iJii.^Do p- r 
 
iww&m 
 
 Tlir: HOARD Ol' TRADI':. 
 
 791 
 
 f')ri'i,i;ii markits 
 •I i'ml)ir 4 .1 1( 11- 
 hic reports Iroin 
 
 ;it Detroit of all 
 
 k, produce, 1 1111- 
 
 l)y rail ami 'ake, 
 
 e rooms. 
 
 (lues were laisal 
 
 liiii; business at 
 
 )ers. 
 
 ■erelary and trea- 
 
 ■ntber 13, 1.S71. a 
 
 aslu'ld in llie liall 
 
 rieaii eanal aboiii 
 
 ii-i I ^ A l!i;Aei% 
 nilt in 1868. 
 
 :ss was asked '" 
 
 1874. tile eity was 
 
 iierei' of i'eoria. 
 
 t by a eoniniiltee, 
 
 Chamber in the 
 
 rninv,' weleomed 
 
 oard. 
 
 Ill the owners of 
 
 f their lease, and 
 
 hall and rooms in 
 
 oMier of Jeffersoi 
 
 rent of j^i/kk) p' 
 
 year. These were lirst 
 iieciipiid on I'ebruary 
 I'), 1M79. Ainoui;- the 
 pri\ile;;cs ]L;ranted by the 
 Alt iMulir whieh the 
 board is ineorpor.ited is 
 the ri;<lit to settle dis- 
 putes and differences of 
 ,1 business clia-'aetiT bi'- 
 t ween nienibei s or others 
 by ;irbiir.ition. .\fler 
 the he.irin^^ and deur- 
 inininii^ of eases by ;ip- 
 prnpii.ile eoinniitli'i's, 
 the linal aw.ird is made 
 by l.iw to ha\i: the s.unc 
 ilfeet as a jud,!L;nient in 
 tlu; C'ireuil L'ourt. I'or 
 the carryinjf out of the 
 purpose (jf this i>ro\ision, 
 ;ni Arbiiraiion Commit- 
 tee (jf ten peisi ins is ilic- 
 led yearly, half only of 
 ihein sorvini;^ at a linio. 
 The fi'es for arbiiratini^, 
 (leierniined by a rei^ular 
 scale, aeeordinv; to tlu' 
 .amount invoked, y,i> into 
 
 I)KTHnri' IIUANCII SlIUK SloUK HI R\rill"lM., S 
 
 1)7 lo 101 WoodliriilK'i' St. Wist. W. I'. K. \\i<<-^, Maii.ii;ir. I!nilr iS,- 
 
 \KI), >V I'll., 
 
 ■. Fomiilrif 
 
 at Alli.inv, NY. 
 
 WlliM.l'.SAl.H H.Mil)«.\kli SlilM-s ii|. Ill III , SilN<, A Co., 
 
 loj to III W ii)ilbriil>;r SiriTt Wot. Hiiilt in 1S71. 
 
 the tre.isiu'y of the board. 
 A Committee on Appeals, 
 consistini,; of nine members, 
 is appointed ye.irly to review, 
 when called upon, the deei- 
 sions of the Arbitr.ition 
 Committee. If ri'ferri'd to 
 the Committee on Appeals, 
 the arbitr.ition fees .are re- 
 quired to l)e p.iid .ai^ain. 
 
 The lirst delinite rules for 
 the inspi'ction .and vjradinv; 
 of ,;;rain were .adopted 'Hi 
 September 8, iSC);,. The 
 i;i',idini.; has since been fre- 
 quently eh.in,i,feil. « )n ( >e- 
 tober 13. 18^13, Joseph ll.iti h 
 w.is elected inspector of 
 flour, antl soon after of i^r.iin 
 as well. At the same time 
 Benjamin Clark was elected 
 inspector of provisions. 
 Both inspectors were paid 
 by the fees collected, and 
 the board required ten per 
 cent of the tot.al .amount re- 
 iei\ed to be p.aid to the 
 treasurer. In March, 1870, 
 
;.,j 
 
 I 111. I'.MAKI) <)!• i kAhi:. 
 
 |. ( '. Il.ilili w.i'. lii.nl"' .'issis|;ml ilis|i(i tor nl '.M'lill. 
 Ill \|il ll, I .'i/ ', I 111- ■,;l.llll III .|H ( I III w.c. Mi'ril .1 ■,.ii,ll y 
 III $.>,^iii>, ,'ilii| ,iii lies llicK .illrl \\i'li' In !ii' lillln i| 
 
 inln ilii' lic.isiiry iif llir Iim.imI. In Aiivmi. . iM,-, 
 N. ll. Kiiwliy u'.i'. .i|)|>iiiiiii i| yjiwi wiiv^liii . 'Ml 
 Mail ll .|, iiS/j, |ir.c|)h ll.iii ll riM'^iicd, anil hi', mih, 
 llic .issislani in .|>rrliir, w.r, ,i|i|ininl<(l In III'. |>l.i'i-. 
 • 'II Mail ll '<>. i.'i/y, I tiini .III I liiini|) .mi w.is .i|i 
 |ii)iiil('il I liirl in^|iiii>ii, .mil nil I'lliriiais i. \^'^\, 
 raysiiii I lull lull'. Iiii .iiiif .1 . i .i.iiii in .|hi ini . 1 1. ( . 
 Italcs u.i'. .'i|)|»uinliil iii'.|ii-i inr nl mi ij', .mil wrivJi 
 master al lli<- M. t '. K. K. i.n \l.m li 11. i.'-:,'". 
 
 'I'llc ini'iiiliri's nf till' liii.iiil |iMili I I I .!> ll iillii r liy 
 aifrri'ini^ ii|iiin .1 iiiiilnini m ,ili- nl h 1 ■- nr < nniniis- 
 '.inii'. Inr lin\in'.; nr M Hill'.', :',i III) aii'l |iiim!iiii-. In 
 
 llir ijiluil 111;; nl •.;IMm, llir ll.m.lil n| .i liiiipl 
 Irnlll nlir nf ijir i.illln.nl rji A .ll nl ,, ■,! ii i || \ in;' I ll.il 
 
 the vM.iin IS in simr .mil i^i\ invjllic niimlti ml Im .lii I,, 
 is ai ri'|)lii| .IS .III .hIii.iI i!ili\ir\'. r'lniii li In 11.11 \' 
 -5, >^'/<), .111 illili.llinii 111- nf S'-i" \\-i'' l'-i)llili-il 
 frnill .ill iirw nil mill I -,. ami nii M.inli |, i'.\'.l\ \\ 
 WasMili-il In l.n.i- llli- fi I- lnS,i>i>.i. -nnll .1. nllr 
 
 liiiiiili<-il iiii-iiilii I s uiii- I ilii.iini ll. 
 
 'I'liiri- all- iinw .iliniii mil liimijiril ini-nilii-i-'>. I'l-r- 
 sons si-ckmv; ailniis'.inii .c. nii-niliri-. iiiirt !»- nf Ii-m.-iI 
 .iv;r, ii-siiliiils nf till- I il s' nr 1 1. 1 \ in;; .1 1 11 -1 11 1, mi III I nisi 
 llrss lllilrm. nl lir llli llllnl-. nl .1 siniil.ll i nlimiili III 
 nrv;,ini/.lllnll III sniili- nl llrr i il V- llli ir .l| i| )l|i .ll inn 
 lllllsl 111- illilnl'.ri! I)\- Iwn ini-niln|-. nl llir lin.inl, 
 
 .Hill .llli I Inr il.i\-s' iiiiiii I-, M-vi-ii .illinii.ilivi- Mill-'- 
 liy (lie dircrinis will I 111 I iJHiii In iiicnilii-is|ii|i. 
 
 I lie llllsiiiiss .Ills nf (-\i|\- mi-llllii I .III- si||p|ii| In 
 
 iii\i-.lii;.iiinn lis- (111- I'liMiil nl jiirrilni-.. ll i.illiilin 
 
 i|nrs|iii|l hy .lll\- nlllcr lllrinlirl . 
 
 I In- .iniiii.il iin-rliii'j i-. In li| mi iln- In-,! 'rin-sil.is 
 ill M.ii'i ll, .mil (in iiiiii nl nljn r lii-;'iii-, mi lli.- 
 
 'i'llr'.il.iy tnllnwiii'.;. I'.i-.nlr-. lln I a n i i ilimiil li-cs 
 .'ili'i-.iilv n.iini-il. .1 |iir-.ii|i III, III-. I .iinl siininl mi-c- 
 jH I-'. nil-Ill , .1111 1 ii'.'jil I III 11 I III ', ,11 1' 1 111 ii-il yen ly.u Ini 
 
 innllnl lln- .lll.lll'< nf llli' nt '.'.nil/. ll lull. .Ijlpnilll llic 
 
 ••.11 11-1,11 A , I ii-.i-.nn-i , .mil in',|M'i im-., ,iinl Imlij ii'.mi 
 I.n ini-i'lllll^s III! lln- sn iiinl I'licsd.iy nl I.n ll inniilli. 
 Al I.n ll aiiiin.il iiiii'linv; tli''\ rijinii llir .miminl 
 In hr .i',',i ",si'(l li|)nn i .n ll iiniiiliii lln- '.in i i rij- 
 lliv; yi-.il llir li-Miiiii nl lln Ini.ilil I-. i|ill\-i-i| 
 |il Mil l|i.lll\ 1 1 lln- lli'.|iiil| ll ;;i.iiii, .il UMlily- 
 
 li\i I i-nr< |ii I 1 .11 III. nl. , mil limn ilin-'. n| inriiihi-rs, 
 <)ii l.nin.iiy \i . i>SKii, iln- Im.nil -.iili'i i ilinl !{;iii,niiii 
 ill .ml III ill'- Iinl In K.iilrn.nl, .nut nn |iiiii' I I, $ ;,i>ii<i 
 .'liidlllnll.ll. .mil 1*1 Hull i'. I.n riy iin|i'|)lri| III llir 
 rllnll-. n( Srrirl.iry I'.lwill fm lln i \li ll .inn nl llli', 
 ln.nl In llrlmil. Tin- '..il.iiv nl lln- 'irirl.ilA ll.r. 
 
 Iiri-n •,;i .iiln.iljy r.ii'.nl niiiil nn',\ ii i si ..",i « ' jm i \i.m. 
 
 'rin- Inline mv; ll.ivr SrlAi i| .r> nil II I I', nl lln I in. II 1 1 : 
 
 I'rr.iili III, ; i.Sc;r) i.Xv;. II. r I'anl.'.i . i.'^S'*. I 'iin- 
 i.m .S;iA\.iii, i.S^ii, W. II. <i.ii'.',; i.Sr.i , ( ,. W. 
 
 r.l-.'^rll ; I.Sf.!, Alr\.-ili(|rr l.i'vMs; \r.(,!„ .\.l.. I'.is- 
 
 ■,i||, i.S^.j i.Sr,^. |n'.r|)|i As|iin.ill , i.Sr.r., (.. |-.l'.,|.;- 
 |ry ; i.Sdy, |, < .. I.i-aiii, i.".'.:;. II | I'.mklry; i.S^i^, 
 < ■. A, Sln-lilnii. i.S/i., K. \\. <,illiii, i.'-l/i !.';/(, ('. 
 M. ( ;.ii-ii-.nii , i.Syj, Allinl t 111 -.1 lprnn;;li ; i.Sy] 
 liS/'., I'lilln r.il'.nlis; lS'/'i. j.nnli Hn snii ; I.S'//, 
 .Mm;;. in |nliii-.mi; i.'-;,''\ W.llli l I'.nnrl-.r; iX'/i; iXiSl, 
 Jnliii II. Wrinlrll; I .S.S I , I-., K. \nrliiii; I.S.S', Win. 
 (.i\in;;sinii, |r. ; i.S,S{ , K. W. <;illrii I n-.i- 
 
 ',niri-,; rS^d l.'-Uii), I I.K.S,ili'.;ri ; I .'I'm i. |\ . W. |v in^ ; 
 I l-lfii I ,Sfi,|, SCI III. liy .mil in. I'll in r mn nlln i ; I .S^.) 
 
 \:-U>-/, |nsr|)l| .\s|)ni.ill ; l.'-l'iy I.Syi. I'llrl Nnllli;;. 
 
 .Sri rri.irii-'. : n'-ls'' i'^'»>. .M- I '■ ll.imilinii, i.S^d 
 \H-/\, K.-iy II.KJilnrk; 1X75, |n'>i|p|i (nil, \\ . \ . 
 kniiim-v ; i^'/\ iS'/.S, W. S . Kiiinni y , i.'-i/.i i.S,S.:, 
 JnliiMi. I'.iwin, i.SiS^ . J. K. .M' Kill. 
 
mm 
 
 ( II A J' 1 I-: k LX X V I I I. 
 
 MAUKi;'IS. MAkk'l'.'IIN'C. AM) I'UICI.S. 
 
 '1111. y,\iiyy <>l iIh' ;iiic i( mi in.iil<(Ml.iv'. Ii.is <li' upper line of pir kd^." After lln' lin' of iKut; ilicn- 
 
 ^>,irli(|. 'I he lil.ii k cyid, ()li\c 'J-.llilii (I lii.inli II',, III '.(I III Id Ii.i\i- Ik ill no lll.il k( I', iil m.llkri IcvMlL'i- 
 
 ',lii)il priiM ii.'ii',, liiiiii Mil' ( .iii.nki '.lim I , ii<i liiir.M I iinii', mil il |iiiii' I ;.,, I Mi'i. I li<' ni mik, nl i Ik |',ii,iii| 
 
 lining " V,'"'!''" '"''"' '■ '""' K"' "''■ ''"■ li'ii'li 111 I III'. 111'. 'Jiuw lli.ii .1 I iiiiiiiiiiii r III iliicc u.i', 
 
 {Mhiii". .iiiilili' iHil lA'i'i' niir p;i\'('il '.1 1 1 I I'., . mil lillli' I Inn ;i|ipiiiiili i| " in i ".I iiimIc nn l.inil .mil i|ii.i|j| \ nf 
 
 liiinui lin'lii'i! I. III'. iiM |iiir,;< i lliimi'.', llir m.iil.i |- iimln r " Inr .i in. n l.i I -lii m.r. ( )n S<pii inln r 'i, 
 
 |,l.ii I'. In I III' lii.ivi: ikiy-i nl nlil, im i y nnr w ml in ii^i.-jint w.r. \iiiii| Inr ilir (iiriinii III .1 limldmi;, 
 
 mil III, .iml IIIDSl pi'l'^oll 'i li> the ( ily ll.iil M.iikrI. In lir in p.u I r.n.i illi\' .l pnllt.ixnl nili ilnll.il , .iliil 
 
 M.iikilinv, .mil M'iliii;; um: < iiiiihiin'il. In iIh- llir li.il.mi r liy ,i i.is mi ii.il.mil |ii i '.nn.il pinpiily. 
 
 Ill ili.rl llli' III II anil pnnr liK'l In^cllici . ll u.I'tIdiii- I Iii' liiiililiii'.j u.i'i <rii|ii| |i', I',. \\ i mhIw ni 1 li, .md 
 
 mull '.'.rnllllik .mil llir piiiil'i '.I wcri' Mill' <il a "y^niMJ i iillipliliil in l'"*!/; il U.r. Iin.iliilin llir i i lllli nl 
 
 mipiiiin;.' ' limn llir liili' i in Inwn. .Sl.ilrly iiiiii- W Dmlw.iH I Aviiiiir jii'.l 1)1 luA )i|lii nil ;\\iniii'. 
 
 I .III', .lllil linli'ij piiiilii l.iw . willl It.i'.ki'l'. nil .•irni, < )ll Apnl .''■ .l rnimililli r wis ;ippniiili'i| tn i nM'.iiicl- 
 
 nil M li.iiil'. ain! I.ilinrii'., .ill .ilikr i'\.iiiiini'il, (|iics- ;i bill nl I'xir.r,. Ilii- l)iiiliiiii'.;\s , is thirty by SfMiilv 
 
 llnlird .'tliil li.mlrlri! Miji' liy'iilr. Illlllly l.nili',, Inl, ,ini| nlir stniy lli'.dl, \\ il II .1 Ilip-lnnI Mippnilril 
 
 iii.ikiiiv; M'lri tinii''i w illi l.i'.l iilimi'i ' iirc, swiili'ij llii: liy Inni ii ill In n k pill.ir-.. fii I iS J7 il w.i'^ cin IhmiI 
 iliinir.^, and ynini' ' 
 l.iijii's, in llici 
 
 ■■T-SXr. 
 
 III'.; w .ilk'., Iirrc li)i i 
 /'I .ind prnliani'i: a 
 
 1 1' .IM. 
 
 ( )i i'.;in,ilK' only 
 ' I 'J I I a It 1 1", .'i a(l 
 
 III! .It', \\r\r lAJiihil - 
 ' 'I Inr '.,'ilr . Ill kill I 
 
 ikiy. .ilinnsi ;iiiy- 
 lilllli; r\i I'pt .1 Ind'^- 
 iiii; nii'^llt III- li.ir- 
 '.Minrd Inr. L'nilfcc- 
 
 T.« '"fSfl 
 
 C ISjt 
 
 h'l.l.'MII W W.VKIl AVI'M l( MillKI'l. 
 
 Iiy pl.K illv; sl.il'. tiiri'c 
 
 III! Ill '. Uldi III I \M I'll 
 ll.r pill. II' . 'I III- 
 
 I nniH ll. nil >\ii'.;ii'.l 
 I I nl I li.il yi .'ir, nr- 
 
 dclril ,-1 liili nl •^(.y, 
 
 |.,ud I!. W. .MiMill 
 
 Inr dnill'..; llir wnlk. 
 
 'I III- yi .11 ly pi II r for 
 •.I.ill'-. U.I'. §1 V "'I': 
 li.ill I .r.li .'Hid niic 
 li.ill in .1 null' nil six 
 iiinntlis' linii'. Ill 
 
 llnlli'iy, fruits, •. lines, potlllry, StO<killl(S, vei/el.iiiles, iH yi .1 slnlie ll.ivrllU'll! U'.l'. kiiil .'ilinill till' limldill'^ 
 
 I lies, in(%'ils, ;iinl lish ui'H! all set mil (nr i nstniiiers. .it .1 ( ost nl Si 7'^S- <'ii J'H"' .^ '^'I't- 'I"' l"iil'liii:>; 
 
 I'.'.i 11 iiDW, nil S.iimdiy iii'.diis ( " pi'i iillv, till' I rovvd- w.'is ordered sold, and sonii after il ;vas Inni dnwn. 
 iiiv;. instliiij.;, iiir y (mud Inrnis a iiiiii|iii' .'iiid iimlley 
 
 |)r. I.'ii'lt;. Not only v;nni!', lint l.ilinr i'. Inlr for 
 ''.ik . ,'111(1 jiisl ;is ill I'.ilili; d.iy. "nil 11 .lie sl.inilini; 
 idl' ill llii: iii.irkei-pl.u ,' " l''nr the l;ist fnrtv ye.irs, 
 ;i u'Diidsawyer, wlnu u.inied, mi'^hi he fnimd .11 tin! 
 vest end; ;ii tin: e.ist end, on ll.ites .Street, \\liit(!- 
 UMshcrs .111(1 (lay-laborers arc woiii to (;ollJf|•c^all:. 
 
 Tlir /:,rf /,./,■/ .M,u,\;l. 
 
 On .\iit;iisi ^, i.S!i, I'eii r iiertlielii vv.'is ;iiiili(ir- 
 i/ed III build .ind iii.iinl.'iin .a u li.iif. fur ninly-iiiiie 
 
 ye.irs, .it the fnni nf K.llldnlpll Si lei I , nil 1 niid it inn 
 ih.'il. he shniild '.'jve the ( ily ;i Inl lifly by ninety feel, 
 on wliiili In erei t ,1 iii.'irkei. The Im i^iveii in 
 aeenrd.inee willl this .'ii-r.-iiii;' nieni was on the north- 
 west ennnr nf .\t\v.iter ;md K.mdnlph Si reels. 'Jii 
 
 The Ine.iiinif nf .1 in.'irkei, ;md rei,^nl.itinns con- February 1 S. '^^v <■' fomniiitee wis .■ippoiiitcd by 
 
 " niiiiii il. eni;;iv;ed the .■illeiitioii of the triisiees in the I'oiini il to 1 .msiill with I'eter lierlhelei, jiiul 
 
 i'''>!. The ihird ordin.iiii e p.issed prnvideil lli.il rei 1 ive his propos;ils for biiildiif^ a niarketluiiise. 
 
 ll" ni.irkei should "bewiihoin the pi' keis .iinl next Nn .ivireeineiii w.is ni.'ule .il ihi'. liaic, but on AuRii.st 
 
 ll 'lie river, belweeii llie old b;ike-lioiisL- and tin; 27. i8::7, lln- eouiicil 
 
 \T)\\ 
 
•M 
 
 MAKKI.IS. MAkKI.IIX*;, AND I'kK i;S. 
 
 iiiMji (N.iiMi il , III! '..ml .M.iik'l lI'Mi-. I'. I i|>l<i<<l III \w 
 
 y< .)!•> Il'.lll llll-< il.llr. 
 
 A'.'i ./v.',/, ill.. I I'.hi l;. nil. 1. 1 ..I III, I. :;.il II |ii.M iii.iii.i .. Ii. (,11'^lily iIImiissciI ill llir I iiiiiii il ;iiii| liy llir jiii-.'. ii[ 
 
 anllM.n/.il|..l,.iil,l,, M.uk.i II..II-. ii| ,, ,,l. ,.■ I 1 1|. ( Il y, ,il|i I II I \|.. V I 11-' ' nl II H ll ,|| .1 .1 MVr. 1 . ,| ., |,|,,|| 
 
 I114II I ll 1I|M.I|. S.llll III Itlll |l I I.. I.. . Illlll. .1 Im |. I . I.. .ill II III ^ III ■' ,111 1 
 
 1 M 1 , II .11. .1 II 11 ,1 I "'I' I I'' iliilinii II ,1 1)111 I lll'J llV jHIV.lIc IMIIIiS. 
 
 s.iii) Mmi1.iI lliiiisr until -.mil Iiiih ,i . tl um il "li.ill lliiiik ^ : i i 
 
 |ii..|i. r I.. I.dr |Mis,..,si,,ii ,.| III. S.IIII. , M|, h. i,.i)i t.il-ii.li Till' plnjirl (|ii| liul 1111(1 llir ,i|)|i|(i\.ll (il .M.iynr 
 
 M1III1 .i-. il lii.iy III . '.lilii.il. .1 1'. li. Wiilli l.y ..IV |i. |....i|.,, Ilii. . .il .Motf.ll, .mil llis Mill l|r|l-.|lll| il. I \M l yi .US l.ilrf 
 
 »'"■"' ■■''■'" '"■ ''"■-'" ''>■ ■■'"' l'""l"l" ^""1 " ''V ■■■■I' ,1,,. ,.,,1111, il iK'iiiii.iK'il llic l.c^isLiliiiT, ;iiMi on Ajiril 
 
 i.!. 1.S75, .1 l.iw w,is |i.issr(| jiiiiliiiii/in;; lljc miiiii ij 
 tu hnrriiw $i()),')i)i) Id liiiiM .1 in.iikil. 
 
 riidir tills |iri>|)(»siiiiin .1 Imililiiiv;, simil.ir in ;i|>- 'I'lic ijiirsiinii nl issuing tlirsc bonds was siil)- 
 
 |ir.ir.tni !• In llir iilil \V.isliill;^|i)n M.ll kit, W.is lir^lin inilli'il In lllf llii.inl nf I'.slilil.llcs, ,'ilii|. as llir 
 
 in I.Sj.S. Sl.llls wnr Insl snjil ini )l|iir 5, I.Sjo, r.\|ir||i||lll|r \\ .is (|is.i|)|i|iiMii, tins si In mk .iNn j.hIi cj, 
 
 frnlll sl.ilis (i,V IjilD.iK) r.ii 11, .mil ollirrs for Si.S.Oi). ,\f|r|- llir |.i|isr of fiiill- yr.lls, oil /\|ilil J.!, \Hy(), 
 
 'I'llC hllililill'..; W.IS |lliri ll.isril l)\ lllrrily oil /\llv;l|sl llir i.ii|iii|| |ii|i|i,lr(| llir I'.o.inl of I si ini.ilrs In 
 
 31, iXH. .'ind il W.is lllrii disioMml ih.il Ihr lol imisidri- ihr i|l|isliiil| III .ilililnlili.ilill'.^ SS".""" lor 
 
 ll.ld mil Id! n drrdnl, ( )ll .Novrmhrr _'"S lollop illl,^, llir rni lion of .1 1 1 lllr.ll ni.ilkil bllildlll'.;. On |liiii 
 
 a roinillilirr of llir rolllM il l'r|lol'lrd in f.l\ol° of '/llllr llo.inl .'i{i|iroVrd of llir r \| ii lldil llir , .'Hid on 
 
 |).iyinv; !j5,i)i>i) for .1 di rd. I'liis u.is donr, in.ikiim July .'"i .1 1 oniiiiillrc w.is .ippoinl' d to olii.iin ])l.iiis 
 
 llir tol.il rosi of iIk; 
 
 ni.irkri $i.S, ^^1. llir 
 
 (ily now liri .lllir, 
 for llir srrond liinr, 
 llir OWIirr of ihr liil, 
 1)111 still no drrd w;is 
 |>iil on rruii'd, .md 
 in Jiinr, i.S.|i, llir rjiy 
 W.IS ol)lii>((l to ohi.'iin 
 .a nrw deed finni tin: 
 
 r\rrnlor of llir iiif- 
 tllilil rst.ilr, 'riir 
 hnildin;^' \\;r liiiniril 
 in llir lirr of M.iy <). 
 liS.}.S, and .ihoiii si % 
 years .afirr, ilir proj)- 
 rrly was siil)di\idri| 
 into lois and sold. 
 
 fTf4i>nrKr/n 
 
 I Ml. V|-..,lll .Mll.h .MAKMil. 
 
 for llir iillildlliL; .'iliil 
 liids for its rrnlioii 
 'llir roniniiltrr dr- 
 
 ridrd on ,a linildiii'.^ 
 llinr liiindrrd fnt 
 loll'..; by fifty fni uidi , 
 
 llir front lo be lliiir 
 storirs hi'^li .and tlir 
 rr.ir |)oition iwo sto- 
 rirs. 
 
 'I lir |il.illsof M.isoli 
 iV Kirr u.is ,ai criiliil. 
 
 but llir bids, ci|>('ii(il 
 on Srpirnilxr J'., 
 \.Mir so l.ari^rly in 
 (Xrrss of till- pru- 
 p<is<'d (iiill.iy tli.il Oh 
 .Srplrlllbrr V' i' ^^''^ 
 
 derided In e|e( I onl\ 
 
 7'//r ('//]' I hill iiy (',/ih(il Miuhfl} ill,, front, or lliree-story pnrlion. The r(,iii,,„t wis 
 
 'i'lir llrsi \e^ii;il)lr 11 i.iikri -slird in tlir fcirof llir .awarded .al S)''i..S.S(), and on Aiivoist ■i.\, i.S.So, tin 
 
 biiildinif w.as linili In' jlii'^li Mnll.it. |i w.is little new lu.irket biiildiii'^ w.'is foriii.illy IiiiihiI o\i r in 
 
 more tli.'in ;i roof siippniird by posts, .'md was einn- tin. rity by the eontnietois. k was opened Im 
 
 pleiid on NiA'iniber _'i, i.S|',. In i.S(^ it w,is biisinessoii Sepleinber it . '! he seeoiid story w.is lii- 
 
 cneloSlMl with s!;its, wlliell were removed ill the f.lll led lipwilll olln IS for I he I 'lo; lid of I le.'ilth, the I'oi.r 
 
 of 1.S55. Ill the sjiriii)^ of i.S.p^ ;i one-story briek .'iiidlhe I'.irk ( oinmission in thef.illof i.S.Si,,'md tlir 
 
 biiildinj^ w.is (reeled between iIk' vevei.ible iii.irkel third storv. for the Siiprrior ( oiirl, ill .M.ireli. i.S.Sj. 
 
 and the ( ity I l.iil. I'mih it .md llie \e.,^ii,ililr m.ii kel The properly owners on MiehiM.'ui ( Ir.uid Avenue 
 
 were burned on June l ;, I.S76, i'he S( eolld briek ll.i\'e fre(|uenlly obji eled to the < (ililinued use of w lial 
 
 ;iildilioi', f.'ieint^li.ites .Street, w.is built .'it .'i eusl of W.'IS oriv^in.illy ;i piiblie lii^hw.'iy, .ami, .'il dilfereiit 
 
 abolll $ ?,iJ<J<>, .'llld the Work w.is .-leeepted oil jiilv t illl's, li.'ive solli,^lll throUi^ll the eourls lo |il'e\'ellt tlir 
 
 12, I1S55. Tweni\-ri\'e ye.'irs l.iier, ill Aiij^jiist, i.SSo, eiceiion of new m.'irkel l)nil<lini;s, bnl their ellorts 
 
 il w.is torn down. The l.irv^cr \'ei;ci.'ible m.-irkei, li.ive .'ilw;iys been nn.'iv.'iilini,^ The i oimeil, on Aii- 
 
 exleildilii^r from ILlles to k.'indolpll Slr.'il, W.'lS eon- l,'USl 15, I.SpS, espeei,illy set .'ip/ilt .'l portion of ihr 
 
 Ir.'ieted for on June ^''i, i.S^io, .'uid eosi ^Ji,, 31 2. Its street for m.irkel buildin;^s; .'uid the Sn|)reme l onii. 
 
 sl.'inds were lirsi reiiii d on Ajiril 22, i.S^ii. In i.Syj on J.mii.try 23, i.SSo, decided ili.il the (ity li.'ul the 
 
 the i|uestion of .'I new m.iikei buildiin.r W.IS ilior- ri^lit to occupy the street. 
 
 _ Tlir W'lishiiiy 1(111 Miirlff. 
 
 This in.irkei w.is loe.iied on the norllicast corner 
 
 'I'lir .1 full ''isl.iry III tlu' .iilfiiuil IniililliiK', >"i' iirli.li- iiii ( tl.l 
 Clly I hill. 
 
 of l„'iriie(l ,111(1 Wayiii; Slreiils, on tlic line of tlw 
 
Iiy llii- |)lc-.\ III 
 |iiv>'i| ol .1 |il;ili 
 
 |iliv.ilc- |MIIHS. 
 
 )rn\;il III Mayii 
 jwu yr;ils l;ili I 
 II , anil I'll A|iiil 
 
 /.ItVf!, liji' tDlllllli 
 (1. 
 
 Ixiiiils was Mill 
 
 cs, anil, as lii> 
 
 111 nil aK-i 1 laili i| 
 
 I ,\|iiil zi. l«7V. 
 
 Ill l.slimairs In 
 
 iiiiiH $5i>,iiiii' l"i 
 
 ijilin;^. Oil J 
 
 iiiiililnrr, anil nn 
 
 111 iililaiii |ilaii' 
 ilir liiiililiiii; ami 
 
 Inr ils iiiiiimi 
 
 rnmillillri' il' 
 
 ij III) a liiiililinv 
 I- liiiiiiln (1 fill 
 ^liylilly f'l I will' 
 limii In III' llin < 
 iis liii;li ami till 
 • ijiiitimi two slD- 
 
 ln|iiaiis(if Masiiii 
 
 <irr was at ri-|ili il. 
 
 llir liiils, ii|ii'm'! 
 
 Scpirml" r -''• 
 
 V. so lap^i ly ill 
 
 SS iif till' I'l'" 
 
 I (iiillay llial iiii 
 ii'itilii r y> il \\'i 
 (Il i| In I'l'i'i I mil;, 
 riir (iillliai I wa*- 
 Ijsl 2^, I.SKi), lllr 
 y tnriirii iiM I' I" 
 
 was (i|irril'll In' 
 
 I nil! St my was til- 
 
 lliallll, thr I'nnl 
 II (if i.S.Si.anil till- 
 ill Manh, iS.S.V 
 111 ' liaml AvciiiH' 
 liniu'd use iif what 
 
 •■iiiil, al^ (lillrfiiil 
 iris til pii'M'iil ill' 
 , Inn llii'ir rllmi' 
 ic I niiniil, mi /\ii- 
 
 a pniiimi nf ill' 
 
 11' Siiiinnir t'mii'. 
 
 I In; lily liad tin 
 
 If/:,/. 
 
 iimtlii'asl riinur 
 n llic line (if ili' 
 
 I 
 
 \lAKKi:rS, MAKKI.riNd, AM> I'KK IS. 
 
 7V5 
 
 nlil lam- Il .iiliii^ tn rmi sill lliy. Its iiii timi was 
 
 nl'iliriil Ity \nli'nl till' rnllliill nil M.inh |i;, \'''i\^, 
 
 ami ilii' liuililiii;.^ was fully i iiMi|ili'lii| ill Jaiiiiary, 
 iKj^i, al a I nsl nf §i3,i>xj. < 111 I' rliiiiaiy m a i nin- 
 
 ^k '^» '." 
 
 
 Oi.ii \Va iii..i,iiiN Mam; I', i , miIM iiI'.asI' lukm.k I.ai<:.mi /ira> 
 W'a^nh Si ijki. is. 
 
 Ulitlri* (■X.lllliliril till' liuililillj^ .'Ici'OIIIlt .'UkI "I'linrtcd 
 
 it I niiii I. Il was ni'ViT a |)ii|)iil.'ir iii.iil.it, ami w.is 
 In i|iii iiily I Insiil. '11 11- l)iiili|ii)j^ w;is iisnl f ir v.i In ml 
 |iiii|)iisi's liy I III- lin.'iril nf I'iiliii'.ilinii IrniM jiiiii.'iry, 
 i.S.n, ti) M.iy, I.S.J7, .iiiil ilii'ii .aj^.iiii hrr.niir a |iiililii' 
 liiaikil. Ill l.'-),^ il w.is Ic'isnl In |)i'i\ali' |i;illii'S fnr 
 iiiiiLi'l piirpiisis ;il S^ijo .'1 yi'.ii", .iihI in i.'SjCiwas 
 lillliiil nvi'l" tn llir I'iri; Drpall llli'lll fnr llliMlsr nf 
 llii' ll'ink ami I .aiMir ( niiipaiiy. In I'V'i il was 
 turn ilnwii in 'il.lkr rniiiii fur llir |il isclll nllicus tjf 
 111'- I in: Cniiiiiiissimi ami two (.-ip.^im'-limiscs. 
 
 7V/r r'iMv M,ul.l. 
 
 This liniMiii;.;, ;i mii'-stniy lnii k, tliiriy liy fnrly 
 (i I t, I n^tin^' l!;i2,(X)i), w'.is lilsl n|i('iii'(l ;is ;i lli.irkri 
 nil All;.;llsl 17, ItS^'i^. Il is nil llir Snlllll siili; nf 
 
 Ail.inis /\\'(iim- .'it its inlirsi Tiinii willitiiaml Kisir 
 
 \\rlllli-. 'rilc silr W;iS .^i\'i II In llir lily liy < irllrr.'il 
 
 • ass nil I III nlil inn llial tin; 1 ily irnl ami niaiiilaiii ii 
 niarki'l lllrlrnll. 
 
 M.okrl (7,)/.s. 
 
 'i'lli'sc orHrrrs wrir priiviilril fur ill llir Ai I nf 
 iSuj, .•iiid llir rnnrds sllnW lli.il ill 1^05 tlir Irustrrs 
 .■||ipiii)llril Jnliil (nlllinr to tlli; nUiir. I'rnill I.SoJ 
 tn I.SI5, diliiii;^ llii: ;idinillislr.'ilioil ol llir (ln\rrilnr 
 and Jiidv;rs, llirrt; arc no iii nrds i nm'rrniii'.r iiiar- 
 ki 's. In i,Si6 tin; oMiic nf niaikcL rink was 
 ri'vivcd, ;iiid li.is simc hcni coiuinmiiis. 'I'lu; oriL;i- 
 iial diiiii's of this mlirrr wirr to sir th.ii no tinsiniml 
 pinvisinns wrri; cxpnscil fnr s.ilr, and th.iL ilranli- 
 ii'ss and ,i(ooil ordrr wm; ohsrrvrd. I'l'mn 1.S32 to 
 i'-^^^ llio s.il.'iry was S'/j yr.irly; in i.Ss''i it was 
 *l"o; in 1.S83 tin; salary of llir Crnlral M.irkrt 
 ' 'irk was !|;i,32i). L'lidir llir amended eh.irter of 
 I ' Itni.iry 21, 1S41;, the olliie w.is in;ide eleriive, ami 
 •' iniitiiiiird until the eliartn nf |<S57 took effect, 
 
 Siliee wllii !l tiim |||i 1 |( iks ll.ivr In 1 11 .ippoilltrd liy 
 t III- I nlllM ll. I'llnr In IcS.So lllry Wi'ir appnllll.d ill 
 
 J.iiiii.iiy nf rat 11 year. Simc aimndnirni in 1 li.nn r 
 of i.';7v ihry ;irr .'ippointrd yearly on tin Minml 
 'I III 'day of jiiiii', ll i', llir duly ol iln ilnk in 
 ( (illei t fees (loiu U.t'«jolis l)rillv;illl( ariii k ■. tor s.iie, 
 and .ilso the 11 uis of ihr si.'ilK, 
 
 I hr ili'ik^ of \\ nod A aid /\vrniie Mai ki'l U'cre I 
 iMi'i, John Ml Idriiiii ; iMr/. Iiiiman lliid; iJii.'-i, 
 A-a l'.'irlriil'.^r ; i«|i;, S. I'.lai kiii.ir ; iHjr, .S;iMiiirl 
 Slnrwond; lH.!2 l<S,;|, Siniili Kn.ipp; 1824 1MJ7, 
 'I hmn.'is Kiioultoii; iM.;/, A. ('. ( .inilf, S. Slnr- 
 wood; iSjX, J. M. Wilsnii; i.Sjv, N, I',. C-ir- 
 pi'iiiir; iX^n, Jnhii Knbrri'., I.. 'I'. J.innry; 1K31, 
 •Stephrii U.iin, Adua Merrill; 1S3.;. Ourn Aldiiili; 
 183^, I., (.nndrll; \'/-\\\, lsr;ir| .\oblr. 
 
 'ihr link, of llrrihrlri M.'irkri w'irr: 1831, 
 I'ibrii iJeaih; i.SjJ, Ale.x.ander C;mi|)l)ell ; 1833 ;inil 
 1834, Isnii'l Noble; 1835 ;iiid 1836, I), li.iyw.iid ; 
 
 1837, W'illi.un Moon, Siephni ii.iiii, John Weesr ; 
 
 1838, ]■■. Ilonhardl, Stephen li.iiii, Willi.im .Moon; 
 i8v; ■'I'ld 1840, ilu;.4li OHi'iriie; 1841 1844, T. 
 Mriii/; i;-;44.'ind 1845, Jnhii Mrdiiin . 
 
 'Ihr. I in ks of ihe Washiii^lon .\I.irkrl wrre " 
 18/1, Isr.nl Nnhlr; 1837 .iiiil i8V\ Jnliii ( iirtis ; 
 iX^iyaiid 18 (u, I. .\nlilr ; 1 841^, I'. .\Ii I )niiald ; 1850, 
 naiiirl (.'ni^hlaii , 1831 and 1 852, Willi.iin llaitlirllo. 
 
 I III; C 1.; ,1. .\l,...i.i,i ill 11. 1-1:. 1.. 
 
 The lierks of ilie City Hall or Cenlr.il Market 
 have been: i8|o, lluvjli ' )'iieirm' ; 1841.-11111 1842, 
 C. Paul; l8.^3 ;ui(l 1844, '1'. .Mette/. ; 1845, I );ivid 
 Weeks; 1846, II. C.UToll ; 1847. l.dwin Wilm.x; 
 1848-1852, Kramis MrDon.ild; 1852, Dniiiis I,;iiii- 
 i^'.-in; 1853 and 1854, J. (J. S.ibiiir; 1854, F. Mr- 
 Don.'tld ; 1855 .and iXj^"!, Jnlin Kobsnii ; 1857, I);iviil 
 Mi'I.ani;; 1858 .iml 1851;. 1). I,;iiii.L;.iii ; i860, K. C. 
 Wriylil; 1861, .S. i;. Webster ; 1862 and 1683,15. 
 
/</> 
 
 MAKKI.IS, M.\l<Kl.ri\<;. AM) I'UK I.S. 
 
 Kv;v;c|-, 11.111 ; 1SO4 .iiid li^d-,, M. lil.iy; liS'i'' mmI 
 l,S^7, J. Kcminy ; iXftS. Uulicil ll(Mlv;kiii; |.SO(y.iiiil 
 1X70, IM<r Diiiiii; rX/r, < ). M. Il,iv;l<y ; 1X7.:. A. 
 I,i( lilriilH Tv; ; 1.S75 aiul 1X74. ( ). M. H.i^liy; 1875 
 and i.S7f>, I). W.diay, 1X77. N. Jclianiii's ; i.S7,S 
 and I.S71;, Udbcrl Ma-nii, iSSo iSX.^, k. \'i,n\c , 
 I.S.S4 , I liiaiti jai kviii. 
 
 Milt ki t /uxii/d hulls. 
 
 'I'lic ihii'd Didinaii' I' passrd hy iIk trustees in 1X02 
 roneerned llie maikel and innvidrd that " nn sales 
 «»f meats, vevjetables, v,'iain, nr llonr lie made else- 
 where (in Tuesdays nr hridays. fniiii daybreak niilil 
 12 \l., iind<r |)eiially of iliree dullars." 
 
 At llial lime, and fur m.iiiv \c.irs .after, it w.as nor 
 a str.iii',;e III iiifre(|iieiii siv^jit on .Simd.iv tn see 
 
 I'VelleiiWdiileii willi \e',;et.lbles, iiiillllrv, .llld ei^'i^s, 
 
 and I'reheh e.irts with lisli .iiid Mesh fur sale. 
 liHJifd, the piMelire (if Siiiid.iy iii.irkets ,ind ni.irkef- 
 inv( so ;.^re\v in f.iviir th.it, in iX.!:;, the Rev. Alfred 
 lininsdii, (if the \1. I',. < liiin h. .md die Kev. |iisliii,i 
 Moore, (if the rrotesi.ini (■hiinh, f( It cilled upon to 
 protest aLf.iinsi it. They m.ade so clfi^ tii.il .in ,i|i|)e,il 
 tli.at on Noveniiier ?.<), 1X22, the (diineil ordi red the 
 m.irkets (josed on .Snnd.iy ; .and on I)e(cmber 1, 
 they were closed for the lirst time, and never .after 
 o|)ened oil ll;e S.ibb.ilh. .After the esi.aiilishmenl of 
 the City ll.iil M.irket, in 1X^1. there were |ieri(i(li( .il 
 ([iLirrels in the Coaimoii Coimeil eoncerninv,^ the 
 o|)eniir.4 .ind ( losinic "'^ both the I'leitheiet .111(1 
 \V.isliini;i(in M.irkets, ;md .it an ejeclion held .M.ireli 
 7, 1X42, the (|iiesti(in of whether one m.irket, or all. 
 should be kept open, w.is \(ited on. So fre(|nenlly 
 were these in.irkels closed .iiid opened tll.it it would 
 re(|nire ;\ I'liil.idelplii.i Lawyer to compiiltr ihc periods 
 diirinvc whicli they were open or closed. 'I'lie fol- 
 lowing; item from .1 ciirreiil luimber of the I'ree 
 I'ress iiidic.ttes the feeling;- then existinij .inion^ .1 
 portion of the citi/eiis. 
 
 I'lii'.iMiit II. .1 I ,ill, liy III!' M;iyor, of llir fniiiiin nf tlnsiiiy,.i 
 l.irKc .iii'l irs|ii ri;ililc MK'i'tiii); assiiiil ■[•il .11 lln' ( ity II :i 1 1, June K, 
 1840. 'I'lic Maynr prc^idrit, Jarn<s I'l, Walsmi at led as sci ri'tar\', 
 Major Kciiisliy .iititi'ssril ilic imillm; in favnr nf ri-ii|iiiiiin; Ilic 
 in.'irl<i'l'<, and llic rnllnwiiii; rrsnliil itms wirr iiii.'iiiliMiiiisly < arri.-d. 
 
 A'<'.K'/.r</, lliat tlic M.iynr .llld Aldcriiirii .irr Inn liy irqinsii il 
 and insIriK IimI tiiri'|>i'at tlii'ir rrsnlnlinn < tnsinj; llii' licrlln l( I .ind 
 Wasliinyl'Mi M.irkits. 
 
 /V'.V(i/r'(v/, III. It (ruin Inini furward all lln' in.irkcls in tin- rily 
 nrr dirci lilt lo In ki |ii ..|irii i v> ry d.iy in lln- «ci k, Sniidays 
 (•xci|)trd, ,ind lli.il oiH srrvanis, llir Aldrnmn, n-din c lliis niir 
 will to an iiriiiii.'irii I' al llnirmxl miitiiii;. 
 
 Thcs(; resolutions, liowes'cr, h.id no elfeci on the 
 "servants," ,ind the I'.erihelet reiii.iined closed for 
 sonic months, and the W,ishinv;ton for m;my years. 
 
 !*<y ordii'.ancc of iX/i the m.irkit hours, from 
 October 1 to .April, were bet \\ceii " d.i\ lii^hl .and to 
 A. M.," and " from ^ f. M. till d.irk," .and on S.atnrd.iy 
 "all day." I'fom April i to October the hours were 
 
 from "d.iyli^hl to (^ ,\. m,, .uid on Saturdays Irom 4 
 f. \i., till sinisct, ' ,ind no person (onldsell men v\- 
 icpt ill the mai'kcl sl.ills. 
 
 liy ordinance of 1X41 the m.irket hours, for .ill 
 days e\( cpt S.itnrd.iys. vvcic the s.inie ,is in iXj^. 
 < )n S.itnrd.iys, Iniiii M.iii h 1 to November, the 
 lll.irkel W.IS to be opeiK d llolll 4 to ij \'. \\., -,\\\{\ be- 
 tween November 1 and .M.iri h 1, from •} to 7:^0 
 I'. \l. 
 
 I'he lirst ordin.ince in n^.trd lo foresl.illiiiii by 
 
 s.ilcs to Ihe iil.ilki l-llli 11 \S,is p.assed on December 
 '■\. 1X41. It prohibited .iliy person, by liiliis( If di 
 his .f^rcni, fr,)ni pun li.isiim to sell .iv^.iin ".any fnsh 
 lisli, poultry, ei;.i,'s, butler, fruit, or \(v;el.ibles," ;md 
 .also the selling; of s.iid ;irli -Ics by .any person for 
 the purpose of beiiiv; re-sold diirinj,' the m.irkei 
 hours "uitliin the limits of Cimiins M.artins or 
 Michivj.an < Ir.md /\\ciine, b(i\\(in ('.ini|ius M.artiiis 
 .and i'..il(s Street ; in K.iiidol|ili Slncl beiwcen 
 \V'oodbiidt;e S'lect .and Detroit Kiver; in /Uw.iler 
 Street between li.ltes .llld I'.rush Streets, .and the 
 pulilic grounds .and .alleys in the \icinily of the 
 i'lerllielet M.irket." This o|(iin.ince W.IS repealed 
 .and n-en.H ted .at sever.il dilfereiil limes and was 
 liiLilly repealed in 1X71. I^p to 1X54 ii(i|)ersoii w.as 
 ■allowed to (lit up .and sell meat e\( cpt .at the 
 m.irket. I'riv.ile meat m.irkets were entirely un- 
 known. 
 
 \\\ ordin.ince of M.in h 2<), i-Sjj, lii cnses to sell 
 in .any p.irl of the city could be obl.iine(| for§5(),a 
 year. < )u J.anu.ary 21}, 1X^14, the |)ri( c of licenses for 
 meal ni.irkcts \\,is re(lu( cd to !j!v(x) per year. 'I'he 
 complrollcr .and the committee on ni.arkels tix the 
 minimnm rent of the st.ills .and st.ands of .all kinds 
 on or before .\pril 1 each year. In iXX^ the sl.ands 
 ill the \(i;el.lble m.irket rclllcd .11 froiii Sfi.oo to Si 5 
 per month, .and st.ills in the new ('eiilr.al .M.irket ,ii 
 from ^25 to S45 per month. The rents .are |).iy.ible 
 monthly in .aiK'.ance. No person m.iy rent more 
 ili.in two of the meat-st.ills, .and since 1X64 no per- 
 son whose stock in tr.ade exceeds in wallle three 
 hundred doll.ars is allowed to sell in the m.irket dry 
 y^oods, clothing-, v;lass, eartlieiiw.ire. books, or sta- 
 tionery. I 'nder ordiii.aiKa! d.atini; from J.ami.ary. 2. 
 1X62, .all |)ersons brin.i;inv( calves, shee|). or l.tnibs in 
 w.aj^ons for s.ale .are rci|uired to p.ay tlu; clerk of the 
 m.arket ten cents for each calf, .and live rttnts foi' 
 eai h shce|) or l.amb ; .and siiKa-ordin.ance of April 2, 
 1X72, .all persons offeriiii; produce for s.ale from 
 w.ai(ons .are ie(|uire(l to p.ay ten c<'nts d.aily. .Since 
 1X7X tile fees from lh(' m.arket-waijons li.avi' been 
 coriecled ill the followim; m.iiiner. 'I'lu; m.irket clerk 
 supplied by the city comptroller with white tickils 
 siiit.ably inscribed, collects the fees from the w.aj^cDis 
 ■and ifives the owner ;i wliiti' ticket. 'I'he clerk is 
 followed by .a |)olic( ni.an, who taka:s up the white 
 tickets and );i\cs yellow tickets in return. 'J'li'; 
 
MAKKI/I'S. MAKKi:riN(i, AM) I'KlLlvS. 
 
 V)l 
 
 >llll(l.iy'< llniii .\ 
 Id sell nil ;tl (X- 
 
 •I linlirs, ((i|- .ill 
 iiir ;is in |S ^'i 
 NfivcnilxT, tin- 
 '; r. M., .ind 1m- 
 fnmi \ l<» 7:V' 
 
 fnrrst.illiin; l>y 
 I nil nniniliri 
 1, liy liinisrif 111 
 ,v;;iin "any (ir'>li 
 vii;ilal)lis," ami 
 ,■ any |irrsiiii fm' 
 ini; llir inaikil 
 i|)iis Marlins m 
 ^'ainims Martins 
 
 Sllril iiilwi'l'll 
 
 viT ; in ;\l\\alrr 
 Slfi'ils, anil till- 
 • \iiinily of tin- 
 IT was iTjiialril 
 L linns anil was 
 5 5 no piTsnn was 
 I cMcpt at till- 
 .■iTc iiiliri'ly nn- 
 
 \, lii rllSCS to Sill 
 
 l>lainril fiirSlii) a 
 
 ill' of lirrnscs for 
 
 ) piT yrai". 'Till' 
 
 niai'krts lix liir 
 
 mis of all kimls 
 
 iSS^ till' slaiiils 
 
 mill S^).!!!) til $1 5 
 
 (iitial Maikrt at 
 nils air jiayalilr 
 may ifnt nu'it 
 me i(SCi5 no |Kr- 
 s in valiif tliriT 
 1 the marl'irt dry 
 
 r, hunks, nl' Sta- 
 
 finin January 2. 
 hi I p, or lambs in 
 y thi^ clerk fif lln' 
 uid I'lVi: ('('Ills fnr 
 inaiiiTof April 2, 
 r fnr sail' frnni 
 nts daily. .Simr 
 ,i;^^nns have been 
 
 riii: ni.irkeleierk 
 ^iih wiiite tiiki i ■ 
 
 frnm the wai,'":! ■ 
 ;et. 'I'lii: ilerk i^ 
 kes np the white 
 
 in return. 'I'll'; 
 
 clerk and pnln 111.111 Imlh lr|inrt il.iily in iIh' rninp- 
 
 tntller, who iniiipan-- tluir slatenn nts uiih iIk 
 lii kits issmd. i'lic Inla! niiipis liniii stalls ,ind 
 henihes (ni- the lisral yi .ir I iiiliny; June 50, iiS.S.(. 
 were $fi,5i/i.i/J, .ind (inlll W.ivjnlis ijii },u7iS. 
 
 In nrder to preveiil the sale nf iiiisniiml im;ii. iJir 
 pnliee 1 nllllllissiiiners, by Ait nf .April |i;, liS'/v, 
 une .■|lltl|iiri/.iil tn ,'ippnilil ,111 illspii Inr In \ isit 
 
 .|.inv;liier-lii)iis(s, and inspii 1 1 ;ireasses, Irniis, ,iimI 
 .iv;el.ibles expDsed fnr fniiil. I'lidir this .\i I ,1 
 |iiiliieiii;in has been dei,iilid ;is inspi rtnr, .iiid the 
 l,i\\ li.is prmcd advantageous by |ire\eiilin,i^ the s,ile 
 fur fund III unsound ami niilie.illhy .irlii les. 
 
 I\iytiliiliiiii'< ii\ III /hi III/. 
 'I'lie b.lker was .111 illipni l.nil |)ersnn,li;e ill the 
 i;irly llislory nf the Inuii. Iiw penple in.idrllnir 
 own bre.'id, .and >is the b.iki r li.id .1 inniinpniy nl (hi- 
 business, he w.is nil ess,uily under sur\'eillam c The 
 set ond ordin.iiii e p.issed by the irusiees iimli r tlir 
 inenrporation of i<Soi presi ribed the weiv;hi ;ind msi 
 
 nf .1 iii.lf .IS •' three pnllllds jjn^lisll weivjht, fnr six- 
 pi III I New Nork eiirreiH y." On .hi onnl of tin 
 sianity of Hour tin oidinanie was ripealed on 
 
 .VllV^USl 2.S, l(S(;2. 
 
 On .\pril 5, lSi''!, the trnsiiis ni.idc iln- fnllouini^ 
 nijiil.ations : Winn llmir w.is >i7.i)(> prr ino punnds, 
 llie lo.af w;is to wi-iv;li 5 pounds ij oiim is, ,ind lo 
 be sold for 25 cents. 
 
 Al S^.oo |ier loo pounds, ,1 |o,d of 4 ponn Is .\ 
 mini IS w.is to be sold for 25 leiils. 
 
 At §5.00 per loo pounds, ;i lo,d of 5 pounds 4 
 oum IS w;is to br sold lor j^ 1 mis. 
 
 \l S4.1K) per ii>o pounds, ,1 lo.if of i pnllllds w.is 
 In III sniil for I 2 'j cinls. 
 
 Al S5.IJ0 pil" loo pnllllds, ,1 In.if nf \ |iniinils lij 
 nmn es w.is tn be sold for 12 '2 eeiils. 
 
 \\. S;}.o<» per loo pounds, ,1 lo.if of 1 poiiml 1 ; 
 
 nlimcs U.IS to i)i; sold fnr (t'^ iillls. 
 
 The in.irket price nf llniir u.is lixed by the iriis- 
 ii IS nil the ' Mond.iy of e.u h nionlh, .ind oliemr 
 il niress;ii _ .M;iy 24, i.Sji, tiny lixeil ihe price 
 
 nf .1 live-|)oiiiiil lo.if of brc.id .it I2,'2 cents, .'ind of .1 
 in.if weiv;hin^ 2 pounds 8 ounces .at ()^i cents, by 
 nKlni.inee of I.S24, tile \\eiv;llt of bre.iil w.is to br iil 
 ii rni-d,iiiee with the |)iiri- of Hour. A b.iriel of 
 llnur W.IS itstini.itcd to produce 3,1^20 ounces of bie.id ; 
 iIm- b.'iker u.is to be ;illo\\ii| twenty sliillinv;s per 
 i'liicl for b.ikini^; this, .-iddid to the cost of the Hour 
 • ind divided by the niiniber of oumis, w;is to dcler- 
 iniiie the \\ei;.^lit of ;i shillini; lo.if. The council, 
 Iioin time to time, established the .assi/.e or re^ni- 
 ■iiinn aniiHiiil th.at ;t lo.if must weii^li. All "lo.if 
 I'lcjid" was ri;i|iiired to bit in.arkcd with tin- initi.il 
 1 Iters or the christi.in .and surn.une of the b.ikcr; 
 lail if not so marked wasli.able lo forfeiture ; .and one 
 cr more inspectors were appointed to .see that tiie 
 
 rcj^nl.iiions were observed. On |.inii;iry 15, 1X42, 
 the ordin.ince prescribing; tin pi n 1 n| ,1 In.il nf bre.id 
 w.is displ.n III by .111 nidiii.ino itrescribiiiv; llic 
 Weiyjilt nilly nl In.ives, With this nrdin.imc III! List 
 relic of the .Iln icni ri't;iiiii- |i.issed aw.iy, and no 
 fiiilln r .ilteinpl li.is bem in idi by the loiiin 11 lo 
 ill iiiiiiiiic tin- pin r of bir.id or of .my other arliile. 
 I iidci oidin.iin I- ol 1X7 1 , b.ikers .are rei|nireil to 
 obl.iin .1 pii iiiil, .iinl ,111- ,illowed lo in.ike only lo.ives 
 of OIII-, two, or Innr poiimls wcit^ht. 
 
 Siii/ir iij \\'iiy/i/\ iiiii/ .\/iiisitris. 
 
 I'liis oHiec W.IS irc,ii(d in i.S ji;, but no delinitc 
 provision W.IS made for ii in the < li.irler iiiiiil iiSv/- 
 On April i.S, i.Sfii, ))roMsioii u,is in.nlr lor city 
 iiispiM lion and ^.lU'^inv; of oils .iiid lii|iiiils, .mil N. 
 11. Uowley, who W.IS then city scaler, w.is .ippoiniid 
 inspirior .ind v;.iU'.4cr, but iniin- wric .iflcrw.iids .ip- 
 poininl. In 1X67 the inspii lion of wciv;hts ,iiid 
 incisures u.is tr.iiisfirrrd to the polii e, .md since 
 then llie Work has bei n perlornnd by .1 pnln ein.iu. 
 hilling 1.S.S5 he ipproved 2.544 wine incisures, 
 and condemned 40C1 ; he ;ilso appro\eil z.z'i'it) dry 
 im .isiires .md londeiiiiied ^170; durim^ the s.mie 
 ye.ir he tested 2,517 sciles .'ilid i ondeiiilicd 4'i.-!. 
 
 The followilil^' persons served .IS scalers of wciv;hls 
 .md nic.iMires: bSjv 1N42. John Kunnr; 1X42 
 1.S44, A. II. i)oi|;^'e ; 1844 ['■-;.[(>, A. .\. Wilder; 
 184^), J. N. .Mc|-',irl,mc, Russell Kohin.on ; 1847, 
 Is.i.n- W.irn n; 1848 1850, Altij.ih Joy; 1851, John 
 Koclilir; 185J, D.ivid IaiIiII. Jr.; 1855 1857, City 
 ricrk i\-ii[/ii iii\ 1857, Willi.mi .S.iles ; 1858, II. 
 .McDon.iM; 185V, J. M. Ilnlbrnnk ; i8^o i8f,_'. \. 
 1). Rowley; 1802 1,8^4, Willi.nn .\. Ibnry; 1864 
 1866. A. iloldereid; i86r,, .M. .\I. l.,m.v;liliii. 
 
 Wiiiii/ .\/iu/:,/s. 
 
 The lirsi ordiii.iii' 1: loiiccrninv; the iiispeiiion of 
 wood w,is p.is'i d on J.mu.iry 11, iXjO. I inlerihis 
 ordin.ince, .and ;i subsei|iieiit one of July 2, 1854, 
 one or more inspectors were .appointed by tin- coiiu- 
 cil cull year. 'Ihcy mcisured .all wood broiiLdit to 
 the city for s.ile, .aiiil were p.iid six ;iml one lonrlh 
 cents for each lertiliiate of me.asnremeiit. .Alter 
 the ,\ci of lebni.iry 21, 1841;, iln: inspectors were 
 elecled by the people, bill in 1857 the loiiin il was 
 ,ii;.iin i^iveii the power of .appoiiilment. liy ordi- 
 n.ince of March 4, 1858, .and .uneinlcd ordin.ames 
 of .M.ircli 7, 1851^, .and November 21^. i86v, the 1 ity 
 w.as divided into four districts, .and four ins|)ectors 
 were ,a|)poiuteil, whose fees were ; for mcasuriiii.; ;i 
 one-horse lo.iil, fue cents; a two-horse lo.id, leu 
 cents; for wood .arriviii'^ in bo.its, leii cords or less, 
 tell cents ,a cord ; .and for .all over ten cords, live 
 cents ;i cord. 
 
 An .amended ordin.im e of lebruary 23, 1872, 
 jirovided that only two inspectors should l)e ap- 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 V 
 
 /. 
 
 A 
 
 
 / y £y #D ^ ////, 
 
 I/a 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 :f« 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 IIM 
 
 UUi. 
 
 111= 
 
 U III 1.6 
 
 V] 
 
 ^% 
 
 7 
 
 
 y 
 
 /^ 
 
 ;v 
 
 '^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 ^N^ 
 
 
 «^ 
 
 ?L^ 
 
 
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 ^<j,V, 
 
 A 
 
Ji 
 
798 
 
 MARKETS, MARKKTlXc;, AM) I'KICKS. 
 
 pointi'd. IJy an ordinnncL' of 1S36 all watjons with 
 wood for sale were to stand on the Campus .Martins; 
 but since 1 849 the wood and hay markets have been 
 imited, and located elsewhere ; the wood for the 
 poor is stored at the niarket-ijrounds, and formerly 
 the wood inspectors were paid S40 a year for tilling' 
 or(K:rs j^iven on them, reportins;' weekly in detail all 
 orders thus tilled. They rei'eived all the fees, but 
 were required to report on oath, (|uarti'rly, on the 
 first of January, April, July, and October, the 
 amount of fees received the previous ({uarter. In 
 18S1 the salary was fi.xed at $5 28 a year, and since 
 then ail fees have been paid into the city treasury. 
 These fees for the tiscal year endinir June 30, 1883, 
 amounted to only $631.70, ISy nnlinance of Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1884, this ollice and its duties were merged 
 with those of the poundmaster's, and .all appoint- 
 ments of wood inspectors as sucii ceased with 
 1 883. 
 
 The followiiij4' persons serwd as inspectors: 
 1S34-1836, James If. Cook; 1836, J. II. Cook, 
 Israel N'oble ; 1837, K. Chamberlain, \'ersal Rice, 
 John lirunson; 1838, J. W. liinchman, !■'. iSorchardl; 
 1839, J. II. Cook, F. Horch.ardt ; 1840 and 1841, 
 J. J. Cicotte, F. Horchardt; 1842, N. ( 'ireusd, Jr., 
 F. L'Fsperance ; 1843, X. Creusel, Jr., .\. II. 
 Dodije, M. ("ioodin)4' ; 1844, X. (Ireusel, Jr., Henry 
 Carrol ; 1845, J. .\. .Stephens, 1 1. C.irrol, X. (Ireusel, 
 Jr., S. C. Webster; 1846, S. C. Webster, J. A. 
 Stephens; 1847, N. (Ireusel, Jr., J. A. Stephens, J. 
 P. Hopkins; 1848-1S50, T. S. Spraj^ue, DavitI 
 Weeks; 1850, John Phillips, F. L'Fsperance, ( ). 
 -McDermott; 1851, J. W. Daly, J. Phillips, F. 
 L'Fsper.ance, IC. S. .Morse ; 1S52, F. L'llsperance, 
 O. Donnell, M. .Schrick ; 1853, F. L'llsperance, M. 
 Schrick, J. Xorthrup ; 1854, V. L'Fsperance, I). 
 Lanii;an, Charles Lappen ; 1855, F. L'Fsperance, 
 II. I)eeker, A. Wini^ ; 1858, F. L'Esperance, Wil- 
 liam Harry; 1859, James Henry, C, A. Minard, 
 C. F. Kull. 
 
 Ivvsr Disi'RicT, ON Dock.- 1860-1862, J. H. 
 Smith; 1862-1863, Charles Jepkins ; 1864, Robert 
 Reaunie ; 1S65-1866, John Pratt; 1867-1868, Louis 
 Lebot ; 1869-1870, J. Casjiary ; 1871, Louis Lebot. 
 
 FAsr District, o.n M.vrkki.— i860, W. Pen- 
 field, G, Holio ; 1861, Charles Kamminski ; 1862- 
 1863, Michael Schrick; 1864-1865, N. Christa ; 
 1866-1867, Caspar Cieist ; 1868, John Huber; 1869, 
 Chas. H, Damin ; 1870, Andrew Huber ; 1871, Oeo. 
 O. Walker. 
 
 Wkst District, on Dock.— i860, J. Henry-; 
 1861, F. Fiinke; 186,2, Geo. Weber; 1863-1864, 
 Jas. Shields; 1865-1866, Thos. Halloran; 1867, M. 
 Lent/,; 1868, J. Xeuschafcr; 1869, Michael Hays; 
 1870, D, Donovan; 1871, Luke Crossly. 
 
 Wi'.sr DisiRicr, on Markkt.— i860, C. Min- 
 ard; 1 86 1, Wm. iJall; 1862, Matliias Lentz; 1863 
 
 1866, John O'Connell ; 1867, Charles Doutjherty ; 
 1868, Alexander Paton ; 1S69-1870, Michael Xolan ; 
 1871, !•". C. Xii'iMith. 
 
 ICAsr District. — 1872, (leo. (). Walker; 1873, 
 F. A'ermeulen ; 1874-1875, Harris J.iccjbs ; 1876, 
 F". \'ermeulen ; 1877, J. Lemkie ; 1878, J, Muer; 
 1879, C. Halie ; 1880, ]•',. F'iertz ; 1881, J. FJ'pper ; 
 1882 1883, H. Strubel. 
 
 Wkst DisTRK -I'. — 1872, F. C. Niepoth ; 1873- 
 1875, Robert Hamilton ; 1876, J. Zimmerm.tn ; 1877- 
 1878, Peter Zens ; 1879-1883, J. Zimmerman. 
 
 //(If Markets. 
 
 The odice of weiijhmaster dates from April i, 
 1818. The first scales were located on the north 
 side of Jefferson Avenue near the corner of Ran- 
 dolph Street. The old blockhouse, with second 
 story projectinij^ over the first, afforded a shelter for 
 the scales, which consisted of an immense pair of 
 steelyards, the wai^on and hay beiui; lifted bodily 
 by means of an iron chain passed around them. 
 Three shillini^s a load were allowed for weit;hin.i;-. 
 The .scales remained at the old blockhouse until 
 April, 1827, when they were moved to the northeast 
 corner of Larned and Wayne Streets, in front of the 
 lot afterwards oicupied by the Washini^ton Ahirket. 
 In 1833 they were sold, and in November of the 
 same year scales were located on the corner of Bates 
 and Larned Streets. In November, 1835, their use 
 was discontinued, and the council contracted with 
 William Grist to erect hay-scales on the corner of 
 Jefferson Avenue and Ranilolph Street, and at the 
 corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. 
 .Mr. Grist erected the scales, and owned them until 
 .March 27, 1849, when they were bought by the 
 council. The upper ones were then rented for S140, 
 and the lower, on the corner Wayne Street, for $60 ,'i 
 year. In April, 1850, the hay-.scales were removed 
 from the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph 
 Street to Michiiran (jrand .Vvenue, at its junction 
 with Randolph Street. In June, 1855, they were 
 removed from the corner of Jeffenson Avenue and 
 Wayne Street, and located on the north side of 
 Grand River Avenue on the Cass Farm. The .same 
 year the scales were moved from Michiij^an AveiUR' 
 to Hastin.ijs Street, south of and near the Gratiot 
 Road. In May, i860, the Western District scales 
 were removed from the Grand River Roatl to the 
 north side of Michij^an Avenue between Third and 
 Fourth Streets; and in November, 1868, the city 
 rented about three hundretl feet scjuare of Mr. 
 Beecher, on the south side of Michigan Avenue, 
 between Tenth and Twelfth Streets, for a hay and 
 wood market. In 1875 the.se markets were mo\c'l 
 to their present location, on the northwest corner of 
 Michigan and Trumbull Avenues, the city paying 
 an annual rent of $500 for use of the grounds. 
 
MARKKIS. M/VRKETING, AND PRICES. 
 
 799 
 
 rlcs DuuiLjlicrly ; 
 , Michael Nolan ; 
 
 '. Walker; 1873, 
 
 ■; Jacobs; 1876, 
 
 1878, J. Muer; 
 
 1881, J. Kipper; 
 
 Niepoth; 1873 
 nmerniaii; 1877- 
 immernian. 
 
 ;s from April i, 
 ited on the north 
 ; corner of Ran- 
 ise, with second 
 rded a shelter for 
 immense pair of 
 ■inij lifteil bodily 
 ,ed around them, 
 ed for weii^hini;. 
 blockhouse until 
 d to the northeast 
 ets, in front of the 
 ishington Market. 
 November of the 
 the corner of 15ates 
 ler, 1835, their ust: 
 ;il contracted with 
 i on the corner of 
 Street, and at the 
 id Wayne Street, 
 owned them until 
 re bouijht by the 
 :n rented for S'40' 
 ne Street, for $60 a 
 es were removed 
 luie and Randolph 
 le, at its junction 
 ,., 1855, they were 
 "erson Avenue and 
 the north side of 
 Farm. The same 
 Michii^an Avenue 
 near the (".ratiot 
 ern District scales 
 River Road to the 
 )etween Third and 
 ber, 1868, the city 
 ;et square of Mr. 
 Michi^ran Avenue, 
 •eets, for a hay and 
 irkeis were moved 
 northwest corner of 
 es, the city paying 
 if the grounds. 
 
 In the sprinjr of 1870 the Eastern District hay 
 and wood market was moved from Hastings Street 
 to its present location on Russell Street, near the 
 I louse of Correction, where it occupies part of the 
 old City Cemetery. 
 
 During a portion of the years prior to 1850, while 
 the scales were owned by the weighmaster, he was 
 continued in office either by an implied agreement 
 (ir a definite contract. By the charter of 1849, 
 weighmasters were elected directly by the people. 
 In 1857 the power of api^ointment was again lodged 
 with the council. In 1881 the fees were one and a 
 half cents a hundred for weighing hay, straw, ruid 
 coal ; ten cents per head for cattle, and live cents 
 for sheep. 
 
 Prior to 1879 the weighmasters paid a rental of 
 from $75 to Si 50 a year for the scales, and were 
 eiuilled to all the fees collectetl. Since the year 
 named, the weighmasters have been paid a salary. 
 All the fees now go to the city, and foi- the tiscal 
 year ending June 30, 1884, they amounted to 
 $4,991.20. 
 The weighmasters have been: 1818, D. C. Mc- 
 
 Kinstry; i8iy, S. lUackmar; 1S20, Asa I'arlritlge; 
 
 1821, Robert (jarrett ; 1829-1835, Francis Rugard ; 
 
 1835, James II. llawley; 1836-1842, C. M. liull ; 
 
 1842 1849, William Crist. 
 
 Ui'i'KR. — 1849, A. W. Sprague; 1850, Louis Du- 
 pont; 1851-1852, C. II. Damm ; 1853, A. A. ISur- 
 hans; 1854, L. Dupont ; 1855 1857, 1'.. Lebot. 
 
 LoWKR. — 1849, C. Cj. Jjlindbury ; 1850, 1'. Mc- 
 Ciinnis ; 1851, J. Northrup ; O. 1). Wilmarlh ; 1852, 
 D. P.. Wilmarth ; 1854-1855, C. II. Damm; 1856- 
 
 John Lane. 
 
 Easi' District. — 1858, Peter Campau ; 1859- 
 
 1860, E. Henoit ; 1861, J. McCratli ; 1862-1864, C. 
 
 Dubois; 1864-1865, John Andre; 1866-1867, J. 
 
 Dederichs; 1S68, C. H. Damm; 1869, N.Schwartz; 
 
 1870, A. Kremer; 1871-1872, D. Sheehan ; 1873- 
 
 1874, t;. O. Walker; 1875, A. O'Keefe ; 1876, P. 
 
 A. Rowland ; 1877, J. Erhard ; 1878-1879, P. Dunn ; 
 
 1880, J. Clemens; 1881, J. Clements; 1882-18S4, 
 
 j. Clements; 1884- , Henry Lemmer. 
 Wkst District. — 1858, John Lane; 1839, R, 
 
 Ciibbings; i860, T. Maybury ; 1861, Russell Cage; 
 
 1862-1864, ^- Donovan ; 1865-1869, J. L. Matthews; 
 
 1867-1868, John Walsh; 1869-1870. P. Shanahan : 
 
 i87i,J. Love; 1872-1873, I). Dick.son ; 1873-1875, 
 
 Ceorge Baker ; 1876, }\. Smith ; 1877, D. Shanahan ; 
 
 1878, T. Mahoney ; 1879, D. E. Noonan ; 1880, 
 
 Robert Knox; 1881, C. Lynch; 1882-1884, Robert 
 
 Knox; 1884- , Peter Ohlert, 
 
 J'r/cfs of Different Articles at I'arioiis Times, 
 The prices of articles at different times al'fonl a 
 fair index of the growth of population and produc- 
 tion, and of the increase in facilities for transporta- 
 
 tion. Under the practically inercanlile rule (jf the 
 first colony of 1701, the price of almost cMiyihing 
 was determined by the few traders licensed by the 
 comjiany, and the measure of the ability of the 
 people to pay was the principal factor in the tixing 
 of jirices. The prici's of products of thusoil sveri', 
 of course, determined solely by the amount raised 
 and needed for home consumption. In 1726 wlu'al 
 was from ten shillings to twelve shillings per bushel ; 
 Indian corn, seven shillings to nine shillings per 
 bushel ; eggs, twenty to lwenty-ti\e cents per dozen ; 
 onions, one tlollar a luuulred ; cows, $18 to!f20, and 
 cahes SS'Oo to .$6.00. There was but little varia- 
 tion in these i)rit'es up to the time of the coming of 
 the English in 1760. Sailing vessels were then 
 introduci'd, and there was more com[)etition among 
 the merchants. The accoimt-book of Thomas 
 Smith, of 177S, shcjws that coffee was thirty-eight 
 cents antl tea two dollars jier poimd ; calico, six 
 shillings a yard; Hour, £\o, .and pork ^,"15 per 
 barrel ; ap|iles, sixty shillings per bushel, and tobacccj 
 sixteen shillings per pound. Slaves were worth 
 from /180 to /'260 New \uYk ciuMXMicy. In an old 
 Macomb ledger of 1780 to 1783, charges are made 
 at the following rates : brown sheeting and bed- 
 ticking, each live shillings a yard ; molasses, twenty 
 shillings to thirty-two shillings; vinegar, sixteen 
 shillings, and rum forty shillings per gallon ; salt, £,\ 
 to £\o per bari'el ; almonds, six shillings; cheese, 
 whiting, soap, and butter, four shillings per pound 
 each; starch, six shillings; shot, two shillings; 
 coffee, twelve shillings ; nails, two shillings antl six- 
 pence ; candles, \w^i shillings; pig-tail tobacco, six- 
 teen shillings ; and sugar, three shillings perpouiul ; 
 cinnamon, four shillings an ounce ; eggs, four shil- 
 lings, and nutmegs, six shillings per dozen ; Hour, 
 £^ per hundredweight; corn, twenty shillings to 
 twenty-four shillings, and oats sixteen shillings per 
 bushel ; smoothing irons were six shillings each ; 
 slate-pencils one shilling each, and slates twelve 
 shillings; bread was three shillings a loaf. In 1784 
 the winter was so severe that bakers charged a 
 Spanish dollar per poinid for bread. Board was 
 charged at £t, per month. 
 
 Mr. Weld, wlio traveled through this region in 
 1796, said : 
 
 The sloiLS ami shops of the town are well fiiriilshecl, and you 
 may liny Hue ilcith, linen, (\:c., and every arUcle of wearing ap- 
 parel, as ,i;u()d iif their l<ii\d, and (in nearly as reasonable terms, as 
 you ean pnrehase in New Vurk or I'liiladelpliia. 
 
 At this time salt was very scarce, and the inhabi- 
 tants were freciuently distressed for want of it. 
 Coffee w.as \'wc shillings ;ind starch four .shillings 
 per pound, and cotton cloth six shillings a yard. 
 Two years later, in 1798, alum, chalk, putty, and 
 loaf-sugar were each four shillings a pound ; bricks, 
 
 rv 
 
8oo 
 
 MAKKKIS, MARKKTlNc;, ANli I'KICKS. 
 
 six dollars a ihoiisaiul, anil woixl six shillinj^s a cord. 
 Ill I1S03 and 1X05 prices were as follows : rmc-looth 
 combs, li\i' sliillini^scacli ; calico, six shilliiij;sa yard ; 
 shot and lead, two slii.linj^s a pound ; powder, I'i^lit 
 shilliniLjs, colfi'c six shillings, white stii^ar livi' shil- 
 lings, cheese two shillini;s and sixpence, pepper six 
 shillings, and soap four shilling's to eiv;ht shillini,;s 
 per i)oiind ; candles were one shilliiii,; iMch ; corn, 
 ei(;;;Iit siiillin^s, and s.ilt four dollars to six dollars a 
 liiishei; labor, two shillinj^s a day. In iSu7 n.iils 
 were two sliillinj^fs a poinid, and iron jiols wi'ri' sold 
 at ciiclUeen .and three fourths ci'iils per pound. 
 
 <)rdinary laborei's wen- i)aid three shillini^s per 
 clay for twelve iiours work ; the tiMi-hour system 
 l)e(i^an in iiS33. in 1808 the followiniif prices ob- 
 taiiK'd : tallow candles were four shillings ruid butter 
 and cheese each two shillings a |)(>und ; whiskey, 
 ei^lit shillinv;s a (gallon ; oats, four shillings, aiul 
 corn six shillings per i)uslR'l ; i)i'arskiiis sold at 
 iweiitv-foiir shillings, mink ;it three sliillinv;s, otter 
 at twenty shi.llinys, .and r.iccoon and nuiskr.il at two 
 shillinj^s and sixpence each. In iSoy llour was §5.50 
 and in iiSio, $1 i jier b.irixl. 
 
 'l"he W'.ar of 1H12 m.ade all articles scarce and 
 dear. Nails were thirty-one and one fouith cents a 
 pound; corn, §1. 00 and $2.00, ,and potatoes §2.00 a 
 bushel; hay, §1. 00a luindredweii^ht ; llour, Si.i.00 
 a barrel ; l)utti'r, seventy-ti\'e (xmUs, I'lu'i'se sixty 
 cents, and i)i-ef twentv-four cents a pound; e^v^s, 
 lour sliillin,;.;s pi-r dozen ; whiskey, §4.00 peri;.illon ; 
 turkeys were S3-oo apiece ; |)ork, S.ij-'J'^ -^ barri'l ; 
 wood, on account of the scarcil\' of l.iboi", 65.50 a 
 cord. In 1X14. llour was $iS.(x>, and in i(Si6 and 
 I1S17, Si4-uu per barrel. In the years last named, 
 potatoes were §2.00 a bushel, or two shillinj^s a 
 ilo/.en ; beef and pork, §iiS.oo per barril ; and corn, 
 $1.62 per bushel. In J.inuary, iSk^, l)iitter was 
 fortv-four cents per |)ound; Inson tea, $3.00 per 
 pound; milk, twelve t'l'iUs ,i (|u,ut ; e,v;,t;s, fifty ci'iits 
 a dozen ; wood, S4.CXJ per cord. I'Or unv turkey, 
 two pii^s, or two bushels of pot.itoes, ;in acre ol Land 
 cor.id be bouj^hl. .Mutton at this time was one 
 shillini^, aiul beef ei,i;lit cents to ti'ii cents a iioiind ; 
 pork, $20.00 to $25.00 pi'r i),arrel. In 1S20 lloiii" 
 was down to $5.00; l)ei:f and pork, to $7.00 per 
 l)arrel. In 1821 wood was §2.50 a cord, and wool 
 tliree sliillin).js per poinid. In kCbruary, 1823, beef 
 and |)ork were each $4.00 per hundred; venison, 
 two cents a pound ; tinkeys, six shillings, i;eese four 
 sliillinji^s, ducks three shillini^rs, and chickens nine- 
 teen cents a i)air ; apples live shil!inj,rs, wheat four 
 shillings and sixpence, corn three shillinifs, oats two 
 shillinifs, beans $1.00, and potatoes three .shillin.ns 
 per bushel ; mapk'-sn^ar live cents, cheese ten cents, 
 ,111(1 beeswax twenty-six cents per pound; wiiiskey, 
 two shillini^s a j-allon ; pine boards, $3.00 to $12.00, 
 shingles $1.75, and laths$io.oo per thousand ; lime, 
 
 seventv-live cents a b.irrel ; and <-otton stockiin;s 
 li'ii shillinv;s \h:\- pair. In 1825 llour sold as low as 
 $3.00 per barrel; (|nails for one shilliiii^, .and ev;ns 
 for six cents a dozen. In 1830 llour was $4.5(J per 
 barrt'l, .and pure cider $2.00. 1837 w.is the ye.ar ot 
 hivjh i)rices. I'loiir was from $11.00 to $16,00 per 
 barri'l, pot.atoes |2.(XJ, .and cornme.al twelve shilliiii^s 
 
 per buslul, but thi'se prices were not of loiu' coii- 
 tinu.mce. The |),inic .and sc.arcilv of money soon 
 c.iused .1 reduction, .and in 183S llour w.as ([>)wn In 
 S8,(X) per barrel, and siiyar w.is fourlci-ii cents per 
 pound. In 1839 corn w.as so scarce tli.it it coiii- 
 m.anded $4.00 per bushel, but in 1840 it sold foi- 
 eii;hty-l'ivc: cents. In 1842 llour w.as \ery low, tlu 
 best selling;' for $2.25 pel" b.iri'el. In 1844 (|uol.i- 
 tions were .as follows: wheat se\enty cents, corn 
 ihirtv-one ceiils, o.ils two shillini^s, and pot.itoes 
 twenty cents ])er bushel; llour, $3.82; mess pork, 
 $10.00, .and s.alt $138 |)cr b.irrcl ; hickory wood, 
 $1.75 ;i cord; h.ay, $5.00 per ton ; fresh butter, two 
 shillini^s. Lard .and cIrcsc six cents, and (.allow se\'eii 
 cents .a pound; dressed chickens, two shillint;s ;i 
 ]),iir; urt'en hides, three .and one half cents, .and dr\' 
 sevi-n cents .a pound; beef .and pork, $2.51) to $3.00 
 per hundred ; n.ails, $5.00 a kc'vj ; buckwheat llour, 
 $1.00 a hundred. 
 
 /\ Detroit d.aily of -August 5, 1847, thus conipl.iins : 
 
 IJM.II M .\ li l< I'. [■ I'Kiei;-.. Wliy is il llial Ihi; i il i/ills ..I tiiis i;lty 
 shiiiilil lie ta.M-il S.I lii.uli fiM- I'M-ry (lilic\ii y .)(' Ilir season, when il 
 is snninuulcil,as il is, l)y Manly and inilnslrimis larnii'i's .' 'I'll ink 
 of it, yo men willi f.unilics lo sii|>i>orl, yr llolrl and 'ra\i-iii 
 kiM'iH-is ail, one (loll.ir a Imslicl for polalors ! .AntI in llu- rily 
 of New S cirl- lliey ale sellill,i; for sevillly-(i\'e lellls! Tell In 
 I wel\-e ccnls a ilo/en for >;reen corn; three shiilini^s a do/en tot 
 tonwitoe.>); fourteen cents a iiounds for hiiller ; IweK'e cents and 
 a halt |ier doziii for enKS ; (•i,i;hlceii and llirce fourths to twenly- 
 tivcM'eiits a pair for yonn.;,' s|)rlii,i; chickens; seyeii cents a pound 
 for heef; live ti-nts for \eal anti inntlon, and tliirty-oiie and .1 
 fonilh or thiity-seveii and a li.ilf cents for a (pi.irler of a lanili. 
 
 In 1854 r.iilrojul i onnections were m.adc with the 
 M.ast, .and prices h;t\'e been mort:e(|ii.il since th.at lime. 
 
 The prices, in 1854, were: butter, tweaity-foiir 
 cents, brown sui;.tr six cents, coffee sui;'ar nine cents, 
 t.allow candles sixteen cents, Rio coffee eii;hleen 
 cents, ,111(1 Lu'd twelve cents per i)ound; oats were 
 forty cents, onions lifly (X'lits, pot.itoes sevent\'-li\c 
 cents, .and .appk'S seven shilling's [icr bushel ; breail 
 was nine cents ,a lo.if, .and Hour $(j.oo .i bari'el. 
 
 In i8f)i, on ■account of the war, l)row!i siiirar .id- 
 v.ancnl from six and seven cents to eleven cents .uiil 
 twelve cents, .and .all kinds of spices from fifty lo 
 oiu; hundred jier cent. In \'/venil)er, 1862, prices 
 were : beech .and ni.aple wood, !i|!3.25 per cord ; Hour 
 two .and .1 h.alf cents to three cents, cornmeal one 
 and .1 h.alf cents, mess pork six to seven cents, biitu r 
 twelve to fourteen cents, C(jffee twenty-live cents, 
 and brown siiij.ar ten cents per pound ; potatoes, 
 live sliillini.is per busliel. 
 
MARKins, MAKKI'.lINd, AND I'KICKS. 
 
 801 
 
 cotton slockini^s 
 111" sold as low as 
 shilling, ami ri;i;s 
 )Ui- was $4.50 pir 
 7 w.as tlu: year ol 
 ,00 to SiCi.oo p( r 
 al twelve sliilHiiKs 
 not of loiH',- I'oii- 
 
 V of lUolU'V Siliill 
 
 lour was (!,)Wii to 
 'oiirti'iMi cents jHi 
 arce that it coni- 
 1 1S40 it sold for 
 was very low, the 
 . In 1.S44 (iiiola- 
 ;venty cents, corn 
 nv-s, and pot;itoes 
 5i^.82 ; mess pni'k, 
 el; hickoi'v wood, 
 ; fresh hniler, two 
 s, and lallow seven 
 IS, two shillin^^s a 
 half cents, .and dry 
 
 lork, A.;. 30 l<i $3-"" 
 ; bnekwheat llour. 
 
 liclvvcen March ,ind DeeenilHr, 1.S64, the same 
 (jnaiity of !)rown suj,,'ar ,id\;nirrd from sixteen to 
 twenty-six cents per pouml. 
 
 With the close of the war. prices he.ijaii to decline, 
 in most eases reaching ante -war priies about 
 1.S76. 
 
 47, tliuscoinpl.iins: 
 
 1 llu: rili/rns (.1 lliis I'lly 
 y 111' till' scasnii, wllc'll it 
 ^Iriniis f;iriiifis ? 'I'liiuk 
 y,- llniil :iiiil 'I'iiMni 
 lalipis ! And in llif i ily 
 Illy-live trnts ! Till I'l 
 in- sliillinv;s :i ilo/^ni Imi 
 lulln- ; luche icllls ami 
 llin-c liMiillis 1(1 lucnly- 
 iis ; si'Vi'n ci'iUs a iininul 
 ,11, anil thirty-oiii- ami a 
 or a (luailri- nl a laiiili. 
 
 were m.ide with df 
 .•(in.alsinee th.at time. 
 
 bnlter, twenty-four 
 ffee snijar nuie cents. 
 Kio coffee i'ii;hleen 
 .r pound; oats were 
 )otatoes seventy-live 
 ;s per bushel ; bread 
 
 §(;.oo ;i b.arrid. 
 var, brown sui^ar ad- 
 ,s to eleven cents an'd 
 
 spices from iUty to 
 ,venil)er, 1.S62, iiriees 
 
 cents, cormneal one 
 
 to seven cents, l)Utter 
 
 ee twenty-five eeiils, 
 
 per pound ; potatoes, 
 
C II AFTER 1. XX I \. 
 
 MANUFACTUKINC. .\1)\'A.\ TAC.l'.S AK TlC'l.l'.S I'UODUCKD- 
 
 liSTAULlSllMKNTS. 
 
 LMADlXc; 
 
 'I'm; advanta.iLjc.s of Detroit as a nianufacluriiii;' 
 Ccnlci- have never received liie attention tiiat tiieir 
 nmni)er and importance demand. Xo city in 
 America is more fa\oi'ahly siiiiated, and ivw cities 
 |D()ssess so many necessary and desirai)le conditions 
 for siiccessfiii nianufacturiniL;'. In c-onsiderin;^' its 
 resources and facilities, there is no occasion for far- 
 fetclied reasoning- or exa.nv^erated representation : 
 
 Alaniifacliu-iii',;' sites can be piircliascd at lower 
 rates tlian near other cities of tiic same size. At 
 .any time durini^- tin; live yi'ars precedin.i;' I'SiSj, in 
 titlier lar^e or si-iall ([uantities, ami liotli inside and 
 outside of tile city, lands could be l)ou;4lit for from 
 Sj^oo to S^'oo per acre, with cvcvy facility in the way 
 of side li'.icks or ])roximity to railri),id lines. 
 
 'I'hccitv fronts on a river with which few streams 
 
 the mere ri'cit.al of the facts will amply prove the in the world compare either in \iihniie or rapidity, 
 
 claim of superior adx'antat^cs. it is well known ni)i.\ it is espt'ci;illv noteworthy that the; ri\'er never 
 
 that iron, I'opper, lead, and wood c-nter lari;c'ly into dries up, or injures by owrllow the property on its 
 
 the composition of all articles manufacturi'd, and the mai;i^in. i'.ithci- by direct in(li\idu;il iHjmiection or 
 
 location of Detroit in the midst of the chief sources tlirou,^h iIk' iuuuense pumping- works of the city, it 
 
 of supply of these materials ,i;i\es' it une(iualled affords .it low cost a supply of water in unlimited 
 
 manuf.acturini^- facilities. I„ake Supt'rior iron, ;i pro- (|u;unity th.it is alw.iys |)ure and the supi)ly certain, 
 
 duct of our own .State, is pro\-ed by actu;il lest to Michi^:m t'oal is mined almost at olh" doors, and 
 
 be c(pial to anv. The State produces more inju ore the coal regions of the liuckeye antl Keystone 
 
 than any other, ,■. id of jiii^-iron our furnaces treble .States are within easy reach. 
 
 the product of any other State, 'i'he l.ari;est iron Cord-wood is obt.iined in any i|uantity at reason- 
 mine in the world is in Michii^an ; and (lurinir 1883 able r.ites from Northern Michigan ;uul Canada. 
 
 the .several fiUMiaces of Detroit ttu'ned out 29,454 
 tons of pitj-iron. Our copper yii'ld is famed for its 
 purity, and supplies almost the entii^e world. 
 
 The larv,a'st copper smelting;- works in the United 
 States are located at Detroit and Hancock. The 
 lead miiu's of the adjacent Stales are celebrated. 
 
 The aver.tv^e prices of various ;irlicles durinvr the 
 live years from 1S75 to iiS.So wirt' : llat-bar, round, 
 and S(iu,ire iron, ''^2.2:, pcv one hundi'ed pounds; 
 copper, 20 I'enls per (xiuul ; le.-id, 6 cents; plaster, 
 per barrel, $1.75 ; lime, 75 ct'iits |)ci- b.irrel ; stone, 
 .'j;i3.oo per toise ; brick, conuimn, S5.00, and stock, 
 
 and tlu'ir products .are t'asily obt.iined. The s^-rind- 6>'').5o per thousand; ^n'ood common lumber, $15.00 
 
 stone (]uarries, just ;tbove Detroit, are f.amous the 
 world over, and within forty miles of the city 
 sujierior s.and for (^i.ass is found .and successfully 
 employed. 
 
 Michigan produces more lumber than .any other 
 State. I'ine, walnut, oak, maple, hickory, butter- 
 nut, and ash nw rt'lati\-ely cheap and .abundant, and 
 other kinds of wood ;ire so plentiful th;it charcoal is 
 cheaply made, lioxes and b.irrels for ]);ickinj4' pur- 
 jioses can be m.ade at a price that admits of no 
 
 competition. Tl 
 
 pi'r thous.uid ; lum|)-co;il foi- station.ary eni^ines, 
 $3.''i5 ; nut-coal, $2.65 ; h.ird coiHl-wood, S5.00, soft, 
 $3.50 i)er corti ; ch.arcoal, .S ci'iits per bushel of 
 twenty pounds ; hard-wood lund)er: black walnut, 
 !5;6o; cherry, S35 ; white-ash, §22 ; oak. ijiuS ; maple, 
 $16, and bmternut, S50. These figures ;^ive a fair 
 indication of later and present prices. 
 
 Located on the l.ikes, and yet far e.ast on the line 
 of water eomnumicatiou, Detroit has a more f.axored 
 position than .any other western city ; it is below the 
 
 :e soli and 
 
 limate are especially line of the excessive cold of M;ick 
 
 favorable for the growth of willows, ;ind the linesi 
 qu.alities, toui^her th.an those of Kin"ope, are ^rown 
 in this vicinity. 
 
 Plaster for m;inufacturini,r use is obtained in <|u;m- 
 tities from nali\'e beds in Michii;;in, and .a Liri,^' 
 supply of the best brick-clay is found near Detroit. denced by the f.iet that large quantities of goods are 
 Immense supplies of limest(jne and sand exist in the exported to every country on the globe, 
 county, and these, with home-made lumber, give The State debt is practically extinguished and 
 
 unusual building facilities. the sinking fund of the city is greater than its 
 
 [Soa] 
 
 inaw and Lake 
 Superior, therefore vessels can and do run to and 
 from this |)ort sever.al weeks e;irlier and l;itiT than 
 from points farther west. The niilro.ad connections 
 and facilities are abundant .and growing. That we 
 l^ossess favor.able opportunities for shipping is evi- 
 
inn 
 
 i:\( 
 
 liascd ni lower 
 same size. Al 
 •edini;- 1S83, in 
 boUi insidt' ami 
 )()u;.;iu I'lir from 
 ■iliiy ill llie way 
 111 lines. 
 
 jell few streams 
 .ime or rapitiily, 
 t the river never 
 properly on its 
 il eonneetion or 
 ks of tlie eity, it 
 Iter in unlimited 
 e supi)ly eertain. 
 It our iloors, and 
 J and Keyst(jne 
 
 lantity at reason- 
 an and Canada. 
 lieU-s durin,^' the 
 
 : tlat-bar, round, 
 lundred pounds ; 
 
 <> cents ; plaster, 
 ler barrel ; stone, 
 
 §5.00, and stoi'k, 
 nn lumber, $1 5.00 
 ationary eiiii;ines, 
 -wood, 85. 00, soft, 
 Its ixr bushel of 
 cr: blaek walnut, 
 ; oak, SiH; maple, 
 tii;i.n"es i^ive a fair 
 ees. 
 
 ar cast on the line 
 las a more fa\(ired 
 ty ; it is below the 
 lekinaw ami Lake 
 nd do run to and 
 lier and later than 
 lilroad connections 
 ;rowin,u". 'Iliat we 
 for shipiiini;- is evi- 
 ntities of goods are 
 
 ulobc. 
 
 extini^uished and 
 s greater than its 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 If' lit . !• ,: 
 
 
 'i'liL;,,!" " 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 
 in 
 
 '>■-, 
 
 m 
 
 "■*■ 
 
 ' hi 
 
 >;;'"■ ill "fl 
 
 lilllilllili;.liaillWllil!/i.llllim,, 
 
 c J. 
 
 
8o4 
 
 MAN UlACTU KING ESTAIJLISIIMKNTS. 
 
 di'ht. Tlie city taxation avcra^^cs but little omt (iiu- 
 per ccnl, and state and county taxation conihineil 
 is only ai)out one tliird as nnicii. 'riicsc rates are 
 far below those of other cities as lari^e and well 
 improved. 
 
 The advantatjes afforded to employees are scarce 
 equalled. Not l"i\'e cities in the country have so 
 larife a proportion of homes owned by their occu- 
 pants. This is because lots and building;- material afe 
 so moderate in price. All kinds of food are abun- 
 dant and reasonably chea|). Wheat, corn, c.iltlc, 
 sheep, hoiL^s, poultry, and vet^vtables are Icailin:.; 
 articles of ])roduction in Michii.;;ui, and we have the 
 larq-est fresh- water fisheries in the United States. 
 The climate is jrenerally iciuable and mild, and in 
 the city the de;ith-r;ite averaj^es only abotit twenty 
 in a thousand per year. 
 
 The amount of capital invested in manufacturing' 
 enterjirises in iSSo was estimated at $20,000,000, 
 and the .annual product at $35. ''00,000. 
 
 The following' is an alphabetical summary of the 
 principal articles actually manufactured in Detroit: 
 Awninji^s, ale, alcohol, artificial limbs, boilers, brooms, 
 baskets, bolts ami nuts, blank-books, blinds, 
 brackets, beds, beddint.';, bridges, Ijluinj;', bricks, 
 barrels, bread, bunt^s, boats, beltinv;-, boxes, boots, 
 ba.i(s, billiartl tables, bakinjf powder, castings, cans, 
 car wheels and spriniLjs, candles, cij^ars, carbon, oof- 
 tins, combs, chemicals, confectionery, cornices, cut- 
 lery, caps, corsets, clothin,^, copperware, crocks, 
 casks, capsules, clothes-pins, crackers, carriajres, 
 children's cabs, chairs, carpets, chewinu^ s'-"'"' doors, 
 door-knobs, electrotypes, env^ines, emery wheels, 
 extracts, edge tools, earthenware, electrical instru- 
 ments, furniture, furs, frames. Hour, files, faucets, 
 fences, fertilizers, fanning mills, gold pens, guns, 
 glue, gloves, glass, horse collars, hats, h.arness, hoop 
 skirts, iron, iron p\\ic. 'nk, jewelry, journ;d metal .and 
 boxes, knit goods, lead I'ipe, lime, lounges, linseed 
 oil, lasts, leather, lumber, maps, machinery, monu- 
 ments, mittens, matches, mattresses, malleable iron- 
 ware, inaiilel-pieces, medicint's, mouldings, organs, 
 pails, photographs, picture-fr.imes, plaster figures, 
 perfumery, pulleys, paint, putty, pianos, pipes, pins, 
 pills, paper, rope, roofing, stoves, shoes, s(jap, sash, 
 spectacles, saw-gummers, sleds, show-cases, statu- 
 ary, safes, saws, sawing machines, sleighs, steel, 
 stoneware, ship-blocks, sewer-pipe, stained glass, 
 signs, .sails, shafting, st.amped ware, screws, 
 shirts, stencil-plates, te,a-caddies, tinware, twine, 
 tobacco, tiles, trunks, tubs, tombstones, umbrell.is, 
 vinegar, varnish, wagons, wine, wood-cuts, wood- 
 working machinery, window shatles and screens, 
 watches, whips, windmills, white Iciid, washboards, 
 wigs, wire goods, wooden and willow ware, yeast. 
 
 Illustrations are given of several of the more im- 
 portant and enterprising manufacturing establish- 
 
 ments, with ;i few items as to the ch.aracter and ex- 
 tent of their business. Some of them li;i\e been in 
 operation only ;i short lime, and for this reason the 
 amount of their products is relatively small. 
 
 VV/i- Mii///i^a)! C(ir Company (Vid the Detroit Car 
 W'lhil Company. 
 
 Both of the abo\e corporations are umler one 
 management, and together form the largest estab- 
 lishment of the kind in the United States. 
 
 The ollicers are ;is follows: James McMillan, 
 president; Hugh McMillan, vice-president and gen- 
 eral manager; J.imes .McGregor, general superin- 
 tendent; W. K. .Amkrson, treasurer; Joseph Taylor, 
 secretary; Hugh W. I )yar, assist.mt manager; J. 
 Hill Whiting, superintendent of foundries. In 
 these est.iblishmenls and accessory works, such as 
 furn.ices ;ind steam-forges, all managed by these 
 corjiorations, a capital of one .and a ([uarter million 
 dolKirs is represented. 'I'hey make box, stock, pl.it- 
 form, coal, ore, and refrigerator cars. The works 
 were established i8(')5, and moved to their present 
 location at the Grand Trunk Junction in 1873. 
 They occupy thirty acres, and when fully employed 
 recjuire 2,500 men, and can turn out tliirtyc-ars,three 
 hundred and fifty car-wheels, one hundred axles, 
 and sixty tons of iron per day. During 1883 there 
 were used at these works 47,000 tons of iron, and 
 probably 30,000,000 feet of lumber, and a total of 
 4,500 cars and 46,000 wheels were made. .Since the 
 works began, they ha\e made 48,731 cars. Placed 
 close together in one long train, they would reach 
 two hundred and eighty-four miles, or across the 
 State of .Michigan and beyond Chictigo. As many 
 as two thous.and cars have been made for one com- 
 pany, and so many different com|)anies have patron- 
 ized the works that it is literally true that cars built 
 in Detroit run constantly in every State aiul Teni- 
 tory, and in all the Canadian Provinces. 
 
 The Detroit Steel and Sprini^ Works. 
 
 This company is (jflicered with .Alexander De 
 I.ano as president, C. 1'. Clioate as \ice-president 
 and general nirmager, aiul II. R. Newberry as .sec- 
 retary and treasurer. The company was incor- 
 porated in May, 1879, and began operations the 
 same year. The works are located at Detroit 
 Junction. Their chief s[)ecialty is spring-steel, loco- 
 motive .■uid car-springs. They also make Large 
 ((uantities of steel for use in the maiuifacture of 
 agricultural instruments and for the trade. During 
 1883 the works jiroduced 6,200 tons of steel and 
 made 5,000 tons of steel c;ir-s|)rings. Their ship- 
 ments reach not only all parts of our own land, but 
 also .South America and Australia. 
 
 IJesides the car- works named, there are also 
 located at Detroit 
 
MANUFACTURING KSIAI!I.ISIIMi;\TS. 
 
 805 
 
 laractcr and ex- 
 •111 liavr lu'i'ii in 
 this reason liic 
 ly sniail. 
 
 the Detroit Car 
 
 arc uiuUm" one 
 ic laru'L'sl eslab- 
 Stalcs. 
 
 iiurs McMillan, 
 _'sitlcnl and ncn- 
 4cncral snpcrin- 
 ; Joseph 'I'aylor, 
 nt nianav^cr; J. 
 fonndrics. In 
 (' works, such as 
 inai^cd by these 
 a (juarlcr niillimi 
 ; box, stock, plat- 
 ars. 'l"he works 
 
 to their present 
 unction in 1873. 
 n fully employed 
 t thirty cars.lhree 
 z hundred axles, 
 urini:; iSiS3 there 
 :ons of iron, and 
 er, and a total of 
 iiade. Since the 
 '31 cars. Placed 
 hey would reach 
 es, or across the 
 icago. As many 
 
 ide for one coin- 
 uiies have pairon- 
 ue that cars built 
 
 Stale and Terri- 
 inces. 
 
 nit^- Works. 
 \\ Alexaniler W 
 as vice-president 
 Newberry as sec- 
 pany was incor- 
 m operations the 
 •ated at Detroit 
 sprini^-steel, loco- 
 also make lar^c 
 e manufacture of 
 le trade. 1 )urini^ 
 tons of steel anil 
 ii>;s. Their ship- 
 our own land, but 
 
 , there arc also 
 
 The Pfitinsii/ar Car Worlds. 
 The officers of tliis cori)oration are I'rank J. 
 Hecker, president, mana.\;er, and treasunr, and 
 C. L. Freer, vice-president and secretary. The 
 worksestablishedin 
 1880 were located 
 on the river, be- 
 tween Walker and 
 Adair Streets ; dur- 
 inij 18S4 they were 
 moved to a large 
 tract of land near 
 the Detroit iS: Mil- 
 waukee Railroad 
 Junction. During 
 1883 they built 
 4,136 cars. In con- 
 nection with their 
 works the comiiany 
 operate the Detroit 
 steam -forge, and 
 control large car- 
 works at Adrian. 
 With the addition 
 
 of their product, tlie city ranks as the most extensive 
 car manufacturing center in the world. 
 
 The Russel Wheel and Foundry Company. 
 
 This establishment is located at the foot of Walker 
 Street. The oHicers are (ieorge II. Russel, presi- 
 dent; Walter S. Russel, vice-president and super- 
 
 
 car wheels, and during 1883 2.600 tons of castings 
 were produced. Logging, lumber, and mill-yard 
 cars are ;i siicrialty in tins establishment, and their 
 cars are in use in all the southern and western 
 
 
 Ofpick \\n VdUKS op Russel Wheel and Foundry Co., 
 TiKit of Walker Street. Uuilt in iS8o. 
 
 intendent; and John R. Russel, secretary and 
 treasurer. The works were established in 1S76 and 
 the comi)any incorporated in January, 18S3, Up to 
 the beginning of 18S4 the company had made 36,000 
 
 Dl'.TK'Ml .STLLL A.MJ SiKINL. WiiKk-.. 
 
 Near R. R, Junction in Springwtlls. Uuilt in 1879-82. 
 
 States. The company make all kinds of car-sheaves 
 and architectural iron-work, and do general Jobbing 
 and machine work, melting as high as twelve tons 
 of iron per day. 
 
 The Detroit Uridine and Iron II 'or is. 
 
 This company is officered with W. S. I 'ope as 
 president and engineer; 
 W. (.'. Colburn. secretary 
 and treasurer; and W. 
 L. Raker, superintendent. 
 They have built some of 
 the longest bridges in the 
 land. Their works, occu- 
 pying six acres on Foun- 
 dry Street, a few blocks 
 south of Michigan A\'e- 
 nue, were establislied in 
 1863. In 1883 they used 
 a capital of $300,000. 
 They build steel, iron, 
 and combination bridges, 
 viaducts, railroad turn 
 and transfer tables, and 
 other strtictural iron 
 work. During 1882 seven 
 thousand tons of iron 
 were used, and bridges 
 erected in all parts of the 
 country. Some of the more notable britlges they 
 have erected, and their cost, are as follows: 
 
 Over the Mississip[ii River at lUirlington, 2,250 
 feet long; cost, §1,200,000. Over the Mississippi 
 
8o6 
 
 .MANLiAcrruixc. KsrAi;i.isiiMi;N rs. 
 
 UiviT at (Juincy, 3,700 fiit Imv^; cost, !{< 1,700,000. 
 < )\ir llic Mississippi i-livcrat 1 laiiiiiivil, i/)oo fti't 
 lonvf; cost, §750,000. ( )\Tr the Missnuri Kivcr ;it 
 r>isiii;irrl<, 1,440 feet loii,^;; eost, §470,000. Over 
 tile Missouri Kiver at St. Josejili. 1,350 feet i"ii'^ : 
 cost, $1,000,000. 
 
 Dktroit Bkiuge AiNi) Iki'.s- Works, i;iirui;t;.N louNuuv SiniiEr and Al. C. K. K, 
 
 l)eai'inv;s, Cl.imer'.s Aj.ax joiirn.'il inet.il, ;iii(l tlir 
 Fiilldii hronze joiirn.'il boxes are wnrliiy of speiial 
 notice. ( )f tlie I [opkins joiii'ials, five hundred tons 
 are made yearly. 'I'lic Cliauipinu tire iiciidcr ;iiid 
 Stoddard's Ii'.;litninj4' tire upsetter ;ire made at tluse 
 works. (Iniers for tliese various products come 
 
 from ;ill p.arts of 
 the country. 
 
 77/ (• It II hi Iron 
 JIWI's 
 
 was incoi'poi-- 
 ated J 11 lie 5, 
 l.S.So, .and is the 
 successor of the 
 Detroit Loco- 
 motive Works, 
 estal)lislie(l in 
 1S54. The ori- 
 i^inal coinp.anv. 
 between 1.S55 
 and 1859, built 
 forty-two loeo- 
 niotives and re- 
 paired a lar;.;i' 
 numl)er. 'Ihe 
 ol'lieers of tlie 
 company are C. 
 
 T/ic Fulton Iron and En- 
 
 _;'■////• ]]'0fks 
 
 were eslablislied in 1S51 
 by Johnston, Wayne, & 
 Coniji.any. 'I'he works 
 are now conducted by a 
 corpor.ation, with Janu'S 
 McMillan as president, 
 Huvrh McMillan as secre- 
 tary, and J, 15, Wayne as 
 manager ;ind treasurer. 
 Nearly one hundred and 
 tlfty steam entwines, of from 
 cijrht to twoluindred horse- 
 power, arc here inanufac- 
 lured every year, incliKlinj.;' 
 bl.ast, threshinsr, rollinif, 
 milliner, and mill eiv^^ines 
 also boilers of all kinds ; 
 iron work for saw-mills, 
 architectural iron- work, 
 mininjr and blast-furnace 
 and elevator ni.achinery, 
 and iron and brass cast- 
 inj^s of all kinds. Among 
 their specialties, Hopkins's 
 patent lead-lined journal 
 
 l''i'i/ic)N Ikon and Knc.ink Works, 
 Southeast corner of Wciodlirkli;!' ami lirush Streets. lUiilt in 1856-69, 
 
I 
 
 iiclal, .•md tlir 
 irtliy <if spci-ial 
 hunilnd Ions 
 I'l: liciiiUr and 
 
 niailc at these 
 lirnducts come 
 
 mi all parts of 
 U'coiiiUry. 
 
 rjir /lii/i/ Iron 
 U'orLs 
 
 ;as iiu'orpiu"- 
 
 tcd June 5, 
 
 <SiSo, and is the 
 
 ucci'ssor of tlic 
 
 )etroil Loco- 
 
 lotivc Works, 
 
 !Stal)lislu'd ill 
 
 .S54. 'I'lu' ori- 
 
 ;inal company, 
 
 jctwccn 1S55 
 
 ind 1859, built 
 
 orly-two locii- 
 
 iiotives and re- 
 
 laired a lap^c 
 
 lumber. 'I'iie 
 
 jfliccrs of the 
 
 company are C. 
 
 1 1856-69, 
 
 MANUFACTURIN'C, K.STAnLlSHMKNTS. 
 
 807 
 
 II, ISiilil, |)resideiU; I). 
 R. I'eirce, secretary and 
 treasurer; and J. W. 
 iiartlett, nieehanical su- 
 perintendent. The works 
 are on the northwest cor- 
 ner of I.ariied and Third 
 Streets, reacliin.i,^ liirouijh 
 to C'oni^ress .Stret't, They 
 nianiifaeture enyines and 
 boilers of all kinds and 
 sizes also iron and brass 
 castini,fs of e\ery sort, 
 and particular attention 
 is .tjiven to rejjair work. 
 Of their lar;,,a'st entwines, 
 one was a compound 
 beani-eui^nne built in 1S76 
 for the Detroit Water 
 Works, and another, a 
 double compound revers- 
 injT en,i;ine with two liii^h 
 and two low pressure 
 cylinders, each of forty- 
 two ineh stroke. With 
 this last engine a steel 
 rail one hnndrcd and 
 thirty feet long can be 
 
 Uriii. Ikon Wcikus, 
 Corner of Third and Larnid Streets. 
 
 Eagle Iron anu Knginb Wouks, 
 aS4 to 964 Woodbridge Street, northwest corner of Fiftli Street. 
 
 Built in 1853-82. 
 
 liullt ill 1854. 
 
 made in one niinnte and 
 a half, and h.ilf of this 
 time is consumed in stop- 
 ping' and rcversint;- tlie 
 en,c;ine. With the engine 
 was furnished the entire 
 steel plant of the North 
 Chicai^m Rolling Mill, and 
 over seventy cars were 
 eni]iloyed in its trans- 
 portation. Another piece 
 of work was the manu- 
 facture for the Detroit 
 Water Works of four 
 miles of iron pipe, forty- 
 two inches in diameter. 
 It is a fact rellecting 
 great credit on this cor- 
 poration and its predeces- 
 sor, that from 1S54, when 
 the works began, the 
 wages of employees have 
 been paid in cash on 
 every pay-day, and in 
 every instance' during the 
 long period of nearly 
 thirty years, by the pres- 
 ent secretary and treas- 
 urer of the company. 
 
8o8 
 
 MAMTACrrRINr. KSlAliLiSllMLNTS. 
 
 /'//(■ /:'<ix/'' />('/! l\'i»/,s. 
 'I'liis isimc cif llu' iiiw- 
 t'st of our iiiilu.sirii>. li 
 \v;is fStablisliL'd in 1SS2 
 ill till! I)uiliiiii;4s on I'iftli 
 SliTi'l, txU'iuliiiy from 
 \Vo(Hll)riil;^L' to Coivjfcss 
 SircLi uIk' pi'ciiii;-L's for- 
 iiUTly ncciipiccl l)y J.h k- 
 son ilv: Wilryi. I'iu' oUi- 
 cers of llic coiiipany arc : 
 (i. S. Woniiir, |iii'siilriit 
 and );ciicral niaiiai;cr; 
 11. C. Alhi'i", sicrrtaiy 
 and assistant manav;cr; 
 and C C. W iniui.r, Nice- 
 president, and treasurer. 
 Ail Ivinds of engines and 
 boilers, pulleys, shaftini;, 
 lianyers, arc made and 
 s(ild ; about one tliousaiid 
 tonsof iron are consumed 
 yearly. They carry an 
 exceptionally Ian;c as- 
 sortment of patterns and 
 attend to all kinds of 
 general repair work. 
 
 i-r^^^ 
 
 
 ^Ja 
 
 ■'rPpVSir'--"' 
 
 lypiyiBMTOin 
 
 Oil KU AND W'liuks di' Mii:nii..\N Mai.i.eaiii.k Ikhn Cc, 
 Woodbridge Start, iieiir Twentieth Street. i'.iiilt in iSSa, 
 
 Wooil-WOUKING M.\riIINI-KY EsTAIll.ISIIMKNT OK J. MnllKLS, 
 
 Northeast corner of I'Urt and IScauhicn Streets. liuilt in 1872. 
 
 T/tr J//r///i^'-tr;!. JAr/A-ii/'/, 
 Iron i '()/// /'I i/iv. 
 
 This coinp.any nielti'd 
 their first iron on March i. 
 1882. The oflictrs are : 
 Allan Iloiirn, prtsidcnt ; 
 T. 1). ]>iilil, vice-president ; 
 J. M. I'ancrson, sccrctai'y 
 and treasurer; and T. 11. 
 Simpson, sniierintendcnt. 
 The ollice and works art; 
 on \\'oodl)ri(li;i; Street, 
 near Twentieth. They use 
 the air-furnace pro'css, 
 the hot blast nicltin;^ iron 
 of various kinds in one 
 flux, thus securinij a union 
 of the desirable qualities 
 of several sorts. All kinds 
 of malleable and fine gray 
 iron castings arc made to 
 order, Agricultural and 
 railroad work is a specialty. 
 Orders have been filled 
 from points as far east 
 as 15ridgeport, Conn., and 
 as far west as Eureka, 
 Cal. 
 
Rival 
 
 
 382. 
 
 C'(i////>ii/n'. 
 
 iinipany melli'd 
 irmi oil Marcli i. 
 \(' oHlci rs ai'i' : 
 luni, iircsidi'iu ; 
 1, vii'i'-prcsidriit ; 
 uTSDii, sfiTftary 
 iiRT ; and '1'. 11. 
 
 suiH'riiUiiid(;nt. 
 .and wniks an" 
 (ll)ridv;o Strcrt. 
 ntiitli. 'riuyusc 
 urnace pi'()"css, 
 )],ast nu'Ilin;, iron 
 IS kinds in one 
 
 stTiirinj;- a imion 
 c'siniblc qu;ilitii.'s 
 
 .sorts. All kinds 
 
 )lc antl fine gray 
 ni;s .arc m.adc to 
 \HTicuitural and 
 ■ork is a specialty, 
 lavc been filled 
 nts as far east 
 :p()rt, Conn., and 
 'est as pAireka, 
 
 M.wiiwcrrkixc i.siaum.shmknts. 
 
 /. ,I//(7/(7v' H'li/iJ- n'iir/,'/>/i^-- Mill lii'iiirY 
 i'.sliti'li'slniiiiit 
 is |oc;iic(| on tin; norihc.ist corner of I'ort 
 ;ind rK';iiii)icn Strccls. .-iiid w.is csiahlislK d in 
 i.S6i;, 'I'lu' list of .'irtirlcs ni.inuf.ii (iircd in- 
 cludes pl.uiini;', l)llrinJ^^ moulding;, paiiilin;^s 
 jiiinlini;'. sa\\in'.,^ nialchin.;;-, sli.ipin;.;-. tcnon- 
 in,;,^ fric/in,;^ .ind sliapin^^ ni.icliinrs, wiili ilic 
 .accessories necessary to put tlieni in opcni- 
 lion, Tliese ni.ichines tiiid ;i ni.uiat ;ill over 
 llu: West .and the South, .uid have been ship- 
 ped to jap.an. 
 
 /'//<• WtliiDhil ll'/r,- (Did /nm Company, 
 
 'i'his company was ineor|)or;ited M.ay 3, 
 I1SS3, with ;i c.i|)il;ii of ^joo.ooo. 
 
 The oHiccrs of tiie coin|).iny .are W, I'. Sum- 
 ner, preside 111 ; I". K. Mimkler, si'crct.iry ; .and 
 W. ll.dordon, superintendent. 
 
 'I'hcir l)iiildin;;s, Incaied on the corner of 
 fourth .and t'oiii^ri'ss .Streets, were erected es- 
 pecially for the conip;my,.and ;irt: su|)|)lic(| w iih 
 .all |)ossil)le conveniences for [)r.actic;il work. 
 
 The tirst lloor of the establishment is de- 
 \i)te(l to the in.muf.Kture of wire r.iiliiii;'. iron 
 fences, iron st.airs, lire escapes, I'lc.; the sec- 
 ond story to the manuf.acture of tlie patent na- 
 
 Dbtroit Safe Company's Works, 
 
 Fort Street East, lutwccn ncanliiin .timI St. Antoinc Streets. 
 
 I^iiilt in 1874-80-8?. 
 
 N \ lioN.M. WiKK AMI luo>4 Company's WoKKs, 
 CuriKTof Koiirili and Congress Streets. Iluilt in i88i. 
 
 tion.al cliccse-s.afcs.window 
 and door screens, riddles, 
 s.and ,111(1 cii.al screens, .and 
 othertjoods inthe wooden- 
 w.are Hue ; the third lloor 
 is set .apart t(j the ni.inu- 
 f.acture of wire cloth, 
 sieves, r.it-traps.and t^oods 
 of siinil.ar n.atiire ; and the 
 fourtJi ortoji lloor to paint- 
 inj^'.'uid finishiin;. .Vwiiii;' 
 of one hundred feet on 
 Cono'rcss Street .accoinmo- 
 d.atestlu.'W.arehouse. stock- 
 rooms, and i,''ener.il oHices 
 of the eonip.any. They 
 manufacture bniss and 
 iron wire clotli of every 
 description, includiiiiL,'- spe- 
 cial kinds for threshing- 
 machines, boltinjj cloths, 
 and fannint; mills. 
 
 Much of the wire used 
 is as fine as ordinary sew- 
 \x\\:, silk, and durini^ i^^^S. 
 4,000,000 pounds of wire 
 were used. The product 
 for 1884 will be lari^'cly in 
 excess of these figures. 
 
8i( 
 
 MAXIM AC riuiNC. i;srAi;i,isiiMi:\ Ts. 
 
 'I'licy rilso ni.iki' win: and iron fi'iiciiiv;. wire l.iih- ami forty-twi) safis wore niaiiiifactiiird ; in iSS^, 
 
 \ny;, u in(l(i\v-i;iiar(ls, wiir sii;iis. coiintrr-railiiii^s, 3, iixi. The prices of safes r.in^c from §00 to 
 
 sl.il)le liNlures, eoimlri'-Mipiiorts, roof-crest inv;s, l5>4o,o(x:). Tlu' rei;iilar makes weiijli from 935 to 
 
 lower oni.imeiits, \\eallur-\aiics, am! a iari^e variety 21,850 |ioiimls, and \ary in si/e from one fool fom- 
 
 of specialties. ( )f clieese-safes alone, lliey manii- inches liiv^li by one fool six inches wide, to six feel 
 
 factiire aiiont 20,ixx) yearlv. six inches hii^ii by four feel eleven inches wide. 
 
 'riiey h,i\e ;i larvjc ;imi incriMsim.;- tr.ule, extcrul- N'e.irly one hnndred re.^nilar varieties ;ire made, and 
 
 inii;' from Maine lo California, ;ind from Alaska to any size or kind is made to older, bcsidi's v.iull .iml 
 
 Mexico. ir<in sluitters, ;ind iron work. I'ire or burglar proof 
 
 rKllKISKll OlIUK ASP WoKkS l<\' llll'; DeOKIHT )'hi>N/IC Co.Ml'ANV. 
 
 I'oit SlriH'l, ln'tw^'rii NiiK'tt'i'iitli .iiul 'rwciiliclh Streets. 
 
 T//r Drtroif Siifr Co:i;f>iiiiv. 
 This enormous f.-iclory w;is established' in 1865. 
 and is located al Xos. 67 to 85 Fort Strt'ct I'ast. 
 Amont;; the oris.;inal oiricers were J. J. r>,n;!ey, 
 Z. R. ISrockw.iy, and 1). O. I'ai.u^e. Tlic officers 
 are: W. IS. Wesson, president ; A. S. Wiley, viee- 
 presidenl ; I). O. raiijc, treasurer and ijcnera. iian- 
 aner; A. W. i5;ixler, secretary; ;ind Ceoriic 1'".. 
 Morton, .superintendent. The first year two hundred 
 
 or ciiiiibined fire ;ir.u hur^^lar proof safes, for both 
 home and oflice use. .are made with either simple or 
 double scpLare or round doors. y\Il the safes h;ive 
 round corners and ]5;irticularly close-fitlin.v^ doors ; 
 all are hij^hly finished, and some of the interior 
 decoration is really artistic. Durinij 18,85 they used 
 about one hundred tons of steel and iron piT month. 
 For door frames and j.uiibs they use a lii^jhly car- 
 bonized, and a soft, homogeneous steel fused 
 
UMMMwm 
 
 :liiiT(l ; ill iS.S:;, 
 (• from $fi() 1(1 
 i;li fiiim 935 to 
 )m OIK' fool foiii" 
 wiilc. to six fi'ci 
 I'll iiu'iu's witlf. 
 ■s ;u"i' made, and 
 x'sidi's vault and 
 or l)uri;lar proof 
 
 'it 
 
 &^ 
 
 5^.. 
 
 >■ 
 
 Dof safes, for both 
 itii citiuT single or 
 
 y\ll tin- safrs havi' 
 ■|osi--httii).n- doors; 
 k; of tin" interior 
 Atyr 1.SS3 they used 
 nd iron per month. 
 
 use a hi.v;liiy car- 
 tjous steel fused 
 
 MAMIAC IlKINC. I'.SIAIU.ISIIMI.N TS. 
 
 Si I 
 
 iii'^ctiier in ingots in sueli a manner, that when 
 idllcd inio plalcs. the softer steel, of );re;it tensile 
 sireiii;lh, is eovereil on both sides willi the hii^hly 
 cirhoni/ed steel, whii'h is so tenijiered thai it is 
 dijll proof. II. is |-olled into sh.ipes for some parts 
 (if 1 he work under palenis exelnsively eonirolled hy 
 this eoinpau)'. .\v;i'neies are est.iblish'd .and storks 
 of s.ifes e.ii'ried .at ISoston, Ni'W \n[k, il.iltimore. 
 Au:.;nsl,i, ( 'r,!.. Lyons, N. N'., l.ouis\ille, Ky., l'hie;i;^o, 
 St. r.iul, I )i'nver, ;uid .S.in i'r.ineisen, .and their s.ifes 
 .III' sold to cMslomers .all over the I'nited .St.ales .and 
 ill ('ireeee, (.'hina, |,i|);ui, l''r,anee, Soulh .Anieiie.i, 
 .Ausir.ilia, New /e.il.and, .ind the West Indies. 
 
 '/'//<■ Ihirnil /hinrr (.'inii/xniy. 
 
 This eomp.any w.is ineorpor.aled on [■ehru.ai-y 5, 
 iSSi, Largely lhrou,L;li tlie efforts of j. II. M.ikins. 
 The olliei'rs .ire: I'eler !•;. I )e Mill, president; 
 ( leor,i;e W. Mooi^e, \iee-i)residenL ; .and J.ames.Stew- 
 .'irl. seeret.iry .and ti-e.isurer. The m.iteri.il used 
 |)V them, known as while hion/c, is ;i |Mire zine, 
 relined expri'ssly for their wurk. I'Iua' ni.iki' only 
 1(1 oi'der, .and dui'in;^- I.S.S-; lurned out o\-cr §100, ooo 
 woriii of woi'k in the shape of monuments, sl.ilues. 
 nied.allions, etc. Their i^aiods ;ire sold .and used 
 .i!l ovt'r the United States, C.an.ada, .and South 
 .Xmerie.a. 
 
 T/ir A'. T. Barniiin Wire and Irou H'orh. 
 
 This extensi\-e m,iiuif.aetoi-y l)ei;an in iS^i^ ,,nd 
 w.is ineoi'poi'.iled I'ehrii.ary 1, i.S.Sj. The oHleers 
 ,ire: !■".. v. H.-inuim, ])iX'sidenl and .m'lier.il m,in.ii;er; 
 I'hilo I'.irsons, viee-prcsidenl ; I'". II. lA\avenwoi-tli, 
 seeret.iry; C. V. I'lirdie. supeiantendeiit. The liiLii'd 
 of Directors consists of 1). .M. l'\'rry, D. Whitney, 
 Jr., I'hilo i'.arsons, 11. K. Wliite, 1'.. T. r..irniim, 
 I'h.as. r.ewiek,;ind I". II. I.e.iveinvorth. T;,.: ijeneral 
 onices and works .are located .at the corner of Ilow- 
 ;ird Street .and W.ah.ish Avenue, beiny; the kar^^est 
 of the kind in liie world. The m.iiii biiildin.i;- is 250 
 by 4U1 fei't, with two winv;s, one of 300 .and the 
 other of 4(K) fec't in lenjL;ili, with a r.ailro.ad track 
 betwi'en them. The tr.ack connects with ihc M. C. 
 I\. R. .and yives shippini^' facilities lli.at arc unri- 
 v.illed. 
 
 In .addition to this t;'ener.il c:st,iblishmenl the eom- 
 p.any h.ivi; ;i hr.aneh .at no I..ikc Strt:et, Chic.at^'-o, 
 111. The Detroit works employ about 600 skilled 
 workmen, and there are over 100 at the br.aneh 
 concern. Their cal;ilo,i;iie embraces nearly 1,500 
 articles of their own production, and ihey are 
 extensive niaiiufaeturers of wrout^ht-iron fencing 
 for public and private huildinv,rs, iron Ixileony and 
 steps, fire escapes, roof erestini^, h.ank counter 
 and office railiuij, j.ail work, builders' iron-work, 
 wire eloth of .all kinds .and for all purposes, wire 
 goods of every v.ariety, wire feiieiiiiLj, screens 
 
 sieves, llori.sts' ijoods, brushes, traps, niiiz/les, b.is- 
 kets, e.av^'es, eli.airs, show sl.ands, cheese s.ifes, .md 
 wire sii^ns, br.iss woi'k ol c\cr)' descripiion, iron ,ind 
 br.ass bcdstt'.ids, roller sk.ites, wciibcr \,ines, foiin- 
 l.ains, v.ascs, l.iwn furniture, etc., etc. Some idc.a of 
 the extent of thcii' business will be i^.iiiicd from the 
 f.ict th.il they m.ide i i.otnj.ooo s(|U.ire fcclofwii'c 
 elolh in i<S.S3 .and used in the m.inuf.actiire of \.irious 
 ■articles 375 tons of wire .and 22-, Ions of iron. 
 They ship i^dods from rorll.ind to S;m I'r.in- 
 cisco .and from Minncipolis to ( '■.ahcston. covcrini; 
 ;ill the Sl.ites .and 'IVrrilories, 'I'liey .also h.a\c ,a 
 l.ar^c export ir.ade .and sell .and shiji to |)oinls in 
 Auslr.ali.a, Africa, l'",n,i;kind, Mexico, Canada, .and 
 lira/il. 
 
 UEiHorr Stovk Comp.vnv's Oiikk and Sai.icskoom, 
 32 and 34 Woodward Avtiuic. Iluilt in 1879. 
 
 7V/r Drtroit Slo-w Company, 
 
 or!^-,ani/ed in \'^(-'\, oc(ai|)y about ten acres of irroiind 
 in llanUramek. The ofrKe and s.alesrooms are at 
 
flii|llliilP'"iiiiii|i!!ii';iT'ii|ifiiiii'!!i! 
 
 ''Il'llllllll'' 1'. Ill'j!i r, ■ 'il :'" ' 
 ' 'll'ii! 
 
 H 
 
BBIiVMi 
 
 ;li! 
 
 i) 5 
 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 
 il 
 
wm 
 
 8j4 
 
 MANUlACTURLNt; ESTADLISIIMLNTS. 
 
 32 and 34 Woiulwaiil 
 Avenue. W . 11. I'lIlL is 
 liiwsidi'iu. anil E. .S. ]iar- 
 1)1)111', sut'rc'iary. 'I'lic com- 
 pany employ 1,300 men, 
 and p;iy for labor alone 
 ()\er $500,000 per year. 
 'l"hey m;ike .si'\-en hundretl 
 ilifferent \;u-ielies of slows, 
 and in 1S76 inlroilueed 
 the use of niekel-jilaled 
 stoves. In i.S7othey m.ide 
 abont 16,500; in uSSo, 
 30,000; ;nul in 1X83, 
 49,000; nsin;4" in this Last 
 year 12,500 tons of iron. 
 Uet;i:l;ir ;i;^eneies are es- 
 tablislieil at Storkholm, 
 Kr.ankfort, and London, 
 and luindreds of ear-U)ads 
 are yearly sent to these 
 cities to be distribiiled to 
 various other parts of 
 Europe. The company 
 li:i\e br.iiuh houses at 
 l.uffalo.antl Ciiici^^o, frt)m 
 whence shi[)ments are 
 ni.ide all owr the I'nited 
 St;aes and to New llruns- 
 \\':el'; anil .Vustralia. 
 
 -~::^u .- '-..Wu £NC.lU-rt¥-" 
 
 I'KNiNsii.AH Stove Cumpans's Oi'i-ici-: .and Wukks, 
 Siiiithucst imniTdf l^'mt :ini1 l-'.i,i;luli Strwt>i. liuilt in i8Si. 
 
 Im KKKA Ikon and Sii-.ki. Wouks, VVvanuotm;. Iluili in 1S5J-57. 
 Detroit OiTicf, NV>. Ji Newberry and McMill.in llniltlini;. 
 
BIBvn 
 
 i8Si. 
 
 ^45t;!(.,H«„^)nC3Ki4U»' 
 
 
 
Si6 
 
 MANllACI IKINC, IISIAI'.I.ISI IM1:N1\S. 
 
 < lint pa I IV 
 (•iiniiiK'iuTil ti) inanufac- 
 turcon Sc'i)tfnil)fr 12, 187J. 
 'I'luir works arc on Jeffer- 
 son Avenue just east of 
 Adair Street. Tlie oflieers 
 are; I'raiuis I'alnis, ])resi- 
 dent ; deorii^e II. liaibour, 
 seeretiry; M. 15. .Mills, 
 treasurer; Jereniiaii Dwyer. 
 inana,!L;tr ; and C. A. l)u- 
 eiiarine, inireliasinv,^ a,s;ent. 
 l)urin,vj 1873 8,825 ■'^to\es 
 were nianufaetured ; and 
 in 1883 52,338, usini;- 17,- 
 434, ()00 |)ouiuls of iron. 
 The company employ i.ocjo 
 men, and under the jL^enei'.i! 
 name of Carland make 
 nearly two hundri'd vai'ie- 
 lies of stoves. There aie 
 braneh houses in C'hicat^o, 
 Huffiiio, lioston, and S.ai-r.i- 
 niento, from which ship- 
 ments are made to various 
 countries in Europe and to 
 every State and Territory. 
 
 N.\Tii)N'Ai. Pin Cu.\U'.\nv's Kaltuky, 
 Grand River Avenue, bttwcua Si.xtccntli ami Seventeenth Streets. built in 1875. 
 
 Riiwic iV Havks, Uktkoii' Imi.k Wokks, 
 Nurtlieast corner of Sullivan Avenue aiul Magnolia Street. 
 
 The l\i:insular Sttrnc 
 Company 
 
 was incorporated March 
 23, 1 88 1 , and commenced 
 manufacturing at 1 )etroii 
 in February, 18S2. Their 
 works are on tlic corner 
 of Fort and Eighth 
 Streets. The officers are : 
 W. B. Moran, president; 
 \V. X. Carpenter, vice- 
 president ; James Dwyer, 
 manager ; James A 
 Venn, assistant manager; 
 Robert McD. Campau, 
 secretary ; and Clarence 
 Carpenter, treasurer. 
 They make two hundretl 
 and seventy varieties, anil 
 in 1883 produced 20,000 
 stoves. They havebrancl; 
 houses in Cliicago, and 
 at Troy, New York, and 
 their trade has largely in- 
 creased every year. The 
 first ye.ir of their estab- 
 
,(.,^ .^./tt:.iif 
 
 liuilt in 1S73. 
 
 ''i/!//lS!t/iir S/tTc'c- 
 
 Company 
 
 icorpor;iti.'cl Manii 
 li.ancU'omniciiced 
 acturiiij,^ at Dctroii 
 riiary, 1SS2. Their 
 arc on tlic corner 
 L)rt and Eighth 
 5. The officers are : 
 Moran, president; 
 . Carpenter, vice- 
 ent; James Dwyer, 
 jer ; James A 
 assistant manager; 
 t McD. Campau, 
 ary ; and Clarenee 
 nter, treasurer, 
 make two liundred 
 :venty varieties, and 
 I3 prodticed 20,000 
 ;. Theyhavebrancl: 
 s in Chicago, and 
 :)y, New York, and 
 .rade has largely in- 
 ;d every year. The 
 ■ear of their estab- 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
Si8 
 
 MANUFACTURING KSTAIU-ISHMENTS. 
 
 lislimciit sliipnients wcio 
 made to sixteen different 
 States, to varimis Canadian 
 Provinces, and to Latai<ia 
 in Asia. 
 
 J-lurika Iron and Steel 
 
 Works. 
 
 The works of tliis cor- 
 poration are located at 
 Wyandotte, twelve miles 
 from the city. They \vcre 
 built in 1854, and in that 
 year the first Lake Sujjc- 
 rior iron was there smelted. 
 The present corporation 
 was formed on December 
 19,1883. The offices are 
 
 at Detroit. The olficers 
 are: W. K. ]\Iiiir, presi- 
 dent and general manager; S. D. Miller, vice-presi- 
 dent; ^\'. S. Armitage, secretary and treasurer; and 
 J. S. \'an Alstyne, agent. Dtiring 1883 the comi)any 
 produced 23,000 tons of manufactured iron. They 
 make charcoal i)ig ircjn, from Lake Superior ores, for 
 foundry, car-wheel, and malleable use, also boiler- 
 plate, tank-iron, and the usual variety of common 
 and rellned bar- iron. They sell as far cast as lios- 
 
 Tllli M|1)I>1,|;11K1JUK it I'clST .Ma.nl lALTl KIM. Cu.M IAN v'.s WoUKS, 
 
 Iu8 to lUi Luriiud StrcLt, corner of Cass Street. 
 
 FaCTOUY and Ol'l-lLli OF DETH<iri' SlAMl'ING WuKKS, 
 
 Southeast coriar Lufaycttc and I'nisli Streets. built in 1881 
 
 ton, Mass., and Nashua, N. H., in the West at 
 L)enver, .Salt Lake, and San Francisco, and gener.illy 
 through the F^astern, .Mitklic, and Western States. 
 
 TIic Detroit and Lake Superior Copper 
 Company 
 
 was established in 1850. The smelting works at 
 Detroit are located on the ri\er road, about a mile 
 
 from the city. F^xtt'nsive 
 woi'ks are also e;u'ried 011 
 by the same ciir|)orali(iii 
 ,-it 1 laneock, I.;ike .Supe- 
 riiir. The oliicers ai'e : 
 C. ! I. Caiur, |)i-esidenl; 
 I". I. Kiiigsl)iir\', sei're- 
 taiy; Jlor.aiio I'igelow, 
 treasm'i'r; J. K. Cooper, 
 agent; and r.dwin Keed- 
 cr, superintendent. The 
 com|x-iny's product of 
 copper at ] )etroit in I o6u 
 was 2,940 tons, in 1870 
 4,892 tons, and in 1880 
 7,097 tons, ami more than 
 twice as mueh war, pro- 
 duced ;it Il.'Uieock. Ship- 
 ments are made ;is in- 
 structed l.)\- the mining 
 com[)anies, usually to 
 New York, I'hiladclphia, 
 .•i!id Iloston, but from 
 lliese ])oints ciuantities ol 
 copper smelted at 1 )etroit 
 have been sent to Cer- 
 many, I'"rance, England, 
 Russia, and China. 
 
Souks, 
 
 in the West at 
 
 SCO, and iLiciuTally 
 
 Western States. 
 
 'icrior Copper 
 
 nicltin;^- works at 
 oad, about a mile 
 le city. Extensive 
 ire also carried on 
 
 same coi-poi-alion 
 irock, Lake Supe- 
 Tlie ollici'rs ai'e : 
 C'arter, jjresidenl ; 
 Kini^shury, seere- 
 lloratio ]'>i;^elow, 
 vr; J. 1\. C'linpcr. 
 
 and I'.dwin i-iced- 
 irintt-ndenl. 'i'lic 
 ny's ])rodu('i of 
 at Detroit in loCiu 
 940 tons, in 1H70 
 tons, and in 1S80 
 ons, and more dian 
 as nuH'h war, ])ro- 
 at Hancock. Ship 
 
 are made as in- 
 ■d by tlio mini nin- 
 nies, usually to 
 Vork, I'hiladclphia, 
 iosion, but from 
 points cpiantities ol 
 • smelted at Detroit 
 been sent to der- 
 
 Franee, l".n,iL;!and, 
 I, and China. 
 
 
820 
 
 MANUIACTUKINC. i:s lAl'.l.lsl IMI:NIS. 
 
 over Aincrii'a, I)iil also to loiisianiiimiilc .hkI 
 l.islioii. 
 
 rh,- Drhoit /■'//,■ U',»/:s. 
 
 Tlic Miilillil'roi'k C-- r<>st MtiiiiifiU till illy- 
 L'tnil/iiDty. 
 
 'I'liis cstatjlislimciil, w ill) lliraiii Middli liroi il, .mil 
 I'ldwanl C'. I'ost as v;tiu r.il parliu r-, and l.dward I'., 
 
 Middk'l)ic)ok and IMwaid I'disur as s|)c(ial part- Tiic l)uildin'.^ nl this coipoiaiinn is lijcilcil on llic 
 
 ncis, l)(i.;,in liiisincss in i.S/y, and is iociicd al Nos. iioiilicasi (drnci- of Sullivan /\\rniic ai.d Ma,i;noli,i 
 
 loS and I ID l.arnid Slitcl W'tsl. Anionj.; its trad- Sliccl. Tlic works wcic csl/ililishcd in liS7(j and 
 
 inx spi'cialtirs ari: dirtil. compound and i lian.niahlc llic conipanv iudirporali'd in March, iS.S.}. Soloninn 
 
 jiowcr, liydraulii', steam and li.iud-powir elevators, llayis is prc^i<!eni, and Jonas Kowj', vice-presid( hi. 
 
 sh.ifliiii;, pulleys, liauv;ers, emery niiiideis, rod- 'I'hey make tiles of .ill si/.es ;iiid styles, nsiiin over 
 
 lurninv: maeliines. livjit and heavy castinvjs, and one linndreil Ions of steel per .annum ;ind prodnciiiv; 
 
 sheaves of all sizes. It also linilds elex.iiois of over two hunilre(l do/en liles per d.iy. 'I'liey use 
 
 Irom i.iMio lo ;,o(io pnunils cap.u'ity, to he opei.iicd the ItesI ijr.ides of steel, and llieir i;oods lind ready 
 
 with ihe ()|io .Silent ( ias i''.ii.;;ine. Its shipments .s.ile .ill over tln^ I'nited Sl.iles, and shipments have 
 
 extend lo Mmnesoi.i, .Xikans.ts, New Ndrk, Ohio, been made lo I'airopi!. 
 
 
 Omi.inai I.,miouaiiii;v oi' I'auni'., il\\C'',iV Co., M \m i \i im.im. (hinum' 
 SdUthiMsi (c)iiiii' of I'mss Avriuu; awX lliiiry Slicrl. Isiirlid 111 x'AuG. 
 
 indi.in.i, Kentucky, 'fexas, Cilifoiiii.i, Miehi.v;.'in, 
 Manitoba, Ont.irio, Illinois, and l.ouisi.ui.i. 
 
 7'//(' Witioiidl Pin ('(iiii/iii/iv. 
 
 'i'his is one of the l.-irncst esi.ihlishments in the 
 couiUry, it \v;is orij;;ini/,ed Deeeinher jS, 1X75, 
 and is olliccrod with 1). M. l''eiry ;is ]iresidenl 
 ami ire.'isnror, .and A. W'.irin,^- ;is sicret.iry. They 
 make :i larj^e variety of br.ass .and .idam.intine pins 
 e(iu;il to the best I''.ni.;lisli t;oods, .and .ire sok: m;mu- 
 factnrers of the luirek.i Toilil I'in Rolls. Durinv;- 
 1883 they ni.ide ninety Ions of |)ins, or .about 
 2,4cx5,ooo per day. They ship j^oods, nut only all 
 
 '/'///■ Pt/r(>i/ h'.iiiny Wluil Coiufiaiiv 
 w.as t'st.ihlished by (iilbeit ll.irl in 1875. The 
 works .are located on Lincoln ne.ir Jelj'ersou y\ venue 
 in il.amtr.imik. The < omp.any in.ikt' both emery 
 wheels .and iiiachinciy for iisiiiv;- them, they m.iiui- 
 f,ictm"e wlieels from one foiiiih of .an inch in 
 (li.imeter .and oiu: (|u.arter of an inch thick, up to 
 thirty-si.x inches in di.imeler .and si.x inches thick, 
 these l.ist wei^hini; nearly 800 pounds. 'I'lie wheels 
 .are sold and in use in nearly .all m.anuf.acturin,^ 
 towns in the I'nited St.ates, the extent of their 
 use beiiiv; indicated by the f.act th.it in l88j this 
 establishment u.sed 300 tons of emery. 
 
sl,lllliMii|il'' .'lll'l 
 
 is locilcil "111 llir 
 
 nil ill 1^70 ■lll'l 
 
 I, I.SS4. Sdllilllnll 
 
 c, vitt'-|ii<Ni<linl- 
 Mylfs, iisiiiK over 
 i\\ anil |)i<iiliiiiiiK 
 (lay. 'riiiy IIM' 
 i^DDils I'lnil iraily 
 1 sliipiiHiils liavi: 
 
 r 
 
 lit ill \^7S- '""' 
 ■ IcHrrsnii Avriiuc 
 niakf liiilli iiiuiy 
 lluiu, llu-y inaiui- 
 ili of an inih in 
 iiuh thifk. tip '•' 
 1 six ini-lus lliiik, 
 uiuls. 'I'lir wiufl:' 
 all manufarturini; 
 ic I'.NlcnL of lluii' 
 L thai ill 1883 this 
 luory. 
 
 
 .-'^' :-'.H i^i^ 
 
 
 III 
 
 c,-,^* 
 
 
 M/-'''' 
 
 
 
 m. 
 
 lSiffl!fivi,!i Iwliii 
 
 a 
 
 U 
 
 ■J 
 
 ■J 
 
 
iiw 
 
 822 
 
 MANUFACTrRING ESTAUMSIIMKNTS. 
 
 -r=M^--. 
 
 
 
 
 i-T'lSiW 
 
 ,rfK«i 
 
 
 
 
 :'3 
 
 Lauohatokv ok !•'. SiKARNS A: CoMi'ANV, coriipr i>f Twuiily-riist aiul .Manimttr Streets. liiiilt in i83i. 
 
 T/w Utiioit Door Kitoh i'oinf^oiiy 
 manufav'tiire door-kiidljs in mineral, ji't, porcelain, 
 metal, and silcctcd Wdod in a j^rcat \arifty of style's 
 and their knobs are conceded to possess superior ad- 
 
 Cai'sii.r Fa "^"V of F. A. IIinRi., 
 Comer of Fourth and .. jott Streets. IJuilt in 1881. 
 
 vantaijjes in metiiod of adjustment and dinai)ility. 
 
 Tlie oKieers of tlie comiiany, incorporated on March 
 
 I, 1882, are: I'.. M. Fowler, president; J.J. Ru.st. 
 
 vice-president ; E. M. Lyon, secretary and treasurer; 
 
 and (J. M. Hidden, sup- 
 erintendent. The fac- 
 tory is on the corner of 
 lirush and Lafayette 
 Streets. 
 
 The Detroit Staiiipiiii:; 
 Coiiipoiy. 
 This rom]iany was 
 estal)lished in Ajiril, 
 1880, and their factory 
 is locati'd on the south- 
 east corner of Lafayt'tte 
 and Brush .Streets. The 
 ot'licers are: J. ('■. Stan- 
 dart, president ; L. M. 
 Miller, sicretary and 
 treasurer ; and Charles 
 I'uddefoot, superinten- 
 dent. They manufacture 
 hininiierable varieties of 
 tinware, including ja- 
 p.'uined ,t;oods, pieced 
 and stamped ware, drui,'- 
 gists' goods, street lan- 
 terns, etc., also bronze, 
 brass, and electro pl.'ited 
 goods to order. During 
 1883 they used about 
 
■'.■,^< 
 
 
 MANllACl'lJUINd KSTAIIMSIIMKNTS. 
 
 823 
 
 u and (lural)ility. 
 ^oraud on Marcli 
 idciil ; J. J. Rust, 
 iry and tivasiircr; 
 , M. I liddcn, siip- 
 idfiit. 'I'lie fai- 
 
 011 tllC CoriHT (if 
 
 ami Lafayette 
 
 Adroit Stain pill}:; 
 
 Coin p a. I y. 
 s romix-my was 
 islicd in April, 
 and tiu'ir factory 
 itcd on the soiilli- 
 orner of Lafayette 
 rush Streets. The 
 ■s are; J. C. Stan- 
 president ; L. M. 
 sieretary and 
 irer ; and Charles 
 •foot, superinten- 
 'I'hcy manufacture 
 lerable varieties of 
 re, includini^ ja- 
 ■d yoods, pieced 
 .'uiiped \v-are, drui;- 
 iroods, street lan- 
 etc, also bronze, 
 and electro plated 
 to order. Durinu: 
 they used about 
 
 WHITE LEAD & COLOR WORKS. 
 
 11 fl If f 
 
 iBiiiai^ 
 
 CiLLOUS 
 
 flU 
 
 novDKf.r, imos 
 
 White I, bad and Color Wokks ok ncivuELL Bros. 
 3c;, 41, and 43 Kort Slrtct Kast. Hiiilt in i83o. 
 
 20,000 pounds of iron, 280.000 pounds of tin, and 
 40,000 ])()un(ls of brass, and sell jjjoods ;ill over the 
 United States and in Ilonvj Kong, China. 
 
 Parke, Davis, &^ Company, Manufacturiny^ 
 C/iiiiiisLf. 
 
 This corpor.'ition, in their widely known establish- 
 ment, manufactures four hundrt'd .and fifty varieties 
 of lluid exinicts and one hundred of solid e.xtracts, 
 about si.K luuidred varieties of su^^ar and inrl;itine 
 coated pills, and a large variety of pharm.-iceutieal 
 jireparations known as concentrations, elixirs, wines, 
 syrups, cerates, etc. The crude material for these 
 products, in the form of b.irks, leaves, llowers, 
 roots, etc., from medicinal plants, is obtained from 
 all ([uarters of the globe to the exten*- 'f thousands 
 of tons annu.illy. After passing through their ex- 
 tensive milling de];)artm"nt, the drugs are issued in 
 various forms, and ma keted throughout America 
 and in foreign countrii , Among the many new 
 remedies they have introduced to the know'" 'ge of 
 the medical profession, and which, pre s to 
 1877, were unknown scientit'ieally, are : Eucalyptus 
 Cilobulus, (Irindelia Robusta, Cascara Sagrada, 
 Verba Santa, Coca, Guarana, Jamaica Dogwood, 
 
 Man;ic;i, J,ibor.indi. liojdo, ,ind Cheken. I'heir 
 oper.itions in a single drug in one year, si.N years 
 after its iniroduction, reacheil ^o.txw pounds. 
 
 The comp.iny"s business is conducted upon a 
 strictly scientilic and I'thicil codi', .and their pro- 
 (hicts are jircparcd with a view of supplying drug- 
 gists with goods to be dispensed only upon the 
 prescrijitions of physiei.ins. 
 
 Tluir l.abonitory occupies a i.u'ge S(|u;ire, on the 
 riviT .-It the foot of MeDoug.iil .\ venue. The river 
 front is two hundred and sixty-two feet long, and 
 the entire frontage six luindied ,and foriy-four feet. 
 They employ upw.irds of two limulred and fifty per- 
 sons, and have a c.-ipital of .ibout S5oo.(X)(). The 
 business is conducted by a corpor.ition, under the 
 supervision of 11. C. I'.irke, presidenl, .and ( leorge 
 S. D.ivis, st'cret.iry ,-ind tre.isiirer. In .addition to 
 the m.iin est.iblishnunt .at Iietrnii, .a distributing 
 branch, with .a l.irge stock .and .ample force of clerks, 
 is maint.iincd ,at 60 .M.iicK 11 Lane .and 21 Liberty 
 Street, .New Ndrk. 
 
 T/if I'riuh-rick- Stearns Pharinaciutiial Manu- 
 facturiny; C oinpany. 
 
 This eomp.any r.anks .as ;i jiioneer in the manu- 
 facture of m.iny speej.ilties. The senior member 
 and president of the eomp.any h.is been in the busi- 
 ness over thirty ye.irs. The works of the company 
 ,are on the corner of Twenty-hr.st and Marciuette 
 Streets. Their products embrace all cl,is.ses of offici- 
 nal prep.ir.ations of the I'nited St.ates, the Hritish, 
 the French, and the (lerm.an I'harm.acopcjLia, as W( II 
 as all novelties in pharmacy and medicine described 
 in recent books and jieriodicals. They, are imi^orters 
 of r.are and new drugs, and exporters of medicil 
 products. Their trade extends into every State .and 
 Territory and they c.irry credits to over 15,000 of the 
 ret.ail druggists of the I'nitcd States. The distinct 
 cl.isses of ph.arniaceutie.il goods nimiber over one 
 hundred, and .as the v.arieties in e.ach often go up into 
 the hundreds, the details of their m.anufacture are 
 almost endless. This firm have on their list 1,307 sorts 
 of pills, nearly six hundred kinds of lluid extracts, and 
 over eight hundred kinds of powdered drugs. 
 
 A special feature of this house is the furnishing the 
 retail druggists of the United States with popular, 
 non-secret medicines, the idea being to displ.ace 
 (|uaek and secret nostrums, and sujiply good pre- 
 scriptions, handsomely put up and reason.able in 
 price, to meet the dem.and for simple remedies for 
 slight ailments. Li this speci.al line, introduced in 
 1876, the establishment h.as met with deserved suc- 
 cess and filled a gre.at public want. 
 
 /•'. . /. Huht-rs Capsule Laboratory 
 is worthy of particular mention, as its products arc 
 
824 
 
 MANUFACTURING I:STABL1S11MENTS. 
 
 entirely unique and ilio 
 uieihod of ihcir manu- 
 facture peculiar to De- 
 troit. 
 
 ]''aeli eapsuic consists 
 of two siieils f)f cylin- 
 drical form rounded at 
 one end and o|Hn at 
 the otJK'r, one of tiu'm 
 bcinjj^ shorter and forni- 
 injf the cover over the 
 mouth of the other. 
 They are transpari'iit 
 and readily soluble and 
 serve a most admirable 
 purpose, beinij used to 
 inclose medicines of 
 disajjreeable taste and 
 siuell. They are made 
 of various sizes, of ;i 
 capacity <>f from one 
 grain to one ounce. The 
 laryer sizes are used for 
 horses and other ani- 
 ;nals. 
 
 .Mr. Ilubel bei^an to 
 make them by hand in 
 1S74, and in that year 
 
 Petkoit Whitk I.I'.ai) \V(iu 
 loi to 109 Jones Strict. I'liiilt in 187S. OHIcc, 
 
 Dl-.TUon I.IS-.I.I-.1J Oil. Ci)MI'AN\'s WclKKS, 
 
 Corner ut Lcib and Wi^flit Streets, UuilC in 1880. 
 
 97 Ji(T< isoii Avenue. 
 
 with the aid of one person 
 produced 150,000. The 
 next year he invented lua- 
 chinery and improx'ed liis 
 method of manipul.ilidn. 
 and in 1882 turned (uil 
 forty-live millions, and in 
 I1S1S3 I'lfly-live niillidns. 
 He cnipliiys a lai'v;e luiiu- 
 ber of pi'rsons, mmI sells 
 only to I'arki', Davis, i!v; 
 Company, with \vh(im he is 
 undi'r conti'act antl who 
 supply the trade. 
 
 7V/I- A//t///i^'-(r// W'liiti' 
 Li'iu/ itiid Color lJ'or/:s. 
 This manufactory, 
 owned by lioydell liroth- 
 i:rs, is located at Nos. 39 tn 
 43 Fort Street ICast, with 
 olTice and warerooms at 
 i.S ConiTress Street East. 
 ■j'hey m.mufacture all the 
 usual varieties of paints 
 and Sdiue speci.al brands, 
 desiu^nated as Hoydell 
 Brothers Strictly Fure, 
 Crown Jewel, (larland, 
 
MAXUFACTURINrr ESTAULISHMKNTS. 
 
 S25 
 
 >r^^'*WiS 
 
 ««^>y 
 
 ^a-'-i^tj'^a^i 
 
 lid of one person 
 1 50,000. The 
 lie iiivi'iited ma- 
 nd improved his 
 )f niaiiipulalion, 
 SS2 tuiau'd oul 
 millions, and in 
 ty-five millions. 
 )ys a larvae num- 
 ■rsons, and sells 
 Parke, Davis, & 
 .with whom he is 
 iitraet antl who 
 e trade. 
 
 f<///>(r)/ White 
 d Color 1 1 'orks. 
 man 11 f.ictory, 
 ^ Ijoydell ISrolh- 
 [xtcd at Xos. 39 1( ) 
 itreet I'ast, with 
 d warerooms at 
 'CSS Street East, 
 nuf.irture all the 
 rieties of paints 
 e .spceial brands, 
 (1 as r.oydell 
 Strictly Pure, 
 Jewel, Ciarland, 
 
 Wayne Connty,and (Hieen 
 City white leads, with par- 
 lor, yreeii seal, red st'al, 
 and T.ehisrh zincs. 'I'hey 
 also |)ro(hiee from 500,000 
 to 8oo,oou pounds of put- 
 ty, about 600 tons of white 
 lead and many thousands 
 of gallons of mixed paints 
 c.ieh year. 
 
 'f/u: Ihtroit White Lead 
 
 Works, 
 located at loi to 109 Jones 
 Street, with office at 97 
 Jefferson Avenue, was in- 
 corporated on December 
 22, loSo. The oflicers of 
 the company are : I'ord D. 
 C. Ilinchman, prt'sident ; 
 H M. I^ean, \ice-|)resi- 
 dent; I'ord II. Rosters, 
 treasurer and manasi^er; 
 and C. 1>. Shotwell, secre- 
 tary. The works produce 
 an unusual number of va- 
 riilies of paint:;, including 
 strictly pure and graded 
 
 Ofi ICI-; 
 Varnish Manufacturers. 
 
 AND I'ACKiKV (11' llllliKV IIku I II i:i;s, 
 
 Corner of Leib and Wight Streets. Uuilt in iS6i. 
 
 SOAI' ANU CANDl.li MANL'l-AeTOKV Ol' ScilUl.TK UkOS. 
 
 S. W. Corner of Rivard and Franl^lin Streets. liuilt in 1858-70. 
 
 white lead and zinc paints 
 both dryandgroiuul in oil ; 
 also twenty-four shades 
 of liiiuid paints, distemper 
 colors, graining groimds, 
 wood fillers, walnut stains, 
 coach paints, pulty, etc. 
 They are also lai'L;c man- 
 ufacturers of \;irious 
 grades of v.irnish. The 
 extent of their business is 
 indicated in the fact that 
 in I1S.S3 they piu'chased a 
 million potmds of dry 
 white lead. 
 
 Tlie Detroit Linseed 
 Oil Coiiif>iiiiy 
 was established in iSiSo. 
 The oflicers of the com- 
 pany are: J. II. Perry, 
 president; Jami's McMil- 
 lan, vice-president; Hugh 
 McMillan, secretary; and 
 S. I".. Pittman, manager 
 and treasurer. In 1S83 
 the com])any produced 
 6,000 barrels of raw and 
 boiled oil, and tlic linseed 
 
I -u^iiilUli.UMi 
 
 S_'6 
 
 MANUFACrrRINM^. KSTAI'.I.ISI IMI'.NTS. 
 
 meal or nil cnkc rcsiilfiiij^' from their inaiiiifacliirc 
 ami)iiiit<'<l to J, 400 tons. This last prodiul is inar- 
 kclcil lo soiiK' extent in the United Slates, l)ul is 
 chieliv siiipped lo Juii^iand, Seotlaiid, I'" ranee, and 
 lU'li;ium. 
 
 7'//i' /irrry /Ini/Ziirs' I'tini/s/i Miunifdc/oy 
 
 vv.'is tsiahlislied l)y josepli 11. and Tiioinas ISeny in 
 1851S, and orii^in.illy prodiieed only ahoiil two hun- 
 dred harri'ls jier yi'ar. 'I'hi'ir works now have a 
 eapaeitv of over v),(kx) barrels yearly. 'I'lu-y make 
 jjrades of \arnish to suit the w.anls of i'\'ery trade, 
 ineliidini;' ear, e,irri;n;c, waj;on, cihinel, and imple- 
 ment m.ikers; from one lo twenty valvules heini; m.ide 
 for e;ieh el.ass of business. They .also m.akt' l,ie(|uers 
 for tin, iron, and other nuMals. I'".iii;iil br.ineh houses 
 are loe.ited ;it New N'ork, iJoston, I'hiladelphia, 
 llaltimore, Rorhester, Si. I.ouis, Cineinnati, ;ind 
 (bicaijo, .and shipments are made all over the 
 I'nited St.ites, lo I'.uropi', Afrie.a, the .S.mdwieh 
 Islands, ,ind to various p.irls of South America. 
 
 'I'/ir Scliiilti' Ihollitrs Soap l'<utory, 
 
 now carried on by Joseph .Schulte, is one of the 
 oldest bnsint'ss est.ii)lishmeuts in Detroit. X'.irielics 
 
 
 Till! l'"iusT T(iiiA((o I'ackikv in DF.TUorr. ' 
 
 HkI Ml l''.\l |U1;V AMiSlol.l fil 
 I..M INKU, 
 
 Successor to I.ailiicr liros., iici U;iii- 
 clol|ili Sired. I'.iiill ill iH;.). 
 
 known as (ierman 
 ,ind ('lerin.ui I.;iun- 
 dry, Indi.aii Chief, 
 
 '■ee-hive, I' a m i 1 y, 
 and 1 li.usi'hold soaps 
 .ire produced, ;md 
 ste.irine .ind t.illow 
 candles ;ire m,anuf;ic- 
 tiired. Dnrini; 18.S3 
 they m.aile 4(),<)<k,' to 
 50, (XX) pounds of 
 so.ip .and 2,000 
 |)onn(lsof candles per 
 week. The ollice and 
 works .are loc.ait'd on 
 the corner of I'f.ank- 
 
 in .and Riv.ard 
 Streols. 
 
 TJir l.ixitiicr /hush 
 luulory. 
 '{■hisest.ablisiuiicnt, 
 
 oi'.iti'd at 220 R.an- 
 dol|)h Street, is con- 
 ducted by Aloys L.ait- 
 ne r, successor to 
 I-.iilnt'r IJrolhcrs, .and 
 is the oldest .and the 
 l.iri^est brush f.icloi/ 
 in the city. ( )vcr 
 three hundrtil kinds 
 of brushes .arc m.ulo 
 in this concern, .and 
 
 'I'he tr.ide is mostly 
 
 * 'I'lic lieKiiininis's of tlic tolmcco business in Detroit gave no 
 Indicilions of its present extent. 'I'lie lirsl nianiif.'irtiiriT, Ceorne 
 Miller, lii'nan alioiit iH.)o. Hi: sold out to his fatlur, Isaiie S. 
 Millir, as early as 1K4S. and in 1841) lie sold to his son, '1'. C. 
 Miller. His store was located on the east side of Woodward 
 Aveniie, just lielow letTi'rson Avenue, and the toliacru was (lit in 
 the cellar. The |iower was supplied liy an old lilind horse, who 
 was lowered into the cell.ir, and remained there until he was dead. 
 
 otiui' v'.irielies ke|)t in stock 
 
 in the West .and e.vtcnds to C.alifoini.i .and Mexico. 
 
 '/'//(' .Inirn'tivi /■'.d^/r '/'o/uitfo Coiii/xtiiy. 
 
 This com]i.iny, in i.SiS^, siiccei'ded the linn of 1\. 
 C. li.irker (S: Comp.any, est.ablished in i.S4<S, .and on 
 Ajiril I, 1883. the new buildin,^, Nos. 45 to 53 
 Woodbridj^c; Street West, was first ociaipied. It 
 h.is .1 fiontane of on(! huiidri'd .ami six feel, .and 
 a depth of two hundred fi:et. The oHicers of 
 the comp.any .are: M. S. Smith, president; J.inus 
 Cl.ark, vice-president; C. H. Hull, treasurer .and 
 mana.v^er; and ('■. IS. 1 1 utchins, secretary. Sonu: 
 of the best known iir.andsof their fine-cut .are desiij- 
 n.ated by the n.ames of American M.a.nle, Hij.ah's Joy, 
 Clijiper, and Crown of T)eli>^ht. in .smokini; tobacco 
 the Universal Favorite, M.ackinaw, and Caiiad.a Mix- 
 ture are well-known grades. During 1883 they 
 
 The tohacco, fifteen or twenty pounds at a time, was dried in the 
 loft of the building. 
 
 Morechewinv; tobacco is made here than in any other American 
 city, with possibly two exceptions. About f',<»x),ui«i pounds of 
 ch.vvlin; ami smoking' toh.icco, and not far from .(0,00.1, .kki cigars 
 are made in ilii' city yearly, and the manufacturers pay an aver- 
 nge of $1,1). «.,ii<xj a year as Kovernnient taxes. 
 
MANUFACTURINC. KSTAl',I.ISiIMi:N TS. 
 
 827 
 
 ■n as (HTinan 
 Cicnnaii I.aiin- 
 
 Indian C'liiif, 
 liivc, I'amily, 
 l(.ust'lii)l(l soaps 
 pioduccil, ami 
 iiic ami lallnw 
 lis arc iiiaiuifac- 
 i. Diiiiiii^ 1S.S5 
 niailc 4(>,(>(X; tn 
 )0 pounds of 
 ) and 2,000 
 ids of caiidli'spcr 
 c. The olticf and 
 <s arc located on 
 [■orncr of l'"rank- 
 
 and Rivard 
 L;ts. 
 
 J.nitiii-r /hush 
 I'dctory. 
 Ills establishment, 
 led ;it ^^o Kan- 
 )h Sti-eet, is eon- 
 Led by Aloys L;iil- 
 , siieecssnr to 
 iier Unit hers, and 
 iic oldest .and the 
 est brush facto;/ 
 the city. ( )vcr 
 •e hnndred kinds 
 jfushes .are ni.ade 
 ihis eonci-rn, and 
 le tr.ade is mostly 
 Drni.i .and Mexico. 
 
 ■CO Coiii/iiJiiy. 
 
 led the tlrm of K. 
 d in 1S4.S, .and on 
 ;, Nos. 45 to 53 
 lirst ociaipied. It 
 and .six feet, .and 
 The ofricers of 
 
 president ; J.ames 
 all, ire.'isiirer .and 
 , secretary. .Some 
 
 fme-eul are desi.v(- 
 Kajjle, Hijah's Joy, 
 n smokinii tobacco 
 ', and Canada Mix- 
 Uuring 1883 I'^^V 
 
 a time, was drieit in the 
 
 1 ill any ullicr Anicrican 
 lilt fsi»x>,ijt«> ponndK of 
 ir fniiii .(o,ooi> i«»i < iKiifs 
 iiif.-ictiircrs pay .-in avci- 
 
 manufai'tured \,^(>^,t):.(i puumls. Tiicy ship 
 lo nearly c\ery city .and town in llie I'nilcd 
 .St.ites .and li.ave shipped to China ami lir.axil. 
 
 'J'/if Jiiiiniir ToIhicco I'actory, 
 incorporated in June, 1.S7.S, is the stiecessor 
 of tile linn of Ni:\in iV. Mills, composed of 
 I'Y.ank Nt^vin .and Merrill I. Mills, est.iblMied 
 in i.'-;5i. The present odicers of the com- 
 pany .are: W. II. Tefft, president; M. 1'.. 
 Mills, vice-president; and I>. !■". Il.iMnn, 
 secret.ary, treasurer, .and tjciicral m.an.aj^cr. 
 The factory w.as located for many ye.ars ,at 
 Nos. 193 .and 195 Jell'erson A\eiuie, coiiui- 
 of ll.atcs .Strei:t, .and in 18.S4 mo\cd into 
 their new establishment .at Nos. 53, 55, 57. 
 ■and 59 L.arned .Strei't, corner of R.andolph. 
 Their best known br.ands .are H.anner, Oiiole, 
 I'.irmer, I'r.airie Rose, .and Antt:lope, chew- 
 irn^-, .and ('hie, Roy.al, .Snowllake, llelle, De- 
 troit, .and I'ncle lien, smokin.tj tob.acco. In 
 i.s;-i3, they maimf.ictured QfJo.ooo pounds, 
 Their s.alcs (Wiend .all o\er the rnilcd St.alcs 
 .and Territories. 
 
 TJic ///(i-a><i//i(i Tobacco I'actory of Ihtiih I 
 
 S(<i//cii J'--' Coiii/iaiiy, 
 established in 1856, under tlu' n.ame of Scot- 
 
 llANNliU IcIDACCll CoMI'.A N \ 's WnUkS, 
 
 51, 55i 57. .iii'l 5') l.anii'd Slritt, luinri nl K.iiiilolpli. liiiilt in i88.(. 
 
 A.Mi.Mi \s t \i,i !■ I'm; \( I i; JAi iui.\ (-.m i issi.r,, i,, K. C. Hark. -r .t Co.), 
 45. 47) I'Ji 5' "'I'l 53 Atwaler Strcit. liuilt in 1883. 
 
 Wells. The firm is composed 
 of Daniel and Onn Scotten. 
 They m.anuf.acture pluv;-, chewini;, 
 and smokini; tob.acco. 'i'heir Ic.id- 
 injf br.ind of pint;- and fine cut 
 tob.acco is 1 li.aw.ath.a: other br.inds 
 of tinc-<ait are I harmony. Pro- 
 press, Tulip, I'cder.al, .and Iler.ild. 
 Amon^- their bi.ands of sniokin.i^ 
 tob.acco are C.iliunet, M.iud S., 
 Telephone, I'aioch yXrdcn, \.C'^- 
 hiirn, Nalion.al I'ride, .Silk I'liish, 
 .and Honey Dew. In i.S,S3 the lirm 
 m.inuf.actured 2,oii,2(So pounds. 
 Shipnicnls .are made to London, 
 l',n;.;l,iiul. to Honolulu, .and to 
 points ,as f.ar east .as IJoston, 
 as f.ar west as Portkand, and 
 south to Richmond, V'a., and 
 Winston, N. C. 
 
 77ic Cilolu- To/iacco I'actory, 
 
 incorporated !n iSRo, is the suc- 
 cessor of .a business established in 
 1.S70, by W.alker, McCir.aw.iV Com- 
 
 len, Gr.an,^er, «!<: I.ovett, is now located on the jKiny. The ofTicers are: Thom.is McCiraw, presi- 
 eorner of Tort and Campau Streets, in Spring- dent; W. K. I'archer, vice-president; and A. A. 
 
828 
 
 MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 Unuti'll, secretary and treasurer. The factory is 
 
 located at T,i to 
 
 J3 
 
 Atwater Street East. In 
 
 iS<S3 tliey iiiaiuifactured lo.cxxj.ooo ciijarettes 
 and over 1,300,000 pounds of siiiokini^.-ind cliew- 
 \n^ tobacco. Tlie dlohc is tiieir leading brand of 
 chcwintf tobacco ; Nerve and Fearless are their 
 best sniokinvj brands. They also make the Ciold 
 Make Cut I'lu.ij, and several br.inds of loim-cut 
 smoking tobacco. They ship to all parts of the 
 Ignited States and the Dominion of Canada, also 
 to points in England, Scotland, llelgium, Fr.ance, 
 Spain, South Alrica, New Zealand, Chili, Brazil, 
 and the Argenliiu Republic. 
 
 )'//;•/■, A'/c//, >1'--- Coiiifiaiiw 
 a ligar nianuf.uturing lirm, composed of Edward 
 r>urk, Charles A. Rich. ;uid J. O. \',in Anden, 
 occupy a leading jiosition. They are located at 
 Nos. 4(S to 54 Congress Street East, and manu- 
 facture 3,0(X),ooo cigars yearly, using 75,000 
 pounds of leaf. Tluy ship goods ,'is far west as 
 New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming Territories, and 
 have a large trade at points nearer home. 
 
 'I'Jic Jfiir^ri-ii7'(S Aftvni/difi/r/ni;' Coiiipatty. 
 
 'i'his company was incorporated on January 
 I, 1.S72. The officers are: W. 15. Wesson, presi- 
 dent; Lyman H. r>ald win, .secretary and treas- 
 
 Thf. ('iI.ohk ToiiAceo I'.M rum', 
 31 1035 Atuntcr Strict h'.ast. IJiiili in iS6j. 
 
 iliAUAUiA luiiAci-o Iaciohv OK Uanikl bl-U 1 1 u.n d^ Cu., 
 Soiithcnst comer of Fort ami I'amp.ui Slrocts. Springwills. I'.iiilt in 187s. 
 
 urcr, and Frank F. Wright, 
 m.'Uiager. They emiiloy 250 
 hands and make hundreds 
 of varieties of fra.iies and 
 mouldings for pictures, mir- 
 rors, and cornices, of va- 
 rious woods and imitations, 
 with gilt mouldings of all 
 classes. It is the largest 
 establishment of the kind 
 in the United States, and 
 probably the largest in the 
 world, and finds .sale for 
 its products all over this 
 country and in Brazil, Cer- 
 many, and the Sandwich 
 Islands. 
 
 The Richanlson Match 
 Factory, 
 
 established by D. M. Rich- 
 ardson in 1856, was trans- 
 ferred to the Diamond 
 Match Company on Jan- 
 uary I, 18S1. The works 
 have a frontage of 250 feet 
 on Eightli, l)etween Wood- 
 bridge and Fort Streets, 
 
MANUFACTURING ESTAHLISIIMICXTS. 
 
 829 
 
 ^rank F. Wright, 
 They employ 250 
 make hundreds 
 s of f Hi. lies and 
 for pictures, niir- 
 cornieos, of va- 
 Is and imitations, 
 niouichngs of all 
 It is the largest 
 lent of the kind 
 iiited States, and 
 the largest in the 
 d tinds sale for 
 :ts all over this 
 1(1 in Brazil, C.cr- 
 id the Sandwich 
 
 :/iarclson Match 
 Factory, 
 
 d by D. M. Rich- 
 1856, was trans- 
 3 the Diamond 
 onipany on Jan- 
 8<Si. The works 
 )ntage of 250 feet 
 1, lietweeii \\'ood- 
 nd Fort Streets. 
 
 HaUGKI'AV1;S M.\NfF.\CTlklNc; CoMrANv's OlFKl-; AMI WOKKS, 
 
 Howard. fr<iiu Si-vuntcciuli tu KiglituciUh Street. liiiilt in 1S63, 1870, and 1873, 
 
 They employ three hundred persons, and 
 in 1.SS3 1,920,000 feet of lumber were used 
 in the works. When working at their full 
 capacity, double that amount of lumber is 
 used. Five hundred persons are employed, 
 and 500,000 gross of bo.xes of matches 
 ni.ide yearly, or 50,000,000 single matches 
 each da)-. Up to July i, 1883, the factory 
 1 aid the ( /"lovernnient for .stamps used 
 on their matches the enormous sum of 
 §4,691,081. Both parlor and suljihur 
 matches are manuf.aetured, and goods are 
 marketed as far east as I'ittsburgh, as far 
 west as Salt Lake, and south to New 
 t)rleans. 
 
 'J7ii' Cloui^h &^ M'arrcn Origan Company. 
 
 The beginning of this establishment 
 dates from 1850. The firm is now com- 
 posed of James K. Clough, Cieorge P. War- 
 ren, and Jos. A. Warren. Their factory on 
 Congress Street e.xtentls from Fifth to Si.xth 
 Street and has a capacity of 7,000 organs 
 per year. Fifty different v;irieties are made, 
 ranging in price fron\ $18 to $1,500. In 
 1S59 ( )ueen\'ictoria purchased one of their 
 organs to be sent as a present to her sub- 
 jects, the celebrated Pitcairn Islanders ; 
 their organs are sold in numbers in all 
 parts of the ISritish Dominions and in 
 China, Japan, South America, the V>'est 
 Indies, Australia, Russia, Italy, France, 
 Germany, Portugal, and Austria. 
 
 CiG.\K Factohy ok Bcrk, Rich, i: Co., 
 4S to 54 Cyugress Street East. lUiilt in 187a. 
 
■J. 
 
 v=ae*iriL, 
 
■•WWW^if, 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
S3-^ 
 
 MANUl-'ACTUKINCi K.SIAI'.I.ISI IMIiN TS. 
 
 M. J. Miophy &^ Ci'.'s S/»in:^- lud and 
 Chair l-'actory. 
 
 'I'liis I'xti'iisivo cstal)Ii>lmK-iU is located on 
 the conuT nf iMiiirili and rortcr Siivcls, ami 
 diinn)4 iiS.S3 inanufacliircil 150,000 chairs and 
 rockiTs, 22,000 wovcn-wiri' iiiailri'sst's, and 
 iS.ooo s|)rin,ij-l)f(ls, workinv; up 250,000 feet of 
 Uinihor, ni.iny tons of wire, .and la;^i' (juantitics 
 of olIuT in.itcrial. 'riicirj^oodsarc sold tlu'oui^ii- 
 oiit the Tnitcd States and tln' Canadian Dn- 
 niinion, find a ready market, and are shipped 
 from W'innipc;^: to New Orleans and I'd I'aso, 
 cast to i'liiiadelphi.a, and west to S.ilt Lake City. 
 
 Gray vl^ l'>\[Ty> Maitiifacturi)!^;- I'ftliolstrrcrs. 
 This firm, composed of Alfred A. Ciray aiiil 
 Kus;ene ilai'fy, located at Xos. 98, 100, and 102 
 Congress Street West, near Cass Street, are 
 extensive manufacturers of upholstered furniture 
 and of frames for upholsiered wares. They als( 
 m.ike cabinets, m;intels, and all kinds of odd 
 pieces for odd places. Ilesitles ;i lari^e Michi- 
 i;.in tr.ide their y,oods ruui sale in Ohio, Indiana, 
 'I'ennsylwmia, New ^'ork, Marylam!, and Dela- 
 u.ire. The;,- use about 300,000 feel of lumber 
 yearly, besides several luinilred tons of hair, 
 tow, and other kinds of liiling used in uphols- 
 tered work. 
 
 Sl'RINC. liEI) ANU ClIAIK rACTOKV Ol- M. J. McRTHV Jl Co., 
 
 Corner of Fourth and Porter Stncts, lUiilt in 1865-83. 
 
 TJif Sii/fi'i! Mainifac- 
 iiiri'iii; ( 'oiiipany. 
 
 This cninpany is the 
 successor of J. W. Sutton, 
 founder of one of the 
 oldest pail factories in 
 tlie coimtry. Their works 
 are located at Nos. 47S 
 to 4.S4 Fort Stri't't West. 
 The ol't'icers are : J. S. 
 Hopper, president ; 1>. F. 
 Sutton, superintendent ; 
 and U.S. Hopper, man- 
 ager. 'I'hey make to- 
 bacco, candy, lard, spice, 
 and jelly pails, also the 
 universal ]iine water- 
 pails. They use nearly a 
 thousand cords of wood 
 yearly, and in 1X83 pro- 
 duced 1 20,000 pails. 
 
 Mi/iiifortf, Fosft'r, e-^ 
 Co.'s J. as/ I\iitory. 
 
 This factory was estab- 
 lished in .April, 1864. 
 Their store is at No. 16 
 
t'^v. 
 
 m 
 
 fc-i 
 
 uill ill iSSj. 
 
 'if//i>/i Maiiufitc- 
 /'/{i; ( \<iiipdity. 
 
 cninpany is tlu' 
 ,(n-(if J. \V. Suttnii. 
 r of oiH' of iIk' 
 
 prii! factoi'ifs in 
 nlrw 'I'iu'ir works 
 alcii at Nos. 47.S 
 
 Fort Stri'i-t West, 
 fficcrs ai\' : J. S. 
 r, picsidiiit ; 1). F. 
 , suiK'riiUi'iulcnt ; 
 . S. Hopper, niaii- 
 'riuy make to- 
 
 caiidy, lard, spice, 
 •lly pails, also the 
 sal Jiiiie water- 
 
 Tluy use nearly a 
 lul eorils of wood 
 , and ill i>S83 pro- 
 
 120,000 pails. 
 
 •forii, lu'stt-r, <S-^ 
 V J.dsf l-'actory. 
 
 i factory was estab- 
 
 in .Xpril, 1864. 
 
 store is at No. 16 
 
 MANUFACTURINC. liST.MlI.ISIIMFXr.S. 
 
 ^2>l 
 
 Cir.itiot .\veniH', ilicir fac- 
 tory at 401 Atwaler Street, 
 between Riopelle .ind Or- 
 leans .Streets. They use 
 about three luindred cords 
 of maple bolts per year, 
 make fifty varieties of lasts, 
 and pnxluce nearly 100,000 
 p.iirs yearly. They ship all 
 o\'er the I'nited Slates 
 and to the West bidies. 
 
 Tin- J)rtr,>il \\'illo7i<-\Vayc 
 I'iUtory. 
 
 This factory, owned l)y 
 A. Doiukro, is locatid at 
 57 and 59 ^b)nroe Avenue. 
 ( )\er two hundred v.irieties 
 of b.askcts arc manufac- 
 tured in this esl.ablishment, 
 besides willow'cabs, cradles, 
 sofas, chairs, stands, etc. 
 .\ large variety of foreij,ni 
 basket wares arc also kept 
 in stock, and shipments 
 made throu;,:^hout the coun- 
 try. 
 
 mum'^Vi 
 
 iiii 
 
 478 to 4S4 1' 
 
 l> I' Ml. 1' M I ' f.i 
 
 iMl Slri-it West. 
 
 , .\M) Rl.^IPI.\> 1 CI 
 
 Hoiisu Iiiiilt ill iS.)>; 
 
 \Vi|.1.u\V-W.M;K r.MlUUY AM) StoIJK I'F .\. IIONDERO, 
 
 j7 ami 5.1 Moiiriii; .\vi-mii.'. lUiilt in iSji-yq. 
 
 1 III: i.Ai 1; J. W. Si 1 iiiN, 
 I'ac liiry ill 1855. 
 
 /V//i,'7'(V c'^ Slllt//l's S/liW 
 
 I'iuti'yy. 
 
 This is the lari^c^.t fac- 
 tory of the kind west of 
 New N'ork, and there are 
 but very few as l.irt^c in 
 the United Stales, 'I'he 
 business was est.iblishcd 
 in December, iiSf/i, by II. 
 S. I'injrree and Chas. 11. 
 Smith. On May i, 1X83, 
 Mr. Smith retiri tl, and the 
 business was transferred 
 to 11. S. I'ini^rec, F. C. 
 I'inji^ree, C. d. M, liond, 
 and J. !>, Ilowarih, who 
 continue the business un- 
 der the old firm name. 
 The e.xtenl of tluir trade 
 is indicated by the fact 
 that in I0.S2, besides usint^ 
 great (juantities of other 
 materials, they cut up 
 3 1, 489 sides of sole leather, 
 56,340 kid-skins, 30,504 
 goat-skins, 35,436 sheep- 
 skins (for linings) and 
 40,356 calf and kip skins. 
 
■ 4^.1 j:t'iil'is ill 
 
 ^1 !?f!1 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 •c 
 
 T3 
 O 
 
 S 
 

 3 
 
 o 
 
 ^0 
 
 •c 
 
 ■X3 
 
 
 
 MANUKACrUKINd IISPAIIUSIIMKNTS. 
 
 ^V>5 
 
 (Iiiiai^iiic. il ynii I an, the 
 fiioriiioiis (Iri)Vis of ani- 
 mals llial tlu'sc lii^uiiis 
 rfprcsriil.) 'I'lic prodml 
 was Kol>l in llic rorni of 
 490,877 p.iirs (if boots, 
 slioes, and slippers of 
 various styles for mk 11, 
 woini'M, and rliiliircn, 
 'I'lu: lirni iinploy from 
 six to st'Vcii liiindnd 
 iiaiitls. 'I'lic sales, w liieli 
 \,(.rc only $J5,(x>o in 
 |S(')7, in 18.S2 re.ielied 
 
 ;is f.ir south as Cliaita- 
 noojLja, Tenn., ;is far west 
 as S.in I'nineiseo, as f.ir 
 M( iri h as St. I 'atil, and east- 
 ward in Massachiisells 
 and New I lanipsiiire. 
 
 / '<i// e-» Crdiw's Ci iiikcr 
 i'actory. 
 Tiiis extensive eonc irn 
 is located at Nos. 48 to 
 56 Woodbrid.iL^c Street 
 JIast. 'I'he huildini^' has 
 a frontajje of ninety-tivc 
 
 Cl.AI lU U AMI I'.ls 11 M'.MIACI. 1 ■, (H \ .11 A lliAM;, 
 
 48 III 5(i Wuoclliriil.iji' Street Knst. Iluilt In 1881. 
 
 Heciii Johnson's Cahhia(;k Kactohy and Stokks, 
 102 to 106 I-ariiLd Slrtel West. liuill ill 1871. 
 
 and a drpih of ei'^hty 
 feet. It W.is erected hy 
 the firm especially for a 
 cr.'ieki r ni.anufaclory, and 
 is all tilili/.ed for tin: needs 
 of the business. In the 
 kneadini,^ department 
 masses of doiii;h, Iart(e 
 as feather-b 'ds, _s;ive in- 
 dicnlions of ".he extent 
 of ihcir manufaetures. 
 During 1H85 they baked 
 16,441 barrels of ilour 
 ,ukI used 997 tiiTces of 
 lard. The b.akery is the 
 lartjest in the Stale, and 
 has a cajiiicity of one 
 hundred barrels of Hour 
 every ten hours. About 
 ;i dozen varieties of erac:k- 
 ers, biscuits, and snaps 
 are made, .and shipped to 
 INjrlland, lioston, New 
 'S'ork, Washiut^ton, Da- 
 kot.a Territory, Jackson- 
 ville, Fla., and interveninjr 
 points. 
 
836 
 
 MANUFACTURING ESTAliLIiillMENTS. 
 
 J/iti;/i Johnson s Carrit\i:;v Establishntcnt. 
 This factory is loiatrd at 102 l.ariu-d Strn-t West, 
 and is one of tlic laij^x'st ii\ llu; city. In addition to 
 a larjfe line of rarriaijcs of his own make, new 
 styles of otluT inakirs arc obtained every s|)rin,v,' 
 and fall. I'artieiilar attention is paid to repair work. 
 
 The Johnston ( >^//iti/ Company 
 
 occupy a Icidinif position in the nianufacturo of 
 S|)ectaclcs, cspei'ially ^old-mounted ;^oo(ls. They 
 sell over two hundred styles, and hi'sides supplyiniLj 
 nlaces near home, tliey ship to WinnipejL;, Montre.il, 
 I'lova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Santlwich Islands, 
 C.iiifornia, and the Southern States. They are 
 inventors and maiuifacturers of a patent dioptric 
 eye-meter, which is pron(nuiced by the le;idinij pro- 
 fessors of oplnhaimoloiry to blithe best instrument 
 .' the kind yet produced. 
 
 It is not cl.iinied th.it the fore^ioinj; list of factories 
 ini liides all of thr l;irv;i'r est.ihlisluuents, hut it is in- 
 tendeil to he, and is, ;i representative list. Amonj^' 
 the larjfe factories not already named is the Clark 
 ll.'irdw.ire Coni|),any, who m.ike builders' h.irdw.are 
 ami other specialties ; the Detroit City and the Leon- 
 ard (i lass Works; the dale Sulky Harrow M.anufac- 
 turiiiv; (.'ompaiiy; the Michi,;4.an C.'irbon Works, 
 ni.uuif.icturers of I'erlili/ers and oilur products; the 
 I'uihn.ui Car Works ; iia,^dey's Mayflower Tobacco 
 {•'actory; the Detroit i'.lectric.'il Works; Krost's 
 Wooden Wa.e Works ; the Detroit iirush Company ; 
 tlie Dry Dock ICnijine Works; the Kulton Iron 
 Works; the Miciu'.i^;m Holt and Nut Comp.any ; the 
 Detroit l.e.ul Pipe and Sheet Lead Works ; the Dia- 
 mond l''annin,i,f Mill Company ; the (irithn Car Wheel 
 Company ; and the Detroit Copper and Brass Roll- 
 ing MiU. 
 
list of fiKtorii's 
 iits, but it is iii- 
 c list. Anions 
 f(l is tlu' dark 
 kliTs' harduari; 
 y and the I.t-on- 
 ;irn)\v Maiiiifac- 
 Jarboti Works, 
 T products ; the 
 llowiT 'I'ohacTO 
 ^Vorks; Frost's 
 irusli Company; 
 le Fulton Iron 
 ; Conii)any ; tiio 
 Vorks ; tlu' Dia- 
 rillinCar Wiu'tl 
 antl lirass Roll- 
 
 CHAPTER L X X X. 
 
 THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TFMl'FRANCi: FFKOKTS. 
 
 Tmf, sale and use of brandy at Detroit date from 
 the scttU'int'iit of tlic city, aiul nearly all thi' (iilli- 
 ciilties between Jesuits, comniand.ints, and traders 
 hail their oriijin in efforts to ri'slrict or monopolize 
 the trallie in this beveraj^c. So serious were these 
 (juarrels that the settlement was almost torn to 
 pieces by tile i)!ols and e(junter-plots of the dispu- 
 tants to foster or put an end to the business of 
 li(iuor-sellin),;-. in 1705, durinj,^ Cadillac's trial before 
 Count I'ontchartrain, at (JtK^hec, for intcrferinjjf with 
 and injurin,v( the trade of the colony of Canada, he 
 said, " Mr. \'incennes is now actually at Detroit, 
 with four hundred quarts of brandy, and is keeping 
 a public house. '-^ * •'' In curruptinj;- the s;iva.i;es, 
 braiuly has not been spared." In the course of his 
 defense he also sh(nved that brandy was a common 
 article of tral'fic. Indeed, at the older settlement of 
 Mackinaw, brandy h.ad always been sold to the In- 
 dians, and M. Vaudreuil himself " sent an Ottawa 
 Indian, formerly an olliccr under his command, to 
 Michilimackinac, with his canoes loaded with seven 
 or eight thousand francs' worth of goods and 
 brandy." 
 
 Among the complaints made against Cadillac, it 
 was also set forth that, for a permission to work at 
 his trade, he recpu'red "a bl.'icksmith to give him the 
 sum of si.x hundred francs, and two hogsheads of 
 ale." 
 
 lu 1708 M. d'Aigremont reported that it was 
 
 certain that if M. la Motliu Cadillac had not intniductd tlu: trade 
 in brandy at Detroit, but very few of the traders would remain, 
 and no more would ^o there. Urandy and ammunition are the 
 only profitable articles of commerce to the Kreneh, the Knulish 
 furnishing all others. * * * In order to proven', the distur- 
 bances which would arise from the excessive use of brandy, M. la 
 Mothe causes it all to be put into the storehouse, and to be sold 
 to c.ich in his turn at the rate of twenty francs per quart. Those 
 who will have it, Krencli as well as Indians, are obli.ijed to j,'o to 
 the storehouse to drink, and each can obtain, at one time, only 
 the twenty-fourth part of a pot. It is certain that the sava,i;es 
 cannot become into.\icated on that qiuintity. The price is hi>,'h, 
 and as they can only get the brandy each in his turn, it ime- 
 times happens that the savages are obliged to return home\ith- 
 out a taste of this beverage, and they seem ready to kill ihem- 
 selves in their disappointment. M. la Mothe has bought of four 
 individuals, one hundred and four pots, at four francs a pot, and 
 sold it at twenty francs, thus making a profit of four fifths. 
 
 M. Aigremont recommended that "the govern- 
 ment at Montreal should prevent the savages from 
 
 carrying away such large quantities of brandy, as it 
 
 is the c'uise of most of the troubles arising ;imong 
 them," and added that "they s(|uaiider the greater 
 part of their beaver in presents .md in brandy, — 
 h.ive not enough reni.iining to ]v.irch;is • half the 
 artic! s that are indispensable to thiir comfort." 
 
 The Jesuits seconded every effort to prevent the 
 sale of brandy to the s.iv.iges. They proli ed and 
 prayed against it, but all in vain. Tlu! tr.iders en- 
 couraged the tratlic, because they not ouly matle 
 large jirolils from the sale of the beverage, but 
 while the liulians were under its iutluenee their furs 
 could be obtained for less than their real worth; it 
 was true that the genuine French br.indy then sup- 
 ]ilied renderetl the Indians quarrelsome and often 
 dangerous, but this was deemed of small account in 
 compa;ison with the profits made. Fven the com- 
 niandants of the posts engaged in the business of 
 li(|Uor-selling; one of Cadillac's earliest acts was 
 the establishment of a brewery, and while Tonty 
 was in command he not only monopolized the busi- 
 ness of selling bnmdy, but would allow no one to 
 keep li([uor in the house even for private use. He 
 claimed the sole right to furnish "eau de vie ' to both 
 settlers and savages. 
 
 Under the F.nglish, the disturbances occasioned 
 by Indians made quarrelsome by the use of liquors 
 so greatly increased that on April 14, 1774, the mer- 
 chants of Detroit were compelled to put their liquor 
 into a " gener^il Rum store," and to agree that no 
 Indian should have more than one glass at a time. 
 The following firms signed the agreement : Wundert 
 Visger, McWilliams S: Co., Collin Andrews, Jos. 
 Thomp.son. Ceo. McBeath, Jos. Cochran, Norman 
 McLeod, D. Van Aim, John Porteous, Gregor Mc- 
 Gregor, Jas. .Sterling, Simon McTavish, A. Macomb, 
 Abbott & Finchley, Robinson & Martin, Wm. Edgar, 
 James Rankin, Garret Graverat, and J. Visger. 
 
 In June, '775, James Abbott, James Sterling, 
 Alexander Macomb, and John I'orteous, merchants, 
 were constituted a committee to prevent the sale of 
 rum to Indians under a penalty of $300 York cur- 
 rency. No attempt was made to enforce any such 
 rule in the case of officers or white citizens, and a 
 ledger of 1 780-1 781 shows that a great variety of 
 liquors were kept and sold. Hundreds of entries of 
 " Port," " Red Wine," " Sperrits," " Muscatelle and 
 
 r.837] 
 
838 
 
 THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERWCE EFFORTS. 
 
 Madeira Wines," "Siirul)," " liiiters," "Jamaica 
 Ruin," and " Mardi dras Uecr," are suspiciously 
 s;r()uped witii diarizes for loaf siinar, nutniet^s, lime- 
 juice, \vine-i,dasses, "rummers," .-md decanters. 
 
 The same customs in reijard to li(|uor drinkini^ 
 prevailed under American rule. Uy law of .August 
 '5> '795- Courts of (UiartiT Sessions were ruithor- 
 ized to license tlie sale of wine and l)eer, the price 
 of a license bcinj^ fixed at four dollars. It was 
 stated by a traveller that in 1796 mrmy of the lead- 
 ing merchai j were in the habit of drinkiny 
 heavily. 
 
 The Indians also always found t'.iosc who were 
 willinjj; to exchani^e fire-water for furs, and scores 
 of drunken Indians were frequently seen in and 
 near the town. 
 
 In 1805 the price of a territorial license for the sale 
 of licjuors was fixed at not less than $10 or more 
 than S-5. fhe amount to be determined by the 
 justice of the district. Under this law, during the 
 War of 181 2, bars existed in every possible location. 
 On October 7, 1 814, the price of a license for dealers 
 in the district of Detroit was fixed at Sio, while 
 out of Detroit district ii was only $5. Certainly 
 this discrimination would not be plea.-.ing to De- 
 troit dealers now. The same law pnnided that 
 no one should be licensed to sell licjuor in less qu;ui- 
 tities than one quart, except on the recommenda- 
 tion of twelve respectable freeholders. Under law 
 of February i, 181 5, dealers were not to sell to any 
 soldier without consent of his olVuer, or to any 
 Indian without permission of the Superintendent of 
 Indian Affairs, or to any person on .Sunday except 
 travellers and lodgers, under penalty of $10. 
 
 A city ordinance, passed October 8, 1S24, pro- 
 vided that " No person shall retail, .'^ell. or deliver, 
 for money or any other article of value, any spiritu- 
 ous liquors by less quantity than one quart, or any 
 cider, beer, or ale by less ([uantity than one gallon," 
 unless licensed; and it was also unlawful to sell or 
 give liquor to any servant, rpprentice, or minor, 
 knowing him to be such, "without the consent of 
 the master, parent, guardirm, or mistress." The 
 price of a license was fixed at $25. Proof of "good 
 moral character" was required, and bonds were to 
 be given that good order would be maintained. The 
 good order, at least .so far as the Indians were con- 
 cerned, was imaginary in the extrenie. The records 
 of the Common Council for August 9, 1825, contain 
 the following : 
 
 On .iccoiint of ni.iny disorders, riots, .ind indecencies, com- 
 mitted in tlic streets of tile city by Indi.iiis from different parts 
 of the country, when visiting the city, the Su|)erinlendent of 
 Indian Affairs was requested to aid the corporation by inslnietinK 
 the interpreter to explain the laws of the city from time to time 
 tn the Indians, .inil Uie consequences of the'r roiKhict ; also to 
 direct the .-iKent to ascertain from whom the Indians buy liquor, 
 and report such breach of law. 
 
 Tavern licenses, at this time, were issued by the 
 city, the price varying from $10 to $18 each. On 
 May 9, 1826, the price of a city license was raised 
 to ?'5o, the ordinance to lake ei'fect June 10. On 
 April 12, 1827, the Legislative Council ])assed an 
 Act warning tavern-keepers against giving or selling 
 licjuors to habitual drunkards, and prescribing pun- 
 ishment if they should disobey. It also provided 
 that no spirituous liquors, wine, cider, or beer should 
 be .sold within one and one half miles of the place 
 of g;ithering of any religious society. Under the 
 same law, licenses were issued by the County Court, 
 and tavern-keepers who were licensed were retiuired 
 to have, at least two beds. Debts for litiuor were 
 made uncollectable, and notes given in p;iyment for 
 it were declared void. 
 
 On April 5, 1829, the price of a city license was 
 fixed at S5.00, but no liquor was to be drunk on the 
 premises of the jierson licensed. 
 
 On February 19. 1830, the first Temperance 
 Society in Detroit was organized under the name of 
 The Detroit .Association for the Sui^iiression of 
 Intemperance, with ("ieiier;il Chas. Larned as presi- 
 dent and F. I', r.rowning as secretary. Its second 
 anniversary was held February 25, 1832, at St. 
 Paul's Church, and its name was then changed to 
 The Detroit Temperance Society. At the same 
 meeting addresses were delivered by Jerry Dean, 
 Horace Hallock, and C. C. Trowbridge. On March 
 6, 1833 the society was merged into a .State organi- 
 zation, called the Michigan Temperance Society. 
 
 About this time the subject of temperance began 
 to assume increasing jM-ominence, and in 1834 the 
 Committee on Ways and Means of the Conmion 
 Council w;is instructed to report on the necessity 
 and the most inmiedi.ate and effectual mode of 
 reducing the number of groceries. (The word 
 "grocery," at th.it time, was nearly synonymous 
 with the present word "saloon.") On April 15, 
 1834, the committee, consisting of Messrs. Stevens 
 T. Mason, and Henry How.ird. presented an elab- 
 orate report to the council, showing that there were 
 forty-six bars then in the city, and that much evil 
 resulted therefrom, and urging ;i reduction in the 
 number of groceries. The tigures as presented by 
 this committee showed that the bars licensed by the 
 council during the previous year averaged one bar 
 for every thirteen f.imilies. Such was the effect 
 produced by this report that the council decided to 
 refuse to license the sale of ardent spirits by gro- 
 cers. An ordinance was also unanimously ;i(lopted 
 prohibiting the sale of liciuors in quantities of less 
 than one gallon by any person unless licensetl, and 
 fixing the price of a license at S50; also re<iuiring 
 two sureties in the sum of $25 each. 
 
 The action of the council was soon nullified by 
 the dealers, and in November, 1834, with a popiila- 
 
THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS. 
 
 839 
 
 ■c issued by the 
 §18 each. On 
 :nse was raised 
 t June 10. On 
 uncil jiassed an 
 jrivin.i;- nr sellinjj; 
 -jfescriljiiiv^ jiun- 
 it also provided 
 r, or In-er should 
 iles of the plaee 
 _'ty. Under the 
 le County Court, 
 ed were re(]uired 
 for licjuor were 
 n in payment for 
 
 I eity lieeiise was 
 be drunk on the 
 
 rst Teniperanee 
 nder the name of 
 
 Suiii)ression of 
 Earned as presi- 
 tary. Its second 
 25.' 1832, at St. 
 then chan^etl to 
 At the same 
 
 by Jerry Dean, 
 ■idi^e. On Mareh 
 ito a State ori^ani- 
 jranee Society, 
 teniperanee bej^an 
 ■, and in 1834 the 
 ; of the Common 
 t on the necessity 
 iffectual mode of 
 ;ries. (The word 
 early synonymous 
 ,") On April 15, 
 )f Messrs. Stevens 
 [^resented an elab- 
 n\^ that there were 
 md that nnich evil 
 1 reduction in the 
 -■s as presented by 
 )ars licensed by the 
 ■ averav^ed one bar 
 ich was the effect 
 council decided to 
 deni spirits by jL;ro- 
 lanimously adojited 
 n quantities of less 
 inlcss liccnseil, and 
 $50; also reciuirinj; 
 .-ich. 
 
 is soon nullified by 
 834, with a popula- 
 
 tion of only 4,973, fully one hundred persons were 
 scllinj^f licjuor. On February 28, 1835, a new Tem- 
 perance Society, called the Detroit Young Men's 
 Temperance Society, was organized, with Dr. Doug- 
 lass Houghton as president. At its annual meeting, 
 on January 11, 1836, the following oiTicers were 
 elected: F. Dwight, president; A. S. Kellogg, first 
 vice-president; M. J. Bacon, seconil vici'-president; 
 R. E. Roberts, third vice-president; and J. S. Far- 
 rand, sccretar)'. At this meeting it was 
 
 Ju-so/7r,/, tli.it Julm Owen, H. McC'lurf, J. S. rarniiul, R. K. 
 Ri)lH!rls, K. KniL-rsdii, 1'. 1'. IIutcliiiiMin, 11. \. Walker, James 
 I'ilsoii, H. IJwiglit Wnii.uns, ami C. W. I'cmiy lie a ciininiittcu to 
 distribute a Temperance Almanac to every family in the city. 
 
 In 1837 the Detroit Young Men's Temperance 
 Society was merged into the Young Men's State 
 Temperance Society, with its officers and e.\eculi\e 
 committee in Detroit and a vice-president in e;ich 
 .senatorial district. The followir.g were olVicers : M. 
 J. liacon, president ; John ( )\\en, treasurer; Rev. R. 
 Turnbull, corresponding secretary, and II. ("r. Hub- 
 bard, recording secretary, with Sii:vens T. Mason, 
 (i. I',. Il.'uid, John Chester, A, S. Kellogg, and J. S. 
 Farrand as an executive committee. In 1838-1S39 
 the same president and corresponding secretary 
 were in ofiice, and the Society continued in existence 
 until 1S46. 
 
 Prior to 1836 such organizations aimed to promote 
 temperance rai'ier by the tempcrali: use of liquors 
 than by total abstinence therefrom ; but in 1836, at 
 a State Temperance ConNeiuion held at Ann 
 Arbor, Rev. Chas. Reighly, tlu'ii of Mmiroe, made 
 a stirring appeal in fa\(ir of total abstinence. This 
 was deemed at the time a very radical idea, and the 
 convention voted against using a pledge t)f the kind 
 indicated. 
 
 After the convention, those in favor of total 
 abstinence organized a new society called The 
 Michigan Total '.bstinence Society. On February 
 I, 1837, H. R. Schoolcraft delivered an address 
 under its auspices at the First Presbyterian Church. 
 Its olficers in 1839 were: A. E. Wing, presiileiit ; 
 J. P. Cleveland, secretary; T. Romeyn, chairman of 
 e.xecutive committee ; and R. Stuart, treasurer. The 
 Detroit City Temperance Society, on the basis of 
 total ab.stinence, was organizetl in July, 1840. In 
 1845 II. Hallock was presitlent, and J. S. i'arrand 
 secretary, and in 1846 \V. .V. Howard was elected 
 president and !•'.. C. Walker secretary. 
 
 In 1836 retail liquor dealers paid a city license 
 of S50. Wholesale dealers paid S70' 'i"*-' tavern- 
 keepers from Si'^ to §75- ''^ '^3'*^ '''*-' P'"''^'-" 
 was reduced to $-5. and in 1841 to §20. By 
 Act of March 28, 1836, a State license system was 
 provided for, and in audition to any city license, 
 dealers were reijuired to procure a State license at a 
 
 cost of froin $15 to §20. This law was super- 
 seded, on March 19, 1845, by a law providing that 
 it should be determined by the qualified voters at 
 each charter election whether or not the Conmion 
 Council should grant lieen.ses for retailing intoxicat- 
 ing liquors, anil if upon canvassing the votes it 
 shoukl be found that a majority were inscribed " No 
 License," the city authoritiis during the next year 
 were prohibited from granting licenses for the sale 
 of intoxicating litiuors of ,nny kind. On June 18, 
 1845, a temperruice meeting was held, at which 
 addresses were delivered by Dr. Lyman Beecher 
 and Professor C. E. Stowe. 
 
 In anticipation of the city election of March, 1846, 
 when the Local Option Law of 1845 was to be put 
 to the test, a ]niblie meeting of those opposed to 
 the granting of licenses was held at the City Hall 
 on February 27, 1846. to discuss the subject. An 
 immense number gathered, and at the close of the 
 meeting a committee of twelve was appointed to 
 print and circulate " No License " tickets at the polls. 
 The election was held on March 2, with the follow- 
 ing result : In favor of licensing saloons, 230. Op- 
 posed to licensing s;iloons, 1,070. Notwithstanding 
 this vote, the City Council, unwilling to carry out 
 the provisions of the law, apjiealed to the city 
 attorney for a decision .is to its constitutionality, and 
 on March 24 he reported that the law was binding. 
 On April 7 , -e license committee of the council 
 leported the facts as to the vote, and recommended 
 the adoption of the f(jllowing resolution : 
 
 /ww/rrr/, that no license will lie granted by this council to any 
 person for the purpose of selling intoxicating liquors of any kind. 
 
 The resolution was accepted and laid on the table. 
 
 The citizens apparently thought it was time for 
 them to take part in the discussion, and on Monday 
 evening, .April 27, 1846, a mass meeting was held at 
 the City Hall, and the following resolutions adopted : 
 
 Ri-sohed, that as citizens mindful of the laws and rejiardful of 
 public murals, we hereby respectfully express the hope Uiat our 
 public authorities will ri>;idly enforce the no-license law, and we 
 pledge them our united efforts to aid them in its enforcement. 
 
 Kcsolvi'd, that a committee of seventy-five citizens be ap- 
 pointed to carry into eiTect the foregoing resolutions. 
 
 The committee were duly named, and the influ- 
 ence of this meeting was immediately apparent. 
 The council resolved not to grant licenses. The 
 dealers then resolved to sell, and they did sell, 
 without a license, ii.id ui the spring and summer of 
 
 1 846 suits were instituted by the city against a large 
 number of persons ftir this violation of law. The 
 practical results, however, were not such as to en- 
 courage those opposed to licensing saloons, and in 
 
 1847 the vote of the city was in favor of the license 
 system. At the charter election in March, 1850, the 
 vote on the question of licensing the sale of liquor 
 
840 
 
 THE LI(2U0R TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS. 
 
 was: For license, 1,482; a.ijainst, 1,035. Tlie ad- 
 vocates of temperance next (iirected tlieir efforts to- 
 wards securing tlie jiroliibition of licenses by tin; 
 State, and as a result of the agitation, Section 47 of 
 Article IV. of the Constitution of 1850 containt'd a 
 positive ]iroliibition of licenses for the sale of liijuor. 
 On June 19, 1850, while the constitutional con- 
 vention was in session, John 15. ( lough tlelivered his 
 first lecture in Detroit, in the Presbyterian Church. 
 At the first meeting, and for the nine following 
 meetings, the house was crowded with eager listen- 
 ers to his thrilling temjierance appeals. In the 
 same year divisions of the " Sons " and the " Cadets " 
 of Temperance were organized in Detroit, and a 
 society known as the Temperance League came 
 into existence. As a result of these varied organi- 
 zations, and on the petition of Z. Chandler and two 
 hundred and sixty-tivc others, the city marshal, on 
 February 4, 1851, was directed to enforce an ordi- 
 nance, dating back as far as 1836, which required 
 saloons to close on Sundays and after 10 l'. M, on 
 other days. Like many similar efforts, this one was 
 abortive, and finally the c(Hmcil, on December 23, 
 1 85 1, in detiance of the Constitution, 
 
 AVic/r'tv/, that elfalcrs selling one quart and upwards at a tinu- 
 might be licensed for $io, groceries for §25, and coffee houses and 
 taverns for $30 each. 
 
 The legality of their action was contested, and in 
 1852 the Supreme Court decided that the city had 
 no right to grant licenses for the sale of litjuors. 
 The result was that the traffic in liquors was open 
 to any one who cared to engage in it, without the 
 payment of a license or tax of any kind. 
 
 On July 7, 1852, delegates from all the secret 
 temperance societies in the State met at Detroit in 
 a mass convention. An immense procession formed 
 part of the programme. It marched to Woodbridge 
 Grove, where the meeting was held. Addresses 
 were delivered by Neal Dow, Jacob M. Howard, 
 Father Taylor, the sailor-preacher of Boston, and 
 Professor Gardner, the New England soap-man. 
 Seats were provided for the entire company. 
 
 We now reach the history of the first " Alaine 
 Law" of Michigan. The petitions in favor of this 
 law were gathered together, pasted on cotton cloth, 
 arranged on rollers, and then presented to the 
 Legislature by Rev. J. A. Baughman and Rev. 
 George Taylor. The document was 1,300 feet long, 
 and when unrolled, it was unanimously agreed to 
 be the longest jirayer ever made in Michigan. The 
 law was approved February 12, 1853. 
 
 It provided that the Council or Township Bo.,rd, 
 on the first Monday of October, might authorize 
 some one person to sell liquor for mechanical and 
 medicinal pur])oses upon his giving bonds to sell 
 for tho.se purposes only. The dealers were required 
 
 to keep a list of persons buying liquor, tin kind 
 bought, and a statement of the purjiose for which 
 it was to be used. This law was submitted to the 
 pco]-)le for approval or rejection on the third Monday 
 of June, 1S53, and the votes were canvassed on the 
 first Tuesday of August, with the following results; 
 In the city 2,042 votes for the law, and 1,755 against 
 it. Majority in favor, 287. In the county 3,831 for 
 the law, and 2,980 against it. Majority in favor, 
 851, In the State 40,449 for the law, and 23,054 
 against it. Majority in favor, 17,395. 
 
 A majority being in favor of the law, it went into 
 operation on December i, 1853. At first it had a 
 marked effect in Detroit, as well as in the State at 
 large, and during December many dealers abaniloned 
 the business. 
 
 In order to secure the enforcement of the law a 
 new temperance society, called the Carson League 
 for Wayne County, was organi;;ed on November 
 22, 1853. The following resoluticju gives details of 
 its plans ; 
 
 Resohvii^ that we organize a Mutual Protective Association, 
 which shall he entitled the Carson League of the County of 
 Wayne, whose mode of operation shall be as follows: Its first 
 object will be the establishment of a fund of two millions of dol- 
 lars or upwards, which sliall consist of equal shares of one hun- 
 dred dollars each. To raise this sum every person becoming a 
 member shall give his or her note for one share or more without 
 interest. 'I'he sum thus raised shall be subject to equal taxation, 
 sufficient to defray eNjJcnses for the suppression iif tile sale of in- 
 toxicating lic[uors as a beverage. 
 
 The following were appointed officers for the first 
 year; A. Sheley, president; II. K. Clarke, vice-pres- 
 ident ; Hiram Benedict, secretary; C. N. Ganson, 
 treasurer; H.C. Knight, general agent; H. K.Clarke, 
 A. Sheley. i>. Wight, executive committee. 
 
 The League made its power felt, and on Decem- 
 ber 3, 1853, this notice appeared in a city papt;r ; 
 
 The proprietors of the I'iddle House, National I'".xchange, 
 Andrews' Railroad Hotel, and we believe nearly all the hotels of 
 any respectability, have closed their bars in compliance with the 
 existing law. We notice, also, that most of the grocers of any 
 standing, who kept an open bar for retail, have closed them. 
 
 Prosecutions went on, and were almost uniformly 
 successful. Finally, on December 9, 1853, B. Rush 
 Bagg, police justice, rendered a decision against 
 those who were enforcing the law on the ground 
 that the law itself was unconstitutional, and the 
 complaints, therefore, void. This decision greatly 
 encourageil the liquor sellers, and on Friday, Decem- 
 ber 16, following, they held a meeting at the City 
 Hall, at which it was 
 
 Resolved, that we, the citizens of Detroit, assembled at this 
 meeting to provide means to test the constitutionality of the 
 liquor law, profess to be law-abiding citizens, and have no other 
 end in \'iew than the support of equal laws : and whereas, by the 
 Constitution of the State, we have public officers whose duty it is 
 to administer our laws, therefore we deem any number of persons 
 
THE LIOUOR TRAFFIC AND TKMl'ERAXCE EFFok IS. 
 
 841 
 
 litjuor, tlu. kind 
 iiposc for wliicli 
 sul)mittc(l to the 
 ic lliird Monday 
 ;invassc(I on the 
 )llo\viiij4- results : 
 md 1,755 ■'•K^iiiist 
 county 3,'S3i for 
 ajority in favor, 
 law, and 23,054 
 
 law, it went into 
 
 \t tlrst it had a 
 
 in the State at 
 
 ders .abandoned 
 
 nt of the law a 
 V. Carson Leajruc 
 ■d on November 
 1 gives details of 
 
 rotcctivc Association, 
 lie of the County of 
 e as follows: Its fnst 
 f two millions of dol- 
 ual sliares of one liun- 
 ry person beconiinijj a 
 sliari' or more without 
 )jeet to equal taxation, 
 ssion of the sale of in- 
 
 )rfK'ers for the first 
 
 . Clarke, viee-jires- 
 
 y ; C. N. Canson, 
 
 ;ent; H. K.Clarke, 
 
 miniittee. 
 
 It, and on Derein- 
 
 in a city paper : 
 
 , National K.xehange, 
 nearly all the hotels of 
 n eoniplianee with the 
 of the .uroeers of any 
 have closed them. 
 
 5 almost uniformly 
 r 9, 1853, H. Rush 
 L decision against 
 liw on the ground 
 itutional, and the 
 is decision greatly 
 m Friday, Decem- 
 eeting at the City 
 
 roit, assembled nt this 
 :onstitutionality of the 
 ens, and have no other 
 s : and whereas, by the 
 officers whose duty it is 
 any number of persons 
 
 associated for that purpose to lie an illegal society, or league 
 uukuown in law, and dangerous lo the peace and harmony of the 
 community ; and that we will take legal measures to prosecute all 
 such associations. 
 
 The operations of the Carson League were soon 
 after suspended, and again those who sold litiuor 
 were successful in their plans. The temperance 
 (luestion, however, remained an issue. The agita- 
 tion continued, and on February 3, 1855, the Legis- 
 lature passed what was known as the Ironclad Maine 
 or Prohibitory Law. This law made the trallic in 
 li(|Uor entirely illegal ; no one was permitted to sell 
 except druggists, whose sole or princijial business 
 was the si;lling of drugs, and they might sell only 
 for medicine, or as a chemical agent, or for scien- 
 tific, mechanical, or manufacturing purposes, or 
 sacramental uses, and were required to give bonds 
 to keep the law. 
 
 All payments for li(juor were declared illegal, and 
 made recoverable at law. liills for licjuors were 
 made non-collectable, penalties were provided for 
 disobeying the law, and litjuors seized might be 
 destroyed. The law went into operation on May 
 15, 1855, and all or nearly all the leading saloons in 
 Detroit were closed. On May 25 Mayor I.eilyard 
 issued a proclamation appealing to the citizens to 
 stand by and conform to the law, but by June 27 
 nearly all the bars were again opened. Many per- 
 sons were arrested for selling, but most of the cases 
 against them were appealed and then dismissed. 
 The number of bars was not perceptibly diminished, 
 and the law soon became a dead letter in Detroit. 
 About this time "beer halles" began to displace the 
 old "saloons," and in the three years from 1855 to 
 1858 their number increased with amazing rapiiliiy. 
 
 On July 13, 1858, a petition, signed by six hun- 
 dred and sixty-eight ladies, was presented to the 
 council, reciting the evil effects of these places, and 
 praying the council to enforce the prohibitory law. 
 This petition was referred to a special coiumittee of 
 three, and on July 27, 185S, they reported, recom- 
 mending that an ordinance be passed requiring all 
 saloons to close at 1 1 i'. M.. prohibiting the sale of 
 liquors to minors, and proposing other means to 
 remedy the evils of the traffic; but no action was 
 taken. 
 
 On February 15. 1859, a furtiier effort was made 
 to remedy some of the evils of the traffic by the 
 passage of a State law providing for the appoint- 
 ment by the jirobate judge o( a chemist in each 
 county as an inspector of liquors. These inspectors 
 were to examine and test all spirituous and alcoholic 
 licjutjrs offered for sale, and severe penalties were 
 provided for those who manufactured or sold adul- 
 terated liquors. The law practically accomplished 
 nothing, but it rem.-iined in force until May 3, 1875. 
 
 On February. 7, i860, the Michigan State Tem- 
 
 perance Society held a mass meeting at the First 
 Congregational Church, and the Michigan Slate 
 Temperance Alliance was organized to aid in secur- 
 ing the enforcement of the law of 1855. Meantime 
 the manufacture and sale of beer coniinued to 
 increase, and, beginning with i860, the war inllu- 
 ences greatly stinuilated its use. In deference to 
 this fact, on March 15, 1S63, the Legislature en.icted 
 that the law of 1855 should not be construed as 
 prohibiting the manuf.acture of wine from fruit 
 grown by the manufacturer; or of beer made in 
 Michigan, if not sold in less (]uantities than five 
 gallons; or of wine or cider, if not sold in less 
 amounts than one gallon. 
 
 In 1860-1861 the Detroit City Temperance Society 
 was an active organiz.ition, with Rev. (ieorge Duf- 
 l"iekl. I). D., as president, and J. I>. ISloss, as secre- 
 tary. Under its auspices, Sunday afternoon meetings 
 were held at the Detroit i!v: Milwaukee Depot, .and, 
 largely as the result of these efforts, on .September 
 20, 1861, an ordinance was passed retiuiring saloons 
 to close entirely on the Sabbath. 
 
 No systematic and jiersistent effort was, however, 
 made to enforce it, and this law, like its predecessors, 
 was soon a dead letter. I'inallya new agency ap- 
 peared. In the summer of 1865 the Metropolitan 
 Police Act went into operation, antl on an appeal 
 to the commissioners, the old cLy ordinance was 
 enforced, and Sunday, August 27, 1865, was marked 
 as red-letter day by the church-goers and temper- 
 ance people of Detnjit. One of the tlaily papers on 
 the following Monday contained this notice. 
 
 A (JiiiiT SL'Ni)AV.~ror the first time in years the great city of 
 Hetroit yesterday observed, outwardly at least, the first day of 
 the week with becoming solemnity. All the saloons, bars, and 
 beer-gartleiis were closed. 
 
 The persistence and success of the efforts made to 
 secure the observance of the Sabbath alarmed ;ind 
 angered the saloon-keepers, and on September 4 
 they held a large meeting on the Campus Martins to 
 take measures for the repeal of the Sunday law, and 
 on the next day a petition, signed by 8,265 residents 
 of Detroit, was presented t(J the Common Council, 
 asking for the repeal of the Sunday ordinance. At 
 the same time a remonstrance against the repeal 
 was presented, signed by 2,500 persons. Both com- 
 municiitions were referred to a special committee, 
 and on September 19, three reports were presented 
 to the council from the committee. The majority 
 report favored a change in the ordinance which 
 would allow the saloons to keep open Sunday after- 
 noons till ten o'clock in the evening; two tliffer- 
 ent minority reports, presented by Aldermen A. 
 Sheley and H. C. Knight, opposed any change in the 
 ordinance. The majority report w.as adopted. It 
 did not receive the approval of the mayor, and the 
 
m 
 
 842 
 
 THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMTFRANCK IJIm^RTS. 
 
 subject was before the council for several nioutlis. 
 On October 2 a public nieetini; was luld at the 
 Yoini.u; Men's Ilall to jirotes't against the repeal of 
 tlu' ordinance. Meantime a suit involving the 
 validity of the old ordinance was tried, and on a 
 decision by the reconler in its favor on January 28, 
 1(^66, the police again atteiuptetl to enforce the 
 ordinance, and thirty complaints were made for 
 violation of the same. The o|>ponents of the ordi- 
 nance were not willing to submit, and on Jaiuiary 
 29, and I'ebruary i, 1S66, large anti-Sunday-law 
 meetings were held. 
 
 Finally, on February 8, by a vote of eleven to six, 
 a new Sunday ordinance was passed allowing news- 
 depots to be kept oj^en on Sunday from 12 M. to 2 
 V. M. ; barber-shojis till 10. \, M.; groceries, bakt-ries, 
 and meat-markets till 8 A. M., and livery stables 
 during the whole day. It also provided that plea- 
 sure gardens, bec'-h.-ills, saloons, and other pleasure 
 resorts might be ,)t open from 2 l'. M. to 10 P. M.. 
 if no music or games were allowed. This ordin.mce 
 was approved by the m.iyor on Febru.iry 13, but it 
 displeased many citizens ; and on March 20 Capt.iin 
 I'a.xton, on behalf of the Detroit Temper.ance So- 
 ciety and other ii.irties, presenteil a petition from 
 nearly two thousantl citizens asking that it be re- 
 pe.ileil. The r|iiestion of the validity of the orili- 
 nance was referred by the coimcil to the city coun- 
 sellor and attorney, ruid on March 27 they rei)orted 
 that it was legal. The s-nloon-keejiers were victori- 
 ous, and this fur ;i time ended the struggle. 
 
 In 1866 the Young Men's F.ather Matthew (Cath- 
 olic) Temperance Society was organized. The t'lrst 
 meeting was held on .August 9 ;it the house of 
 Michael Iirennau. Five persons were then enrolled 
 as members. The school-house in coiuiection with 
 Trinity Church w.as secured as a place of meeting, 
 and in twenty days they had obtaineil ninety sign.a- 
 tures to their pledge. Continued ])ros]ierity decided 
 the members of the society to secure a h;ill of their 
 own. A lot on the southeast corner of Fourth .and 
 .' fter Streets w.as purch,;ised, a frame building 
 twenty-four by sixtv-tive feet, costing $1,150, w.is 
 erected, and dedicated on Noveiuber i, 1867. After 
 a time interest in the society ll.igged, and in 1881 
 its properly was sold inider a mortgage. 
 
 On May 28, 1867, the Orand Lodge of Oood 
 Temi)lars for North .Americ.i conuuenced its ses- 
 sions in Detroit. Its proceedings had no speci.il 
 relation to the city. In 1S67 the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention provided for submitting to the 
 people, on the finst Monday of April, 1868, a clause 
 in the Constitution prohibiting the sale of li<iuors. 
 The .amendment was voted on, with the following 
 result: In the city of Detroit, for prohibitory clause, 
 1,474; against it. 6,567. In the county, 3.040 for 
 prohibition, and 10,245 against. In the State the 
 
 vote stood: 72,462 for prohibition, rmd 86,143 
 ag.ii.ist. 
 
 All this time the city ci'dinrmce permitting 
 saloons to opiii p.art of the d.iy \\,is tnmsgressed 
 by ni.my dealers who ki'jU o|)en all d.iy. A 
 complaint w.is m.ide .ig.iiust Cieorge Hartenbach for 
 so doing. On tri.il of the case. Recorder Swift, on 
 A|iril 19. 1S69, declared the ordin.anee invalid, on 
 the ground th.it the city had not power to pass an 
 ordin.ance in reg.ird to S.ibbaih observ.'ince. 
 
 The State I'rohibiiory L.aw was, howcvi'r. (Uemed 
 ,'i st.aiuling men.ice to the licjuor dealers, and its pro- 
 visions were often enforced .ag.iinst them. Some of 
 them at last resolved on active ojiposition, and on 
 .August I, 1 87 1, a coinentinn of (iermans opposed 
 to ])rohibiti(>n w.is held, and a le.igue org.anized 
 pledged to ilefenil its members in any suits brought 
 ag.iinst them for viol.'ition of the l.iw. 
 
 Three ve;irs Liter, in the winter of 1874, the 
 \\'omen's Crusade beg.an. Its inllueiice spread so 
 nipidly th.at li(|uor-sellers ;ill over the country were 
 seriously .alarmed, ;iiul several saloon-keepers in 
 Di'troit went out of the business. On Mari-h 13, 
 
 1874, .1 meeting of ladies was held in St. Andrews' 
 Hall to consider what should be clone by the women 
 of Detroit, and a committee of l'i\e ajipointeil to 
 report a pl.in of action; a second meeting was held 
 at the chapel of the Ceiur.il Methodist Episcopal 
 Church on March 23, and on M.irch 26, 1874, the 
 Women's Chrisii.an Temperance Alliance was or- 
 ganized. Co-.umittees v'cre appointed, and in a 
 ([uiet ;ind systematic w.ay ;i number of s.aloons were 
 visited, .and the kee[KTS urged to consitler the eflects 
 of their business. The ladies .also inaugin'.ated a 
 si'tics of Smiday afternoon temper.ance meetings at 
 Young .Men's Il.all, the use of which w.as given by 
 Luther Beecher. The tirst meeting was held on 
 April 19, 1874. Weekly meetings were also held 
 in v.arioiis cluu'ches. 
 
 In .M.irch, 1876, both the Sunday .and week-day 
 meetings began to be held in the \'. M. C, A. 
 buikling. In May following the n.ame of the organi- 
 zation w.as changed to the Women's Christian Tem- 
 perance I'nion. At this time there w.as h.ardly a 
 rest.aurant in the city which did not h.ave ;i b.ar for 
 the s.ale of liejuor. Realizing this fact, on January 
 19 the women of the L'nion opened a restainant in 
 the Y. M. C. A. building. It soon obtained a large 
 niunber of customers, and its success caused the 
 establishment of several other temperance restau- 
 rants; having thus accomplished their object, the 
 ladies sold out their interest in the restaurant. 
 
 The presidents of the L'nion have been as fol- 
 k)ws: To April, 1874, Mrs. A. J. Murray; 1874- 
 
 1875, Mrs. I. C. I). Stewart; 1875-1S81, Mrs. B. B. 
 Hudson; 1881. Mrs. J. H. Bayliss; 1882, Mrs. LG. 
 D. Stewart; 1883- , Mrs. A. M. Fancher. • 
 
1, and •'•■')■ 1 43 
 
 ;iiicc pt-rniittincf 
 \;is trrins;;rcssi'd 
 II all (lay. A 
 Ilartinhach for 
 fcdrdcr Suift. oil 
 lanci.' iinalid, on 
 lowiT to pass an 
 i-rvanct'. 
 
 hnwcviT, dri'nird 
 ikrs, and its i)ro- 
 tlu'ni. Sonic of 
 iposilion, and on 
 'itTinaiis opposed 
 ca^iic ort^anizcd 
 ny suits brought 
 \v. 
 
 tiT of 1.S74, the 
 
 Ur'Iicc s])n'ad so 
 
 tlu; country were 
 
 aloon-ki'cpcrs in 
 
 . On March 13, 
 
 1 in St. ^\ndrc\\s' 
 
 inc by the women 
 
 five appointetl to 
 
 nicetinij was held 
 
 thodist Episcopal 
 
 u'ch 26, 1S74, the 
 
 Alliance was or- 
 
 )intcd, and in a 
 
 •r of saloons were 
 
 (insider the effects 
 
 Iso inautjurateil a 
 
 ranee meetings at 
 
 liich was given by 
 
 ting was held on 
 
 ;s were also held 
 
 :lay and week-day 
 the Y. M. C, A. 
 ime of the organi- 
 I's Christian Tein- 
 lere was liardly a 
 lot have a bar for 
 I fact, on January 
 ed a restaurant in 
 :i obtained a large 
 iccess caused the 
 niperance restau- 
 1 their object, the 
 : reslaurant. 
 have been as fol- 
 J. Murray; 1874- 
 5-1881, Mrs. B. B. 
 ;; 1SS2, Mrs. I.G. 
 \I. Fancher. • 
 
 THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS. 
 
 84: 
 
 In 1S74 the Order of Sons of Temperance was 
 again inaugurated in the city, ;uid Detroit Division 
 No. 1 was organized on September 7. 
 
 On Janu.ary, 25, 1875, the Cinuid Division was 
 organized. Ten day.s Liter a State meeting of the 
 Women's Christian Tempcr.ance I'nion convened 
 in Detroit. 
 
 During all the years since 1855, the Prohibitory 
 Law, tiioiigh legally binding, had not been enforced 
 in Detroit. The crus.-ide of 1874 caused the dealers 
 to fear that it might be appealed to. In order to 
 anticijiate .any movement in that direction, and 
 secure, if possible, a law affording them a measure 
 of protection, a .State meeting of li(]uor dealers was 
 called at the Detroit Opera House on August 12. 
 The formation of a .State liquor league was advo- 
 cated, and methods were discussed for securing a 
 State license law, which, it was thought, would give 
 stability and character to their business, and, by 
 doing away with the Prohibitory Law, give it a legal 
 standing. An address in opposition to prohibition 
 and in favor of license was delivered by Levi 
 Bishop. The meeting received the plan with favor, 
 and a State Central Committee was appointed to 
 endeavor to secure a State Legislature in favor of a 
 license system. 
 
 Many who were in favor of a diminution of the 
 traffic, believing that a poor law executed was better 
 than a good one unenforced, aided the committee 
 in their efforts, and the ta.xing of the saloons was 
 approved of by many temper.mce people. As the 
 result, on May 3, 1875, the Li(pior Tax Law was 
 passed and the Prohibitory Law repealed. The new 
 law was much more stringent than its original pro- 
 moters intended. It provitled that ret.iil dealers of 
 spirituous li(}uors should pay a t.ax of $150, retail 
 dealers of beer !f40, and wholesale dealers in 
 spirituous li(|uors $300 per year. Brewers were to 
 pay from S50 to $300 per year, according to the 
 amount of beer they manufacture. The law also 
 provided that saloons should close on the Sabbath. 
 It was to go into operation on August 2, 1875. 
 
 Anticipating that as soon ;is it took effect, they 
 would be compelled to close their saloons on Sun- 
 day, many saloon-keepers in Detroit petitioned the 
 Common Council for permission to open on the Sab- 
 bath. On May 25 a resolution that it should be 
 lawful for saloons to keep open on Sunday was 
 offered, and was referred to a special committee, 
 and on May 28 a remonstrance against the resolu- 
 tion was presented. On June 4 the committee 
 reported that the council could not give authority to 
 s.iloons to sell liquor on Sunday. The attempt to 
 nullify the operations of the new law was strenuously 
 opposed by almost all the religious denominations, 
 and on June 7 a mass meeting was held at the Ojiera 
 ■ House in the interest of Sabbath observance, and to 
 
 protest against the opening of the saloons by per- 
 mission of the Common Council. 
 
 Petitions from the saloon-keepers, however, were 
 brought before the council frequently and pcrsist- 
 I'litly, and in many ways the aldermen sought to 
 give the petitioners permission to keep open for at 
 least part of the day. 
 
 On .August 6 they passed an ordinance allowing 
 them to open from 1 to 10 o'clock V. M., but on 
 .August 10 it was vetoed by Mayor Moffat. 
 
 On .August 17 the city attorney gave it as his 
 opinion that in this question the mayor had no 
 power to nullify by his veto the action of the council, 
 because the law left it to the council to determine 
 whether saloons should be kejit open. On the same 
 day the city counselor gave it as his opinion that a 
 resolution passed over the mayor's veto would not 
 hold, as the Legislature could not confer on the 
 council the power to repeal by rt'solution 'i statute 
 of the State. 
 
 On the evening of the day these diverse opinions 
 were rendered the council again jiassed the per- 
 missive ordinance, and on August 20 it was ag.ain 
 disapproved of and vetoed by Mayor Moffat. Sun- 
 day, .August 22, 1875, was a notable day. For the 
 first time in ten years, nearly all, if not all, of the 
 saloons were closed, and since then many have 
 remained closed on the Sabbath. Others have 
 learned to violate the law with impunity, for, though 
 arrested for so doing, they are usually cleared by 
 police court jurors. 
 
 The Tax Law, as a State law, is enforced by the 
 Metropolitan Police, over whom, as the commission- 
 ers are apiiointed by the governor and senate, the 
 Common Council iiave no authority. It w;..s thought, 
 however, that if both the council and the maxor 
 favored the opening of saloons on the .Sabbath, the 
 police would not inti'rfere. 
 
 Those who favored the observance of the Sab- 
 bath, known as the Law and Order Party, on Octo- 
 ber 4, 1875, held an immense meeting in the Opera 
 House, and from the speeches made aiul the resolu- 
 tions passed at this meeting the imjiression became 
 general in Detroit that a large majority of the older 
 citizens and the prominent men of both jiolitical 
 parties would vote for the cr.ndidate for mayor who 
 would veto, any ordinance proposing to allow the 
 saloons to open on the Sabbath. 
 
 Meanwhile, on October 12, on a test (\ase, the 
 Supreme Court decided the law to be constitutional. 
 
 On the evening of November i, the day before the 
 election, a great gathering of the Law and Order 
 Party was held at the Opera House, and on the 
 following day Alexander Lewis, the candidate they 
 supported, was electeil by a vote of 7,367 against 
 
 5,691. 
 In the trial of cases ivr keeping saloons open on 
 
844 
 
 THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EFFORTS. 
 
 Siiiiday. Police Jiislicc D. E. Harhaiiv(ii jirovcd liiiii- 
 Sflf an cITu'iL'iU ally of the law, and liis (|uarii'i-ly 
 ri'turns of persons arrested and tried in liis court 
 indicated a j^reat diminution of crime and dis- 
 order. 
 
 In the case of J. A. Kurtz for keepinjj; his saloon 
 open, appeal was made to the .Supreme Court of the 
 State, and on January 18, 1876, the court alfirmcil 
 the legality of the clause requiring saloons to close 
 on Sunday. 
 
 (^n March 3, 1876, the Common Council made a 
 furthi'r effort in behalf of the s.iloon-keepers, pass- 
 ing an ordinance providing that saloons might be 
 kept open from i to 1 1 r. l\i. on Sunday; but (jn 
 March 7 Mayor Lewis justified the expectations of 
 those who elected him by sending a message to the 
 council, vetoing the ordinance. He .said, "The Su- 
 preme Court in its decision in the Kurtz case has 
 indicated, in language s(j p.lain that it cannot be mis- 
 understood, that the part of the T.-ix Law giving 
 municipalities the power of i)ermitting dealers in 
 li(luors to sell and keep their jilaces of business 
 open on .Sunday is unconstitutional." 
 
 Meanwhile Section 47 of Article IV'. of the Con- 
 stitution was still in force, and read as follows : 
 
 The Legislature shall not pass any Act aiithi)rizin^' the ^raiit 
 of licenses for the sale of ardent spirits or other intoxicaliiij; 
 liquors. 
 
 The question of striking this article out of the 
 Constitution was submitted to the people, and in 
 November, 1876, the vote was as follows: In the 
 city, in fa\'()r of striking out, 6,585; against, 949. 
 In the county, 9,170 for striking out, and 1,773 
 against. In the State, 60,639 for striking out, and 
 52,561 against. A majority being in favor of so 
 doing. Section 47 of Article IV. was stricken from 
 the Constitution. 
 
 A noteworthy event of this period was the visit 
 of Dr. H. A. Reynolds, the Red Ribbon Reformer. 
 His first lecture was delivered on February 9, 1877, 
 in St. Andrew's Hall. On the ne.\t evening he 
 addressed an immense meeting at the Detroit Opera 
 House, and soon there was a popular furore in 
 behalf of the temperance cause, as advocated by 
 him. His mottoes of " Dare to do right" and "Be 
 good to yourself," with a red ribbon in the button- 
 hole as evidence of having signed the pledge, were 
 adopted by thousands, and for a time no hall could 
 be found large enough to accommodate the crowds 
 that came to hear him. 
 
 Under his leadership, the Detroit Reform Club 
 was organized on February 11, 1877, with I). B. 
 Duffield as president and J. C. McCaul as secretary. 
 At the afternoon and evening meetings on the day 
 o? organization 802 persons signed the pledge, and 
 within a month the membership increased to 2,310. 
 The Club undertook various kinds of benevolent 
 
 work in behalf of its members, and its meetings 
 were largely attendcil. 
 
 On July 8, 1877, Fr.tncis Murphy, the great Blue 
 Ribbon .Apostle of Temperance, ilelivered an address 
 at N'oung Men's Hall under the auspices of the 
 Club. On November 2, 1877, the Society was in- 
 corporated, and on November 13 J. W. Smith was 
 elected |iresi(K'nt. He was succeeded on July 30, 
 1879, by Rev. C. T. Allen, and he, in turn, in 1880, 
 by William W.ule; T. W. Martin at the s.ame time 
 became secretary On Febru.iry 9, 1879, the Society 
 celebrated its second anniversary at the Detroit 
 Opera House. Dr. H. A. Reynolds was ])reseiit 
 and delivered ;in address. 
 
 The meetings of llu; Club were soon transferred 
 from the Opera House to Merrill Hal!, and from 
 thereto Young Men's Hall, the use of which was 
 given by Luther Beecher; finally the upper part of 
 the Barns' ISlock, on the northwest corner of Wood- 
 ward and C.r.ind River Avenues, was fitted up, and 
 on January 10, 1879, it was dediciited. Within two 
 years after, owing to dissensions among themselves, 
 aiul the advocacy of impracticable measures, the 
 Club was disbanded and its property disposed of. 
 
 On Febru.'iry 22, 1877, a Young Men's Red Rib- 
 bon Club was organized, and soon after a Boys' 
 Club was established. IJoth of these organizations 
 were short-lived. On June 26, 1878, two State 
 Temperance Conventions were in session in Detroit, 
 one representing the old prohibition party and the 
 other the Red Ribbon Clubs of the State. In this 
 year a Young Women's Christian Temperance 
 L'nion was organized, and, for a time, was quite 
 cnergtlic. On May 27 the Right Worthy Cirand 
 Lodge of <iood Tem[)lars of the World began a 
 four days' meeting at Detroit. 
 
 Turning again to the Common Council, we find 
 that on May 8, 1877, they again took up the cause 
 of the saloon-kee|5ers, voting to allow them to keep 
 open their saloons on Sunday from 2 to 10 p. u. 
 
 On May 1 1 Mayor Lewis for "the second time 
 interposed his veto, giving substantially the same 
 reasons he had given previously. 
 
 The State law of May 22, 1877, which went 
 into effect on November 6, 1877, dealt another 
 blow to the liquor interest by providing that saloons 
 should be closed on electif)n days, and Section 9 of 
 the law made it the duty of the mayor, within live 
 days of an election, to issue a proclamation warn- 
 ing the people of the law, and requiring the police 
 to see that it was enforced. On May 31, 1879, 
 by amendment to the law of 1875, saloons were 
 required to close on all legal holidays, violations 
 of the law were to be punished by imprisonment, 
 instead of by fine, and the taxes were largely 
 increased. For retail dealers of alcoholic liquors 
 the tax was fixed at $200 ; for retail dealers in beer 
 
anil its nicclinys 
 
 ly, tlic j^Tcal lUiie 
 
 liviTcdaiiadilrcss 
 
 auspitx'S of the 
 
 c Sot'ifty was in- 
 J. W. Smilli was 
 
 >cclcd on July 30, 
 , in turn, in 1880, 
 at the same time 
 
 , 1879, the Society 
 at the Detroit 
 
 lokls w.'is present 
 
 soon transferred 
 11 Hall, and from 
 use of wliich was 
 the upper jiart of 
 ;t corner of Wood- 
 was fitted up, and 
 ;ated. Within two 
 uiiong themselves, 
 •ble measures, the 
 erty disjiosed of. 
 Lf Men's Red Rib- 
 Don after a Boys' 
 liese organizations 
 , 1S78, two State 
 session in Detroit, 
 ition party and the 
 ihe State. In this 
 stian Temperance 
 a time, was quite 
 ,;ht Worthy ('.rand 
 lie World began a 
 
 in Council, we llnd 
 took up the cause 
 allow them to keep 
 im 2 to 10 I'. iM. 
 ir'thc second time 
 itantiaily the same 
 
 1877, which went 
 l"]"], dealt another 
 )viding that saloons 
 s, and Section 9 of 
 ; mayor, within five 
 proclamation warn- 
 equiring the police 
 On May 31, 1879, 
 
 1875, saloons were 
 holidays, violations 
 i by imprisonment, 
 taxes were largely 
 if alcoholic liquors 
 stall dealers in beer 
 
 THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND TEMPERANCE EIFOR PS. 
 
 845 
 
 at $65 ; wholesale and retail dealers in alcoholic 
 liquors were to pay $400 ; dealers in beer $150, antl 
 brewers from $65 to Si 00. 
 
 This law " heaped Ossa upon I'elion," and the 
 liiiuor dealers assembleii in conclave at Lansing, (jn 
 July 29, 1880, organized the Michigan Liquor Deal- 
 ers' Protective Association, and by assessments on 
 its members raised a large amount of money to be 
 expended in efforts to sectu'e the election of mem- 
 bers of the Legislatiu-e who would repeal or modify 
 the law ; they also interviewed the candidates for 
 governor and lieutenant-g>)vernor, ;md on Septem- 
 ber 26, 1880, issued a circular reeonmiending that 
 the li(|uor-(lealers cast their votes for the Democratic 
 candid;ites, as they had pledged themselves to 
 further their interests. These efforts did not prove 
 effective, for Holloway, the I^emocnitic candidate, 
 received but 137,641 votes in the State, against 178,- 
 944 for Jerome. The vote in Wayne County was 
 17,242 for Holloway, and 13,943 for Jerome. In the 
 city the vote stood 12,122 for Holloway, and 9,903 
 for Jerome. 
 
 The keepers of saloons became increasingly 
 urgent in their demands, and on April 27,1880, their 
 friends in the Conuiion Council secured the passage 
 of a resolution declaring the law of 1879 to be 
 arbitrary, excessive, and illegal, and directing the 
 city counselor to lile a bill in the Circuit Court to 
 restrain the county and city treasurer from receiving 
 or collecting the taxes under said law. Three days 
 later the council directed the county treasurer and 
 sheriff not to collect the licjuor taxes, and instructed 
 the city counselor to apply for an injunction to re- 
 strain the collection ; but on May 3 Judge Chambers 
 denied the bill, on the ground that he had no juris- 
 diction in the case. On May i, 1882, an amend- 
 ment to the State law went into effect which increased 
 the yearly tax to be paid by beer sellers to %2qq. 
 
 The same Act also provided for a yearly ta\ of S300, 
 to be paid by those who sold distilled li(iuors separ- 
 ately, or with beer. 
 
 Since 1874, the operation of the Tax Law and 
 the tendency of public sentiment have caused a 
 yearly tlecrease in the number of dealers in spir- 
 ituous .Hud mall liijuors in Detroit as compared with 
 the population. The number of dealers in i860 
 was 625; in 1865, 523; in 1870, 669; in 1875, 765; 
 in 1876, 719; in 1877, 685; in 1883, 678. 
 
 The number of wholesale and retail dealers in 
 Wayne Comity and the anioimt of the tax collec- 
 tions for the various years is as follows: 1875, deal- 
 ers, 995; taxes, §93,545- «876, dealers, 1,137; 
 taxes, §97,159. 1877, dealers, 707; taxes, $76,250. 
 1878, dealers, 1,117; taxes, §69,046. 1879, de:ilers, 
 1,281; taxes, $73,411. 1880, dealers, 955: taxes, 
 $98,553. 1881, dealers, 985; taxes, $101,819. 1882, 
 dealers, 787; taxes, !?i95,3ii. 1883, dealers, 817; 
 ta.xes, $177,715. 
 
 The amount of re\enue obtained by the city from 
 the tax is shown in connection with tlie artiile on 
 Finances. 
 
 On May 16, 1883, the National Convention of 
 Brewers began its sessi(jns at llarmonie Hall, and 
 on the evening of the 1 7th they had a banijuet at 
 the same place. 
 
 The National Convention of the Women's Chris- 
 tian Temi^erance L' nion met at the Central Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church on October 31, 1883. 
 
 The temperance organization known as the(Jrder 
 of the White Cross was founded in Detroit on Feb- 
 ruary 18, 1884, at the Asbury Methodist Episcopal 
 Chapel. The otTicers of the first club were : H. O. 
 Wills, president; R. N. Lewis, secretary; G. B. 
 Whitney, treasurer; andW. H. Suits, chaplain. In 
 June, 1S84, the organization had 1,800 members and 
 was increasing at the rate of 200 per week. 
 
C 1 1 A P r E R L X X X 1 . 
 
 liANKS AND CURRENCY.— INSURANCE AND INSURANCl'l C().MI'ANIi:S. 
 
 Till", farlii'st niDiicy riirulali'd in Ni'W Fraiuv, 
 aiul lo soiiu' (.'xli'iiL ciirrt'iii in iliis rcnioii, Isiiownas 
 "Card Money, " was first issued in 16S5, lo pay liic 
 soldiers; it ronsistcd of oi'dinary jilayini;- cards cut 
 into four i)icccs, cacli piece beini,^ stampetl witii a 
 lleur dc lis and a crown, and siv^nied I)y tiie ,i;o\- 
 crnor, intend.int. and clirk of tiie treasury. Tiiis 
 money w.is in use in Detroit in 1717, and w.is worth 
 only llftv cents on the dollar in siUer. it continued 
 in use until 1729 or later. Sl)ecime'l^ are i)reserved 
 at ( hiebec. 
 
 In I7''i3 I'onti.'ic is said to li.ive issued pieces of 
 birch-hark as money, with the lii^iire of an otter, iiis 
 totem or seal, rudely diviwn thereon, and tr.idition 
 says tli.it he f.iithfully riileemeil them. The wam- 
 pum used by the indi.ans was sold by tr;idi'i-s for 
 the i)ur|)ose. it w.is l.arv^ely manufactured by the 
 Dutch at Alb.any from both the purple and the 
 white p.art of cl.im ;mtl oyster shells, antl the Ilol- 
 
 tinder Act of September 2, ijyd. The notes were 
 of the denomin.ition of lifty cents, and one, two, 
 threi', ti\e, and ten doll.ars. Soon after, notes for 
 one ninth, one sixli'i'iith, one third, and one fotuth 
 of .'I doll.ir wiM'e issued. Ii w.is usual to reckon 
 these notes at 82.50 lo the pound. I l.ilif.ix cur- 
 rency W.IS estim.iled at S4.00 to the pound. .Spanish 
 doll.ars were the most valu.ible. 
 
 On September 1 J, 17S1, A. &. W. M.icomb sold 
 Andrews, (iraveral, & \'is)j;er eiij'it hundred .and 
 seventy-five Sp.inish doll.irs ;it ten shillings each. 
 
 Skins, ;is currency, were suppl.-inied in 1779 by 
 bills issued by nu'rch.ints under .authority of the 
 governor. E.ich inerch.nit w.is .allowrd to issue 
 p.iper money, or due bills, to the v.alue of the prop- 
 erty he bad on b.ind. .-ind on a \(\\t.n d.av they 
 exch;niL;(.'d with each other the bills thev h.id received. 
 This w;is the be'.;inninj4- of the cle.'wini.'^-housi' system. 
 
 In the old Macomb ledy;ers of i7cSo and 17S1 
 
 landers of the Moh.iwk yrew rich from tiie product there arc frequent entries of "cash destroyed," the 
 
 of their primitive mint, 'I"he pieces of wampum amounts evidently rLferrinir to the destruction of 
 
 were about half an inch lony with a hole in them, liie bills of the firm after they had betn redeemed, 
 
 and were carried on strinys. The same sort of currency was continued under the 
 
 The usti.i! currency of this and other tr.adinj; earlier years of American rule, and was adopted as 
 
 posts was the peltries of v.arious animals; tliey were a means of ilri\inir out of circulation the "cut 
 
 the chief productions, and were readily exchanged at 
 Montreal and Otiebec for goods of e\ery kind. In 
 earlier d.iy lere was little v.ariation in the price of 
 skins, .and ,is the demand usually kept pace with tiie 
 
 money," - silver |)ii'ces th.it b.id been cut into many 
 p.irts, ami otherwise so mutil.ited tli.it they were no 
 longer desirable as a circul.iting meilinm. 
 
 In the old records of the Court of (ieneral 
 
 supply, there was but little dejireciation in the cur- (Quarter Sessions of the Peace for Wayne County for 
 
 reiicy. Aceoiints were (jften kept in beaver-skins, 
 
 and other furs were itckoned accortling to their 
 
 value in such skins. Otter skins were reckoned at 
 
 si.x shillings each, and ni.irtins at one shilling and 
 
 sixpence. A stroud-bl.inket cost ten beaver-skins, 
 
 a white blanket eight, ;i pound of powder two, a 
 
 pound of shot or ball one, a gun twenty, a one- 
 
 pouiKJ a.xe two, and a knife one beaver-skin. 
 
 Buck and doe skins succeeded the beaver cur- 
 rency as a medium of exchange. \IntiI the i-)resent 
 century a good deerskin was eciuivalent to about a 
 dollar. 
 
 During revolutionary days accounts were usually 
 kept in York currency, so called because issued by 
 the lYovincial Congress of New York, which, even 
 at th.at d;iy, was a controlling f.ictor in the commerce 
 
 May 10, 1798, there is the following notice : 
 
 U'/ierfiis tile (iiaiul Jury of tlu- C'lmnty of Wayne i)rfscntc(l, 
 ill tile last Ki'iicral quartiT sessions of llie peace, the cut money 
 tlien in circulation as a nuisance, as teEulitiK to proniote fraud, 
 and whereas the Court puhlicly ri'coinnund that the circulation 
 of ihc aforesiiid money should be stopped, as dangerous to the 
 coMununity. \ow, the Court ordain that after the fmuth day of 
 June next (1708) all cut money - not beinjj a \c^a\ tender in the 
 country — may and ouKlit lo he refused as payment of any debts 
 whatsoever. 
 
 .And that the Court inform the inhabitants of the County of 
 Wayne that at their ne.\t general cuiarlcr sessions of the peace, 
 they will and shall adopt the necessary means to establish upon 
 a solid basis a currency of small bills of credit from four to twelve 
 pence each, which bills shall bi- redeemed with cash on |)r(rsenta- 
 tion, asthe signer or siitners of said bills shall give unqui-stioii- 
 ablc security before issuinjs' them. 
 
 During the years immediately prior to and suc- 
 
 of the country. The first York currency was issued ceeding 1S12, the money in circulation was chietly 
 
 [846! 
 
1 
 
 BANKS AND CURRKNCY. 
 
 847 
 
 ANii:s. 
 
 riic notes were 
 
 Is, aiul Diie, twi), 
 
 ;il'u-r, notes for 
 
 and one fmirili 
 
 usnal to reckon 
 
 1(1. Il.'ilifax enr- 
 
 pouncl. Spanish 
 
 W. Macoinl) solil 
 
 y^'\[ luiiulred and 
 
 shillin.ns each. 
 
 Miicd in \77') l)y 
 
 auliioriiy of liie 
 
 allowed to issni: 
 
 ^■alue of the prop- 
 
 i i;i\( n (lay they 
 
 they had received. 
 
 •ine'-honse system. 
 
 f 17S0 and 1 78 1 
 
 ih destroyed," the 
 
 the destruction of 
 
 ad been redeiined. 
 
 intiiuied nnder the 
 
 id was adoptetl as 
 
 enlation the "ent 
 
 )een ent into many 
 
 that they were no 
 
 ncdiuin. 
 
 Court ;)f deneral 
 Wayne County for 
 ng notice : 
 
 Y of Wayne prcscntcil, 
 peace, tlu* cut inoiuy 
 .liiiK to promote fraud, 
 ml that the eirciilatioii 
 d, as (ianj-^eroiis to th^ 
 after the fomlli day of 
 ijj a legal tender in the 
 . payment of any deljts 
 
 itants of the County of 
 r sessions of the peace, 
 neans to establish upon 
 L'dit from four to twelve 
 with cash on presenta- 
 shall give un(|U(rstion- 
 
 prior to and suc- 
 jlation was cliictly 
 
 Spanish silver pieces, and ;i few Kreiich .iiid j'drtu- 
 V;ucse ijold coins. 'I'he coin wrts kt pt in ke\.;s ;iiul 
 ho.xes, which oftentimes stood open under the coiin- 
 lers of the merch.inls. .After iheciptnre of Detroit 
 ihe currency w.is inllated by the " li.ii m(iuey"of 
 ( l(.'ner;il I'roctor. His procl.im.iiion of .M,ir( h 25, 
 iNi;„ ordered that .irniy and comniiss.iri.it bills be 
 receut-d .md accei)te(! ;is",i ki^al tendei- and of the 
 same value .as gold or sih'er, imder ;i pen;iltv of two 
 liundred dollars, on the o;ith of oni; credibk: witni'ss 
 .aside from the informer." 
 
 Durinir this war .and i\\i to i<Sr7, much Ohio cur- 
 rency was in circul.ition, .iiul w.is subject to a 
 discoiuit of tv.'enly-ri\-e per cent in New ^'ork. 
 Notwithst.indin.^f this fact, the (lovernment m.ade 
 use of tlie money, and as the vjoods of Detroit 
 merchants were chielly procin\(l at New N'ork, .ill 
 who received < )hio bills in p.aynienl were obliged to 
 ch.ir^c .a lars^e extr.i perccnt.a^i'. Diniiiv;' this s.aine 
 |)erio(l m.iny pri\ate I'irins and uidividuals issiieil 
 tluir diU'-bills as money. 
 
 In deprecation of this pr.ictice, a commuiii( .iiidii 
 in The Detroit Ci.azi'tte for .Sejitember 5, 1.S17, 
 sioiied "Common Sense," says: 
 
 The issuing of small hills has of late grown so fashionahle ih.il 
 iven strangers are willing to li lul us iheir assistance and furnish 
 lands for luir necessities the inoruciil thi'V arrive auicuig as. Their 
 names may he said to he hrst learned from seeing them on the 
 margin of their hills. 
 
 The article w.as i)reface(l with a few eomnieiits 
 from the editor, decl.irini; that 
 
 Thi east i|uaulity in lircuLiiiou tends to cmhairass Ir.ich'. 
 * * * Some have said that if every merchant, imcliauie, inn- 
 keepir, and hmkslir in the city would issiu- these facilities it 
 would glut the market and have ihe elfc c I of prodiuiirg an 
 arraugeiueni that would he salisfaclor\- on all parts. As printers 
 merely, we sh"uld reconimend such an e\periinetil , hul .isciii/i us 
 of Detroit, solicitous fiM- its good nauM- .Old llu- pro-perily of its 
 inhabitants, we hope no(lti/en will think of throwing any more 
 eud)arrassnu-nls in the way of trade. 
 
 These articles did not correct the e\il, and in 
 jaiKi.iry, i.Sm;, ihci-e w.is ;m unusu.illy l.tr^i' (|ii,in- 
 tity of "shinplasters" or "smiill bills" in ciinaiLation, 
 siune of them, issued by Judi^f Woodward, beint;' 
 for one .111(1 two cents each. At ;i mei'tiiiiL;()f citi- 
 zens it W.IS resolved "that the issuing- of small 
 ch.aiixc bv individuals, wlio do not redeem them at 
 si^ht, is an evil" which should be corrected. It 
 was .also resoKcd that there.ifter persons inleiidinti^ 
 til issue small bills shoukl t'irst i^ive security for their 
 I'edeniption. 
 
 Durini; this ye.ir Rev. Ciabriel Richard beijan the 
 erection of St. .Anne's Church, .and vtTy naturally he 
 did what many others were doiiit;. - issued his own 
 money, p.iyin.i,^ out lari^e (luantitiesto the workmen. 
 The types with which the shinplasters were printed 
 wenj stolen from the Cazette olliee by a printer 
 
 ii.imed looper. who issued ,1 (|u,intity, with tht- 
 counterfeit sii^natuic of |',iilier Kich.ird. I he worthy 
 f.ither redeemed them .as far .is he was .able, ;ind his 
 refus.il to receive sever.il hundred doll.irs of wh;it 
 W.IS s.iid to be coiiiiterfeit .scrip is st.ited to h.ive 
 m.ide.a lasting; bre.ieh between him and cert.iin per- 
 sons of his p,irish. The 111,111 Ccioper subseiinenlly 
 enlisted ill the liiiud St.ltes .\rtillery, .and the 
 stoK 11 types were loiind mider ilu> lloor of one of 
 the biiildiin^s of the cantonnient on Aiiv;ust 7, iSiij. 
 In order In inll.iie the (iirreney .and .aid the con- 
 ir.nidis who weri' then biiildiiiv;- the Court House 
 or t'.ipiiiil, the ( '.ovi'rii'ir ,iiid jiidv^cs .also bevj.an to 
 issue strip; the lir t issue w.is dateil iNk;, the l.ist 
 iiSjfi, ;iiid they i -sued a toi.il of $22,500, in sums of 
 from !j;2,oo to §20.00. 
 
 y.j*T' v'j.ti'-"*'" 
 
 fcV^ 
 
 ''littiliaRtii!^.i,|| 
 
 
 :■-■;.'.■<' 
 
 '^^^:m 
 
 
 
 I'm -si MILK iji oM-: i,i- |',\ I iii.i; KiciiAiai's SiiiM'i.Asri:i;s. 
 
 I'rom time to time the bills of I'lastern and 
 Southern St.iies were circul.itcd to some extent in 
 the Territory, .and on M.ay 21;. iiSn^, the Secretary 
 of the Treasury iiotilieii the reci'iver of the Laud 
 Olliee not to receive the bills of the li.ank of il.alti- 
 niore, nor those of the I'r.anklin li.uik of .Mex.indri.i, 
 \'.a., .as they h.ad refused to ri'deem their notes in 
 specie. 
 
 On October 22, uSnj, the money in cirtailation 
 was chielly bills of Ohio banks, .and of these 'Ihe 
 (i.a/.ette classified seven as "^ood;" twel\e others 
 were n.amed, .and classified respectively ;ts "deci-nt," 
 "niiddliui;'," .and '\iL;()od-for-notliin,i;." On Decem- 
 ber 4 a committee of five citizens, consistinv; of 
 James Abbott, John I'. Sheldon, I'eter J. Desnoyers, 
 Thomas I'.almer, and Thomas Rowl.and, was .ap- 
 pointed "to obtain and diffuse intelligence ix-l.ttinij 
 to the value of bills of the various banks circulating 
 in the 'I'erritory." At this time there was .a dearth 
 (jf money .and much distress .among almost .all 
 classes. I^'roni i<S20 to 1 1S30 there was , a gre.it kick 
 of fimds for nearly .all enterprises. 
 
 During all these years the eirt iil.ation of cut coins 
 continued, and their use w as so inconvenient that on 
 August 17, 182 1, ;it .a meeting of citizens at Wood- 
 
84S 
 
 HANKS AM) ClKKllNCY. 
 
 wortli's Hotel, si'vinty of tlii' principal biisinoss men 
 pit'(l.;\(i tlicnisiKcs not to rfci'lvt: or pass cm coins 
 c-xccpi by wcivjiii. Currency continued to hi; so 
 scarce that in(li\ iiluals, and corporations larj^c an<l 
 sniali, issued ilicir promises to pay, in sums of from 
 six and ;i (|uarter cents to live dollars, hut on Au)j[iisl 
 31, 1S22, a citizens' mectin'< resoKcd to discoun- 
 tenance tlio further circul.ii ion of hills of k'ss tlirui 
 one dollar made hy individuals ; and gradually the 
 practice ceased. 
 
 Me.'inlime ten years ]-).issi'd away, and I'lnancial 
 difficulties of larv^'er pro])ortions l)ev;,in to Irouhle .all 
 the land. 'I"he hv!^iniiin'.;s of thesi' ditriculticsdati'd 
 from the Act which incorpor.iled the I'nited St.ites 
 Hank, l''el)rii,iry 8, 1791. The ch.irter expireil on 
 March 4, icSii.an unsuccessful effort Iiavinvj been 
 made in 1S08 to obtain a renewal. The second 
 bank of the United .States was chartered on \\m[ 
 3, 1816, for twenty years, and wi'iit into oper.ation 
 on January 7, 1817. In 1S29 it w.is doinij; a pros- 
 perous business with a capital $35,000,000, one fifth 
 of which u.is owned by the Ciovernment, It lia.d 
 branches in all the States and its notes were at par 
 throuifhoiit the Union, — were even used to buy teas 
 in China, -;uid the b.ink w.is rei^arded as inipre.i.,m,i- 
 ble. hi 1820 "resident Jackson, in his first messajje, 
 expressed stronjj; doubts as to the constitutionality of 
 the charter, and repeated the doubt in his mess.iycs 
 of 1S30 and 1831. Notwithstandinij; this, Contjress, 
 in 1832, passed a law renewin).r the charter, but the 
 President vetoed the bill and recommended the 
 removal of the public deposits from the bank, and 
 the next year urijed Mr. Duane, the Secretary of 
 the Treasury, to remove them. That officer declined 
 to act and refused to resi.i,m. On September 23, 
 
 1833, the President removed him, and appointed the 
 late Chief-Justice Ro,i,a'r H. Taney in his stead, and 
 in December, on a positive order from the President, 
 the deposits were withdrawn. 
 
 This action so alarmed private banks throuifhout 
 the country that, not knowini; what miiL^ht h.ippeii 
 next, they refused all discounts. A public meelintf 
 was held in the old Capitol in Detroit on April 4, 
 
 1834, to condemn the removal of the deposits, arid 
 all was anxiety and unrest. 
 
 The President next undertook to prove that the 
 functions of the United States Bank coukl be per- 
 formed by the private or State banks. To this end 
 the Secretary of the Treasury entered into corre- 
 spondence with several banks, offering- to constitute 
 them the fiscal ay^ents of the C.overnmenl, and to 
 authorize them to perform such service as had been 
 performed hy the old United States Rank. The 
 State banks eagerly embraced the opportunity, and 
 in each of the principal cities of the Union one or 
 more of them was ajipointed depository of the 
 public revenue and disburser of the public funds. 
 
 Mr. T.aney Issued a circular, in which he said. " The 
 deposits of the public money will enable you to 
 alforil increased facilities to commerce and to ex- 
 teiul your acconimod.itions to individii.ils ; " and 
 President J.icksun. in a messai^^e to Convjress, said. 
 " It is considered av;ainsl tin: ,t;enius of our free 
 institutions to lock up in vaults the treasure of the 
 nation." I'.viilenily neither tlu' President nor his 
 Secretary saw the f.it.il snare into which they were 
 runnini;. I'liey forgot that the revenue could not 
 he used "to extend ac-commodalions to indi\idu,ils" 
 and at the same time be jjarnered in vaults awaiting 
 the (U'lnands of the nation. Mr. Woodbury, who 
 succei'ded Mr. Taney as SeiTelary of the Tri;isury, 
 issui'd a circular in which he ixpri'ssly recommended 
 the li'iidini;' of the public; moneys to the people, in 
 order to tlemonstr.ite that a l>;ink of the United 
 States was not a necess.iry fiscal agent. 
 
 Meanwhile, in order to n'gulale the deposit banks, 
 Congress p.issi'd a law with coudilions so onerous 
 that we look back with astonishment upon the 
 blindness of that day. The (K'posit banks were 
 re(iuired to ]iay interest at tln! r.iti; of two per cent 
 per annum upou daily b.ilances, to bit responsible 
 for all bank-notes received by them on government 
 account and to treat them as gold; also to hold 
 themselves in readiness to pay at sight the whole sum 
 due to the United .States, or to tr.ansmit it to any 
 part of the Union at their own risk and expense. 
 In Michigan, the I'armers and Mechanics' Hank 
 and the P.ank of Michigan were m;i(le deposit banks, 
 and the public officers in the Territory made deposits 
 in each on alternate weeks. From this source the 
 F.irmers rmd Michanics' ISank received large 
 amounts, often as nuich as §1,500,000. These sums, 
 with its capital, it used to afford l.irge discounts in 
 conformity with the request that had been made. 
 
 The country was bewildered with jirosperity. 
 The entire war debt of 1815, amounting to twenty- 
 four millions of dollars, had been paid out of the 
 government revenues, and there remained a suqilus 
 of more than forty millions in the treasury. Appar- 
 ently the (iovernment had no use for the money, and 
 in June, 1836, Congress resolved to divide it among 
 the States according to population, and twenty-eight 
 millions, in <iuarterly instalments, were actually so 
 disbursed. As a natural consequence of this al)un- 
 dant supply of money, the price of everything was 
 abnormally increased. Emigration from Mast to 
 West was encour.'iged. Import.ation was greatly 
 increased; manufacture was siimulaleil; the rage 
 for fine buildings, tine equipage, fine furniture, tine 
 dress, and luxurious li\-ing spread throughout tlie 
 country. This unhealthful activity began to show 
 itself in 1834, and grew "rapidly in 1835 and 1836. 
 Ill this last year the charter of the United States 
 liank expired, but practically the same bank was 
 
HANKS AN'I) CUKUENCY. 
 
 S49 
 
 li lie s:ii(l, "'riu' 
 
 I'li.ihli' you III 
 
 me aiul to c\- 
 
 lividiials ; " ami 
 
 Con,i{rcss, said, 
 lius uf our free 
 J treasure of the 
 resident nor his 
 wlneli tlicy were 
 vcuuc could not. 
 is to individuals" 
 n vaults awaitinij 
 
 \V(iii(lt)ury, who 
 of the Treasury, 
 sly reconiineiided 
 
 to the i)coi)le, in 
 ik of the United 
 '^I'lit. 
 
 he tli'posit banks, 
 itioiis so (inerous 
 ihinent upon the 
 )i)sit banks were 
 ; of two Jier cent 
 to be responsible 
 ni on i;-overnnu'nt. 
 lid; also to hold 
 -ht the whole sum 
 transmit it to any 
 risk and expense. 
 
 Meehanies' I'.ank 
 ade di'posit banks, 
 .ory made deposits 
 )m this source the 
 < received larj^e 
 i.ooo. 'These sums, 
 
 lar^e discounts in 
 had been made. 
 I with i^rosperity. 
 ountinvf to twenty- 
 m paid out of the 
 remaineil a surplus 
 e treasury. Appar- 
 
 f or the money, and 
 
 to divide it amoni;; 
 11, and twenty-ei.n'it 
 ;, were actually so 
 Lience of this abun- 
 
 of cverythinjj; was 
 tion from l'"ast to 
 tation was t;really 
 imulated; the rage 
 , fine furniture, tine 
 L'ad throui^hout the 
 ivity began to show 
 ' in 1835 and 1836. 
 ■ the United States 
 :he same bank was 
 
 rcch.irtered by the State of I'lnnsylvania, imder the 
 name of the United St.itcs Hank of J'cnnsyKani.i. 
 
 This new institution look the securiti's and 
 assumed the ri'siionsibilities of the <lefimct bank. 
 Tile old JKink liad returned the ten millinns of 
 government deposits, and the new oiii' was ic(|iiirc(l 
 to refund the seven millions of c.ipit.il owned by 
 the I'nited States. Notwitiistanding this trcnun- 
 dous draft, it undertook to compete with the St.itct 
 (k'posit banks for the trade of the country, and 
 esi)ecially for the control of the cotton crop. At 
 lirst all went smoothly, but it w;is soon discovered 
 th.it the prestige of the new bank w;is gone, 'i'he 
 diminution of its power by the withdr.awal <if the 
 scvcntet'ii millions of governnu'iit money, the return 
 from ;i wide licld of its own notes, the hostility of 
 the p;irty in power, the reckless loans made to 
 s|)eciil;itors in produce, and wild land schemes, all 
 fostered tin- panic which was drawing near. 
 
 Up to tlu' time of the issuing of Pri'sideiit Jack- 
 son's Specie Circular of July 1 1, 1836, which directed 
 that all public oHicers should recciw -.[tu] jiiiy out 
 coin only, the b.anks gi'iK-r;illy wi'ri' jirosin'rous, their 
 notes were used without (|Ucstion, and were promptly 
 redeemed, on pri'sentation, in such funds as were 
 (ailed for. The Specie Circular put everything on a 
 coin basis, and the b.anks were compelled to ;irr;inge 
 their business accordingly. As a result, all business 
 came to a standstill. ( )n October 15, 183^), ;iiul for 
 several months before, the b.mks of Detroit would 
 not discount the best p;iper offered. To convert 
 uncurrent money into available funds a premium of 
 from one to five per cent had to be paid. 
 
 In January, 1837, tlisasters came thii'ker and 
 taster. I'.ven the best paper went to protest. 
 •• Paper cities," by the score, collapsed, wild l.inds 
 were returned for unpaid taxes, banks curtailed 
 their loans ; circulating notes were returned for coin ; 
 .'iiul the large sums due the Ihiited States for the 
 proceeds of public lamls sold or duties collected 
 were required to be transferred to the East. The 
 State deiKi'-itories, which were trembling under the 
 pressure, and needed strengthening, were thus left, 
 to their own resources. The government account, 
 that at first had promised so much, in the end 
 proved one of the most unfortunate and disastrous 
 of accounts. The banks were obliged to pay the 
 ( "lovernment, but could not collect the loans they 
 had made. Manufacturers suspended, and whole- 
 sale and retail merchants toppled over like rows of 
 bricks. 
 
 In February the contraction became more serious, 
 and failures still more freciuent. hi March the pos- 
 sibility of a suspension of specie payments became 
 a subject of discussion. In April that event had 
 come to be regarded as probable. On May 10 the 
 blow fell; the banks of New York City refused 
 
 to redeem. Tlu'rc w;is then no tclegr.ipli, ami few 
 railroads, but the lu'ws w.is sprc.id rapidly by 
 couriers. 
 
 l-'or weeks till' b;inks all over the country had 
 bicn struggling .'ig;iiiist suspension, but .at List llu' 
 blow had fallen. The news ii'.ichcd Detroit on 
 May iC). Sidney Kctcluim, who .arrived from New 
 ^'ork on the morning of th.at d.iy, brought news of 
 the suspension. I handbills soon annoimced .1 meet- 
 ing at the City II.ill, and there Mr. Kctcluim told 
 the story, ;ind showed printed copies of the pro- 
 cctdings in some of the cistern towns. The citizens 
 p.'issed the stereotype resolution, calling on the 
 b.inks to suspend to save their s])ccie, .and the next 
 d.iy the following .advertisement appeared: 
 
 ro IIIK I'l T.I.IC. 
 
 I1.\M< NiiTliF''.. — .At :i iiU't'tiii>; iif llic r.iuiid •■f 1 lin clurs of all 
 tlic hiiiiks in the cily lliis aftrriUKin, il was 
 
 lu-snhrif^ tliat in iMiiiscqiU'nic uf iiitclliKiin'i' "f a viiicral sus- 
 p(■ll^il)ll of specie [i.TyuH^nts In lln' l.astirn Slates, it lias been 
 lUeineil a course of proper preeantimi on the part of the hanks (if 
 lletroit and their hranehes to adopt a like nieasmc until fnrlher 
 imliee ; and in the nieanllnie the Imsincss of llie hanks will in 
 oilier respeels he eondncud us nsnal 
 
 111' I Mill , May 17, i8,i7. 
 
 On M.iy zo the following notice .appe.ired : 
 
 At a ineetinj; of the Directors of the lletroit ( ily hanks on 
 I'riday, the 19th May, 1837, llonorahle Levi t'ook in llu- (hair, 
 and John Norton, Jr., secretary, 
 
 lu-soh'Cif , that this meeting has heard wilh surprise that a 
 report had nhiained eiirreni y in the cily of the intention of the 
 hanks to take advanlaye of ihe present crisis in sellini; their coin 
 at a hi^h premium. ♦ * * 
 
 /i'i',f(i/7'iv/, each Hoard for its own institution, that the alleged 
 conneclioii hclwein tile hanks of this city and the brokers therein 
 is wholly without foundation and utterly untrue. 
 
 yS'rtv/r'iv/, that from and after the lirst day of June next the 
 hanks in this city will open at nine o'clock a. m. and close at two 
 o'clock 1'. M. for the day. 
 
 /w'Wr'Cii', that tlie ahuve he piiMl^lied in llie several news- 
 papers of this cily. 
 John XouiiiN, Ji;., Sfcritary. I.kvi C.ok, Chairiiian. 
 
 After the susjicnsion a sense of relief pervaded 
 the comnumiiy, but only for .a little while, for sus- 
 pension of specie p.ayments was soon found to be 
 suspension of all payment. 
 
 In June 1837, Mr. Wan Buren called an extra 
 session of Congress. Time for payment was ex- 
 tended to the deposit banks, but the President pro- 
 posed to withdniw the jniblic moneys from the Sta'e 
 l)anks, to establish the sub-treasury, and to make 
 a penal offence on the ]).irt of disbursing officers t^. 
 receive or pay out the bills of any State bank. The 
 subject, of course, became a political one, and on 
 July II, while Daniel Webster was in Detroit, 
 visiting his son, Daniel F. Webster, a lawyer then 
 residing here, he tielivered an address in opposition 
 to the policy of the Ciovernment. 
 
 Up to this time the business activity of 1834 to 
 
850 
 
 i'.ANKS AM) CI UI<1;NLY. 
 
 l8?7 IkuI liri'ii iTij.irdcil .1'^ a lir.iitliy (li\flii|iiiu ni 
 of Ami'iir.iii iiumy. I lu' riaclicii u.is fiMil'iil. 
 C'ontitlciirc was liisi, values wrvr misitlliil. (inal 
 ilistrcs-, ( nsinil. anil ilir sii'ci'ls wrrc crnwdcil wiili 
 iinfiTtiiiiaii' ,mil al)li'-lii>ilit(l men wlm wai'i- imabli' 
 to |)iM(iiri' wmk, .mil a man woiiKI no moi'i- hnv a 
 pii-i'i'l of iin|Mcnlniii\i' I'lal t'sialc, sniiirct to tasi'S, 
 tiiaii lu- wiiiiM t'oihlli' a laltlcsnaki'. 'riiosc who 
 wiTi' ill ilcht.anil lluy fonsiituliil a niaioriiyof tin- 
 po|iulalion, wcri' in tlrs|)aii'. To till lluin that lluir 
 iTi'ilitors hail idntidfuct' in tluir inti.i^i'ily. and would 
 wait, was to hold lu lore tluii' lyis a puluii' of un- 
 (.MuliuiL; loi'iuri'. rndcf surh I'iiTiunsianccs the 
 lii'blor I'lass wi'fc ready to approM' and adopt any 
 nnasui'i' of relief, witiiout rej;.ifd to its lei;alily or 
 I'oninierei.il soundn ss. The l.ei;islatiire ol Miihi- 
 v;,ui was ap|ie,i!ed to, ,inil passi'd .i l.iw pio\idin;^' 
 lh.it whrnl.mds were le\ied upon under e\eeiition, 
 the sherilf should h.i\e tlieni appr.iised. ;inil the 
 creditors take them in p.iymenl at two thirds of the 
 ■appr.iis.il. I'lider the operations of this l.iw the 
 priees of l.iiuls which had been i)ou;.;lit in the he. it 
 of the spi'i-ul.itinu mani.i were kejH up by debtors 
 who had purehased them. ( >thers who were in di bt, 
 with the, lid ot friends or from ri.'ser\ed me.ins. olten 
 both^ht up tracts of wild l.iiul at iiioveniment jMaeis, 
 and tuiiieil them over to the sheriff to be appr.iised 
 at ten timestheir eost, and tr.in.sferreil to iTi'ditois .at 
 six times their v.ilue. Deeejnion and dishonesty 
 si'enu'd to be at ;i i>ri'mium. While these methods 
 were bein^- pursued, most of the iMstern banks re- 
 sumed, and on M.iy i(), iSv'^.the Hank of .\Iirlii;^,in 
 and the Farmers ,ind Meeh.mies' liank a^.iin p.iid 
 specie. 
 
 .Ml this tiiianoierii'v;' mid all the remedial and .stay 
 laws f.iiled to brin^;- relief. The mount. lin of debt, 
 iiiere.iseil by interest and t.ixes. v;rew lars;er. Many 
 LTedilors ileelinetl to accept payment in the way 
 provided by l.iw, the debtor i' -^s therefore rcm.iined 
 in trouble. ,ind no .ibsolut ame until 1S41, 
 
 when the H.mkrupt .^ -eil. Meanwhile, 
 
 in order to relieve c' .,.'ss and est.ihlish a 
 
 value for lands, the aw. iiy .Vet of March 1 5, 
 
 and amendeii .Vet 01 .'ecember 30, 1S37, provided 
 for an unlimited number of so-called li.inks. Of 
 the nominal capital of these " wildcats," only ten per 
 cent in specie was reiiuired to be paitl when sub- 
 scriptions to the stock were m.ade, and twenty per 
 cent additional in sjiecie when the bank couuncnced 
 business. For the further security of the notes the 
 stockholders were to ijis-e tlrst mortvjai^es upon real 
 esta.te, to be estimatetl at its cash value by at least 
 three county otticers. and these niortsases were to be 
 tiled with the auditor-ijeneral as collateral security 
 for the notes to be issued. First one and then three 
 commissioners were appointed to superintend the 
 ori^anization of these banks and attest the legality 
 
 of their proceedinvjs, ,anil iipnn the eertilic,ite of 
 
 tilllerof them, the .llldilnl-y^ilU r.ll W,is to eoimtlT- 
 
 siv;u ,ind dili\er to the b,ink circtiLitinv; notes to the 
 e\leut of two ,'iiid ,1 half limes the ;imounl of cipi- 
 t,il eeriilied to h,ne bi i n p.iid in. Inder the .Nets, 
 at lirst twelvi', ,ind then anv number of |)ersons, 
 upon si\;niu^ ,in .('..ireemenl to ili.it elfeci, bec.uue a 
 b.inkin;.;' corpor,;t ion, .md .almost .my one mii;hl be 
 ;i dirciMor. This monstrous b.inkiuv; system was 
 
 welcomed .alike by IIiom' who NMle hiipelessly JKlllk- 
 
 riipi and by those who s.iw a ch.ince for unlimited 
 kn.iverv ; and in .1 few months where\ir two roads 
 ci'ossed. ,a b.ink w. is established. M.iny of the so- 
 calleii banks li.id neither books nor oHice, ;ind stock 
 w.is transferred to, .and represented .is owned iiy 
 |>ersons who knew not that tluv were stockholders 
 in these I'uterprisin;;' eoi-poiMiioiis. In most e.isi's 
 there was no coin to eshibil to the b.ink I'ommis- 
 sioner. '• Specie certilicates, X'eritied byo.ith. weiH- 
 everywhere siibslitulcd, the idenlic.il cirtilic.ites 
 haxiii;^ bei n c.incellcd .is soon as created jiy ;i draft 
 lor the s.ime .imoiint." In some cases certilicates 
 or specie wiHild be borrowed to show to the commis- 
 sioner, if specie, as soon as it h.id iiecn examined 
 in one bank. ;i f.ist team would taki' it to the woods 
 where some other bank was located, and llu're it 
 would again be counted .is b.ink capital. The loan 
 of spi'cie l)y est.ablishcd coipor.ations to thesi' sh.am 
 institutions bi'came i)arl of the regiiKir banking 
 business of the iieriod, and banks put in oper.ation 
 by these fr.auilulent transactions were themsi-l\cs in 
 turn ii.arcnts of similar offspring. In the l.ingu.ige 
 of an ollicial report, "'I'lure is no spcciis of fr.iud 
 and I'vasion of l.iw which the ingenuity of dishonest 
 coqiorations has ever devised that has not been 
 pr.acticed tiiuler this Act," .So utterly reckless did 
 some of the operators become th.it they exhibited to 
 the commissioner coin boxes tilled with n.iils .and 
 wini!ow-v;lass, in lieu of spi'cie. 'I'hey hurried to 
 Xew" N'ork in scori's to urge the engrax'crs to deliver 
 without delay their tirculating notes, which were 
 issued to them by the auditor ;is r.ipidiy as their so- 
 called securities were perfecteil. 
 
 The first bank established under the Act was the 
 Farmers' ii.ink at Homer, Calhoun County. The 
 .articles were tUeil on August 19, 1S37. In a little 
 over four months nineteen more banks were cre.ateel ; 
 in 1S3S they were more ]"ilentiful th.an mushrooms 
 ami grew as napidly. Forty-nine b.anks orgar.i/.ed 
 ami nearly forty went into oper.ation in one year, 
 with a professed capital of $1,745,000 ; thirty per 
 cent w.as claimed to be paid in. In a few nioiuhs 
 two millions of tloll.ars were distributed about the 
 State, of which probably not one dollar was secured 
 by /'i»!ii fide capit.al. paiil in for legitim.ate b.anking 
 purposes. In order to make good their credit, these 
 new banks demanded that the old territorial banks 
 
nr 
 
 HANIsS AM) CLkKLNCV, 
 
 w (iililii'atr of 
 \\,i>> 111 (iiiinliT- 
 llillv; llntl'^ to iIk' 
 .lIUcilllll cif liipi- 
 
 I lulcr ilic Alts, 
 iilur (if pirsoiis, 
 itlnt, lnT.mu' ;i 
 ly iiin' inii;lil l)c 
 ;inv; system was 
 hniulcssly baiik- 
 iirc for iniliiniti'il 
 ri'vcr t\\<i niads 
 Many nf tlif sd- 
 
 lilllii', and stuck 
 nl as (i\\ lu'd liy 
 
 iTi' stiitklmldiTs 
 
 111 most lasfs 
 
 111' bank > umniis- 
 
 i liy (lalli, wiR' 
 
 iiiical ciTliticatrs 
 
 rcaicd l>y a diafl 
 
 • casts ccrtilicatcs 
 iiw to tlic cimiinis- 
 iil liccii cNainiiicd 
 kc il to the woods 
 atcd, and tluTo il 
 ■apital. 'I'lic liiaii 
 oils to tlicsc sham 
 
 rc),4ik-ir bankiiiv;- 
 ; inil ill opii'aiion 
 ^\■\\^ iliciuscKcs ill 
 
 In tlic lan,i;ua,!Lj(.' 
 11) species of fraud 
 eiiuily of dishonest 
 lat has not lieeii 
 iteiiy reckless (hd 
 It tlicy exliiliitcd to 
 ctl with nails and 
 
 They hurried to 
 .■n^ravers to deliver 
 notes, which were 
 rapidly as tlicir so- 
 
 ler the Act was the 
 oun County. The 
 9, 1837. In a little 
 lanks were createti ; 
 il than mushrooms 
 le banks organized 
 ration in one year, 
 745,000 ; thirty per 
 . bi a few months 
 stributed a'.jout the 
 .' dollar was secured 
 
 • lejijitimate banking 
 )d their credit, these 
 old territorial banks 
 
 85' 
 
 .should receive their notes on deposit, ;iiid cin urn- receiver. The b.iiik cortimissioncrs were app d 
 staiice.H fompellcd Ihcni to do so. fo|- two ye.ir.s. I'ollowiiig is ;i list nf their n.iiius 
 
 'I'hree of iheso b.mks were located in Wayne and the d.ile of their .ippoitiliiieiif. Kobert McClel- 
 Couiity. The li.mk of C.ibr.iliar, .at dibr.ilt.ir, was land, M.irch 2.S, iS/i; i'.dward M. Uridges. .March 
 ill existence as e.irly ;is Septeinbi r 2>j, 
 i.Sj7. The din-ctors i hoseii 011 J.ui- 
 iiary 1, iS vS, were : Jo>hii.i llow.ird, 
 I'.iioi li Joiies, r.enj.iniin I'ortc r, .\l.in- 
 soii Sliil /y. Tin odorc Komeyn, II. 15. 
 I.aihiop, \. '1'. I.udileii, lildridgc 
 Moi --c, .nul ( iriiiilh II. [ones, joshu.a 
 llow.ird w;is president and J. I', king- 
 iioli cashier, 'i'lie iiomin.il ( apital was 
 !»ii(K),(X)i), An .\ct of I'ebni.iry !<>, 
 iS 3.S, ;iuihori/.e(l ilie bank to open ;in 
 oHice ill Detroit for sixty days for the 
 tr.ins.ictiou of business. 
 
 'i'lie following ,iiK( rti^emeiii ( 011- 
 t.iins p.iriiciilars concerning the I )( iroii, 
 Cit)' ll.mk, the only bank w liicli claimed 
 I )eiioit ,is its home : 
 
 'I'lii I >i '. I'oil C'ity Ii.ink w lit i i>ri)n)''iii '- lu ip|)('i'" 
 .iiioiis (111 I'lU'silay, :.'(>ili iii^i. ( I iciiinliir, ■•■^.j?!. 
 hixniiiit cl.iys oil 'I'lH'Ml.iys aiiil I'rUliiy-.. All 
 |i.i|irr iiiiiiiili (1 tor lUMHiiint must \i\: |.ir-,iiiii i| 
 liy liii <i'< I'ii k \. M. nil (lisriiiint (lily*, llmir-, ..f 
 tuisiijf^s tr •ill iiiii*- I'i lux Uc o't-i'M k A. M. ainl 
 iMiiii i.j'i I'l 1 r. M. 
 
 l;y..ia.i-..fll,r l;u.,nl. 
 
 !•■. II. II ,11-1-. 
 
 ('.!.. './,■>■, 
 
 The directors, in February, icS^.S, 
 were: II, M. Cuiipbell, iiresident ; 
 Ch.aiies r.issell. II. J lallock, John 
 Trii.ax, Culleii iJrown, Julius I'.ldred, 
 A. T. McReyiioIds, and !•-. Ilrooks. 
 The nominal i.ipital was S2(X),ooo, and 
 notes to the amount of S-oo,ooo were 
 pi-iiiteil; only $29,675, apparently, w.is 
 ever ill circulation. The b.ink sus- 
 peiiiled on February 23, i^yj, only 
 !«;i 5,423 of its notes being then out. 
 II. Ilalkuk, J. ];idred, and Cullen 
 llrown were appointed receivers. 
 
 'I'lie Wayne County Hank, located at 
 I'lymouth, issued $45,000, with no 
 money p.aid in. A specie ecrtifieate 
 was the basis of their operations. A 
 two-doll;ir bill of this bank, dated 
 December 3, 1S37, is preserved at 
 Lansing. J. 1). D.avis was president 
 and H. F. Mall cashier. The directors 
 were: Cullen l>rown, C. L. IJristol, C. 
 Ten ]".yek, T. Lyon, IL A. Xoyes, C. 
 Harrington, A. Y. ^hlrray, E, Wood- 
 ruff, and J. 1). Davis. In winding up 
 its affairs A. W. Duel was appointed 
 
852 
 
 BANKS AND CURRENCY. 
 
 17, 1837; Thomas Fitziiorakl, January 22, 183.S; 
 Alplu'us Fflcli, February 2, 1S38; Kiiuzini,' 
 Pritclictte, February 7, 1S38; Digby \'. Bell, April 
 22, 1839. 
 
 In one of their ol'iicial reports the followin;^- state- 
 ments appear: 
 
 The singular spectacle was presented of the officers of the State 
 seeking for banks in situations the most inaccessible and remote 
 from trade, and finding at e\ery step an increase of labor by the 
 discovery of new and unknown organizations, liefore they could 
 be arrested til ■ mischief was done. Large issues were in circula- 
 tion, and there was no adequate remedy for the evil. ( iold and 
 silver flew about the country with the ceUiity of magic; its 
 sound was heard in the depths of the forest, yet like the wind 
 one knew not whence it came or wither it was going. Quantities 
 of paper were drawn out by individuals who had not a cent in 
 bank, with no security beyond the verbal understanding that 
 notes of other banks should be returned at some fu' e time. 
 
 Trade was immediately stimulated by the pleni- 
 tude of the so-called money; the merehants took 
 the notes eag rly, but sold them day by day, or 
 deposited them with the older banks. When the 
 latter sought to have them redeemed, various pre- 
 tences were used to postpone a settlement; some- 
 times time drafts on the F'.ast were given, which 
 were dishonored at maturity. In order to make 
 some use of the bills, the old b;inks were compilk-d 
 to loan, and did loan, the bills of the new banks 
 to persons whose credit could not command real 
 money. At length the Supreme Court decidetl that 
 the Hanking Act was unconstitutional. Of course 
 all obligations under it were therefore void, and, like 
 the gourd of Jonah, the whole system withered in a 
 night, and there was wailing and distress all over 
 the land. 
 
 To check these evil results the Legislature pro- 
 V'ided for the organization of new banks, and the 
 suspension of specie payments was legalized for a 
 year. This legislation was repeated from time to 
 time until 1841, but the millions of "wildcat notes" 
 were dead beyond the hope of redemption, and 
 were gathered and ased as linings to packing cases; 
 the children had them by the peck to play with ; in 
 some houses, room after room was papered with 
 sheets of bills that had never been cut apart or 
 signed. So sudden was the collapse that Mr. Hatch, 
 a New York engraver, who came to Michigan to 
 collect his money, lost $20,000 in uncollected bills. 
 On October 9, 1839, the I'nited States Bank sus- 
 pended payment. It resumed on January 15, 1840, 
 and in less than a month, on I"ebruary 4, it again 
 suspended. 
 
 The condition of business during all these ups 
 and downs is faintly indicated in the following 
 newspaper item of I-^ebruary, 1841 : 
 
 Our local currency Is in a terrible plight at present. Indeed, 
 ' we have no currency at M. One or two merchants refuse to take 
 the bills of either The Hank of Mieliigan or the I'arniers ami Me- 
 chanics' liank, wblcli constitute abcjut nine tenths of our entire 
 
 circulation, and the result is, business is tlireati nc d willi a ilcad 
 halt. 
 
 So pressing was the need for currency that the 
 .State followed in the wake of city anil county, and 
 comjileted the chain of government money by issu- 
 ing State .scrip. An act of .April 13, 1841, author- 
 ized the auditor-gencnil to provide treasury notes 
 or State scrip in deiiominaUons of !J!i.oo, $2.00, 
 $5.00, and !{!io, to the amount of S335'9'o. These 
 notes were paid out in anticipation of tiie half- 
 million loan which was then being negotiated. By 
 November 30, 1841, §208,702 of this .State scrip 
 had been issued, and some of the notes continued 
 in circulation for more than fifteen years. 
 
 The following paragrai)h appeared in May, 1841, 
 in a Detroit daily : 
 
 Oin CuuKENcv.— Xo change for the better. P.ank of Michigan 
 sells at fifty cents on the dollar for specie, and is received by 
 many of om' merchants at from five to six shillings on the dollar. 
 Karmers and Mechanics' and .Michigan Insurance notes are in 
 great demand, but viry little is circulated. State scrip will prob- 
 al)Iy be issuetl next wei'k. 
 
 Such were the exigencies of the time that it was 
 difficult to obtain moni'y that would be accepted for 
 ta.xes, and the corporation otlucrs were so often 
 tempted to retain for their own use the best funds 
 they collected that by ordinance of January 15, 
 1842, they were recjuired to pay to the treasurer of 
 the c'cy the same money collected by them, except- 
 ing such amount thereof as was tlue them for 
 salary. 
 
 On F\'bruary 8, 1842, the council 
 
 Resoh'i'ii, that the superintendent of Hydraulic Works be .and 
 is hereby instructed not to receive the notes of any of the banks 
 in the .States of Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois, in i<ayment of water 
 tax. 
 
 The city was finally compelled to receive for 
 taxes funds that could not be used in other Statca, 
 and on May 17, 1842, the council 
 
 Ktsolvfii, that the Committee on Ways and Means inquire and 
 report to this Hoard how eight hundred and si.xty dollars in good 
 funds can be procured to pay for one thousand feet of hose now 
 contracted for. 
 
 This resolution was alternately before the council 
 and t!ie Committee on Ways and .Means for nearly 
 six months before the city of Detroit was able to 
 obtain the sum of $860 in actual money to purchase 
 apparatus almost essential to its existence. Tliat 
 the practical financial lesson of the day was not 
 lost upon the councilmen of that period is evident 
 from the discrimination matle between funds and 
 money in the following extract from the proceedings 
 of June 28: 
 
 A'('j('/r'(v/, that the DIrecler t>f tlu^ Poor be authorized to dispose 
 of such funds as he may ha\*e on hand fur money, and ap|)ropriate 
 the same for the po<;r. 
 

 BANKS AND CURRENCY. 
 
 853 
 
 cutL-ned with u dead 
 
 iiTcncy that the 
 uicl c-dunty, and 
 nioncy by issu- 
 3, 1841, author- 
 e treasury notes 
 if !?i.oo, $2.00, 
 335,910. These 
 in of the half- 
 ncyotiatcd. By 
 tliis State scrip 
 notes continued 
 years. 
 ;d in May, 1S41, 
 
 . r.ank of Michigan 
 , and is n;ccisi-d by 
 illliiv's on tlic dollar, 
 iiiiauce notes arc in 
 State scrip will prob- 
 
 tinie that it was 
 ! be accepted for 
 s \\(.'re so often 
 se the best funds 
 
 of January 1 5, 
 
 ) the treasurer of 
 
 by them, except- 
 
 is due them for 
 
 il 
 
 .-draiilic Works be and 
 s of any of the banks 
 in iiaynu-nt of water 
 
 d to receive for 
 d in other States, 
 
 ;ind Means inquire and 
 ,d sixty dollars in good 
 >,and feet of hose now 
 
 before the council 
 
 Means for nearly 
 
 letroit was able to 
 
 noney to purchase 
 
 existence. That 
 
 the day was not 
 
 peri(jd is evident 
 
 etween funds and 
 
 ini the proceedings 
 
 le authorized to dispose 
 noney, ami appropriate 
 
 During 1843 and 1844 the " wildcats " entirely dis- 
 appeared, the older banks resumed specie payment, 
 and the notes of various banks in tiic Western 
 States began to circulate in Detroit; but there was 
 a constant scarcity of currency, and on Fel^ruary 16, 
 1857, the Legislature passed a general Hanking 
 Law. Under this law a few banks of issue were 
 organized outside of Detroit. None of them, how- 
 ever, proved either dural)le or c'l^sirable. 
 
 We now reach the jianic of 1857. The i)eginning 
 may be traced to tiie failure, on August 24, of the 
 Ohio Life and Trust Company, followed on October 
 14 bv the suspension of the New N'ork banks. Sim- 
 ultaneously with the failure of the Trust Comjiany 
 the New York banks refused to discount, and began 
 to call in loans, and as a result thousands of busi- 
 ness men all over the land were ruined. The New 
 York banks resumed within two months, but the evil 
 of their susjiension was past remedy. Uy the spring of 
 1858 money was comparatively easy, but the demand 
 for it was greatly checked, and before business was 
 fairly re-established, a new trouble had ai-iseii. In 
 uSfjo tiie political and national crisis foreshadowed for 
 many years w;is clearly n^ ;tr at hand. At tlu' s.ame 
 time there was manifested v'-ry general distrust of 
 Illinois and Wisconsin banks, many of which were 
 known to be but little better than the banks of 1 837. 
 During the summer and fall of i860 this distrust 
 increased, and finally the discount on western money 
 reached an average of from forty to sixty per cent. 
 Meetings of business men were hekl from time to 
 time to decide whether " stump-tail " currency, as it 
 was called shoukl be received, but no dehnite rate 
 of discount could be agreed iii'ion, and tlie trouble 
 increased apace. ICven the dowrnment could not 
 command bills to meet its obliga.tioiis, rtnd on 
 December 17, 1S60, the hrst issue of $10,000,000 in 
 treasurv notes v."as authorized, in bills of tifty dollars 
 each. l''ifty million more wen; authori/.ed to he 
 issued by Act of July 17, iHCii. 
 
 After the attack on I'\)rt Sumter on April 4, 1S61, 
 forty-two Wisconsin banks suspended. By this time 
 it had become evident that a long and serious war 
 was before us. The coin of the country, which 
 had a certain and absolute value, began to be gath- 
 ered and hoarded. Ere long the silver dis.ippeared, 
 and the noise of dropping coin was no longer heard 
 on the counter or in the contribution-box. Single 
 pieces were soon exhibited as a curiosity. In De- 
 cember, 1861, all the banks suspended, and before 
 the close of the year thousands of dollars worth of 
 postage stamps had been bought, and were circu- 
 lating as change. Sometimes they were enclosed 
 in a round brass case with mica covering, and pack- 
 ages in small envelopes, with the value marked, 
 passed uncounted ami unexamined. So great was 
 the demand for these sticky substitutes that enough 
 
 could not be procured. In the fall of 1862 many 
 business firms revived the custom of fifty years 
 before, issuing little pasteboard cards and bills of 
 various denominations, from live to fifty cents. 
 Some of these were handsomely engraved. One 
 citi/en issued !5i24,ooo in scrip or checks. Silver 
 half-dollars, when they were in circulation at all, 
 passed for sixty cents, quarters for thirty cents, anti 
 ten-cent pieces for twelve cents. It looked at one 
 time as though the old plan of corporation shin- 
 plasters would ha\e to be revived, and on October 
 22, 1862, F. Buhl & Company and thirty-eight others 
 petitioned the Common Council to take immediate 
 action to relieve the inconvenience resulting from 
 the scarcity of small change. 
 
 Meanwhile the (iovernmcnt was preparing the 
 " postal currency." It was so called because issued 
 to take the place of postage stamps as change, and 
 contained fac-similcs of postal stamps of various 
 kinds. On October 30 the first instalment was 
 received at Detroit. At the hoLir designated for 
 the distribution the office of the depository was 
 literally besieged. The office, h.ill, doorway, and 
 even the walk in front, were densely packed with 
 business men, merchants and clerks, each man 
 wildly brandishing tlfteen dollars in treasury notes, 
 that being the largest amount that one person was 
 allowed to obtain. It was almost at the risk of life 
 that the happy spot where change was dis]iensed 
 was reached. The doors were closed, and guarded 
 by police. Other amounts were received soon after, 
 and there was no further excuse for tite issues of 
 private firms. i)n January 6, 1863, the ISoard of 
 Trade resolved not to receive or pay out such issues, 
 and after February 1 the (iovernment made pro- 
 vision for the redemption of soiled postage stamjis, 
 and thousands of dollars worth were redeemed 
 at the post-ofliee. The trouble, however, was not 
 over. No postal currency less than i'we cents in 
 amount had yet been provided, and the lowest 
 issue was never less than three cents. The copper 
 cents had disappeared as thoroughly as the silver 
 coins, antl thousands of business men all over the 
 country, iaeluding scores of Detroit firms, s(3(m 
 issued in copper, brass, and vulcanized rubber, 
 " liusiness Cards" or "Tokens." They were about 
 the size and thickness of the newer copper coins, 
 and circulated freely as change from April, 1863, 
 for fully a year, and were then, in most instances, 
 honestly redeemed. 
 
 The necessity of a currency to take the place of 
 the bills of the broken and worthless western banks, 
 the money needed by the (iovernment to defray the 
 large expense which the war with the South involved, 
 and the pressing necessity of a medium of exchange 
 of some sort, led Congress, by the several Acts of 
 1861, 1862, and 1863, to provide for the issuing of 
 
854 
 
 BANKS AND CURRENXY. 
 
 over a thousand million dollars ot k'^al -tender notes, 
 rcceivalilo for all debts due the (.jovernnient except 
 custom dues. Those notes were called i^reenbaciss, 
 because the backs were jirinted in j^reen ink. As 
 the war ])r<jgresse<l anil prices advanced, tlie actual 
 purchasinjr power of these notes declined ; the un- 
 certainly of the result caused ,i,rold and silver to be 
 more and more sou.tjht after, and coin was hoarded, 
 and boiiirht and sold on speculation, till at len,i;t!i, 
 on June ii, 1864, ^old reached the enormous 
 premium of 2S5 per cent, and its purchasin.^r power 
 was more than three times that of a .i^overnment 
 note. Indeed, it was a common occurrence for 
 a person with $1,000 in irold to obtain, in Can.'ida, a 
 $3,000 L'nited States bond, drawing;- interest at six 
 per cent. 
 
 Next in order came the Act of I'"ebruary 25, 
 1863, which provided for the ornaniz.iiion of na- 
 tional banks, the capital stock of each to be not 
 less than $100,000 in cities of over 100,000 ]i{rsons, 
 thirty per ct:nt of the capital to be paid on com- 
 niencinjr business, and United .States bonds to the 
 amount of $100,000 to be deposited with the l'nited 
 States as security for $90,000 in notes prep.,_ d by 
 the Government and issued to the bank, the banks 
 to be subject to taxation upon their circulation an<l 
 deposits. The security these banks have al'fortled 
 and the savinjj; on the former system of irrespon- 
 sible banks almost, if not entirely, eciuals the money 
 cost of the war which brought the system into 
 being. 
 
 The successful termination of the war reduced 
 the premium on coin and brought i,a)kl and silver 
 into circulation, and at the same time doubled the 
 value of the government notes, anil these, with the 
 issues of the national banks, provided such an 
 abundance of actual and representative money that 
 prices of every kind were kept higher than was 
 warranted by the demand. The large prolits made 
 by railroads, even idler their original slock luul been 
 several times watered, and the abundance of cur- 
 rency at the command of capitalists, causeel excess- 
 ive expenditures for new railroads, and in the 
 enthusiasm of the times both city and country voted 
 large bonuses to aid in building new roads. The 
 firm of Jay Cooke & Company, widely known 
 through their success as agents for the large gov- 
 ernment loans, ciiught the railroad fever and began 
 the Northern Pacific Road. Meantime there spnnig 
 up all over the country an organization called the 
 "Cirangers," composed almost entirely of farmers. 
 The local societies met from time to time to discuss 
 matters of interest to them as the jiroducers of the 
 country. Naturally, they discussed the r;ites of 
 transportation on their grain as affecting the prices 
 they received, and when they began to pay the taxes 
 on bonds voted in aid of the niilroads, there arose 
 
 a sjiirit of opposition to the roads. These discus- 
 sions were magnitled b\' the press, antl the papers 
 .'ill over the land seemed to vie with e.'ich other in 
 the sensational chanicter of their "head-lines" con- 
 cerning the grangers and the r.iilroads. All this 
 awakened fear as to the value of railroad securities, 
 and this fear bred a panic. The bonds of the 
 N(jrthern Pacific did not sell fast enough to meet 
 the current expenses of construction .and operation. 
 Jay Cooke tS: Company were compelled to suspend; 
 the storm-cloud burst, and the panic of 1 873 came. 
 There was no suspension of specie payments, for 
 none of the banks had been receiving or paying 
 specie, and the money in circulation was almost 
 universally good. It was not loss of money, but 
 loss of confidence, that begat and fostered the dis- 
 asters that followed. 
 
 To relieve really unfortunate debtors. Congress 
 passed a Hankrupt Law, which was taken advan- 
 tage of, not only by the class it was intended to 
 relieve, but by thousands of dishonest persons who 
 evaded the payment of just debts that they were 
 able to \x\y. During the panic the (Greenback Party 
 was born. It was partially based on the theory that 
 the national banks had caused the existing trouble 
 because they charged too much for the use of their 
 notes, and were obtaining too much interest on the 
 bonds deposited as security for their bills. The 
 aim of the party seemed to be to compel the 
 {government to do away with the national banks 
 £ind pro\ide a currency f(jr the n.ition by issuing its 
 own notes. However, under the stimulus of large 
 crops at home, heavy demands for export, the de- 
 crease of imports, the development of American 
 manufactures, and increasing faith in the ability and 
 willingness of the Government to meet its obliga- 
 tions, i' s p.inic gradually passed away, and on 
 Decem.^er 17, 187S, for the first time in many yeans, 
 gold, greenbacks, and national bank-notes were of 
 equal purchasing power. 
 
 T/if Detroit Bank, 
 
 This bank, the first in Detroit, was established in 
 1S06. On March 27 of that year a petition was 
 presented to the (iovernor and Judges, signed by 
 Russell Stiirgis and five other Boston capitalists, 
 praying for the passage of an Act to permit them 
 to establish a bank with a capital of §400,000. On 
 May 27, exactly two months afterward, a bond in 
 the sum of $15,000 was given by William Flanagan, 
 also from Boston, for the proper performance by him 
 of the duties of cashier of the bank, " if the bank 
 is organizeil." A bill for the incorporation of the 
 bank was introduced by, and referred to, C Governor 
 Hull, and on September 19 an Act was passed 
 incorporating the bank. The charter was to con- 
 tinue for one hundred and one years, and the capital, 
 
BANKS AND CURRENCY. 
 
 ^^5; 
 
 These (liscus- 
 aiul llic papers 
 th racli otluT in 
 head-lines" con- 
 Iroads. All this 
 lilroad sfcuritii's, 
 le honds of the 
 enouirh to meet 
 n and operation, 
 lelled to suspend; 
 lie of 1 873 eanie. 
 ie |-)aynients, for 
 eivinir or payini^ 
 tion was almost 
 s of money, but 
 fostered the dis- 
 
 lebtors, Congress 
 vas taken advan- 
 was intended to 
 nest persons who 
 :s that tliey were 
 : (ireenbaek I'arty 
 [)n the theory that 
 •2 existinij trouble 
 K the use of their 
 eh interest on tiie 
 their bills. The 
 e to compel the 
 he national banks 
 ition by issuinsj; its 
 stimulus of larsa^e 
 or export, the de- 
 lent of Amcriean 
 1 in the ability and 
 ;o meet its oblisjja- 
 ed away, and on 
 me in many years, 
 ank-notes were of 
 
 was established in 
 .'ar a petition was 
 
 Judi^es, signed by 
 Hoston capitalists, 
 \ct to permit them 
 
 of §400,000. On 
 terward, a bond in 
 
 William Flanagan, 
 )erformance by him 
 bank, " if the bank 
 icorporation of the 
 erred to, (lovernor 
 1 Act was passed 
 larter was to con- 
 ars, and the capital, 
 
 which was not to exceed sf 1,000,000, was divided into 
 ten thousand shares. The governor was authorized 
 to subscribe to the stock, but, in the original Act, 
 no limit was placed to the amount that he might 
 subscribe. The stock was to be offered to sub- 
 scribers on Saturday, .September 20, the !iext day after 
 the bank was incorporated, and subscriptions were 
 to close in four days, "that is to say, at sunset on 
 Wednesday, the twenty-f',>urth day of .September." 
 
 On (~)ctobcr 2 a lot w.'is bought of the Oovernor 
 and Judges on the; northwest corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue and Randolph Street, for §250, payable in 
 thirty instalments, anti by exchange an adjoining 
 lot was obt.iined for ^225. On these lots a b.ink 
 building w;is erecteil by IJenjamin Woodworth. In 
 size and strength the building must have been a 
 marvel to the hahitaiis. It was of brick, one story 
 high and about thiity feet square. In one corner 
 was a s.ifety vault, with walls of stone, lining of oak, 
 and do(jr of iron. The door, composed of wiile. 
 Hat iron bars, held together by cross-pieces tirmly 
 bolted, was as rude as a country blacksmith could 
 make it. The lock corresponded with the door in 
 appearance ; it was sixteen inches long and three 
 inches thick, with a key a foot long, and weighing a 
 pound. There was also a large inside bolt moved 
 by a secret spring. 
 
 The following history f)f the bank w.is written at 
 the time by John Gentle : 
 
 In 1S1J5, .1 few days after Ciovcrnor Hull .inil Jiid^'e W'nndw.nrd 
 arrivi'd, llic writer accidentally stepped into the Legislative Hoard 
 while the honorahle members were deliberatinj; on the situation 
 and circumstances of thu Territory, and the measures neeessiiry 
 fur its futLire elevation. Ju<l),'e Woodward said, " For my part, 1 
 liavc always considered these territorial fstablishmenls, at be^t, 
 a most wretched system of government. And the measures 
 hitherto pursued by former territorial governmints have a!l 
 proved exeeetlingly defective. We will tlierefore adopt a system 
 for the government of this new territory that shall bo entirely 
 novel." (iovern<)r Hull and Jud.L,'c Iiates ga\'fi llu'ir assi-nt by .1 
 5,'rntlc decline of the bead, and the audience stood amazed at t!ie 
 » i^dom of their words and l!i.: majesty of their demeanor. C;o\- 
 ernor Hull then observed, " Ilifnre I left Toston I had but .1 v ly 
 imperfect idea of this country; but since I arrived Inmiiuito 
 delightid with it. Gentlemen, tliis is the finest, tlie richest 
 country in the world. Hut from its remoteniss, it is subject to 
 many inconveniences wbi<:h it behooves us to emove ns speedily 
 as possible. And the first oliject which merits the sjiecial atten- 
 tion of this honorable Hoard is tlio establishmi'nt iif a haul;. Ves, 
 gentlemen, a bank of discount and deposit will be a fine thing lor 
 this new territory. Fiefore I left lloston I sjiokc to several of my 
 friends on tliis subject, and tlu-y were cpiite taken with it, and 
 even made me promise to allow them to bi: connected with it." 
 A bank I said I to myself, — a bank of discount and deposit in 
 Detroit 1 To discount what? Cabb.iges and turnips? To de- 
 posit what? Pumpkins and potatoes? 'J'liiuks I to niysi If, 
 'J'liese folks must cTther bi: viry wise men, very great fools, or 
 very great rogues. .V bank ill Petrolt, whiro the tr.ide is all 
 traffic and the bills all payable in produce! A Iiaiik in the 
 bosom of the deserts of Michigan! That will be a novelty 
 indeed. 
 
 Tlie f,>ll,iwing fall Coveruor irnll and Jud^-e Won,1ward 
 wr'Ml down to f'ongre-is, ami during the winter and spring 
 
 they settled the necessary pn liminaries with their I'.osinn frii-nds 
 for the establishment of the Detroit b.ink. Karly in the summer 
 of 1S06 (iovernor Hull returned, and about six weeks afterwards 
 .Mrs. Hull and the rest of the family arrived, escorted by Mr. 
 rianagan, cashier of the proposed Detroit b.ink. He broiight 
 along some strong iron doors, and several tons of bar iron to 
 strengthen the vaults. 
 
 .Materials were soon coUeAed, the ( Iovernor sto|)ped bis works, 
 and all his workmen were employed to e.vpcditi' ihc erection of 
 the bank. 
 
 Nothing was done that summer, ami nothing thought of, but 
 the bank. Karly in September Judge Woodw.iid and Messrs. 
 Parker and llroadstreet, both proprietors in the propl^sed bank, 
 arrived, with $i9,«o in liright guineas of HriLiin's Isle to pay the 
 first installment of I'oston shares in the Detroit bank ; and tliey 
 also brought an immense cargo of bank bills, not filled up. The 
 real capital of the Detroit bank is $j.>,r,oo, §3,o.>.>ol winch has been 
 expended in building the bank, and in other cimtingent expenses. 
 The nominal capital is §i,qcki,o<to, divided into ten thousand 
 shares of %vio each, eight thousand of which were already en- 
 grossed by the people of Hostim. Towards the last of Septemlier, 
 while the princi|)al inhabitants of the territory were in town at- 
 tending the Supreme Court, a subscription of the rem.iining two • 
 thousand shares was o|)ened for a fi'W bonis only at Smyth's 
 Hotel, by Parker .ind llroadstreet, who informed ns that u was 
 not yet decided what the amount of the first installment wnuld 
 be; but at the same time assured us that it would not be U>s than 
 twenty-five doll.ars nor more than I'lfty dollars per share. Ileing 
 uninformed of its object, only ten or twelve sliares weri' lakiii up 
 at this time. We s;iw no more of the subscription until about 
 three weeks afterward. In the interim the I,e,v;islature met and 
 framed .1 charter for the bank ; also a law making it lawful for 
 Michigan Territory to hold shares in the bank ; and empftwering 
 (iovernor Hull to ])iirchase ten shares for the Territory of Michi- 
 gan with money from the territorial treasury, and also making 
 the Detroit b.ink notes a lawful tender in all p.iynieiits wherein 
 the Territory was concerned. 
 
 The bank being nearly completed, the subscription wasav;aiu 
 offered, not publicly, as before, but only to a few gentleun n if 
 spirit and tnterprisi! ; but the first installment whicli, oul\' llin e 
 weeks before, was not less than twenty-five dollars nor more tluni 
 fifty dollars, was now reduced to two dollars piT .share ; and 
 instead of giving every person an opportunity of subscribing, 
 Messrs. Parker and llroadstred, at one dash, swei>t off for tliein- 
 selvi'S and friends in I'l ston the fifteen hundred shares whii h 
 remained aftir satisfying their newconvi-rts in Detroit. When 
 Parker and llroadstreet opened the subscriiition at Smyth's Hotel 
 tliey asserted that they did not know what the amount of the 
 first installment would be, but assured ns that it would not be less 
 than twenty-live dollars nor more than fifty dollars. They knew 
 then that they asserted a falsehood ; for they brought just money 
 enough with them to pay for the I'oston installments at the rale 
 of two dollars per share. At the same time they were diceiving 
 the public with fifty-dollar installments to prevent a general con- 
 necticm. Meanwhile they were busily engaged in sounding the 
 moral characters of certain individuals whose opposition they 
 dreaded, whose support w.is indispensably necessary, and whose 
 virtue, alas ! was too flexible to resist the golden allurements of 
 the Detroit mint. 
 
 Having brought matters to a favorable issue, a meeting of the 
 founders and their new converts assembled, and appoinli'd Judge 
 Woodwanl president, and William lianagan, of Iloston, cashier. 
 Parker and llroadstreet then cnibarkid for Iloston wilh a small 
 venture of $icj,o.» of Detroit bank notes. The apiie.irance of 
 the notes excited the riiriosity of the Poslonians, but on inquiring 
 tlicy were given to understand that they were very.sjife notes, and 
 that the rich Territory of Michigan was concerned in them. 
 Agents were also stationed throughout the Northern States, who 
 disposed of immense quantities of them to the unwary, at from 
 ten to twenty-five per cent discount. Not long after tb- intro- 
 duction of the notes In New I'.ngland, the following remark ap- 
 
8^6 
 
 BANKS AND CURRENCY. 
 
 prarnl ill tlu* iiiistiin Sfiitiiir!, dcvi-Iupiiii; llu' inntiws »if tlu' 
 Detroit l);iiik, supposed to be the prodiu lion of Mr. l';irker : 
 " 'I'lic enterprise tlie Detroit llatikliiK C'oinpuiiy have in eoiileni- 
 ()hitioii, of which lliis hank is but a part, involves in it as niu( li 
 pubhc advuiitajjc as any enterprise tliat ever was undertaken, 
 viz., the diversion of the vahiahle trade of Canada to the ports of 
 llustuu and New York," Ves, and peddlinj; Detroit bank nute.s 
 through the New Kngland States is the very plan to effect that 
 object. I'',very lover oi sport must admire this i hoice diversion 
 divertini; the cash from the .Atlantic States into the Detroit 
 bank. The ne.\t time our bank gentry jjel into a frolicsome 
 niotid, I will not be the least surprised to see them undertake to 
 di\*ert the channel of the .yri-at ri\'er St. Lawrence into the 
 Hudson and Connecticut rivur.s, or to cut the United Slates iu 
 two by the .MIeiihany Mountains. 
 
 I h.ive asserted " that the Detroit Hank is pari of a deep plan 
 ajjainst the rights and properties of the people of this country." 
 'I'his remark eNci'ediin;ly enra,;;ed some of tin; stockholders in 
 tills muck bank, iiarticularly Dr. William Drown, who is a pro- 
 prietor of fifty shares, worth one hundred dollars. He said thai 
 the remark was " an arrant falsehood ; that the intention of the 
 bank is honest ; the prospect of the profits is immense ; that the 
 Oovernment have no connection with the bank, nor the b.ank 
 with the scheiiu-s of (.loveriiment." If the pecuniary prospi'cls 
 of the bankini.; company are so llatteringly immense, it is morally 
 impossible that their intentions can be so purely lionesl unless 
 they have discovered in some of the invisible regions an unknown 
 resort of couimercial intercourse willi invisibles, for all the profits 
 that can possibly result from their bankinij trade in this country 
 will not defray one half of the cashier's gambling expenses 
 unless he is very ei'onomical iiuleed. 
 
 The .imount of their paper currency circulating here never, 
 until very lately, exceeded $j,(oo, and how e\"en th.'it much got 
 alloat is a mystery, for no person ever deposited money in the 
 bank, and no person ever borrowed from them, neither do I know 
 that any notes of hand, bills, or bonds were ever discounted ; 
 still this docs not altogether invalidate the honest Dr.'s premises. 
 
 In the month of March or .April, news came to Detroit that 
 I'arker and llroadstnet had sold their interest in the Detroit 
 Hank to a Mr. Dexter, at or near lioston, and it appeared by the 
 length of their faces that our Detroit pro|>rietors were somewhat 
 suspicious that their late associates had swindled tluni. Hefore 
 our mock bankers were entirely recoverid of this shock, a Mr. 
 I.alimer, of I'resque Isle, arrived and brought on one of the New 
 Kngland live-dollar Detroit Hank ni>tes, whiili lu- presented at 
 the bank, but it was refused admitlanee. The week following, 
 Mr. Conrad Ten Kyck returned from .Albany with .i small cargo 
 of five hundred dollars' worth of Detroit Bank notes, which he 
 purchased from one of the agents at or near .Albany at twenty-five 
 per cent discount, lie made a tender of them at tlu' bank, but 
 to his great surprise the directors refused to discount them. 
 
 The appearance of Ten Kyck with so much of Detroit paper at 
 first determined the directors to shut the bank. On that occasion 
 Governor Hull delivered the following very learned oration : " It 
 is reported there are now in circulation in New Kngland from 
 $40o,(xxD to $600,000 of Detroit paper money, and I believe it. It 
 is very strange that I was not informed of it before. I assure 
 you, gentlemen, I never knew that a single bill of this bank went 
 down the country. This bank business, I find, is one of the 
 d.imnodest swindles that was ever heard of ; but (laying his hand 
 on his breast), thank (lod, I have no band in it 1" Mon Dieu ! 
 What an example of piety and virtue ! 
 
 For about three weeks the bank gentry assembled daily, no 
 doubt to deliberate on the propriety or improprii'ty of shutting 
 up the bank. If they shut the bank on the bills from below, the 
 report would very soon re.ach Hoston, and put .1 final stop to the 
 circulation of bills in that (piarter ; on the contrary, if they satis- 
 fied Ten Kyck, and maintaini'd the credit of the bank a few 
 months longer, they could easily dispose of five or six hundred 
 dollars' worth more of their paper, which would amply compen- 
 sate for Ten Kyck's five hundred dollars. Accordingly, r.fler a 
 
 series of consiiUatii>i>s, it a|)pi'ars that the latler proposition pre- 
 vailed. The cashiir was <Iispatchcd with tidings for '\\:i\ Kyck to 
 repair to the bank and receive the cash for his notes. 'I'here 
 were in circulation at that time, in Detroit and its vicinity, $i,7'>o 
 of the Detroit paper eurrenc y, and the report having gone abroad 
 that the bank refused to discount its own bills, the peojile 
 crowded in from all ipiarti-rs with their bills, and without any 
 difficulty received cash for them, which was more than they 
 cxiieeted. 
 
 Just at this time the following coiiversiilion aceidenlally look 
 place on the subject of the bank. Mr. S., who was one of the 
 largest shareholders, said ihat " I'arker and Hroadstreet had acted 
 a very treacherous pari, and for that reason the directors were 
 determined not to pay the bills that are in circulation below ;" 
 but he pledged his woril and honor " that no person in this 
 country would Ik- suffered to lose a single cent by the bills which 
 had been circulated here." It was answered, " How will you 
 evade ]i;iymenl of your own notes ? A'ou can surely be compelli'd 
 by law to pay llieiii." Mr. S. replied, " \\\: never will p.i\ llnni. 
 nejther can we be compelled by l.iw to pay them, unless wi- 
 please." -Mr....S.'s observations are perfectly correct, fur the Ter- 
 ritory of Michigan holds an interest of ten shares in the bank, 
 and Congress, not having the fear of Cod before their eyes nor 
 the interest of the Detroit banking company, at the last session 
 willfully and maliciously destroyed the charter of the bank ; and 
 every stockholder is now bound for the hank debts to the full 
 amount of his foruine (and that is not much). To prove this 
 let the following copy of one of the new bills be submitted : 
 
 " The I'resideiit and Directors of the Detroit Hank promise to 
 
 pay out of the capital stock and funds thereof, to or 
 
 bearer, on demand, five dollars, and the stockholders jointly and 
 severally guarantee the payment at their ollice of discuunt and 
 deposit at Detroit, July the loth, 1S07. 
 (Signed) 
 
 .A. H. \yoonWARii, rrcsicicni. 
 
 Wll.I.lAM I'l.AN.XCAN, Cits/l lir." 
 
 The Territor)' being a stockholder in\<'K'es:i general interest in 
 the bank, and the property of every person therein is bound by 
 these promises for the payment of the Detroit Ilank notes, and 
 no person, agreeably to the laws of the Umd, being eligible to 
 serve as judge, or jury, or evidence, in processes wherein his in- 
 terest is concerned, consecpiently no suits c.ui be instituled in 
 this Territory for debts due by the Detroit Hank. 
 
 The people, through their grand juries, have three diffirent 
 times remonstrated to the government of this Territory against 
 the illicit connection with the bank, but their respectful solicita- 
 tion has been disregarded. 
 
 Shortly after the events just narrated, Mr. Di xter, the luw 
 Hoston proprietor, arrived, and brought another cargo of bank 
 notes not filled up ; the same, in effect, as the former, but dilTer- 
 ciilly worded. The bank was again started, on a niw plan, as 
 they said, but I never could discover any dilTerence, only that 
 James Henry was appointed president in room of Judge Wood- 
 ward. Mr. Dexter then embarked with another venture of De- 
 troit Hank notes, to try his luck in the New Kngland market. 
 
 The Detroit bank, since its re-establishment, has done no busi- 
 ness in this country, in any line, of any kind, that mortal eye 
 can perceive, yet there are alloat in this town and vicinity not 
 less than ten or twelve thousand dollars of its notes. The mys- 
 tery docs not end here. The notes from other banks which arc 
 sent on here for public purposes are instantly transfigured into 
 Detroit Hank notes. Thi' Detroit notes which are alloat in this 
 country have been circulated at full value^ and it is probable 
 they may be redeemed at full value : if the Directors please. 
 
 There are now alloat on the shores of the .Atlantic not less than 
 fifteen or sixteen hundred thousand dollars in Detroit Hank notes, 
 which have been circulated at from ten to twenty-fiv.' per <eiil dis- 
 count. How they will be redeemed is a query for the learni d to 
 solve. The report of Mr. I.eitch, who lately returned from visit- 
 ing his friends in New Kngland, partly resolved the foregoing 
 
: latltr iiriipiisition pro- 
 lidiiigs fur 'I'cii ICyck to 
 for his riDtrs. 'I'luTc 
 and its vicinity, ^ij.hi 
 ort liiivin>j j;(inc abruail 
 own bills, the juiiiili- 
 liiUs, anil witlioiit any 
 I was mure than tluy 
 
 ation acciiliMitally took 
 i., who was iini' of the 
 il liroailslreit had acted 
 ison the directors were 
 in circulation below :" 
 hat no person in this 
 cent by the bills which 
 ivered, " How will yon 
 ran surely bi' ronipelled 
 'e never will pay Iheni, 
 pay them, unless we 
 :ly correct, for the I er- 
 en shares in the bank, 
 1 before their eyes [lor 
 iny, at the last session 
 after of the bank ; and 
 bank debts to the full 
 much). To prove this 
 ills be submitted : 
 
 Jetroit Hank promise to 
 
 reof, to or 
 
 ;tockholders jointly and 
 ■ oflke of discount and 
 
 \yooDWARP, rrcsiihnt. 
 
 vesu general interest in 
 
 n therein is bound by 
 
 elroii Hank notes, and 
 
 land, being eligible to 
 
 ncesses wherein his in- 
 
 s can be insliluleil in 
 
 I Sank. 
 
 have lliree different 
 f this 'I'erritory against 
 heir respectful solicila- 
 
 Mr. Pixter, the new 
 another cargo of bank 
 
 the former, but differ- 
 ted, on a new plan, as 
 y difference, only that 
 room of Judgi: Wood- 
 mother venture of I)c- 
 w Fngland market, 
 ment, has done no busi- 
 • kind, that mortal eye 
 town and vicinity not 
 f its notes. The niys- 
 
 other banks which are 
 mliy Iransligureil into 
 which ari' alloat in this 
 iluu. and il is probable 
 o Directors please, 
 e Atlantic not less than 
 •s in Detroit Hank notes, 
 wenty-five per cent dis- 
 uery for the learned to 
 ely relumed from visit- 
 resolved the foregoing 
 
 BANKS AND CURRENCY. 
 
 857 
 
 quiry. He says it was rumored there that the agents of this bank 
 urre beginning to buy up the lletroit Hank notes at three dollars 
 for a live dcjllar note. Hut I cpieslion the correctnos of that 
 rumor. If they intend to redeem their notes at any umler value, 
 they could, with as much f.icility, depreciate them to one dollar 
 for a I'lve, or even a. ten dollar note ; thm their profits on the 
 enterprise would be immense indeed. 
 
 I.ale this fall, Mr. R. H. Jones, a mercliaul of lieiroil, 
 went down to Hoston for a supply of goods; and on his 
 return brought from Mr. Ucxter, addressed to the Hetrivit 
 Hank, a package containing one hundred and thirty po\inds 
 weight of bank notes, not filled up ; and the jirrsident of 
 the bank has ever since been constantly employed in sign- 
 ing and lining them up. 
 
 'I'hi* New l-'.ngland folks m.ay look out for ;t sleigh-loatl or 
 so of them this winter. Mr. buns also states that on his 
 way through the .N'lnv I'.ugland Slates lo and from I'.oston, 
 not less than live hundred different persons pnpposed to 
 sell him Detroit Hiank notes. I'rom this it a]ipears there 
 are a plentiful stock of them =a that quarter. Well, the 
 net profits arising from the sale of fifteen hundred thousiind 
 dollars worth of Detroit Hank notes at, say ten per cent 
 discoinit, on an a\"erage, will amount to — let me see — pre- 
 cisely $1,350,000 according to my raliulation, and T guess 
 the New Kngl.ind purses can bear testimony to the correct- 
 ness of this statement. 
 
 Terrifying threats of ruin and destruction are copio'isly 
 poured forth against the writiT of these |)ublications by 
 the gentlemen stockholders in this pellucid -'. 'ow, this 
 niiracidous [ihenomenon in our western world, - ' e Detroit 
 Hank. Twenty thousand dollars, t'le present deposit, is 
 luiquestionably no more tlu^n he shadow of a million, the 
 imaginary capital. 
 
 The Directors say that the intentii ns of the banking 
 company are honest, their views extensive, and their pros- 
 pects of pecimiary remuneration incalculable, that the 
 Michigan governmi-nt has no concern in the bank, nor the 
 bank with the schemes of goveruinent. A few more words 
 in their ears. If one is really to be hung, it makes no man- 
 ner of difference whether it be for stealing a grown sheep 
 or a young lamb. 
 
 I'irst,— Ciovernor Hull and Judge Woodward, in the 
 spring of last year, while they sojourned in the .States, spent 
 a great deal of time and a great deal of n\(mey, negotiating 
 with the good people of Hoston and New York, for the 
 I stablishment of tin: Detroit Hank. Still, the government 
 have no concern in the bank. 
 
 Second,- The C.overnor and Judge Hates accommodated 
 the bank with two of the most valuable lots in the new- 
 town, in total disregard of the .\ct of Congress and the in- 
 terests of the iieople. Still, the government have no concern 
 in the bank. 
 
 Third, - .Mthough Governor Hull was himself living in 
 an old storehouse, hi- stopped tile building of his own man- 
 sion, aud sent all his workmen to expedite the erection of 
 the bank! Still, the government have no concern in the 
 bank. 
 
 Fourth,— Last September Judge Woodward, in his charge 
 to the Crand Jury, recommendid this infant bank to their 
 particular i)rotection. Siill, the government have no con- 
 cern in the bank. 
 
 .Seveiuh,~-Tlu' ( lovernor aud Juilges riniove<l oil. ol the streets 
 forty to lllty feet manr the bank, to maki- it loiiii the corner of 
 two streets, to the great damage of the principal range of houses 
 in the new town. Still, the government have no concern in ihe 
 bank. 
 
 I'.ighth,— the (lovcrnor .iiid Judges are proprietors of a few 
 shares, publicly, and an immeusr number, clandestinely, in tlic 
 
 Fifth,— The ('■overnor and Judg 
 
 ide a I; 
 
 iw incorporat- 
 
 ing the Detroit Hank, in utter contempt of a law of t'c 
 
 M 
 o 
 
 gress, m 
 
 favor of the United States Hank, which says in 
 
 pkiin terms " that no other bank shall be established by any future 
 law of the United States, during the continuation of the corpora- 
 ted, for which the faith of the United States is 
 
 n the 
 
 lion 
 
 erehy crea 
 
 hereby pledged." Still, the g>ivernment have 
 
 no concern 1 
 
 Detroit Hank. Still, the government have no concern in the 
 bank. 
 
 Ninth,— The (■■overnor and Judges passed a law, making it 
 lawful for this Territory to become proprietors in the bank. 
 Still, the government have 
 
 Sixth, — Judge Woodwai 
 government h;i\'e no concern in 
 
 I'resideiit of the bank. Still, the 
 the bank. t, 
 
 nncerii in tile liank 
 Tenth, — The Governor and Judges made a law, 
 
 iilhi 
 
 )nzing 
 
 Governor Hull lo purchase ti,ii share? 
 
 the bank, for the Ter- 
 
858 
 
 BANKS AND CrURENCY 
 
 ritiiry of MicliiKan. Still, tin' j;"^'''''"""'"' liavi' ni' i-niuirii in 
 the bank. 
 
 Eleventh, — CiDvernor Hull did piiriliasc ten shares in tin lii- 
 troit Hank, fur the 'J'errilory of Michi^;an, « itiiont thi' aiK ii e or 
 consent of the inhabitants thereof. Stiil, llie >;overnnunt have 
 no concern in the bank. 
 
 Twelfth,- The jieople have often solicited the (lovernor and 
 Jndtjes, thron>;b the (Irand Jnries, and otherwise, to I'Xonerati' 
 the Terrilory front its danv'eroiis connection with the bank, but 
 their respeclfid solicitations are to this day totally disre,uard<cl. 
 StilJ, the government havi- no concern in the bank. 
 
 Thirteenth,- The dovernor and Indies passed a lawniakini; 
 the Detroit liank notes a lawfnl tender. Still, the ^;overnnient 
 have no concern in the bank. 
 
 Fourteenth, — In the winter of last year, Ciovernor TInll inadi' 
 a tonr thron>;li the \ew Knjjland States, sounding the praises, as 
 he went, and jini;lin.i; the tinacconntable riches of Michigan, iji 
 the listening ears of the astonishid \'anki'es. " Come all to 
 Michigan ! It is the richest conntry, and the llnist l.ind for rais- 
 ing pinnpkins in the world," Immediately on his retnrn to De- 
 troit, he i'.islitnted the bank, and shipped with all possible speed 
 to New Mni,;land an immense carijo consisting of $163,000 in 
 Detroit Hank notes, peddling them thnnigh the conntry ever 
 since, and passing them away on the credit of the imniense 
 riches of Michigan. And yet the government have no concern 
 in the bank. 
 
 The nows of tlic organization of tiie baiilc finally 
 reached Washin.tjton, and on Doccnibcr 8 James 
 Madison, then Secretary of State, wrot' to (lov- 
 ernor Hull for a copy of the law aiithori/:ing its 
 orijanization. A.ll of the laws of the Territory were 
 subject to the ajipnnal of Cont^ress; and on March 
 3, 1807, they disa|i|in)ved of this Act. The bank, 
 however, continued to issue its bills, and one dated 
 February 4, 1 80S. is in the possession of the State 
 Historical .Society. 
 
 In May, 1808, John l\andol|ih said in Con.y;ress 
 that he understond th.it the troops of the I'nited 
 States were paid in bills of the r>ank of Detroit, 
 
 On September 10, 1808, the (lOvernor aiul Judges 
 pa.ssed an .Vet on "Crimes and Misdemeanors," 
 which made it a penal offence to transact banking 
 business without authority. 
 
 On October 28, 1808, the tJovernor and Judges 
 
 Kesoh'edy that the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to 
 sell and transfer the ten shares in the late Bank of Detroit, which 
 belongid to the Territory, provided he receives the prncipal and 
 interest from the time the money was paid. 
 
 On December 12 a petition was presented to 
 them, signed by James Henry, president, William 
 Flanagan, cashier, and William lirown, director, 
 praying that the bank be relieved from the opera- 
 tion of the Act of September 10, and allowed to 
 continue its business. The petition was referred to 
 Judge WHtherell. He was too true a patriot to 
 countenance the bank, and the officers were com- 
 pelled to close the concern. 
 
 The following copy of a letter from Ciovernor 
 Hull to President Madison, on tile at Washington, 
 confirms manv of the statements of Mr. ("iciitle: 
 
 Dktkoit, 26th May, 1807, 
 
 7. MiK/isoH : 
 Siu, 
 
 Heretofore I have uniformly stated to the Government, as my 
 opinion, that the design of establishing a bank here was laudable 
 and ealenlateil to promote the public interest. Until \'ery lately 
 I believed the views of the applicants were pure, ;iiul the inan- 
 agiinent of the institution would have been such as to have pro- 
 moted the public interest. Within a few days .1 gentlem,in h.is 
 arriveil from the State of New York, with five or six thousanil 
 dollars of tlie liills. They have been presented, and payinent 
 has been refused. 
 
 It is now evident that imtnediately after tht^ charier was granted 
 by the territorial govi'rnment, bills to the ain<uint of eighty or 
 one hiuidri'd thousand dollars were issued aiul delivered to Messrs. 
 I'arker and r.ro.idstre<t, the agints frotn Hoston ; none of these 
 bills prob;d>ly have returned excepting those brotight by the 
 gentleman fnnn New \' nV. .Ml the specie paid into the bank 
 does not c.xcee<l twenty thousand dollars, the principal part of 
 which was diposited by the agents from Iloston, 
 
 Whethir the whole of that was lift I am unable to say. In 
 addition to the bills sent to Iloston, the bank w.is in the habit of 
 discounting, until tin- law was disapproved by Congress. Trom 
 what has taken place I am now induced to believe that the agents 
 had iinprop('r views in the first instance, and I ermsider the man- 
 agement of those whi> have had the direction of it as highly 
 reprehensible. Payment, after these bills were issued, might 
 have been imtnediately demanded, which could not have been 
 complied with, I hav<' conversed with some of the Directors on 
 the sidijcct, and expressed my astonishment at their conduct. 
 They do not deny the fact of having issued the bills to the agents, 
 and they make no other answer than this, — that if Congress had 
 not disajiproved of the law, money would have been sent on, and 
 the bills would havi' been paid when presented, 
 
 .Mthough I am now of the opinion that a small bank, conducted 
 tin f.iir and proper principles, would be promotive of the public 
 interest, yet, imder thi' circumstances this has been conducted, I 
 rejoice Congress has disapproved of the law. 
 
 What security was given for the large sum sent to P.oston, I 
 have not been able to learn. I sincerely hope it will appear to be 
 sufficient to indemnify the holders of the bills, and that the present 
 stockhidders will have sufficient integrity faithfully to ap|ily all 
 their funds to that purpose. 
 
 If, Sir, I have committed any error, it was in signing the Act, 
 which I did not approve in all its parts. It seemed to be the 
 only one in which we could all agree, 
 
 I repeat, Sir, th.it I never have had any other connection with 
 it, since the establishment, either directly or indirectly, excepting 
 my subscription for five shares, for which I have paid ten dollars, 
 
 Mr. Mcl.ellan of Portland, who married one of my daughters, 
 wrote me, and requestt'd me to take a large number of those 
 shares for him ; I balanced for some time, when the subscription 
 w.as opened, and finally concluded, as I was one of those who 
 passed the .Vet, that I would have no agency in it, and I have no 
 knowledge that he or any of my connections have any interest in 
 it, I have made this statement because it has been suggested 
 that those who pa.ssed the law were infiuenced by other motives 
 than those of public interest. 
 
 I am, respectfully, your most ob't serv't, 
 
 William Hull. 
 
 Bank of Mi-higan. 
 
 As the little community in Michigan emerged 
 from the embarrassments entailed by the War of 
 1812, the neces.sity of a bank of deposit and issue 
 became apparent. Large expenditures were in pro- 
 gress in the military department, treaties with the 
 Indians required the disbursement of moneys in 
 
BANKS AND CURRENCY. 
 
 ^59 
 
 IT, 26th May, 1807. 
 
 !• ('■oviTnmrnt, ns my 
 ink licri' was laiidaljli- 
 ■St. Until vi-ry lati'ly 
 
 pure, and tlie man- 
 
 1 such as til liavc pni- 
 lays a Ki'ntlfman lias 
 1 fivi' <ir six thdusand 
 I'srntid, and payment 
 
 lu^ charter was Krantfd 
 ! amdiint i<( eighty nr 
 nd delivered tii Messrs. 
 i'.cistiin ; none cif these 
 those bnniKht liy the 
 ie paid iiitd the bank 
 
 the principal part of 
 iston. 
 
 1111 unable to say. In 
 Link was in the habit of 
 d by Consress. From 
 
 believe that the agents 
 nd I consider th(! man- 
 rection of it as highly 
 lis were issued, nii.«:ht 
 1 could not have been 
 line of tlie Directors on 
 iient at their conduct, 
 d the bills to the agents, 
 — that if Congress had 
 
 have been sent on, and 
 ■nted. 
 
 a small bank, conducted 
 promotive of the public 
 i has been conducted, I 
 iw. 
 
 1 sum sent to Pioston, I 
 hope it will appear to be 
 lills, and that the present 
 y faithfully to apiily all 
 
 was in signing the Act, 
 :s. It seemed to be the 
 
 ly other connection with 
 ,• or indirectly, excepting 
 1 I have paid ten dollars, 
 led one of my daughters, 
 I large number of those 
 e, when the subscription 
 I was one of those who 
 ency in it, and I have no 
 tions have any interest in 
 se it has been suggested 
 luenced by other motives 
 
 ob't serv't, 
 
 William Hull. 
 
 'gan. 
 
 iSIichigan emerged 
 ailed by the War of 
 of deposit and issue 
 nditures were in pro- 
 ;nt, treaties with the 
 ment of moneys in 
 
 I 
 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and .Michigan, and everv- 
 thing indicated the necessity of a i)ank. Capitalists 
 l)L'c,inH' interested, and on Deceniber 19, 1S17, tlie 
 I Sank of .Michigan was chartcreil, the capital stock 
 lo i)e $100,000. 
 
 On May 12, 1818, the following notice appeared 
 in the Gai^ctte : 
 
 P..\NK. OF MICIIIG.W. 
 
 I'looks will be opened for subscription to the Capital Slock of 
 tlie Uank of Michigan on the first luesday of June next, at 
 twelve o'clock, noon, at the brick store of .Messrs. Lecuyer A: 
 Watson, in the cily of ])etroit, and will continue open until two, 
 for six days, and until the whole stock shall be subscribed, Sun- 
 day's excepted. Shares $i(xi each, ten dollars on each share to be 
 paid in .specie at the time subscribed. 
 
 Uy order of the Directors. 
 
 Sdl.o.MON SlIU.KV. 
 
 In response to this notice the following jicrsons 
 became shareholders: John R. Williams, (k-ncral 
 Alexander Macomb, Augustus I!. Woothvard, Otis 
 Fisher, Andrew G. Whitney, James Abbott, William 
 Woodbridge, Stephen Mack, James .May, Solomon 
 Sibley, Peter J. Desnoyers, Pienj.imin .Stead, ICben- 
 ezer S. Sibley, Charles James Lanman, John Ander- 
 son, De Garmo Jones, John II. I'iatt, Henry J. 
 Hunt, Harnabas Campau, Joseph Campau, John J. 
 Deming, Henry B. ISrevoort, William lirown, Cath- 
 erine Navarre, Sanih Macomb, and Mary Deveau.x. 
 The sum of !|20,ooo was p.-iid in upon the subscrip- 
 tions, and seemed cjuite eepial to the needs of the 
 community. 
 
 On June 2, 1S18, the bank organized by the elec- 
 tion of John R. Williams, Solomon Sibley, William 
 Brown, Abraham ICdwards, I'hiliji Lecuyer, Stephen 
 Mack, and Henry J. Hunt as directors. John R. 
 Williams was chosen president, and James McClos- 
 key cashier. 
 
 The cashier was sent to Ohio and New York to 
 take lessons in banking, and on January 2, 1S19, 
 $10,000 capital was deposited, and the bank opened 
 its doors for business in the same building that had 
 been occupied by the old Detroit liank. Over $j.oo 
 was deposited by the public the first day. Inuring 
 the remainder of the month the deposits varied 
 from thirty-eight dollars up, e.xcept for five days, 
 when the cashier was away with sleighing parties 
 and the doors were locked. He entrusted the key, 
 however, to his old black servant-woman, and if any 
 person wanted money and could not wait, she 
 called upon David Cooper to unlock the door and 
 get the funds. 
 
 The same week that the bank opened, it issued 
 its first bills. Early in 1S24 Edmimd Dwight, of 
 lioston, George Bancroft (the historian). Jonathan 
 Dwight, William Dwight, and Benjamin Day, of 
 Springfield, M;iss., John and William Ward, of New 
 Vork, and Henry Dwight, of Genev.a, New York, 
 established banks at Buffalo, Cleveland, Massilon, 
 
 ,-ind Monroe, and also purchased the i'.,ink of 
 .Michigan, whose p.-iid-ii]) capital was reine.sented as 
 ^20,000. They increased it to !j6o,ooo, and the 
 bank w.is often called the "Hank of the Dwights," 
 beeau.se the gentlemen of that name were the chief 
 stockholders. They invested several millinu dollars 
 of /'("/a Jhfi' c;ipit;d in their banks, and never bor- 
 rowed from them. \ Mr. Day came from S|)ring- 
 field to man.age the Bank of Michigan, but not 
 being pleased with his position, he returned, and 
 his pl.ice w.is supplii ' by luirotas 1". Hastings, who 
 had been teller of llank of Geneva. He had 
 
 not l)t:en long in Detroit when he discovered evidence 
 of something wrong in the cashier's department, 
 and early in May the old directors were astounded 
 to find tluit their cashier, from the very beginning of 
 his career, had been accustomed to help himself to 
 temporary loans; regular ilividends had been made 
 every year, and the deficiency made up on examina- 
 tion days by his borrowing from the special deposits 
 of the Receiver of the Laml Office. The amouin 
 .so withdrawn w.as about three fourths of the orig- 
 inal capital stock, or $1 5,000. Fortunately, the bank 
 was in the hands of men able to bear this loss. 
 
 In February, 1825, V.. I'. Hastings was made 
 president, and Charles C. Trowbridge cashier, .Mr. 
 Trowbridge continued in office till .May, 1836, He 
 resigned in 1835, but remained till the arrival of his 
 successor, Henry K. Sanger, who came from the 
 I'tica Branch Bank of Canandaigua. In I'ebruary, 
 1839, Mr. Trowbridge succeeded .Mr. Hastings as 
 president, and continued to serve until the bank 
 suspended on October 28 of the same year. 
 
 In the meantime, on Febru.ary 25, 1831, the 
 charter of the bank was extended for twenty-five 
 years, and the same year the bank built the stone 
 building on the south sitle of Jefferson Avenue, 
 near Woodward, afterwards occupied by the State 
 Bank and Bank of St. Clair. Five years later, dur- 
 ing the Hush times of 1836, the bank built its second 
 buikling, on the southwest corner of Jefferson Ave- 
 nue .and Griswold Street, now occupied by the First 
 National Bank. It is built of shell limestone, and 
 the stones show many beautiful petrifactions; in 
 olden times the building was oiled yearly, and they 
 were very noticeable. When the Bank of Michigan 
 failed, the building, on December 12, 1842, was sold 
 at auction to the I'nited States, for $32,000, and 
 was used as a court-house and post-office. 
 
 An Act of March 7, 1834, authorized the Bank 
 of -Michigan to establish a branch at Bronson, and 
 increased the capital stock to $350,000. The branch 
 was to be managed by seven directors, who were 
 to live west of the i)rincipal meridian. It went into 
 operation, and continued until 1837. From 1825 
 and onward, owing to the tide of immigration from 
 the Eastern States, commerce was invigorated ; 
 
86o 
 
 liANKS AM) CfRUENCY. 
 
 I'lrije sums of iiioiu'y wi^re broiii^lit into llu; Terri- 
 tory, aiul used in tiie purchase and cicarinij of 
 lands. Tills banlc partoolc of tlie benefits of the 
 new era, and its capita! was steadily increased 
 until it readied half a million of dollars. 
 Its operations were .so successful that in the 
 autumn of 1.S35 an investi^atinsj^ committee 
 of sh.'ireliolders j)ronounce(l it able to pay all 
 its del)ts and return its capital stock within 
 three months. I'p to that time, except by 
 the one cashier, it had suffered no losses. 
 Its shares stood at forty per cent premium. 
 Its notes circulated as far as New Orleans 
 and were redeemed at aijencies in Cincinnati, 
 Buffalo, ( leneva, and \ew York. The direc- 
 tors diirin.c;' this periotl were I".. I', llastinirs, 
 Peter J. Desnoyers, James Abbott, Darius 
 I.amson, Dedarmo Jones, )>. F. Larned, and 
 Robert Stewart. 
 
 Finally the crisis of I1S37 and 1S38 came 
 on, and in order to sustain the bank, the 
 eastern shareholdirs added to their $300,000 
 already invested §400,000 more, which sum, 
 with the §ioo,oo<j belon,v;ini; to Michigan 
 sh.archoldiTs, and §175,000 of surjilus profit, 
 was sup|)osed to be sul'licient to mci't all con- 
 tinv;en<'it's. All was im;i\'ailinif, .and a nieet- 
 ini.,'- of the directors to consider the situation 
 was held on Monday, Janu.ary 10, 1S42, at 
 II A.M. There were present C. C. Trow- 
 bridye, 1'. J. Desnoyers, De ('■. Jones, James 
 Abbott, and Darius I.amson, and the fol- 
 lowing preamble and rescjlutions were read 
 and adopted : 
 
 Whereas, llicn; is riascm to suppose tliat tlic allcrn.a- 
 tivc is aI)out to l)i' prt'scnti-d to tliis l)aiik of allo\vin.ij 
 its affairs to ;.;<i Into llio hands of a irccivcr (a nu'asnre 
 wliii'h in tile o])lnion of tliis lioaril would he ruinous alike 
 to the interttsts of ereditors ,'uul stoekholders), or of as- 
 si>,'"injs' the iissels, or a part thereof, to 'I'rtislees who 
 ni.iy, with the aiil of the IJo.ird, eollcet ;ind dispose of 
 the same for the henelit of all conciTned ; therefore, be it 
 
 A'esoh'ei/, that (,'harles C. Trowhrid.vje, Robert Stuart, 
 and John Owen be nominated as 't'rnstees. 
 
 Mr. Trowbridge became the acting trustee, 
 and tlie business was finally closed up, in 
 1844, by Shul.>acl Conan", receiver, the as- 
 signment having been judicially set aside on 
 account of its mandatory provisions. 
 
 T//t' I'armcrs and Afrc/iniins' Bank. 
 
 This bank was chartered November 5, 
 18,19, with a capital "^ ^loo.ooo. Its direc- 
 ors were Levi Cook, John R. Willi.am.s, Orville 
 Cook, Henry \'. Disbrow, John Hale, Elliott (">ray, 
 Ttmis .S.Wendell, Daniel Thur.ston, and Henry .San- 
 derson. The subscriptions to its stock were com- 
 
 pleted on March 1, r^30. On June 7 the follow- 
 ing directors were elected: J. Hiddle, E. Johnson, 
 H. \'. Disbrow, M. F. Johnson, O. Cook, W. Smith, 
 
 
 
 T. S. Knapp, R. Hilliard, and H. H. Sizer. Its bills 
 were in circulation as early as June 23, 
 
 On March 7, 1834, the bank was authorized to 
 
luiu' 7 the follow- 
 5iil(lle, E. Jolmson, 
 J. Cook, \V. Smith, 
 
 
 
 Jk:: 
 
 
 m 
 
 p.l>.». 
 
 'Jyv 
 
 
 w^ 
 
 H. TI. Sizer. Its bills 
 
 i June 23, 
 
 Ilk was authorized to 
 
 BANKS AX I) CI KKKNCV. 
 
 8(') I 
 
 increase its cnpital several hundred thou- 
 sand dollars and to establish a branch at 
 lierrien, to be governed i)y seven tiirectors, 
 who were reciuired to live in the western 
 half of the State. Under this Act a bnincii 
 was established at St. Joseph, with 'I'honias 
 Filzyeraid as cashier. An a.tfency at Niles 
 was providi'd for by Act of March .S, 1X43, 
 and continued till the summer of 1S52. 
 after which time all the interests of the 
 bank were concentrated at Detroit. 'I'lie 
 bank did not lon!.,^ remain under the man- 
 .-r^iinent of the ori.ninal dirccl( rs, l)ut 
 passi'd into the care of several i^cnllemm 
 from the Stale of New York, who had 
 been attracted to Michigan by the active 
 and promisin;^ business of the 'J'erritory. 
 I'rom the commencement of business 
 under its new owners until 1836 its oper- 
 ations were larne .and very renuiner;iti\e, 
 and ill connection with the ISank of Micii- 
 ii.,^an it wiekled a powerful inlluence. 
 These were the only banks of importance 
 from lUilTali) to the Mississippi. '1 hey 
 furnished the ,i^reater part of the ciu'rency 
 for the businc'ss of the entire West, and 
 served .also as tiie .almoners of the public 
 bounty in tlie s.ame Territory. The busi- 
 ness of the two banks was enormous, and 
 up to 1837 tlieir protils WLTe very lar.i^e. 
 The tlivick'iid of tile Farmers .and Me- 
 chanics' r.ank alone for the ye.ar 1836 w;is 
 thirty per cent on ;i c.apit.al of $400,000. 
 Its stock ;it liiat time was so lii^h ih.at 
 one of its e.astern stockholders sold his 
 shares in the Ctic.a iK; .Scheiieci.ady Canal 
 lioat Company, which one year paid liim 
 a dividiMul of si'venty per cent, and in- 
 vested tiie proceeds in the stock of this 
 i)ank; imforiim.ately it proved to be a per- 
 manent investment, as the l.ist dividend 
 nf the b.ank w.as the l;u;i;e one of 1836. 
 I'our of the eastern siocklioklers invested 
 ilieir share of that larye dividend in tiie 
 purchase of real estate on Jefferson Ave- 
 nue, from Cass to Wayne Streets. It re- 
 mained on their hands for fifteen ye.ars, 
 ;iiid did not by any means prove a for- 
 tunate venture. The panic of 1S37 came, 
 and all the Detroit banks were compelled 
 to suspend, and on October 28, 1S39, the 
 I'armers and Mechanics' Bank again sus- 
 pended. 
 
 In July, 1S45, the bank was revived. A 
 '•all was made for $■ 50,000 on the capital 
 stock, the value of the bills beg.an to rise, 
 and, on July 18, they were received at 
 
862 
 
 HANKS AND Ll KKI.NCV. 
 
 par by llic Midii^jan liisiiraiicc Hank. 'I'lir li.mk 
 was not, li()\\'c\cr, alilr to redeem its nniis in 
 (•din, ,111(1 (111 ;\u,:<ii'-t 5, 1<S45, L'ii.'ineellnr M.m- 
 iiiiiv;, .il tlie instigation of friends of the l)ank, 
 j'ranted ;i luTiinptory injunction n.v^aiiisl it, on the 
 .vjroiind tiiat tiurc was (kniijiT of an cxcessivi; issue 
 of its notes. This relieved tiie hank from payin,i( 
 coin for its notes i)y pi'eventin.v; it from doin,i^ any 
 kind of business. 'I'iie injimelion was dissolved in 
 NovemhiT foliowinvf, and meantime its jirineipal 
 odiccrs liad l)een eli.inisjed .ind it uas.ai^ain in a con- 
 dition to nsume, which it did on Novemix r 15. In 
 thosi' (l;iys the. directoi's rarely nut; all the p.aper 
 w;is discounted by the easiiier, with the occasion.il 
 assistance of one director, 'riii: cashier had to col- 
 k'ct notes ;uid discoin:! p;i])er, t;ikin'< real (.•state, or 
 bonds ;m(l mortL;;iv;(s, when noiliim;- t'Ise could l)cr 
 ol)t;iiiied. I \v h;id also to sell the re;il estate, collect 
 the jjonds and morti;aj.;es, secure ;ill lh(^ deposits lie 
 could, m;ike .-is m.uiy friends fo|- the l);ink as jjos- 
 sible, conciliate the brokers, .and be re.ady for any 
 mid ;ill enur:;cncies. Durin;.;- the winter of 1.S47-41S 
 the b;iiiks did more discountiii,;j afttu' closins;' tli;ui 
 duriii;; the whole day. .\t that time there were 
 neither boats nor r;iili'o,i(ls in the winter. 'I'he 
 Hour-buyers li.id ro(tnis, called the Corn M.\cliani.;c, 
 in the Sheldon ISIock. The m;iil lhrou,;;h Cui.-ida 
 was two and a half d;iys in comimc, ■'^"'1 'I'*' ""'- 
 arrive until 6 r. .M. l-lvery steamer that, came in 
 from kairoiie niised the price of flour ; these a(K-;inces 
 were at once made known to the buyers, who, as 
 agents for l;iri;e New N'ork houses, were cav;er to 
 overre.'ich e.ich other in i^cttini;' money into the 
 country to make purchases. They would llock to 
 the banks for discounts of from $5,000 to $2o,(XX) 
 at a time, .i;i\^in.v,^ dr.ifts on their houses in New \'ork, 
 at ten, llfteeii, and twenty days' si^ht. In this w;iy 
 the bank would discount from §5,000 to §50,000 in 
 an evening;-. Millions of dollars were thus dis- 
 coinited, all of which w;(S created capital, and nearly 
 all redeemed by New York e.\clianv;e. Compara- 
 ti\ely little coin w.'is used. 
 
 I>y Act of M.arch 24, i.S4(;,tlie ch.M-ter of the bank 
 was extended for twenty years on cert.iin conditions, 
 which were acceded to by the stockholders on Sep- 
 tember 2(j of tli(j .same year. In July, 1S65, the 
 bank bewail to ri'tire ,ind destroy its notes |ire]iara- 
 tory to j^oiniLr out of business, and in i>S6<j, after pay- 
 ini( .all its delns and redeemint;- all bills presented, 
 its aff.iirs were closed. It commenced business in 
 Lamson"s Ikliklin,l,^ and in the fall of 1832 tirst oc- 
 cupied its own building, built of Erie stone, on the 
 south side of Jerfers(;n Avenue, l)etween (Iriswold 
 and Shelby Streets. In 1854 this buildinir was sold 
 to one of its stockholders f(jr $8,000, to reimburse 
 him for advances, and the bank removed to the next 
 store below. In February, 1857, the store on the 
 
 southwest corner of Jefferson .uid \\'(JO(lw;ir(l A\c- 
 niies w;is litted up for the use of the b.ink. l''rom 
 here the otlice'; Were lUoved to the lipi)er story of 
 Merrill lilock, and then to the oHice of the .\meri- 
 c;m National U.uik, where its aff.iirs were s( ttled. 
 
 The followin;^' persons served as |)rcsi(leuts .'uul 
 cashiers diu'in^r the years named: I'residt'iits: |82(^- 
 1838, John I'.iddle; i8;,S-i845, Levi Cook; 1845, 
 C!h;irles Seymour; 1846-1851, Ch.u'les Ilow.ard; 
 1851, S. I'larstow; 1852, !•;. C l-itchlield; 1853- 
 |85,S, ( iiiy I'oote; 1858-18^13, L, M. M;ison, Cash- 
 iers: i82i> to ( >ctol)er, 1831, 11. II, Si/er; 1831, II. 
 K. .\\(ry; 183', 1845, John .\. Wells; 1845-1851, 
 I'.. ('. I.itelitield; 1851. P. I,. C.recn; 1852-1857, J. 
 (-'.W.Seymour; 1857-1862, C. -M. Davison; 1862, 
 W. I). Morton. 
 
 Mir/iii^iin Jitsiiraiiti' Conif^anv and iWilimuil 
 /nsiirivirr lltuik. 
 
 This corpor.ition w;is chartered on .M.irch 7, 
 1834, ;is the Mi(hi;^;m Insurance Company, but with 
 powci's which were deemed suHic^ient to enable il 
 to carry on a bankinv,^ business. In fact, it never 
 trans;icti'd any insuranci^ business, and was not 
 or;.;;nii/ed for business of .any kind until J.niuary 
 15, 1838. Stock h;i\in,v( been then subscrib(.^d, the 
 l);mk o|iene(l for business on J;iiiu;iry 24. Some 
 doubts Were I'.xpresscd ;is to whether b.ankinij busi- 
 ness could be lei;ally can'ied on under its chartei', 
 and the ([Uestion w.-is submitlt^d to C.overnor W'ood- 
 bridii^i', who t^axc .'i f,'i\'or,il)le opinion. In 1848 it was 
 a.!;;iiii intimated lli.it the rii^iit of the comp;iny to 
 tnins;ict bankiii:^' biisint^ss would be contested. The 
 lioard of Directors therefore .applied to the l.i'j^is- 
 lature to so amend the charter as to confer full 
 baiikin;^ pri\-ile,i^'es, and in i84(^ ;i new ch;irter, with 
 full b.iiikin!.;' powers, w.is nf.'inted. When tlrsl 
 orv;ani/.ed, §25,000 were p.iid in, and James iXblxjtl 
 was elected president, and II. II. r>rown cashiei-. 
 In 1844 Doiii^lass Ilou!L;liton w;is president and 11. 
 II. Ilrowii e.ishier. In 1845 Mr. Houghton died, 
 and John Owen was ilected president, ;ind con- 
 tinued to serve until the corpor;ition ceased. In 
 1848 Mr. ISrown was succeeded, as cashier, by II. 
 I.. l.ansiniL(; on June i, 1850, he w,is followed by 
 1 1. K. Sanm'r, and he in tiu'ii, after .September, 1863, 
 by W.alter Iiii^crsoll, who continuetl till the b.iiik 
 ceasetl. 
 
 At the lime of the first ori4;ini/.ation the com|);iny 
 occupied ;in oriice in a little buildinif ne.ar the 
 okl Sheldon Ijlock, at the northeast corner of Jeffer- 
 son Avenue and Shelby Street. It next moved to 
 the southeast corner of Criswold Street and Jefferson 
 Avenue, and from there, about 1855, to the bank 
 buildinv^ on the southwest corner of Jefferson Ave- 
 nue and (iriswold Street. 
 
 Durini,' the panic of 1857 it aided the Peninsular 
 
\\'ci(mIw,ii(1 Avc- 
 
 llii' bank. I'lom 
 tlic iipiHT sUiry <il 
 lici: (if tlu' Aiiicri- 
 irs wrri' sctllid. 
 as i)rc>i(lciils riiul 
 I'rcsidciits; 1.SJ9- 
 
 l.i\i L'licik ; 1S45, 
 Cliaiirs Howard; 
 
 l.itrhliild; 1.S53 
 M. Masnu. Casli- 
 11. Si/iM-; 1831, 11. 
 Wells; 1.S45-1.S51, 
 •cii; 1.S32-1857, J. 
 \1. 1 )a\is()n; iSfJ2, 
 
 1' lUu! Xdtiinuil 
 k. 
 
 ri;(l on March 7, 
 Company, but w iili 
 Ik'ii'iit to cnabk' il 
 111 fact, it never 
 less, and \\as not 
 kind nniil January 
 hen sul)scril)c-(l, the 
 [aniiary 24. Sonic 
 i-lluT b.Mikim;' bnsi- 
 n uiiiler its charter, 
 to ( 'lovernor W'ood- 
 iiioii. In i<S4S it \\;is 
 of the company to 
 1 be <diili'Ste(l. 'I'lu' 
 )plied to the l.eiL;is- 
 •r as to coiUer full 
 ;i iH-\v ch.arter, with 
 uited. When tirst 
 , and J.aiiK'S .Abbott 
 1 1. llrown cashier, 
 s presitlent and 11. 
 ,Ir. Houv;hton died, 
 jjresidi'iU, and con- 
 oration ceased. In 
 (1, as cashier, by 1 1. 
 lie was foljowi'd by 
 :er September, 1863, 
 inucd till the bank 
 
 ization the company 
 buildinir near the 
 jast c(jriier of Jeffer- 
 It next movi'd to 
 1 Street and Jelfi'tsoii 
 t 1855, to the bank 
 er of Jefferson Ave- 
 
 lided the Peninsular 
 
 IJANKS \\\) LTKRKNCY. 
 
 863 
 
 and llie Farmers and Mecli.-mics' li.mks, but could 
 not s.ive them from suspension. |;y indncinj^' its 
 own customers to accept dr.ilis iiisie.id 
 of ,v;o!(l, by the aid of di'positors, ;iiid on 
 account of the urctt personal conlidence 
 that .-ill had in John Owen, the b.-ink 
 was eii.ibled to coiitiiHH' business all 
 throiixh the panic, without suspension, 
 ;iiid vi'ry soon depositors canie in with 
 j;i)l(l in such (|ii.intities that it was 
 shipped to ,'uid sold in New ^'ork. When 
 the ch.irltr i-.\pire(l in i8C)u, ;ircori;;ini/;i- 
 tion w.is i:ffi(ted under the ( ieiieral 
 li.uikin;^' l.;iw of Michigan, and the capi- 
 tal inercised to $200,000. 
 
 On June 25, 18C15, li;ivinir been ori^an- 
 i/ed as a nation.il bank, it idininenced 
 business uiulir ilie ii.uiie (jf X.ational In- 
 sur.ince Hank; four years lali'r it was 
 discontinued, some of tlii' old directors 
 taking- .stock in the new First National 
 Hank, 
 
 Ah'c/i/i^an Sfa/r J<\nik. 
 
 This bank was incorporated on March 
 26, 1835, with a capital of Sioo.cwo, and 
 jiower to increase the ■•uiioiint. 'I'he 
 directors named in the Act were John R. 
 Willi.iins, John Hale, Robert McMillan, 
 lulward t". Matthews, llllis Doty, liar- 
 nabas (. .impau, Abram S. Schoolcraft, 
 Culleii lln.wn, a 1 Jolin Truax. The 
 bap.k or.^Miii/.cd with a capital of $500,000, 
 ;ind commenced bLisiness on the north 
 side of Jefferson Awiuie, between Wood- 
 ward .\\-i'nue and ) Sates Sii-et't, with F. 
 11. .Stevens as presiduit, and John Nor- 
 ton, Jr., as cashier. One day in the 
 week, Weilnesday, was designated as 
 discount d.ay. 
 
 In 1837 the bank bou,i,dit the building 
 on the south side of Jefferson Avenue, 
 which had been occupied by the Dank 
 uf Micliii,;;in. 
 
 On February 25, 1839, the bank sas- 
 jjeiuled. ('ieori,fe F. Porter was made 
 the assii^neo. 
 
 On April 2, 1839, the Legislature 
 autiiorized the organization of a bank to 
 be called The State P>;mk of Michigan, 
 with a capital of two millions of dollars, 
 .and the right to increase it to five mil- 
 uons, one half to be owned by the Slate. 
 The Act was the result of m.my confer- 
 ences with the eastern shareholders of 
 the Hank of Michigan and the Farmers 
 Mechanics' liank, and it contemplated their ab- 
 
 sorption ,-ind the infusion of fresh capit.il. Seven 
 branches were to be cslablislicd, each to be reprc- 
 
 
 I 
 
 •A 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 v. 
 
 and 
 
 sented by one director, and the State was to have 
 seven directors iidditional. Fvery contingency was 
 
804 
 
 HANKS AM) CUKRKNCV. 
 
 imriiilid to Ik! provided for by tin- i'i.!>;lity-srvi'ii scc- 
 lioMS of tin: Ai't. 'I'lic siiri:iNS of tlic Slato lliiiik 
 of liuli.ina Miimilatt'd tlic proiuolioii of tlic srlu'iuc, 
 but tlic tiiiU! was uiifavorahli.'. The sliriiika,i,'i: in 
 valiK's and ail coiisecinent evils Icept iiureasiiii^ up 
 to and l)eyoiid tin; year 1840, and as the Act of 
 Aj)nl. 1839, eoiilaiiied a provision that if the bank 
 was not orirani/ed l)efore Fel)ruary, 1.S40, its eharter 
 siioukl be null and voiii, those interesteil were com- 
 pelled to abandon the effort to obtain the necessary 
 capital, and the plan failed. Durinv,^ all this time 
 the affairs of the original Michii^an State Hank 
 were beinj,' cared for by the assij,;nee, anil on April 
 2, 1841, the bank took the pul)lic by surprise, and 
 saved its charter by '.'ayiniL- i^old and silver for all 
 bills presented. By 1S44 the bank IkuI |).iid all its 
 
 Dkiuuit Samm.s Dank l!i iijum. 
 Nurtliiast corner of Griswold and Lurncd Streets. 
 
 debts, and had twenty per cent left of its original 
 capital. 
 
 In 1845 II. P. Baldwin, Zachariah Chandler, 
 I'"ranklin Moore, Henry Ledyartl, C. II. Buhl, F. 
 lUihl, C. C. Trowbridge, James F. Joy, and George 
 F. I'orter, of Detroit, and John L. Schoolcraft, of 
 Albany, New York, formed a coiporation, bought 
 up the stock, and started the bank anew. The 
 capital was f i 50,000. C. C. Trowbridge was electt'd 
 president, and A. II. Adams cashier. So well was 
 the bank managed that it returned dividends of ten 
 per cent per annum, antl when its charter expired. 
 
 in 1855, the capit.il stock with a surplus of thirteen 
 per cent was di\ idcd .unong its shareholders. 
 
 lUntL- of SI. Clair. 
 
 This bank w.as chartered on M;irch 2S, 1836, with 
 a c.ipital of Sjjo.ixx), .and was located in the village 
 of I'almi'r, St. Clair Comity, with John Cl.irk as 
 president, and W. 'I'ruesdail as cashier. In 1842 
 Jesse Smith became president, and the i.egisl.iture 
 authorized the bank to remove to Detroit. The I'lrst 
 meeting of the directors here w,is held on July 7. 
 The bank occupied the buildmg on JilTrrson Ave- 
 nue, between Woodward Avenue and Bates Street, 
 which had been iisctl by the Miiingan State B.uik. 
 A. S. Williams succeeded Jesse Smith in 1S4.2, .ind 
 in 1845 Levi Cook was president and W. Truesdail 
 
 cishiri-, ,ind in this ycir 
 the bank faili-d. 
 
 Ditroit Sa-i'iii;^s JUuih. 
 
 This institution was 
 incorporalitl by the Leg- 
 islature on March 5, 1849, 
 and hrst opened for busi- 
 ness in May of that year, 
 imder the n.inie of the 
 Detroit Savings I''iuul 
 Institute. The oflicers 
 were: President, I'.lon 
 I'arnsworth ; vice-presi- 
 dent, 11. N. Walker ; tru.s- 
 tees, I'^ Farnsworth, 7.. 
 Pitcher, S. Conant, J. 
 Palmer, IF. N. Walker, 
 D. Smart, J. A. Hicks, .S. 
 Lewis, L. Cook, C. M. 
 Rich, B. B. Kercheval. 
 Its tlrst place of business 
 was on the northeast cor- 
 ner of Woodbridge .and 
 Criswold Streets. It 
 then moved to the west 
 side of Woodward Ave- 
 nue, next to Cieorge Kir- 
 bv's leather store, then to 
 
 liuill in 187J, 
 
 Griswold Street in the Waterman Block, opposite 
 the post-office, and on January i, 1879, it first occu- 
 pied its |)resent quarters on the northeast corner of 
 Griswold and Larned Streets. It began without 
 any capital, but in July, 1871, when its name was 
 changed to Detroit Savings P>ank, $200,000 of capi- 
 tal was investeil, and the stockholders are personally 
 holden for $200,000 additional. At first the bank 
 was kept open only on Mondays, Wednesd.iys, and 
 Fridays, but now it is open .all wcek-d.ays. Deposits 
 as low as one dollar .are t.'iken, but interest is not 
 allowed on amounts of less than five dollars. A 
 
HANKS AM) LL RRKNCV. 
 
 
 I'pliis of tliirtcen 
 lahoUkis. 
 
 n !i 2S, i.S3f), with 
 lUil ill tin; villagv 
 li Jnlin Clark as 
 ■;isliiii-. in l<S42 
 1(1 ihc iA'i;islaliiri; 
 )clr()it. Tlu' first 
 s lu'ld nil July 7. 
 Ill Jillirsoii Avi;- 
 aiul Hates Sirrct, 
 iii;<aii Stale liaiik. 
 .mitli ill iiS42, and 
 and \V. 'rnirsdail 
 •, and in this year 
 Ilk failed. 
 
 7 S,n'//ij^s Juiiik. 
 
 \ institution was 
 oratid i)ytlK' I.ei;- 
 iMiiiManhs, 1849, 
 •St opcnetl for biisi- 
 1 May of tliatycar, 
 
 the name of tiie 
 
 it Savini^s Fund 
 
 lie. 'I'lie oflieers 
 
 President, I'llmi 
 
 worth ; viee-presi- 
 
 I. N.Walker ;triis- 
 B. Farnsworih, '/.. 
 :r. S. Coiiant, J. 
 
 r, 11. X. Walker, 
 lart, J. A. Ilieks, S. 
 f, L. Cook, C. M. 
 
 15. li. Kereheval. 
 St ijlat-eof business 
 nllie northeast cor- 
 f Woodbridvje and 
 
 (lid Streets. It 
 moved to the west 
 if Woodward Ave- 
 lext to (ieorije Kir- 
 ealher store, then to 
 lan Block, opposite 
 
 , I >S7(), it first occu- 
 
 norlheast corner of 
 
 It be,i;an without 
 
 vlien its name was 
 
 k, $200,000 of capi- 
 
 Iders arc personally 
 At first the bank 
 
 ,, Wednesdays, and 
 cck-days. Deposits 
 
 but interest is not 
 
 in five dollars. A 
 
 ! 
 
 noteworthy and remarkable feature of 
 the care with which liie biisiiicss has been 
 coiidiictcd, is the fact that in 1881 all of 
 the deposit books i.ssiied by the bank, 
 from No. I to No. 31,000, were in its 
 po.s.session, and c.irefully i^reserved as a 
 record of the p.'ist. The total luimberof 
 books issued by the bank up to .May, 
 1SS3, was 45,287. 
 
 There was no rcjT^iilar rnshier up to 
 J.iniiary, 1855, at whi( h time A. II. Ad- 
 ams was apjiointed ; after 1879 and up to 
 1882 he .served as president .'ind cashier. 
 Ill 1882 K. C. I'.ownian became cashier. 
 The directors in 1884 are: C. Ilendrie, 
 Cicortfc Jerome, P. I'cixuson, I'. 15. Sib- 
 Icy. James .McMillan. W. K. Muir, Alex- 
 ander Chapoton, James K. ritlman, and 
 S. n. Miller. 
 
 Peninsular Hank. 
 
 This bank was chartered on March 
 28, i84(;, with a capital of .ij! 100,000. 
 'I'he followinj^ <-orporators were named 
 in the Act: Ch.arles Howard. William 
 lirewster, (kirdoii Willi.ams, lienjamin 
 15. Kereheval, Henry !'. I5ridj;e, 1). 
 Bethune l)ul field, J.uncs A. Armstroni,', 
 and Henry II. lirown. 
 
 The corporators first met on April 5, 
 1849, The first meeting of stockhold- 
 ers was held on October 19, 1849. Charles 
 Howard was elected president, and II. 
 II lir(}wn cashier, and on October 22 
 the bank was opened in a buildinij just 
 west of the Farmers and Mechanics' 
 bank, on Jefferson Avenue. The bank 
 (lid a very profitable business for several 
 years, paying semi-annual dividends of 
 live per.ceiit, and on August I, 1853, an 
 extra dividend of twenty per cent. The 
 (lirictors then voteil to increase the cap- 
 ital stock $100,000. In July, 1854, they 
 moved into the Farmers and Mechanics' 
 Iiank ISuilding, which they bought for 
 Si 2.000. On April 28, 1 8 56, the capital 
 stock was increased to §350,000, and in 
 .\iigust an extra dividend of twenty-five 
 per cent from sur[)lus profits was divided 
 among the stockholders. After this the 
 tide set in the other direction, and losses 
 iiuiltiplied. The panic of 1S57 came, 
 and on October i the president notified 
 the directors of the suspension of the 
 bank, by reason of an injunction from the attorney- 
 ;<eneral because tlu: si'curities were imt deemed 
 sufficient to protect the bill-holders. 
 
 ■1 
 
 111 
 
 a. 
 
 
 The business of the bank was then placed in tlie 
 luiiids of an Executive Committee consisting of four 
 of the directors, and on October 21, 1S57, H, O. 
 
866 
 
 BANKS Ax\D CURRENCY. 
 
 Moss was ulLTtcil prcsidciU, and S. M?d- 
 i)ury cashier. On DfceinlKT ly llic storlc- 
 liolilers were invited by circular to loan tiie 
 bank twenty-t'ivc per cent of tlic value of 
 tlieir slock, anil with the anioiuit thus ob- 
 taineil the bank resiuiied on l"ei)ruary 15, 
 1S58. On Jinie 8, 1859, (]eori,'-e K. Johnson 
 was elected president, ami on June 10 II. 
 H. lirown ayain became cashier, but re- 
 mained only a short time. C. M. iXavison 
 W.as elected cashier on October 21, 1859, 
 but declined to serve. On February 2, i860, 
 Daniel Hall w.is elected president, and E. 
 Wendell cashier; ;.i)d on August 9, i860, 
 H. P. I'ullin;^ became president. The cap- 
 ital of the bank havinij been larj^ely lost by 
 bad debts, on .M.irch 7, 1S61, the i.ciL^islature 
 at the re(iucst of the stockholders, author- 
 ized the reduction of the .stock to §106,600. 
 On June 15 followin.^-, Mr. Wendell resigned 
 as cashier, and on July 11 M. E. Dow was 
 made his siu'cessor. 
 
 After the p.issai^e of the National Hank- 
 in,^- Law no bankiny business of any amount 
 was done, and the affairs of the bank were 
 closed up in 1870, four years before the 
 charter exi)ireil. 
 
 The bills were redeemed in full, and the 
 stockholders received about twenty per cent 
 for their stock. 
 
 S/ti/r liaitlc of Michli^an. 
 
 This li.ink was organized on l-ebrnary 
 I, 1857, with a capital of $50,000. it was 
 locateil on the southeast corner of Jefferson 
 .\vcnue and Clriswold Street. L, E. Clark, 
 the first president, was succeeded, in the 
 fall of 1S60, by S. Medbury ; on May i, 
 1 86 1, he resigned, and was succeeded by 
 S. P. ]?rady. The tirst cashier was T. P. 
 Hall. lie resigned .August i, 1861, and 
 was followed by Emory Wendell. In De- 
 cember, 1864, the ollicers jiurchased the 
 charter of the First National P>ank, and the 
 State liank was then discontinued, its own- 
 ers merging their interests in the First 
 National Hank. 
 
 hirst National /uvd\ 
 
 This bank was originally org.ini/.ed ;il- 
 most entirely through the elTcrts of Philo 
 Parsons. The preliminary meeting for the 
 organization was held on June 21, 1863. 
 The first meeting of stockholders was on August 
 5, 1863, and articles of association, by-laws, etc., 
 were then adopted. On September 2, the follow- 
 ing directors were chosen: Philo Parsons, W. M. 
 
 c 
 y. 
 I 
 
 ?. 
 
 c 
 
 Johnson, John Hutchins, M. I. Mill-,, John James, 
 r.. G. Merrick, M. H. Kean, J. N. Ford, and John 
 Ilosmer. On Mond.iy, November 16, 1863, the 
 bank opened for business, succeeding the bank- 
 
HANKS AND CURKKN'CY. 
 
 867 
 
 % 
 
 m 
 
 Rv!^^^ "'•":■'■:•;■;. 
 
 ^ 
 
 'Mi. 
 
 . Mills, John James. 
 
 N. Ford, and John 
 
 nihcr \(\ 1863. the 
 
 .iccceding the bank- 
 
 in,i;- linn of Parsons i.\: JMshir, in tluir old office in 
 the soiilii coriu'r of liic Koiiinda lluiidinv;- on (Iris- 
 wold SuvlI. In DccrinlKr ihf charter was ])ur- 
 chasfd i)y thu officers of the State Hank uf .Michii;an. 
 On January 1, 1865, the bank was reorganized and 
 moved to the southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue 
 and (Iriswold Strecl. On March 1, iSdy, it was 
 moved to the op[)osite side of (iriswold Street, in 
 the (jld liank of Michigan hiiiklinv;. In i.SSi the 
 capital was §500,000. 
 
 'I"he ollicers have been : i'residi'nts, I'hilo I'ar- 
 soiis. til! December 27, 1.S64.; S. I'. i;ratly, from 
 Dei-einber 27, 1864, to J.imiary 14, 18O8; after this 
 last date, Jacob S. I'ar- 
 
 ranil. Cashiers, I'hilo 
 ['arsons, till Sc|)tembcr 
 16, 1 863; 11. C. Kibbee, 
 
 from Sejiti'mber 16, 1863, 
 
 till September 30, 1864; 
 
 S. K. I'ittman, imlil De- 
 cember 29, 1864; and then 
 
 Kmory Wendell. 
 Owin;^^ to the fact that 
 
 the charter was soon tcj 
 
 expire, aiul in onUr to 
 
 I'iosc lip the business of the 
 
 original corporation prepa- 
 ratory to organizing anew. 
 
 the bank bnilding was 
 
 offered for sale at pnblic 
 
 auction on April 24, 1882, 
 
 and was bonglit for the 
 
 stockholders of a iiewcor- 
 
 poratitjn at $76,000. On 
 
 June 19, 1882, the bank 
 
 began business under its 
 
 new charter, with ;i c,i|)- 
 
 ital of $500,000, and the 
 
 following directors : J. S. 
 
 Farrand, W. ]>. \\'e;. )n, 
 
 James McMillan, A. She- 
 ley, O. \'. X. I.othrop, M. 
 
 1. '.Mills, F. K. Clark, 1). M. Ferry, and E. Wendell. 
 
 The last named director was clectetl president, and 
 
 I.. F. Clark cashier. The directors in 1884 are the 
 
 same, except that William 11. Tefft took the place 
 
 of .\F 1. Mills, who died in 1S82. 
 
 Siioiid Xiitioiial luvik. 
 
 tion on the .southwest corner of ('.ri--\\old .and 
 Congress Streets. In 1881 it had .1 capii.il of 
 %\, 000,000. Tlu' charter of the b.iiik 
 February 24, 1883, and a new bank 
 
 expired on 
 called 
 
 The Ihtro/t .Witioiial llaiik 
 became its successor, on Moiukay, February 26 with 
 a cajjital of §1,000,000. all of it owned in Detroit. 
 The directors are II. 1'. Haldwin, C. II. Fuhl, C. 
 Ilurlbut, All.in .Sheldeii, F. I'.iihl, J. F.Joy, K. A. 
 Alger, J. S. Newberry, and W. C. Colburn, with 
 II. P. Baldwin as president and C. M. Davison, 
 cashier. . 
 
 I'lKST N ATIONAI. HaNK Hll 1.1 lINd, 
 
 Southwest corner uf Jefferson Avenue and Griswokl Street. 
 
 I^uilt in iti;6, 
 
 Tlie Aineruan Xatioiial Bank 
 was organized in 1865 with a capital of §250,000. 
 The capital is now $400,000, with power to increase 
 to $500,000. The first Foard of Directors was 
 electetl on July 26, 1865, and consisted of Franklin 
 Moore, F. M. 'Mason, A. II. Dey, Eber Ward, J. J. 
 F.agley, Charles Root, M. S. Smith, Edward Kanter, 
 
 The .Sicoiul National IJ.ink was opeiieil for busi- aiul Jacob S. I'arrand. 
 
 uess on November 4, 18O3. It beg.m with ;i cai)ital 
 of $50(.j,o(jo, anil tlu. . . .owing ollicers: President, 
 11. P. lialdwin; vice-president, C. IF lUilil; cashier, 
 C. M. Davison; directors, II. P. li.ildwin, C. H. 
 lUihl, ]•:. 15. Ward. Duncan Stev,;irt, N. W. P.rooks. 
 Cli.iiincy Ilurlbut, James F. Joy, John Stephens, 
 
 The bank succeeded to the banking business of 
 A. II. Dey. and w.is located at 89 C.riswold Street 
 until Sei)teml)er (•>, 1880, when it was moved to the 
 Newberry and McMillan Building. A. II. Dey has 
 been president from its organiz.ition, W. D. Morton 
 served as cashier for three months, and was suc- 
 
 .iiid .Mian Shelden. It still remains in its first loca- ceeded by George B. Sartvvell. The directors in 
 
808 
 
 HANKS AMJ CURKKNCY. 
 
 1884 an; llic pii'sidciil and casliici', idi^cthci- wiili 
 S. J. Miirpliy, M. S. Sinilli, Cliailcs Kdui, Alex. 
 Cliai)i)i()n. S. I Icavciiricli, Tliomas W. I'aliucr, and 
 W. A. Moore. 
 
 /'//(' Mcrchunts and Manufac liirrrs' WtlioiU'l 
 Hank 
 
 was orvrani/.rd May 13, rXfn;, inidcrllu; Stati; Hank- 
 in.iL;' Law, with tlu- follnwini;- dire rinrs : T. 1 1. I lim li- 
 nian, . lc()r;;i' l^'ouir, T. Md Iraw, |nlni r,rlkiia|>, S. 
 (;. \Vi,;;hl, N. C. Williams, I.. \V. 'I'inkcr, \V. C. 
 Colbniii, .iiiil t'. Kclloi^i;'. 'I'Ik: b.ank bci^.an l)usi- 
 lU'ss jiinr I with a (■.•ipilal of ^^loo.ooo. (iiijiily 
 '3- l'^?/' it- was iTori;.ini/.cd .as ,a nalion.il hank, 
 willi a capil.al of Sjoo.ocjo, .and ihr folinwin^' direc- 
 tors: '!'. il. Ilinchni.in, J. I ). I l.iu-,. j. I'.clki.ap, I). 
 W'liilncy, Jr., N. ( i. Willi.inis. l..\\ . liiikci-, ll.Wrnor, 
 \V. C. C(>ll)iirn, .and V. \V. Il.iycs. T. II. Ilimh- 
 in.an was tiir lirst in'csidcnl, .and ihi- l).ank h.is li.ad 
 no other. (.'. C. I'.adni.in served .as cashier from the 
 ori^.ani/.ilion of the b.ank till l''ei)rn,ary 1, i<S7('), .and 
 w.as siic((H(lcd l)y I''. W. I bayes. !•'. M.ar\in 
 l)ec;inie cashier J.aiui.ary 1, i.S.S|.. 'I'lic l),ank w.as 
 located .at 95 (iriswokl .Street iinlil Abay 5, iiS.So, 
 wlieii it w.is nio\-cd to the Ncwhciry .and .^h•^Iili.lll 
 I'luildim;. (>n Jiil\- 1, iXSj, the capit.al w.is increased 
 to S5(xj,oixj. I'jie directors in i.S.S^ .ai^c T. 11. 
 Ilinciinian, I ). Whitney, Jr., N. (i. W'ilii.inis, Jolni 
 lielkn.ap. Hen. Wrnoi-, \\. K. While, Willi.am 11. 
 IJrace, 11. C. I'.arke, and Jeronu! Cronl. 
 
 /■//(■ Mil /iani( s Itunk. 
 
 capital SiO(),o(X), is the siHcessor of W. A. lUitler 
 & C():,i,)cii'.y, It.ankers, ,and is located in the W.ater- 
 maii Block iinniedi.atcly opposite the post-oriice. It 
 w.as orij.ani/.cd under the .St.ite I. .aw in Se|)teml)er, 
 1870, with W. .\. I'liitler .as ])residenl, .and V.. II. 
 liiitler .as cashier. Mr. Hnller bcj^.ni the b.ankin;;' 
 biisini'ss in 1847, w.is located .at dilfcrent times in 
 three sevi'r.il stores on the north side of Jefferson 
 Avenue between W<i<idw.ird .\\iniie .and < iriswokl 
 Street, .and lainoved to his |)resent lo( .ition in 1860. 
 
 'I'hr J'ifi/i/r's Siii'tnt^s ISiiiih 
 
 was or|L;;.ani/,cd J.innary 1, 1871, with .a ca|)it;il of 
 $30,000. [''rjuicis I '.alms w.as elected president, .and 
 M. W. ()'l>rien, cislaer, .and the follow ini;- tiaistees 
 were chosen; t'h.artes Diich.arme, I'.ilric k lil/.- 
 sininiis, I'r.aneis I'.alms, John Ileffron, lalw.ard 
 Reidy, Willi.im I'oxcn, .and .\nlon I'ullc 
 
 It w.as reori^.ini/.cd on J.anii.irv 1, 1872, wjih the 
 s.anie president .and cashier, with .a cipit.il of '^(m,i.v.m, 
 and the followin;,^^ trustees: l'. i)uch.irme, W. I'oxen, 
 ]•■. I'alins, A.iion Is'.irrcr, John Shnlie, A. I'lille, I'. 
 Fitzsiinoiis, J. Ileffron, I". .Morrell, John M.ark, and 
 J. Dwyer. 
 
 On July I, 1874, the (.ii)it.il .stock w.as incre.ised 
 
 to §i25,o(X), .and on J.iiurary 1, 1878, to $250, (.xio. 
 On J.arai.ary 1, 1884, the c-.apit.il w.as increased to 
 •'?5(j<>,oo() .and there was then a resi'rve ftnid of 
 §5(),<)()o. The tiaistees in 1884 .are: Willi.am \. 
 Carpenter, I-'. I'.alms, .\. K.arrei-, J. Sluilte, A. I'lilte, 
 r. lii/.simons, M. W. ( )'r-rieu, J. M.iik. J. Dwyer, 
 l". 1". I'.alms, and W. \\. Mor.an. 'I'he b.ank w.is 
 orii^in.ally located at 37 Jelferson .Aviaiuc, bill mo\ed 
 to the southeast corner of tdni;ress and ( iriswdid 
 .Sireels on .April zi, 1872. It receives anil allow.s 
 inleresL on .sums as low as one dulkir. 
 
 I'lion I'.'s Savincs Hank, 
 
 too Griswiilcl SiMit, I iiiiicr <if Congress Street. 
 
 liuilt ill 1B72. 
 
 'I'Jii- dirniiin Anirricivi Hank 
 
 was ori(ani/.ed under the St. ate Law in .Autjusl, 1S71, 
 with .a cipil.il of $i()i>,<)o(). It siiiceeded to tlu; 
 iKiiikinj; business of Ldw.ird K.inii r, who bejLjan 
 in Aiij^ust, 1868. It w.as orininally located at 30 
 
HANK'S AM) (TRRKNCY. 
 
 S6o 
 
 ■{78, U) ^2^0.000. 
 vas iiuicasid to 
 rcscrsc liiiul of 
 ire : W illiani N. 
 SluilU', A. I'ullc. 
 Mark. J. Dwycr, 
 'I'lu: l)aiik was 
 ,i'inu-, but lUDVcil 
 L'ss and C.riswold 
 uivcs aiul alluvvs 
 lur. 
 
 
 
 CiiiiKitss Street. 
 
 (lit I lank 
 
 .aw ill .\u,!.;usl, 1.S71, 
 t siKi'ii-ilrd to tin- 
 K.iiitn-, \v!io iK'i^an 
 inally loi:al«Jil al 30 
 
 l.arncd Sind West, hiil in M,iy ' S,S ^. mused to 
 ihS (iriswdid .Slicci in llic Mollal iSniJilini;. 'Ilic 
 oiliccrs in iMcS;, wtrc \'.. K.inlcr, |i|-fsid(nl, .iiid 11. I,. 
 Kantur, casliiur. 
 
 W'ltyiir ( 'diiiily Sirr'//n;-.s- l!,inl\ 
 
 This i);uik was ori;,ini/cd ( )(io|)cr 2, 1S71, under 
 tlic ( Irncr.il St.ilc l„iw. 'I'lic oriL;in;iI c;i|)it;il w.is 
 §;,o.(K)o; in .S(|it(nil)rr, 1.S75, it was inm-.-iscd to 
 $ I 5< ),( )i K ). Its lirsl ollircrs W(ic; \\ . 11. Wfsson, 
 president; 11. Kiifer, \ ic-e-|ii-esidcni ; S. 1). i;i\viiod, 
 sein-l.iry and tri-.isnrer; W. A. Muore. .■iilorney, 
 ■and ti>e following Inislees: \.]. r.,i'.;ley. J. C'roiil. 
 J. !'.. .Siitlierl.ind, |. Wiley. M. .S. Sniilli. \V. A. 
 Moore. .S. (',. Wi-hi. I). M. Icrry, r.inl ( .ies, {,. 1'. 
 Kniv;iil. W. II. Wess<in, ■Jnin-Mti S( iiniidt, I). .\1. 
 Isieliardson. W. C. I )i;ne,in. T. W. I'.iinier, II. 
 Kiefer, !•'. .Ad.inis, K. C. I'.arker, C !■'. i;;i;.;ley, J. S. 
 I'.irr.ind, 1). Knapp, ;ind .S. I ). I'.lwdod. 
 
 'I'lie trustees in i.S.S.|. .iri-: W. I!. Wesson, J. 
 Croul. W. .\. Moore. I ). M. Terry. I.. I'. Kni-lil. !■;. 
 1;. Wi'<lit. I). C. Whilv.o,,,!, r'. .Selnuidt, T. W. 
 r.iinier. 1'. Ad.inis. j. S. I'.irr.ind, S. I). Illwuod, 
 John ( ohins, llirni.in Kid'ei-. |olui Sii.iw, N. 1'. 
 < )lis, .and (ii.irles K. ( )tis. 
 
 .Sums ;is low ;is one dnli.ir .are received .and inti'r- 
 i:sl .allowed thereon. I lie h.iiik w.as oi-i'^in.illy 
 loe.aU'd on the noithwesl eoriur ol ( a'iswold ,ind 
 C!onv(ress .Streets, bill on Deeember 5, iiS/f), it w.as 
 remo\'ed to Conj^i-ess .Slreel, immedi.alely in the 
 re.ar of the old location, to ;i l)uil<lin,if iircetcd by 
 the bank, at a cost for buildinj;- and lot of ^i 10,000. 
 
 It is a very ele'.;,ant sinieinre. ,in<l is prob.ibK- more 
 iie.iily lire .111(1 biiri^lar jiroof ih.in ,iny building in 
 the lity. 
 
 U'avni'. Cm \ 1 V Smp.i.-. Hank. 
 (Ivvlirior \'iiw.) 
 
 Wavni! Cihmv I.wim.. IIvm;. (Iiiiiiinr \'ii'«.) 
 
$70 
 
 15ANKS AND CURRENCY. 
 
 Sd/r D(/)os/f Company. 
 
 Tliis company is connected witli tlic Wayne 
 County Savings Hank and lias its olUccs and vaults 
 in tlie same buildinu^. It was ornani/.eil in 1S72, 
 with a capital of '«; 30,000, and its oHicers are prac- 
 tically the same as those of the bank. It may 
 accept and execute any trust created by an instru- 
 ment in \vritin.;( which ajipoints it as trustee, ;ind 
 receives from any individual or corporation, on 
 deposit, for safe keepinvr and storage, gold and silver 
 plate, jewelry, money, stock securities, and other val- 
 uable papers or personal jiropcrty. The corporation 
 may also become security for administrators, guar- 
 dians, trustees or persons, in cases where, by law or 
 
 The City Bank. 
 
 This bank succeeded to the business of Kanady 
 & 'I'aylor, and was organized early in 1.S72 with a 
 capital of $50,000. .S. C. Kanady was jircsident, 
 and N. T. Taylor cashier. It was located in the 
 southwest corner of the Moffat lUiikling. It ceased 
 business in the fall of 1873. 
 
 The M/i/i/i;a>i Sai'/nos lujuk 
 
 was organized February 9, 1.S77, with a cajiital of 
 $60,000. It was opened for business on .April 2, 
 1S77, with the following ollicers: 1 'resident, Thnmas 
 McCiraw; secretarv and tre.isurcr, S. R. Mumford ; 
 
 \\V.\\ 111 lElK \'.\tLIS OJ S.Ml; DkIOSII CuMl'ANV. 
 
 otherwise, one or more sureties arc required, at 
 such rate of compensation and upon such terms and 
 conditions as shall bt' established by the directors. 
 
 The interiors of its vaults are provided with safes 
 of various sizes for rental, the charge ranging from 
 S5.ooto$75 per year; the lessor only has the key, 
 with access at any time during business hours. 
 Those who do not desire or need the accommoda- 
 tions afforded by separate safes may place .any 
 valuable personal property in direct charge of the 
 company on very favorable terms. When desired 
 the comp.my will collect ru\d remit the interest on 
 bonds and securities left in its care. 
 
 trustees, (',. W. ISalch, II. M. Dean, Joseph Kuhn, 
 \.(\. Lindsay, T. McClraw, Nicol Mitchell, .S. K. 
 Mumford, S. J. Murphy, William IVrkins, Jr., and 
 Julius .Stoll. in i.S.Si Ceorge I'eck became presi- 
 dent. 'I'he trustees in 1S84 are : George W. Halch, 
 II. M. Dean, J. II. K.iplc. deo. M. Hammond, (',. 
 W. Latimer, A. C. Lindsay, Nicol Mitchell, .S.J. 
 Murphy, William Perkins, Jr., and the president 
 and secretary. 
 
 It receives amounts as low as five cents and 
 allows interest tlureon. The b.ink is located in the 
 .Mechanic's Iilock, on the .southwest corner of La- 
 fayette Avenue and Ciriswold .Street, 
 
HANKS AM) CURKKNCV. 
 
 871 
 
 ;incss of Kanady 
 ly in 1S72 wilh a 
 ly was ]irisi(lt'iU, 
 •as located in the 
 lildiii);. It ceased 
 
 with a capital of 
 ;iness on April 2, 
 'resident, Tlionia.s 
 , S. R. Mil 111 ford : 
 
 I'an, Joseph Kuhn. 
 col Miichell, S. R. 
 11 IVrkins, Jr., and 
 'eek becaine presi- 
 
 Georjje W. I'.alch, 
 , H. Hammond, (i. 
 icol Mitchell, S.J. 
 
 and the president 
 
 as five cents and 
 ink is located in the 
 west corner of La- 
 reet. 
 
 /■//,• M,irL;t Jiank. 
 'I'his hank is the successor of the firms of Se.xton 
 i\: Hall and J. A. Se.xton iV Company. The first- 
 n.imed firm be.s^an business on the corner of W'ood- 
 brid.ije and Third Streets in April, I1S77, and w.is 
 succeeded in October, 1878, by tlu' firm of J. ,\. 
 Sexton i.\: Company, who removed the b.uik to the 
 corner of Monroe Avenue ;uid 'R.andolph Street. 
 On A[)ril 13, 1880, they orv^anized under the State 
 I,;iw as the Market ISank, with a capital of $50,000, 
 increased on October 1 5, 
 1 88 1, to Sioo.oop, with 
 Juiijene Robinson as presi- 
 dent, and W. II. Trainor 
 cashier. On June 10, 1882, 
 the b;ink moved to 151 
 (iriswold Street, in the 
 Mech.aiiics' Block. 
 
 The Cdiiiiiirtria/ A'a/i'o//- 
 
 ,1/ Bank 
 heyan business on Decem- 
 ber 27, 1881, in the Rank 
 ISlock, in th.e rooms pre- 
 viously occupied by the 
 Merch;uUs and M.inufac- 
 turers' liank. It bei^an 
 with a capital of $250,000, 
 with Hui,di McMill.ui as 
 president, Morris L. Wil- 
 li;ims as cashier, and the 
 following dirt'ciors ; Hugh 
 McMillan, Joseph H. 
 ISerry, Isaac L. Ryon, 
 George H. Hammond, 
 William C. Williams, ( ".eo. 
 Hendrie, William (\. 
 Thomp.son, Ashley I'ond, 
 and James K. Hurnh.im, 
 In 1884 the direciors were 
 the same, except that II. 
 R. Redyard aiul V.. M. 
 Fowler were elected in 
 place of Ashley Rond ;uul 
 W. G. Thompson. In 
 May, 1883, the bank w;is 
 
 moved to the new Cami>;iii Ruilding, on the south- 
 west corner of Griswold and Rarncd Streets, 
 
 The Stair Sai'in}:;s Bank 
 
 was incorporated October 24, 1883, and began 
 busines.s tlie same day, with a paid-up cajiital of 
 $150,000, and the following stockholders .ind trus- 
 tees: David Hamilton, president; T.S.Anderson, 
 vice-president; R. S. Mason, cashier; and W. V. 
 Hamilton, W. K. Anderson, and R. R. Courtney. 
 The bank commenced business at 88 Griswold 
 
 Slrcci, but in M.iy, i8,S4, reiuowd to the new Riihl 
 Ruilding, next north of the post-olfu'e. 
 
 Till' JlilHC .S'(fT7//;'.V Julllk. 
 
 The above bank was organized in 1884 and 
 began business on M;iy i in the new brick building 
 on Griswold .Street, between Michig.in and R.ifay- 
 ette A\'tMiues. The capital stcjck is $60,000. De- 
 posits of from five cents and upward are received 
 and interest allowed on even dollars. The officers 
 
 Miciiir.AN Saving'; Hank, 
 Southwest cornir uf CriswaUl Stroit ;iml Lafayette Avctme. 
 
 for 1884 are: S. M. Cutcheon, president; J. E. 
 Scrip[)s, vice-president; and Frederi<k Woolfenden, 
 cashier. The dirt'ctors consist of the above-named, 
 with J. F. Roehm, Win. Rivingstone, William Hull, 
 J. R. Hudson, R. W. Voigt, Charles A, Warren, 
 and A. M. Henry. 
 
 The only 'other banks in the county are la-ated 
 in Rlvmoutli ;md Wy.uidotte. The Rlymouth Na- 
 tional R.ank w;is organized J.anu.iry 16, 1884, w'th 
 a capital stock of $50,000. The first directors were : 
 
872 
 
 15ANKS AND CUKKF.NCY. 
 
 'V.C. Slicrwodd, S;imii('I l.yndim, I''.. I'". Si. Jolin, I. 
 N. Slarkucallicr, I,. D. Sliciicr, I''.. C l.caili, Ceo. 
 \aii Sickle, Win. Ccrr, O. k. I',illiii,v;ill, I.. II. 
 Iicniicll, I,. C. il()ii.i;h, S. J. Spriiiv^cr, ami I ). 11. 
 Wilcox. 'I'lic diiccldi" lirsl ii.imcd is the picsidcnl. 
 Tlic I'iiNt Nalicmal j'laiik nl I'lvmiuilli h.is .1 capi- 
 tal (if if^o.oDo. K. J. rciiiiimaii is prcsidciil, and 
 ( ). .\. I' r.iscf cashier. 
 
 'I'lii-; Si a IK S \v im.s I'i.wk, 
 Nils. ()i iiiiil yt (iriswcilil Slid I. Itiiilt in iS8.|. 
 
 7'//r \\'vii)ii/i>/tr Siiv/'/ii^s lUuilc. 
 'I'his bank was <)ri;ani/i'd November 20, hSji, 
 with a capital of ^jo.oix), and is located in the city 
 of Wyandotti'. Tlu' original and presi-nl ollicers 
 arc John S. \'an Alslyne, president, and W. Van 
 Miller, cashier. 
 
 J'rnnt/r Ilini/:rrs. 
 'I'licrc were no private b.mkinvj oliiccs |)rior to 
 about 1S43. James F,. I. yell and J. (). (Iraves were 
 then located on llic north side of Jc'Terson Avenue 
 
 between Woodward Avetittc and M;Urs Street. 
 Soon afterwards Israel Coe and Sanuiel I'oit, tinder 
 the linn name of Coc \ C'oit. bc4;aii business. In 
 icS.|5 Mr. Coil retired, and A. II. I)ey becune a 
 partner with Mr. (!oe, and the s.ime ye.ar siiiceedcd 
 Im iIic ciiiiic business, ,ind continned it until his 
 inlciists were melted with the American N.ilion.il 
 Hank 
 
 In i''^.17 S. II. Ives 1.V (dm|iany bci;.in business. 
 'I'hcy were sueceedeil by (.'.. \ A. Ives, the |)rede- 
 ecssors of the prcseiil hiin of A. Ives i\; Sons. 
 
 (i. I'. Lewis w,is in business. as e.irly as 1^47; 
 and Messrs. John Hrown, Warner \' I.ee, and W. 
 r. (.'.iinpliell, in I.S50. These List named firms ceased 
 business lu.iiiy years a.no. 
 
 I ).i\id I'reston, of the present llrm of I). I'reslon 
 \ t'oiup.iny, bevj.in in May, 11^52. ( )n M.irelii, 
 1.S67, John I.. Il.iipcr beeauK' associ.tted with him, 
 rem.iiniiii; nnlil July 27, iSSj. In M.iy. 1.S.S5, tin; 
 lirm of I). I'reslon \ Company remoxcd from the 
 southeast corner of Woodward Avenue .and i.arned 
 Street to the southwest corner of ( iriswold .iiid 
 I.arned Streets, occtipyinv,' part, of the new Campaii 
 lUiildin^. 
 
 'riie first mention foimd of (). C. 'I'hompson, 
 I loward. Smith, iv C<jmpany, and M. I'. I'".nsi.i;n, as 
 bankers, is in 1X53. The names of A. S. Johnson, C. 
 \V. 'rultle, H. 15. Morri.s, ( ). V. Cari;ill \' Comp.iny, 
 and Wrii;ht, Andrews, iV Company aiijiear in 1H55. 
 'I'lu: last linn was sue(;ccded, in 1H57, by Andrews 
 iV Waterman, and after that year they ce.ised to do 
 business. V. J. Scott l)e).;an in May, 1S5C). I'hilo 
 I'.irsons opened a bank in the southeast corner of 
 the K<itun(l.i lUiildiuj^ on driswold Street, in I1S57. 
 The lirm of Parsons \- I'lslu'r sueei'eded him as 
 early as 1862. (n 1859 IC. II. Ila/leton iV C'ompany 
 and J. 11. Kapic were doinir a b.inkinir and broker- 
 a.;;e business. In 1862 I.. W. Wallace i\: Company 
 wi'ic located on the norlheasl eoriu'r of Jefferson 
 Avenue and (Iriswold Street, and the same year 
 I'. I.. Seit/. \- Company and Kelloj^ir X; Sabin are 
 named. The latter lirm was succei:ded l)y(irany;er 
 i\; Sabin in 1863. In 1863 K. X: S. \Vo(/llcywcre 
 named as b.uikers. Dnnc.an, Kibbee, \- '.■oin|)any 
 were doiiii^ business in 1865,. -ind II. M. Cobh in 1866. 
 
 I'islur, l>oiii!i,\ Company bei^.ui in M.iich, 1S66. 
 In Septiinbir, 1879, ijicy wi're succeeded by I'isher 
 \; I'ri'sion, and on June 1, 1884, by tlu' I.m han^e 
 ISank of W. I'.. Mitchell. In 1867 Kobcrl Ilosieis 
 named with the bankers, and also N. T. Taylor. 
 W. I). Morton's b.i.ikinv;- oHicc was opened in 1870, 
 and closeil in 1876. T. S. I)arlinj.j hvy,M\ in 1871, 
 and closed his business in 1879. I^. K. Roberts & 
 Company be^an in December, 1872, and /\nstin & 
 Comp.iny in February, 1875. The two linns were 
 consolidated in February, 1877. In 1874 Messrs. 
 Cromwell Cv Ralston were in business. McLeilan 
 
TNRUKANCI'; AND IN'SUU ANCK C( )MiANIi:S. 
 
 •^73 
 
 1(1 li.ilcs Sincl. 
 imiicl Coil, Milder 
 ^an liiisincss. In 
 . Dcy liicanw a 
 ic year siircccdcd 
 iiiiK'd il iiiilil liis 
 kiiurican National 
 
 ' l)(v;aii hiisiiicss. 
 
 . Ives, tin- incdc- 
 
 vi'S iV Sons. 
 
 IS early as 1.S47 ; 
 
 r \ I.ee, aiul W. 
 allied tirms ceased 
 
 nil of I). I'reslon 
 
 52. ( )ii Mareli I, 
 
 M'ialed with liini, 
 
 In May. iHS^, the 
 
 (•moved from llie 
 
 veiine .111(1 l.;iriie(l 
 
 of (iriswold .111(1 
 
 the new Camp.'iii 
 
 (). C. 'Ihompson, 
 1 H. 1". I'jisinn, .'IS 
 )f A.S. Jolmson, C. 
 '.irijill (.V Coiii|),iny, 
 ny ;ii)|)e;ir in I1S55. 
 1.S57, by Andr(;vvs 
 r tliey ee.ised to do 
 M.iy, 1856. I'hilo 
 ioiitlie.isl corner of 
 1)1(1 Slrt;(!l, in 1.S57. 
 succeeded him .is 
 azletoiii^: Company 
 inkinif .and hroker- 
 '.illace iV Coni|);iny 
 ■orner of Jefferson 
 nd the s.ime year 
 
 -'l'",W ''*^' •'i'lt'i" ''I'' 
 :ccc(led by CniiiKcr 
 cV S. Woolleywere 
 ihhec, (.V C.'oiiipany 
 !•:. M. Colli) in 1866. 
 ;.in ill Mai( h, 1866. 
 icceeded by I'isher 
 ., by the i'..\( liaiii;!! 
 '17 Kobcil liosie is 
 ilso N. T. 'I'.'iylor. 
 ..IS ojiened in 1870, 
 in,i,r be.nan in 1871, 
 
 K. K. Roberts ..\: 
 1872, aiul Austin & 
 riic two I'irms were 
 
 In [874 Messrs. 
 usincss. McLcllan 
 
 iV Aiidcrson be,i;.in business April 23, 1877, Messrs. 
 Ilr.ilsli.iw, lllack, (V Coinp.iny bc^^.iii in 187^, ;iii(| 
 discontiiiiicd llieir b.iiik in M.iy, 1880, 
 
 On November 1, |8,S.), .1 brain h of liie Uriii of 
 (;cori;e I-'. .Sist.ire's .Sons, of New Ndik. w.is esl.ib- 
 lislied ill Detroit ;it (/) ( iriswold Street. They re- 
 moved to lli(t C.imp.iu Huildini; in 188^. |o!m I,. 
 Ii,!r|)er, formerly of tin- linn of I). I'lcstoii iV C(in- 
 p.iiiy, i-st.ibiislied ,1 new b.iiik .at lu (■lisudlij 
 Street, under the llrm n.iiiie of John I.. Harper iV 
 Coinp.iny. on /Xiiv^iist .;8. i88„>. 
 
 I'p to ,M.iy I. 1871;, b.iiiks ;iiid b.inkers kept open 
 from I) to I 2 A. .M.,,uid from 2 I04 i-. m. 'riie b.mks 
 ihilie.ime to ,111 .li;iceniellt to keep open coiilinii- 
 (lusly from lo A. M. to 3 I-. M. The followiiiv, d.iys 
 .are le.;;.il h ilid.iys, ;iiid liic b.iiiks ;ire then closed: 
 New N'e.ir's I ),iy, {■'ei)ni.iry 2.:, or W.ishiny^ion's 
 liiithd.iy, M.iy 30, .Mciiiori.il I ).iy, the kourtli of July, 
 'l'li.iiiksv;ivini^ .and (.Mirislni.is D.iys. 
 
 In 1850 ;iii(l 1860 the .imoiint of b.aiik c.i|)it;il w;is 
 but !iii5(x),o()<). .and this w.is !;irj.;cly owned .at the 
 l',.isi. In 1871) it li.id reached $ 1 , 5(x>,<jo(j, In 18,84 
 I he tot.il .amount u.is fully §5,(J<x),(j()f). I'drnicrly .ill 
 (he city b.inks .and b.inkers ni.Kkr collections from 
 each other, ,ind l.ii\re sums of money were need- 
 lessly h.aiidled .and d.aui^a'roiisly exposed. Ily nititu.il 
 .irr.in^^cmcnt, d.itiiiir from I'ebrii.iry 1, i88j, a mes- 
 senger .and clerk from e.icli b.ankinj; institution meet 
 ,il twcK'e o'clock (Ml h d.ay ;it the Merch.ints .and 
 Maiuif.ictun.'rs' liank, .and under the supervision of 
 I'. W. Il.iycs, .all collei tions .are .irr.in^jed, and the 
 b.il.inees due from e.ich bank .agreed upon .and 
 settled. 
 
 Nearly ninety defunct b.anks .and other corpor.i- 
 tions, including; the "i^ood, b.id, .and indilfereiit," 
 h.ive issued notes in Micliis^.an, and V. II. Rollers, of 
 Detroit, h.as n.athered .about four hundred different 
 bills of their issue, f iv^hty-seveii cori.'onition;; arc 
 rcprescnti'd in his collection. 
 
 INStJKANCK AND I NSi; KANCK COMI'ANIKS. 
 
 The earliest record found concernin;;- insurance 
 .i.v;ainst hre is coni.iined in the followinjj from the 
 Detroit ( iazette : 
 
 INSIIRANCK AGAINST FIRK. 
 
 I'lir siil)scrib(rr will nltciiil li> apjilicailons for insurance, frnm 3 
 In ■; d'cIik k I'. M. (in Saturdays. Pcrsims who (iitsiri; llnir luiiltl- 
 iii>;s, (irolhrr pnipcrty, sccnrirl from (tainaxc by •''''' "ill liml il 
 advaiilayi-DUS to apply to tin; ofTite for whitli the uiidi-.rsiKiii:'l is 
 .iK'cnt, as the terms are favnrahle, and losses wilt In [iroinptly 
 repaired. 
 
 K. Kkc;|), 
 Surveyor for the Utica Insurance Cotiif>any. 
 
 Di'.rrfoiT, Octo/ier 20, 1818. 
 
 TIm 
 
 lierr- 1^ ri.,i now in this cil y any an>nl (or an insriLim r i cni- 
 
 l'''i'y. Ii"ri/,(l In insure axairisi lire-. 'I lii. nnly one in llie 
 
 .Many 
 
 l< iiiioiy, ivc III III ir, is Cliarlis N..li|.., I.,i|,,i,( ,\l.,nror 
 of Ihe polii lis have ixpirrd, or nie alioiit \n i vpio . 
 
 So(Mi .ificr this, on (iiiobcr 22. 1851, Aslier 15. 
 r..ites .idvcrtised himself .as ,i;;cnt of the I'rotection 
 Insur.iiiK! Com|).iiiy, of ll.irtford. 
 
 Ol I l( 1; 1,1' Dl'.TKnlT I'"lKK AMI Maki.m'. I NSI'R.\NC I'. Co., 
 go Uriswold Street. liuilt in 1874. 
 
 On March 7, 1834, the Mirhitjan Insurance Com- 
 p.any was ch.artered, but it never transacted any 
 insurance business, and t.ie charter was used to 
 ori^,ani/.e ,a bank. 
 
 In June, 1836, the foHowinir companies did busi- 
 
 ness in Detroit : Kal.amazoo Mutu.al Life Insurance 
 
 TIk; business was evidently of slow .u^rowth, for Company, J. M. Howard, atjent ; /f'-tna Insurance 
 
 in ;i p.iper of September 15. 1831. the followiny; Company, Henry S. Cole, a.;(ent ; Protection Insur- 
 
 ileiii .appears : ance Comjiany, Ashcr 15. Hates, ajjent ; Albany 
 
S74 
 
 INSUUANCT. AND INSUK ANCK COMI'ANIKS. 
 
 Insiii;mi<' ('()m|);my, I'iicmcn's Insuiaiiic t'diiipaiiy, 
 and American l.ifi; liisiiiam c and I i nst C'()ni|iany, 
 (1. Moll Williams, a,L;ciit ; NcsvN'oik Life liisiiianci; 
 and I'riisl Company, Dr. A. S. roller, aj^jenl. 
 
 II. N. Walker succeeded Aslier II. ii.iles ,is a>;enl 
 of tin: I'roleetioii lii.siiraiiec (.'(unpaiiy, and in I1S37 
 John Palmer succeeded II. S. Cole ;is .-i^cnt <if llie 
 /Mliia Insurance C()m|)any. and (onliniicd io ,icl .is 
 ix^vnl until liis death, on June jX, 1871. 
 
 In iSy Ci. Moll Willi.ims adverlised marine 
 insur.aiice, .md the 
 
 names of Marsli.iil _-5r-3^T 
 
 J. Macon md II. II. ' ' -- 
 
 Hrown appear as in- 
 surance a,i(enls. On 
 June 10, i<S44, nolice 
 w.is ;;i\'en lliil hooks 
 would he opened for 
 siihscripiions lo llie 
 slock of llie I'ciiinsu- 
 l.tr I'irc .111(1 M.iiinc 
 Insiir.ince t'oinp.iny. 
 rile pro|)osals did 
 not ineel wiili f.ivor, 
 ;ind the comp.iny was 
 noi ori^.ini/ed. 
 
 On I'lhriMiy 1, 
 i(Sfir). I Ik Del roil Mre 
 .111(1 M.llille llisur- 
 ■■iiice Comp.iny w.is 
 oi\;aiii/.e(l.u illi .1 c.ip- 
 
 il.ll of $5i):),()()i), of 
 which $1 SO.OIK) W.IS 
 
 p.iid in. The lirst 
 policy W.IS issued 
 M.ircli 14. The first 
 presideni, C.ileh \'.in 
 I liis.in, W.IS slill ser\- 
 iii.; in 1.SS4. S. W.ir- 
 ner White, tlu' lir.sl 
 secretary, served un- 
 til March, i.S6,S, when 
 h(! was succeeded hy 
 James J. Clark. 
 I)uiin]ij thejrrc,-it llres 
 in Miciiii^rm .ind Ciii- 
 ca,n(), in 1S71, the 
 
 company lost nearly $272,o<to, hut llie directors 
 came lo tlu; rescue .iiid siiiiplied more e.i|>ilal, 
 fully mainl.iininjL,^ liie hii^li sl;<ii(!.'ird of the com- 
 pany. 
 
 The Michi.i,rrin Mutual Life Insunince C'omp.iny 
 of Detroit was incorporaled July 10, 1S67, and 
 issued its I'l t poli(;y on the 12th of Novemher of 
 the same year. It was ori;ani/.e(I under the old 
 insurance law of the Stale, with a snhscrihed capi- 
 tal of $1150,000, ten per cent of whicii was p.iitl in. 
 
 
 Mkiik.an MiTiAi. I.iiK Insii(\N(R Co.'s Dpi'ick, 
 SiJiilliWfsl roiiicr iif JilTiisim Avcmic iiixl (itIswoUl Strrrl, 
 
 In iX7(j, .ifier the p.issa^^i of a new iiisiir.ince law, 
 !j;ioo,<xx) was paid in, and in ( (unpli.iiK c with the 
 Law, securities to th.it .iinounl weic deposited with 
 llie .St.ite Tre.isiirer. In 1K7A the e.ipil.il slock w.is 
 iiK re.ised lo SiJ5o,(xx), .ill of wliii h w.is p.'iid in. y\l 
 the close of iSX^ the ciipil.il slock .and surplus 
 re.iclied I he sum of $5^,1 10.26; .and the lot.il .as.scts 
 .imountcd to $i,23i,X7H.6]. The linst inisidint, 
 John J. H.i^;ley, .served from 1X67 to 1S72, .-md was 
 .succeeded hy J.icol) .S. K.irr.ind, John T. I .ij^).|;ett, 
 
 the lirst seeret.iry, 
 served until Septem- 
 ber, I MS}, ;ind w.is 
 tlien suceeeded liy (». 
 K. Looker. The husi- 
 ness of the comp;iny 
 is enlirely eonlined lo 
 the Sl.iles of Miehi- 
 ^.111, Ohio, Western 
 \'ir,^ini.i, Illinois, .ind 
 Indi.m.a. Up to iS<S.( 
 it h.id p.'iid dc.'ilh 
 losses to Ihe ;imounl 
 of i|;(/)8,7«o. The lo- 
 t.il .'imoiinls p.'iid |ioli- 
 ey holders up lo i<S.S4 
 amounted to $i..S6(;,- 
 «.|«.Sr). The eom- 
 |).'iny h;is ne\'er li.id 
 ;i l.'iwsuit or .'i con- 
 tested cl.'iim, except 
 on non-i).'iymenl of 
 premiums, s.'ivc in one 
 inst.ince, when the 
 heneliei.'iry murdered 
 the insured ; this w.is 
 proven in court, .'md 
 the c.'ise w;is properly 
 decided in f.ivor ol 
 the comp.iny. 
 
 Till' Wc:slern I'nioii 
 Mutu.'il Life and Ac- 
 cident Society of ihe 
 United Sl.ilcs, with 
 its princip.'il olliee ;it 
 Detroit.w.'i'^ incorpor- 
 aled Fehru.'iry 17, 
 1880, with James L. Kd.son as presideni .and Lyman 
 M. Th.'iyer as seeret.iry. 
 
 The Commerci.'il Miilu.il As.soci.ilion w.is incor- 
 por.'ited April 1, 18.S0, .'is a life insurance company, 
 on the .'isse.ssment |)l;in, with I'. K. De Mill .'is 
 pn sideiit. Win. A. lierry ;is secretary, and J. H. II. 
 I'.r.ilshavv as Ire.'isurer. In 1882 John M. (lunn 
 bee.'ime secretary, and S. K. WooUey was aiipointed 
 aclu.'iry. In 18S3 Albert Ives succeeded Mr. Bnit- 
 sh.'iw as Ire.'isurer. 
 
INSURANCr: AM) INSl'KANCK CoMI'AMKS. 
 
 «^75 
 
 ■\v insiiraiKc l.iw, 
 niiliaiifc will) llic 
 ■ic (IciKisitcd with 
 
 • caiiilal stock was 
 li was i)ai(l in. At 
 
 sldik and surplus 
 ind llictiilal assets 
 ic liisl |)iTsidi'iU, 
 ' to 1872, and was 
 Jdlin T. l.iKK^'l^' 
 
 • lirst. sccri'lary, 
 •vi'd initil Scptcin- 
 r, icS8<. and was 
 •n siicccfdid l)y < >■ 
 l,()()kcr. 'I'licl)iisi- 
 
 ss of liic company 
 entirely cont'med to 
 I' Slates of Miclii- 
 II, Oliio. Western 
 irj,dnia. Illinois, .and 
 di.iiia. Uj) to I'SS.l 
 
 li.id p.iid de.illi 
 sses to llie .amount 
 ifc/xS.ySo. 'i'lieto- 
 I .amounts paid poli- 
 t linUicrs lip to liS.S^ 
 iioiinted to Si.X''";.- 
 j<S.<S6. 'I'lie com- 
 my li.as iX'ver li.id 
 
 lawsiiil or ;i con- 
 sled cl.aim, except 
 \ non-p.iymenl of 
 remiums, s;ivein one 
 isl.anee, when the 
 fiK'tici.ary murdered 
 ic insnri'd ; this w.is 
 rovcn in courl, .and 
 k; cascw.'is properly 
 ecided in f.avor of 
 In; comp.any. 
 'I"he Weslernl'nion 
 ,Uilu,al I.ifc: .and Ac- 
 idenl Society of tlu' 
 Inited St.ates, with 
 ;s principal oi'iice ;ii 
 )clr{)il,\v;is ineoriior- 
 led Febni.iry 17. 
 iresicU'nl .and l.ym.m 
 
 ioci.ition was incor- 
 insur.ance company, 
 1 P. K. I)e Mill ;is 
 eretary, .and J. 15. H- 
 8S2 John M. (uinn 
 Hilley w.as appointed 
 succeeded Mr. Urat- 
 
 'rhe Mereh.inis' Mutual I 'ire Insur.inee t.'ouip.iny .ire: I). M. {■'erry, i)residenl; K. \V.( iilleit, vir, -prcsi- 
 
 w.'is incorponited .September 25, iH,S(), .md (..m- dent; M. W. ( )"l;rien, treasurer ; .and J. i'. r.iilon, 
 
 meiiced business ( )etolier I, with 'riiom.is llerry .as set relary. 
 
 presi(l<'iit, .and A. T. Wood .as m,in,i.v;cr ; it w.as in In .addition to thcsi; distindivdy home comp.inies. 
 
 e.\istene(! only .about . a ye.ir. there .uc s( ores of other life .and lire comp.anies, 
 
 'riic Miihii;.!!! j'ire .and M.arine Insnr.ance Com- represcnicd by various .a^cnls, ,ind doin.^ .an eiior- 
 
 pany, with its priixip.al oHice .al Detroit, w.as ineor- mous business, .and .all of them .an- sni)irvis<(l by .a 
 
 |ioraled I'ebrn.iry S, i.S.Si.wilh .1 e.ipii.il of §.!<«),- Sl.ate ('ommission<>r of liisur.iiiee, lirsi pro\i(ieil 
 
 (XX). 'i'he lirst oriiicrs were: I'lvuieis {'.alms, for in i.S7(j. In i.Srij ,1 city ordin.inee w.is |>.issed 
 
 president; 'i'lios. MeC.r.aw, vice-presideni ; I). providiiiv,^ for .a l.a.x on the premiums eolleeied by 
 
 Whitney, jr., treasurer; i:. (.'. I'reslon, secnt.ary. insnr.anee e<imp.anies, .and in 1870, $,S,()5_' revenue 
 
 All of them .are siill servin.v,^ in |8,S.|. w.as obi.iiued from this source. The ordiii.aiici' w.as 
 
 The St.Mid.ird Life .and /\<('id( ill Insur.auce Com- repe.alial in 1872. 
 p.iny w.as ineor|)or.ate(l M.ay 29, 18.S4. 'I'he olliceis 
 
PART XI. 
 
 COMMUNICATION 
 
CHAl^TER LXXXIl. 
 
 THE I'OST-OFFICE AND MAILS.- TICLKGUAI'IIS AND TKLKIMIONKS. 
 
 I'OST-Ol'riCK AND MAILS. 
 
 TirK cliaii.v^cs ;• 1 the proj^n-ss of Detroit can be 
 iiiditated iit no )re interestiiivj manner than by 
 nolin.n; the development of mail facilities and the 
 increase of postal matter. In the early days of the 
 settlement few letters were written save by the com- 
 mandant am! the ai^ents of the tradinij comi)any, 
 and these were forwarded by special messeni^ers. In 
 Colonel Johnson's diary of events at Detroit, nnder 
 date of Saturday, .Aiivfiist 12, 1761. he s.iys, " .\i nine 
 o'clock at nii,'ht a York ol'licer arriveil at my ipiar- 
 ters, express from N'iai^ara in sixteen days, with 
 letters from (leneral Amherst." 
 
 On November 21, 1782, Colonel De Peyster wrote 
 to Mr. .McLean ; 
 
 You desire to be iiifuniied i)f my iilciis on tlie iiiclliud of calab- 
 lisliinn ii CDrrcspondence diirinif the winter season. I have to 
 iiiforiii yuu ihul during my cummuud at tlie upper posts, I have 
 frequently found it necessary to send e.iprcists, which can be 
 done with ease and with the >;reatest safety, by employing 'wo 
 Indians, and sometimes adilinv; an interpreter. We generally 
 eipiii> tile Indians for tile jmuiiey and promise them a present of 
 silverworks at the post they are sent to, provided they travel with 
 dispatch, and on their reliirn ihey receive their payment, which 
 they choose to have mostly in rum. 
 
 No postal system worthy of note was in operation 
 until the very last years of Enjrljsh rule. Messen- 
 jjers were then sent, with somethintr of reijularity, 
 to and from (Quebec, but letters written at Detroit 
 early in January, 1791, did not reach Quebec until 
 the last of March. Much the same methods were 
 in use after the surrender. The following letter 
 gives a good idea of the facilities of those days : 
 
 Di-:rucnT, i6th Sept., 1796. 
 Sir, — 
 
 I send over by 0>;den two horses, which are to remain at Kort 
 Miamis to servi' as a relief for expresses ; when expresses are 
 cominj; to this place, they are to leave the horses they brini;, with 
 you, and come on with fresh horses. You will take the greatest 
 care of the horses and have them well fed and attended to, 
 
 J. Wir.KiNs, Jn., 
 
 Q. M. GeturaJ. 
 Ma/. John Wilson, A. Q. M., Fori Miamis. 
 
 The first post road in Michigan was established 
 on March 3, 1801, It formed part of a line from 
 Cincinnati to Detroit. As early as October i, 1802, 
 a regular mail, but probably only quarterly, was in 
 operation, between Washington and Detroit. No 
 post-office was established here until January i , 1 803. 
 
 In 1804 the Cincinii.iti route w.is discontinuetl, 
 and one from C'levcLmd to Detroit established. In 
 iSi I it look forty d.iys to i)riiig a Icitcr from W.ish- 
 ingtou,;iiul tiie m.iil wiis r.tri ied p.irlly on horseback 
 and in i)art by nun 011 foot. During the War of 
 1S12 (icneral Cass h.id occasion to pass over the 
 route running through the black swamp, in the 
 vicinity of the present city of Toledo. I lere he met 
 llie mail-c.irricr. and, wishing to get his (lis|),it(hcs, he 
 cut open the mail-ba^, look out his letters, and went 
 his w.iy. During tiie s.ime war the expedition of 
 Oeneral Mc.'\rtliur t!) lUirlington Heights, Canada, 
 was pl'iined, .iiid so h.irren were the results th.it 
 I 'ostma.ster Abbott w.is .tccused of h.tving given in- 
 form.ition which defeated the plans. P'or this reason 
 an attempt was made to remove him, but it was 
 clearly proven that some of McArthur's own men 
 carelessly g.ave w.iniing to the enemy. 
 
 The genenil condition of the service during these 
 years is indicated in several letters written by Gov- 
 ernor C.iss to the postmaster-general. On Decem- 
 ber 8, 1815, he wrote : 
 
 .\t all limes since our .irrival .il this place in 181 j, the mail has 
 been carried with sinjiular irregularity, — an irreijularily for 
 which the slate of lli^- road-< will furnish no excuse. I passed the 
 mail carrier last summer between the mouth of the l<ai>in and 
 .Mansfield. He was on foot, and 1 should say not lit to be trusted 
 with si.xpence. 
 
 On December 30, 181 5, he wrote: 
 
 Tile pust-rider has just arrived without a letter or paper. Our 
 last N'alional lntellik;encer is N'ovember 7. The last mail brought 
 me a letter from the War Department, of (Jctober jo. * * * 
 'I'lie misconduct i-i with the postmaster at Cleveland. Mr. .Abbott 
 informs me that this postmaster, if tln' mail 'from Pittsburgh 
 arrives five minutes after lie has closed the mail for this place, 
 will not forward, but retains it till the next week. ♦ ♦ * I 
 trust you will excuse the solicitude 1 feel and llie trouble I give 
 you upon this subject. Cutoff as we are from the world and from 
 other means of information than the mail, we look with eagerness 
 for its arrival, and nine times out of ten we find ourselves disap- 
 pointed. A detailed statement of the arrival of the mail for the 
 last three months and of its contents would be a document, I am 
 certain, which would surprise you. 
 
 In a letter of May 23, 1817, he says : 
 
 I found on my arrival from Washington that for six weeks not 
 a mail had been received. This was unquestionably owing to 
 culpable negligence in some of the postmasters or mail carriers 
 between Pittsburgh and Kort .Meigs. There is no neglect be- 
 tween here and fort Meigs. * * * The mail is carried as 
 
 [879] 
 
wtmm 
 
 8 So 
 
 THE I'OST-UI'FICK ANIJ MAILS. 
 
 ri'Kulaily as bi'twcMii NfW York and IMiilaililphla. • • ♦ I 
 wnilc a li'tli^r t<i I Miicral Macoinli and aimllKr ii> Mi't, Cass at 
 Wasliiiinliiii ml llir tcrilli day uf .\lari:li lasl. 'I'lusu letters 
 rial lied tills |>la<:i! yi'sterday. 
 
 TIk; r('|)rcsi-iU;ilions from Cicncral C.'iss pro- 
 fluced siiiMc iiiipnivciiKMil, and soon aflt;r tlu; mail 
 from Wasliini^lon arrived, witii to!crai)l(: rt-ifiilarity, 
 oiiic in three weei<s. Another improvement was 
 made jiy liie introduetion at Detroit of tiie traditional 
 posil)oy's horn, its use was first sin.;ir(;ste(l in a 
 letter wliieh appeared in Tiie Detroit (ia/.ctte of 
 Octoljcr 24, 1 81 7. This comniunicalioii was as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Me.i!trs. Shtldcm a ml Kcid, — 
 
 Tile sysleni and liidiislry exlilliiled in the I'<islrilTi<'e Deparl- 
 nieiil In tills city rellei t nn at ireilii n|ion llie iiiti'llii;enl (iriii er 
 at its head ; l}nt the m-eessity of fiirnishiti;; the post-rider with 
 the iiieans of a|ipri/in;; the 1 ill/ens of his arriv.il has eseapeil 
 him. Almost evi rj post-hoy in the l/'niled Stales is fnriiisheil with 
 a horn of some (lesi ription for that purpose. Thi: wiiti-rctf this 
 is salislleil, from his personal ai ipiaiiitiiine with JiidKe Ahhott, 
 that '.his hint will induce him proniplly to supply this want, 
 
 A Ctnzi'.N. 
 
 'I'lu; siiifijcstion was heeded, and llu-reafter, from 
 llie time ill' entered tile city, by way of tiie river 
 road, till he rea<hed the post-olliee, the sound of tlu; 
 post-hoy's horn notitied the whole town of the 
 arrival of the iii.iil. The mail was carried in ordi- 
 nary li'ather saddle-haves ; the carrier was a diminii- 
 ti\'e l'''enrhniaii, and his "swifl-tlyinir steed," as 
 symbolizeil by the se.il of the I'ost-olliee Depart- 
 ment, was a Canadian pony, not i,neally lar>rer than 
 iiis rider. 
 
 The .second posl-road in the 'i'erritory was ('stab- 
 lished May 3, 1.S20. U ran between Detroit and 
 Mount Clemens t'/iZ I'onliai:. Routes wrrr, estab- 
 lished to .Sa^dnaw on March 3, 11^23, and to /\nn 
 Arbor and I'oit (Iratiot on May 24, iSj.S. In r.Sj7 
 sta^^es bcL;;iii to run between Detroit and points in 
 Ohio, and thei', for the first time, mails werc^ con- 
 veyed from Detroit on wliei:ls. I.ate in 1.S50 pro- 
 vision was made for a daily mail at Detroit from the 
 S.,uth and Ma.-.t md I'itlsburj^ ; and on Monday, 
 J.muary 9. iiS3i,tlic eastern mail arrivid, and there- 
 after mails arrived daily. 
 
 i)n January 1 1, 1832, the following a<lvertisemeiit 
 appearctl : 
 
 MAILS. 
 
 AKrecahly ti) the new contract with llie Department, ti^e K""t 
 casliTn and smilheni .nails are hereafter lo arrive at ihisoflici'. 
 daily at -• o'lloi k r. M., ami close daily at d e. M. Tlii; Mount 
 (!h:meiis mail arrives ivery Sunday at 7 e. M., and closes the s.iine 
 llour, the same day. 'I'lie Ann Arbor mail arrives every I' . iday 
 at 6 r. M., and closes every Wediiesd.iy al 8 r. M. The ' .il^land 
 ind l'"ort ( Iratiot mail arrivi-s every Tnesd-ay at d v, M., and closes 
 every l-'tid.iy at 8 i'. M. The Teciimsi-li and St, Joseph in.iil 
 arrives iliiriii){ tin: winter, on Monday moriiiii'.;, ami closes every 
 'I'iiursc y at H r. M. 
 
 During tliu winter licasun this ulficc upenaut seven u'cluck A, M, 
 
 and rinses nt 8 p. M., except on Sunday. On that day It is open 
 from ei^;lll lo nine o'clock in the mornin>{. 
 
 John Nokvi'.i.i., 1". M. 
 
 Tile provision for a daily mail did not v,'reatly 
 shorten the lime of carryinv,^ from the I'.ast, .and as 
 late as J.mu.iry, 1836, it took fourteen d.iys and 
 nights to send a letter to New \'orl< City. Upon 
 one occasion 11. N. Walker, who had vC'ie to New 
 N'ork, wrote back to Detroit, and it was twenly- 
 ei.i(ht days bttforc; he rei'eived a reply, whicli w.is 
 sent as soon as his letter was received. I'his delay 
 was not c.Kception.il. 
 
 In 1837 the m.iil arraniifcments were as follows: 
 
 To and from Ann Arbor and Chicaijo, every 
 olherday. Toand from ihc liast, every day dnrinij 
 season of navii^.ation. To and from Cr.and Rapids, 
 once a wi'(;k. To and from .Mt. Clemens, three 
 times a week. To and from l'oniia<', twice a w.-ek. 
 To and from Lapeer, once a week. 
 
 In December of this year si.xteen ba.tjs of mail- 
 matter were .sent from Sandusky overland to Detroit 
 and were twenty-two d.ays on the road. 
 
 In 1843 it took letters nine days to come from 
 New York. Prior to November, 1843, mails for the 
 northwest were received at D(,-lr lit only duriiiv,^ the 
 season of navii^ation. Aftt;r that date Detroit bi;- 
 came a dislributinif office for the northwiist durinjr 
 all the year. On the completion of the (i. W. R. R. 
 in 1854 another import.int clian).;e w.is made. Up 
 to that time all the eastern mails arrivini^ in winter 
 came .around the south shore of L.ake Lrie. When 
 the new route w.as o|)ein-d, the di'sire w.as ijeneral 
 that the m.ails be carriitd ovitr it, and as it w.as 
 unlawful to carry tlu; m.ails tlirou'^h a foicii^n coun- 
 try, a meetinij of citizens w.as held on Kebru.iry 4, 
 1854, to |H!tition for i^overnmeiit.al lei^isl.ation th.at 
 would .allow the p.ass.av^e of tin; mails ovt:r the new 
 ro.ad. The |x;tition was j^jr.anted, .and irre.at ijain 
 w.as m.adi; in the time of .arriv.il of tlut m.iils. 
 
 The postaufe r.ites on letters weiiLjhini^ one h.alf 
 ount^e or less ' ave been .as follows: Under Law of 
 LebriKiry 20, i;2, letters were carried tiiirly miles 
 or less for si.K cents; from thirty to si.xty miles for 
 eiifht cents; from sixty to oiut hundred miles for 
 ten cents; from one hundred to oik; hundred .and 
 lifty miles for twelve .and .a h.alf cents; from oii<; 
 iiundred and fifty to two hundreil miles for tifleeii 
 cents; from two hundred to two humlred .and fifty 
 miles for seventeen cents; from two hundred .and 
 fifty miles to thret; hundred .and fifty for twenty 
 cents; from lliret; hundred .and lifiy to four hundred 
 .ami fifty miles for twenty-two cents; .and four litiii- 
 dred .ind fift^ miles and upwards for twenty-live 
 cents. 
 
 I5y Law of M.ar h 2, 1799, they were carried forty 
 miles or less for tMi^lit cents; froiTi forty to ninety 
 miles fur tea cents; (rum ninety lu une tiuau;ed and 
 
Till', I'OSI'OI'KICK AM) .VAII.S. 
 
 88 1 
 
 111 tliJit (lay it is open 
 DUN NoHvi'.i.i., 1'. M. 
 
 (lid not ijreatly 
 Uk; I'".ast, and as 
 iirtcc'ti days and 
 ■ork City. Upon 
 lad jffiiii; l<» Ni;w 
 1 it was iwcnty- 
 npiy, whi<'h was 
 ivcd. I'liis delay 
 
 WW. as follows: 
 1 Cliicai^'o, every 
 , every ilay dnriiiv; 
 ini (Iraiid i<a|)ids, 
 , Clemens, three 
 iac, twice a w.-ck. 
 
 een haijs of inail- 
 .verland to Detroit 
 roail. 
 
 lays to eoMie from 
 1843, mails for tin; 
 lit only diirinv,' the 
 I dale Detroit i)e- 
 • northwest diirinj^f 
 of theC. W.K.U. 
 re was made. Up 
 
 arrivinii; in winter 
 
 „ik(' Krie. When 
 
 (■sire was i;iner.il 
 
 it, .and as it w.is 
 
 '^ll ,1 forei;»;ll loun- 
 
 lil on I'ei)ru.iry .), 
 
 Lai lei^isl.ition lli.il 
 
 mails o\cr the lu-w 
 
 1, and i^real ijain 
 
 f the m.iils. 
 
 wei.;;liin:< o'lf h.ilf 
 
 )ws : Under l.iw of 
 
 arried iiiirty miles 
 
 to sixty miles for 
 hundred miles for 
 ) one handred ,ind 
 If cents; from one 
 •ed miles for lifteen 
 I) himilred and lifly 
 
 two hundred and 
 id fifty for twenty 
 ifiy to four himdred 
 ipts; and four liuii- 
 rds for twenty-live 
 
 Y wen. carried forty 
 from forty to ninety 
 to one huau;cd and 
 
 lifly miles for twelve .and ;i half cciils; from (Jiic 
 liiiiKlred and lifly I" three humlnd miles for se\iii- 
 leen eeiils; from three huiKlrrd to live hundred 
 miles for twiMily-live ( cnts. 
 
 liy Law (<f April •), 1X16, they w<re c.irrieil thiriy 
 miles for six eitnts; from thirty to eii^hiy miles for 
 ten I'eiits; from eighty to one hundred ,ind lifly 
 miles for twelvi! .and .a hall i<iits; froui oue Imndred 
 and lifly to f.xir luin(lre<l miles for eiv;lileeu .ami .a 
 li.ilf cents; .and four hundi\-d miles ami iipwarils 
 for tv eiily-tive ceiils. 
 
 It will be iioti<cd lli.il there is no m.aieri.il diffei-- 
 eiiie ill the .ahove r.aUs of posi,i'.^c, .and iii these days 
 we < .an hai'dly iin;i,;(iiu; how it w.is possihie for sen- 
 sible lei(isl;ilors to devisi: siicli ( liiinsy ;iiid (liKiciill 
 Laws. App.iiciiily they expei ted escry postm.isier 
 111 be ,a ^eoj^r.apher and inatlieiii.i,ii iaii .as well, with 
 a better knowledge of dist.inics th.iii one person in 
 tell ihous.ind, e\'en now, possesses. Maic Idlers 
 weit;lu'd more th.aii h.ilf .an ounce, ,aiid thus llu; 
 (lilliculty v..as increased. The post.a;^c 011 .1 sin'.^le. 
 lelter fre(|ueiilly re.n lied from si\t • to se\iiii)-li\(: 
 cents. |jivelo|)ts in those d.tys weie, uiikiiowii ,aiid 
 llinisitd. l'eo|)li: coiilil iiol, .alford to p.iy posli'.;e on 
 tile mere coverimj lo .1 Idler; .and to fold .a 
 letter projurly, and so .arian^^e il thai iIk; w.afcr 
 seal and the direction would come in the proper 
 pl.aee w.as almost a lest of scholarship .and j^enlilily. 
 The hii^h r.ates of posl,a;<i; m.ide it iiect'ss.ary for 
 those who li.ad iniieh to say to use all possibk' space 
 oil ilie one sheet, and therefore m.any old Idlers 
 had writiiiij excn nndcrneath the .seal, the lovini^ 
 remembi'.ancei from Siis.ati.and .M.ar^.aret, llezeki.ah 
 .and Jon.as, bi'invj crowded in .at the very wind-up (jf 
 the epistle. Miivctlopes wi'fe first used in i^yj. "u 
 M.arch 3, 1S45, .an A<L w.as p.assed under which lel- 
 Irrs j(oiui^ .a dislaiu 1; of less ih.aii three hiindreil 
 miles wir(; c,irrie(l for li\e (cnis; for o\er three 
 liuiiilrc:<l miles, tell ceiiis W.IS ch.iri^cd. The Ai [. of 
 M.arcli 3, 1.S51, was a slill j^realer boon; .and from 
 tli.al d.ate the r.ali: w.is three cents for .any disl.ance 
 iiiider tlu'ee thous.aiid miles. .\l,iwof M.irch ).l''""'^3, 
 I iiiv;- dfecl from (' lobi-r 1, fd need the |iosl.iv;e 
 oil ordin.iry le' rs from tiiree to two ' eiiis. 
 
 'I'lie use of sl.amps is of more modeiai d.ile tli.iii 
 is often re.ali/.cd. rro\ision was first m.aile for them 
 by Law of M.inli ], iy>.\7. Thi; d.ate of their first 
 use in Detroit is iiidic.ali il in .1 loc.il iicm in the 
 free I'ress of Aiii^ust id, iiS47. Its.iys: 
 
 I'lisl lill'lCi^ stumps liavr liicll llriivid.iL llli: iillii r 111 tlir.: lily 
 
 li'iMi llu; Dtrparnnnil, fur iIm |iic|iayiiiiiil "I jmslaj;!'. 'I i ly ari' 
 • f IW'i <lrii<iiuiiiati<iiis, fr.'.' ami liiici'iils, ami will I ! ii k"-1'1 '" - 
 Miiiiimxlatiuii to ti >; piililii'. All III. It II.'-. I'l If iliiiii: is tii prefix 
 nil. i,f tin: lilt).! appiMi :..ic's, ami tin' li lli r nms ilini i. 
 
 Durinj^f the scarcity of silvir in 1861, thous.ands 
 of dullars worth of these sticky .siibsliliiiis for money 
 were sold at the Detroit ofliee, .and used as ch.anjre. 
 
 I'ost.il < .ards were first sold in Detroit on M.ay 15, 
 I1S73, .iiid there w.is .an immense rush to obt.iii\ 
 llieiii. Diirin;^ ''"i'"".?. -.'S43,ikxj were sold. The 
 tot.il leceipis for |)osi.av;e .ami sl.amps .at Detroit in 
 1850 were §18,1/10; ill 1 86{j, §30,487 ; in 1870, 
 ^\'>j,7dij\ in 1880, §227,864; in |,S83, §311,856. 
 The net income from this ollict- in 1883 w.as !f233,- 
 647. 
 
 The rev^dstry system went into operation under 
 Law of .M.arch 3, '855. 'i'he pl.an iiK hides the 
 jrivinyr of .1 receipt for .any |).ick.i,n;e sint by m.ail. 
 'i'he fee for reijisterini^ is ten cents, ,and ihe |);ick- 
 .ai^cs .are.sep.ar.aled from .all others, .and s|)eeial c.are 
 l.akeii tli.at they re.K h the |>roper )crson. Durinj^ 
 1883 o\'er twenly-thrce ihoiis.and letters .and forty- 
 four thousand p.ack.a.m'S were receipted for at De- 
 troit. 
 
 Money orders weri! first issued hereon November 
 I. 1864. 'I'he first Swiss onler w.as issued Septem- 
 ber I, 1861;; the first llrilish order, Oitober i, 
 1871 ; the first ( .crm.aii order, October 3, 1872; the 
 first C.an.iili.an order, Au.i,aist I, 1875 ; ,and the first 
 It.ili.iu order July i, 1877. 'I'he i h.U'^i; for money 
 orders prior to the passai;e (jf the Law of .M.irch 3, 
 1883, was ,as follows: Dn orders not I'xccedinir fif- 
 teen doll.irs, leu (cuts; oM-r fifteen dolLars .and not 
 exceediii'^r thirty doll.irs, fifteen ceiils ; over thirty 
 dollars .111(1 not exccedmir forty (LdLars, Iweiity 
 cents; o\i r forty doll.ars and not exicediiiij fifty 
 doll.'.rs, twenty-five <(nis. The Law of 1883 pro- 
 vidi'd that within six months tlu- postm.astcr-i(en- 
 er.il shouM pro\ide an eni^r.aved form for .a jiost.al 
 note, to be li!l( il out by postm.asters with .any sum 
 under li\-e ddll.irs, ,a uniform ch,ir;,^(! of three ciaits 
 bein;^ in.ide for cadi nole, whi( h is then sent in the 
 s.inie w.iy .as .a post.al order. I'lidcr this Law the 
 first ])osi.al notes were issiurd .at Detroit on Septem- 
 ber 3, 1883. 'i'lu! s.ame Law |)rovided tli.al .amounts 
 .as hi^h ,as oiKdiuiidred doll.ars mi^ht l)e sent in .a 
 postal order, .and the followinij r.ates were est.ab- 
 lishcd. I'or onlers not ex( eedinL,'' ten doll.irs, eiv;lit 
 cents; from Idi to lificen doll.ars, ten (cMs; from 
 fifteen to thiriy doll.ars, fifteen ccnls ; from thirty 
 to forty doll.ars, twenty cents; from forty to in'ty 
 doll.irs, twenty-five iiiils; from lifly to sixty doll.ars, 
 thiriy ci'iils ; from sixty to seventy (! ^ '■■, thirl y- 
 \]\t: i cuts ; from seventy to eii^lily doll.ars, forty 
 'ciUs ; from ei;.^hly to one hundred (hjll.ars, forty- 
 ll\a' cents. 
 
 Diiriujr the year 1883 there went issued \(),i^jH 
 orders on United Sl.ates ollices, (/j'> on posi-olfices 
 in C.an.ad.a, 1,430 ii.ay.ibL in ( ircit llrii.iin ,574 in 
 (iermany, ^j in I'rancc, 164 in Swit/.erl.ind, 163 
 in it.aly, 2 in Jam.aica, 2 in New South Wales, 27 in 
 l5eljL(ium, .md f in .New /cal.and. A lol.al of 
 " arly iji^2,(x)o w.as sent to Ivirope from Ddroii, 
 |i 2,yo5 to Canada, and $288,721 to arious parts of 
 
882 
 
 llll'. rosr-oll ILI. y\.\l) MAILS. 
 
 thu Uiiilcd States. In llic sain<; year then; were 
 received al Detroit ()'/,:^W) orijers (rum ollii cs in ilu! 
 Uiiiiid Stales, 2,1 59 from Cinada, V'7 fioiii ( Ire.it 
 liiiiain, 5.S5 from (iermany, 13 from I'r.aiice, 24 
 from Swiizeri.iiKl, 7 from It.aly, 11 from Niw /.ea- 
 l.iiid, 2 from \e\s' South Wales, 5 from India, i 
 from \i(l<iria, ;md 20 from liel^ium. 'i'lie total 
 amount rc( cived from Jairopct w.as 826,178; from 
 Cana<la, $51,479; .ind from oHin in liie I'niied 
 Slates .about one .and one fourth million dollars. 
 
 'l'h(' free delivery system w.is proh.ihl) the great- 
 est (■on\'enienee ih.it h.is been inlnidneed. Prior to 
 its esi.iblishment the posi-oMiee .at mail lime w.as .a 
 yrener.il nieeiin^-|)l.ii c, ,and if the m.ail w.as l.ite or 
 unusu.ally l.irv;c, an hour w.as often eonsumed in 
 w.iiiiu;;, and by the lime the windows were o|)ened 
 tile < rowd were .ilwavs re.idy to pusii and striii^ijle, 
 and annoy.inee .ami del.ay resulleil. 
 
 'I he (]eli\ery by c .irriers l)ev;,in in October, 1X64. 
 At the same time .a l.tri^^e number of iron leiur- 
 b<jxes, i)laced an l.im|)-|)osls .and in t;ro( cry .and 
 <lru;^ si(jres, were first used. In 1X79 they were re- 
 moved from the stores. Letters de|)osiied in tiie 
 street-boxes ale rolleeled, .and letters .and p.apers 
 (|( li\'ered from one to live times a d.ay in e.ach dis- 
 iriet. There are now 392 Ijoxes in use. .Since 1870 
 the carriers on s( rvice in the larger .and thinly 
 settled districts have been |)rovided with horses, 
 '{'here .are now live, and they are allowed S-S*-* Iht 
 yi-.ar extra for the keipini; of their horses. The 
 s.al.ary of the carriers ranges from S40'J to §1,000 ,a 
 year. They .aia- ;i|)pointed by the postm.aster- 
 i^fuer.il on iiomin.aiion of the postm.ister, and are 
 iiniforme<l in xr.iy. 
 
 ••'roni lS64to iX'19 there were eighteen carriers; 
 from iX(i') to 1871 then; were twenty ; from 1871 lo 
 1873 th<re w<re Iweniy-live. In 1879 there were 
 thirty-one employed ; in 1880, thirty-three; in 1881 
 thirty-six; in 1882, thirty-ei^ht ; ,and in 1884 forty- 
 seven, twi) of them actin,i( .as collectors. Dinini.; 
 1883 they colle( ted 3,048,091 letters, ;iik1 8,188,360 
 letters were delivered. Of post.al cards 986,852 
 were collected, and 2,295,457 delivered. A total of 
 10,60,289 letters .and post.als were sent from De- 
 troit. The s.il.aries of the clerks r.an.^e from ^y>o tf) 
 $1,500. The deputy posim.asier h.as a s.al.ary of 
 §2,000, .and the postm.ister S3,7(xj. The whole 
 fon'e connected with the oITk e numbers 116, .and 
 the sum of the yearly s.al.aries is about '^Hj.ooo. 
 
 Rot.ation h.as beiii the rule in rt'^.ird to the loi .1- 
 tion of the posi-oHice. Where it w.as kejjL under 
 th<2 lirst two |)ostm.isii-r.s is not known. Uniler Mr. 
 Abbott it was located on the southeast cornir of 
 Woodw.ard Avenue aii;l Woodbridge Street in an 
 old loj^ I)iiildin.i4. Next to the post-ollice w.as A!)- 
 bott's store; tlu:n canu .a storehouse for furs, .and 
 the block was completed by a small U)g house uccii- 
 
 pied by a w.asherwoman. On M.ay 10. 1831, the 
 oHice w.as moved to .a small brick buildin.;; on the 
 south side of Jelfeison /Xvcniie, jusl below W.ayne 
 Street. /\fter .a few months, on September 7, 1831, 
 it w.as moved to the norlhca-i corner of Ji llerso'i 
 /Xvciiue and Shelby Street; on .M.iy 17, 1854,10,1 
 littli; wooden binldini;, .No. 22, in the s.mie blo< k, 
 .and nearer Cass .Street. In April, 1836, it w.as 
 moved t 157 Jelferson Avenue, ne.ir K.andolph 
 .SirecL. ( )n December 3, 1836, it w.as .about 
 bein;..,^ mf)ved to ',•',) Jefferson Avenue, on the north- 
 east corner of Shelby Sir(;ei. Soon .afh r, in 1837, 
 the ollifc w.as .iti.ain moved, this time to an old 
 fr.ime buildin;^, 105 Jelferson A\tnne, where Ivt^s' 
 IJ.ink is now loc.iied. In .Mav, 1841^, it w.as 
 moveil to a brick building f.irlliei- west, .about the 
 middle of the s.ame blo<k. .\boiH. M.ay 1, 1843, 
 tlu- oITk e w.as transferreil to the basement of the 
 
 Tin: I'li'iT-oMicii. 
 
 Stone building on the southwest corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue .and (Iriswold Street, now occupied by the 
 First N.aiion.al ll.ink. On November 28, 1849, ii 
 w.as moved to ilu- lirst floor of the New M.ariners' 
 Church, on the northwest corner of Woodw.ard 
 Avinui' and Woodbridge Street, thus relnrning. 
 .after I he Lapse of h.alf .a < i-ntury, vi'ry near its origi- 
 n.al situ.ation. It rem.iined in the. M.ariners' Chm-<'h 
 un'il th<' <'om|)letion of the United St.ales Cuslom 
 ihiUM'.uid l'ost-()Uice on the northwest cornel" of 
 'Iriswold .and L.trned Slrix'ts. \n .appro|)ri,ilioii of 
 !j;88,o(.xj tow.ards the iTeetion of this building w.as 
 made August 4, 1854. 'i'he lorner-stone was Laid 
 with inleresiing ceremonies on M.ay 18, 1858. The 
 building is one hundred .and ten feel on Oriswold 
 Street .and sixty feet on l.arned. The b.asemcnl is 
 ten f(-et high, the fii-st story sixteen feet, the second 
 .seventeen and a half feet, and the third twenty 
 
■ 
 
 May lo, 1831, llic 
 ii k btiildini; 011 llic 
 just l)cl<)W Wayne 
 Sc|)l<'inl)(r 7, iKy, 
 iiinur III JclliTsu'i 
 May 17, 1.S54, lo a 
 II ilii- same liliick, 
 \l)iil, i<S;/), it was 
 ic, mar l<aiiili)l|)li 
 })(), il was al)i)iil. 
 ciiiic, on llu- noiili- 
 Sooii afi( r, ill 1X37, 
 Ills lime lo an olii 
 Vvcmie, wiuTc Ives' 
 lav, 1X40, il was 
 lief wesi, ai)Mlll tilt; 
 boiil May 1, 1H43, 
 c ijaseiiKiiL of llie 
 
 ;l comer of Jefferson 
 
 now occupied by the 
 
 oveiiilier 28, 1849, it 
 
 f ihc New Mariners' 
 
 riicr of Woodward 
 
 eel, thus n-tuniiiiK. 
 
 y, very near its orii^i- 
 
 lie Mariners' Cliunli 
 
 iiited Slates Cuslom 
 
 norihwest corner <if 
 
 \ii appropriation of 
 
 of ;!iis buiidiii;.^ was 
 
 oriK r-stone was iaiii 
 
 May l.S, 1858. 'I'iie 
 
 1. 11 feel on (iriswold 
 
 1. The l)asenienl is 
 
 sleell feet, tilC sei-oIld 
 
 TKI,K(;i<AI'iiS AND •|i;i.l,l'l lONKS. 
 
 8S3 
 
 lid 
 
 llic lliiril twenty 
 
 feet; llic total liei^lit of the buiidiii;,^ .ibove the 
 street is sixty feet, it was coinpleied ami lorui.iljy 
 opened on J.iiiu.iry 30, i80o. i'lie total cost was 
 $i62,8<xj. 'Ilie b.'iseiiu^iit and lirsi story arc occu- 
 pied exclusively for |)osl-oHice pur|)os(.s. 'I'lic cus- 
 toin-housc olliccs and the ollices (jf the United 
 States marshal, district attorney, and clerks of the 
 (ourts ;irc in the second story, and tin: United 
 St.ites court -room and ollicc <jf the steamboat 
 ins|)eclor in liic upper part of the buildin;^. I.arijer 
 (jiiarters li,i\inn ijecoiuc necess.iry, IJonnress, (jii 
 May 25, 1882, .'ippropriated $6<j(j,(>oo for ;i new site 
 and l)uildin^, wiiii a ])roviso that if the old siic were 
 rel.iined .i\v\ addilioii.il ground adjoiiiin;^ piiii hased, 
 only ^5<;<j,<j'j<j should be ex])ende<i. A v^ovi iiiiniiit 
 ( Dinniission, appointeil to consider ilic subject 0/ 
 !oc,ilioii, met in the rily on Ail^^iisl 15, 1882, ;iiid 
 ,-;oon after reported in f.ivor <)\ \\\r old loi,iiion. 
 Durinjr 1882 the I'liileil Sl.iles pun h.ised a lot lifly 
 feel front on l.arned Strict, lyini^ next to the ;^ov- 
 ernineiit pr<(|)erty, for $6o,uoo, ;iiid ,111 .idjoiuinv; loi 
 of s.anie si/e for S-'^'. "<>'■'• I'poii these lots .incj tli'- 
 old one ;i new buililiii;^ is to be i rected. An A< t o| 
 August 7, 1882, .ippropii.ileil S25o,o<joto < oiniiieme 
 the work. 
 
 The n.anies of postm.ist( rs ,ind d.iii s it\ .iijpoini 
 lueiit .are .as follows: l-'n dirii k li.iies, .ippoinii-d 
 J.inii.iry 1, 180^; ( ieort^e I lolfni.in, J inu.iiy 1, 180O; 
 James Alibott, October I, 1806; Jol:ii Norvell, April 
 II, 1831; Sheldon McKiii^hl, Jiitu 18. 18V); 
 Tlioiiias Kowl.ind, M.inh 17, 1X42; John S. I'>.ii;i^, 
 April 3, 1845; .Mplieiis S. Willi.inis, .\pril 5, 184'^; 
 Thornidii \- . IJrodln-.id, April 4, iX^:;; Cornelius 
 Ollyiin, March 27, 1857; Henry \. W.ilkirr, April 
 2X, 1X59; Alex.imier W. Iluel, September 2X, l80o; 
 Willi.iin A. ilow.ird, March 18, 1861 ; Henry 
 r.,iriis, Au.i^nisl 20, 1866; I'"rederick W. Swift, 
 M.ircli 18, iXC)7; John II. Kapie, March 3. 1875; 
 (ieori^e C. C'odd, M.iri li 4, 1X71;. 
 
 It li.is loni^ been told, ;is the joke of tli.at period, 
 that when John Nor\ell, who c.uiie here from I'eiiii- 
 sylv.ania with his commission as postmaster in his 
 jiockel, called on I'ostm.ister Abbott, lie ;innouiice<l 
 his n.ime, .and .asked Mr. Abbott if he knew lli.il lie 
 w.as his successor. The incumbent of many years 
 looked ;ii him, .and then said, " Yes, ( li.ivc heard of 
 you, and I wish you were on the (jrumpiaii Hills 
 feeding your fatlier'.s Hock." 
 
 'IKLKORAPMS AND TELEPHONES. 
 
 The use of the electrical current for telei^rapli 
 purpohes w.as lirst illustrated in Detroit in 1X45. 
 This item then appeared in the Advertiser for Sep- 
 tember 23: 
 
 Ki.iuiKic TKi.KijHArii.— Dr. Hoyiitoii rommiiind a c mrse of 
 lucturcs on this sulijccl lasl cvcniiit; at the rrL-sljyliri.in st;>sii)ii- 
 
 r<i>iiii. Wo li.'ivc no iliiiiht <iiir 1 ill/>'ii-< will ti<- rii lil> i< vaiilnl fi,i 
 III, ir .lilt rifl.ini <-. I'lir siiliji i t is lint only Liiriiiii>, liiit ,'ii'(iiiiiiii>; 
 of K"'"' I'll' 111. il lull II •■I. yViliiiisaiijii, Ivvt'iily-livt: CI III . 
 
 In the followim; ye.ir .iiid Lite in the fall .Mr. li/ra 
 Cornell, h,ivini; loiiipleted for I'rofessor .Morse a 
 line ol t( li;^i.ipli from Ij.ilijmoie to W'.isliin^ton, 
 with his towiism.in, J, J. Speed, Jr., ni.ide .a c onir.act 
 with the owners of the .Morse p.iient lo build a line 
 from I'luffalo lo .Milw.iukei;, conncctinj; .all the prin- 
 cipal towns on .and .idj.iK m to the l.ikes. 
 
 The contr.K t w.is signed by .Messrs. ('ornell and 
 Speed, .IS contnictors, .111(1 |,y Messrs. Smith and 
 V.iil ,is owners of the p,it(iii. The l.ast-n.imed 
 jrenilem.an .appointed J.icob .\I. Ilow.ard, M.irtin M. 
 Wood, .and Levi llubbi 1 .is trustees to see ih.at the 
 line w.is built and put in ojienition .according to the 
 spei ilie.aions, The conlra< tors c.iiiie lo .Mic|,i;.^,iii 
 in the winter of 1846-1847 to proi tire subscriptions 
 in the v.iriotis towns on the route. ,ind selei ted 
 Helroit .as lie,id(|ii.ariers. 
 
 It is possible th.it the exhibition in Representative 
 Hall, .It the old C.ipitol, from July 2 lo 7, 1X47, of 
 the iiK thods of lelej.;r.i|)hy, w.as, at le.asl in part, 
 under their auspices. The following iioiiee ap- 
 peared .soon .after : 
 
 'rui.l'.i.KAiii .SiiiiiK. A niirliiiK iif tli<- liti/tns will In- held 
 this iviiiiiiK, Suturihiy, July ji, 18(7, - at llic lin iii< nS. Hall, 
 lur ill'' piiriiDv iif <|i riiliiii.; wliilln 1 a siilTii iilit Hiiiuiiiil uf inciiiry 
 will III- sulisi rilii il fi,r till- rapilal of ihr I'li.- .iml .Midiixaii 'Irli,-. 
 i;ra|ili liiii, . .itiiK rliiiK linlfalo anit D- Iroil, lo justify its iiiinii di- 
 al. . ..nsinn ii,,ri. Ivvplanalioiis will In- iiiaili- of llu- advaiitaKis 
 ol III.- litir, :iiiil ill nl.iiioii lo till- aiiioiinl of sloik lll•<■^■^^ary lo t«: 
 siihsi rill, il ill ihii Illy. Our < ili/iiis ant rr-|i<i tfiilly iiiviird to 
 attriid. 
 
 In the siiiiiiiier of 1847 the Iriislees of this, the 
 Speed Line, .as it w.is called, selected the follo\\iii;r 
 genilemeii lo t.iki' charge of the work .and iirm aire 
 ni.iteii.il for building the line : Lzni Cornell, for 
 .Seclion I, from lliill.ilo to Cleveland; J, J. S])eii|, 
 for Section 2, from (leseland to Detroit ; .M. I>. 
 Wood, for .Section 3, from Detroit to Chicago; .and 
 .Mr. I illott.son, for .Section 4, from Cliicigo to .Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 The first wire on tlie Speed Line was put up by 
 l\Ir. Wood; it r.ui from Detroit to ^psil.uiti, .and 
 W.IS tiist used on .November 7<), 1X47, |)ro\iiig true 
 to its ii.ime b) biriiig the lirst line on which .1 tele- 
 graphic disp.ileh w.as sent fiiiiu Detroit. 
 
 The ollicc w.as in the r<-.ir of the second story of 
 a building owned by .Mr. Newberry, on the northeast 
 corner of Jefferson A\enii(; .and Cass Street, .after- 
 w.irds the ( iarrison 1 louse. There w.as no man.ager, 
 as such, but there were ])lenty of instruments .and 
 b.attcries, and .1 number of young o|)erators from 
 the L.tsi, who li.id obi.iined a knowle(lv;e of te- 
 legraphy on tlie Alb.aiiy and Hull.ilo Line, or 
 its br.anchcs, were congregated at Detroit in ex- 
 
884 
 
 1 I.I.I.CkAl'llS AM J ■n.l.l.l'IKJ.M.S. 
 
 pcil.iiioii itf nhi.iiiiiii;.; .ill olliic wIhii iIic line was 
 fully i)|)(iiii|. 
 
 'I'li>-<c I. I'll, ill Mr. Wood's .ihsciiii-, li.id lliiiiA(s 
 piclly Mill' li ili<ii" own w.iy, ami scciiii-i! lo use all 
 their iin;i!iiiily ill li. ill liiii;.' hum lii'f. /Xmoiii; llii-jr 
 ini|)l('iiiinis llicic w.is ,111 (III iiiral m.ii liinr willi 
 two br.iss li.ills, one to hi; liclil in f.u ii li.iinl, .mil so 
 arraiivji'd ilii' when the < mreni w.is luiiiiil on, ii 
 was iiil|)ossil)|r lo lei ^'o ol lln- h.ills. < )ne inoriiin;; 
 a hiirly Irislini.in e.une in, .imi s,iiil he w.inled lo 
 look .11 (he "leh-qdlf " ,ind see her"wiirl<." 'I'lie 
 hoys were (|i|i(|.; in see I lieir 1 1| )| M ill llllil V. 'I'lieyplll 
 
 the hniss h.ills iniu his ImihI., luiinil on a li)^lil 
 I'lirrenl, ;iiid .isked if he lould see il. "Vis," he 
 
 replied, "she's Wlllkill." A lillle more elerlinily 
 
 w;is then .ipiilied, when llie iii.iii i lii-d mil "llolili- 
 lier, hoys, holdlher! She's wuikin h.ird. Oi h ! 
 Iioldiher, I s.iy. lie j.iher.I she's j;oi ine h.ird." A 
 stiff voliiine w.is iheii .iiiplieil, .iiid ihe in.tii het^.in 
 to jump .iiid yell, "Why doii'l ye holdlher? oh! 
 hy liie Holy V;ir^iii ! ye 'II kill ine ded." Jiisi .ii 
 this inoineni Mr. Wood ;ip|)iirei| ,ii ihedoor. The 
 boys droppeil ihe loiiiieiiin^ wins .nid r.iii for lln- 
 h.-itleiy-room, .iiid (he de|ey'_.ile from (he "oiild si id " 
 iiiiiiied duwn stairs, inulleiinv, lo himself ih.ii he 
 
 il.lij "seen ellOllvh of tile dollleil le|e^|■olf." 
 
 111 the winter .iiid sprill;; of |.'-1|.S the line w.is 
 pushed r.tpidly lur.v.ird, .iiid on fe.ii him; ( 'hii .e.'ii 
 the eonip.lliy oiv',.ini/.ed hy eleelini; J. J. .S|<iei|, Jr., 
 
 president; !■',.( ,'ornell, Anthony l)nil",eon, li(Mii,iinin 
 f'lilleli. D.ivid S. W.ilhrid'.'.i-, .iiid |. 15. Sinitii, 
 direelors; ;inii {.imes I l.ivil.ind, sei ici.iry. No 
 
 Ire.isnrer w.is neeiled. Inr the money reeeived .it the 
 olliees W.e; p.lid out .is f.isl .is reeei\ed, and lepdlted 
 
 lo the i.iiln r of Mr. Speed, who served as hook 
 keeper. Mr. I l.tvil.iiid W.IS he.id oper.ilor ;il Detroit, 
 with Mr. Wood .IS siiperinli-iidenl ul i nusiriielion 
 and rep.iirs on the line. The olliee w.is ■ 'I'ln nioveil 
 to .1 huiidill',^ on jelfersdil .X venue, next Inthi- nM 
 l-.iiinii . .iiid Mei ii.iiiies' II. ink liuildinv;, opposite 
 M.isunie ll.ill. As e.irly ,is i.'-!^2 it w.is moved a 
 little ne.irer ( iriswolil Street Id .a iwn-slory wooden 
 hllildill'j,, on the site liow oei upi' (I hy ( li.ii |e\ Kdot 
 iV L'omp.iny's stnrc In tlnir wrw olliee the eom- 
 p;iny W.IS desi',pi.ited ,is the I'.rie .md .Miiliiv(.iii Line. 
 C. E. Wendell W.IS in.in;ivMr Iniui iHi;i to LSi^O. 
 
 The ( )'lseilly Line, so ll.lllled .after its proieetor, 
 I liiirv I >l<ri||y, w,isi()mpli;t(;d hel ween llilll.ilo .mil 
 Detroit on M.in 11 i, i.S.jH, .and on th.it d.iy the lirsl 
 disp.itrh Ironi Nitw York w.is rcecivid. The olliee 
 of this eomp.iny was oriivjin.illy in tin seroncl story 
 of the then new (lodfrey iluildin'.; on |e|ferson 
 Avenue, just hejow the .Mii hivjaii Iai li.in^e. i;. I). 
 Heneiliej was m.in iv;er. 
 
 Ihe third line, kiinvsn as the S\\i>\\ Line, w.r. 
 (dlistrin ted hv Messrs. Josi.iji alid Willi, nil D. 
 Snow; il i.iii 111 < liii .at.;o, hy w.iv nj .Moniue. 
 
 Ill iH^^ there W.IS in op'-r.ilion .i Inn- i.illid the 
 Noithein .Mil iiivsin, with O. L. Lee .e, in.in.i;;er. 
 Diiriiii', the ye.ais th.ii the hues ret.iined the n.iines 
 ol tlii'ir in<lividn.il proprietors the p.ipeis .alA'.iys 
 headed their tt |e;.>r,iph eolnnin, " relej,;ra|)li hy 
 O'Reilly, Speed, or Snow Line," as the case ini^lit 
 he. In 1H5J <;. W. li.ihh w.is v.'IK'l-.ll Western 
 111.111. ilM'l' of the ()'Keilly Lille. This s.illie year 
 the n.ime w.is < li,in;;ed to the Atl.iiitie. L.ike, ,'iiid 
 Mississippi Tele;>r,aph Line, ,and I'".. D. lienedii i 
 hei .line in.in.ij^er of the Detroit olliee. In i.'S^ij 
 
 the Morse, I louse, O'Reilly, and W.lde Lines were 
 
 coiisolid.aled under Ihe n.iiiie of the New York .iiid 
 Mississip|)i V'.alley I'liiitiiii; Tele).;r.i|ili ( ■omp.aiiy. The 
 
 Detloll olln e W,is loi.lted on Jelfer.son A\enil(; next 
 
 to the old I'.irmeis .and .Mei h.anies' li.aiik Itiiildin.;;, 
 where II. A. .Ne^vl.iiid iV ( oiniLany's store is now 
 loi .ileil. r^.iily in the spring; of 185.1 .Mr. I.peeil 
 sold his inhresl iu lli'- Ijie .ind .Miehij.',;in Line lo 
 one III the ( omp.inie', .aliii\e ii.imed, for $5o.""o. 
 
 This i.aUMil ,111 (lllile I |j.ui;.;e in the lll.lll.iv;enienl. 
 
 'I he pun h.isers supposed till il pun li.ase would '^ivc. 
 Ihein eontrol ol the propiity, hut they found tli.it 
 ,Me . ,rs. ( III 111 II .iiid Wood owned u [-.ayr ;iiiiount 
 ol sloi k, ,'iiiil eonld eoulnil the .'ippoinlmi'iil ol ihe 
 I'.o.ard ol Diieiiiiis. This w.is ,1 sore dis.i|ipoini - 
 nil nt, hut the Roihester owners li.ad lo .'leiinii'si e. 
 ,Mr. Cornell u.is eli 1 led pn sideiit .and siiperiiiteiid- 
 ciit, with .Mr. Wood .is treasurer .ind j;ener.il hn.inii.al 
 aveiil. I'loin this time theeonip.iiiy p.aid its stoek- 
 
 holders live per < elll dividends, hill .aslhere W.IS .1 
 
 lively I oinpi liiion lor hir.iiiess hy the other lines, the 
 r.apil.il of ihe I'.rie .and Mii hii'.in Lines deere.ased 
 §.S,')00 |)er ye.ar. This sl.ale ol tllin;.;s indll' id the 
 Roihester owners to come to Detroit, and make ,aii 
 
 cilort to unite the coinp.lllies. At .1 meeliil'.; held 
 here, the R oi 1 lest IM" ( 'oi lip. 1 11 y W.IS lepresellled hy I. 
 
 R. I.lwood, II. .Sihiey, and S.iiniiel L. Si Ideii ; .ind 
 the Llie .md .Mil liivsin ('oinpmv hy I'., (ornell, .M. 
 1 1. Wood, .and |. M. I low.ii d. I he meetini; iimiIIi d 
 in I lining; ilowii till- < .ipit.il sim k of the Roihester 
 ( omp.iny from sj; 1 9 j.ooo to S j!;o,'h>o, ,iiid r.ii.iir.; 
 Ihe laie .and ,Miehii,i.m sioek Iniiii ■'fir/.oo) lo 
 $1511,001), in.ikiny; ,1 tot.il e.ipii.il of Jjou.ooo, .md 
 I'onsolid.itiii).; .ill the liiie.s .-ind p.irts of lines \\e-,t oi 
 Riilhilo in whieli the Rochester (oinp.myhad ,my 
 interest. The ori.;,ini/,ltion W,isi,llle(| the Western 
 I Iiiion I'eleiir.aph t.'omp.iny, and was fully oij.;.uii/.i;d 
 on .\pril -i, iJ^S''!. 
 
 The olliee W.IS HOW removed to 52 ( iriswold Sheet. 
 Ahoiii 1.S61 it w.is moved lo 66 ( Iriswold, ,md in 
 1.S72 W.IS a^.iiii removed to the soulhe.isi 1 ornei ol 
 (iriswold ,iiid {.'on^ress Streets. Mr. I'>.ili h .u ted 
 .is i;iuei,il iu.iii;i!ner iiiilil 1S65, win 11 he w.is sm - 
 cecili d hv Colin I'ox, .ami he by C. Corhr-i In 1X70. 
 
 On |illv l''), I.S57, lln Inst 1. le;^r,lpll rahle W.IS 
 
 l.iid .11 loss Detroit River. Il w.is .a piii e of the 
 
■ri;i.l.<.kAI'IIS AM) I I.I.I.I'IIONI'IS. 
 
 ^^5 
 
 II ;i lillf ' .ill' 'I tlic 
 l.ci- ,1'. iii.iii;iv,i'i'. 
 (tlaiiicil ilii niiiiics 
 llic |);i|iiis always 
 111, " TclfK'i'.il)!! i>y 
 
 as Uii- < .I'."- ini;.',lil 
 ,S J.',cliriai Wcslcin 
 This saiiw yiar 
 /\llaiilir, l.aki-, and 
 1(1 l'',. I). I'.iiicilicl 
 (lit (.lli((t. Ill i«55 
 I Wadi- l.iiiis well' 
 
 till- Ni-w Ynik anil 
 ;ia|)ii( iiiniiaiiy. 'I'Ik: 
 ||ii':iiii Aviiiiic ni-xl 
 mil s' liaiil-: lliiil<liii:<, 
 paiiy's Sinn- is now 
 .,f iHs.i Mr. ;.|>r.(l 
 1 Miciiii'.aii l.iiii' I" 
 li;illliil, for Sv'."""- 
 
 Ill ilic iiiaii.iiMininl. 
 pun liasc. wniild y,\vi.- 
 hill llii-y found lli.il 
 lied a larv',c- aiiionni 
 
 (■ .ililtoillllllilll ol llir 
 ', a ^.orc disa|i|ioilil- 
 
 r, li.id lo a< qiiicsci;. 
 liiii and siipi-rinli-nd- 
 
 and jM'iM-r.il Iiii.iih iai 
 inp.iiiy p.iid ils slmk- 
 -,, 1)111 as iIhic was a 
 by ilif oilier iini-s, till- 
 
 • an l.iiii's drcicascd 
 ol ihilP^s iiidll' id llli: 
 Dcirnil, and iiial<r an 
 Al a nil riinv li'ld 
 was npri'sciilid by 1. 
 iiiiirl !,. Seidell ; and 
 
 my by !•'.. t'oinell, .\1. 
 
 I he ilieelini; resulled 
 
 Ol l< of the Koeliesler 
 
 §5!;o,o(>o, and laisiii'^ 
 
 |< lioiii if I ly.'x) ) lo 
 
 pilai of SV"-"'"""' •""' 
 p.uls of lines west oi 
 er Coiiipaiiy hid any 
 ,e,c .lili-d the Weslerii 
 nil was fully i)i>{aiii/,i:d 
 
 1 to 5» ( IriswoldStreei. 
 ) (/) ( Iriswold, and in 
 111- solllheasl eorner ol 
 
 Is. Mr. lialeh aeu d 
 
 fii;, when he was sm - 
 
 bv (' <'oil>el ill 1K70. 
 
 1. I.'^r.iph 1 able was 
 
 I was a |>i( < u of ill"' 
 
 cable ollijill, illy inleiided lo be ir.ed .il Newluuiid 
 I. Hid, .Hid W.r. llie Inst lealli. Slieeessllll Mlblll.illlie 
 
 lele^i.iph i.ibli I, lid ill any waters. 
 
 Ill iS.'-ii) the Western I'liloll ll.id olji I able eross- 
 illi.; ihe liver willl se\'eii lohduiloi .. .Hid I A'o I .ibli'; 
 \\llll ihlie eoildllelors e.nh. I lie All.llllie aiul 
 
 r.li llie ( olllp.iliy Ii.kI one r.ible, and the ;\inerieail 
 lillion (olllp.iliv two e.ibli's .il Ihr, poiiil. 1)11 
 AllV'.llsl t;, I.Sy'-l, Ihe news ih.ll the ,-\ll,illl|( I .ible 
 
 li.id been Miei cssliilly l.iiil eall'd (oil h iniproinpl 11 
 
 ;tiid noisy di nioii-.i 1 .ii ion,. Ihe n |(...| ,,ph oUh •• 
 
 w.is illiiniiiialed, and the ',iiiri', \\( n- biilli.inl 
 
 willl boh .es. This III'. I npoil A.e, liiilnie, 
 
 bill on .\iivir.l Ki (ollow in;.;, .ii i^. jd r. \i , 
 ilie arriv.il of a /"'//(///,//■ di.p.iiili from the Miieen 
 i\.is duly .iniioiini ed, and i n-di.ilejy ihe b. j].; 
 
 r.lll;.;, I he pi opie isil hen i|, ;hii| bolilins Wire billll. 
 
 ')ii the iii\i d.iy prep.ir.'ilions were iii.ide lur .1 dr.- 
 pl.iy ill llii cseiiiny^. /\i I iiiclinvls', al .'-; l-. \l.,;;lllis 
 wen- hied, ,iiii| fill .'III lioni .ill ihi' bi lis w'l'i rim;;, 
 iii.'iiiy biiildiiiv,'> will' illiimiii.ili d, ,1 ion hli'.dil pi'o- 
 I I '.sioli p.il .ideil, ;mi| iiiiiiimii ,ib|i' bolllll'e'^ luld iif 
 the J.;e||e| ,il jiiy. Illdiiij, il \\',is jov lllll 'Alld, '.l.lld 
 old eiii/iii', .11 led like M hniil-boys, and .ill I !i! oilvdi 
 ihe I ily, ?,lioi|l , .iiHJ '.iii'.iin'.; hllid llli' .ill'. I'lwb.ibly 
 III) oilier oei ,i',|()ll \\,i'> mule hll.il |i ii I'.ly i i libl Ml e(| 
 
 ill I )( I roil. 
 
 Ill i.X'i'i (he I'iiiiid Si.ih "> 'ri'levr.ioli < om|).'iny 
 
 blllll il'i line in Mil 111',;. HI. Il e\li'l|(|ri| .ilmi.,; ihe !'■. 
 
 \ I'. .\1. I\. K. to Sav^in.iw, .Hid i.m .il o in I'ml. 
 
 I llll'iill .'llld Toledo. Il was eoli'.olld.lled Willi llie 
 
 \V'e',|erii I niiin in 1 'rUid. 
 
 The /Xll.mlie ,'iii(| I'aeilie l.iiK- w.is built Irom 
 
 i'oledo to |)elroil ill lIS^.S, .Hid opened ill NoMIII- 
 lii'l'. The ollli e W.IS e'.lablrJiecj .'il )i^ W'l ii id'A .lid 
 
 Avenue. Ill I .S7.> the ollic e was 1 1 II nil! lo (1 \ < a is- 
 wold Strei'l. /\fter iH/b il W.IS loi.it III .It o| ( iris- 
 woldSlieei. I he niaii;i;;eis li,'i\'e been : iH(ii) iX'/o, 
 
 <ieolt;e I' .'irilSWort II ; I.S71, 1'.. 15. lieeejier; lH'/J, (.'. 
 
 J. ky.'iii ; I1S7} iKKi, k . \V. C.iriis. y. 
 
 'Ihe ollli e of the .Ainilii.ill I'llioll I. Hie w.'IS 
 
 est.iblislu'd .It Deiroil on Jaiiiiaiy 15, iXKo, in the 
 b.r,iineiil of the lirsl .National H.iiik,(;. W. I.loyil 
 .IS iii.'iii.'i^er. In I'ebrii.iry, iKSi,.'ill of the n |i';^i.ipli 
 
 eoilip.'inies then lepn J nil d ill |)i't|iiil wi re ( olisoli- 
 d.ileil, ,'Hld on ;\piil I, the olln 1- III the ;\tlailt|e 
 and I'.ieihe Line w.is disc oiitiniii d. iJiiriiiv;' the 
 Mimiiier of 1881 the Miiiii.il I iiioii < Minpaiiy l)ev;.'in 
 In build ils line in Miehiij.ni, .iiid it', Detroit olliee 
 w.is opened on k'ebrii.'uy b, i.S.'-i.!, with (ieiirv;(; 
 l''.irnsworlli as iiiaiia;;(r. In 1885 il w.is sold to 
 the Western I'llioll, .ii'-d on July I the olli' e ;it 
 Detroit w;is <-|osed. Ihe l!.iiikers .iiid Merehaiits' 
 
 'I'ele^ir.aph Line o|ielled its Delloil olliee ill .M.iy, 
 l88.b with < ieo. I''. Siny;letoll ,is lll,in.'iv;er. 
 
 In the w'ay of lclev;rapliie f.ieilities ,111 im|)ort,inl 
 and e.\ecetliiigly useful adi'aiicc was iii.ide by the 
 
 i",l,'iblr.liiiiiiii o( the drJiiit le|ev;r;i|)h s\'.|iiii. 'I'lii; 
 fomp.iiiy W.IS ori;,iiii/.ed, in Detroit, on .November 
 8, 18/5, Weill into oper.it il Ml Nmember .17, .iiid by 
 the lii'sl ol J.mii.'iry, i8'/f), w.is hilly esl.iblished. 
 Ihe i.ipit.il '.III' k of the (oui|),'iiiy w.is li.ied .il 
 ^'^ii,i>ix>, ,'ind II w.e, ollli end .'is follows: (>. W. 
 I'l.ili II, pie.iiliiii , ),Hiii", .MeMill.in, vii I'-jin ',ideiil ; 
 
 !i. D. klwniid, In .I'.lllei ; J. W. ,\l,ii keii/|i . sllpiT- 
 
 iiiii inli'iil. b: J.'iiiii.iry, 1878, W. .\. J.n k'.oii bei .hik; 
 
 '.llpelilllelldellt. 
 
 Ihe ,'ipp,ir.il ir; supplied bs the 1 omp.iiiy lo siib- 
 '.1 rilurs t oiisist'i ol .1 ' in.ill box .ibmit Iniii by 
 six ill! lies ill si/e, I iiiiiii 1 11 d by .1 Wire willl \\h: 
 ollli e 1)1 ihe < oiii|),iii\ , ,iiiii' ',1) .Hl.Hi'.;id tli.il by 
 '.imply liirniii'^ ;i erank ,1 ^jm n number ol times (or 
 
 eai II one of (our si'.;l;als, ,1 sii;li,il is eonveyeil to 
 the ollli e 1)1 the loiiip.iiiy, .'iiiil .'1 iiiesseiij'er-boy 
 in.l.iliMy '.illilliinlied lo y^n lo .iny |);irt of the < iiy; ;i 
 polii eiii.ili I .ilji d, il there .'ire biir^l.'irs or silspieinllS 
 I li.'ii'.ii lets .'iioiind; or, :aibsi libers haviii;.; previ- 
 ously Inrill'ihed the o(||i e willl the n.Hlie III their 
 
 pliv'.ii i.in, he (.'111 be siimmoned Iidih the ollii'tr. 
 'I III' luilltli ',l;.;li.'il is II' id ill 1 ,ise ol lire. The 
 I iiiiip.iny eiiipinys .1 \ni'y,i- iiiiiiibi r of boys .iiid men, 
 
 .'Hid llleie ,'lle .'llw.'iys Slime ol llnill on duty. I he 
 i;lowtliof llie servile i', indie. iti'd bythel.Kt lli.il on 
 J.'illil.iiy I, 187b, si'Mii inessiiiv;ers were employed ; 
 Jaiiii.iiy I, 1877, Iwiiily, J.iiiii.iry 1, 1878, Inrly; 
 j.iiiii.iiy I, 187V, hity, in 188 ; sixty were employed. 
 Ihe ili.in.;i"i lor the servii is ol the messelivjer.S 
 .'He; I'oi mil hour, {oienls; V' minnies, .;5eenis; 
 
 ■ Jo minilles, .<() eelil',, ju mililltes, I 5 1 I'lllS ; 211 
 liiilillles or li ',',, ID I lilts. 
 
 'I he nil' ',1 ii;.;e| ', m.'iy be eniployed to (lislriblltc 
 
 ein iil.'irs .'Hid nntiii", ol eMiy kind. When d<sired 
 by siibsi libers employinj.^ .1 iiiy^hl w.ili hiii.iii. the 
 eoiii|).'iiiy .'irr.'iiiv.e ;i sivn.il .ind wire, so th.il, .is 
 olteii .'IS m.'iy be i'ii|iiiriil, the w.itehin.in e.tn send ;i 
 si^ii.il to the olhei', thus insiiiinj^ his (.lillifiiliiess 
 .and .iiti'iitioii. A seali d report of the signals rc- 
 
 eei\id IS ill liveri'd lo I he I'l I Ipk i\ e|' e\'ery iiioriiinK. 
 
 The rent of the .ipii.ir.'itii'., not im liidinj.( tin- < h.ir^c 
 lor nil inv.ei's, r. Si. 50 per nioiilh. The |io|iiil.'irily 
 ol the .ipp.'ir.'itii'. is indie. ited by tin l.ni tli,it in 
 187b one hundred boxes v\cre in use; ill 1877, two 
 hiiiidnd ; in 1878 ,1111! 187^, ilin-e liundred .and 
 Iweiily-live. On the hrsi of J.iiiiiary, 1880. llii; 
 niiinber hail deelined to three hundred bei ,ius(; of 
 the inere.-iseij Use of the telephone, alld iiow there 
 ;ire only two liundred .■uid iweiily-livc. 
 
 The discovery of the leirpiioiii- bewail to allrai :t 
 .■illeiition e.irly in 1877. The inslriiiiifiit wa.s first 
 exhibiieii III Detroit on .M.ireli (> of th.at year, .at 
 the Delroil Club Kooiii.s, iiiider the (lirfetioii of M. 
 t'. Kello;.j^r. {'oiiiniiiiiie.ition w.is 1 1; id with (tiiea^jo, 
 
 ■ llld ;i iiiiisii al pei'forin.inee there was distiiiilly 
 lieard in iJclroil. Uii Aunusl 15, 1878, the Telo 
 
886 
 
 TELEGRAl'IIS AND TKLKPHONES. 
 
 phone and Telegraph Construction Coniprmy l)c);an 
 to supply tc'U'plioncs, actin;^ in cnnni'iUon witii the; 
 District 'I'ciciLjraph Company. I'lu' annual tharvjc 
 for telephones for business purp(jses is S^"^; f'>'' 
 ordinary professional and residence use. I50. in 
 1879 the company had in operatioi: tiiree hundred 
 telephones and twenty-two private ii; cs. In 1883 
 the number had grown to oxer lifteen hundred, 
 and there were bi'sides forty private lines. The 
 number has largely increased sinci' that date. In 
 February, 1881, the company established public 
 
 telci>hone st.itions in various parts of the city, 
 antl at these stations ten cents is charged for 
 telephonic communication. This same ye.ar, on 
 January 22, the State telcpliMie system went into 
 operation; .and now .about two hundred citiis .and 
 vill.agis of Michig.an .are connecttd by telephone. 
 The olllce of the cnnip.any w.is originally located at 
 135 Clriswokl Street; in October. 1877, it was 
 moved to I 5 Congi'i'ss .Stri'et West ; .and on Sep- 
 tember I, 1880, to the Newberry and McMillan 
 lluilding. 
 
parts of tin- city, 
 ts is ciiari,H'(l fur 
 lis same year, on 
 system went into 
 Inmdred cities and 
 ■tid by tclcplionc. 
 jrijL-inally iociled at 
 Dcr. 1877, it was 
 ,\'esl ; and on Sep- 
 jrry and McMillan 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIII. 
 
 JOURNEYING. — TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES.— KXI'RKSS COMPANIES. 
 
 It has Iv-en said that the first iiorses at Detroit 
 were broui,du from Fort Dneiiiesne, now Pittsi)iirv;li, 
 after the defeat of (ieneral iJraddock in 1755. 
 There were imdonhtediy some iierc at a much 
 •j.'iriier jn'riod, for horses were brou(i,du to Quebec in 
 1665. and in Cadillac's irr.mt of land to Jose()h 
 Parent, in 1708, one of the conditions w;is that he 
 was to siioe C.uliilac's horses. There were but very 
 few horses, however, for .vjeneral use, and until about 
 1840 tlieir place was lariL^ely supplied by the little 
 French ponies wiiicii roamed .it l.ir.ne both inside 
 and outside of the town. These were br.mded on the 
 shoulder with their owner's initials, and when w.inted 
 were c.'iui^lit and broken. They received little 
 care, and lived by foragins^, yet they were tjenenilly 
 in ijood condition. If a barrel of salt was left out- 
 side of a store over niifiit. it was no unconnnon liiiiii; 
 to tind that it had been .i^nawed ilirou'.,rii or broken, 
 and oftentinvs the citizens were awakeneil from 
 sleej) by th- utter of the ponies' hoofs .is they ]l,m1- 
 ioped I ' ^ strvjets. They were very hardy, 
 
 and under ,< ae. ..J have been known to travel 
 sixty miles a day for ten successive d.iys. 
 
 Supplies for the army, from about 1760, were 
 oec.ision.illy brouj^ht p.irt way by l.ind from Ni;ii(ar,a 
 with ox-teams, accom[);inied by ;in overseer on horse- 
 back. 
 
 Early in the century a common mode of traveling, 
 when there was but one horse for two or more jier- 
 sons, was known ,is the " ride and tie " nulhod. 
 One piison would take tile horse and ride on a few 
 miles, then tie the liorsc and proceed on foot, 'ilic 
 next one of the p.irly cominjj up would t.ake the 
 horse, ride ;i few miles ahead of the first person, 
 and .'iijain tie the horse to a tree. Journeys of sev- 
 eral hundred miles were performed in this m.iniier. 
 Duriny this period Indian trails and bridle-p;itlis 
 constituted almost the only semblance of roads, 
 hence horseback ridinij was, for the most part, the 
 only possible method of land travel, and witii 
 swamps to wade ami streams to ford the method 
 was slow indeed. 
 
 t)n October 16, !7</), John Wilkins, (luarterm.aster- 
 Seneral of the western .army, wrote from Pittsburnii 
 to James McHenry, Secretary of War, that he had 
 arrived there on the I4tli, having left Detroit on the 
 
 4th, The Detroit Cazettc for December 13, 1825, 
 s.iys : "( iovernor C.iss left this city yesterday morn- 
 ing on his way to W'.isliingtou. He 'was escorted 
 out of town l)y ;i Large company of citi/ciis on 
 horseii.'ick." On June 20, 1826, the following item 
 .ipiie.ired : " Major Forsyth, who returned from the 
 city of W.ishiugton List week, performed the 
 journey to that city ,ind b.ick in eighteen d.iys. We 
 believe tile journey has never before been jierformed 
 ill so short a time." On September 25. 1828, it was 
 staled as a noteworthy fact th.it John P.almer h;id 
 just made a trip to New York in four d.iys ;ind 
 fifteen hours ; the ordinary time w.is six d.iys .and 
 nine hours. When Major Joliii IHddle went to 
 Wasiiington as the territorial deleg.ite, in tiic f.ill 
 of 1829, he wrote back on December 7 s.iying : "1 
 arrived here l.ist night .after .a long and fatiguing 
 journey of upwards one thousand miles, nine hun- 
 dretl of which I performed on horseb.ick." Tr.ivel 
 in the interior of the St.ite w.is not possible until 
 the military roads to Chicago ,-iiul I'ort (ira'.iot were 
 opened. 
 
 For short dist.mces, from the d.iys of Cadillac 
 until 1830, the low, two-wheeled French c.irts were 
 almost the only i.md cirri.iges used by ;iny one. 
 They were cushioned with h.iy or robes, ;icc(inliiig 
 to the abilit\ of their owners, .ami l.idies of the 
 higlu'st social st.i.nding made their calls or went to 
 church sitting on the bottom of these primitive 
 vehicles. A row of them in front of the churches 
 or the council-house w.as no uncommon sight. 
 In 181 5, (iovernor Cass brought his f.imily from 
 ^)hio to Detroit in a carriage, but as the country was 
 very poor, .and the wealthiest in only moder.itc cir- 
 cumsi.inces. any attempt at displ.iy was seldom 
 m.ule. The cirri.age, therefore, w.as used only on 
 r.are occasions, .and was finally sold to .Mr. McKin- 
 stry for use as a hack. 
 
 About 1834 M.ijor Earned procured a two- 
 seated carriage, and the same year C. C. Trow- 
 bridge procured of Joseph Clapp, of Pittsford, 
 Mass.. a single carriage. It was so much admired 
 by Mrs. Antoine l?eaubicn that she ordered a dupli- 
 cate. E. A. IJrush ,ind A. T. McReynolds .also 
 ordered carriages about the same time. At present 
 hundreds of carriages and landaus are kept by pri- 
 
 f887l 
 
888 
 
 JOUKNKVINC. 
 
 vatc persons for their nuii use and pleasure. In 
 \H22 the only foin'-wlieeled wa.^jon in llie ( ily uas 
 owned l)y Judj^e Sibley, and it was in ((inslanl 
 re(|Misiii()n anioni; liis less fortunate neij^jliliors ; evn 
 ( lovernor Cass fre(|nenlly solicited the loan of it, 
 sayinj^ to his old freiK h servant, " I'ieire, v;o up lo 
 Jiidiji; Sihiey, and tell hiui if iie is not usini^ his 
 wa^on to-d;iy I shouM like to liorrow it ; ' and as 
 i'ierri' slarteil off he wuiild sotnelinies ( ;ill ;ifler him 
 and s;iy, "Come b.iek, i'ierre! Tell Judv;e Sii)ley 
 that I am j^oinij to t;et a waijon m.ade, and .after 
 Ih.it I will iieilher borrow imr lend." 
 
 'I'he lirst jinhlie sl;i;;c from Detroit left for Ml. 
 Clemens on the arriwd of the ste.inilm.it in June, 
 1822. In 1M27 staj^'s ((inimenecd to run hetucen 
 this city .and Ohio. On lehru.ary i<'>, iS^(j, ;i st.i^<: 
 w.as .advertised to 1(0 from Sandwieh to Ni.m.ir.t, 
 three times ;i \\(<-k. the journey to lie made in four 
 (Lays for li\'e <cnls .a nu'le. In this year .a line of 
 post-eo.aehes r.in from lure to ^'psil.lnti, Ann /Nrhor, 
 and 'reeumseh. The followim; .Staj.je \;;ul.ilions 
 were advertised in 1832: 
 
 Tin; SaM(lusl<y I.inr, piissiny,' tlir<iii){li '.i mroo and Matinnc, 
 liavcs till: llnlil cviry cvriiiiii; al six ci'< Ini k. Tin; St. (usipli 
 l.iiKt, |iassiii){ lliiiiii^li \|isil;iMli, SaliiH-, Cliiilnii, Jem svilK-, 
 W'liitr I'Ikidii, MNUvillc,an<l Nilrs, li avis tlw lli^li 1 i:vi ly niHiii- 
 itiK at scvrii <i'i lock <luiiii>; llic siiininri' season, iind tlirii: tliins .'( 
 weik (IiiriiiK the winirr sc.i^on. A lir.iiii li of this liiir Ir.ivi s 
 ^'I)silanti iiiiriHfliatily aflf-r its .'trrival, ftir Aim Arbor, Jarks,,ii- 
 liiir^, .'mil Callioiin. 'I'lir Ann Arlior Line, pas^ini; Ihroiiuli I'l kin, 
 I'lyiiionlli, .'iimI I'.iiiaiiia, liavis lln: llolil ihrir llniisa wiik. 
 
 'I liu I'ontiac Line Iravcs (l.iily ; and a liraiii li, llirce tinirs .t 
 w« nk, passes thron|.;h Ko( lirster, Stony ('rwk, and Koinco. And 
 also a IIih; to Mount (Irniins thnr liiiicsa wri'k. A daily rxira 
 
 will also liavi' (In: llcirl f.,r Vpsilanti at twi K 'i loi k. As 
 
 almost idl of 111!' al)ovr routes arr ii'.;nlar mail roiili s, tlii'liavil- 
 iiiK pnlilic may drpcnd upon a sad- ami spii-dy i onviyam c. 
 I'.xlra (arriajjis will be fiiniislii d at allliims for any part of tlie 
 country. 
 
 11. Wonliwokl II. 
 
 On M.iy 30, 1S34, this item .appeared in .a Detroit 
 daily : 
 
 A ntw line is about to be fst.'iblislied bi tween I his ( ity .-lu'l I be 
 month of the St. Jo^ipb Kivir, and Ibe lirst 1 o.irb I, fi lo-d ly. 
 This Une will run Ibioiinh I be rouuly seals of Wasliienaw, Jai k- 
 son, Calhoun, and kalanm/oo. Sleamboats ;ire uliu-it to i nui- 
 nience rniinim; belween Ibe inoulb of llw St. Joseph anil ( bii a>,'o, 
 mi that the enlire dislam e from hetroit to Chieagii may be Jier- 
 fornied In less lliari fuc days. 
 
 In 1X37 st.aj^es r.in from Detroit , as f, a r west as 
 Chie.ai;'), east to I'.ulf.ilo, ;ind norih to !• lint. The 
 time to Chir.a^^o wa'. four .and ,a half d.ays. 
 
 'I'lie iiiere.asini^ extension of r.ailroad lines con- 
 stantly lessened the nmnbcr of st.ti;e rouli s, ;uid 
 sir.cc 1.S73 no re.;;iil.ar st.ayes li.avc been run from 
 the city. 
 
 The hrst piiblie e.arri.a.i(cs wt'ro the two-wheiiled 
 cabs, in i.'i45 two of these were i)roeurcd by a 
 b.arber n.tmed Robert li.anks, Henry J.ackson, 
 James I ball, and Mrs. Wtjods beint^ associated with 
 
 him in flieir ownership, li.anks h.ad .a b.arbt r-.sliop 
 ou the northe.isl eoiiirr of Jcllerson Avinne.and 
 (iiiswold .Sircii. rre\ious to the ,iiii\al of the 
 1 ,abs ,1 sp.aee iie.ar the ( 'iiiicr h.id bii n p.ivcd with 
 hex.a.^on.il blocks of wood, .and he .aiKi itised tli.at 
 his h;i( ks wdiild be fniiiid tin re. A city liiense of 
 if^.ixj .1 ye.ir is p.aiil by the owners of e.nh h.ick, 
 .iiid dri\crs ji.iy .a liicnse of §i.(xj. The (oilow int; 
 changes .are .allowed by l.aw : fifty cents for one 
 person .anywhere in city limits; i hildren iindtT ten, 
 not more tli.in two ,al .a time, twenty-live cents; 
 e.aeh trunk or bundle wei^hini.^ less th.an llfty |)oim(ls 
 is ( .iriied free ; for those wcivjhinv; <i\<r lifty pounds, 
 the lc,t;,al eh.arnc is lifteeii cents. Harks by the 
 hour .are .allowed §1.50 for lirst hour, Si. 00 .ifter 
 for one |)erson, .and lwenty-ri\e cents .an hour for 
 e.ieh .tddilion.il person ; belwi en the hoursof 1 1 i' m, 
 .and 5 \. \l., one h.ilf mon m.iy be ih, triced. A sinjrje 
 person has ,a rii,;ht to dein.and convey.am c, .at these 
 r.iles, to .any p.art nf the city. 
 
 One of the e.iijiest ehoils to est.ablish .a rei(ular 
 line of streel-onmibiises w.as m.ade in M;i\', 1X47. 
 'i'he followin^r iu;ws|),aper item ,i;ives det.ails of the 
 enterprise : 
 
 fiMMiu .. Mr. Jon.is 'I'ilns has sl.irled his onuilhiis ajjain 
 upon Ibe route ;do n; Jelfi ison Avenue from the Mic hinan Kx- 
 • li.'iu;;e to ll.'iuiii.iini k. The 'bus li.'is been decoraled in Tinu 
 style, .'ind lununj.; al re;;idar hours will Kteally aeeonimodate tin; 
 l.asi l-.ud .-Mid our* liii/eus iluriii>( the hot months. I'rompt en- 
 < oiUiiKemei.t should bej-isiu (by the pui< base of tickets) to an 
 enterprise so lamlable and useful. 
 
 This line w.as not well |iatroni/,ed, and soon 
 re.ised. Thrt'i; years Later the p.apers jr.avc this 
 notice of a new effort of the s.ame ch.araeler: 
 
 Ji-.l ll'KsoN AvKSi !•: I isi; (Pi- Omniiu 'I'.s.- Messrs. lialilwin A 
 I irake, proprietors of several line e.abs .-Mid » .irriayjes, havr 
 rn>;a^ed some splendid omnibuses lo form an omnibus line from 
 the* Ilepot lo ihe he.'id of Jefferson Aveuu'- during summer. An 
 otnnibns will pass e;ieli w.'iy onee in thiily minutes, takin>^ on 
 passengers at ( viry point in the I'roadway style. ' he fare will 
 be fixed iit a low rail-, prob.ably .at six eenis pe*- rio. . 
 
 The line v\(nt into operation on Jefferson Avenue 
 on April 30, hSjO. .and soon .after on W'oodw.ird 
 y\ venue, but like its predecessor w.as shnrt- li\ cd. 
 Another intcrv.al of three ye,ii-s p.issed, .and in 1.S53 
 .an omnibus line w.as established by Willi.un .Stevens, 
 from Cle\'el,ind. 'I his line w.as composid of the 
 S'ehicles which h.ad |)reviously run to .and from I he 
 hotels. It w.as sold .after two years lo A. J. I'.armcr; 
 •after three or four years, to Mr. Morris, .and tin.tlly 
 to Thom.as Cox. Mr. Cox w.as succeeded by the 
 ])resent onmibus coni|).any, eom|)osed of Messrs. ]•',. 
 l''eri,''nson .and ( ieori;!' Ilendrie. Their olliee .and 
 sl.ables .are on l,.irned Street near first. They run 
 twenty omnibuses .and l)aj(j.(a,i;e wa.tfons .and two 
 I lerdie eo.tches, ,uid eh.ari(e two shillings for p.as- 
 scni^ers, .and the s.ame for ordin.ary b.a.i.(.i;.a;L(e. The 
 olliee is open (Lay .and niyht, and their tr,iin-,ay;ents 
 
TR.WSI'OK lA'llnN lACI Ifl'IKS. 
 
 SSc) 
 
 . ll.iil .1 l).il Ik l-sli()|) 
 Icrsnii A V( line ,111(1 
 1 1 II ;iiiiv;il of tin; 
 1(1 l)((ii |);iv(il will) 
 
 hv advertised thai 
 •. A lily license of 
 tiers of e;n li Ii.k k, 
 (X). 'Ihe (ollowiii;^ 
 lifly celils for one 
 ( liildreii under ten, 
 
 l\\cnty-ri\c cents; 
 ss tli.in tifty pounds 
 i^;over lifly |)oiinds, 
 ts. li.'K ks by the 
 t hour, Si.oo ;ifter 
 ((Ills ;i!i hour for 
 the hours of I I !■ M. 
 i: ( har,i(ed. A sini^lc 
 mvcyaiice, al these 
 
 establish a rc.v;iil,ir 
 lade ill M.ty, i"S47. 
 iL;i\es details of llic 
 
 rlid bis nmnil)tiH n^'iiin 
 (iiiiii tin; Mil liiv;.ii\ I'.x- 
 t)f-cii (Ircnriitrd in fine: 
 
 <ri-.'illy ill I <iiiiiii'"l.ili' the 
 I iiKiiillis. I'ninipl rii- 
 
 iircliusv (jf ticl((:ts> III uii 
 
 tronized, and soon 
 ;; |)a|)irs tj;ive this 
 lie character: 
 
 SKS,- Messrs. lialilwiii /i 
 ilis iinil c.irriiiKis, liavo 
 inn nil oinnilins line from 
 mil' (l:iriiiv; siiiiiinir. An 
 liitly ininiili'S, taking; on 
 way styii'. ' he fiiru will 
 Ills III'"- ri'i, . 
 
 Ill Jelferson Aveinie 
 after on Woodward 
 ior w.'is short- li\((l. 
 jiassed, ;in(l in 1X53 
 by W'illi.iin .Ste\cns, 
 IS conipost'd of the 
 iiiii to and from the 
 ,iis to A. J. I'jirnier; 
 •. Morris, and finally 
 IS succeeded by the 
 posed of Messrs. I'.. 
 ■. Their ()Hi( (■ ;in(l 
 ■;ir !■ irst. They run 
 ,je wajL^ons and two 
 ;o shillings for p;is- 
 i.iry b,iv(^;i,ire. 'ihe 
 id their train-agents 
 
 meet every p.issein^cr tr,iin (online; to heiroit, ,ii the 
 jiim lions. ,iiid ■irr;ui',;e for the coiiveyiiii( of |);isseii- 
 jrers or ba),;.i;a,v;(: to any pari of the city. Tin- 
 syslein is a vjrcal iniprovcnicni on the old plan, 
 under \\lii( h c.k Ii IioIi 1 susl.iiiicd its own 'bus ,'in(l 
 l)ai().(;i,;;e-\\;iv;oii, the drivers, ,1 motley crew, litcr.illy 
 sei/inv; upon the trjisclers who ( ,iinc within tlw ir 
 re,i< h, while their cries ni.idc a biill.im of the depots 
 •and stc.imbo.it l,iii(liiit;s. 
 
 The Omnibiis (■(iiiip,iny ;ilso iwn ;ind run iIk! 
 coup('s formerly m.iii;iv;e(l by the hiiroit Cirriaije 
 ,111(1 I'.xpres-, ( dmp.iny. These ( (iiipi's were intro- 
 duced on /Xjiril 17, I1S7.S, ,111(1 the property w.is soli! 
 to the ;ibove-ii,ime(l ( omp.any in July, 1H83. 
 
 IK.WM'OIM A riON I'M I Mills. 
 
 'Ihe {■.iiv,disli m.ade iiiim h mure of heiroii th.iii 
 tlieir jiredecessors li,i(l done. Under the l''rencli it 
 w;is cliielly ;i milit,try post for the rci^ioii immedi- 
 ately . around it; ,iiid .IS there were other !• reiK h 
 est;iblisliments north ,iiid west, the i^oods for the 
 Indian tnuh; .and the .army were divided ,amoin( 
 tlu'iii. Tr,ins|)ort,ition from .Montre.il to I)(!iroil,in 
 t7o2, was at the r.ate of S50" f'"" '"i": himdred- 
 wei.^jht. Under l''.ii.;,disli rule Detroit w,is the extreme 
 western post, became th(; ct'iiter of .all oper.ilioiis in 
 the West, and enormous (ni.inlities of goods were 
 g,athered here. This resnited in supplementing 
 the birdi-biirk e.inoes with numerous vessels, ,all 
 (jf which were owned by Ilis M.ajesty. liven the 
 goods of priv.ati; tr.adcrs wire tr;insported in the 
 king's ships, .and in 17X0 tlic^ r.ate from Ni,ig,'ir.a to 
 Detroit w,is £1 per b.irrd. The s.ame vessels were 
 used until 179'^). when some of them were tr,ins- 
 ferred to priv.ate p.arties, .and with other er.aft they 
 eoiitinued to !i;ive ;ilmost .1 monopoly of the busi- 
 ness of tr,insporting goods from the I'lasl, In 1S15 
 the |)rii (r of freight from I'.iilf.ilo to Detroit w,as 
 Sj.cx) per b,iiiel. ihe only compelilors of the 
 s.iiling vi'ssels were the p.ack-liorses, whi( h were 
 much used, especially in conveying government 
 stores. 'Ihe I hlroit ( i.a/elte for Dec(-mbcr 26, 1.S17, 
 s,ays: "'I'liis week ,a number of p.ick-horses, l.aden 
 with shoes for the troops .at (Ireeii !i,ay, st.iried on 
 ,an ( xpeditioii through the wilderness for th.il post." 
 In I1S18 ste.imbo.its m.ade tln-ir .appc.ar.iiice, .and on 
 l-ebru.iry 27 Ch,irlcs Smith, of Alb.any, New N'ork, 
 g.ave notice in the ( i,i/,ette. th.it he li.id complided 
 .arr,ingements for tlit; tr.anspori,ilion of nierch.iiidise 
 from the IC.ast to the iijipcr Lakes, .and gu.ar.anleed 
 th.it the cost of tr.ansporting p.ack.ages of ordinary 
 si/.e from New N'ork to Detroit should in no case 
 e.xceed S4.50 per hundredweight. 
 
 The (-ompletion of tlu; Krie Can.il to I'.uff.alo in 
 1H25 w,as ,a not,ible event in the jirogress of trans- 
 port.ation facilities, .iiid freights were greatly reduced 
 as soon as it v/as opined. 'I'lie Detroit (l.a/.ette for 
 
 Decemlx r 5 s.iys: " \\( > in now go from Detroit 
 to .New \'ork in live .md ,1 ji.ilf d.iys. Ilefore the 
 w.ar it look .at least two months or mori\" The 
 opening of the Wcll.iiid ( ',in.il in tin? f.ill of 1S31 
 w.is ,ilsi) of great .adv.int.age. 
 
 During this period the scmityof ro.ads of any 
 kind in Mi( hig.an, .and the condition of those tli.it did 
 exist, made .all tr.insport.itioii to or from the interior 
 c.x( cedingly diliiciilt .and expensive, inrirderin p.irt 
 to obvi.iie tin: dillieiilty, in August, 1X3^, ,a sub- 
 scription w.as raised in VpsiLanii, ,ind .1 ll,it-bottomcd 
 boat, the rAperimeiit, w.as built to ii.nigaic the 
 Huron River. The following, from the Detroit 
 Journ.il .and Advertiser of .M,iy m, iX ;(, tells of the 
 progress of this experiment, ,in(l of iIk' hop( s it 
 r.aised ; 
 
 NAViiiAii'iN I Ko\i i>i.ri;(iir i«i si'sii.wii. 
 
 I.asiwiik a liiial arriviit in lliis pl.ii ,- Irniii \ |i'.il.inli « illi a 
 luail i,( (liiiir I i.iisisliiix iif mil' linndri it .mil I vunly-IlM- liaiirU, 
 Ilii- iiilirr (lislanrr lii-inj; |iirfiiriiii(l in tliirly-six Imiirs. I his is 
 .'III I <(|ii riiiH'iit wliii li iiii'rils iinliii' anil i'iiriiiiiai;riiii'nl . 'Ilii' 
 lli.nr \va, liruiikjlit InTr ill .in i'x|iinsi' nf alMiiil lliirly-i i>;lit ( iiits 
 |irr liarirl, tlii; usual prii i' liy laiiil liiiii),' fiuin sixly-llini' In 
 si'M'iily-fivi' (irnls. Aflir llw slinlit iiiiiicdinniils In llii' iia\ i^a- 
 li'iii are nmiivi'd, tin- traiis|iiirlaliiiii will lie ciiatly riilin id, ami 
 it is ,'is< crtaini'd liy <i>iii|h tint and will jii(l).:iiik( iiidi\ idiials llnit 
 liy !'x|iriidint; a trifling Hiiin nf tnnni y, llm llnriin Kivrr may In- 
 ri mil n d n ivi;;alili: as f.ir as \'|isilanli m NiiiiArlinr fur sliaiii- 
 l.'.il-. i.f friiiii thirty In fnrty-fivi: tons, 'j'lii' nsiill nf this .'iiImii- 
 Inri' jiistifirs thr i'.\|n riatinn lliat liinaflrr tlii' |iriidciii' and 
 iiiipnrtaliniiM nf a rniisidrrahltr pnrtinii nf Waslilrnaw will lir 
 I i.ttisjinrli'd liy watrr, at a iiiiii h Irss rxju'iisr than thr iisiial 
 li dinns iiiid tardy iiindr nf 1,'iiid cniivryfini r. 
 
 These expecl.t'ions were not fllllilled, as there 
 w,is not enough business to m,ake the projci t rciiiii- 
 ner.itisc ; .after three tiips the bo.il w,is sold, .ami 
 lm,illy, with .all the bright ,anti( i|),ttions tli.it once 
 clustered .about it, was str.aiidi'd on tln' b.inks near 
 Dearborn. 
 
 The next Ncnture W.IS m.adc by the St.ite, .and 
 w;ts mill h more I osily and extensive The erouils 
 of emi'.^nints th,it ( ,ime by e\-ery steamer, the new 
 set tiemeiiis they built 111 ), all over the St, ate, the |)r( ss- 
 ing need thus caused for more e-isy .and r.ipid ir.insit 
 through the interior, .and iIk; rejoicing of .'ill parties 
 over the admission of the St.ate to the I nioii, etiised 
 the I.egisl.tture to ;ii I liki; one who, youthful .and 
 inexperienced, h.as smidenly become heir to .an im- 
 mense est.ite. In the inon'Ji of M.ar^li, 1X37, w.as 
 p.assed, not only the notorious W'ildctt Il.inking i,.aw, 
 but .also .a l.iw providing for borrov.'ing 'ii the bonds 
 of the Sl.ate the enormous .amounl of S5,<}(X),(xx), 
 to be expeii'led ill intern.il im|)rovements under the 
 direction of seven commissioni rs. 'I'lie estim.ated 
 cost of th(; iniprovements undertaken rea( lied the 
 Slim of nearly S^.ooo.ooo; these included four r.ail- 
 ro.ads, three c;in,als, and the improvement of the 
 Cir.and, K.il,am,a/oo, ,and St. Joseph Ri\ers, ;md a|)- 
 propri.ations were actually m.ade for the roads and 
 
«90 
 
 TRANSF'ORTATION FACIIJTIKS. 
 
 caiiiiK, and for two of tlic rivers. All of llir rail- 
 roads and canals \\\vr m be i)iiilt ami (i|)cratr<l 
 noli'ly by the Stati;. Tlii; roails wrrc named llu; 
 " Soutiui'n," from Monroe to N>\v Miilfalo, the 
 " Northern," from I'orl Huron to (irand Ka|)ids, the 
 "Cx'iitral," from Detroit to St. Joseph, and the 
 "Havre Uraneh," from Havre, in .Monroe County, 
 to the < )hio .St.ate line. ( )f the canals, the; " Clinton 
 and Kalama/.oo " \v;is to extend from Ml, Clemens 
 to the mouth <if the Kalama/oo on l..iki: Mi(iiij;.in, 
 the " S.iikjinaw or Nortiicrn," from tlie forks of liad 
 River to Maple River, and the "Si. M.iry's" was 
 dcsiifned to avoid tlur r,i|)ids in the St. M.iry's Ri\ir. 
 In addition to these, ;i legion of |iriv,ile r.iilro.id 
 and canal companies were incorporated, apparently 
 with tile intention of supplyini^ eviry four corners 
 witii both a railroad and a canal. Amon.i; the 
 other railroad projects that sprani,^ up in the Hush 
 times of i<S34to 1837 w;is the Shelby and Detroit 
 K.iilro.u! Coini).iny, designed to rim between Detroit 
 and Ktica. It was incorijonitcd on M.arch 7, \<ij-\, 
 with a c.ipital of !?;ux3,cxx), ;md in September, 1S39, 
 it was in oper.ition from I'lica to witliin live miles of 
 the Gratiot Ro.ad. The c.irs were dr.iwn by horses, 
 and connecting;- stai^es .it the I'ud of the r.iils carried 
 passen.;,'ers to Detroit. In I1S44 the comi)any ceased 
 to operate the road, and on M.irch iS, i.S4<S, the 
 Le).;islatinH; ch;mi;;ed the n.ime to Detroit, Kouieo, 
 & i'ort Huron Railroad ; but the new name did not 
 give it new life, and it is either dead or sleejiinij. 
 The inr)st of these projects were actu.illy needed 
 about as much as the b.mks which kept them com- 
 pany. 'I'he railroads built by the Stale are else- 
 where described. Upon the canals and river im- 
 provements over $3,000,000 Acre expended, but no 
 one of these public works was brought to completion. 
 The embankments of sever.al of these works look 
 like Indian moimds, and remain to this day as relics 
 of the dead past and departed ijlory. 
 
 Other r.iilroads, both State and private, were 
 ,i(ra(lually |)ushed to completion, and conununication 
 with the West established. The completion of the 
 New York Central Railroad from Albany to lUilf.ilo, 
 in 1842, and of the New York and luie from New 
 York City direct to Uulfalo, in 1.S51, very nearly 
 solved the (|uestion of r.ipid transit to ,ind from the 
 Ea.st; ant! the comiilelion of the Great Western 
 from Niai^.ira 1' ills to Detroit, in 1854, fully met 
 the needs of the p.iblie. 
 
 In the sprinjr of i-'->55 trade with the Lake Superior 
 rej^ion was greatly facilitated by the openinj.; of the 
 St. Mary's Falls .Ship Canal. 
 
 At the present time fast freiv^ht arrives from l);illi- 
 more in from one and one half to two days. The 
 j^ain in time since 1836 is shown by the fact that on 
 February 1 5 of that year, (i. R. I.illibridije advertised 
 in the Detroit papers, as a remarkable event, that he 
 
 had for .sale oysters which h.id just arrived, " only 
 twenty d;iys from IJ.illimore." 
 
 Nearly all of the freight from the Fast is now 
 consiijned by some one of the frei.;;ht lines whiiii 
 opir.ite on the v.irious roads. These companies 
 own and le.ise m.any ihoiis.mds of fninht-c.irs, ;ind 
 by contnici with tin: r.iilro.id comp.inies h.ivc their 
 cars or fri'i,v;ht tr.ansportcd .it speci.il nites on fast 
 tniins. .Some one line usu.illy h.is ;i monopoly of 
 the main trahic of c.k h ro.id, and the comp.anies, by 
 .agreement .amonj.; themselves ,ind with the r.iil- 
 roads, from time to lime .arrani^e the r.ites .uid 
 classifications of freights. 
 
 The crossing' of the river at Detroit h.is ;iKv,ays 
 been a serious inconvenience to the r.iilro.ad (om- 
 panies, .and jirior to 1867 the dcl.iy involved in the 
 handlin.^ and tr.insft'rrinvj of frei,v,dil to .and from the 
 bo.'its j^reatly increased the expense of its carri.ii;e; 
 railro.id ferries were built to crush the it e in winter, 
 
 Kaii.uoai) I'"km(V Dock. 
 
 but the handlinv^of packajjes was tedious and expen- 
 sive work. On Janu.ary i, 1867, the Great Western 
 Railro.ad in.auiju rated the i)lan of earr\ini( the cars 
 themselves across the river on boats built for the 
 purpo.se. The (ireat Western was the tirst of these 
 boats. She was built in I".ni;l.ind, at a cost of 
 $190,000 in i^old, was sent over in parts, and put 
 tojLjether at Windsor. She carries fourteen frei,i(ht 
 cars. Of the five other boats since added, the 
 Transit carries ten, the Michivjan sixteen, the Trans- 
 fer eij.(hteen, the Transport twenty-one, and the 
 Trenton eii,dit. 
 
 On the docks on both sides of the river are tracks 
 which can be raised or Icjwered to admit of the 
 cars i^assinij directly frf)m the boats to the railroad. 
 The boats transfer about 1 5,000 passenj^er-cars and 
 400,000 freiifht-cars yearly. ICven these facilities are 
 

 isi .11 rivi;(l, " only 
 
 the I'.ast is now 
 rci'^lil lines wiiicii 
 rii( sc ciiinpaiiii'S 
 firii;lit-( ais. and 
 l)aiiii's iia\c tlK'ir 
 ■lial rates on fast 
 as a in(iiii)|)<iiy nf 
 tin: <()in|)anics, i)y 
 1(1 with llu; rail- 
 j^c the rales and 
 
 )elripil lias always 
 the railrnad eoni- 
 ly invoKiil in the 
 U to and fniMi llic 
 se i)f its earriav;c ; 
 I the iei; in winter, 
 
 tedious and cxpen- 
 the Circat Western 
 if carryinir the ears 
 boats hnilt for the 
 as the lirst of these 
 land, at a eost of 
 • in parts, and put 
 es fourteen freij^ht 
 sinee added, the 
 
 sixteen, the 'i'niiis- 
 »'enty-one, and the 
 
 the river are tracks 
 d to admit of the 
 i.its to the railroad, 
 passenjjer-ears and 
 1 these faeilities are 
 
 TkAN.SI'OUrATION lACII.IilK.S. 
 
 8gi 
 
 not fully s,'itisfae.tory, ;ind e.irly in iiS;! the (|uesiion 
 of timnelinjf the river lie^an to he puhlicly avjitated, 
 and on May ii, 1X71, James K. Joy .applied to the 
 Common Council for the use of portions of ccrt.iin 
 streets for ;ii)pro.iclus to .a proposed tunnel. .Some 
 of the lili/.ens protested, hut on .\uv;iist r .an ordi- 
 n.iiice w.is p.issed which f.ivored the project. On 
 .Sept(rml)er 14 .irr.tns^emenls were made to break 
 y;round for the in.ain sh.ifi of the tunnel in the y.ird 
 of the 1). iv M. K. K., opposite .St. Antoine Street, 
 near the present K.iilro.id Kerry Slip. On J.mnary 
 31, i<S72,tlie sh.ift w.ts lluished for .idistancc; of one 
 himdr('d .and eij,dit feet below the surf.ice of the 
 river. 'I'he depth of the m.asonry was one hundred 
 .and fourteen feet, the U|)per |)ortion of eij.;hty-nine 
 feet w.is tifteen feet in di.imeler, with si.xteen-inch 
 w.ills. 'I'lu' lower twenty-l'ive feet was nine feet in 
 di.imeter, with twelve-inch w.ills, 'I'he work of e.xc.a- 
 v.itin^' the dr;iiii.a,!^fe drift or tunnel under the bed of 
 the river w.is then beijun, but in 1X73, after di),'.vii"}i 
 one lumdred .and thirty-live feet, the work w.as dis- 
 eonlinued. Then' w.is s.aid to be too much sulphur 
 and (juieksand to venture further. 'I'licr (|uesii(>n of 
 bridi;in^i( the river w.as next a,i,nlated. The vc'ssel 
 owners strenuously opposed this measure, and 
 !)oth p.'irties bev;.an to m.irshal their forces. ()n 
 April 7, if^74, a nieetiii.i( of residt'iits of v.arious 
 parts of the State w.as held in Detroit to consider 
 the subject, and resolutions in f.ivor of .1 bridj^e 
 were adopted. One week later, on April 15, the 
 vessel owners rallied at N'oun,;^ Mi'ii's il.all and 
 p.assed resolutions favoring; ;i tiniiiel. After the.se 
 two met:lin,tjs interest in the subject seemed to 
 flay. 
 
 In the Latter p.art of M.an h, 1X71;, it w.as an- 
 nounced th.at a tunnel was to be built at (Irossc 
 Isle, where the C.in.ada .Southern crossed the river, 
 and work was bt'ijun on April 21. This aw.akened 
 the busiiu'ss and r.ailroad men of I)t;troitand their 
 eastern friends, ,ind a jiroject w.is in.iuifur.atc^d to 
 secure Helle Isle for the city, as a suil.ible i)l.ace for 
 the crossinj^ of a bridi^e .and also for a p.irk. A bill 
 was passed on M.iy 31, i<S79, providinvf for its jnir- 
 ch.ase .and for |)ermittin^; the city to unite with the 
 Can;'- ithorities or any Canatiian eorjioralion 
 
 in builtnnv^ a tininel on e(|u,al terms, and the Council 
 w.as vjiven power, with consent of the lio.ard of 
 Estimates, to issue bonds for 45500,000, for the jiur- 
 pose of l)uildini,r ,1 bridvje or tunnel. At the s;inie 
 session of the l,i\i^isl.iture pro\ision w.as m.ide for 
 sllbmillin!L,^ .at the State election in November, 18.S0, 
 an amendment to the constitution j^ivini^' the l.e,!L;is- 
 l.ature power to ,authori/,e such action on tlie p.art of 
 the city. The amendinent was lost by a vote in the 
 .Slatt; of 37,340 for .and 5cS,o40 .at^ainst the amend- 
 ment ; the work of tunnelinj; from Crosse Isle was 
 soon after suspended, .and the .annoutu ement made 
 
 th.at the stone throu>;li wIik h the tunnel w.is to be 
 made was unfavorable for the work. 
 
 On October 14, iHyij. a committic, appointed 
 tmder the direction of Con,i(ress, held sessions in 
 Detroit to hear the v.arious arj^'iniieiits for .anrl 
 .ay.ainsl .1 bridije or tunnel ; .arid on December .S they 
 reported ill f,a\i)r of .1 brid^je. No public .action 
 li.as since been li.ul 011 tlii' i|ueslion. 
 
 An elev.itor (or whe.at-house, ,as it was lirst 
 called), for the purpose of storiii',,' i;r,iin, w.is not 
 much needed until I1S51, .and in th.at yi-.ir the first 
 one w.is erected by the M. C. U. U, In iS6r I!, 
 M, CI. irk built ,an elev.itor at the I). X: .\I. De|)ot. 
 In the winter of 1879 1K80 it w.is enlarged to 
 ilouble its former c.ap.aiity, .and will now hold 
 35(),o(X) bushels. In i.sr,| the .M. C. K. K. built ;i 
 second elc\,alor, .and on ( ii tober 2<;, l8C/>, the lirst 
 one w.as burned. In 1.X79 ,a new one w.as built.. and 
 on September 2() it received its first lot of ^r,i\n. 
 The c.ip.acity of e.acli of these elevators is 550, ooo 
 bushels, '{'he elev.alor built in 1.S.S2 by the Inioii 
 Depot Comp.iny will hold 1 ,3(xj,(xxj bushels. 
 
 Two-wheeled dr.iys were introduced about 1830, 
 and up to 1858 ih'- dr.ayinen did .all the te.aminvf for 
 the btisinc'ss men of the city. In the Latter yi'.ar the 
 Detniii >S Milw.iiikee, .and (ireat Western K.ail- 
 ro.ids, tl roiiv^h the .avjemy of .Messrs. Ilendrie i\: 
 Com|)an/, commenced tf) collect frei.i(ht for and 
 deliver from the sever.il roads. This innov.ation 
 ,1,'re.atly incensed the dr.ayinen, .and on July 28, 1858, 
 tlu'y held an in(liv,'ii.ition ineetinij to protest .aij.ainst 
 the |ir.actice. Their meetin.;( w.as of no av.ail, but 
 till' feelinvf ,a;(.ainst the ro.ads contiiiued. ( )n I'eb- 
 ru.iry 10, i860, J. (i. Mrwin i\; Comp.any wished to 
 ship ,a hundred dressed hoi(s by the C W. K. K. 
 l''orty of tlie draymen volunti'crcd to tak(' them, 
 .and wint in procession to the de|)ot, e.acli dr.iy 
 Laden with a sinv;le Iki;;. /\s a demonslr.ation it 
 w.as ,a ,;;re.al success, but I he r.ailro.ad trui'ks still 
 continueil to run, bi-canie iiK reasinj^ly popul.ar, .and 
 .are now used to (leli\'er most of the freitjht to or 
 from the r.ailro.ads. 
 
 Messrs. Ilendrie i\: Comp.iny, I'.. Ferifuson, the 
 Cr.and Trunk K.ailro.ul, J. X; 'T. Hurley, .and the De- 
 troit 'Truck Comp.any h.ave .a c.apit.al of prob.ibly 
 S75,oo(j invested 111 .about lifiy trui ks .and horses. 
 'There are .about four hundred .and fifty trucks, dr.ays, 
 and e.xpress w.ajLjons owned by other p.arties. 'The 
 two-horse trucks or dr.ays |).ay .a city license of S'S.ofj, 
 express w.ii(oiis and dr.ays, S-.o'> each. 'The old 
 two-wheeled dr.ays, once so f.aniili.ir, h.ave almost 
 entirely .^ivi-n ])Lace to four-wheeled w.ai.jons, less 
 th.an half .a dozen of the former beini^ now in use. 
 
 A I'ack.aye .and I>.i.W'''Kti I'.x|)ress Comjjany w.as 
 est.ablished on June 6, 1881, and carried small 
 p.ack.a.iL(es to .any p.art of the city for from live to ten 
 cents e.acli, .and also delivered i,ari;e p.ackages at 
 
 ', 1 
 
 1 
 

 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 |50 '""=^ 
 
 I— 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1-4 IIIIII.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /} 
 
 V 
 
 > o> 
 
 aJ^^^Vv^ 
 
 
 /A 
 
 ^ 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 <v 
 
 •<l 
 
 rV 
 
 N> 
 
 ^<b 
 
 V 
 
 
 <«'. 
 
 >> 
 
 ;\ 
 
 «^. 
 
 'O- .A ^_Z^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 ^% 
 
i 
 
 
JJILJJl^lJMI 
 
 89: 
 
 EXPRESS COMPANIES. 
 
 reasonable rates. In 1881 tlie coniiiany employed 
 five men, with one-horse teams, and from fifteen to 
 twenty boys, who delivered hundreds of paikavjes 
 daily. The business was not sulluiently renninera- 
 tive, and the orijanization ceased in 1882. 
 
 KXPRKSS COMl'ANMES. 
 
 Amonuf the most important mercantile facilities 
 which have been devi'loped by the business of the 
 country are the several express companies. The 
 first to en.i^atje in the express busini'ss in Detroit 
 was Charles II. Miller. The followini^ notice from 
 a paper of Febru.iry, 1844, shows that he soon 
 found a competitor : 
 
 Mii.i.kk's Kxphkss.— We rijjrut ti) learn that Pomeroy & Com- 
 pany have extended their Express Line to this city. Not that we 
 entertain any hoslile feeling to tliejn, 1)ut because we believe in- 
 justice is (lone to Mr. Chas. H. Miller. 
 
 The I'omeroy Express was first established at 
 Albany, New York, by CieoriL;;e E. Pomeroy in 1S41, 
 and in 1844 an office w.is opened in Detroit in C. 
 Alorse's bookstore on the north side of Jefferson 
 Avenue, just west of Hates Street About 1845 
 the name was chanj^ed to Wells Company's Express, 
 and soon after the Detroit office was moved to the 
 basement of the F. & M. Bank on Jefferson Ave- 
 nue. In 1850 the company was reorijanized imder 
 the name of the American Express Company, and 
 that year the oflice was located at 106 Jefferson 
 Avenue, three doors below the Michijjan E.xchans^e. 
 On May 20, 1862, the office was moved to the 
 Waverly Hlock, opposite the Michitjan Exchansre, 
 From here, on May i, 1865, it was moved to the old 
 Rotunda on Oriswold Street, and on August i, 
 1879, to the Moffat Building. 
 
 The success of the several express comp.anies 
 caused the organization of a rival company, the 
 Merchants' Union. It numbered several Detroit 
 merchants among its stockholders, and its oflice 
 here was first opened on October 4, 1866, at 221 
 Jefferson Avenue. C. J. Petty was agent. On 
 December i, 1868, the company was consolidated 
 
 with the American Express Company under the 
 title of the American Merchants' ICxpress Cunijiany. 
 On February i, 1S73, the word "Merchants'" was 
 dropped. In 1880 the .American Express Companv 
 had abotit fifty employees in Detroit, the monthly 
 pay-roll footed up $2,500, and the company em- 
 ployed twenty-two horses, using four double and 
 ten single wagons. 
 
 On March 14, 1882, the express companies' sy.s- 
 tem of money orders was introduced in Detroit. 
 The plan is simil.ir to that of the jiost-oflice orders. 
 .Sums of from one dollar to live dollars can be 
 obtained for a fee of Wvc cents, and orders for 
 amounts between i'wc dollars and ten dollars for 
 eight cents. 
 
 The following agents have had charge of the 
 Detroit office : 1842 1844, Daniel Dunning; 1845, 
 John C. Noble; 184C), \V. (;. I'"argo; 1846- 1855, John 
 C. Fargo; 1855-18^)7, C'harles I'\-irgo; 1867-1868, 
 A. Antisdel; 1869, C. J. Petty; 1870, W. A. (".ray; 
 1871, Merritt Secly ; 1872-1876, T. B. Fargo; 1876 
 to December. 1881, Merritt Seely; from December, 
 1881, C. F. Reed. Division Superintendents: 1855- 
 1867, Charles Fargo; 1867, A. II. Walcott ; 1868, 
 J. L. Turnbull; 1869-1871, J. H. Arnett; from 1871, 
 J. S. Hubbard. 
 
 The United States P'.xpress Company was estab- 
 lished at Detroit in 1857. Its first office was at 112 
 Jefferson .\venue, next to the Michigan E.xchange. 
 From here it was moved to the Rotunda on May i, 
 
 1865, and on September i, 1879, '" the Colburn 
 Block on Congress Street West, between Wood- 
 ward Avenue and I5ates Street. In 1880 it employed 
 twelve persons, and the pay-roll was S621.50 per 
 month. Six horses and four wagons were used. 
 The agents have been: 1S57, W. H. Ashley; 1858- 
 
 1866, C. J. Petty; from August iS, 1866, F. H. 
 Cone. 
 
 In October, 1872, a distemper prevailed among 
 the horses at Detroit, as well as all over the North, 
 and the last week in October both express compa- 
 nies delivered and collected goods in ordinary hand- 
 carts. 
 
tiiij-i.'iny under ihr 
 ICxpress Coiiipanv. 
 " Merchants' " was 
 
 Express Company 
 •etroit, the niontlily 
 
 the company em- 
 g four double and 
 
 ?ss companies' sys- 
 •cuhired in Detroit. 
 J post-olfice orders, 
 ive dollars can be 
 Its, and orders for 
 uid ten dollars for 
 
 lad charij^e of the 
 iel Dunninji;; 1845, 
 ;(>; 1846-1855, John 
 Fari,'o; 1867-1868, 
 
 1S70, W. A. (".ray; 
 , T. H. Fari(o; 1876 
 ly; from December, 
 K-rintcndents: 1855- 
 
 II. Walcolf, 1868, 
 . Arnett; frt)m 1871, 
 
 Zompany was estab- 
 irst olfice was at 1 12 
 Michigan Exchange. 
 Rotunda on May i, 
 579, to the Colburn 
 St, between Wood- 
 In 1880 it employed 
 was S^>2i.5o per 
 ,ai;ons were used. 
 H. Ashley; 1858- 
 ist 18, 1866, F. H. 
 
 er prevailed among 
 
 ill over the North, 
 
 )()lh express eompa- 
 
 s in ordinary hand- 
 
 chaptJ':r lxxxi v. 
 
 KAM.RO.VDS. 
 
 The JMroil, Grand Haven, and Mihoaiikee 
 Raiki'ay Conipiiny. 
 
 A premonition of the buildiinj of this and other 
 roads is contained in the follDwini,'- article from 
 The Detroit C.a/.ctte of December 17, 1S29, and 
 e.xcept that it allowed too little time for their com- 
 pletion, was really prophetic : 
 
 'I'rn yi':irs liciuc, or Iji-fiin', tlu' cilizcns of Dciroit will he ahlr 
 to reacli thu Alliintic in turiuy-four lioiirs. In twenty yiMis 
 * * * the navigation of our hn.ail anil biautiful lakes will hoof 
 no manner of use to us, hecanse land transportation will he so 
 much cheaper. It will be acomfortable tliinij to get into — not a 
 coach or steamboat — but a snug house built over a steam engine, 
 and, after jmuneying smoothly and safely at the rate of thirty or 
 forty miles an hour, find yourself at breakfast next uujrning iu 
 New York or H'ashington. 
 
 The year after this article was written, on July 
 31, 1830, the I'ontiac & Detroit Railroad was char- 
 tered, and became the first incorporated railroad 
 within the limits of the old Northwest Terri- 
 tory. The States of Oiiio, Indiana, and Illinois 
 had been created long before. Michigan was still 
 a Territory, but she outstripped them all in her 
 plans for utilizing the iron horse. Not only was the 
 first western railroad chartered here, but the first 
 rails and the first locomcjtive in the West were the 
 property of a road within the border of Mich- 
 igan. Five years were allowed to complete the 
 Detroit & I'ontiac Line, which was to have been 
 built on tile route of the I'ontiac Road. The cor- 
 porators failed to carry out their plans, and on March 
 7, 1834, the Detroit & I'ontiac Railroad Company, 
 an entirely new corporation, was chartered. In fact, 
 the line has been organized and reorganized so many 
 times that the original corporators could hardly 
 trace their property except in the soil of the 
 road-bed. On March 26, 1835, tho» corporation 
 was authorized to establish the liank of I'ontiac, 
 with a capital of §100,000, the stock of the company 
 to be liable for the debts. On April 25, 1836, con- 
 tracts were let for grubbing the first fifteen miles of 
 the road, but a swamp this side of Royal Oak 
 greatly hindered the work. At other points, in after 
 years, certain "sink-holes" swallowed up whole 
 forests, together with acres of soil, before a solid foun- 
 dation could be obtained. At first the road consisted 
 merely of wooden rails, and the cars were operated 
 
 by horse pf)wer. On March -!2. 1837, while the 
 fever of internal im|in)vement was at its height, the 
 State was authorized to purchase the line. Nojjur- 
 chase, however, was then made, but by Act of March 
 5, 1838, the State loaned tlu: company $100,000, 
 secured by mortgage, to aid in completing the road. 
 
 In these days it seems that the road should have 
 been easily built, with the aid of such a loan and 
 the banking powers which the company possessed. 
 On May ly, 1838, the road was in operation for 
 twelve miles, and the receipts were $80 per day. On 
 July 21 it was opened to Royal (Jak, and on .August 
 16, 1839, to liirmingham. A Kjcomotive obtainetl 
 from Philadelphia, the Sherman Stevens, w;is first 
 used at this time. In 1858 the same engine was 
 doing duty under the name of I'ontiac, and at a still 
 later date was in use on the Port Huron & Owosso 
 Railroad. 
 
 The first passenger-coaches were divided into 
 three rooms, benches for seats were arranged length- 
 wise, and the passengers entered through doors on 
 the sides instead of at the ends. The covered 
 freight-cars had but four wheels, with white-ash 
 springs; these were made in the company's shops, 
 and acLually used for full ten years. 
 
 After the road was completed to Birmingham, still 
 slower progress was made towards I'ontiac, and it 
 was not until July 4, 1843, th.it the road was opened 
 to that point. At this time trains stopped anywhere 
 and everywhere to take on or let off passengers, and 
 the lime that trains would reach any particular ])Iaee 
 was very uncertain. The trains were so exceedingly 
 slow that one of the stories of that day told of a 
 middle-aged man who died of extreme old age 
 while on the road to I'ontiac; and "Co to I'ontiac!" 
 was considered a fearful imprecation. 
 
 The rails were of strap or tlat-bar iron, spiked to 
 the cross ties. They frequently broke, turned up, 
 and entered the cars, occasionally causing serious 
 accidents. In allusion to this fact, an advertisement 
 in the Directory of 1845 says: "The company have 
 now a new and elegant car on the road, well 
 warmed, and sheathed with iron to guard against 
 danger from loose bars." 
 
 The corporation of 1834 intended to run into 
 the city over the Gratiot Road to Woodward Ave- 
 nue, and on March 31, 1838, the council gave the 
 
 [893] 
 
894 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 necessary permission. 'I'he eoiniiany, iiowever, did 
 not a\ail itself of tiie privile.i,^', hut laid the track 
 on Deciiiindre Street from the liratiot Road to Jef- 
 ferson Avenue, and the passenger depot was located 
 on the avenue. In 1S42 tiic line was exlentled 
 down the Ciratiot Road to Farmer Street. The 
 property owners alon^j (iratiot Street did not ap- 
 prove of this proceeding', especially as the careless 
 manner in which the road was construi;ted rendered 
 the street almost impass.able after a rain. The evil 
 vva.s apparent to everybody, and on July 11, 1S43, 
 the council ilecreed the track a public nuisance, and 
 the marshal was ordered to ren;ove the same unless 
 the road was improved. Some tritlini; repairs were 
 made, but the road was still objectionable, and on 
 September 7, 1847, the council was petitioned to 
 remove the track, but no action was taken. The 
 
 J)K]K(iiT & Milwaukee Deiot Bcilding. Bck.neu in 1866. 
 
 people continued to urjTe their objections, and year 
 after year temporary improvements and promises in 
 abundance were made by the officers of the road, 
 the people, in the meantime, sjrowin)^ more and 
 more impatient. Finally, on September 5, 184S, the 
 company was ordered by the council to tear up the 
 track insitle of the city on all public scjuares or 
 streets within si.K months, and if not then removed, 
 the city marshal was instructed to tear it up. 
 
 Fven after this action a year and more went by, 
 and the track remained as before. At length the 
 people themselves imdertook its removal, and on given by the road as further security were sold to 
 the evening of December 12, 1849, after the train Messrs. White & Davis of Syracuse. N. Y. They 
 had left for Pontiac, a posse of men went to work leased the road to Alfred Williams for $10,000 a 
 near the head of Beaubien Street, and with crow- year. Me operated it until 1S49, and in that year 
 
 bars, sledges, handspikes, and other instruments, 
 tore up se\eral rods of the track. When tlu' next 
 train arriveti, as there was no i)lace to turn the 
 engine, it had to be backed to Royal Oak. Twelve 
 men were arrested for tearing up the track, but the 
 community had too nuu'h sympathy for them to 
 allow them to be punished, and besides the law 
 officers of the roads acknowledged that if the track 
 was a nuisance they had an undoubted right to 
 remove it. 
 
 For sever.'d weeks, the cars came in only as far as 
 Detiuindre Street. Finally the track was relaid, and 
 on .Saturday, February 9, 1850, the cars again 
 came in to their old depot on the corner of I'"armer 
 and (iratiot .Streets. Two days after, on Monday 
 afternoon, February 11, after the cars had left, a 
 party of men collected, and beginning at Randolph 
 
 Street, the track was 
 again torn up for a con- 
 siderable distance, and 
 again the cars were com- 
 pelled to stop at De- 
 quindre Street. The 
 company, however, per- 
 severed, and in July, 
 1850, asked permission 
 to replace their track, 
 and on July 30, the coun- 
 cil, by resolution, gave 
 the company permis.sion 
 to make use of any (jf 
 the streets they had for- 
 merly occupied for a 
 period not longer than 
 one year. 
 
 The road was now 
 extended through to the 
 Campus Martins, and 
 the cars stopped on the 
 site of the present I )etroit 
 Opera I louse. The de- 
 pot buildings were in 
 the rear, fac-ing Farmer and (iratiot Streets, and 
 occupying fully one quarter of the block. 
 
 On May 27, 1851, the company was granted per- 
 mission to extend the track across Jet'fer.son Avenue 
 to the dock jjroperty which they had bought at the 
 foot of Brush Street, and early in 1S52 cars began 
 to run in and out from the Brush Street Depot and for 
 the first time on the T rails. While this extension 
 was building, the cars stopped at Gratiot Street. 
 
 About 1 84 1 the mortgage which had been given 
 to the State to secure the $100,000, and the bonds 
 
I 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 895 
 
 other instriiiiients, 
 •k. Wlit-'ii tlu; ni'Xt 
 l)lacc to turn the 
 voyal Oak. Twehc 
 p t!ie track. l)ut tlu- 
 ip.ithy for them to 
 1(1 besides the law 
 jed that if the track 
 undoubted right to 
 
 nie in only as far as 
 rack was rel.aid, and 
 ;o, the cars again 
 le corner of Farmer 
 s after, on Monday 
 he cars had left, a 
 inning at Randolph 
 et, the track was 
 n torn up for a con- 
 rable distance, and 
 n the cars were com- 
 ■d to stop at I)e- 
 idre Street. The 
 |)any, however, per- 
 •red, and in July, 
 D, askeil jiermission 
 •eplace their track, 
 on July 30, thecoun- 
 by resolution, gave 
 com[)any permission 
 lake use of any of 
 streets they had for- 
 ly occupied for a 
 od not longer than 
 year. 
 
 he road was now 
 nded through to the 
 HIS Martius, and 
 ars stopped on the 
 oi the present Detroit 
 a House. The de- 
 buildings were in 
 ratiot Streets, and 
 e block. 
 
 y was granted per- 
 ;s Jefferson Avenue 
 lad bought at the 
 \ 1S52 cars began 
 treet Depot and for 
 hile this extension 
 Oratiot Street, 
 lich had been given 
 Doo, and the bonds 
 urity were sold to 
 icuse, N. Y. They 
 iams for §10,000 a 
 I, and in that year 
 
 the mortgage given to the State for the $100,000 
 loan was b')Ught for $85,000 State scrij) and 
 $15,000 cash. Other claims were also cancelled, 
 and at a total cost of about $80,000 cash Messrs. 
 II. N. Walker. Dean Richmond, Alfred Williams, 
 Horace Thurber, and others, became proj^rietors 
 of the road. 
 
 Meanwhile, on April 3, 1848. the Oakland & 
 Ottawa Railroad had been chartered to build a line 
 from i'cjntiac to Lake Michigan, and by Act of 
 February 13, 1855, that company and the Detroit 
 & Pontiac Railroad were authorised to consolidate, 
 under the name of the Detroit & Milwaukee 
 Railroad. The consolidation was effected, and on 
 April 19, 1855, a meeting of the stockholders was 
 held, and directors chosen for the new road. The 
 line was now pushed rai)idly toward (irand Haven, 
 and the road was opened to Fentonville on October 
 2, 1855; to Owosso on July i, 1S56; to St. John's 
 on January 14, 1857; to Ionia on August 12, 1857 ; 
 to Grand Rapids on July 4, 1858; and to (]rand 
 Haven on August 30, 1S58. The first through train 
 with passengers from Milwaukee arrived at Detroit 
 on September i, 1858. 
 
 On April 26, 1866, a fire occurred which burned 
 the ot'lices, freight and passenger depots, and the 
 ferry Windsor, causing the loss of eighteen lives. 
 
 At the time the two roads consolidated, a mort- 
 gage, under which $207,000 worth of bonds had 
 been issued, was outstanding against the Oakland 
 and Ottawa Companies, and three mortgages, 
 aggregating $500,000, had been given by the 
 Detroit & Pontiac Railroad. The consolidated 
 company, in order to obtain funds to build the line, 
 gave a further mortgage of $2,500,000, and then 
 one for $1,000,000. Subse(|uently another mortgage 
 for the sum of $750,000 was given for money 
 obtained from the Great Western Railroad, and 
 the intUience of that company then became para- 
 mount in the management of the corporation. After 
 a time a second mortgage, for $500,000, was given 
 to the same company. The Detroit & Grand 
 Haven Railway Company failetl to pay the interest 
 on these last two mortgages, and on October 24, 
 i860, the Great Western Railroad foreclosed their 
 mortgages and bought the road, subject of course 
 to the other mortgages, and the company was 
 reorganized under the same name, except that it 
 was called a Railroad Company instead of a Rail- 
 way Company. 
 
 After several years proceedings were taken to 
 foreclose the mortgages given for two and one half 
 million and one million dollars respectively. On 
 April II, 1S75, the road was put into the hands of 
 C. C. Trowbridge, as receiver, and under a decree 
 of the court, on September 4, 1878. the Great West- 
 ern Railroad became the purchaser of the road for 
 
 the nominal sum of $1,850,000, with the under- 
 standing that the holders of all mortgages were to 
 have new bonds or i)ayment in money. The real 
 effect of this sale was to cancel the previous mort- 
 gages and include other indebtedness in one mort- 
 .^•age. 
 
 The receivership of C. C. Trowbridge terminated 
 on October 19, and on November 9. 1878, the com- 
 pany was reorgani/.etl under the name of the Detroit, 
 Grand Haven, i^ Milwaukee Railway Comixmy. 
 
 .Soon after the road reached (Irand Haven two 
 large steamships, the Detroit and the Milwaukee, 
 were built to convey passengers across Lake Miclii- 
 gan. They were first used in August. 1859. antl 
 communication across the lake has been main- 
 tained since that time. 
 
 The average number of men employed at De- 
 troit in 1 88 1 was four hundred and sixteen; adding 
 train men, the company had the hundred aiul 
 twenty-one employees at Detroit, and the pay-roll 
 averaged $7,500 per month. 
 
 The chief officers have been : Presidents: 1845- 
 1850. G. O. Williams; 1S52-1855, N. P. Stewart; 
 1855- 1858, H. N. Walker; 1858- 1863. C. J. 
 Prydges; 1863-1875, C. C. Trowbridge (also re- 
 ceiver from 1875 to 1879); 1879- 1880, Samuel 
 Barker; 18S0-1882, Francis 13. Gray; 18S2- , 
 Joseph Hickson. 
 
 Superintendents: 1850 and 1851. (/. O. Williams; 
 1852, H. P. Thurber; 1853-1857. A. II. Rood; 
 1857-1866, W. K. Muir; 1866-1872, Thomas Hell; 
 1872-1875, Andrew Watson; 1875, W. K. Muir; 
 1876- 1S79, S. R. Callaway; 1S79- , W. J. 
 Morgan. 
 
 Secretaries; 1854, J. V. Campbell; 1855-1S62, 
 C. C. Trowbridge; 1862-1865, W. C. Stei)hens; 
 
 1865, Thomas Bell; 1866- 
 
 James H. Muir. 
 
 Freight Agents: 1855 and 1856, A. X. Rood; 
 1857-1864, James A. Armstrong; 1864- 1867, John 
 Crampton; 1867- 1880, Alfred White; 1880- , 
 Thomas Tandy. 
 
 T/w Michigan Central Railroad, 
 
 The line of the Central Road was projected in 
 1830, but the ccjrporation, which at first was known 
 as the Deti^oit ^: St. Joseph Railroad, was not char- 
 tered until June 29, 1832. In 1834 the War Depart- 
 inent was petiti(jned to survey the jiroposed route, 
 on the ground that the road would be a public 
 benefit. The petition met with fav(jr, and Colonel 
 John M. Berrien was detailed for the service, and 
 provided with assistants and instruments, the rail- 
 road company paying their expenses only. Colonel 
 Berrien completed the work, and estimated the cost 
 of a single-strap rail to Ypsilanti at f 3,200 per mile. 
 The work of soliciting subscriptions in aid of the 
 road began in 1835. Shares were fixed at $2.00 
 

 896 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 each, and were rapidly taken. .\l N'psilanti hLtwirii 
 $8,000 and !j<y,ooo wire subscribed in a simple da)', 
 and five per cent was i)aid in. At this time the 
 ofticers were John Biddle, president; D. (1. Jones, 
 O. Newberry, !•:. A. Brush, 15. Ji. Kercheval, K. 1'. 
 Hastinjrs, J. Hurdick, .Mark Norris, iJavid Page, and 
 S. W. De.xter, directors. An Act of Aui^ust 25, 
 1835, authori/.ctl tlie stocklioiders to establisli a bruik 
 at Vpsilanti, with a capital of $100,000. Between 
 October 13 and December 18, 1835, §55,000 were 
 subscril)ed for the road in Detroit. On tlie day 
 last-named a meetini,^ was held to discuss means for 
 procurin,i( further substriplions, and a committee 
 of two was appointed to solicit. On December 20 
 the followini,^ notice appeared: 
 
 kAii.Kd.M) Mketini;. — I would invite ;iiul siilicit the attciul- 
 ancc of evt'ry K***Jtl citi/t'ii at an early Iioiir, that the new and 
 splendid City Hall may once be Tilled to oveithnvinj;. 
 
 Levi Cuuk, Mayor. 
 
 By Novemijcr, 183^1, tlie road had been grubbed 
 as far as N'psilanti, and ten miles i^raded. .Mean- 
 time the projects of raisiiij; a loan of $5,000,000, and 
 creatin,i( a Board of liuernal Improvements were 
 under discussion. The duties of the boanl were to 
 include the coiistruclin),^ and operatini,^ of all the 
 railroads in the State, and to this eiul the purchase 
 of the St. Joseph Road was authorized by Act of 
 March 20, 1837, and in May, after the company had 
 expended $1 17,000, the purchase was made, and the 
 name of the road chani(ed to Michii^an Central. 
 The buildini^ of the road went on, and as early as 
 January, 1838, the road was in operation to Dear- 
 born. A fac-siniile of the tickets then in use is here 
 given. It will be noticed that it was originally in- 
 tended for a stage ticket. 'I"he .singular economy 
 practiced by the State in the use of such tickets and 
 the idea of inserting the name of each passenger in 
 his ticket, as was then done, would now be thought 
 
 
 ^^'■^^:J' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fac-simile oe' Michigan Central Railuoad Ticket ok 1838. 
 
 A subsequent meeting was held on January 2, 
 1836, and nearly .^25,000 subscribed, which, with 
 previous amounts, made over $100,000 invested by 
 citizens of Detroit. At this meeting the Common 
 Council was reciuested to subscribe $10,000 on 
 behalf of the city. Contracts for grubbing and 
 clearing the first forty miles were soon let, the work 
 to be completed l)y May 20, and seven hundred and 
 twenty tons of strap-iron, to cost about $60,000, 
 were ordered. On ^\ugust 5, 1836, the council 
 authorized the mayor, on behalf of the city, to sub- 
 scribe $10,000 towards the stock of the railroad, and 
 the same tlay a warrant for $2,000, to apply on the 
 amount, was drawn on the city treasurer, and on 
 August 9 a meeting of citizens requested the coun- 
 cil to subscribe $40,000 additional on behalf of the 
 city. On August 1 1 the council so ordered, and on 
 August 14 the subscription was made by the mayor, 
 and a warrant for $8,000 of the amount drawn on 
 the city treasurer. 
 
 preposterous. On February 3, 1838, the cars made 
 their hrst trip to Ypsilanti. A new car, the Cover- 
 nor Mason, seating sixty-six persons, l)uilt by John 
 Ci. Hays, of Detroit, was i)rovided, and an excur- 
 sion partv, consisting of the .State and city officers, 
 the Bratly (iuards, and other citizens, went over the 
 road. .V public dinner was served at Ypsilanti, and 
 an address delivered by General Van l'"ossen. 
 Arriving at Dearborn on the return trip, the engine 
 would not work, and horses were j^rocured to draw 
 engine and cars back to Detroit. 
 
 During this winter the track was frec|uently so 
 obstructed by ice that triiins were obliged to stop 
 at Dearborn. The fare to Vpsilanti was $1.50, the 
 time of the trip usually an hour and three quarters. 
 The following item from the Journal and Courier of 
 May 19, 1838, gives details of interest: 
 
 Ckntkai. Raii.K'Oad. — The cars on this road now make two 
 trips a day between Detroit and Vpsilanti. They leave the 
 Depot on Campus Martins every morning at six o'clock and every 
 
RAILROADS. 
 
 H9; 
 
 li;id been j^ruhlied 
 L'S ijraded. Meaii- 
 lof $5,(X)0,ooo, and 
 miiroveiiunts were 
 
 the board were to 
 peratini,^ of all the 
 is end the purrhase 
 thori/.ed by Act of 
 •r the company had 
 ; was made, and the 
 
 Michii^an Central. 
 
 on, and as early as 
 
 operation to Hear- 
 ts then in use is here 
 it was ori;<ipally in- 
 e sin;<ular economy 
 ; of such tickets and 
 if each passen!L;'cr in 
 luld now be thout;ht 
 
 
 1838, the cars made 
 Inew car, the Ciover- 
 -sons, built by John 
 lided, and an excur- 
 |ate and city officers, 
 :i/xns, went over the 
 k'd at Ypsilanti, and 
 Ineral Van Fossen. 
 turn trip, the engine 
 pe procured to draw 
 
 was frequently so 
 hvere oblij,'ed to stop 
 lanti was $1.50, the 
 and three quarters. 
 Lirnal and Courier of 
 luerest: 
 
 Ithis road now make two 
 Isilanti. They leave the 
 Ig at six o'clock and every 
 
 ifturriooii at half past oiii 
 
 flock ; 
 
 lilaiiti 
 
 every morninjj 
 
 at to Chicago liy stcaiiilHiat, sixly-iiine miles in six hours, .Making' 
 
 ten o'clock and every afternoon at hall past four o'clock. 
 
 It is ijratifyinK' to know that the fp 
 
 Jit 
 
 1(1 tr 
 
 el 
 
 thi 
 
 Stall' road are inereasinj; rapidly, liu- aM iai;i' nci'ipts for sev- 
 er. il tlays past have heen npw.irds cjf three huiulred dollars |ier 
 day. On .Moiulay they were $3-0, on Tuesday .$.(!!, on Wednes- 
 day .fiio, and oi\ 'I'luusday Sj7-'. 
 
 There seems to h.ave been no lack of cars, for on 
 October 31 of this ye.ar, while iliram .Allien was 
 .■Lctini;' commissioner, it w;is resolved to permit in- 
 tli\-i(luals to place cars on the Central R.iilroad for 
 the tnmsport.'ilion of merch.-mdise, a^ricultur.al pro- 
 duels, ,111(1 other property, ;md the commissioner 
 \\;is .authorized to sell jicrsons such cars as were not 
 needed. The receipts continued to incre.'ise, .and the 
 followino st.atement w.'is published on July 18, 1838: 
 
 'I'he receipts upon tlie road for the week eiulini; Jidy 17, 1S3S, 
 
 were as fidlows: l-'roin Detroit to ^'psilanti and way, for the 
 
 transportation of five hundred passenj;ers, 242, djS ponnds of nur- 
 
 ( handisc, one barrel of llonr, 5,000 feet of tiinl)er, and (^'/i tlion- 
 
 ^.iiid shin,s.;les, $1,12*^.1^3. l'"roin N'psilanti to Detroit and way, for 
 
 transportati(]n of 4-'; passenvjers, i>>,83i3 poiiinU of nu 11 handise, 
 
 and 3.'5 barrels of Hour, $i,S-'7.59. 
 
 Amos T. II.M.r, 
 
 Coihctor 0/ Tolls, Dvtroit. 
 
 ( )ii < )ci()l)cr I 7, i83(;, the ro;id was opeiU'd to .Ann 
 Arbtir, ;iik1 the City Council, ISnidy (iuarils, aiul 
 ■about ei;.;lu lumilretl citi/.ens went on an excursion 
 to th.al city, 'i'licy left Detroit at 9 A. M., were 
 received with ;i salute, entert.ainetl with <a dinner, and 
 returned ,it 3 i'. M. Din-in^' 1839 fifty-four persons 
 were employed by the St.ate in openitint;- the ro.ad. 
 On .\ui;usi i, 1840, one train was taken off. (,)n 
 June 30 the road was o[)ened ttj De.xter. .At this 
 lime, A. II. .Atlams, who had served ;is collector of 
 lolls, w as weii;hmaster .at Detroit, .and T. (i. Cole 
 was superintendent of the road. 
 
 On October 21, 1842, two new locomotives were 
 landed by scliooner for the road, and <i new i)ass(.n- 
 jj-er-ear called the Kalamazoo was placed on the 
 line. The road was opened to J.ackson on Decem- 
 ber 29, 1841, and The Detroit C.a/.ette for May 22, 
 1843, cont.ained the following: 
 
 tor the purpose of meeting the wishes of travelers and inereas- 
 inj; the revenue of the road, the Michigan Central Kailroad lias 
 reduced the fare to $-■.=.) lietweeii Petroil and Jackson, and for 
 way passengers in jiroportion. 'I'he road is in excellent order, the 
 engines and cars (jf the best description, and they are run with 
 great regularity. Regular lines of stages leave Jackson for Chi- 
 cago on the arrival of the cars. Travelers taking this route reach 
 Chicago in two days less time than by the route around the lakes. 
 
 On June 25, 1844, the road reached Albion. Mar- 
 shall became .t station on .August 10, 1S45. and on 
 April 25, 1846, the following notice appeared: 
 
 Centk.m, K.mi.ho.M),— I'he passenger train will, after the 1st 
 of June next, leave Detroit for the west at 8 o'clock .\. M., arrive 
 at Marshall at 3.30 v. .M. They leave Marshall at precisely (j.^o 
 o'clock .\. M., arriving at Detroit at 5 v. M. There is at the west- 
 ern terminus a line of coaches always ready to carry passengers to 
 St. Joseph,— ninety miles in twenty-two hours. I'rom St. Joseph 
 
 thirty-si.\ hours fr(Jin Deliuil to Chicago 
 
 tntt-rncil linf^toiiiiient i\l/ic 
 
 (). C. CdMsrocK, Ji;., 
 
 J'les. 0/ lioarti /. ■/'. 
 
 On November 25, 1845, the St;tte completed the 
 road to Rattle Creek, and on l''cbm,iry 2, 1846, to 
 K.ilama/.oo. The fare to Cliic;igo .'it this time w;is 
 S6.50, inclutiing lifty-fivc miles of st.aging to N(.'W 
 Ruffalo .■iiul sixty miles of sle.ambo.ating from there 
 to the Ci.irden City. .About this time public opinion 
 became decitledly opposed to the i)articipalion by the 
 Slate in enterprises of this kind, especially as there 
 w.as a const.ant struggle for the i)olitical palron.-ige 
 and intlueiice wiiich the p.irly in |)ower wiekled 
 through its eontnjl of this and other roads. .An oiieii 
 letter from Marsh.ill, d.ated October 6, 1845, s.aid : 
 
 There is a great defect in the arrangements of the Central Kail- 
 ro.id in this State. It is disgraceful that so imp(irt,int a work 
 should be so slovenly managed. In the lirst pi. ice it was shab- 
 bily built at an enormous expense, and it is conducted in all its 
 departments by mere partisans. They were appointed because 
 they were noisy |)oliticians. 
 
 In November. 1845, this st.atement w.as made: 
 
 Tour \'ears a.go the road was ((Miipletcd to Jat ksoii. .-Vftcr 
 three years more it was completed to Marshall, where it now 
 stojis. It is in a miserable condition, unlit for heavy transporta- 
 tion, and re(piires to be relaid and repaired. High char.ges for 
 freight and fare are fast driving business into other channels. 
 
 In adtlilion to these compl.iinis the expenditures 
 of the Stale for various im|)roven'ients hatl reduceil 
 its credit to the lowest point. St.ate bomls to the 
 .amount of $50,000 were sold .'it .'luction in New York 
 for eighteen cents on the dollar; so slniitened were 
 the tinances of the Stale th.-it at a general meeting of 
 the St.'ite ofticers it was determined to .■sell the r.'iil- 
 ro.ads, .and Henry N. Walker, then attorney-general. 
 w;is .appointed to go to New N'ork, org.ani/.e a com- 
 p.anv, and negoti.ate a s.alc. Mr. Walker went; 
 interviewed Erastus Corning, of .Alb.'iny, who then 
 held ;i large amount of State bonds, purch;ised for 
 .about thirty cents on the doll.-ir. J. W. I'.rooks, then 
 superintendent of a niilro.'id between Rochester ;iiul 
 Svr.acuse, w.'ts sumrnoncd.and ;i conference w.as held 
 in the City Hotel .at Albany, in reg.ard to the proposed 
 railroad comp.'iny. A rough dr.aft for a ch;irter was 
 .agreed upon,- and Mr. Rrooks w;is to come to Detroit 
 in J;mu.'irv, 1846, and with Mr.\\'alker endeavor to 
 secure its passage. The terms of the jiroposed pur- 
 ch.ase were ten per cent above the original co.st of 
 the ncttl in cash, the balance in bonds or oblig.'ilions 
 of the State. Mr. Rrooks came, and on March 
 28, 1846, largely through the efforts of C.eorge E. 
 Hand, then a member of the Legisl;iture, an Act 
 was passed providing for the incorporation of the 
 Michig.-in Central Railro.id Company, and for 
 the s.ale by the State of its interest in the road 
 for the sum of $2,000,000. Several persons who 
 
898 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 had ori.ninally aijrccd to Ijitomh' cnriKiraUirs faik'd to 
 fult'il their a.ijTc'L'mcnts, and Mt'ssrs. H. N. Walker 
 and Cicori^c 1". I'Drtcr, at the reiiuest of (iovernor 
 ISarry and tlie leatlint; men of Detroit, went to New- 
 York and liostonand ori^anizetl a new coinpain-, aiul 
 on Sei)tenil)er 23, 1S46. the sale was consummated. 
 On Septeniber 17, 1846, a new locomotive, called 
 Rattle Creek, arrived at Detroit for the road and up 
 to the date of the transfer, the .State hail I'xpended 
 $1,954,308.28. Of p;issen).,rer depots there were 
 then only four on the line, and neither of these at 
 Detroit. The ciiarter of tlie conii)any relieved it of 
 of all taxation exce|it the paynn'iit to the .State of 
 one half of one |ier cent on its ea|)ital stock up 
 to July I, 1851, after which it was to be increased to 
 three (|iiarters of one per I'ent. It was also pro- 
 viilcd that no railroad thereafter built west of Wayne 
 County should approach within five miles of the 
 road without consent 
 of the company, and 
 that no other railroatl 
 sliould apprctach 
 within twenty miles 
 of Detroit, or run to 
 Lake .Anchii^an,or the 
 southern boundary of 
 tlie State, the line of 
 which on an averaj^c, 
 was within twenty 
 miles of tlie Central. 
 The charter also pro- 
 vided that the State 
 mi,!L,dit buy the road at 
 any time after Janu- 
 ary I, 1867. 
 
 There seems to have 
 been no sound reason 
 for the sale of tlie 
 property by the State. 
 The reports of the 
 
 officers showed a profit, in 1838, of $37,283; in 
 1S39, of §16,703; in 1S40, of §20,637; in 1841, of 
 $25,655; in 1842, of $63,075: in 1843, of $75,026; 
 and in 1844, of $121,750. After its .sale, the road 
 was pushed westward, and on May i, 1847, the 
 following item appeared in a daily paper : 
 
 Micmcw Ckn TkAi, RAii.KfiAn. — Tliis important work is tiring 
 rapidly prosecuted. It is now witliin lifty miles of its western 
 termination, if St. Josepli is fixed upon, and witliin seventy miles 
 if it is to run to N'ew iiuffalo. Its en.i;ineers are lucatini; the 
 route west of Kalamazoo, and in a week or two its western ter- 
 minus will be settled. 
 
 Up to this time the road had come into Detroit on 
 Michigan Avenue, and its depot buildings occupied 
 the site of the present City Hall. The council had 
 granted the use of the Campus Martins and also of 
 the Chicago Road on August 31,1 836. What would 
 
 Miciiu.AN CicNTKAL Fniviciir Depot and Si;minai;v IScildi.ng, 
 Southeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Griswold Street. 
 
 now be deemed a most remarkable concession was 
 gr.tnted on February 5, 1838. The Stale was then 
 authorized to make a cut on Woodward Avenue 
 fourteen feet wide and as tleep as neces.sary, com- 
 mencing near the crossing of Congress Street anil 
 terminating near Atwater Street, for the purjxjse of 
 laying a railroad track, the cut to be walled up with 
 stone or timber, anil covereil over, as far as practi- 
 cable, with a rail on each side where not covered, 
 with lamps at convenient distances, to be kept lit 
 during the night. On March 24, 1838, the Com- 
 missioners of Internal Im]irovenients reported that it 
 Would be impracticable to light the cut, and the 
 tr.ick was therefore laid on the grotuiil. It extended 
 down Woodwaril Avenue to Atwater Street, and a 
 thousand feet each way from Woodward Ax'enueon 
 Atwater. On April 28, 1838, the council gave the 
 State permission to erect a car-house on Michigan 
 
 Avenue in the rear of 
 the old City Hall, but 
 Messrs. Cooper and 
 Jackson opposed and 
 prevented the erec- 
 tion of the building. 
 On May 21, 1839, the 
 council granted per- 
 mission to owners of 
 warehouses east of 
 \\'oodward Avenue 
 " to lay side tracks 
 from their jjreniises 
 to the railroad now 
 being laid in Atwater 
 Street between 
 Woodward Avenue 
 and Brush Street." 
 The railroad track 
 continued to occupy 
 Woodward Avenue 
 and Atwater Street 
 until ^L^rch, 1844, when, on account of the dirtlculty 
 and expense of dragging the cars uj) hill, the rails 
 were removed. Grounds for a depot west of Third 
 Street were purchased in 1847, but passenger cars 
 continued to come in on Michigan Avenue until 
 May 30, 1848, on which date they arrived for the 
 first time at the Third Street Depot. The shops 
 were finished in June, 1848. Some of the old 
 buildings were left on the Campus Martins, and on 
 April 17, 1849, the company was ordered by the 
 council to remove them forthwith. 
 
 In 1 85 1 the company purchased additional river 
 frontage to the amount of twenty-two hundred feet, 
 with an average width of three hundred and ninety- 
 one feet, and built a large freight-house on the river. 
 In 1864, 1865, and 1866, and at other times, addi- 
 tional purchases have been made, and in 1880 the 
 
RAILROADS. 
 
 899 
 
 :al)le concfssion was 
 Tlic State was then 
 Woodward Avenue 
 ) as necessary, com- 
 Coni^ress Street and 
 It, for the purpose of 
 to bo walled up with 
 iver, as far as practi- 
 ; where not covered, 
 ances, to be kept lit 
 24, 1838, the Com- 
 ments reported that it 
 ;ht tile cut, and the 
 vrround. it extended 
 itwater Street, and a 
 Voodward Avenue on 
 the council jjave the 
 r-house on Michigan 
 Avenue in the rear of 
 the old City I fall, but 
 Messrs. Cooper and 
 Jackson opposed ruid 
 prevented the erec- 
 tion of the building. 
 On May 21, 1839, the 
 council granted per- 
 mission to owners of 
 warehouses east of 
 Woodward Avenue 
 to lay side tracks 
 rom their premises 
 to the railroad now 
 jcing laid in Atwater 
 Street between 
 Woodward Avenue 
 and r>rush Street." 
 The railroad track 
 continued to occupy 
 Woodward Avenue 
 and Atwater Street 
 count of the difliculty 
 cars up hill, the rails 
 depot west of Third 
 7, but passenger cars 
 higan Avenue until 
 they arrived for the 
 Depot. The shops 
 Some of the old 
 npus Martius, and on 
 was ordered by the 
 th. 
 
 lased additional river 
 ity-two hundred feet, 
 hundred and ninety- 
 it-house on the river, 
 at other times, addi- 
 ade, and in 1880 the 
 
 company had nearly forty acres on the river, ten 
 acres for stockyards at Twentieth Street, and one 
 hundred aiul thirty-four acres at the Junction. 
 
 On June 28, 184.S, the road was completed to I'aw 
 I Paw ; on October 1, to Niles ; and on April 23. 1849, 
 
 it was in oi)cration to New Hufl'alo, and steamers 
 ran in connection with the road to Chicago and 
 Milwaukee. Hy this lime the strap-rail had been 
 nearly all rejilaced with the T rail. In June, 1849, -he 
 road began to run two through trains daily. From 
 November 2910 April 26, 1S50, only one train left 
 each terminus daily, and then two daily trains were 
 again put on. 
 
 The charter did not allow the route to be I'xtcndcd 
 beyond Lake Micliig.-m. I'pon rcacliiii'; this limit 
 at New Buffalo, the company advanced money to 
 build a portion of the New Albany & Salem Road 
 through Indiana, and then leased that line, and 
 
 of all over (ifty-eight per cent of the freight busi- 
 ness of the Michigan Central Railroad and over 
 forty-two per cent of the freight business of the 
 Michigan Southern X: .Northern Indiana Railroatl. 
 
 From the time the road became a jirivate corjio- 
 ration, passenger traffic from the east was sjiecialiy 
 sought for, and in (jrder to obtain it, the comjiany, 
 in 1S47, beg.iii building a boat to run between De- 
 troit .and lUiffalo. Their lirst boat, the Mayllower, 
 built at Detroit, was completed on May 28, 1849, 
 an<l from that date formed, with the .Vtlantic, 
 a nguLar Michig.an Central Railroad line between 
 r.ulfalo, Clevelaiul, .and Detroit. The M.aytlower 
 w.as the liiust boat that h.ad thus far .appeared on 
 the Lakes. She h.ad eighty-live state-rooms and 
 could carry three lunulred cabin .and from tliree to 
 live hundred steer.age passengers. In the seascjii of 
 1850 and 1851, the line to liuffalo consisted of the 
 
 
 
 Old Depot Hi ildings ni- xiii; Micmiuan CiiSTKAi, Railroad on Third StrEht. 
 
 also a right of way on the Illinois Central. Thus 
 Michigan City w.as reached on October 29, 1850, 
 and eventually Chicago. This was accomplished 
 only after bitter strife and the most persistent strat- 
 egy. The Southern Railroad Company issued in- 
 junctions, removed the track, and in other ways 
 sought to prevent their rival from reaching the goal, 
 but all in vain. On May 21, 1852, one d.ay in .ad- 
 vance of the Southern, the Central was completed 
 to Chicago, and the smoke and whistle of their 
 locomotive announced the end of t'-"' battle. 
 
 Between June, 1852, and 1853,11-. local train 
 
 to Kalamazoo was put on. In 1854 diree through 
 trains were run. The next ye.ar four were running, 
 and in 1855 the Jackson accommodation train was 
 provided. On November 1, 1857, an agreement 
 was made for one year with the Michigan Southern 
 & Northern Indiana Railroad Company to make an 
 equal division of all through passenger business, and 
 
 Mayflower, the Atlantic, and the Ocean ; and in the 
 same years the steambo.ats Southerner .and B.altimore 
 ran to Clevel.and. 
 
 The Mayllower stranded on December 16. 1851, 
 near I-",rie, but no lives were lost. She was recov- 
 ered in the spring of 1852, .and ag.ain took her place 
 in the line. In the same year the Forest City and 
 the M.ay Oueen were running to Clevel.and. 
 
 On August 20, 1852, the propeller Ogdensburgh 
 collided with the Atlantic on Lake F2rie, off Long 
 Point, and one hundred and thirty-one lives were 
 lost. The Buckeye State took the place of the .'Vt- 
 lantic, and in 1853 ran in connection with the Ocean 
 and the Mayflower. In 1854 and 1855 the Michigan 
 Central Railroad line was made up of the Buckeye 
 State, the Plymouth Rock, and the Western World ; 
 the two boats last named went into service on July 
 7 and 10, 1854, and were much the largest and 
 finest ever placed on the Lakes. They were nearly 
 
900 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 alike ill size, i)uil(l, ami t'mi^^Ii. 'I'lu' I'lyiinnith l\ii<k 
 was three Iniiuiivd aiul sixty-three feet icn,^-. Tlie 
 Mississippi, ;in i'i|iially tine ixiat, was julded in iiSj;, 
 and witli the I'lyininith Knek fiiniu'd the line f(ir 
 tiiat year. .After tiie eoinpktidii of the (Ireat West- 
 ern Railroad tliroiixii Canada, their oeeupation was 
 ne.ariy i;one. They were laid up in tlie fall of 1.S57, 
 and year after year remained at the Ciniral Wharf, 
 affortlin,i;a very praeti< al illustration of the prophecy 
 of The Cia/ette in 1829. 
 
 In 1S63 the Western World and the Plymouth 
 Rock were sold for $200,000 each to C'.iplJiin (ieop^e 
 S.aiuls of llulfalo, 'I'heir eni^ines were taken out 
 and placed in bo.ats to i)e used on the co.ist <if Chin.a. 
 Their hulls and also that of the .Mississippi after- 
 ward.s served as dry 
 docks at Il.ay City, 
 I'ort Huron, and 
 Cleveland or lluf- 
 falo. 
 
 About 1S50, sc- 
 riotis troubles over- 
 took the road. 
 Many cattle had 
 been killeil along 
 the line, and it was 
 claimed that the 
 company did not ex- 
 ercise suflliHent care 
 and did not pay in 
 full for the losses. 
 The persons a.tj- 
 grieved became in- 
 creasingly angry, 
 and tuially, on No- 
 vember 19, 1850, the 
 freight dejiot at De- 
 troit was burned, 
 causing a loss of 
 about Si 50,000. 
 
 The fire was evidently set by an incendiary, and so 
 alarmed the corporation that active measures were 
 taken to discover and arrest the instigators. 'I'hese 
 efforts were successful, and on April 19, 1851, thirty- 
 three persons, arrested as railroad conspirators, 
 arrived at Detroit. Their trial began on May 28, 
 and lasted almost continuously for four months. 
 Hon. W. H. Seward was present as coiuisel for the 
 prisoners, some of whom were wealthy farmers. 
 On September 25 a verdict of guilty was rendered 
 figainst twelve of them, and on the following day 
 they received sentences of from live to ten years 
 each. During the trial one of the prisf)ners died in 
 jail. The jury was comjiosed of R. C. Smith, I^evi 
 Cook, Amos Chaffee, John Roberts, Ikickminster 
 Wight, Horace Hallock, A. C. McCiraw, Alexander 
 McFarlane, Ichabod Goodrich, Stephen Fowler, 
 
 R.alpli I'helps, .and Silas ,\. liagg. The ending of the 
 ti'i.il did not put ;in end to the troubles of ihr road. 
 On January 23, 1852. thecar manuf.icturing sliops at 
 Detroit were burned, and two years l.itir to ;i d.iy, on 
 J.anu.iry 22, 1 854, the p.assenger olViccs wcredcstroyi'd 
 by lire. On .\pril 2, 1862, the engine-house ;ind 
 nine locomotives were burned. ( )n October 18, 
 1803, tin- freight depot w,is burned, in\'ol\ing ;i lo-;'; 
 of about oni: and ;i li.alf million doll.irs, and .a year 
 Later, on ( )ctobcr 29, the old wheat ele\ator was 
 destroyed by lire, with ;i loss of §50,000. The Last 
 1,11'ge lire on the comp.anv's i)ro|)erty ,at Detroit was 
 on Nowinber 15, 1872, when the wood-working 
 (Kpartmi-nt was burneil, with .a loss of about 
 S 1 00,000. 
 
 S lei' ping cars 
 were introduced in 
 August, 1858, the 
 comjiany supplying 
 its own cars. On 
 June 20, 1866, the 
 Pullman sleepers 
 began to run, and 
 in November, 1875, 
 they were displaced 
 by the cars of the 
 Wagner Company. 
 From about the 
 time the road was 
 completed to its 
 western terminus, 
 trains were run by 
 Chicago time, but 
 on June 11, 1883, 
 this ])r.actice was 
 changi'd, and trains 
 began numing by 
 Deti'oit time, chang- 
 ing to the new stan- 
 d.ard time in 1884. 
 The policy of helping to build branch ro.ads to 
 serve as feeders was inaugurated in 1868, .and was 
 productive of great benefit to the State. The fol- 
 lowing iigures gi\-e interesting jiartieulars as to the 
 growth of the business of the road : Number of pas- 
 sengers carried in 1850, 152,172; i860, 324,422; 
 1870, 865,582; 1880, 1,699,810. Net earnings in 
 1850,8566,264; i860, §1,141,941 ; 1870, $1,693,373; 
 1880, $1,595,404. 
 
 In 1880 the company furnished employment to 
 1,294 persons at Detroit and the Junction, and the 
 monthly pay-roll amounteil to S^^o.595' 1 'le total 
 disbursements at Detroit the same year amounted 
 to about $700,000. 
 
 The following railroads now use the depot of this 
 road : Detroit & Bay City; Detroit, Pausing & Lake 
 Michigan; Canada Southern; and Flint & Pere 
 
 New lIlLllU.AN Cli.NIKAl. DlilMlT. 
 
RAILROADS. 
 
 901 
 
 'Vhv (.'luliii;^' of llic 
 ()ul)lfs of llir mad. 
 iifr.cUirinv;' slinns al 
 irs laliTto a day, (in 
 Thi's wiTi'dcslniycd 
 
 (■ii;^iin"-liiiiisc and 
 
 ( )n Ocldhir 18, 
 
 icd, iiiviilvini.;- a lo^^^ 
 
 dollars, and a yi'ar 
 
 vhcal ulcvalur was 
 
 §50,000. Till' Last 
 
 uTly :il Di'troil was 
 
 ilic wood-woikiniii 
 
 a loss of about 
 
 S If r p i n i;- rars 
 wen- introduced in 
 Au.^usl, 185.S, the 
 conipany supplyin!.j 
 its own cars. On 
 June 20. \^()f->. the 
 I'ulliu.an sleepers 
 be.nan to run, and 
 ill November, 1875, 
 they were displaced 
 by the cars of the 
 Wai^ner Company. 
 From about the 
 time the road was 
 completed to its 
 western terminus, 
 rains were run by 
 Chicas^o time, but 
 m June II, 1883, 
 this practice was 
 h.-uiired, and trains 
 )e,i;an runninij; by 
 Detroit tinie,cliang- 
 \v^ to the new stan- 
 ard time iu 1884. 
 1 branch roads to 
 1 in 1 868, ruid was 
 le Sl;ite, The fol- 
 |),irticulars as to the 
 : X umber of pas- 
 72 ; 1860, 324,422; 
 Net earnin!L,rs in 
 ; 1870, $1,693,373; 
 
 led eniiiloynicnt to 
 e Juncti(jn, and the 
 560,595. The total 
 me year amounted 
 
 se the depot of this 
 )it, L.insins & T^ake 
 and Flint & Pere 
 
 M.iniuettc. The cunstructiuii of the new passenger 
 depot was bccfun in 1S83. It cost $250,000. It ha-- 
 a frontage of one hundred eighty-two and a hall 
 feet on Third Street, by two hundred and eighty- 
 two (ju Wuodbrid;,^ Street. 'i"he lower is one 
 hundred and fifty-sevon feet hijjh. 
 
 The chief oflieers of the eomp.iny h.ive been: 
 Presidents, 1847-1856, J. M. Forbes; 1856-1867, 
 J. \V. Brooks; 1S67 1877, J.-unes F.Joy; 1877, .S. 
 Sloan; 1878-1S83, \V. 11. Wmdcrhilt ; '1S83- 
 H. B. Ledyard. SupcrinlendeiUs, i,S47 to June, 
 ''^53- J- ^\'- Brooks; June, 1853, to i,S54, Fdwin 
 Noyes. 1S54 10 June. 1 868, R.N. Rice; 1868-1875. 
 II. I",. S;irgcant ; 1875, \V. B. Stroni;; 1876 to July, 
 1S77, II. B. Ledyard; 1877-1883. vac.int ; 1883- 
 , F. C. J>rown. Treasurers, 1S42-1854, (',. 11. 
 Upton; 1S54-1876, Is.-iac Livermore ; 1876-1877, 
 C. F. Livermore; 1877. 15. Dunninv,^ 1878-1883, 
 C. Vanderbilt ; 1883- , 1 Iciiry I'nilt. AudiiniN. 
 1855, II. Teel.soii; 1856, i;. Wiil.ird Smith ; 1857- 
 1859, Horace Turner; 1859-1S75, John Newell; 
 1875- , D. A. W.iii'rman. Treasurers and 
 cashiers. 1854 to December, 1875, (ieorge W. Gil- 
 bert; 1875 to August, 1877. C, F. LiveniKire; 1877 
 . John F. (irilliihs. I'Yoni Jiuie 1, 1875, Allan 
 Bourn h;is been ])urcliasing ;i;.;eiU. I'rinr to that 
 date no such olliee e.'dsted. 
 
 Chicago i?-~» C(iii(u/n Soiillhrn Riu'lrrnxd. 
 
 This, the fourth railro.id opened to the ICast, w.'is 
 completed between Detroit and Toledo on Novem- 
 ber 13. 1S73. and runs on almost an air line to 
 Buffalo. 
 
 During the (Treat nailroad strike of July. 1877, it 
 happened to be the only road ne.ar Detroit whose 
 trains were interfered with. Fears were enlert;iiiii:d 
 that the .strike would prev.ail at Detroit, but the 
 trouble soon ceased. 
 
 One of the fastest trijis ever made in the country 
 was that m.ade o\-er this line by the speci.il tniin 
 which brought Bishop Borgess to Detroit on his 
 return from Europe, September 13, 1877; the 
 distance from St. Thomas to Detroit, one hundred 
 and eleven miles, was made in one hundred anti nine 
 minutes ; even this was surpassed by the time made 
 on May 3, 1880, when W. II. Vanderbilt, the presi- 
 dent of the road, and others, made a trip of two 
 hundred and twelve miles in two hundred and two 
 minutes. 
 
 Origin.'illy using but one ferry, such was the 
 increase of its business that in February, 1880, the 
 road began to use two ferries to transfer its cars at 
 Orosse Isle. On the completion of the ICsscx cut- 
 off in December, 1882, they were discontinued at 
 that pl.ace, and Detroit became the place of trans- 
 fer. In 18S2 about one hundred of the company's 
 
 employees wi'rc p.iid at Detroit, and the average 
 monthly iiay-roll .amoimicd to §5,000. 
 
 The chief ollicers ,ii Detroit have been: freight 
 .agents, T. II. Malone, Novrmber, 1873,10 Janii- 
 ;iry, 1874; I). F. B.irry, Sepien,,)cr, 1874, to Sep- 
 tcmber, 1875; A. I). Smith, September. 1875, to 
 September, 1881 ; 1', Hill, September. 188;, to [•'eb- 
 niaryi, 1882; I). F. B.u-ry, l^'ebnuiry 1, 1882,10 
 January i, 1883; \V. L. Benham, J.inuary 1, 1883, 
 t" • <-"ity ticket agents, A. .Vllee, February, 
 
 1875, to October. 1S75 ; !■". S. T.iylor. November, 
 1875, to October, 1877; M. C. Ro.ich, November, 
 1877, to July, 1878; C. A. Warren, August, 1878. 
 to . Mr. W.arren is in fact also ticket .-igeiit of 
 
 the ,Micliig;in Central K.iilroad and the Lake Shore 
 (S: Michigan .Southern Railroad. 
 
 In the fall of 18S2 the road was leased to the 
 Michigan Central R.iilroad, and in J.anuary, 1883, 
 its oHices were removed from St. Thomas to 
 Detroit, 
 
 Detroit C-^ Bay City Railroad, 
 
 This road extends from Detroit to Bay City. It 
 was oiiened to O.xford on .October 31, to Lapeer 
 November 30, and to Otter Lake December 31, 1872. 
 On March 31, 1873, it was completed to V'.assar, 
 and on July 31, 1S73, it reached Bay City. 
 
 At Detroit it uses the depot of the Michigan 
 Central Railro.ad, and since 1876 it has been for 
 most of the time man.iged as a branch of the Michi- 
 g.in Centr.il Railroael. In 1880 si.xty of the em- 
 ployees were paid here ; the yearly pay-roll averaged 
 $13,500. On February 12, 1881. it was sold to the 
 holders of a mortgage for $3,625,750. 
 
 T/ir T.aki' SJiorr <^-^ }rirlii<^(iii Southrrii Railroad. 
 
 The L.ake Shore iK: Michigan Southern Railroad 
 and its bivmches, so far as Micliig.in is concerned, 
 li.id its origin in the F-rie & Kalamazoo Railroad, 
 which w;is chartered on April 22, 1833. It was 
 designed to build th.it road from Port Lawrence, now 
 Toledo, to the headwaters of the Kalamazoo River. 
 The line as far as Adrian, ;i distance of thirty-three 
 miles, was completi'd and went into operation on 
 October I, 1836, and w.is the first line opened in 
 Michigan. The cars were dr.awn by horses up to 
 J.inuary 20, 1837, on which d.ate the first locomo- 
 tive that ran over a Michigan road arrived at 
 Toledo. The accompanying picture of the second 
 passenger or " pleasure car " is vouched for by C. 
 P. Leland .and others. It held twenty-four per- 
 sons, eight in each compartment. On August 9, 
 1849, a perpetu.'il lease of the road was made to 
 the Michig.-m Southern Railroad ; this company 
 h.ad its origin in an Act of March 20, 1837, 
 which made provision for the survey by the Com- 
 
goi 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 missioiuTs of IiUiTiial Iiiiprovi'iiU'iits of ,i railroad 
 tliroiij^rli tlii; soutlicru rotiulics of tlio State, from 
 Mohhk: to Xcw lUiffalo. A siil)si'<HKMit Aft of 
 Marcli 22, 1.S5S, aiitliori/.cd a clianm; in tlic route, 
 makinij tlic ro.iil jiass throin^h Nilcs. 'I'liu survey 
 \v;is made by Joseph .S. Duitoii, ;iud llie first j^rounil 
 w.is broken at Monroe on May 14, 1838. I'p to 
 November 30, 1847, tliere liad l)een paid out by the 
 State on account of the road the sum of S(;4S,234, 
 Tlie road was opened from Monroe to I'elersbur;;!! 
 in 1839; to Ach'ian on Novenil)er 23, 1840; ;uul 
 to Hillsdale on September 25, 1843, The same 
 causes that led to the s.ile of tiie Central Railroad 
 brought about the Act of May 9, 1846, which pro- 
 vided for the s;ile of this road and the incorpora- 
 tion of the railroad comp.iny. On December 23, 
 1846, it was delivered to the persons who had or 
 yanized for its 
 purchase ; they 
 paid §500,000. 
 The rollinij; 
 stock and plant, 
 other th.'in 
 the road-bed, 
 was estimated 
 ;it $41,359.28. 
 The western 
 terminus of the 
 road was to be 
 at a pcjint on 
 Lake Michijj^an. 
 Almost as 
 soon as the sale 
 of the Central 
 a n d Southern 
 roads was con- 
 s u m m a ted, a 
 bitter and lou^;- 
 
 continued ri\alry bcyan between the two cor- 
 porati(3ns, each striving; in various ways to hinder 
 and defeat the other. The company ownini^ the 
 Central Railroad were fortunate in beins^ able to 
 push their road faster ihrui their competitors of the 
 Southern Road. In order to prevent the Central 
 Railroad from first reachinjr the i^oal, the Southern 
 Railroad, in March, 1850, applied to the Lej,dslature 
 for permission to chanji^e the route of their road as 
 defined in the charter, for one throut;h some of the 
 northern counties of Indiana, the design being to 
 prevent the Central and other roads from passing 
 around the head of Lake Michigan to Chicago, and 
 connecting with the roads leading west. This plan 
 did not meet the approval of the citizens of Detroit, 
 and, on \Larch 21, 1850, a monster meeting, pro- 
 moted by the Michigan Central Railroad, was held 
 at the City Hall to protest against the proposed 
 change, and the plan was defeated. Meantime both 
 
 KlUST l.dCUMiillV 
 
 Original style of 
 
 roads were pushing westward, run! in Scptiniber, 
 1S50, the Soiillurn Road reached Jonesville, in De- 
 cember following Coldwater, in March, 1851, Stur- 
 gis, and in July, White I'igeon ; on (Jctober 4, 1851, 
 it w;is completed to South I>end, ;ind on Jaiiu.'iry 9, 
 1852, to Lal'orte; it reached Ainsw(jrth, or South 
 Chicago, in February. 1852, over the line of the 
 Northern Indiana Railroad. On May 22, 1852, it 
 was completed from Toledo to Chicago, just one day 
 after the Centr.il R.iilroad h;i<l reached that city. 
 On Febru.ary 13, 1855, it was .-uiihorized to con- 
 solidate with the Norihern Indiana K.ailroad, imder 
 the title of Michig.ui Southern t^: Northern Indi.ana 
 Railroad. 
 
 The link which connects Detroit with Toledo was 
 built almost as soon as iirojecled. .\ nu't'ting was 
 held at the Michigan Exchange on February 23, 
 
 1855, to con- 
 sider the pro- 
 priety of organ- 
 izing a com- 
 pany to build 
 the road. H. 
 F. 11. Withci-ell 
 w;is ehairm;in, 
 and Will. A. 
 lUitliT, secre- 
 tary. A cor|)o- 
 r.'ition was 
 formeil under 
 the Cieneral 
 Railroad Law, 
 and ten months 
 from th.it time, 
 on Christmas 
 Day, the road 
 was in opcra- 
 ticju to Monroe, 
 and in July following it was completed to Toledo. 
 J. S. Dickinson was conductor of the first p.assenger 
 train which arrived at Detroit. 
 
 On July I, 1856, a perpetual lease of the line was 
 made to the Michigan Southern & Nor' l.ern Indiana 
 Railroad, on condition that they pay inierest on the 
 bonds and eight per cent on the stock. 
 
 The road between Toledo, Cleveland, and liuffalo 
 w;is completed on April 24, 1855, and was the sec- 
 ond railroad r<jute opened to the Fast. 
 
 (Jn April 26, 1866, the depot, with that of the 
 Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, was destroyed by 
 fire. The two companies have always useil the 
 same depot. In 1880 the pay-roll of the com[)any 
 at Detroit included the names of eighty employees, 
 and their salaries amounted to S3.700 per month. 
 The local agents at Detioit have been: 185/- 
 1S57, John Wilkinson and R. K. Ricker; 1857-1859, 
 J. S. Dickinson ; 1859-1864, L. 1'. Knight; 1864, J. 
 
 ]•; IN riiK Wi-sT. 
 I'obscnger Cars. 
 
RAII.1^).\I)S. 
 
 903 
 
 riiiil in Sfptcm1)er, 
 I'd Jdiicsvilic, in i)o- 
 I M.inii, 1.S51, Stur- 
 
 011 OcIoIkt 4, 1S51, 
 :1, and on January 9, 
 Ainswortii, or South 
 ver the line of the 
 )n May 22. 1852, it 
 'iiicaijo, just one day 
 1 rcacluMJ tiiat city. 
 ; authorized to con- 
 iana Kaiiroad, under 
 & Nortiiern Indiana 
 
 roil with 'i'olcdo was 
 I'd, A nu't'tinij^ was 
 
 j^e on l'"i:l)ruary 23, 
 1855, to con- 
 sider tlie pro- 
 priety of orijan- 
 i/.inn' a com- 
 pany to l)uild 
 the road. 15. 
 F. H.Witiierell 
 was ciiairnian, 
 and \Vm. A. 
 Ikitler, secre- 
 tary. A corpo- 
 ration was 
 formed under 
 tile ('. eneral 
 Railroad Law, 
 and ten months 
 from that time, 
 on Ciiristmas 
 Dav, the road 
 was in opera- 
 tion to ^h)nroe, 
 ompleted to Toledo, 
 f the first passenjjer 
 
 ease of the line was 
 & Nor'l.ern Indiana 
 pay iiuerest on the 
 e stock. 
 
 leveland, and lUiffalo 
 55, and was the sec- 
 le ICast. 
 
 with that of the 
 1, was destroyed by 
 ■e always used the 
 •roll of the c(3nipany 
 f eiisdity employees, 
 ) $3,700 per month, 
 have been: 185^- 
 . Kicker; 1 857-1 859, 
 P. Knight; 1864, J. 
 
 C. Morse; 1865, R. ii. Hill; ii\(,G, A. II. Karll. 
 Heginning with 1867, the business was divided be- 
 tween the passcn,v;er and the frcivjht agents. The 
 following persons ha\t: I'llled tluse oltici's : I'Yiight 
 agents, 1867-1870, I'. 1. Wright; 1870-1873, 1). 
 Mdw.irds ; 1873-1874, John ("laincs; 1875- , S. 
 S. ll.md. I'a.ssenger agents, i8C)7~i872, James M. 
 Urown; 1872-1875, II. T. Miller; i875-i87r^, W. 
 W. Langdon; 1877- 1878, J.nnes Khines; 1S79 
 C. A. Warren. The oliicc of division superintend- 
 ent at Detroit has existed since 1875. The follow- 
 ing persons have served : 1S75-18S1, I'. S. Hloilgett ; 
 1881- , T. J. Charlesworth. 
 
 Detroit, Ililhdtilr, c- Soitlhuuatcni RailroiiiL 
 
 Early in 1869 a new era of railroad building w;is 
 inaugurated in Michigan, and one of the first pro- 
 jects in which it was sinight to interest Detroit was 
 the Detroit, Hillsdale, X: Indiana Railroad. On 
 January 29, 1869, a [nihlie meeting of citi/.ens voted 
 to raise $100,000 to aid in building the road. .Soon 
 after, other projected railro.nds began to seek for aid, 
 and on May 10, a citizens' meeting recommended that 
 the city aid the Detroit, Howell. & Lansing, Detroit 
 & Bay City, and Detroit, Adrian, & St. Louis Kail- 
 roads to the extent of $250,000 each, and the De- 
 troit, Ann Arbor, & Jonesville Railroad to the 
 amount of $200,000. The question was l.Tought 
 before the council, and this body provided for a 
 vote to be taken on July 12, 1869, as to the issuing 
 of $200,000 bonds to the Detroit, Hillsdale, & Indi- 
 ana Railroad, and $300,000 each to the Xorllurn 
 Michigan, Detroit, &; Howell, and Detroit, Adrian, 
 & St. Louis Railroads. 
 
 Those interested in the several projects pooled 
 their interests and efforts in favor of the plan, but 
 the aid asked for was refused by a large majority 
 vote. The Detroit, Hillsdale, & Indiana Road, 
 under the auspices of the Michigan Central Kaiiroad, 
 was then pushed forward to comiiletion, and was 
 operated by that company until September 20, 1881, 
 when it passed under the control of the Lake Shore 
 & Michigan Southern Railroad. It extends from 
 Ypsilanti to Banker's Station on the ]''ort Wayne, 
 Jackson, «S: Saginaw Railroad, using the track of 
 the Michigan Central Railroad from Detroit to Ypsi- 
 lanti. The road was opened from ^'psilanli to Saline 
 in July, 1871, and to Indianapolis on July 25, 1872, 
 on which date the Pjoard of Trade and the City 
 Council of Detroit paid a visit to that city. 
 
 The Great Westerv Railroad. 
 
 The Great Western Railroad, the first opened to 
 the East, is located in Canada, and the Detroit River 
 intervenes between it and the city, but ferry com- 
 munication has always been maintained by the rail- 
 road boats. 
 
 This road was ch.irtered in 1S34, with a capital of 
 $5cx),ixxD, to build ;i road from Ilamiitnn to tlu' Di-- 
 troit River. In 1837 the charter was .amcndrd in 
 sever.il p.irtiiulars. but the comp.any f;iilcd to build 
 the ro.'id, and the charti'r 'xpircd in 1831;. On 
 -March 29, 1845, the ch.irter v,-;is revived, with power 
 to extend the roa<l from Hamilton to Ni.igara. 
 While these efforts were being madi, ;ui opposition 
 road, named the Detroit & Niagara Rivers R.-iilroad, 
 which had been ch.'irtered about 1836, beg.in to 
 show signs of life, and a survey was made which 
 showed that on an air line of one hundred and thirty- 
 six miles, between Detroit and N'iagani. no cut or 
 embankment would re(|uire to be over tm feet in 
 depth. The following notice of a meeting luld in 
 Detroit on September 29, 1845, concerns these rival 
 [irojects : 
 
 I'lic iiui'liii).; cif mil' citi/i'iis cm llu; subject of tlir Canada Kail- 
 roail was will atlciulril. llim. ;\. S. I'drlrr vvai cli.ilrnian, and 
 jaiiii's F. Jijy si'critary. W. Ilainiltiin Mcrritt I'Nplaiiucl fully 
 till' dilfiTciit railrnail routes /irnjcilcd tlirou^ii the t'pper I'ro- 
 viuce, I'lnd cxpnssid liiinself si orii;ly in favor of tlie diriM t route 
 from Windsor to llerlliic, as providid in the cliartcr "f tlie De- 
 troit and Niagara Ui\irs Kaiiroad Company, (icni'ral Cass 
 ol'fciL'd a ri-'s<ilution, wliicli was unanimously ailopii-d, fur the 
 appointment of a committet' of two, to proceed !o Hamillon to 
 confer with the Directors of the (Ireat Western Road, .-uid if 
 possildo tocflert a union of the two routes. 
 
 K. A. Brush interested himself in the Detroit & 
 Niagara Rivers Railroad, as its route was the most 
 direct, and it could be built with the least expense; 
 but that company could not secure the right to ex- 
 tend their line to Buffalo, consequently the Oreat 
 Western won the race, and in 1846 began to build 
 their line. 
 
 The same year H. N. Walker, at the request of 
 J. W. Brooks of the Michigan Central Railroad, 
 wrote a series of articles for Detroit papers favoring 
 the Great Western Railroad ; but at this time the 
 Buffalo capitalists could not be interested. Mean- 
 while the charter of the Detroit & Niagara Rivers 
 Railroad was about to expire, and an effort was 
 made to have it renewed, but it was lost by one vote. 
 
 In the interest of the Great Western Railrf)ad, 
 Messrs. E. Farnsworth, J. F. Joy, and II. N. Walker 
 visited Toronto and Niagara, and on an examination 
 of the charter of the road it was found that it made 
 no provision for crossing the Desj.ardins Canal ; an 
 amendment was then procured which provided for 
 filling up the old channel of the canal and making a 
 new cut. In order to plan for and further the building 
 of the road, a meeting of representatives of the 
 Michigan Central Railroad, the New York Central 
 Railroad, and the friends of the two roads in Canada 
 and the West, was held at Niagara Falls, and as 
 one of the results a meeting was held at Detroit on 
 June 23, 1 85 1, and a committee appointed to solicit 
 subscriptions to the stock. H. N. Walker obtained 
 
np'.ps9s»s 
 
 saaBBwarHKM 
 
 904 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 subsiTiptions to tlu; amount of Si.So.ooo. 'I'hc 
 Michiiiiaii CciUnil Railroail llian advaiuH'd Si2o,ouj 
 to make up llic S30o.o<JO rccjuircd to comijlcii' tlic 
 road, ami it wcut forward. Instead of tlic ordi- 
 nary American i;'auj(e of four feet ei}j;iu inches, it 
 was built with ;i S'^^.K^ "f ''^'^ ^^^^ ^^^ inciies, an 
 Order in Council requiriniL^ all Canada roads to have 
 that };auj.,a;, with the desi.v;n of preventing;- the use of 
 the road and cars in case of war. The road was 
 completed from the Falls to I lamilton on November 
 10, 1853, and to London on December 31, iiS53. 
 
 On January 17, 1S5.1., the lonj^-exjiected dayarrivi'd; 
 the roatl was completed to Windsor, and for the 
 first time railroad communication wa:; opcneil with 
 New York and the Mast. It was madi' the occasion 
 of one of the v;i'cali'st dcmonstralions that ewr 
 occurred in Detroit. In the afternoon the stores 
 and business places of every kind were closed, and 
 the river front was lined with i)i'ople who slathered 
 to .see the incomimj train and to welcome the \'isi-- 
 tors from the nei'.;hboring province when the fciry 
 should briiiv; lliem over. At the foot of Woodward 
 Avenue the ihroniij was beyond all precedent. The 
 train was to arrive at two o'clock, but it was nearly 
 live o'clock before the whistle and the smoke of the 
 locomotive iu;;ive notice of its api)roach. On reach- 
 ing Windsor a saliUe w.is lired, the ferry soon 
 brou]L;ht the company to Detroit, .and a ])rocession 
 moved from the Campus Martins to tlu; depot in the 
 followiniL;' order: Chief Mai'sli.il .and .\ids, Milil.iry 
 Escort com[i()sed of the Nalion.il Dr.ii^oon ( ai.irds 
 and the Scott Ouards ; Fire Department, Citizens, 
 Corporation Oflicers, Invitetl Ouests, Directors, 
 Eni;ineers and .Supcrinti'udent of Oreat Western 
 Railroad, Clerv^y of Detroit, I'residciU, \ n'c-l'resi- 
 dent, .and Chief Directors of the (ireat Western 
 Railroad with the ALayor of Detroit. Dinner w.is 
 provided in the lonj;' frcii^ht-house at the de|iot for 
 1,700 persons. 'I'hose who lonvf for the old timi;s 
 ami think th.it in late years there is occasional 
 muni( ii).il extr,iv.n;;mce will do wi'll to rcnu'inber 
 that for the reception and dinner on this occasion 
 the city p.aid $4,329.90, the bills beinj,^ .audited on 
 Febru.iry 21, 1854. The event w.as undoubtedly .an 
 important one, but probably on no occasion would 
 aklermen and city otlicers now think of siJcndiny; 
 anything like the amoimt then so needlessly S(|iian- 
 dered. 
 
 On the completion of the r.ailroad, ,a new ferry- 
 boat, the Tr.ansit, owned by the comp.any, com- 
 menced to carry freight and ]).assengers. 1 ler 
 tri.al trip was m.ade T'ebruary 27, 1854. On August 
 7. 1857, the r.ailro.ad ferry-boat known .as the Union 
 ni.ade her tlrst trip, and soon after commenced to 
 run regularly. 
 
 On J.anu.ary i, iHCty. the laying of a third r.aii 
 gave the r.ailroad a gauge uniform wuh th.at of the 
 
 Michigan Centr.al i>l.iilro.ad, .and a new ferry, built 
 for the i)urpose, beg.aii to tr,ins])ort freight-cars; on 
 Jime I of the same year i),issenger-cars weic .also 
 tr.ansporietl, and now p.assengers t.ake scats in ,1 
 co.ach .at the liriish .Street Depot .and need not 
 ch.mge tmtil New Wn'k is reached. 
 
 The most serious .accidi'ut th.at ever happened on 
 this ro.ul ociairred on ALarch i} 1857, when ,a Ir.ain 
 broke through the bridge over the Dcsj.ardins 
 C.an.il. near Il.amilton. Over eighty lives were lost, 
 and tr.avcl ovi'r the ro.ad w.as stispended for two 
 weeks. 
 
 Most of the business of the comp.any is ni'cessa- 
 rily tr.ins.acted in Windsor, but in i8Soihe comi>.any 
 emjiloved .about thirty men .and paid nearly S;,o,o(x) 
 vi'.arlv for s.il.aries .at Deti-oit. In 18S2 the road w.is 
 consolid.atcd with the ("inind Trunk R.ailro.ad ; on 
 Aitgust 12 the oftices .at Detroit were pul under one 
 m.an.agemeiU. .and sinci' th.il date the mad has been 
 known .as the ( '.re.at Western ilivision of the Cr.and 
 Trunk K;iilr<iad. 
 
 '/'//(• C'///i;ri;(>. /hfro/7. '^--- Caiiadd ihiuu^ TyiDtk 
 fiiiiifion Railroad. 
 
 This road, running between Detroit ,and Port 
 Huron, forms . a part of the (Ir, and Tinnk K.ailw.ay 
 of C.an.ada, extending to rortl.aiul, Me.; it w,is 
 opene(l from D"'rnit to I'ort Iliimn ciii Nnvem- 
 bt'r 21, 18: , ail previously beeit built throiii^h 
 Can.ad.a •'■e New Fngland St.ates, .and w.as 
 
 the third ro,i pened between Detroit and the 
 F.asl. The e ),iny m.ade use of the de|)ot of the 
 Mit'hig.an Cc .1 R.ailro.ad until I'"ebru.iry i, 18S2, 
 when, for tin .ceommod.atiun cif p.issengers, they 
 commeiKa'd using the depot .at the Wuodw.ard 
 Avenue Crossing. On October 9 their freight busi- 
 lU'ss was remo\Td fi-oin the Miehig.an Cenir.al 
 R.ailroad l)e|)ol to the Detroit, ("■nind ll.aven, X: 
 Milw.iiikt'c Depot. The number of men employed 
 .at Detroit .and the Junction in 18.S0 w.is one hundred 
 .and twenty-four, .and the .aver.age monthly [i.ay-roll 
 w.as §'^',''138. 
 
 The .agents .at Detroit li.ive been : Ciener.al .agents: 
 1860 ;ind 18^)1, J. 1). Hayes; I.S62 .and 1863, R. 
 Tubm.an; \f>(^\ .and 1865, J. W.ilsh. i'.assenger 
 •agents: 1 866 18S0, Fdw.ard Reidy ; 1880 and |8,S|, 
 [. A. Moore; J.anuary to July, 18S2, W. S. M.irlin; 
 July, i8,S2, to , John M.ain. I''reight .agents: 
 
 iSr/, .11,(1 I. Sr,7, W. Thorpe; i.Sr.S -1.S73, S. V.. Mar- 
 tin; 1873 1S77, W. C. C;uniil)ell; 1877-1882, T. 
 Alcoek; 1882 . R. \. Reynolds. F. J. Tierce 
 
 h.is served .as ticket .agent from June, 1865. 
 
 'I'lir I'lint i!'-^ Prrr .]fa>'(/iiiifr h'ai'/roai/. 
 
 'I'he i)rineip,al oHices of the I'lint iK: I'ere M.ar- 
 quette Ro.ad .are .at S.igin.aw, but Detroit h.as h.ad a 
 spi'ci.il interest in thi^ road since November 1, 1864. 
 
a new frrry, l)iiilt 
 ort frci;^lil-i'ars; (in 
 iii;tT-c;irs were also 
 •rs take srats in a 
 k'pot antl ni'cd not 
 rd. 
 
 It (.'ver liappcnrd on 
 . I.S57, wlirn a train 
 •IT tlu' Dcsjanlins 
 \;lity lives were lost, 
 suspcndi'd for two 
 
 company is nccfssa- 
 n iSiSo tlu- company 
 
 jiaid nearly $;,o,o(X) 
 n 1SS2 llic road was 
 frunk Railroad; on 
 
 were put undci- one 
 Ic the I'oad has been 
 vision of the Cirand 
 
 uutd (irivii/ 7'riiii/: 
 ■ocul. 
 
 1 Detroit and Port 
 
 •and Trnnk Railway 
 
 ilaiid, Me.; it was 
 
 Huron on Ndveni- 
 
 / Wvw built ihriiu;^]) 
 
 1(1 Stales, and was 
 
 n Detroit and the 
 
 f the depot of the 
 
 ehruary I, iSSi, 
 
 |)assen:^ers, tlicy 
 
 It the Woodward 
 
 (; their frei;;hl busi- 
 
 Miehitjan Central 
 
 ("■rand Haven, ..K: 
 
 of men emplo\('d 
 
 i<So was one lunidrt'd 
 
 ;e monthly pay-roll 
 
 n : deneral ai^^ents: 
 iSd: and 1X63, R. 
 Walsh, rasscni^'cr 
 ; iSSoand l.SSi, 
 .SS2, W. S, Martin; 
 I'r t'i!i;ht agents : 
 1.S-1S7V S. v.. M.u-- 
 ; 1.S77-1S.S2, T, 
 lids. \'.. J. I'icrce 
 une, iS,''i5. 
 
 lie Railrcad. 
 
 [•lint (.V- I'cre Mar- 
 i lelroil has had a 
 November 1, iS()4. 
 
 ■■'» 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 R.\II.R().\D.S. 
 
 905 
 
 The line was then complcied between l''lint and 
 Holly, the track of the Detroit iV Milwaukee Rail- 
 road bein.u; nsi-d between Holly and Detmit. Regular 
 trains arrived and departed from the Detroit .\: Mil- 
 waukee I)e|)nt. ( )n May 30, 1871, the road was 
 rom|ileted from Wayne to Norths-ilk', and on 
 November 6, 1S71, from Northvillc to Holly, li 
 then connected with the Michigan Central R.iilro.id, 
 and after Jime jS, 1S75, its tr.iiiis used the track of 
 the Miehii^an Ccntr.il Railroad to Detroit, arri\in^' 
 and ilepartini; from tlu: Central Depot. 
 
 Ihiroil , /.iiiis/iii;, il--' .\'i'r///,rit Railroiiii. 
 
 This ro.id is composed of the roads ori'^inallv 
 incorporated under the names of Detroit, Howell, 
 
 State treasiiriT, but in thi' meantime the Supreme 
 Court decided that the Railroad Aid Law, under 
 the provisions of which the vole had been taken, 
 was unconstitutional ; conse([iiently the bonds were 
 rclurncd to the city, and in M.iy, 1S77, they were 
 cincelled. Meanwhile the road had been tinished. 
 It w.is completed from Detroit to l-insinv;' in 
 .\ii'..;ii-t, 1.S71, ;ui(l on September 12 was formalK' 
 open^il to Cireeiiville bv an e\cin"sion from Detroit. 
 < )u Deci inber 14, 1876, it was sold for $'io,(.xjo to 
 jiartics who held inorl;;a,i;e bonds ^-iveii ,it the time 
 it was beiu^ built. 
 
 ■Jhe lilNt superintendent w.as A. 11. Reese; he 
 served until 1S75, and was snccecded by |. 11. 
 Mulliki'U. 'i'he numln'r of employees jiaid .at I )etroit 
 
 :^^^',y *---"*i 
 
 ;«T^4^>;:-'-;«r''^:'-*-<-i^>^'i'::,;-;.;,.-Nnr-:;-'---''-^''^-^ iJj .. :*;""; ;>-T-n i^^i'Siiu '.;;'--...--- 
 
 
 ip 
 
 «^T 
 
 Dociii.K K.\ii.K(i,\ii llmiK}!'., 
 Corner of li.iliur and I'illucmli Streets. 
 
 iV f.ansiiiL^ Railroad and [.ansiuL;' i"v Lake Michi'.4,iu 
 R.ailroad. Those inli'restcd in the roads soU!L;ht aid 
 from the city, and under ,a Stale Law. on July 12, 
 1S69, the (luestioii of .aidiu'.;- it and other roads was 
 jiasscd upon, but the citi/.ens voted a!.;ainst any aid 
 from the city. .\ subse(iuent effort and vote in 
 rcirard to this ro.id .alone w;is mor(; successful, .and 
 on January i". ■■''7o, by a vote of 4,i(;i a;.;-.iinst 
 i.ScSj, !|!3oo,oo() w.Ls \-oied in .aid of the road, on 
 condition that the shops be |)ermanently Incited in 
 Detroit. The bonds were to be delivered as the 
 work protjressed, .and the ro.id w.as to ,i;ive a second 
 inortiL^ai^rt! to pay the bonds .as they matured. 1 tn 
 Lcbiai.arv S the council ordered the bonds delivered 
 as soon as the ro.id complied with the conditions. 
 The bunds were made out and deposited with the 
 
 in .SSj was ci;^hty-one, an(.l the |)ay-roII avcr.i;;cd 
 $4,714 per mouth. 
 
 was or'.;;ini/.c(l on .\u!i;ust 20, i.S7(j. ( )n December 
 i<), iSSt.lhc ro.id w,is inspected by the i,Mivernor, 
 .and oil J.iimary 1, i''"'82, tin: lirst revjul.ar throuv;h 
 ti-.ain r.in from NLackin.iw to M.ar(|iietle. The dis- 
 t.ince from I't. .St. I'^n.ace, opposite M.u kinaw, to 
 NLir(|Uettc is one hun(lre(i .and tifty-two miles. 
 
 The n.imcs of ilie i^cner.il olticc'rs of the com- 
 ]i,any and their loc.ilion are as follows: James 
 >h'\lill,ni, president, Detroit ; ilui^^h McMillan, sec- 
 retai'V and tre.isuicr, Detroit; 1), McC'ool, treneral 
 superintendent and chief eni;ineer, ^Larc|U(•tte ; 
 Lr.ank Milli',;.in, {.^encr.al frcii^iil .and p.assenger 
 
9o6 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 agent, Marquette; E. W. Allen, auditor and receiv- 
 ing cashier, Marquette. 
 
 Detroit, Butler, &^ St. Louis Railroad, 
 
 This road extends from Detroit to lUitler, Indi- 
 ana, a distance of one hundred and thirteen miles, 
 and forms part of the Wabash Railroad system. 
 
 Jefferson Avenue Railroad Bridge. 
 
 A bonus of $200,000 was given by citizens of 
 Detroit to aid in its construction : of this amount 
 the Board of Trade gave .$13,000, and many firms 
 and individuals subscribed hundreds and thousands 
 of dollars. The entire amount was pledged prior 
 to June 17, 1880. The survey was commenced on 
 April 12, 1880, the contract let on June 21, and in 
 less than a year, on June 10, 1881, Jay (lould, one of 
 the principal owners of the Wabasii, arrived in 
 Detroit, coming over the Butler Line. On July 6 
 an excursion of subscribers to the borais took place ; 
 and on August 14, 1881, the first through train from 
 St. Louis rolled into Detroit. 
 
 When the road wont into operation the trains 
 came in over the line of the Detroit, drand Haven, 
 
 (ft Milwaukee liailroad, but since March 1 8, i S83, they 
 have made use of the grounds and depot of the 
 Union Depot Company. 
 
 The officers of the road at Detroit are : F. J. Hill, 
 freight agent ; Frank L. Snow, general agent. 
 
 In 1881 the company employed thirty-five men 
 at Detroit, and the pay-njU amounted to about 
 $8,500 yearly. 
 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton, &^ Dayton Railroad. 
 
 Tills road operates eight different lines of rail- 
 roads, leading to Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Dayton, 
 Toledo, and other points West and South. From 
 Detroit to Toledo it uses the lines of both the Mich- 
 igan Central and the Lake Shore Railroads. D. B. 
 Tracy is the general passenger agent, and Joseph 
 Keavy, general 'ticket agent. 
 
 Detroit Union Railroad Station &-> Depot Com- 
 pany. 
 
 This corporation was organized early in 1S81. 
 They purchased a tract of about forty acres on the 
 river, with a frontage of 2,540 feet, extending from 
 Twelfth Street through to the west line of the 
 Stanton Farm near I-^ighteenth Street. 
 
 The company have spent large sums of money 
 in filling in, docking, and laying out their grounds, 
 and in erecting buildings. Tiiey rent space for or 
 build depots, elevators, and other conveniences for 
 railroads wishing to make use of their facilities. 
 The elevator built in 1882 cost $300,000, and will 
 hold 1,300,000 bushels of grain. 
 
 Railroad RridL^es and Gates. 
 
 For the protection of teams and travelers on 
 streets crossed by the railroads at the west side of 
 the city, gates are provided at all the crossings be- 
 tween Woodbridge Street and the Junction ; most 
 of them were erected in 1S83. Bridges are erected 
 across Fort, Lafayette, Twelfth, Howard, Fourteenth, 
 Baker, and Fifteenth Streets. The last named 
 bridge, on account of its peculiar location, is curi- 
 ously constructed, and is, in fact, two bridges in one. 
 The bridges are erected jointly by the city and the 
 railroad companies. On the east side of the city 
 there are gates or bridges at nearly every crossing. 
 
March 1 8, 1883, they 
 and depot of the 
 
 troit are: F.J. Hill, 
 jeneral a,«;ent. 
 ycd thirty-five men 
 mounted to about 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXV. 
 
 )avfon Railroad. 
 
 ferent lines of rail- 
 idianapolis, Dayton, 
 
 and South. From 
 ;s of both the Mich- 
 e Railroads. D. B. 
 
 agent, and Joseph 
 
 ion &> Depot Coiii- 
 
 lized early in 1S81. 
 It forty acres on the 
 feet, extending from 
 le west line of the 
 Street. 
 
 rge sums of mf)ney 
 g out their grounds, 
 ey rent space for or 
 ler conveniences for 
 
 of their facilities. 
 
 $300,000, and will 
 
 lid Gates. 
 
 s and travelers on 
 at the west side of 
 
 ;dl the crossings ba- 
 the Junction ; most 
 ]>ridges are erected 
 loward. Fourteenth, 
 The last named 
 
 iar location, is curi- 
 
 , two bridges in one. 
 
 by the city and the 
 
 ist side of the city 
 
 ■arly every crossing. 
 
 NAXMCATloX OX RI\-I:rs AND LAKES. 
 
 The earliest colonists, gathered in the fort near 
 the river, or in snug farmho'.ises close to the shore, 
 had but little need of roads or rockawavs. 'I'lie 
 ever-present canoe was ready for use and almost 
 at their door. 'I'he gondolas of \'enice are not 
 handier or more constantly in motion than were the 
 picturesque canoes of the Detroit. As harvest 
 moons waxed and waned, and seascjns came and 
 changed, tralTic and travel moorei' Mier boats along 
 the beach. Most pletising of them all was the birch- 
 bark canoe, buoyant and beautiful, and frtciuently 
 decorated with brilliant Indian symbols; often six 
 feet wide and thirty-lixe feet long, their carrying 
 capacity was enormous. Sixty packs of furs, lach 
 pack weighing nearly one hundred pounds, half 
 a ton of provisions for the crew of eight men, and 
 bark and gum for possible repairs, were not uncom- 
 mon loads from Lake Superior, and to (Quebec and 
 Albany as well. In calm weathe. they could be 
 paddled four miles an hour, and at a jiortage four 
 men could lift an unloaded canoe. They were easily 
 broken, and if heavily laden did not venture to 
 approach a rough beach, but baggage and passen- 
 gers were carried ashore on the shoulders of the 
 "''oyai^eiirs. It was by means of such canoes that 
 the expedition of 1820 reached the ui)per lakes, 
 The party consistetl of (iovernor Cass, M. R. School- 
 craft, Alexander Wolcott, -M. D., Captain D. li. 
 Douglass, Lieutenant E. Mackay, J. D. Doty, 
 Major R. A. Forsyth, C. C. 'I'rowbridge, A. R. 
 Chace, ten Canadian 7'oyai^eiirs, seven L'nited States 
 soldiers, ten Indians, an interjireter, and a guide. 
 They left on May 24, 1820, in four birchbark canoes 
 obtained from the Chippewas. On July 4, 1821, in 
 a canoe of the same kind, (iovernor Cass and 11. R. 
 Schoolcraft started for Chicago, going by way of 
 the Detroit, Maumee, Wabash, Mississippi, and Illi- 
 nois Rivers. A favorite trading craft was the Mack- 
 inaw boat or bateau. They were built of red or 
 white oak or pine boards, had flat bottoms, were 
 shaped exactly the same at each end, and were (jiiite 
 high at the sides. 
 
 The pirogue was a long, cajiacious canoe, often 
 made of a single large red cedar-tree ; it was high 
 in front and rear, rmd had high sides. It was used 
 
 chictly for passengers, and commonly carried four, 
 with ;i crew of tlu' same nmnber. 
 
 The ordinary canoes, approiiriately c;illed "dug- 
 outs," were made by burning and chopping out the 
 trunk of a good-sized tree. 
 
 As to vessels, the driffon must be first named. 
 Her toimage is variously stated at from forty-five to 
 sixty tons. She carried five cannon, and was built by 
 La.Salle at the n,outh of the Cayuga Creek near .Nia- 
 gara in the spring of 1679, and launched in the 
 month of May. After several short trial-trips, on 
 August 7. with Chevalier LaSalle, Father Louis Hen- 
 nepin, (labricl de la Ribourde, Zenobe Membre, and 
 others, thirty-two in all, she started on her first re.il 
 voyage, arriving at the mouth of the Detroit River 
 on .August 10. Two days after, on the Festival of 
 St. I.iire, she entered the little lake, which was 
 christened Lake St. Claire in honor of the founder 
 of the Franciscan Nuns. Two centuries later, a 
 gathering at Grosse I'ointe rechristened the lake, 
 with various exercises, including jioems by D. IS. 
 Duflield and Judge J. \' . Campbell, and an address 
 from liela Hubbard. On her return trip, the (irif- 
 fon left Washington Isl;uid in Lake Michigan on 
 September 18. Two days after, a storm arose, and 
 the vessel was seen no more; but portions of the 
 wreck were found among the i.slands at the northern 
 end of the lake. 
 
 After the voyage of the driffon, no sailing vessels 
 are known to have ])assed Detroit for nearly a cen- 
 tury. The first that we hear of, were those engaged 
 in conveying troops, provisions, and furs between 
 Detroit and Niagani. In 1763 and 1764, the schoon- 
 ers Ik-aver, (ilatlwin, and Charlotte went to and fro 
 almost constantly, the time of the trip varying from 
 six to nine days. 
 
 The lirst vessel known to have been built at De- 
 troit was called the Enterprise. She was launched 
 in 1769. In 1771 Mr. F.llice, of Schenectady, and 
 Messrs. Sterling & Price, of Detroit, built a vessel of 
 forty-five tons called the Angelica. Richard \\ right 
 was captain at a salary of ^120 per year. In 1778 
 the r.ritish brig-of-war, (ieneral Cage, arrived, 
 making the trip from lUiffalo in four days. On 
 account of the Revolutionary War, none but gov- 
 
9o8 
 
 NAVic.ATiox OX ri\'i:rs and lakes. 
 
 ernment vessels were then allowed upon the 
 lakes. 
 
 In 1780 the captains and crews of nine vessels 
 were under pay at Detroit, and a larire dock-y.ird 
 was maintained. The names of the vessels were 
 the Oaife, Diinmore, Faith. An.ijelica. Hope. Wel- 
 come, Adventure, Felicity, and Wyandotte. 
 
 On Aui^aist i. 1782, the following;' armed vessels, 
 all in .i^ood order and all built in Detroit, were on 
 duty in Lakes Frie. Huron, and Michi!L,^ni : 
 
 Namrs. 
 
 CM = 
 
 V O ' " 
 
 5=3 
 
 = Carrying 
 
 -= C.ipacily. 
 
 ^ When 
 
 C3 Mill. Hl'ls. Iluilt. 
 
 27 14 154 160 200 1772 
 
 14 106 100 200 1772 
 
 II 81 (So 70 1 77 1 
 
 7 66 60 200 1 77 1 
 
 Hriij Ga.ije 
 
 Sell. Dunmorc 
 
 Sch. i lope 
 
 Sloo|i Ani^elica 
 
 Sloop I'^elicity 6 55 40 50 1774 
 
 Sch. Faith 48 10 61 60 100 1774 
 
 Sloop Wyandotte 7 47 30 30 1779 
 
 Sloop Adventure S 
 Gun Boat 1 1 
 
 u 30 30 1776 
 
 In the sprine; of 1793 four cfovernment vessels 
 were lyinv; in front of the town. Of these the Chip- 
 pewa and the Ottawa were new brigs, of about two 
 hundred tons each and carrying eight guns ; .another 
 was the Dunmorc, an old brig of the same size, with 
 six guns; the fourth was the sloop Felicity, armed 
 with two swivels. All of these were under com- 
 mand of Commodore (irant. '{"here were dso sev- 
 eral sloo|os tuid schooners owned by tnuling lirms. 
 
 Tiiree years later, in 1 796, twelve merchant ves- 
 sels were owned in Detroit; also several brigs, 
 sloops, .and schooners, of from fifty to one hundred 
 tons each. .After the surrender to the United 
 States, the schooner Swan, then owned by James 
 May, was hired to convey the tirst troops to Detroit, 
 and was the first vessel on the lakes to bear the Tnitcd 
 States (lag. Tiie second to carry the tlag w;is 
 probaloly the Detroit ; she was purchased by the 
 Ciovernment of the Northwest Fur Company. 
 
 In 1 797 the United States scliooner Wilkinson, of 
 eighty tons, was built at Detroit under direction of 
 L^ajitain Curry. In iSioshewas sold, overhauled, 
 atid her name changed to Amelia. In 181 2 she w.is 
 purchased by the (lovernment, and formed part of 
 Perry's squ.adron. 
 
 In 1 801 the brig .\d,ims and the schooner Tracey 
 were tiuilt here for tlu' Covernment, and used for 
 the transportation of troops and government stores. 
 In 1803, when a company of soldiers under Colonel 
 J. S. Swearingen went from Detroit to Chicago, for 
 the purpose of erecting and garrisoiu'tig Fort Dear- 
 i)orn, a number of officers went oti tiie Tracey. 
 The troops were tlic first Americans that lived 
 at that place. Chicago was therefore colonized 
 
 from Detroit, and this city can claim the honor 
 having founded that justly famous metropolis. 
 
 In 1812 Commodore ISrevoort was in coiumai 
 of the brig Adams and Gray and the sloop Delro 
 then stationed here. They were refitted and pr 
 pared for .service at the shipyard on the Rouge, no 
 in jiart occupied by Woodmere Cemetery. 
 
 After the war the number of vessels increase 
 but freight and passage were high. In 1815 at 
 1S17 a trip from Buffalo to Detroit cost fifteen di 
 lars and occupied thirteen days. 
 
 The year 1818 marks an important era in the hi 
 tor) of rhe entire Lake Region. The fir.st steambo 
 that sailed Lake Erie arri\'ed that year. She w 
 named the Walk-in-theAVater, after the chief of t! 
 Wyandotte Indians, and was operated by a powt 
 ful engine, built on Fulton's plan. Leaving Buffji 
 on the 23d of August, she reached Detroit onThut 
 day, August 27. 1818. In going from Black Rf) 
 past the ra|)i(ls she was |)ropelled by what wascalli 
 a"horni'd bree/.e." consistingof sixteen yoke of oxe 
 .She .arrived ;it Wing's Wh.arf at foot of Bates .Strc 
 between ten and eleven o'clock A, M.. and fired 
 gun. Himdreds of citizens, embracing almost t' 
 entire |)opulation, collected on the wharves to s 
 her. Concerning the d;ite of her arrival, sever 
 mistakes have been made. The f.ac-simile of tl 
 entry matle at the time by William Woodbiidgi', tl 
 collector of customs at Detroit, effectually setti 
 the question. 
 
 The Delroii Ga,.ctie of .\ugnst 28, 1818, co 
 tained this notice : 
 
 SlKAMIiOAf ARKlVKt) ! 
 
 Vesturday, Ijctween llic liuurs cif ten and eleven A. M., the e 
 gant ste,inil)(>at Walk-in-tlic- Water, Captain J. I'isli. arrived, 
 site passed the public wliarf and tliat owned by Mr. J. S. Ivol 
 slie was clieered l)y liiindreds of tile inhabitants who had eolleet 
 to witness this (in ll;ese waters) trnly novel and grand speetac 
 She came to at Wing's Wharf. She left Ilnffalo at half past o 
 o'eloek on the 2,id and arrived at Dnnkirk at thirty-live niinm 
 past si.v the same day. On the following morning she arrived 
 Krie, Captain Fish having reduced her steam during the night, 
 order not to pass that place, where she took in a supply of w<ii 
 At half past seven i'. M. she left Krie, and came to at I'levela 
 at eleven o'clock on Tuesday ; at twenty minutes past six v. 
 sailed, and arrived off Sandusky I'ay at one o'clock on Wedm 
 day ; lay at ani:hor during the night, and then proceeded 
 Venice for wood ; left Venice at three v. M., and arrived .-it 1 
 mouth of the Detroit River, where she anchored during t 
 night, -the whole time employed in s;dling, in this first voy.n 
 from I'uffalo to this port, being about forty-four hi>urs antl t 
 minutes ; the wind ahead during nearly the whole passage. > 
 the slightest accident h;ippened during 'he voyage, and all 1 
 machinery worked admirably. 
 
 Xothing could exceed the surprise of the sons of the forest 
 seeing the Walk-in-thi'-Water moving majestically and rapic 
 against a strong current, without the assistance of sails or oa 
 'Ilxy lined the banks above Maiden, and expressed their ast( 
 ishment by repeated shouts of " Ta i yah, nichee ! " ' A rep 
 had been circulated among tliem that a " big canoe" would sr 
 
 • An exclamatirvn of surprise. 
 
na\1(;atiu.\ on i<i\i;rs and lakks. 
 
 an claim the honor of 
 mious nictrnpdlis. 
 oort was in cdmniand 
 : and llic slnop Dttrcjii, 
 were relitied and pre- 
 I'ard on thi' l-Nniv^e, now 
 jre Cenutiry. 
 )er of \-essils increased, 
 .■re hi}4h. In icSi 5 and 
 Detroit cost fifteen dni- 
 lys. 
 
 mportant era in llie his- 
 )n. The first steamboat 
 ed that year. She was 
 er, after the chief of the 
 s operated by a power- 
 plan. I.eavinji; Ikiffalo 
 ached Detroit on'Fhur.s- 
 ^oini;- from ISlack Kock 
 elled by what was called 
 ^of .si.xteen yoke of oxen, 
 f at foot of Hates Street 
 lock A. M., and fired a 
 , embracing; almost the 
 on the wharves to .see 
 of her arrival, several 
 The fac-simile of the 
 ^'illiam Woodbridi^re, the 
 troit, effectually settles 
 
 .Vnniist 28, 181 8, con- 
 
 ^RKIVICD ! 
 
 Ill iind eleven A. M., the cle- 
 
 Cnptain J. l''i.sli, iirriveil. As 
 
 lal nwned by Mr. J. S. kuby, 
 
 iiluihitaiits wliii had (i)llecled 
 
 novel ,ind ki"'1'I spectacle. 
 
 left liiiffalo at half past one 
 
 inkirk at thirty-live minutes 
 
 wini; nuirninK slu' arrived at 
 
 r steam dnrin^; the nijjlu, in 
 
 he took in a supply of wood. 
 
 and came to at t'le\iland 
 
 wiiity minntes past six e. m. 
 
 at one o'cloik on W'ednes- 
 
 lil, and then proceeded to 
 
 ree 1'. M,, and arrived at the 
 
 die anchored durinj; the 
 
 1 sailin.i;, in this first voyaKe 
 
 111 forty-four hours and ten 
 
 irly the whole passav'e. Not 
 
 inij 'he voyage, and all her 
 
 01 the sons of the forest on 
 nir majestically and rapidly 
 he assistance of sails or oars, 
 and expressed their aston- 
 i yah, nichee ! " ' A report 
 It a " hii; canoe " would soon 
 
 if surprise. 
 
 909 
 
 come from the " noisy waters," which, 
 hy order of the^reat father of the " Ihe- 
 mo-ke-inoiis," ' would lie drawn through 
 the lakes and rivers hy slnrneoii 1 Of 
 the truth of the report they are now per- 
 fectly satisfied. 
 
 'I'he cabins of this boat are fitted up in 
 a neat, conviiiiciil, and eli-;;ant style ; 
 and the manner in which she is found 
 does honor lo her proprietors and to her 
 commander. A passaRe between this 
 place anil liuffalo is now, not merely 
 toli'ialilc, but truly pleasant. 
 
 'I'o-day she will make a trip to Lake St. 
 Clair with a larjje party of ladies and ijen- 
 tleuien. She will leave this pl.ice for 
 lliilfalo to-morrow, and may be expected 
 to visit lis ai^'ain next week. 
 
 She made the round trip from 
 lUilfalo to Detroit once in two 
 weeks, sometimes brin.i;ini^r a 
 hundred passengers. The fare 
 for cabin passas^e was ci,^hteen 
 dollars. In 1819 she went from 
 Detroit to Mackinaw and Green 
 l!ay and back in thirteen days. 
 On October 31, 1821, she left 
 lUiffalo imdcr command of Cap- 
 tain Rosters, but met with a 
 storm, and was wrecked near 
 that port on the ist of Xovember. 
 
 The second steamer on Lake 
 f'.rie was named tlu' Superior. 
 She took the place of the Walk- 
 in-the-W'ater, ami arrived from 
 Buffalo for the first time on May 
 25, 1822; she brought ninety- 
 four passengers. 
 
 In 1825 there was still but onr 
 steamer on the lake, but the 
 demand for transiJortation in- 
 creased so rapidly, and the busi- 
 ness was so profitable witha', 
 that the very next year six steam- 
 boats, viz., the Superior, William 
 Penn, Xiaoara, William Peacock, 
 Enterprise, and I lenry Clay, were 
 running regularly between liuf- 
 falo and Detroit, and in May, 
 1831, steamboats were making- 
 daily trips. 
 
 Boat -builders now became 
 more numerous ; some were am- 
 bitious for larger vessels, and 
 aeeordingly, on .April 27, 1833, 
 the .steamboat Michigan was 
 launciied. She was built by 
 Oliver Newberry, and, except the 
 
 
 
 §% 
 
 
 .Xrgo, was the 
 
 ' l.ong-knives, or Yankees. 
 
 first Steamer built at Detroit, 
 and was the largest on the 
 lakes. Her deck was one lum- 
 dred and fifty-six feet long; 
 breadth of beam, twenty-nine 
 feet ; extreme width, fifty-three 
 feet ; and depth of hold, eleven 
 feet. The gentlemen's dining- 
 room contained thirty berths 
 abaft the engines, and six state- 
 rooms fiirward with three berths 
 each. 'I'he intermedi.-ite space 
 between the engines formed a 
 part of the dining- cabin, and 
 was richly paneled and gilded. 
 The ladies' cabin on deck con- 
 tained sixteen berths and was 
 elegantly furnished. The ftjr- 
 ward cabin contained forty-four 
 berths. She was propelled by 
 two low-pressure, walking-beam 
 engines, with cylinders of .seven 
 feet three inches stroke, and forty 
 inches in diameter. They were 
 made in Detroit, by the Detroit 
 Iron Company, under the super- 
 intemleiice of Cyrus Battell. She 
 sailed on her first trip October 
 11,1 833, under command of Cap- 
 tain Blake. 
 
 In 1836 the passenger traffic 
 was very brisk. Ninety steam- 
 boats arrived in May, every one 
 loatled with passengers for .Mich- 
 igan and the West. The steamer 
 United States, which arrived on 
 May 23, hroughl over seven hun- 
 dred jK-ople. As tlu' result of so 
 much travel, the steamboat own- 
 ers matle enormous profits, reach- 
 ing for the year seventy to eighty 
 per cent. 
 
 In 1837 thirty-seven steamers 
 were plying on the lakes, seven- 
 teen of which were owned in 
 Detroit. Three stt-amboats ar- 
 rived daily, and the papers were 
 literally burdened with the com- 
 plimentary resolutions adopted 
 by passengers in praise of the 
 several boats and captains. 
 
 On May 17, 1839, the (Ireat 
 Western arrived on her first trip 
 to Detroit, and on September i 
 she was burned at her wharf. 
 
 In 1846 the price of cabin passage from Buffalo 
 to Detroit was si.K dollars. In this period racing 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 
mmmm 
 
 910 
 
 NAVIGATION UN KIVllKS AND l.AKKS. 
 
 bctwcLMi tlu! ho.its was of frccjiR-nt orciirri'iii'c ; and 
 sucli was tlio rivalry l)t'twi'i'ii t.lic captains and own- 
 ers tlial ill their clioi'ls to ol)tain passcni^crs tlic 
 fares were freciuenliy nominal. Notwitiislandini;- 
 these drawba('i<s, steamboats coniinned to be built, 
 and to see a i)oat lamu-hed was one of the standard 
 amusements of the time. Hundreds of ]ieople 
 would leather to see the vessel .tjlide into the water. 
 
 The Mayllower, built for the Miehii^Mu Central 
 Railroad, was launehed on November 16, 1841S, and 
 maile her tlrst. trip, to test the eni^Mne, on Ajiril 10, 
 1S49. She \\;is d;ima,v(eil by lloalin^' iee, and sunk 
 while on her way from ISuffalo to Detroit o!i Decem- 
 ber 1 1, 1S51.' 
 
 Sometimes hi,i;h prices for transporiation temptttl 
 the owners of bo.ats to start them on their trips 
 earlier than prudence juslilii'd. ( )n one occasion in 
 the sprinj;- of iSjUasthe ice h.ul ^one out of the 
 Detroit Rivji', ,uid the upper end of Lake I'.rie was 
 reported ck'ar, the owner of a steamboat i;a\e notice 
 that she would sail the ne.xt day. As the lower part 
 of the lake was I'oxered with lloatiii;.;' ici'. there was 
 much discussion with regard to the safely of the 
 proceediiii,^ ; and the boat started out from a dock 
 which was throiiL^ctl with s|5ectators who cxpri'ssi'd 
 nuu'h anxict}' conci'rniui;' her safety. The next day. 
 tt)wartls e\'enini;', the well-known Joseph Campau 
 met A. 1>. \\'ood,the mana;..;erof the Tele^i'aph Com- 
 pany, near the Campau resilience, ;uul said, " Does 
 ye hear anything' from de boat, — de boat went out 
 j-esterday mor'n ? " " ( )h, yes ; she li.as just reached 
 Erie. She i^ot into the iee and tloimdered about, 
 tearing- her patldle-wheels to pieces, but she is in 
 Erie harbor all safe." " Well," saitl .Mr. Campau, 
 " 1 t'ot so. Now, when ile Ins'lishmon he want to 
 go anywhere, he set down and t'ink how he get dar. 
 and de l'"renclimon he want to go. and he stop and 
 t'ink how he get dar ; but de Anurican, de N'ankee, 
 he want to go, and, be-gar, he go. He go lleax'en, 
 he go Hell, he go anyhow! " 
 
 The most terrible accident that ever happened on 
 the lakes occurred on Augu.st 20, 1852. On that 
 day the Atlantic, one of the railroad line of stermi- 
 ers running between lUiffalo anil Detroit, collided 
 with the propeller Ogdensburgh, and sank in Lake 
 Erie, with a loss of one hundred anil thirty-one lives. 
 
 Since the completion of the Great Western Rail- 
 road, in 1S54, the travel by lake has been compara- 
 tively small, but diu-ing di - season, steamboats rim 
 almost daily from Detroit .0 all ports between Buf- 
 falo and Chicago, and ab > t" ports on the north and 
 south shores of Lake Superior, and to various places 
 on Lakes St. Clair and Huron. 
 
 The oldest and most largely patronized line of 
 
 • For information resarding tlie lines of boats operated by rail- 
 road companies, see article on Railroads. 
 
 lake Steamers is operated by the Detroit X: Cleve- 
 land .Steam N,i\ ig.atiim Comp.iny. The line w;is 
 established in i.'i^o, and has been managed chictl\- 
 by the present owners since 1852. The coinp.iny 
 w.as incorporated on \|)ril 18, t868, with a capital 
 of §joo,ouo, which, in 1883, w.as increased to 
 $450,000. The genci-al otiii'i'rs of the eori)oration 
 are: l)a\id Carter, general manager; J. l. Hender- 
 son, general freight agent; and C. D. Whitcomb, 
 general passen .;er and freight agent. 
 
 Originally their l)oats ran only between Detroit and 
 Cleveland. Since 1882 they luue m;iintained a line 
 between Clevelanil aiul Mackinaw. They own four 
 boats, namely, the "Northwest." "City of Detroit," 
 "City of Cleveland," .■iiul "City of Maikin.aw," 
 which cost an average of $200,000, ;uul will carry 
 fi'om 1.200 to 1,500 pci'soiis each Each boat car- 
 ries 50 persons as ollicers and ci'c >v, and in the sea- 
 son of na\ig.ation a boat leaves for Cle\elanil every 
 Wednesday and I''riilay at 10 P.M., and for Mack- 
 in.aw every Monday and .Saturday at the same hour. 
 The com|)any seek in every way to make thexessels 
 atiracti\e and the trips agreeable, ;iud the line is 
 constantly ini'reasing in pojiularity. 
 
 An interesting e\ent in the history of sailing ves- 
 sels was the direci shi|)ment, on July 22, 1S57, of a 
 cargo of lumber and staves to Liverjjool 1)\' the 
 bark C. J. Ki'rsh.iw. She arrived September 5, ;uul 
 w.as the second vessi'l to (le|)art for Europe from 
 this region, the Dean Richmond, from Chicago and 
 Milwaukee, being the tii'st. ( )n her return the Ker- 
 shaw brought iron and crockery, but reached Mon- 
 treal so late in the season that she did not come to 
 Detroit until the spi'ing of 1858. 
 
 The Madeir.a I'et, loaded with hides at Chicago, 
 and staves at Detroit, also sailed in 1857. In 1858 
 eleven vessels, lo.ided with lumber, staves, and 
 .\ heat, sailed for Li\erpool and London from this 
 port, and in 1859 sixteen other vessels carried simi- 
 lar cargoes to iairopean ports. Other vessels have 
 since made the trip, but no regular line has been 
 establisheti. 
 
 In late years the chief home business of sailing 
 vessels has consisted in carrying grain, lumber, iron, 
 ore, and coal. About lifty tugs are employed in 
 aiding them when the winds are feeble or contrary. 
 In number, power, ami beauty, the tugs of Detroit 
 are particularly noticeable. They cost from $3,000 
 to $60,000 each, and $2,000,000 or more are invested 
 in them. They h.ave crews of eleven men each, 
 and ply between Lakes I'>ie and Huron. 
 
 Equally as necessary are the dry docks for the 
 building or repair of vessels. The floating dock of 
 O. !\L Hyde was launched on December 10, 1852; 
 and about the same time the docks of the present 
 Detroit Dry Dock Company were established at the 
 foot of Orleans Street. The business was eon- 
 
Dctroil X; L'k'vc- 
 ny. 'I'll',' liiu' was 
 ■n manai^rd cliirlly 
 5J. 'I'lu- cciinpany 
 Sfj.S, with a rapilal 
 was incn.'asril to 
 of llu' t'orpoi'alioii 
 
 lyjor; J. I'. Ikiulir- 
 
 1 C. I). W'lutcoml), 
 ;ciit. 
 
 )L'twca'n Dctroil aiu! 
 ■(.■ maintaiiKHl a line 
 w. 'I'liry own ftnir 
 ' " Ciiv of Detroit," 
 !ity of Maikiiiaw," 
 ,000, ami will carry 
 •li Dai'h l)oat car- 
 rr.v, ami in the sra- 
 for Cleveland every 
 . M., anil for Maek- 
 ly at the same iioiir. 
 
 to make the \essels 
 hie, and the line is 
 ity. 
 
 storv of sailini;' ves- 
 1 Jnly 22, 1857, of a 
 Liverpool by the 
 .■d September 5, and 
 rt for l''.iiropc from 
 1, from Chiea;;() and 
 ler return the Ker- 
 )Ul reached Mon- 
 
 ;ie did not I'ome to 
 
 hiiles at Chieaj,'o, 
 in 1857. In 1858 
 liber, staves, and 
 ■ontloii from this 
 cssels t'.arried simi- 
 ( )lher vessels have 
 alar line has been 
 
 1 1 
 
 business of sailing 
 
 ^rain, lumber, iron, 
 
 are employed in 
 
 feeble or contrary. 
 
 the tuys of Detroit 
 
 ;y eost from $3,000 
 
 jr more are invested 
 
 eleven men each, 
 
 Huron. 
 
 (h-y docks for the 
 "he tloatinj;- dock of 
 )ecember 10, 1852; 
 icks of the present 
 establishe(l at the 
 jusiness was con- 
 
 i 
 
 XAVIC-.ATIO.N ON RI\ KRS AND LAKi:S. 
 
 911 
 
 ducted from 1857 to 1861 by C"i. Campbell & Co., 
 from 1 86 1 to 18O7 by Campbell & Owen, from 1867 
 to 1869 by Campbell, Owen,^; Co. In May, 1870, on 
 account of the impaired health of Mr. Campbell, he 
 was succeeded by S. R. Kirby, and on July i, 1872, 
 
 forty feet IoujlJ, thirty-eiijht feet wide, and has nine 
 feet draft of water. A dock built in 1865 is three 
 hundred and si.\ feet l<iny, forty-live feet witle, ukI 
 h;is thirteen feet draft. The dock-yards have a 
 frontage of seven hundred feet on Atwatcr Street, 
 
 GEiNEKAL OfI-ICES OK THE JJEIUOIT iV CLEVELAND StEAM NAVIGATION Co.MI'ANY, 
 
 Foot of Wayne Street. 
 
 the present comjiany was incorporated with a capital 
 stock of §300,000. The ol'licers in 1884 are: John 
 Owen, i)resident; Frank K. Kirby, consulting and 
 constructing engineer; A. McX'ittie. secretary and 
 treasurer; F. .\. Kirby, superintendent at Wyan- 
 dotte; John I'arker, .supc-intendent at Detroit. 
 Their original dock at Detroit is two hundred and 
 
 and extend through to the river, with every facility 
 for the repair or construction of vessels of any 
 class, either of wood or iron. 
 
 Since 1879 the company have owned the extensive 
 yards at Wyandotte established by E. B. W:ird in 
 1S72. These yards occu[n' about seven acres, and 
 have a river frontage of seven hundred feet and a slip 
 

 o 
 u 
 
 a 
 
o 
 
 ■ll 
 
 k 
 
 
 i'i 
 
914 
 
 NAVIGATION ON RIVERS AND LAKES. 
 
 six luiiulri'<l feet loiijf in adfiitioii. Upwards (if six 
 iuindri'd men are employed in tiiese estai)lisliments, 
 and tlie yards are ecjiial in tiieir ef|iiipment to any 
 private yards in tlie United States, tnd exeei any on 
 tile lakes. The company i)iiild vessels of either wood, 
 iron, or steel, and the growtii of their business is 
 indicated by the fact that from 1867 to 1879 they 
 built but thirty-four vessels, while from 1879 to 1884 
 they built thirty-six, the avcratfe value of which was 
 double that of the vessels first built. Amonj,' 
 the vessels constructed were six steamers, twenty- 
 ei.i^ht screw steamers, three l)ari,a's, two barks, 
 eleven schooners, six tu.i^s, ten steam ferries, two 
 steam and two car baru^es. Their cost ranj^^ed from 
 $2,500 to $275,000. The company have orii^iiiated 
 several features for lake vessels that are now gener- 
 ally .idopted. The Gordon Crmipbell, wliich they 
 l)uilt in 1871, w.is the first double-decked vessel on 
 the lakes. Square jiilot-houses for lake vessels and 
 iron moorinvj-bits are of tiieir introduction. 
 
 The followinij is a list of steam vessels built at tliis 
 port ; all those built since 1867 and marked willi a 
 star were built by the Detroit Dry Dock Company: 
 
 Name. T 
 
 onnaK'.' 
 
 nuilt. 
 
 Name. Tonnage, liiiilt. 
 
 Argo 
 
 — 
 
 ,827 
 
 Marquette 
 
 862 
 
 1859 
 
 MichiK.in 
 
 472 
 
 i8j3 
 
 Little Eastern 
 
 32 
 
 ■859 
 
 Cfn. Brady 
 
 66 
 
 1833 
 
 Clara 
 
 77 
 
 1S60 
 
 r.rie (I.ittlc) 
 
 M9 
 
 1816 
 
 Star 
 
 23 
 
 i860 
 
 tlnit.a 
 
 37 
 
 1836 
 
 Mariner 
 
 104 
 
 i860 
 
 Illinois 
 
 755 
 
 •837 
 
 I'hilo Parsons 
 
 221 
 
 1861 
 
 C. C .Trowbridge 
 
 30 
 
 i8j8 
 
 John P. Ward 
 
 160 
 
 i86r 
 
 Nile 
 
 650 
 
 •843 
 
 Ceo. II. Parker 
 
 188 
 
 1S61 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 250 
 
 1843 
 
 Sum'l Lewis 
 
 102 
 
 186 1 
 
 Prop. Detroit 
 
 2.)0 
 
 1845 
 
 Morning Stir 
 
 >.o75 
 
 1862 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 610 
 
 1845 
 
 Mohawk (rebuilt) 
 
 213 
 
 1862 
 
 John Owen 
 
 2JO 
 
 1843 
 
 Empire 
 
 704 
 
 1862 
 
 Romeo 
 
 180 
 
 1845 
 
 W. K. Muir 
 
 125.80 
 
 1863 
 
 lioston 
 
 775 
 
 1846 
 
 S .1 Ward 
 
 365 
 
 1863 
 
 Albany 
 
 669 
 
 1846 
 
 Heather liell 
 
 149 
 
 1863 
 
 Miehigan 
 
 600 
 
 1847 
 
 Zouave 
 
 118 
 
 1863 
 
 Dispatch 
 
 225 
 
 1848 
 
 II. Morton 
 
 227 
 
 1863 
 
 .Mayrtower 
 
 1.354 
 
 1849 
 
 City of Toronto 
 
 
 
 Dolphin 
 
 42 
 
 .849 
 
 (rebuilt) 
 
 4.6 
 
 1863 
 
 Ar^o 
 
 III 
 
 1849 
 
 Stranger 
 
 89 
 
 1863 
 
 J. W. lirooks 
 
 312 
 
 .85. 
 
 Sentinel 
 
 297 
 
 1863 
 
 Swan 
 
 209 
 
 185 1 
 
 E. A. lirush 
 
 35 
 
 1864 
 
 Odd Fellow 
 
 99 
 
 .852 
 
 Mayflower 
 
 127 
 
 1864 
 
 Dart 
 
 297 
 
 ■853 
 
 Sunny Side 
 
 138 
 
 1864 
 
 Fintry 
 
 590 
 
 1853 
 
 Loon 
 
 21 
 
 1864 
 
 Hercules (rebuilt) 
 
 255 
 
 1853 
 
 Skylark 
 
 134 
 
 1864 
 
 Falcon 
 
 663 
 
 •853 
 
 Wm. A. Moore 
 
 »53 
 
 1865 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 316 
 
 1853 
 
 Geo. N. Brady 
 
 131 
 
 i86s 
 
 Illinois 
 
 926 
 
 1853 
 
 Mackinaw 
 
 14I-75 
 
 1866 
 
 Albion 
 
 132 
 
 1854 
 
 * R. N. Rice 
 
 1,096.94 
 
 1867 
 
 Lion 
 
 457 
 
 ■855 
 
 J. P. Clark 
 
 80.7s 
 
 1867 
 
 Old Concord 
 
 457 
 
 1855 
 
 13. W. Jenness 
 
 356.94 
 
 1867 
 
 A. k. Swift 
 
 15 
 
 1855 
 
 Phil. Sheridan 
 
 710.90 
 
 1867 
 
 Union Express 
 
 205 
 
 1856 
 
 Jay Cooke 
 
 414.62 
 
 1868 
 
 B. L. Webb 
 
 843 
 
 1856 
 
 ♦Vulcan 
 
 249-43 
 
 1868 
 
 Windsor 
 
 223 
 
 1856 
 
 * Champion 
 
 263.36 
 
 1868 
 
 Olive 
 
 •71 
 
 1853 
 
 *Annie Young 
 
 1,006.52 
 
 1869 
 
 Kilbola 
 
 396 
 
 1858 
 
 0. Wilcox 
 
 158.73 
 
 1869 
 
 Experiment 
 
 123 
 
 1858 
 
 Favorite 
 
 51.06 
 
 1869 
 
 Olive Hranch 
 
 71 
 
 1858 
 
 *J. L. Kurd 
 
 759-88 
 
 1869 
 
 Canada 
 
 •43 
 
 1858 
 
 R. J. Hackett 
 
 748.66 
 
 1869 
 
 Name, 
 •Hope 
 Siotia 
 Alpha 
 J. Carlicr 
 Pitronille 
 Wyoming 
 Mystic 
 
 * S. C. Iloldwin 
 I'r.ink Ford 
 •Monitor 
 *G. Campbell 
 
 * Jennie Bri.seoe 
 •Niagara 
 Red Wing 
 Riverside 
 Resolute 
 ♦Victoria 
 
 ♦ Inter Ocean 
 *.\rgonaut 
 W. II. Barnnm 
 
 ♦ M. F. Merick 
 N.ihant 
 Caz-lle 
 
 ♦ in Owen 
 J. .'ridgeon, Jr. 
 
 * I'orluni- 
 I'rarl 
 
 ♦ I'.xcclsior 
 Alaska 
 
 •City of Detroit 
 ♦Cr.ice McMillan 
 Fislurman 
 ♦City of Cleve- 
 land 
 
 Walter Scott 
 
 ♦ Iron .A.ge 
 
 * Iron State 
 Augk-r 
 
 * Transport 
 ('■arland 
 
 ♦ Lehigh 
 W. La Chapelle 
 
 * Boston 
 ♦W. Il.Oratwick 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 140.79 
 64.18 
 
 72-71 
 65.11 
 70.15 
 
 154-65 
 121.54 
 356.J6 
 
 '55-75 
 105.40 
 996.14 
 
 82.59 
 276.87 
 
 13.26 
 153.82 
 
 22.83 
 
 192.17 
 
 1,068.76 
 
 1,063.30 
 
 937-15 
 205. 6j 
 
 9")-9J 
 182.52 
 
 3=8.34 
 1,211.88 
 
 199-77 
 55'.f-6 
 229.39 
 
 510-03 
 811. 1)4 
 
 234-71 
 18.70 
 
 917.29 
 
 9-33 
 
 859.46 
 
 852-95 
 18.70 
 
 797-47 
 249.26 
 
 1,704-57 
 
 6.18 
 
 1,829.52 
 
 174.86 
 
 ♦ Thos.W. Palmer 836.56 
 
 Built. 
 1870 
 
 1S70 
 1870 
 1870 
 1870 
 1870 
 1870 
 1871 
 1871 
 1S71 
 1871 
 1871 
 1872 
 1872 
 1872 
 1872 
 '873 
 '873 
 1873 
 ■873 
 1873 
 
 1873 
 ■873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1875 
 1875 
 1876 
 1878 
 1878 
 1S79 
 1880 
 
 1S80 
 1880 
 1880 
 1880 
 1880 
 1880 
 1880 
 1880 
 i83o 
 i88n 
 1880 
 
 NaiiK-. 
 Sea Wing 
 •City of .Milwau- 
 kee 
 
 ♦ Clarion 
 
 ♦ Iron Chii-f 
 Martin Swain 
 S. J. Maey 
 •S. F. Hodge 
 Uarda 
 
 ♦ Iron Duke 
 Middlesex 
 Ariel 
 J. \{. Farwell 
 
 ♦ Uninswick 
 I )ai.sy 
 ♦.Mgomali 
 
 ♦ .Mii'hig.in 
 Osceola 
 
 ♦ Merrimae 
 ♦Wisconsin 
 
 ♦ Massachusetts 
 Handy Hoy 
 Maui-tiipir 
 M.iyflowiT 
 
 ♦ K. K. Roberts 
 Alice E. Wilds 
 W. L. Davis 
 ♦F. A P. No. I 
 
 (ri-hiiill) 
 
 ♦ F. A: P. No. 2 
 I). C. Whitney 
 R(-mora 
 ( !eo. E. Fisher 
 
 ♦ Sappho 
 
 ♦ W. L. Frost 
 Pauline 
 ♦C:ity of Macki- 
 
 na.v 807 
 ♦Micliig.in Ci-ntral 
 
 ♦ Lanstlowne 
 
 ♦Wm. A. Haskell 1,440 
 *Wm. J. Averill 1,425 
 Minnie M 295 
 
 Schoolcraft 595 
 
 Florence I-'.. Dixon 2 
 
 roiinagi-. Iliiilt. 
 22.45 '881 
 
 1,148 
 1,7" 
 '.•51- 
 
 285. 
 
 548 
 
 585, 
 
 89. 
 
 1,152. 
 
 5''7- 
 
 201. 
 
 1,200. 
 
 1,120. 
 
 16. 
 
 486. 
 >,>33. 
 
 93,, 
 1,20.! 
 i,i3i 
 i,4'5 
 
 ■ 3fi- 
 
 437- 
 '7- 
 
 1S9, 
 
 2,i5 
 16, 
 
 769. 
 636 
 
 7t 1881 
 
 97 1881 
 
 08 1881 
 
 !9 1881 
 
 4.! 1881 
 
 62 1881 
 
 (6 1881 
 
 .rj 1881 
 
 58 1881 
 
 91 1881 
 
 96 1881 
 
 II 1881 
 
 !3 I 
 
 8 I 
 
 881 
 
 70 1882 
 
 26 1882 
 66 I 83a 
 43 1882 
 
 27 1882 
 65 1882 
 
 o, ,883 
 
 75 '883 
 
 74 1883 
 
 53 1883 
 
 96 1883 
 
 57 1883 
 
 1,013.22 1883 
 
 86.1 
 
 223. 
 
 1,322 
 
 14 
 
 93 1883 
 
 87 1883 
 
 61 1883 
 
 ,16 1883 
 
 ,10 1883 
 
 ,89 1883 
 
 — 1884 
 
 — 1884 
 .78 1884 
 ,43 1884 
 ,67 1884 
 .77 1884 
 ,22 1884 
 
 The following table gives the date of first arrival 
 or departure of vessels at Detroit durinij tlie various 
 years, and is also of interest as containing the 
 names of many steamboats whose names do not 
 now appear in the Marine List : 
 
 1821, May 18, Walk-in-the-Water, from Buffalo. 
 
 1822, May 25, Superior (first trip), from Hul'falo. 
 
 1823, Jan. 13, sail vessel, from Sandusky. 
 
 1826, ^L'ly 8, steamer Henry Clay, from Buffalo. 
 
 1839, March 12, steamer Erie, for Toledo. 
 
 1840, March 8, steamer Star, from Cleveland. 
 
 1 841, April 18, steamer General Wayne, from Buf- 
 falo. 
 
 1842, March 3, steamer General Scott, for Buffalo. 
 
 1843, April 18, steamer Fairport, for Cleveland. 
 
 1844, March 1 1, steamer Red Jacket, for Fort Gra- 
 tiot. 
 
 1845, January 4, steamer United States, from Buffalo. 
 1S46, March 14, steamer John Owen, from Cleveland. 
 
NAVIGATION ON KIVEKS AND I.AKK.S. 
 
 915 
 
 ii(., TiinnuKc?. Iluilt. 
 
 K 
 
 a».45 
 
 1881 
 
 Milwaii- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 14H.71 
 
 ■ 881 
 
 1 1 
 
 ,7"-')7 
 
 l8Hi 
 
 hi.'f 1 
 
 ,i5t."a 
 
 i83i 
 
 Swain 
 
 aSs..!') 
 
 1881 
 
 icy 
 
 54S.4.. 
 
 1881 
 
 lo(|m; 
 
 ,s85.63 
 
 1881 
 
 
 8y.,t6 
 
 1881 
 
 I)iikc t 
 
 ,t53.-J 
 
 1881 
 
 I'X 
 
 567.58 
 
 1881 
 
 
 201.91 
 
 1881 
 
 arwcll I 
 
 ,900,96 
 
 1881 
 
 wick I 
 
 ,130.11 
 
 1881 
 
 
 ifi.jfi 
 
 i88t 
 
 >..li 
 
 486.28 
 
 i83i 
 
 ij.iii 1 
 
 ,183.18 
 
 188a 
 
 
 980.70 
 
 i88a 
 
 nai' 
 
 ,20-..2'i 
 
 1882 
 
 iisiii 
 
 ,i8i.f.r. 
 
 1 833 
 
 irliMSftts 
 
 ■.4'5-43 
 
 1 88a 
 
 lluy 
 
 136.27 
 
 1882 
 
 i(im' 
 
 437.65 
 
 i88a 
 
 WIT 
 
 17.01 
 
 1883 
 
 , Rnborts 
 
 189.7s 
 
 1883 
 
 -,. WiUls 
 
 2.15.7+ 
 
 1883 
 
 Davis 
 
 16.51 
 
 18,83 
 
 P. No. I 
 
 
 
 lilt) 
 
 76.;.9fi 
 
 1883 
 
 P. No. a 
 
 636.57 
 
 1883 
 
 Whitney 
 
 1,013.22 
 
 1883 
 
 ■a 
 
 86.93 
 
 1883 
 
 ".. Fishur 
 
 20.87 
 
 1883 
 
 ho 
 
 223.61 
 
 18S3 
 
 .. Frost 
 
 1,322.16 
 
 1883 
 
 e 
 
 14.10 
 
 1883 
 
 of Macki- 
 
 
 
 
 807.89 
 
 1S83 
 1884 
 
 >;a[i Ci'iili.ii 
 
 , 
 
 
 1884 
 
 tiownc 
 
 
 A.Haskell 
 
 ■1,440.78 
 
 1884 
 
 J. AviTill 
 
 1.425.43 
 
 1884 
 
 : M 
 
 295.67 
 
 1884 
 
 craft 
 
 595.77 
 
 1884 
 
 CO I'.. Dixon 2.2- 
 
 1884 
 
 dale of first arrival 
 It (lurin;4 tlie various 
 as containing the 
 liose names elo not 
 
 Iter, from Buffalo, 
 lip), from Buffalo, 
 jandusky. 
 lay, from Buffalo, 
 lor Toledo. 
 |)m Cleveland. 
 Wayne, from Buf- 
 
 Scott, for Buffalo. 
 , for Cleveland, 
 jacket, for Fort Gra- 
 
 Istates, from Buffalo, 
 ^•en, from Cleveland. 
 
 1847, March 30, steamer United States, from Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 1848, March 22, propeller Manhattan, for Buffalo. 
 
 1849, March 21, steamer John Owen, for Clevel.uid. 
 
 1850, March 25, steamer Southerner, from lUilfalo. 
 
 1851, March U), ste.imcr liollisicr, from Toledo. 
 
 1852, March 22, .steamer Arrow, for Toledo. 
 
 1853, March 14, steamer Bay City, fron) .Sandusky. 
 
 1854, March 21, steamer M.iy (hieen, from Cleveland. 
 
 1855, April 2, .steamer Arrow, for Toledo. 
 
 1856, .April 15, steamer .May Oueen. for Cleveland. 
 
 1857, March 24, steamer Ocean, for Cleveland. 
 
 1858, March 17, steamer Dart, for Toledo. 
 
 1859, Marc!) 10, steamer Island (Hieen, from San- 
 dusky. 
 
 i860, March 6, schooner Spy, from S.indusky. 
 
 1861, March 11, steamer Ruby, for Port Huron. 
 
 1862, Marcli 29, steamer May (Hieen, for Cleveland. 
 
 1863, M.arch 29, steamer Duhucjue, from Cleveland. 
 
 1864, Marc!) 13, steamer Younv;' America, from Port 
 Huron. 
 
 1865, March 26, steamer Philo Parsons,for .Sandusky. 
 
 1866, April 4, steamer City of Cleveland, iov Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 1867, April 8, steamer City of Cleveland, for Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 1868, .March 24, steamer R. N. Rice, for Cleveland. 
 
 1869, April 5, propeller Kdith, from Port Huron. 
 
 1870, April 7, steamer G. W. Reynolds, for Maiden. 
 
 1 87 1, March 8, steamer Dove, for Maiden. 
 
 1872, April 3, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland. 
 
 1873, April 7, steamer Jay Cooke, {or Sandusky. 
 
 1874, March 24, steamer R. N. Rice, for Cleveland. 
 
 1875, Marcli 29, propeller Rob. Hackett, for .Maiden. 
 
 1876, March 20, steamer K. N. Rice, for Cleveland. 
 
 1877, April 10, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland. 
 
 1878, April 3, .steamer Northwest, for Clevelrmd. 
 
 1879, April I, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland. 
 
 1880, March2,schooner John O'Neil, from Cleveland. 
 
 1881, April 19, steamer Northwest, for Cleveland. 
 18S2, Jtlarch 7, wrecking tug Winslow, for Lake 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 1883, March 26, steamer City of Dresden, for Mai- 
 den. 
 
 1884, April 3, steamer City of Detroit, for Cleveland. 
 
 The following table gives the number 
 that have entered at anu jleared from 
 various years, with their tonnage and the 
 their crew : 
 
 Entered. 
 
 of vessels 
 Detroit in 
 number of 
 
 N'ear. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Men. 
 
 1850 
 
 2.341 
 
 671.545 
 
 31.784 
 
 1855 
 
 2,191 
 
 997.724 
 
 28,644 
 
 i860 
 
 3.351 
 
 73'.4i9 
 
 30. '47 
 
 1865 
 
 4.597 
 
 966,047 
 
 58.326 
 
 1870 
 
 5,401 
 
 1,003,152 
 
 52.793 
 
 Vcar. 
 1875 
 1880 
 
 \'car. 
 1850 
 1855 
 i860 
 1865 
 I 870 
 1875 
 1880 
 
 /l-HllcU. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 5.'58 
 
 851,241 
 
 5.57' 
 
 1,178,518 
 
 
 dturcii. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 3.347 
 
 723.634 
 
 2.180 
 
 991.117 
 
 3.217 
 
 713,811 
 
 4.558 
 
 1,037,568 
 
 5.453 
 
 1,020,913 
 
 4.97 « 
 
 866,984 
 
 5. 82 5 
 
 1,240.564 
 
 Men. 
 24.300 
 21,782 
 
 Men. 
 32.3^>4 
 28,896 
 
 32.054 
 42.233 
 55.896 
 .•8,503 
 22,320 
 
 'flic immigration ihat followed the surrender of 
 1796 made communication between the two banks 
 of the Detroit more frequent. Many of the new- 
 comers did not own canoes, preferring to be ferried 
 over by one of the skilful oarsmen then so numer- 
 ous. Very soon the business of ferrying became a 
 profitable employment, and in order to regulate and 
 control it the Court of General Ouarter .Sessions 
 issued licenses to those wishing to establish ferries. 
 On Friday, Marcli 5, 1802, a license was granted to 
 Gabriel Goilfroy for a ferry " from his house across 
 the river Detroit," and on Tuesday, December 7, 
 1802, a ferry license was granted to Mr. Askin. 
 On 'fhursday. December 9, 1802, the court pre- 
 s(Tibed the following 
 
 RKGULATIONS FOR I'KKRIKS. 
 River Detroit in winter, from ist of November to ist of April, 
 man, i.r. ii,A ; horse, .(,f. In siiinmer, ist of April to ist of Xo- 
 veniher, man, \s.\ horse, t,s. 
 
 On December 21, 1803, a license was granted to 
 James .May, and on July 19, 1804, a licen.se was 
 granted to Jacob \'isger to keep a ferry " from his 
 kind near to the town of Detroit across the Detroit 
 river to opposite shore." 
 
 In 1S06 the ferry-house was about fifty feet west 
 of \V(jodward Avenue, and between At water and 
 Woodbridge Streets ; the river at that point then 
 came fully half way up to Woodbridge Street. In 
 1820 the following rules and rates were established : 
 
 F.-ich ferry shall be provided with two suflicient and safe canoes 
 or ferry-boats, and one like sufficient and safe scow or flat. From 
 the fust day of April until the first day of November in each 
 year, each ferry shall he attended by two ;^'ood and faithful men, 
 and from the first day of November to the first of April by three 
 like good and faithful hands. The ferry sha'l be kept open from 
 the rising of the sun until ten o'clock at night, and at all times, 
 when practicable, shall transport the mail or other public express. 
 
 The rates of ferryage shall be as follow3: 
 
 From ist of April to 20th of November, for each person, 12JC.; 
 for each horse. 50c.; for a single carriage and one person, $1.1.0; 
 for each additional person, lajc; for each additional horse, 25c.; 
 for each head of horned cattle, n\^.\ for each sheep or hog, 6Jc. 
 From 2oth of November to .\pril ist, for each person, i8c.; for 
 each horse, 75c.; for each single horse, carriage, and one person, 
 $1.50; for each additional person, iSJc; for each additional 
 horse, 37ic.; for each head of horned cattle, 56ic.; for each 
 sheep or hog, gc. 
 
9i6 
 
 NAVRiAllON UN UIVKKS AM) LAKES. 
 
 Oil Jaiuiary r i, iSjo, J. H. Si, Armour took (uit a 
 licciisi; for a ferry at the fool of Woodward Aviiuic, 
 and on Aunusl iS, 1H20, lien. W'oodworlli was 
 jfraiiti'd a license for a ferry al fool of Kaiulolpli 
 Strei'l. On l'el)rLiary 10, 1N21, licenses were issued 
 lo James /Miholt and Jv.ia iialdwin to luainlain fer- 
 ries at fool of Woodward Avenue, and on January 
 15, 1.S24, Owen Aldricli was autliori/ed to keep a 
 ferry at Koby's Wharf, 'i'he ferries, al liial timi', 
 were in jiarl eom|)osed of sailing; \esstls, whioli siji;- 
 nalied their approaeli lo eitlier shore l)y llie l)!owin,i( 
 
 of a iiorn. 
 
 1825 ihi're were still .i^ri'aler improve- 
 
 ments, wiiici\ .ire indicated in the followinj^ adver- 
 tisemenL from I'he (la/.elte of September 22 : 
 
 IIOkSK-llOAl' l-KKRV. 
 
 'I'liu sulisi rilxTS have ri'Ci'Mlly hiiilt a laixu and CdniMiiulious 
 llorsr Itdiil fur tin: piirpusr <if transpdrtitiK ncroHs tlic Dctrdil 
 KiviT, passtiiKiiH, waKcMis, lairsrs, talllc, Ac., iVr, 'I'lir I'mat is 
 sii ciiiistnii'U'il thai waK<>ns and cania)..'! s ran he (hivcn un il wilh 
 laHc anil safily. It will leave .MeKinstry's Wharf (ailjuiiiinK thai 
 <if Dorr iV Junes), fur the Canada slmre, and will land passenn'rs, 
 iVe., at the wharf latily hnilt un that shore by .McKinstry & Uiir- 
 lis. 'I'hc I'crry wharves urc exactly oi)pusile, 
 
 I). C .McKiNSTuv. 
 
 J. IhuTis. 
 DnTHoiT, Sef'lcinfur a.', i3 /s. 
 
 .■1L'%»"J 
 
 ' -' ' n ' n -r T Yti'Mii II — - •*' 
 
 KkUHV r.OAT AliliO. 
 
 This horse-boat was built at Cleveland, and arrived 
 in Detroit on A uijust 12, 1S25. It was thirty-two 
 feet wide and fifty feet lonij, and was operated by 
 French ponies. Two years later the ferries con- 
 sisted of lUirtis' Horse Uoat from MeKinstry's 
 Wharf; St. Armour's Sail lioats from John R. 
 Williams' Wharf, and Labadie's Canoe from Ciillett's 
 Wharf. In the year 1827, John Burtis built the 
 Arijo, the first steamer belont^int,^ to Detroit. The 
 hull consisted of two whitewood logs each side of a 
 centre-piece on which was a li^dit deck with canvas 
 sides. It had a four-horsi;-power engine, and made 
 regular trips to ports on the river and Lake St. Clair. 
 
 In 1830 the steamboat, General Gratiot, took her 
 place as a river-boat, and the Argo was leased to 
 Louis D.'ivcnport, and became the first steam ferry. 
 
 The horse-boat ferry was in use in 1831, controlled 
 by Peter St. Armour, and made tri))s from the foot 
 of Bates Street every half L 
 
 In 1H34 there w;is .a ferry named the L.idy of the 
 L.ike. Louis DaM'iipori's feiiy, the Iniled, made 
 her lirsl regular trip on July 15, 1836. 
 
 In 1837 .1 (•ommillee of the Common Council 
 rt'porled in f;i\or of allowing Louis D.ivenporl, 
 Ch.irles 11. Matthews, ;ind M.iUhew Moon to main- 
 lain ferries ;il the foot of (iriswold Street, for $150, 
 at foot of W.iyiu: Slreil, for $iuo, antl from foot of 
 Therese Alley, for S50 annually. 
 
 Mrs. Jameson, in her "Winter Tours and Summer 
 Rambles," gives the following pleasant description 
 of ferry-boats and trips in June, 1837: 
 
 A pretty lillli: steanii'r, gayly painted, wilh hln.uners flyinw, anil 
 shaded liy an a>vainK. i'* euniiniially passin); and repassing fruni 
 sliure III sliure. 1 haM: sunietinii-s sal in this ferry-liual fur a 
 couple of hunrs lu){uilii'r, pleased to remain still, and enjuy, wilh- 
 (uil exertiiin, the euul air, the sparkliii>;, rednndanl waters, and 
 green islands ;--aninsed ine.intinic l>y the variety and euaversa- 
 tiun uf ihu passenijers. Knijlisli enii>{ranls and I'reni h I'ana- 
 dians, brisk Aiaerieaas, dark, sad-loukin>,' Indians, folded In their 
 bhmkets, fanners, storekeepers, speenlalurs in wheat, artisans, trim 
 girls with blaek eyes and short pettieuats, speaking a Nurmaii 
 /a/oi's, and bringing baskets uf frnit tu thu Detroit market, and 
 over-dressed, lung-waisleil damsels of the city, attended by their 
 beaux, going lo make merry un the opposite shore. 
 
 C]eorge W. ( )sl)orn has expressed his opinion in 
 the following lines : 
 
 RIDINC. ()\ llll. 1 l.KKV. 
 When llw merenry diiiutes 
 
 Sultry sumnier heat, 
 'I'lun llie spaiinus ferry-huats 
 
 Alfurd a eoul retreat. 
 On a shady upper ileek, 
 
 Joined by friends su merry, 
 liless me I ain't it pleasant, 
 
 Riding on the ferry ? 
 
 Hack and forth frum shore to luire. 
 
 On the rippling river, 
 Wateliing spray beads rise and lall. 
 
 Where the snnbeaais quiver; 
 Kc\eling in the cooling breeze, 
 
 Every one is cheery ; 
 liless me ! ain't it pleasant, 
 
 Riding on the ferry? 
 
 Now yon 're sitting vis-a-vis 
 
 Willi a charming creature. 
 Happiness is in her eye, 
 
 Joy in e\'ery feature. 
 " Is n't this superb ? " she asks, 
 
 " Ves," you answer, "very." 
 IJless me I ain'l il pU-asant, 
 
 Riding o;i tile ferry ? 
 
 Thus the healed hours are passed, — 
 
 Laughing, joking, singing; 
 Joyous shouts from happy groups 
 
 On the cool bree/e ringing. 
 Now ynu see your charmer home, 
 
 Feeling blithe and merry, 
 'Cause engaged tu go tu-murrow 
 
 liiding on the ferry. 
 
 The ferry Alliance began running in 1842; her 
 name was afterwards changed to Undine. In 1848 
 
NAVIGATION ON RIVKKS AN!) I.AKIiS. 
 
 917 
 
 imal llu- l..i(ly of lln' 
 •ry, ihc United, made 
 
 Ik; COmmDii Coiimil 
 ly; l.nuis Davciipiirt, 
 illlu'W Moon to maiii- 
 wold Stircl. for §1511, 
 jiiuu, and from fool of 
 
 iiy. 
 
 IT Tours and Summer 
 \\r pleasant description 
 lie. 1.S37: 
 
 ■il, with hiri-.iiiic IS flyiiiK, iiiiil 
 passing ami niiassiiiK from 
 sat ill lliis fi-iry-lMiiit fur a 
 iiiiaiii still, ami fiijuy, willi- 
 liiiK, niliimlaiil wains, and 
 ly tint variiiy and nmvrrsa- 
 iiinrants and I'niirli C'aiia- 
 lUiiiK Indians, fiildi d in tliiir 
 latiirs il) wlirat, artisans, trim 
 ;liii]ats, si)c;akiiiK a Nurman 
 to the Dutroil mark' t, and 
 jf the city, atniidid liy their 
 jpiiositi; .shurc, 
 
 :pressed his opinion in 
 
 •, ri.uuv. 
 
 >tlH 
 
 -Ixials 
 
 t. 
 
 incrry, 
 nt, 
 
 to bure, 
 
 and iail, 
 i|nivcr ; 
 
 DICCiC, 
 
 nt, 
 
 -vis 
 atnic, 
 
 • asks, 
 " viry." 
 
 lie passctl,- 
 iiixinn ; 
 liy Kiiiiips 
 ■inv;inK- 
 iir homt', 
 iiiM-ry, 
 -inurrow 
 
 running in 1842; her 
 ■d to Undine. In 1848 
 
 Ari^o No. 2 In-Rnn plyinij as ;i ferry. In 1852 (l. 
 M. Riissel hiiilt tlie Ottaw.i, .ind in 1856 the Wind- 
 sor. This l.ist ho.it \v;is snl)sc(|iicnily cliartcred l)y 
 the Detroit i.\: MiKv.iiil<ee K.iilroad, .ind was burned 
 at its dot k, U ).,'i'tlier with tiie depot, on April 26, 
 iHr/). 
 
 In 1.S55 the Mohawi< .and Arj^^o constituted the 
 line of ferries. TIk! CiciTi was added in 1856. and 
 the Essex iti 1859. In tiiis List ye.ir tiie Olive 
 Hr.ineli was used for .a few nioiitlis. The Detroit 
 w;is built in 1864, .-md r.in till 1875. The Hope 
 was built for Cicoriji; N'. lir.idy in 1870. 
 
 In 1883 there were six fenies, vi/., the I'",xcelsif)r, 
 Fortune, Hope, Essex, ,ind \'iitori,i, of the re]L,nilar 
 1;. ", ;ind the Ariel of W.ilker iv: Sons. liesides 
 these there weri' six niilro.ad ferry boats. The For- 
 tmie is one of the best representatives of the river 
 ferries. \h\- tonnape is 200, , and she cost $34,000. 
 She is one hundred .and twenty feet in leiivith and 
 forty-two in breadth over deeks. Her ordinary 
 e.ap.aeity is 1,000, l)ut she li;is r.arried 1,350 |)ersons. 
 .She w.as built to t.ike the pl.iee of the Detroit. 
 
 The ordin.ary nite of ferria.ije is live cents in 
 summer .and ten cents in winter. Durini,^ the warm 
 sununer days and evenin.i^s the bo.iis are thronjijed 
 with people, who ride b.ack and forth to enjoy the 
 deliifhtful breeze and ever-clianv,dn.ij scenery. For 
 the nominal sum of one dime, one m.iy thus spend 
 an entire day, and the ride offers a rare combination 
 of comfort, health, .and safety. The bo.als are in 
 frequent dem.ind for short excursions up .and down 
 the river. The ferries p.ay city licenses of $250 each 
 |)er year. 
 
 The h.arbor formed by the Detroit River contains 
 more room th.in the h.arbors of IJiirf.ilo. Krie, Clevc- 
 l.ind, Milw.iukcr, ,ind Cliic,ii.jo .ill combined. ;ind 
 the w.iter is deep enough to Mo.it the Largest ships 
 of w.ir. and in any kind of weatluT vessels find 
 s.ifety hcri'. No d,inv;cr lurks .about when makinij 
 or le.ivin,!.; the |)ort of Detroit. After , ill ordin.ary 
 winters, navij.c;ition opens from four to six week.) 
 earlier here ih.m it does at C'lcvel.and. liuff.alo. Clii- 
 ca^fo. or Milw.iukee, and, with scarce an exception, 
 vessels from Detroit can )jo east two weeks earlier 
 than those from Chic;i;^o or Milw.iukee. as vessels 
 from those ports h.ave to wait until the Straits of 
 Mackinaw .are clear of ice. 
 
 Since 1863 the city has employed a h.irbor 
 master, whose duties consist in |)reventin),r interfer- 
 ences between vessels, determinin).(, when necessary, 
 pl.aces of ;inchorai,'e. kccpinj^ the h.arbor clear of .all 
 obstructions, seeinij th.at the public docks .are not 
 unduly obstructed, and keepinij the w.iy cle.ir for 
 the ferries. He h.as ch.arvce of twcity-six life- 
 preservers owned by the city, which, by .-ote of the 
 council on .\ii,i,nist 25, i87[, were ordered pl.aced 
 aloni,' the docks. Four others are provided at Helle 
 Isle. 
 
 The h.irbor master w.as formerly appointed solely 
 by the council, but since I'"ebru;iry 28, 1872. the 
 otiice h.as bet'n filled by ;i policem.an detailed for 
 the purpose .and confirmed by the council. The 
 n.ames of the h.irbor m.isters h.ave been as follows: 
 1862-1866. C. W. Newh.ill; 1866-1868, Jacob 15. 
 M.aker; 1868-1872, Arthur Gore; 1872- .John 
 W. .Moore. 
 
ClI A PT i: k L XX X V I. 
 
 UNITED STATES LAKE SURVEY.— EICHTIIOUSIIS AND IIII'.IR CONSTRUc: TION.— 
 
 LIFI'". SAVINC. SERVICK. -lIARIloK IMI'ROVIIMIIN IS. I \S1'I"a;I'()R OK 
 
 STEAMBOA'I'S. -SK^NAL SERVICE. — MARLNl'! IIOSITIAL. 
 
 UNITK.I) STA'I'KS I.AKK SURVRY, 
 
 ALMOSTassoonas tlio first cxjilorers came, they 
 bciraii to take soundiiii^s and make n)u,i^li (charts of 
 till! river and lakes. The takiniL^ of soundiii.L^s and 
 inakinvj of a survey by the United States was first 
 sui^i^ested at a meeting held in Detroit on October 
 28, 1831, and Conijress was then pt;titioned to pro- 
 vide for a survey of the lakes and for a ship-canal 
 at Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 Ten years later, on March 3, 1841,8)15,000 was 
 apjiropriated to conimenct; a survey (jf the lakes and 
 of the lart(t; rivers connecliii,;,^ with tiie Atlantic 
 This and subsc(|uent appro|)riations, ranj^inir up to 
 $200,000 in a siiii^ie year, have conferred immense 
 benefits upon tiie merchant m.irine of western 
 rivers and lakes. Jud.i,nn).j from tiie oflicial records 
 of disasters, which have (jccuired, notwithstanding 
 these efforts to prevent them, it is probable that 
 thousands of lives and hundreds of thousands of 
 dollars worth of jiroperly would be lost annually 
 except for the information afforded throutjh the 
 operations of the Lake Survey. In fact, the naviga- 
 tion of the lakes would of necessity almost entirely 
 cease but for the information thus supplied. 
 
 The offices of the Sur\'ey were established at 
 Detroit in 1841, and for many years prior to 1865 
 were located at the ('orner of Wayne and C'ongress 
 Streets. After 1865, and up to the di.seontinuance 
 of the office on Jul 1, 1882, they were located at the 
 junction of (irand River Avenue with Park Place. 
 Many instruments of extraordinary cost and accu- 
 racy were provided ; one, for measuring base lines, 
 was valued at upwards of $20,000. 
 
 Several persons connected with the office were 
 under pay the entire year, their salaries ranging from 
 three to six dollars per day. In recent years and up 
 to 1878, fifteen persons were usually em[)l()yed in 
 the office, six draughtsmen, four computers, and five 
 clerks. Parties of surveyors went out about May 
 I, and returned the middle or last of October. To 
 each party special duties were assigned; as, for 
 instance, in 1875 there were detailed five shore-parties, 
 of about twenty-five men each, to take the .sound- 
 ings, ascertain thr depth of the rivers and lakes for 
 
 tin; distance of aliout thirty-six feet from tiie shore ; 
 and to note all reefs, shoals, and obstructions of any 
 sort. Two ste.'uners, with a force of thirty men 
 each, took the soundings of the lakes from the 
 limit assigned the shore parlies, to a point ten miles 
 out. Six tri.ingiilation [larties, of three men each, 
 were specially charged with the triaiigulatioii or 
 accurate loc;ition of diHicult objects ;md pl.ices. A 
 total of nearly two hundred men wcTt- fre()uei y 
 (Migaged during the summer st'ason in the work of 
 the survey. On the return of these parlies, the 
 result of their work was arranged, systematized, 
 compuled, and transcribed for publie.iiion. When 
 the survey of any river or laki:, or ])ortion of thesaine, 
 was com|)ieled, an elaboraU; draft was m kIi-, and 
 forwarded to Washington, and tlu'n I'ligraved, or 
 lihololilhograpluul in the best possible m.anner. 
 These charts are issued willioul charge: to the 
 masters of the lake or river vessels who have a 
 register or certificate from the collector of customs; 
 and are ;ilso on sale at fifty cents each. During 
 the year ending July i, 1883, 6,406 charts were 
 issued. 
 
 After the office was closed at Detroit, the duty of 
 issuing these ch.-irts were trrmsferred to the United 
 Slates olfiie of River and Harbor Improvements. 
 The Survey w.as in charge of regular United States 
 y\rmy officers. 
 
 Their names and dates of service are as follows: 
 1841-1846, Captain Willi.-'m (1. Williams; 1848 and 
 1849, Lieutenant-Colonel James Kearney; 1850- 
 1856, C;i|)lain John N. Macomb; 1856, Lieutenaii,t- 
 Colonel James Kearney; 1857 1861, C.ipt.'iin ( leorge 
 (i. Meade; 1861-1 864, Colonel James I). (Iraham ; 
 1864 1870, Lieutenant-Colonel William F. Ray- 
 nolds; 1870-1877, Oeneral C. P>. Comstock ; 1877 
 to June, 1878, Captain II. M. Adams; June, 1878, 
 to July, 1882, General C. B. Comstock. 
 
 LIGHTUOUSK.S AND THKIR CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 The constnii'tion and repair of all lighthouses 
 is in charge of ofiiccrs of the Corps of Engineers of 
 the United States Army, who are a.ssigned to duty 
 
 [918] 
 
INSTRUCTION — 
 CroK OK 
 
 feet from liic sliorc ; 
 (1 ()l)slru('li<iiis of any 
 
 force .)f lliiriy men 
 
 tlie lakes from llie 
 s, lo apoinl ten miles 
 i, of three men each, 
 
 the iriaiiijjiilalioii or 
 hjeels and placc:s. A 
 men were fretiuei y 
 cason in the work of 
 (,f these parties, the 
 ■raiv^a:(l, systematized, 
 ir publication. When 
 or i)orti()n of the same, 
 
 draft was m ide, and 
 11(1 then en.y;raved, or 
 rst possible manner. 
 ilhoiit chari^e. lo the 
 i- vessels who have a 
 ; collector of customs; 
 ■ cents each. During 
 
 3, 6,406 charts were 
 
 at netroit, the duty of 
 isferred to the United 
 l.irbor Improvements, 
 regular United Stales 
 
 service are as follows; 
 . Williams; i.S4.Sand 
 ics Kearney; 1S50 
 nb; 1H56. Lietitcnan.t- 
 1861, Captain Oeorije 
 cl James I). Oraham ; 
 icl William F. Kay- 
 15. Comstoek; 1S77 
 Adams; June, 1878. 
 Comstoek. 
 
 IR CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 air of all lii;hth(Uises 
 Corps of Knyfineers of 
 ) arc a.ssigned to duty 
 
 T.ir.ii'riiousi:s. and their constru'ctiom. 
 
 919 
 
 in the various lii^hthousc districts of ii:c coiuilry. 
 Ollicers of this corps arc .-ilso assii;nc(| to ilu- iliar^^' 
 of various i)ul)lic works, such as the improvement of 
 riv('n-. and harbors, the cousiruction of can.ils, or 
 the survey of rivers and lakes, and often the s.une 
 ollicer has ehari,re of a linhlliousc district an<l vari- 
 ous river and harbor works. 
 
 Sini-e the year I .S6u and up lo i.SS ^, liierc has 
 been appropriated to this district by Congress, f(]r 
 the erection of liv^dithouses, the eslablisliuient of 
 fo.if-si.gn.als, .and the rejjair ;ind j)resei \aliiiu of lij^lii- 
 houscs ;ind buildinv,^s comiecteil iherewilh, tht; sum 
 of $3,246,387, .and of this .amDunt S3,<)4o,.S4o h.is 
 been e.N|)ended. A l.iri^e sum of money w.is .also 
 e.\pi:nded prior to 1X60. 
 
 'I'Ih; m.iin portion of the work of eonstruetion is 
 di'iie by conlr.act, .'ind the yearly dis!)ursements 
 re.ich ;m averai^c of §75o,(x;(j. 
 
 'i'he olliie of lighthouse engineer vv.as established 
 ,at Detroit in 1.S52. 'riu; following orric('rs lia\e 
 been in ch.ii'ge: l.ieuien.ant I^oren/.o .Sitgntaves, 
 Ueeember 21, 1X52,10 December ir, 1S56; l.i<ii- 
 tenant Willi.un !■'. Smith, December 11, 1.S56, lo 
 November 3, 1X59; (,'aptain A. W. Whipi)lc, 
 Ncjvember 3, iX^i), to August 30, 1861 ; Capt.iin 
 George CJ. Me.ule, a short linn; in 1S61 ; Lieu- 
 tenrmt-Colonel J.unes D. Onih.im, August 30, 
 1861, to April 20, 1H64; IJeutcnant-Colonel 
 William F. Raynolds, A|)ril 20, 1IS64, to Ajjril 
 14, 1870; Major J. 15. Wheeler, M.iy 15, 1869,10 
 March, 1870; Major O. M. I'oe, y\pril 14, 1870, to 
 M.ay I, 1873; M.ijor O. Weit/.el, M.iy i, 1873, to 
 May I, 1878; Capt.iin A. Mackenzie, .M.ay i, 1878, 
 to October 1, 1878 ; from l'"ebruary 18, 1874, to M.ay 
 4, 1875, the work on l.,ike Michigan was in eom- 
 m;md of M.ajor II. M. Robert; M.ajor (1. Weitzel, 
 October 1, 1878, to August i, 1882; Captain C. E. 
 L. 15. Davis, August r, 1882, to 
 
 In 1880 there were fifteen lighthouse districts in 
 the United St.ates. Detroit w.is included in the 
 eleventh district, which embniccd ;ill aids to navi- 
 g.ation on the northern and northwestern lakes above 
 Or.issy Island Lighthouse, Detroit River ; including 
 Lakes St. Clair, Huron, .Michig.m, and Superior. It 
 is the largest district in the country in the extent of 
 its shore line, and the st;cond l.irgest in its number 
 of lighthouses. In 1883 there were one hundred 
 and thirty-nine lighthouses and nineteen steam fog- 
 sign.als in operation within its limits. The district 
 was one of the first tvi'lve established under Act 
 of August 31, 1852, by the Lighthouse ISoard. In 
 May, 1869, it was divided by including L.ike Michi- 
 gan and dreen Bay in ;i separate district, designated 
 as the " I'.leventh Lighthouse District (Lake Michi- 
 gan)." The remainder v>,as known ;is the " Lleventh 
 Lighthouse District (except Lake Michigan)." In 
 March, 1870, the tvvo parts were reunited. In 1874 
 
 it W.IS di\ide(| in the s.inie manner .as before, .and in. 
 1875 the districts were .agru'ii consolid.Ued. 
 
 Under e.irly Laws, the lighthouses were subject to 
 supervision by the collector of customs, with an 
 occ.isional inspeition by a n.avai officer det.ailed for 
 th.it purpose. The otiice of lighthouse iuspi^ctor 
 w.as created by .\et of y\ugust 31, 1852, and since 
 ih.it d.ite olliicrs of the United St.ates N.avy li.ave 
 been assigned to the duty of inspeclion. It is their 
 duty to see th.at lighthouses are kept in order .and 
 (li.it keejjers discli.argi; their duli<'S jiroperlv, ;uid to 
 ■attend to the furnishing of the supplies for the vari- 
 ous st.ations. The ins[)ector h,is charge of tlu: |)l,icing 
 of (he lu.iily (wo hundred buoys on the slio;il r)r 
 d.uigeroiis pl.ices in the district. All of the l.irgcr 
 .and secon(l-<l,iss buoys .are brought to the su|)ply 
 depot .it 1 )e(roit, .at tlu; close of cvttry season, .ai>d 
 replaced ;is soon ,as the ice will permit. The 
 inspector is provided with .a vessel of from three 
 IiiuhIiciI to four hundred tons, n.amcd the Dahli.a, 
 with ,1 irew of seven ofliccrs and fifteen workmen 
 ,uid sailors; ,aiid during (he se.'ison goes from place 
 to pl.ace, distributing supplies for the lighthouses and 
 ste.am fog-sign;ils. The m.iin portion of thesupi)lies 
 are obtained from the depot of siipplii-s ,at Sciten 
 Isl.and, N. Y., where articles of a uniform ruid un- 
 v.arying st.and.ard ,are kept. Sui'h articles as oil, 
 co.al, so.ip, brooms, ;ind other ncct.'ssities for which 
 there is no regul.itioii st.uidard, arc bought ;it De- 
 troit. A Large supply ruul stor.ige depot, owned by 
 the Ciovernmcnt, is located in the re.arof the M.arine 
 Hospital. The otfiee is located on the northeast 
 I'orner of Oriswold and Larned .Streets, and the 
 (jflice forc(;, in nddidon (o (he ins|)ec(or .and assistant 
 inspector, consisted of one clerk, two eojiyists, 
 .and one mc!ssenger. 
 
 The first lighthouse built in the district was 
 erected at Fort (Ir.itiot in 1825. In 1883 there were 
 five lighthouses and sign.al lights for the river, four 
 of thi'in jirovided i)y the L'nited .St.ates, and one 
 on Hois Ll.anc Isl.and by the Can.adi.an Ciovernmcnt. 
 The first lighthouse at the mouth of the river was 
 provided for by Act of Congress of .March 31, 1819. 
 
 The lights on the line of the river are loc.atitd and 
 described as follows: Windmill Point Lighthouse is 
 .at tin; foot of L.ake St. Cl.air. It is ;i fixed white light, 
 v.aried witli red Hashes, with an interval of one min- 
 ute and thirty seconds between tlashes. It is visible 
 thirteen miles. The tower is fifty-one feet high 
 from base to light, and w.as built in 1838 and rebuilt 
 in 1875. lioth it and the dwelling of the keeper are 
 of brick, whitewashed. The light marks the entr.anee 
 to the Detroit River, and is in the Lleventh Light- 
 house District. 
 
 On October 18, 1880, the City C!ouncil voted to 
 give .'i small piece of land on the southeast corner 
 of Hellc Isle to the Covernment, and during 1881 
 
^20 
 
 LIFE SAVING SERVICE. 
 
 and 1882 ,'i brick lii^luhoiisc was crccteil upon the 
 site donated, al a cnsi of $16, 000. It shows a lii^ht 
 of iht; foiirlli order, witli fixed red litjlit; the l.-iiilt-rn 
 is forly-tw'o feet ;ii)()V(' tiie ie\el of the river, and 
 was first li^lited on May 15, 1.S82. It is visible 
 twelve and tliree (juarter niiii's. 
 
 'I'he rest of the American ii^dils on llie river arc 
 in tiie Tenlii Liijlithoiise District, ;ind the next in 
 order is the dnissy Island lii^dil. It is ;i ste.idy 
 wiiite li,i,dit, and is visible eleven and one h.ajf miles. 
 The tower is twenty-nine fi'et hi.i^di, and is pl.ieiul on 
 top of the frame dwellinij of tin: keeper, which i;, 
 built on |)iles and whitew;ished. It w;is erected in 
 1849, rebuilt in 1S57, rmd refitted in 1867. 
 
 The next lii^hthonse is named M.am.i Juda, nm\ is 
 on the shoals or 
 island of the 
 same n ;i m e . 
 The building is 
 simil.ir to that 
 on CiHissy Is- 
 land, and the 
 tower is thirty- 
 four feet high. 
 It was built in 
 1 849 and rebuilt 
 in 1866. 
 
 The Cana- 
 dian light on 
 Hois lil.inc Is- 
 l.and is .a fixed 
 while light, on 
 a round stone 
 lighthouse, on 
 the south point 
 of the island, 
 .and is fifty-six 
 feet al)o\e high 
 water. It was 
 first lighted in 
 
 •837. ' 
 
 In 18S3 there 
 were six buoys 
 
 marking shoals or obstructions in the river above 
 the I'ity. 'i'hey were located between tlie wreck of 
 the Nile, off the soulhwi'st I'ud of lielle Isle, ami the 
 lighthouse on Windmill I'oint. 
 
 In the •laine year tlurt; were one hiuidrcd and 
 thirteen principal and forty-four assist.int livjhihouse 
 keepers in the Eleventh District, the principal keep- 
 ers having from $500 to $8fK) per ye.ir, and the 
 assistants from $390 to $500. Original appoint- 
 ments are made by the Secret.iry of the Treasury on 
 nomination of the colk'cior of customs. It is the 
 
 COVEBNMENT SlOKIillol'sl;, LuiHTllOUSK UlU'AKrMKNT. 
 
 in their locality, or whenever :i light is needed or 
 would be of probable service. 
 
 I'p to Janu.iry 1, i8cSi, the sal.iries of llu; keejiers 
 were |)aid by the collector of customs; since that 
 (Kite they h.ive been p;iid by the lighthouse inspec- 
 tor. They amount to .about $8o,cx)o yearly. The 
 other ex|)enses .amount to .about $40,000. 
 
 In order to give notice of d.angerous ])l;ices in 
 foggy we.ither there are three syren fog-triunpets 
 .and elevi'ii ten-inch locomotive ste.am-ivhistles in 
 the district; these .are supervised by the keepi'fs of 
 lighthouses near by. A lighthouse with two ten- 
 inch steam fog-sign.als is now in process of con- 
 struction .at the mouth of the Detroit River. It is 
 located on llu; forty-second ilegree of l.ititude, is 
 
 built in twenty- 
 two feet of w.a- 
 ter, and is 35,- 
 600 feet dist.ant 
 fromthet iibr.al- 
 tar lighthouse. 
 It is estim.ited 
 
 to cost ^CjO.OOO, 
 
 and will be 
 known .as the 
 Detroit River 
 Light. The 
 tower will l)e 
 fifty- two feet 
 high, vvith a 
 light of the 
 fourth order. 
 
 The inspec- 
 tors h.avt; been : 
 1854 1861, 
 Comm.mder (l. 
 Fl. .Scott ; 1861, 
 Commander J. 
 !>. M.arch.and ; 
 t 863 I 8 66. 
 Commodore VV. 
 II. ( ■ a r d n e r ; 
 I 8 6 6 - I 869, 
 Captain T. II. Stevens; 1869, Commodore J. P. 
 McKinstry; 1870-1S73, Commodore A. Miirr.ay; 
 1873-1876, C.ipt.ain \V. I'. McC.ann ; 1876, Comm.m- 
 der Fred Rodgers; 1876 to October, 1881, Com- 
 m.ander I. N. Miller; October, 1881, to October, 
 1S83, Comm.inder J. C. Watson; October, 1883- 
 , Comrnander Francis A, Cook, 
 
 I.II F, .SAVINd .SKRVICE. 
 
 The hc.adqu.arters of the Ninth Life Saving Dis- 
 trict, which embraces the roasts of Lakes Huron 
 
 duty of the lighthouse keepers to keep their lights ;ind Superior, w.as est. iblished .at Detroit on Jranuai7 
 burning from sunset to sunrise during the season 12, 1876, .and removed to S.and He.ach on July 1, 
 of navigation, .and, indeed, so long as vessels move 1882. The special object of the service is to rescue 
 
lijrht is needed or 
 
 iries of llie kcepors 
 usloms ; since llial 
 lil^luliiiuse inspec- 
 io.ooo yearly. 'I'lie 
 $40,(^00. 
 
 Ianij;en)iis jilaees in 
 syren fou-truiupets 
 ! sleani-nliislies in 
 d l)y tile l<eepers of 
 oiise witli two ten- 
 ill process of eon- 
 )etr(iil Kiver. it is 
 ijjree of latitnde, is 
 Iniiit in twenty- 
 two feet of wa- 
 ter, and is 35,- 
 600 feet distant 
 fronilheCihral- 
 tar lii;lnhoiise. 
 It is estimated 
 to rost $6o,cxx), 
 and will be 
 known as the 
 Detroit River 
 |,ii;lit. The 
 tower will l)e 
 I'lfty-iwo feet 
 hi.i^li, with a 
 li^ht of the 
 fonrth order. 
 
 l"he inspec- 
 tors have bei'.n : 
 I 8 5 4 - 1861, 
 Commander (i. 
 n. Scott; 1X61, 
 Connnander J. 
 r>. Marchand ; 
 1862 1866, 
 Commodore \V. 
 11. Ciardner; 
 1 8 C) C) - I 8 6 9 , 
 ), C'onunodore j. 1'. 
 nodore A. Murray; 
 mn ; 1876, Connnan- 
 )clol)er, 1881, Clom- 
 •, 1881, to October, 
 ,)u; Oetobcr, 1883- 
 Cook. 
 
 '.KVICK. 
 
 nth Life SavinR Dis- 
 ists of Lakes Huron 
 u Detroit on J;muai7 
 id Heach on July 1, 
 le service is to rescue 
 
 IIARHOR IMPROVKMENTS. 
 
 921 
 
 persons in daiii^i'r on the watci- ilinmi^li c.ilamities 
 of any kiml. 'I'Iutc ai'c twelve stalions in llic dis- 
 trict. i'i,i;lil on Lake Huron and foiiron Lake .Supe- 
 rior. 
 
 'I'he buildinif .ind appli.uices of each slation cost 
 about $6,000. The app.iralus consists of life-boats, 
 ropes, rockets to use as signals, and mortars for 
 throwing; lines to cndanj^t red vessels. Lxjilicii 
 directions conecrniiivjf the most ;ii)pro\cd methods 
 for ri'slorinvj persons ;ii)p;u"ently di'owned are also 
 supplied. I'iacli station lias a keeper, ;it a salary of 
 $7(K0, with house-rent free. In rXS^ three of the 
 stations, those of S.md Leach, 'I'liunder Hay, and 
 Middle Isl.and. wen: manned with eii^ht men, and the 
 others with seven, ,ill under pay for about einhl 
 months of each ye.ir. 
 
 The keepers are seli'cted_ by the superiiiieiidcnt, 
 but all connected with the servii'c are jippoinled by 
 the .Secri:tary of the Tre.isury. The service in this 
 di.striet costs the United States about $4o,(X3(^ ye.irly. 
 Joseph S.awyer was the first superintendent of the 
 district. He lost his life in the service, and on De- 
 cember 3, 1880, his place was filled by J. G. Kiah. 
 
 II.\KI1(IR IMl'UOVI'.MKN I'S. 
 
 The lirst appropri.ilion for h.irlxir improvements 
 in Mieliiv;;in w.is m.ide by Act of July j, 18^6; the 
 sum of §1 5,c:x)o was then j^rantcd for the impi-ove- 
 mcnt of tin; h.arbor .it the mouth of the Riser 
 Raisin. All amounts for improvements .-ue ex- 
 pended under the direction of milil.iry ollicers de- 
 i.sik'd from time to time for this purpose. 
 
 In 1 879 there were' two officers ;it Detroit whose 
 (hit ies were connected with the e.xpi'ndilure of money 
 appropriated for rivers and harbors; one in chaiji^e 
 of M.-ijor I'". Ilarwood, the other of Major S. .M. 
 Mansfield. The district of .M.ajor M;inslield, est.ib- 
 lished in June, 1872, embraced the east shore of 
 Lake Michijran. the liarbors of Ch.irlevoix, Kr.ink- 
 fort, Manistee, Ludinijton, I'entw.ater, White River, 
 Muskejfon, (irand Haven, lUack L.ike. S.iui^atiick, 
 South Haven, and St. Josiph, ;iiid .1 survey of I'ort- 
 ;i)j;e Lake. The harbors named arc c.ircd for by 
 local inspectors appointed by tlu; olliccr in com- 
 mand. Major H.arwood's district originally eni- 
 br.iced the St. Cl.iir l'"l,its' Canal, .'iiid he was ch.irii;ed 
 witli till' care of keeping' it in oi'der and m.ikiiiii; any 
 re.ijulations necess;iry in revjard to its use. The 
 lireserv.'ition of the emb.inkments and piles in tlu; 
 S.nrinaw River .and ;it CheboyiLi.ui, and the e.ire of 
 the h.irbors of An S.ibic, St. Clair River .at the 
 uuKith of Hl.ick River, .and Thunder H.iy also formed 
 part of his duties. 
 
 The aver.aije annual expenditure for the two offices 
 vv.as .about $t5o,ocx). In the autumn of 1879 the 
 olTiee in charire of Major Manslleld w,is removed 
 to Grand Rapids. Subsecjuently, on the death of 
 
 M.ijor Ilarwood, Colonel F. N. F,in|uli,ir w.as ap- 
 pointed ,is his successor, .and had ch.irv^e ,ilso of the 
 reinn.anl of the business of the l„ikc .Sur\ey, iiiclud- 
 inv^lhe distribution of the ch.irts. lie died in 1883, 
 and in July Colonel (). AL i'oe w.as .appointed in 
 eharvje of the ollice. 
 
 INSl'KC I'OK OK .Sli;.\M|!(»,\ IS. 
 
 The inspection of stc.imbo.ils w.as first provided 
 for by Act of Conv^it'ss of July 7, 1838. 'I'liis Act 
 m.ide it till' duly of the district juil.v;e. on .applica- 
 tion of the ni.astcr or owners of .a vessel, to aiipoint 
 two ins]-)ectors, one for the hull .and the other for the 
 m.ichinery of \essels. Under Laws ]);isse(l Aiii^ust 
 30, 1852, .and l''ebru;iry 1, 1871,. a thorough systi'in 
 of inspection w.as provided for, .ano the .aiipoinlmeiit 
 of inspectors by the President .and Sen.ate was 
 authori/.ed. ]?y the provisions of these laws, the 
 Livjhth bis|)eetion District cmbr.iced ".all the 
 w.iters of the Lakes north and west of L.ake I-'.rie 
 with their tribut.iries, and the upper portion of the 
 Illinois River, down to .and ineludiii).,' I'eori.a, Illi- 
 nois." The he.iil(|u.irt(rs of the sni)(r\isini; in- 
 spector .arc; .at Detroit. Two loc.il inspectors, ap- 
 pointed by the super\isinn' inspector, with the 
 .approv.al of the jud,i;e of I'nitcd ,Si;ites histrict 
 Court .and tin; collector of customs, .are on duty .at 
 e.ich of the followinij places : Di'troit, I'ort Huron, 
 Chicav^o, M.in|ut;tte, Cir.and H.aven, .and Milw.aukee. 
 
 'I'he boilers of .all st(;.imb('als .are re(|uire(l to be 
 inspected ye.irly; .and all ste.am vessels .arc ix.amined 
 as to their compli.ance with the Law reciuirinj; a cer- 
 t.ain number of life-preservers. ;ind as to their yjen- 
 c'f.il fitness for |ireservin,^ life .and property committed 
 to them. The inspi'ctors also ex.amine into tlu; 
 h.ibitsof life .and i-.ip.abilitiesof ste.ambo.at tai^ineers 
 and pilots, and issue licenses, for which pilots and 
 c;n!.4inecrs of the first cLiss p.ay §10.00, and those of 
 the second el.a.ss sfj.oo pix year. 
 
 W'ssels .are re(|uircil to pay for certificates of 
 inspection .as follows : for the first one hundred 
 tons, $25 ; for e.ich .adiiitional hundred tons, $5.00; 
 and in the same proportion for .amounts less 
 tli.ui one hundred tons. \o certific.ate, however, 
 is issued for less tli.aii $25 for any ste.am vessel. 
 ■Ml the fees .are ]).iid over to the collector of (aisloms, 
 .and remitted by him to the L'nited .St.ates Treasury. 
 The yearly cxiietises for the entire district arc about 
 $28,000 .amiu.ally .and the receipts nearly the same. 
 The s.al.ary of the supervisinv; inspector is $2,000, the 
 local ins|)ectors .ate p.aid from $Soo to $2,000. 
 The office is located .at the Custom House and Lost 
 OiVnc. 
 
 The supervising; inspectors have been: I'eter J. 
 R.alph. April 4, 1870, to Sejitember 26, 1877; 
 JosephCook. September 26, 1877,10 . The local 
 inspectors of hulls have been: William C/ooding, 
 
922 
 
 THE SIGNAL SERVICE. 
 
 January i, 1853, tn June 7, 1853 ; (leorj^e \V. Strnin,', 
 June 7, 1853, to June 11, 1861 ; A. D. Perkins, June 
 II, 1861, to Mareli 3, 1863 ; Peter J. Ralph, .March 
 3, 1863, to March 16, 1868; Joseph Cook, March 
 16, 1868, to September 26, :877; Hugh Coyne, 
 November 19, 1877, to . The local inspectors 
 
 of boilers have been: Charles Kellogg, January i, 
 1853, to June 7, 1853; William F. Chittenden, June 
 7, 1S53, to November 2, i860; P. E. Saunders, 
 December 6, i860, to August, 1881; H. W. Gran- 
 ger, August 22, 1 88 1, to 
 
 THE SIGNAL Sf:RVICE. 
 
 The id a of using the telegraph to convey 
 mete .-'"logical information was first suggested by 
 Pro essor Henry of the Smithsonian Institute in his 
 report for 1847. The thought did not at once pro- 
 duce permanent results, but gradually and surely 
 it attracted attention and support, and t'mally, on 
 February 9, 1870, Congress authorized the employ- 
 ment and organization of a Signal Service Corps, 
 under the direction of the Secretary of War, for the 
 purpose of taking and recording observations and 
 displaying signals. 
 
 Regular reports were first received at Washing- 
 ton at 7.35 A. M., November i, 1S70, from twenty- 
 four stations then established. The reports were 
 tabulated and sent to various cities at 9 .v. M., and 
 thus the work began. The object of the service is 
 to obtain such information from all parts of the 
 country as will enable the observers to forecast the 
 condition of the weather several hours in advance. 
 The rise and fall of rivers and the tides are noted, 
 atmospheric and weather changes of every kind 
 observed, and the character and location of clouds 
 examined. All these observations are carefully 
 grouped and studied, and the synopsis and prob- 
 abilities made up therefrom. 
 
 In addition to reports from the principal cities 
 lying along the chief rivers, lakes and sea-boards, 
 and from posts of observation occupying every pos- 
 sible altitude, iniluding Mt. Washington in the east 
 and Pike's Peak in the west, reports are also obtained 
 at Washington from the Canadian Provinces, and 
 from the British, Russian, and Turkish governments. 
 
 The entire corps, as a detach;.^ent of the United 
 States Army, is under command ( f the chief signal 
 officer of the army, whose headquarters are at Fort 
 Myer, V'a., at which place there is a school of 
 instruction. The observers, to a certain extent, are 
 under military rule, but are enlisted solely for this 
 service, and must be fitted by education and char- 
 acter for the important position they occupy. The 
 central office is with the War Department at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 The office of observation at Detroit was located 
 in the Bank Block, corner of Congress and Griswold 
 
 Streets, imtil February 8, 1S81, when it was moved 
 to tile Board of Trade lUiilding, corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue and Griswold Street. It was established by 
 Sergeant Allen Buel, and reports commenced No- 
 vember I, 1871, just one year after the service was 
 inaugurated. The ot'licial number of the observa- 
 tory is thirty-si.K," it is in charge of one sergeant 
 with tv>) assistants. Five observations of the 
 weathi are taken daily; two for record and com- 
 parison, at 10.36 A. M. and 6.36 p. m., and three for 
 telegraphic transmission to the central office at 
 Washington, at 6.36 A. M., 2.36 and 10.36 r. M. 
 Experience has shown that the mean or average 
 condition of the weather is best obtained at these 
 hours. 
 
 Telegraphic obser\'ations are taken at all stations 
 throughout the country at the same moment of 
 actual time. The standard hours are 7.35 A. M., 
 3 and 1 1 r.M., Washington time, due allowance being 
 made at each station for difference of longitude. 
 An observation of the surface and bottom tempera- 
 ture of the river is also taken daily at 1.36 P. M. 
 
 The taking of an observation consists in reading 
 the barometer, the thermometer, hygrometer, ane- 
 mometer, antl anemoscope, and measuring the water 
 in the rain-gauge after rainfall ; the direction, kind, 
 and rate of motion of the upper and lower strata of 
 clouds are also recorded. All barometrical observa- 
 tions are corrected for temperature, elevation above 
 sea-level, and instrumental error. The elevation 
 for which the barometer is corrected at Detroit is 
 661.43 ^cet, it being located S6.15 feet above the 
 city base or bench mark designated on the water- 
 table of the old W'ater Works Eng.ne-house at the 
 foot of Orleans Street, which is computed as 575.28 
 feet above sea-level. 
 
 From the barometer is obtained the weight or 
 pressure of the atmosphere. From the reading of 
 the hygrometer, which, being but a wet-antl-dry- 
 bulb thermometer, may be better defined as a psy- 
 chrometer, is deduced the amount of moisture in 
 the atmosphere. The ratio which the amount of 
 moisture actually present in the air bears to the 
 amount which the air would contain if saturated, is 
 th-; relative humidity of the atmosphere. 
 
 The anemometer, or wind-gauge, measures the 
 velocity and indirectly the force of the wind. This, 
 by means of a self-registering attachment, worked 
 conjunctively by clock-work and a galvanic battery, 
 gives the velocity in miles per hour for each consec- 
 utive hour of the day. 
 
 The anemoscope, in common parlance a weather- 
 vane, is attached to the ceiling of the room, and is 
 controlled by apparatus on the roof of the building. 
 The direction of the wind at any time can be told 
 by a mere glance at the ceiling of the room. 
 
 About one hundred and fifty telegraphic reports 
 
len it was moved 
 ;orner of Jefferson 
 A-as establishi-d liv 
 , commenced N'o- 
 er the service was 
 er of the observa- 
 e of one seri;eant 
 iservations of the 
 r record and com- 
 p. M., and three for 
 central office at 
 6 and 10.36 P- ^'• 
 ; mean or average 
 t obtained at these 
 
 taken at all stations 
 ; same moment of 
 
 urs are 7.35 '^- ^'•' 
 due allowance being 
 rence of longitude, 
 nd bottom tempera- 
 daily at 1.36 1'. M. 
 , consists in reading 
 ;r, hygrometer, ane- 
 measuring the water 
 ; the direction, kind, 
 • and lower strata of 
 )arometrical observa- 
 ture, elevation above 
 ror. The elevation 
 rrected at Detroit is 
 ,6.15 feet above the 
 nated on the water- 
 ing. ne-house at the 
 computed as S7S-~^ 
 
 ained the weight or 
 From the reading of 
 but a wet-and-dry- 
 ler dehned as a psy- 
 lount of moisture in 
 •hich the amount of 
 he air bears to the 
 jntain if saturated, is 
 nosphere. 
 
 gauge, measures the 
 e of the wind. This, 
 attachment, worked 
 id a galvanic battery, 
 hour for each consec- 
 
 . parlance a weather- 
 of the room, and is 
 roof of the building. 
 
 any time can be told 
 
 • of the room. 
 
 ty telegraphic reports 
 
 MARINE HOSPITAL. 
 
 923 
 
 
 I 
 
 are received at this office from other stations, an equal 
 number morning, afternoon, and midnight. They 
 are received in cipher, tnmslated into ordinary lan- 
 guage, and distributed at prominent points in the 
 city, and furnished gratuitously to local papers for 
 publication. The " Probabilities" are received from 
 the central office at midnight. From iheni the 
 "Farmers' Bulletins" are compiled. Nearly four 
 hundred of the bulletins are printed ; a lew are re- 
 served for local distribution, and the rest dispatclu;(l 
 by early mail to the postmasters of the various 
 towns lying on or adjacent to the railroad lines 
 leading from the city. Reports were lirst sent from 
 Detroit to the post-offices on July 21, 1S73. It is 
 designed to so distribute the bulletins as to insure 
 their receipt by each postmaster before twehe 
 o'clock at noon. 
 
 The issuing of these " Synopses and Probabilities " 
 was commenced 
 February 19, 
 1S71 ; they give 
 the p ro b able 
 weather condi- 
 tions for the 
 eight hours suc- 
 ceeding their is- 
 sue. The report 
 of the service 
 for the year 
 ending June 30, 
 1SS3, shows that 
 eighty-eight ]iei- 
 cent of its proba- 
 bilities for ihv 
 year were veri- 
 fied. Fourteen 
 weather-bul- 
 letins, giving the 
 
 state of the weather, direction of wind, height of 
 barometer, temperature, and velocity of wind in 
 miles per hour at all stations from which reports are 
 received, are made out daily at 9 A. M., and posted 
 in various parts of the city with the probabilities. 
 A large weather-map, hung in the rooms of the 
 Board of Trade, and changerl each morning, gives 
 the same information as the smaller bulletins, with 
 the addition of the relative humidity. A daily 
 journal is kept in which are noted all unusual atmos- 
 pheric ap]5earances and disturbances, phenomena 
 of storms, the occurrence of meteoric and auroral 
 displays, etc. 
 
 Cautionary signals are displayed when ordered 
 from Washington. They consist of a red tl;ig with 
 black square in the center by day, and a red light 
 by night, hoisted from the roof of the building in 
 which the office is located. luther of these signals 
 indicate that a storm is probable, and that mariners 
 
 and others interested in out-door work should make 
 preparations accordingly. The tirst storm warning 
 given was for the lakes, and was ordered on No- 
 vember 8, 1870. These signals have been in regular 
 use since October 23, 1871. Each signal holds good 
 for about eight hours from the time it is first dis- 
 played. What is known as the northwest (wind) 
 signal consists of a white flag with black square in 
 the center, hoisted over the cautionary signal ; it 
 indicates that winds may be expected from the n.jrth 
 or west. The cold wave signal consists of a white 
 flag with blai'k square center, and it indicates that 
 a c(jld wave is advancing from the west ; this signal 
 was established August 6, 1884. When important 
 storms are moving, extra telegrams are sent, and by 
 means of the vari<His maps, bulletins, and signals, 
 many lives have been saved and much property 
 preserved from destruction. 
 
 The observers 
 in charge have 
 been: Allen 
 Buel, from Oc- 
 tober 12, 1870. 
 to October 20. 
 1 87 1 ; F. Mann, 
 October 20, 
 1 87 1, to April 8, 
 1873 ; W. Finn, 
 .April 8, 1873, to 
 July 16, 1875; 
 Ileiiry Fenlon, 
 July 16, 1875, to 
 August 22, 1875; 
 Theodore W 
 \'an II use n, 
 August 22, 1875, 
 to February 24, 
 1879; C. F. R. 
 Wappenhans. February 24, 1879, to March, 1883; 
 1:. Russell Brace, March, 1883, to January, 1884; 
 Norman B. Conger, January, 1 884, to 
 
 MARIXF, HOSPITAI,. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that as early as October 
 29, 1829, the Legisl.'Uive CmuK-il of Michigan Ter- 
 ritory petitioned Congress for a township of land, 
 the proceeds of the sale of the land to be devoted 
 to a hospital for seamen. Nearly a (|uartcr of a cen- 
 tury after, by law of August 4. '■'^54. Congress pro- 
 vided for the establishment of a Marine Hospital at 
 Detroit. The grounds, consisting of eight acres on 
 the southwest corner of Jefferson and Mt. Elliott 
 Avenues, with a frontage of two hundred and sev- 
 enty-four feet on Jefferson Avenue, cost $23,000; the 
 building cost §80,000, and was opened on November 
 30,1857. Nearly twenty patients were then trans- 
 ferred from St. Mari''s Hospital to this institution. 
 
 ■NIakink Hosmtal. 
 
924 
 
 MARINE HOSPITAL. 
 
 The buikliiijj^ is (Icciiicd perfectly tlreiirnof. Heavy 
 iron j;irders siipjjort brick arclies, wliicli are leveled 
 over with concrete, and v.pon this foundation iiard 
 pine tloors are laid. All the brick walls are hollow, 
 allowinj^ space for the air to circulate, and all vlam|i- 
 ness is thus avoided. The most ornamental, and 
 decidedly the most agreeable features of the build- 
 inj:^, are the roomy veramlas for each story, in front 
 and rear; they have iron frames, with decorative 
 scroll work, and i^ive a ijraceful appearance to the 
 exterior. 
 
 ']'he hospital is supported in part !)y a monthly 
 tax of forty cents per month for each person em- 
 ployed on board any rei,dstered vessel, which sum is 
 collected by the captains of the vessels before the 
 license is taken out or renewed. The ca|)tain of 
 each vessel is authorized to deduct this amount 
 from the wages of all employed on the vessel. A 
 record of all sailors thus reported is kept at the 
 custom house, and also at the hospital ; and on an 
 order from the captain of a vessel to the collector of 
 customs, any sailor needing medical treatment, who 
 has been .sailing during the three months preceding 
 his application for admission, is entitled to the care 
 of the hospital and his board, without charge. The 
 number of patients is from fifteen to twenty-live, and 
 
 seventy can be accommodated. None but sailors 
 are admitted as patients. \'isitors are admitted 
 from lo A. M. to 12 M., and from 2 to 4 v. M. 
 
 A dispensary is also maintained at the oillce of 
 the .surgeon in the Campau lUiilding, where .seamen, 
 wlio do n- . wish to enter the hospital, can obtain 
 medicines. Surgical operations are also performed 
 at the oilicc if desired. During the year ending 
 June 30, iSiS4. three hundred and eighty-three per- 
 sons were treated at the hospital and eleven hun- 
 dred and twelve at the office. The disbursements 
 for the year ending June 30, 1SS4, were §14,602.85. 
 The hospital is in charge of a surgeon and an assist- 
 ant surgeon, who are ap])ointetl by the Secretary of 
 the Treasury. Se\en other persons, paid by the 
 Ciovcrnment, are connected with the institution. 
 
 The surgeons in charge have been: 1857-1861, 
 Zina Pitcher; 1S61-1867, Louis Davenport; 1867- 
 1869, E. Lauderdale; 1869-1873, J. .M. Pigelow; 
 1873-1S79, J. A. Hrown; 1879. F. D. Porter; 1880 
 to November 10, 1882, W. 11. II. Mutton; 1882, 
 November 10 to , \V. II. Long. The follow- 
 
 ing persons have served as stewards: 1857-1862, 
 J. \V. Kelsey; 1862-1S79, T. Hurst; 1879-1881, 
 H. C.Jones; 1881, II. Ilartz; 1882- , T. R. 
 Maxlield. 
 
None but sailors 
 rs are admitted 
 ! to 4 I'. M. 
 :1 at the otiice of 
 ir, where seamen, 
 spital, can obtain 
 •e also performed 
 the year ending 
 ei.nhly-three per- 
 and eleven hiin- 
 he disbursements 
 . were $14,602.85. 
 con and an assist- 
 .y the Secretary of 
 sons, paid by the 
 die institution. 
 )een: 1 857-1 861, 
 Davenport; 1867- 
 3, J. M. Biyelow; 
 ". D. Porter; 1880 
 H. Hutton ; 1882, 
 .onj,^ The follow- 
 ^■ards: 1857-1862, 
 Hunst; 1879-1 881, 
 1882- , T. K. 
 
 C H A P T !•: R L X X X \' I I . 
 
 MILIT.\RY AND PLANK ROADS. — .STKKKTS AX!) .STUKKT PAVINC,. — SIDi: A.\D 
 CROSS WALKS. — STREET RAILROAD.S. — STREICT AND RO.\D OFFICERS.— 
 
 150ARD nV PUPLIC WORKS. 
 
 MILITARY AND PLANK KDADS. 
 
 For more than a hundred years after the first 
 settlement of Detroit, roads leadin;< thither were 
 unneeded and unknown. The trallic and travel 
 were exclusively by water. No road, worthy of the 
 name, existed in the Territory until 1812; the first 
 was a sort of bridle-path which ran along the west 
 bank of the Detroit and through the swamps in the 
 vicinity of Toledo to Cleveland. It was somewhat 
 improved by the troops who c;une from Ohio in 
 181 2. Aside from this, only trails existed in the 
 interior. The first surveyed road was the so-called 
 Pontiae Road, which was established by proclama- 
 tion of Go\'ernor Cass on December 15, 1815, and 
 laid out by commissioners whose report is dated 
 December 13, 1819. Other commissioners were at 
 work upon it as late as 1824. Within the city, the 
 road is now known as Woodward Avenue. 
 
 In 181 7 from one hundred and fifty to two hun- 
 dred troops then stationed at Detroit were employed 
 in opening a road to Fort Meigs, now called the 
 River Road. They completed about thirty miles. 
 
 On .March 3, 1825, Congress made an appropria- 
 tion to locate a military road from Detroit to Chicago, 
 and on May 24, 1825, in laying it out, the commis- 
 sioners began at the Campus .Martins in Detroit, 
 and the part within the city is called Michigan 
 Avenue. A law of March 2, 1827, appropriated 
 $20,000 for completing the road. Congress also 
 provided for opening roads to Saginaw, Fort Gra- 
 tiot, and Sandusky. On October 29, 1829, the 
 Legislative Council of the Territory sought to aid 
 these efforts by authorizing a lottery, the ]iroceeds 
 of which were to be used to build a road between 
 Detroit and Miami. On July 4, 1S32, Congress 
 passetl a law providing for the building of what is 
 now known as the Grand River Road. 
 
 These various roads were of great service, but 
 the low lands in the vicinity of Detroit made con- 
 stant attention necessary to keep theiii in passable 
 condition. The following e.xtract from an article in 
 one of the city papers in December, 1836, shows 
 the great need then existing for good roads : 
 
 Wiiiit ;i slraiijjf fact that in a city smroiiiulcil |]y fdrols, tlic 
 jiriii: i)f wuiul slimiKl liu livi-, six, ami si'Vtii ilullais a >(iril ! \Vc 
 liave paiil §j,i«x) extra tliu last two iiiimtlH fi r fuel alum-, in c.iit- 
 scquiMUu of tlic stall: (if tin: roads ariaiml tin- city. 
 
 Soon afun- this notice appeared, .several meetings 
 were held in order to devise means for improving 
 the roads, and in January, 1837, the desire was 
 general that the Legislature be petitioned to take 
 the Vpsilaiui, Pontiae, and Grand River Roads uiuler 
 its control and management, to put them in a state 
 of repair, and to collect tolls to pay the interest of 
 moneys invested and cover the expense of keeping 
 the roatls in (jrder. All of these meetings were 
 barren of result, and the roads grew continually 
 worse. The Central and Pontiae Railroads were 
 in operation, but were useful only to certain regitjns. 
 
 In 1845 the Grand River Road was the great 
 thoroughfare, and jilthough in very bad condititJii, 
 from August 13 up to No\ember an average of one 
 hundred anil twenty-four wagons came over it daily. 
 At certain seasons of the year, up to 1849, the roads 
 to Vpsilanti, Pontiae, and Mt. Clemens were little 
 travelled, and when used, extra teams, kept for the 
 purpose, were employed to help the wagons through 
 the sloughs. Two days to ^'psilanti ami two days 
 to Pontiae were considered only a fair allowance of 
 time. 
 
 Traffic with the interior was consequently light 
 and unremunerative, and as a natural result, a gen- 
 era! dullness pervaded the city. Few wagons came 
 in, not many stayed over night, and hotels built for 
 the accommodation of farmers were unoccupied. 
 Finally some of the business men took the subject 
 into consideration, and it was resolved that the only 
 remedy was to build plank-roads across the low 
 lands. 
 
 An application was made to the Legislature, and 
 in 1 848 a General Plank-Road Act was passed, under 
 which charters, to run si.xty years, were granted to 
 all applicants. Many roads were at once incorpor- 
 ated that never went into operation, and numerous 
 others were built that for want of traffic were 
 allowed to decay. Those leading from Detroit to 
 
 L9»5] 
 
926 
 
 MII.irAkV AND ri.ANK ROADS. 
 
 Saliiu! by way of Npsilanli, In Ildwcll liy way of 
 I'aiiniii'^lon, to l.aiisiii^ fiom I lowcll, to Ml. I'lcmcns 
 ami to roiiliaf, were kept up, ami iiolw iiiistamlinv; 
 till' lailioaijs, liny ;n\- as essential as e\-er lo the 
 coiivellielici; of tile iit\' ami eouiiliy. 
 
 Under tlie Aei of 1.S4.S (iemial Cass, \)i.- (laiiiio 
 Jones, Z. Ciiandler, Henry I.edyard, C. II. Iliilil, C. 
 C. 'I'rowhridLje, I'rederic k ISuiil, and others asso- 
 ciated tlienisekes to.t;etlier and built a pl.ink-road 
 lo I lowell. They afterw.irds bon^lil and eoiuiileted 
 the ro.id to Ml. C'lenieiis and I'tic.i, and took a lari^e 
 part of the stock in the l.aiisini;' and 1 lowcll Koad. 
 Other p.irlies built the Detroit and .Saline, ami 
 the Detroit and I'onti.ic Ko.uls. None of the stoek- 
 lioklers li.id .any cNperience in pl.ink-ro.id ni.ikim.;', 
 but it w.is conceded lli.it where o.ik pl.ink (onid bo 
 h.id, none other w.is to be iisi'il ; how the pl.iiiks 
 were to In- l.iid, and how best si'cnrcd to their pl.ices, 
 was .mother (|nestioii. The Detroit .and 1 lowcll 
 C.'onip.iiiy w.is the pioneer in expirin.cnts. An I'X- 
 eavalion fonr inches deep and ei^lit iiiclus wiile w.is 
 made; in the ro.idw.ay, four strini^ers of 4 .x 4 jiiiic 
 were laid len;^thwisc, and across these thrcc-ini'h 
 pl.ink wei-e pl.u'ed. The e\il consi'(|iicnces were 
 ni.iiiifold. The sp.ice underm'.itii was at once filied 
 with ninddy w.atcr, which splashed up on horses, 
 vehicles, and p.isseiiviiis ; and the sleepers soon 
 decayed. As the ro.id w,is extended, other methods 
 were tried, and three bo.irds were siibstitnted for 
 the 4x4 stringers; but after v.arious ex]Hrinients 
 the planks wert: l.iid directly in the soil. Ditches 
 were opened, numerous culverts ni.ade, aiul the i"o;id- 
 beil raised so as to i^ive free dr.ainaj^e. It w;is soon 
 discovered tli.it the pl.inks decayed r.apidly, and th.it 
 the ro.ids could not bc' kept up by the tolls received. 
 .\l)oiit this time expirinicuts were m.ade in Can.ada 
 with ro.ids constructed of lime-co.ated j^ravel taki'ii 
 out of hillsides. ,\n I'xpcrt w.is sent lo ex.amine 
 these i^ravel ro.ids, and upon his ri'port tlu' Detroit 
 .ind llowcll, I-msimj and llowi'll, Ditroit and .S.il- 
 ine, Detroit ;ind I'onti.ic, and Detroit ;ind I'ain roads 
 l)eiL;;in the use of i;ia\cl. It w.is found th.it wliere- 
 eviT r.ii)id dr.iin.aiLje could be obl.iined, ;i ro.id-bed 
 of sixteen inches of ).;-r.i\iI could be relied upon, and 
 this form of ro.id is now held in the highest favor 
 and is in use on .all the ro.ids. 'I'lie tol.il cost of the 
 ro.uls le.uliiiv;' from Detroit li.as been fully $300,000. 
 They h,i\e lU'Ver bi'in prolit.ible. and could prob- 
 ;ibly be bouj^ht ;it one cinarter of llu'ir cost. Some 
 of them pay small (li\idends, others none at all, and 
 all of them, at times, h.ive sus])ended divideiuls, but 
 the ori,v;in,il pro|)rietors of the iirincip.il roatis h.ave 
 ret.iini'd tluir sh.ires, and manai;eil the ro.ails as 
 carefully as if they had been iiroi'it.ible. The result 
 lias been to keej) ojieii eommunicatioii with the 
 country, to promote intercourse and trade, and to 
 cheapen all commodities coming from the adjacent 
 
 districts. 'I'lie ro.ids h,i\c prob.ibly s.ived to I lie citi- 
 zens of Detroit .1 sum e(|u.il to their lost (Alls \e.ir 
 in the I'ednccd prices of fuel, bi'i'f, mutton, jionltry, 
 vev^it.ables, etc. 
 
 The r.ites of toll per mile, as est.iblished by law 
 of 1X48, .ire: P'or all vehicles dr.iwn by two ;ini- 
 m.als, two cents, .and if dr.awn by more th.in two 
 anim.ils, three foiirllis of ,1 cent for e.ich .iddition.il 
 aiiini.il ; for .ill sinj^li' horses, led, ridden, or driven, 
 one cent ; for e\ery twenty sheep one h.ilf cent, ;ind 
 for every score of c.iltle one cent. 
 
 The Detroit and i'onti.ic plaiik-ro.ad w.is o|)ened 
 in November, 1S49, is eiijhticn miles loiiii;, .and h;is 
 three y;. at es. 'i"he Detroit .and .S.iline, re.iclieil by 
 w.iy of Miclii,ir;in Avenni', w.is opened Au^mist 2(1, 
 I1S50, is forty miles \im\^. .and li.is ei.niit ,i^;;ites. The 
 Detroit .and l",riii, to IJtic.a by w;iy of the Cr.iliot 
 Koad, w.is completed in i<S5o and i(S52, is thirty 
 miles lonjr, .and h.as six ij.ati's. The Detroit .and 
 llowcll, by way of the ("ir.ind River Ro.id, is fifty 
 miles loiiif, h.is ten ).^;ites, and w.is opened in Octo- 
 ber, 1 85 1, 'i'lie Detroit .and drossi; I'ointe Road 
 was o|)ened in October, 1851, is nine miles long, and 
 has two gates. 
 
 SfKia IS AM) .Sj-KKKf I'.WINC. 
 
 The streets, in the olden d.iys, afforded many .a 
 str.inge .and pictiiics<iiie sight, 'froops of s(|ii,iws, 
 bending bene.ath their lo.ads of b.askets and skins, 
 moved along the w.iy; rough conrciirs t/r /u'/s, with 
 b.iles of be.aver, mink, .and fox, were p.assing to .iiid 
 fi'om the tr.ading stores, and, leaning upon h.ilf-open 
 doors, l.iu,i;liing demoiselles .alternately I'hal'fed .and 
 cheered their favorites; licri' a group of Indi.aas 
 were drying scalps on hoops over a fire; others, 
 with scalps h.inging at their elbows, were d.ancing 
 the W'.ar dance; Indian dandies, with belted toma- 
 li.iwks, .and deerskin leggings fringed with beads of 
 ni.any colors, niovi'd noiselessly along, with l)laiik(;ts 
 of si'arlet cloth, guns lie.i\ y with sihcr ornaments 
 .and h.alf-moons, .and gorgets of the s.anic m.ateri.il 
 .adorning their [lersons ; st.aid old justices with pow- 
 dered cues exchanged s.ilutes with the oflicia's of 
 the garrison, who were brilliant with scarlet uni- 
 forms, gold l.ice, .and sword-knots; elegant l.idies 
 with crimson silk pellicoats, immense beehive bon- 
 nets, high-heeled slippers, .and bl.ick siik stockings, 
 tripped along the w.iy; .and ever .and anon the 
 shouts of sokliers in the gii.ardhouse, made wild 
 with "shrub" .and Old Jam.aici Uum, were heard 
 on the morning .air, .and at limes troops of Indian 
 ponies went scurrying through the tow n. 
 
 The streets of 1778 were little better tli.an Lines, 
 .and up to 1805 but one street w.as twenty feet wide, 
 .and the widest of the six others was only fifteen 
 feet in width. Just inside the stockade the chctnin 
 
s;i\'('il lo ilic riti- 
 
 ir cdst cvii'v y<';ii' 
 
 imittiiii, iHiiiliry, 
 
 stal)lislu(l by l.iw 
 ;i\vii by two ani- 
 y nioiT lliaii two 
 )V each addilioiial 
 liddin, or diivi'ii, 
 jiic lialf rciil, ami 
 
 -road was opciu'd 
 ilcs loiiK, and lias 
 aliiK', rcaclud by 
 M'Dcd Aii.nii^l -(^• 
 I'inlit ,nali'S. 'riic 
 ay of llu' Ciiatiot. 
 1(1 1852, is tliiily 
 Tiic Di-lroil and 
 ivcr Road, is lifly 
 
 i ()|HIK'd ill Oclo- 
 )ssi; i'oiiilL' Road 
 iiic miles long, and 
 
 I'AVINC. 
 
 , afforded many a 
 ri-oo|)s of s(|uaws, 
 baskets and skins, 
 ■(■///■s (If bois, with 
 re passinir to and 
 111; upon half-opi'n 
 lately ehalfed and 
 v;r()up of Indians 
 cT a t'lre; others, 
 iws, wert' daneiiij; 
 ill belled loma- 
 Hed will) beads of 
 mv;, with blankets 
 silver oriiameiils 
 the same material 
 usliecs with pow- 
 lii tlu' oClieers of 
 with scarlet imi- 
 ■; ; ek'j^aiit ladies 
 use; beehive bnii- 
 uk silk sloekins^s, 
 ex and anon the 
 louse, made wild 
 Rum, were heard 
 troops of Indian 
 town, 
 better than lanes, 
 twenty feet wide, 
 i was only fifteen 
 ckade the chcmin 
 
 iVI 
 
 STKKKTS AND STRKKT I'AVINd. 
 
 927 
 
 dti rotii/i' extended around the town. Its orijjinal 
 width was twelvi; feet, but by the extension of the 
 stockade, and elwuiges connected with milit.iry oper- 
 ations, it iiad l)e'n considerably widened in some 
 places. An ordinance of the ilo.ird of Trustees, in 
 1802, "to promote health, pe.ice, ,ind safety," opened 
 with this pre.imble: " Wliere.is, the streets of that 
 p.irt of Detroit within the stockade are so narrow 
 that fool passentjers have (lilliculty at limes to ket'p 
 clear of horsemen and carria',^cs unless they yo 
 slow. Therefore," .and then (he ordinance went on 
 to iiroliibit f.ast drivinij, Jind the records show ihal 
 the ordin.UKx; was enforced even .inainsl the trustees 
 themselves. 
 
 That blessinij in dis^mise, iIk; fire of 1805, wiped 
 out the old streets, .and opened the w.av for llie 
 facilities \vc now possess. Only six d.iys after the 
 lire, on June 17, a mcelini,Mvas held ,-it judi^e M.av's 
 to discuss the siibj(!ct of wider streets for the pro- 
 |)osed new town. 'I'he plan of broader streets did 
 not meet the .ipprov.'il of tlie Krench finhilans. 
 Judi(e Woodward, in a letter to a friend, said: 
 
 'I'lu; idia iif slri'rts .i liiiiuliid f.ct wMc- was .-i niivilly wliii:li 
 excited iinl only surprise l)iil liitlcr IruliK'niilicin. It was with 
 Krcal (liUleiilty, llierefnrr, that any arraiiKemirils whatin-er coiilil 
 lie made with the iiilialiilaiUs. 'I'liey have si'en what tli-ir conn- 
 try has heen for the' hundred years |)ast, nnd l>y this alone they 
 judge of what it is likely to he for a Inindred years to come. 
 
 The Woodward |ilan linally succeeded, but no 
 del.-iils of the plan and iis streets were forw.irded to 
 Coni,Tess until 1831. I'endini,' this action, a memo- 
 rial, dated November 13, 1830, was sent by some of 
 the citizens, st.atinir that .so many clian,i,'es had 
 been made in the ])l.ins that it was impossible, on 
 account of the eonllict of authority, to open streets 
 or alleys, and that certain streets were in some jilaces 
 forty, in others lifly, in others sixty feet wide, 'i'he 
 plan of 1 83 1, made by John Farmer for, and accepted 
 by the Governor and Jud,i,H's, .afforded the first sub- 
 sl.anlial basis for the layinj; out of streets. The 
 usual width of streets, by the pl.an of 1806 and later 
 additions, is fifty feet, thoutfh many arc sixty feet in 
 width. By ordinance of February 2, 1880, all streets 
 are required to be at least fifty feet wide. 
 
 The main avenues — Woodw.ari! Jefferson, Mon- 
 roe, Grand River, Miami, and Michigan — are one 
 hundred and twenty feet wide. Washington, Madi- 
 son, and Michigan Gr.ind Avenues are two hundred 
 feet in width. No other ciiy in the Union, save 
 Washington, has so many avenues of such unusual 
 width. 
 
 Although the Military Reserve was embraced 
 within the plan of the Governor and Judges, the 
 plan was inoperative over the Reserve, as that be- 
 longed to the Govtirnnient. When the Reserve was 
 granted to the city, the council decided to lay it out 
 in regular squares as far as possible. The harir'iny 
 
 and pro|)(irti()ii of the pLm of 1806 was thereby 
 destroyed, .iiid .is a result, m.iiiy of the streets in the 
 center of the city ;ire crooked and irregiil.ir, and l.tck 
 the be.iiiiy they were designed to possess. The 
 .iveiiues also were encroached ujion, and citizens 
 were ■illoweil lo fence in large port ions on either side 
 .and use them ;is their own. It w.is not until the 
 spring of 1881 that Washington Grand Avenue was 
 aciu.tlly opened to its full width ; ;md there was a 
 long leg.il contest before the city obtained its rights. 
 
 The custom of .allowing owners of real estate to 
 subdivide their property and l;iy out streets ,as their 
 interest or f.tncy (lict.ited h.is .also been iiroductive 
 of much confusion in street lines. .Some portions 
 of the city have m.tny streets only one or two 
 blocks long, and there ;ire numerous jogs in streets 
 that might h.ave been straight and of uniform 
 width. 
 
 An Act of February 5, 1857, provided for three 
 commissioners, to whom plans of subdivisions should 
 be submitted. ISy Act of 1873 the super\isioii of the 
 laying out of new streets w.is lodgeil with the Hoard 
 of Public Works. Tlii^y were also empowered to 
 control the location and course of all streets and 
 roads laid out within two miles of the city so th.at 
 they may conform to streets in the city whenever 
 included within the city limits. 
 
 In 1832 Griswold Street was opened from L.trned 
 Street to Jefferson Avenue, and in I'ebruary of the 
 following ye.tr it w.as widened to fifty feet, under a 
 decision from the Supreme Court. 
 
 In 1878 the ro.ulway of Woodward Avenue was 
 widened five feet on each side from Willis y\ venue 
 to the city limits, and in 1882 it w.as widened iK.-tween 
 Columbia .Street and Willis Avenue, and a uniform 
 width of fifty feet obt.iined. 
 
 During the year 1 869over §70,000 was ij.aid for the 
 o])eiiing of some thirteen miles of streets. The 
 f.ict that the city p.iid for the opening of streets, 
 which were a necessity to those wishing to divide 
 their jiroperty into Iots,was a fruitful source of knav- 
 ery; and in 1875 the Legislature provided for the 
 assessment of not to exceed three-fourths of the 
 damages upon the neighborhood supposed to be 
 benefited. Under this pro\-ision only one h.alf was 
 jissessed upon the neighboring property, and the 
 enormous amounts required to be paid by the city 
 led to the repeal of the law in 1882, and provision 
 was made th.at the projicrty immediately advantaged 
 should pay for all damages. In 1883 the Legisl.ature 
 authorized a return to the former method, and only 
 half the damages are now assessed upon the adja- 
 cent property, and the balance is paid by the city. 
 
 Under provisions of the city charter the council 
 from time to time vacates or closes streets or alleys, 
 or portions of them, when the owners of adjoining 
 property so desire, if public necessity does not re- 
 
 
928 
 
 STKKK'IS AND STREET PAVING. 
 
 quire that they be kept open. Tlic dosiiijj by iiuli- 
 vidiials of the liijijlnvays known as C(,:nutc'ry I.aiic 
 ami IJolivar Alley was |)ani(ularly noticiablc lu'cause 
 of the litijjatiou whith j;rcw oiii of tluir enclosure. 
 Ill both cases the ((Hirts decided thai llie pul)li(' had 
 no riijhts therein. The occupalion of l)e(iuindre 
 Street by the Detroit, Cirand Haven, & Milwaukee 
 Railroad has .also been the occasion of nuicli liti,i;a- 
 tion, and ni.my ownin.^r property aloni; the line of 
 this street have tried ;it various times and in many 
 ways to have the street opened and declared a pub- 
 lie hijflnvay. The case fin.illy reached the Supreme 
 Court, and in 1871 a decision was rendered coiilinn- 
 inj( the rijrht of the r.iilroad to forty feet in width of 
 the .street from the center of their tr.ack on the east- 
 ern side; consecjuently, ;ilthou.v,di a narrow roadway 
 lies alongside part of the track, that p.irt north of 
 Woodbriilj^e .Street can no longer be properly called 
 a street. 
 
 The nationality and characteristics of the i)eople 
 conj^rejialed in certain ]).arts of the city have ijiven 
 rise to I iriicular desii^nations for such localities. 
 Thus the larv;er portion of the territory on Fifth 
 and Sixth Streets, for several blocks each side of 
 Michigan Avenue, is called Corktown, because 
 chieHy occupied by people from the Emerald Isle. 
 The eastern part of the city, for several blocks on 
 each side of tlratiot Avenue beyond Brush Street, 
 for similar reasons is often spoken of as Dutchtown, 
 or the (German ([u.irter. That part of the city lying 
 a few blocks north of High Street and between 
 Brush and Hastings, is known ;is Kentucky, from 
 the number of colored people living there. A walk 
 of a few blocks east and north of this locality termi- 
 nates in the heart of Polacktown, where many Boles 
 reside. That pt)rtion of the city just west of Wood- 
 ward Avenue and north of ("irand River Avenue, 
 forming part of the old Fifth Ward, is sometimes 
 designated as Piety Hill; for the reason that it is 
 largely occupied by well-to-do citizens, who are 
 supposed to largely represent the moral and religious 
 portion of the community. 
 
 Peddlers' Point is a name frequently applied to a 
 part of (Irand River Avenue near Twelfth Street. 
 The intersection of several streets at that place 
 forms a pointed block, which locality is a favorite 
 place for itinerant hucksters to intercept and pur- 
 chase supplies from the farmers coming in on the 
 (irand River Road. 
 
 Swill Point is the not very euphonious appellation 
 sometimes given to a portion of Larned Street near 
 Second, because of a distillery formerly located 
 near by. Atwater and Franklin Streets, for several 
 blocks east of Brush Street, are frequently desig- 
 nated as the Potomac. This locality is near the 
 river, and in memory of a familiar saying of the last 
 war, the phrase "all quiet on the Potomac" indi- 
 
 cates that otherwise disturbances might be looked 
 for in the region iiidicati-d. 
 
 Tin: Heights is a name applied to a region near 
 the westerly end of I'ort Street East, occupied 
 in |)art by former deni/.ens of the Potomac (|u.utcr. 
 This last region being on lower ground, a removal 
 to Fort Street was spoken of as a removal to 
 the "Heights," possibly the fact that "high old 
 times " have been freciuent in this locality has 
 also had something to do with the particular tlesig- 
 nation. These last localities have numbered among 
 their inhabit.ants the worst classes of both sexes. 
 
 Michigan Avenue may well be called the longest 
 street in the city, for the Chicago Road, which is a 
 continuation of the avenue, reaches across the Stale, 
 and Michigan Avenue in Chicago forms its western 
 terminus. 
 
 I-af.iyette Avenue, in the winter lime especially, is 
 brilliiint with costly turnouts, tilled with gayly 
 dresseii |)eople, ;ind thousands gather there to wit- 
 ness the ever-changing ])anorama. 
 
 Woodward Avenue, with one end at the river's 
 edge, and the other reaching indetinitely into the 
 country, has no superior on the continent. The 
 elegant stores, residences, and churches lh;it mark 
 its route, the beautiful parks and private grounds 
 that lie on either side, win universal admiration. 
 
 Ciriswold Street, running from the river to the 
 High School, is the financial artery of the city. On 
 it courts, lawyers, and banks aboimd. No better 
 description of the street could be given than this 
 verse, written for a street in a.iother city more than 
 tifty years ago : 
 
 At Uic top uf the street the attorneys alHniiid, 
 And down at the bottom llie haryes are found, 
 l'"ly, Iloiiesty, fly, lo some s.'ifer retreat, 
 I'ur there's craft in ihe river and craft in the street. 
 
 The condition of all the streets up to 1835, and of 
 most of them to about 1850, was such as to preclude 
 all unnecessary use. Especially in the spring anil 
 fall, the tine black soil, saturated with water, and 
 in places mixed with clay, made the roads almost 
 impassable. Children living not two blocks away 
 were carried to school on horseback, and horses 
 were kept hitched in front of stores or oflices to 
 enable their owners to cross the streets, the animals 
 literally wading from side lo side. 
 
 In 1851 the writer counted fourteen teams, loaded 
 with wood and other products, stuck fast in the 
 mud on Monroe Avenue, the avenue being only 
 three blocks long. The Advertiser of April 21, 1852, 
 s.?id, " We noticed yesterday a carman stuck fast 
 with his load, consisting of a single hogshead of 
 sugar, his horse ' all down in a heap ' in that vast 
 mudhole directly in front of the National Hotel." 
 Efforts were made with something of regularity to 
 
:s mi^lit be looked 
 
 ;d to a rc>;ion lu'iir 
 L'ct Kast, oitiipii-il 
 ic I'otoniac (iiiartcr. 
 r yround, a removal 
 f as a removal to 
 f;ut tliat "liiKh old 
 ill this loiality has 
 the particular desi,t(- 
 ive numbered among 
 ses of both sexes, 
 be called the loiiKesl 
 ijro Koad, which is a 
 ches across the State, 
 igo forms its western 
 
 Iter time especially, is 
 
 1, filled with is'ayly 
 
 leather there to wit- 
 
 iia. 
 
 le end at the river's 
 
 indefuiilely into the 
 
 the continent. The 
 
 churches that mark 
 
 and private grounds 
 
 iversal admiration. 
 
 •om the river to the 
 
 rtery of the city. On 
 
 abound. No better 
 
 .1 be given than this 
 
 .lother city more than 
 
 Ituinrys al)miiul, 
 hargis arc fnuiul. 
 
 •r iilrrat, 
 liul craft in Uic street. 
 
 etsup to 1835, and of 
 
 las such as to preclude 
 
 Illy in the spring and 
 
 [aled with water, and 
 
 ade the roads almost 
 
 not two blocks away 
 
 [orseback, and horses 
 
 A stores or oilices to 
 
 jlie streets, the animals 
 
 |ide. 
 
 fourteen teams, loaded 
 :ts, stuck fast in the 
 le avenue being only 
 [tiserof April 21. 1852. 
 
 a carman stuck fast 
 la single hogshead of 
 1 a heap ' in that vast 
 
 the National Hotel." 
 [thing of regularity to 
 
 STRKKT.S AND STRKKT I'AN'INC. 
 
 92() 
 
 improve the condition of the streets, and ;is early as 
 1821 overseers of highways were appointed, and 
 they, and the various street commissioners, with 
 their ;irmy of slow-moving employees, m.ide the 
 roads passable. A law of 1832 gave the council 
 po^ver to compel convicts to work on the streets, 
 wearing a b.'ill and eh.iiii. In 1836 sever.'il |)risoners 
 escaped wliili; at work, ami the plan w.is discon- 
 tinued; but in 1843 prisoners were again so em- 
 ployed. 
 
 in 1838 Captain Marryatt, tlie author, was here 
 for sever.'d days, and in his aeeoimt of Detroit he 
 says, "There is n^t a pa\ed street in il, or even a 
 footpath." In June, 1840, the Conunittee on .Streets 
 reported f.tvorabiy upon .and the council accepted ;i 
 proposition made by Tiiomas iliil to furnish oxen 
 to work on the roads at $2.75 per day. 
 
 The first p;i\ing w.is dune in 1S25; contracts 
 were sold on .September 1 of this year for paving 
 in front of the property of Mlliott dray, D. Cooper, 
 T. J. Owen, .and others, tlu: prices nmging from $1.00 
 to S''-5 PcT foot. All the work was to be l)ai(l 
 for in corporation due-bills. l''or nearly ten years 
 •after, ;ind up to 1835. paving and gnuling contr.acts 
 were Sold at .auction, ;uul for those times an innnense 
 amoimt of moniy and labor was expended. 
 
 The paving, done mostly with small, roiuid stones, 
 was confined chietly to sitlewalks ami the s[)ace 
 immediately in front of certain stores or residences, 
 and no one of the contracts for paving included 
 ;in entire block. 
 
 On March 12, 1827, a committee of the Common 
 Council reported in favor of [laving the streets, 
 stilting that the annual t£ix for repairs would more 
 than pay the interest on the sum necessary for 
 paving. 
 
 On September 8, 1829. a plan was adopted for 
 p.aving Jefferson Avenue; but no paving was done 
 except in front of cert.iin lots as before. 
 
 In 1830, under the superintendence of Mr. Des- 
 noyers, the space in front of the old market on 
 Woodward Aveiuie, and between it and Jefferson 
 Avenue, was paved at an expense of $527.85. 
 
 The first systematic paving of a large portion of 
 any street with stone was done in 1835. Atwater 
 Street, between Woodward Avenue and Randolph 
 Streets, was paved in that year. The special reason 
 for the paving w.is that the earth from the ex- 
 cavation for the basement of the I'rcsbyterian 
 Church, then building on the northeast corner 
 of Woodward Avenue and I.arned Street, was 
 used to fill in Atwater Street, and it became 
 almost impassable. Kobert E. Roberts, then occu- 
 pying a store on the street, obtained the consent 
 of a majority of the property holders, and the 
 council ordered the .street paved. The material 
 used was cobble-stone, and the cost was seventy- 
 
 two cents |)er y.ird; the entire cost of the work was 
 Sr.2(')i. 
 
 It w.as now proposed to p;ue Jefferson Avenue, 
 ;ind in December, 1835, the following notice, signed 
 by the city ilerk, (Jeorge Myrd, was published: 
 
 l'rii|iiisals will lie rtoclveil at the nllice of tllr City t'lirk, iiiilil 
 the lirst of January luxl, for paviiiij the roacKvay i>f Jellirsim 
 Avenue, from llrush Sinit lo the Cass line ; ist, with round 
 stones not list than four nor niori' than ei),'ht inelies in di.uneter, 
 laiil in six inches of sanil. ad, with Mon>;uai,'on or t'anad.i stone, 
 nut less than six inches lont; set edi^ewise and l.iid in four inches 
 of sand. )d, wilh hloeks of wood, of cedar, lieinloek, white onk, 
 or Norway pine, free from sap, sawed in ii liexajjunal form, and 
 set in two inclu^s of sand, llids will be received for the whole 
 work, or in sections. 
 
 The bids were probably unsatisfactory, for no 
 paving was iloiie. 
 
 Two years later, on Febru.ary 1, 1837, the coimcil 
 voted to p.ive : H.ites Street from Jifferson Avenue 
 to the river, and .\tw.iter Street from Hates .Street 
 to \\';)odw,ird Avenue ; R.uidolpli Street from Jef- 
 ferson .Avenue to the river, ;ind .Atwater Street from 
 R.amlolph to linish Street; Woodbridge Street from 
 Wayne to Criswold Street, .and Shelby Street from 
 Woodbridge Street to Jefferson .As'eiuie ; (Iriswoid 
 Street from Jelfersoii .\veiiue to the river, .iiul .At- 
 water from ( 'iriswoid Street to Woodw.'ird .Avenue. 
 
 About this time many citizens interested them- 
 selves in learning the cost of wood p.i\ements, .and 
 their imiuiries ;iiid the p.inic of 1837 delayed .all 
 action until 1845, when a si).iee in front of the 
 Eldred Block, on the north side of Jefferson Avenue 
 between W^oodward Avenue .and (iriswoid Street, 
 was p.aved with hex.agon.al blocks of wood. Begin- 
 ning wilii 1849, p.aving with cobble-stones became 
 (juite general. 
 
 In 1864 a portion fif Third Street, in front of the 
 M. C. R. R. Depot, and between Woodbridge Street 
 and the river, was paved with wood. The noiseless- 
 ness and seeming dur.ibility of this wooden p.ave- 
 mcnt led to its further use, and the following year 
 Fort Street West, from (Iriswoid to Fifth Street, 
 was leaved with what was known as the Nicholson 
 p.aveiiient, .and since then more or less of wood pav- 
 ing has been done nearly every year. In 1870 
 there w.as almost a m.ania for wood pavements; and 
 in this and the following ye.ir p.atents .and specifica- 
 tions for Jilmost every conceiv.able shape and kind 
 of wooden blocks were ad\ertised. 
 
 On October 6, 1 871, contractors began tearing up 
 the cobblestone pavement on Woodward Avenue 
 preparatory to re]ilacing it with wood. This caused 
 great dissatisf.action, and a public meeting of citizens 
 protested against wh.it was deemed folly or corrup- 
 tion, but the work went on. In 1879 ^^he avenue 
 was again paved with wood. 
 
 In 1872 the time of the council was largely taken 
 up with innumerable plans and specifications for 
 
930 
 
 hlDi; AM) LR(XSS WALKS. 
 
 paviii)^ scores of streets, and M.iynr Mnlfat was kepi 
 busy ill vetoinj^ the proiinsiiimis. I'rior in iSdi 
 tile city fDulil iiol ordiT a siicct pavi'd wlu'ii a ma- 
 jority iif tlic property ouivrs on liu' sti'ict rc;- 
 nl(ln^.tratc(l a^'ainst it. By cliarUT .inicndniciu of 
 Marci) 12, i.S6r, liii.' council w.is ^iww power In 
 ordi;r SjO.cwo wortli of p,iviii.vj yciriy svitiioiit the 
 consent of ;i majority of the |)ropi ity owners, and 
 more could be ordered if tliey consented. 
 
 Uy Act of April 13, 1.S71, opportimity was afforded 
 to seciiri' still i,iri;er contr.ic's for p.ivinv^ eacli year, 
 as tlie city w;is pi'rmitted to issue l)onds to tiie con- 
 tnictors for three (iti.'irlers of the amount due for 
 pavin.vj ;tny street, tin- bonds drawing' seven |ier cent 
 interest. Property liokicrs were .allowed to jxiy the 
 amounts due for pavint^' in four i'(|ual annual instal- 
 ments, interest on the List three payments to be paid 
 in .iilv.'mce at the time the tirst jiayment w.is made. 
 Tile law w.'is repealed by Act of June 6, 1881, and 
 since tiieii the whole .amount due for jiavinv;; ■'">' '"• 
 is recjuircd to be paitl when the work is completed. 
 The Act also provided that $75,000 worth of p.avinif 
 could be ordered, without consent of propi-rty 
 owners; the charter of 1S83 increased the amount 
 that mi.^ht be so ordered to $100,000. 
 
 The rep;iirim;iif pavid .streets, and their rep.iviny;, 
 was originally p.iid for by the city, .and in 1S71 there 
 was p;iid for repairs on paved streets $106,416. 
 About $20,000 of this amount was for the so-called 
 .asphalt put on the cobble-stones of Jefferson Ave- 
 nue. It Lasted but a few months. 
 
 Since Act of April 30, 1873, the rep.avinif of streets 
 has been made a chari^e .aiijTtinst the adjacent prop- 
 erty. 
 
 The cleaning of the streets is jiaid for by genenil 
 ta.\ ; tile amount .apportioned to e.ach ward is agreed 
 upon by consultation between the Aldermen and 
 the Hoard of I'ublic Works. The amount expended 
 in the several w.ards is dependent upon the amount 
 of iiighw.ay la.xes collected in each ward. Under 
 Act of April 13, 1841, no road ta.K could be assessed 
 on i)roperty fronting on .a p.aved street, but by the 
 charter of 1883 all jiroperly is eciually liable for 
 highway taxes. 
 
 In 1882 two street-.sweeping m.achines were pur- 
 cli.ased in I'aigl.and at .a cost of $312.50 e.ach. They 
 were first used on October 24, 1S82, in cleaning ptjr- 
 tions of Woodw.ard .anil Jefferson Ave. ucs. A 
 ste.am road-roller was i)r()eured the same vear at a 
 cost of about $5,400. In 1883 an additional 
 sweeper was ordered. 
 
 The amount spent for cleaning the paved streets 
 in 1883 w.as $32,589; for grading and working un- 
 paved streets. $28,313 was expended. 
 
 The tol.il length of alleys paved from 1849 to 
 1884 is nearly twelve miles; the cost w.as $190,557. 
 The total length of paved streets, up to 1884, is 
 
 I 19.79 miles; of this numlur .about lhree-(|uarters 
 .are |);ivet! with wood. I'lie tot.il cost is $3,687,967. 
 
 SIDK .\\|) t UOSS WALKS. 
 
 .Sidew.ilks were ,a convenience not eiijoyt'd by ihe 
 e.irly settlers. .\ii okl record of 179^ st.itcs th.it in 
 some cases a few logs were laid together linvjtiiwise, 
 but thesi' stt'|)ping pl.ices were few and f.ar be 
 twecn. Under the town corpor.itioii of 1802 the 
 inh.ibitants were ordered "to ni.ake footp.iths of logs 
 or thick pl.inks .around the lots they occupy," but 
 tr.adition rel.ites that then, as now, ordinances were 
 not niiplicitly obeyed. 
 
 In 1812 some improvement w.as noticid, .and oc- 
 c.asion.illy s(|uare timbers, a foot or more thick, were 
 placed in front of many of the stores .and dwellings. 
 An .\ct of the Ciovernor and Judges of April 29, 
 1.806, provided for jiaving or gravelling fnot-w.alks 
 in sections i, 2, 3, and 4 on each side of the .ave- 
 nues, .and for the planting of trees, but the Act w.as 
 not enforced. On .November 26, 1827, the council 
 p.assed its first ordinance re.garding sidew.alks. On 
 streets one hundred and twenty feet wide, twenty 
 feet on each side were set ap.art for w.alks, I'xcipt 
 tli.at on Woodward Avenue below Jeffer.son the 
 spaces were to be only ten feet; the .actu.il w.alks 
 were to be six feet wide, of Hat stones or brick. < )n 
 sixty-feet streets, eight feet were set ap.art, .and 
 w.alks four feet wide were ordered ; the rest of the 
 sp.ace was to be p.aved with round stones. On fifty- 
 feet streets, seven feet were reserved, and walks 
 three feet wide were to be m.ade of Hat stone or 
 brick. 
 
 By ordinance of July 7, 1828, the w.alks on 
 Woodwaril Avenue, were to be .ill of one width, 
 .and to be Laid next to the houses. About this time 
 there began to be more .attention ji.aid to the wants 
 of foot-travelers, and where the .ability of owaiers 
 permitted, or the interest of shop-keepers seemed to 
 demand it, a few planks were laid dow n ; but the 
 jir.actice was by no means general, and within the 
 memory of persons now living, calling and churcli- 
 goingwere sonurtimes impr.icticable to Ladies because 
 of the lack of walks ; yet in 1828 the city paid $259.98 
 for leaving footpaths across streets, and for side- 
 walks $456.17, and in 1829 and in 1830 .sever.al hun- 
 dred dollars additional were paid for side and cross 
 walks. Between 1830 and 1840, the " ways of the 
 inhabitants " received special attenti(jn, and in several 
 pLices walks formed of large octagonal blocks, of 
 wood a foot or more in diameter, were laid, (-)ne 
 of these walks, in front of the Methodist Church, 
 on the northeast corner of Woodward Avenue and 
 Congress Street, is well remembered. Brick w.alks 
 were next in order, and tbough once common in 
 m.any parts of old Detroit, they h.ive almost entirely 
 dis.appeared. 
 
il)iiul tliiii-iiuailiTS 
 il (i>st is $3,fiH7''/'7- 
 
 w \l.kS. 
 
 (• mil riijoyi'tl by ilif 
 f 171/1 slates tlial ill 
 liii^vtlu'i- linijiliuisi.', 
 re frw ami far be 
 |i()ralii)ii of iSi)2 the 
 iiaisc f(i()ti)allis of ioj^rs 
 IS tlu'y o(tii|)y," l>iit 
 low, ordiiiainis wtiT, 
 
 was iioticrd, and oc- 
 ot or iiiofc tliick, wire 
 stores and dwilliiiKS. 
 I Judges of April 2(). 
 irravrlliiiK fool-walks 
 ;at:h sidi' of tlic avt- 
 ;rcos. but the Ad was 
 - 26, I.S27, till' c'oumi! 
 irdiiiij sidewalks. On 
 nty k'ct \vi(k'. twenty 
 part for walks, except 
 
 below Jefferson the 
 jet ; the aelnal walks 
 It stones or brick. <>n 
 
 were set aixirt, and 
 dered ; the rest of the 
 und stones. On hfty- 
 ; reserved, and walks 
 made of Hat stone or 
 
 1S2S, the walks on 
 he ;ill of one width, 
 ises. About this time 
 1(111 paid to the wants 
 the ability of owners 
 hop-keepers seemed to 
 -e kiid down ; but the 
 general, and within the 
 ir, callinvi: and chnrch- 
 icable to ladies because 
 8 the city paid S2 59.98 
 streets, and for side- 
 id in 1830 several hun- 
 laid for side and cross 
 840. the " ways of the 
 attention, anil in sevenil 
 octagonal blocks, of 
 neter, were laid. One 
 _he Methodist Church, 
 oodward Avenue and 
 ■mbered. Brick walks 
 ouiL^h once common in 
 ey have almost entirely 
 
 STKi:i:i' KAII.KUADS. 
 
 Ily ordinanc e of January 21 1S42, pl.mk .sidewalks 
 were provided for. 'I'luy were re(|uired to be six 
 feet wide on Jeffer.son and Woodward .\veniies, and 
 three feet widi; on all other streets. Of late ye.irs, 
 on m.my of the limr busint'ss and residence streets, 
 smooth stone sl.ib-i have almost entirely superseded 
 the pl;ink w.ilks. The first ordinance re),;ardiii>f 
 these stone walks was passed in 1859, and made 
 provision for their use on portions of Ji'fferson and 
 Wootlward .Vveiuies ;ind (Iriswold Street. The 
 j,'reater cost of the stone w.ilks caused citizens to 
 desire to avoid as much of the expense as possible. 
 They therefore .souijlit to li.'ive the city pay for the 
 walks ;it street corners outside of a jioint intersected 
 by the front ;ind side lines of ;i lot. The (|uestion 
 was si)eci;illy .Imitated in 1870, and on July 2(1 the city 
 counselor, in a comnuinic'ition to the coimcil, said 
 that the city ch;irter, in .Section 103, ;uilliori/ed the 
 p.iynient by the city for p.ivements laiil at intersec- 
 tions; but no tlethiite provision for the pavinijf for 
 intersection walks by the city was made until the 
 Act of .March 17, 1875. 
 
 Crosswalks are of later d.ite th.-in tho.se directly 
 in front of stores and resiliences, and as recently as 
 1847, on Woodward Avenue ne.ir the present Kps- 
 sell Hou.se, a few bricks and boards laid in the mud 
 afforded all the walk there w;is to cross upon. In 
 that s;mie ye.ir, by ordin.inee of April 20, systematic 
 provision was m.ide for crosswalks, which were to 
 be built by the city, and p.iiil for by assessments 
 upon the adjacent property. 
 
 in late years the great increase in the number of 
 paved streets ni.akes the crossings less muildV: and 
 as the city now kee[)S them reasonably clean, the 
 crossing-sweepers of the olden time h;i\e entirely 
 di.sappeared. Only a few years ago each crossing 
 on Woodward A\enue between l'"ort Street and 
 Jefferson A\eniie was occupied by diminutive swee[)- 
 ers, geiienilly of the gentler sex, and with dirty 
 broom and outstreiilu'd l);md they ever gave out 
 the cry, " Mister, please give me a penny for sweep- 
 ing the walk." 
 
 The following lines, written by ^\'. 1 1. Coyle about ' 
 1850, are descriptive of those d.iys : 
 
 I lore, then;, everyuluie, a 
 Host of }'oiiiij^ street-sweepers lluiirisliiii^^ liiv; 
 rinioiiis, (Jiie iiiintitu sweepiii); off tlu- imul, tlieii 
 On aS'iiii the next, li jklliii; out tlieir 
 liittle iiaruls, liarefin^led aact ia tatters, 
 Askiiiij alms. A pale-faeed lady clad in 
 Muiiriiiiiij stops, and, pnshinij Iiaelc tin: glo. ■ 
 Curls aruiiiid a buKgar girl's sweet lirciw, sn 
 I.iku her lost one sleeping now in Khnwood, 
 Presses in her palm a silver coin, and 
 With an aehing heart glides on, while a lean, 
 Miserable miser quickens his pare 
 At C'harity's meek, timid call, like a 
 Gaunt hyena hastening to a grave. 
 Next u bevy of gay girls with templing 
 Cherry lips and long-lashed eyes of liquid 
 
 93 > 
 
 reiideriie>.s lilt by,— -pririg biiiiirlliei. In 
 
 All the beauty of the l.iiest, hot 
 
 Mode lie I'arit. Alter ihein a swarthy 
 
 Hand o| Indl.m girls, with long blai k pl.iiled 
 
 Hair, soft ey, s of jet, aiul liny bit in 
 
 Headed moee.isins, with p.i, ks of willow 
 
 lluskels on their b n ks luid blankils round tin ir 
 
 Slinbroiued, laperjn»( llmbi, step noiseless Ihrongll 
 
 The eily wheri' their aneestors onet" rounied 
 
 Its lords, atiil i h.ised the red deer 'mid its shades. 
 
 Hut ha ! hi're tiimes a funny erowd of fat, 
 
 Hroad-snoulden il, scpuibhy, honest, fnll-moon-facc 
 
 MynhuiTS, fresh l.inded from th» faderl.ind, 
 
 In velvet jaekets with bell-lMiltuns and 
 
 Hhie blouses, stuck in wooden shoes, while eloudn 
 
 Of smoke curl up ini-essant from the bowls 
 
 Of their long ineereh.iums, as if, like the slow 
 
 Propeller they 've just left, they waddled on 
 
 Hy stcuin. * » ♦ * ♦ 
 
 Dashing with speed iiupetuous, ami' 
 
 A cloud of dust, gay-colored rabs and hack!*. 
 
 The burly omnibus and rattling dray, 
 
 Whirl o'er the stone-paved, sonorous streets, lis 
 
 Hound the river's curving shore a black, t.'dl 
 
 Column of advaneing smoki' her.ilds a 
 
 Steamer from the broail blue lake. Slow i ri'aking. 
 
 Hid beneath a ponderous pyramid 
 
 Of hay, a country wagon creeps along, 
 
 While whistling on its apex happy sits 
 
 In homespun and straw hat the farmer boy ; 
 
 A French cart next goes bouncing by, les J'lllct 
 
 All seated <"i la Tiirque upon the soft 
 
 Warm buffaloes, and bobbing up and down 
 
 With each jerk of that rilic of \.\w old 
 
 K'eglinc, while rolling swift on llashim; wheels, 
 
 Hehiiul two snorting, shining bays, a coach 
 
 Silk-cushioned, glitters proudly by, a pet 
 
 With white-kid hand upon the panel seen, — 
 
 Index of envied aristocracy. 
 
 Citizens are reiiuired by ordinance to remove 
 snow and ice from their walks within twenty-four 
 hours after it has f.illen or formed, and walks are 
 leiiuired to be kept in repair. It wmild h.ive been 
 well if the city had passed and enforced stringent 
 laws with reg.'ird to the reixair and care of sidewalks 
 many years sooner th;in it did. Since 1857 the 
 sums paid by the city on claims for accidents 
 resulting from defective walks amount, with inter- 
 est, to over §50,000. In July, 1870, the Supreme 
 Court rendered a decision that seemed to preclude 
 the recovery of further drun.ages against the city for 
 defective walks ; but a decision has since been ren- 
 dered, under which the city has been held liable 
 for damages occasioned by walks being out of 
 repair. 
 
 STRF.KT RAILROAD.S. 
 
 These modern conveniences date from August 3, 
 1863; the first line completed, the Jefferson Avenue, 
 was opened on that day, and the public were invited to 
 ride free. The routes of the several lines are as 
 follows : Jefferson Avenue — from Third Street up 
 Jefferson Avenue, to Mt. Elliott Avenue. The first 
 
)32 
 
 STRKKT RAII.RO.ADS. 
 
 car on all loiitfs kavis racli end of llic route alioiit 
 C) A. \i., and cars run from live to ten minutes tliere- 
 afler through the day until lo p. m. ; extra cars run 
 i)et\veen the hours of ten and eleven. The llam- 
 tramck route, although built by other parties, 's 
 leally a continualion of the Jefferson Avenue Line. 
 It extends from Mt. i^lliott Avenue to the race- 
 course in Hamtranick, and since November 2, 1881, 
 has been operated in connection witii tiie Jeffer.son 
 Avenue Line. 
 
 The Woodward A'-enue Line extends from Hrush 
 Stree on Atwater to Woodward Avenue and up 
 this acenue to the railroad crossint^. The line of 
 this road was extended from Jefferson Avenue to 
 Brush Street in May, 1880. At the same time the 
 Coni^ress and Uaker Street Line was extended 
 down Randolph to .Atwater. The cars ran over the 
 new portion of these roads for the first time on June 
 I, 1880. 
 
 The Cass Avenue and Third Street Line ex- 
 tends from Jefferson Avenue up Tiiiril Street to 
 Larned, on Larned Street to Griswokl, up (Iriswcjld 
 to -State Street, arouiu! State to Cass Avenue, 
 up Cass to Ledyard, on Lcdyard to 'I'hird, and 
 up Third to tlie Molden Road. This IJne orivji- 
 nally bej^an at (iriswold Street. There was much 
 op|Dosition to its extension down Larnetl .Street, 
 and in oriler to avoid the service of an injunction, 
 the track on that part of the roail was laid on Sun- 
 day, October 29, 1876. The unusual scene of 
 several hundred men at work on Sunday caused 
 much excitement and brought together large num- 
 bers of sp^' lators. 
 
 The Fort Street Line extends from Fort Wayne, 
 on the River Road to Clark Avenue, up Clark Ave- 
 nue to Fort, on i-'orl to Woodward .Avenue, across 
 Woodward ;ind through Michigan (irand Avenue 
 to Randolph, up Randolph to Croghan, and through 
 Croghan Street to [•".Imwood .Vvenue. 
 
 The Aliihigan .Avenue Line is operated from Jef- 
 ferson .Avenue up Woodward Avenue to .Michigan 
 Avenue, and on .Michii.;an Avenue to the Cirand 
 Trunk J miction. 
 
 The Cratiot .Avenue Line extends from Jefferson 
 Avenue up Woodward Avenue to Monroe Avenue, 
 on Monroe Avenue to Randf)lph Street, on Randolph 
 Street to Gratiot .Avenue, and up C.raliot Avenue to 
 McDougall .Avenue. It originally ran only to 
 Uequindre Street, and was first operated to Chene 
 Street on December 17, 1879, and to IVIcDougall 
 Avenue on June 30, 1883. 
 
 The Crand River Avenue Line runs from Jeffer- 
 son Avenue, up Woodward Avenue to (}rand River 
 Avenue, and on (irand River Avenue, to Sixteenth 
 Street and the railroad crossing. 
 
 The Congress and Baker Street Line runs from 
 Woodbridge up Randolph to Congress, on Congress 
 
 to Seventh, up Seventh to ISaki'r, and on Baker to 
 Twenty-foiuth Streit. 
 
 The Russell Street and Junction Railroad was 
 opened on December 19, 1874. The route was from 
 (iratiot Avenue up Russell to Ferry Street, on Ferry 
 Street to St. Aubin Avenue, and up St. Aubin Ave- 
 nue to the D., G. H. & M. Ry. Junction, it did not 
 prove a paying road, and the cars stopped nuining 
 in 1874, and in 1876 the track was removed. 
 
 The Detroit City Railroad Company own and 
 operate the Jefferson, Woodward, (iratiot, and 
 Michigan Avenue Lines. They also lease and con- 
 trol the Cass Avenue, and the Congress and Baker 
 Street Lines. 
 
 The following table gives interesting information 
 concerning the different lines : 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 Namk of Link. 
 
 Wins 
 0|'i:n];i). 
 
 •ft 
 
 u 
 
 - i 
 
 
 
 ^"2 1 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 c 
 
 .3 ^ ■" 
 
 
 
 <■ 
 
 y. 
 
 X.I 
 
 X 
 
 r- Z". 
 
 JlffciSCll .AVUIIIK! . . . 
 
 Aug. 3, 1863 
 
 ^ys 
 
 16 
 
 1 10 
 
 M 
 
 60 
 
 \\'o()[lwaicl Avenue. 
 
 AuK. ), 1S63 
 
 3Vi 
 
 JO 
 
 110 
 
 36 
 
 75 
 
 (Ir.iliut Avenue 
 
 Sept. 12. iS6j 
 
 1% 
 
 .S 
 
 33 
 
 7 
 
 so 
 
 Michigan .V venue . . . 
 
 Nov.—, 1863 
 
 i'A 
 
 IJ 
 
 uo 
 
 j2 
 
 7-! 
 
 I'ort Wayne & Klm- 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wdiid (from Wood- 
 
 - Sept. 6, 1865 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ward Av. to River) 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ 5% 
 
 
 .65 
 
 80 
 
 
 Fort Wayne .!i: K.lm- 
 
 
 20 
 
 132 
 
 wikhI (from Wo(jd. 
 
 •Sept. 19,1866 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av. to Cemetery). 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (iranii l\i\'er 
 
 Oct. 23, 186S 
 Auk. 7> i86y 
 Oct. 15, 1875 
 
 2K 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 -•9 
 
 60 
 
 lianUramck 
 
 
 Cass Ave. A: Third St. 
 
 3^ 
 
 "4 
 
 7i 
 
 17 
 
 72 
 
 Congress A; Baker. . . . 
 
 Dec. 6, 1873 
 
 -'J'8 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 68 
 
 ') 
 
 70 
 
 
 104 
 
 78. 
 
 233 
 
 
 The rates of fare for all distances is five cents on 
 all the roads, exce|)t that on the Fort Wayne ami 
 Elmwood Road three cents extra is charged for the 
 portion of the road outside of the city limits. On tiiis 
 last named road, twenty-two city tickets are given 
 for one dollar. On all other roads, tickets are sold 
 at the rate of twelve for fifty cents. 
 
 Some of the cars have conductors and drivers, 
 and the conductors collect the fares ; on others 
 boxes are placed on the side of the door at the front 
 end of the car in which the tickets or fares are de- 
 posited. If passengers have not the right change, 
 on handing the driver .any amount up to two dollars, 
 he will return the full amount in change iii a sealed 
 envelope, out of which the fare can be taken. In 
 some instances the envelope contains a rtmnd check 
 or a ticket which rejiresents five cents and is receiv- 
 able for a fare. If persons wish to go to or from 
 either depot by way of tiie Woodward, Gratiot, or 
 Michigan Avenue Line, it is their privilege to be 
 transferred from one line to the other without charge. 
 
 Under the Act of February 13, 1855, providing 
 for the organization of train railway-?, the pro|)erty 
 of the street-railroad companies was exempted from 
 local taxation. Under original city ordinances, the 
 companies paid from $12.50 to $25 per car annually 
 
■r, and on liakiT m 
 
 •lion Railroad was 
 The route was from 
 MTV Street, on Ferry 
 I up St. Aubin Ave- 
 uni'tion. U did not 
 irs slopped runnini^ 
 :as removed. 
 Company own and 
 yard, (Iratiot, and 
 J also leai.e and con- 
 Con,!.;ress and liaker 
 
 ereslinv; information 
 
 5^8 
 
 2K! 
 
 ■/: 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 R_ 
 
 
 U 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 *^ u 
 
 
 -ol 
 
 
 
 u-^l 
 
 
 
 C 3 
 
 
 
 H £i5 
 
 /. 
 
 XI 
 
 /. 
 
 .6 
 
 I lo 
 
 :n 
 
 6o 
 
 20 
 
 I HI 
 
 s6 
 
 i 75 
 
 .S 
 
 :<3 
 
 7 
 
 I i^O 
 
 12 
 
 \zo 
 
 ja 
 
 7-' 
 
 if'5 
 
 I i 
 
 
 
 v^i 
 
 14 
 
 75 
 
 2%i 
 
 7 
 
 68 
 
 -•9 
 
 «7 
 
 132 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 70 
 
 7 I 104 I 78i_l 233_ 
 
 anees is five eents on 
 the l'"ort Wayne and 
 ra is charifed for tiie 
 le city limiti-.. On this 
 ■ity tickets are given 
 )ads, tickets are sold 
 Mils, 
 uctors and drivers, 
 le fares; on others 
 the door at the front 
 kcts or fares are de- 
 not the rij,dit chani^^e. 
 Hint up to two dollars, 
 in chan.^e in a scaled 
 u-e can be taken. In 
 Diitains a round check 
 •e cents and is receiv- 
 ish to i;o to or from 
 oodward, Gratiot, or 
 their privilege to be 
 other without charge. 
 13, 1855, providing 
 •aihvays, the projierty 
 ;s was exempted from 
 il city ordinances, the 
 §25 per car annually 
 
 STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS. 
 
 933 
 
 as a license, and some lines paid a percentage on 
 their gross earnings in addition. Ordinances of No- 
 vember 14, 1879, and June 25, 1880, which applied 
 to all the roads except the Grand River, relieved the 
 companies of the licenses on cars and provided in- 
 stead that the companies should pay a tax of one per 
 cent on their gross receipts; the companies were also 
 to pave and keep in order the roadway between their 
 tracks. The Grand River Line, under the original 
 ordinance, continues to pay a license of $15 jxr car. 
 
 The fall of 1872 is notable in street-car history, 
 from the fact that on October 25, on account of the 
 epizootic, or horse disease, all the cars were com- 
 pelled to stop running. 
 
 The Detroit Transit Railroad is operated without 
 either locomotives or cars of its own. It is a private 
 side-track built for the piu'pose of accommodating 
 the factories and foundries along the river in the 
 eastern part of the city by the transfer of cars to or 
 from the regular railroad tracks. It extends from 
 Riopelle Street to the Detroit Stove Works. I>y the 
 terms of a city ordinance it can be used only for cars 
 drawn by horses between 6 a. m. and Ti v. m. 
 Those using the track pay from $1.50 lo §2. 00 per 
 car for each trip over tlK' line. The ordinance per- 
 mitting the use of the streets by the company was 
 passed March 28, and the road was tirst used on No- 
 vember 19, 1873. The capital slock of the com- 
 pany is $50,000. The cost of constructing the line 
 was $19,000. 
 
 Under an ordinance of September 10. 1S75, D. M. 
 Richardson built aside track or transit railway just 
 west of Eighth Street, It cost $3,200, and was tirst 
 used in 1876. 
 
 STREin" AND ROAD OFFICERS. 
 
 The duties of a supervisor are comparatively sim- 
 ple, yet there is probably no office about which 
 cluster so many confusing statements. This may 
 be account' d for by the fact that different kinds of 
 supervisors have served in or for the city at the same 
 time. 
 
 The office of township supervisor dates back to 
 the government of the Northwest Territory ; and 
 supervisors for Detroit Township were appointed 
 by the Court of (.hi.arter Sessions as early as 1801. 
 Under Michigan Territory, by law of 1805. one 
 supervisor for each district was appointetl by the 
 governor. 
 
 In 1814. the military districts of the Slate were 
 also the boundaries of the supervisors' districts. An 
 old Executi\ e Journal of Governor Cass, under date 
 of April I, 1816, s,ays, "Joseph King is appointed 
 Supervisor of Highways from the east gate of De- 
 troit to the eastern boundary of Grant's farm." 
 
 The township su,jervisors had the care of all the 
 roads in the township, and even after its incorpora- 
 
 tion, Detroit was still recognized as a township, and 
 supervisors were elected. After 1827 the super- 
 \isor was the only tounsliip offuer that existed in 
 Detroit, — a law of that year expressly rt'Iieving the 
 city from electing any other township officer. Elec- 
 tions for supervisor were held on the first Monday 
 of \\)r'\\ of each year. 
 
 After the Act of April 17, 1833, which provided 
 for the election, by the city, of one supervisor to sit 
 on the Board of Suj.'ervisors, there were no duties 
 connected witli the olFice except to assess taxes for 
 the care of the rc<ads. Supervisors were elected from 
 year to year for th;it purpose until, by Act of April 1 3, 
 1841, the assessors of each ward became also super- 
 visors, for the purpose of meeting with the iio.ird of 
 Supervisors. At the same lime there were in the city 
 supervisors of roads, but they were not authorized 
 to meet with the Hoard of Supervisors. 
 
 By law taking effect in April, i85i,the aldermen 
 of the city were invested with the powers of su|icr- 
 visors for the purpose of enabling them to meet with 
 the Board of Supervisors, and at that lime, ruid u|; 
 to 1873, there were also supervisors for each w.ard. 
 but lIu'V had no voice in the Bo.ard of Su|)ervisors. 
 
 The supervisors of the township of Detroit 
 were : 1801, Joseph Harrison ; 1803, E. Brush and 
 Charles Moran ; 1816 1818, Stephen Mack; 1818, 
 I). C. McKinsiry; 1819. J. S. Roby; 1820. Melvin 
 Dorr a..-l B. Rowley; '821, James M;iy and D. C. 
 McKinstry ; 1822, D. C. McKinstry .md .\rtemas 
 Hosmer; 1823, Gabriel Godfroy and B. Woodworlh; 
 1824, T. M.ixwell; 1824-182S, D. French; 1828, S. 
 Sherwood and I). C McKiiisiry ; 1829, 1). C. Mc- 
 Kinstry and James Williains; 1830, II. .M. Camp- 
 bell and M. Dorr; 1831, Charles Monm ; 1832- 
 1834, E. A. Brush; 1834, Levi Cook ; 1835-1837, 
 S. Conant ; 1837, J. R. Williams; 1838 1840, S. 
 Conanl ; 1840, I'cler Desnoyers. 
 
 On .April 5. 1832, the city was divided by ordi- 
 n.'uicc into two road districts, one e;ich side of 
 Woodward .Avenue, and two supervisors were to 
 be appointed. They were to make lists of .all free 
 m.ale persons over twenty-one years of ;ige, and 
 a.ssess each for a certain number of days Labor, 
 according to the amount of liis property, or sixty-two 
 and a half cents a day w;is accepted to hire <a laborer 
 instead. The supervisor was paid S'-jO per day 
 for time actually employed. By ordin.ince of Janu- 
 ary 3 1, i842. eight hours' labor was fixed as a day's 
 work for those who worked "lil. their road-t.ax. 
 
 The following persons served as supervisors of 
 road districts ; 
 
 District i. 1832, John Garrison; 1833, P. Des- 
 noyers; 1834. Newell French; ! 835 -1S37. N.French; 
 1837, L. Pratt; 1838, J. M. Davis, J. McMillan. 
 A.W. Burdick; i839-!842, O. Bellair; 1842-1844, 
 Geo. Smith; 1844, D. French; 1845, Hiram Joy; 
 
934 
 
 STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS. 
 
 1846, E. Bond; 1847, S. V. Hopkins; 1848, A. 
 Stewart. 
 
 District 2, 1832, S. Con.int; 1833, J. Scott; 1S34. 
 Abniin Noycs, J.J. Dcmiiin-; 1835 1837, I,. Pratt; 
 1837, I'. Ik-aiibien; 1838, Daniel Sexton; 1839-1841, 
 A. Snioli<; 1841, II. E. I'erry; 1842, Jas. Ilanmer; 
 1843, Jas. Hannier, J. W. Sutton; 1844, Tiios. 
 Palmer; 1845, A. Smolk; 1846, \Vm. Cook; 1847, 
 J. A. Stepiiens; 1848, E. Asliley, J. A. Stepiiens. 
 
 An Art of February 20, 1849, provided for the 
 election of a supervisor from eacii ward, wlioseduty 
 it was to kei,']) the stri't'ts .-uul roads in repair. Tiie 
 ward supervisors of roads were : 
 
 1850, First Ward, John Lontr; Second Ward, J. 
 McMillan; Third Ward, Jas. Killen; Fourth Ward, 
 Conrad (lies; Fifth Ward, J. Reynolds; Sixth 
 Ward, Sanuiel Howlett, John Robinson; Seventh 
 Ward, Enos Lebot ; I'jj^hth Ward, J. B. Haass. 
 
 1 85 1, First Ward, Luke Nolan; Second Ward, 
 D.Welch; Third Ward, Jas. Killen; Fourth Ward, 
 N.Sturm; Fifth Ward. J. Reynolds; Sixth Ward, 
 M. Henderson; Seventh Ward, E. Lebot; Llighth 
 Ward, T. Cou,i,dilin. 
 
 1852, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, J. 
 Clark; Third Ward, P.itrick Oaks; Fourth Ward, 
 Wm. Amrhein; Fifth Ward, Thomas Daly; Sixth 
 Ward, M. Henderson; Seventh Ward, (jregory 
 Nolin; Eii^hth Ward, Jas. Driscol. 
 
 1853, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, H. 
 Zender; Third Ward. L. Heaubien; P'ourth W.ird, 
 VV^m. Amrhein; Fifth Ward, D. McLean; Sixth 
 Ward, M. Henderson; Seventh Ward, C. H. Damm; 
 Eiijhth Ward, D. Duj;i;an. 
 
 1S54, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, 
 John Clark; Thinl Ward, Wm. McHutcheon; 
 Fourth Ward, J. J. Diedrich; Fifth Ward, Thomas 
 Hanks; Sixth Ward, F. Funke; Seventh Ward, 
 Peter Clessen ; Eii^hth Ward, Dennis Du.ijji^an. 
 
 1855, First Ward, T. Hurst; Second Ward, Amos 
 Chaffee, John Clark; Third Ward, Peter Dixon; 
 Fourth Ward, J. J. Diedrich; Fifth Ward, Thomas 
 Hanks; Sixth Ward, Wm. Schweim; Seventh 
 Ward, Peter Clessen : Eighth Ward, James Caplis. 
 
 1856, First W.ird, T. Hurst ; Second Ward, John 
 Clark, Seth Case ; Third Ward, A. Wilkie ; Fourth 
 Ward, T. Hilsendeyen ; Fifth Ward, Thomas Hanks; 
 Si.xth Ward, J. (i. Walker; Seventh Ward, Wm. 
 Monoghan ; I-'.ighth Ward, A. Shuell. 
 
 The title of Supervisor of Highways was ch.anged 
 by charter of 1857 to overseer, and under this name 
 the office existed until it was abolished in 1873 by 
 the creation of the F.oard of Public Works. The 
 following is ;i list of the overseers of highways : 
 
 1857, First Ward, T. Hur.st; Second Ward, Seth 
 Case; Third Ward, Daniel Carroll ; Fourth Ward, 
 T. Hilsendegen; Fifth W.ird, Thomas Hanks; Sixth 
 Ward. Jno. G. Walker ; Seventh Ward, Wm. Mono- 
 
 gh.an ; Eighth W.ard, Anthony Shuell • Ninth Ward, 
 Wm. Cavanagh ; Tenth Ward, Max Todt. 
 
 1858, First W.ard, Daniel Daly; Second Ward, 
 Dan'l Costigan ; Third Ward, D. Carroll; Fourth 
 W.'ird. J. J. Diedrich ; Fifth W.ard. Daniel Freyer; 
 Sixth Ward, l'"redcrick Funke ; Seventh Ward, 
 Joseph l)Our; L'-ighth Ward, Patrick Dwyer ; Ninth 
 Ward, Win. Cavanagh; Tenth W.ard, Max Todt. 
 
 1859, First Ward, 1). Daly; Second Ward, D. 
 Costig.an ; Third Ward, I). Carroll ; Fourth Ward, 
 J. J. i)iedrich ; Fifth Ward, D. Freyer; Sixth Ward, 
 Theo. Funke; Seventh Ward, J. liour ; I'.ighth 
 Ward, P. Dwyer; Ninth Ward, Henry Smith ; Tenth 
 Ward. O. Sihweitzer. 
 
 i860. First W.ard, T. Hurst; Second Ward, L. 
 McHugh; Third Ward, Andrew Wilkie; Fourth 
 Ward.' Anton Schulte; Fifth Ward, Wm. H. 
 Knowles ; Sixth Ward, Theo. Funke; .Seventh 
 Ward, J. Bour ; Eighth Ward, Dan'l Falvey ; Ninth 
 Ward, Henry Smith; Tenth Ward, (i. Schweitzer. 
 
 1861, First Ward, John I>. Long; Second W.ird. Jas. 
 Cosgrove, Patrick Cosgrove ; Third Ward, Andrew 
 Wilkie ; Fourth Ward,' Carl Weichsler ; Fifth Ward, 
 Wm. H. Knowles; Sixth Ward, N. Wuerges ; 
 Seventh Ward, Wm. M.artin ; jjghlh Ward, C. 
 Dan.'ihey ; Ninth Ward, John Fey ; Tenth Ward, 
 Anthony Deimel. 
 
 1S62, First Ward, J. 15. Long; Second Ward, L. 
 McHugh; Third W.ird, Thos. .Scham.aden, Ceo. 
 Bates; Fourth W.ard, Connid Gies ; Fifth Ward, F. 
 McDonald; Sixth Ward, N. Wuerges; Seventh 
 Ward, (jeorge Moebs; Eighth Ward, C. Danahey; 
 Ninth Ward, John Fey; Tenth W.ard, A. Deimel. 
 
 1863, First W.ard, (^.eo. B.ales ; Second Ward, L. 
 McHugh ; Third Ward, T. Schamaden ; Fourth 
 Ward, H. Mondery; Fifth W;ird, F. McDon.ald ; 
 Sixth Ward, George Pipp; Seventh Wartl, G. 
 Moebs; Eighth Ward, P. Shan.ahan ; Niiuh Ward, 
 Ernest Dorman ; Tenth Ward, Peter Dunn. 
 
 1864, First Ward, G. Bates; .Second W.ird. L. Mc- 
 Hugh ; Third Ward, T. Schamaden ; fourth W.ard, 
 H. Mondery; Fifth Ward, Geo. M. Knowles ; Sixth 
 Ward, Geo, Pipp; Seventh Ward, G. Moebs; 
 Eighth Ward. P. Shanah.m ; Ninth Ward, E. Dor- 
 man ; Tenth W.ard, Peter Dunn. 
 
 1S65, First Ward, G. P.ates ; Second Ward, L. 
 McHugh; Third Ward, John Noonan; Fourth 
 Ward, Anthony Kremer ; Fifth Ward, ( i. W. 
 Knowles ; Sixth W.ard, Ju.stus Zinn ; Seventh Ward, 
 Adam liieber; I'"ighth W.ard, D.aniel Guiney ; Ninth 
 Ward, John Mason ; Tenth W.ard, P. Dunn. 
 
 1866, First Ward, Henry Smith ; Second Ward, 
 L. McHugh; Third Ward, J. Noonan; Fourth 
 W.ard, A. Kremer; Fifth Ward, F. McDonakl; 
 Sixth W.ird, Henry Kuemmel ; Seventh W.ird. 
 Ad.im Bieber; I'.ighth W.ard, D. Guiney; Ninth 
 Ward, John Mason ; Tenth Ward, P. Dunn. 
 
hiK'll • Ninth Ward, 
 Max Todt. 
 :ily; Second Ward, 
 D. Carroll; Fourth 
 rd, Daniel Freycr; 
 ;e ; Seventh Ward, 
 itrick Dwyer; Ninth 
 A'ard, M.ix Todt. 
 
 Second Ward. D. 
 •roll ; Fourth Ward, 
 •"reyer; Sixth Ward, 
 1, j. r.our ; Ki,i,dith 
 Henry Smith ; Tenth 
 
 ; Second Ward, L. 
 e\v Wilkic ; Fourth 
 I Ward, Wm. H. 
 I. Funke ; Seventh 
 )an'l Falvey; Ninth 
 ,'ard, (i. Schweitzer. 
 st; Second Ward. Jas. 
 "hird Ward. Andrew 
 ;ichsler; Fifth Ward, 
 'ard, N. Wuerijes ; 
 ; i'.ijrhth Ward, C. 
 Fey; Tenth Ward, 
 
 \r- Second Ward, L. 
 
 Sch.aniaden, Cico. 
 ,ies; Fifth Ward, F. 
 Wuern'cs; Seventh 
 W.ird, C. Danahey ; 
 
 Ward, A, Deimel. 
 
 ; Second Ward, L. 
 liamaden ; Fourth 
 ird, F. McDonakl; 
 Seventh Ward, (i, 
 ahan ; Nir.th Ward, 
 Peter Dunn, 
 econd Ward, L. Mc- 
 ulen ; I'ourth W.ard, 
 
 M. Knowles ; Sixth 
 Ward, (".. Moebs; 
 inth Ward, K. Dor- 
 Second Ward, F. 
 in Noon.an; I'ourth 
 ifth Ward, C. W. 
 'inn ; Seventh Ward, 
 )aniel C.uiney; Ninth 
 ird, I'. Dunn. 
 Mill ; Second Ward, 
 Noonan ; Fourth 
 ;ird, F. McDonald; 
 
 ■1 ; Seventh Ward, 
 
 U. (".uiney ; Ninth 
 ird, P. Dunn. 
 
 STREET AND ROAD OFFICERS. 
 
 935 
 
 1867, First Ward, II. Smith ; Second Ward, L. 
 Melluyh ; Third Ward, J. Noonan; F(jurtli Ward, 
 Rudolph Orih; 1-ifth Ward. F. McDonald; Si.xth 
 Ward, 11. Kuemmel; Seventh Ward, A. Bieber ; 
 lughth Ward, P. Madigan ; Ninth Ward. Patrick 
 Evans; Tenth Ward. P. Dunn. 
 
 1868, First Ward, II. Smith; Second Ward. John 
 Norris; Third W.ird, J. Noonan ; Fourth W.ird, R. 
 Orth; Fifth Ward, F. McDonald; Sixth Ward, H. 
 Kuemmel ; Seventh W.ird. J. P.lankenheim ; Fi.i,dith 
 Ward. P. Madi.traii; Ninth Ward, P. i:vans; Tenth 
 Ward. Lucien Zink. 
 
 1869, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward, II. 
 Stehfest; Third W.ird, I" red. X'ermulen ; Fourth 
 Ward. R. Orth ; Fifth W.ird, I". McDonald ; Sixth 
 Ward, Casper (ieist ; Seventh Ward, J. IJlanken- 
 heim; Eighth Ward, J no. Downey; Ninth Ward, 
 Thomas McCiowan; Tenth Ward. Lucien Zink. 
 
 1870, First Ward, H.Smith; Second Ward, II. 
 Stehfest; Third Ward, P. Ilerlihy; Fourth W.ard, 
 Henry Luttieke ; Fifth Ward, Henry Pannel ; Sixth 
 Ward, .\lbert Peine; JSeventh Ward. Peter Bieber; 
 Eighth Ward. J. Downey; Ninth Ward. T. Me- 
 Gowan ; Tenth Ward, L. Zink. 
 
 1 87 1, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward. 
 Chas. H. Buelow; Third Ward, P. Ilerlihy; Fourth 
 Ward. II. Luttieke; Fifth W.ird, II. Pannel; Sixth 
 Ward, A. Peine; Seventh Ward, P. Bieber; Eighth 
 Ward, M. Kenealy; Ninth Ward, E. .Malt/,; Tenth 
 Ward, John Ilappe. 
 
 1872, First Ward, H. Smith; Second Ward,C. II. 
 Buelow; Third Ward, P. Ilerlihy; I'ourth Ward, II, 
 Luttieke; Fifth Ward, II. Pannel; Sixth Ward, C. 
 Weissenstein ; Seventh Ward, P. Bicher; lughth 
 Ward, .M. Kenealy; Ninth Ward. E. Maltz ; Tenth 
 Ward, J. Ilappe. 
 
 1873, First Ward. H. Smith; Second Ward, 
 C. H. Buelow; Third Ward. John Smith; Fourth 
 Ward, Nicholas Rummer; Fifth Ward, II. Paniul ; 
 Sixth Ward, C. Weissenstein; Seventh W.ird, C.oit- 
 lieb Scerl; I-'ighth Ward, Patrick Barrett; Ninth 
 Ward, John Brown ; Tenth \\'ard, J. Il.ippe. 
 
 The ollice of street commissioner w.is created in 
 1827. the exigencies connected with the grading 
 down of okl Fort Shelby, and the laying out of new 
 Streets in the old Military Reserve callingitinto being. 
 No ordinance was p.assed concerning the office until 
 May 1 1, 1829. when provision was made for four dis- 
 tricts and four street conunissioners. The oHlce 
 ceased in 1S32. was revi\ed by ordinance of .(\pril i, 
 1837, but after two years went unl'iUed. A new or- 
 dinance concerning the olTice was pa.sscd on April 7, 
 1S46, and this \v;is repealed on April 25, 1.S4S, 
 and revived on June 28, 1853. On April 23, 1S57, 
 an ordinance was jjassed providing for two street 
 commissioners ; and this rem.iined in force until the 
 Act creating the l>oard of Public Works abolished 
 
 the oflice. It was the duty of the street commis- 
 sioner to supervise the work done by overseers or 
 supervisors in his district, and to see that streets and 
 sidewalks were kejH in proper order. The following 
 persons served as street conunissioners : 
 
 1827, D. French; 1828, John .Mullett, I'.llis Doty; 
 1829, First Ward, John Roberts; .Second Ward, S. 
 Conant; Third Ward, J. Farnir; Fourth Ward, 
 Melvin Dorr; 1S37, S. W. iliggins, L. Coodell ; 
 1838, E. S. Lathrop; 1839, John I'armer; 1846, G. 
 F. Porter; 1853 to 1857, John King. 
 
 Eastern D/s/ricf.~~\^7, Jas. Beaubien ; Jas. 
 Collins: 1858 and 1859, luios Lebot ; i860, William 
 Long; 1861, J,-is. Huff; 1862, T. L. Canipau ; 1863. 
 I). Kend.ill; [864, F.C.St. Aubin ; 1865-67. Wm. 
 Rrajip; 1S67--1871, Robert Reaume ; 1871-1873, 
 T. Funke; 1873, W. Boenningh.iusen. 
 
 ITrs/i-r/i Distr/cf. -1857- 1S60, T. Jovce ; 1860- 
 1S62. F. W. Noble; 1862, Jas. Collins ;' 1863-1866 
 Thomas <"iorman ; 1866-1S68, T. Mahoney; 1868, 
 John Stewart; 1S69, John Ilogan ; 1870, P;itrick 
 Hayes; 1871, J.Stew.irt ; 1872-1874, Htnrj'Knowles. 
 
 The ot'lice of city surveyor became a lU'cessity 
 because of the extensive improvements inaugurated 
 in 1827, but no ordinance concerning the office was 
 passed until January 15, 1842. Under the ordinanc : 
 persons seiking the position of surveyor were 
 obliged to tender bids for doitig the work required. 
 The duties consisted chielly in establishing and des- 
 ignating the gr.ades of the streets, alleys, and sewers. 
 By Act of February 21, 1849, the office w.is made 
 elective. In 1S74 it ceased to exist as .a distinctive 
 olTice, being merged into the department controlled 
 by the iioard of Public Works. 
 
 The city surveyors have been : 1827, John Mul- 
 lett; 1S28. J. Mullett, Sylvester Sibley ; 1830-1832. 
 J. Mullett ; 1832, John Farmer ; 1836, A. E. llathon ; 
 1837, S. W. Iliggins: 1838. A. E. llathon ; 1839- 
 1S41, John F.arnier; iC4r-i843, A.E. Il.ithon ; 1843, 
 II. G. Goodell ; 1844-1850, A. E. Hathon ; 1850, 
 John Almy; 1S51. Henry B. Brevoort ; 1852 1858. 
 Theodore J. C.impau ; 1859, N. Thel.m ; 1860-1862, 
 T. J. Campau; 1862- 1873, Eugene Robinson. 
 
 A Pioard of Commissioners on Plan of City was 
 pnwided for by the ch.irter of February 5, 1857. and 
 consisted of three persons, nomin.ited by the mayor, 
 appointed by the council, and serving without pay. 
 The design of the law w.as to secure uniformity in 
 the location, width, ■ind direction of the streets; 
 and by the jirovisions of the charter no laud in the 
 city could be subdivided or streets 1,-iid out without 
 the approv.il of the eommis.sioners. They could 
 not. howc\er, compel owners of property to submit 
 to pecuniary loss in order to secure uniformity in 
 street lines, ,-iikI consequently comparatively little 
 good resulted. In 1874 the bo.ard ceased to exist, 
 the Board of Public Works succeeding to the duties, 
 
936 
 
 BOARD OF PL'IiLIC WORKS. 
 
 The following persons served as commissioners : 
 1857-1S69, E. A. Brush, H. 1'. Baldwin, l".i()rt;c 
 Jerome; 1 869-1 87 1, ticorge S. Frost, M, F. Dick- 
 inson, [. N. Ford; 187 1 -1873, Emory Wendell, 
 j. \. Ford, T. J. Campau ; 1873, William Foxen, 
 J. N, Ford, T. J. Campau. 
 
 The olHce of commissioner of grades was created 
 by the council on February 21, 1854. Five persons 
 were appointed on nomination of the mayor to serve 
 without compensation, with power to establish 
 grades for street paving or sidewalks in all streets, 
 alleys, and public places. By ordinance of July 12, 
 1869, the number of commissioners was reduced to 
 three, and in 1874, on the establishment of the 
 15oard of Public Works, the ofhce was abolished. 
 
 The names and terms of the commissioners were 
 as follows: 1854, A. Canfield, E. A. Brush, H. H. 
 l.cKoy, J. Houghton, S. French; 1855-1859, E. .\. 
 lirush', \V. Barclay, H. H. LeRoy, W. W. Wilcox, J. 
 lloughio, 1859-1861, E. A. Brush, J. Owen, H. H. 
 LeRoy, \v. W. Wilcox, J. Houghton ; 1861, C. Jack- 
 son, W. W. Wilcox, J. Owen, j. C.odfroy. J. Hough- 
 ton; iSf)2-i869, W. W. Wilcox, J. Owen, J. God- 
 froy, William Stead; 1869, W. Stead, J. Owen, J. 
 Anderson, S. Folsom, James Dubois; 1870, James 
 Anderson, S. Folsom, J.imcs Dubois; 1871-1S73, 
 J. Anderson, J. Dubois. .S. I-'olsom, T. J. Campau; 
 1873, J. Anderson, J. Dubois, S. Folsom. 
 
 BOARD OF PUnLIC WORKS. 
 
 .An attempt was made to create a Board of Pub- 
 lic Works by Act of .April 17, 1871, but as the .Act 
 sought to (.lo away with the Board of Water Com- 
 missioners, as well as other offices, it was strenu- 
 ously opposed by many, and decided to be illcg.il by 
 the Su|)reme Court. 
 
 The present board was established by Act of 
 April 29, 1873. ;uul amended .Act of .April 10, 1875. 
 It is tile successor and inheritor of the duties of the 
 Board of Sewer Commissioners, Board of (irade 
 Commissioners, Commissioners on Plrm of City, City 
 Surveyor, Street Commissioners, Superintendent of 
 Park, and Overseers of Highways. It is vested 
 with the control and supervision of paving, rejiav- 
 
 ing, cleaning, repairing, grading, working and im- 
 proving of all streets, alleys, avenues, and public 
 grounds ; the construction, altering, and repairing of 
 public wharves, docks, bridges, culverts, receiving 
 basins, sewers, and water-courses, the laying down 
 of all side and cross walks ; the erection of all lamp- 
 posts, drinking or ornamental fountains, and also 
 of all public buildings and works of the corporation, 
 or of any board thereof, without the power, how- 
 ever, of changing the plans or specifications of such 
 work. 
 
 The officers began their duties on the third Tues- 
 day of January, 1874. The first members elected 
 by the council decided by lot their respective terms 
 of two, three, and four years. Subsequent members 
 have been elected by the council for terms of four 
 years each. 
 
 The city engineer, who is one of the chief executive 
 officers of the board and takes the place of the former 
 city surveyor, is appointed by the Board of Council- 
 men on the nomination of the board. His salary in 
 1883 was !?2.5oo. Four assistants are ajipointed by 
 the board on his r.omination. E. Willard Smith 
 was the first surveyor under the board. He re- 
 signed in February, 1875, and H. I). Ludden 
 was apiK)intcd his successor. He was succeeded 
 in 187S by John McLaughlin, who, in July, 1882, 
 was succeeded by Mr. Ludden. John Camjibell 
 has been the secretary of the board from its organi- 
 zation. Ills .salary is .^1,500. In 1883 four others 
 were associjited cith him in the office work. The 
 boanl employs ;in overseer for each ward, and about 
 three hundred laborers during nearly half of the 
 year. The salaries of the members of the board 
 were originally $3,000 each. In 1883 they were 
 $2,500. 
 
 The commissioners have been : 1874, H. King, 
 A. Chapotoii, \. Mitchell; 1875, S. (".. Wight, A. 
 Chapoton, N. Mitchell ; 1S76. W. Purcell, A. Chapo- 
 toii. N. Mitchell; 1S77. W. Purcell, .A. Chapoton, F. 
 Ruehle ; 1878, W. Purcell, .A. Chapoton, F. Ruehle ; 
 1879 18S2, W. H. Langley, B. Briscoe, F. Ruehle; 
 1882 1884, W. II. Langley, B, Briscoe, J. B. Stout- 
 enburgh ; 1884, W. H. Langley, J. B. Stoutenburgh, 
 Alexander Chapoton. 
 
ijj, workini; and ini- 
 avenucs, and public 
 ring, and repairing of 
 s, culverts, receiving 
 ses. the laying down 
 e erection of all lamp- 
 fountains, and also 
 ks of the corporation, 
 out the power, how- 
 specifications of such 
 
 ies on the third Tues- 
 irst members elected 
 :heir respective terms 
 Subsequent members 
 icil for terms of four 
 
 i of the chief executive 
 the place of the former 
 the Hoard of Council- 
 board. His salary in 
 :ants are appointed by 
 1. E. Willard Smith 
 • the board. He re- 
 and H. D. Ludden 
 . He was succeeded 
 n, who, in July, 1882, 
 den. John Campbell 
 board from its organi- 
 In 1883 four others 
 tlie office work. The 
 ach ward, and about 
 nearly half of the 
 ambers of the bo.ird 
 In 1883 they were 
 
 |)ccn : 1874, H. King, 
 
 75, S. (".. Wight, A. 
 
 \V. I'urcell, A. Chapo- 
 
 rcell, A. Chapoton, F. 
 
 Chapoton, F. Kuehle ; 
 
 Hriscoe. F. Ruehle ; 
 
 IJriscoe, J. B. Stout- 
 
 , J. B. Stoutenburgh, 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVIIl 
 
 STREE'^ NAMES, AND THEIR OHK^-IN.'— CHANGES IN NAMES. 
 
 STREET NAMES, AXD THEIR ORICIN. 
 I\ the origin of their names, the streets of Detroit 
 afford ;i curious mingling of local and general facts 
 and suggestions. They prc::erve the memory of 
 many old settlers ard citizens, and recall the names 
 of battles, Indian tribes, presidents, governors, may- 
 ors, French, English, and American generals, trav- 
 elers, poets, historians, scholars, and statesmen ; the 
 seasons, forest and fruit trees, and the precious 
 metals have also suggested names ; all of the nu- 
 merals are represented, and many foreign cities and 
 countries; states and lakes appe.ir in the list ; ii.'itri- 
 otic and army names are numerous, ;ind the Chris- 
 tian names of women anil men are fre(]uent. Some 
 of the streets are called after well-known streets in 
 other cities, other names grew out of humorous or 
 historic associations, and still others preserve the 
 memory of clergymen and saints. Owing to the 
 efforts of Mr. McCabe at the time he was prei)aring 
 the first directory of the city, the council, on Sep- 
 tember 6, 1836, ordered the names of the streets 
 put up at the corners. At intervals since that time, 
 efforts have been made to secure the i)osting of all 
 names, but up to the present time no complete and 
 universal plan is in operation. The following list 
 contains the names of all streets in the city and sub- 
 urbs, and the year when the names first appear in 
 recortls or maps, together with facts and suggestions 
 as to the origin of names. Streets no longer in 
 existence are marked with a *. 
 
 A, 1869. 
 
 Adair, 1863, William Adair, nurseryman and lantl- 
 owner. 
 
 *Apple I'ie, 1 860, so called because it was so short, 
 being, as was said, " not bigger than a piece of apple 
 pie." 
 
 Abbott, 1835, James Abbott, old citizen, third 
 postma.ster of Detroit, etc. 
 
 Atwater, 1828, Reuben Atwater, Secretary t)f 
 Miciiiv^.m Territory. The street is literally <?/ -a'atcr, 
 as it lies next to the river. 
 
 *Alexander (Chene Farm), 1 857, Alexander Fraser, 
 land-owner. 
 
 Alexander (Stanton Farm), 1852, Christian name 
 of son of Cieiieral Henry Stanton. 
 
 Alexandrine Avenue, 1863, Alexandrine M. Wil- 
 lis, wife of B, Cam|5au, land-<jwner 
 
 Antietam, 1867, from battle of Antietam in war 
 with the South. 
 
 Alfred, 1869, Alfred E. Brus' , .son of E. A. 
 Brush. 
 
 Alfred (Springwells), 1883, second son of Moses 
 W. Field; he died in May, 1882. 
 
 Adelaide, 1853, Adelaide, wife of Elijah Brush. 
 
 *Adams, 1875, T. K. Adams, land-ov.tier. 
 
 Adams .Avenue, 1807, John Adams, second Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 ''.Arch, 1852, Arch McLean, friend of Albert 
 Crane. 
 
 Ann, 1853, Ann, wife of F. J. B. Crane, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Ash, 1856, a tree indigenous to Michigan. 
 
 Audrain. 1873, Peter Audrain, Secretary of Cov- 
 ernor and Judges sitting as a Territorial Legisla- 
 ture, also Clerk of Courts. 
 
 .Albert (Springwells), 1871, Albert Bushey, son 
 of Joseph Bushey, land-owner. 
 
 Albert (Springwells), 1884, Albert M. Barthol- 
 omew, land-owner. 
 
 Aurelia, 1857, Aurelia Cutler of Warren, Massa- 
 chusetts, friend of W. B. Wesson. 
 
 Amsterdam, 1870, after old city of Holland. 
 
 Antoinette Axenue, 1870, Antoinette Mandle- 
 baum, wife of S. Mandlebaum. 
 
 .Army .Avenue, 1874, .Artillery Avenue, 1869, in 
 honor of the soldiers at For, Wayne. 
 
 Arndt, 1881, Henry .Arndt. land-owner. 
 
 Archer iVveiuie, 1883, maiden name of friend of 
 Mrs. John C, Williams, 
 
 Atkinson Avenue, 1883, W. F. Atkinson of De- 
 troit. 
 
 Arthur Avenue, 1884, after President Chester A. 
 Arthur. 
 
 B, 1869. 
 
 Beaubien, 1835, Lambert Beaubicn, land-owner, 
 .soldier in War of 1812; he had great influence 
 among the Indians, 
 
 1 Copyright, 1884, by Silas Karmet. 
 [937] 
 
9:.8 
 
 S'rKi:i:i' \,\mi:s, and tiii'.ir ouicix. 
 
 lirij^adr, 1^75, tiuTc is a bii^ailc nl sin-cls wiih 
 military nanus luai" I'oii Wayne. 
 
 Iioston, 1 870, after lioslon, Massaeluisetts. 
 
 liiilieuiian Avenue, i.S7(), after ISolieniia in ( iur- 
 maiiy, hiriliplaeii <if S. Mandlebauni. 
 
 lliuler Avenue, 1^73, Milton 11. iUitler, laiu!- 
 owner. 
 
 r.iilil .\\<'iine, i(S(.7, C. II, liiilil, okl eili/.en ,nul 
 laml-owner. 
 
 llrevoort I'lare, i.Sfx;, M.ijor II. IS, lirevoort, with 
 I'erry at \iet()ry on Lal<e Ijie. 
 
 r>risti)l I'lai-e, iiSfjy, Charles I,. I'.ristnl, sim-iii-iaw 
 of Coininodoi'c Hrevoort. 
 
 liaker, i.S;;5, Colonel Daniel iiaker, l'. S, A., at 
 
 lUitterniU, iH^fi. a tree in(li;.;enons to this re;.;ion. one time sl.itioned at Detroit. 
 
 lieeeh, iS;/", ,1 fori'st tree of .Miehii,Mn. » Heaeon, 1^41), iianu'd by Albert Crane from a 
 
 lieeeh (.S|)i-ini;\vi'lls), 1S84. A eari'less repetition street in Uoslon wherein; attended eollet;c. 
 
 of the name of a city street. 
 
 Ileeeiier, 1S57, Henry Ward lieceher. 
 
 Heeeher I'laee, iSCx;, Henry Ward iiet'eher. 
 
 ISry.int. 1.S57. Mrs. liryant of Tetersham, Mass., 
 aunt of W. 15. Wesson. 
 
 ISeiilah. 1857, L.'ind of ISeulah in '• I'ilj^rim's I'ro- 
 uress." 
 
 Ihiehanan, i<S56, James iiuehanan, elected Presi- 
 dent that vi'ar. 
 
 lU'.ird .\ venue, iiS'')7, ( ;eorv;e i'>e,i)'d, land-owner. 
 
 Iiates, 1S31, ['"redcriek liates, one of t'lrst teri'i- 
 torial judi;'es. 
 
 I Sen lu'lel .\ lley, I 83 5, 1 ienry I lerl helet, land-( iwner. 
 
 lleaufait, 1.S72, l.ouis lie.uif.iit, old resident. 
 
 liralshaw, 1.SS2, J. !'.. 11. lir.usliaw, land owniir. 
 
 liellevue- Avenue, i.S^S, fi-om the view it affords 
 of Helie Isle. 
 
 llelle Isle Avt'uue, from the isl.and lyini;' opposite 
 
 lireekenridi^e, 1.S56, JohnC. r>reekenridi.;e, elected the street. 
 
 \'ice-l'i-esidcnt that ye.ar. liarcLiy I'l.iee, 187^', Willi.am llarel.ay, old ciii/en, 
 
 Huslii'y. i.S^8, Joseph liushev, land-owner. land-owner. 
 
 15riji(ham, 1852. middle name of W. V>. Wesson. Hrandon Avenue, 1882, .-ifur Calvin C. I'.i-.indon. 
 
 ISeck, 1876, Charles (i. Heck, lanil-owut'r. ISoone, 1884, n.imed after the noted Kentucky 
 
 iiuena \'ist;i, 1857, American victory at lUu'na pioneer. 
 
 \'ista, Mexico, 1847. C, i8(')9. 
 
 lirainard. i8C)C), M.artha I'lrainard Spencer, wife of Crawford, 1S52, I''rruicis Cr.iwford, old citi/en ruid 
 
 (i.'ueial Josejjh Spencer and }.;randmotlK'r of Mrs. 
 (governor Cass. 
 
 + nianche, 1871, P.lanche, dauj,dUer of R. S. Willis. 
 
 Hrady, 1857, Cieneri' Ilu.i^h Brady, United Slates 
 .Army, for manv years stationed at Detroit. 
 
 Ihush. 1828, II. \. lirush of lirush Farm. 
 
 ISrush Ax'enue (Sprin;^wells), 1S73, E. A. Hrush of 
 lirush I'arm. 
 
 Benton, 1854, Thomas 11. Benton, statesm.ui of 
 Missouii. 
 
 Brewster, 1850, Mr. Brewster of Boston, friend of 
 Albert Crane. 
 
 Biilwell, 1854, Bid well Mdwards, friend of 1'. 
 T recent. 
 
 Bellair, 1854, Oliver Bellair, land-owni'r. 
 
 Berlin, 1869, Berlin, CiiTmany. 
 
 real estati; dealer. 
 
 Campaii (Sprinii^wells), 18^13, J. B. C;uni);ui, land- 
 owner. 
 
 C;uni)au Kn.ul, 1874, I'.mily Cimp.'ui, land-owner. 
 
 Con.ant Ro.id, 1840, Shubael C'on.mt, old ciii/.en. 
 
 Chase, 1860, Thomas Chase, l.uul-owner. 
 
 '•'Chase, 1871, believet! to ha\e been intended as 
 Crane Street, and ri'corded by mistake as Chase. 
 
 Concord .\venue, 1877, conimemonites the revo- 
 lutionary battle. 
 
 Conj^'ress, 1827, in honor of the Coi^^ress of 1826, 
 which ).{;ave llu' Military Resi-rve throui^h which the 
 street is laid. 
 
 Cl.nrk Avenue, 1867, John 1'. CLirk, l.uid-owner. 
 
 Cross, 1835, a short cross-street. 
 
 Clinton, 1835, De Witt Clinton, Covernor of New 
 
 Berlin .\vemie (Sprinnwells), 1873, Fretleriek Ber- \'ork, 
 
 lin, land-owner. Cro^han, 1S35, Colonel deor^e Crov;h.in, ;it one 
 
 Barkiune, 1873, l"li B.irkinne, land-owner. time in eomm.and of Detroit. 
 
 Ba.n'i;', 1854, A. S. ISa^'n', l.ind-owner. Catharini', 1835, C.ith.arine Mullett, dau,i;hier <if 
 
 ik'thune, 1881, maiilen name of Mrs. ("icorj^c John Mullett. 
 
 Dutlield, D. D. Crane Avenue, \'c,()6, Alliert Crane, land-owner. 
 
 Baldwin I'laee, \SjC), in honor of H. I'. ISaldwin, Cliurch, 1858, Ciovernor Woodbridv;'c ,i;'ave the lot 
 
 ex-(iovernor of Michigan. for St. I'eter's Fpiseop.il Cliurch situated on this 
 
 Baldwin .\venue ( Ilrmitranick), 1855, l.yman street, ;ind it was therefore called Chiu'ch Street. 
 
 Baldvin, father-in-law of W. B. Wesson. Clifford, 1835, named by John Farmer on his tlrst 
 
 Baldwin Avenue (Sprinj^wellsi, 1881, Com. r>ald- published map of 1835. Thomas Cliff h;itl kept a 
 
 win of New York, friend of Demini;' J.irves. tavern for m.iny years on west siile of Wcjodw.ard 
 
 Bronson, 1850, m.iideii name of mother of F.J. Avenue, just above what is now Clilford Street, and 
 
 1')., Walter, and Albert Cnme, his house was the only one in that vicinity. A 
 
iuhl, 1)1(1 (ili/A'ii and 
 
 II. r.. liivvdort, witli 
 
 1,. Ilristnl, sDii-in-Iaw 
 
 1 r.akcr. r. S. A., at 
 
 UlxTt Craiir from a 
 i(li'(l colk'i;!'. 
 .; Urard, lancl-iiwnur. 
 js, one of first ttrii- 
 
 r.rnlulrt.laiiil-owiKT. 
 lit, old resident. 
 Iralshaw, land owner, 
 in the view it affords 
 
 : island lyinv,^ opposite 
 
 n i.art'lay, <ild cili/en, 
 
 ■r Calvin C. llrandon. 
 the noted Keiitneky 
 
 iwford, old citizen and 
 
 ]. J. 11. fanipau, land- 
 
 Campan, land-owner, 
 el C"onant. old eili/.eii. 
 •, land-owner, 
 lave been intended as 
 
 mistake as Chase. 
 
 meinorates the i\'vo- 
 
 the. Coiv..;ress of 1S26, 
 ■ve throii.L;h which the 
 
 C'lark. land-owner, 
 iret't. 
 Ion, ( loxernor of New 
 
 op^e Cro;<han, at one 
 
 Mnllett, (luM^hler of 
 
 t Crane, land-owner, 
 todhridi^e ,'.;-avc the lot 
 inreh situated on this 
 led Church Street, 
 nn l'"arnu'r on his first 
 mias Cliff had kept a 
 St side of Woodward 
 )W Clifford Street, and 
 in that vicinity. A 
 
 STRF.F.r XAMF.S, AND THEIR ORIGIN. 
 
 939 
 
 I 
 
 branch of May's Creek tlien crossed Woodward 
 Avenue just south of this tavern, and in the sprini; 
 of the year the water was (jiiite deep, hence Cliff's 
 ford, or Clifford. 
 
 Ced.ar, iS(>2. fmin Ced.ar Street, New ^'ork. 
 
 Ced.-ir (Sprin;;wellsi. 1SH4, has no speci.al si'.;-nili- 
 cance. 
 
 Chestnut, if^j''), a fa\drite tree, but not numerous 
 in Michin-.-m. 
 
 Cheri'y, iS;/); Cirosse rointe, near Detroit, is cele- 
 br.iti'd for the (in.ilily and i|uantity of <'herries there 
 thrown. 
 
 Clit/., I'Sj/, M.'iry IV, sister of Cleneral Henry 11. 
 Clit/., r. S. .\. 
 
 Celia, 1.S57, Clirisii.m name of Mrs. W. 11. Wes- 
 son's sister. 
 
 *Circns, i«S44, from its p.issiny; .irouiid thedr.md 
 C'irciis i'.ark. 
 
 H'hii'.i^o Roa<I, 1SJ7, This road was laid out 
 by ( io\crnment fiom Detnjit to Chicai^^o. 
 
 ""Ci'inetery (Sixth W.irdi, 1.S64, o|)ened through 
 a part of the old Cenu-tery, 
 
 Cadillac .\vcnue (ilamtramck), 1876, C;ulill.ic 
 (Sprin,i.;wellsi, iS.So, Antoine de la Molhe Cadillac. 
 
 Carter Avenue, 1.S75, D.aniel Carter, l.uid-owner. foiiiuKr of Detroit, 
 
 Coe, 1876, .S. S. Coe, land-owner. Cav.ilry Avi'iuie, Cadet Avenue, i<S73, in honor 
 
 Ciilumbi.a. 1.S35, named by J(ihii R. Willi;inis, fmni of soldiers at l''ort W.ayne. 
 a strei-l in .Mb.any, New ^'ork, on whiih he had lived. Crystal Street, iSS:;, because of a j.dass factory 
 
 Columbus, i''^73, Christopher Columbus. located near it. 
 
 Clay, 1S53, Henry CLiy, the Ki'iitiicky st.itesm.ui. Cr.i\en .Avenue, 1S.S3, maiden name of Mrs. 
 
 Centr.al Avenue, 1S73, runs ihrou'^h the centre of John C. Willi.ams. 
 a c-ert.iin tnict. Custer, iScS^, in Iioudi- of ( im. ( '.. .\. Custer. 
 
 Center, 1S35, from its Idc.atidii between twn main Charles J., 1S83, after Charles !■:. Jenkins, of 
 
 avenues. 
 
 Calhoun, 1S54, John C, Calhoun, the South Caro- 
 Iin;i nullilier .and st.alcsman. 
 
 Ch.arlotte, 1854, Charlotte Hart Saxton, afterwards 
 Mrs. Colonel K. S. Sibley. 
 
 '•= Ch.arlotte (Tenth Wardl, 1S67, (.'h.irlotte I'almcr, 
 ni<'ce of Thomas i'.almcr. 
 
 C.antield Strei't, i87(j, Canlicld .\\-enue, 18^7, 
 Coloiu'l C.antii'ld, son-in-law ol ( 'iiner.il Cass. 
 
 Charles, 1853, Charles, brother of !•'. J. 11. Crane, 
 l.md-owner. 
 
 Ch.arles Avenue, 1882, .after Charles .\. C.ampau, 
 son of .M, A. C.ampau. 
 
 Chene, 1S57, Ci.abriel Cheiie, l.and-owner. 
 
 Collins, i860, William Collins, biilcher .and l.and- 
 owner. 
 
 C'ommonwt'aith .Avenue. i87''i, in honor of the 
 city as ,a bodv politic, .and sm;v;esiive of the !'eii;n 
 of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Cutler, 1852, niiddk: n.ame of W. 11. Wesson's 
 oldest brother. 
 
 Cicotte .Avenue. 1873. !•'. V. Cicotte. l.and-owner. 
 
 Ch.andler, 1S81. Z. Chandler, United St.ates Sen.i- 
 tor from Miehi^.an. 
 
 Caroline, 1857, Caroline Cutler, of il.ardwick, 
 M.ass., friend of W. 11. Wesson. 
 
 Clippert Avenue, 1873, Conr.ad Clippert, l.and- 
 owner. 
 
 * Campbell, 1868. Colin Campbell, l.and-owner. 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 D. .873. 
 
 Dr,ai;(>on, 1876, milit.ary n.ame. 
 
 Detroit, 1852, from the French, sii^nifyin;; the 
 sir.ait on which the city is located. 
 
 Dred, 1857, n.amed from the I )red Scott Case, in 
 which .a decision w.as rendered th.at year by Jndv;e 
 'I'.aney. 
 
 Deverau.x, iSjCt, John C Desenuix, of I'tica, N. 
 v., connected with the Willi.ams f.amily. 
 
 Dennis, 1873, Dennis J. Camp.au, l.and-owner. 
 
 Dubois, 1857, James Dubois, l,and-o\\ nei\ 
 
 Dix Ro.ad. 1842, John Dix, one of the e,irli<st 
 .settlers in the county. 
 
 D.aveiiport, 1869, Couis D,aven|)ori. l.and-owner. 
 
 D.alzell, 1855, Capt.ain Henry D.al/.ell or Dalyell. 
 killed .at li.atile of llloody Rim in r7''i3. 
 
 Dullield, 1853, Rev. C.eorije Dutlicid, l.and-ow in r. 
 
 Division. 1850, on line between lands of Cr.ane \: 
 Wesson and \'an Dyke. 
 
 Drii,'sj;s, 1881, F, !■'.. Drii^^j^s, land-owner. 
 
 Davis .Avenue, 1875, '•"•' D.avis, l.and-owiur. 
 
 Dry Dock, 1875, from the old Dry Dock near 
 by. 
 
 De.arborn Ro.ad. 1828, leads to vill.av^e of Dear- 
 born, n.amed after Cicner.al 1 lenry Dearborn, l'. S. A. 
 
 Dec|uindre, 1850, Major .\ntoine Deciuindre, 
 Land-owner and i)rominent in W.ar of 181 2. 
 
 Dickinson, 1857, Moses F. Dickin.son, I.and- 
 
 Cami)bell Avenue (Sprinnwells), 1880, Judt^e owner. 
 J.ames V. Campbell, of Suiireme Coitrt of State *Dudley, 1858, Dudley R, Woodbrid.i^e, land- 
 Connor riace, 1881, Maurice Connor, l.and-owner. owner. 
 Cass, 1827, (Governor Lewis Ca.ss. second C.ov- *D,avidson, 1S57. Ale.x.ander D.avid.son. old ciii- 
 
 emor of Miehiir.an Territorv. '^i'"' 
 
 Christi.ancy. 1881. 1. 1'.' Christi.incy, Jud.^e of Dey Avenue. 1881, A. II. Dey. banker and land- 
 Supreme Court of Michigan. owner. 
 
940 
 
 STREKT NAMKS. AND THHIR OK I C, IN. 
 
 Doyle, 1882, Michael Doyle, l;iiul-()\\ IK r. I'laiik, 1S57, Frank Mann, son of owmr of pari 
 
 Dane, 1884, in honor of Nathan Dane, the usually of tlu' laud, 
 
 accredited author of the Ordinance of 1787. I'edcral, 1872, an old parly name, also ,-ipplic(l to 
 
 K, 1873. Iaji;hth, 1856. l-'.levi'iith, 1867. Kigh- the I'niled Stales (Jovernmenl. 
 
 teeiith, 1867. Kiyhteeinh-and-a-half, 1867. Tullon, 1853, from Fulton Street, New Ndrk. 
 
 FLIisaheth, 1835, I'lisahelh Willi.iins, afterwards I'"ather, 1872, this certainly is a family nanie. 
 
 Mrs. Colonel John Winder. Ferdinand, 1874, Ferdinand Williams, son of 
 
 Klisaheth (Sprin.ifwells), 1868, Fllisabelh, wife of John R.Williams. 
 
 Josepii liushey. I'"ield, 1S80. Moses W. F'ield, jironiinent citizen. 
 
 I'^. L. Camp.iu, 1872, Fleanor L. Canipau, land- F.ihbri, 1857, after Mr. Fal)I)ri of .New Yovk, 
 
 owner. friend of C. E. Bresslcr, land-owner. 
 
 F'.llery, 1876, Fillery 1. Ci.artkld, then city comp- {■"arnuT, 1S35, John I'".armer, ;iuihor of llrst pub- 
 
 troller. lished maps of Terrilory, St.'ite, and City, and of tirsl 
 
 F'.lliot, 1 87 1, Fllliot H. r>rush, son of K. \. lirush. (la/.etteer. 
 
 F'.rskine. 1867, John Aski.i, ori^in.ally spelled Frs- Farrar, 1835, John Farrar, oUi citizen. 
 
 kine, father-i'i-law of Colonel ]•'.. ilrush. 
 
 F^dmund I'lace, 1867, Edmund, son of K. A. 
 Brush. 
 
 F:!lmwo(id Avenue, 1862, from the cemetery 
 which it i)asses. 
 
 Fllwood, 1873, S. D. F'.lwood. old citizen. 
 
 I'.lm, iSfSo, " Tall, i;raceful, and alone, the spread- 
 inj^ ehn tree stands." 
 
 Fldw.Lid. 1873. Fklward V. Cicotte. l.ind-owner. 
 
 F'ront, 1836, it is at the front, or next to the river. 
 
 F'rankl'u, 1S26, ISenjamin Franklin. 
 
 Frontenac, 1872, Count Frontenac. Oovcrnor- 
 Gener.il of New !•" ranee. 
 
 Foundry. 1857, leads to ihe foundry of the De- 
 troit liridi^e and Iron Works. 
 
 '"Eraser ((iuoin Farm), 1857, A. D. Fr.iser, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Florence, 1882, after Florence Patterson, daughter 
 
 Edwards, 1854, JJitlwell F^Kvards, friend of I'. Tre- of George A. Patterson. 
 
 F'ield, 1883, Mo.ses W. Field, land-owner. 
 
 (Irani, 1873, Oeneral U.S. Cirant, for two years 
 stationed in Detroit. 
 
 tiroul, 1 88 1, J. R. (irout, old citizen and land- 
 owner. 
 
 (luoin, 1835, Charles Cuoin, of (Uioin F'arm. 
 
 (iriswold, 1828, named by (iovernor Woodbridge 
 in honor of ( lOvernor Roger (^iriswold, of Connecticut. 
 
 dratiot Avenue, 1835, the road leads to Fort Cra- 
 tiot, near Port FUiron, and was named after Colonel 
 
 gent. 
 
 Flndicott Avenue, 1874, Charles llndicott, of New- 
 comb, Flndieott, iS: Company. 
 
 *EarI (Sixth Ward), 1838, A. i:.-irl Ilalhon, old 
 surveyor. 
 
 Flxcelsior Avenue, 1883. This was deemed an ex- 
 cellent name. 
 
 F. 1873. 
 
 Fort W, 1827, from Fort Shelby, which was de- 
 molished at the time this street was first opened. 
 
 Fort E, 1835, because in line with l'\)rt Street W. Chailes (iratiot of General Harrison's army. 
 
 Flora, 1877, Christian name of niece of John R. German, 1848, p.asses through the (ierman quar- 
 
 Willi ims. ter of the city. 
 
 F'irst, 1835. F'onrth, 1841. Fourth Avenue, 1873. Grand, 1855, from Grand Street, New York. 
 
 Fifth, 1835. F'ifth Avenue, 1876. Fourteenth Ave- Gregory Avenue, ii'8i, f.uiiily name of Mrs. Deni- 
 
 nue, 1S67. Fifteenth, 1867. Fifteenth-and-a-half, ing Jarves. 
 1867. Grand River, 1S35, the road as originally laid out 
 
 Frederick, 1857, Frederick F". Farnsworth, son of led to Grand Rapids on Grand River. 
 L. L. Farnsworth. (brandy Avenue, 1874, Levi Grandy, land-owner. 
 
 Farnsworth. 1857. I,. L. F'arnsworth, land-owner. Grand Junction, 1874, near the Grand Trunk K. 
 
 FYemont, 1857. John C. Fremont, candidate f(;r R. Junction. 
 Presidency in 1856. Grove, 1855, there was a gro\e near by when this 
 
 Forest, 1869, "This is the forest primeval." street was laid out. 
 
 Ferry, 1874, De.xter M. F'erry, seed-merchant. Granville Place, 1873, from Grand River Street, 
 
 *I'"rancis (Tenth W^'ird), 1857, Francis Trask, 
 friend of Mrs. Thomas Palmer. 
 
 Frances, 1S61, Christian name of sister of Mrs. 
 W. 15. Wesson. 
 
 Francis (Stanton Farm), 1852, jofiven name of son 
 of General Henry Stanton. 
 
 Fox, 1857, red fo.xes were quite plentiful in this 
 region. 
 
 to which it extends. 
 
 Gilbert Avenue, 1873, George W. Gilbert, old 
 citizen. 
 
 Gold, 1855, from Gold Street, New ^■ork. 
 
 *George, 1850, after George V. N. Lothrop and 
 George Dulfield, who united in opening this street. 
 
 George, 18S4, George Zender, son of Mrs. Flenry 
 Zender, land-owner. 
 
son of owner of part 
 
 name, also ajiplitd lo 
 
 trcct, New \ink. 
 is a family name. 
 u\ Williams, son of 
 
 I, prominent citizen. 
 
 abhri of New York, 
 
 )wner. 
 
 -, auihor of first piib- 
 
 . and City, and of I'irst 
 
 old citizen. 
 
 it, or next lo tin; river. 
 
 ranklin. 
 
 •"rontcnac, (iovirnor- 
 
 ic foundry of the De- 
 
 7, A. 1>. Fraser, I.md- 
 
 ce Patterson, daughter 
 
 d, land-owner, 
 ("•rant, for two ye.ars 
 
 old citizen and land- 
 
 of (luoin Farm, 
 'lovernor Wocxlbridge 
 swokl, of Connecticut, 
 oad leads to Fort C.ra- 
 s named after Colonel 
 prison's army, 
 gh the (ierman quar- 
 
 1 
 
 itreet, New York. 
 y name of Mrs. Deni- 
 
 as origin.'illy laid out 
 [1 River. 
 i Cirandy, land-owner. 
 
 the Cirand Trunk K. 
 
 ove near by when this 
 
 ,1 Crand Kivi'r Street, 
 
 orge W. C.ilbert, old 
 
 cet, New "S'ork. 
 \' V. N. Lothrop and 
 111 opening this street. 
 t r, son of Mrs. Henry 
 
 STKFKT NAMKS, AND TIIFIR 0R1(]1N, 
 
 941 
 
 ! 
 
 Georj,na, 1857, from the State of (jeorpia. 
 
 ('.rillitli Avenue, 1874, T. H. (IriKith, land- 
 owner. 
 
 (ireenliekl .Vveiuie, 1873, from its location in the 
 town of Cireenlield. 
 
 C.reen Avenue, 1873, Andrew C, Green bought 
 the first lot at corner of this avenue and Iloklen 
 Road. 
 
 Gilman, 1861, Mary Gilman, maiden name of 
 mother of General Cass. 
 
 (loldner Avenue, 1877, Charles Goldner, land- 
 owner. 
 
 *Godfrey Avenue, 1864, Peter (Godfrey, land- 
 owner. 
 
 (jarfield, 1882, our second martyr President. 
 
 Grilfin, 18S4, the name of the first sail vessel on 
 the Fakes. 
 
 Hudson Avenue, 1881, Mrs. Sarah F. Hudson, 
 land-owner. 
 
 Holbro(;k Road, 1SG7, ]). C. Holbrook, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Hesse, 1875, maiden name of ^b•s. F. R. Pohle, 
 land-owner. 
 
 Holden Avenue, 1828, led to farm of Theodore 
 G. Holden, .'in old settler. 
 
 Harper Avenue, 1874, Walter Harper, founder of 
 Harper Hospital. 
 
 Herbert, 1874, Herbert Grain, son of Horatio 
 Grain. 
 
 Horatio, 1874, Horatio Crain. land-holder. 
 
 Havens, 1S57, Mr. R. Havens of New York, friend 
 of W. B. Wesson. 
 
 Hendrie, 1874, George Hendrie, land-owner. 
 
 Hancock, 1869, John Hancock, President of Con- 
 tinental Congress. 
 
 *Helen, 1872, Helen, wife of P. Tregent, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Hubbard Boulevard, 1876, Bela Hubbard, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Hazel, 1857, a nut-bearing shrub abundant in 
 Wayne County. 
 
 Hastings, 1S26, F. P. Hastings, old citizen. 
 
 Humboldt Avenue, 1866, Haron Humboldt, the 
 great German scholar and scientist. 
 
 Hale, 1854, John P. Hale, abolition candidate for 
 Presidency the year this street was laid out. 
 
 Heidelberg, 1869, city on the Neckar, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Hammond Avenue, 1873, George H. Hammond, 
 land-owner. 
 
 Flarvey, 1880, John Harvey, one of the original 
 owners of the land. 
 
 Huron, 1836, from Huron tribe of Indians. 
 
 Harrison Avenue, 1868, William Henry Harrison, 
 President of United States, and our governor under 
 Indiana Territory. 
 
 High, 1852, in going up Woodward Avenue there 
 
 is a perceptible rise in the ground at this point ; it is 
 literally High Street. 
 
 Henry, 1853, General Henry H. Sibley, son of .Sol- 
 omon Sibley, land-owner. 
 
 *llenry (Ninth Ward), 1852, Henry .Stanton, son 
 of General Henry Stanton. 
 
 Howell, 1871, so named from its nearness to De- 
 troit, Howell, X: Fansing R. R. 
 
 Harriett, 1835, Harriett Houghton, wife of Dr. 
 Houghton. 
 
 Howard, 1835, Colonel Joshua Howard, F. S. A. 
 
 Hennepin. 1855, Father Louis Hennci)in, an eariy 
 French traveler in this region. 
 
 Hussar Avenue. 1876, an army name bec.iuse .so 
 near Fort Wayne. 
 
 Hudson .Vvenue, 1882, F. W. I (iidson, land-owner. 
 
 Hibbard Avenue, 1883, Hibbard Baker. I.uid- 
 owner. 
 
 Ilolcomb Avenue, 1883, Henry W. Holconib, 
 land-owner. 
 
 Harbaugh, 18S4, I), i;. Harixuigh, old citizen. 
 
 Horton, 1883, after Joseph I). Horton, land-owner. 
 
 Infantry Avenue, 1874, army name, near Fort 
 Wayne. 
 
 Indian Avenue, 1856. This street crossed a ridge 
 which abounded in Indian graves. 
 
 Ives Avenue, 1857. Albert Ives, land-owner. 
 
 low.'i, 1855, Iowa tribe of Indians. 
 
 Illinois, 1857, Illinois tribe of Indians. 
 
 Irving, 1853, Washington Irving, the noted author. 
 
 Indiana, 1S57, from Indiana, whose jurisdiction 
 Detroit was under for a time. 
 
 Ingersoll, 1873, Walter Ingersoll, old citizen. 
 
 Julia, 1873, Christian name of wife of Walter 
 Ingersoll. 
 
 Jane, 1857, Christian name of friend of W. B. 
 Wesson. 
 
 Johnston Avenue, 1857, John W. Johnston, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Joy, 1866, James F. Joy, old citizen. 
 
 John Fdgar, 1880, one of the original owners of 
 the Crane or Reeder Farm. 
 
 John R., 1835, John R. Williams, kirge land-owner 
 and prominent citizen. 
 
 John C, 1 87 1, John C. Williams, land-owner. 
 
 Jay, 1840, John Jay, once Chief Justice of the 
 United States. 
 
 Jones, 1852, De (jarmo Jones, once mayor of 
 Detroit, owner of Jones Farm. 
 
 Jefferson Avenue, 1807, Thomas Jefferson, third 
 President of the United States. 
 
 Joseph Campau Avenue, 1869, Joseph Campau, 
 old settler and prominent citizen. 
 
 Joe, 1875, Joe, youngest son of Joseph Bushey, 
 land-owner. 
 
 Jerome Avenue, 1882, Franklin H. Jerome, land- 
 owner. 
 
942 
 
 STREET iNAMES, AND THEIR ORIGIN. 
 
 JcroiiKi (Spriiigwi'lls), 1881, C'li'dij^c Jcnuiu', old 
 citi/un. 
 
 *JiilicUc, 1851, Julia, ilaii,v;lU(,T of Tlioiiias I'alnH'r. 
 
 * James. 1851, James Walsoii, nepliew of 'I'liiimas 
 Palmer. 
 
 *Jii|Mter, 18G2, so named as an exclamation of 
 surprise and ilisapproval beeause the parties who 
 had a,iL(ret'd to ^ive the; west half of the street were 
 not eonsulted as to the name, "Chene." which was 
 given to it by the owner of the land on the east 
 side. 
 
 Kanady, 1874, S. C. Kanady, laiul-owner. 
 
 Kentucky, 1857, in lionnr of the State which so 
 grc'itly aided Michi)j;an in the War of 181J. 
 
 Kinsman, 1875, Thomas Kinsman Adams, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Kearsley Avenue, 1S73, Major Jonathan Kears- 
 Icy, ollicer in War of 1812, mayor of Detroit, etc. 
 
 Kirby, 1876, CiL'orjre Kirby, okl citizen. 
 
 Kanter, 1884, Edward Kanter, banker. 
 
 Koch Avenue, 1884, Christian Koch, land-owner. 
 
 Leland, 1857, Dr. A. L. Lekuul, fricnil of LYane 
 iV Wesson. 
 
 i.ansiniLi', '^74. I-ansinvr, tlic capil.il of Michigan. 
 
 Lincoln Avenue, 1871, l.intoln A\cnue (llam- 
 tramek), 1875, Abraham Lincoln, I'resident of the 
 United States. 
 
 Lysander, 1852, name of younger brother of W. 
 B. Wesson. 
 
 Lovett Avenue, 1S75, \V. E. Lovell, formerly of 
 Scotten iS: Lovett. 
 
 Louisa, 1865, Christian name of friend of W. B. 
 Wesson. 
 
 Lauderdale, 1881, Dr. E. Lauderdale, friend of 
 Walter Crane. 
 
 Livernois, 1872, Frant'is Livernois, old citizen. 
 
 Lola, 1873, Lola, daughter of Lyman Baldwin, 
 old citizen. 
 
 Linden Court, 1857, from its connection with Lin- 
 den Street. 
 
 Linden, 1856, one of our forest trees. 
 
 Laurel, 1857, a shrub. 
 
 Locust, 1836, formerly a favorite shade tree in 
 Detroit. 
 
 Lcavitt, 1873, A. E. Leavitt, land-owner. 
 
 Ledyard, i860. Colonel Henry Ledyard, .son-in- 
 law of Governor Cass, and mayor of Detroit. 
 
 Leonard Avenue, 1S75, Rev. R. H. Leonard, 
 father of Mrs. David Carter. 
 
 Lambie Place, 1869, Frank Lambie, old citizen. 
 
 Lady's Lane, 1880, this street lies near Swain's 
 Avenue. " Every swain is supj)osed to have a lady- 
 love, and if he lived on Swain's Avenue, and if she 
 happened to live on this street, what name could be 
 more appropriate ?" 
 
 "r wu' evL-r thus the sighinj; sw.iiii 
 Would seek his love in Lady's Lane. 
 
 Lovers' L;ine, 1857, ;i f.ivoritc nuiting-pl.ice, 
 ye.irs ;igo, for lovcis old .and young. 
 
 Lcvcrett. 1838, Willi.im Leverett Wo<i(ll)ri(lge, 
 land-owner. 
 
 Lewis, 1854, Lewis Cass, governor ;ind senator. 
 
 Lexington Avenue, 1876, in honor of tlu: l)atllc of 
 Lt'xingtnn. 
 
 I-;if.iyetle Avenue, 1831, L;if;iyctte .Street, 1835, 
 i\L'iri|uis de Lafayette, who rendered oiu' country 
 such good service in revolulion.iry d.iys. 
 
 Larned, 1826, Genenil Charles Lamed, came with 
 army of C.cnenil Harrison in W.ir of 1812 ;in(l set- 
 tled ;il Detroit. 
 
 Leib, 1863, Judge John I.. I.eib, l.ind-owner. 
 
 Lorman Avenue, 1875, C. A. Lornian, l.-md- 
 owner. 
 
 Labrosse, 1835, Uominic L.ibrosse, of Labrosse 
 f.irm. 
 
 Ludden, 1870, N. T. Ludden, old citizen. 
 
 "•"Liberty, 1855, from Liberty Street New York, 
 where \b's. Cramp's broilur w;is in business. 
 
 *Linil)urg, 1863, Is.ibcll.i Roest \'on Limburg, 
 tlaughterof Governor C.i; s. 
 
 *Lafferty, 1855, Clement L.iffcrty, l.iud-owner. 
 
 " Lafontainc Avenue, 1855, l^'nuKjois L.ifontaine, 
 of Lafontaine Farm. 
 
 •''La Salic Avenue. 1855. f.a Salle Avenue (Spring- 
 wells), 1880, .'iflcr the I''rench explori'r, Robert 
 Cavelier La S.illc, who built the tirst s.iiling vessel 
 on the l.ikes in i(>7'). 
 
 '"Lyell .\veiuie, 1857, James L. Lyell, banker and 
 land-owner. 
 
 Langley Street, 1882, W. H. Langley, member of 
 BoardOf'Public Works. 
 
 Lewerenz, 1883, F. C. Lewerciiz, land-owner. 
 
 Louis Avenue, 1883, after son of J. L. Miner, l.ind- 
 owner. 
 
 Lothrop Avenue, 1883, after C. \'. X. Lolhrop. 
 
 AL'idison Avenue, 1807. J.imes Matlison, fourth 
 President of the United States. 
 
 Monroe Avenue. 1807, James Monroe, fifth Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 Meldrum, 1857, George Meldrum, of Meldrum 
 Farm. 
 
 Military Avenue, 1869, from nearnes;- to Fort 
 Wayne. 
 
 Ab'ami Avenue, 1807, Miami tribe of Indians. 
 
 Mechanic, 1852, because laid out with design of 
 supplying chea]) lots to laborers. 
 
 Minnie, 1875, name of wife of C. F. Campau. 
 
 Macomb, 1835, in honor of the Macomb family, 
 who were among the e.arliest ICngiish settlers. 
 
 \Lacomb Avenue, 1807, General Alexander Aba- 
 comb, for many years stationed at Detroit and after- 
 wards commander-in-chief of the U. S. Army. 
 
 Mullett, 1835, John Mullett, old surveyor and 
 land-owner. 
 
I, rite mi'i'tin«;-pl''""''' 
 n'crctl Wnddljiiil.^L', 
 
 iviTuiir ;mil suiiaKir. 
 liouor of ilu' batllc nf 
 
 afayi'tti' Strci-t, 1835, 
 L'luk'riil our loiintry 
 ary days. 
 
 |i.'S l.ariK'tl.fanu: will) 
 War of 1812 and sct- 
 
 .(.■il), laiid-DWiur. 
 J. A. l.iiniiaii, laiid- 
 
 Lal)r()ssc, of Labrosse 
 
 ■n, oldi-itizcn. 
 rty Siri-'ci Ni'W York, 
 ■;is in l)usincss. 
 K(i(.st Von l.iiulnirj,'. 
 
 .afferty, laiul-owiHr. 
 FraiK'ois Lafontainc, 
 
 aSalK' Avi'iuuMSpriiix- 
 L'luli uxplorrr, KdhcTt 
 ; the first sailing vessel 
 
 ;s 
 
 L. Lycll, banker and 
 1. Lanijley, member of 
 
 erenz, land-owner, 
 sonof J.l- Miner, land- 
 er (".. V.N. Lolhrop. 
 James Madison, fourth 
 
 es. 
 
 IK'S Monroe, tiflh I'resi- 
 
 Meldrum, of Meklriim 
 
 [rom nearness, to Fort 
 
 [mi tribe of Indians. 
 
 [laid ont with desiijn of 
 
 lorers. 
 
 (fe of C. F. Campau. 
 
 lof the Macomb family. 
 1st Knslish settlers, 
 heneral Alexander Ma- 
 iled at Detroit antl after- 
 of the U. S. Army. 
 
 STKF.KI" NAMKS. AND TIIF.IR OKKilN. 
 
 9^^ 
 
 lUett, old surveyor 
 
 and 
 
 Martiuelle, I1S55, i'.iliur J.u (iius M,ir(|iKlUMarly Maple, 1840, a shade tree for wliii li Iklrmt is 
 
 Jisuit missionary .and explon r, noted. 
 
 M.ininleiie, iSf»S, m.iidt n ii.inie of Mrs. I'eler .Mulberry, 1857, a reminder of the excitement of 
 
 (i<idfroy. many years a.i;o over the prospccti\e loriunes to be 
 
 Middle, 1835, lies in the middle of two avenues. made by ,^'rowin,i( the irecs and raisinj.; cocoons; the 
 
 Mother, 1 87 J. This street \ery |>ropeily lies side mulberry was once plentiful in this region, 
 by sidi' with l'",itlier .Street. Myrtle, 1856, ,in everjureeii lloweriny: shrub. 
 
 Miner .\veniie, 1875, J, I.. \lin( r, Lind-owmr. .Mor.m, 1855, Charles Moran, land-owner. 
 
 Marion, 1850, M.irioii I'orsyili, liimd of .Mbi rl '.Maria, 1852, n.inie of sister of W. I >. Wesson. 
 
 Cr.ine. Miller, 1854, J. F. .Miller, land-owner. 
 
 M.ick, 1855, John M. M.uk, old settler and Lmd- .Markey, 1873, Christian Markey, land-owner, 
 
 owner. M.irk, 1857, Mark Howard, of I l.-uilmd, friend 
 
 Montc.ilm, 1835, the, I'rench i^eneral. Mar(|iiis de of \V. li. Wesson. 
 .Montc.ilin. who w.is killed .11 the battle of (Hiebcc iMedbury, 1878, S. Medbury, l.iiid-owner. 
 
 in 1759. 
 
 ,Michii(;in .\\i'iiiie. 1831, Mieliii^an ( n-aiul .\vemie, 
 1807. (iert.ainly ;ui ,ippro|)ri,iie ii.iiik' in the nieirop- 
 olis of the Si.ite. 
 
 Morse, 1836, S. li. .Mcjrse, okl ciii/.eii and l.iiul- 
 owiier. 
 
 Moore y\veniie, 1881, Joseph !>. Moori', land- 
 owner. 
 
 Merrick, 1857, Rev. J. M. Merrick, of I l.irdwick, 
 M.iss., the n.itive town of W. li. Wesson. 
 
 Mary Mott, 1877, .Mary .Mott, niece of Mrs. J. 
 R. Willi.anis. 
 
 Mott .Avenue, 1876, John T. .Mott, land-owner. 
 
 Messmore Road, 1832, Mr. Messmore w.is an old 
 settler. 
 
 Morton, 1880, Mrs. Maria Wesson Morton, wife 
 
 *.Micliipicoten, 1861;, .ifter .Miehipiinteii liay on of J. D. Morton, of lio.ston, Mass., friend of W. li. 
 Lake .Superior, wlu-re J. W. Johnston had a l.ir^e Wesson. 
 
 landed interest. 
 
 Marcy, 1852, Mru'y M;iri y of drcH'tiwieh, M;i.ss,, 
 friend of W. 1!. Wesson. 
 
 .Mt. Hope Avenue. 1857, l.iid out in the year of 
 the panic with the hope <jf better times. 
 
 Mt. Flliott Avenue, 1861, from the cenielery 
 whii'h it passes. 
 
 Mitchell Avenue. 1875, Mrs. V.. \. Mitchell, grand- 
 daughter of 1). Camp.iu. 
 
 M.'iybury .\\eiuie, 1866, Thomas Mas bury, l.uid- 
 owner. 
 
 Martin .Avenue,'- 1878, Stephen M.irtin, old citi- 
 zen. 
 
 * .Mont,!.foinery .Avenue, 1855, Cieiienil Rich.ird 
 Monti(omery, killed in the attack on Quebec, I )e( em- 
 ber 31, 177;. 
 
 Milwaukee Avenue, 1882. leads toward Milwaukee 
 Junction. 
 
 Marston Court, 1884, Isaac Marslon, former 
 Jutli,'e of Su[)reme Court. 
 
 •= Ninth .Avenue, 1876. Nineteenth, 1867. 
 
 .N;ill .Avenue, 1874, Charles J. N.all, l.ind-owner. 
 
 Noble, 1870, Charles W. Noble, land-owner. 
 
 *Noyes, 1852, William R. Noyes, old citizen. 
 Street named by W. li. Wesson. 
 
 Newberry, 1880, John S. Newberry, of Michigan 
 
 Margaret, 1857, Christian name of Mrs. Charles Car Works. Street named by Walter Crane. 
 
 L. Ilurd. 
 
 Maiden Lane, 1836, from Maiden Lane. .New 
 York City, in 1836 a leading wholesale street. 
 
 Mcdraw .Avenue, i88u, Thomas .McCiraw, land- 
 owner. 
 
 ^''McCune .Avenue, 1878, J.imes N. M. .McCuiie, 
 land-owner. 
 
 McClellan Avenue, 1876, Cenend (ieorge 11. Mc- 
 Clell.-ui, U. S. A. 
 
 McDougall Avenue, 1868, (ieorge McDougall, 
 early settler and sheriff. 
 
 .McMill.-in, 1880, James McMillan, of Michigan 
 Car Works. Street named by NValter Crane. 
 
 McCiinnis, 1878, Patrick McC.innis, land-owner. 
 
 National .Avenue, i8C)8, suggests its own origin. 
 
 Napoleon, 1857 a truly approi)riate name in a city 
 founded by the Frencli. 
 
 Norton, 1873, Norton I'. Otis, of Vonkers, friend 
 of W, li. Wesson. 
 
 * North, 1S40, from its location just north of 
 dratiot Road. 
 
 Orleans, 1854, decidedly French, and recalls the 
 Maid of Orleans. 
 
 Ottawa, 1855, after the Ottawa tribe. ( w;i is 
 the Algon(|uin word for trader. 
 
 Ohio, 1855, our neighboring State, and first one 
 fi)rmed from the Northwest Territory. 
 
 Otis, 1873, Norton P. Otis, friend of W. 15. 
 
 McKinstrv, 1875, Major O. P. McKinstry, of U. Wesson. 
 
 S. Army. ' Orchard, 1836. "Methinks there is the smell of 
 
 McLean, 1862, Arch AIcLean, friend of Albert apple-blossoms." 
 
 Crane. *Orange, 1855. "Oranges and orange-blossoms, 
 
 Magnolia, 1862, a favorite southern tree. fragrant and fair." 
 
044 
 
 srRi;i:r namks. and iiii:ik okic.in. 
 
 ♦Oak, \X\(i, .1 iiiMiiuUr of tin- "u.ik ii|uiiiiijL;s" I'arkir Aviiiiic, iiS;'), TIkiim.i^ A. I'.irkd, l.iiul- 
 
 for wliiili llio Slatr was nolnl. owner. 
 
 t )aklcv, 1S57, lli'iiiy A. Oakli'v. nf New Ndrk, I'imiI, iK^^ finm I\miI Stri'd, New York. 
 
 Iiifiul <if W. II. \\i>s(tii. I'ltMsaiil, iSSi), SI) ii.imiil fidin tlic vu w it \nv- 
 
 OiUario. 1S57. Lake Ontario. .scniid. Wliilf luini; laid out cviTyboiiy sai<l, 
 
 Otto .\vcnin'. iS;;, Olio Wilu'r, son of lliiiry " What .1 jiiias.int stmt." 
 
 Wihir, i.uul-owiU'r. 
 *Ooi'ola, if^55, llii' cilclir.itril Sfiniiiolc cJiii'l' nl' 
 
 l''loii(l,i. .\li)iTt C'r.mc owind 
 
 Mii'llii,;,lll, 
 
 .mil iicir ()ccii|,i, 
 
 r.ilon, 1.S75, William I'.iton, l.irid-ow ncr. 
 I'liili;), 1M71;, riiilij) l'aMi|)aM. .son of l". 1''. C'ani- 
 jLUi, lainl-owncr. 
 
 I'oili'r, I'S.^i, .\nj;nsius S. I'lHtcr, senator fioni 
 
 Oaki.mil .\\-eiuie. 1.SS4, le.nls low.inls the i-oiinty iS.jc) lo iS.jj. Moses I'oiter, liisl .\ineri( .in e.ipi.iin 
 
 in Oetidit, took possession of post in 171/1. 
 
 M'orter Road. |S3_', ( leor.^e 1!. I'orter, one of the 
 territorial jLjoveriKirs, 
 
 MVter, 1.SC14, I'eter Ciodfioy, l.ind-owner. 
 
 M'rivale, \6(nj, orii;in,iily for jirivati- eonven- 
 
 of »)aklaiul. 
 
 I'reniiss .\\eniie, 1S7S, deor^^e I'reiitiss, l.ind- 
 owner. 
 
 Piquette .Avenue, 1876, .\nneli(|ue l'ii|uette, 
 ilau,i;iiter of l>. L'amp.iu. 
 • I'lyinouth .Avenue, 1875. part of road iiadiny; to ienee. 
 village of I'ivitioulh. 
 
 relou/.e, iSSo, Major L. 11. I'elou/e, fiiend of W. 
 I'.. Wesson, .\ssist,uit-.\iljutant (ieneral of l'. S. 
 .\rniy, st.itioned in Detroit for ni.uiy years. 
 
 I'reseott. 1805, W. II. I'reseott, liistorian. 
 
 *l'alnK'r. i8;,5, I'hoinas I'aliner. old eiti ';il 
 
 I'alnur .\\eiuie, 1874, 'riioinas W. Palmer, sen- 
 ator, 
 
 I'ii'rpont, 1853, n.uued by 1". J. 1>. fr.ine. after .1 
 street in .\ll),iny, New York. 
 
 I'litnani .\ venue, i8(>g. Israel I'utn.im. hero of 
 rcvolutioii.u\v f.ime, ami of the wolf st(ii-y, lure with 
 Hradstreot ui 1 7^4. 
 
 I'ontehartrain. 1868, |)erpetuates the first P'reneh 
 nanie of Detroit, so-ealled after Count I'ontehartrain. 
 
 I'kmi, 1836, wild plums were native to this region. 
 
 I'opl.ir, 1856, a shade tree whieh is no longer 
 popular. 
 
 I'ine, 1S36, a forest tri'e, an<l an abinid.uil souree 
 of wealth in Miehiv^an. 
 
 I'iteher, 1866, Dr. Zin.i I'iteher, an old eiti/.en and 
 e.\-n)ayt)r. 
 
 i'arsons, 1867, I'iii' ■ mis, land-owner. 
 
 reteri)oro, 1859, 
 town in N. H 
 
 I'ien e, 1S54, Franklin I'ieree, eleeied I'resideiil 
 tlu' ye,ir this stri'el was l,iid out. 
 
 I'eter Cooper, 18S3, the New N'urk phil.uuhro- 
 pist. 
 
 K.idemaeher, 1875, Joseph K.uk'in.trher, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Kivei" Ko;id, l8ij, runs .aloni;' m,ii\;in nf ri\<r. 
 Keeder, 1880, I'.dwin Reeder, laud-ow nr|-. 
 Roehm, 187J, Roehm family who l.iid out the 
 property. 
 
 Riopelie, 1850, Dominic Riopelle, nf Ki()[iel!e 
 I'arm. 
 
 Ronu'vn, 1S80, Theodore Komeyn, old eiti/.en. 
 Ranspaeh, 1876, John R.mspjich, I,ind-owner. 
 Rollin, 1873, Charles Rollin Otis of New Xnvk. 
 frienil of W. H. Wesson. 
 
 Rose, 1868, Rose Porter, youngest (l;uii;hler nf 
 Cio\ernor ( ieorije H. Porter. 
 
 Rej;iil;ir Avenue, 1875, from the Rei^ulars, ([uar- 
 tered at Fort Wayne. 
 
 Rowena, 1878, Rowena 1 Iiuit, wife of Alfred 1'.. 
 Brush. 
 
 Randall, 1857. Mr. Rand.ill of New York, friend 
 / James .Seoit, from the of C. 1'".. ISressler, land-owner, 
 s father. John, was born. Rowl.ind. 1835. Major 'rhom.is Rowlanil of th.'. 
 
 l^reston, i .u Preston, banker and land- War of 181 2. He held various public otlices. 
 
 t)W'ner. R;indoli)h, 1S28, John Randol[)h of Roanoke, 
 
 Perkins, 1880, Miss Mary P>aldwin Perkins, of \'irv;inia. 
 Warren. Ohio, relative of Mrs. W. B. Wesson. Rivard, 1833, Antoine Rivard, of Kivard Farm. 
 
 Plumer, 1873. S. A, Plumer, land-owner. Russell. 1835. William Russell, brother-in-law of 
 
 Prospect, 1847, named by S. 15. Morse. It was lien. Wood worth, 
 so far away from the city in 1847 that only pros- *Railroad, 1852, one end termin.ited ;il; the I). i.\: 
 
 pectively couki it l)e called a street. M. R. R. 
 
 Pallister Ro;id.i86o, Thomas Pallister. land-owner. Railway Avenue, 1880, riuis alongside the Cir.ind 
 
 Park Place. 1867. bounds West Park. 
 
 Trunk R. R. 
 
 ♦Park (Ninth Ward). 1861. near Macomb Park. Rich Street, 1882, Charles A. Ric'.i, land-owner. 
 
 Park, 1835, from its starting place at Grand Reed Place. 1882, C.eorge W. Reed, land-owner. 
 
 Circus Park. Ross Avenue, 18S3, Walter Ross, Justice of the 
 
 Park Avenue. 1880, so-called from several small Peace, 
 
 parks laid out in center of the street. Rayiie, 1883, Mrs. M. L. Rayne, authoress. 
 
as A. I'-ukiT, 1. 111(1- 
 
 ;, Nrw \n\k. 
 
 111! ilu: vu V,- it pri'- 
 
 uii i'viTyl)n(ly said. 
 
 laiul-owiur. 
 soil (if C. l'". Caiii- 
 
 I'mtif, sciiatnr fi'Din 
 irst AMU'ii<aii captaiM 
 )i)sl in i7</i. 
 
 11, I'lilUT, dlU' iif tlu' 
 
 iaiiii-iiwiuT. 
 fdi- iiiivat<' ciinvcii- 
 
 (•(•, ilciicd I'rrsiili-nt 
 
 111. 
 
 lew N'dik pliilaiilhrn- 
 
 1 Kaiicinailu r, laiul- 
 
 iv;- niar>;in "i livcr, 
 
 '|-, laiui-<A\iu r. 
 
 lily wiiii laiil out tin; 
 
 J^iopi'iU', "f Kii'pi-l'a' 
 
 (inKAii, "Id citi/i'ii. 
 
 pac'li, land-iiwiiiT. 
 
 Ill Otis III' Ni'W N'lii'k, 
 
 yolllim'sl dail,i;l\trr "f 
 
 m the Ri'v;ulars, tiiiar- 
 
 liiit, wife of Aifrt'd 1'.. 
 
 (if Ni'W York, fiii'iid 
 
 lonias Rowkmd of tli 
 loiis public otViccs. 
 |:ind()ipli of Roanoke, 
 
 l-ard, of Rivard Farm, 
 ksell, brother-in-law of 
 
 ■nninated al the I). ^: 
 
 |s alon.^side the C.rand 
 
 A. Uie'.i, land-owner. 
 |\V. Reed, land-owner. 
 Ir Ross, Justice of the 
 
 STRKKT NA.Mi;s. AM) llli:iK OKK.IN. 
 
 i 
 
 Lyne, authoress. 
 
 ';45 
 
 Slate, I.S35, named ihe ye.ir the Stair w.is nti^aii- of his sons, whose patnm saint was St. Joseph, 
 
 ■''■'■''• I Ills street name and St. .Antoine e.xisled as e.irly 
 
 Siieiid.m ,\\enue. r.S75. Cnuial I'hil. Sheridan, .as I7«.', ,ind ;ire tht> only names of the old town 
 
 U. S. .\nny. preserved. 
 
 Sherman, [Hdy, (ieneral W . l'. Shirman. U. S, St. Claii I'l.iee, 1S70. Arthur St. Ci.iir, lirst (iov- 
 
 Arniy. crnor. of Northwest 'I'erriti ry. 
 
 Sleiiton, iSSo. ('.olf SteiUon, old riii/in, friend of Scoville Avenue, i!i74, D.J. Seoville, l.md-owner, 
 
 Mr. frawford, land-owner. Slioeiiuiker Kojid. 1850, W. Slioein.iker. I.ind- 
 
 .Speiieer, \^()\, I'.li/.abetii Spent cr, m.iidin ii.inie owiui. 
 
 of Mrs, ( iovernor e'.iss. Superior, 1X36, 1.. ike Superior, laiv^est lake in ilie 
 
 .SpeiieiM', iS.Si, no re.ison known, simply a careless world, 
 
 repetition of .111 old name. Stowe, i,S57, li.irriet lleedier Stowi', .uitlioress. 
 
 Silver, il'ijJ, .111 appropii.ile eompanioii for « iold St.uiley, i>S57, J. M. St.inli'y, .artist. 
 
 Street. S|)riiij;v>ells Avenue, 1S75, from the township in 
 
 Spruee. iKyi, these trees are plentiful in Mielii- whieh it is located, 
 
 .nan, ''Sew.ard, l.S6u, Willi.uii II. Sew.ird, the noted 
 
 Spruce (Sprini^Avills), 181S4, has no special sii^nili- st.alesin.an. 
 
 <"ance. *Stei)lien, I.S52, Stei)heii K. Sl.iiilon. son ol ( ien- 
 
 Slulby, I<SJ7, (lovi'riior !s.a;i<' Shelby of Kenlmky, cr.al II. Si.anton. 
 
 who rendered our State nu-mor.ible service in War *St.aiUoii, 1.S52. ( leiur.il Henry Stanton, l'. S. 
 
 of 1812. /\rmy. 
 
 .Second, wSjj. Second Avenue. 1871. Si.xtli. 1835. St.irk .\ venue, 1881, 1". \. St.irk. I.and-'iwiur. 
 
 Seventh. 1835. Sixtiiuth, 18O7. Sivcnteeiuh. 1867. Se.irs Avenue. 1883, .Mrs. (). .\. Se.ars. of ll.ast 
 
 Seventeenth-;md-.i-li.ilf, 18^7. Sa.^in.aw. land-owner. 
 
 Sibley. 1852. Jiid,L;e Solomon Sibley, first dele.ij.ite S.ari;enl. 1884, the lirst secret.iryof the Northwest 
 
 from W.ayne County to .Northwest Assembly. Territory. 
 
 Siiro.U. 1854, l''.bt'ne/er Spro.at, f.atlier-in-l.aw of Sylvester. 18S.] Syhestcr Rich, son-in-l.iw of 
 
 Jud(.;i' Sibley, and an ollieir of the Revdiulion.iry Mrs. lli'iiry Zender. I.and-owiier. 
 
 Army. Third, 18^,5. Third Avenue. 1873. Tenth. 1868. 
 
 Steelier, 1877, Martin Sieclur, land-owner. Twelfth. 1867. Thirteenth. 1867. *Thirteenth-.and- 
 
 Sw.iiii .Avenue. i88u, is.iac N. Sw.iiii, old eiti/.eii a-h.ilf, nSCiS. Twentieth. 1870. Twenty-lirst. 1870. 
 
 and l.ind-owner. Twenty-second, 1867. Twenty-third. 1868. Tweii- 
 
 Scotteii .Avenue, 18C17. Daniel Scotteii, kind- ly-fourlh. 1867. Twenly-lifth. 1872. Twenty-si.xtli. 
 
 owner. 1872. Twenty-sevcnili, 1876. 
 
 Scott. 1836, CeiiiTil Winlleld Scott, r. S. Armv. Thirtieth, 'i'hirty - lirst, 1874. 'i'hirty- second. 
 
 South. 1857, from iis dirtMtion. 
 
 Southern .Avenue, 1873. fnun its loealiou ,il the 
 southern end of a tr.ict of l.iiid. 
 
 Siimson I'lace, 18G8, iJyron (). Stimson, land- 
 owner. 
 
 Shady Lane, 1880, opened throuijh the woods. 
 
 Sullivan Avenue, 1866, Roji,'er .Sullivan, who 
 
 'i'hirty-third, 1873. 
 
 Tr.inic. 1881. so n.amed from present .and jjro- 
 spective trjillic and tr.avel. 
 
 Tuscola. 1855, a n.ame of Indi.ui dirivation. 
 coined by II. R. Schoolcraft, and applied by 1'. J. 
 15. Crane, who owned Land near Tuscola. .Mich. 
 
 'lorrey Avenue. 1868, Joseph \V. Torrey, former 
 
 bou.iijlit the first lot on the street at northwest cor- prob.ate jud.is^e of Wayne County. 
 
 ner of Michi.vj.an and Sullivan Avenues. 
 
 Sycamore, 1857, .1 forest tree of Michi^^an. 
 
 Tillman .Avenue, 1868, J. \V. Tillman, old citizen. 
 Toledo A\enue, 1873, commemorates the Toledo 
 
 Selden Avenue, 1866, Mrs. Deborah Selden Spen- War. 
 
 cer, wife of Dr. Joseph Spencer and mother of Mrs. 
 General L. Cass. 
 
 Summer, 1857, a seasonable name. 
 
 Si)rinir, 1857, a seasonable n.a.ne. 
 
 Trumbull .Avenue, 1S58, Judtje John Tiaiinbull, 
 father of .Mrs. Governor Woodbridjje and author of 
 " McP'ingal." 
 
 T. J. Canipau, 1869, Theodore J. Campau, land- 
 
 St. Aubin Ave, 1847, Francis St. Aubin, of St. owner. 
 
 Aubin Farm. Theodore, 1876, Tlieodore Williams, land-owner. 
 
 *St. Lawrence, 1851, St. Lawrence R'ver, to Theodore Avenue (Springwells), 1872, Theodore 
 
 which the waters of the Detroit (low. G. Williams, land-owner. 
 
 St. Antoine, 1826, named by Antoine Beaubien; Townsend, 1875, K. D. Townsend, adjutant- 
 
 St. Antoine being his p.itron saint. general of U. S. Army. 
 
 St. Jo;:cph, 1854, named by Oliver Bellair for on-- Thierry Avenue, 1874, James Thierry, land-owner. 
 
946 
 
 CIIANC.F.S IN NAMKS. 
 
 ♦Tliompson, 185J, David Thomiisoii, laiid-owiuT. 
 
 ♦Trowlji-idni', iiS6i,C.C. ri(i\vl)ridm', old ciiiziii 
 and I'x-mayoi'. 
 
 *'rhn>ml)lry, i<S4y. Chailrs J. ■riir(Miil)k'y, laiiil- 
 owiur. 
 
 'riiomas, 1875, ■riuiinas Kiiisniaii .Adams, laiiil- 
 owiicr. 
 
 L'liion, iiS52, a patriotic name. 
 
 \'ulmiti'cr Avciuu', 1S74. a military nanu' in 
 rcMiU'iiibraiKX' of tho volimlfors of i860 and 1861. 
 
 Wtmop. 1880, lU'iijaniin X'cnior, iiroiniiKMitciti/cn. 
 
 V'icmia, 1870. the capital of Austria. 
 
 X'isuvr, 1873, Janus A. \'isi;ir, l.iiul-owiu'r. 
 
 \'iilcan Avoiuie. 1872, the (liicl< (lod of I'"iri'. 
 
 \'inr, 1852, wild v;rapc-vincs, iudii^cnoiis to 
 Michii^.m. 
 
 \'inc\\(>o(l .\\cnik', 1856. \ ..11 this street w,is 
 l;iid out lari;c niinthcrs of trees ;ilou,i;- its route wx'i'e 
 overnfown with n.itive !L;i'.i|)e-\ines, hence from the 
 \vt)rd.'- " vine " ant! " wood" the name orii^inatid. 
 
 * Wine, 1857. 'I'his n.ime is popularly ;issoci,Ui'd 
 with the two precedinv;' n.imes. 
 
 W.iyiu', 1828, Major-Cicnerai Anthony Wayne, 
 r. S. Army. 
 
 Wii^ht, 1857, r)uckminster Wi^ht, land-owner. 
 
 Walker, 1863, I k'ury N. W.iiker. land-owner. 
 
 Woo(ll)rid,!L;e, 1826, Willi.im Wootlbridi^e, si-cre- 
 lary and .governor of 'I'erritory of MichiiL;an and 
 ilelcijatt' to (.'on).;i"ess. 
 
 Wesley. 1858. John Wesley. .\ lot one-half the 
 leni;th of tliis street was ;.;iven to the M. 1'.. C'lnn-ch 
 l)y (loN'ernor Woodhridi^e. 
 
 West I'ark I'lace, 1870, hounds West I'ark. 
 
 W.ishinnton, 1869, (leorv^e Washington Johnston, 
 son of J. W. Johnston. 
 
 Washinj^ton C.r.ind Avenue, 1807, (leor^e Wash- 
 ington, lirst {'resident of the United .Stales. 
 
 •*= Willi;, 1855, .Austin !•;. Wiiii;. Delegate to Con- 
 stress from 'I'erritory of Michigan. 
 
 Winj; I'l.ice, 1870, Nelson II. Wini;-, laiui-owner. 
 
 Woodward .\veiuie, 1807, Jtid.!L;e .A'iv;iistus IJ. 
 Woodw.u'd, one of the first judi;x's of the Territory 
 of Michi^^an, ami author of the I'lan of 1806. 
 
 Winder, 1852, Colonel John Winder, land-owner. 
 
 Webster, 1852, Daniel Webster, statesm.in. 
 
 Welch Avenue, 1873, C. M. Welch, land-owner. 
 
 Wilkins, 1854, Hon. Ross Wilkins, for ni.uiy 
 years jtid.ne of the I'. S. Di.striet Court at Detroit. 
 
 Watson, 1854, Joseph Watson, secretary of the 
 L.and Hoard of CioviTiior and Jik1)l;x's of I)etroit. 
 
 Williams, 1835, Cieneral John R. Williams, old 
 citizen anil ailjiitant-_i;ener;il of Territory of .Mieh- 
 ij^an. 
 
 Williams Avenue, 1868, General A. .S. Williams, 
 representative in Coni^ress. 
 
 Williams .Avenue (C.rcenfield), 1883, Joint C. 
 Williams, land-owner. 
 
 * Walnut, 1 850 ; w.ilnut trees .are picnt iful in M icli- 
 i,H;in, 
 
 Wesson .\\enue. 1873, Willi.un 11. Wesson, l.ind- 
 owner. 
 
 Whipple, 1857, William I.. Whipple, l.ind-owner. 
 
 Winter, 1837, the " winter of our tliscontent." 
 
 Witherell, 1868, I Ion. James Witlu'ivll, one of the 
 territorial judi;-es. 
 
 W.irrcn .Aviuue, !8()(;, 'AV.irrin. 1838, Cicnenil 
 Josi'ph W.iircn, of revolutionary f.imc. 
 
 " W.aterloo, 1840, ;m Mn^lish remiiuk'r. 
 
 W esierloo, 1855, so n.imed by (■". J. ii. Crane, 
 after the street in .Alb,iny, \. V., wliere his wife 
 was born. 
 
 Willis Avenue, 1803, Mrs. .A. M. Willis, l.ind- 
 owner. 
 
 W'.iller, 1871, W.illir l"i-,uu', old cili/.i'ii .and land- 
 owner. 
 
 West I'!nd .\\-enue, 1875, from its loc.iiidu ;il west 
 end of Sprin.u'wells. 
 
 Watcrm.in .\venue. 1861, D.miel C. Waterni.in. 
 fallicr-in-l;iw of .Albert Cr.ine. 
 
 'Whiting;. 1850, Dr. J. L. WhitiiT.^'. old citi/.en. 
 
 * Whitney, 1855, .Mr. Whitney, of Hoston, friend 
 of .\lbert Crane. 
 
 Whitwood, 1880. D. C. Whilwood, oUl cili/eii.ind 
 ex-comptroller. 
 
 W.ib.ish, 1882; the depot of tlie W.ib.ish Kail- 
 road is at tlu' foot of this street. 
 
 Wheelock Aveinu', 1883, after Rebecca Wheel- 
 ock, m.iiden name of mother of M. W. Field. 
 
 William 1'.., 1883, after W. E. I'l.irker, l.and-owner. 
 
 \duiHt;, 1883, a cari'lesslv ,v;i\en n.ime, intended 
 as a reminder of N'oiUL^e Street, Toronto. 
 
 Zender. 1874, Henry Zeiuler, land-owner. 
 
 ClIANCKS IN N AMI'S. 
 
 If one of the ri'siilents of the olden lime weri' to 
 rise from his )L;ra\'e, lu' would be trouble 1 lo find 
 even the names of streets familiar in byj^due days. 
 'l"he strei'ts of thi' town a.s ihey were ]irior to 1805 
 h.ave entii\-lv disappeared ; those named St. l.oiiis, 
 St. .Ann, .St. James, aiul St. Ilonore, all passed away 
 in till' tire. 
 
 The (iovt'rnor and Judges <)ri,i;inally intended lo 
 locale the Court Hou.se in the center of the Ciivind 
 Circus ; and Woodward Avenue, on their lirst pl.in, 
 w.is tlesi).;nated Court House Avenue. In tlu' lin.il 
 pl.iii ' ( 1806 it was called by its present name. ( »n 
 I)ec(.,nber 17, 1818, an Act of the (iovernor and 
 Jud)L;es(«hanijc(l the name between Campus Martins 
 and .Adams Avenue lo Con,i;re.ss Avenue, but, not- 
 VNithst.indiiii;' this action, common iisai;e sanctioned 
 the name Wooilward .Avenue for the entire len.nth 
 up to Adams Avenue. From this street north. It 
 was .at first laid out only one half of its present 
 width. , The west side was first opened, and vvas 
 
ire plentiful in Mi'ti- 
 
 Ln\ l'>. Wi'ssiin, laiui- 
 
 V'liippk', laml-owiuT. 
 (iiir iliscunU'Ul.' 
 Wilhcivll. oiK' (if i1h' 
 
 www. \^])^' (iv.'iK'i;il 
 rv f:iiiu'. 
 I rcniiiulcr. 
 i)y f". .1. ''>■ (-"r.uir, 
 v., wlKTf his wiff 
 
 A. M. Willis, iaiul- 
 
 , dill cilizrii ar.d latul- 
 
 ,111 lis loraliiin al west, 
 
 Daniel C. Walernian, 
 
 .Vhilini^-. old cili/Aii. 
 ney, of lloslon, fneiul 
 
 iiwood, old cili/cn and 
 
 of ihe Wabash Kail- 
 
 ct. 
 
 ftcr KilHTca Whcel- 
 f M. W. I'ield. 
 !•:. Haikcr, land-owner, 
 iveii name, intended 
 
 (iriinlo. 
 . land-owner. 
 
 i^i^ 
 
 N \M1,S. 
 
 the olden time were to 
 1 he trouble 1 to tiutl 
 liliar in l)y};onc days. 
 
 liev were prior to 1805 
 )se named St. I.ouis, 
 more, all jxissed away 
 
 oriiiinally intended to 
 le eeiiler of the C.nmd 
 line, on their lirst pl.in. 
 Avenue. In the hn.il 
 its present name. < >n 
 (if the Covernor and 
 ween Campus Martins 
 ress .\ venue, but, not- 
 nion us.a.uv s.anetioiied 
 for the entire leiij^th 
 11 tliis street north, it 
 le half of its present 
 first opened, and \vas 
 
 CIIAXCICS IN NAMES. 
 
 947 
 
 e.'illed Wilherell Street. It w.is .also known bv tlie 
 names I'ontiae Ro.id.md S.ii^in.iw Turnpike. Tr.-i- 
 ditions.iys th.at this portion w.is laid out .lud n.inied 
 during- the .ibseiux' of Judiije Woodw.ird. When 
 he returned, ;ind found wli.at h;i(i been done, he 
 s.aid the street was "rightly n;mied Witheri'll, for it 
 withered all his pl.ii's." He w.is told tli.at he ou;..;ht 
 not to rind f.ault, for Iv had n.inied WOodw.u-d .\ve- 
 nue .ifler himself, lie re|)lied th.it he h,id n.imed it 
 Woodw.ird, not bee.uisi: th.il w.is his ii.inie, but he- 
 cause tiie street ;ietu;illy nm wood-w.ird, tow.irds the 
 woods. lie .also elaimed th,it Woodbridi^c Street 
 w.is not n.imed .after the, i^overnoi-, but from the wood- 
 bridi^e over the Savoy.ard on the line of the street. 
 
 On ;i city m.ip published in 1.S37, a number of 
 streets .ippe.ired wliieh li.id no existence, ;is the prop- 
 erty tlirout;h which they r;in li.ail not been siib-di- 
 viileil. The names were \^\\in .is possible names, .and 
 were as follows : (ieorne Sticit, now I Iiv;li, w.iscillcd 
 Earl, Henry W.IS e.aHeil W'.trren, Spro.it w.is called 
 AllelL,^■m, Haj^i;; w;is called St. Josejih, Ch.irlolte w.is 
 called Louis, I'elerboro w.is called .Morse, Prospect 
 W.IS called l.e(ir,ind, I'cirl w.is called ("i.iines, ( 'ir.i- 
 tiot from K.indolph to Antoine was called St. M.iry, 
 and ;is Kite .is J.S47 it was sometimes so desinii.ited. 
 It w.is .also called the Fort ( Ir.itiot Ro.id, .and ;i por- 
 tion of the west end w;is called \'iri;ini,i .Street. 
 Another street by this Last name once e.xisted 
 ne.ir Raiuloliih, between Coiij;ress and L.irned 
 Streets. I'"ranklin .Street between Randolph and 
 Brush Streets is recorded as Herthelet Alley. Mr. 
 McC.abe, in his Directory of 1837, j^ave names to 
 various alleys, but the names were not retained. 
 His list of .alleys embraced the n.ames of Holivar, 
 Casar, Centre, Commercial, lanily, l'"urnaee, Julius, 
 .MeCabe, I'oline, R.iilroad, .and Therese. The alley 
 in the rear of the present First N.ational Hank he 
 called .School Lane. It will be noticed that his own 
 name, Julius I'. iSoliv.ir McCabe, was to be i)er- 
 petu.ited in the n.ames of ;it le.a.st three of the alleys. 
 
 The more recent eh.inj^es in n.imes of streets, as 
 made l)y various ordin.inces, arc as follows : 
 
 Alexander to Wight, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Arch to l).a,n■)L,^ April 29, 1882 
 
 Jirevoort to Twenty-second, July 9, i.S67. 
 
 IJlanehc to Rowena, July 6, 1S78. 
 
 15ratsh.i,v to I'.ilmer Avenue, Deceiiiber 31, 1881. 
 
 Canlield to Iki.nv^, July y, 1867. 
 
 Chestnut to Canlield, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Ch.arlotte to Wilherell, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Chicago Road to .Michigan Avenue, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Cemetery to High, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Cherry to Uronson, July 9, 1S67. 
 
 Camp.'ui to McDoug.ill Avenue, June 17, 1870. 
 
 Chase to IJnitshaw, April 29, 18S2. 
 
 Circus East to Williams, July 9, 1 867. 
 
 Cinais West to I'.irk, Julv y, 1867. 
 
 Campbell to Seidell .Avenue, .\|)ril 22, rS82. 
 
 Dudley to Tenth, July 9, 1867. 
 
 D.avidson to /Vntiet.am, July <>, 1S67, 
 
 I''.lm to M.arion, July 9, 1867, 
 
 l'".,irl to High, October 1, uSdri. 
 
 Kdmimd Street to Edmund I'l.ice, December 20, 
 1881. 
 
 I''r.incis to l'"eder.al. July 1;, 1 867. 
 
 I'*r,i/er to Chestnut, July 1;, 1867. 
 
 F.arr.ar ip.arl of) to IS.irel.iv Place, September 7, 
 1876. 
 
 l''ourlli Street to T'oiirth .\venue, M.iy 24, 1882. 
 
 T'oiirteenth Street to T'ourteeiilh .Avenue. .August 
 C>, 1874. 
 
 Fremont Street to Cintleld Ave, .August 23. 1882. 
 
 Ceorge to High, November 21, 1874. 
 
 Cir.ind Kiver Street to Grand River .Avenue. .May 
 13, 1 87 1. 
 
 (iodfioy .Avenue to I'otirteenth. July 9, 1867. 
 
 Ciiviiid Street to .Me.N.mdriiu', June 14, 1869. 
 
 Ileiiry to llow.ard, July 9, 1867. 
 
 I lolden Ro.ul to H olden Ave., I )eccniber 31, !8,Si. 
 
 Helen to ('i.irfield .\venue, July 3, 1882. 
 
 i ligli to Sherman, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Ilolbrook to Twenty-tirst, July 9, i8C)7. 
 
 Ilou.ird to L.af.iyelte Avenue, August 6, 1874. 
 
 Juliette to Wilkias, March 21, 1870. 
 
 J.imesto .Alfred, .M.ireh 21, 1870. 
 
 Jupiter to Chene, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Liberty to Fulton, June 14, 1869. 
 
 L.iiirel to l'"ulton, June 14, 1869. 
 
 Liinburg to Ch.arlotte Ave., SejHember 27, 1869. 
 
 L.ifferty to Thirteenth, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Lafontaine Avenue to l'"ifteenth, July 9, 1867. 
 
 L.aSalle .Avenue to Si.xieenth, July 9, 1867. 
 
 L.if.ayette Street We.st to Lafayette .Ave., .\ugu.st 
 
 25, i.sr.k 
 
 Lyell Avenue to Twenty-thiril, April 25. 1868. 
 
 McCune Ave. to Milw.iukee Ave., July 3, 1882. 
 
 Montgomery Ave. to Mt. Klliott Ave., July 9, 18C17. 
 
 Michipicoten to Arn<lt, September 8, 1881. 
 
 Mari.i to Seklen Avenue, .April 22, 1882. 
 
 North to Division, ALirch 21, 1870. 
 
 Ninth 7\ve. to Trumbull .Ave., April 25, 1876. 
 
 Napoleon to Ikiklwin i'lace, J.anuary 28, 1876. 
 
 Noyes to Ch.arlotte Avenue, .September 22. 1883. 
 
 Oceola to Hrigh.am, June 14, 1869. 
 
 Oak to High, November 21. 1874. 
 
 Park to P.ark Place, July 9, 1867. 
 
 P.ilmerto West Park Place, M.irch 21, 1870. 
 
 Porter Road to Twenty-third, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Peter to Thirteenth-and-a-half, April 25, 1868. 
 
 P.ark to Rose, July 9. 1867. 
 
 Pine to (luoin, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Poplar to Crant, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Private to Chase, J.anii.iry 8, 1S70 
 
948 
 
 CHANGES LN NAMES. 
 
 Railroad to W.'itsoii. Juiu- 14, 1869. 
 
 Scwaril to Lcland, March 21, 1S70. 
 
 State to (iratiot, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Sti'pheii to Baker. J Lily 9, 1867. 
 
 St. Clair to 'rwcnticth, July 9, 1867. 
 
 SraiitoM to Scvfutoeiith-aiid-a-half, July 9, 1S67. 
 
 Seidell to Selden .\veiuie, April 24, 1882. 
 
 St. Lawrence to Montcalm, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Second to Second Avenue, June 9, 1S71. 
 
 Stinison to Stinison Place, Marcli 25, 1S73. 
 
 Thompson to Twelfth, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Tliirteenth-and-a-half to Wabash Avenue, July 3, 
 18S2. 
 
 Trowbridi^e to Seventeenth, July 9, 1867, 
 
 Tromhley to il.irriet, March 21, 1870. 
 
 Third to Third Avenue, September 26, 1873. 
 
 TweiUy-tiiirel to Twenty-fourth, April 25, 1868, 
 
 Whitiuij to I'ii^hteenth, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Wine to Kitihteenth-and-a-half, July 9, 1867. 
 
 Willi,;; to Nineteenth, July 9, 1867, 
 
 Wiiiu; Place to Labrosse, April 24, 1877. 
 
 Warren to Na])oleon, October i, 1866. 
 
 Whitney to Alfred, February 14, o. 
 
 Waterloo to Antietani, July 9, 1867, 
 
 Witherell to Woodward Avenue, July 9, 1867. 
 
 West Park Place to Park Place, November 2, 
 1878. 
 
 Walnut to P)a,!,;g, April 29, 1S82. 
 
 In this connei'tion the followiiis,'' extract, from a 
 report made in 1882 by the writer to the Common 
 Council, contains facts that are pertinent and sug- 
 gestive : 
 
 'I'lic frequent clian^ini,' nf stii-it ii.'inu's, in viirioiis parts iif tlie 
 I'ity, anil at irr<'j;iil,ir intervals, is a serimis annoyance, and if all 
 ehan^es kni>\vn to be clesiral)le at any one time were made liy tlie 
 >'ame ordinance, the public convenience would be j;reatly ])ro- 
 moted. A list of all changes could then lu' preserved until the 
 new names had jjained a place in speech anil memory. 
 
 'I"!ie >;i'neral plan of the lity is wi-ll establislu-d, and all chan>;es 
 nnv>' desirable can be easily determined, and both citizens and 
 
 strangers would be benefited by a Eystematic and thorough 
 revision of the street names. 
 
 Comparatively few alterations are necessary. There is no oc- 
 casion for delay, and every year increases the dilTiculties arisin;} 
 from duplicate names, or nanus of similar sound ; anil obstacles 
 in the way of making changes will constantly increase. » » ♦ 
 
 The suburban duplication of the street names of Detroit is also 
 a growinj; evil for which there is no excuse or necessity, 'i'he 
 city cannot control the naniinj; of streets in the adjoininj,' town- 
 ships, but such legislation should be secured as would prevent 
 any sninirhan street, not in line with a city street, from biinj; 
 calleil by the same name. Sooner or later, large portions of Ham- 
 tramek and Springwells will be attached to the city, and the 
 number of duplicate street names will be greatly increased, unless 
 the evil is remedied. 
 
 The n.irning of streets ought not to be left to the caprice of 
 individuals. Street nai les are for the public convenience, and 
 more .'ittentiou should b( paid to sense and sound. The further 
 introduction of nam'-., nearly allied in spelling and pronunciation 
 to names already in use, should be prohibited. Vexatiors delays, 
 confusion, and loss are of daily occurrence through the similarity 
 of names, or because of mispronunciation. Street names should 
 be of such a character that their pronunciation would be easily 
 apparent. 
 
 Kar less thought has been bestowed upon this subject than its 
 importance demands. Some of our streets have such foolish and 
 ill-sounding names that, should unforeseen improvements make 
 their locality desirable, one of the first suggestions would be a 
 new street name. 
 
 With a genealogy dating from the dawning of the sixteenth 
 century, we would do well to give special heed to oin" historic 
 past, anil strive to preserve its memories in our s'reet names as 
 well as in our story. Street names approach immoiiality. (lov- 
 ernuients change, political parties die, olBcials and constituents 
 pass into oblivion, buildings are burned, pavements uprooted, but 
 well chosen street names usually live as long as the city stands. 
 A street name is a more valuable and a more perpetual memorial 
 than a monument of bronze or granite. They may be destroyed 
 or defaced, but street names live though a city is burned. K. very- 
 thing tenils to perpi'tnate and preser\e them — lanil titles, business 
 notices, social facts, city records, and in fact almost all the details 
 of municipal government unite to fasten them in the memory and 
 hand ihem down to the future. There are no other names in 
 connection with the life of a city that are so fretpiently used as the 
 n.iines of its streets; and no other names are so fnipienlly 
 I lUght of and talked of by both residents and strangers. We 
 are compelled to know and memorize them, and everything com- 
 bines to repeat and reiterate them. As an instrumentality for pre- 
 serving the remembrance of individuals and facts, they have no 
 ei|ual. 
 
systematic and thorough 
 
 ecessary. There is no oc- 
 ises the cUfiiculties arising 
 nilar sound ; and obstacluii 
 stantly increase. ♦ * * 
 et names of Detroit is also 
 excuse or necessity. Tlie 
 L'ets in the adjoinini; town- 
 secured as would prevent 
 1 a city street, from being 
 Iter, large portions ttf Hain- 
 clied to the city, and the 
 be greatly increased, unless 
 
 ;o be left to the caprice of 
 ie public convenience, and 
 le and soimd. The further 
 spelling and pronunciation 
 ihibited. Vcxatiors delays, 
 renee thro\igh the similarity 
 ition. Street names should 
 nimciation would be easily 
 
 1 upnn this subject than its 
 Ireets have such fcjolish and 
 jreseeu improvements make 
 irst suggestions would be a 
 
 e dawning of the si.Nteenth 
 ipeeial heed to our historic 
 iiries in our s' reet names as 
 liproach imnuMlality. (lov- 
 ie, officials and constituents 
 L'd, pa\emenls uprooted, but 
 e as long as the city stands. 
 
 a more perpetual nu luorial 
 Ite. They nuiy be destroyed 
 igha city is burned. Every- 
 ■e them— land titles, business 
 
 in fact almost all the details 
 iten them in the memory and 
 here are no other names in 
 . are so frequently used as the 
 ::r names are so freepiently 
 esidents and strangers. We 
 ; them, and everything com- 
 isan instrumentality for pre- 
 uals and facts, they have no 
 
 
 PART XII. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL. 
 
CHAPTER LXXXIX 
 
 THE ANNALS ov ni-.rRorr.i 
 
 In order tosliow the relation of various events to 1710. May 5. First recorded niarriai,^; between 
 
 each otlier, and for the sake of givintr a historic white people at Dttroit. 
 
 summary of the more important events that have 1712. ^^■ly 13. M. tU- X'incennes, from tlie 
 
 affected tiie interests of I )ctroit, the foiiowinj,^ Chro- Miami eoimtry, witli seven other I'renclimen, arrives, 
 
 noio^-ieal 'I\aiJie has i)een iireiiared. With its aiu Tiie Indians attack iMirt I'onteliartrain antl are 
 
 the events tliat ijive eliaracter to each ejiocli may defeateil by l)u ISuisson. Church of St. Anne 
 
 be easily traced, and the chapter as a whole consti- luirned. 
 
 tutes a complete epitome of the history of the city. 1717. July 3. M. Tonty, commander of the 
 
 In adtlilion to the more important d.-ites j^iven in post, returns from a visit to Montreal. In this year 
 
 appropriate chapters, the table contains ;i lari;e the I'o.k Indians m.ule an attack on the fort, but 
 
 number of interesting^ items on various subjects f((r did little harm. 
 
 which no suitable place v.,' omul in the body of 1718. Fort I'ontehartrain rcliuilt. 
 
 the work: 1721. June 6. Father Charlevoix arrived. He 
 
 1603. The F'etroit River is described by Indians left June iS. 
 
 to Champl-u'n, 1723. Third Catholic Church erected. 
 
 1658. .March 5. Antoiiie I.aumet de la Mothe 1746. The fort attacked by the Indirms. Pontiac 
 
 Cadillac bom. and his tribe aided in defentlini; it. 
 
 1670. Sprim^. Fathers C.alinee and Uullier visit 1747. September 22. A larije nmnber of boats 
 
 the region of Detroit. with 150 soldiers arrived from Montreal. 
 
 1679. August 10. The C.riffon, with La Salle, 1749- First larv;e emi,i;fation to Detroit, nece.ssi- 
 
 l)asses throuyh the ])etroit. The hrst .sail-vessel on tatint;- enlart^emenl of the fort, 
 
 the lakes. I7S5. Fort a^ain enlart(ed because of arriv.il ./f 
 
 1687. ^hay 19. M. de Tonty visits the site of new settlers. Fourth Church of St. .\nne erected. 
 
 Detroit. March 16. Ilishop Henri Dubreuil de Pontbriand 
 
 September 6. liaron de La 1 lontan visits this visits Detroit, 
 
 locality. 1760. November 29. Fort Pontchartrain sur- 
 
 1694. September i('i. Cadillac appointed com- rendered by the French to the I-'.iu,dish. 
 
 mandant at ^lackinaw. 1761. September 3. Sir W'm. Johnson, Siiperin- 
 
 1701. July 24. Cadillac and his coinpany .arrive tendent of Indian tribes, and his ]i,arty arrive, 
 
 to establish a permanent fort .and settlement at 1763. Ajiril 27. Ponti.ie completes plans for 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 July 26. F'oundations for first chapel laid. 
 
 1703. June 28. Thirty Huron Indians arrive 
 from ^Lackin.lW to settle .at Detroit. 
 
 In this year, durin;.;' .an Indian att.ack. the church 
 was burned. 
 
 1704. Febru.ary 2. P)aplism of tli-si white child, 
 a daui^hter of Cadillac. 
 
 1706. June 6. The Ottaw.as .atl.ick the I'rench 
 and Mi.amis. Cadillac j^iveii entire control of Detroit. 
 
 1707. March 10. First known ijranl of land by 
 Cadillac. 
 
 his cnnspir.acy. 
 
 M;iy 6. Pontiai 's conspir.acy re\e.aled to ( 'il.adwin. 
 
 M.ay 7. (il.adwin exposes Ponli.ac's treachery. 
 
 M,iy 10. Ponli.ac bei^ins his .att.ack. 
 
 M;iyi2. The IiKli.ins suri-ound the fort, firing 
 from morninii^ till eveninij. 
 
 M.iy 21. Schooner Cil.adwin dispatched to h.asten 
 supplies from Ni.iijara. 
 
 JiMie 3. ]\eceipt of news of the treaty of peace 
 between !•' nance ami I•".ngl.anc^ and of the cession of 
 Detroit. 
 
 June 30. Schooner Cdadwin returned with C>o 
 
 August 6 to 10. Cire.it council of chiefs .at I'ort troops.and a supply of ammunition and jirovisions. 
 Pontchartrain. July 3. Inhabit.uits collected to he.ir the .Articles 
 
 1709. Second Chiu-ch of St. Anne built. of Pe.aee between Fr.ance and England. 
 
 • Copyright. 1884, liy Silas Farmer. 
 
 Wsil 
 
95^ 
 
 THE ANNALS OF DETROIT. 
 
 July iS. Many of tlu" prin<-ipal iiilial)ilants brinjj 
 their Jl(()()(1s inside of the fort for safe kccpinj^. 
 
 July lo. The Indians soi'.tjlit to set lire to the 
 vessels in the river by means of a raft filled with 
 faijots, birehbark, and tar. No damaye was done. 
 
 July 29. Several sloops and sehooners arrived 
 with 300 soldiers eoniin.uided by Captain Dalyell. 
 
 July 31. Battle of Hloody Run or Hloody lirid^'e. 
 Defeat and death of Captain Dalyell. 
 
 AujL^List 6. Schooner arrived with <So barrels of 
 provisions, a lari;c cjuantity of naval stores, and 
 some merchandise, 
 
 Aui^ust 13, Schooners Heaver and Gladwin left 
 for provisions, 
 
 AujLjust 28, The Heaver with u^uns and carifo 
 lost at Cat Fish Creek, 
 
 September 3. The Indians burned a windmill 
 about 300 yards from the fort. 
 
 September 5. .Schooner ( iladwin arrived with 47 
 barrels of Hour and 160 barrels of ]^ork. 
 
 October 3, A schooner arrived with I1S5 barrels 
 of provisions, 
 
 October 19, Throuijh councils held with some 
 tribes of friendly Indians, wheat and Hour were ob- 
 tained. 
 
 1764. March II, An attempt was made by some 
 traitor to tu'e the magazine, but the brand fortunately 
 went out. 
 
 June 4, The birthday of His Majesty Kini; 
 (ieorirc III. was celebrated by three volleys from 
 the troops and three discharv;es of cannon, and by 
 the drinking- his Majesty's health on parade, by the 
 officers and several Frenchmen who were invited 
 jii'tiests. At night almost tlie entire town was ilhnni- 
 nated. 
 
 August 26. Colonel Bradstreet with 1,200 troops 
 arrived, 
 
 August 30, All inhabitants over 1 5 years of age 
 appeared, by order, to renew their oath of allegiance. 
 
 August 31. Oladwin relieved of command of 
 Detroit by Colonel Bradstreet. 
 
 October 20. The slooj) Charlotte sailed for l-'ort 
 Erie with 121 packs of peltries, the last of 1,4^)4 
 packs sent since April. 
 
 1765, August 17, Colonel Oeorgc Croghan ar- 
 rived ; he was sent by the ICnglish ( iovernment to 
 conciliate the Indian nation who had acted with the 
 French, 
 
 September 26. Colonel Croghan left for Niagara. 
 
 1770. August 13. . Chaplain Turring solemnized 
 a marriage. He was the first I'rotestant minister 
 known to have been in Detroit. 
 
 1774- Jii'ie 22. Quebec Act passed. Thirst civil 
 government provided by English for territory includ- 
 ing Detroit. 
 
 ^775- Jti'it 9. Martial law proclaimed by Sir 
 Guy Carlton. 
 
 August 6. A boy named George I'"(irsyth was 
 lost in the woods, his two companions running off 
 and leaving him, and on October 2, 1776, the re- 
 mains were fouiul by an Indian near the upper end 
 of the Wootlbridge Farm. 
 
 November 9. Fieutenant-Ciovernor Hamilton ar- 
 rived in Detroit. 
 
 1776. May. Captain Foster and his party leave 
 Detroit for the Cedars. 
 
 August 10. All vessels on the lakes were rec|uireil 
 to be enrolled at Detroit and placed under control of 
 the Crown. 
 
 1777. March 26. John Coutincinau and Ann 
 Wyley hanged for larceny. 
 
 July 27. Governor Hamilton reported that he 
 had already sent out fifteen scalping parties. 
 
 1778. September 17. Governor Hamilton in- 
 dicted for allowing the execution of Coutincinau. 
 
 October 7. (iovernor Hamilton and his forces 
 leave for \'incennes. 
 
 In the fall of the year, the erection of Fort Fer- 
 iioult was begun. 
 
 1779. .March 5. Colonel George Rogers Clark 
 captures Governor Hamilton and his furces at \'in- 
 ceiines. 
 
 1780. April 12. Captain Bird's force left for .1 
 foray on Kentucky. 
 
 August 4. Captain liird and party return with 
 several hundred prisoners. 
 
 1781. July 16. Father Pothicr killed by a fall. 
 November 3. Arrival of the Moravian brethren 
 
 arrested at Sandusky by order of Colonel A. S. Dc 
 Feyster on charge of aiding the Americans. They 
 were tried and acquitted November 9, and left De- 
 troit November 14. 
 
 1782. March 8, Colonel Williamson and his 
 forces massacre the Moravian Indians on the Mus- 
 kingLim. 
 
 April 20. The Moravians are again brought to 
 Detnjjt. 
 
 July 20. The Moravians leave for a new .settle- 
 ment in what is now Macomb County. 
 
 November 5. The .Moravians consecrate their 
 church on the Clinton River. 
 
 November 30. I'reliminary treaty between I'-ng- 
 land and America concluded. 
 
 1783. August II. General Haldimand informs 
 Baron Steuben that he had received no order to de- 
 liver up the jiosts on the lakes. 
 
 September 3. Second treaty between Englaiu 
 and the United States. 
 
 1786. April 28. The Moravians are compellet 
 to leave their settlement on the Clinton River. 
 
 1787. July 13. Ordinance for government 
 Northwest Territory passed. 
 
 1788. July 24. Judicial Di.strict of Hesse in 
 eluding Detroit, created by Canadian authority. 
 
THK ANNALS OF DKTRori'. 
 
 953 
 
 :,eorKe Forsytli was 
 npiinions running off 
 )ber 2, 177^'. the re- 
 1 near the upper end 
 
 .ovcrnor Hamilton ar- 
 
 cr and his party leave 
 
 he lakes were recinired 
 ,laccd under coiurol of 
 
 :outincinau and Ann 
 
 ton reported that he 
 calpini; parlies. 
 -.ovcrnor Hamilton ni- 
 ili„n of Coutineinau. 
 uuilton and his forces 
 
 ; erection of Fort l.er- 
 
 1 C.eori;!- Ko^ers Clark 
 n and his forces at \ ni- 
 
 in r.ird's force left for a 
 
 1 and party return with 
 
 I'othier killed by a fall. 
 
 the Moravian brethren 
 
 frder of Colonel A. S. De 
 
 L- the Americans. They 
 
 .n-ember 9. and left De- 
 
 [icl Williamson and his 
 •ian Indians on the Mus- 
 
 kns arc again brought to 
 
 is leave for a new setlle- 
 limb County. 
 „ravians consecrate then- 
 
 N-er. 
 nary treaty between I'.ng- 
 
 Jded. 
 
 |oncr:il Haldimand mforms 
 ]ul received no order to de- 
 lakes. , 
 treaty between F.ngland 
 
 Moravians are compelled 
 [n the Clinton River, 
 [nance for government ol 
 
 ked. 
 
 Icia 
 
 1 District of Hesse 
 by Canadian authority. 
 
 m- 
 
 August 10. Visit of IJrant, liie noted chief of 
 the Six Nations. 
 
 1790. (Jctober 19-22. C.eneral llarnier de- 
 feated by liie Fnglish and Indians. 
 
 1791. November 4. (lovernor St. Clair and his 
 army defeated by the Englisii and Indians. 
 
 December 9. Tin; Montreal merchants protest 
 agc'iinst the delivering up of the western posts. 
 
 December 26. Detroit and Michigan become 
 part of Upper Canada. 
 
 1792. July 16. County of Kent created. It in- 
 cluded ail of Michigan, besitles other territory. 
 
 August. Election at Detroit (jf two members to 
 first legislature of Upper Canada. 
 
 September 17. First Canadian legislature con- 
 venes at Newark. 
 
 October 16. Name of District of llessc changed 
 to Western District. 
 
 1794. April. Ciovernor Simcoe selects site for 
 British fort on the .Miami. 
 
 August 30. Oeneral Wayne defeats the English 
 and Indians. 
 
 November 19. The Jay Treaty between England 
 and United States concluiled. 
 
 1796. January 29. English Court of ( leneral 
 Quarter Sessions held its last session in Detroit. 
 
 July II. Detroit first occupied by American 
 troops. 
 
 August 15. Wayne County first established. 
 
 August 25. Rev. David Jones, Baptist minister, 
 chaplain of (ieneral Wayne's army arrives. 
 
 1797. August 24. Thomas I'owers arrives at 
 Detroit in order to interest Ceneral Wilkinson in 
 the French and Spanish intrigue for the possession 
 of Detroit and the West. 
 
 1798. March 13. First notice of a tire engine 
 at Detroit. >. 
 
 May 10. The grand jury presents cut money as 
 a nuisance. 
 
 May 22. Governor St. Clair and two judges of 
 the Supreme Court arrived at 9 A. M. 
 
 June. Rev. (labriel Richard arrives. 
 
 Tuly 27. A large number of armed men came in 
 the night time to the Orand Marais, and under pre- 
 text of searching for British deserters, forced open 
 and searched the houses of several inhabitants. 
 The Court of (ieneral Quarter Sessions, on August 
 4, 1798, recommended the inhabitants to collect and 
 seize any such offenders in future, if possible, and 
 bring them to justice. 
 
 October 29. Election ordered for members of 
 General Assembly of Northwest Territory. 
 
 December 17. P'irst election in Detroit of dele- 
 gates to General Assembly of Northwest Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 1799. January 14-15. Election of members of 
 Northwest Assembly at Detroit. 
 
 February 4. First session of General Assembly 
 of Northwest 'i'erritory began at Cincinnati. 
 
 March 2. Detroit constituted a |)ort of entry. 
 
 September 16. Second session of General Assem- 
 bly of the Territory of the United States Northwest 
 of the Ohio River held at Cincinnati. 
 
 1800. May 7. Northwest Territory divided. 
 Indiana Territ :: , created. 
 
 June 4. ludges, court ollicers, lawyers, and lead- 
 ing eitize ;o to Sandwich to celebrate birthday of 
 King George III. 
 
 September 11. Rev. Da\id ISacon, missionary to 
 the Indians, arrives on his first visit. 
 
 November 3. General Assembly of Northwest 
 Territory convenes at Chillicothe. 
 
 December 9. Cin-uit Court for W.iyne County 
 created. 
 
 1801. March 3. First post-road in Michigan 
 established. In June of this year Bishop Teler 
 Den.'iut visited Detroit. 
 
 1802. January i.S. 'Townof Detroit incorporatt'd. 
 February 9. First session of Board of Trustees, 
 
 James Henry made chairman. 
 
 February 1 5. A public meeting of freeholders 
 and housekeepers (a notice of which, written in 
 English and French, had i)reviously been posted (Jii 
 the engine house, aiul served by reading on every 
 housekeeper), was held at Court House to make 
 known the Act of Incorporation. The Act was 
 read in English and then in TYench. 
 
 February 23. First regulations made for pii'vcn- 
 tion of llres. 
 
 April 17. First town-tax voted. This same 
 month the trustees prescribed the size and price of 
 loaves of bread. 
 
 May 3. First town election. Freedom of cor- 
 poration voted to Solomon Sibley for getting the 
 Act of Incorporation passed and for other eminent 
 services rendered. 
 
 1803. January i. Post-office established at 
 Detroit. 
 
 March 3. Present State of Michigan became 
 part of Indiana Territory. In this year troops went 
 from here to build first fort at what is now Chicago, 
 going overland under command of Lieutenant J. S. 
 Swearingen. Captain John W lustier, his wife, and 
 their son, (L W. Whistler, the subseciueiit distin- 
 guished Russian engineer, went by water on the 
 schooner Tracey. 
 
 April II. Colonel John Frederick Hamtramck, 
 colonel of First United States Regiment and first 
 American commander of Detroit, died, aged forty- 
 five years. 
 
 May 2. Second election of corporation of De- 
 troit. Freedom of corporation voted to Jonathan 
 Scheit'riin, one of the representatives in Northwest 
 Legislature. 
 
954 
 
 TIIK ANNALS UK DLlTROir. 
 
 May lo. Ciovcriior Harrison visits Detroit. 
 ScptL-mbcr 19. First fire company ori;ani/.cii. 
 
 1804. March 26. First United Slates land 
 olTice estabiisiicd at Detroit and provisit)!! made for 
 settlement of land claims in Michigan. 
 
 Auisaist. Rev. Nathan Hanys, tirst missionary to 
 the white people of this rcjjion. arrived. 
 
 October 13. A town meetini^ of citi/ens at Court 
 House considered a memorial to he forwarded to 
 Conijjress, askini,' for a separate territorial ijovern- 
 ment. 
 
 1805. J.inuary 11. MichiiLjan Territory created. 
 Detroit, by Act of Congress, ileclared the seat of 
 the tcrriioiial ijovernment. 
 
 June II. Detroit burned. Only one building 
 saved. 
 
 June 29. Saturday. Town meetinij ; j^reat num- 
 ber of citizens present. Ordinance of April 20, 
 1802, respectin,v( puiilic i-ommons, repealed. 
 
 July 2. Tuesday. Oath of oll'ice administered to 
 the Ciovernor and Judj^es and the territorial gov- 
 ernment commenced. 
 
 July 4. First .session of the ("lovernor and 
 Judges as a l.egisl.iture. 
 
 July 9. First law passeil by liovernor and Judges. 
 
 Julv 29. Supreme Court of Michigan Territory 
 organized. 
 
 August 19. First session of District Court of 
 Territory held under a green bower on the grand 
 square. 
 
 1806. April 21. C.overnor and Juilges author- 
 ized to lay out new town of Detroit. 
 
 June 16. Total eclipse of the sun. The follow- 
 ing extract of a letter from .S. Criswold, Fs(|., of 
 Detroit, to I'rancis Ciardiier, Fsi]., contained in 
 The Washington Chronicle lor September 10, 1S06, 
 gives an account of the total eclipse, as it ajipeared 
 at Detroit, ami its effect on the Indians: 
 
 I'or suvfral mdiillis this aiitkipatcd plunnnunDii was :i siili- 
 ject i)f eiKliiiry with llie Indians, as iiuiiiy slurius hail lui'ii liikl 
 them, partly by ijiiiorant and partly by dcsigniiij; persons, (if ter- 
 riblf tilings which woiiltl accompany that event. The troubled 
 aspect of our national alTairs with foreign powers facilitated the 
 propanation of visionary and awful predictions. Hundreds came 
 to me to consult on the subject of the eclijise and its threatened 
 accompaniments and couseipiences ; some large parties came in 
 from a distance on purpose to enquire on this subject, 'riicy 
 knew that white people could foretell eclipses, and supposid we 
 must be able to predict the atlendajit circumstances of wind and 
 weather and every effect upon the earth. Most (]f them believe 
 this faculty is given to white people by the (Jreat Spirit. 
 
 It has long (perhaiis always) been a general sentiment of 
 Indians, that .in eclipse, particularly of the sun, is an expression 
 or rather token, of the anger of the (Ireat Spirit, the degree of 
 his anger being indicated by the magnitude of the eclipse. 'Ihe 
 expectation of a total eclipse, therefore, was sufficient to prepare 
 them for thr reception of every extravagant taU-. Among other 
 ideas, that of war, bloody war, naturally ociiirrcd, and was easily 
 fomented, in conjunction with the then existing circumstances. 
 It was not dilVuult for a designing person of influence among 
 lliem to point out to their sittisfaction, how and where this calam- 
 
 ity was to ti.k'.' place, and whose blood was to be shell. It is s .il 
 the Iniliaus ileleated fleiieral llarmer on the d.iy of an iclipsi . 
 aiul have since enlerlained a pi rsuasion that such a Dheiioiiienou 
 is peculiarly unfortunate fir .Vmericans, and siilVicient to engine 
 success to ludlaus if ihey strike i>n that day. 
 
 It was generally reported, a short time previous to the lale 
 eclipse, tliat an attack inider its auspices was agreed to be made 
 upon this and other American posts in this quarter. 
 
 I'esides that of war, the minds of the Indians were filled with 
 other terrific anticipations. Some whole villages appeared im- 
 pressed that the darkness would be equal to that of Ihe ihuki-l 
 night, and would continui! for months, and many imagim d it 
 would be a dark year. They expected the sun would be put out 
 for that sp.ice of time ; that vegetables and animals would peiish, 
 together with most Indians who lived on the casual products of 
 the chase. The more general expectation was, that it wotdil be 
 only a dark day, or as they expressed it, a night day. Aiul they 
 supposed Ihe day would be productive of the most dreadful 
 storms of wind, hail, and other eliunntary concussions beyond 
 the power of man to describe. 1 found but one Indian out of 
 some hundreds that came in from the wilderne.s i-ho a|ipeared to 
 
 possess any jiisl i ceptioii of Ihe expected plu-u unenon. It was 
 
 the son of an intelligent chief now dead, who declared that he 
 h.iil no fears, for he believed he had seen such a thing when a 
 boy, and his father taught him it was caused by Ihe uii.' t-sun 
 (iliiir term for the moon) getting over the day-suu, and thus 
 stopping its light for a short time. 
 
 Seeing the general attention of Ihe Indians thus excited, and 
 wishing to allay their painful apprehensions, as well as prevent 
 any possible consequences of a serious nature, 1 thought it my 
 duty to iustnict them as far iis they were capable of iiiiilerstanil- 
 ing, into the cause and ualure of an eclipse, told them the day, 
 and precise time of day, it would happen, — its duration, .appear- 
 ance, etc.; and as to the dreadfid accompaniments of storm and 
 wind, I discountenanced such an expectation, though something 
 of the kind might take place, as on other days, but assured them 
 that they would survive it, and expressed my hope of seeing a 
 clear sky on that day, that I might behold the phenomenon in all 
 its grandeur, and the stars in their glory surrounding it. They 
 were thankful for these assurances, and some took encourage- 
 ment, while others remained fearful and perplexed. 
 
 The eclipse made its appearance under every favorable cir- 
 cumstance that could be wislicd, and agreeable to all 1 had told 
 the Indians. The day was remarkably line, without a cloud or a 
 gust of wind. It commenced liere about an hour earlier than the 
 calculations at New York and Albany. The disc of the sun was 
 completely covered for the space of three minutes, the stars ap- 
 peared very brilliant within the compass of the eclii)se"s shadow 
 on every side of the sun's plane. The greatest obscuration was 
 equal to that of the clearest starlight evening. The brutes and 
 the fowls gave signs that they thought it night, and were retiring 
 to repose when they were recalled by the bursting forth of the 
 light. Its effects upon the Indians were great. Those whom I 
 saw during the greatest darkness, appeared Ihoughlfnl, but held 
 their cour.-ige. dthers, I w.is told, ran up and down with agita- 
 tion. Some fell on their knees and prayed, while a few wrapped 
 themselves in their blankets and lay down to die. After it was 
 seen to pass off without harm, and the day proceeded as nsual. all 
 took courage .'mil became very social. 
 
 I'y the evening many were ready to be drunk. A general 
 muster of militia had been ordered on that day, which was well 
 attended and had a good effect. Governor Hull had arri\ ed in 
 season to lake the field. 
 
 September 13. City of Detroit incorporated. 
 
 Seiitcnibi . 19. Detroit l?ank incoriior.ited. 
 
 September 29. First election for members of 
 I'jjper House of Common Council of City of Detroit. 
 
 November 27. A convention of citizens of Mich- 
 igan held to petition C.ovcrnment to take such action 
 
vns U) In; ^lu•ll. ll i^ s:.i'.l 
 11 the il.iy I'l ail iclniM'. 
 that siirli a iihciioinciioti 
 ., ami siilVicicnt tn iiisiin; 
 .lay. 
 
 iiic prLviims to the late 
 s was a>;ri'ecl to be iiiaili; 
 liis (luarlcr. 
 
 L' Iiulians were filliil with 
 lie villatjfs npiiuartd ini- 
 al to that of the ilatkrst 
 , and many ImaKiniil it 
 he sun would Ik- iml out 
 md animals would |"ii?^h, 
 on the casual indclints of 
 ion was, that it would be 
 , a night day. And they 
 vv of the most dieadfnl 
 itary eonenssioiis biyond 
 id but one Indi.in out of 
 iUUrne.s ^■. ho appeared to 
 ted plun inienoii. It was 
 Eld, who deelared that he 
 cen such a thini; when a 
 1 caused by the ni«' t-sun 
 r the day-sini, and thus 
 
 Indians thus I'xcittd, and 
 nsions, as well as prevent 
 4 nature, I thought it my 
 re capable of uiiderstand- 
 lipse,— told them the day, 
 en,— its duration, a|>pear- 
 nipaninunts of storm and 
 rtation, thouKh soMuthinj; 
 er days, but assured them 
 ;sed my hope of seeinjj a 
 the phenomenon in all 
 surrounding it. They 
 some took cncourage- 
 .rplexed. 
 ider every favorable cir- 
 ■rabli' to all 1 had told 
 ne, without a cloud or a 
 an hour earlier than the 
 The disc of the sun was 
 minutes, the stars ap- 
 of the eclipse's sbado?/ 
 Kreatest obscuration was 
 eninR. 'I'he brutes and 
 ii,v;ht, and were retiring 
 ■ bnrstinK forth of the 
 jireat. Those whom I 
 iri'd thoughtful, but held 
 p and down with aKita- 
 ed, while a few wrapped 
 iwn to die. After it was 
 ay proceeded as usnal. all 
 
 be drunk. A ,i;eneral 
 hat day, which was well 
 or Hull h.id arrived in 
 
 it incciriiorated. 
 
 inror|i(ii".itt.'(l. 
 
 for niciiil)tTS of 
 
 I of City of Detroit. 
 
 if citizens of Mirh- 
 
 to take such action 
 
 as would settle tiie i.iiid tilKs. Tiie eonvention 
 l.'Lsteil until Deceinher i. 
 
 1807. M;inh 3. Conirress disapproved of the 
 eharterin,!,; of the Detroit li.tnk. 
 
 March 28. 'I'iie {'.ovenior and Judyjcs order wells 
 dui;- on the eonininns. now the Cani|)iis Martins. 
 
 The lirsL brick house was erected this year. 
 
 Ati.i(ust 9. 'I'he erection of a new stockade was 
 beifun. 
 
 November 17. A council was held with the 
 Ottaw.is, Chippcwas, Wyandottes, and I'otowata- 
 niies, and they ^'^•^\v^\ a lari,re tract of kind in the 
 eastern part of the State. 
 
 1808. M.irch 17. St. I'.itrick's Day lirst cele- 
 bnitcd in Detroit. 
 
 September 10. Tiie (iovcrnor and Jiidoes pass a 
 law directed .atjainst the Detroit Hank. 
 
 December 14. The I'ark Lots were ordered siir- 
 veyetl. 
 
 1809. February 24. The Act incorporalino- the 
 City of Detroit w.as repealed. 
 
 .March 6. I""orty-one of the i'ark Lots were s<il(l 
 at auction. 
 
 ^L•ly 10. The church on the Melcher l'"arm w.is 
 consecrated. 
 
 August 31. The Michivj.an I-'.ssay or bnpartial 
 Observer was first issued. It was the lirst p.ipcr 
 printed in Detroit. 
 
 1810. The finst Protestant cluin h, .1 Methodist 
 i '.|)iscopal society, was orijanized. 
 
 1811. Octobers. Five selectmen or councillors 
 for district of Detroit were elected. 
 
 November 7. Oeneral Harrison defeated the 
 Indians at Tijipecanoe. 
 
 December 37. An Indi.m war beini; imminent, a 
 memorial was sent by citizens to Congress, prayini; 
 for aid. *" 
 
 1812. January 22 -23-24. Sever.il earthquake 
 shocks were felt in this city, — the severest of which 
 was on the 24th, at .about seven o'clock in the even- 
 ing. 
 
 T'ebruary 7. Another earthqu.'ikc' shock startled 
 the citizens of Detroit. 
 
 May 14. Parade of militia in the evening. 
 
 June 1 8. War declared against Oreat lirit-ain. 
 
 Julys, tieneral Hull with army from Ohio ar- 
 rived. 
 
 July 12. General Hull crossed to Sandwich and 
 issued a proclamation to the iieople inviting them tu 
 join his stand.ard. 
 
 July 29. Lieutenant Hanks and oflicers jiaroled 
 from Fort Mackinaw arrived, 
 
 .August 7. Oeneral Hull returned to Detroit. 
 
 .August 16. tleneral Hull surrenders to the Lng- 
 lish. 
 
 1813. February I. Colonel Proctor orders prom- 
 inent Americans to leave Detroit. 
 
 .September 10. Perry defeats the iluglish 011 
 Lake Krie. 
 
 September 2S. Fort Detroit evacuated by the 
 Fnglish. 
 
 Septem!)er 29. C.encr.il Duncm McArthur takes 
 possession of Detroit ; Perry's tleet .irri\-es ; (ieneral 
 Harrison issui's procl.iination restoring citizens anil 
 milit.ary ollicers to the civil and military status they 
 possessed before Hull's surrender. 
 
 October 2. ( Ieneral Harrison, with 3.501) men. 
 leaves in jiursiiit of Proctor. 
 
 October 5. P.attle of the Th.ames ; Proctor de- 
 feated ; Tecumseh killed. 
 
 OctobiT 6. Ceneral H.irrison arrives .after b.iitle 
 of the Thames. 
 
 ( )ctol)er 7. Commodore ( ). II. Perry returns to 
 Detroit. 
 
 In the fall of this ye.ir there was great distress 
 among the citizens of Detroit and vicinity from want 
 of provisions. During the following winter 700 of 
 Ceneral ll.irrison's soldiers died of disease. 
 
 1814. OclobiT 9. Cenenil McArthur and 700 
 mounted rillcmen arri\e for the defense of Detroit. 
 
 1815. C.o\-ern(jr Cass brings the lirst c.arri.ige to 
 Detroit. 
 
 M.irch 30. P.icilicttion iiall ;it W'oodworth's 
 Hotel in honor of peace betweenC.rc.it P.ritain and 
 Cnited .States. 
 
 August 9. Major Wm. H. Putluiff. of Second 
 L'nited States Rille Regiment, in command at Di'- 
 troit, retires from tiie army, and is presenttd by 
 citizens with a complimentary address. 
 
 Sei)teml>er i. M.ajor-Cenerals Brown and Smith 
 left in the brig .Niagara for Jiuffalo. 
 
 September 8. (ieneral Harrison concluded a 
 treaty with Imlians. 
 
 October 24. New city charter granted. City 
 limits extended to include the Ca.ss Farm. 
 
 1816. April. Part of Michigan Territory given 
 to State of Indiana. 
 
 April 18. Indi.in Council of 1 10 Indi.ins ,it Coun- 
 cil House. "The Prophet," a brother of Tet umseh, 
 among them. They conclude a treaty of peace. 
 
 June 30. Rev. John Monteith. missionary of the 
 American Board, preached his first sermon in De- 
 troit. 
 
 July 4. Celebr.ition. I )inner at Whipple's Tavern. 
 
 November. Territorial Bible Society organized. 
 
 1817. July 25. The Detroit (iazette, a weekly, 
 first issued. 
 
 August 13. President Monroe arrives. 
 
 August 14. City authorities present President 
 Monroe with an address. 
 
 August 15. Ball at Woodworth's Hotel in honor 
 of the President. 
 
 .August 18. President Monroe leaves the city. 
 
 August 26. City Library incorporated. 
 
95^^ 
 
 THE AN.NAI.S oF DlilUolT, 
 
 Sf|)ti'ml)rr 15. I'irsl l'\;int;(lislif Sm iciy nf 
 Dtlroit ori^ani/cil. 
 
 Sfplrnil)i'r 24. t'luiur-stoiic ^f riiivtisiiy lliiild- 
 ini^ laid. 
 
 ( )ctiil)ir 25. Anix.il nf mail iiulicalcil by liu: 
 l)ln\\ iiiH- (if a lioni. 
 
 I )i'('i'Hil)iT 2<). Moral anil llinnain' Sncicl y n|-- 
 Vjaiii/.cd. 
 
 1818. Jamiaiy 14. i.yccninof iluiciiyof hclrnit 
 (ii"t;ani/cd. 
 
 .Manli 31. I'li'sl chiirrh for white inliabitaiils iu 
 .Micliiu;an rnilrd 011 tlif k(>uv;i'. 
 
 JuiK' I. liishop iii'iifdiil Joseph I'Ma.^cl visits 
 Detroit. 
 
 June, 2. r>aiil< of Miehii;aii (irv;ani/.e(l. 
 
 June 9. Corner-stono of St. Amie's Cliiireh laid. 
 
 Jtiiie 22. .Meetinij of eitizciis at Council I louse to 
 take nieasiiri'S toeolleet reniaiiisof Anu-riean oHieers 
 ami .soldiers niassaered at the battli; of the Raisin. 
 Committee <'ip|)ointed to remove ihiiii to Detroit. 
 
 June 26. 'l"he Detroit (iazette says: "The follow- 
 inij very odd eireiilar tliri'ctiil ''I'o the Town of ] )e- 
 troit, as ;i body eorpor.ite,' arrix'ed by the last m.iil:" 
 
 i.iiwi r (iivi.s i.iciir id i.iciir lust'ovt.k 
 
 Ah IMIMII \i. 
 
 Sl, I. oris, Missiil l;l 'I'l I.KI Inl.S , \li|;lll .\mKU!1 \, 
 
 April iM, A. I>. iSiS. 
 To All the UWl.l! 
 
 I (1t-(-iai'iMlit; carlii is Imliuw, and iialiilabii- wiliiiii, < oiitaininvc 
 .'I niimltcr <if sulid I'onccnlrii' spliiTcs, iiiu- witliiii tin; otlicr, aiul 
 tliat it is open at tiic pules 12 nr iT) (lc>;rt»'S ! I plrd'^ti my lift* in 
 siippnrt of tiiis trnlli, and am I'cady to cxplnn' tlitr linllow, it" itii- 
 wurld will siip])ort and aid inr in the nndcrlakin^^ 
 
 }\". V\ \ \ IS S\ MM|.;s, 
 ( y" ( '///.', late ( './///;/« r/ lii/antry. 
 
 N. 11. 1 liavi' ready ftir the pri-ss, .'i Treatise on the principles 
 of matter, wlien-in 1 show proofs of ihu aI)o\'t: i)i>sititins, aceonnt 
 for various phenomena, iinil disclose DcKtor Darwin's lloldeii 
 Secret. My t<'rms are the patronaj;<: of this and the new worlds. 
 I dedicate to my wife and her ten children. I select Dr. .S. I.. 
 Mitchell, Sir II. Davy, and liaron Ale.v. de Unmlioldt, as niy 
 protectors. I ask one hundred brave companions, well eipiippid, 
 to start from Siberia in the fall season, with reindeer and slays, 
 on the ice of the frozen sea; I engajje we t'ind warm and rich 
 land, stocked with thrifty ve,i;etables and animals, if not men, on 
 reachinji ornr deviree northward of latitnde 8j" ; we will return in 
 the succeeding sprini;. 
 
 July 4. The day was celebrated in a field in the 
 rear of the residence of Ciovernor Cass by a lar^^e 
 collection of .gentlemen and odicers of the army. 
 
 July 6. First auction sale of public lands in 
 Michii;an. 
 
 July 20. Detroit Mechanics' Society ori^anized. 
 
 July 27. A law was passed pro\idini,r for the 
 whipping or hiring out of disorderly persons, drunk- 
 ards, and others. 
 
 August 8. Interment in Protestant burying 
 ground of remains of soldiers massacred at River 
 Raisin, Procession from the Council House. Ora- 
 tion by Samuel T. Davenport. 
 
 .\iigiist 10. I'irst school in rnivci'siiy liiiildlng 
 opent'd. 
 
 August 27. Steamboat Walk-in-the-\\ater ar- 
 rived at Detroit — tirst lii|). 
 
 .September C), Smid.iy. ( Mi ihis day a bo.it 
 arrived with Lord .Selkirk as a jiassenger. A suit 
 had previously been instituted against him, growing 
 out of iroubli's at liis settlement on the Kid River, 
 and on arrival of the boat he was arrested. As the 
 arrest was made on Sunday, its legality was (|ues- 
 tioned. 'l"he ease came on for trial on September 
 10, at Sandwich. 'I'lie Cirand Jury di.scussed the 
 case, but canu; to no conclusion, and after four 
 days' time had been spent Chief Justice Powell 
 would wait no longer, and the attorney-general took 
 the liill of Indictnuiit from the table and dismissed 
 the jury. 
 
 ( )ctob(r 4. I'irst session of a l'rotest;mt .Sunday 
 school in the city. 
 
 1819. January 2. I'.ank of Michigan began 
 business. 
 
 .March 13. The citi/eiis vote ,i;,;aiiist llie tax for 
 a fire euijine. 
 
 .March. Woodworth's new hotel opened. 
 
 July 16. Michigan Territorv w.is aiitliori/ed to 
 elect a delegate to Congress. 
 
 September 2. ['"irst election in Detroit for dele- 
 gate t(j Congress. 
 
 November 17. I'.dward Tanner found his 
 brother, John 'i'aniier, near Detroit. He had been 
 a captive 28 years. John sul)se(|uently married a 
 chamberm.titl at Pen. Woodworth's Hotel, but 
 treated her so unkindly that she left him and the 
 legislature gave her a divorce. 
 
 November 25. I'.lephant e.\hil)ited for first lime 
 in Detroit. 
 
 December 13. The Commissioners report the 
 I'ontiac Road as laid out. 
 
 1820. February 27. Pir.st Protestant church 
 within limits of city dedicated. 
 
 March 30. City limits narrowed and Cass I'arm 
 k'ft outside. The first brick store was erected this 
 year. 
 
 .April 19. The tlag-stai'f on \\hich Hull displayed 
 his llag of surrciuk'r fell in a storm; no (lag had 
 waved on it since 18 12. 
 
 May 24. The Cass-Schoolcraft excursion k'ft for 
 the upper lakes. 
 
 July 3. A tax of live hundred days' labor was 
 voted to be ex[)eiKle(l on the river front. 
 
 July 28. Rev. Klea/.ar Williams (the reputed 
 Dauphin) arrived at Detroit with a number of 
 Oneida Indians. 
 
 July 31. Major-Oeneral Scott, with eight mili- 
 tary gentlemen, arrived to hold a court-martial. 
 
 1821. April 9. Citizens voti: a tax of $400 for a 
 fire engine. 
 
TIIK ANNAI.S OK DlilKol I'. 
 
 957 
 
 luivfrsiiy l'.iiililm.< 
 
 ;ilk-in-llu'-\V;iUr :ir- 
 
 n lliis (lay a boat 
 ;i passiiiiiiir. A suit 
 av;aiiist liim, Jirowinjs' 
 ■111 on tlic Kc'tl Kivcr. 
 kvas aiTtslcil. As llic 
 its lti<ality was (jucs- 
 ,1- trial (in Srpli'nibcr 
 il Jury (lisciissi'd llic 
 iisiDii, and afuf four 
 Clik'f Jusliir I'nwi'll 
 attiinuy-.ut'iHTal took 
 10 tabic ami disiuissid 
 
 ,f ;i I'rnti'stant Sunday 
 
 ,,f Michigan bi'i;an 
 
 Die a-ainsl the ta\ for 
 
 A- hoti'l oiHiU'd. 
 
 Lory was autliovi/i'vl to 
 
 i(in in Detroit for deU'- 
 
 1 Taniu-r found his 
 
 )iiroit. lie had been 
 
 bseciuenlly niarrietl a 
 
 ,,dworih's Hotel, but 
 
 she left him and the 
 
 ■xnibiled for tlrst lime 
 
 niissioners report the 
 
 ,1-st Troleslant eluireh 
 
 d. 
 
 n.wed and Cass Kami 
 store was erected this 
 
 ,11 whieh Hull displayed 
 ;i storm; no lla.i;- had 
 
 oleraft exein-sion li'ft for 
 
 liiidred days' labor was 
 river front. 
 Williams (the reputed 
 oit with a number of 
 
 Scott, with eight mill- 
 old a court-martial, 
 vote a tax of $400 for a 
 
 April I -\ I'irst I'rotcstant Society of Detroit 
 incorporated. 
 
 June 4. rrcscntation of silvir i)late to Major- 
 Gencral Macomb bv citizens on liis leavini,^ the 
 Territory. 
 
 December 21. Detroit l.odj^e of Kree Masons 
 instituted. 
 
 December 27. Two Indians, Kew.iiibis and 
 Ketaukah, haviii).f been tried for muriler, were 
 han,i(ed. 
 
 1822. March 11. Meeiiu!.,' at Detroit petitions 
 Con.vjress to separate the judicial from the le.ijisla- 
 tive power. 
 
 March 21. Kirst Methodist Kpiscojial Society of 
 Detroit incorporated. 
 
 May 23. John Roberts, Jr., notit'ied persons 
 liable to military tluty to .appear ;it Milil.iry Sipiarc 
 on June 3, armed and e(|uipi)ed as the law directs. 
 
 May 25. The steambo.at Superior, the second on 
 the lakes, arrived from Hul'falo on her trial tri() witli 
 ninety-four ii,issen;(iTs. 
 
 June. I'ublic stai;cs lirst began running from 
 Detroit. 
 
 August 31. A meeting of i iti/.eiis resohes to 
 discourage the further circulation of individu.il bills 
 of less than one doll.ar. 
 
 October 26. Committee .iiipointed to diaw u|) a 
 petition to Congress, asking for a better form of 
 government. 
 
 1823. March 3, Congress limited term of Ter- 
 ritorial Jr 'ges then in ollice to four years from I'eb- 
 ruary i, 1824. 
 
 March. Early this month Colonel Kdwartls found 
 a m.innscriin volume of 300 or 400 pages under one 
 of his buildings, written in ;i ch.ar.icter that no one 
 in the city could luulerstand. A leaf of the manu- 
 script was sent to Dr. MitchelL.of New York, who 
 could give no information reg;irding it ; but an Irish 
 professor in the Ceorgetown College pronounced it 
 a religious work written in Irish. 
 
 March 27. Great rejoicing by citizens over p;is- 
 sage "by Congress of a bill making provisions for 
 Legislative Council for the Territory; salute fired, 
 houses illuminated, supper served at the Sagin.i 
 Hotel. 
 
 August I. ThoCovernor ;uid Judges completed 
 a contract for the erection of a court-house and 
 capitol. 
 
 September 4. Kirst members of Legislative 
 Coimcil elected. 
 
 September 22. Corner-stone of capitol laid. 
 
 October 10, Kriday. Rev. Cutler Dallas arrived 
 with Major Long, Professors Say and Keating, and 
 Messrs. Calhoun and Seymour, of the Northwest 
 Exploring Expedition; they left on the 14th. 
 
 18':.^. June 7. Kirst Legislative Council of 
 Michigan con\ened in Detroit. 
 
 August 5. New city ch.'irter; Common Council 
 crcati'd ; city boundary cxti'iided ; ollice of aldermen 
 ;ind mayor's court jirovidcd for. 
 
 November 22. St. I'.iul's I'. !■:. Church organized. 
 
 No\'cmber 25. Under procl.im.ition from (lov- 
 ernor Cass, Thank.sgiving Day was observed for the 
 first time. 
 
 1825. J.uiu.iry 23. Kirst Protest.ant Society re- 
 organized .and becomes a Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Kebru.iry 5. I.cgisl.itivo Council increased from 
 nine to thirti'cn members. 
 
 Kebru.iry 21. Kirst ordinance establishing hy- 
 ilnuilic company p.isscd. 
 
 M.iy 10. The Michig.in Henild was first issued, 
 
 M.ay 24. Commissioners commenced loc.iting 
 Chicago Ro.ad. Erie Canal completed to I!utf;ilo 
 this year; .also first street paving contracKMl for. 
 
 June 4. Minute lire ortlinance p.a.ssed. 
 
 June 12. City marshal arrests several soldiers 
 lor fishing on Sunday. 
 
 July 12. Public dinner given to (ieneral .Sol. \';in 
 Renssel.aer at Woodworth's Hotel. 
 
 August 12. Horse-bo.it ferry first openited. 
 
 September 21. Kire lingine No. i purchased. 
 
 .Se|)tembcr 2.S. Hook and Ladder Comp.any pro- 
 vided for. 
 
 1826. Janu.ary 11. I''irst |)r()\ision for the in- 
 spection of tire-wood. 
 
 M.ay 20. The Milit.iry Reserve given to the city 
 by Congress. 
 
 May 27. Two comp.anies of iiif.antry depart for 
 Cireeii IS.ay ; city for the first time left without troo|is. 
 
 July 17. Special session of Common Council to 
 take action on the deaths of John Adams and 
 Tliom.as Jefferson; it was "Recommended th.at the 
 citizens of Detroit wear crape on the Icit arm for 
 thirty days." The brick building of the Kirst 
 Methodist Episcopal Society was first used this 
 year. 
 
 November 2. Kirst session of Secoiul Legislative 
 Council. 
 
 1827. January 29. Inh.ibitants of Territory 
 authorized to elect members of the Legisl.ativc 
 Council. 
 
 March 22. City Cemetery on Ue.iubieii Kami 
 ])urcliased. 
 
 March 31. Kire Company No. 2 organized. 
 
 .April 4. Legislative Council exempts firemen 
 from military and jury duty. Council authorized 
 to change plan of city. 
 
 .April 10. The council order shinplasters printed. 
 
 May 3. Mansion House first opened after en- 
 largement. In this month Kort Shelby was demol- 
 ished. 
 
 May 16. Kirst sale of lots on Military Reserve. 
 In this month the first stc.'im ferry-bo.at was oper- 
 ated, and the first Hour exported from Detroit. 
 
958 
 
 THE ANNALS oK DKIRoir. 
 
 JiiiK'. City ordinance forbids any more burials 
 in cinalcry on Woodward Avriuic. 
 October 20. First liaptist Society organized. 
 November 26. First si(lewali< ordinance |)assed. 
 
 1828. February 15. Meetin>{ at Detroit to pro- 
 test aijanist ortjjani/.inj; Fake Superiiir re.nion into 
 Territory of Huron. 
 
 May 5. Court iiouse or capitoi lirsl occupied. 
 
 July 3. Historical Soiiely or,(^ani/ed at Mansion 
 House. 
 
 Annust 24. First buildim; of St, raul's Protest- 
 ant i'.piscopal Cluircli consi'crattd. 
 
 October 23. Fire in woods about Delmit; dense 
 .smoke each mornini,'. 
 
 Hecember 25. L'piKT part of St. Anne's Church 
 completed and tirst useil. 
 
 1829. March 5. John !'. Sheldon, editor of 
 Detroit Ca/ette, im])risoneil for contempt of court. 
 
 Marcii 13. Public meeliny; of citizens to raise 
 funds to pay tine imposed upon John P. Sheldon. 
 Committee ;ippointed to wait on .Sheldon at the jail 
 and take him to his residence in ;i carri;iv;f. 
 
 May 7. Complimentary dinner to J. I'. Sheldon 
 while in jail. 
 
 Au.ijust. Hydraulic company bore for watei- on 
 Fort Street West. 
 
 November 20. The Northwestern Journal tirst 
 issued. 
 
 1830. February 19. First city temperance .soci- 
 ety organized. 
 
 .March 16. Female Seminary Association incor- 
 porated. 
 
 April 26, Detroit (ja/.etle oilice biu'ned, also 
 several d\vcllinj.rs. 
 
 April 29. First tlremen's review. 
 
 June 7. Farmers and Mechanics' Pank organ- 
 ized. 
 
 Jii'y .!'• 
 
 September, 
 constructed. 
 
 Septemt)er 24. Man named Simmons hanged for 
 murder of his wife. 
 
 October 1 1 . First water supplied by steam power. 
 
 November 3. Wayne County Bible Society or- 
 ganizetl. 
 
 November 24. Detroit Journal and Michigan 
 Advertiser tirst issued. 
 
 December 23. I )etroit Courier ilrst issued. 
 
 December 31. Celebration in honor of triumph 
 of liberal principles in I"" ranee. Major Whiting de- 
 livered a discourse on the French Revolution, and 
 there was a ball at the Mansion House. 
 
 1831. January 8. The Governor and Judges 
 forward their plan to Congress. 
 
 January 9. Daily mails from the East began. 
 March 4. Law for the hiring out or whipping of 
 disorderly persons, drunkards, etc., repealed. 
 
 Pontiac & Detroit Railroad chartered. 
 Detroit barracks on (Iraliot Road 
 
 NLirch 22. Michigan Simd.av School I nio. or- 
 ganized. City Trai'l Socit'ty org.tnized. 
 
 May 5. Democratic Free Press and .Michigan 
 Intilligencer lirst issueil. 
 
 July 20. Alexis de 'l"oc(|ueville visits Detroit. 
 
 July 23. A imblic meeting was held this day to 
 express the sentiments of the people of .Michigan on 
 the appointment of S. 'I'. .Mason as Secret.u'y of the 
 'I'crritory, he being under twenty-one years of age, 
 and, by the resignation of ( 'lO^-ernor Cass, .icting gov- 
 ernor. A committee of foin", consisting of A. NLack, 
 S. Conant, O. Newberry, and J. K. Schw.irtz, were 
 appointed to report the facts. On July 25 they 
 reported that the President was aware of his being 
 under twenty-one years of age. At an adjoiu'ni'd 
 meeting on July 26, many citizens vigorously remon- 
 strated. On July 2S Mr. ^L'^son responded to the 
 remonstrances in a manner that did credit to his 
 ability, coolness, and general good sense. 
 
 July 26. Tuesday a imblic dinner was given to 
 Governor Cass at the ^L•ulsi()n House on his leaving 
 for W.'ishington as Secretary of War. 
 
 September 17. (ieorge 1>. Porter, the new gov- 
 ernor, arrived. He stopped at the .Mansion Iiouse. 
 
 October 28, A public meeting was held at the 
 coinicil room to consider the subject of inttrnal 
 improvements, and petition Congress in relation 
 thereto. 
 
 1832. February 22. The Conmion Council or- 
 dered <'i national salute tinnl in honor of the ccnti'U- 
 nial of Washington's birthday. 
 
 KL'irch 6. First annual meeting of Michigan S. S. 
 Union at Presbyterian Church. 
 
 May 3. First underground reservoirs ordered. 
 
 May 24. Detachment of Detroit militia leave for 
 Chicago on account of the Plack I I.awk War. Gris- 
 wold Street was opened this year from Larned 
 Street to Jefferson Avenue. 
 
 June 29. The council was authorized to compel 
 convicts to work on the streets. 
 
 June 30. Gener.il .Scotland staff .arrived en route 
 forChicago, in connection with the Plack Hawk War. 
 
 July 4. The steamboat Henry Clay arrived with 
 several companies of troops for the IJlack Hawk 
 War. 
 
 July 5. A soldier on the Henry Clay died of 
 cholera and the vessel was ordered to Hog Islruid. 
 
 July and August. Much excitement from cholera 
 and many deaths. 
 
 September 13. Death and burial of Father R'ch- 
 ard. IJishop Edward Fenwick in Detroit on a visit. 
 
 Deceml^er 3 1 . First county poorhouse completed 
 and paid for. 
 
 1833. January 18. Young Men's Society organ- 
 ized. 
 
 April 22. F'irst city tax on all real and personal 
 property authorized. 
 
l;iv SiliiMil I mil, or- 
 n'jL^.iiii/A'il. 
 I'lvss ami Mi(lii,t;:iii 
 
 ;villc visits Di'troil. 
 
 was IkIiI tills (lay to 
 IK'oplc of Michigan on 
 1)11 as Secretary of the 
 L'lUy-oiK' years of aiic, 
 L'riior Cass, ait illy- JlJov- 
 L'onsistiii.v;' o| A. Mack, 
 
 J. K. Sclnvartz, were 
 ■ts. Oil July 25 liny 
 ,as aware of liis beinj,; 
 j;e. At an adjoiirneil 
 zciis vii;'oniusly remmi- 
 ason respondeil to tiie 
 that (lid ereilit to liis 
 
 good sense. 
 
 ic dinner was given to 
 11 House on his leaving 
 
 of War. 
 
 I'orter, the new gov- 
 
 at tile .Mansion iioiise. 
 
 .•eling was held at the 
 
 lie subject of internal 
 
 Congress In relation 
 
 Common Coiuieil or- 
 in honor of the eeiUen- 
 
 y. 
 
 acting of Michigan S. S. 
 
 •h. 
 
 d reservoirs ordered. 
 
 Detroit militia leave for 
 ick Hawk War. Cris- 
 is year from L.arned 
 
 authorized to comixl 
 ■ts. 
 d staff arrived en route 
 
 thelUackllawkWar. 
 enry Clay arrived with 
 s f(jr the IMack Hawk 
 
 e HoJiry Clay died of 
 )rdered to Hog Island, 
 ixcitement from cholera 
 
 burial of Father R'ch- 
 ck in Detroit on a visit, 
 ty poorhouse completed 
 
 ig Men's Society organ- 
 
 n all real and personal 
 
 'IIIK .WX.M.S OF DKrUoif. 
 
 959 
 
 April 2}. Olliee of City Director of the I'oor 
 rre.ited. 
 
 .April 27. Steambo.it Michigan laiinchc(| at De- 
 troit. 
 
 June 16. 'I'he colored |)eo|)le rescue and release 
 lll.ickburn, a slave. The first four-story brick build- 
 ing was erected this year. 
 
 July 4. Mlack Hawk arrives at Detroit. 
 
 September. .Mr. Smith's child lost in the woods 
 — many people searching f. ■• it for .several days. 
 
 October 12. The synod of Western Reserve 
 meets at Detr(jit. 
 
 October 14. Annual meeting of Western Reserve 
 llranch of American Fducational Society luldat the 
 Presbyterian session room. 
 
 1834. Janu.iry 7. liishop I'rederick R^se, lirst 
 Rom.in Catholic liishop of the diocese of Detroit, 
 arrived, 'i'he Catholic Female .\ssoeiation was or- 
 ganized this year. 
 
 April 20-27. liishop .Mcllvaine present, attend- 
 ing the lirst annual convention of Protestant lipisco- 
 pal Church in Michigan. 
 
 May 31. City cemetery on (aioin Farm jjur- 
 chased. 
 
 July 7. (iovernor Porter died ; funeral .same d.iy. 
 The Common Council attend in a body and resolve 
 to wear crape thirty days. 
 
 July 13. I'lrst M. K. Church on corner of Wood- 
 ward Avenue and Congress Street dedicated. 
 
 August I. The cholera appeared. .\ l.irge nimi- 
 berof deaths occur during the month. 
 
 October 18. First Hose company organized. 
 
 October 31. First re.il estate ta.\ voted for by 
 citizens. 
 
 1835. January 11. First brick IJajitist Church 
 dedicated. 
 
 January 2(^. Olfice of County Register created. 
 
 .March 6. Public meeting of citizens to protest 
 against the claim of Ohio to the disputed terri- 
 tory. 
 
 .March 26. Michigan Slate P.ank incorporated. 
 
 /\pril 4. Flection of deleg.ates to lirst State Con- 
 stitmiou.il Convention. 
 
 April <;. Much excitement occasioned by a mad 
 dog which bit a number of children and sever.il dogs. 
 
 April 26. Shots exchanged between .Michigan 
 troops and Ohio boundary commissioners. 
 
 Ajiril 28. First brick Presbyterian Church dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 May 1 1. State Constitutional Convention assem- 
 bled. American Hotel opened. 
 
 Jinie 24. State Constitutional Convention ad- 
 journed. 
 
 June 27. Michigan Exchange Hotel first opened. 
 
 July 18. The sheriff of Monroe County and 250 
 armed men arrest eight persons in Toledo. First 
 systematic street paving, — a portion of Atvvater 
 
 Street paved this year, and the Campus .\Iariius was 
 gr.idcd and Icxcled. 
 
 September (1. (lovertior M.ison and C.encr.il 
 llrown. with about i.cjoo miliii.i, enter Toledo to 
 prevent the holding of a session of the Fmas 
 County Court, 
 
 .September 21, John S. Horner, Secretary of the 
 Territory, arrives in Deiroii. 
 
 .September 28, 'I'he D.uly I'ree Press was lirst 
 issued. 
 
 <>ct()btr 5. First State election .nid lirst Consti- 
 tution of Mil ilig.in ado|)ted by vote of the people. 
 
 .November j. I'irst session of the Legislature 
 under the State Constitution. 
 
 November 18. Old City H.ill first occupied, 
 
 December 2. Fire I'lngine Company .No. 3 or- 
 ganized. 
 
 1836. March iS. Public meeting lield .at City 
 H.ill to protest against ch.mge of St.ale boundary. 
 
 March 26. Supreme Court of State created. 
 
 May 18. Works of Hydr.iulic Comp.iny piir- 
 ch.ised by the city. Ladies' I'rote.stant Orphan 
 .Asylum organized. 
 
 June II. Detroit Daily .Xdvertiser first issued. 
 
 June 13. il.irriei M.irline.iu .■irrived. 
 
 June 15. I'irst .act p.issed by Congress for ad- 
 mission of Michigan, 'i'he first underground sewer 
 w;is built this year, and there were enormous sales 
 of jjublic lands in Michigan. 
 
 June 30. The City Council ;i|ipointeil a commit- 
 tee to inspect s|)rings in township of Soutlifield and at 
 Xortliville, with a view of getting w.iter therefrom. 
 
 July 3. Law creating St.ite of Wisconsin out of 
 Michigan Territory took effect. The jiower of 
 (lovernor and Judges as a Land lUjard terminated. 
 
 July 1 1. President J.ickson directs public oflicers 
 to receive and ]).iy out coin only. 
 
 July 27. Lord .Selkirk, son of the one famous for 
 his settlement in the wilds of Canad.i, visits Detroit. 
 
 -September 2, Meeting in Detroit to oppose 
 yielding territory to ( )iiio. 
 
 September 6. Street names first ordered at street 
 corners. Same month lire wardens first provided for. 
 
 .September 12. Flection of delegates to State 
 Coin'eiition.oii accepting admission on terms ])ro- 
 posed by Congress. 
 
 September 26. The convention decides against 
 acceptance of terms proposed by Congress. 
 
 October 1. Cars first run from Toledo to Adrian. 
 
 Octol)er 12. .Meeting in Detroit to oppose yield- 
 ing territory to t )hii). 
 
 October 18. First .sale of lots on Cass Farm. 
 
 October 20. Detroit Evening Spectator and Lit- 
 erary Ciazette first issued. 
 
 November 8. First presidential election partici- 
 pated in by citizens of Michigan. 
 
 No\ember 14. Democratic County Convention 
 
960 
 
 THE ANNALS OF DETROIT. 
 
 rc'CoiiiUK'iul the hckliiij^ of another convention and 
 tile areeptinjL^ of the State bonidary proposed by 
 Congress. 
 
 December 1. National Hotel nrst opened. 
 
 December 14. A convention was held at .Ann 
 .\rl)or, and the terms proposetl by Congress ac- 
 cepteti. 
 
 1837. January 4. The Free Press oiru-e and sev- 
 eral other buiiilinj^s on northeast corner of Jefferson 
 Avenue and Shelby Street were biu'ned. 
 
 January 20. 'I"he tirsl locomotive in .Michigan 
 arrived at 'I'oledo. 
 
 January 26. The State was fully and formally 
 admitted by Conijress. 
 
 February 9. Celebration in honor of admission 
 of Stat I'arade and illumination:^. 
 
 March 15, Wildcat bankint,^ law passed by Mirh- 
 iifan I.ei^islature. 
 
 April 24. Monday. Meetini;- of the A^n-icullural 
 Society at thi' City Hall. The ory^ani/.aiion of a 
 State At^ricultiiral aiul I lorticultiu-al Society was 
 proposed. 
 
 April 2(). The Detroit .\nti-slavery -Society was 
 ornani/ed. 
 
 .\pril 27. ,\ larj^c tire between Woodward .\ve- 
 ntie and Randolph Street burned most of the build- 
 in).(s south of Woodbridi^e Street. 
 
 May 16. News w.is received at Detroit of the 
 refusal of New ^'ork banks to redeem in specie, 
 and on May 17 the Detroit banks took the same 
 action. 
 
 May anti June. Captain l'"rederick Marryalt, the 
 novelist, visited Detroit. 
 
 July S. Mrs. Anna Jameson, the authoress, 
 arrived. Daniil Webster and family arris ed late in 
 the evenini^', and put uj) at tlu' National. 
 
 July 1 1. I'pwards of 300 sat down to a collation 
 served in .a i;ro\e on Cass l'"arm in honor of Mr. 
 Webster, after which 1,500 or 2,000 ladies and .ijeii- 
 tlemen yalheretl to listen to an address from their 
 guest. 
 
 Auj;ust \<). 'i'he bank of Homer established, — 
 the first wiklcat bank in Michigan. 
 
 Se|)tember 6. I'irst session of .Michii;an Confer- 
 ence at Detroit. 
 
 October 23. I'"irst meetinji( of synod of Michij^an. 
 
 December 26. The Detroit City Bank, ti wiklc.it, 
 went into operation. 
 
 1838. January i. Meetin).,^ of citizens of Detroit 
 in favor of the Patriots. 
 
 January 5. Two hundred stand of arms seized 
 at the jail by the Patriots. 
 
 January 8. Steamboats Erie and Brady left to 
 disperse I'atriots, and obtain arms taken at Detroit. 
 
 J.uui.iryg. Jiidi^e Janus Witheri'll died. 
 
 January .4. The Michi^^an insurance Company 
 Bank began business. 
 
 January 2S. Steamboat Robert Fulton arrived 
 from IJuffalo with three companies of soldiers. 
 
 February 3. M. C. R. R. opened to Vpsilanli. 
 Earge excursion party from Detroit, dinner at \'psi- 
 lanti, etc. 
 
 February 25. The C!a:iadians cannonade the Pa- 
 triots on Fighting Island. 
 
 February 26. General Scott arrived. 
 
 March 12. dreat meeting of citizens at City 
 Hall to protest against the .statement made in Can;i- 
 dian Parliament that Detroit .sympathized with and 
 aided the Patriot War rebels. 
 
 .March 30. The Whigs distribute bread and 
 pork to inlluence votes. 
 
 June 20. The Detroit branch of the I'liivcrsity 
 hrst opened. 
 
 July 4. Union S. S. celebration in Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Jujy 21. The Pontiac R. R. was opened to Royal 
 Oak. In this year the M. C. R. R. tr.ick was e.\- 
 tendeil liown Woodward Avenue to Atwater .Street. 
 ,The tlrst public free .schools were opened in Detroit. 
 The first iron waler-]iipes wen; laid, and old rountl- 
 house for reservoir completed. 
 
 August 21. The i''ire Department opened a 
 reailing room and library. 
 
 December 3. l''i\'e hundred P.itriots on the 
 Forsyth F.arm were dispersetl by Cicner.il ISrady. 
 
 December 4. The I'atriots attaik Windsor, and 
 are compelled to retreat, losing many men. 
 
 December 9. Major -General Scott and suite 
 arrived for the purpose of maintaining neutral- 
 ity. 
 
 1839. February 22. The County Poor Farm 
 in Nankin township was ])ui"ch;iscd. 
 
 March 27. The city was di\idcd into wards, and 
 provision m.idc for ward aldermen. En\elo|)es were 
 llrst useil in this ye.ir. 
 
 A|)ril 15. Ward elections lirst held. 
 
 July 17. Ccntcn.iry celebration of founding of 
 Methodism in Englaiul. 
 
 August 16. A locomotive was lirst used on the 
 Ponli.'ic R. R. 
 
 September I. The steamboat Great Western 
 was burned at Detroit. 
 
 October 17. The M. C. R. R. was o|KMU'd to 
 Ann Arbor. An excursion train with the lirady 
 Guards and 800 citizens visited that city. 
 
 December. First Firemen's Hall oi)ened. 
 
 1840. February 14. The Fire Department So- 
 ciety was incorporated. 
 
 April I 5. A log cabin was raised on the corner 
 of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street. 
 
 June 10. The Whigs leave on live sti'amboats 
 for the great Whig meeting at Fort Meigs. 
 
 June 30. The following advertisement appeared 
 in the daily papers : 
 
THE ANNALS OF DHruolT. 
 
 961 
 
 .()l)crt Fulton arrived 
 anics of soldiers, 
 opened to Vpsilanli. 
 Ictroit, dinner at N'psi- 
 
 ans cannonatle the I'a- 
 
 )tt arrived. 
 
 iir of ciii/.ens at City 
 Ltenient made in Cana- 
 synipathized willi and 
 
 distribute bread and 
 
 ;uirh of the I'niversity 
 
 )ration in Presbyterian 
 
 1\. was opeui-d to Royal 
 
 C. K. K. traek was es- 
 
 enue to Atwaler Street. 
 
 were ojiened in Detroit. 
 
 jn; laid, and old round- 
 
 J. 
 
 Department openeil a 
 
 idred Patriots on the 
 •d by Cieneral lirady. 
 its attack Windsor, and 
 n^r many men. 
 leral Scott and suite 
 maintaining neutral- 
 
 le County I'oor Farm 
 iiased. 
 
 livided into wards, and 
 rmen. Fnvelopes were 
 
 lirsl held. 
 
 jralion of foundinj^ of 
 
 was first used on the 
 
 mboat C.reat Western 
 
 R. R. was opened to 
 train with the lirady 
 
 eil that city. 
 
 I's Hall opened. 
 
 Fire Department So- 
 
 s raised on the corner 
 ndolph Street, 
 ve on live steamboats 
 at Fort Meijj,s. 
 dvcrtisement appeared 
 
 .SILKWORMS. — (;rk.\t curiosity. 
 
 liy calling at (IcciriiL- I'uwlrr's sinrc, cornur of Atwatcr and 
 liatcs Streets, may \>u seen over 5,i>)0 tliriviiij; silk \vi>rms, fed 
 frimi the white mulberry trees, raisiil in this city. Tiny have 
 already passed two stages of moultirii,'. .Admittance i.J cents 
 f(jr the season, which will continue four weeks, t'hildnn half 
 price. IIli.il .\. VoiNii. 
 
 Auijust 4. The boiler of the Frie exi)loded near 
 Maiden. Five persons were scalded and one killed. 
 
 Seiitember 28. \'ice-l'resident Richard .M. John- 
 son, who killed Tecumseh, visited Detroit to attend 
 a Democr.ilic liarbecue on Cass I'arm. 
 
 Septemi)(;r 30. (ireat Whig meeting at Detroit. 
 
 1841. January 26. The Western Farmer was 
 first issued. 
 
 March 3. The first appropriation for a survey of 
 the lakes was made by Congress. 
 
 April 10. A meeting of citizens was held to ex- 
 press sorrow at the death, on .April 4, of President 
 Harrison. 
 
 April 20. Funeral procession, bells tolled, etc., 
 to honor memory of the l.ate President H.irrison. 
 Oration by Hon. Ross Wil'cins at Presbyterian 
 Church. 'Phis year the bells began to ring instead 
 of tolling for a lire. 
 
 May 1 8. Fire Company No. 4 organized. 
 
 August 4. §50,000 was appropriated by Congress 
 for the construction of Fort Wayne. 
 
 August 31. Mt. Elliott Cemetery was estab- 
 lished. 
 
 September 29. A volunteer night-watch was or- 
 ganized. 
 
 November 9. 'Phe city marshal, by direction of 
 the Common Council, tears down ami demolishes a 
 disreputable house owned by 'P. Slaiighter anti Peg 
 Welch. 
 
 December. Rev. Peter I'aul Lefevere, acting Ro- 
 man Catholic bishop of Detroit, arrived. 
 
 December 20. 'Phe M. C. R. R. was opened to 
 Jackson. 
 
 1842. January i. The entire block between 
 Woodward .Ivenue and tiriswold Street, Jefferson 
 Avenue and Woodbridge Street, was burned. 
 
 Januarv 15. 'Phe ord'".;ince prescribing the price 
 of bre.id was repealed. 
 
 February 17. The ISo.ird of Education was cre- 
 ated. 
 
 July 4. Large Sunday School celebration, a grand 
 aff.-u'r. Procession .about ,'i mile in length, number- 
 ing not far from 1,000 children. 
 
 July 8. Ex-I'i-e^iident M. Van Burcn visited De- 
 troit. 
 
 August 18. Thursday. Professor De Honneville 
 commenced a course of lectures on animal magnet- 
 ism at the City Hall. 
 
 .August 29. The corporation of Detroit was 
 made the successor of the Governor and Judges as 
 a Land Board. 
 
 P'ecember 5. Henry liam.ird lectured in Detroit 
 on schools and education. 
 
 1843. January 15. Funeral service in honor of 
 cx-Governor Stevens 'P. Mason at llpi.scopal Church. 
 Large procession of inilit.ary and civil officers. He 
 dietl in New N'ork on Janiuary 4. 
 
 I'Y'bruary 15. .Arrival of General Cass from I'lu- 
 rope. He was escorted to the Exchangt; by military 
 and citizens and welcomed with an addess by the 
 mayor. 
 
 June 27. 'Phe rectjrder was aulhorizeil to trans- 
 fer all the fire engines, etc., to the P'ire Department 
 Society. 
 
 June 29. St. Mary's Catholic Church, corne- St. 
 Antoine and Croglian Streets, was consecrated. 
 
 July 4. 'Phe railroad was completed to Pontiac. 
 
 ( )ctober 4. First State g;ilhering of uniformed 
 militia consisting of two regiments. 'Phey went 
 into camp on the Cass Farm for eight weeks. 
 
 October 9. A grand review of troops was held. 
 
 October 11. 'Phe celebrated Copper Rock from 
 Ontonagon, Lake Superior, arrived, — length 4 feet 
 six inches; width 4 feet; thickness 18 inches. 
 Brought by Mr. J. P'.ldred. This same rock was 
 seen by Alexander Henry in 1776, and he cut a 100 
 pound piece from it with an axe. 
 
 1844. March. The M. C. R. R. track was re- 
 moved from Woodward Avenue. In this year the 
 first ex])ress office was opened in Detroit and the 
 Grand Circus parks began to be improved. 
 
 May 30. T'our Sisters of Charity arrive, — the 
 lirst in the city. 
 
 June 10. A free school for boys and girls was 
 opened by the Sisters of Charity. 
 
 June 25. About 9 o'clock A. M. the steamboat 
 General \'ance, owned by S.imuel Woodworth of 
 Detroit, blew up while lying in the dock at Windsor. 
 Mr. Woodworth was killed and Major Truax with 
 two or three others .seriously injured. 
 
 September 6. The Scotch Presbyterian Church 
 was lirst used. 
 
 September 21. 'Phe .\llgemeine Zeitung, a tier- 
 man paper, was first issued. 
 
 October 17. .An immense Clay and Frelinghuy- 
 sen mass meeting of citizens of Wayne and St. Clair 
 counties was held. 'Phe princijial streets were deco- 
 rated with llags, banners, patriotic inscriptions, etc. 
 
 1845. M.irch 3. Five-cent letter postage was 
 provided for. 
 
 June 9. St. N'incent's (now St. Mary's) Hospital 
 was opcneil on Earned Street. 
 
 June 17. A public meeting of citizens was held 
 to express regret for the death of General Andrew 
 Jackson. 
 
 June 19. Lyman Beecher was here at a conven- 
 tion of Presbyterian and Congregational ministers. 
 
 July 2. Funeral obsequies in honor of Cieneral 
 
962 
 
 TIIH ANNALS OF I)I<:TR0IT. 
 
 Jackson; proci'ssion, rind ,'in address l)y lion. I'lico- 
 doiT RonK'vn. 
 
 July 4- Formal naniini^ of llcllc Isle, 
 
 July 10. Tlic liakcr I'arni, between L'hieai^o and 
 Ciraiul Kivir Roads, divided inio ])asUiia],;e lots 
 and sold al aiieiion. In this year a p.iriion of Jeffer- 
 son /\ venue was paved wilii wood, and public hacks 
 were lirst introduced. 
 
 Atiirust. A v(jluiUccr nij^lu-waich was orijanizcd. 
 
 Auyfust I r. An order arrivt'd for the three com- 
 panies of tUe l''ifili Rei;imeiil of Inianlry, then in 
 Detroit, to rendc/.vous al Jefferson llarracks pre- 
 paraiorv to ijoiiii; to 'I'ex.as. 
 
 .\ii;;iist 16. A complimentary dinner was ^\wn 
 at till' lixchani^c to the oilicers of the Fiflii Re.i;i- 
 nieni. 
 
 .August 19. I'Mre Com|iruiy No. 5 was ori^ruiixed. 
 
 Se|)teml)cr 14. Con^^ress Street .M. F. Church 
 dedic.ited. 
 
 Sei)teml)iT 22. I'"ire Company No. 6 was or- 
 i^^anix.ed. I'llectric telcj^raph liist explained and 
 illustrait'd in Detroit. 
 
 October 7. l-'irst lire-limits ordinance passt'd. 
 
 No\ember 3 and 4. Last two-<l;iy election held. 
 
 1846 January 1. Wales Hotel o|)ened. 
 
 Jaiuiary 12. City Tract .Association or^ani/A-d. 
 
 {•"ebruary 2. M. C R. R. opened to Kalamazoo. 
 
 March 2. Local oinion law. — Citizens vote 
 a.irainst lii:ensin]i^ saloons. 
 
 A|)ril 2. liethcl Church on Woodbrid.irc Street 
 dedicated. 
 
 .May 13. Connivss declares war aiLjainsi Mexico. 
 
 May 14. Body of Dr. lloui,dit<)r, State yeolo- 
 v;ist, broui^ht to Detroit. 
 
 May 15. I'uneral of Dr. llou;^liton. 
 
 May 31. r'irst buildin:,^ of Christ 1'. I'.. Church 
 dedic.iti-d. In this year the lirst |)ower press in 
 MichiiL;an was set up in oflice of l'"ree Press. 
 
 August 2. St. Matthew's Lutheran Church, on 
 Conj^fess Street, dedicateil. 
 
 /\u,i;ust 30. I'irst Conj^re^alional Church, Jeffer- 
 soti .Avenue, dedicated. 
 
 Sei)teml)er 23. M. C. R. R. transferred to a 
 corporation. 
 
 October S. illmwood Cemetery opined. 
 
 1847. January 2;ii. Rev. I'rof. Fimiey was here 
 for the week endinv; January 23; he jireached in 
 the Con.nrejLjational Church every evening. 
 
 Febru.u-y 4. .A meetinvi' ^^'-i^ '"'1'' in ''"" interest 
 of tlie Sauk Ste, Marie Canal. 
 
 February 25. Meetinif in City Hail to devise 
 nn.ins for sendinij iclief to the starvin,;; poor of 
 Ireland; a committee was appointed, coiisistinj^ of 
 C. C. 'I'rowbridire, Henry Ledyard, F.. A. Hrush, 
 Theodore Romeyn, an<i Wni, dray; they interested 
 not only citizens of I )etroit but persons in the iiin-rior 
 of the State, and sent to .New York 2,348 barrels 
 
 and jiackaijes of provisions, includiiu:^ 2,175 barrels 
 of Hour. 
 
 March 7, Sunday. A farewell missionary meetinij 
 for Rev. Judson D. Collins, of Michigan, was held 
 at the Coniijress Street M. F. Church; he was the 
 lirst .M. K. mission.'iry to China. 
 
 .March 9. Hill passed loc.itinv; St;iti' C;ipital at 
 I-ansin;(. 
 
 ■\Larch 17. Closi: of last session of Lei^islature 
 held in Detroit. 
 
 .\pril 24. First troops leave for Mexico; prema- 
 ture national s.aliite llred bv order of Mavor and 
 Common Coimcil, in honor of \ictories not then 
 won; also a general illumination; liremen out in 
 torchlii^ht procession. 
 
 July 2. Fxhibilion at tin: ca])itol of the eele- 
 br,ite<l ii.iinlini^-, l'eaU''s "Court of Death;" also of 
 the mode of lelev^raphinir. 
 
 July 4. .Most extensive celebnition ever held, 
 particijjated in by milit.ary and tirt'iiien, inchidin'.^ 
 sevi'ral companies from abro.id ; torchlight |)ro- 
 cession in the eveninj;'. 
 
 .\u,v,uist 15. Postage .stamps first received in 
 Detroit. Durini.; this year the city was first dividid 
 into lire districts. 
 
 Sei)ieml)er 19. First brick church of African 
 .Mi'thodist society di'dicated. 
 
 October 20. First IJo.ird of Trade orl,^•ulize(l. 
 
 Novi'mbcr 29. First lele!L;ra|)h dispat(h from De- 
 troit sent to ^'psilanti. 
 
 1848. January 7. N'ouny; .Men's lUiievolent So- 
 ciety ornruiized. 
 
 March 1. First ti'lej,MMi)h tlis|);itch reciived from 
 Ni'W N'ork. Horace ( ireeley here the same day. 
 
 May 9. Fxtensive fire between liates and 
 I'lcaubien Streets, Jefferson Aveniu' and the river. 
 Lieutenant l'. S. C.r.anl visited Detroit this yc.ir for 
 the first time. 
 
 ALiy 30. ^L C. R. R. bci;in usinij Third Street 
 dei)ot. 
 
 June 8. The teariiii;' ilowii of old jail on Ciraliol 
 Street was bei^iin. 
 
 June 29. .SS. I'l'ter and Raul's Catholic Church 
 consecr.ited. 
 
 July 8. Tlu' first troops returned from the war 
 in .Mexico. 
 
 1849. Janu.iry. l'"iri- Companies Nos. 7 and 8 
 orj^.inized. 
 
 February 21. Flection of City Physicians pro- 
 vided for. 
 
 >darch 5. Detroit Savini;s ISank incorporated. 
 
 April 10, The steamboat M.iyllower made her 
 trial trip. 
 
 April 23. M. C, R. R. completed to New Ikiffalo. 
 
 May 28. M. C, R. R. line of boats to Buffalo be- 
 ^an. In this year the strap-rail on M. C. R. R. was 
 replaced with T rail, street jjavini; with cobble- 
 
THE ANXAl.S OF Di: TROIT. 
 
 963 
 
 iiirliKliiii; 2,175 banvis 
 
 ^rll inissiimary iiK'i'tiii.u; 
 
 of Mirlii'^aii, was licld 
 
 !•:. Cluinli ; Ik: was llic 
 
 ilia. 
 
 ralin.u Statf Capital at 
 
 session of I.cijislature 
 
 ive for Mexii-o; prcma- 
 )y order of Mayor and 
 r (if viclories not Uien 
 nation; lirenK'n out in 
 
 he c.-iiiitoi of llu' eeie- 
 ourt of Di'alh;" also of 
 
 celebration ever held, 
 and lirenuMi, ineludinv;' 
 broad ; lorehli.i^lil pro- 
 
 anips first received 111 
 the city was first divided 
 
 )rick church of African 
 
 d. 
 
 1 of Trade or!i;-aiii/.i'd. 
 
 \rrn\yh (lispaK h from Dc- 
 
 1;^ Men's Iknevoleiit So- 
 li disiiatih received from 
 V here llu' same day. 
 
 lieiwetn r>ates and 
 Avenue ami the river. 
 ;h1 Detroit this year for 
 
 i;in usinj^ Third Street 
 
 wn of old jail on C.niliot 
 
 Paul's Catholic Church 
 
 returned from the war 
 
 impanics Nos. 7 and S 
 
 if City rhysiciaiis pro- 
 
 ;s iiank incorpor.ited. 
 It Mayllower made her 
 
 iniplelod to New lUiffaio. 
 u' of boats to Buffalo be- 
 )-i-;iil on M. C. R. K. was 
 :et pavint.; with cobble- 
 
 stone bejran to be jroncral, and union public schools 
 were first provided. 
 
 June I. Harmonic Society or!,;ani/.cd. 
 
 July 2. Rev. l',. Leahey, U. 1)., a monk of 
 LaTr.ip|)e, attempli'd to lecture at Cily Hall in 
 opposition to Catholicism, but was not allowed 
 to jirocecd. He was escorted home by llisho|) 
 Lefevere and Mayor Howard. The iie.\t ni'<ht 
 he tried to lecture in I'owler's old school ou 
 Jelferson .\venue. There w.is .111 immense crowd 
 outside the building;-, but no oni: in the audience- 
 room, and no lecture was }.dven. The ISrady 
 C.uards were in readiness for action, as a riot was 
 feared. 
 
 July. I.ieiitenant ['. S. Crant arrived. 
 
 July to September. Nearly yx> deaths from 
 cholera. 
 
 Seiili'inber 19. Introduction of lari;e imporlcd 
 French |)lale-v;lass show-windows by Cico. Doty, 
 jeweler, -the Kindest west of New \nvk Cily. 
 
 September 20 and 27. Millard Fillmore visits the 
 city .IS y^uest of M.'iyor Howard. 
 
 September 25, 26, and 27. First ;tnnu;il F.air 
 Michi,i,ran State .A,nriciiltiir;il Society; held on Wood- 
 ward Avenue, south of Dullield Street. 
 
 October 6. (ieorv;e IS.mcroft, the histori;in, hei\'. 
 
 October 14. Lafayette Street M. IC. Church dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 October 22. I'eninsul.ir Hank I)e.ti;in business. 
 
 November. Dciroit and I'onliac plank-road first 
 opened. 
 
 November 19. Daily 'I'ribune first issued. 
 
 December 12. I'ontiae R. R. 011 liratiot Avenue 
 torn up by citi/ens. 
 
 December 2}. Mariners 1'. V.. Cluinh dcdi- 
 caled. 
 
 1850, I'ebruary 11. i'ontiae R. R. on Oraliot 
 Avenue for second time torn up by citi/.eiis. 
 
 l'"ebruary 26. l'"or several successive d.'iys the 
 curio.sity of citi/.ens was exercised in retrard to a 
 man who jxar-ided the ]irinciiial streets wi-ariui; ,1 
 lady's lonif shawl, and there was con.stain iiuiuiry 
 concerninif the " m.m with the shawl." 
 
 March 21. Citi/.i'iis of Detroit protest ai^aiii.st 
 changinif route of M. S. iS; \. I, R. R. 
 
 April 2. i'olice Court created. 
 
 April 7. Second I'resbyteri.in Church, corner 
 Lafayette Avenue and Wayne Street, dedicated. 
 
 iNLay 16. i're.sbyterian C.eneral Assembly con- 
 vened. 
 
 Jime 2. First M. F. Chur-h, corner Woodward 
 Avt'iuie and .St.ite Street, dedicateil. 
 
 June 3. Second Constitutional Convention beiijan 
 at Lansinij. 
 
 June 1910 2S. John l>. Cioir^h lectured in I'rcs- 
 byterian Church on Temperance. 
 
 July 4. Corner-stone of Firemen's ll.iU l.iid. 
 
 July 17, Wcdnesd.iy. (■'uncivil obscijuics in honor 
 of l'resi(k;nt Zachary T.iylor. I'rocession, ;uid ,in 
 address by Hon. (ieo. C. liates at First I'resbylerian 
 Church. 
 
 .\u,misl 26. Detroit and S.iline pl.mk-nKid first 
 oijcnetl. 
 
 September II. Frederik.i I'.remer ari-ivcd. 
 
 Nincmber 5. .Second Constitution of Michii,ran 
 ado|)led by vote of the people. I'rosecutinq; Attor- 
 lU'y first I'lectcd. 
 
 November 6. St. Mary's I lospital, Clinton Street, 
 opened. 
 
 November 19. M. C. R. R. frci-ht de])ot burned. 
 Loss ft I 50,000. .\miii Ley, coiiimissioiier of Tur- 
 key, \isits the city. 
 
 November 27. iMist N'oiiiii^- Mi'ii's li.ill coin- 
 ])lett-d. 
 
 1851. Janu.iry i. State Coiistiiution of 1.S50 be- 
 comes oper;iti\c. 
 
 Februarv I 22. I'ine .\rt Fxhihiiion at I'iiemen's 
 il.all 
 
 M;in'h v Thrce-cciit letter ])ostai;i' |)rovided for. 
 
 .April iS. l-'uneral of C.eneral llu,i.,di I'.radv, - 
 very lari^e procession; services ;it I'resbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 A|)ril 19. S.-iturday. 33 persons, known ;is the 
 M. C. R. R, conspir.itor' .arrived. 
 
 April 2S. Clreat r.iilroad cons|)ir,icv c.ise com- 
 menced ; continued most of the time for four 
 months. In this year the first C.erm.m M, K. 
 Church w;is dedicated. 
 
 June 3. The tri.il of J.imi's J, Stranij, otherwise 
 known .as Kiiii;' Str.in.iL^', the Mf)rnioii, be.ijaii. 
 
 June 7. Riddle I louse first opened. 
 
 June 10. Michi^,^ln St.ite .Music;d Convention, 
 under direction of I'rofessor Charles 1! :ss, ;it First 
 •M. i:. Church. 
 
 June 23. (Irt'.it meeting; a' City ll.ill to promote 
 buildinj,^ the C, W. R. R. In this year Ives" Dry 
 Dock was built, the first wheat elevator erected, ;ind 
 sle.ini power lirst applied to printing' in Detroit. 
 
 August 4. Charlotte Cushman performs in city. 
 
 September 23. Mi.ss .Sarah Hunt's Ladies' Semi- 
 nary opened. 
 
 September 24. Streets lirst li,v;hteil\vith j,ms. 
 
 September 24-26. Third State Fair; held on 
 Third Street between Michig.an aiul (irand RiviT 
 .Avenues. 
 
 September 25. Wrdici of truilty .ajf.iinst twelve 
 of the persons indicted ;is railroad conspir.itors. 
 
 .September 26. Sentences of imprisonment, vary- 
 inj.^- from five to ten years, pronounced against rail- 
 road cons|)ir,itors. 
 
 October. C.rand River pl.ank-road lirst opened. 
 
 October 23. Firemen's Hall No. 2 first opened. 
 Theresa I'arodi and Amalie i'atti sing in Detroit. 
 
 November 24, Monday. Reception of Dr. Kin- 
 
964 
 
 Tiir: ANNAi.s OK i)i:ikoiT. 
 
 kcl, llic tlisiiii.v;tiislii il < iiiiii.iii ixilriot, poet, and 
 scliolar. I'lKnisaiids of ciiizciis coii^rctjaled before 
 the iliddle House lo bid him vveleoine. 
 
 Decciiibcr 15. Mceliii;^ of lawyers to (oiisider 
 establisiiiii.;( a Law Library. Coiniiiiltee of live ;i[»- 
 l)oinicd. 
 
 1852. January i J. An iniinenst: niceliiii,^ asks 
 for release of I )'r,ricii, Miieliell, and Mi:a.^lu:r. 
 
 January 2], W.C. K. K.ear uianufaetiirin.;,' siiops 
 at Detroit burned. 
 
 April ij. /inn <I'rnian Kefoimd (hureh, Cro- 
 i;liau .Slrecrt, ((('(liealed. 
 
 May 21. \\. C. K. R. trains run into Chicago for 
 first lime. 
 
 May 22. M. S. i\: N. 1. k. K. eom|)lel(!d between 
 'l'oled(j and t'lii<;n;o. in this year I'oiitiae cars be^iii 
 
 to use ISrilsh Slreet I )e|)ot. 
 
 July 4. .S. .S. eclebralion, 2,(xjo eliihh'en at I'res- 
 ijytt:rian Chun h. 
 
 July 7. .Si.ite 'i'emperaiiee meidinij of Sitcret 
 'I'eniperauec .Soiielies, procession, etc. Titmper- 
 aiK 1; m.iss meet iin4 in Woodbrid^;!' ( iro\'e. Addresses 
 by Ne.il Dow .111(1 K.itheri'.iylor, ihes.iilor pi'e.i' her 
 of liosloii. 
 
 July 15. i'uner.il obse(|iiies in honor of Henry 
 Clay; l.iryje procession ; .iildress bv l\e\'. I )r. OiiHield 
 ;it I'rcsbyleri.in C'hur( h. 
 
 Aui^ust 20. Sie.uiier .Atl.iniie, while on her w;iy 
 to Detroit, c<illided with propellor ( )i.^deiisl)uri(h 
 olf Lonv; I'oint, L.ike Lrie, ,iiid w.is sunk. 1 \i jier- 
 soiis \\ere lost, niany of them ri'sideiUs, or friends of 
 ciii/.ens of Detroit. 
 
 September 22 2.|. i''ourih .St.ate l'"air ; held on 
 'I'liird .Street between Mi'hivran ;iiid (Ir.ind River 
 AvelUU'S. 
 
 S< ptt'itibcr 2y. i'irst NOniii; Men's Chrisii.in As- 
 .soci.ilion or!^;iiii/'.ed. 
 
 October. Si. Vincent's I'emale Orphan Asyhim 
 esl.iblished. 
 
 October 26. Meetin.ir of cili/i'iis held on call of 
 m.iyor to express rej^ret at death of Hon. D.iniel 
 Webster. 
 
 December lo. O. M. Hyde's immense l^'loatinjif 
 Dot k l.iunched. 
 
 Decemb(!r 19. St. i'aul's I'. !•',. Chiireh dedicated, 
 — stH'ond biiildinjf. 
 
 1853. J.iiiuary r. Advertiser (Irsl printed on 
 steam cylinder press. 
 
 Janu;iry 5. A lari,re and excitini^- meetinij at City 
 Hall, to o|)pose the biiikhnir of more public institu- 
 tions 
 
 Janu.iry (). Kirsl brick Luiher.in Churchon Mon- 
 roe .Avenue dedie.'ited. 
 
 January 24. (Ireat raiiro.id meetinifin interest of 
 O.ikkmd \- Otlaw.i R. R. 
 
 I'cbruary 14. IJoard of Water Coinmissioncrs 
 est.il)lishcd. 
 
 {•'ebru.iry 15. .Second .\il l\.\liibilioii be.i;aii. It 
 ended .M.in h 1 5, iH, ^ 
 
 M.ircli zi). j'erniission (irsi givi'ii to sell iik.ii 
 elsewhere ih.in.il inarkei. I.iceiist-, §50 a ye.ir. 
 
 April. 5. D.aily !• ree Demoi r,ii first issued. 
 
 .May I. .Miehi.^;.iii V'olksbl.itt first issued. 
 
 July 21. fJ.ir Libr.ary Ass. xi.-itioii ori^.iiiizcd. 
 
 September 8. Unitari.in ( liiin li. L.ilayelle Ave- 
 nue, dedic.itcd. 
 
 Si-i)tember 15. Cre.il I'liion S. .S. celcbr.ition ; 
 procession,, iiui e.xeursioii 011 ste.imljoats May (^I'^'i" 
 ;iiid Ki^yslone St.ale. 
 
 Septeiiiber28 30. !• iftli St.itt !• .lir ; held on 'I'liird 
 Street between Mi( liii;an .and Cr.ind River Ave- 
 nues. 
 
 October 13. Mrs. Ameli.i r.loomer, orii^inaior of 
 the i'lloonier costume, lei tiired in I' irinieii's Hall on 
 " Woiiliu'm l\iv;lits." 
 
 November 20. I^'ri'in h NL !'.. ( linn h dedicated. 
 
 December 2(1. l„ir.v;c meeliiii; ol ilie li lends of ;i 
 general r.iiiro.id Law. 
 
 1854. J.miiary 10. I'irsl I'rcsbyleri.an Church 
 burni-d ;iiid half the bloi k between L.arned Street 
 ;uiil biferson Avenue u|)iotlie lloston Siore. 
 
 [.iiiuarv 17. (ir.iiid celcbr.ition on the oi c.i-^ion 
 of the openiiiij of tiled. W. R. R.; immense pn)- 
 cessioii ; dinner at W. C. R. R. Depot. 
 
 Janu.iry i.S. D.iily Kii(|nirer first issued. 
 
 J.anu.iry 22. i\L C'. R. R. passenijcr ollice iinrned. 
 
 Kebrii.arv 2j. 'I'lie TiMiisii, the liist r.iiiro.id 
 ferry-bo.it, m.ide her iri.il trip. 
 
 [line 2-;. Scot! h I'resbyterian Church eiiicred, 
 ;ind fnriiitunr mutil.ited. 
 
 June .and July. 0\er 200 deaths from ( holer.i. 
 
 Sepf('mber2i. i''ort Street Coii.i,(re.i4atioii,il Church 
 dedicili-d. 
 
 September 26 29. Sixth Sl.ite Kair; held on 
 'I'liird Street, l)etvveeii Mi( hi,v;;in and (jrand Ri\cr 
 A\'ennes. 
 
 1855. I(bru.iry \n. River frozen over ; ;i sh;tiity 
 erectc'd ,it iiiiddli; of ri\'er for the s.ale of li(|uor. 
 
 i'"cbrii.irv I ]■ I. cirisl.it lire prohibits use of county 
 j.ails for the detention of fui(itive sl.ives. 
 
 M.iic li 6. Notice ill d.iily p.ipeis tli.it the Messrs. 
 Siilioii li.nl photoi^r.iplied by 'I'nrner's |)n)cess with 
 j^ic.it success. 
 
 April 24. M. S. \- N. I. R. R. in oper.atioiibet ween 
 Toledo ,ind Ihiff.alo. Council forbids the runnini^ of 
 fire eiivjines on sidevv.alks of p.aved street. 
 
 M.iy 2. i''ire Companies 1, 4, 5, C>, 7, and 8 di.s- 
 b;mil. 
 
 M.iy ^ I'jnployees of M. C. R. R. and of Jackson 
 i\: Wiley ori;,ini/.i: ;i lin: coin|).any. 
 
 M.iy 15. N<w lire conip.inies ori;ani/ed for 
 I'",nv,dnes 5, 6, aiul 8. The prohibitory li(|uor l.iw 
 went into effect; lu'.arly ,ill tint drinkiiiiL^ pl.iccs were 
 cioseii. In this ye.ir the St. M.iry's i'";iils ShipC!:ui.iI 
 
TIIK ANNAI.s oi i)i:ikorr. 
 
 </^s 
 
 L l^xliibili(jii bc^.iii. It 
 
 irsl i;ivi'ii U) sell meal 
 l.iiciisc, S5o;i ycai'. 
 MX rat liisl issiu'd. 
 ilati Inst issued, 
 ^mial ion (iri4aiii/.<<l. 
 ( liim h, l.afayclle Avi:- 
 
 'nion S. S. (•clchiatinn ; 
 I sicanilioals May (,H'^'^" 
 
 Mali lair; licid on 'I'liinl 
 and (irand KivtT Avc- 
 
 ia IllooMici", oiiv;inaloi" of 
 H(l in !■ iiiiiRn's Hall on 
 
 \\. I'.. ( hnn li dcdicaUid. 
 licliiii; ol ilir liicnds (jf a 
 
 si I'rcshylcrian t'hunh 
 c hi'lw'ccn I. allied Street 
 I llie lioston Slore. 
 •hralion on llie. (xca.-iion 
 A'. K. K. ; immcnsi; pro- 
 K. K. Depot, 
 iiirer first issued. 
 . passeni;(T office binned, 
 sil, llie iiisi. r.iilrii.id 
 I. 
 yleiian ("hiireli eiilered, 
 
 Hi deaths from eholer.i. 
 C'oiinre.nalionalChiireli 
 
 Slate l''air; held on 
 iv;an and (Jraiid River 
 
 r fro/en over; a shanly 
 the sale of liipior. 
 )roliil)its use of county 
 ilivc! slaves, 
 p.ipeis thai the Messrs, 
 y 'I'nrner's proei'ss with 
 
 K. in operation bet ween 
 il forbids the runniiii;- of 
 paved street. 
 i> 4. 5. '''. 7. -inil 8 dis- 
 
 Z. \i. U. and of Jackson 
 
 j.uiy. 
 
 iilianies orijani/ed for 
 proliibitoiy li<|iior law 
 e drinUiiii; places wi'n- 
 lary's I'.ills Ship Canal 
 
 was o|)ened, ;ind inleinienls in I'lcinbien l-arin 
 Cemetery ceased. 
 
 July -5- ( »ver one hnndred lndi;in chiefs hold a 
 coiiiK il to settle ilillicniiies in rej.;ard to treaty of 
 I K >,(,. 
 
 .Aui^iisi 2. Ciciieral M. I'.. Sunday School cele- 
 bration of the city M. I'., churches. 
 
 September 4. ( )ld ( '.iss warehouse, occupied by 
 ( '1. n, W'illi.uns, coriK r of Ironl .and I' irst .Streets, 
 burned ; loss §30,(^)0. 
 
 September 13. New <)dil I'Vllows' ll.ill, facin;^' 
 Cami)us M.irtius, dedii ,iied. 
 
 October ;^to5. .Sevciilli .Annual .Si.ate I'.iir; li< M 
 on Third .Slrcn-l, belweeii Miihi^.m and < ir.iiid 
 kiver Avenues. 
 
 November 18. ImhI Street I'resbyteriaii Chun li 
 d<''lic.ited. 
 
 I)ccemlK:r 9. Jefferson Avenue I'resbyierian 
 Cliui( Il dedicated. 
 
 December 25. Kailid.id ( (Jiuiilctcd between Dt:- 
 troii .111(1 Monroe. 
 
 1856. M.iy 6. Mcetin.i^ of American Medical 
 Society. 
 
 May .25. I''irst .St. Joseph's Catholic Cluirch, 
 (iralioi ,\\'ciiue, consecr.iled. 
 
 June 9. I'ire Company No. lo ciij^.mi/ed. 
 
 June 10. l''ire Comiiany No. 9 or;^.ini/cd. 
 
 June 15. W.alnnl Slreel M. \.. Church dedicitcd. 
 
 June 18. The trial of Whit.-, Kin^. and Ayir, 
 for iiic,it express robbery, bci^.an; $50,000 w;is 
 stolen. 
 
 July. K.ailroad comi)lcte(l bciwceii Detroit .and 
 Tole(lo. 
 
 July 15. Present I'xi.irdof Trade orj.;,ini/.i'd. 
 
 An;.^ust 1. K. C. 1 )iiii iV Co. '.s ai^cncy established 
 in l)(!troit. 
 
 Aiitjust 12, 'i'ucsd.iy. Sixth ruinn.il mectini^of 
 the Americ.m .Association for the Advaiicemi'iil of 
 ICducatioii bcv;nii. 
 
 October .'. (irc.it Kepiiblicin meeliiii; on v.ac.anl 
 lot corner Woodw.ird .and Ad.inis Avenues. 
 
 October I to.). i'Ji^hth Annual State i'.iir; held 
 on the R.ice Course in I l.imtnunck. 
 
 1857. J.iiiii.ary 7. St.ale <oiiveiilioii of liremcii. 
 I''el)rii.iiy I. Static liaiik of Michii^.m ofKani/eil. 
 i'cbriiary 5. New <ily <harler obtained; city 
 
 niiK h eiil.arvjed. Kecorder's Court created. 
 
 Febru.iry n. V'wr Comi)any No. 1 1 organized. 
 
 I'"ebru,iry 16. C.ener.il b.uikini,^ law passed by 
 Lt%Msl,iturc. 
 
 February 22. I'"rencli and C.erman I'rcsbyleri.an 
 Church, C.itherine Street, dedicated. 
 
 I'cbrn.iry 2.S. \V. \V. Ryan lectured at City I ball 
 on his im|)ort,int (?) secret of foretelling tli<" vvcatlur. 
 
 March. I''ire Coinii.iny No. 12 organized. 
 
 March 4. First union morning praycr-incetiiiK 
 held. 
 
 M.irch I }. Tr.iiii on ( i. W. R. R. breaks tliidu;;h 
 bridi^e over c.an.il iic.ir 1 l.imillDii ; over eiijhty lis'cs 
 lost; travel suspended lor ivsd weeks. 
 
 Mav 15. R<lie| meetini^ held to .aid ( iti/.ens in 
 (ir.itiiil .and ailjoinin;; counliits in ii<cd of foo<|; 
 yi ,000 subscribed. 
 
 Juiw lb. Industri.al School Society ori;.aiii/.ed. 
 
 Jiiiie .i.\. St.ale .Suiid.i) Sclionj (ijinciilioii ,al Dr. 
 Dullii-ld's church. .M.asoiiic I l.all dcdii ,ited. Meet- 
 inv( of North American S,ini;crbiinil bev;.an. 
 
 July i<> l-'irsl telev;r.iph laliNt l.iid across river. 
 
 Inly 22. ii.irk t!. J. Kersh.aw sails for Liverpool 
 direct, 
 
 AiiL;iist .i.\. 'I'hc; Ohio Life. and 'I'.ust ('(Jiiip.iny 
 
 f,lile(L 
 
 September 2S. Russell i loUS(r lirst oi)ene(|. 
 
 September <i) to <)(t(jber 2. Ninth Annii.al .State 
 i'.air; held on Race ('ourse in jl.amtr.iuu k. 
 
 November. W.itir Works Reservoir on De- 
 (|iiiii(lre k'.irm first used. 
 
 November 3(j. M.iriiie I Iosi)it.al opened. 
 
 December 5. Citi/.ens' meciinv; .at City Hall; 
 e.x|)ciiiliture of $i5o,(joo lor wdiklioiise \dted down. 
 
 1858. M.iv iX. Coriur-slrjlie of the luw I'ost- 
 ollicr ,in I ('iishjin I louse l.iid. 
 
 July 4. Lir't throiii^h Ir.iin .arrived from ( ir.and 
 R.ipids. 
 
 |iilv8. I'iremeii's I ball reopened. Thew.illshad 
 been r.iiseil .and i in-w roof put on. 
 
 July 24. (!el-l)r,iiion of the 157th .anniversary of 
 the foimdini; cif Detroit, under the .auspices of the 
 .Mic|ii;,^,in St.ale i lisldiic.i! Society. L.ii;t;e jiidces- 
 sion of cily oHicers, lirenien, NLisons, Odd I'Vllows, 
 soldiers, .and citi/.ens. .\(ldr<'sses ,at I'lrcmiai's I ball, 
 in I'.ni^lish by C. I. W.ilker .and in l-rciich by 1^. N. 
 L.acroix. I'.l.abor.ale supper , at Russell I louse in the 
 e\enin,i;. 
 
 July 25. hirst I'.cIIkI Chiinii of l".v.anv;elic,il 
 Associ.ation dedic.aled. 
 
 July 2.S. The dr.iMiicn hold ,an indi.i^n.iiion nwet- 
 inv; because the raihd.ads bc!.;.in to use their own 
 dr.ays. 
 
 Au.mist 16. Rei eijit of ( Mie( n's message by lele- 
 J4r,apli cable. I'.uildin.vjs illumin.aliil. loo i;nns tiied, 
 lorchli;^hl procession, eti'.,on the followinv; d.a\. 
 
 Au^iisl 21. JMremen's Library and Keadinji; 
 Room o|)ened. 
 
 Aii,i(ust 30. D.\- M. R. R. completed to C.rand 
 ll.aven. lirst session of the lli;.;h Si liool. 
 
 September t. First ihroujih train .arrived from 
 Milw.aiikee. 
 
 Sci)tember 2. I''irst trial of a steam tire enKine. 
 
 September 5. Second (ierinan NL F. Church 
 dedicated. 
 
 .September 7, Tiiesd.iy. Commencement of forty- 
 ninth meeting of the American Hoard of Coinniis- 
 sioners for Foreijjn Missions. 
 
966 
 
 THE ANNALS OF DETROIT. 
 
 September 28 to October i. Tentli annual State 
 Fair; licltl on the Ladies' Kidinij I'ark, on west 
 side of Wocjdward Avenue, north of Davenport 
 Street. 
 
 November 10. Old University Building torn 
 down. 
 
 December 4. Young Men's Christian Union or- 
 ganized. 
 
 December 31. Tribune lUiilding, northeast cor- 
 ner WooiKvard Avenue and Woodbridge Street, 
 burned. 
 
 1859. January 25. Centennial celebration of 
 lUirns' birtiulay. Dinner at tiie I'l.xchange, anil a 
 supper and toasts at the Biiklle House. 
 
 February 3. Walter Harper provides for estab- 
 lishment of Harper Hospital. 
 
 Marcii 12. Joiin 15ro\vn arrives in Detroit and 
 holds conference with colored men concerning pro- 
 posed I larper's Ferry raid. 
 
 April 25. Fire on corner of (katiot and r>rush 
 Streets. An old warehouse and eight buiitlings 
 burned. 
 
 April 2S. Reception to \Vm. Smith O'JJrien, the 
 Irisli patriot. 
 
 May 3. Daily meetings of the Board of Trade 
 began. 
 
 May 19. Annual Session of the Congregational 
 General Association commenced at the First Con- 
 gregational Church. 
 
 September. Detroit Female Seminary opened. 
 
 September 29. J. B. Corey obtains judgment of 
 $20,000 against city because of injuries received by 
 his wife, who fell into a sewer excavation on dris- 
 wold Street. 
 
 September 30. Citizens' meeting authorizing a 
 loan of $250,000 for the erection of a new City Hall 
 and $50,000 for a Workhouse. 
 
 October 4 to 7. Eleventh Annual State Fair; 
 held on west side of Woodward Avenue, north of 
 Davenport Street. General N. 1'. Banks delivered 
 an address. 
 
 November i. Merrill Hall first opened. 
 
 November 5. Second trial of steam fire engine. 
 
 November 19. St. John's I'. F. Church dcdicat'.'d. 
 
 November 21. Grand Trunk R. R. opened from 
 Detroit to I'ort Huron. 
 
 i860. January 19. Midnight ]irocession of the 
 Sons of ALalta. 
 
 January 25. Michigan State Retreat for the In- 
 sane opened. 
 
 January 30. New Post Office building, c orncr of 
 Gris>vold and Larned Streets, formally opened. 
 
 April 2. Meeting of firemen at Firemen's Hall 
 to protest against Common Council creating office of 
 fire marshall and curtailing powers of chief engineer. 
 
 May 18. Rev. II. Grattan Guiness preached in 
 First Presbyterian Church. 
 
 June 26. The city contracts for its first steam 
 fire engine. 
 
 July I. .Vdclina I'atti visits Detroit. 
 
 July fi. lioiler of sttam tug /\. .S. Field exploded 
 at foot of liates Street; live persons were killed atid 
 six wounded. 
 
 August 26. New Jerusalem Church on Macomb 
 Avenue dedicated. Tabernacle liaplist Church, 
 Washington .Vvenue, ilcdicated. 
 
 August 30. French Methodist Church dedicated 
 as a Jewish Synagogue. 
 
 SeiHember 4. Tuesday. Immense Republican 
 gathering, — Wideaw;ikes out in multitudes; 3,500 
 torchlights in procession ; speech by Governor 
 Seward. 
 
 SeiHi'inbcr 20. Arriv.il nf the I'rince of Wales. 
 
 .Sc|neml)er 27. Lady Jane Franklin visits the 
 city on her way West; she slopped at the Russell 
 1 louse. 
 
 Seplemhcr 2S. Miss Dix, the phil;uitliropist, 
 visited the city, .'uid inspected the jail, hospitals, and 
 the poorhousi^ ;it Wayne. 
 
 October 2- 
 
 .Annual Stale I'air; held 
 
 on west side of Woodw.ird .\veiuie, north of Daven- 
 port .Street. lUm. Cassius M. Cl.iy ga\e an ad- 
 dress. 
 
 October 15. Monday. Immense Democratic 
 meeting; speech by Stephen A. Douglas. 
 
 October 21. Anniversary of M. F. .S. S. Union 
 and Tract Society. 
 
 N()\einl)er 20. Second steam fire engine or- 
 dered. 
 
 December 10. Meeling of business men to coun- 
 sel rci.arding trouble occasioned by discount on 
 Western money. 
 
 December 17. First U. S. Tri'asury Notes au- 
 thorized. In this month St. Peter's l-^piscop.il Chunh 
 was first used. 
 
 1861. J.i.niaryS. Salute of 100 guns in honor 
 of Major Anderson. 
 
 January 13. Westminster Church, on Washing- 
 ton Avenue, dedicated. 
 
 January 28. Great Union meeling at City Hall. 
 
 March 12. First Police Commissioners provided 
 for. 
 
 March 16. St. Luke's Hospital incorporated. 
 
 April 4. Forty-two Wisconsin banks suspend. 
 
 April 13. News arrives of the attack of April 12 
 on Fort S.:mler. Meeting of lawj^ers at Bar Li- 
 brary in favor of Union. 
 
 .April 15. Immense Union meeting at Firemen's 
 Hall. 
 
 .\pril 17. Flag raised on Board of Trade build- 
 ing; speeches in favor of Union. General Cass 
 ]-)resent. Detroit Light Guards organize for the war. 
 
 April 1 8, Flag raised on Custom I louse and l''ost 
 Office. 
 
Tacts for its l"irst steam 
 
 siis Dftroii. 
 
 till,'- A. S. Fifld exploded 
 persons were killed and 
 
 ilem Chunli on Macomb 
 
 rii.ule IS.'iplist Church, 
 
 ated. 
 
 thodist Ciiurch di'dicated 
 
 Immense K. publican 
 ut in multitudes; 3,500 
 ; speech by C"io\ernor 
 
 )f the Prince of W'ak'S. 
 
 ane P'ranklin visits the 
 
 slopped at the Russi'll 
 
 )ix, ilu- |>hilanthroi'>ist, 
 I'd tlu- jail, hospitals, and 
 
 \nnual State I'"air; held 
 A\eiuie, north of Daven- 
 is M. Clay xa\e an ad- 
 Immense Democratic 
 1 A. Douglas, 
 y of M. K. S. S. Union 
 
 steam tire lui^ine or- 
 
 if business men to coun- 
 ;ioned by discount on 
 
 S. Treasury Xotes au- 
 'eter's Kpiscop.il Church 
 
 of 100 jj^uns in honor 
 
 Church, on \V'ashini»'- 
 
 meetin,!,,^ at City Hall, 
 'ommissioners provided 
 
 is|iital incorporated. 
 )nsin banks suspend, 
 the attack of April 12 
 of lawyers at 15ar Li- 
 
 1 meeting at Firemen's 
 
 Bf)ard of Trade huild- 
 L-nion. General Cass 
 Is orifanize for the war. 
 !ustom I louse and Post 
 
 THE ANNALS OF DETROIT. 
 
 967 
 
 April 20. Oath of alle,ijiance administered to all 
 Ciovernment. .State, City, and County ollicers, in front 
 of I'ost-Otlice. Sherlock, Scott, and ISrady (aiards 
 or,i,^'Uiize for the war. 
 
 April 23. Mav;- raised on I'iremen's Hall. 
 
 April 25. Klai< raised on City Hall; I'nion speech 
 by Cieneral Cass; "Star-spangled ISaniicr" suni;- by 
 3,000 school-children. 
 
 May 4. I.eiiislature makes provision for relief of 
 families of vohmteers. 
 
 May 1 1. Presentation of banner and cockades to 
 First Regiment on Campus Martins. 
 
 May 13. The First Re^nmeni left for Washiiii;-- 
 ton. 
 
 June 2. The Second Rev^iment left the city. 
 Franklin Pierce visited Detroit about this time. 
 
 June 25. I'aid lire cn,i,Mne companies provided 
 for. 
 
 July 6. House of Correction completed. 
 
 July 13. Okl church on Melcher Farm burned. 
 
 Jidy 20. A war meeting; resolves to erect a Sol- 
 diers" Monumciu. 
 
 July 24. Third steam tire cuisine procured. 
 
 Auv;ust 2. Rei option of First Re;^imeut on 
 their return from Washington; procession, dinner, 
 etc. 
 
 .\u.i,nist 6-7. Sessions of the Police court held 
 under poplar .rees on present site of City Hall. 
 
 Seinember 25-29. Thirteenth .Vnnual State Fair ; 
 held on Detroit Ridinjj; Park, Woodward .Avenue, 
 north of Davenport Street. 
 
 October 23. F'uneralof ex-Covernor Wm. Wood- 
 bridije. 
 
 October 26. A I'nion ]>oliticalcon\'ention agrees 
 to put only one ticket in the tickl. 
 
 November 6. Ladies' Sok iers' .\id Society or- 
 ganized. 
 
 November 21. New ^■oung Men's Hall oi)ened. 
 Address by Jacob M. Howard. 
 
 Noxi'inber 28. Reception to Colonel Mulligan, 
 the hero of Lexington, ^h). Procession, diimer, 
 etc. 
 
 December ly. St. John's J'. E. Ciuirch conse- 
 crated. 
 
 1862. J.uiuary 2. Ordinance retiuiring fci's fi-oin 
 ;ill markt't-wagons passed. 
 
 February 11. First French Ikiptist Church ded- 
 icated. 
 
 February 17. Receipt of news of the victory at 
 Fort Donelson ; jirocession in evening, iiiumina- 
 tions, etc. 
 
 March 3. Flxplosion of J. 11. I larmon & Co.'s Oil 
 Refmery. F\)ur men killed; loss $15,000. 
 
 March 17. St. Patrick's Catholic Church conse- 
 crated. 
 
 April 2. M. C. R. R. engine-house and nine lo- 
 comotives burned. 
 
 April 13. Nation.-il Thanksgiving by |)rocl,ima- 
 tion of Presitlent. I'he Michig.ui Soldiers' Relief 
 Society was organized this month. 
 
 June 19. Tenth .uinual conference of Western 
 Unitarian churches began. 
 
 July .S. The .Vtlvertiser and 'I'ribune were con- 
 solidated. 
 
 July 15. I..u-ge war meeting: speeches by \Vm. 
 A. Howard. I'heo. Roineyn, autl H. \. Morrow. 
 
 July 22. C.reat war rally; si)eeches by H. A. 
 Morrow, (ieneral Lewis Cass, Major i'l.inivjan, 
 Dmicm Stewart, C. L Walker, 11. II. I'.imnons, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ruehle. and James F. Joy. 
 
 July 24. City bounties tirst pledged. 
 
 July 28. War meeting in front of liidille House; 
 5,000 present ; great enthusi.ism. 
 
 August 9. P.isses to C.in.ida reiiuired to prevent 
 citizens lleeing from military service. 
 
 August 26. i'resenialion of colors to Twentv- 
 fom-th Regiment of .Michigan Infantry on Campus 
 Martins. 
 
 August 27. General O. 15. Willcox returns to 
 Detroit and receives a iiublic welcome. 
 
 Se[)teinl)er 11. Meeting of the !5ar to consider 
 the propriety of adjourning the Wayne Circuit C(nirt 
 on account of the condition of the country; union 
 of action of all parties recommended. 
 
 .SeiHember 12. Arrival of Twenty-first Regi- 
 ment; rei-c]ition anil supper at the depot. 
 
 .September 22 to 26. I'"ourteenth Annual State 
 I'air ; held .'•: Detroit Riding Park ; P.irson lirown- 
 low, the editorial hero of East Tennessee, gave an 
 address. 
 
 October 30. Postal currency lirst received at 
 Detroit. 
 
 November 8. NLajor-General Richardson's re- 
 mains arrivetl; escorted to depot by military and 
 citizens. 
 
 1863. J.anuary 29. Meat market licenses reduced 
 from S50 t(' S5. 
 
 I'ebruary 24. Michigan divided into twcj judicial 
 districts. 
 
 Febru.u-y 25. National bank system created. 
 
 March 6. Riot against negroes; Faulkner, a 
 mulatto, arrested for alleged outrage on a little girl; 
 tried, convicted, and sentenced for life; military 
 called out; 400 nten of Twenty-seventh Regiment 
 called in from N'|)siiuiti ; city tired in twenty places; 
 thirty-tive buildings destroyed. 
 
 March 7. Public meeting of citizens, condemning 
 the mob and calling for arrest of rioters. 
 
 .Vpril 9. Chri.st P. E. Church dedicated; second 
 building. 
 
 June 15. Michigan branch of U.S.Christian 
 Commission organized. 
 
 July 18. Congress Street M. K. Church burned. 
 James A. Garfield visited Detroit about 'Jiis time. 
 
968 
 
 THE AXXALS OF DETROIT. 
 
 Aii.ijiisi 3. JclTcrsoii Avenue and Woodward 
 Aveniu- street-ears eonimeneed riinnin,ij. 
 
 SepuinluT 1:;. (iratiot Avenue street-cars com- 
 menied running. 
 
 OetolxT 1 1. Second brick Baptist Ciiurcli erected, 
 corner i)f I'ort and ("iHswold Streets. 
 
 NoNi'Milx'r 4. Seconil National Hank opened for 
 business. 
 
 Noveniiier 16. I'irst National I>ank opt'ned for 
 business. In this niontii tiie Micluujan Avenue cars 
 commenced rinmini^. 
 
 Uecember 26. Jail on Clinton Street comiMeted. 
 
 1864. F'ebruary. First .^I. E. and Con.ijress 
 Street church societies united. 
 
 March 20. Ilrockway Mission Chapel first used. 
 
 April 24. Siiakespeare Ter-Centenary celebra- 
 tion ; tableaux antl ji^rand musical entiTlainnient at 
 Younjj; Men's Hall; addresses by Juilji^e Avery, 
 (i. \'. N. Lothrop and rlieo. Romeyn. 
 
 Ai>ril 27. Presentation of llav;s to old Twenty- 
 fourth Infantry on Cani|nis M.utius. The recon- 
 struction of Fort Wayni' w.is lHv;un this year. 
 
 May 21. The propeller Nik' l)lew up at lUickley 
 & Co's dock ; six jiersons killed, eleven injured. 
 
 Auv^nst I. Detroit Y. M. C. A. or>;ani/.e(l. 
 
 September 3. News of victory at Atlanta; im- 
 promptu celebration ; national salute; speeches by 
 Theo. Romeyn, J. M. Howard, and 1). P.. Durfield. 
 
 September 19. .Steamer I'hilo Parsons seized by 
 rebel symiiathizers in the Detroit River. 
 
 .Se|nembcr 23. I'ormer St. Matthew's colored 
 Ejiiscopal Church dedicateil as .Shaary Zedec Syna- 
 gojjue. 
 
 September 27. First draft in city to fill recjuired 
 quota. 
 
 October 12. Harper Hospital t'lrst opened. P'rcc 
 mail delivery by carriers bei^an this month. 
 
 November 1. P. O. money orders tlrst issued in 
 Detroit. Flint & Pere Marquette cars arrive at De- 
 troit, usinvj track of I). & M. R. R. from Holly. 
 Great Union and Republican demonstration ; 
 speeches by Salmon P. Chase and others; illimiina- 
 tions, torchliirht procession, etc. 
 
 1865. January 25. .State convention of colored 
 men assembled at Second Baptist Church to petition 
 Leijislature to tyrant theriiL,dit of suffrage. 
 
 February i. Steam fire engine No. 4 arrived. 
 
 February 17. Paitl hand fire engine companies 
 disbanded. 
 
 February 22. Board of Trade Iiuilding dedi- 
 cated ; address by Ci. \'. N. Lothrop; ball in the 
 evening. Concordia Society organized. 
 
 Febri ry 26, Sunday. Rev. E. P. Hammond 
 began his revival labors. 
 
 f^ebruary 28. Freedman's Fair opened at Merrill 
 Hall. Board of Metropolitan Police Commissioners 
 created. 
 
 .March 21. Second draft for filling quota of De- 
 troit. 
 
 March 25. Public library opened in old C.ipitol. 
 
 April 3. Reception of news of fall of Riihmond; 
 impromptu celebration, salute of 100 guns, illumina- 
 tions, eti-. 
 
 .April 10. News of surrendir of rebel army. .Sa- 
 lute on Campus .Martins, bonfires, fireworks, etc., 
 
 April 15. Rece|nion of news of murder of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln; the city in mourning; intense feeling 
 of the peo|ile. 
 
 .\|)ril if). Public meeting on Campus Martins. 
 
 -April 19. Sermons on the death of Pri'sident 
 Lincoln. 
 
 .April 25. Ftmeral obsequies in hcmor of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln ; or.uion by Jacob M. Howard on Cam- 
 pus Martins; |irocession two miles long. 
 
 Mav 30. National I''ast. Cieneral suspension of 
 busini'ss ; more thoroughly and gein'r;illy observed 
 than any previous occasion of simil.ir characti'r. 
 
 June 7. Michig;in troops begin to return from 
 the w.'ir. 
 
 June 27. Steam fire engine No. 5 jirocured. 
 
 July 4. The D.aily I'nion first issued. 
 
 July II. Int.'rnational Commercial Convention 
 at Board of 'i'rade Building. 
 
 July 26. American National Bank organized. 
 
 August II. Michigan Soldiers' Monument Asso- 
 ciation organized. 
 
 August 1 2. Cicneral Cirant arrived on a two days' 
 visit; received by an immense concourse of pi'opli'. 
 
 August 27. Police Commissioners enforce the 
 Sunday ordinance for the first time. 
 
 September i. Central M. E. Chapel on Adams 
 Avenue dedicated. 
 
 September 6. l'"ort Street Railroad opened from 
 Wootlw.ard Avenue to the river. 
 
 September 15. Chicago officials visited the city. 
 
 September 18. M. C. K. K. freight depot burned. 
 Loss S 1 . 500,000. 
 
 November 5. Immanuel Lutheran Church, Trum- 
 bull .Avenue, dedicated. 
 
 November 26. .Salem Lutheran Church, Cath- 
 arine Street, dedicated. 
 
 December 28. Lafayette Avenue Baptist Church 
 dedicated. 
 
 1866. February i, Detroit Fire and Marine 
 Insurance Company organized. 
 
 February 7. Cicneral \V. T. Sherman arrived; 
 received by a large number of citizens. 
 
 March 17. drand Fenian demonstration ; 1,000 
 Irishmen in procession ; meetings on Campus Mar- 
 tins and in City Hall. Speeches by Cieneral Mor- 
 row, J. Logan Chipman, Levi Bishop, and others. 
 
 March 27. Detroit Daily Post first issued. 
 
 Ajiril 19. Observance of day of fasting and 
 prayer appointed by the governor. 
 
[or filling quDl.i ol i)c- 
 
 f)penecl in did (.■.ipitdi. 
 vs of fall of Kitlimdiitl; 
 ,c of looguns, ilhiniina- 
 
 idir of ii'bil army. Sa- 
 iitircs, fireworks, etc., 
 L'ws of nuinU'rof Tri'si- 
 Jiirniiig ; intense feelinij; 
 
 on Campus M;irt,ins. 
 :he death of President 
 
 lies in honor of I'resi- 
 ol) M. Howard on Cam- 
 miles long. 
 
 denenil suspension of 
 and generally observed 
 )f similar rharaeter. 
 i begin to return from 
 
 nc No. 5 procured. 
 1 first issued. 
 Commercial Convention 
 
 inal Hank organized. 
 Idiers' Monument Asso- 
 
 it arrived on a two days' 
 se concourse of pcopk'. 
 niissioners enforce the 
 it time. 
 . K. Chapel on Adams 
 
 Railroad opened from 
 icr. 
 
 lillicials visited the city. 
 [. freight depot burned. 
 
 Ill lieran Church, Trum- 
 
 Itheran Church, Cath- 
 
 |\ venue li.iptist Church 
 
 ")it Fire and Marino 
 
 d. 
 
 I T. Shernian arrived ; 
 
 citizens. 
 I demonstration ; i,ooo 
 tings on Campus Mar- 
 jhes by Cieneral Mor- 
 iHishoi), and others. 
 .'ost first issued. 
 
 day of fasting and 
 hnor. 
 
 THE AXXAI.S OF HFTROIT. 
 
 969 
 
 April 26. I). X: M. frciglit and passenger depots 
 burned, witii tiie ferry Windsor and a passenger 
 train ; 18 lives lost. 
 
 May 17. City .Mission Hoard organized. 
 
 June 20. Funeral of (General Cass, wiio died on 
 June 17. I.argc procession. I'liihnan sleepers be- 
 g.in running on tiie .M. C. R. R. 
 
 July 4. Cire.it celebration, |)ariicipai('il in by sol- 
 duTs of tho l.ilc w.ii' ; spccrhes by (lovi'rnor Crapo 
 and (ieneral W'illcox. During the day I'nsidcnl 
 Roberts addressed a large .assembly of I'enians. 
 
 August 7. Annual meeting of Western .Vssori- 
 ated Press. 
 
 August 22. Cicnenil Hooker arrived to supiT- 
 scde CiMienil Orel in comni.iiul of this Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 August 2-5. Fourteenth .Annual Meeting of the 
 American I'harniaceiilic Association. 
 
 September 4. President Johnson visits Detroit. 
 
 Seinember U). IC.ist end of P'ort Street ;ind I-'.lm- 
 wood R,iilro;i<l opened. 
 
 October 23. State S. S. Convention, D. L. Moody 
 and Ral|>h Wells in ;itten(lance. 
 
 October 24. Trinity l.uthenin Church, Ciratiot 
 Avenue, dedicated. 
 
 October 25. M. Vl. Centen.iry Jubilee; sermon 
 by Dr, K, O. Haven; Union love-feasi, etc. 
 
 October 28. Politicil speech bv C.enenil P.iitler 
 at \).^ M. R. R. 
 
 October 29. Trinity Catholic Church, corner of 
 Porter and Sixth Streets, consecrated, 
 
 November 1. Politic.-.l speech by Schuyler Colf.ix 
 at Young Men's Hall. 
 
 December 2. St. \'incent de Paul Catholic 
 Church consecnated, 
 
 December 6, Rev. Win. K. Armit.age consecrated 
 Hishop of Wisconsin. 
 
 December 23. Jcfft'rson M. K. Chapel dedicated. 
 
 1867. J.inu.iry I, L.iying of third rail on (i. W. 
 R. R. completed. Freight cars first transported by 
 boats across the river. 
 
 January 4. I'^ire .ilarin telegraph fir.st tested. 
 
 January 11-12. Ristori performs in Detroit. 
 
 March 26. Hoard of Fire Coniinissioncrs ])i-o- 
 vided for. 
 
 April 2f). Odd I'ellows' Celebr.ition. comnicnio- 
 rative of the forty-eighth anniversary of the found- 
 ing of the order in America, 
 
 May 15. Third Constitution.il Convention as- 
 sembles in l.;iiising. 
 
 M;iy 2(\ St. Anthony's Male niphan Asylum 
 opened. 
 
 May 28. Annual meeting of the ('.rand Lodge of 
 Good Templars for North America. 
 
 July 4. Faying of corner-stone of Soldiers' Mon- 
 ument in K.ist (.".rand Circus Park. Masonic cere- 
 monies and immense procession. 
 
 July 8. Woodniere Cemetery Associ.ition org.in- 
 ized. 
 
 July 10. Michigan Miitu.il Life Insur.inci' Com- 
 pany org.mized, 
 
 July 2}. Si'cond Congregation.il (.hapel dedic.iicd, 
 
 .August 13, ('.re.it base ball tdurn.uncnt begun; 
 Listed six days. 
 
 August 30. Former T.ibcrii.ulr ll.iptist Church 
 ileilicated as Heth Fl remplc. 
 
 September 10-13. Nineteenth .\nini.il St.ite I'.iir; 
 held on i'v.ice Course in I lamtr.imck, 
 
 September 27. New gas-works commenced 
 oper.itions. 
 
 N'oveinbcr 1, Father Matthew Hall, corner 
 Fourth ;ind Porter Streets, dedicated. 
 
 November 17. Centnil M. F. Church, corner 
 Woodward , and .Adams .Avenues, dedic.itcd, 
 
 Decembers. Our Lady of ilelii. Catholic Church, 
 consecrated. 
 
 1868, J.anuary 2. City Mission Lodging Rooms, 
 corner of St. .\iitoine ;ind .\twater Stri'its, opened. 
 
 J.anu.ary 14. Mi-cting of .St;ite Christi.in Conven- 
 tion in l'"irst Congreg.ition.il Church. 
 
 ^L•lrch [-2. Ore.it snow-storm, blocking tr.iins, etc. 
 
 .April 23, Observance of Fast D.iy appointed by 
 the goxfrnor. 
 
 M.iy 6. .Annual State Convention of ( '.r.ind Army 
 of the Reimblic. 
 
 May 10. Third .Avenue Mission buildingdedicated. 
 
 June 24. Thirteenth Intern.itional V. M. C. A. 
 Convention .at Centr.al ^L F. Church. .Adjourned 
 June 28. 
 
 August 6. Corner-stone of City 1 lall l.iid ; impos- 
 ing ceremonies; .aildress by C. I.Walker. In this 
 year the w.an Is were tirstdivitled into election districts. 
 
 September 15-18. TwentiethAnnu.il State I'.iir ; 
 held on R.ace Course in Hamtr.imck. 
 
 October 23. Schuyler Colf.ix visits the city. 
 C.r.and River .Avenue cars commenced running. 
 
 Xovcmbcr 7. Trumbull Avenue Congreg.ation.il 
 Mission dedicited, in origiii.il location. 
 
 November 29. Pine Street Protestant Methodist 
 Church dedicated. 
 
 December 25. Catholic I'nion Society org;ini/.ed. 
 
 1869. January 29. Meeting of citizens vote to 
 r.iise Sioo.cxw in ;iid of Detroit, Hillsdale, I't .South- 
 western R. R. 
 
 February 2. Detroit Medical College o|)ened, 
 Febru.arv 17. Hrick building for Hrockway Mis- 
 sion dedicated, 
 
 March 9, Funenil obse<iuiesof Hishop Lefevere ; 
 an archbishoii. two bishops, .anil seventy-nine jiriests 
 in attend.mce, 
 
 NLarch 29. Detroit Oper.i I louse first used. 
 May 13. Merchants & Manufacturers' Nation.il 
 Hank org.iiiizcd. 
 
 May 29. .Memorial Day tirst observed. Soldiers' 
 
970 
 
 THE ANNALS Ul" UKTROIT. 
 
 .^^ravcs decorated; a larjije procession; (;ralii)n by 
 K. U. Kairtii'ld. 
 
 July 12. \'otcTs of the city decide a,;(ainstissuiii,vi 
 bonds to aid railroads. 
 
 July 14. WOodniere Cemetery dedicated. 
 
 Au.iLjtist. House of I'rovidence opened on Fotir- 
 teentii Avenue. 
 
 .Auyfust 7. Hanitranick .street-cars commenced 
 runniniLT 
 
 Auifust 16. Celebration of one luindredtli anni- 
 versary of l)irlli of Napoleon lioiiapru'te. 
 
 .September 12. 'I'iie L'nited Tresbyterian Society 
 dedicated their buildini,' on corner Lafayette Ave- 
 nue and Wayne Street. 
 
 September 14. Humboldt centennial eeli 1; 
 
 larvfe procession of (iernian societies; o iit 
 
 Crand Circus by Dr. Kiefer and I'rof. Feld ei. 
 
 October II. Colored children lirst ailmitted to 
 all public schools. 
 
 December 13. Calvary Presbyterian Church ded- 
 icated. 
 
 1870. January 10. Citizens vote §300.000 in aid 
 of Detroit. Lansing .S: Northern Railroad. 
 
 February 6. Hanitranick I'resbyterian Mission 
 dedicated. 
 
 NLireh 27. Memorial services in lionor of Bishop 
 Edward Thompson, of the .^L L. Church. 
 
 April 7. Celebration by colored people of the 
 Ratitii-ation of tlie Fifteenth .\mendment to the 
 Constitution; large procession; oration at the Opera 
 House. 
 
 Ajiril 24. Rev. C. IL Horgcss consecrated Ro- 
 man Catholic liishop of Detroit. 
 
 May 8. First (ierman Baptist Church dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 May 30. Memorial Day observed; ilecoration of 
 soldiers' i,rraves; large procession ; oration by Duane 
 Doty. 
 
 June 9. Knights Templar procession of nearly 
 one thousand. 
 
 June 14. State .Sunday .School convention in 
 Fort Street Congregational Church. 
 
 July 2. Second Annual Regatta of Northwestern 
 Amateur Boating Association. 
 
 July 22. Simpson .^L E. Church dedicated. 
 
 September 19. ALandlebaum's auction sale of 
 sixty lots on Cass Farm, above Holden Road. 
 
 October 2. Park Street BajHist Church dedicated. 
 
 October 17. Triennial Council of Congrega- 
 tional Churches convenes. 
 
 October 20. Slight shock of earthquake felt. 
 
 November 3. Gamewell t'lre-alarm telegraph first 
 tested. 
 
 November 8. Colored people first voted. 
 
 November 29. Annual convention of North- 
 western Woman's Suffrage Association. 
 
 December 21, Grace P. E. Church dedicated. 
 
 1871. January 1. People's Savings Bank or- 
 ganized. 
 
 Janu.iry 24. First meeting to consider I'ark and 
 Boulevard (luestion. 
 
 .April 15. i'ark .\ct passed by Legislature; it 
 prosiik'd for ,ind appointed commissioners. 
 
 .\Liy I. Peace Festival, commemorating peaci' 
 between France ;ind Germany, celebr.'iteil with pro- 
 cession, conci'rt, ,ind b.'ill. 
 
 .M.iy 4. W.iyne County i'ioneer Society organized. 
 
 May 31. L.ist meeting in old W.iyne (.'ounty 
 Court Room. Conimemor.itive meeting and sui)per 
 of the Bar. 
 
 June 21. Celebration of the twenty-fifth .'uini- 
 versary of the pontilicale of Pojie Pius l.\; Large 
 ]ir<)cession. 
 
 Julv 4 Celebration and formal ojiening of new 
 City I'lall. 
 
 July S. Boiler e.vplosion in IngersoU's sash and 
 blind f.ictory; much d.image done. 
 
 July iS. Common Council formally vacated old 
 and took jiosscssion of new City il.ill. 
 
 .August. R.iilroad completed between Detroit 
 anil Lansing. 
 
 September 12. I)., L. & N. K. R. formally 
 opened to Greenville, with ;ui ixcursion from Detroit. 
 
 < )ctol)er 2. Wayne County Savings Bank or- 
 g.Miized. 
 
 ( )ctober 9. Great tire in Chicago; S-j.oco raised 
 at citizens' meeting in one hour to aid those who 
 were in need. 
 
 October 12. Citizens' meeting for relief of dis- 
 tress by fires on Lake Huron and at Manistee. 
 
 October 15. Fort Street M. K. Church dedi- 
 cated. Zion .African M. E. Church dedicated. 
 
 November i. Signal service reports commenced 
 at Detroit. 
 
 November 5. Scotch Presbyterian Church, brick 
 building, dedicated. 
 
 December 13. National Commercial Comention 
 of Bo.'ird of 'I'rade at Board of Trade building. 
 
 December 23. Great gale of wind, blowing 
 down wooden steeple of Mariners' Church and large 
 chimney on Biddlc House, and unroofing Republic 
 Brewery. 
 
 December 27 to 29. State Teachers' .Association 
 held. 
 
 December 27. First citizens' meeting concerning 
 purchase of Park. 
 
 December 28. 
 Russia. 
 
 December 30. 
 lives lost. 
 
 1872. April 9. 
 Martins unveiled. 
 
 April 13. Great gale of wind, breaking trees, 
 blowing off chimney.s, etc. 
 
 Arrival of Grand Duke Ale.xis of 
 F. Stearns's store burned; four 
 Soldiers' Moninnent on Campus 
 
le's Savings llaiik or- 
 
 ig to consider Park and 
 
 <sed by Lcgislatiiri' ; it 
 I'ommissioiuTs. 
 r()iiinu'm(iratiiiv( peace 
 ny, c'Llel)rated will) lirn- 
 
 ioncer Soeicty or.nani/ed. 
 
 in old Wayne County 
 
 ilivc meeting; and supper 
 
 f llie twenty-tUih anni- 
 )f I'opc i'ius iX ; lariL^c 
 
 , formal opening of new 
 
 I in Ingersoil's sasli and 
 
 ;e done. 
 
 nil formally vacated old 
 
 •City Hall. 
 
 pleted between Detroit 
 
 & N. R. K. formally 
 m excursion from 1 )itroit. 
 unty Savings ISank or- 
 
 Cliieago; S^j.oco raised 
 lour to aid tliose who 
 
 neetiii)^ for relief of dis- 
 n and at Manistee. 
 
 M. !•:. Church dedi- 
 Cliurch dedicated, 
 ice reports commenced 
 
 esbyterian Church, brick 
 
 Commercial Convention 
 if Trade building. 
 ale of wind, blowing 
 u'iners" Church and large 
 uid unrooting Republic 
 
 te Teachers' Association 
 
 ;ens' meeting concerning 
 
 f C.rand Duke Ale.xis of 
 
 is's store burned; four 
 
 Monument on Campus 
 
 wind, breaking trees, 
 
 TllK ANNALS OF DKlkolf. 
 
 97' 
 
 
 May I. .\ <iii/ens meeting considers question 
 of issue of S-oo,oo() worth of bonds for use of 
 I'ark Commissioners, dreat confusion and no de- 
 cision. 
 
 May 16. I'resbyterian (ieniT.al .\ssembly con- 
 venes. 
 
 July 14. I"irst St, .Mhert's Citlmlic Church con- 
 secrated. 
 
 July 25. Hoard of Ti-.ide ,uid Coinmon Council 
 excursion to bidianapolis on opein'ng of Detroit \ 
 Eel River R. R. 
 
 July 2S. Sixteenth Street M. I".. Chunli dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 August 21. IJoard of Tr/ule excursion from In- 
 dian.ipolis arrived by way of new i'.el River R. R. 
 
 August 10. (iymnasiuni lUiilding on Congress 
 Street, near Rando||)h, burned. 
 
 August 25. Street -cars stopped running on 
 accotuit of horse diseast' ; the express companies 
 delivered and collected goods in h.'uid-carts for 
 several days. 
 
 November 3. .New Jerusalem Church, corner of 
 Cass .\ venue and High Street, dedicated. 
 
 November 11. Meeting of citizens to express 
 symjiathy .and proffer aid t<i Hoston on account of 
 lire of Xovembi'r 10. 
 
 November 15. Wood-working room of M. C. 
 R. R. !)urned ; loss. $100,000. 
 
 November 22. Old City Hall torn down. 
 
 November 25. .Anniversary of M. K. Tract So- 
 ciety. 
 
 1873. January 12. Inunanuel Lutheran Church, 
 corner Seventeenth .and I'ine Streets, dedicated. 
 
 February 16. St. I'aurs Cierman Lutheran 
 Church, corner Seventeenth and Rose Streets, dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 ^L-lrch 28. Superior Court established. Doard 
 of F'stimates created. 
 
 .April 2. .\nti-park meeting held at Young 
 Men's Hall to defeat purchase of jiark by securing 
 a r>oard of I'.stimates opposed to it. 
 
 .April 7. .A ISoard of F^stimates opposed to the 
 park was elected. 
 
 April 13. Tribune lUiilding burned; loss 
 $1 1 2,000 ; insured for $55,000. 
 
 April 22. Sessions of the Supreme Court after 
 this date were held only at Lansing. 
 
 April 29. l>o.ird of I'ui Works created. 
 
 May I 5. Postal cards first received for sale. 
 
 June I. F'ighteenth annual convention of Cier- 
 man Roman Catholic Penevolent I'nion at St. 
 Mary's Hall. 
 
 June 7. Steamboat Meteor and P.uckley's ware- 
 house burned, loss $100,000. 
 
 Jtme 17. Convention of Michigan publishers. 
 
 June 30. K. C. H.irkiT's Tobacco F.actory burned ; 
 loss, §80,000. F>angelical Alliance organized. 
 
 July <;, Plunier \- Le.ivitt's s.ile of 130 jots .it 
 (ir.md 'I'runk Junction. 
 
 July 13. Rev. Dr. Hog.irth pre.iehed his f.irewell 
 sermon. 
 
 July 31. Detroit i\; IWiy City R. R. completed to 
 Hay City. In this year all stage lines from Detroit 
 ceased, and tln' fences were reino\ed from most of 
 the p.arks. 
 
 August 12 .and 13. II. Weber's great s.ale of lots 
 in Cireentield. 
 
 .\iigust iS. .\nii-park meeting held to protest 
 .against Common Council providing money to jviy 
 for kinds contracted for by I'.irk Commissioners. 
 
 .August 23. The l',\ening News lirst issued. 
 
 .August 24. St. Aloysius Church dedicated. < )ld 
 Laf.iyette Street M. I'.. Church torn down. 
 
 September 8. St. I'.-iul's l.uther.an Chur<li. Jos. 
 Cami).iu .\vcnue, dedicated. 
 
 October II. dreat tire, — J. F". Weber's mill, a 
 brewery, bottling works, and eight (l\\cllini;s 
 hurned. 
 
 October 15. Cass .Aveiuie and Third Street 
 R.iilro,ad opened. 
 
 Noviniber 13. Cinad.a .Southern R.iilroad ojiened 
 to Toledo. 
 
 November \Ck St. Joseph's Catholic Church, (Or- 
 leans Street, consecrated. Rev. Newm.in il.ill. of 
 London, visited the city. 
 
 November 18. St. Stephen's F'.i)iscop;il Church 
 consecrated. 
 
 November 19. Detroit Tniiisit R.iilro.ad tirst used. 
 
 December 4. dreat wind storm, -doing much 
 dam.age to shipping, buildings, etc. 
 
 December 6. Congress and liaker street-cars 
 CO iimenced nuining. 
 
 1874. March 10. .Amusement nieetinv;s in 
 Young Men's Hall began ; use of Hall given by Lu- 
 ther Heccher. 
 
 March 13. Temperance meeting to consider the 
 Crusade movement. Connnittee of five ladies ap- 
 jiointcd to report pl;ui of action. 
 
 March 23. Ladies' meeting at Central M. L. 
 Church to consider the "Crusade" ph.ise of the 
 temperance question. 
 
 April 7. State meeting of citizens of Michig.an to 
 consider the IJridge question. Re.solution passed 
 favoring a bridge. 
 
 April 14. Burning of lUirial Case F'actory ; lo.ss 
 $75,000. 
 
 .April 1 5. Convention of vessel-owners at \ oung 
 Men's Hall declare in favor of a tunnel. 
 
 April iG. Detroit Scientitic Society organized. 
 
 May 10. Westminster Presbyterian Chajiel on 
 Parsons Street dedicated. 
 
 ^Lay 20. State convention of druggists. 
 
 June 2. Twenty-tiftli meeting of American Med- 
 ical As.sociation. 
 
q-jl 
 
 Tin: AWAI.S ol' I)i;i'R()IT, 
 
 June 5. Heavy rain, llniuliii;^ cfll.irs in \.iiiiiiis 
 parts of the ( ity. 
 
 July 2. Dr. Jojin Hall spnkt- on tin.' Amoriran S. 
 S. I'nioii and its work, at I'Orl Street I'rcsbyti lian 
 Church. 
 
 July 22. Rivoption of Hoard of 'IVadi- of I'coria 
 at City Hall. Miiiidini; ilhiiiiiiiatcd in evening;. 
 
 Auvjust 4. 'riirt'c important convrntions lu'iran, 
 — National Educational .\ssociation, l''ifih Annual 
 Convention of Cierman- American Teachers, and 
 .American Dent.al Convention. In this month the 
 Reformed Diitcji Chm-ch, on Catharine Street, w.is 
 dedicated. 
 
 Auijust 12. State meelini;' of licjuor dealers in 
 favor of license, held at < )pera Mouse. 
 
 Auijust IQ. Reception of Lord Dufferin, Cov- 
 crnor-ijenerai of Can.id.i. 
 
 .■\uy;ust 20. Corner-stone of New Odd Fellows' 
 I lall l.iid ; procession, etc. 
 
 Au,;;ust 27. State mcetini; of <",ranijers, 
 
 September 2. Con\(iiti(in of Si.iie Insurance 
 C"ommissiiinirs. 
 
 September 5. I'.bcnezcr African M. I".. Ciiurcii 
 dedicated. 
 
 .September 13. Tabern.iclc M. V.. Cliin-ch dcdi- 
 
 September 20. St. Jolin's Lutheran Cluu-( h, Rus- 
 sell Street, dedicatt'd. 
 
 October 6, The Whittle and Bliss reviv.il meet- 
 injjs began. 
 
 October 13. .Sixth aiinu.al meetir.if of American 
 Womans' Suffrav^e .Xssoci.ition at Ojiera House. 
 
 October 21. Home of Friendless dedicated. 
 
 November 18. Meetini^ of Western Associ.ited 
 Press, 
 
 November 21. Second Congrecfational Church 
 dedicated. 
 
 1875. January 14. Openinif of L'nion Fair in 
 Yoimjj Men's i lall. 
 
 January 27. Woman's State Christian Temper- 
 ance meetinj^. 
 
 February 14. Kmanuel P. F.. Churc!i first used. 
 
 NLarch 17. Relief meeting at Openi House, in 
 aid of Crasshopper Sufferers in Nebraska. 
 
 April 10. Thompson Home for Old Ladies incor- 
 por.'ited. 
 
 April 19. Lady Washington Tea Party at Opera 
 House. A fine affair. 
 
 April 25. Cass Avenue Baptist Church dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 .\pril 29. Weber's factory burned ; loss from 
 S:oo,ooo to §300,000. 
 
 .\Lay 3. Prohibitory law repealed and liquor tax 
 law passed. 
 
 May II. Eleventh annual meeting of American 
 Social Science Association. 
 
 May 29. Corner-stone of Public Library laid. 
 
 June 7, Mass meeting .it Opera House in tin) 
 interest of Sabbath observance, and .ig.iinst allow | 
 ing saloons to be openeii on Sund.iy by iiermissio: 
 of the Conunon Council. Authors' c.irniv.'il opencc 
 • It N'oimg .Men's I lall. 
 
 June II, St, Jo.icliim's Catholic Church l)lcssed 
 
 June 27, Catholic Church of the Sacred Hcirtl 
 consecrated. Shortly after 6 o'clock r, .\l,a toru.idol 
 beg.in near corner of Williams Avenue and Ashl 
 Street, and continued across Crand River Avenue, | 
 making a tr.ack 150 feet wide; two persons were 
 killed, ten injured, thirty-three buildings entirely 
 destroyed and twenty-eight daiuaged ; loss i!!3o,cxx), 
 
 July 2f), M, W, Field's sale of lots in Ibinuranuk 
 took pl.ice. 
 
 .August 2. I'ormal opening of Young NKii's 
 I.ibr.iry in Merrill ISlock. 
 
 .August (■>. Conunon Council ilecide th;it s.iloons 
 may be open from i to 10 l'. M. on .Sund.iy. 
 
 August 10, Mayor Mol'f.it vetoes council .actinii 
 of August 6 concerning saloons, 
 
 .\ugust II. Meeting of American Association 
 for .\dv,'Uicement of Science. 
 
 .\ugust 22, Sunday. Nearly all the s.iloons were 
 (1 ised. 
 
 August 25. Nation.il (irecnb.ick Convention .at 
 Oper.i House. Michig.au PxiokselliTs' Coiivintion 
 opiiied, 
 
 S'-ptember 13, Whitney's Oiuni House o|iened, 
 
 October 4, Mass meeting .at Oi)era House in 
 favor of closing saloons on Sunday, 
 
 November 1. Inuiiense Law and Order meeting 
 at ( )ptT;i House to jiromote election of a m.ayor 
 opjiosed to saloons being opened on .Sunday 
 
 Novembi'r 2. Alex.indi'r Lewis elected mayor 
 on the L.iw and Order ticket. 
 
 November 1 i. H.irmonie Society Building dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 November 23. 
 
 No\ember 27. 
 into oiier.ition. 
 
 1876. J.tnuary i. U.shering in of centennial 
 year b\ giner.il ringing of bills at midiu'g'u ; all 
 public and many private buildings illuminated. 
 
 J.inuary 18. The Supreme Court decides the 
 liijuor tax law constitutional. 
 
 January 20. W\)man's Hospital on Thirteenth 
 Street dedicated. 
 
 January 31. Union I'"air in Mechanics' Building. 
 
 February i. St. James P. K. Chapel dedicated. 
 
 February 14. \. ^L C. A. Building on Farmer 
 Street dedicated. 
 
 February 15. Y. AL C. A. noon meetings be- 
 gan. 
 
 March 25, Fort Street Presbyterian Church 
 burned, 
 
 April 13. Fortieth annivensary of organization 
 
 Phcrnix Club House opened. 
 District Telegraph Company went 
 
THE ANNALS OF UKTROIT. 
 
 Q--! 
 
 /."» 
 
 at Opera lloiiv in the 
 ini't', anil a^ain^i allow - 
 111 SiHulay by pirnnssinn 
 Aiitlmrs' carnival cpciu'd 
 
 Calliolic Church blessed, 
 vh of the Sacred Heart 
 
 C) o'clock r. M.a tornado 
 lianis Avenue and Ash 
 ss drand River Avenue, 
 wide ; two |iersons were 
 tiiree biiil(linv(S entirely 
 
 daniavjed ; loss S^o.cxjo. 
 lie of lots in Ilanitramck 
 
 •ninjf of ^'()un,l[ Men's 
 
 unci! (U'cide that salonns 
 
 I'. M. on Sunday. 
 
 fat Vetoes council action 
 
 Dons. 
 
 f Anurii'an Association 
 
 'O. 
 
 arly all the saloons were 
 
 reenback Convention at 
 I >( i( ikscl lers' C( in\ intion 
 
 's Oixra House opt'iicd. 
 
 [UIl; at ( )pera House in 
 
 Siuiday. 
 
 Law and Order nicetinij 
 
 te election of a mayor 
 
 ened on Sunday. 
 
 • Lewis elected mayor 
 
 it. 
 
 ' Society lUiildin.n dcdi- 
 
 lul) I louse ojicncd. 
 J'lejrraph Company went 
 
 ■rini^ in of centennial 
 I bells at niidnif'it ; all 
 lini;s illuminated. 
 hic Court decides the 
 
 [o.spital on Thirteenth 
 
 |i Mechanics' Ruildinij. 
 K. Chapel dedicated. 
 Buildiujir on Farmer 
 
 [. noon meetings bc- 
 
 Presbyterian Church 
 
 rsary of orsjanization 
 
 of Brady C.uards celebrated by twenty-six survivors 
 at the Russell I louse. 
 
 .\l)ril 14. (hiarterly .and Ninth .\nnn;il Mcctiuvr 
 of the N. \V. Ilr.inchof Women's Foreij^ni Mission- 
 ary Society in Centr.il M. 1',. Church. 
 
 May I. Holy Trinity .\nvjlo-Cathnlic Chin-ih 
 or\(ani/e(l. 
 
 May 5. Ccnti'iinial tree-plantin;; by pu|)ils of 
 the imh'' • schools. 
 
 M.ty rreliminary meetinvj held to proinilc 
 
 orj^ani/ation of V. .M. C. A. Railroad linini h. 
 
 May 25. Seventh Aiuuial Reunion of the Sol- 
 iliers ,and Sailors' Association 
 
 June iS. Jimction M. I!. Church dcdicitcd. 
 
 June 21. I'ormal opening; of N'. M. C. .\. Rail- 
 ro.'id Hranch Readinvf Room on Woodbridije Street. 
 
 June 27. Joint exhibition of Michiv;an St.itc 
 I'omolo.;ical and Wayne County Horticultural So- 
 cieties at Youn;,^ Men's I lall. 
 
 June T,o. Detroit Cadets leave for the Cenlcnni.il 
 Fxhibition, 
 
 July 4. Centennial cek'bration ; imposing; |)roces- 
 sion and street decorations; boat races, illumina- 
 tions, etc. 
 
 July 19. St. X'incent's Female Orphan Asylum, 
 McDouijall .\venue, dedicated. 
 
 October I. Little Sisters Home for the A^ed I'oor, 
 between Orleans ,and l)e(|uiiidre Streets, opened. 
 
 October iS. Thirteenth annual meetinj^Mjf Na- 
 tional Association of Locomotive F-nijineers. 
 
 October 24. Ninth annu.il session of the Rail- 
 road Conductors' Life Insurance Association. 
 
 October 28, Sund.ay. The Larned Street exten- 
 sion of the Cass Avenue Railroad was laid on this 
 day. 
 
 Novembers. Creat excitement over I'residenii.il 
 election returns. 
 
 November 21. OpeniniLj of Railroad Re.ulinjL,^ 
 Rooms at ('ir.ind Trunk Junction. 
 
 1877. J.muary 7. Memorial service, in memory 
 of 1'. I', liliss, ;it Whitney's (^pera House, 
 
 January 19. Wom.an's Christian Temperance 
 Restaurant opened in V. ^L C, A. lUiildinyj. 
 
 January 22, Public Library biiildinij dedicatLd. 
 
 February 6. Charity Hall for Relief and Aid So- 
 ciety. 
 
 February 9. .Michiyjan Savin,i,'s Hank ortjanized. 
 Henry Ward lieecher lectured at Detroit Opera 
 House in the evening, and Dr. Henry A. Reynolds, 
 the Red Ribbon temperance reformer, in St. An- 
 drew's I lall. 
 
 February 22. Young Men's Red Ribbon Club 
 organized. 
 
 March 6. Telephone first explained and illus- 
 trated at Detroit. 
 
 March 7. Meeting held to organize Working- 
 woman's Home. 
 
 March 8. iior.itio Seymour visited Detroit, 
 
 M.iy 2. Ceneral Joe Hooker .arrived. 
 
 M.ay 2j, OlViee of Fire Marsli.il created. 
 
 June 3. Kighti'cnth Street Il.aptist Cliuri li dedi- 
 cated, 
 
 June 4. The forty-sexcnth .aiuiu.al comcntion 
 of the rrotestanl I'',piscopal Cluinh of Miilii'.^.iii 
 began, 
 
 June 10, '{'he rebuilt l'"ort Street rresbyttri.an 
 Cluirrh w,is dedicated, 
 
 June 13. N'.ational stove-m.akers' conveiuion luld. 
 
 June 16. The N.ational 'I'urnfest beg.aii. 
 
 June 20. The N;itional (ir.aiul Division of the 
 .Sons of Temperance convened. 
 
 June 30. C.apt.ain John Horn. Jr., w.as |)rcsented 
 by citizens with a very eleg.ant gold watch for h.av- 
 ing at v.arious times saved 131 persons from death 
 by drowning. 
 
 July 8. Fr.ancis Murphy, the Blue Ribbon tem- 
 perance reformer, kctureil in Detroit. The lirst 
 sewer built by tunneling under ground w.as con- 
 structed this year. 
 
 July 18. WtsliTii Associated I'ress meeting. 
 
 July 20. Newsboys .strike .ag.ainst the Kvcning 
 News, 
 
 July 23. 'i'his d.ay, .and for .a week following, 
 great excileii ent .about railroad strike. C.an.ad.a 
 Soutlurn R R. tr.ains stoppial. The Slate troojis 
 were called out for their .annu.al insi)ection ; the 
 Third Regiment went into camp on the Reeder 
 Farm on July 25. 
 
 August 10. X'isit of mayor :\\u\ .aldermen of lluf- 
 f.alo. ' 
 
 .\ugust 14. 0|H'ning of NorthwcstiTn Regatta; 
 it tauled on th<' follow iiig Saturday. 
 
 September 15. Return of Hishop liorgess from 
 l'.in-o|ie by w.avof C. S. R. R. 'I'he tr.ain tr.aveled 1 1 1 
 miles in 109 minutes from St. ThouKis to Detroit. 
 
 September 17. X'ail t\; Crane's cracker fa( tory 
 burned. 
 
 October 14. The first number of The )st and 
 Tribune was issued. 
 
 October 17, 'The 'Triennial Council of Congre- 
 g.ation.alists began. 
 
 October 30. .Second ]5iennial Conference of \J. 
 S. Mvangelical .Mli.ance at First Presbyterian Church. 
 
 November 6. Saloons first closed on I'llection 
 Day. 
 
 November 26. First provision made for licensing 
 newsboys. 
 
 November 29. Reception by Y. M. C. A. to Re- 
 form Club. 
 
 December 3. Workingwoman's Hume incorpor- 
 <ated. 
 
 December 1 5. Reservoir in 1 lamtramck first used. 
 
 1878. February 26. Merchants and Manufac- 
 turers' Exchange organized. 
 
974 
 
 TiiK ANNAi.s OK Di.ruorr, 
 
 Jiiin-. St. I'clrr's l.iillici-an ( luircli, ('Ihiu' Sliccl, 
 <!i-(lii-,iti-(l. Ill the simiinci" nf this year llic W'ddil- 
 w.'iid .\\i'iuK' roadway was wiiiinrd t'i\c fret, iiortli 
 of Willis Aviiuic. 
 
 JuiR- 2. A Iiullovk i)rcss and tlir i)a|)i(r-ma<'lH'' 
 proci'ss was made iisi; of by I'rcc I'rtss, tlic I'irst 
 linu; ill Michigan. 
 
 Jimc 3. Tlu' iwciUy-sixlh aiiiuial scssicjii of tin; 
 International 'rypoi^raphical I'nion l)ci;an, 
 
 Jini(j 13. Kcpiibiican Static Convention at ( )pera 
 House. 
 
 Jnne \f>. first eNliihition of ]>liono,i;rapli in De- 
 troit. 
 
 June \'). The National I'.eleetic .Mi'dieal Asso- 
 ciation nut in I )etroii. 
 
 Au,i;nst I 5. '["lieiihones first supplied to cili/eiis. 
 
 Septemi)er 16. 'I'he .State I'air o|)ened on Cass 
 Avenue, near Holclen Road; it lasted lAe days. 
 
 September iS. I,i,i(i,a'tl's Home and Day School 
 first opened. 
 
 December 12. Modjeska |)erforms in Detroit. 
 
 December 17. for the lirst time in years ;;(j|d, 
 i(reenbacks, and National Hank notes were of cciual 
 purcbasinjir i)owtT. 
 
 December 25. The Steam .Supply Company 
 bej^an to furnish steam. 
 
 December 2). St. Mary's 1'. K. Chapel tirstused. 
 
 1879. Fet)ruary 19. Reception by l,ii;ht (iuard 
 to ( "lovernor Croswell at ( )pira I louse. IJoard of 
 Trade bei(;in to occu|)V buildiiii.; corner Jefferson 
 A\cnue and (Iriswold .Street. 
 
 .May 10. Recreation I'ark first opened. 
 
 May I';, lierry Urotlurs' \ariiisli l'"aclory blew 
 up and killed siveral persons. 
 
 M.iy 21. iSo.ird of lioulevard Commissioners 
 provided for. 
 
 .\la\' 27. Council autliori/.ed to purchase Belle 
 i-i'ic and erect a brid'^^e. 
 
 Mav 31. Hoard of i'oor Commissioiu'rs jiroxided 
 for. 
 
 June \. l''iist e.Nhibition of electric lii^lit. 
 
 .Septembi'r 17. Re\-. Dr. S. S. Harris consetraled 
 I'l-otestant T'liiscopal Hisliop of Michigan. 
 
 lieptember iS. I'rcsiiKiit Hayes and wife visited 
 the city, and the Stale ^'ai*" on the Cass i'.irni. 
 
 .September 25. The city purchased i>elle Isle f( r 
 a park. 
 
 Novell, ber i. Sen.itor Ch.'indler died in bis room 
 at the (ir.ii.d I'aeilic Hotel, Chicn^o. 
 
 N'ovi'inber 2. .ScMiator Chandler's body was 
 brouirlit home by a committee of leaiiini,' citizens of 
 Mi'hii^.iu ,ind Illinois. 
 
 November 9. The 1'. E. Mission of llie Messiah 
 was first used. 
 
 Noveinber 17. Michitjan Colleije of Medicine 
 .ipened. Ciovernor Croswell appointed e.\-Ciover'ior 
 Henry 1'. Baldwin U.S. Senator. 
 
 November 21. St. M.uy's Ilospii.il, on St. An 
 tcine .Street, opeiud. 
 
 December 9. New ludustri.al Sclionl buildiiiv; 
 dedicated. 
 
 December r 6. Second ( lerman H.ipiist Chun ii 
 dedicati'd. 'l"he Fort W.iyiii! Con^re^.itioii.il Mis- 
 sion buildiui^ was first used this month. 
 
 1880. J.inu;iry 4. Rev. Ceorv^e i'. I'eiitecost's 
 reviv.il meetin^^^s bei^.in. 
 
 March 10. J'lpii)hany Refornnd f pisco]),il Chiirc n 
 was incori)orated. 
 
 April 22. The Detroit .Association of C'b.iriiies 
 was orv;,ini/.ed, 
 
 June 3. Princess Louise and I'lince Leopold 
 passed throu.ijh Detroit, 
 
 July 4. \'ery(|uiet; no firin;.^-or fircnvorksallowd 
 
 July 22. Steam yacht .Mamie rim into by steamer 
 ("larland, and si.xteen persons drowned, (jf whom 
 eleven were acolytes of 'I'rinity Church. 
 
 Aui^ust 23. Central .\L'irket buildinj^ Lompletid, 
 and .accepted by citv. 
 
 Aucfust 30. Peninsular Simi^erfest bey.iii. 
 
 AuilJUsI 31. Music Hill oj)eiied. 
 
 September 21. The .A(ninj;- News w.is lirsl 
 printed on a .Scott press, u: ini.; the papier-mache 
 process. 
 
 November 25. Jubilee thanksj,dvin,ir .services held 
 at Ccntr.il Church to celebnite |)ayment of debts on 
 all .Metludist l^piscopal Churches in the city. 
 
 December 12. t Hilton .Avenue Baptise Cli;ipcl 
 dedicated. 
 
 1881. J.anu.ary 12. The boiler ;il Cnioii Mills 
 exploded, ,111(1 three jK'rsons were killed. 
 
 J.inu.uy I'). Clinton A\enue Memnri.d I'resby- 
 teri.iu Chapel was dedicated. 
 
 Janu.iry 20. Archibald {•'orbes, correspondent of 
 London Times, lectured. 
 
 January 22. The State Tileplioiie System went 
 into oper.itiou. 
 
 I'el; U7 8. The Michi,i;;iii lire and M.irine 
 Iiisnr.'ii.je C imp.any was incorpor.iicd. 
 
 I'cbru.iry 24. Reception to ( lovernor Jerome ,it 
 Music Il.ill, under ;uisi)ices of the Detroit l.i.Klu 
 C.u.ird. 
 
 February 27. St. Luke's Memori.il I'. F.. (, li.ipcl 
 consecr.itcd. 
 
 M.arch it. Office of w.ard scliool insjiector .ibol- 
 islu'd ; insjK'ctors to be ele<led on ijeiier.il tiikel. 
 
 .\|)ril 21. Bo.ird of F'.siimales .ibolishcd. Bo.iid 
 of Councilmen pro\ide(| for. 
 
 May '. Fntirely new w.inl divisions crcited. 
 
 May 26. I''irst systcm.itic provision ni.ide for 
 lioani of Health. 
 
 June 12. The Host ;ind Tribune first printed on 
 Scott rot.irv pri'ss. 
 
 July 3. Trumbull .Aveiuu I'resbyteriaii Church 
 dedicated. 
 
■'s Ilus|)il.il, (HI Si. .\n- 
 
 uslrial Srlmnl liiiildiii;^ 
 
 HTin.iii l),i|)iisl Cluircl: 
 nc ConiL^ri'^aiinnal Mis- 
 lliis niDiith. 
 ( li'ori^t; I'. I'(iitc('(i.st\ 
 
 Mrnicd I'.piscdpal Cliiinh 
 
 Assncialinn nf C'liarilirs 
 
 ■>c and I'liiirc Lcopuld 
 
 riiii^or lin.'Wwiks allowi-d. 
 aiiiic run iiiu> l)y stfanicr 
 mis dniwiK'd, of wlioni 
 lily Cliun'li. 
 rki't Ixiildiiii,^ Loiiiplclcd, 
 
 San,t(cTfcsl began. 
 
 ()l)(.'IKtl. 
 
 AX'niiig News was first 
 ii:-ing the; paiiirr-maclic 
 
 haiiksgiving .services lield 
 rale payiiu'iit of debts on 
 lurelies in the eily. 
 \vciuie IJaplisi Cliapei 
 
 l)oiier at I'niuii Mills 
 
 WiTe kllieil. 
 
 •luie Memorial l'resl)y- 
 
 iri)es, I'orrespondcnt ol 
 
 eieplione System went 
 
 igaii "ire and Marini' 
 irporated. 
 
 Ill ( iovcrnor Jerome al 
 of tlie Detroit Light 
 
 Memorial I'. I'.. Ch.ipel 
 
 (i school insi)eclor abol- 
 led oil general liekel. 
 lates abolished. Hoard 
 
 ■(! (li\i--i<ins created. 
 
 lie ])ro\isio;i made for 
 
 I'ribune first jirinted on 
 
 L Presbyterian Ctuircli 
 
 nil'; .\NN,\i.s Of i)i;rK()ii' 
 
 975 
 
 July (<. I'l.\(Hirsion to lUiiier, Indiana, of subscri- 
 bers to bonus of ^200,000 given the Detroit. iJutler, 
 X: St. Louis R. K. 
 
 July 17. Catholic Church of the Holy Kedcemer, 
 Springwells, consecralecf 
 
 July 19. Soldii'rs' Monument completed. 
 
 August 14. I'irst ihrough train from St, Louis 
 arrived at Detroit. 
 
 August 2ij. l')oard of I'.irk Commissioners eruate(L 
 
 •Seiitembcr 8. Meeting held to raise money for 
 sulfeiers by .Michigan tires. 
 
 October 18. Uuivers.ilist Church dedic.ited. 
 
 N''>vember 29. Westminster Presbyterian Church, 
 Woodward Avenue, dedicated, 
 
 December 27, Commercial National iiank or- 
 ganised. 
 
 1882. January i. 'I'he first through tniiii.iriived 
 at Marquette from Mackinaw. 
 
 January 2. First sitting of three judgt-s instead 
 of one in Circuit Court. 
 
 January [3. The jury in the lii)el .suit of Hugh 
 S. Peoples against the ]''.vening News, for intimating 
 tiiat he was accessory to the murder of .M.irtha 
 Whitla, bring in a verdict for tiie defense. Peo- 
 l)les was subseciuently tried for the murder and 
 ac(|uitted. 
 
 Fel)ruary 10. Carlotta I'atti sings in Detroit. 
 
 I''el)ruary 26. Thirty-second Street (ierman ^L 
 li. Church dedicated. 
 
 May 15. Helle Isle Lighthouse first used. 
 
 June I. Delray ^L L. Church dedicated. 
 
 June 10. \isit of aldermen of Dayton. 
 
 June 14. Reunion of Army of the Potomac; 
 (ieiicral (Irani and other notables present. 
 
 June 15. immense proc:ession in morning ; sii.am 
 l)aiile on the Lair grounds in afternoon, and Ikiu- 
 (|un at Merrill Hall in the evening. 
 
 June 21. N.ilioual Kinderg.irKtii convention. 
 
 Julv t. Olfices of Lake Survey discoiuiiuied .it 
 Detroit. 
 
 July II. Nation,.! Amaleiii Press convention. 
 
 July 2t.'. I)aiit|nel to ( ieiur.il (lodfrey Weitzel 
 on the occasion of his le,i\ ing the city. Ro.idw.av of 
 Woodward Avenue widened between Columbia 
 Street and Willis Avenue. 
 
 August 9. Milwaukee city oilici.als visit the city. 
 
 August 18. 'I'he Fourteenth Regiment Ohio Na- 
 lioii.il Ciu.inl encamp on Pelle Isle. 
 
 August 22. Conclave of Knights )f Pylhi.'is. 
 
 Octobi *• 19. Ml. Hope Congreg,iiion,il .Mission 
 building ded.' .iled. 
 
 ()t tober ::4. Street-sweeping m,ichini-s first used, 
 December 17, Clinton .\ venue Memorial Pre-- 
 byteri.m Church deilicited. 
 
 December 29. Comiilimeiil.iry li,u;'.|uet lo C. t . 
 'l"idw bridge on his eighty-third birthday by over 
 cue liumired i itizens. 
 
 1883. J.uiuary I. Orgaiii/ation of Protective Fire 
 Com|)ain-. 
 
 J.inii.iry 8, Piirningof the Telegra|)h lilock and 
 narrow esc.ip of Western Union 'I'elegraph opiia- 
 tors, 
 
 J.inu.iry 18. Day Nursery and Kinderg.irten .\s- 
 soiiatioii building opened. 
 
 January 28. Wesley .M. !•:, Church dediciied, 
 
 February i. Clearing Hou,se established. 
 
 March 4. Harper Avenue Congreg.ation.il Mis- 
 sion dedicated. 
 
 .M.irch 18. Tin: Wabash K.iilroad imnmenced 
 using ilu' grounds and depot cjf the Cnion R.-iilmad 
 Station and Depot Co, 
 
 March 30. Detroit Light (iu.ird Levee to Cov. 
 J. W. liegole, at .Music Hall. 
 
 y\l)ril 25. New' system of city Justice Courts pro- 
 vided for. 
 
 April 29. St. Cassimer's Catholic Church con- 
 .seer.'ited. 
 
 May 13. St. ^L■ltthews' P. K. Church cmise- 
 crated. 
 
 .M.ay 21, F.xplosioii at the Wolverine Paper Mill ; 
 F'.ngineer W'm. Thompson killed and I'irem.ui ji hi 
 P. l-"r;ink f.it.illy injured; several firemen injured by 
 a f.illiiig wall. 
 
 Md\ .13. .Sen.itor Palmer gave a reception to 
 the Legisl.-iture and St.ate officials. 
 
 M;iy 31. 'I'he X.ition.il Free Tr.'ide Confeicnce 
 opened; it was the first held in Americ.i, 
 
 June 5. New city charter enacted, llo.ird of 
 Assessors created. 
 
 June 5 and (>. St.ite Pand tourn.imenl ,it Recrea- 
 tion Park, 
 
 June 6, .\nnu,il conferi'tice of P. L, (.'liunhes 
 of Laslt'iii Mi<liigan. 
 
 June II, The M. C, R. R, beg.aii running by 
 Detroit lime, 
 
 Julv 7. Till' (."oiitineiit.il CiU.anls of Ni-w ( Irle.iiis 
 visited the city. 
 
 [uly 8, Zion Luther.iii Church, al Siiringwells, 
 dedic.ited, 
 
 July \<). .Strike of telegraph (<pi raiors began. 
 
 .\ugusi IV Meeting of National Cliarco.al h'on 
 Workers' .Association. 
 
 .\ugust 14. Annual C onvenlion of the Inieriia- 
 tional Traveling P.issenger .Vgents' Association. 
 
 .August 19. St. P.onif.ice Catholic Chun li build- 
 ing consecrated. 
 
 .August 28. Convention of the Miitu.il P.enetii 
 Association of .America. The tirst Synod of the 
 West il'nited Presbyteri.ms) bi-g;in its serviit's in 
 the C. P. Church. 
 
 .September 1. The Art I.o.in o,-ened. The liven- 
 ing Joiirn.il first issued. 
 
 Sepleinber 3. Po.slal notes fir.sl issued in De- 
 troit. 
 
*a»Si**.,, 
 
 076 
 
 Till". AWAl.S Ol' I) I /r KOI I' 
 
 ScplrinbiT 3. /i;c)|iit;i( a! ( iaidcii ()|>tiuil. 
 
 luiic I'l 17. Tiir 'I'lioinas l''csU\, 
 
 il was lici( 
 
 Sc|ilcinl)(r I, 
 (iicdili aniii\i 
 
 I'cilish ( '<lil)rali(m (if iwo liim- t'lirisliiic Nilssn;), rrau Mauriia, ami <illi(r nnud 
 
 isai\v (il llu' lialilc nf N'iciiiia. 
 Scptcinlxr 17. ( )|)iniiiji; n| ilu' Slate I'air 
 ( )(ln!)rr I. Twi 
 ( >(|()1ht 
 
 .sin,v;cis |)rcsiiu 
 
 -cent 11 Iter poslai^c l)<v;aM. 
 
 Jiiiif J4. Tin 
 Si. jnlm l)c,i;iin. 
 
 I' annual ciinM-inion nf Kni'jhls ofl 
 
 Tlu' Anurnaii llii.trd nt Comniis- 
 
 .\ 
 
 U'JtIM 
 
 siiiiuis for {'"oifi^M Missions assi inhlcd. 
 
 ( )(ti)l)cr 6. Slate I 'ni\-eisalists' Coiui-ntioi) held 
 October 7. Asl)in\v .M. I-",. Mission dediealed. 
 
 l)'-aoi)s o 
 
 f 11 
 
 "he (|iia(lrennial meeiinj^' of tin 
 
 I all 
 
 nie.lll 
 
 M. 1;. (, 
 
 llll'eli eonvenec 
 
 ■tliel M. i:. Ihiiivli, j.af; 
 
 ucllr Street, at II \. \1. 
 
 'I'lie follow inj^ is a list of llie bishops in alien 
 
 ()(lol)eri(). C'elebralion of the two lnin<lredlh together with their residences : I ). .\. I'ayne, D. i). 
 
 aniii\ersary ol the l.nulini; ol llu' lirsl ( ii-rnians in 
 the I'liiled Stales. 
 
 I.1..I)., .\enia. o. ; J. I'. Shorter, .\eni,i, o. 
 1). Ward, I). !)., lleimin-s, Md. ; John M. 
 
 M. 
 
 Oetolur 14. Si. IJarnabas' 1'. 1;. Mi.ssion building; D. D.. \\'ashin.i;loii, 1), I'.; 1 1. M. Turner. I.I,. I). 
 iMNl used. .\tlant,i, < ia. ; \V. !•', Dickinson, I). I)., (.'olnnibia 
 
 October 17. Annual ineelini; of the Western S. C. ; K. 1 1. Cain, I ). I )., I ).illas. Tin. 
 
 .Nssoci.ited Press. 
 
 .Si'pieinber I. ('leneiMJ 11. !•'. liuiler a(ldressc:d a 
 
 October :;4. The State Savings iiank was ori;an- political meelini; in wesi (iiaiid Circus I'.irl 
 
 ( )( lober 51. The tenlh annual convetiticjii of 
 ihe Nation.il W. C. T. C be,i;an. 
 
 November 4. Si'eond buildiiii^ of I'.i'ihel l'.\an.v;el- 
 ical .Association dedicated. Monsi^iior l'. J. Cai)el 
 lectured in I )eiroit. 
 
 NoMMiiber 1^. Meelinj; of .\inericaii I'liblie 
 1 leallh .\ssociati<in. 
 
 No> ember 22. Coiivenl of ihe ( )rder of the ( lood 
 Shepherd o|)ened. 
 
 December 2. Cass Avenue .M. 11. Chapel dedi- 
 e.itt-d. 
 
 Deceinbe'- 4. Daily Tillies tiist issued. 
 
 December 25. i'roteslaiit ICpiscop.il .Mission 
 buildinv;(if tlu' (lood Slie|)lier(l lirsl used. 
 
 Decembir 27. Keei'plion at Detroit Club House 
 to Chiif-Jiistiee r«. r. < iraves, on his reiireimnt from 
 the Michiiraii Supreme Court. 
 
 1884. J.inuary 17. Matthew .\riiold lectured in 
 Delroit. 
 
 |,inuarv 23. .Annual nieelini; <if (Irand .\rmy of 
 the Republic. 
 
 I'ebruary 27. .M. S. Smith «.\: Co.'s .\ulomalic 
 Cloik iiiueileti. 
 
 Ma\' 6. Mxletisivi' liix' at l"rost's Woodt n Wart- 
 Work's. 
 
 .May 21. N'alion.il IS.iplist .\niii\i'rsaries bev^an. 
 
 Iiiiii' I J. National Convention of Travelers' I'ro- 
 teclive .\ssoeiatioii opeiicil. 
 
 .Seplembir IV In the evt'iiinn ( liner.il John .\. 
 l,o]L;an addressed a Republican meetinij at the Roller 
 Skating Rink, on l.arned Street llasi, 
 
 September I 7. .\ tire brolie out about 2.30 I'. M. 
 on ll!,v;h Street, between Third .ind T'ourlh .Streets; 
 it e.xtiiided to (Irand River .\\(iiue, .ind destroyed 
 two planini,r mills, several sm.ill stores, :md six or 
 seven housi's ; the loss reachim; probably S 5o,<xxj. 
 
 Septeiiibir ii;, .Ai about 2. v> !'• M- se\'i'ral per- 
 sons ill the city, and ollurs in the interior of tlii' 
 .Si; :e and in ( )hio and Indiana, were eonseious of 
 the tremor of ,111 earllKiuake. It was so slij^lit, how- 
 ever, that probably imt one person in a hundred 
 in till' city observed it. 
 
 October 7. John 1'. Si. John, the I'rohibition 
 canilidali' for President, delivered an addrt'ss at the 
 Detroit ( ipera 1 louse. 
 
 ( )etober 711. Ninth annual iifclin^ of the 
 Cliiireli Coiii^ressof tlu' Protesi.tnt I'.piseopa! Chine h 
 held at Wliilney's Opera Mouse. Ri'V. Phillips 
 hrooks, I). D., \<\^\n Rev. Henry C. Poller, D. D.. 
 Rev. C.eor^e 1). Wildes, D. 1)., Rev. Win. Clark, 
 M. .\., Rev. R. Ileber Newton. I), D., and oilier 
 notable elervcymeii were present, as was also Henry 
 (icorne ,ind many disliiii;iiislied laynion. 
 
 October 14. James (1. iilaiiie and John C. T're- 
 nioiit present at ,1 Republican i;atlieriin^. Parade of 
 live hundred liorsemeii and many torehbearers in 
 the eveiiiiiv;. 
 
\;is l''(sli\.il was luld. 
 li'i'iia, aii'l iiilur iiiilcd 
 
 incnliiin nf Kiii;^lils of 
 
 i;i)iiial mirliiiv; nf llic 
 I''.. L'liunli iipMMiud al 
 yvlU- Slitcl. al I I \. M. 
 I' bishops in allciiilaiui', 
 L's: I). A. I'ayiir, D. D., 
 )rlcr, Xciii.i, ( >. ; T. M- 
 M(i. ; joiin M. I'linwn, 
 II. M. Iiinur. i.l.. I)., 
 iisun, I). 1)., Cdiiuuhia, 
 )allas. Tix. 
 
 '). !•'. liulkf adtiiissid ;i 
 •and Circus i'aik. 
 \iiiiiii; t iiiural Jiilin A. 
 an nu'clinij al liu' Knilcr 
 ivcl l'".ast. 
 
 ■iiliC out al)nul 2.y> v. M. 
 lird .nid Kourlii St reds; 
 r Avenue, and deslniycd 
 small stoics, ami six of 
 chilli;' pfobalily S ji'.cxjo. 
 ll 2.\n v. M. sc\ei;il |)cl"- 
 rs in the interior of the 
 di.ina, were conscious ol 
 '. ll w.as so sli>;lit, liow- 
 le person in a hundred 
 
 John, the I'roliiliilion 
 iveri-d an addri-ss iil the 
 
 annu.il ni'^etinn of the 
 
 lesianl ilpiscoi),!! CIiiik h 
 
 I louse. Kev. I'hillips 
 
 lllenry C. Poller, D. 1 >.. 
 
 I)., Kev. Win, (lark. 
 
 ton. 1). 1).. and other 
 
 .eiil, as was al.so Henry 
 
 llied laymen. 
 
 iLiiiie ,111(1 Jolm C l'"re- 
 
 |n ^.illurini;. I'ar.'ide of 
 
 many loirlibcairrs in 
 
 A I' pi: N 1)1 \ A. 
 
 A DKSCRll'llVK LIST (U Till'; IKI'.NC II lAK.M.S oK I'UlWMi'; Cl.Al.M.S IN 
 
 W.WNi; COTN TV. 
 
 |eo|'.viik-lil, issi, ijy niiMs KanniT.I 
 
 In lliis lisi, till- fiisl n.imc miiirr llic ln'.-ul of Kiiii.iiks i-; iln- iiaini- nf ilu- township in wliidi ilic <l;iim is Imnli'd. 
 Unlrss i.tliirwisi' s|)fi iliud, the iuiihIm r nf ,ii ns y,i\ru is .is founil on .A.imii (Ircilj-'s rii).;r,ivril map nl I'rivalr CM.imis nf 
 
 'Hm, liiil i .Illy llfly ( laiiiis tin- iiiiniliir (il .irirs, as niviii in liis miniiial iintrs, diffrrs (nun ihi' miinlur nf ;» ri-s ^ivrn 
 
 fni llii s. I i.iiiii nil hi-, nia|i, pnlilislii-d liy ilir I'nitril Slalis. ll i^ alsii Inn- tli,il all nf tin: siirvi ys wiir so i aiclissly 
 
 inadf thai many nl tin- riainis im hide innrr aires ijian .m- hircin ^;iv(ii. 'I'hr ninnliii nf airrs cnnlirinid its li;ii k inmrssinns 
 111 scvir.il nf ihr 1 l.iiins, is >;ivin iliiiitly iiiidirrn .illi tin- niindirr nf in res nf ihi; nriKioal < laiin, ami is as nivuii in Ainrriian 
 Stair I'apir^. ni ill surveys nf the ^nverninent siirveynrs. 
 
 In adililinn In llie claims in this list, the ininnii'-sinners ennliriiied ;il h ,ist three small trails nf l.iinl ihat lay Inlwein 
 the Cass and Hrnsh l'',irins and th,il wire im lulled in the I InM-rnnr ,iiid JiidKes' Plan. They wire ninnliin d i, .(, and i).| in 
 the first re|inrt nf the I nniniissinneis, Imt arc tin Innner kimwii nr desiribed by numbers, 'llic iiuincs arc fjivcii as they lire 
 spelled in the .Amerieaii Stale Papers. 
 
 No. of 
 Claim. 
 
 8 
 
 9 i>t- 454 
 
 In 
 
 New !■> 
 II ik 4s.t 
 
 New 1 1 
 IJ 
 
 New I J 
 '3 
 
 "4 
 «5 
 
 iC 
 '7 
 
 i8 
 
 No. of 
 Acres. 
 
 Name of Claimanl, 
 
 i.M.i8..| Jnhn Askin 
 
 );(i.8j.. Anlnine lieaubieli 
 
 I in.i/).. Clias. Mnran. 
 1 t2.n(). . I.iiiiis Mnran . 
 
 u,2.J7 I I 
 57 • 5') I 
 
 lort.ijl 
 ao).7n.. 
 
 Manr 
 
 .Mm an. 
 
 Catherine I leipilndie. . 
 Juhii Unlxri .Mel)iiiit:all 
 
 Inn. jfi I l.onis Mnran 
 
 .)T.l/) j j 
 
 ).S().ii.(..i Henry (nnnnr. .. 
 
 1 J'J.7n. . liennil Cliapntnll 
 
 140. 
 88. 
 ,17 
 
 11;. 
 
 jn; 
 I4f. 
 iJi> 
 
 H7- 
 105. 
 
 •44 
 
 141 
 
 >.)>• 
 '47- 
 'i7 
 i|5 
 i"t 
 yl, 
 
 lol 
 
 (16 
 
 1 1 
 
 ,84.. 
 Hi ( 
 
 .5.>( 
 
 ■ill I I 
 .(■.H\ 
 
 Ileirsnf jnseph Pnmi rvilll! .. 
 
 Charles ( iniiiii 
 
 Jnsi pli l.niiis Tremble 
 
 Nil ll. ( illnill 
 
 Ch.is. I'ellier 
 
 I'hillis I'ellier 
 
 07.. 
 
 70 1 i 
 
 1 1 * 
 
 67' ; 
 
 21,1 
 
 75 t 
 
 .VI 
 
 ■40(1 
 
 •53 I I 
 71 I 
 
 ll,liu is p. Malehcr 
 
 Irancnis ( ioiiin 
 
 (i Melihiim 
 
 I.nllis lienf.iit 
 
 Unberl Navarre, . . 
 Pierre I). I.abadi .. 
 
 74 
 67 
 fay 
 
 ( 
 «8f 
 
 Jus. Iieaiilili'ii .... 
 Kraninis (iamelia 
 AUxis I.abadi .... 
 
 Dull- of 
 Confirin.-illnii. 
 
 Iiine (n, 1807. 
 jiini: jn, 1807. 
 
 Inly I, 18117. 
 July I, 1H.7. 
 
 July 1, i8n7. 
 
 July 2, 1807 . . . 
 
 1 July 1, 18. .7 
 I llee. 7, iSn8 
 
 July J, 18.17. .. 
 
 18-M 
 
 1 July ,,, 18.7 
 ( I lee. 7, i8u8 
 
 '■>2J 
 
 July '1, 1S07. . 
 
 >8--J 
 
 July (., i,So7. . 
 July (,, 1807.. 
 July fi, 1807.. 
 
 July I., 18.17. 
 July 8, 18.17.. 
 
 July 8, i8n7.. 
 July m, 1807, . 
 July 15, 18..7 . 
 July 15, 1807.. 
 
 July 16, 181.7. 
 July 16, 1807 . 
 July 16, i8n7 . 
 
 10771 
 
 * 
 
 Kcmarlcs, 
 
 llitinii. Known ns the llnish I'.irm. 
 
 Ilelrnil. The west h;ilf 1.1 this tr.iel is now knnwn a** 
 
 the l.amlierl l!iaulii< ii, and llie east half as the 
 
 .\iitnine P.eauliii-n I'.ii iii. 
 li'iMiit. Kiinvvn as till ( liarles .\lniaii larm. 
 Ililriiit, Known as the l.nnis Mnran larm. 
 
 Ilelriiil. Tho frniil is imw knnwn as the lliiiii I'arin. 
 Allhnn,i;h oriKiiialiy iiumheied 7, >-et in • ireely's 
 Siirxeys it is niiiiiliered iS..; iiud in .Inseph I'leteher's 
 Survey of the n ar eoneessinn it is also niinibered 
 
 18.?. See alsn iHj. 
 
 Delinil. This is p.iit nf the trail knnwn as Ih. I )e- 
 ipiindre l*'.iriu. 
 
 Detroit. This trail is knnwiias the Mel liiiii;all I .iriii. 
 The number nf aires niven iiielndes the area nf 
 
 biitli elainis, 454 being the rear coiiccssinn of '). See 
 
 alsn P. C. 454. 
 Ilainlrami k. 
 
 ( irnssi: Pnintl*. 
 
 I)clrnil. This trael is nnw kanwii as lie \\. Chapolnn 
 KariM. The nimiher nf aires xiveii iniludes the 
 area nf both elainis, 4s { being the rear eniieessinii 
 nf 11. See also Private Claim ijj. 
 
 Cirnsse Pninle. 
 
 Ililrnil. Knnwn as the Oiiiiin I'arin. 
 
 ( irnsse Pninle. 
 
 Delinil. Nnw knnwn as the Ki.ipelle I'arm. 
 
 Detrnit, Nnw knnwn .is the St. .\iibin I'arin. 
 
 D"trnil, Nnw kiinw as the I.eib I'arm. 
 
 Ilamlramek, Now kimwii as the Cliiiri h I'arin. 
 Detrnii. I'his is part nf the tr.nl nnw .'mnwn as the 
 
 I leipiinilri: I' .11 m. 
 Ilamtrainik. Kiinwn as the Mi lilniin larm. 
 
 Ilamlramek. Knnwn as the lieaiifait. I'arin. 
 
 Detrnii. The easterly s-u of this trai I is now known 
 
 as the Ilrevoiirl larm. 
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 ^lavi'il iii..|i ..I I ii.'.'ly 't till M y. tl it a Miiall 1 l.iiiii 
 lyiiiK tt. ^1 "I anil .iili'imiiii; I' • . .,'•. ll it ..1, 
 Mil- liv'i .111.1 11. 'W I. .1111. |l.lll "I I*. (.'. 11 .lllll 4."^^. 
 Ili'iiili'.iii 
 . Ili-aili.ini. 
 I 
 
 ll.iiiiliaiii. k. 
 
 il.iinli.iiiii k. 'I li. I1..11I ..I 'll. I.iiiii 1-^ . ..II. 'I I'. ( / I 
 'ill 111.' (.n . ly i,,.,|,. 
 . . I l.miliaiii. k. 
 
 1 1. mill. nil. k, 
 ( ii.itv: I'.iilitr. 
 
 ]'J:'!!i\ J. ll' M.'i-" 
 
 ''7-""! J. 11. \I.iitai: 
 
 '/i'.l"l 1 
 
 ""■5"[ Win. U.iliiviii .111.1 IIiikIi K. 'M.'iiin 
 8) '.■..( j 
 
 '"-77 [ limniuiiiu. I..iliii,tti: 
 
 .('14" ' 
 
 (,8.01 I 
 
 7J'J')( 
 
 IJS.I'J* 
 
 I • 7 n I 
 
 YJ^Xll' "'■ "■ 
 
 A. Latiilli' 
 
 J. A I. L.italli' 
 
 July .,, iH.iJi. 
 July .,, ilLiH. 
 
 July ,,, i8.iH 
 
 July II, i:-i..'l 
 July la, i8.i« . 
 July 11, 1 8. ,8 
 July ■„ IH..H, . 
 
 July Ki, la.iH . 
 July I'i, i«.i8 . 
 Aiiv;. :ii, iH'ii. 
 July il, I ■ .JI. 
 July ..|, 18 .8 
 July il, l8.iH 
 July Hi, I iiiH. 
 
 I'.i .in I-, 
 
 S|iiiii)iwi-llit. 
 
 K. iin.-. 
 
 Di-ifiiii. Now known at llii- r.,i>k h'arni. 
 
 IlL'li'iit. N.w kniiWii at tin- Kiv.ii.l l-'aini. 
 
 Di'lr.iil. ll »at niiiiil,. K .1 7 .,1 ik;iii.illy, y. I in (in-. Iv'i 
 ami Jijti'|il, I- !.'!. li.'i't tiiiMyt ii u iiiiiiil>i'it'il i8i 
 It i» iinw l.lll. .1 III. .Mullill f'arni. 
 
 (Irii-iM- I'.iinl' . 
 
 . ..! (In/MW P.jiiiU-'. 
 
 .1 Kiiin.-. 
 . . , ^jiriiiKWi lis. 
 
 , ..' (ininti- I'.iillll-. 
 (Imtti- I'iiiiii.-. 
 (Imttr I'.iinl. . 
 
 (illlSSI! I'llillll-. 
 
 . ..1 Kiiini-. 
 ..I lli-tmil. Niiw kii.iwii at till- 'rii.iiniiHim I arm. 
 
 I i . . k. I .1 .. I . il...-, ., I. ..r... 
 
 ili'lniil! .N'.iw ku'i'vu as llii: I..1II1 riy I arm. 
 
 (ilUHSC I'liilltr. 
 
 tjruiiti- I'.milf. 
 I if. its.- I'.iinl.-. 
 (Ir.issi- I'l.inli-. 
 Drtnill. N'iW kill, 'Ml at iln- Lalirntti- I .11111. 
 
 Ili-tniil. rriurl" tal.- i.i Uisiilli- kiinwii at I'. ( In tin; 
 
 I'aiiii, n.iW kn.iwu as lIu- J.jihs I'ann. 
 Dflf'.il. I hit it pail .if ill.- Irai I imw kliuwii as lli« 
 
 SVu.MlliriilKi: I arm. 
 Urumw J'uiiili:. 
 
980 
 
 UL.SLKII'11\J': Lisr OF FRENCH FARMS OR I'RlVArK CLAIMS. 
 
 No.<.f 
 Claim. 
 
 256 
 -•58 
 
 SS9 
 a6o 
 
 161 
 
 364 
 
 afi6 
 1267 
 
 (2f,8 
 
 269 
 
 270 
 
 276 
 
 3cx> 
 
 317 
 
 3'5 
 
 321 
 
 322 
 
 328 
 337 
 
 33S 
 
 34" 
 344 
 
 34 i 
 354 
 33 s 
 379 
 38 s 
 380 
 
 387 
 388 
 389 
 39'> 
 39 « 
 
 39a 
 
 393 
 394 
 404 
 
 405 
 4=i3 
 4J4 
 455 
 
 458 
 473 
 
 No. of 
 Alios. 
 
 Naini.' of C'laliiiaiit, 
 
 640. cx). . Heirs lit Wii,. Macoiiil) 
 
 'IT-')'''- ll.iisof Win. Macomb , 
 102.91 ( I 
 
 "j'H G. .McUrcyoi- 
 
 306.04 ( ■'' 
 
 80.00.. Willow an<l Heirs of I.saao Ganicr 
 
 479.68.. Klijali finisli , 
 
 I'a:?!')" "•'•■sof J. 15. Crequi. 
 
 '■"':■? ^ .Mildriim A: I'ark ... . 
 300.05 ) 
 
 3.97.. Isaar I'oiUl. 
 .3O.. j.imrs McUill 
 
 35O. 18. I Isaac Todd.. 
 
 213.82 I , ■■■ I I 
 
 227.94(1 '""'"^ '■"'''•■ 
 
 io<;.oi . . II. lierlliulct 
 
 142.92. 
 
 Jas. M.C.ill 
 
 II. liirlh.l.t 
 
 273 ".iS^ ' Nitliolas I'ateiiodc, Sr 
 
 300.05 ) 
 
 4-! ( i 
 
 •.)'-7-' > 
 ..■t-Bof 
 167.-2 I ] 
 M'..SS 1 j 
 Mi. 50 ( 1 
 08.52) I 
 437.60.. I 
 
 100.54 ( 
 112.47 f 
 
 20). 52 ( 
 196.14 ( I 
 200.50 
 166.4 
 
 '3>-33"l 
 (10...) ( I 
 71.27 f 
 45.61 < 
 31-54 f 
 
 334.')"-- 
 
 70 ■-■y' 
 
 08 I2f • 
 6o(j.oo. . 
 640.00. . i 
 640.(30. .| 
 
 415-"'--' 
 20J.05.. 
 
 155.85 I 
 
 42.'Klf 
 
 261.25..] 
 129.12 . 
 639.89.. 
 
 io<;.7' 
 130.94 
 
 90.47 
 105.88 
 
 24.26 
 25419--! 
 337-14-- 
 192.85 I 
 194.10 ( 
 100.27. . 
 
 Julieii Korton 
 Clias. Rivard. 
 
 Dati' of 
 CoiirMiiiatioii. 
 
 Nov. 6, 1801J. 
 
 Aiiji. j, iSoS. 
 Aug. 2, it)o8. 
 
 Aiig. 4,' 1808. 
 
 Aug. 4, 18..8 
 Aug. 4, 1808, 
 
 Aug. 4, 1808. 
 
 Aug. II, 1808. 
 Aug. II, 1808. 
 
 Oct. 2S, 1808 . 
 
 March 3, 1843 . 
 
 iS-'3 
 
 March 3, 1843. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 1S08. 
 
 .Michel Rivard . 
 .\aron Thoinas. 
 
 Widow and Heirs of Jos. I'oin.iinville 
 
 Louis (irilTard, Jr 
 
 Nicholas Canipau 
 
 I'll ire I iiiniay 
 
 J. I!. Choviii 
 
 K Chahert 
 
 I'eUr (nrry 
 
 I'ierre Vax 
 
 Wm. Walker 
 
 .Ad. mi lliown 
 
 All. on Itrowii 
 
 I OS. Lonis Tiemhle 
 
 Louis Trumlile, Sr 
 
 Jos. I.ionard Tremble 
 
 Michel Va.x 
 
 Thomas Treinhle 
 
 Jos. Louis- Tremble 
 
 Widow and Heirs of Anloiiie .Moras.. 
 
 Chas. (jouiu, Sr 
 
 Robert .Marsac 
 
 I. I!. C'hovin 
 
 r'raneois .Marsac 
 
 Alice Kirby 
 
 McTavish, Frobishcr i: Co 
 
 Aug. 24, 1808. 
 
 .\ug. 30, i8q3. 
 
 .Aug. 30, 1 80S. 
 Sept. 3, 180S. . 
 
 Sept. 6, 1808,. 
 
 Sept. 17, 1808. 
 
 Sept. 17, 1808. 
 Oct. i3, 1808 . 
 Oct. 31, 1808 . 
 
 Oct. 31, i8o3 . 
 
 June 14, i8o<j, 
 
 Nov. 2, 1808.. 
 
 Oct. 25, 1809 . 
 Oct. 26, 18.19 . 
 ( )ct. 26, 180.J . 
 Nov. 21, 1808. 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 Nov. 23, i8o8. 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 
 Nov. 23, i8oti 
 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 Nov. 23, 1808. 
 
 Nov. 30, i8(>3. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1808. 
 
 198. 72.. I J. li. Iteaugranil. 
 93.91 . . Simt>n 1 .i\ 
 
 98.26 1 .I-'"!"'-'* Las. 
 
 lie 
 
 Nov. 30, 1808. 
 Uec. 7, 1808., 
 
 Dec. 8, 1808. 
 Dec. 12, 1808 . 
 
 This claim, with the subsequent second concession, 
 iiu'liideil .'ill of Hog Island; the entire inland was 
 conliriiied by the coniinissioners on November 1, 
 i8.>{, to li. Cainp.'iii, who h.id liou).:lit of .Mauiinli. 
 
 Ilainlramck, Part of Van ICvery Tarm. 
 
 Cirosse I'ointe. 'This claim is erroneously niiinbered 
 558, not only on the Itelden Alias, bin ,iKo on the 
 list of claims at Lansing, ^md in Slulletl's survey 
 of Nov., 1824. It is miinbeieil .'58 in the Stair' 
 I'apeis, and al.so in the engraved lopyof Oreely's 
 map. 
 
 Kcorce. Sec Act of July 1, 1870 ; I.awsuf U. S., Vol. 
 16, page 647. 
 
 Springwell.s. 
 
 (Irosse I'ointe. The number of acres of back conces- 
 sion ini bides also that for P ('. 5H4. 
 
 Cirosse Poirle. 'The nuinbti' of acres of back conces- 
 sion includes also that of P. C'. 27). ('laim No. 
 262 is erroneously numbered in lielden's Atlas as 
 No. 264. 
 
 Ilanilraini k. This is part of the front of tract 644, 
 but it is not iinnibeied on the engraved Cneely map. 
 
 Detroit. 'This i> .1 small tract on the river, and forms 
 part of wh.it IS now known as P. C. 13. 
 
 Springwell.s. 
 
 S|niiigwells. These claims were rejected in 1823, but 
 eonliriiied by C'ongrcss. U. S. Laws, vol. 6, p, 1)05. 
 
 Spriiigwells. 'This i-laim was rejeiteil by the coni- 
 inissicmers in 18 17. but in 18J3 it, « iili P. C. No. 271 
 and 655, was eonlirined to liertlielet by boundaries 
 that ineliided .ill three of the ilaims as claim No. 
 32. It should not be (onfoiinded wilh the P. C. 32 
 ilrst originally so numbered. 
 
 Springwells, This claim was rejected by the com- 
 missioners in 1823, liiit contirmed by Act of Con- 
 gress March 3, 1843. Laws of U. S., vol. 6, page 1^5. 
 
 Springwells. Sec history of P. C. 269. 
 
 (Iri'Sse Poinle. 'The nuiiibei' of acres of back conces- 
 sion includes that of 261 aUo. 'Thi' back concession 
 of 275 is erroneously luiuibered 272 in the llelileii 
 Atlas. 
 
 Crosse Pointe, 
 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 
 Ilearliorn. 'This claim is wrongly numbered 212 on 
 
 the lielden Atlas, 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 
 Springwells. 
 
 llanUiamck. This is part of the tract now known ,is 
 
 tile Van Kvery Farm. 
 Detroit. Now known as the Loiaiiger I'urm. 
 
 Springwells. 
 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 
 lirownstown. 
 Urowiist iwn. 
 Itrowiisti wn. 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 
 Orosse Pointe. 
 
 Grosse Poinle, 
 Orosse Pointe. 
 Crosse Pointe. 
 llauitramck. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 C.'osse Pointe. 
 
 Crosse I'ointe. 
 
 Springwells. 
 
 See P. ('. 11. 
 
 See P. C. o and 455. 
 
 Kcorce. < )n Cuely's engravi il map this claim is 
 
 wrongly iiiiiiibeied 454. 
 Grosse Poin'.e. 
 
 Detroit. Now known as the Stanton Larm. 
 
 Not numbered on Crecly's map. 
 
I.AIMS. 
 
 nurks. 
 
 bspqucut second cmiicssiim, 
 Maiul ; llir iiiliii' i^linul Wiis 
 iiiiii--siniicis (Ml NcivciiiIht 1, 
 vim li.ul lic.iiKlil of Miuoinl). 
 Ill I'.viry liirni. 
 
 ;iiiii is crroncoiisly niiiiil'iriil 
 lit 1(1.11 Athis \iiit .lUo on till- 
 sin.i;, 1111(1 ill MiiUitt's survey 
 iiiinilieied .'.sS in lti<; i^'"',"" 
 :lic engraved i<i|>y of Clreely s 
 
 y I, 1870 ; Laws of U. S., Vol. 
 
 nilier of aeres of back conccs- 
 ;.l for P C. 5«4- 
 inilier of aeris of liaek conces- 
 IkiI of 1". V. 27 i- ^lai"' ^"■ 
 unilKred in lieldun's Atlas as 
 
 part of the front of trad 644, 
 ■d on tin- engraved (ireely map. 
 ill tract on the river, and forms 
 known as P. C. 13. 
 
 aims were rejected in 1823, but 
 ;ss. U. S. Laws. vol. 6. p. 1)05. 
 liin was rejected liv the cum- 
 iit in i8jj it, with r. t:. No. 271 
 lied to liertlielet by lioimdaries 
 iree of the ( laliiis as cl/uiii No. 
 e . iinfoiindi-d with the 1'. C. 32 
 inibered. 
 
 lim was rejected by the com- 
 biit conlirmed by Act of Coii- 
 l.aws of U. S., vol. 6, page 905. 
 .iry of 1'. C. 36f). 
 lumber of aires of back conces- 
 (j6i aUu. The back concession 
 y miinbtred 272 in the l.elden 
 
 is wron,i;ly numbered 21.1 on 
 
 Iparl of the tract now known :n 
 IS the l.oianger I'urm. 
 
 iibenil on Circcly's map. 
 
 . iwravi a map this claim is 
 
 ihc Staiiloii Kami. 
 
 No, of 
 Cluini. 
 
 474 
 
 475 
 496 
 
 497 
 50a 
 
 506 
 
 523 
 S»4 
 5*5 
 
 543 
 
 544 
 
 54910556 
 556 to 559 
 
 558 
 560 
 
 56,1 
 
 567 
 5*9 
 570 
 
 573 
 
 "X 
 57" 
 
 577 
 
 583 
 
 5L- 
 588 
 589 
 S<)" 
 59 > 
 592 
 
 6og 
 611 
 
 613 
 615 
 
 r,.7 
 618 
 
 619 
 
 620 
 621 
 699 
 
 631 
 636 
 
 f.41 
 
 644 
 
 648 
 650 
 
 65> 
 
 65s 
 656 
 657 
 
 DESCKIl'TIVK LIST OT FRKNCU FAKM.S OR rKlXAli; Ll,.\l.\I.s. 
 
 981 
 
 No. of 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Name of Claimant. 
 
 Date <if 
 C'onlirinalion. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 ^•**U J.&K. I..i-elle 
 
 18737.. Jacipies I.aselle 
 
 221.7.!.. I.oiiis LediK 
 
 198.08. . Claude Campeau 
 
 ^^■^i';l Rene Maisiic 
 
 59'78» 
 
 V'^^[\ Chas. Nicholas Gouin, Jr 
 
 67.93 1 
 
 Ciabriel Ciodfroy, Sr 
 
 Heirs of loseph Voyer 
 
 (lab. (iodfroy, Sr., and children. 
 
 Francois Dnroi be 
 
 167.5 
 234.5'').. 
 l(;9.6o. . 
 
 135 •5-'- • 
 66.18I 
 65.21 ( 
 
 640. GO. . 
 
 Jos Campeaii 
 
 John, William and li.ivid M.imuib 
 
 Surah, widow of Wni, M.icoinb..,. 
 
 Dec. 12, i8o,S... 
 
 Dec. 12. 1808... 
 
 Dec. 14, 1808... 
 
 Dee. 14, 1808 .. 
 
 Dec. 14, i8o3. .. 
 
 Dei-. 14, 1808... 
 
 Dec. 14, 1K08 .. 
 
 Dec, 20, iS.J} . 
 
 Dec. 20, 1808... 
 March 22, tA*). 
 
 Dec. 21, 1S08. .. 
 
 Dec. .•), 1808... 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 !''.( line. 
 Kcorce. 
 Ecorre, 
 
 Urc 
 
 Now known as the Luranger Farm. 
 
 I'oillti 
 
 .50. 
 
 137.60.. 
 
 207.22. . 
 
 129.79.. 
 
 49 00 . . 
 15M2I 
 225, lO f 
 aoo. ,1 I 
 8.3a t"; 
 2q4.1i". . 
 200.48. . 
 104.741. 
 
 83.21 ( I 
 376.56..; 
 
 45.58 
 
 .j>R 
 
 Meldruin & Park . . 
 
 lean Haptiste Campau 
 J. I!. Rivard 
 
 Chas. Rouleau 
 
 Jean Haptiste Delisle. 
 
 Catherine Thibault.. . . 
 
 Loui.s Ch.ipoton 
 
 Jos. I.ivernois 
 
 J. B. Sene 
 
 Henry .St. Harnard ... 
 
 Jacob Vis>{er 
 
 .58 ( 
 • 71 f 
 
 Widow of Ale.v. Ellair. . . 
 
 9- 
 143.4(1.. 
 
 30.25.. 
 
 60.00. . 
 
 80.00,. I 
 
 <'i8.27.. 
 170.44 
 
 Joseph So 
 
 John Yax . 
 
 jean Haptiste Cicot 
 Jean Haptiste Cicot 
 Geo. Hliiejacket .... 
 
 A. I,: 
 
 elle 
 
 John, William and David Macomb. 
 
 203 . 26 . . 
 124.52 ( 
 136.08 I 
 201.49.. 
 480 . 60 . . 
 533.80 . 
 527.10.. 
 
 t24'35-- 
 
 326 50.. 
 367.50.. 
 2 )7 . 24 . . ■ 
 
 61.071 
 129.48 I I 
 a45vlo..| 
 
 60.23 ' 1 
 
 11.05 I j 
 118.88 ( 
 
 19.8,(1 
 407.26 I 
 
 204.56.. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Jan. 2o, 180.; 
 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 I )ei,. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 24. 1808. 
 24, 1808. 
 
 26, 1808. 
 28, 1808. 
 
 38, 1808. 
 
 28, 1808. 
 
 28, i8o3. 
 28, 1808. 
 
 28, 1808. 
 
 29, 1808. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1808. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 I »ec. 
 1 )ec. 
 Dec. 
 Dec. 
 
 30, 1808. 
 
 30, 1808. 
 ■31, i3o8. 
 il, 1808. 
 
 31, 1808. 
 ii, 1S.18. 
 31,1808. 
 
 Clias. Ponpard 
 
 Julian Camp.iu 
 
 Francois Marsac 
 
 Wm. .M urphy 
 
 John Kenzie 
 
 I'hos. I'orsyth 
 
 Thos. I orsyth 
 
 Robert I 'orsyth I 
 
 Robert Forsyth ... 
 
 Christian Clemens 
 
 Francois Ambroise Tremble 
 
 (J. C.odfroy 
 
 .\ntoine HiUou i/it L'F.sperance 
 
 Widow and Heirs of J. II. I'hovin . . .' 
 Anne Coats for Heirs of J. Doualilson 
 
 Pierre Rivard 
 
 Dec. 30, 1809... 
 
 Feb. I, l8og 
 
 Feb. 6, 1800 . . . . 
 March 6, i.S.h). .. 
 Feb. 20, iSoy . . . 
 Feb. 20, 1809 . . . 
 June 29, 1810. . . 
 r'eb. 20, 181X) . . . 
 Slarch 22, 181 X). . 
 July 9, 1810 
 
 March 22, i8oq . 
 
 A|iril 10, iSo; . . 
 
 April 17, iScK) . . 
 
 April 19, 180; . . 
 May 10, 1809 . . . 
 
 .May 19, 181KJ .. 
 
 66.14' 
 
 62.70 I 
 
 105.54., 
 
 166.76 I. 
 117. Ill ( 
 
 3.3-661. 
 
 32.22 ) 
 
 I 
 
 Pierre Tremble June 23, 1809. 
 
 Ale.\is Cenait .//V Coqnillard June 26, 1809. 
 
 H. Ilerlhelet 1823 
 
 Nicholas Riv.ird Aug. 30, 1809. 
 
 Gabriel Reneau, Jr j Aug. 30, i8og. 
 
 drosse I'ointe. 
 
 Dearborn. 
 
 l'',corce. 
 
 F.corce. 
 Sprinijwells. 
 
 drosse Pointe, 
 
 Mon>;uai,'on. These and the three followini,' luinibcrs 
 
 inchide all of drosse Isle. 
 .\biin;iia,i,'on. These elaiiiis were also numbered as 
 
 New Nos. 51, 52. and s(, by the i iiniiiiissioiiers in 
 
 1823. Helden's .\tlas, by mistake, i;iies claim 557 
 
 as 567. 
 See p. C. 258. 
 This claim is not numbered or outlined on the en- 
 
 ^raved map of C.reely's survey. It was a small 
 
 claim on the river, and now forms part of what is 
 
 known as 1'. C. 7. 
 Sprini,'wells. 
 Grosse I'ointe. This claim is erroneously numbered 
 
 518 on the Helden Alius, 
 Fcorce. 
 Sprinywells. 
 
 Grosse Puinte. 
 
 Ilamtramck, 
 
 SprinKwells. 
 Grosse Poiiile. 
 
 drosse Pointe. 
 
 Sprinitwells. The number of acres includes also 
 I'. C. 47- 
 
 drosse I'ointe. 1 he number of aeres for back con- 
 cession includes also that for 361. 
 
 drosse Pointe. 
 
 drosse Pointe. 
 ' Sprinv;wells. 
 I SpriiiKW'ells. 
 
 MonijiiaKon. 
 
 Di-troil. Now inebid.d willi the Jonesfir Crane Farm. 
 
 l)etroit. Thi- is pari of tlie liac I now known .is the 
 Cass Farm, liie dreily map slioivs t wo ir.iels on 
 the Cass Farm, both numbered <,.)j. Holli were 
 coiirirmed to the same parties on the same day. 
 'I'he 'nuuilier of acres here Kiveii iiicliides the 
 amount in both tracts. 
 
 .Detroit. Now known as the Jos. Campau Farm. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 Dearborn, 
 drosse I'ointe. 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 ( Irosse I'ointe. 
 drosse Pointi'. 
 drosse Pointe. 
 Dearborn. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 
 Hrnwnstown. 
 
 flrosse Pointe. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 
 Fcorce. This claim is erroneously number, d 640 on 
 
 th.. I'.elden All.is. 
 Ilamtramck. .A small part of the front of this tract 
 
 is numbered as 264. 
 See 65 1 . 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 
 Fcorce. In Greely's description of survey he numbers 
 this 1 laim 648, and on his em-raved map it i-- also 
 Kiven as 648, but in the list of claims ,,ii same uiap 
 il is is'iven as65i, and was also numbered (.51 when 
 conlirmi d by the comniissioin rs. 
 
 SprinKwells. See history of P. C. 369. This claim 
 lias no number on the dreely map. 
 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 Grosse Pointe. 
 
 Date of U. S. Patent, Aug. 4, 1812. 
 
"ffsliwf* 
 
 9S; 
 
 DKSCRIITIVE LIST OK FRKNCll FARMS OR I'RIVATE CLAIMS. 
 
 No. of 
 Claim. 
 
 660 
 661 
 663 
 C6| 
 
 665 
 667 
 
 66.) 
 670 
 671 
 O78 
 
 679 
 
 688 
 68.> 
 
 6g3 
 
 695 
 696 
 
 718 
 
 724 
 725 
 
 726 
 
 727 
 
 72S 
 
 729 
 
 733 
 
 No. of 
 Acres. 
 
 301 . 60 . . 
 276.50.. 
 146.64.. 
 200. 10. . 
 892.30. . 
 80.U0. . 
 
 306 . 46 . . 
 100.^x3. . 
 467., ,8.. 
 >.i<) 57 ' 
 152-37 I 
 2I7-89.. 
 113.001 
 
 144.05.. 
 HH).05 *^ 
 
 109.03 f 
 
 7.M9'. 
 
 59-. (3 » 
 
 72.83.. 
 158.48 I 
 105. fi8 1 
 
 78.36.. 
 420.60. . 
 105.96.. 
 170. 82. . 
 165. II ( 
 163.82 » 
 
 96.68 ( 
 103. 79 ( 
 
 34-5J (. 
 
 35-46 t 
 
 78.411. 
 118.58 t 
 
 211.55. 
 
 N.imc of Claiiii.mt. 
 
 Dale of 
 Ciiiirirmalion. 
 
 Joliii Cis.sni' 
 
 Widow and llt-irsof tiodfroy Curbus 
 
 Krli.v Mnii- 
 
 riu'Ophilr jiiiinay 
 
 Widow and Heirs of Win. Cis^nv 
 
 Gab. (jodli'oy, .Sr 
 
 Heirs of J. H. I )vspluincs 
 
 Rohcrl Clonic 
 
 Jonallian .NcNoii 
 
 Widow and Iliirsof Anloinf Hoycr. 
 
 Antoinu Clia|>iiton 
 
 Jac<iius M.irsac 
 
 Uiirsijf l.onis Dcsaunicr. .. 
 Louis .Morin 
 
 Ahraliani I'onrniiT 
 
 Widow and liriisof .\nibrois( TrLinblr 
 l.onis liianl.iit and (^ 
 
 .Antoini' I.uson ( 
 
 lohn .\skin, Sr 
 
 Janus .Miliill 
 
 I'. I.adironir 
 
 Jos. Landrrontc 
 
 Picrru Clien 
 
 Oct. 31, 1809 
 Due. 15, 181M). 
 Dec. 15, i8<H> 
 Oil. 23, 1801). 
 ( )ct. 2 t, i8o«) 
 1 )ti-. 29, i8ck; 
 
 Jan. I, 1810 . 
 Jnno 4, 1810. 
 Oct. 4, 1810.. 
 
 I'Vb. 5, 1810 . 
 
 Feb. 5, 1810 . 
 
 Marili 23, 1810 
 Mincli 33, 1810. 
 |uni: 2, 1810. . . 
 
 .•\n>;cliane Cirot and children, 
 (labriul (lodfroy 
 
 Heirs of Jacques Ciodfroy. 
 
 Gabriel Godfrey. 
 
 Heirs of J. n. Cainpnti, subject to ) 
 rights of Gabriel Clienc f 
 
 April 16, i8io. . 
 
 Jnly v>, 1810.. 
 
 July 25, 1810.. 
 
 Oct. 3Q, 1810 . 
 
 Oct. 29, i8io.. 
 
 lU't'. i(.i, 1810. . 
 
 Hcc. 10, 18 10.. 
 
 Dec. 10, 1810. . 
 ncc. 24, 1810. . 
 Feb. 38, 18 1 1.. 
 
 Feb. 28, 1811. 
 
 Feb. ;8, 181 1. 
 
 1823. 
 
 Remnrks 
 
 . 
 
 Ilearborn, 
 
 I'.corci'. 
 
 Ilrarborn. 
 
 I •i-.nliorn. 
 
 I >rarl)nrn. 
 
 Kiorci'. See Act of January 19, 1877. U. S. Laws, 
 
 vol. 19, pajje 503. 
 F.corce. 
 Sprinnwells. 
 I'.corce. 
 
 Ilanitranu'k. 
 
 .'lanuninii k. Tliis is p;irt of the tract now known .is 
 
 till- Van Dyke Farm. 
 Grosse Pointc. 
 
 Grossc I'ointe. 
 
 Grosse I'ointe. 
 
 Grossc I'ointe. 
 
 Grosse I'ointe. 
 
 Gross,' Pi)inte. 
 
 Sprinis'wclls. 
 Sprin.»;wtlls. 
 f lainlranick. 
 (irosse I'ointe. 
 
 Grossc I'ointe. 
 
 Detroit. Now known as the Peter Oodfroy Farm. 
 
 Detroit. Now known as the Gabriel Godfroy Farm. In 
 Fletcher's survey this claim is erronennsly disi riln-d 
 as No. 728. 
 
 Detroit. 'I'liis claim is erroneously numbcndas jjq 
 on the Greily map, and the nia|) also s.iys Jacques 
 Lasalle inslcad of J.icipics CiKlfmy. The mistake 
 as to till' number of claim and llii' nam<' of the party 
 oriKinally i:onlirmcd to, is repealed in the xraut- 
 \nn of the rear concession, which was or(lere<l 
 patented by Act of .March 2, 1857. Laws of V. S., 
 vol. 2, payi' 503. 
 
 Detroit. Thisrlaim is wrcniKly nnnihered as 730,01 
 the Greely map It is so small that it is now usually 
 includi-d with P. t'. 474. 
 
 Detroit. Now known as the Ghene Farm, (iiduiil 
 Client' retained possession of the farm, iind it was 
 decreed to him by the Circuit Court, Aux. 19, 1850. 
 
:kaims. 
 
 mnrks. 
 
 Hillary !■;, 1877. U. S. Laws, 
 
 ;irt of tlif iracl imw kiiinvn as 
 
 as the PetiT Goclfr<iy rami. 
 
 i the C.aliricl I'.iiilfriiy I'aiiii. In 
 s claim is cnDncimsly cli'si rilnil 
 
 s iTriinccmsly iiiiniln'nil as 729 
 and till' inap also says jaiqiii's 
 ;n(iuis CiikIIiov. I'ln- iiiistalii' 
 claim aiul llic lianu' of tlir parly 
 I to, is 11 piatiil in I'll- yjrant- 
 iiutssion, wliich was ordrncl 
 [Mairli .', 1857. Laws of T. S., 
 
 vronKlv numlicrcd as 7)0 on 
 10 small that it is now usually 
 
 474- 
 
 the Cliinc Farm, (laliriil 
 
 ession of tlii' farm, iind it was 
 : Circuit I oiirt, Auk- I9i '^SO- 
 
 Ai'ri-:xi)ix n 
 
 A CIlRONOLOf.ICAL TAliLK oF C\T\ (.11 AKIM'.RS. AMi;\I).Mi:\IS, .\M) SI'IXI.VI. I..\\\S. 
 
 The following is a i'(jmpUtc dimsi of ;ill cnaotiniius prrtainin.; 
 to Detroit made by 'I'crriturial or Su\ir. |,.iw: 
 
 l8oa, January iS. Laws of Nortlnvist Territory, pase 200, to 
 jjo into effeil I'lliniary 1, Incorporated the " Town of Detroit," 
 vesting the kjovernment in five pirsons, styled " The Hoard of 
 Trustees," delined boundary of the town, etc. 
 
 1805. September i> I'erritorial Laws, Vol. I., pa^e (7. — Anlhor- 
 izes four lotteri( s to be held for the pcir|)ose of r.iisiiivc $t,0'»> eai li 
 for the eneoaragement of literature and the improvement of 
 Detroit. 
 
 1806. Sepleinber 1 i. Original .Manila ript Laws of the Terri- 
 tory. — I'rovides for iiuorporatim; the city of Detroit, with mayor 
 tube appointed by the governor, and a City Coum il, eomposi li 
 of two chambers of three members each, to be elected by the 
 people. The Act also provided in a specilic manner for every de- 
 partment of a city government, with almo.st as much detail as the 
 city charter of to-day. 
 
 September 13. I'erritorial Laws, Vol. I., paj.;e jSj.— Pre- 
 scribts boundaries corresponding; willi the (Mucninr and Jmli;es' 
 Plan ; provides for niiinberini; and layini; out the sections ami for 
 conveyinj.; lots; and contains limitation clause as to lime when 
 claims for donation lots may be made. 
 
 1807. May 18. Territori.il Laws, Vol. l.,paKe •.■86. — Kilates to 
 plaiitini; o( tn'es, ornamenting of Krounds, makiriir of walks ; and 
 resi'r\'es interior sections lor m.irkels, schoi)ls, etc. 
 
 1809. Kebruary 24. Ori).!iii.il M.inuscript Laws of Territory. — 
 Repeals .\t t of iSoCi incorpor.iling city of Detroit. 
 
 1815. October 24. Territorial Laws, V(d. I., p.aK<' 534-— City 
 charter enacted, vestinj; the ji"\ernment in live trustees, styled 
 "The Hoard of I'rnstees of the City of Detroit," to be elected 
 October jo, 1815, and to serve until the regular election to be held 
 first Monday of .May, i8i(i. Three of the board were to consti- 
 tute a quorum. New city limits were defined, corporate name, 
 "The City of Detroit." 
 
 November 7. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. L, pane 2S0.— Permits use 
 of ten feet of street for porches, Kiass plats, etc.; prescribes 
 heifjht and location of [lorches and fences. 
 
 1818. July 28. Tiirritori.il l.aivs, Vol. IL, page 141.— .\uthorizes 
 the governor to appoint a register of deeds for Detroit. 
 
 December 7. Territorial Laws, Vol. 11., page 144. - Provides 
 for laying out Congress Avenue, a continuation of Woodw.ird 
 Avenue and Witherell Street. 
 
 1819. December 30. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 453. - Pro- 
 vides that the commissioners of the county may extend Jefferson 
 Avenue. 
 
 1820. March 27. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., p.ige sir..— Provides 
 fur city register to be appointed by the governor, prescrib<:s what 
 shall constitute a valid deed, and details with much care the 
 duties of the register. 
 
 March 30. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 541, — Declares 
 that the east line of the Macomb Karm shall he the western 
 boundary so far as the city extends back from the liver. 
 
 l8ai. April 2. Territorial Laws, Vol. L, page 875.- Annc,\es 
 Pontiac Road, as far as the north line of the 'Ten-Thousand-.Acre 
 Tract, to Detroit, for the purpose of keeping it in repair only, and 
 directs that it be worked the same as the streets 
 
 April 6. Territorial Laws, Vol. I., page 876.— Extends Jef- 
 ferson Avenue to connect with the River Poad. 
 
 .\pril a'l. 'Terrilori.il Laws, Vol. L, page 312.-— Providis for e\- 
 tinding Jefferson .\venue t<icoiinect with the tlrosse I'uinte Koail. 
 
 .May ). Territorial Laws, Vid. I., page JI4.— Constitules as 
 electors all white male citizens above twenty-one years of nge 
 who have resided in the city of Detroit one year, and have paid a 
 city la.x. 
 
 182a, .\pril 5. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. I., p.ige 2i;4. - Authori/es 
 city to t.i.v and regulate dealcis in spirituous licpiors who sill in 
 quantities of li'ss tli.in one qiiarl, and de.ilers in cidi r, b<er, or ale, 
 who sell in (piantities of less tli.iii om- gallon. 
 
 1824. -Vugust 4. Territorial L.iws, Vol. 1 1., page n/i.— Provides 
 for opening Larned Street throiigli to Wayne Street. 
 
 .August 5. Territorial Laws, Vol. II., page .14. Author- 
 ises Peter liertlu let to cnet a wharf sixty fei't wiile, ^it foot of 
 Randolph Street, with a pump at the end, on coiulilioii that he 
 give a lot to the city for a market. 
 
 August 5. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, iiage ."i. 1 ii lines mw 
 city boundary, creates the Common Couni il ; provides for 
 ofTieers to be elected at special election, Siptember 1., to serve 
 until the rigular election, to he held the llrst Monday in .April ; 
 gives mayor, ri'corder, or any three aldermen powir to try olTencis 
 against city laws ami ordinances. 'This .\et went into elfei t 
 September 4. 
 
 1827. .April 4. 'Terrilori.il Laws, Vol. II., page 33;. New Act 
 of Incorporation, reorgani/ing the city umler the name of " The 
 Mayor, Recorder, .Aldermen, and Lreemiii of the Cily of Di- 
 troit," with the following olheers: mayor, neorder, five alileruieii, 
 one clerk, marshal, treasurer, supervisor, assessor, eollei lor, and 
 three constables. 'The mayor, reeorder, ami aldermen to be hi'e- 
 holders. City boundaries same as in 1SJ4. Provision made for 
 filling up lots and streets on the margin of the river, and for the 
 construction of sewers; firemen e.\< used from jury and military 
 duty ; the authority and jurisdiction of the Common Council ex- 
 tended over the margin of Detroit River, one half mile aliove the 
 previously fix<-d limits of tin: corporation, for the purpose of pre- 
 venting the depositing of filth in the river. Kleilion to beheld 
 first Monday in .April, (oves the Council pi.wer to alter the plan 
 of the city north of Larned Street between I'rusli and Cass 
 Karms ; to lay out lots anew, and to exchange lots with land- 
 owners or compens. He thiin in money. 
 
 April 12. 'Territorial L.aws, Viil. II., page 570. — Authorizes 
 the city to issue due bills in payme-it of debts, also to <-lee.t 
 seven aldermen instead of five as before. 
 
 April 12. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. II., page 480.— Creates the 
 township of Detroit, to be composed of the city of Detroit. 
 
 April 13. Territorial Laws, Vol. IL, page 640.- Authorizes city 
 to elect one supervisor to meet with supervisors of county, 
 
 1828. June 23. 'Territorial Laws, Vol. 11., page 685.— Mayor 
 and aldermen authorized to seize all provisions offered for sale 
 that are deficient in weight or quality, and to send them to the 
 poor-house. 
 
 1830. July 14. Territorial Laws, Vol. III., page 810.— Cives 
 register of rietroit power to appoint at ('epiity. 
 
 July 31. Territorial Laws, Vol, III., page 842.- Fxempts 
 city firemen from jury and military duly, pro. ided the nun ler 
 does not exceed forty. 
 
 1831. March 4. 'Ti rritorial Laws, Vol 111., page .,01. Prohibits 
 slaughtering of animals within three miles of city and 1 i.l'ly rods 
 of the river, etc. 
 
 M3I 
 
^^^w'-fc. 
 
 9S4 
 
 A Clll<ONOLOi;iCAL TAULli OF CITY CHARTI'-RS, KTC. 
 
 183a. Muy i8, 'I'crrilorial l-nw-i, Vol. III., pa^r <ji 1, I'.xtciuls 
 rity liinils. Went into fificl Mim li 11, i8j|. 
 
 Jiiiu'jy, Tirrilurial Luw^, \\i\. 111., paur yj,. .\mlioil/is 
 lily ii( lli'iriiil tu tukt' nii asiins t.> pnunnlu lir.ilili, ami tn 
 (li'Iaiii anil 1 xaiiiinc vessels aiul pcisoii.. 
 
 Jiiiua(>, I'trrilorial Laws, Vol. III., payc yj8. .Aiilhor- 
 i/is lily 111 open sUeels, alleys, ete.; empowers aulhorilies 10 
 eoinpil tonviels lo work ipu tlie lilghw.iy, willi b.ill aiul eh.iiii 
 all.ii lieil. 
 
 1833. April -'J, Territorial Laws, Vol, 111., pa>;e 112a. .\utlior- 
 i/es (.ominoii Council, witli ronsent of (reenieii, to levy a ta.x of 
 one fourtli of one pur cent, iiiiil makes various othur provisions. 
 
 April 2j, Territorial Laws, Vol. III., paxu I3j8.~ .Makes 
 provision for conimuii m liools, and provides lor the election of 
 sLt tommissioners, si.\ directors, and si.\ inspectors of wliools. 
 
 1834. I'ebruary ly, Territorial Laws, Vol, III., paye i2(n;. The 
 Common Council reipiired to pi rlorni tlie same duties in lizard to 
 llie poor as justices ,ind directors of the poor are reiiiiireil to pir- 
 forin. 
 
 .\Lirch 7, 'Territori.il Laws, Vol. III., pat;e 1280. .Xtilhor- 
 i/us Common Council or any iuili\ idu.il lo tr.inscrihi' and have 
 recorded the l.ind records of the ( lovernor ami Judges, uud i,'ives 
 the record the same force as the original. 
 
 Novemher iS, Territorial Laws, Vol. 111., page 13.7.- Legal- 
 ises the assessment inaL by the council in 1SJ4. 
 
 1835. .March 10, Territorial Laws, Vol. 111., page 1423. Author- 
 i/es city to borrow $50,000. 
 
 .March ju, I'crrilorial Laws, Vol. III., page 1432.— Knipowers 
 city lo elctl constables to attend the .sessions of the mayor's 
 courl, and perform duty of police olVicers. 
 
 1836. .Man h 14, State Law, page jj. Provides that the town- 
 ship of Detroit may elect two additional justices of the peace. 
 
 .March .'O, page 154. - City limits e.xlnided. 
 
 1837. .March ji, page i^y, - I'i.Kes time of election of I'lve in- 
 s|)i I tors of elections for the I'hursday iic.vl preceding the first 
 .Moiul.iy ill .\pril ; and provides that if cuiisiables elected refuse 
 to perform duties, five citizens may be elected, <'ivit rviV, to per- 
 form said duties. 
 
 .March -1, i)age -'aj. — Provides that inspectors of state and 
 county elections shall be chosen by the city. 
 
 .March jj, page 268. — .\bolishes olTict of city register, and 
 transfers the duties to county register, 
 
 1838. I'ebruary 8, page 53. — K.vtended time for collection of 
 State aiul county ta.\es. 
 
 kevised Statutes, page 6y. — Provides that Detroit shall con- 
 tinue to have and e.\ercise all powers and privileges heretofore 
 granted. 
 
 March -mj, page 138, — Authorizes the election of si.x con- 
 stables at the city election. 
 
 1839. .March 27, page 31. — Provides that the council shall con- 
 sist of twelve alderineii, the mayor, and recorder; divides tile city 
 into si.x wards ; provides for election of an assessor in each ward : 
 changes lime of city election after iSjy, to the first -Monday in 
 March. 
 
 1840. February 3, page 10. - Authorizes city collector to collect 
 county ta.xes, and pay them over to the county treasurer, and 
 extends the time for collecting taxes. 
 
 I'ebniary 29, page .'7.— Provides for election of two additional 
 justices for Detroit. 
 
 .March 14, page 42. — K.xeinpts firemen from both jury and mili- 
 tary tluly as long as they resitU- in any part of the Sl.ite. 
 
 1841. .March 27, page 48.— (lives school inspectors power to 
 organize a school district for colored children between the ages of 
 five and seveiileeii. 
 
 April 2, page 55. — Authorizes assessors and aldermen of each 
 ward to prepare a list of persons liable to jury duty. 
 
 April ij, page 1132.— Lmpowers council to control and regulate 
 constri'^:tion of drains and sewers; to prevent importation of 
 paupers ; to control erection of buildings, and pass ordinances in 
 regard to fires ; to regulate and build sidewalks ; to levy a ta.x of 
 one half of one per cent ; requires voters to reside thirty, instead 
 
 often days in a ward befori' 1 In lion, ami m.ikes pri>visi>>n for 
 mayiii's court. 
 
 1841. Tibru.iry 11, page :• I'rohibiis liiy Iroiii issuing any 
 more due bills or re-issiiiiig old ones. 
 
 I'ebruary 13, page 54. — Provision m.ido lor selling lands for 
 taxes. City limits reduced by e.xclniling W'ilherell larm. 
 
 February !'•, page 7-. |)ireit« city clerk lo ailMrlisc lands 
 for unp.iid taxes and to bid them in for tin' • ity. 
 
 Tebrtiary to, page loi. (lives w.iril assessors powir lo mi as 
 supervisors, and apportion Stale and cniinly taxes, and aiilhori/es 
 city collector to collect them. 
 
 February 17, page 112,-, Creates and provides for the esi.iblish- 
 inenl of the Hoard of F.dneation. 
 
 1843. February ij, page 22. Pro\ ides that school taxes col- 
 lilted for Itoard of F.dneation shall be kept si par.ile. 
 
 February 28, page 34. F.xtends time for colleiiing Stale and 
 counly taxes in Detroit. 
 
 .Man h 4, page j8. (lives city power to levy special tax of 
 ifio.oii.i ill 1843, and $io,ocHi in 1H44 to pay debts. 
 
 1844. .M.iri h i), page iki. Uegister of deeds to record deeds 
 from ( lovernor and Judges at length, and a Iransi ripl of the same 
 to W /irhiiii /itiie evidence in c.ises where the original deed 
 wimlil be e\'iilence. 
 
 .March 11, page 101. — .Authorizes council to do away with any 
 olfice and reipiiru its duties to be performed by some nlher ofiicer, 
 ami makes provision for a|ipointinent of city auditor. 
 
 1845. March 8, page 25. ■ Council, with consent of freemen's 
 meeting, may levy an extra t^'X of $3,ooo for 1845, and $8,000 for 
 18411. 
 
 .Maicli 11), page 56. — Authorizes extension of Fort Street to in- 
 tersection of road leading to Dearbornville. (See page 2j6, Laws 
 of iSj7.l 
 
 1846. Kevised Slatiites, page 43. — 1 lireiis ihil Ih' .isses.sor 
 and aldermen of each ward of Detroit be inspectors of elections, 
 the assessor to provide balloi-bo.xes. 
 
 Kevised Statutes, page f)!"). — Provides for the eleition of one 
 su|)ervisor for each ward, and that the assessor of each ward be 
 such supervisor. 
 
 Kevised Statutes, page m;. Prescribes that the assessors shall 
 be supervisors, and act as township treasurers, 
 
 Kevised Statutes, page idS. Provides that mayor and alder- 
 men shall constitute a Hoard of lleallh. 
 
 Revised Statutes, page 463. Provides for a list of persons to 
 serve as petit and grand jurors, to be made by assessor and alder- 
 men of Detroit. 
 
 January 30, page 4.— Kxteuds time for collecting State and 
 county taxes, 
 
 February 23, page i.i - Divides the c'^y into three assessment 
 districts; provides 1','at the mayor shall preside in mayor's court 
 only in absence of the recorder. 
 
 M.iri h 28, page 54. — (lives the city and iiihabilants authority 
 to lay railroad track in front of their premises on the river. 
 
 .\pril 7, page 73. — Legalizes the returns made by various ward 
 collectors. 
 
 April 28, page 101. — Provides that ward collectors shall collect 
 school tax, and that Hoard of F.dneation may elect their own 
 president. 
 
 May 7, page 156. — Provides that it shall not be necessary to 
 acknowledge or prove a deed which has been or may be granted 
 by the mayor, recorder, and aldermen, under the act of Congress 
 of .August 21), 184J. 
 
 May 10, page 238. — (Iranls council powei lo license and regu- 
 late porters, carl-men, liveiy stables, and all vehicles used for hire. 
 
 1847. January 30, page 20. Orders assessment rolls to be 
 made before first Monday in .March, and extends time fjr collec- 
 tion of taxes. 
 
 March 12, page 50.— Authorizes Hoard of I'.ducation to raise 
 $1,500 specially for building purposes. 
 
 March 16, page 96. — (lives city control of city Water Works 
 that may lie outside of the city ; authorizes an extra tax of 
 $8,000 in 1S47, and $8,000 in 1848. 
 
I, .lllil lll.lki ■. |i|ii\ i-iiill (it 
 
 lil.iis 1 iiy friiiii i•.sllill^' iiiiy 
 
 iii.iilc (or «UiiiK UimU fur 
 
 inn WilluTill Karin. 
 
 ly link lo advrrtirtr lands 
 
 n till' > ily. 
 
 il a-tsixsdrs piiwir to lut as 
 
 [■(imily laxis, ami aulhciri/i'S 
 
 il |irn\ iilis fi.r llw <si,ilili>h- 
 
 liili s tliat siliuul taxc'S riil- 
 
 )!■ kipl M|>aialc. 
 
 lu' fnr cdlli'iliiiK Stair ami 
 
 iHcr til livy spnial tax of 
 1 pay di'hts. 
 
 cr iif diiils til iiiiiril diiids 
 , niul a trmsirijil of tlir saiiir 
 ifs where till' urininal dnd 
 
 :i)iimil til (111 away with any 
 formed by some other oflker, 
 t of eity aiidilor. 
 1, with loiiMiil iif freemen's 
 3,ooo for 1S45, ami $8,i»xi for 
 
 xlinsiiin of I'ort Striet to in- 
 irnville. (See iia^e Ji", l-aws 
 
 .— Uireils tliat tin- assessor 
 oil be inspectors of elections, 
 
 ides for the election of one 
 he assessor of each ward be 
 
 ibes that the assessors shall 
 |reasiirer>. 
 idrs that mayor and alder- 
 ,lli. 
 
 iil.s for a list of persons to 
 made by assessor ami alder- 
 
 |ne for toUeclinii; Stale and 
 
 ci'y iiilii iliree assessment 
 |iall preside in mayor's court 
 
 ami inhabitaiil-. aiilhority 
 liremises on the river. 
 Itiirns made by various ward 
 
 Iward collectors shall collect 
 Ration may elect their own 
 
 shall not be necessary to 
 las been or may be granted 
 I, under the act of (.'oiigress 
 
 Ipowei to license and rebu- 
 ild all vehicles used for hire, 
 ers assessment rolls to be 
 Ind extends time f jr coUec- 
 
 ard of I'.diK-ation to raise 
 
 jitrol of city Water Works 
 luthorizes an extra tax of 
 
 A CHRONOLOdlCAI, TAnLK OK CITV CIIARTr.RS. F.TC. 
 
 985 
 
 1848. .January js, pane 8.— Provules for fmirlvcn iilderinen in 
 plai ' of twelve, and prescribes boundary of seventh ward, 
 
 January j.(, pajjo Ij.— Kxlends time of colleclinK State and 
 county taxes. 
 
 Kebriiary 8, page 27.— I.ejjali/eii elictiim of olVii ers (or new 
 seventh ward. 
 
 I'llirnary iJ, paxe 40. ~ I'rovidis lor openini; of streets, assess- 
 ment and eolli-i lion of taxes, etc, 
 
 1849. j.inuary -"', paKe 10.— Kxlends time for ( ollectinj.' Stale 
 ami county taxes. 
 
 I'l brnary 30, pa^e jc - I'.xlemU the « iiy liiiiils. 
 
 I'ebrnary ji, pane (j.- I'rovides lor various city ollicers; direcl* 
 that the assessor of each ward shall be nne of the Ho.inl of In- 
 spectors of l*'.lcctions, 
 
 March j, pa^e 47. - Authori/es i oiini il, with conMiit of 1 lil/iiis' 
 meetiiiK, to levy extra tax of $S,iic>i for 1K41J, and $8,o<>i for iHv>, 
 
 March ay, pajje 185. - I'rovides for draining low lands In ami 
 near Oetroit. 
 
 Aprils, pajte jij. — l>irecls tliiit recorder shall have the same 
 powers as are exereisi-d by Circuit ('oiirt C'ommissionrr, ami be 
 allowed the same fees. 
 
 1850. January ]n, pa>;e 1;.— I li\ iili s the ( ity inlo tluie a-M*-.- 
 ment (list rids, and empowers council lo imIsi- $i.i,ihmi exir.i t.i\ fur 
 each of the years 1S51 .ind iSs-', 
 
 March 5, pane vi.— I'rovides for si hool <in-us between a^es of 
 four and ei.nhleen, and jintliori/es Hoard of i-'.ducalion to borrow 
 
 ^5,1 K lO. 
 
 .March 8, pane (u.— I'.mpowers council to levy an extra lax of 
 $.'0,00,1 during tile next three year>, ami $10,1 1,0 additional lax for 
 1S50, The $.'o,.iiitii pay water bonds, and the .'jTM,.i,oto pay 
 interest. 
 
 April I, p.iye 23a — rro\ ides ihat in the ease of deeds and lon- 
 veyanees of t'lovcrnor and Judges, that have heretofore been 
 rei orded by reyisli r of deeds, the record of such, or a lertilied 
 copy, shall be evidence in place of the oiininal i\vv(\ ; prm-ided il 
 is proved that the original died has been lost or dolroyed. 
 
 April 2, paye 1114. — Pro\ ides for ori;ani/ation of Police I'ourt. 
 1B51. March .■ 1 , pa^e 4 1 . — C'oumil authori/ed lo levy an ad- 
 ditional tax of $i,o.»i to pay interest ami provide a sinkim; fund. 
 
 .April .^, pa,i;i -',ii. — I'rovides lhat the alderman of each ward 
 bavliii; the >hortesl time to serve shall act as a supervisor on the 
 Hoard of Supervisors. 
 
 June j,S, pane 3j). I'rovides th.it the mayor or recorder, with a 
 majority of the aldermen, shall form a (piormn of ihoioiim il. 
 
 1853. I'ebrnary I), pane 04. — t'imncil to appoint a person in 
 each ward to take census and statistics every ten years, dalinn 
 from 1854, provided no assessor is elected in said wards. 
 
 I'ebrmiry u, page 115. — Kxlends time for collectinn State and 
 county taxes. 
 
 Kebr" pane 104. — I'rescribes that assessors of the several 
 
 warih- supervisors and coUei lors, and ai t as town treas- 
 
 urers. 
 
 Kebruary 14, pane iSo. — Kstablishes the Hoard of Wali r Com- 
 missioners. 
 
 1855. January so, pane ;. — dives I'o.ird of Kducation power to 
 establish a llinh .School, appoint a siipcrintindent of schools, ami 
 raise a tax of not more than two dollars for each ihild enumerated 
 by the census. 
 
 February 6, p.ine :5i. — Provides that Hoard of Water Commis- 
 sioners may borrow $-'30, oi"'. 
 
 February 8, page 47.— Kxtends the limi' for collectinn Slate 
 and county taxes. 
 
 February 10, pane 132. — Common council authorized lo refund 
 any taxes or assessments unlawfully increased during 1854. 
 
 February u, pane aoij.— Charter election channed from first 
 Tuesday in March, after 1855, to Cirst 'I'uesday in Kebruary. 
 (IfTices of city collector and assessor for each ward provided for; 
 title of city andilorchanned to city comptroller. Provisions made 
 for street openinns, etc. 
 
 1857. January 24, page 5. — Extends time for collectinn Slate 
 and county taxes. 
 
 Kebruary <,, page 73.— Chnnnes corporate name of i ity to " The 
 lily of Detroit." City much enlarKcd : authori/es assessor iiiid 
 two iddermen front each ward In attind annual Msiiiiins of lloiirU 
 of Supervisors lo represent city interests ; makes provision for 
 llo.ird of Silver Commissiuners, for six justices, and also li.ither 
 pnivioion for ollice of comptroller; street (ipeiiint; »pei ially pro- 
 vided for; posver nranled to ilrain lands within three miles of 
 the 1 Ily, to number dnellinn'', to license \ariouo kinds ol biisineiut; 
 (slabllshes recorder's court ; pn si rilns thai residence of an elec- 
 tor shall be where he takes his meals ; lixes mayor's salary at 
 $I,joo; empowers (ouncil lo elei t Iheir owr prisldeht; makes 
 provl-ion for one n''ni lal and twoHssistant ussisMirs; orders sep- 
 ar.ile aiiiuints to bi kept of the several funds of the city; pro. 
 vides that (ity election shall be held on first I'm sday after first 
 Monday of N'ovendier, and limits amount of lax to one per (ent 
 on the valuation. 
 
 Kebruary 7, p.ine if'J. — Authori/es council to raise $.'o,o<«i in- 
 stead of $i,v«> as heretofore, for school lots and buildinns. 
 
 Kebrii.iry 10, paije 300. — .Authorizes Water Coniuiissiomrs to 
 borrow $J3o,(K>i. 
 
 Kcbru.iry u, pane ■.•1x1,— Knlarnes city limits, and provides for 
 more wards and aldermen. 
 
 Kebruary 17, nane 4fi5. - ( ilves police justice power to appoint 
 a clerk. 
 
 1859. January 21), pane i'.— Kxlends time for eulleiliun State 
 and county taxes. 
 
 Kebruary tj, pane J4.!. — Invests nssessors and alderuu u with 
 the duties of supervisors. 
 
 Kebruary la, pane J93.— ''ives n corili '' 1 court povvi r to try 
 i.'sesiipoii infornuition, without Inilli luu nt. 
 
 1 eliruary 14, pane 48 ;. Delinis powers and dutio of lio.ird ol 
 Uenis! ration, 
 
 Kebruary li, pane 1057. — Autliori/is assessors tit use ilisi rlmi- 
 natloniu assesslun value of properly in outskirts of eity. 
 
 1861. March 7. pane 1.7. Common Council imiy levy a lax 1 I 
 .<i.'o,.«io for purchase .if lots, and liuildinn of si hool-houses and to 
 support the schools. 
 
 March 1.', pane i.^o.— Invests aldi mien with powers of police- 
 men. The mayor, and two other persons to be selected by the 
 council, to constilnte a Hoard of Police Commissioners, the chief 
 to be appoiuted by the loum 11, on nomination of the board ; 
 ihe council to provide a police-station, and to appoint temporary 
 pollii men for forly-einhl hours, when necessary ; aulhorizes 
 division of wards into election distrids; nives council power I o 
 order pavinn, not to exceed in cost $50,000 in any one year, and 
 to levy a tax of $5n,,»io for this purpose, wilhout consent of prop- 
 erly owners; aiitliorizes the liorrowinn "f $jio.ooo cm city bonds 
 for biiildinjf purposcU; eslublishes olTice of receiver of taxes ; 
 prescribes rules for conductinn elections; and pro\ ides th.il plats 
 of subdivisions shall have no validity until approved. 
 
 .M.irch 15, pane .idz. - Kstablishes Detroit House of Curreclion, 
 and provides for its mananement. 
 
 March 15, pane 4.>t.— Crants lo circuit and recorder's (omts the 
 power to Issue capiases for witnesses in certain cases. 
 
 March 16, page 549.— Provides for sessions of Hoard of Kenis- 
 Iration. 
 
 May 10, pane fH,2.— .Authorizes aldermen to alford relief to 
 families of soldiers, to an amount not exeeedinn $«5 I"''' nionth 
 for each family, payable out of the county treasury. 
 
 May 10, pane Cii.— .Authorizes ward collectors to collii I State 
 iind county taxes on real and personal property. 
 
 1863. Keimiary 13, pane sfi.— Kxtends lime for collei linn Slate 
 and county taxes. 
 
 .Marchfi, page fifi.— Provides forsubmittinn to citizensat a public 
 meetinn the iinestion of votinn a tax or issuing of bonds to pay 
 $4.1,0.0 advanced by citizens for bounties durinn summer of 1862. 
 
 March i.i, page 295.— .Authorizes Contmon Council to appoint 
 a person to disburse $15 per month for relief of t'le families of 
 volunteer .soldiers. 
 
 March 20, pane 3u.— Tefines powers of police court. 
 
 March 20, page 423.— Authorizes the city assessor to make copy 
 
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986 
 
 A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS, ETC. 
 
 ii 
 
 
 of iisscssiuciit mils of cacli ward, assess ihc Stale and county 
 laxis, and i)lafO tin- rolls with ward collectors for collection. 
 
 1864. I'ehruary 4, ]>a.i,'e jo. — Provides that the Hoard of I'olice 
 I'onirnissioners shall consist of the mayor and two |)ers(jns ap- 
 poinleil hy the conncil, and dellnes the powers of the board. 
 
 l''el)rnary 5, page 6i), — -Makes lengthy jirovision for registration 
 of voters. 
 
 Kebrnary 5, page 94. — K.stends lime for collection of State and 
 county ta.xes. 
 
 1865. January 31, page 15. — F.xlends time for collecting State 
 and county ta.xes in sixth ward. 
 
 Kebniary 9, page 38. — K.xtends lime for collecting Statu and 
 county taxes. 
 
 Kehrnary 28, page 99, — Kstabli.-.hes Hoard of Metropolitan 
 Police Commissioners. 
 
 March 2, i)age 147. — ] tolincs dutif-s of county lieasurer in con- 
 nection with the collecting of the Stale and county taxes. 
 
 March iii, page 350. — Provides tliat city may raise for Hoard of 
 Kdncatiun $3 per child enumerated by school census, but that any 
 excess must be submitted to council and citizens' meeting ; and if 
 approved by them, then $25,000 additional may be raised. 
 
 March 18, page 508. — Defines jjowers of ward collectors and 
 prt>vitles fttr their giving bonds. 
 
 .March 21, page 678. — Makes provision for preserving maps and 
 records pertaining to real estate; for levying a tax annually of 
 $4o,ox-) for purpose of constructing sewers, ami defines \arious 
 powers of the council. 
 
 1867. Kebniary i. Vol. II., page 19.- Kxtends time for collect- 
 ing Slate and county taxes. 
 
 I'cbruary 14, Vol. II., page 38. - .Authorizes council to elect its 
 president, the clerk to jireside until a iiresident is elected. 
 
 March i. Vol. II , page 115. — Provides that eleven mimbers of 
 the ISoard of l''.ducation shall constitute a tjuorum. 
 
 March 9, Vol. II., page 265. — Defines powers and duties of 
 I'loard of Police Commissioners. 
 
 March 26, Vol. II., page 931. — Creates Hoard of Fire Commis- 
 sioners, and abolishes office of fire marshal ; directs council to 
 raise money istimated to be needed by the commission. 
 
 March 27, \'ol. I., page 172. — Provides that i)ersons may not be 
 jiirois in Circuit Conn, or any court of record in I )etroit, who 
 have been on a jury within a year in said court ; and in a justices' 
 or p(jli(;e court tile same persons may not sit as jurors more than 
 three times a year. 
 
 March 27, \'ol. I., jiage 17;.- Provides that criminal wonnn 
 from any part of tlu' State maybe senlinced to the House of 
 Correction. 
 
 March 27, Vol. I., p.tge 223. — Provides that an extreme sin- 
 tence in either Circuit or Recorder's Court is not invalidated, but 
 is good for the extent of the lawful penalty. 
 
 March 27, Vol. I., page 2(31). — I )ireets supervisors of each ward 
 to ascertain yearly the niimbev of births and deaths iluring the 
 preceding year. 
 
 March 27, Vol. II., page 1033. — Ciives council power to divide 
 wards into two elcclion districts, and makes provision for regis- 
 tration in such districts, (lives power also to divide any existing 
 ward into two wards. 
 
 March 28, Vol. II., page iito. — ('.rants addition.d pow<'r in 
 regard to opening streets; gives council iiow<'r to raise a $s<>,ooo 
 sinver tax yearly, and providi'S for paying members of council not 
 mon- than I1.50 for each si'ssion of the council attended. 
 
 1869. January 30, Vol. II., page 4fi.— l'..\tends time for collec- 
 tion of State and coiinly taxes to 1st of March. 
 
 I'cbruary 17, Vol. II., |)age 61.— Authorizes Hoard of Water 
 Cominissif)ncrs to !)orrow $!5o,ooo. 
 
 February 24, Vol. II., page 7:.- Dives larger power to Hoard 
 of F.dncation ; provides for two sdiool inspectors from ench 
 ward, cme to be elected each year ; makes further provision for 
 superintendent of schools; authorizes board to borrow $15,000 on 
 their bonds, and provides that a special tax of five mills tm a 
 dollar may be levied for purchase of school lots and erecting 
 buildings. 
 
 March 2, \'ol. II., page iii. — Kxtends time for colleition ol 
 State and county taxes to .March 20. 
 
 .Vpril 3, Vol. I., page 264.— Provides that Circuit Court Com- 
 missioners shall not issue writs of ha/ieas lorpiis m certiorari in 
 a criminal case, but that justice of Supremi.' Court or (Mrcuil 
 Court judgiMiiay ; ickes special jjrox'ision for imprisimment and 
 detention of lewd women. 
 
 April 5, Vol. III., page 1678. — Authorizes Hoard of Wati r 
 Commissioners to assess t.'ix of three cents per foot front oii 
 vacant lots. 
 
 .\pril 5, p.ige 1686. — Defines with great detail i)owers of the 
 council ; gives city power to vacate any street or alley by resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 1S71. February 2, Vol. III., page 9. — Kxtends time for collect- 
 ing State and county taxes. 
 
 February 24, Vol. I., jiage 24. — Authorizes superintendent nf 
 House of Correction to receive and keep for short periods of time 
 all persons sentenced to the institution while they are waiting for 
 bail, or for other reasons are not fully committed. 
 
 March 18, Vol. Ill, page 75.— Fnlarges and defines with 
 greater clearness the powers of the Hoard of Fire Commissioners. 
 
 March 31, Vol. III., page 127. — (lives Hoard (»f K'.ducation dis- 
 cretionary power to elect a Hoard of Commissioners lo take 
 charge of the Public Library. 
 
 March 31, Vol. III., page 133 — I. legalizes certain acts of the 
 Hoard of Fire Commissioners. 
 
 March 31, \*oI. 111., pagt; 134. — Provides th.at the polict; justice 
 shall receive no fees, £ind not over $1,200 £i year for services. 
 
 April 13, Vol. II., page 1231. — Makes provision for printing 
 ordinances and proceedings of the council, and espet ially for 
 l)rinting the ])roceedings ami tifilcial notices in (lerinan. 
 
 .April 13, \'ol. III., page 177. — .\uthorizes council to di\'ide any 
 existing ward into election districts, l(j t:ontain not mon; than five 
 hundred electors. 
 
 April 15, \'ol. III., page idfi. — Legalizes certain acts of the 
 Hoard of Police Commissioners. 
 
 April 15, Vol. II., page 1322, — .Appoints Hoard of Park Com- 
 missioners, and pro\"ides for purchase of park. 
 
 April 17, Vol. II., page 1371. < lives the council power to regu- 
 late the election or removal of certain ofiTiccrs, and to fix the 
 aiiKJUnt of their fees ; to control the river, wh.'irves, parks, and 
 streets ; to number the buildings and lo collect of the owners for 
 so doing ; to sub-divide wards; to drain low lands within three 
 miles of the city; to license various kinds of business, (lives 
 power to tax instiran<'c companies; authorizes council to issue 
 three-year bonds for purpose of paying three fourths of cost of 
 paving streets, thus granting citizens three years in which to pay 
 pa\ing assessments; alstt aulhorizes issue of $300,000 worth of 
 bonds for building sewers, if citizens' meeting approve; directs 
 that property hi; assessed at cash value. 
 
 .April 17, Vol. 111., page 230. — Reorganizes Board of Metropoli- 
 tan Police and names commissioners, one to go out every two 
 years ; future appoint<;es to be appointed by the (jovernor, with 
 the consent of the Senate, and to serve eight years. 
 
 April iS. Vol. in., jiage 273.— Kstabli.shes Hoard of Public 
 Works. 
 
 1871. March 20, page 57. — Kmpowers conncil to retpiirc any 
 officer or board to furnish reports on any matter under their con- 
 trol, and also fix or alter the time at which estimates shall be made 
 by .'iny of the oflTici'rs <ir hoards. 
 
 March 29, page 60.— Provides that no election district shall 
 embrace parts of two w.irds, and that no district shall lontain less 
 than fivi' hundred electors. 
 
 1873. Mardi 8, Vol. III., page 37.— Authorizes Hoard of Water 
 Commissioners lo borrow $i,fxxj,ooo to build new Water Works 
 in Hamtramck. 
 
 March i4,A'ol. II., page 100. — Makes provisions concerning the 
 purchase of a park. 
 
 March 27, Vol. III., page 74.— Provid<s that the Hoard of Edu- 
 cation may elect a superintendent for three y<ars, appoint a 
 secretary, and erect a Public Library building. 
 
A CHRONOLOCilCAL TABLE OF CITY CHARTERS. ETC. 
 
 987 
 
 iiu for collcilidii (il 
 
 Circuit Court Cum- 
 pus or certioyari in 
 k; Court or CNrcuii 
 iir imprisonmc'iU and 
 
 :s Board of Water 
 s per foot front 011 
 
 :ictaii powers of tlic 
 ■t or alley by rcsolu- 
 
 .■luls lime for collect- 
 's superinlendeiU of 
 ^liort periotls t)f time 
 
 tliey are waiting for 
 ttcd. 
 s and defines witli 
 
 Kirc Commissioners, 
 rd of F.ducalion dis- 
 nmissioners to take 
 
 i certain acts of tlie 
 
 liat llie police justice 
 ear for services, 
 ovision for printing 
 , and especially for 
 n Cicrman. 
 
 council to di\-ide any 
 in n»jt more than fi\-e 
 
 i certain acts of the 
 
 iloard of I'ark Com- 
 
 luncil powi-r to regu- 
 i-ers, and to lix the 
 wharves, parks, and 
 ::ct of the owners for 
 ,v lands within three 
 of business, (jives 
 izcs council to issue 
 •ec fourths of c<)st of 
 cars in which to pay 
 [)f $jo<j,ooo worth of 
 ing ajjprove ; directs 
 
 > nt)ard of Metropoli- 
 to go out e\'er\' two 
 y the Governor, with 
 years, 
 les lioard of I'ublic 
 
 uncil to refjuire any 
 liter under their con- 
 timates shall be made 
 
 lection district shall 
 rict shall contain less 
 
 )ri/es I'ourd of Water 
 Id new Water Works 
 
 isions concerning the 
 
 lit the lioard of Edu- 
 •ee years, appoint a 
 
 March 28, Vol. I., page 61. — Establishes Superior Court. 
 
 March 28, Vol. 11., page 265.- — Abolishes citizens' meeting and 
 creates I'loard of Kstiniates. 
 
 April 4, Vol. 111., page 140. — Provides for appointment of a 
 stenographer for recorder's court. 
 
 April 12, Vol. III., page 123. — ^ Relates to powers and duties of 
 lioard of Water Commissioners. Gives them power to condemn 
 properly for use of the board, and to erect works and extend pipes 
 outside of the city ; and requires them to charge double rates for 
 all water siippliid to persons outside the city limits. 
 
 April 12, Vol. 1 1., page 636. — Annexes a large portion of Hain- 
 tramck and Grosse I'olnte to the city. This act was declared 
 illegal by the Supreme Court. 
 
 April 29, Vol. III., pag<^ 175, to go into effect January i, 1874. — 
 Kstablishes present lioard of Public W'orks. 
 
 April 30, Vol. II., page 1279. — Provides for opening streets; 
 authorizes purchase of land for City Hospital; provides that 
 jud.gF of Superior Court shall preside over recorder's court in 
 absence of the recorder, and that the ta.t for the repaving of 
 streets shall be levied on the property, instead of being paid by 
 gein'ral tax as beftiri'. 
 
 1875. I''ebriiary4, Public .Acts, pages. — Makes additional pro- 
 vision for the organization of the Superior Court. 
 
 February 18, Local Acts, page 4. — Authorizes Common Council 
 to raise $300,000 by the siile of bonds, for the purpose of building 
 sewers. 
 
 February 18, Local Acts, p.ige 5. — Pro\-ides that recorder shall 
 be elected first Monday in .\|iril. 
 
 February 25, Local Acts, page 7. — Kxtends time for collect ing 
 State and county taxes. 
 
 March 10, Local .Acts, page 22. — A.gain abolishes citizens' meet- 
 ing and makes new provisions for lioard of F.stimatcs, two mem- 
 bers to be elected from each ward, and hvu upon general ticket to 
 serve for two years, one from each ward to be elected after first 
 year ; gi\'es board power to decrease but not to increase taxes, 
 [•'stiuiates are to be first c(jnsidered by the council, and submitti'tl 
 to the board before the 15th of April in each year. 
 
 March 17, Local .Acts, page 49. — Provides that crosswalks shall 
 be paid for from General Road Fund. 
 
 March 26, Public .Acts, page 52. — Defines duty and fixes salary 
 of stenographer of Recorder's Court. 
 
 April 10, Local .Acts, page 508. — Provides that lioard of Public 
 Works shall prepare general plan for streets and roads within two 
 miles of city, and that after adoption the plan shall be changed 
 t)nly by a two thirds vote of Common Council. 
 
 .April 22, Local Acts, page 537. — Authorizes city to borrow 
 $100,000 to build a Central Market. 
 
 April 22, Local .Acts, page 538. — Gives council power to appoint 
 a Hoard of Gas Commissioners, and to provide for and make gas. 
 
 April 2g, Local Acts, page 719. — Directs lioard of Police Com- 
 missioners to submit detailed estimate of expenditures to comp- 
 troller, and provides for care of the funds. 
 
 May 3, I,ocal Acts, page 864. — Adds portions of townships of 
 Greenfield, Hamtramck, and Springwells to the cily. 
 
 May 4, Local Acts, page 865. — NL'ikes provision for oi)eniug 
 streets. 
 
 1877. February 7, Local Acts, page 2. — F.xtends time for 
 collecting State and county taxes. 
 
 May 23, Local .Acts, page 507. — Provides for ofTicc of fire 
 marshal and prescribes his duties. 
 
 1879. February 27, Local Acts, page 11. — Kxtends lime for 
 collection of State and county taxes. 
 
 March 4, Local Acts, page 28. — Directs that the fiscal year 
 begin on July i, authorizes temporary loan of .f8o,ooo, and re- 
 quires treasurer to nuike a separate deposit of the cash belonging 
 to the sinking fund. 
 
 March 4, Local .Acts, page 32. — C uncil to publish olTicial pro- 
 ceedings in only one daily paper in the F.nglish language, but 
 |)rovides that they may publish such part of proceedings as tlvy 
 deem proper in other languages, at a total cost of not over $2,500 
 per year. 
 
 April 19, Local Acts, page 153. — .\iithorizes Police Commis- 
 sioners to appoint an inspector of slau.ghter-houses and meats, 
 
 .May 21, Local Acts, page 177. — Provides for lioard of lioule- 
 vard Commissioners, and defines how they shall be elected and 
 their powers and duties. 
 
 May 21, Local Acts, page 183. — Judge of Superior Court may 
 preside over recorder's court, and, when necessary to fill vacancy, 
 election for recorder may be held. 
 
 -May 27, Ijocal Acts, page 213. — Council authorized to purchase 
 P.elle Isle, improve it as a park, erect bridge to it, and may |)ur- 
 cha.se real estate on main land for an approach to the same ; also, 
 with consent of the Hoard of F.stimates, may borrow $200,000 
 for above purposes. 
 
 May 31, Local Acts, pa.ge 253. — Abolishes offices of director of 
 poor, city collector, and city sexton ; creates lio.ard of Poor ("oin- 
 missioners ; authorizes officers of city and boards to nominate 
 their own clerks: makes further provision for purchase of lielle 
 Isle, and provides that the city may issue bonds to the amount of 
 $700,000 to buy the island and build a bridge or tunnel ; author- 
 izes receiver of taxes to levy for collection of personal taxes. 
 
 1881. .March 11, Local acts, page 100. — Provides that lioard of 
 F.ducation shall consi.st of twelve inspectors elected on one general 
 ticket ; makes provision for the transfer of the Public Library to 
 a lioard of Commissioners, and provides that a library ta.\ of one 
 fifth of a mill on each one hundred dollars shall be levied for its 
 support. 
 
 March 22, Local Acts, page 118. — City authorized to convey a 
 portion of lielle Isle to the United States as a site for a light- 
 house. 
 
 .April 21, Local .Acts, page 226. — Provides for Upper House or 
 lioard of Councilmen, prescribes their duties and also the duties 
 of the lioard of -Aldermen or City Council, and abolishes lioard 
 of l''.stiniates. 
 
 .April 21, Local .Acts, page 228. — Directs that the upper stories 
 of the market building be used for court rooms and offices. 
 
 May 5, Local Acts, page 251. — Defines limits of city, and pro- 
 vides for new ward boundaries. 
 
 May 6, Local Acts, page 256. — Pertains to powers and duties of 
 Police Commissioners. 
 
 .May 19, Local -Acts, page 279. — Authorizes city to cond<'inu for 
 public use the rights of the Detroit Si Howell Plank Road Com- 
 pany within the city. 
 
 May 20, Local .Acts, page 280. — C'dves Poor Cornmissioncrs 
 power to appoint their own officers and agents without confirma- 
 tion by tlu^ council. 
 
 May 26, Local .Acts, page 307. — Provides for establishment of 
 lioard of Health. 
 
 May 27, Local Acts, page 315. — Repeals Park Act of April 15, 
 1871. 
 
 May 31, Local .Acts, page 324. — Defines what olTicers shall be 
 appointed by the council. 
 
 May 31, Local .Acts, page 334. — Authorizes the city to condemn 
 for public use the rights of the Detroit & Saline Plank Road 
 Company within the city. 
 
 June 2, Local Acts, page 342. — Provides that police justices of 
 Detroit may, on application, sentence to the House of Correction 
 persiuis who refuse to support their family. 
 
 June 6, Local Acts, page 370. — Provides that members of the 
 council are to be freeholders ; also provides as to dangerous 
 siructurcs, obstructions in the street, inspection of steam boilers, 
 intelligence ofTices, etc. 
 
 lune 7, Local .Acts, page 379. — Provides further regulations for 
 Inspection of meats and provisions sold in Detroit. 
 
 June 7, Local Acts, page 379.-- Provides that the mayor shall 
 nominate members of the Hoard of Water Commissioners. 
 
 May 5, Public Acts, page 108. — Recorder may act as judge of 
 Supreme Court ; fees received by clerk to be paid to city 
 treasurer. 
 
 May 20, Public Acts, page 157.— Provides for board of six 
 jury commissioners, to be appointed by the Senate on nomination 
 of the governor, to select jurors for courts of record in the city of 
 
988 
 
 A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CITY CHAKTKRS, ETC. 
 
 Ditniit and i(iiiiity of W/iyiU', tlirci; to In: residents of city, and 
 l^iree of townships outside of the city. 
 
 Jinie 2, I'lililie Acts, pane 250.-- Reorganizes Hoiisi' of Correc- 
 tion, to l)i: inaiia.v;ed by four inspectors, and provides for details of 
 niana>{einent. 
 
 June 11, PhIjIic Acts, paije 31)4,— Provides that recorder shall 
 receive a salary of $4,001 a year. 
 
 l88a. March 14, Local Acts, pa),'e 3.-- Authorizes Police Com- 
 missioners to lix salaries of all oflicers of the department, and 
 makes other provisions. 
 
 •March 15, Local .Vets, page 13.— Authorizes rc-assessment fur 
 pavinK portion of Jefferson Avenue. 
 
 March 15, Local Acts, page 14.— Authorizes re-assessment for 
 pavini; portion of Michigan Avenue. 
 
 March 15, Local Acts, page 16.— Provides that Kire Commis- 
 sioners may l\x antonnt of salaries of officers of the department. 
 
 March 15, Local .Acts, jiage 17. — Authorizes re-assessnwnt for 
 paving portion of Jefferson .\ venue. 
 
 March 15, Local ,\cts, page iS.— Authorizes re-assessment I'or 
 paving portion of Jefferson Avenue. 
 
 March is, Local Acts, page 20. — Authorizes assessment for re- 
 paving Kranklin Street. 
 
 1883. March 28, Local .Acts, page 246.— Establishes Hoard of 
 Park Commissioners and gives them control of appropriations for 
 park. 
 
 April 10, Local .Vets, p.ige 4:2. — Establishes Board of Poor 
 Commissioners anew, and gives them exclusive power in the 
 relieving of county poor within the limits of Detroit. 
 
 April 18, Local Ads, page 433. — Amends " Hoard of I'ublic 
 Works .Act," clianges tlieir fiscal year to begin July i, and makes 
 provision that before plats are confirmed the taxes must have 
 been paid. 
 
 April 25, Local Acts, page 449. — Provides for three justices in- 
 stead of six, who are to be paid a regular salary by the county. 
 
 April 26, Local Acts, page 452. — Provides that half of the 
 
 damages assessed for opening streets shall be paid by the city, 
 and makes nun.eroiis othiT provisions. 
 
 April 27, Local .Acts, page 468. -( ;iv<'s Hoard of Water C(jui- 
 missioners discretionary powers as to the rate to be charged for 
 water furnished to persons living outside of the city. 
 
 May II, Public Acts, page .S7.— Provides that jury commissi. m- 
 ers need not all be present at the drawing of names, and tli.u 
 they .shall have mileage. 
 
 May 19, Local AciS, page 530.— Provides that salaries of audi 
 tors shall be fixed by the circuit judges of the comity, and that 
 the salary of each auditor shall not be more than $2,500 or less 
 than $i,2i«. 
 
 May 31, Public Acts, p.tge 130.— Provides that two of the county 
 auditors shall be residents of IJetroit. 
 
 June 5. I-™-'! .^I's, P"K'' 579.— Pr.ictically a new city charter 
 with many important changes. Provides for board of threi> 
 assessors ; abolishes Hoard of Review ; provides for the payment 
 of highway taxes by all property ; extends term of receiver of 
 taxes from two to three years ; provides that aldermen shall hold 
 no city, county, or legislative office except that of a notary ; gives 
 aldermen and councilmen ecpial power over estimates and legis- 
 lative matters ; abolishes Central Station Court, and makes many 
 other changes. 
 
 June 6, Public Acts, page 1S3.— Authorizes county treasurer to 
 charge four per cent for collecting taxes paid between December 
 16 and March i, and provides that he shall have two per cent on 
 amount of taxes returned asdelintpient. 
 
 June 8, Local .Acts, page 673. — Authorizes new assessment to 
 pay for paving Michigan .Avenue. 
 
 June 8, Local .Acts, page ^175. — Authorizes new assessment to 
 pay for paving Jifferson Avenue. 
 
 June 8, Local Acts, page '177.^ Provides that mayor may 
 nominate, and Hoard of Councilmen appoint persons to fill vacan- 
 cies in oflice of school inspector, and provides that non-resident 
 taxpayers shall pay for the tuition of their children. 
 
pciitl by till! 
 
 ird of Water Cum- 
 ;e lo l)i: charKi'l fi'i' 
 10 city. 
 
 lat jury coinmission- 
 of names, and tli.it 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 liat salaries of audi 
 he county, and that 
 than $2,500 or less 
 
 lat two of the county 
 
 r a. new city charter 
 for board of three 
 
 ides for the payment 
 term of receiver of 
 aldermen shall hold 
 
 lat of a notary ; gives 
 estimates and legis- 
 
 lurt, and makes many 
 
 •s county treasurer to 
 id between December 
 have two per cent on 
 
 (es new assessment to 
 
 es new assessment to 
 
 des that mayor may 
 t persons to fill vacan- 
 ides that non-resident 
 ;hildren. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Abbott, l''.dward, 2.(3, 243. 
 
 Abbott A: Kiuchley, 174. 
 
 Abbott, James, 23, 26, 38, 135, 
 143, I4y, 183, 189, ii;2, iij8, 272, 
 284, 313, 37", 486, 491, ,556, 557, 
 5iS, 559. 562, 645, 716, 729, 730, 
 7f'7. 770, 77''i 785. 837. 847. 859, 
 S60, 862, 879, 880, 882, S83, 916. 
 
 Abbott, John S., 191, 711, 717, 
 
 740, 752, 755. 75';- 
 AblKJtt, J. S. C, 70<j. 
 Abbott, Robert, 41, 87, 89, 92, 
 
 123, 133. 176, 183, 191, 198, 491, 
 
 4M2. 554. 557. 559. 562. $^'3. 564- 
 Abbott, Samuel, 313. 
 Abbott, S(|uire Jr., 300. 
 Abel, !••., 355. 
 Abell, OHv.tC., 100. 
 Adair, William, 100, 523, C54, 
 
 . 937- 
 
 Adam, John J., 92. 
 Adam, T. C, 62O. 
 Adams, Miss, 561. 
 Adams, A. H., 650, S64, 8^5, 897. 
 Adams, Charli's S., 343, 355. 
 Adams, Charles K., 709. 
 Adams, Krancis, 144, n5, lOi, 
 
 869. 
 Adams, H. 1!., 131. 
 Adauis, Herbert, 756, 757. 
 Adams, II. M., 918. 
 Adaiu-, James (j., -.mo, 305. 
 .*\daius, John, 264, 937, 957. 
 Adams, John (Jiiincy, 298, 63r. 
 Adams, 1,. H,, .Miss, 673, 700. 
 .'\darns, N., Mrs., 310, 311. 
 Adams, T. K., 695, 937,942, 946. 
 Addison, K. H., 213. 
 Adier, I.., 628. 
 Aeiller, Jacob, 313. 
 A.^assiz, Louis, 70S. 
 AiKieiuoiit, Sieur d', 18, 837. 
 Aikuian, William, 60a, 604, 700. 
 Aillebout, M. d', 83. 
 Ainslie, 'I'homas, 341. 
 Alabaster, John, 571. 
 .'Vlbaeh, James K., 708. 
 Albee, H.C., 808. 
 Alcock, T., 9*3.^. 
 Alcorn, 589. 
 
 Aleott, A. Uronson, 708. 
 Aldeu, J. M., 50, 646, 649. 
 Aldis, Charles, 58). 
 Akhich, S. H., 648. 
 Aldrich, ()., 210, 795, 916. 
 Alexander, Ransom I.., 131. 
 Alexis, the (Iraud l)uke, 483, 
 Alden, Hiram, 897. 
 Aluer, R. A., 360, 362, 867. 
 Allaril, Jaques, Jr , 979. 
 Allardt, M. H., 687. 
 Allee, A., 901. 
 Allen, A. I!., 616. 
 Allen, C. T., 211, 571, 572, 844, 
 Allen, Colonel, 280. 
 Allen, K. P., 324. 
 Allen, K. W., 906. 
 Allen, H. C, 700. 
 Allen, Ira M., 50, 646. 
 Allen, Lewis, 756. 
 Allen, Lewis, Airs., 652, 655, 
 Allen, M., 674, (x)^. 
 Allen, M., Airs., 652. 
 Allen, Orville H., 166. 
 Allen, R. W., 57. 
 Allison, James D., 144, 145, 
 
 966. 
 
 872. 
 ,87.. 
 
 Allor, M. C, 212. 
 Allouez, 527. 
 Almy, John, 935. 
 .\lteiibraiidt, I!., 758. 
 .Alter, Kraneis, 167. 
 Alvord, Hr., 677. 
 Alvord, H. J,, 91. 
 Alvord, W. J., 130. 
 Ambeix, II. A: Co., 496 
 Ambrose, .Mrs., 651. 
 Ames, L. R., 579. 
 Ames, M. K., 101, 192. 
 Amherst, Jeffrey, 83, 84, 238, 879 
 •Amin I'ey, 963. 
 Ampere, J. j., 708. 
 Auirhein, Wm., 934. 
 Anciaux, 'I'., 536. 
 Aneram, William, 227. 
 Anderson, Captain, 226. 
 Anderson, ('harles, 212. 
 Anderson, Colonel, 272, 277. 
 Anderson, K., 654. 
 Anderson, tJ. W., 607. 
 Anderson, James, 313, 315, 475, 
 
 f.54, 936. 
 Anderson, John, 176, 19T, 313, 
 
 f'.!>. 730. 859. 
 Anderson, Julia Ann, Mrs., 584. 
 -Anderson, L. S., 132. 
 Anderscm, Major, 305, 
 Anderson, Mary, 358. 
 Anderson, M., 125. 
 Anderson, Mr., 481. 
 Anderson, 'I'., 166. 
 Anderson, T. S., 871 
 Anderson, W. K., 804, 
 Andre, John, 799. 
 Andre, Joseph, 285. 
 Andre, Lieut,, 262. 
 Andre, Mrs., 262. 
 Andre, P., 540. 
 Andrews, I'.ishop, 379. 
 Andrews, Colin, 837. 
 .Andrews, Colonel, 172. 
 Andrews, K., 676. 
 Andrews, C.eorge, Mrs., 310, 311 
 Andrews, ('.eor>;e 1'., 51, 678, 714 
 Andrews, 11. R., 41, 143, 209, 
 
 215, 483, 486, 872. 
 Andrews, II. R., .Mrs., 656, 659, 
 
 662. 
 Andrews, J. II., 695. 
 Andrews, Norman S., 
 Andrews, William, 492. 
 Andries, K., 690. 
 Anj^t'll, James It., 339, 709. 
 Augell, (J. R., 752, 758. 
 Annabel, S. C"., 612, 
 Anneke, l''.mil, 92. 
 Anne of Austria, 83. 
 Anthon, C K., 550, 700. 
 Anthon, (leorKC C, 50, 333, 340, 
 
 371. 550. 700- 
 Anthon, John, 700. 
 Anthony, W. K., Mrs., 666. 
 Antisdel, A., 892. 
 Antisdel, J. K., 483, 485, 486, 
 
 487. 
 Antisdel, W. W., 486. 
 Antoine, Robert, 20. 
 Antrobus, John, 361. 
 Apel, !•'., 355. 
 Appel, C. W., 167. 
 Appelt, Charles, 146. 
 Apply, J., 132. 
 Arcetti, Tohn, 663. 
 Archer, John, 165, 470. 
 Argenson, Viscount d', 83. 
 
 176. 
 
 ArinitaKc, William E., 359, 585, 
 
 586, 59-'. 
 Armitaye, William L., 969. 
 Armitane, W. S., 818. 
 Armor, S. ( 1., 50. 
 Anuslroii.i;, I!. K., 673. 
 Armstrong, J., 178. 
 ArmslronK, James A., 865, 895. 
 .Armstronv;, .\lajor-( leneral, 256 
 Armstrong;, V. IL, 494. 
 Armstidiii;, W. C^, 678. 
 Arnaiid, liertrand, 529. 
 Ariult, llenrv, 1)37. 
 Aniett, J. H', 892. 
 Arnold, I'eiiediit, 24S, 264. 
 Arnold, J. M., 566, 572, 642, 
 
 679, 6t^, 695. 
 Arnold, Matthew, 7«;, 97O. 
 Arthur, Chester A., 937. 
 Ashley, !•'.., 934. 
 Ashley, W. H., 892. 
 Askin, John, 34, 36, 133, 172, 
 
 189, 344. 940, 977, 982. 
 Aspinall, James, 788. 
 .Aspinall, Joseph, 787, 788, 792. 
 .Ateliinson, J. li., 567, 70). 
 Atkinson, J., 162, 
 Atkinson, W. I''., 
 At Lee, S. Vorke, 
 -Atterbury, C. L. 
 -Atterbury, C. S. 
 
 Atterbury, J. (i., 
 , W. W. 
 
 318, 689, -jof.}, 
 937- 
 I "9'- 
 657. 
 647. 
 
 60c, 604, 711. 
 Atterburyi \\. W., 613. 
 Atwater, Caleb, 708. 
 Atwater, Reuben, 23, 88, 317, 
 
 785, 937- 
 Atwood, W. S., 197. 
 Audrain, Kraneis, 558. 
 Audrain, L IL, 176, 20(j. 
 Audrain, Marxarei, 594. 
 Audrain, Peter, 23, 28, 30, 38, 
 
 40, 53, 96, 111, 119, 133, 186, 
 
 189, i<>D, 191, 198, 224, 272, 
 
 490, 937. 
 Audrey, Claude, 20. 
 Austin, L. I'.., 872. 
 Austin, \.. H., ftlrs., 665. 
 Austin, P. I'.., 58, 196, 198. 
 Avery, C. 1 1., 355. 
 Avery, Klislia, 176. 
 Avery, (1. H., 143. 
 Avery, H. K., 862. 
 .Avery, J. P., 613. 
 Avery, Judge, 968. 
 Avery, N., 162. 
 Avery, Newell, Mrs., 665. 
 Axford, S. M., 50, 646, 649. 
 Aylward, J., 211. 
 Aymar, 695. 
 Ax'ell, Jonathan R., 633. 
 
 I!aart, P. A., 537. 
 
 liabcock, C. P., 324. 
 
 liabee, M., 222. 
 
 Haby, Colonel, 279. 
 
 liaby, I)., 767, 
 
 liaby, Dnperon, 324. 
 
 Haby, F'., 176. 
 
 liaby, James, 978, 979. 
 
 Haby, M., 237, 238. 
 
 Hackus & Sons, 499. 
 
 Backus, Charles K., 6;g, 684, 
 
 70't 752. 757- 
 Backus, K.lcctus, 271. 
 Hackus, H. T.. 92, 100, J44. 191. 
 Bacon, Colonel, 300. 
 
 li.icon, David, 552, 602, 613, 
 
 7'5. 95!. 
 Ilaeon, I )avid, Mrs., 715. 
 Ilac.in, Leonard, 552, 353, (02, 
 
 6ir., 7(«,, 7, .8. 
 liacon, Marshall J., 90, 195, 
 
 198, 203, 711, Sj9, 874. 
 Bacon, X., 188. 
 
 Bacon, W. .A.. 143, 650, 713, 717. 
 Badger, Jose|>li, tea. 
 liadiu, !■. V ., 535. 
 llaify, I'ligene, 832. 
 Bagg, A. .S., 79, 144, 1^5, -..18, 
 
 685. 695, 938. 
 Bagg, A. S., .Miss, 717. 
 I'.agg, A. W., 679. 
 i'lagg, Barnes \' Co., 692. 
 Ba,g,g, IJ. Rush, 190, 198, 840. 
 Bang, Charles R., 196. 
 Ba.gg & Harmon, 692. 
 K'lg.g. J. H., 5". 9'. >43. '90, 
 
 ";•»! <95. ''4''- 700. 740, 755' 
 Bagg, John S., 176. 67;, 677, 
 
 685, 68r., 692, 695. 883. 
 Bagg, S. A., 40, 61, 126, 
 
 685, 686, 900. 
 Bagley, K. 1'.. 318. 
 Bagh-y, (leor.ge !■'., 144, 
 
 792, 869. 
 Bagley, John J., 57. 75. (;2 
 
 204, 205, 217, 218, 3(.k;, 
 
 756, 810, 867, 8fo, 874. 
 I'iigl<-y. J- J-. '^Irs-, 662, 665, 
 
 BaglJy, (). M., 796. 
 
 Baier, K., 166. 
 
 Bailey, James A., 757. 
 
 Bailey, John, 364. 
 
 Bailey. Joshua, 13;. 
 
 Bain, L., 713. 
 
 Bain, Stejihen. 795. 
 
 Baird, R. W., Mrs., 360. 
 
 Baker, H. Kranklin, 168, 519. 
 
 Baker, Calvin, 89, 98, 135, 167. 
 
 Baker, Daniel, 273,938. 
 
 Baker, K. A., 101, 141. 
 
 Baker, (1. 1)., 596, 602, 604, 642. 
 
 Baker, ( ieorge, 799. 
 
 Baker, II. K., 638, 642, 684, 756, 
 
 759. 7'i<V 
 Baker, Ilibbard, 941. 
 Baker, Jacob B., 917. 
 737- 
 
 ■94, 
 
 788. 
 
 . "44. 
 746. 
 
 I'.aker, James S., 
 Baker, Alajor, 228 
 
 Baker, R. 1.., 224. 
 
 Baki'r, S. A., 638, 676, 682. 683. 
 
 Baker, Samuel, 5^)3, 564. 
 
 Baker, W. 1. , 805." 
 
 Bakewell, W. H.. 578. 
 
 P.alch, ( Ieorge W., 137, 145, 
 752. 757. 758. 87". 884, 885. 
 
 Balch, Lewis P. \V., 587. 
 
 Baldwin, C. II. , 486. 888. 
 
 Baldwin, Commodore, 938. 
 
 Baldwin, Ktlian, 313. 
 
 Baldwin, Kzra, 916. 
 
 Baldwin, Henry P , 92, 100, 102, 
 106, 311, 312, 360, 3,'ii, 362, 
 497. 585. 586, 638, 657, 711, 
 769, 772, 864, 867, 936, 938, 
 
 974- 
 Baldwin, H. P., 2d, 657. 
 Baldwin, J. D., 165, 642. 
 Baldwin, Lola, 942. 
 Baldwin, Lyman, 143, 209, 733, 
 
 938, 942. 
 I.aldwin, Lyman H., 8a8. 
 Ball, 286. 
 
 [989] 
 
990 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 Ball, Mvn.M I)., 1)2. 
 
 Hall, llaliiil, Slifi. 
 
 liall, II I,., 671, hi,2. 
 
 Hall, William, 7.J8. 
 
 liallaid, .(8). 
 
 HallanI, A.', f:^. 
 
 liallaid, Julia I'., Mis., 701. 
 
 Italini-r, StipluMi, 5t>7. 
 
 lialpciur, 715. 
 
 liaiianir, Jaccib, 131. 
 
 liaiurofi, K., 7.i8. 
 
 Haiuriifl, I',. C, ^02. 
 
 HaTurcift, (liruixc, 7ij8, 859, ij6). 
 
 liaiiK'S Natli.ui, 553, 7<io, i;54. 
 
 Haiiklu'ad, Jaiiius, 22y. 
 
 Hanks, ^i)^. 
 
 Banks, A. !•'., )6o. 
 
 Banks, (icrtruclc, Miss, 665. 
 
 Banks, N'allianiil P., 966. 
 
 Banks, Rcjlx-rt, 888. 
 
 Banvaiil, 716. 
 
 B.inwcll, llcniy, 587, 581J. 
 
 B.inulali-, C.-ori;,-, 758. 
 
 Barai'a, {''rt'dcrick, 5.i5, 547, /•> '• 
 
 Baral, I'cniti-, 3jj. 
 
 HailHT, K. W., f.75. 
 
 Barbier, !•'. J., ic)6, ii|8. 
 
 Barhciiir, I',. S., 814. 
 
 Barbimr, (ic(>rj.;f ii., 816. 
 
 Barbonr, I,. I,., 75, 761. 
 
 Barclay, C'ulonel, 269. 
 
 Barclay, W., 61, 71, 143. 164, 
 
 204. 4<;j. 57.). f'54. 7 '3. 93'^'. 
 
 938. 
 Baric, Liniis, 162. 
 Harios, Jean .Maria, 20, 
 Barker, K. ('., i.(0, 144, 498, 
 
 512, 8j(.. 8i>9. 971. 
 Barker, Saniuil, 895. 
 Barker, William K., 946. 
 Barknnie, Kli, 938. 
 Barlavje, A., 144. 
 Barlow, C. J., 132. 
 Barlow, (i. \V., 610, (ki4. 
 Barlnni, I'liornas, 655. 
 Barnard, 486. 
 liarnard, Henry, 708, 961. 
 Barnard, Henry 1)., 54, 133, 146. 
 Barnard, Joseph, 210. 
 Barnes, Albert, 702. 
 Barnes, .\. S., 706. 
 Barnes Bros.. 4r,8, 499. 
 Barnes, K. W., 58. 
 liarnes, (iiles, 313. 
 Barney, Milton, 480 
 Barnliardt, \V. H., 357. 
 Barns, .A. I' , 639. 
 Barns, Henry, 100, 226, 307, 
 
 675, 676, 683, 685, 6j2, 883. 
 Barns, Jacob, 686. 
 Barium), K. T.. 499, 733, Sii, 
 
 812. 
 Baron, .Antoine, 978. 
 Baron, Joseph, 130, 198. 
 liaron, IVter, 767, 
 Barr, Jolin, 687. 
 Barr, Robert, 687. 
 Barre, l.efebere de, 83. 
 Barrian, Joseph, 978. 
 Barrett, C. H., 58, 59, 639, 646, 
 
 649. 
 Barrett, Lawrence, 358. 
 Barrett, Myron, 595. 
 Barrett, Patrick, 935. 
 Barrois, 35. 
 Barrois, Francois Lothman de, 
 
 333- 
 Barrows, Jnba, iq8. 
 Barrows, S. S., 164. 
 Barry, David, 677, 678. 
 Harry, I). I'.., 901. 
 Barry, John S., qi, 92, 104, 898. 
 Biirry, rhoinasj,, 166. 
 Barry. William, 80, 798. 
 Barse, W. H., 202. 
 Barstow, Samuel, 176, 191, 650, 
 
 7". 739. 743. 75=, 755. 756. 
 
 862. 
 Barstow, H. A., 482. 
 Bart, J., 132. 
 Bartcnbach, G., 842, 
 Harthe, A., 172. 
 Barthello, William, 795, 
 Bartholick, Dr., 493. 
 Bartholomew, A. M., 493, 937. 
 
 Baiiluiloniew, .\. .M., Mrs,, (152, 
 Hallle, James, 5.10. 
 ll.irllelt", J. W.. 757, 
 Barllell, Joseph, 551, 807. 
 Bartletl, A. U., 57.!. 
 Bartlev, A. H., 210. 
 liarlKy, Iv, 663. 
 I'arlnii, William, 178. 
 B.irlow, William, 98, 130, 191. 
 
 198. 
 Baskerville, 1 . H., 573, 
 Bass, J., 577. 
 Bassett, Henry, 37, 227. 
 Bastie, l''dnuiiid, 535. 
 Balehelder, I. C, jsd. 
 Balchelder, j. W., 758. 
 Bales, 695. 
 Hates, Andrew, 639. 
 Bates, .Alexander, 300, 
 Bates, Asher H., 140, 141, 198, 
 
 873. 874- 
 Bati'S, Clara Doty, Mrs., 701. 
 Bates, l''rederiik, 23, ■-•6, 38, 89, 
 
 1)5. '/'. '33. 183, 186, 491, 494, 
 
 855. 857. 883, 938. 
 Bates, Cieorgi- (.'., 113, 143, 17.;, 
 
 •-'43. 3"i, 7". 934. 9''3- 
 Bates, 11. C, 792. 
 Bates, 1,. J., 13, 684, 690, 692, 
 
 701. 
 Bates, Morgan, 71, 92, 161;, 073, 
 
 676. 682. 
 Batt.'ll, Cyrus, 909. 
 Batterson, J. tl., 312. 
 Hattli', James, 513, 519, 
 Battzes," (leorKe, 281. 
 Batwell, l''.(l\vard, 50, 755, 756. 
 li.iuer, -A., 167, 757. 
 Baur, Emil, 575. 
 Baux'h, J. B., 4. 
 lianxliman, J. A., 566, 572, 578, 
 
 580, 840. 
 Haiim>,'artner, John, 621. 
 Havlev, I'Vaiik '1'., 600. 
 Baxter, A. W., 810. 
 Baxter, [ohn, 175. 
 Baxter, 'I'homas, 161, 162. 
 Baxter, W. H., 145, 5«j. 
 Baxter, Witter J., 711,732. 
 Bayard, Robert, 172, 227. 
 Bayliss, J. H., 567, 575. 
 Bayliss, J. II., .Mrs., 842. 
 Beaib, I'.ben, 795. 
 Beach, P., 132. 
 Beach, Seth, 594. 
 Beadle, J. '1'., 612. 
 Bean, J. v., 718. 
 Beard, C.eoixe, 938. 
 Beard, ( >. J'., 701. 
 Beaidslee. I'. J., 487 
 Beardslei', Harlow, 142, 
 Beardsley, 41)2. 
 Beattie, I'.lizabeth, 633. 
 Beattie, .Mar.i.;aret, 633, 
 Beatty, James, 71. 
 lleaubieii, 492. 
 liraubiell, Nliss, 350. 
 Heaubien, Antoint, Mrs., 653, 
 
 721. 
 Beaubien, Antoine, 34, 313, 725, 
 
 945. 977- 
 Beaubien, Henry, 164. 
 Beaubien, J., 737. 
 Beaubien, James. 38, 202, 935. 
 Beaubien, Jean Bt., 20, 285. 
 Beaubien, Jean Maria, 21, 190, 
 
 '9'. 3>3. "79- 
 Beaubien, Joseph, 532, 977. 
 Beaubien, Lambert, 198, 323, 
 
 ^ 934. .937. ^ . 
 r.eaubien, T.ouis, 164. 
 Beaubien, I.ouis Antoine, 531, 
 
 532. . 
 Beaubien, P., 934. 
 Beaubien, Trotier, 337. 
 Beaufait, 493. 
 Beaufait, Louis, 88, 90. 100, 
 
 102, 130, 174, 180, 190, 191, 
 
 198, 531, 720, 938, 977, 98.'. 
 Beauchene, Chevalier de, 332. 
 Beaugrand, Jean Baptisle, 313. 
 Beauharnois, Marquis de, 19, 
 
 83, 766. 
 Beaumont, ^L M., 707. 
 Beuusseron, Widow, 18. 
 
 Beck, C, !•'., 780. 
 
 Beck, Charles (1., 9)8. 
 
 Bee kcr, John, 6&<. 
 
 Be( kwith, < u-oi-).;.', ■■I'j. 
 
 P.edell, Ceorni' W., 13.. 
 
 Beceher, K. B., K85. 
 
 Beecher, 1 lenry Ward, 7110, 9 ;.S, 
 
 , 97.1- 
 
 Beecher, Luther, 352, 485, 61.5, 
 
 ('75, 692, 711, 713, K42. .)7i. 
 Beecher, Lyman, (103, 708,839. 
 Beecher, 'rruiuaii, 785. 
 Bei-cher, Thomas K., 637. 
 Beed/.ler, J., 777. 
 Beeson, Jacob, 38, 70'. 
 Beggs, 'I'liomas, ^k, 
 Begole, J. W., 92;T75. 
 Begon, 18. 
 
 Belanger, Joseph. 654, 
 Belknap, John, 868. 
 B.ll, Digby v., 92,93, 734, 785, 
 
 Iieli;'l.. v., Jr., 354. 
 
 Bell, 1). v., Mrs., 66s. 
 
 Bell, Dclos, 361. 
 
 Hell. |,,hn A., 687. 
 
 Bell, R,,bert, 56. 
 
 Hell, ■riiom.is, 895. 
 
 Bell.iir, Joseph, 945. 
 
 Bellair, Oliver, 210, 933, 938, 
 
 945. 
 Bellecour, 1''. D., I98. 
 Btdlecour, 1''. I., 149. 
 Bellestre, I'Vancois .Marie I'i- 
 
 cote de, 36, 40, 83, 227, 2x3, 
 
 =34. 527. 766. 
 Bellisic, IlelllN', 50. 
 Bell.iws, 11. W., 681. 
 Bellows, J. N., 717. 
 P.ellman, W. I'., 496. 
 Belton, !•'. S., 228. 
 Belton, Samuel, 55s. 
 Hendix, William, 3^7- 
 Biuiedict, Iv 1)., S84. 
 Benedict, Hiram, 840. 
 lienileau, A. P. '1'., 318. 
 Beuiteau, Israel I., 654. 
 Benliam, Lbene/er, 165, 202. 
 Benham, W. 1.., 91.1. 
 Benjamin, Park, 701;. 
 Bennett. 1 >., 4113. 
 Beiuiett, I'Vank, 687. 
 Bemiett, |oseph K., i6t^, 176. 
 Bennett, L. H., 87... 
 BeniU'lt, -Moses, 165. 
 Bennett, S., 132. 
 Bennett, W., 493. 
 Benoit, !•'.., 71)9. 
 lienoit, K. I'., 125. 
 Bentley, 173. 
 Bentley, John, 133. 
 Ben on. Colonel, 84. 
 P.entiui, 'I'liomas H., 938. 
 Berdan, < ). !■'., 357. 
 Berger, J. M., 673, 695, 696. 
 Berkey, A., 621. 
 Berlin, I'rederick, 938. 
 Bernier, 532. 
 Bernick, 538. 
 Bcr(piin, 694. 
 Berrien, John M., 895. 
 Berry Brothers, 497, 498, 826, 
 
 974. 
 Berry, J. A., 757. 
 Berry, J. IL, 825, 871. 
 Berry, Langford (1,, 92. 
 Herry, S. V,, 51^0. 
 Herrv, 'riiomas, 138, 162, 646, 
 
 734, 826, 875. 
 Berry, 'I'. V., 624. 
 Berry, Williaai A., 874. 
 Berry, W. L., 695. 
 Herryer, M.. 233. 
 Berthelet, Henry, 8, 15, 33, 133, 
 
 532, 938, 980, 1181. 
 Berthelet, Peter, (,j, 793, 
 
 98 !. 
 Berthelet, Widow, 767. 
 BiTtrams, Ciustavns, 576. 
 Bertrand, 531, i;3.'. 
 Pethime, George W., 938. 
 Beltinger, Conr.id, 101. 
 Betts, Charles. 674. 
 Belts, George 1., ,24. 
 Bewick, Charles, 8ti. 
 
 794. 
 
 Hiver 
 
 C. 11., i7, 663. 
 
 Heyer 
 
 e, t'onsl.iutiiie, 688. 
 
 Hibb, 
 
 I leurv, ^40, 7.M.. 
 
 Biddh 
 
 '. John, .'3, 38, 59, 1'8, ..8 
 
 100, 
 
 102, III, 114, 130, 140 
 
 -227, 
 
 =71. 357. 359, 372. 485 
 
 64., 
 
 710, 712, 716, 730, 735 
 
 i 924. 
 
 310, 
 
 260, 
 
 162. 
 
 7". 
 
 75'-, 
 
 "77. 
 7>3. 
 843. 
 
 860, Kli.', 8S7, 8.1(1. 
 I'iddlc, Nicholas, 372. 
 P.iddle, W. S., 318; 
 Hiebcr, Adam, 934, 935, 
 llielier, Peter, 935, 
 
 Bielivilli', 330. 
 Big He.iver, 181. 
 Bigelow, George, i;o. 
 Bigelow, Horatio, 81K, 
 Bigelow, John M., (147, 
 Bigelow, L., 131. 
 Higley, 498. 
 Bigot, 2x^. 
 Bigsle", 1 )oitor, 269. 
 Billilr.,^ Alv.in, ^6=;. 
 Hillings, 1>. A., 77S. 
 Hinder, William, 166. 
 Bineaii, Jean, 766. 
 Piinghain, K., 164, 492, 641 
 Bingham, Kinsley S., 92. 
 Hingliam, .Sarah T., .Miss, 
 Hingle, l''.ilward, 131. 
 Bird, A. A., 198. 
 P.ird, Henry, 223, 243, 249, 
 
 952. 
 Bird, Philander, i ^i, 198. 
 Bird, I'eier C., 131. 
 I'ird, Robert, 571. 
 Bird, Robert C., 731 
 P>irniingham. T. N., 
 Birney, James, 92. 
 Bishoj), Anna, 354. 
 Bishop, David 1.., 212 
 Bishop, IL, 355, 357. 
 Bishop, Levi, 19, 49, 
 
 ■92, 199. 3''7. 70 > 
 
 745. 746, 752. 755 
 
 968. 
 
 Bishop, M., 492. 
 Bisho- R. A., Mrs., 486. 
 Bisph.i 1, John B., 191. 
 Bissell, 4,93. 
 
 Bissell, A. K., 61, 787, 788. 
 Bissell, Albert G., 647. 
 Bissell, Charles, 851. 
 Bi.ssell, George W., 787, 788, 
 
 792. 
 Bissell, John H., 592. 
 Bissell, W. A., 73^, 
 P.lack, Clare. u'e, 360, 361. 
 Bhick, 11. }L, 624. 
 Black, Joseph, 362, 873. 
 P.lack, James, 497, 654. 
 IMack, S. W., 228. 
 Blackburn, 'I'liomas, 202 
 
 34*'. 959. 
 Blackburn, William M., 602. 
 Black Hawk. 299,959. 
 P.lackman, G. C., 706. 
 P.lai:kmar, Thomas S., 176, 
 
 '97. 795. 799- 
 P>lades, K. A. 
 
 580, 638, 783. 
 Plain, A. W., 56. 
 I'.laine, James (;., 976. 
 P.laii'ivillc. Sieur de, 227, 
 Blair, Austin, 92, 305. 
 Blair, fames S., 654. 
 Blai- .el, L. H., 355. 
 Blakcslee. George, 164. 
 Blanchard, Jonathan, 5(6, ^Cx), 
 Blankenheim, J., 166, 935. 
 Blallnu'ier, Christian, 4(i>. 
 Pilavctte, Leon Clement de, (33. 
 Blay, M., 162, 796. 
 Blenman, Henry A,, 166. 
 Hli'witt, 69J. 
 
 Bleyenbergb, A. K., 537, 541. 
 Hlindbury, 496. 
 Blindbury C. G., 799. 
 P.liiulliury, John, 101. 131, 486. 
 Bliss, P. P., 643, 972, 073. 
 Blisse, 354. 
 Blodget, A. C. 701. 
 Blodgett. CharUs C, 14s. 
 Hlodg.tt, H. N. P., Mrs.", 665. 
 Blodgett, P. S., 903. 
 Blois, John T., 696, 717, 738. 
 
 .345. 
 
 "77. 
 
 566, 569, 574, 
 
 232. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 991 
 
 688. 
 
 7.'."> 
 
 II., 57. f'''3 
 I'uiisUniliiu-, 
 
 my, 34''. 7"". 
 "till, .'3, 3'*. 5'J. ^'''> 
 1;, III. iM. ' !"• 
 ri, 357. 3^;'; 
 10, 71.^, 7'' 
 J, H87, «i|''- 
 sliiliiihis, ,17J. 
 ,V. S., 318. 
 \il.iin, CJ34. y35. 
 'i:tir, i)i5- 
 
 ■. 33''' 
 
 ii-r, 181. 
 
 , I 'iii)l>;r, 5<i. 
 
 , ll..iiilio, 818. 
 
 , Julm M.. li|7. ')-'4' 
 
 , 1... 13'- 
 
 4y8. 
 
 •^^■ 
 
 Dciilcir, sfii). 
 , .Mvaii, 5l'>5. 
 , I'. A., 778. 
 Williani, ififi. 
 
 J. an, 766. 
 n, !•'.., iCm. 49- 
 111, Kiiisli-y S., 9.'. 
 Ill, Siiiah 'I'., .Mis>*, 
 
 I'.dwaril, 131. 
 
 . ..\., n;8. 
 
 Ifiiry, 223. -43. -'4^ 
 
 (.41. 
 
 310. 
 260, 
 
 liilaiuUr, i ii. 'y3. 
 
 lUT t'., 13'- 
 
 ;cil>iTl, 571. 
 
 lulli'lt C, 131. 
 
 .nhaiu, T. N., ><Jz- 
 
 , Janus, q?. 
 
 , Anna, 354. 
 
 , David I-., 212. 
 
 . H., 355. 357- 
 
 I, l.ovi, ly, 4'). '■;'. '77. 
 
 199. 3W. 7'>'. 7>'.. 7>3. 
 
 746. 75-'. 755. 75''. 043. 
 
 ), M., 492. 
 
 ■ R. A., Mis., 486. 
 
 , I, John li., 191. 
 
 1. 493' 
 
 , .A. K., 6., 787. 788. 
 .Mhi-it C... 647. 
 riiarU'S, 851. 
 (leorgc \V., 787. 788, 
 
 John H., 592. 
 \V. A., 732. 
 t'lan-'uc, 360, 361. 
 
 11. H., ('■■!^■ 
 
 Jiisrpll, 362, 873. 
 
 laiii.'S, 447, 654. 
 
 S. \V., 228. 
 
 urn, Ihonias, 202, 345, 
 
 :)50. 
 
 vlrn, William M., 602. 
 Hawk, 2i>), 959- 
 man, C. <.'., 71)6. 
 nar, 'riiomas S., I7fi, I77' 
 
 795. 799- , ^ 
 
 , K. A., 56f'. 5f^9. 574. 
 638, 783- , 
 A. W., 5fi- 
 , lames (1., 976. 
 iUc, Sicur df, 227, 232. 
 Austin, qj, 303. 
 laiius S., 654. 
 1, 1.. H., 355- 
 
 sir 
 
 CioiKr, 1(14. 
 
 hard, Jonathan. 566, soq. 
 ii-iilicini, J., iff', 935- 
 ■irr, C'lirislian, 4lq. 
 ■ttc, l.i'on I'Uniinl ili', 333. 
 
 M., iC's. 796- 
 nan, Henry A., 166. 
 
 ■nherKli, A. I'., 537. 54i- 
 liury, 49''- 
 liiiry, C. (".., 799' 
 linry, )olin, 101. 131, 480. 
 1'. 'P.,"<',43, 972.973- 
 
 . 354- „ 
 ;et, A. C, 701. 
 'ett. Charles C, I45- 
 ;ett, H. N. P., Mrs., 665. 
 4ett, V. S., qo3. 
 , John T., 696, 717, 738. 
 
 Hlondeaii, Siciir, 232. 
 
 P.I.Mid, Dr., 277, 
 
 HI. ...in, Adolph, 213. 
 
 BliJoiu, .\dam I'',., loi, 73S. 
 
 Bloomer, .'\melia, Mrs., 1/14. 
 
 Hloss, Joseph I!., 38, 841. 
 
 ni.iss, J. I!,, Mrs., 0(.5. 
 
 liloynk, John, 125. 
 
 Him-, -Alexaiuh-r, 125, 126, 131, 
 
 liluejaeket, Geoixe, y8i. 
 
 Hliim, Kraiik, 145. 
 
 U'liiin.'i, A., 74, 166. 
 
 Boardiiian, W. K., 633, 7(»>. 
 
 lioeipiet, Siniple, 529, 53.., 535. 
 
 Uoehnlein, (i., 695. 
 
 lioelinlriii, M., 695. 
 
 lJoein,<, \V., 360, 
 
 l!oeiinini;liaijsen, W., 935. 
 
 Boer, M. K., 603. 
 
 Boeriis, William A., 576. 
 
 Uoice, John, 7ij. 
 
 Boise, James K., 709. 
 
 Botsheheli, .M. lie, jjj, 5J7. 
 
 Bolder, kohert K., 101. 
 
 Boho, G., 798. 
 
 Bolton, Colonel, ij, 46, 2fx), 
 
 Boltz, I'l'ter, ijj. 
 
 liolvin, N.| 730. 
 
 Bonaparte, Slapileon, 943, 970. 
 
 Boiiaventnre, 529 
 
 Bond, C. r.. .M., 833. 
 
 Bond, C. v., 360. 
 
 )iond, I'.., 1^34. 
 
 Bond, Lewis. 198, 2f>>, 281. 
 
 Bond, William, 756, 757, 75S. 
 
 Bond, William S., loi, 137, 144, 
 
 145, 674, 677. 
 Bondi, .\ntoiiie, 979, 
 Bondi, Joseph, 979. 
 Boiidwer. Charles, 155. 
 Boiii', .Mary .'Viin, 333. 
 Bonhomme, Charles, 20. 
 Bonneli, S. R., 616. 
 Bononi •, Francois, 979. 
 Book, J. H., 14^1, 205, 734, 
 Boone, Daniel, 249, 938. 
 Booth, 358. 
 Booth, R. (}., S72. 
 Booth, C. C, 577. 
 Booth, (".. I'., 4S6. 
 Booth, Jam j S . 205. 
 Boothroyd, W, H., 695. 
 Bo(piet. H., 231, 24 J. 
 Borchardt, V., 7 i^, 798. 
 Boreherdin.v;, William, 576. 
 Borileaux, Joseph, 3(3. 
 Bordman, K., 673. 
 Bor^'ess, C. H., 5. 7, 549, 661, 
 
 663, 901, 970. 973. 
 Borgman, C. H., 141, 196, 198, 
 
 695, 725. 
 Boixman, .M. V., loi, 146, 205, 
 
 218, 4S6, 487. 
 Born, H., 493. 
 Borrowman, Andrew, 59, 647, 
 
 649, 758. 
 Boscus, John, 326. 
 Bostick, William, 244. 
 Bostwii'k, J,, 211, 
 Botsford, .Alhert, 145. 
 Boneher, Klizabelh, 327. 
 Boiidin. 680. 
 
 l!om;aineille, 12, 43. 322, 349. 
 Honijhton, Peter, 34'!. 
 Bonjs'hton, V. C, 640, 641^ 
 Bonilard, 546. 
 Bovir, Joseph, 755, 934. 
 Bonrassa, Ijo.iis, 978 
 Bonrke, (Jliver, 102, 752, 757. 
 Bonrke, Walter, 792. 
 Bonr!,;innoii, Loins, 210. 
 Bour^moiit, Sienr de, 227, 231, 
 Bourn, .Allan, 80S, 901. 
 Bourns, A. I''., 572, ^89, 
 Boutell, A. A,, 827, 1)28. 
 Bowen, C. C., 612. 
 Bowers, Dr., 280. 
 Bovvers. J. K., 213, 
 Bowman, 360. 
 1'. iwinan, K. C, 865. 
 Bowman, J., 577, 
 Boy.l, W. A., 210,211. 
 Boydell Bros.. 823, 824, 825. 
 Boydell, William, 145, 146. 
 Boyer, Antoine, 982. 
 
 Boyle, Phillip, 173. 
 Boynicr, John Louis, 214. 
 Pioynton, Dr., 883. 
 Boynton, Albert (!., 191., '87, 
 
 711. 
 Brace, K. Russell, 923. 
 ])rac<-, William 11., 868. 
 Ih'adliurii, llii.nli, 131. 
 Bniddock, (KUeral, 233,887. 
 Bradford, Amiia, 198. 
 Bradford, A. W., 212. 
 Brailford, John, 669. 
 Bradish, Alvali, 339. 
 Bradley, IL, 130. 
 Bradley, Jndson. 51. 
 P.radley, J. K,, 362. 
 Biailiier, Ira J., 131. 
 Brandon, Calvin C, 933. 
 Bradshaw, Kli, 90, lo.., i2''i, 131, 
 
 132, 194. 198. 
 Lradslreet, John, 227, 240, 550, 
 
 703. 7"4. 944. 95 •• 
 l.rady, 497. 
 Brady, Hiiuli, 228, 229, 302, 317, 
 
 359. 938, 9*»'. >/'!• 
 Brady, (ieorj^e N., 917. 
 Bradv, Preston, 657. 
 Brady, S. P., 866, 867. 
 Brainard, Charles N., 131. 
 Brant, L A., loi. 
 P.rant, .Mollie, 349. 
 Brant, Joseph, 249, 259, 264, 
 
 Brats'haw,' J. B. H., 873, 874, 
 
 938. 
 Bratshaw, J. B. IL, Mrs., C65. 
 Braiin, Jacob, 576. 
 Braiini^iaii, William, 718. 
 Brearley, W, II, 360, 361, 362, 
 
 642, 689, 691, 701. 
 Brei'keiirid^e, Praneis. 50, 646. 
 Breckenridjje, John C, 938. 
 Breed, Will, P„ 602. 
 Ih'ehm, Captain, 244. 
 Bremer, l-'rederika, 708, 963, 
 Brennan, 725. 
 P.rennan, Kdward. 661. 
 Brennan, John, 80. 
 Brennan. Alichael, 842. 
 Brent, .Mrs., 310. 
 Bressler, C. K... 940, 944. 
 Brevoort, Henry 1!., 23, 38, 183, 
 
 184, 279, 281, 333, 335, 859, 
 
 908, 935, 938. 
 Brevoort, Henry, Jr., 126. 
 Brevoort, Henry N., 210, 
 Brewer, Captain, 234, 
 Brewer, A. L., 584. 
 Brewster, 938. 
 
 Brewster, Ciiaiincey B., 584, 587 
 Brewster, K. , 492. 
 Brewster, (Jeorye, 675, G81, 682, 
 
 717. 755. 
 Brewster, Maria, 594. 
 Brewster, A\'., 492. 49S. 
 Brewster, William, 770, 7S5, 
 
 865. 
 Brezee, Lloyd, 691. 
 Briand, John Oliver, 546, 
 P.riil.vje, llenrx", 71. 
 Brid;.,'e, II. P., 161, 163, 218, 
 
 785. 787. 789. 792, 865. 
 Bridncs, l'<lward M., 851. 
 Bri,iCKS, Daniil B., 93. 
 Brixxs, Robert D., 100. 
 BrigKs, R. v., loi. 
 Bri,i;hain, Adolphus, 123, 131. 
 Brinton, Beulah. .Mrs., 692, 701. 
 Briscoe, Benjamin, 936. 
 Bristol, C. I.., 492, 851, 938. 
 Bristol, T. W., 703. 
 Brittain, Sanford, 71. 
 Bntton, 492. 
 Broadstreet, 855, 858. 
 Brock, Isaac, 215, 268, 276, 277, 
 
 278, 202, 295, 296, 297, 694. 
 Brockway, Z. R., 216, 218, 600, 
 
 601. 810, 968, 969. 
 Brockway, 7. R,. Mrs,, 662. 
 Brodhea<l, Daniel, 256, 258,259. 
 Brodhead, Jessie W,. 360. 
 Brodhead, 'I'horntcm F., 100, 
 
 222, 256, 238, 686, 883. 
 Brodie, William, 51, 59, 137, 
 
 144. 5'9. 676, 690, 734. 
 
 BrocK, M., 145- 
 Bronson, Mrs., 938. 
 Bronson, Catharine, 594. 
 Bronson, II. O., 165, 202. 
 Bronson, R., 58. 
 Bronson, W. H., 662. 
 Brooke, CicorKe M., 22S, 229. 
 Brooklield, William, 716. 
 Brookfield, William, Mm., 716. 
 Brooks, I ). W., 737. 
 Brooks, D. W., Mrs., 661. 
 Brooks, I'",., 142, 202, 299, 302, 
 
 317. 34^'. 491. 697, 716, 770, 
 
 785, 8; I. 
 Brooks, John, 52. 
 Brooks, I. W., 897, 901, 901. 
 Brooks, X. W., 144. 218, .167. 
 Brook.^, Phillips, 976. 
 Brow, A. J., 758. 
 Brown, Dr., 272. 
 Brown, Amnion, 88, .>,), 01, ■l.o, 
 
 '25, 131, lyS, 648. 
 P.rown, 2\rza, 565. 
 Brown, Adam, 980. 
 Brown, .A. B., 719. 
 Brown, C, F., 7o<). 
 Brown, Charles H,, 310. 
 Brown, Ciilkn, 164, 346, .-,94, 
 
 645, 651, 857, 863. 
 Brown, 1 1. B., 19S. 
 Brown, I-',. C, 901. 
 Brown, F. W., 733. 
 Brown, (leneral, 103, 224, 2S5, 
 
 554. 955. 959- 
 Brown, Ceoffje B., 212. 
 Br<iwn, (iilbert, 130, 132. 
 Brown, Henry, 163, 641, 770. 
 Brown, IL B., 173, 194, 360. 
 Brown, H. IL, '862, 863, 866, 
 
 874. 
 Brown, H. IL, Mrs., 655. 
 Brown, H. J., 585, 5S8. 
 Brown, H. N., 572, 573. 
 Brown, James J., 141. 
 Brown, John, 303, 313, 347, 377, 
 
 872, 935, 966. 
 Brown, J. A., 51, 756, 757, 924. 
 I'rown, J. M., 576, 750, 903, 976. 
 Brown, J. Newton, 607. 
 Brown, J. W., 299, 300, 584. 
 Brown, "Levi, 364, 557. 631. 7'3- 
 Brown, Lucy, 594. 
 Brown, Lester R., 125, 132. 
 Brown, Rufiis, 50, 492. 
 Brown, R. H., 197. 
 lirown, S, R,, 287. 
 Brown, Warner &; Lee, 872. 
 Brown, William, 50,62,98, 123, 
 
 133. 281, 335, 730, 731, 835, 
 
 858, 859. 
 Brown, Williani H., 126. 
 Browning, F. P., 163, 605, 736, 
 
 838. 
 Brownlow, W. G., 70.), 967. 
 P>rownson, Henry F., 661, 71x1. 
 Brownson, Orestes A., 700, 716, 
 Bruce, 'I'., 227. 
 Bruce, William, 767, 772. 
 Bniggerman, F., 166. 
 P.runinie, C, 59, 
 Brunow, Francis, 709. 
 Brunson, 2\lfred, 278, 282, 284, 
 
 554. 5*53. 564. 7"i. 796. 
 
 Brunson, John, 480, 481, 798. 
 
 Brush, Adelaide, 937. 
 
 Brush, Alfred, 203. 
 
 P.rush, Alfred K., 937, 944. 
 
 Brush, Elijah, 36, 89, 133, 134, 
 140, 149, 176, 183, 227, 272, 
 274, 278, 281, 284, 313, 335, 
 
 491. 933. 937. 980. 
 Brush, F.. .A., 30, 40,71,96, 195, 
 
 204, 344, 470, 504, 67.", 716, 
 
 887, 896, 903, 933. 936, 938, 
 
 962. 
 Brush, K. C, Mrs., 652. 
 Brush, F.dmnnd F., 940. 
 Brush, Flliot H,, 939, 
 Brush, Henry, Captain, 275, 
 
 278, 
 Brush, H. T., 760. 
 Bryant, 938. 
 
 Bryant, Elizabe.h P., 717. 
 Bryant, William Cnllen, 363, 
 
 7.8. 
 
 P.rydges, C. J., 895. 
 BuLlian, William, 654, 661. 
 Bta liauaii, lames, 102, 938, 
 Buchanan, Alargaret F'., 7fx). 
 Buchauaii, K. C., 228. 
 Buchanan, William, 73'), 757, 
 Buck, D. I)., 567, 701.' 
 Buck, Diidliy, 354. 
 Buckingham, J. S., 70S. 
 Buckley, II. J., 493, 788, 792. 
 Buckley, J. AL, 51,6, 567, 639, 
 
 701. 
 Bueklin, Tames, 90, 648. 
 Bucklin, N\illiam, 128, 19S. 
 Bucklin, Major, 300. 
 Buel, A. \N'., KK., Toi, 103, 193, 
 
 210, 711, 738, 857, 883. 
 Buel, ( iio\e A., 30;. 
 Bueli, .Allen, 922, 923. 
 Buell, Don Carlos, 229. 
 Buelow, Charlis A., 935. 
 Buhl, C. IL, 41, 140, i4i, 204, 
 
 2'7i 3^"'. 3f'2. 475. 49*^. 6,i9. 
 
 733, 807, 86,1, 867, 926, 938. 
 liuhl, C. H., iAlrs., 665. 
 Buhl, F., 140, 143, 52c., 65S, 772, 
 
 783, 7S3, 833, 864, 867, 926. 
 Buhl, .\lis, F., 203. 
 Buhl, T. D., 8o8._ 
 Buisson, Joseph Guyon de, 227. 
 Bull, C". M., 143, 164, 176, 191. 
 I'ull, Caplaip, 3ik>. 
 Bullit, Nalhan. 250. 
 Biinbur)', Lieutenant, 13. 
 Bungay, ( leorge W., 7o.j. 
 Burbank, I lavid, 285. 
 Burbank. John, 131, 198, 978. 
 Biiriiaiik, \\illiain, 285. 
 Burcli, 607. 
 Burehard, M. W., 486. 
 Burehell, George W., 166. 
 Burdii k, A. W., 933. 
 Biirdick, J., 896. 
 Bnrdick, O. S., 677. 
 I'nrger, Joseph, 205. 
 Burgess, F, 11. , 679. 
 Burgess, I., 131. 
 Burhans. A, A., 799. 
 Burk, Fdward, 828. 829. 
 Biirk, Simon, 481. 
 Burk, Williani IL, 688. 
 Burke, ("haplain, 531. 
 Burke, Nicholas, 166. 
 Burleigh, .A. A., 577. 
 Hurley, Bennet G,, 30S. 
 Burley, Washington, 71. 
 Burlingame, Anson, 317, 709, 
 
 710, 739. 
 liiirnap, ]., 132. 
 linrnell, K. .A,, 311. 
 llurnell, William, 65, 143, 216. 
 Burnet, Jacob, 94, 95, 178, 707. 
 Burnett, James, 281. 
 Burnett, John, 313. 
 Burnett, W. (J,, 573. 
 Iiurnham, i i. P., 673. 
 Burnhani, J. I'",, 680. 
 Burnl.am, James K., 871. 
 Burnhani, T. H. O. P., 112, 
 
 359- 
 Burns, James, 101, 164, 165, 
 
 713. 7'8, 77". 776. 
 Burns, P., 54. 
 Burns, Robert, 702, 966. 
 Burnside, Ambrose F^, 229. 
 Burr, Aaron, 271. 
 Burr, W. H., 691, 692. 
 Burrell, John, 715. 
 Burriit, F.lilin, 7o<). 
 Burrois, I'Vancois, 20. 
 Burt, Alvin C, 758. 
 Burt, John, 102, 700. 
 Burt, \\'. A,, 362, 700. 
 Burtis, J,, 916. 
 Burton, C. M., 39. 
 Bury, Richard, 581, 591. 
 Busby, 482. 
 Buscii, Charles, 497. 
 Bush, August, 59<j. 
 Bush, B. F., 638. 
 Bush, C. P., 92, 
 Bush, Ira D,, Mrs., 665. 
 Bush. S. D,, 162, 
 Biishey, Albirt, 037 
 Bushey, Klizabcth, Mrs,, 940. 
 
992 
 
 INDEX OF NAMKS. 
 
 Uiisliry, Josi-pli, 9)7, 9)8, .;.(o, 
 
 lliislm.ll, I). P., Kii, 167. 
 Iliisliii,-ll, I). I'., iMrs., jio. 
 Iliisliiicll, lolin, (ifiy. 
 I'UlUr, li. I''., I Id, i/)ij, 97^1, 
 liiillir, Coliiiifl, 244, 241), 283, 
 
 .■84. 
 Uutl.ir, K. H., 92, 102, 868. 
 liutlir, K. II., Mrs., 655. 
 limlcr, l'. 1)., 624. 
 IIuiKt, II., j_7. 
 lUitlrr, Milt. Ml II,, ,)j8. 
 HiilliT, William .\., 511, 162, )io, 
 
 311, 312, 3(.,,, 73), 757, 868, 
 
 902. 
 lUitlir, W. A., Mrs, 310, 311, 
 
 ''55- 
 r.iiUcrficld, 261. 
 limu rliikl, (). II., 212, 213. 
 Iltutcrinan, Kn>;<'iur, 542 
 HiU'crsdii, fi73. 
 liiitz, C::is])ar, 687. 
 Hilt/fl, Maxmis, 75S, 761. 
 liyiiiKtoii, I'. S., 597. 
 Hyram, C;., 161, 497, 75(1. 
 llyrani, Kbi'iK/ir A., 755. 
 liyrd, Cicorite, 140, 929. 
 liyril, C.L-orwf Wi-Uiim', 86. 
 liyrn, I'ahvard, 3(1. 
 liyrnc, James, 537. 
 
 C.ihacicr, C'liarli's, 797. 
 
 CabafiL' or Cahacii-r, Juscpli, 9, 
 172. 
 
 Cabli-, llavid. 198. 
 
 Cabot, J. Islliotl, 708. 
 
 Cadillac, .•Viitoine dc la Moilu', 
 3, II, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 
 171, 221, 226, 227, 231, 321, 
 32-!. .t25i 32''. 327, 328, 329, 
 3.1", 33'. 332, Hi, 340, 3'i9. 
 370. 37'. 372. 477. 489. 5-'7, 
 529, 700, 720, 765, 766, 837, 
 
 887, 939. 95'. 
 Cadillac, Kraiuois, ^28. 
 Cadillac, Jean .ViUoino, 328. 
 Cadillac, Joseph, 328. 
 Cadillac, l\la,i;dalim-, 328. 
 Cadillac, Mariit .Xjjathc, 328. 
 Cadillac, Marie .Xiiiic, 328. 
 Cadillac, .Marie i'lierese, 32S, 
 
 333- 
 Cadillac, .Marie Tlierese de 
 
 l.aiimel: de, 326. 
 Cadillac, I'ierre Denis, 328. 
 Cadillac, Kine l.oiiis, 328. 
 Cadle, Richard I''., 58i'. 
 Cadmai), C. C 714. 
 Cady, Charles II., 131. 
 Cadv, Daviil, i (i. 
 Cady, I). I)., 131. 
 Cady, S. I'., 131. 
 Cahill, James, 58. 
 Calioun, William, 144. 
 Cain, R. II., 976. 
 Caino, H. J., 695. 
 CakUvell, William, 261. 
 Calhoun, 957. 
 Calhonn, Joiiii C, 939. 
 Callaghan, J. ()., loi. 
 Calla^han, W. ()., 317, 755. 
 Callaway, S. R., 895. 
 Callieres, Chevalier de, 83, 221, 
 
 332- 
 Calnon, Jeremiah, 54, 166, 669, 
 Calvarin, 535. 
 Calvert & Co., 33. 
 Culvert, K. J , 487. 
 Cameron, James, 654. 
 Cameron, John, 6o|. 
 Cam{)aniiii, 354, 
 Campau, 96, 272, 333, 349, 715, 
 
 766, 789. 
 Campaii, Albert, 733. 
 Cainpaii, .'\le.\is, 978. 
 Campau, Alexander M., 721. 
 Cainpan, A. T., 144, 756. 
 Campau, An^;eliqnc, iliss, 720. 
 Campau, li., 78, 142, 149, 314, 
 
 491, 493, 859, 863, 937, 943, 
 
 944. q8"- 
 Campau, liaptiste, 172. 
 
 Campau, Cafitain, 226. 
 Campau, Charles A., 939. 
 Campau, C. !■'., 942, 94.J. 
 Campau, Charles Nl., ji^, 978. 
 Campau, Claiidi', 198, 981, 
 Campau, I'aiiiel J., 38, 102, 125, 
 
 i<7, 461, 654, 755. 
 Campau, HeiinisJ., 939. 
 Campau, I'.U'anor I.., 940. 
 Campau, h'.niily, 938. 
 Campau, Hi iirv, 4, 529. 
 Camp. Ill, Jac(|iies, 19, 123, 238, 
 
 3'3. .ti". 5.V-!, 533. W)- 
 Campau, Joseph, 133, 135, 149, 
 
 '''7. S'h 345. 373. 5"', '■44, 
 
 685, 859, 910, 941, 981, 
 Campau, Julian, 981, 
 Camp.iu, I. IJ., 210, 938, 979, 
 
 981,982." _ 
 C ampaii, I.ouis, 20, 313. 
 Campau, .M. A., 939. 
 Campau, Michael, 18. 
 Campau, Minnie, Mrs., 9.^.;. 
 Cam|>au, Nicholas, 20,980. 
 Campau, I*eter, 799. 
 Campau, Philip, 944. 
 Cainpau, Robert .\lel)., 816. 
 Campau, T. I.., 126, 1^5. 
 Campau, Tliendore, l.^.^. 
 Campau, Theodore J., 101,935, 
 
 y.i''. 945. 
 
 Campbell, A., 210. 
 
 Campbell, Alexander, 202, 482, 
 
 7')5. 
 Campbell, Colin, 492, 495, 497, 
 
 o.Vh 
 Caiii|>bell, Colin, Mrs., 655. 
 Cani|)l>ill, Captain, 234. 
 Campbell, 1 )oiiald, 227, 236, 349. 
 Campbell, I'indley, 341. 
 C.'imp'.)ell, Gortlon, 911. 
 Campbell, II. .M., 142, 177, 192, 
 
 645, 648, 716, 851, 9ji. 
 Campbell, J., 611, 673. 
 Campbell, James, 130. 
 Campbell, J. V., 176, 177, i33, 
 
 192, 19J, 308, 311, 337, 339. 
 
 350. 3''"). ''38. 6.5". 7<". 704. 
 
 7". 746, 755. 756. 761, 895, 
 
 y"7. 93'J. 
 Campbell, J. V., Jr., 340. 
 Campbell, John, 165, 167, 222, 
 
 -'•.'7. 238, 523, 936. 
 Campbell, I.ois, .Mrs., 652. 
 Ciiinpbell, Major, 2)6, 237. 
 Campbell, S. L., 718. 
 Campbell, \'.ileria, .Mis.s, 311. 
 Campbell, W. C, 904. 
 Campbell, W. I., 572. 
 Campbell, W. P., 872. 
 Candler, II. W., 758. 
 Candler, W. R., 161, 162. 
 Canl'ield, A., 936, 939. 
 CaiiilT, 595. 
 Caniff, A. C, 142, 143, 165, 210, 
 
 Cms. 77". 795- 
 Caiiilf, II. J., 165, 506. 
 Canilf, .Mr.i., 656. 
 Caniff, Nancy, 594. 
 Caimaro, Charles, 210. 
 C.apel, 'riiomas John, 709, 976. 
 Caplis, James, 100, 101, 210,934. 
 Capoul, 354. 
 Carew, |. 1.., 14). 
 Car.;;ill, "(). I''. A: Co., 872. 
 Carleton, William .M., 684. 701. 
 Carleton, (liiy, 78, 84, 172, 242, 
 
 245, 246, 249. 250, 253, 264, 
 
 265, 266, 952. 
 Carondelet, liaron de, 269, 271. 
 Caron, I. a Veuve, Vital, 20. 
 Carpenter, 716. 
 Carpenter, Clarence, 816. 
 Car|)enler, II. !>., loi, 165. 
 Carpenter, N. 1!., 71, 164, 167, 
 
 756, 795. 
 Carpenter, S. P., 586, 589. 
 Carpenter, W. N., 49, 161, 162, 
 
 494, 638, 816, 868. 
 Carpenter, W. N., Mrs., 310. 
 Carr, Francis, 487. 
 Carr, John, 131. 
 Carrj P., 496. 
 Carrier, A. K., 51, 58, 733. 
 Carroll, 555. 
 
 Ciirroll, Daniel, 934. 
 
 C.urull, Henry, 795, 798. 
 
 C.iiioll, lolin, 471, S4''. 
 
 ([arroll, William, 1(1/ 
 
 Carson, (leorKC, 125,1)0. 
 
 Carstens, J. II., 59, 733, 758. 
 
 Carter, C. II., 818. 
 
 Carter, Daniel, 939. 
 
 Carter, David, 910. 
 
 (^.irler, David, Mrs., 661,942. 
 
 Carter, 'rhomas, 578, 701. 
 
 Carvi'r, Jmiiithan, 46, 707. 
 
 C.iry, 354. 
 
 C'ary. Alice, Miss, 691. 
 
 Cary, C. A., 587, 589, 5.>.. 
 
 Case, C. R., 646, 649. 
 
 Case. Daniel I,., 92. 
 
 Casi', I,. N., 71. 
 
 Case, Nathaniel, 198. 
 
 Case, (). N., loi. 
 
 Case, Seth, 934. 
 
 Case Sidney I-.., 756. 
 
 Case, William, 553, 580. 
 
 Casey, Silas, 228. 
 
 C.is>;rain, li. R., 709 
 
 Caskey, S. (i., 138. 
 
 Casler, I )., 572. 
 
 Caspary, John, 167, 757, 798. 
 
 Cas.s, Lewis, 29, 59, 88, uo, 91, 
 98, 102, 10), io6, 121, 128, 1)3, 
 221, 227, '246, 261, 262, 274, 
 276, 277, 279, 280, 281, 
 283, 285, 286, 287, 28,), 
 •-■93. 295. 29'', 297, 298, 
 3"*'. 338, 346. 359. 3''8. 
 472. 554. 555. 556. 558. 
 570, On, 637, (141, 
 
 C97. 7"'. 7'". 712. 
 
 746, 762, 879, 88u, 
 
 907, 926, 933, 939, 
 
 956. 957. 958, 96'. 
 
 275. 
 282, 
 291, 
 3"5. 
 372, 
 559, 
 
 r.7>. 
 
 716, 
 887, 
 942. 
 
 7'.ii 
 
 2J5. 
 
 5'-'J, 
 675. 
 73'. 
 
 y"3. 
 
 .,-. 955. v.- . ..„. 
 
 966, 967, 969, .)8). 
 Cass, Lewis, Jr., 311. 
 Cass, l''.lizal)eth, .\lrs., 594, 8S0, 
 
 938. 939. 945- 
 Cassity, 78. 
 
 Cassity, James, 244, 767. 
 Cast, C., 621. 
 Caster, K. K., 571, 57' 
 Caswell, Seneca, 2i'>. 
 Catharine, the Squaw, 
 Cattin, .\nloine, 979. 
 Catlin, Pauline, 979. 
 Cattin, Therese, 979. 
 Cavalier, Joseph, 313. 
 Cavaua,i;h, William, 934. 
 Cavalli, Louis, 351. 
 Cecilh.', Antoinc, 532. 
 /Ceeire, Jean, 316. 
 o/Cel^rou, M, de, 8, 12, 227,334. 
 ICentemeri, P., 353, 357. 
 I Cerat, Ale.vi.s, 532, 
 Chabcrt, Krancois, 532,978,980. 
 
 (See Joneaire.) 
 Chace, A. R., 907. 
 Chacornacle, 221, 3)2. 
 Chaffee, Amos, 492, 498, 499, 
 
 900, 9J4. 
 Chamberlain, John, 4S4. 492. 
 Chamberlain, %\. 11., 138. 
 Chamberlain, K., 798. 
 Chambers, Charles, 758. 
 Chambers, Charles, Mrs., 
 Chambers, !■'. IL, 194, 2i< 
 Chambers, Major, 297. 
 Chambers, Robert, 708. 
 Chambers, William, 70,!. 
 Chambille, Charles, 539. 
 Champ, D,, 131. 
 Champ, Nathaniel, 210, 
 
 562. 
 
 Champ, Willard, s'*<. 
 Champ, William, 210, 484. 
 Champion, Henry I'.., 138. 
 Champion, H. [■'.., .Mrs., 663, 
 
 660. 
 Chaiu'ilain, 3, 83, •)24, 364, 951. 
 Ch . .. .lin, J. W., 1S8. 
 Ch.iuJler, VVilliam A., 59, 646, 
 
 647. 
 Chandler, Z., 49, 102, 106, 140, 
 
 372, 492, 650, 684, 701, 785, 
 
 786, 804, 864, 926, 939, 974. 
 Chancy, Henry, 749, 761. 
 Chaney, Henry A., 188, 701. 
 
 651. 
 
 o, 845. 
 
 559. 
 
 Chuiey, H, A., Mrs., 663. 
 Chaney, Willard, 51, 647. 
 Cli.ipiu, C.iptaiii, 274. 291. 
 Ch.iiiiu, C. K., Miss, 718. 
 Chapiu, M. il., 606. 
 Cliapin, .Marshall, 49, 50, 59, 
 
 14", 142. 504. 5'3- 
 Chaiiin, .Mary, 594. 
 Chaplain, J. K., 56O. 
 Chapman, Leander, 37. 
 Cli.ipolon, 333. 
 Chapoton, A., 61, 101, 102, "04, 
 
 475. 549. 661, 733, 865, 808, 
 
 9)6. 
 
 Chapoton, .Mexander, Mrs. ,361. 
 ChapotiMi, Antoine, 982. 
 Chapoton, li., 720, 767, 977. 
 Chapoton, L., 143. 
 Chapoton, \'., A., 51, 733. 
 Chapoton, Louis, 981. 
 Chapoton, Pierri^ Jean, 30, 
 Chajioton, 'riieodori', i6.r. 
 Chapoton, William, lui. 
 Cliapolone, Jean, 20. 
 Cliappoton, .\I., 236. 
 Charles, William, 584, 580, 5H7, 
 
 388, 389. 
 Cliarlesworth, '1'. J., 903. 
 Charlevoi.v, Pierre t'rancis \a- 
 
 vier, 12, 325, 529, 707, 951. 
 Chase, Klislia, 198, 701. 
 ('liase, ( i. A., 146. 
 Chase, (;. S., 606, On. 
 Chase, Henry, 198. 
 Chasi, II. A., 481. 
 Chase, M. A., 101. 
 Chase, Russell, 481. 
 Chase, .S., (H,7, 
 Chase, Salmon P., no, 968. 
 Chase, 'I'lioinas, 143, 154, 9)8. 
 Chasles, 83. 
 Chateaiifort, 8). 
 Chatham, Karl (William Pitt), 
 
 245. 
 Chauvin, 20, 8). 
 Cliau\in, Charles 1!,, 101, 
 Chavey, P. J., O49. 
 Cheever, II. M., 199, 736, 7O0. 
 Cheiie, Charles, 20. 
 Chene, (iabriel, 939, 982. 
 Chcne, (1. H., 14O. 
 Chene, Isadore, 21. 
 Chene, Pierre, 183, 214, 982, 
 Cheney, 674. 
 
 Cherboneau, Joseph, 97S. 
 Chesebronjjh, .V If red, 75H, 761, 
 
 792. 
 Chesne, 7O6. 
 t'liesne, Charles, 529, 
 Chesne, Pierre, 34, 224, 979, 
 Chester, (ieor,4e M., 6(}i. 
 Chester, John, 783, 786, 839. 
 ('liipman A: Seymour, 692. 
 Chipinan, Henry, 29, 30, 176, 
 
 185, 186, 192, 195, 198, 672, 
 
 692. 737- 
 Chipmau. II. l'\, 197. 
 Cliil)mau, II. I„, -)i8. 
 C'hipmaii, Henry I.., Mrs., 310, 
 
 .3."' 
 ( hi{)iiian, J. l.ouau, Joi, i.ji, 
 
 197. 203, 701, 968. 
 Chi{)niaii, '1'. R., 583. 
 Chittenden, IJenjamin, ;;i3, 314, 
 
 335. 
 Chittenden, (leorxc R., 281. 
 ChittentU'ii, James, 281, 335. 
 Chittenden, William K., 101, 
 
 143. 739. 922. 
 Chittenden, W. 11., 30). 
 Chittenden, William j!, 483. 
 Choate, C. P., 804. 
 Chope, I'.., 79. 
 Chovin, Charles, 978. 
 Chovin, Francois, 313, 978. 
 Chovin, J. li., 980, 981. 
 Christa, N., 798. 
 Christian, I'.. P., O46, 676. 
 Christian, M. P., 145, 675, 756. 
 Christian, Thomas, 198, 738, 
 
 7.39- 
 Christian, W. H., 1O5. 
 Chri.stiancy, I. P., 188, 939, 
 Christiansen, H. A., 57. 
 Christie, John, 341. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 99. > 
 
 [. A., Mrs., 6f.5. 
 lilhird, 51, (m- 
 .ipliiiii, -■71- -".I- 
 . r... Mi>s, 7..S. 
 1. II., f'<»''- 
 
 Marsliiill, W. 5"i 5'A 
 , 5"4. Sa- 
 lary, 5'J4- 
 J. K., 5"6. 
 , l.iaiulcr, 37. 
 
 > :\M- 
 
 , A., Ci, i'>t, 11)2, s"4< 
 .), 661, 73.). »"5. S68, 
 
 I, AU-xaiuliT, Mrs., Jill. 
 
 \, Aiildiiii', 1)8-'. 
 
 1, li., 720, 7(7, y77. 
 
 1, K., 14,). 
 
 1, K. A., 51, 7.i.i- 
 
 1, l.iMiis, ij8i. 
 
 I, ritrii- Jcaii, V'. 
 
 II, riiiMiddri', jfy.-. 
 11, William, 101. 
 Ill', )iaii, 21). 
 
 <.n. "M., 236. 
 William, 584. sSf', 5«7. 
 
 vorlh. T. J., g".V. 
 lix, rii'rri: Kramis N.i- 
 iJ. U'S, 5-1). 7"7) ')5>- 
 I'.lislia, icj8, 701. 
 
 , ;. A., M*"'- 
 11. S., 606, 611. 
 Iliiirv, 11)8. 
 
 II. a:, 4«>- 
 M. A., u)i. 
 Kussill, 4Si. 
 S., 6(17. 
 
 Salmon P., no, yC8. 
 lliumas, 143, 154. y.l**- 
 ,, 83. 
 ufurt, Sj. 
 ,m, Karl (Wllham I'lU). 
 
 in, 2i., 81. 
 
 III, Cliarlrsl!., toi. 
 
 f, 1'. J., f'4')- ^ . 
 
 ;r, II. M., 1V9> ysl^^, 7"0' 
 i Cliarli's, zo. 
 
 Cahrii-l, 934, 982. 
 
 .;. II., 140. 
 
 Isadiiru, 21. 
 
 I'ii'rrc, 183, 214, 1.182. 
 
 .lU'au, Josci>h, 97h. 
 rough, Alfrc-il, 758, 7"'» 
 
 7C6. 
 
 I'harks, 529. 
 ricnv, 34, 224, ijji). 
 CcMirijc M., f)i)i. 
 ., juliii, 785, 78(-i, 83.1. 
 laiiiV Seymour, 69.;. 
 
 llciiry, 21;, 30, i7<'n 
 i85, iy2, i')5, ly**. f'?-*' 
 
 7i7- 
 
 II. I'., >')7. 
 ■ an, II. I... 3'«- 
 laii, lliiiry I.., Mrs., 310, 
 
 J, Lo^an, 101, 141. 
 .!,.,, 701, yf'S. 
 Ill, '1'. K., 583- 
 iilcii, lienjaniin, 313, 314, 
 
 iiuUn, f'.eorne K., 281. 
 -•niUn, Jaiiu's, 281, 335- 
 :mk1oii, William 1''., lot. 
 
 73'), ')22. 
 •lulrll, W. II., 3"^■ 
 
 oiuUii, William J., 483. 
 
 te, C. 1'., 8.14. 
 
 c, I''., 79- 
 
 ill, t'liarlcs, 978. 
 
 in, Kranciiis, 313, 1)78. 
 
 in, J. 1'.., 480,981. 
 
 ta, N., 798. 
 
 tian, K. 1'., 646, 07(>. 
 
 tian, M. P.. 145.675. 75^'- 
 
 tian, Thomas, 198, 738, 
 
 itian, W. H., 165. 
 itiancy, 1. V., 188, 939. 
 aianscn, H. A., 57. 
 itiu, John, 341. 
 
 Cliuhl), ('.. I>., 131. 
 
 Cliulil), J. I''., 198. 
 
 Chnlil), (). C, (>.(9. 
 
 Chinch, I''., .M., 1(15. 
 
 fhiiivhill, C. C, jjH, 308. 
 
 C'hiirihmaii. jamis, 191. 
 
 Ciiiil, |.isi|)li, ijSi. 
 
 Ciroi, l.aiharii-, 20. 
 
 Cii;oltc, 30* ) 
 
 Cli:oUi', .\in,'ili(iiic, 979, 982. 
 
 CicoUi', I )., ji'i, Jii. 
 
 CicoUc, I'.ilward V., 144, 2o<), 
 
 ,.''54, 755,, ')19,,9|o. 
 Cifotti', l''rancis, 130, 143, 210, 
 ,28-,. 64^.^ 
 
 CicotlC, !■'. X., 144, 167, diK)^ 
 
 .)'7, <''54. 7.!7, 740. 
 Ciioitc, ('■(•( irK'c, 285. 
 CicoUf, lanifs, 131, 165, 285. 
 Cii'oUe Jean iiaplistc, )i ), 721. 
 CicoUc, J. J., 198, ill) '7.J8. 
 Cii'oltc, I.., 131. 
 Cirirr, .Marlin, 333. 
 Cissnc, |aim-s, 210, 1*78. 
 Cissiic, John, 313, ■178 982. 
 Cissni', Kchcica, 1178. 
 Cissnc, William, 97S, 982. 
 Claire, .Marie, f)f.3. 
 
 CICC, l.lllll, I (O. 
 
 Clil.iiiil, (.liarlcs, 642, 681, 682, 
 
 68 5. f,,,:;. 
 Clelaiid, II. A., ji, 467, 690. 
 Clemens, Christian, in, 313, 
 
 335, 7,)o, 981. 
 Cleiiu'iis, Jaeol), 133, 165, 799. 
 Clenieius, .Mrs., 717. 
 Cleinenls, S., 366, 380. 
 Clessen, I'l-tcr, 58, 934. 
 Cleveland, I. I'., 595, 8ig. 
 Cleveland, J. I'., .Sirs., 651. 
 Clilf, 'riloinas, 482, 9,8. 
 Clinton, |)i- Witt, 232, 938. 
 Clippert, Conrad, 79, 130, 209, 
 
 '.)39. 
 Clitz, Ilenrv li., 229, 939. 
 Clil/, Marv'r.., 9)9. 
 Cli.xby, J. II., 130. 
 Cloessens, 1.., 538. 
 Close, William, 212. 
 Close, William II., 212. 
 Cloiiyh iV Warri'll t'o., 829. 
 Cloiiitli, James Iv, 829. 
 Clairoii.v, I,. I)., 71, 317. 
 Clancy, (ieorKc, 198. 
 Clanev, F., 73'). 
 Clancy, ^Miss.' 717. 
 Clapham, 171. 
 Clapp, I'',., 730. 
 Clapp, i.cverclt .\., 93. 
 Clapp, M. S., rij4. 
 Clapp, I'anl, 712. 
 Clark, 337, 492. 695. 
 Clark, Ilenjamin, 791. 
 Clark, Charles K., 311, 684, 688, 
 
 696, 6tj7, 780. 
 Clark, I). W., 579, 708. 
 Clark, K. M., 41, 50, 483, 491, 
 
 6)8,891. 
 Clark, K. .M., .Mrs., 652. 
 Clark, (ieoixe Ko.i^crs, 223, 244, 
 
 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 
 
 258, 2,9, 271, 952. 
 Clark, (Icorne W. , 360. 
 Clark Hardware Co., 836. 
 Clark, J., 167, 826, 93J. 
 Clark, John, 198, 710, 864. 
 Clark, Joseph, 210. 
 Clark, j. A., 674. 
 Clark, f. 15., 143. 
 Clark, j. i:., 734. 
 Clark, lames J., 874. 
 Clark, John P., 4, 938. 
 Clark, J. W., 165. 
 Clark, I.i'wis I!., 145, 487. 
 Clark, I,. K., 866, 867. 
 Clark, I,. J., 486. 
 Clark, Martin, 198. 
 Clark, N. W„ 16. 
 Clark, K. K., loi. 
 C:iark, R. P., 152, 648. 
 Clark, Unfiis W., 582, 588. 
 Clark, T. 1!., 50, 978. 
 Clark, William, 178, 976. 
 Clark, W. (1., 58. 
 Clark, W. H., '598. 
 
 Clarke, Hov.'y K., 177, 1S8, 199, 
 
 633, 638, K40. 
 Clarke, Janus I'rceman, 289, 
 
 291, 21)2, 293, 295, 296, 297. 
 
 Clarke, S. 'I'., 598. 
 
 Clarke, Tereiue, 543. 
 
 Clans, .Major, 227. 
 
 Clay, Cassiiis .M., 96,1. 
 
 Clay. Ilciiiy, 279, (.98, 746, 939, 
 
 958, ,|6|, ,,64, 
 
 Coan, C, P., 132. 
 
 Coan, Peter, 132. 
 
 Coate, Sanuiel, sbu. 
 
 Coates, |ohn, 978. 
 
 CJoates, Nlrs., 115. 
 
 Coals, .•\nne, 078, ij8i. 
 
 Col)l), K. .M., S72. 
 
 Cobb, II. P., so. 
 
 Col.b, I. C, 654. 
 
 Cobb, 1.. I!.. 50, 59, 513, 518, 
 
 523, (.41., (.4,1, 736. 
 Cobcll, .\aniv, .Mrs., O05. 
 Coidiois, l.onis, 979. 
 Cochran, Joseph, 837. 
 Cotdiran, l.N'man, 101, 197. 
 Cochran, W. .A., 58.). 
 Coilirane, W. D., 717. 718, 732. 
 Cocker, P.. l'„ 567, 579, 701J. 
 Codd, ( leoiKO C., 144, 143, 209, 
 
 52 i, 883. 
 Codilc, Amjiist, 701. 
 Cody, II. I... 19S. 
 Coe iV Coit, 872. 
 Coe, I ). S., 717. 
 Coi', ( ieor.Ljc A , 92. 
 t"oe, Israel, ^6. 
 Coe, S. S., 03S. 
 Colf.-r, Jc^se, 250. 
 Coiriii, William P., 268, 283. 
 Conhlan, Daniel, 155,795. 
 Cohen, I''. K., 36 ,, 373. 
 Cohen, ,S., Mrs., 657. 
 Coit, Saiiuiel, 872. 
 Colburn, J. W., 165, 202, 502. 
 Colhnrn, W. C 162, 21S, 757, 
 
 758, 803, 867, 868. 
 Colclazer, Henry, 565, 566. 
 Cole, 272, 491. 
 Cole, C. S., 523. 
 Cole, I). I!., 770. 
 Cole, II. II. M J. K., 486. 
 Cole, II. S., 141, 167, 190, 195, 
 
 198, 359. 504. 7'o, 7>2, '873' 
 
 Cole, T. G., S97. 
 
 Cole, W. I'., 355. 
 
 Coleman, Jacoii, 688, 690, 691. 
 
 Colfa.x, Schuyler, no, 969. 
 
 Coller, Louis, 533. 
 
 Collier, Victory P., 92. 
 
 Collins, 494. / 
 
 Collins, Charles, 176, 191. 
 
 Collins, James, 14). 935. 
 
 Collins. John, 166, 869. 
 
 Collins, Jiidson I)., 579, 962. 
 
 Collins, William, 939. 
 
 Collins, W. II., 566, 580, 675. 
 
 Collot, Victor de, 269, 270, 368. 
 
 Collnm, J., 758. 
 
 Colt, Joseph, 355, 781, 792. 
 
 Colton, C, 707. 
 
 Colt;.n, J. II., 33, 698. 
 
 Columbus, Christojiher, 939. 
 
 Colver, 606. 
 
 Colver, Charles K., 6o5. 
 
 Combs, lleoixe, 58. 
 
 Ctimparet, 18. 
 
 Comstock, .A. (f., 198. 
 
 Comstock, C. li., 918. 
 
 Conistock, (). C, Jr., 897. 
 
 C ."k, (). C, Rev., 606. 
 
 Ci .tK, ()liv<'r C, Hr., 93. 
 
 Con.mt, Harry A., 92. 
 
 Conant, Shubael, 71, 98, 123. 
 135. '42, 163, 192, 198, 285, 
 346. 359. Cms, 648, 735, 767, 
 770, 860, 864, 933, 934, 935, 
 938. 958. 
 
 Condc, Prince de, 83, 
 
 Cone, 1''. H., 892. 
 
 Cone, I. inns, 674. 
 
 Conely, I'., p., 101. 
 
 Conely, W. I!., 361. 
 
 Conger, Norman I!., 923. 
 
 Conjjsett, John, 281. 
 
 Conklin, J. S., Mrs., 662. 
 
 Coiiklin, <;. S., 676. 
 Coiiniilliy, John, 248, 26.). 
 Coiincll\, John, i>78. 
 Connor, Henry, 98, 130, ,^77. 
 Connor, J., 162. 
 Connor, Jame.s, 135, 313, 315, 
 
 7io. 
 Connor, John, 13', 202, 210, 
 
 795- 
 Connor, I.eartns, 51, 678, (xy>. 
 Connor, Maurice, 939. 
 Connor, Richard, 331, 550. 
 I'onnor, R. II., 101, 132. 
 Connor, R. J., 164, 165, 210. 
 Connor, W. p., 149. 
 Connor, W. II., 167. 
 Coiio\ir, Janii'S p., 683, 684. 
 Considine, John, 144, 145, 758. 
 Conti, (1., 663. 
 Coiu'crse, 491. 
 ('oiiverse, I'.lij.di, 594, 770. 
 Com'crse, Rebecca, 594. 
 Cook, 486, 733, 979. 
 Cook, Abraham, 22, 978. 
 Cook, I'Vancis .A,, 1)20. 
 Cook, James II., 798. 
 Cook, John, iju. 
 Cook, Joseph, 144, yif), 921, 
 
 922. 
 Cook, Joshua, 599. 
 Cook, I.e\'i, 89, 100, 123, 135, 
 
 140, 142, 164, 167, 342, 513, 
 
 '■'45, 7"o. 7'5. 849, 860, 862, 
 
 864, 8i|6, 900, 933. 
 Cook, ()., 860. 
 Cook, t )lney, 770. 
 Cook, I )rville, 142, 192, 198. 
 Cook. 'P. M., 689, 695, 756. 
 Cook, William, 165, 198, 645, 
 
 „934. 
 
 Cook, W. A., 141, 195. 
 
 Cooke, Jay. 854. 
 
 Cooke, Philip St. (i., 230, 701. 
 
 Cooley, J. P., 648. 
 
 Cooley, 'I'. M., 99, 188, 709. 
 
 Coolitl^e, C. W., 146, 164. 
 
 Coon, .Myron, loi. 
 
 Cooper, 847. 
 
 Cooper, 1)., 41. 142, 163, 164, 
 
 359, 658, 859, 929. 
 Cooper, I). M., 601, 602, 658. 
 Cooper, Ceorne, 721. 
 Cooper, (leorge 1!., 92. 
 Cooper, John C, 318. 
 Cooper, J. r'ennimore, 708. 
 Cooper, J. R., 818. 
 Cooper, I.ovicy, 594. 
 Cooper, Peter, 944. 
 Coots, W. H., 61, loi, 144, 145, 
 ii 209. 
 
 Copeland, J. T., 187, 188, 307. 
 Copland, Alex. W., 144, 475, 
 
 523, 646. 
 Copland, Mrs., 492. 
 Coquillard, Ale.xis, 337, 981. 
 Corbet, C. 884. 
 Corbus, (lodfrey, Mrs., 978, 982. 
 Corbus. Joseph C., 559, 562. 
 Corby, I)aniel, 132. 
 Coreoriin, J P., 647. 
 Corey, J. li., 966. 
 Corkin.s, A. A., 486. 
 Corliss, J. Ii., 141. 
 Cormelis, 725. 
 Cornehl, P., 688. 
 Cornelius, S., 606. 
 Cornell. I''./ra, 883, 884. 
 Cornfield, J., 143, 756. 
 Cornini;, Krastus, 897. 
 Cornwall, John, 244. 
 Corrie, I). 'I'., 654. 
 Corseliu.s, (leoixe, 672, 6S1. 
 Cortoi.se, Charles, 767. 
 Cosbey, |ohn, 131. 
 Cosens, S., 486. 
 Cosgrove, lames, 934. 
 Cosgrove, I'alrick, 934, 
 Costigan, Daniel, 934. 
 Coston, Zarali II, 563, 580. 
 Cotterell, Ceorge, 313. 
 Cotterell, (ieorge, Jr., 313. 
 Cottrell, P.. W., 38, loi. 
 Cote, Joseph, 532. 
 Cote, Presqne, 501, 532, 535. 
 Coiichois, Alatilda, Miss, 721. 
 
 onghlin, 'P., 934. 
 
 ourcelU'S, Che\alier tie, 83. 
 
 oiirlney, R. I,., 871. 
 
 ouse, .Adam, 157, 701. 
 
 ousins, Jolui 1', 752 
 
 outi'iir, Jean I aplisli', 313. 
 
 ouliiicinaii, loliii, 173, 174,1^52. 
 
 overt, II. 1 1"., 80. 
 
 overt, I. I! , 130. 
 
 owan, \V., (146, 
 
 owie, William, 61 1. 
 Cowles, I''.. W., so, 51, )46, 646. 
 ■' .\, 'I'liomas, 888. 
 
 'o.\, William (;., 647. 
 
 'o.\sliaw<', .A., 6114. 
 
 oyl, Jenny, .Miss, 361. 
 
 .'oyl, W. K., 162, 4''i, 718, 737. 
 
 oyle, 1 1., 537. 
 
 'oyle, W. II., 15, 509, 521, 701, 
 
 931. 
 
 'oyne, Hugh, 922. 
 
 'rabb, (ieorge, 80. 
 Craft, '!'. J., 758. 
 "raig. Captain, 259. 
 
 'raig, James, loi. 
 
 'raig, S. D., Ujo, 198. 
 Craig, W. II., 125, 143, 144, 787, 
 
 702. 
 Craig, W. J., 197. 
 Crain. Herbert, (141. 
 Cram, Horatio, ,j.)i. 
 Craite, I. I'.., jS. 
 Ciam, r. J., 225. 
 Cramalie, ilector'l'., 84,242, 245. 
 Crampton, John, 895. 
 Cranage, I'homas, 463. 
 Cranage, Wm. J., 646. 
 Crandall, (ieorge W., loi. 
 Crane, 498, 835, 973, 981. 
 Crane, Albert, 192, 937, 938, 
 
 943, 944, y4'i- 
 Crane, .Ann, 937. 
 Crane, Charles, 939. 
 Crane, 1 ). P., 717. 
 
 Crane, Plijah, 565, 566, 5S0. 
 Crane, p. J. P.., 41, 937, 938, 
 
 944, 945, 946. 
 Crane, J. II., 228. 
 
 Crane, \\'alter, 41, 938, 043, 946. 
 Crajx), Henry H., 92, '^H-j, 969. 
 Crawford iV ^lurray, 482. 
 Crawford, I''raniis, 938, 945. 
 Crawford, J., 131. 
 Crawford, \\'illiani, 261. 
 Cray, John D., 142. 
 Creniay, Ilenrielte Catharine 
 
 de, 50. 
 Creque, J. I!., 980. 
 Crespel, Pmauuel, 52(), 707. 
 Cressey, p. II., 608, 600, 612. 
 Crittenden, H. .M , 6111. 
 Crocker, .Mr., 652. 
 Crocker, Mrs., 651, 652. 
 Croft, M. H., 630. 
 Croghan, (Ieorge, 50, 227, 234, 
 
 240, 241, 282, 283, 284, 285, 
 
 766, 938, 952. 
 Cromwidl, 872. 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 2, 939. 
 Cronewith, P., 167. 
 Crosby, A. J., 131. 
 (irosby, Calvin Ii., 125. 
 Crosby, I,. I)., 577. 
 Crosby, M. S. , 92. 
 Crosby, Phebc, 594. 
 Crossley, Puke, 732, 798, 
 Crossman, C., 633. 
 Crosswell. Charles M., 02, 974. 
 Crouch, A. P., 585. 
 Croul, Jerome, 318, 518, 523, 
 
 868, 869. 
 Crowe, 'P. J,, 690. 
 Crowfoot, John, 131. 
 Crozat, -Antoine, 330. 
 Crumb, 705. 
 Cuiellierrie, Miss, 349. 
 Cullen, 721. 
 
 CuUen, John \V. A. .S., 176. 
 Cullinane, J.. i66. 
 Cummings, J'honias R., 168. 
 Cunningham, 302, 486. 
 Curie, Miss, 349. 
 Curry, 908. 
 Curry, Charles, 26, 123, 133, 
 
 272, 313. 
 
994 
 
 INDF.X OK NAMF.S. 
 
 Curlis, Id 
 Curlis, I'. 
 
 Curry, |, C. if/.. 
 Curry, I'clcr, ()8o. 
 Curliiiiiis, I''. W., joj, 
 Curtis, !•',., 611. 
 Curlis, Dauii-'l, 715. 
 Ciulis, ( I. C, 717. 
 Curlis, ( i. W., 701J. 
 ihii, 7.IV 
 K., .\lrs., r.i2. 
 I usiuuau C'liurliiUi', jsli, i)*".'.. 
 
 t'lislcr, (.i'iiri;r, A., 70H, .)jii. 
 
 (.'uiilu'du, S. M , 1711, j(')i, ()|o, 
 
 871. 
 Culli'r, Auri-li.i, 1)17. 
 
 Culll-r, (Mrnlillr, iy(,|. 
 
 Cullir, M^M.iss.ih, 85, Kfi. 
 Cuylcr, Liculcuaut, aj8. 
 
 Dahl.Mi, s.'7. 
 
 I).;ikiu, l>. I, , fMQ. 
 
 D'AiKri'iu'inl, 18, 8)7. 
 
 Dale, William A. Twccil, 750, 
 
 Dalilia, Major, 21)1, ■j<i\, 204. 
 D'Aliijny, Ikiiri I < rdiuand 
 
 (,)uarrc, 7»k;. 
 Dallas, i(.8. 
 Dallas, taillcr, 1)57. 
 D'Aliuaini', (I., jIju. 
 Dalrymiili', ii/i. 
 Dallcii, I,., i,)i. 
 I t.illnii, l.awri-iuc W'., 11'. 
 Dalliiii, W. \V., 143, 17.1, iiji. 
 D.ilv, D.iniil, y;4. 
 Daly, J., 166. 
 
 Dalv, (aiufs, 101, 145, ii'i, 757. 
 DalV, '1. H., u/>. 
 D.iW, ]. W., 58, 2U2, 798. 
 Dalv, l.ukc, 74. 
 Dalv, M., 146. 
 Daly, Williaui, iji, f)43. 
 Dalyull, Caplaiii, 10, 52, :!jS, 
 
 239. 9.S-'- 
 D.iinilo, Anlliouy, i jo. 
 Danini, C. H., 798, 79.^, g^. 
 Danalicy, C, (JM. 
 Daualicy, J., 161'). 
 Dane, Nalhan, 85, 940. 
 Daufurlli, 715. 
 Daui.l, P., 5)5. 
 Dauirls, C. li., 228. 
 Daiii.ls, !•:. D., 6<)\. 
 D.iiiuls, J. J., 307. 
 Danku-urlh, K., 620, 621. 
 Il.irliy, W., 707. 
 Darcv, lanics M., 210, 211. 
 Darliu,^^ r. S., S72. 
 Darlmoiilh, I'.iirl of, 242, 243. 
 D.iruiu, Dr., 956. 
 IJaic, 497. 
 
 Daupliiii, I'ranccMs, 227. 
 D'Avanv'iiur, jlaniri, Sj. 
 I *a\'<'n|i()rt, i-'. ( )., 702. 
 I *a\-tMiport, l.uuis, 299, (''4''*, 649, 
 
 672, 916, 924, t)j). 
 Davi-nport, Sainuul 1'., 2S0, 317, 
 
 55'). 956. 
 Davirs, Sir Robert, 236. 
 I>a\'i(l, James I,, 100, loi, 130, 
 Daviil, John 1!., 547. 
 David, Orrin, 101. 
 D.iviilsoii, Alexander, 176, 939. 
 I laviilson, J.imes, ^ |i. 
 D.ividson. James !•'., 569, 571, 
 
 5t:o. 
 Davidson, Jared, 126. 
 Davies, li. W., 289. 
 Davis, 894. 
 Davis, Alpheus 555, 
 Davis, H. D., 482, 640. 
 Davis, H. .\I., 130. 
 Davis, C. K. 1.. 1!., gig. 
 Davis, C. K., 140, 303, 360. 
 Davis, Kdward, 577. 
 Davis, (ieor>ie, 494. 
 Davis, (leorge S., 690, 757, 820, 
 
 821, 823. 
 Davis, Henry, 132, 605. 
 Davis, Ira, loi, 939. 
 Davis, [ames K., 4(19, 772, 779. 
 Davis, J. C, 486. 
 Davis, J. i)., 88, ig8, 851. 
 
 Dnvis, J, M. 
 
 Dav 
 havi 
 
 Da\i 
 
 William, 3(14. 
 
 , W. Il„ (,14. 
 
 , W. k., fxjy. 
 D.ivisoii, C. M., Si)2 
 I lavisou, I). J., 17s, 
 Daviil, I'. M., 211. 
 Davy, II., ,,V'. 
 I )awe, William, 571 
 Dawson, ( 
 
 8r,fi, 
 17'', 
 
 57=- 
 
 S67. 
 177. 
 
 290, 
 
 12'), 28.). _, 
 7. ■■")% ')?■)■ 
 
 S., 289, 291 
 
 ■ '.,,,-,011, . leoryi', ('82, Oy2. 
 Dawson, Moses, 28(1. 
 I )ay, .AuKuslns, 3I14. 
 Day, lleiij.imin, 859. 
 Dav, I)., v.. 
 Day, II., .••s. 
 Day, Willi. nil, (141. 
 Day, W. (1., 025. 
 Dearliorn, lleiiry 
 
 294, 2.15, 291., 2 
 Dearliorn, II. .\ 
 
 298. 
 Deare, II. \V., 1, 
 Dean, ('. I.,, (.87, 
 Dean, II. .M., ■(.= 
 
 870. 
 Dean, Jerry, 142, 
 
 563. 5''4.' 5''>5. 
 
 735, 8.i'^. 
 Di'an, Julia, 358. 
 Dean, I,. II., 573. 
 I lean, l.utlier, 1 ;i. 
 Dean, W.ilter W., 303. 
 De Baptiste, CuoiL'e, 347. 
 Del.o. J. P., 132. 
 De llonue\illi-. 961. 
 De llruyn. John, 531,721. 
 Di-l)Utes, Jean lit., 20. 
 De i'litls, Henry, 268. 
 
 Decker, H., 79s! 
 1 \....i — II .J 
 
 )i, 130, 190. 
 
 i. -05. 71 ;. 8-5i 
 •('It. 5:,), 5"-', 
 
 f'l5, "31, 7'l'i 
 
 3'3' 
 
 250, 
 
 5 -'9, 
 
 l^evKei, II., 79.^. 
 Deeker, H. .S , 683. 
 DeCosla, !•., 355. 
 I lederielis, J., 799. 
 Dedrieh, .M.. 162. 
 Dee, W., 678. 
 Dee, M. J., 678, 679. 
 Defer, Honore, 212. 
 Delield, W. W., 756. 
 De Koixue, Kraneois 
 De llaudefruy, 766. 
 De (iasmar, 535. 
 De (Jraff, 492, 493, 718. 
 Deike, C, 578. 
 Deiniel, Anthony, 934. 
 Dcinecke, I'., 58. 
 Dej.an, Philip, 172, 173, 
 
 25-'. =53. 255. 334- 
 T)ekersaint, Sister, 725. 
 De la Forest, 527. 
 Delamaler, .\liiaham, 557. 
 I lelaney, James, 469. 
 De l.ano, Alex., 804. 
 Del Halle, 231, 333. 527, 
 
 ^5!5. 
 
 Delille .Mexis, 20. 
 
 Delille, .\lexis, widow of, 978. 
 
 J)elille, Isadore, 210. 
 
 Delisle, Jean liaptiste, 9S1. 
 
 Delorier, Pierre, 979. 
 
 Do l.orme, Francois, 17, 19. 
 
 De Marsac, 766. 
 
 Demass, John, 211. 
 
 Deniav, I'laiuisX., 654. 
 
 De .Mill, 1". K., 143, 211, 756, 
 
 811, 874. 
 De Miniac, 546. 
 DemiiiKi 496. 
 J)emin>;, F'.mily, 594. 
 DemiiiK, (leoixe, 63. 
 DemiuK, John J , 140, 198. 557, 
 
 558, 594. 631,114', fM5. 7' tJ. 736. 
 
 859, 934. 
 De Molt, [iiuies, 130. 
 De May, M., 227, 2ij. 
 Denonv'ille, -M de, 83, 324, 325. 
 De Noyelle, 527. 
 Denroelie, K., 585. 
 Densliam, Thos., i(J2. 
 Densmore, ("ieor,i;e W., 554. 
 Deiistadt, Herman, 211. 
 
 He 
 I I'- 
 ll.' 
 I). 
 
 lie 
 Hr I 
 
 'I' 
 24; 
 26. 
 
 I, I ewis, 3.) 1. 
 ne, .M., 58. 
 
 •^''.v. 5.52. 
 
 lau, ('lieriihim, 5. 
 
 Jiul, I'l'ter, 54I1, ii: 
 
 •yster, Areiit .Si h 
 
 46, 78, 171, 174, 
 
 , 243, 244, 248, 
 
 , 2I11, 261, 2^,4, 
 
 t 357, 37', 5=", 
 
 'I', ")S, 513, 
 
 uyle: 
 
 2.'3, 
 
 257. 
 337. 
 7'". 
 
 871. 
 
 I le(iniiidri', 20, 240. 
 
 I li i|Miiulr.', Aiil.iine, ^.4, 103^ 
 li^, 142, 140, U't], 11/1, igr, 
 i.jS, 281, 4.1.', 738. .,3.,. 
 
 Decpiiiulr.', Caliiiriii.', 077. 
 
 Deiiuiiulr.', D.iiivill.', 7.1. 
 
 Diipiindre, l.ouis, .,S, iji, 1(17, 
 28,. 
 
 D.'il.y, I'./ra, i.;8. 
 
 Ill- Rnisse.ui, 18. 
 
 De S.ile, Oliver J., 35''.. 
 
 D.- Sales, .Mary, f>55. 
 
 Desaniiier, l.oiiis. .,8.', 
 
 D'F.sKlis, I..iiiis l'hili|.pi' Mari- 
 an, h. -ail, 54''. 
 
 Desmartpiet, 7:'5. 
 
 I l.snoyers, 492. 
 
 I li'SiKiyers, C. R., 143. 
 
 Desiioyers, K.. G., 50. 
 
 Di'snoy.rs, J. C. A., ig. 
 
 De-^n.iyers, U. 1'., 167. 
 
 Desiioyers, Peter, 49, 91, 92. 95, 
 
 •25. 133, '34, '35. 143. 15". 
 163, 1O4, 1I.7, 176, 192, 198, 
 210, 281, 302, 457, 532, 533, 
 
 648, 735i 9-9i 933- 
 Desnoyer..., p. J., 55, 59, 123, 
 
 '35. 142, 143. 7.io> 73', ''47. 
 
 859, 860. 
 Desplaines, J. H., 982. 
 Desplats, jaeipies, 21". 
 Desoleour, l.ouis, 533. 
 Des Rivieres, 18. 
 Desroelier, St. Marsa.-, S'). 
 Desrorhes, R. Ii., t'll. 
 De 'riiaiiiuer, 535. 
 De 'roniaso, W., (^v,. 
 Deveaux, .^lary, 8^9. 
 Devenilorf, 0. .'\.. 734. 
 Jlevcraux, John C, .^39. 
 Deville, J., 165. 
 Devlin, John, 101. 
 Dewey, 4.17. 
 Dewey, Jaines S,, 91. 
 Dewe-y, /., 162. 
 De Wolf, 493. 
 Dexter, 85(1, 857. 
 Dexter, S. W., 8./.. 
 Dey. A. II., 56, 360, 8(17, 872, 
 
 <I3'.1- 
 Dey, A. II. Mrs., 055. 
 De Zielinski, J., 35(1. 
 Dihble, O. I!., 143, 481, 482, 
 
 485. 
 Dick, John, 758. 
 Dickey, Chas., 176. 
 Diekey, Iluvjli M., 631, 633, 729. 
 Dickie, Jaines F., 597, 602,604. 
 Dickenson, President, 21-4. 
 Dickenson, William, 4'..'. 
 Dickei'son, I-'. I!., 705. 
 Dickinson, 487. 
 Dickinson, Anna F., 70.1. 
 Dickinson, Don M., 218. 
 Dickinson, (icnr,i;e P.., 63g, 
 Diekins.)!!, I. S., t_)o2. 
 Dickinson, M. F., 4,13, 71S, 75(1, 
 
 n<'\ 939. 
 
 Dickinson, Maria Wesson Mis., 
 
 943. 
 Dicks, Johanna, wid.iw of J.i- 
 
 col), 978. 
 Dicks, John, 210, 281, '171J. 
 Dickson, D., 799. 
 Dickson, David. 166, 1(17. 
 Diedrich, J., 161, 162. 
 Diedrich, J. [., 11,6, 034. 
 Dieler, J.. 8.",. 
 
 Diepenheck, Rudolph, 677,688. 
 Dilhet, John, 41)0.531, 535,720. 
 Dillman, l.miis, 101,141^162. 
 Dillon, F., 537. 
 Dillon, R. S., 145, 523, 756, 
 
 757- 
 
 '71. 
 
 DiiiKS, l.isi, 21 
 Diiiwidtlie (l..\ 
 
 Dislilow, 11. \ 
 
 (72. HI". 
 Di^leru.-ll. J., 700. 
 |li.\, l.li/aliclh, 483,960. 
 Iilx, John. 313, 93'^ 
 I lixon, 744. 
 I lixoll, Pete , 014. 
 I lixoll, 'I'riiii. Ill, 555. 
 Doalle, .|.,8. 
 
 |ii.aiie,Willi.nn H., 354. 
 Iindils, John I., 772, 780. 
 I linlcmead, 272, 41)0. 
 Dndiniead, |., i',8. 
 I loilinicad, jam.s, 134,314 
 DiJilemead, John, 58, 1 3 3, 
 
 179, 190, 191, 2.12, 7K3. 978' 
 Il.ideiiieail, Mrs., 279. 
 DodKc, A. II., 797, 7'J«. 
 |lod,i;e, John. 173. 
 
 1 1. 'ilt,^, William," 102, 161, 162. 
 
 I loherly, C, 211, 212. 
 
 I loi. in, I'.dwaril, 702. 
 
 Dolicr, 325, g5i. 
 
 Dolsen, Levi K., 8, kxj, 756, 
 
 Dofsi'ii, I..K.,\\., Miss, 633. 
 Doiiian, Robert, 537. 
 Donibidwski, A., 542. 
 Domcdion, (88. 
 Domine, Charles, 654. 
 Donahoe, Patrick V., 537 
 Donald, Joseph, 559, 562, 51.3. 
 Donaldson, James, 341. 
 I lon.ildson, John, y8i. 
 l)oiia\'aii, 4'/). 
 Di.ndero, A., 6*^1, 833. 
 Doii,v;aii, Colonel, 325. 
 Donnilly, I. C, loi, 318. 
 Donovan, 1)., 162, 798, 799. 
 Donovan, |. W., 702. 
 Donovan, NIallliew, 715, 978. 
 D'OoKc, M. I,., 709. 
 Dooley, 'I'hos., 212. 
 Doran, .M., 166. 
 DoRaii, Richard, 758. 
 Dorchester, Lord, 84, 
 
 266. 
 
 Donnan, F'rnest, 934. 
 Dorr, 1116. 
 
 JJoir, (ieotxe, 145, 146, 165. 
 Dorr, Melvin, 142, 163, 186, 192, 
 
 202, 770, 933, 935. 
 Dort, 'I'itus, go, nx), 101, 131, 
 
 i.,8, 64S. 
 Dossin, t harles ]., 654. 
 Dostpiel, Pierre flerman, 546. 
 Dolteii, M. C, 588. 
 Dot}', I Inane, 752, 753, 7('»o. 
 Doty, !•'.., 363, 164, 198, 226, 
 
 739, 863, 935. 
 Doty, Ceorge, 458, 
 
 777. 
 Doty, Henry, 770. 
 Dulv, lames 1)., 96, 
 
 180, 185, 186, 198, 
 558, 907. 
 
 Dougherty, Charles, 71/8. 
 Doiighert}', M. A., 57.1. 
 Dougherty, Michael, 492 
 Doughty, 6(15. 
 Douglas, Charles, 734. 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 11 
 Douglass, 492. 
 Douglass, T). P., 997. 
 Douglass, I-'.phraiin, 262, 
 Douglass, Frederick, 
 D.nigl.'iss, S. H., 69. 7CHJ. 
 Douglass, S. T., 187, 188, 
 
 34". 7",, 755, 75'''. 
 Douglass 'rhoiiias, 707, 
 Dow, M. F., 866. 
 Dow, Neal, 840, 064. 
 Dowiing, Mori:.'in ]'.., 702. 
 Dowliug, P., 318. 
 Downey, Jno., 035. 
 Downs, S. H., 131. 
 Downs, 'I'hos., 198. 
 Downs, T. J., 131. 
 Doyle, F... 143, 144. 
 Doyle, Michael, 940. 
 Doyle, M. P., 303, 
 Dovie, William, 227, 
 Drake, 286, 888. 
 
 264, 265, 
 
 492 
 
 14.. 
 
 '•'74. 
 
 ,76, 
 
 557, 
 
 1, 966. 
 
 264. 
 
 347. 709. 
 
 I'M, 
 
IXDKX Ul" NAMES. 
 
 995 
 
 IM, .Ml. 
 
 i,. C.i.V., 2,!.!. 
 
 II. v., i.i-', i')8, .lii, 
 
 \\. I., 7""- 
 ,,,Ih1|i, 4''*.t. 9'''"- 
 
 Ml- 
 
 iMf , 11-14. 
 
 I'l-un. Ul, 555. 
 
 iViiiiMiu II., :i5i- 
 
 luliii I., 77--!. 7«"- 
 
 ■ail, .■7-', -t'l"- 
 
 ■ail, I., !'.«• 
 
 •iiil, liinics, i:M,:i'l ■"■. 
 
 .■a(l,J"li". S«. ' !'• ,'7^' 
 
 ,,!., 11)1, •>•"-, 7*^51 y7^' 
 
 i-ail, Mrs., •.;79- 
 
 .\. II.. T)lsTfi- 
 
 Inllll. 173. 
 
 William, 102, 1611 ii'.i- 
 
 y, C, 211, 21-'. 
 
 ■|-'.(l«-ai(l, 7'>2. 
 
 3f5- 951; 
 
 7.sS 
 
 , L.K.W., Miss, 63.i- 
 
 1, Kiiln.rt, 5;i7. 
 
 -nwski, A., 542. 
 
 lion. 1-88. 
 
 I,., Charles, 654. 
 
 ine, I'alriik v., 537 
 
 il, Jiisi-pli, 559. 5f'»i S'M- 
 
 ilsun, jaiiu-s, 341. 
 
 (Isiin, Jiilin, ySi. 
 
 .an, 4V". 
 
 ■i-.i. A., f'^ 1,833- 
 
 iin, C'dloni:!, 325. 
 
 dly, I.e., loi, 318. 
 
 van, I)., 162, 798, 799- 
 
 van, I. W., 7"-- 
 
 van, Rlatllu-w, 715. 978- 
 
 v;.-, M. I.., 7'>9- 
 
 ■y, 'I'llOS., 212. 
 
 n,M., if>f'- 
 
 in, Kirluircl, 758. 
 
 lusu-r, Lord, 84, 2r>4, 21.5, 
 
 an, Kinest, 934. 
 
 l.i-iir.uo, 145, 14". ''•?• 
 Milvin, 142,165, iSfi, 11/-'. 
 
 , 77", 933' 93.=i- 
 '('iliis, go, tixi, iiii, 131, 
 
 I, TmS. 
 
 in, C'liarlis T., (154- 
 luil, I'iiTii- lli-rnian, 546. 
 ' 1, M. t'., 588- 
 
 Dnanc, 752. 753. 7'«- 
 K., 3fM, >*>•». '9*'. "''' 
 86,, g35- 
 Ci-oryi', 458, 49-'. 674, 
 
 Hinry, 77"- 
 |aim-s 1)., i/s It". 17". 
 "185, 186, 11)8, 5™. 5^7. 
 
 lii-rty, Ctiarli-s, 7.18. 
 ^iu-rty, M. A., 579- 
 KlR-rty, Micluii-1, 402. 
 
 Kluy, 6i,5-, 
 
 glas, ( liaili-s, 734. 
 
 Klas, Sli-plun A., u 
 
 'i;lass, 4i|2. 
 yl.iss, 1). r.., 097- , 
 t;lass, Kiiliiaim, 262, 264. 
 'ulass, Vrrili-iiili, 347. 7°9- 
 vlass, S. II., 61). 7(K). 
 kUiss, S. r., 1H7, 188, 194. 
 ' 711. 755. 756. 
 ylass 'I'lii.inas, 707. 
 ', M. I-'., 866. 
 ,, Ncal, 840, 064. 
 vliiiv;, Miir,i;i"i K., 7K2. 
 vliiiK, I'.. 3'S. 
 
 lU'V. liHi., 03> 
 vns,' S. II., 13'- 
 ,„s, •I'liiis., 11)8. 
 B.vns, T. J., 131- 
 
 le, K., 143. '-i-t. 
 
 I,. MicliacI, 940. 
 
 vli-, M. 1'.. 3"3. 
 vU-, William, 227. 
 .ike, 286, 888. 
 
 1)66. 
 
 Ilraku, K. II.. 50.59,675. 
 Drakii, Thoduri* A,, 205. 
 nrakr, I'. I , y2. 
 Drninaii, Ji-r., 133, 
 l)i-lv;,i;s, I''. !•'.., 6s7, 039. 
 l)iis<:iil, lain.s, cuj. 
 Unmillaril, l)iiniiiuc|iii', 313, 
 l>riiiiillar(l, |. IS., 1)7.), 
 Diuini-, 848.' 
 Diilxiis, 1)71). 
 Duliiiis, C,, 7()i). 
 Dnliois, l''.tit'iinu, 53, 149, 10. 
 
 53.i- 
 Dubuis, James, 166, 756, 936, 
 
 Di" l!i)lslii-hi'rt, 766. 
 Dulillfr, 3IK). 
 
 I)n lliiisson, 2,1, 527, 931. 
 Dii (.li.iillu, Paul, 7.«|, 
 Diiehai'Mir, C A., 8mi. 
 Dncliariiii', Cliaiirs, 863. 
 Diuluni-, J., 2Hi, 211. 
 Dink, jaiiii's, 211, 212. 
 Dinli.s". n , 
 
 Dnildli-son, W. J., 130. 
 IJudxti-cin, .\,, iiK), 130, 143, 144, 
 
 218, 783, 884. 
 Diulijeon, J. .v., 162. 
 Dufonx, 53:;. 
 Diirfc-iin, l.oril, 972. 
 Diiirnkl, I). I!., 56,90, 141,307, 
 
 602, r.38, 6,,,, 65S, 675, 708, 
 
 711, 844, 805, 0.17, .|68. 
 Diiirnld, I), li. .Mrs., 63,. 
 Duiriulil, ( H:or>;e, 310, ,17, ,59, 
 
 595. 596, 602, 639, i>4i, 642, 
 
 658, '175. 7"-^. 7»4. 841, 03), 
 
 Qfu, 1)65. 
 Diimeld, (.Icm-^;!- Mrs., 310. 660, 
 
 938. 
 Dnirn-ld, (;. II., 6.,o. 
 Duffiild, II. M., 141, 711. 
 Dudlvld, S. 1'., 678. 
 Diiiriild, S. W.. 7i«5. 
 DiilVield, W. \V., 100, 305, 507. 
 UulTy, Kalher, 539. 
 IliilTy, Sister, 725. 
 Diifresne, 18. 
 l)iii,'Kan, I), 934. 
 Dili, lie, 332. 
 Dnlloa, Dennis, 145. 
 Diillea, M., 166. 
 Dulli-s, .'\llen -M., 602. 
 Uii Ijiitli, (Ireyseliiii, 325, 
 Diimas, Si., 233. 
 Dninay, Pierre, g8o. 
 Dnmay, Theiiphile, 982. 
 Dumont, 680. 
 Dim, R. ('.,, 780, 965. 
 Diiiu'.in, David, 190, 313. 
 Duncan, William, 143, 161, 203, 
 
 513. 518. 755- 
 Diinean, W. C, 100, 137, 140, 
 
 144, 308, 869, 872. 
 Duncan, W. C, Mrs.. 661. 
 Diincanson, R. S. , 360. 
 IJiincklee, H. U., 639, 674, 682, 
 
 692. 
 Diincklee, W. .S., 674, 
 Dunham, Seth, 130, 198. 
 Diinlap, 360. 
 
 Diinlap, (Jeiirye, 145, 500. 
 Diininore, I.urd, 248, 323. 
 Dnnn, |iihn K., 586. 
 Dunn, 'M., 648. 
 Dunn, Martin J., 212, 213. 
 Dunn Peter, 166, 796, 799, 934, 
 
 935- 
 Dnnn, W. R., 758. 
 Dunning, H., got. 
 Dunnin;.;, Daniel, 892. 
 liiinster, Kdwa .d S., 709. 
 Diipont, Charles, 40, 318, 756. 
 Diipont, Lonis, 7gg. 
 I)ii Qnesne, Colonel, 234, 249. 
 Dnrantave, 325. 
 Dnrfee, C. ])., 131. 
 Durfee, K. ()., 190. 
 Diiroohe, I'rancois, 978, 981. 
 Diiroehi-r, 333. 
 Durst, A., 539. 
 Dii Ruisson, 171. 
 Diitton, Joseph S., 902. 
 Dwiffht, 492. 
 Dwight, A. A., 755. 
 
 Dwiulil, l-'.ilmiind, 859. 
 Dwixlil, I'., S19. 
 Dwiylit, llinry, 859. 
 Dwight, Jiinatliaii, 859, 
 Daiuhl, 'S. I-'.., Miss. 7)6. 
 Dwiyht, Willi. nil, .Sig, 
 Dwy.r, 7,^7. 
 
 Dwyer, I., i(.i, 162, 549, Rirt, 
 868. 
 
 Dwyer, I'.ltliek, 166, 167, g)(. 
 
 Dwv.r, I'. II., (411. 
 
 Dyar, II1114I1 W., .S..4. 
 
 Dyer, C. K., 64.1, ('n. 
 
 Dy,i;ert, Kin S., 2mj. 
 
 Dyker, John D., 538. 
 
 Dyson, S. I',, 1114, 227, 272, 275, 
 
 3'S. 
 Dyson, William, 144, 163, 648. 
 
 Kakins, J, II., 537, 8u. 
 
 lyirll. A. II., ,,03. 
 
 I''.astman, (?eor).;e IJ,, 717. 
 
 l-'.alon, Alon/o, 4(j, 166. 
 
 l'".aton, l''.l>eiu-/er, kmi. 
 
 Kalon, I-;, C, gi, 101, 166. 
 
 Katon, Klji-nezer C, 132. 
 
 l-'.aton, Levi, loi. 
 
 Katon, O. P.. 647. 
 
 l-'.aton, T. H., 657. 
 
 l-'.herts, Herman, 209, 
 
 Khy, II. H., 132- 
 
 l-.ecard, K., 161, 162. 
 
 l-'.cclcston, 559. 
 
 l-'.eklilf. C. II., 58. 
 
 Kddy, '■ )rson, 481, 565. 
 
 Kddy, T. M., 567, 579, 708. 
 
 Kddy, /., 60J, 614, 655, 702. 
 
 Kddy, Z. .Mrs., 665. 
 
 Kdg.ir, 767. 
 
 lulifar, John, 244, 941. 
 
 Kdi;ar, Wm., 172, 767, 837. 
 
 l-'dison, Thomas \.^ 362, 469. 
 
 Kdinond, Sisier, 6,1. 
 
 Kdmonds, Charles .\., gj. 
 
 l-'.diiionds, William, 131. 
 
 l-'.dmiiiids, J. .M., 162,217,682. 
 
 l-'.dsall, I)., 71, 164. 
 
 Kdson, 781. 
 
 Kdson, James I.., 360, 362, 874. 
 
 Kdwards, Arthur, 101, 550, 551, 
 
 ,,558.57-'. 
 
 lidwards, Ahraluim, g8, 103, 
 
 123. 135. 201;, 227, 730, 731, 
 
 770, 85g. 
 Kdwards, Colonel, 957. 
 Edwards, I'.idwell, 938, 940. 
 l-'du-ards, 1)., 903. 
 Kdwards, Fit/lui,i;h, Mrs. Dr., 
 
 361. 
 I'.dwards. H. D., loi. 
 l-'dwards, Jaeiiiies, 702. 
 Kdwards, J. K., 71. 
 Kdwards, John, 494. 
 Kdwards, Riitliy, 594. 
 Kdwards. R. M., 592, 7x9. 
 K.Ke, C. N., 50, 646. 
 l''.,<.i<eman, P,., 796. 
 K.KK'ers, Aiii;iist, 212. 
 KK'wIesIon, Kdward, 708. 
 KijIinKton, K., 211. 
 I'".,iiner, ( ieor>;e, 493. 
 Kichbaiim, K. II., 364. 
 I'",ii^enbi-od, .Adam, 167. 
 l-'.ilert, Jacob, 135. 
 l-'.ipper, I., 7g8. 
 Kisenlord, N., 687. 
 K.isenlord, W., 486, 487. 
 Kllair, K. II., 167. 
 I''llair, -Mi-Nander, 981. 
 KIbert, J. \., 736. 
 l-'.lder. A., 355. 
 Klderkin, J. D., 357. 
 l-',ldred, A. J., 561). 
 KIdred, V.. E., 164. 
 I-^ldred. V, E., 143, 4g6, 506. 
 KIdred, Julius, 142, 491, 652, 
 
 735. 738. 851, 961. 
 Kldridi;!', Azariah, 598, 638. 
 Kllet. i'",. v., Mrs., 281, 708. 
 I-'lliet-, 907. 
 l-'.llinwood. Miss, 718. 
 l-'.lliott, 496, 571. 
 Elliott, Captain, 278, 720. 
 
 Ellioii, K. A., 57. 
 Kllioit, I. P... 519. 
 
 Klliolt, Sl.lltllew, 744, 563, 56rt, 
 
 550. 
 l-'llioll, R. R., 54, 541), 650, 666, 
 
 '»)4. 71 '• 
 l-,llioll, Robert 'I'., 53, 194, 523, 
 
 536. 
 l-'.lliolt, Thomas R., 676. 
 Klli.ill, William, 345. 
 Kllis, 41)4. 
 Kllis, A. i;., gg. 
 
 Kllis, C. II., 34, 126. 
 
 Kllis, K. D., (74, 759. 
 
 l-.lhs, K. R., 679, 702, 734. 
 
 Kllis, Cilberl J., 6.-4. 
 
 Klli.., lolin, (175, 676, 702. 
 
 Kllis, John D,, 67). 
 
 Kllis, Nlyron II., 101, 1 ,i. 
 
 l-'.Uis, WelliiiKlon, 12(1, 132. 
 
 Klinore, 633. 
 
 l-'lms, R., 717. 
 
 Klwood, 1. N., 689. 
 
 l-',lwood, I. R.. 8.^4. 
 
 Klwooil, S. Dow, 137, 144, 695, 
 
 702, 711, 86g, 885, 1)40. 
 l-'.ly, Ralph, 92. 
 Kmbaeh, M., 167. 
 l-'.merson, I-'.., 839. 
 Kinerson, C'li.iiles J., 37. 
 Kmerson, liisliii I-'.., Nirs., 361. 
 Kinerson, j. .M., 808. 
 Kinerson, Mi.^s, 718. 
 l-'.merson, Kaljili Waldo, 701}. 
 Kmi-ry, A. II., 144, 145, 487. 
 Emmons, 300. 
 Emmons, il. II., 175, 306, 307, 
 
 711, 967. 
 I-.mmons, ]vi\ V, C, 101, 130, 
 
 210, 7,6, 
 l-.mlieoti, Charles, 362, 778, 940. 
 KiiKlaiid, Pool, -Mrs., 702. 
 KiiKland, .Mrs., 262. 
 KiKdaiid. Richard, 227, 262, 265, 
 
 266. 267. 
 Knri<lit, John J., 126, 549, 
 Knsinn, I!. P., 872. 
 Enswortli, D. A. A., 176, 177, 
 
 ig2, 107, 648. 
 Knsworth, ('.. li., ig8. 
 Kpinay, .M. de 1', 330. 
 KppliiiK', Kred, 620. 
 Kppslein, I-',., 628. 
 Kppstiin, I-'.. Mrs., 657. 
 Krhard, J., 7gg. 
 Kriehseii. C. D., 162, 487. 
 Ernest, .Sl.itlhew, 26, 125, 198, 
 
 ,313. 531. 785, 978. 
 Krrett, Isaac, 624. 
 F.rskine, 262. 
 Krwin, John (1., 355, 711, 787, 
 
 7g2, 8gl. 
 Ksdell, David, Jr., 7g7. 
 Kstabrook, 614. 
 EtheriiiKton, Slajor, 227. 
 Enstache, Pierre, 20. 
 Eustis, Wm., 28g, '294. 
 Evans, K. P., 709. 
 Evans, ('.., 166. 
 I-!vans, James, 132. 
 Evans, josejih, 131. 
 Kvans, Patrick, 935. 
 Kvans, R. ('.., Mrs., 664. 
 Kvans, Tlu-o. T., 131. 
 Kvarts, William M., 267; 
 Everett, 6i)5. 
 
 Kverett, Kdward, 709, 746. 
 l-'.\vers, 491. 
 
 I-'wers, A., 143, 506, 713. 
 Kwers, Charles, 75, loi, 137, 145, 
 
 if'i, 647. 
 Kwini;, W. li., 131. 
 Ewinys, Alexander, 313, 
 
 F 
 
 Fabbri, 940. 
 
 Kafard. Mar.ijaret, 333. 
 
 Fahy, J. II., 755. 
 
 Failin>f, 63. 
 
 Fairbairn, Tbomas, 146. 
 
 Fairbanks, II. W., 703. 
 
 Fairbanks, John, 198. 
 
 Fairbanks, J. D., 144, 523. 
 
 Fairbanks, N. K., 78.). 
 
 Fairlield, I'.ilinnnil P.., gj, 97U 
 
 I'ales, J. W., 141,. 
 
 l-'alloHs, Samuel, 7...). 
 
 I'alvey, 1 lailiel, 1)14. 
 
 i'alvev, I.. 146. 
 
 Falv.-y, "P., 210. 
 
 Faiiclier, .\. M., Mrs., 842. 
 
 Fanning. A. C. W., 228. 
 
 Farno, Charles, 81)2. 
 
 Fai'Ko, John I'.. 8i;2. 
 
 FiirKo, 'V. I!., 8g2. 
 
 Kai-Ko, W. (1 , 8g2. 
 
 Farland, John .\l., 38. 
 
 Karley, J., 225, 227. 
 
 Farmer, A., J., 888. 
 
 Farmer, John, 10, 16, 2g, )j, ^g, 
 1-26, 167, 302, 335, 4gl, 492, 
 559. .S'''-!. 563, 564. 672, 6g6, 
 6g7. 6g8, 6g.), 731, 737, 738, 
 739. 740, 741. 753. 755. 759. 
 
 ,,797. 9-'7. 935. 938. g.f- 
 
 rainier, John, ,Mrs., 651, 652, 
 
 Farmer, Silas, jj, 141, (.jg, 640, 
 642, 695, 6gg. 
 
 Farnaii, John. 537, 53g, 
 
 Farnsworth, 1!. S., 165, 482, 483, 
 
 „''''^-»- 
 
 Farnsworth, l.lon, g2, o.S, 141, 
 
 191, 194, 311, 359, 652, 731, 
 
 864, 903. 
 
 lariiswortb, I red 1'.., 361, 362, 
 
 ..'^■'"- , . 
 
 rarnsworth, deorne, 885. 
 
 Farnsworth, Levi, ig8. 
 
 Farnsworth, L. I,., 4g4, 566, 561), 
 
 638, g4o. ^ 
 
 l-ar({iiliar, I- . X., 921, 
 
 l-'arrand, I'elhuel, 63, 
 
 Farrand, D, ()., 50, 59, 205, 746, 
 
 757- 
 Farrand, Miss, 717, 
 Farrand, J. S,, 63, 71, 137, 144, 
 
 205. 475. 503. 506. <»4. ^42. 
 
 658, 755. 756. 772. 773. 839, 
 
 867, 86g, 874. 
 Farrar, John, 64, 142, 164, 165, 
 
 , 193. 492, 595. 713. 735. 935. 94". 
 Karrell, James W., 639, 640. 
 FarriiiKton, li. I-'., 7.^9. 
 Farwell, Jesse IL, 692. 
 Farw-ell John V., 789. 
 Fasquelle, Louis, 702. 
 B'anlkner, Wm., 307, 348, 497, 
 
 967. 
 Favre, Jacques L., 654. 
 Fay, 7i"7. 
 
 Fay. J. J.. 756. 
 
 1-earinj;, Paul, 24, 102. 
 Feeht, l-'ugene, ig6, ig8. 
 Feleh, Alpheiis, 02, 187, 85-2. 
 F'eldman, Fred. W., 167. 
 Feldner, Prof., g7o. 
 Fellers iV' Penjamin, 482. 
 l-'elhnan, II., 6og, 
 Felton, 733 
 F'enton, Henry, 923. 
 Fentoii, James, 71, 638, 753. 
 Fcnton, William .M., 92, 305, 
 
 343- 
 Fenwick, P.i.shop, 532, 547. 
 Ferguson, I-'.., 485, 888, 891. 
 FerKUSon, J., 348. 
 F'erKiison, (oseph ('.., 647. 
 F'erx'iison, l.eaiider, 132, 
 Ferguson, T., 657, 865. 
 Ferguson, W. J., 482. 
 Fern, Fanny, 66g. 
 Ferrin.v;ton, George W., 88, 100, 
 
 loi, 131, ig8. 
 Ferry, D. M., 4, 5, 76, 162, 360, 
 
 362, 465, 498, 658, 773, 811, 
 
 820, 867, 869, 875, 940. 
 Ferry, William M., 595. 
 Fey, Conrad, 167. 
 Key, [ohn, 934. 
 Fick,"H., 618. 
 Field, A. S., 966, 
 Field, r.., 625, 626, 702, 737. 
 Field, Kate, 701). 
 Field, Moses W., 57, 71, 73, 
 
 103, 144, 360, 487, 574, 657, 
 
 937. 940. 946. 972. 
 Field, ()., 483, 492. 
 Fiertz, E., 80, 798. 
 
996 
 
 INDKX OF XAMKS. 
 
 Fillmore, Millard, nvi, y6j. 
 Filson, Jatiics, 770, 8ji;. 
 Kinrliliy, 8)7. 
 Findhiy, J,iini"<, 1)4. 
 Fiiidli'y, Ciilciiii'l, jy.\, jys,, i<)i, 
 I'Miii'li^iil, IsMiii , 61, 141, 144. 
 Fiiilcy, II. I'. ,Mrs., 701. 
 Kiiilfy, 1. II., 53s, 5'i4, 5*', 7"7' 
 Finliy, K. II., 165, (1J5. 
 Kiiiii, \\'., iij). 
 l''iiiiicv,Mii, (.. 757. 
 KiiiiUKMii. juliii I )., 145. 
 FiiiiK y, C. I ;., oi.t, ')i>2. 
 Kiiiiity, J. \V,, 17(1. 
 Finney, Scvmniir, 145, 1(6,481, 
 
 487, (mS,'7h. 
 Firnaiii", MuImcI, 746, 75J, 75S. 
 Fisc lirr, C, 6K7. 
 Fi-rliir, I'., (.87. 
 Fisiliir, Williain, 143, 
 Fisii, .\. A. .Mrs, 310. 
 Fish, .lull, ,,,,8. 
 Kislirr, i7i, (.,)s- 
 Kislur, AiiKiii C, 566. 
 KisluT, K., 87:!. 
 Fislur, K. li., 212. 
 Fislur, Jaiiics, 77, 236. 
 Kislirr, lamis I,., 535. 
 KisluT, Nancy, .Miss, 533, 
 Fislicr. Oils, 2J5, 851). 
 Fislc, I lavid W., 191 
 Kisku, 695. 
 I'iske, IJ. \V'., 14J, 164, i(i(j, 645, 
 
 Fi.ske, I.. R., 567, 571, 6i)0. 
 Kile li, :\. .M., )24, s66, 641. 
 Kilrh, C. W., 7"-', 717- 7J^. 
 I'ilrli, K. 1)., (.38. 
 l''il/i;iTal(l, I'.dward, 35U, 707. 
 Kiumrald, TlKJiiias, 832, 861. 
 l'il/.i;llil)ons, T. C)., (176. 
 KiUiiKirris, |., 164. 
 '■'il/siniciiis, Patricli, 868. 
 Fii/.siiniiiiiiis, M., 211. 
 I'lauLl, llciicdict Jiisi'pl), 53, 
 
 5.U, .332, .34''>. .347- 1)51'- 
 Fiaiiaijaii, William, 854, 855, 
 
 856. 858. 
 Flaniuan, .M., 144, 131), 209,306, 
 
 523. 75-!, 757. 758, 967. 
 1' lattrry, 41/1 
 Klatti-rv, C. N., 694. 
 Klallcry, J., 772. 
 Klattury, .\i-il, 38. 
 [■'Ic'iniiiy, Saiiisuii, 341. 
 Klfniiii);, 'I'lius., 212. 
 Flf|)fr, Daniel, 167. 
 Met her, 789, 982. 
 Fleti ler, ('.. N. .Mrs., 655, 662. 
 I' letcher, Joseph, 22, 26. 
 I'letcller, S., 4<)J. 
 Fletcher, William A., 98, 99, 
 
 187, 192, 474. 
 r leiiry, .M., 094. 
 I'linn, llMi;h, 736. 
 Klirit, K. W., 165. 
 Flint, II, A., 190, 
 Flinternian, John, 59,647, 757. 
 Flood, C. li., 686. 
 Flower, K. W., 584, 587. 
 Flower, J., 145, 161, 364, 470. 
 I' lowers, Charles, 176, 197. 
 Floyd, Jones lie L., 228. 
 Folsoni, F., 738. 
 Folsoiii, S., 145, 936. 
 Follett, IJenjaniin, 884. 
 Fontaine, K., 364. 
 Foote, (ieorjje, 143, 144, 226, 
 _ 862, 868. 
 
 Forbes, .Arehih.'ild, 974. 
 Forbes, Colonel, 290, 291, 293. 
 l'\)rbes, (Jeneral, 233. 
 Forbes, John, 100, 130, 
 Forbes, J. M., 901. 
 Forbnsh, T. 11., 627, 703. 
 Ford, Corydon I.., 709. 
 Ford, II. A., 691, 703. 
 Ford, J., 144, 757. 
 Ford, J. N., 583, 866, 936. 
 Ford, Kate IJrearley, Mrs., 703. 
 Ford, I.. J., 126. 
 Ford, Martin H., 131, 132. 
 Forni, V., 663. 
 Forton, Julian, 980, 
 Forster, F.dward, 820. 
 
 Korsvlh, 7(17, 
 Forsyth, I)., 274. 
 Forsyth, I Morni', 932, 
 For>ylli, |. lines, ^134, 
 Forsyth, M.ijor, 8S7. 
 Forsyth, Marion, c^), 
 {■orsylh, Koberl, c|8i. 
 Forsyth, K. ;\., 38,98, 130, rp 
 
 Ml, 5"4, ii'>7' 
 Forsyih, Thos., (181. 
 Forsyth, William, 1)77, 979, 
 FosiiT, 404, 497, 8,)-', 9,S-'. 
 (•'osier, llisho|>, 571), 7UJ, 
 I'oster, Captain, 248, 
 Fister, (>. A., 39, I4.'i, M^'- 
 l''osti*r, ( Jeorvie I'., 647. 
 Foster, J. I'.., Mrs., 640, 662, 
 l''osler, W. I,., 6.,3. 
 Foamier, Abraliani, 982. 
 Fowler, i;. .M , 822, 871. 
 l*'owU'r, ( >. S., 70,). 
 Fowler, Sti'pheii, 717, 900. 
 
 Fix, 
 
 Fox, 
 Fo.x, 
 l'-o.x, 
 
 Fo.x, 
 
 li. V 
 C, I 
 
 Colli 
 
 '>•. 7 
 1). F., 
 I). M 
 
 Jabez 
 I ,ewis 
 .Martin 
 
 m8. 
 
 1- 
 
 ;l3. 
 , io8. 
 625, 675, 683. 
 
 K., Hot. 
 7 
 
 1'' 
 
 Fo.xeii, James I!., 737. 
 
 Fo.xeii, William, 137, 145, 218, 
 
 54y, 7.14, 8"><. 936.' 
 Foy, Jonathan I'., ixj. 
 Fralick, II., 91, kjo, iui, 123, 
 
 130. 
 Fralick, I'eter, 209. 
 Frances, .Mary, 653, 
 Francois, R., 535, 
 Frank, C. F., 647. 
 Frank, llyin.in, 637. 
 I'laiik, John I'., 973. 
 Frankel, I. .Mrs., 637. 
 Frankhauser, J., 578. 
 Franklin, iienjainin, 746, 940. 
 Franklin, I-',. C., 70,1. 
 Franklin, l..idy Jane, 483,966, 
 I''raiiklin, Samuel, }y.^ 344, 
 Fraser, AU-.xand<'r, 937. 
 Fraser, .\. I)., 56, 71, 141, 195, 
 
 199, 222, 267, 302, 653, 94'), 
 Fraser, .Major, 269. 
 Fraser, ( ). A., 872 
 Fra/.er, David C, 756, 
 Frazer, Lieutenant, 240. 
 Frechette, I'ic'rre, 530, 533. 
 I'Veelaiul, S. .M., 614. 
 I''reeiiian, Daniel, 533. 
 Freeman, D. -M., 210, 211, 
 I'Veeinan, l-'.dward, 66g. 
 Freeman, I,. S., 695. 
 Freer, C. F., 805, 
 I'Veibnri^er. F., 21 r, 212. 
 Frelin,i;luiysi'n, Theodore, 961. 
 Fremont, John C, 102, 229, 940, 
 
 ,, 97'''- 
 
 I'rench, 491. 
 
 French, D., 5.S, 64, 71, 125, 142, 
 163, 167, 642, 648, 718, 738, 
 
 739. 755. 9J3. 935- 
 French, J., 484, 683. 
 French, \ewtdl, 933. 
 French, S., 484, 936. 
 Frerot, Francis, 501, 532. 
 Frey, I'hilip, 37. 
 Frey, I'hilip R., 249. 
 Frey, Samuel C, 249. 
 Freyer, Daniel, 934. 
 Freytaj;, A., 610. 
 Frey taw, (1., 355. 
 Friedland, J. F., 540. 
 Friedinan, C., 482. 
 Frieze, Henry S., 709. 
 Frisbie, S. W., 5S8, 589, 590. 
 Fritscliel, Sigmund, 620. 
 Frizclle, 468. 
 Frobisher, 980. 
 Froissart, 3, 
 Frontenac, Count de, 83, 325, 
 
 329, 330, 940. 
 Fross, H., 210. 
 Frost, 497, 499. 
 Frost, A. F., 626. 
 Frost, Ucoige, 131. 
 
 I'l-ost, (x-nrKc; S., 144, 638, 639, 
 711. '1^'. 
 
 l'i"i, M., 14), 161, 162. 
 
 Frn,t, .M. s,, 638. 
 
 IrotliiiiMhani, (leorne F,, 70c), 
 
 Fry, li, .St. jiiines, 675. 
 
 Fry, johii fl., 1.41. 
 
 Fuel,;, I. M., 37S. 
 
 Fiilda, !■'., Ho, 145. 
 
 Fuller, Charles, 294. 
 
 Fuller, John, 198. 
 
 Fuller, ']. M., 37.', 580. 
 
 I'uller, j. N. .\lrs., "665. 
 
 Fuller, ^larJ,'arel, 708. 
 
 F'uller, ( )s),'ood v.., 385, 702. 
 
 Fulton, Isaac- W., 131. 
 
 Fulton, Robert, 1/10. 
 
 I'linke, 41(1. 
 
 Fniike, Charles, 758, 
 
 Fniike, F., 7c|8, 934. 
 
 Fniike, I., 161., 718, 758. 
 
 I'"iiiike, r., 2 12, cy34, <>i3. 
 
 I'urKoli', .\n,i.;elic|iie, 328. 
 
 I'uiy, I'atrick, 132. 
 
 Fyle, Richard II., 734, 772. 
 
 (ia,i.;c-, (iener.d, 84, 240. 
 (lane, John, 5.'. 
 Ca.uc, M. I,., 143, 202, 303, 755. 
 (iaite. Russell, 71)0. 
 Caiiies, l''chnniid I'., .■.■■). 
 Caines, (leiierai, 2J5, 299. 
 Caiiies, John, 903. 
 Calinee, 325, 527, 707, 951 
 liallaKher, N.. 758. 
 ClallaKdier, 1'., 144. 
 Gallagher, 'I'., 753. 
 Ciallissoniere, Ccninl dc: la, 83, 
 
 232, 333- 
 (ialpin, Hor.ice, 695. 
 Camelin. l-.ustache, 20, 3O, 172. 
 Ciainelin, Francois, 977. 
 ( liinicr, Isaac, c;8o. 
 Cianson, C. N., 638, C40. 
 (iaiinon, i\F, 537. 
 (jantry, 493. 
 Ciardner, 23, 172, 8.)o. 
 (iardnc-r, V.. P., (,8j. 
 (lardner, l''raiu"is, 933. 
 llardnei, II. .Mrs., 665. 
 (iardner, J. II., 357. 
 Gardner, I'etur, 577. 
 Gardner, R., 131. 
 Garilner, T. C, 579. 
 Ciardner, \V. II., 920. 
 ('■arfield, I'.. I., 1C3, 940. 
 Garficdd, James \., 106, 941, 
 
 9<'7. , 
 Garland, 3<x). 
 Ciarland, John, 228. 
 Garnsey, F. W., 885. 
 Garratt, Robert, 163, 165, 202, 
 
 77", 799- 
 Garret, Lieutenant, 280. 
 (jarrett, Cyrus, 755. 
 Garrett, W., 484. 
 Garrit, 713. 
 Garrison, 492. 
 
 Garrison, C. -M., 145, 205, 792. 
 (jarrison, II. D., 482. 
 Garrison, John, 142, 163, 672, 
 
 933- , , 
 
 Garrison, J. J., 143, 202, 481, 
 
 486, 645, 718. 
 Gartner, George, 758. 
 Gary, 174. 
 
 GascoiKue, M. }L, 519. 
 Gass, Herschel R., 93. 
 Gaston, C. H., 695. 
 Gantt, S. N., 674. 
 Gavin, J. Knox, 141, 210. 
 Gay iV Van Norman, 4S5. 
 Gaynor, James, 7^7. 
 Gayoso, 271. 
 Gebhart, C, 80, 211. 
 Geer, William, 872. 
 Geiger, F. AL, 675, 683. 
 Cieikie, Dr., 708. 
 Geil, John !•'., tx)8. 
 Geist, Caspar, 798, 935. 
 Geist, v., 58. 
 (jcncy, David, 131, 
 Genick, J. W., 212. 
 
 Gciille, John, 26, c/i, 134, 183, 
 
 ii4. 113. 3"''. S"-!. H55, 856, 
 
 V.37, 838. 
 Ccc.rK, John, 647. 
 Crc.Mnc', Henry, 1^76. 
 Gc.plKi III, 83, C)52, 953. 
 Gcorjic', W. S., 683. 
 • lercchiiT, !■'.., fi28. 
 Gcrii liter, !•',. .M., Mrs., 657. 
 Gerinain, FatlicT, 327, 
 Germain, Lord, 2.13,249. 
 Gerinaiii, ( ieorge W., 92. 
 ( 'iciiiian, 4117. 
 GibbiiiKs, R., 217, 7.)9. 
 Gibbings, William, 144, 
 Gibbons, (.79, (.88. 
 Gibb.s, 603. 
 Gil.bs, Altird, 228. 
 Gibbs, (J. C., 188. 
 Gibbs, W. II., 640. 
 Gibson, C, 755. 
 Gibson, J., 41,87,91, loi, 143, 
 
 'f'4, '''5, '-'58, ^59, •■'65, 266, 
 
 7'3. 
 Gibson, R. C., 731. 
 Gibson, W. J., 684. 
 Giddev, F., 212. 
 Giddey, W. J., 212. 
 Gieryk, 'riieodore, 542, 
 (iies, C, 166, 934. 
 Gies, F., 166. 
 Gies, I'anl, icxi, loi, 125, 137, 
 
 14 I, 143, 14(1, 165, 317, 8O9. " 
 Gilbert, C. I!., ,31. 
 (iilbert, F'rancols, 20. 
 (iilbert, G. W., 164, 9CJ1, 940. 
 liilliert, II. C, 324. 
 Gilbert, John, 19. 
 Clilc'brist, J. (i., 51, 703. 
 Gillespie, George 11., 592. 
 Gillett, 492. 
 Gillett, Mary, 594. 
 Gillett, Shadrach. icxj, 735. 
 Gillelt, S., Mrs.. 736. 
 Gillett, T. K., 197. 
 Gillett, R., (10, 123, 123, 142. 
 Gillett, R. W., 162, 518, 7CJ2, 873. 
 Gillis, James L., 302. 
 Gillis, Kaiisoin, 6^3. 
 Gillis, William, 654. 
 Gilhnan, 486. 
 (iillman, llenry, 321, 703, 714, 
 
 761. 
 Gilnian, Mary, 941. 
 Gilnian, F. .M. Mrs., 661. 
 Gilmartin, I'. 1'., 39, 647, 649. 
 Gilmore, J. 1'., 662, 758. 
 Gilniore, I.. II., 761. 
 Gilrnth, James, 5811. 
 Girardin, Charles, 174 
 Girardin, Charles F'rancis, 133, 
 
 163, 191, 214. 
 Girardin, !•'. S., 758. 
 Gir.irdin, Jacques, 501,644. 
 Girardin, Joseph, 132. 
 Girardin, Jai'cpies A,, 490. 
 Girardin, James A., 33, 674, 
 
 678,694, 703. 713. 
 Girardin, J. F., 10:, 
 Girardin, P. N., 203. 
 Girty, 350. 
 
 Girty, George, 244, 239. 
 Girty, James, 244. 
 Girty, Simon, 244. 249, 269, 
 Gisler, M. M., 498, 4CJ9. 
 Gladewitz, D., 56. 
 Gladwin, Henry, 171, 222, 227, 
 
 234, 235, 23^', 237, 238, 239, 
 
 240, 951, 952. 
 Glegg, J. 11., 277,278. 
 Glendenning, George, 624. 
 Glover, H., 638, 736. 
 Glover, H. .Mrs., 662. 
 (inau, John, 58, 211, 212, 213 
 (Joadby, IL, 676, 703. 
 Goebel, A., 74, 101, 138, 317. 
 Godard, .Mrs., 651. 
 Godard, A., 755. 
 Goddard, Curtis, 580. 
 Godet, Jaccpies, 20. 
 Godet, AL, 33. 
 
 Godet, called Marantette, 337. 
 Got:ez, 338. 
 Godfrey. '3. 
 Godfrey, J., 164, 166, 936. 
 
INI)i:.\' or NAMES. 
 
 997 
 
 Jdhll, af>, 'A 'J1 
 IS, Jifi, S"-'. **55 
 
 n)lll, f'47- 
 
 II, my, y7^'- 
 III, «J, US'-!. i)5:l- 
 
 \s . s., <■«:(• 
 
 ,r, I'-... '.-■»• 
 •1, K. M., Mrs., fi57 
 ■ ■ V-7' 
 
 -■4') 
 
 , 4ii7- 
 
 ■ s, K., -■17, 7<W' 
 ,,;, Williiim, 144 
 s, (7iji <'SS. 
 fi,)5. 
 
 Alfi<(l, •.■j8, 
 C. C, 1S8. 
 W, II., fM'>. 
 , C 755- 
 , J., 41, 87>'»'' 
 
 165, -'58, 'Jsy. 
 
 18,, 
 
 85'). 
 
 l.illllcl, 
 II, l.nril, ■-•Ij, -M 
 
 101, 
 ■.i(>5. 
 
 '4:i> 
 
 1, U. C, 73'- 
 ,, W. J., 684. 
 
 y, I'., -f 2. 
 
 y, W. J., •-■>•-■. 
 
 i, 'riu-inliiii', 54-'- 
 
 C, i'><', 9J4. 
 
 v., ii'fi. 
 
 raiil. HM, !'"• '-'5' ''7, 
 1.1s, ■4f>. 165. 3'7, S'".*- 
 
 I, c. r.., ?'• 
 
 rt, Kninoiis, -h,. 
 
 rt, G. W., 'f'4. 'J'J'> 'J-t"' 
 
 il, H. C, 324- 
 
 rt, Jdlni, 11;. 
 
 risl, J. (i.. 5'; 703- 
 
 ipir, drulK'^^ 1'.) 50-'' 
 
 It, 4i).'. 
 
 tt, Mai-y, S'M- 
 
 U, Sliiiiliacli, 100, 7J5. 
 
 It, S., Mrs.. 736. 
 
 tt, I'. K., i()7. 
 
 It, K., i)o, fjj, I'^s, 142. 
 
 It, K. \V., i6-', 5'8, 7'/'. 873- 
 
 ,, lami'S I,., 3"2- 
 
 ,, 'Kalis,!!!!, 0)3, 
 
 ^, William, 654. 
 
 lall, 48(1. 
 
 Ilunry, 321. 7o3. 7'4. 
 
 Maiv, q4i. 
 I |.,. M. Mrs., 6fii. 
 I'iii, 1'. 1'.. 3y. ('*7> (^49- 
 :<■, J. P., O62, 758. 
 IV, 1.. 1!., 7'i'. 
 ith, jaiiK's 
 
 191,, 
 
 tharU' 
 fharli 
 
 '4- „ 
 
 !•'. S., 758. 
 
 lin, JacqiU'S, 501 
 
 J.iscpli, 132. 
 
 lin, Jacc|U<-s A., 
 
 lin, James A., 
 
 174 . 
 Krancis, 133, 
 
 044. 
 
 41)0. 
 33. 
 
 674. 
 
 y, 
 
 h,M, 7"3; 7'3. 
 lilt, J. I'", '"' 
 lin, P. N., 20- 
 
 y, 
 
 y< 
 y. 
 t* 
 
 \v 
 
 350- 
 
 , UeorKe, 244> ^W- 
 
 , Jamts, 244. 
 
 , Simon, 244. 240. 26g. 
 
 M. M., 498, 4yy- 
 
 i-witz, D., 56. 
 win, Henry, 17', 2". 2=7. 
 235, 236, 237, 238, 239. 
 , 95>. 952- 
 
 K, J. r.., 277.278. 
 
 ilenniiiK, OecirK'e, 624. 
 er, H., 638. 756. 
 ei- H. Mrs., O62. 
 m, John, 58, 211, 212, 213 
 (Iby, H., 676, 703. 
 liel. A., 74. >oi, 138, 3'7. 
 lard, Mrs., 651. 
 lard, A., 755- 
 Idard, Curtis, 580. 
 let, Jaeqnes, 20. 
 let, M., 35. 
 let, called Marantctte, 337. 
 
 lez, 538. 
 
 Ifrey, '3- , ,, , 
 trey, J., 164, 166, 936. 
 
 Oiidfroy, Josrpli, 10.), 14.), 518. 
 (;,Mlfr,y, SI. II., 68,j. 
 C.dln.y, 3)1, 777. 
 (;,idfiiiy, I ,iliiiiil)us, 7:1. 
 Uoilfiiiy, (iaiiriil, ,^1, 14), 380, 
 
 285, )'3. SJI, 5i-< N4i 9'5. 
 
 9 It. 98!, 98J. 
 (j,idli',>y, (lalirlel, Jr., 17^), 314. 
 (Iiidfniy, Jari|iU's, j 3(1, j4i,,iiHj. 
 (liidlniv. .Marailtelte (I'el.r, 
 
 .Mrs.t, ,,43. 
 (Midfriiy, IN.ti.r, i'«, 123, 130, 
 
 534, 941. 944. 98-'. 
 G,jlf, |,,liii, 7ii. 
 (;,,rf, J.ilin Mrs., 715. 
 (I,iriini't, James, 487,654. 
 (},ir,irtli, ,;5. 
 (l,il(liier, Charles, 1,41, 
 Giilcisinitli, (ieiirije, 213, 
 Giililsmilli, J. II., 732. 
 t f,,nn,.ss(., :))(). 
 (1,. ,1(1. ill', I), i:., 48r). 
 (iiMiil.ili., ("iciirye r., 687. 
 (iiMiilal,-, (1. S., 757. 
 (i(i,idi'll, I)., ii«>, 131, igS. 
 < 'm,jdell. I-'.., 126, S20. 
 
 i; 1,11, Iv J., 120. 
 
 (;,i,idell, II. (1., 935. 
 (iuddell, Jiinas, 131. 
 (ii)i)dell, L., 198, 209, 210, 795, 
 
 935. 
 (Miiidfll, Nallian, 625. 
 ('r,i,iilln, .■\,lisali, 5,(4. 
 G, Hiding, .M., 143, 164,513,740, 
 
 798. 
 G, Hiding, Williain, 921. 
 GiMidinaii, A,, 484. 
 G,>,idiiian, I.., km, 131. 
 G,>,>diiian, S., 605. 
 Guiidner, W. M., 578, 
 GiJiidniiw, 48J. 
 Gui)dri,li, A. li., 486. 
 (ioixlrieli, 1., 164, 165, 900. 
 ( t(),)dsell, 3,x>, 4,^2, 
 G,),Khvin, 300, )(,[. 
 Goiidwin, Al)i).;ail, 5,;4. 
 Goodwill, I)., 90, 91, 176, 187, 
 
 . '94- . 
 Goodwin, Kdwin W,, 55,;, 562, 
 
 563, 716. 
 Goodwin, Harris A., 647. 
 Goodwin, Liuretia, 594. 
 Gordon, G. C, 126. 
 Gordon, G. \V., 577, 
 Gordon, Henry, loi, 144. 
 (i,irdon, J. Wriijlit, 91,92. 
 Gordon, W. H., 809. 
 Gore, Arthur, Q17. 
 Gore, K. C, 356, 744. 
 Gore, J., 211. 
 Gorman, David, 758. 
 Gorman, I'liomas, 166, 935. 
 Gorton, 695. 
 (lorton, J. C, 50, 51J, 144, 308, 
 
 757- 
 Goslin, 236. 
 Gottscltalk, 354. 
 (jonK'h, Jolin li., 709, 840, 963. 
 (ionie, Robert, 982. 
 Gouin, 236. 
 
 (ionin, Charles, 21,940,977,980. 
 Gouin, Charles Nicholas, Jr., 981. 
 Gouin, Francois, 977. 
 Gouin, Nicholas, 21, 977. 
 Gouin, Robert, 644. 
 Gould, lay, 906. 
 Gould, W. J., 788. 
 Gower, Cornelius A., 93. 
 Goyan, 333. 
 Grabau, John, 621. 
 Grabau, \Villiani, 620. 
 Gradwell. 677. 
 
 Graham, James D., 918, 919. 
 Grandy, Levi, ,;4o. 
 Grandy, Williain, 600. 
 Granger, 827, 872. 
 Granger, David, 126. 
 Granger, H. W., 922. 
 (iranger, Joseph, 144. 
 (iranger, Lyman, 100. 
 Grant, A., 146, 165, 758, 979. 
 Grant, Captain, 238, 350. 
 Grant, Commodore, 262, 908. 
 firant, Peter, 715. 
 Grant, Thomas L., 758. 
 
 Grnnt, I'. S,, 103, 114, 105, i,/i, 
 
 aa8, \\i), 94,1, ,/i2, 963, yfiH, 
 
 96ij, 1)75. 
 Graiil, William, 94. 
 Graliiit, Charles, 940. 
 Grallon, 558. 
 ( Irani, (Jharles, 357. 
 Grav.rat, G., 173, 344. 767, 837, 
 
 846. 
 Graves, 4,12, 4,^3. 
 Gravis, 11. I'., 18S, 97(1. 
 Gr.ivi's, II. \\'., 4S4, 4S6. 
 Gravis, J. ( )., 1(15,21,1,872. 
 Graves, ■|,ilin, 175, 17(1. 
 (iraves, William, ,;2. 
 Giiiviir, J. I'., 162. 
 Gravier, Jean li. R., 654. 
 Gray, ^,17. 
 Gray, Asa. 7,11. 
 Gray, Aided A., 832. 
 Gray, I'' ram is U., 895. 
 Gray, I). W., 7,/,. 
 Gray, I'.lliot, 125, 142,929. 
 Gray, ( 1,'orgi' 'I'., C54. 
 Gray, II., 130, 209. 
 Grav, I'. C, 106. 
 Gr.iy, W., 486, 732. 
 Gray, William, 141, 192, 199, 
 
 75 1, 757, 9''i2. 
 Gray, W. A., 802. 
 Grays,!!!, |ohn 1!., 317, 56;. 
 Gri.cling, I'., 621. 
 Greely, Aaron, 23, 28, 37, 977, 
 
 978, ,i7'i, 118,1, 981, 982. 
 Greel,-y, Horace, 708, 709, ij62. 
 Green, 256. 
 (ireen, A. R., 577. 
 (ireen, .Andrew C, 941. 
 Green, lolin, ■177. 
 Given, 1'. I,., 862. 
 Green, .S., 210. 
 Green, S. I >., 677. 
 Green, S. -M., >j9, 1S7, i83. 
 Greene, G. W., 67. 
 GreenricUl, John, 164. 
 (Ireenly, William I,., 92. 
 Greenni.in, Martin, 198. 
 Greenup, 267. 
 (ireenwood, John, 80. 
 Greg,iire, 329. 
 
 Greg,)ire, liartholomew, 326. 
 Gregoire, Mmir. , i<j. 
 C.regoire, Marguerite dc, 328. 
 Gregoire, .Marie, 329. 
 Gregoire, Nicholas, 329. 
 Gregoire, Pierre, 329. 
 Gregory, John M., 93, 638, 676. 
 Gregory, I'riah, 732. 
 (jregory, W. H., loi. 
 Gregory, Wm. S., 100. 
 Gregory, W. S., 648. 
 Greiner, .Michael, loi. 
 Grclling, G., 145. 
 Greneli, Judson, 680, 63i. 
 Grenell, /., 606, 712. 
 Greiisel, J., 57, 79, 100, 101, 
 
 161, 162, 756. 
 Greusel, Joseph, 687. 
 Greusel, N., 71, 507. 
 Grcnsel, N,, Jr., 143, 303, 317, 
 
 318, 798. 
 GrilTard, I.anrent, 979. 
 Griffard, l.ouis, Jr., 980. 
 Griffard, Pierre, 979. 
 (Jriflui, II. A., 680, 6(,o. 
 Griflin, John, 96, 178, 179, 180, 
 
 185, 186, 553. 
 Grimn, 1. M., 51. 
 Griffin, "J. S., s8. 
 Griffin, I.. T., 711, 758. 
 Griffin, T. J., 14,. 
 Griffith, A. A., 703. 
 Griffith, J. H., 606, 639, 661. 
 Griffith, Thomas, 161. 
 Griffith, T. H., 940. 
 Griffith, William, 313. 
 Griffiths, John E., 901. 
 Grigg, S.. 496. 
 Grimes, Joseph, 165. 
 Grimes, J. Stanley, 708. 
 Grimm, C., ^75. 
 Grinold, 1). T., 718. 
 Grist, William, 798, 799. 
 Griswold, Aqi. 
 Griswold, A. iM., 683. 
 
 Griswold, Ciplain, 3,1,1. 
 Griswold, G. R., ^,1, 92, 
 
 ^ 126, 1.(1, i,)4. (!73. 
 * iriswftid, James r'., (i ,. 
 Grisw,!ld, John, 48,1. 
 ( iris\\,,l(l, KogfT, 94 !. 
 Grisw,ild, Silas I'., 71,1. 
 Grisw,ild, Sl.inliy, 23, 83, 
 
 131, IV!, >^.u '98, 226, 
 
 317. 785, 953. 
 Groli, l,oiii», 130. 
 Gr,!srn.ld, A., 141;, 7,8. 
 (ir,!ss, Henry, 8,,, 14,, 146. 
 Gr,is\'rn,!r, Kbencer ( >., 92 
 ( ir,iut, I. R., 940. 
 ( iniiiilii.li, .\., I.J 3, 
 .Gniii!Mi,!iid, S. li., 138, 140, 
 (iiiaril, Thomas, 7,!.;. 
 Giientiii.r, K., 317. 
 Giiinllier, Pel,r, n/i, i,;8. 
 Guiil,!, 3f..i. 
 
 Giiiness, II. Grattan, 966. 
 Giiiney, l>., 145, 146, 161, 
 
 934- 
 Giilliy, Alfred II., loi. 
 Giilli.y, O. S., 674, 682. 
 Giindert, H., 622. 
 Gunn, John .M., 874. 
 Giiiin, .\I,js,s, 5,., 676. 
 Giiniiiiig, II., i,,4, 
 Giiiiiiiiig, James, 58, I'O, 
 ( iiisiin, Wm. C, 734, 
 Giitliard, Jacob, 145, ifiS, 
 Giitiiwski, Paul, 543. 
 Giiyon, I leiiis, 337. 
 Giiyon, Mari,. Tlierese, 326, 
 Giiy,!tle, I- rank, 212. 
 Guyuttc, Wm., 212, 213. 
 
 .63, 
 
 648. 
 529. 
 
 Haass, C, 617. 
 
 Haas, Charles D., 688. 
 
 Haas, J. P,., 167, 934. 
 
 Hackett, Bernard, 130. 
 
 Hackett iV Ross, 484. 
 
 Haddock, Ray, 126,684, 792. 
 
 Hadley, T. G., 482. 
 
 Haggenbach, J., 486. 
 
 Haggerty, H., ijo. 
 
 Haigh, W. .\., 703. 
 
 Haihiiann, W. N., 7,13, 758. 
 
 Hailmunn, W. N., .Mrs., 665. 
 
 Hais, John, 617, 
 
 }Iaischer, A , 162. 
 
 Haldimand, Krederick, 78, 84, 
 '74. 223, 242, 243, 244, 246, 
 250, 251, 255, 257i 264, 952. 
 
 Hale, David, 613. 
 
 Hale, John, 142, 492, 770, 863. 
 
 Hale, |ohn P., 709, 941. 
 
 Hale, \V., 736. 
 
 Hale, Wm., 92, 100, 144, 187, 
 
 1,11, 210, 482. 
 Haley, ■■ 
 
 Win., 211. 
 Half King, Huron Chief, 263, 
 
 550. 
 Hall, A. T., 140, 143, 162, 577, 
 
 897. 
 Hall, n. F., 851. 
 Hall, Kdmund, 753, 756, 757, 
 
 759. 760. 
 Hall, I'.rvin, 597, 598. 
 Hall, G. 1;., 757. 
 Hall, I. C, 749. 
 Hall, James, 888. 
 Hall, John, 972. 
 Hall, Joseph, 669. 
 Hall, J. W., 703. 
 Hall, Newman, 709, 971. 
 Hall, R. H., 493. 
 Hall, S., 625. 
 Hall, Shelomith S., 50. 
 Hall, 'P. P., 176, 711, 866. 
 Hall. Thomas, 164, 755. 
 Haller, M., 145, i.,6, 161, 165. 
 Hallock, Horace, t6, 346, 595, 
 
 642, 710, 738, 838, 851, 900. 
 Halloran, Thomas, 798. 
 Hamilton, Sister, 725. 
 Hamilton, David, 871. 
 Hamilton, Henry, 7, 78, 84, 94, 
 
 172. 173. 223, 242, 243, 244, 
 
 245, 246, 241J, 250, 251, 252, 
 
 2.S3. 254, 255, 259, 260, 334, 
 
 368, 952- 
 
 Hamilton, J. li., 4B6. 
 )Iamil<,iii, .\l. D., jHj, 7,12. 
 Ilainillon, Rob<rt, 7i;8. 
 ll.iiiiiUoii, W. P., 871. 
 II, mull Willi. 111! R., 56. 
 
 Il.liuilt,!!!, W, S., I),,. 
 
 H.iiiili'i, A. P., 14I1, 162, 758, 
 H.imliii, ll.iniiilial, 78, >. 
 Il.imliii, .M. C. W„ .Mrs., 316, 
 
 7"-. 
 Ilaiiiiiii. r.. 5'.i>. 
 
 II. 1111111, 1, Clemens, 537. 
 
 11.1111111,111(1, C. G., 92, {;,;, (,i|, 
 
 7-1'''. 7«i- 
 Il.iiiiniond, 1:. P., f>J2, 96S. 
 Ilamin, 111(1, George 11., jO,,, 362, 
 
 870, 871, ,141. 
 Haniiiiond.t ;i.,!ri;,. II., Mr-.. ,666, 
 llaiiim, 111(1, Heiu'v I.., l!i3, 642. 
 Il.iiiiiuoiKl. U. W,, f!o8. 
 Ilamlraiiii k, J. I'., 52, 53, 54, 
 
 128, 223, 227, 266, 267, 26H, 
 
 49^. 053. 979. 
 Hamtranick, Inliaii, 979. 
 Haiiiiaf.!i(l, j; M., 487. 
 HaiK hell, |os,pll, 55,,, 562. 
 Haiiemk, John, (;4i. 
 HaiKock, \V. S., 230. 
 Hand, (i. I'.., i,,i, 176, 190, 191, 
 
 1(^9, 604, 710, 756, 786, 831;, 
 
 897. 
 Hand, S. S., 903. 
 Handy, T. P., 339. 
 Hanks, C'.'iptain, 277,955. 
 II, inks, Mrs., 41,1. 
 II. inks, P,!rter, 183, 184. 
 Manias, Tlioinas, 9)4. 
 Hanmer, J., 58, 142, 164, 483, 
 
 648, 934. 
 Haliscoiil, A. H., 303. 
 Haiisin, Willi. nil, 621, 
 Happe, John, 167, 935. 
 Harbaiigli, D. K., 10,, 141. 15,^, 
 
 • 95. ")6, i(j8, 210, 302, 711, 
 
 755. 844. ,j4i. 
 Harding, V . A,, 100, n^i 682. 
 Hardin, .M. I)., 228. 
 Hardral, l-aiiil, 623. 
 Hargreaves Manufacturing Co., 
 
 828. 
 Haigreavcs, George, Mrs., 574. 
 Harlow, Alonzo, 647. 
 Harmer. General, 265, 952, 954. 
 Harmon, H. A., 7=,8. 
 Haraion, J. H., 140, 143, 1183, 
 
 686, 692, 785. </'7. 
 Harm.iii, R. () . (,Z6. 
 Harmon, Thomas, ^55. 
 Harper, lohn L,, 361, 362, 872, 
 
 873. 
 Harper, Jim.ns, 341. 
 Harper, I'homas, 198. 
 Harper, Walter, 657, 658, 941, 
 
 966, 968. 
 Harrah, A. M.. Miss, 665. 
 Harrigan, David, 267. 
 Marring, S. K., 481, 4S2. 
 Harrington, C, 88, 8si. 
 Harrington, D. 1!., 678. 
 Harrington, Kbenezer I!., 99, 
 
 191. 
 Harrington, M. W., 692. 
 Harris, Alfred, 131. 
 Harris, F. H., 113, 165, 192, 198, 
 
 851. 
 Harri.s, George H., 56. 
 Harris, G. W., 606, 674, 
 Harris, I,. D., 126. 
 Harris, Samuel S., 361, 592, 703, 
 
 974- 
 Harris, T. W., 101. 
 Harris, Williain, 299. 
 Harris, William J., 584, 587. 
 Harrison, 641. 
 Harrison, George, 341. 
 Harrison, James S., 566. 
 Harrison, Joseph, 58, 501, 933, 
 
 978. 
 Harrison, William H., 48, 86, 
 
 87, 95, 102, 103, 108, 120, 121, 
 
 221, 227, 229, 27), 278, 281, 
 
 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 297. 
 
 372, 490, 534. 94'. 942. 954. 
 
 955. 961. . , 
 Harryman, I hoinas, 130, 
 
998 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 Harsha, William, 125, ijo, 166, 
 
 fi;-;j, f>75, («/). 713. 
 Ilarslia, Wallers., 17s, n;/. 
 Marl, '.)>• Wilt C, 165. 
 Hail, ('FillMTt, 8jo. 
 Hail, Henry, 3). 
 Hart, Kieliard, 7sf). 
 Harter, I. K., 684. 
 Hartiiii;, F., 1^7. 
 Harliiian, fM7. 
 Hartmaii, luliii M , 575. 
 H.Mliiess, j., .),,.;. 
 Harlslidrii, A., i.( j. Hi.;, 757, 73S. 
 Harlt, 4.>i. 
 
 Harlwell, I'. H,, i.(l, 7^.', 7S7. 
 Harl/, H., T-M- 
 Hart/ell, 4S8. 
 Hail/ell, J. H., 585. 
 Har\'el, C'olonel, 302. , 
 Harvey, Julm, 134, 171), 184, 
 
 210, 481), sj.', 633, <).\i, .)78. 
 Harvey, Joliii, Mrs., m'l, 6^^. 
 Harviy, Mrs., 250. 
 Harvic, Aiulrew, i(X», 101, ii^i, 
 
 73-'- 
 Harwood, K., cpi. 
 Haskell, Samuel, Oofi. 
 Hasset, Dr., 676. 
 Hassliiiijer, .Marlln, 538. 
 Hastings, (J., 641J. 
 Hasliiijjs, I',. 1'., 55, 1)2, 1(12, 
 
 'Cm. '7'''. lys, 2-'''i .55 )i 5'M. 
 
 594, 601, 63I1, 641, (131, (15.?, 
 
 672, 716, 736, 740, 851;, 8()o, 
 
 8g6, (;4l. 
 HasliiiK's, I'.. I'., Mrs., 651,652. 
 Hasliny^, Samiu:l, 641. 
 HaUli, |(i-iei)li, 7,)!. 
 Haleli, j. C, 7.;2. 
 Hatch, l-liifiis, 770. 
 Hatch, 852. 
 
 Hatchcy, Jean I'apliste, 535. 
 Hallield, R. M., 379, 575." 
 Halie, C, 211, 798. 
 Hathaway, IJilberl, 704. 
 Halhim, A. K., 28, 29, 33, 71, 
 
 6(/), 716, .135, 940. 
 Hang, J. .\(., 578- 
 Haven, I',. ()., 571, 572, 579, 
 
 676, 7„8, 969. 
 Haven, ( lilhert, 708. 
 Havens, K., 9^1. 
 Havilaiul, |;imes, 884. 
 Hawley, l'!lijah, Jr., loi, 126, 
 
 •3«i >y". 'hS. 
 
 Hawley, James H., 799. 
 Hawley, JdIiii (l., 106, 210, 703. 
 Hawley, Richard, loi, 106, 141, 
 
 161, 703. 
 Hawley, R., Mrs., 662. 
 Hawley, '!'., 499. 
 Hawley, TliDinas I)., lor, 106, 
 
 •37. 'IS. 'M'). I189, 757. 
 Hawes, CI. \V., 6iy<. 
 Hawkins, I!. Waterhoiise, 7CK). 
 Hawkins, S. S , 710, 770. 
 Haxton, I!. I'., 827. 
 Hay, Jehu, 242, 243, 252, 255, 
 
 766. 
 Hay, Lieutenant, 223, 237, 238. 
 Hayek, M., 357. 
 Hayes, K. W., 8rt8, 873. 
 Hayes, I. I., 701). 
 Hayes, J. D., 162, 598, 868, 9 14, 
 Hayes, Patrick, 935 
 Hayes, R, H., 106, 362, 974. 
 Hayes, Mrs. K. H., 'tu6. 
 Hayes, ScilumDn, 820. 
 Hayne, William H., jo<). 
 Hays, John V,., 896. 
 Hays, ftliehael, 798. 
 Hayward, I)., 795. 
 Hayward, Kinma, Miss, 665. 
 Haywood, T. J., 497. 
 Haywood, Williain H., 131. 
 Hazard, 498. 
 Hazelton, K,. H., 872. 
 Ha/eur, 546. 
 Headlcy, I). S., 486. 
 Healy, P. W., 716. 
 Heames, Henry, 137, 145, 646, 
 Heart, Kdward, 577. 
 Heath, Horace, 481, 482, 483. 
 Heaton, A. S., 50, 51. 
 Heavcnrich, 497. 
 
 7 it, 
 
 ■Vi')< 
 267, 
 
 9"7. 
 
 9'n . 
 
 Hearenrirh,S., 646,868. 
 Hi'liden, ( ;eorK<', 210. 
 Ilil.liard. C. li., 162. 
 Hii'k, Henry, 146. 
 Heckenw.'lelder, 550, ss', 7'>7. 
 Hcrki-r, Krank J. ,'805." 
 Hiiker, loseph, I7j. 
 Hi'iIkcs, I:. A., 675. 
 HeKniii, John, 54, 519, 868. 
 Ileineni.ni, !■".. S., .11, 36.1, 621;. 
 Ileiiii-inaii, I-",. S. ^lrs., 657. 
 Heint/elnian, S. P., 230. 
 Hekkiiiu, J. A., /ii. 
 Ilelhvin, (leorne V'., 687. 
 Hel\vi>(, Charles, 575. 
 Helm, Caplain, 250,251. 
 Henderson, 494. 
 Henderson, t:. R., 608. 
 Ilendirson, D.iviil, 281. 
 Heiuh-rsoii, |).i\'is, 646. 
 Henderson, Henry, 577. 
 HendiTson, J. K., 910. 
 Henderson, M., 1,34. 
 Henderson, 'I'lioinas, 145. 
 Hendirson, Waller, 131. 
 Henderson, Williain, 638. 
 Hendricks, .Samuel T., 130. 
 Hendrit;, (leoixe, 162, 589, 
 
 865, 871, 888, 891, 941. 
 Henkel, Peter, 144, 161, 
 
 5'8. 
 Henley, Samuel, 225, 224, 
 
 269. 
 Hennaert, P., 535, 539. 
 Hi'iinepiii,- Louis, 325, 527, 
 
 941. 
 Hennesey, J. A., 539, 540. 
 Heiirion, lleoixe, 74. 
 Henry IV, 33, 333. 
 Henry, 191, 250, 922. 
 Henry, .■\l^^\alule|■, 24(», 703, 
 Henrv. .Vnn, 594. 
 Henry, A. .\L, 138, 871. 
 Henry, I). i''arraiul, 67 3. 
 
 703, 714. 
 Henry, t leor.ije .^L, 648. 
 Henry, James, 26, 95, 123, n 
 
 ")'>< ''!•• 33S- 345. 4'J'. " 
 
 Ssfi. H58, 953- 
 Hi'nr>', John, 151., 487. 
 Henry, i'atriek, 251, 252. 
 Henry, Sleplien C, 50, 59, 14:;, 
 
 4QI. 5.5'.. =.38, 5<)4. 
 Henry, William .A., 71)7. 
 Henry, W. (i., Mrs., 655. 
 l[ensieil, J. P., 161, 162. 
 Hephiirn, J.imes 11,, 211. 
 Heriot, ( ieor.ue, 707. 
 Herlihy, P., 162, 935. 
 Herman, 1'., 617, 
 Herinant, 535. 
 Heniion, (1., 726. 
 Heron, ( leorge, 58, 
 Herr, William, 566, 580. 
 Herrick, < '.. W., 145, 146. 
 Herrick, John L, 695, 6^16. 
 Herrington, t'aleh, 100. 
 HerriuKlon, I). I!., 678. 
 HerriuK'ton, ALirk W., 709. 
 Herron, A. IL, 689. 
 Herschel, John, Sir, 362. 
 Herlzer, Charles (1., 575. 
 Herz.)K, Charles F., 647. 
 Herzog, I'., 317. 
 Herzoj;, H., 212. 
 Hespele>l, J. 15., 538. 
 Hess, Charles, 355, 676, 703, 9C3. 
 Hess, John, 155. 
 Helh, 258. 
 HethriiiKton. 679. 
 Hewitt, Cyrus, 93. 
 Hi^witt, K., 638. 
 Heyernian, Charles 1''., 38. 
 Hihhard, A. C, 627. 
 Hibhard, 1). I'.., 197- 
 Hihhard, J. R., 626. 
 Hickcock, Joseph, 198. 
 Hickcox, Joseph, 554, 555, 559, 
 
 562. 
 Hickcox, 'I'. IL, 492. 
 Hickcox, Williain, 559, 562. 
 Hickey, lames, 58. 
 Hiekey, J. A., 758. 
 Hickey, M., 561, 571, 572, 578, 
 
 580. 
 
 35'. !>^")< 
 
 Hill, 
 Hill, 
 Hill, 
 
 75'^. 
 
 190. 
 825. 
 
 6 
 
 57- 
 
 Hiekey, W., 482. 
 
 Hickman, II. IL, 176, 190, 272, 
 
 ■•73. 1)7 '• 
 Hickox, A. N., 210. 
 Hicks, 521 
 Hicks, haniil, 303. 
 Hicks, J. A., 864." 
 Ilickson, loseph, 895. 
 Hidden. ()". M., S22. 
 lliK.i;ins, J. ('., 573. 
 Hi^'xiiis, Justin, 211. 
 HiL;Liins, P., 717. 
 IlinKins, P. ('., 196, 523. 
 Ilik'Kins, S. W., 143, 
 
 75s. 935. 
 Hill, Cohinel, 269. 
 Hill, !■'., 901. 
 Hill, C, 4^,2. 
 Hill, IL.ra.e, 584. 
 
 MiiKo, .Mrs., 657. 
 J. (i., 492. 
 I. IL, 58, 164. 
 Hill, I'eler, 145. 
 Hill, Rodniy I )., 192, 
 Hill, R. 11. , ./>!. 
 Hill, T., 161, 162, 929. 
 Hilliaid, R., 860. 
 Hills, P,. C., 481.. 
 
 I lilsende,i;.Ml, J., 166. 
 Hilseiulev;en, r., 934. 
 Hilton, Roherl, 595. 
 Ilimes, L. J., 717. 
 Iliiiihinan, i'llix, 140, 
 
 II iiuhinan, l-'ord I >. C., 
 HiiK hinan, (i. I''., 145. 
 Hinehinan, |. I!., 145. 
 Iliiuhman, j. W., 798. 
 Hinehinan, I'. II. , 61, no, 374, 
 
 S18, S2!, 772, 7S1, 787, 868. 
 
 Hinds, S. I)., 132. 
 
 'liiiman, 49H, 
 insdale, II. A., 624. 
 
 i insdale, l'",.C.,i67, 176,639,640. 
 
 I intz, Carl, 355. 
 ,'irseh, 4c)4, 028. 
 lirschinaii, Ivuinii-, Mrs 
 
 llitcheoek, Horace, 659. 
 
 Ililehcock, J. .\'., MO. 
 
 llilehcoek, R., 702. 
 
 Hoharl, J.iliii IL, 581. 
 
 Hohhs, A. J., 106), 624. 
 
 lluhert .V 'rerhiine, 484. 
 
 Hoclvuraef, Max, 317, 318. 
 
 Hock, J., 143, 144, .j<)8. 
 
 Hoeipiart, 19. 
 
 Ilodjs'e, .Samuel p., 71. 
 
 Hodges, Charles C, 560. 
 
 Ilod.ijes, II. C., 162. 
 
 Hod.i;kin, Rciherl, 796. 
 
 Hodnkiiison, I!,, 101, 131 
 
 llolf, IL, 621. 
 
 HolTnian, CharUs Fenne 
 
 I ioffnian, I'",., 355. 
 
 HolTinan, iienr,i;e, 23, 38, 314, 
 
 883, 97')- 
 HolTman, ( 1. W., 604, 665. 
 
 Hoffman, N'arian Mine., 354. 
 Hogaii, John, 935. 
 Hoi;aii, S\. F., 161, 162. 
 Ho.i.;arth, William, 591;, 6x14, 638, 
 
 639, 971. 
 HoK.<, Jolin, 596. 
 Hoke, A. F., 59,647, 733 
 Holhrook, P., 198, 299, 770. 
 Holhrook, 1>. C, 120, 141, 194, 
 
 311, 4<)4, 1)41. 
 Holl)ro..k. Henry I!., 13.,. 
 Holhrook, II. I)., 198. 
 Holhrook, J. M., 797. 
 Holeomi), Henry W., ()4i. 
 Holden, !■;. ('.., 684, 687. 
 Holden, K. (1. .Mrs., .361, 362. 
 H..lden, K. C. I)., .,2. ■ 
 Holden, Theodore (»., 941. 
 HoldtTeid, .'V., 797. 
 Ilolih.in, James, 125, 130, 145. 
 Holly, James, 590. 
 Holland, J. (1., 7o<). 
 Holley, 'riiomas, 166. 
 Holland, W. J., 702. 
 Holmes, 492, 493. 
 Holmes, Capt.'iin, 284. 
 Holmes, I'.iisinn, 234. 
 Holmes, J. C, 33, 674, 703, 713, 
 7M. 755. 756. 
 
 648. 
 
 7<i8. 
 
 Holmes, Mary J., 709. 
 Holmes, Niniaii, 554. 
 llolmi's, S. M , 92, 346, 6j8, 
 
 682, 68 t. 
 Holniis, Williain, 513. 
 11. .11, ll.nry IL, 92.' 
 llolion, liyroii 1 1 , 212. 
 Hood, Ceneral, 106. 
 Hooker, C. S., 198. 
 Hooker, loseph, 210,969,973. 
 IL.oper, (1. W., 645. 
 
 l|..oper, W. IL, 130. 
 
 Hope, llinry, 84, 223, 243, 255, 
 Ijopkin, Robert, 360, 361, 494, 
 Hopkins, 67.). 
 
 Hopkins, Captain, 237, 238. 
 Il..pkiiis, C. C., 187. 
 Hopkins, ( ',eor(,'i- IL, 101. 
 Hopkins, jaines, (,78. 
 Hopkins, 'Mark, 616, 708. 
 Hopkins, P., 7, 8. 
 I lopkiiis, Silas, S54. 
 Hopkins, S. P., 165. 
 Hopkins, S. \'., 934. 
 Hopper, 681. 
 Hopper, IL S., 832. 
 Ho|)per, J, S., ,8)2. 
 Hopson, R., 165. 
 Horn, John, i.m, 973. 
 Hornhom-n, Jtilm, 166. 
 llornell, ( leoTKe, ^cjs. 
 Horiiir, .Archib.'ild, 149. 
 Ilormr, II. F , 131. 
 Horni-r, John S., 88,89,99,300, 
 
 OtO. 
 
 llorr, R. (i., ;o. 
 Horsfonl, ( Ir.Miul. u ;. 
 Ilorlnll. 031. 
 
 Horlon, loseph I)., ,141. 
 
 Hosford," r. IL, 6H7. 
 
 Hosie, I. R,, 648. 
 
 II. .sir, k., 654, 872. 
 
 Hosiner, 6.,'6, 718. 
 
 ilosnur, Arlemas, 130, T31, 19;,, 
 
 93 1. 
 Hosiner, John, 756, 757, 866. 
 Hosnii-r, Riifiis, 10. •, (82, t"i, 
 Hosiner, W. S., i ji. 
 Holli;ll, O. P.., 358. 
 H.iUKh, C. W., ii7, 145. 
 HoukIi, Ira M., 648. 
 Iloiiyh, L. C., 872. 
 lloii,i;h, ( llmsii-ad, 38. 
 Holl.i;luoll, I )oll).;lass, 50, lo', 
 
 104, 140, 359, 703, 710, 711, 
 746, 752, 830, 862, 941, 962. 
 
 Hoii)^'hlon, iLirri.tl, 941. 
 Houkjhlon, Jacob, 61, 71, 70;. 
 
 036. 
 Ilonsi-, James, 227. 
 llow;ird, 240, 300, 301, 963. 
 Ilov.ird, A., 639. 
 Howard. .\. K., 303. 
 Howard, llronson, 358,687,70;. 
 Howard, Charles, 71, 140, 712, 
 
 785, 862. 865, 
 Howard, Charlis M., 642. 
 Howard, Cyrus, 101, i ;i, 192, 
 
 194, 198. 
 lloward, lleiirv, 92, 140, 142, 
 
 475. 8.(8. 
 Howard, Jacob M., 92, ux^, 102, 
 
 103, 106, 141, 3'.8, 310, 675, 
 
 710, 736, 840, 873, 883, 967, 
 968, 
 
 lloward, John, 210. 
 
 lloward, Joshua, iixi, 131, 176, 
 
 2<H), 226, 831, 941. 
 Howard, Mark, 943. 
 lloward, Warren, 130, 210. 
 Howard, W'. A., T03, 141, 167, 
 
 306, 661, 711, 732, 755, 839, 
 
 872, 883. 9'''7. 
 Howarth, J. li., 833. 
 Howe, Amos, 131. 
 Howe, F'.leanor I'.., Miss, 661. 
 Howe, I '•. W., 143. 
 Howe, J. I!., 717. 
 Howe, Joseph, 798. 
 Howe, "U. 'I'.. 355, 5='. ''50.7031 
 
 711, 756, 786. 
 
 Howe, Win. li., 144, 145, 695, 
 Howell, Andrew, 99. 
 Howell, Charles I!., 691, 703. 
 Howell, C. P., 488. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 999 
 
 Mary J., 7"0- 
 Niiiiiin, 551- , , „ 
 
 1. 
 
 WillillMl. S>3- 
 
 ■iirv II.. "■■!• 
 
 I'.yriill H , .'12. 
 .(•llCtill, ">''■ 
 
 C. S., u,K. 
 
 |,,s(iili, ■JV'-'/")' '>73- 
 "C. W., 645. 
 W. II., 1:)". 
 Iriirv, 8.». z-':!. ■•'4.1> ^-"• 
 , K,,r.<rl, 3f'u, jfii, 4'H- 
 
 >*, ''7<). . 9 
 
 s Canlain, ■■■M, 23"' 
 
 ,s, C. C-.. i«7. 
 s, CeolXi- 11., i"I. 
 s, |aii\(-i, i)?**- „ 
 I.,, 'Maik, fiifi, 7<>8- 
 IS, 1'., T «. 
 IS, Silas, SS4- 
 
 IS, s. r., >f'5. 
 
 IIS, S. \'., 9:i4- 
 r, fiKi. 
 
 ■r, 11. S., «32- 
 ■r, I.S., S;)2. 
 in, K., if'.S- 
 
 |,.lin, i.Ci, n73. 
 ,,'incn, l"li", 'f'''- 
 .11, CrcHK'', S'li- 
 .,•, Anliiliald, M'V 
 
 r, 11. I' , 13'- 
 ,,., I (.111! S., 88,«.>,')0. 3"". 
 
 ' W. «'.., 3'i. 
 
 (old, < Irann-I, 'i •,. 
 
 ivn, lip. 
 
 ,,„ J,,s..pli 1>.. '11>- 
 
 „ril, T. II., (.H7. 
 
 r, I. K., <'48. 
 
 ,., "R., f'S4. *^7-^- 
 
 ncr, 6..<'., 7i»- , „ 
 
 ,i,r, Artfiiias, 13", '3'' '9". 
 
 nuT, I. .1.11, 7';'''. 757. s^''';- 
 
 „„.,■, Kiifns, ic..., (S.., c V 
 
 ,n.r, \V. S., HI. 
 
 i;h, O. 1'.., 35«. 
 
 ^h, C. W., i!7. '45. 
 
 1^1,, Ira M., 'mS. 
 
 ,^1,, I.e., 87... 
 
 lull, < tlllistcad, 30. 
 
 i.luoii, l)...iv;l.'-'S .■;". '"■ 
 ,;,, ,.,0, ,s.). 7'M. 7'"- 7" 
 
 ', 7S.--. V,VU Kf.-'. 'H'.'l'^'^ 
 
 Jhioii, llarrirll, i^i. 
 
 >:iU..„. Jao.b, Oi, 7>. 7 
 
 :'. 
 „, ,.inus, V27. 
 
 ,var.l, -■4.>, 3>'". 3'". '/'3 
 
 I'anl, A., ''3'). 
 
 ivard. .v. K., 303. 
 
 ward, r.ronsim. 358. '''^7' 7" ' 
 
 ward, Cl.arlrs. 7'. M"- 7'.' 
 
 3,, 862. sr.s. 
 
 ward, CharUs M., (^^4'^. 
 ward, Cyrus, i"., >.;■- ")- 
 
 II, 198. 
 
 ward, Il<>"y, y-'. M". '4 
 
 I^A,';(','*;iarol,M.,Q2,'no,in2 
 
 ,, !</>, 141, 3"8, 3'". fV.'i. 
 
 ,;',; 716, 840, 873, 883. '/'7, 
 
 i6S. 
 
 Avard, l"li". -'"'• ,,ft 
 
 iward, JoslH.a, i>«, v(i. ■7^- 
 
 1), '.r-'fi, 8?i, iM'. 
 ,«ard, Mark, <)43 
 .ward, Warr.M, 13". 2'°- , 
 nvard, W. A., '03. '4 • fl' 
 ,„f,, 6fi., 7", 73- 755. 839. 
 i72, 883. >/'7; „ 
 
 nvarlli, .|.1».. 833 
 
 iw.r, Amos, 131. . 
 
 ,wc, I'.Uanor K., M'ss, 66. 
 
 ,wo, C. W.. 143- 
 
 iw<-. J. "•■,7>7- 
 
 ,w.-, \J. 'I'- 355. 521. '550, 703. 
 711. 7S'', 78'^'. , 
 
 nv.'.Wni. H., .44, >45.605. 
 Dwi-ll. Andrew, gg. 
 ,nv.ll, Charles 1!., 691, 703- 
 owcU, C. 1'., 488. 
 
 H'lvvrll, R. K., 210. 
 
 llowl.uid, Jul.'r., 
 ILiwlaiid, W. W. 
 
 14-'. 
 
 58, 210, 211. 
 
 g34. 
 
 HowlrtI, Samuel, 
 Hoyt, 618. 
 Hiiyl, I). ()., 51. 
 H(3yt, 'riiiirnas A., sgrj. 
 Iloyi, \V. (.'., loi. 
 IIiil>l>ar(l, .,78. 
 Hiibl'ard, AmosC, 57. 
 Hiiiiiiard, Hi. la, 10, 31, 57, 75, 
 
 362, 417, 4g7, 650, C73, 7,..,, 
 
 703, 711, g.7, <)4i. 
 Iliililiard, r.ela, Mrs., 310, 703, 
 Iliilihard, C, II., lui, 714. 
 Hubbard, II. C, i(<, 3C10, 8).; 
 Hubbard, J. S., 8g.!. 
 Hubliar<l, fSarali, i;g4. 
 Hubc-1, V. A., 822, 82), 324. 
 Uubbrll, (n)-j. 
 Hul)l)ell, Levi, 88). 
 Hubbell, N. J., 78Q. 
 Iluljer, .'ViKlrew, 7g8. 
 lluber, Jciliu, 7g8. 
 Hubert, 18. 
 
 Hubert, Jiilui I'rancis, 546. 
 Hubert, Pierre, 535. 
 Hubert, Ttiomas, 212. 
 Huilson, 8. 
 
 Hudsi.u, I!. 1!., Mrs., 842. 
 Hudson, K. H., 487. 
 Iliulson, 1'',. W., 57, 470, 586,941. 
 Hudson, Helen, 633. 
 Hudson, Jonatlian, loi. 
 Hu(ls(ui, (. I,., 871. 
 Huds.ui, J. S., 180. 
 Hudson, Sarali V.., Mrs., 941. 
 Hudson, William, 56. 
 Hiie;;li, J. A., (n'i, 663. 
 Hneston, James, 100. 
 HutI, (Icorjic, 62. 
 Iltilf, James, 935, 
 Huff, liobcrt I)., 167. 
 HuKlies, K. W., 140, 648, 753, 
 
 ,756, 757- 
 
 HuKlies, Tlioinas K,., 552. 
 Hujjhes, T. I''., 145;. 
 HtiKlies, W. H., 688. 
 Hulbert, 740. 
 Hulbert, C. K., 628. 
 Hulbert, Jolm, (142, 753, 755. 
 Hulbert, John, Mrs., 652. 
 
 Hull 
 Hull, 
 Hull, 
 Hull, 
 Hidl, 
 Hull, 
 Hull, 
 
 Abijali, 28, 472. 
 •Vbram, 150. 
 
 A. h'., 184, 277, 313. 
 C. H., 778, 781, 826. 
 Jacob, 155. 
 John, 143, 654. 
 . r.. C, 749. 
 
 Hull, Mrs., 855, 856. 
 
 Hull, William, 25, 2(5, 27, 28, 
 87. 88, 95, 97, 121, 134, 221, 
 224, 227, 264, 268, 271, 272, 
 274, 275, 27'', 277, 273, 279, 
 289, 2go, 291, 292, 2.;3, 2g4, 
 2g5, 296, 297, 298, 313, 314, 
 3'5. 3'6, 318, 323, 345, 472, 
 480, 4,,j, 6,,4, 854. 855, 857, 
 858, 871, 954, 955. 
 
 Humboldt, Alcxtodcr, 321, 941, 
 956, 970. 
 
 Humes, Porter S., 191. 
 
 Humphrey, I,evi S., 176. 
 
 Humphrey, William, 92. 
 
 Hunt, 79, 695, 977. 
 
 Hunt, Anna, 594. 
 
 Hunt, Charles C. P., 770. 
 
 Hunt, Cleaveland, loi, 757. 
 
 Hunt, Cleaveland, Mrs., 655. 
 
 Hunt, (;eQr>;e. 652. 
 
 Hunt, Henry v., 314. 
 
 Hunt, H. I., 48, 62,95, '35. "38, 
 140, 163, 192, 227, 282, 285, 
 335. 502, 503, 552. 555. 556, 
 557, 558, 631, 641, 651, 652, 
 
 ,730, 731. 770. 859. 
 
 Hunt, lames, 212. 
 
 Hunt, Jed, 198, 202, 210. 
 
 Hunt, John, 135, 185, 186, 558, 
 
 .7.30, 73 >■ 
 
 Hunt, John E., 281. 
 Hunt, M.iry, 594. 
 Hunt, Melieent, 594. 
 Hunt, Ronaldson, 354. 
 Hunt, Rowen.i, 944. 
 
 Hunt, Sarah, Miss, 718,963. 
 
 Hunt, Tlioin.'is, 38, 2.7. 
 
 Hunt, Willi.un It., 125, 130, 193, 
 
 594. '>48 
 Hunter, H., 491;. 
 Hunter, Isaae C., 564. 
 Hunter, [ulni M., 710. 
 Hunter, Moses, 557, 587. 
 llunIin.L;ton, H., i2j, 209, 
 Hunlinnton, Joseph, 313. 
 lluniini;tori, Wiiliam, 7)9. 
 ilurd, Abner, 718. 
 Iluril, Cliarles I,. Mrs., 945. 
 Hurd, Iv, 50, 64,,. 
 Ilurd, Henry, 1 jo. 
 Hurd, |. I,., 787. 
 Hard, NIalilil.i, 594. 
 Iliirlbut, C, 61, 71, 143, 311, 
 
 491, 506, 513, 520, 523, 713, 
 
 785, 867.^ 
 Hiirlbut, (leori^e, 6o(}. 
 Hurlbnt, H., 67.,. 
 Harlbut, .Melvitia A., Miss, 737, 
 
 738. 
 Hurlbnt, Miss, 718. 
 Hiu-ley, J., 891. 
 Ilurli-y, 1'., 891. 
 Hinst, J. K., 57,,, 709. 
 Hurst, 'I'., 924, 934. 
 Ilustis, IJ. 1)., 58, 211. 
 Huston, John, 131. 
 Husliui, Keuben, 58. 
 Hiiteliins, (;. 1!., 826. 
 Hutehins, John, 866. 
 Ilutchins, .\I. 1'., 143. 
 Hutehins, Payson, 792. 
 llulehinson, 11. 1'., 839. 
 Ilutton, (leorj.;!:, 654. 
 Hutton, W. 11. H., 924. 
 Huyser, P., 16O, 167. 
 Hyde, 496. 
 Hyde, 15. I)., 523. 
 Hyde', I*. I'., lui, 144, 196. 
 Hyde, Oliver .M., 140, 143, 216, 
 
 494, 785, 9'o. 9'J4. 
 
 Insjersoll, 494, 970. 
 In>,'ersolI, Walter, 165., 862, 941. 
 In.;ersoll, Walter .Mrs,, 310. 
 li.>;ersoll, l'',lias 'I'., 132. 
 In.tjersoll. I. W., 143. 
 In),n.rsoll, John N., 675, 676. 
 Inijersoll, Julia, Mrs,, 941. 
 In>;ersoll, Justus, 74c, 755. 
 Inji^ersoll, Uobert (r., 7c-k). 
 In>;lis, David, 50, foo, 676, 733. 
 In;;lis, James, 606, I m, 611, 674, 
 
 676, 704. 
 ln,i,di-, Uieli.ird, 51, 611. 
 Irvin, Daviil, 186. 
 Irvine, J. I!., 228, 2zi). 
 Ir\ine, Paidus l-anelius, 84. 
 Irviiii', William, 259, 261. 
 Irvin.i;, Charles J., ii;8. 
 Irvin.i;, Washin.k;ton, 675, 746, 
 
 941. 
 Irwin, Charles F., f 3, 90. 
 Irwin, Robert, ^o,\ 712, 713. 
 Irwin, W. W., loi, 130. 
 Isbell, Nelson C, 92, 785. 
 Ishain, Warren, 67), 674, 677, 
 
 704. 
 Ivers, John, 80. 
 Ives, A., 41, 143, 161, 648, 872, 
 
 941. 
 Ives, C., 130, 311, 638, 872. 
 Ives, J. 'r.\V t,. M., 486. 
 Ives, T^. T., 36,1, 361, 362. 
 Ives, P('rev, 36/. 
 Ives, S. H.', 8:- 
 Ives, William, 120. 130. 
 Izard, ('Feneral, 285. 
 
 Jack, C. S., 758. 
 
 Jaeksnn, 808. 
 
 Jack.sim, Andrew, 107, 746,848, 
 
 ■ 8j9, 949. 
 
 Jackson, C, 61, 65, 142, 194, 
 
 342, 7>3, 936. 
 Jackson, C. C, 143, 176, 191, 
 
 494. 739, 756. 
 
 Jackson, C. W., 58, 61, 143,204^ 
 Jackson, Captain, 2^9. 
 Jackson, Henry, 329, 888. 
 Jackson, Hiram, 790. 
 Jackson, Moiris, 210. 
 Jackson, S. S., 355, 744. 
 lackson, Thoinas, 145, 146. 
 Jackson, W. A., 885. 
 Jac lib, J. C, 145, 146. 
 I.iciibs, A. P., 704. 
 Jacobs, I!, v., f.jj, 637. 
 Jambs, (,., 647. 
 Jacobs, Harris, 80, 798, 
 Jacobs, N. P., 137, 144. 
 Jacokes. I), C, 571, 572. 
 JacKir, J., 212. 
 James, 482, 611, 
 James, Itenjamin, 767. 
 janu's, C, -Sirs., 719. 
 James, Charles li., 757. 
 James, J., 50), 866. 
 James, W., 287, 503. 
 James, W. V., 645. 
 Jameson, .Mrs., 4, 581, 606, 708, 
 710, 916, ()6o. 
 
 amieson, k. A., 51, 647, 733. 
 
 amison, I,. J., 228. 
 
 anaiischek, 358. 
 
 anes, I'). S., 579. 
 
 anney, l„ I'., 795. 
 
 anvier, R., 531, 535. 
 
 apes, 499. 
 
 apes, John, 162. 
 
 arves, Demiii.i;, 938. 
 
 arves, Diniinj;, ^lrs., 940. 
 _aiMi.ay, r'alher du, 237. 
 Jay, John, 266, 941, 953. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 253, 254, 
 255, 257, 259, 298, 329, 358, 
 
 746, 941, 9S7. 
 Jeffrit;s, k., -,77. 
 Jelll ,, i;. W.", 51, 678. 
 Icnks, <;. C, 6H0. 
 Jenks, J. W., 680. 
 Jenkins, Charles K., 939. 
 Jenkins, J. (1., 641. 
 Jennoss, J. S,, 56, 164. 
 Jenney, William, 92. 
 Jennin.i;s, A. 1'"., 58. 
 Jennings, Chariest!., 733. 
 Jennings, k<,bert, 519. 
 Jennis<m, Wm., 176, 177, 188, 
 
 183, 194, 704, 757. 
 Jepkins, Charlis, 798. 
 Jerome, Jean li., 280, 313. 
 Jerome, IJ. H., 92, 974. 
 Jerome, K,, 716, 
 Jeroini:, I'.dHln, Jr., 196. 
 Jerome, I'V.-inklin H., 941. 
 JeroMU, (ieor>;i', io<j, 176, 615, 
 
 785, 865, 036, 942. 
 Jessup, 'I'liomas S., 291, 294. 
 Jiwell, Marshall, 4. 
 f(;\vell, T. li., 190. 
 Jewell, W. !•'., 733. 
 Jewett, ( leorjie, 132. 
 Jobin, Joseph, 313. 
 Jobson, K. J., 579. 
 Jollies, 527. 
 Johannes, N., 796. 
 Johns, H. W., 559,562. 
 Johnson, 492. 
 Johnson, Andrew, 106, 969. 
 Johnson, A. S., 872. 
 Joliuscui, Captain, 301. 
 Johnson, 1)., 1S7, i'88. 
 Johnson, 1''.., 860. 
 Johnson, ("icorne K., 866. 
 Johnson, Cuy, 234. 
 Johnson, Hu^rh, 835, 836. 
 Johnson, II. k., 468, 484. 
 Johnson, J.imes I)., 34, 697. 
 Johnson, John, 234, 240, 263, 
 
 264. 
 Johnson, J. G., 647, 733. 
 Johnson, Morgan, 792. 
 Johnson, M. K., 860. 
 Johnson, (), C, 709. 
 Johnson, R. A., 577. 
 Johnson, R. D., 486. 
 Johnson, R. M., 103, 108, 283, 
 
 Johnson, S. M., 686. 
 Johnsim, S. W., 695. 
 Johnson, T. C, 610. 
 
 Johnson, Sir William, 232, 234, 
 236, 240, 243, 323, 349, 760, 
 879, 95'. ., 
 
 Johnson, Willi, im, 37. 
 
 Jolinson, W. M., 866. 
 
 John.son, W. M., .Mrs., 661. 
 
 Johnson, W. W., 210. 
 
 Johnston, 806. 
 
 Johnston, (Icorxe Washington, 
 946. 
 
 Johnston, James. 746, 758. 
 
 J(jhnston, John W., 41, 446, 576, 
 
 94", 943. 
 Johnston Opiii.d Co., 8 ;6. 
 Johnstone, 688 
 
 Jolinstone, k. I'',, 674, 679, 682. 
 Joliet, Sieur. 325. 
 JoiH'.iire, see Cliabert. 
 Joncaire, 150, lo", 101. 
 Joiu:aire, Cbail(.s I''. lliab|.rt, 
 
 94. 123. 313. 
 Joncaire, I'rancis ( li.ibirt, 978. 
 Joncaire, Kraiuois de, 24. 
 Jon^s, 916, 1)79, 981. 
 Jones, li. C., 924. 
 Jones, C'atbarine, 594. 
 Joiu.s, (Var, 484. 
 Jones, I >a\9(l, 551, 953. 
 Joins, De (iarmo, 8, 89, 100, 
 
 140, 142, 143. 473, 474. 5S7, 
 
 558, 631, 636, 716, 770, 859, 
 
 86<i, 896, 926, 941. 
 J<ines, Klislia, 704. 
 Jones, I.;no( li, i4.., 851. 
 Jones, (icor.iL^e W., 102. 
 Jones, (1. I'"., 74. 
 Jones, >;. H., 506, 851. 
 Jones, H. ( 1., 719, 758. 
 Jones, Isaac. 134. 
 Jones, J. k., 86, 87. 
 Jones, .\Iyra M., 74 ). 
 Jones, ki( hard. 2U). 
 Jones, k. H., 281, 857. 
 Jont.s, Watson, 680. 691. 
 Jones, Whitniy, i)2. 
 Jones, William, 281. 
 Jones, W. vV., 487. 
 Jon<|uiri-, iMar(iuis de la, 83, 
 
 330- 
 Joos, Ivdward, 547. 
 Jordan, 'I'., 210. 
 Joslin, T. J., 572. 
 Joui.tt, {'., 17, 24, 34. 
 Joiiir.i, Jacob de .Marsac (lit 
 
 Desnidies, iH. 
 Jourdon. ,.\ndrt.w, JI3, 
 Joy, Hartford, 341. 
 Joy, Ilirain, 93). 
 Joy, James, 80. 
 Joy, J. K., 101, 195, 306, 3fo, 
 
 374, 737, 797. 864, ^67, 891, 
 
 goi, 90 1, 941, 1/7. 
 Joy, J. !••.. .Mrs, 662. 
 Joyci., 'I'., 165, 935. 
 Jiidd, Philo I'.., 697. 
 Jiin.v,', C, 6n8, 610. 
 JiinK, Michael, 551. 
 Junjibhit, N., 80. 
 Jiingman, 551. 
 
 Kaichcn, .Arnold, 38, 226. 
 
 Kaiser, 498. 
 
 Kaiser, AiiKUstiis, 146, 647. 
 
 Kalis<h, I., 628, 704. 
 
 Kallman, E. Mrs., f<^y. 
 
 Kaminsky, Anthony, 687. 
 
 Kamminski, C'harles, 798. 
 
 Kanady, S. C, 870, 942. 
 
 Knne, E., 50, 646, 676. 
 
 Kane, E. E., 196. 
 
 Kanter E., hi, 16.;, 218, 360, 
 
 646, 067, 868, 86u, (142. 
 Kanter, Edward, Mrs., 310. 
 Kanter, H. I... 162, 869. 
 Kaple, John II., 190, 677, 870, 
 
 872, 883. 
 Kapple, James, 559. 562, 563, 
 
 564. 
 Karpeles, R. Mrs., 657. 
 Karrer, Aaron 868. 
 Karrer, S. C, 145, 146, 758. 
 Katiis, ..\lois, 166. 
 Katiis, J., 317. 
 
1000 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 Keith, J. W., 648. 
 
 Kclliy, ["liii, 146. 
 
 Kclktv, Patrick, 533. 
 
 K.lley, v. I)., 535. 
 
 K'-1I').W, J54- 
 
 Ki'llojjjj, A. H., 599. 
 
 K.■llc)K^^ A. S.. 30, 7S5, 839. 
 
 Krll(),;;)r, C, 868, 872, 922. 
 
 K,-ll..«, J. W., 57-'. 
 
 Ki'lla<,i;, M. C, 885. 
 
 K.'1Iu.i;k', K. k., 597, 61J, 638. 
 
 Ki:lloi;>,', K. k. Mrs., 652. 
 
 Kcllo.w. W. I'., 791. 
 
 Killy, Jane, 5 14. 
 
 Ki'lly, "Nlicliai'l, 492. 
 
 Ki'lly, William, 210. 
 
 Kclsiy, J. W., 165, 924. 
 
 Krlso, S. J,, 704. 
 
 Kc-ltoii, D. H., 709. 
 
 Kennedy, < Jcor^^t', 654. 
 
 Kennedy, Mieliael, 121;. 
 
 Kenny, Jnhii, 537. 
 
 Kenzie, Jnlin, 981. 
 
 Kendall, 1)., 935. 
 
 Kendall, John, 566, 757. 
 
 Kendrick, 539. 
 
 Kendrick, S. N., 674, 756. 
 
 Kenealv, M., 935. 
 
 Kent, C. A., 758. 
 
 Kent, Jolin 1'., 555, 558- 
 
 Kenton, Simon, 249, 250. 
 
 Kercheval, li. H., 90, 142, 770, 
 864, 865, 896. 
 
 Kermott, J. W., 161, 162. 
 
 Kern, C, 543. 
 
 Kern, H., 357. 
 
 Kerr, J. A., 695. 
 
 Kerr, Theodore F., 51, 59, 647, 
 649, 678. 758. 
 
 Kerriure, J. .M., 574. 
 
 Kershaw, C J., 910, 965. 
 
 Kerstin.t;, David, 543. 
 
 K(-rtk, Louis, 83. 
 
 Kessler, John, 146, 165. 
 
 Ki-tankali, 180, 957. 
 Ketchum. Siiiney, 849. 
 
 Keiisch, J., 132, 165. 
 Keiisch, James, 132. 
 Keveny, Ann, Mrs., 539. 
 Kevcny, John, 130. 
 
 Kewanhis, 180, 957. 
 Kean, M. B., 661, 721, 866. 
 Kearney, James, 918. 
 Kearsley, H. R., 317, 520, 523. 
 Kearsley, Jonathan, 23, 38, 5(3, 
 '03i 138, 1401 186, 195, 198, 
 301. 359. 492. 636, 641, 672, 
 716, 730, 731, 736, 796, 942. 
 Keatmg, Prof., 957. 
 Keavy, Joseph, 906. 
 Keavey, William, Mrs., 663. 
 Keeney, lienjamin, 71. 
 Keeney, J., 491. 
 Kiah, J. (;., 921. 
 Kibbee, H. C, 226, 756, 867, 
 
 872. 
 Kibbee, Porter, 93. 
 Kiddoo, J. B., 228. 
 Kidder, D. P., 708. 
 Kiefer, H., 102, 646, 757, 761, 
 
 869, 970. 
 Kieler, 498. 
 Kies, W. v., 645. 
 Kilbnrn, Joseph, 978. 
 Killen, James, 934. 
 Kilroy, Lawrence, 537. 
 Kilroy, 1,. I''., 6y6. 
 Kindeman, John, 621. 
 Kinderkins, J., 535. 
 King, 496, 497, 590, 641, 965. 
 Kinjif, (leorjje I'i,, 612. 
 King, Harvey, 61, 487, 496, 
 
 936. 
 King, John, 935. 
 King, Joseph, 933. 
 King, J. L., 457. 
 King, J. I,. Mrs., 203. 
 King, R. W., 144, 161, 162, 523, 
 639, 658, 659, 711, 752, 757, 
 792. 
 King, S. R., 484. 
 King, T. Starr, 709. 
 King, Mrs. (len., 361. 
 Kingsbury, li., 113, 673. 
 Kingsbury, V. J., 818. 
 
 Kingsbury, Jacob, 227, 36S. 
 Kingsley, 486. 
 Kinkel, Dr., 963,964. 
 Kiniuy, John .M., Mrs., 716. 
 Kinney, (). L., 758. 
 Kinnicnt, Delos, 619, 
 Kinonsaki, Chief, 334, 
 Kinzie, John, 179. 
 Kinzie, J. II., Mrs., 707. 
 Kirby, Alice, 980. 
 Kirby, K. 1'., Miss, 664. 
 Kirby, Frank IC, 911, 
 Kirby, F. A., 911. 
 Kirby, George, 57, 718, 770, 772, 
 
 864. 
 Kirbv, [ohn, 130, 198. 
 Kirby, R. M., 132. 
 Kirby, S. R., 911. 
 Kirby, Z., 492. 
 Kirchner, Otto, 93. 
 Kirchner, S., 162. 
 Kirkenoeld, M., 603. 
 Kirkland, C. M. .Mrs., 652, 704. 
 Kirkland, William, 345, 716. 
 Kiskauko, 161. 
 Kitchell, n. 1)., 613, 614, 638, 
 
 641, 675. 704. 
 Kitchell, Robert, 704. 
 Klei, H., loi, 137, 145, 146. 
 Klein, P., loi, 646, 649, O87, 
 
 688. 
 Kleine, John A., 575. 
 Kling, Philip, 145. 
 Kloppenburg, Julius S., 469. 
 Kluuip, Frederick, 578. 
 Knaggs, 10, 531. 
 Knaggs, James, 313. 
 Knaggs, Thomas, 313. 
 Knaggs, Whitmore, 183, 313, 
 
 978. 
 Knapp, H. v., 130. 
 Knapp, I) , 145, 869. 
 Knajjp, Smitli, 165, 202, 795. 
 Knapp, Tliomas, 565. 
 Knapp, 'T. S., 163, '^09, 860. 
 Knapp, William li., 126. 
 Knight, H. C, 137, 144, 638, 
 
 676, 753. 757, S40, 841. 
 Knight, L. P., 869, 902. 
 Knoll, S. L., Mrs., 657. 
 Knowles, Henry, 935. 
 Knowles, William H., 934. 
 Knowlton, 'Thomas, 210, 7'i:. 
 Kno.x, C. H., 176. 
 Kno.v, (leneral, 264. 
 Kno.v, Robert, 167, 799. 
 Koch, Christian, 942. 
 Koch, C. G., 578. 
 Koehler, F. C, 609. 
 Koehler, John, 797. 
 Koenig, John A., 539. 
 Koerner, W., 543. 
 Ktihler, K., 628. 
 Kohn, Joseph, 167. 
 Kolasinski, D. H., 542. 
 Kontrovich, Laser, 629. 
 Kopp, W., 355. 
 Kramer, M., 676. 
 Kramer, Philip, 688. 
 Krapp, William, 935. 
 Krecke, F., 196, 198, 718. 
 Kreit, U., 166, 167. 
 Kremcr, A., 799, 934. 
 Kremer, F., 144, 145, 317. 
 Krill, Henry, 576. 
 Krolik, H. A., .Mrs., 657. 
 Kronberg, A. C., 146. 
 Krug, J. (1., 695. 
 Kuemmel, H., 167, 934, 935. 
 Kiihn, Ferdinand, 647. 
 Kiihn, Herman, 198. 
 Kiihn, J., loi, 145, 161, 196, 
 
 198, 718, 757, 870. 
 Kull, C. F., 798. 
 Kullman, A., 541. 
 Kiilnan, Josepli, 167. 
 Kiimmer, Nicholas, 935. 
 Kundig, Martin, 49, 532, 537, 
 
 S38, 648, 650, 651. 
 K'lnze, George 10., 71. 
 Kupp, Anton, 537, 538. 
 Kurth, F. W. A., loi. 
 Kurtz, J. A., 145, 844. 
 Kurtz, Joseph, 162. 
 Kydd, W., 166, 167. 
 
 Laas, Oustaviis, 576. 
 
 l.abadi, ;\le.\is, 977. 
 
 l.al)a(ii, Ali'.xis Descontis, 979. 
 
 Lab.idi, Charles, 978. 
 
 l.abadi, Pierre D., 977, 
 
 l.abiulie, 337, 916. 
 
 I.abadie, j. A., 680. 
 
 Labadie, ,\loui(|ue, Kliss, 720. 
 
 I.abadie, Pierre, 20. 
 
 l.a I'lalm, Colonel, 257. 
 
 Labrosse, L)oiiiiiii(|tie, 942, 979. 
 
 l.a Unite, M., 236,237,333,337. 
 
 I.acey, 11. A., 140. 
 
 I.acey, Samuel S., 93. 
 
 I.acey, Walton, <t Walker, 67. 
 
 I.aclede, 334. 
 
 I.acroix, 18. 
 
 I.acroix, K. X., ig, 40, 144, 165, 
 
 f'34, f74. 675. 694, 75''. ¥'5- 
 Lacroi.\, Pierre Hubert, 313, 337, 
 
 529- 
 Ladd, T. M., 492, 6S1, 682. 
 I.aderoot, Kli, 202. 
 I.aderool, Peter, 80. 
 Ladouceur, 337, 716, 979. 
 Laderoiite, 3i3, 337. 
 Laderoute, Joseph, 982. 
 La Devoute, ( )livcr, 766. 
 Ladue, A., 198. 
 Ladue, A. 'T., 143. 
 I^adue, John, 140. 345. 
 Lailue, J. C, Mrs., 495. 
 Ladue, William N., 757, 758. 
 Lafayette, .Manpiisde, 329,942. 
 La Ferte, 337, 797, 979.' 
 La Ferte, Daniel, 333, 690, 734. 
 Lafferty, 979. 
 
 Lalferty, Clement, 144, 162, 942. 
 Laffrey, Auguste, 501. 
 La Fleur, 337. 
 Lalleiir, N., 210. 
 Lafontaine, Francois, 942, 978, 
 
 979- 
 La Forest, 19, 325. 
 La Foy, Lambert, 285. 
 La llarpe, 330. 
 La Hontan, liaron de, 325, 707, 
 
 9,5i. 
 Laible, lOugcne, 144, 145. 
 Laidlaw, R., 654. 
 Laidlaw, R. J., 599, 604, 704. 
 Laitner, Aloys, 826. 
 La Jov, Hyacinth, 313. 
 Lally.'j. F., 318. 
 Lamberl, Wm., 348, 494. 
 Lambie, F., 633, 63a, 704, 788, 
 - 942., 
 
 l^amoinne, 535. 
 La Mothe, 173, 250, 252, 253, 
 
 255- 
 Lamson, Darius, 142, 520, 860. 
 Lanctot, Mederic, 678. 
 Lane, John, 799. 
 Lane, l".. .M , Mrs., 662. 
 Lane, .M. T., 196, 19S, 648. 
 Landsberg, .V. Mrs., 657. 
 Langan, A., 281. 
 Lange, Alexander, C21. 
 Langdou, Augustus, 276, 335. 
 Laiigdon, (u-orge C, 75, 106, 
 
 140, 162, 666. 
 Langilon, W. W., 903. 
 Langley, Henry, 757. 
 Langley, William IL, 137, 144, 
 
 145, 475. 036, 942. 
 Langlois, 18. 
 
 Lanigan, D., 166, 795, 798. 
 Lankford, W. S,, 577. 
 Lannuin, Charles James, 186, 
 
 859- , 
 Lannian, James H., 707. 
 Lanning, Gideon, 555. 
 Lansing, K. A., 143. 
 Lansing, H. L., 862. 
 I,ansing, John, 91. 
 Lansing, R. R., 758. 
 Laparle, Joseph, 979. 
 L,aphani, 695. 
 Lapliam, H. S., 496, 
 Lapierre, 979. 
 Lappan, John C, 681. 
 Lappen, Charles, 798. 
 Laporle, M. !,., 542, 724. 
 
 Largy, John, 481. 
 
 LaUiviere, Jean liaptiste de, 
 
 535- , 
 l.arnea, 52, 2S5, 887. 
 l.arned, .'!. F., 642, 651, 652, 860. 
 Lamed, Charles, 135, 176, 186, 
 
 190, 2IO, 359, 558. 559, 562, 
 
 641, 710, 711, 716, 730, 731, 
 
 7J5, 838, 9,(2. 
 Larned, George B., 711. 
 l.arned, Sylvester, 633, 788. 
 Lasalle, .\., 979. 
 Lasalle, F., 979, g8i. 
 Lasiille, Francis, 123. 
 Lasalle, Francois, 26. 
 Lasalle, Jacques, 978, 979, 980, 
 
 981. 
 La Salle, Clievalier de, 325, 447, 
 
 527, 707, 907, 942, 95:, 
 La Salle, James, 314. 
 La Salle, Jean, 333. 
 La .Sulle, Jean liaptiste, 311. 
 La Salliere, 720. 
 Laselle, A., 266, 981. 
 Las.selle, Francois, 313, 978. 
 Laser, A., 628. 
 Lastrie, P.. 535. 
 I.athrop, H. li , 143, 851. 
 I.athrop, W, H., 51, 647, 678. 
 Latimer, G. W., 57, 856, 870. 
 I.attimer, W. Irving, 92. 
 L'Aiiberiviere, Francis Louis de 
 
 Ponrroy de, 546. 
 Lauder, James li., 145. 
 Lauderdale, K., 58, 646, 924, 
 
 942. 
 Laiimet, Jean, 326. 
 Laiirense, Leonard, 499, 601, 
 , 639. 
 
 Laiison-Charny, Charles de, 83. 
 I.auson, Jean de. 83. 
 Lauzon, Francois, 20. 
 I.avinder, R. IL, 166. 
 Law, T. v., C47. 
 Lawrence, Amos, 215. 
 Lawrence, K., 188. 
 Lawrence, F. C, 942. 
 Lawrence, S. J., 132. 
 Lawrenci', Prosper, 131, 198. 
 Leadbealer, A., 484. 
 Leadbeater, K. S., 165, 166, 167. 
 Ledbeter, 'Thoma.s, 61, 756, 
 Leach, C. C, 131. 
 Leach, D. C, 324 
 Leach, F.lisha, 59, O47. 
 Leach, E. C, 872. 
 Leahey, E,, 963 
 Leary, I'eter, 53-. 
 Leavenworth, F. H 811. 
 Leavitt, A, E., 162, 574, 942, 
 
 971. 
 Lebeau, Jean Haptiste, 979. 
 Lebot, Lnos, 144, 166, 799, 934, 
 
 935- 
 Lebot, Louis, 798. 
 L'Kcuyer, 272. 
 Lecuyer, P., 40, 126, 192, 730, 
 
 859- 
 Leddy, Jame.s, 756, 757. 
 Le<lerle, .Anthony, 218. 
 Leduc, Louis, 981. 
 Ledyard, ll<-iiry, 56, 71, 100, 
 
 •40. '43. 755. 864, 926, 942, 
 
 962. 
 Ledyard, H. 1!., 871,901. 
 Lee, A. H., 872. 
 Lee, Asenalh, 594. 
 Lee, Charles, 569. 
 Lee, 10. Smilli, 176, 191, 192, 
 
 195. I97- 
 Lee, G. L., 884. 
 Lee, G. W., 102, 324, 
 Lee, Jolin M., 131. 
 Lee, Luther, 708. 
 Lee, Thomas, 210. 
 Lee, William, 513. 
 Lee, Robert F.., 309. 
 Leetch, A. J., loi. 
 Leeth, John, 250. 
 Le Favour, lOdward, 38, 144, 
 
 , 2'7. 475. 7II. „ , 
 Lefevere, Peter Paul, 54, 532, 
 
 535. 539. 547. 66'. 694, 961, 
 
 963, 969. 
 Luggett, W. W., 360. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 lOOI 
 
 John, 481. 
 iere, Jean liapUste do, 
 
 1, 52, 285, 887. 
 
 1, '!. 1'"., 642,651,052,860. 
 
 i, Charles, 135, 170, 186, 
 210, 351), 558. 55'». 5621 
 710, 711, 716, 730, 731, 
 838, 942. 
 
 il, (leorye 11., 7"- 
 
 (1, Sylvster, 633, 788. 
 
 f. A., 979. 
 
 e, !•■., 979. 981. 
 
 ,e, F'rancis, 123. 
 
 le, Francois, 26. 
 
 le, Jacques, 978, 979, 980, 
 
 lie, Clu-valier de, 325, 447, 
 
 , 707, 907, 942, 95'. 
 
 lie, Janus, 314. 
 
 ille, Jean, 333., 
 
 illc, Jean I'.aptiste, 311. 
 
 lUiere, 720. 
 
 Ic, A., 266, 981. 
 
 ■lie. Krancois, 313, 978. 
 
 -, A., 628. 
 
 •le, K. 535- 
 
 roi), H. 1! , 143. 851. 
 
 rop, \V. H., 5'. ''47, 67a. 
 
 ner, (l. W., 57, 856, 870. 
 
 nier, \V. IrvinK, 92- 
 
 iberiviere, !• raneis l.oiiis de 
 
 nrroy <le, 546. 
 
 lir, Janus 11., 145. 
 
 lerdale, 1',., 58, 646, 924, 
 
 !. 
 
 net, Jean, 326. 
 
 -ense, Leonard, 499, 601, 
 
 ^on-Charny, diaries de, 83. 
 
 son, Jean de. 83. 
 
 zon, Francois, 20. 
 
 inder, R. H., 166. 
 
 , ■!'. v., 647. 
 
 •rence, Amos, 215. 
 
 ■rence, K., 188. 
 
 •rence, 1'". C, 942. 
 
 .rence, S. J., 132. 
 
 ■rence, Prosper, 131, 198. 
 
 dbealer, A., 484. 
 
 dbeater, K. S., 165, 166, 167. 
 
 beter, 'I'homas, 61, 756. 
 
 ch, C. C, 131. 
 
 cli, IJ. C, 324 
 
 ch, Klisha, 511, 647. 
 
 ch, E. C, 872. 
 
 hey, E., 963 
 
 ry, i'eter, 53-. 
 
 venworth, F. H 811. 
 
 vitt, A. E., 162, 574, 942, 
 
 'I. 
 
 ean, Jean liaptiste, 979. 
 
 ot, Knos, 144, 166, 799, 934, 
 
 \5- 
 
 ot, Louis, 798. 
 
 xuyer, 272. 
 
 uyer, P., no, 126, 192, 730, 
 
 Idy, James, 756, 757. 
 
 lerle, Anthony, 218. 
 
 luc, Louis, 981. 
 
 lyard, Henry, s^, 7'. i°o> 
 
 40, 143, 755. 864, 926. 942. 
 
 a2. 
 
 lyard, H. 1'.., 871, 901. 
 
 ■, A. H., 872. 
 
 , Asenalh, 594. 
 
 :, Charles, 569. 
 
 E. Smith, 176, 191, 192, 
 
 95. '97- „„ 
 •, G. L, 884- 
 
 , (;. w., 102, 324. 
 
 ■, John M., 13'- 
 ;, Luther, 708. 
 L-, Thiinias, 210. 
 :, William, 513. 
 •, Robert K., 309. 
 ■tch, A. J., 101. 
 th, John, 250- , 
 Favour, F'.dward, 38, I44> 
 
 !17, 475. 7>i- _ , 
 feverc, Peter Paul, 54, 53^. 
 i5, 539. 547. 661, 694, 961. 
 
 )''3. 969- 
 
 ^rgett, W. W., 360. 
 
 Le (Irand, Philip, 172, 237. 
 LeKrand, (labriel Christopher, 
 
 50. 
 LcKras, 85. 
 
 Leib, F.mily, Mrs., 651. 
 Leib, John L., 98, 192, 198, 491, 
 
 7.V'. 977- 
 Lei^hton, R. W., 132. 
 Leilch, 856. 
 
 Leland, A. L., 50,942. 
 Leiand, C. P., 901. 
 Leland, W. H., 486. 
 Lenieke, H., 646. 
 Lemkie, F. A., 196, 198. 
 Lemkie, J., 798. 
 Leinmer, A., 146. 
 Lcmmer, Henry, 799. 
 L'Knfant, Major, 29. 
 Lenno.x, L. F.., 573. . 
 
 Lentz, Matthias", 166, 798. 
 Leo XIII., 547. 
 
 Leonard, I'onaventurc, 529, 535. 
 Leonard, C II., 679, 690, 704, 
 
 Leonard, Hattu', Miss, 361. 
 Leonard, !,., 719. 
 Leonard, O. M., 679. 
 Leonard, R. IL. 942. 
 Leonard Class Works, 836. 
 Leopold, Prince, 974. 
 L'F.pinay, M. <le 330. 
 Lernoult, Richard Peringer, 
 
 222, 223, 227, 244, 246, 952. 
 Le Roy, Daniel, 92, 176, 192, 
 
 730. 
 Le Roy, H. H., 4, 73, 143, 144, 
 
 "64. 493. 513. 521, 652, 713, 
 
 936- 
 Lery, Joseph Gaspard Chaussc- 
 
 gros de, 32. 
 Lesher, (ieorge H., 196. 
 L'Ksperance, .•\ntoine Billow 
 
 ,flit. 337. 98>- 
 L'Ksperance, F,, 798. 
 Leslie, Lieutenant, 234, 550. 
 Le 'I'endre, (ien^.'vieve, 529. 
 L'F.tourneaii, M. F., 537. 
 Lett, D. (;., 607. 
 Lelteker, John, 549. 
 Levadou.\, Michael, 535. 
 Leverinif, C. H., 355, 357. 
 Levin^s, N'oali, 569. 
 Levinnton, John, 572, 578, 704. 
 Levis, Antoine de, 535. 
 Levy, H., 3(4. 
 Lewis, 173, 2S0. 
 Lt:wis, .\lexander, 114, 140, 205, 
 
 761, 788, 792, 841, 844, Q72. 
 Lewis, A. M., 584. 
 Lewis, .Amos, 483, 492. 
 Lewis, C. IJ., 686, 704. 
 Lewis, F,., 58. 
 Lewis, C. F., 872. 
 Lewis, H. N. F., 674. 
 Lewis, J. ()., 33, 34, 138, 162. 
 Lewis, R. N., 845. 
 Lewis, Robert P., 559, 562, 563, 
 
 5''4- 
 Lewis, S._, 785, 7S6, 787, 864. 
 Lewis, Thomas, 100, i^i, 130, 
 
 198, 494, 713. 
 Lichtenber^, A., 796. 
 Liclitenberj.', F. NVilliani, 21S. 
 Lichtenberg. William, 145. 
 Lichty, F.dwar<l, 647, 649. 
 Liggett, J. I)., 683, 719, 974. 
 Lijs'Kctt, J. 'l'., 758, 760, 874. 
 Liggett, R. A., 126, 145, 318. 
 Lightner, Milton C, 582, 586, 
 
 587. 59'- 
 Ligneris, ^L de, 233. 
 Lillibridge, G. R., 890. 
 Lillibridge. W. M., 757, 758. 
 Limberg, Isabella Roest Von, 
 
 942. 
 Limbocker, T. G,, 125. 
 Liin|)( lis, G. K. .^I., 541. 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 104, 309, 
 
 718, 746, 942, 968. 
 Lincoln, lienjamin, 265. 
 Lincoln, Tad, 104. 
 Linctot, M., 261. 
 Lindsay, A. G., 757, 758, 870. 
 Lindsay, A. G., Mrs., 652, 653. 
 Lingeman, A., 144, 318, 496. 
 
 Lingeman, J., 145, 146. 
 
 Linn, 495, 497. 
 
 Linn, A. R., 786. 
 
 Linn, Robert, 654. 
 
 Linn, Tliomas, 654. 
 
 Linn, W. F., 786. 
 
 Linn, W. F., .Mrs., 665. 
 
 Lisk, Robert, 654. 
 
 Litchfield, K. C, 862. 
 
 Little, 492. 
 
 Littl ', John, 979. 
 
 Little, William, 130, 198. 
 
 Littleiield, Louis li., 146. 
 
 Littlelield, S. S., 695. 
 
 Livandiere, Sieur de, Hugues 
 
 Jacques Pean, 227. 
 Livermore, C. F., 901. 
 Livermore, C. F., Mrs., 691. 
 Livermore, Frank, 51. 
 Livermore, Isaac, 901. 
 Livernois, Francis, 942. 
 Livernois, Joseph, 981. 
 Livernois, Joseph, Jr., 979. 
 Livingston, Wdliam, loi, 785, 
 
 792, 871. 
 Lloyd, G. W., 57, 885. 
 Lobdell, J. F., 487. 
 Lochbihler, L., 680. 
 l.ochrey, .•Vrchib;dd, 259. 
 Locke, D. R. (Petroleum V. 
 
 Xasby), 709. 
 Locke, I*'.. F., 737. 
 Locke, J., 58. 
 Lockhart, William, 654. 
 Lockwood, 564. 
 Lockwootl, C. r., 357. 
 Lockwood, T. W., loi, 199,711, 
 
 786. 
 Lodge, E. A., 677, 688, 704. 
 Locbenstein, A., 575. 
 Logan, John, 87, 323. 
 Logan, John A,, 976. 
 Lognon, 978. 
 Lomasney, W. M., 696. 
 Lommesprou, Jacob de Marsac 
 
 '•''. 333- 
 Long, 493, 495, 957. 
 Long, James W., 324. 
 Long, John, 934. 
 Long, John li., 203, 934. 
 Long, William, 935. 
 Long, W. H., 924. 
 Longueuil, Joseph Lemoyne, 
 
 Chevalier de, 12. 83, 227, 334. 
 Longyear, John W., 175. 
 Looker, (). R., 874. 
 Loinner, (ieorge W., 146. 
 Loomis, 605. 733. 
 Lorain, Joshua, Widow of, 978. 
 Loranger, 980, 981. 
 Loranger, Joseph, 161, 162. 
 Loranjey, .-Me.vis, 313. 
 Lord, 173, 227. 
 Lord, C. P., 487. 
 Lord, II. W., 103, 704. 
 Lorman, C. A., 942. 
 Lorme, Francois Faford de, 17, 
 
 20. 
 Loskiel, 550. 
 Loson, .-Xntoine, 982. 
 Lossing, I'enson J., 289, 708. 
 Lothrop, 493. 
 4jOtlirop, (ieorge V. N., 92, 191, 
 
 195, 199, 218, 339, 360, 362, 
 
 666, 711, 761, 788, 867, 940, 
 
 942, 968. 
 Lothrop, (i. V. N., Mrs., 655. 
 Lothrop, H. P., 652. 
 Lotz, Charles, 166. 
 Loudon, 190. 
 Loughton, John, 244. 
 Louis XI 1 1., 83. 
 Louis XIV., 19. 83, 328, 329, 
 
 33'. 370. 37 '• 765- 
 Louis XV., 19, 83. 
 Louis Philippe, 707. 
 Louise, Princess, 974. 
 Loundsberry, E., 732, 
 Love, J., 799. 
 Love, James, 211, 212. 
 Love, John, 757. 
 Ijovett, 496, 827. 
 Lovett, W. K., 942. 
 Lovigny, M. de, 330. 
 Lowe, fe. S., 780. 
 
 Lowe, G. W., 573. 
 
 Lowe, Tobias, 143. 
 
 Lowry, James, 494. 
 
 Lowry, J. A., 574. 
 
 Lowry, J. T., 138. 
 
 Loyola, Sister, 651, 653. 
 
 Lucas, 299. 
 
 Lucas, Hen., 285. 
 
 Lucca, 354. 
 
 Lueker, IL, 357. 
 
 Lucretia, Sister, 651. 
 
 Ludden, Cornidia, Mrs., 310. 
 
 Ludden, H. I)., 936. 
 
 Ludden, N, T., 142, 492, 851, 
 
 942- 
 Ludlcjw, 95. 
 Ludlow, S., loi. 
 Luff, i86. 
 
 Lugenbeel, Pinckney, 228. 
 Linn, C. M., 318. 
 Lundi, John Slow, 183, 184. 
 Lundy, Charles J., 704, 733, 734. 
 Luther, .Martin, 556. 
 Lutticke, Henry, 935. 
 Lyell, Janus L., 653, 872, 942. 
 Lyford, C. P., 211 
 Lynibruner, 336. 
 Lynch, C, 318, 799. 
 Lyndon, .Samiul, 872. 
 Lyon, Anson E., 211. 
 Lyon, .'Vrcb, 281. 
 Lvon, Edward, 143, 311, 482. 
 
 583. 657. 
 Lyon, F., 482. 
 Lyon, (i. (i., 567. 
 Lyon, Isaac L., 871. 
 Lyon, J. I)., 482. 
 Lyon, Lucius, 37, 102, 103, 186, 
 
 7'2, 73'. 
 Lyon, Martha, 583. 
 Lyon, T. T., 648. 
 Lyons, A. I!., 51, 678, 714. 
 Lyons, Elizabeth, 720. 
 Lyons, Lord, 308. 
 Lyons, Samuel, 757. 
 Lyster, l''.llen E., 584. 
 Lyster, Henry F., 51, 59, 646, 
 
 647. 678, 690, 733, 758. 
 Lyster, W. N., 583, 584. 
 
 M 
 
 Mabley, C. R., 360, 362, 469, 
 
 574. 77"- 
 Mabley, C. R., Mrs., 360. 
 Mac Adam, Ale.vander, 654. 
 Macauley, 695. 
 Macauley, C, 6:.'7. 
 ^L^cauley, Richard, Mrs., 662. 
 Macfarlane, John W., 696. 
 Mactiregor, Thomas, 654. 
 Machcn, W. H., 361. 
 Mack, 15, 181, 215. 
 Mack, A., 100, 481, 685, 767, 
 
 770. 785. 958. 
 Mack, Fanny, 594. 
 Mack, Jesse, 205. 
 Mack, John .M., 130, 943. 
 Mack, Stephen, 103, 135, 537, 
 
 859. 933- 
 Mack, Temperance, 594, 
 Mackay, E., 907. 
 Mackenzie, A., 919. 
 Mackenzie, Alexander, 704. 
 Mackenzie. J. W., 885. 
 Mackey, Neucas, 228. 
 Maclei'.n, (icneral, 263. 
 Macomb, 36, 324, 333, 369, 371, 
 
 372, 491, 651. 
 Macomb, Alexander, 229, 669, 
 
 694. 837, 846, 859, 942. 
 Macomb, David, 35,978, 981. 
 Macomb, David I!., 198. 
 Macomb, I). R., 285. 
 Macomb, (ieneral, 103, 182, 271, 
 
 532. 534. 7"4. 880, 957. 
 Macomb, John, 35, 978, 981. 
 Macomb, John S., 225, 339,918. 
 Macomb, Sarah, 554, 859, 978, 
 
 980, 981. 
 Macomb, W., 7, 34, 35, 78, 94, 
 
 281, 669, 694, 767, 769, 848. 
 Macy, J. C, 357. 
 Madden, A. ()., 165, 755. 
 Madigan, P., 167, 935. 
 
 Madison, James, 28, 274, 287, 
 289, 291, 298, 314, 315, 490, 
 858, 942. 
 
 Madison, R., 258. 
 
 Madison, WiUiam S., 180. 
 
 Maentz, Henry, 576. 
 
 Miles, C. P., 547, 704. 
 
 Maflit, John N., 569. 
 
 Magnan, 18. 
 
 Magoun, President, 616. 
 
 Mahon, L., 756. 
 
 Mahoney, D., 202, 211. 
 
 Mahoney, T., 80, 145, 211,799, 
 
 935- 
 Mahoney, W. C, 130. 
 Maicbens, liernard, 19. 
 Maier, M,, 498. 
 Main, John, 904. 
 Maire, L. E., 733. 
 Maisonville, Ale.xis, 172, 238, 
 
 •-'55. 
 Majens, 'I'., 538. 
 Malette, 18. 
 
 Mallary, R. DeWitt, 615. 
 Mallory, N. C., 606. 
 Malone, T. H.. 901. 
 
 laloney, 
 laltz, E., 
 
 Maliz, I'.., 935. 
 
 Maltz, G. L., 318. 
 
 Mandi'll, Addison, 38, 141, 175, 
 
 176, 197. 
 Mandlebaum. Antoinette, 937. 
 Mandlebauin, Mary E., 583. 
 Mandlebaum, S., 937, 938, 970. 
 Mann, F., 923. 940. 
 Mann, Horace, 675. 
 Manning, Randoljih, 92, 1S8, 
 
 K^I, 862. 
 Manning. Thomas, 145, 146. 
 Mansfield. S. M., 921. 
 Maples, William C, 131. 
 Marcliand, 535. 
 Marcband, J. I'.., 920. 
 Marclie, Dominique de la, 529, 
 
 535- 
 Marcus S., 628. 
 Marcv, Mary, 043. 
 Marcy, R. li., 708. 
 Mario, 354, 
 Marion, N'azaire, 166. 
 Marion, FVancis, 129. 
 Mark, John, 868. 
 Markham, F. P.. -.86. 494, 695. 
 Markey, Christian, 943. 
 Markey, M., kx), ioi. 
 Marquette, Father, 324, 477, 
 
 527. 943- 
 Marr, John, 499. 
 Marryalt, Frederick, 708, 920, 
 
 960. 
 Marsac, Francois, 980. 981. 
 Marsac, Jacques, 982. 
 Marsac, J. P., 979. 
 Marsac, Louise de, 333. 
 Marsac, Rene, 981. 
 Marsac, Robert, 980. 
 Marscbalk, Captain, 268. 
 Marsh. 494. 
 Marsh, Albert, 143, 144, 166, 
 
 202, 216. 
 Marsh, Alfred, 469. 
 Marsh, (ieorge P., 708. 
 Marsh, J. .\., 695. 
 Marsh, h.H., .Mrs., 665. 
 Marsh, ()., 717. 
 Marsh, Seih, 131. 
 Marshall, (). IL. 708. 
 Marston, Isaac. 9_j, 188, 943. 
 Martello, (i., 663. 
 Martin, 837. 
 Martin, Anderson, 181. 
 Martin, Ann (Naiuyl, Mrs. 657. 
 Martin, Clara IJarnes, Mrs., 329. 
 Martin, George, 101, 132, 187, 
 
 188. 
 Martin, George P., 142. 
 Martin, (^ieorge H., 486. 
 Martin, Hugh B., 979. 
 Martin, H. M., 718. 
 Martin, J., 757, 758. 
 Martin, Jacques, 313. 
 Martin, John, 100. 
 Martin, J. E., 360. 
 Martin, John F., 646. 
 Martin, J. J., 758. 
 
1002 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 Miiru, M., 71, 162. 
 Mnriiin, J. Haimnil, 353. 
 
 205, 
 
 9". 
 
 839. 
 
 Martin, Stephen, 61, 101, 143, 
 
 144. igS, 6^5, 736, 943. 
 Martin, S, h., ,;ii4. 
 Martin, S. J., 166, iq8. 
 Martin, l'. 1'., 126, 13a, 
 Martin, T. \V., 844. 
 Martin, William, 9)4. 
 Martin, W. S., 904. 
 Martineaii, 232. 
 Martinean, Harriet, 481, 708, 
 
 Martiney, 355. 
 Mart/., 4()i). 
 
 Marvin, I'"., c!68. 
 Mnrx, Oi'or^i.', 132. 
 Marx, [olni, 144, 33s- 
 MarxliansiMi, An.n., 76, 688. 
 Marxlianscn, C, 680, 683. 
 Ma*)n, 71)4. 
 Mason, K. H., 5.)), 
 Mason, I'.ilwanl, 7o(. 
 Mason, (i(U)ri;(r I)., 471;, 
 Mason, Jolin, ())4- 
 Mason, .|ol'n 'l'., 8). 
 Mason, Josiali, 1) >. 
 Mason, L. M., 10 1, loi, 102, 
 
 218, 862, 867. 
 Mason, ()., 566. 
 Muson, Pasclial, 58 
 Mason, R., 132, 796. 
 Mh-sou, K. S., 871. 
 Mason, Steven^- 1'., 88, 8cj 
 
 91, 112, 113, 14 J, 299, 
 
 301, 302, 317, 359, 838, 
 
 958, 959, gf"- 
 Mass, I'2. '['., 212, 213. 
 Matclu;r, K. 1'., 21, 977. 
 Materna, I'Vaii, 1)76. 
 Mather, A. E., 164, 611. 
 Mather, A. 1'., i<x>. 
 Mather, H. N., 680. 
 Matthew, Kalliir, 569. 
 !\Iatthews, 234, 264. 
 iMatthews, Charles H., ni'i. 
 Matthews, l'".dward C. 86). 
 Matthews, [■,. R., 31S, 757, 788. 
 Matthews, John, 606, Oo3, 611. 
 Matthews, J. L., 799. 
 Matthews, R., 227. 
 Matthews, Salmon S., 176. 
 Matthews, Thomas, s'J. 
 Matthews, Thomas P., loi. 
 Mattoon, K. S., 355, 337. 
 Matzen, C, 167. 
 Manrepas, Count, 18, 332. 
 Manry, M. K., 70J. 
 Maxtield, T. R., 924. 
 Maxson, C. li., 167. 
 Maxwell, ■;32. 
 Maxwell, J. M., 485. 
 Maxwell, T., (J33. 
 Maxwell, William, 66g. 
 May, Charles K., 689. 
 May, Charles S., 92,683. 
 May, Dwiijht, 1)2. 
 May, K. W., 570. 
 May, James, 9, 89, 93, loi, iii, 
 
 13'^. 133. '49. I74i 17'''. 
 X90, 191, 198, 214, 224, 
 268, 272, 313, 315, 316, 
 341. 473. 48'. 490. 5<", 
 715, 729. 859, (/)8, 915, 
 928. 
 
 May, John, 211. 
 
 May, PanI, 211. 
 
 Maybury, Thomas, 585, 
 943- 
 
 Maybury, William C, 103, 
 
 , 733. 734. 
 
 Mayhew, hrancis, 143, 144. 
 
 Mayhew, Ira, 93, 704, 732. 
 
 Maynard, Aaron 1!., 176. 
 
 Afazarin, 83. 
 
 Mazurette, S., 357. 
 
 McAfee, Robert B., 287. 
 
 McArthur, A., 202, 210. 
 
 McArthur, Duncan, 224, 227, 
 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283, 
 28s, 286, 287, 291, 293, 296, 
 297. 879, 955. 
 
 McBeath, GeorRe, 837. 
 
 Mclieath, John, 250.255. 
 
 McBratney, Robert, 683. 
 
 179. 
 262, 
 
 3>7. 
 ''44. 
 9-7. 
 
 799, 
 141, 
 
 Ml r.ride, J., 164, 165. 
 Mcliryil, lietly, Mrs., 184. 
 McCal)!-, t'. C, 637. 
 McCabe, J. I', li., C97, 937,947. 
 McCain, 11., 499. 
 McCall, .M. C, 484. 
 McCann, W, 1>., 920. 
 McCarroll, J,, 587. 
 McCarthy, Justin, 70J. 
 McCarthy, ]'., 757. 
 McCarthy, T., 58, .98, 211, 212. 
 McCarty, Kilward, 97,3. 
 McCarly, J. II., 567, 704. 
 McCarty, William, 534, 559, 
 
 562. 
 McCaul, J. C, 844. 
 McCauley, Richard, 360. 
 McChesncy, M. II., 357, 
 McChcsncy, Kohcrt, 787. 
 McClean, Captain, 272. 
 McClellan, (Jcoriie I!., 943, 
 JMcClelland, Robert, 91, 92, 102, 
 
 103, 106, 851. 
 McCloskey, James, 29, 89, 95, 
 
 98, 103, 123, 135, 859. 
 McClure, 3(». 
 McClure, H., 839. 
 McCoini), see Macomb. 
 McConncU, C. S.. 670. 
 McCook, Henry C:., 002. 
 McCook, John J., 586. 
 McCool, l>., 90^. 
 McCorkle, W. A., 596, 598. 
 McCormick, 1)., 496. 
 McCormick, P., 162. 
 McCormick, Lieutenant, 234. 
 McCosh, James, ycx). 
 McCciskry, S. A., 310, 581, 582, 
 
 592, 657, 704. 
 McCoskry, Wm., 50, 272, 313, 
 
 3! 5, 5"2. 
 McCrackcn, H, A., 602. 
 Mi:Crackii\, S. li., 196, 19S, 677, 
 
 078, 704, 737. 
 McCrae, '1'., 133, 149, 209. 
 McCreary, I,. A., 4S3. 
 M,:Crcery, William li., 92. 
 .Mi^t'niloch, Hu,i<h, 339. 
 McCullouKh, 586. 
 M<:Cuni', James N. M,, 943. 
 McCurdy, John, 164. 
 McDiTmott, John, loi, 31S. 
 .McD.-rmott, O., 79S. 
 .McDonald, 249, 695. 
 McDonald, li., 210,797. 
 Mcl)i>nald, Daniel, 721. 
 McDonald, D. J., 691, 692. 
 McDonald, E., 71, 143, 674. 
 McDonald, I''., 71, 795. 934, 935' 
 McDonald, James, 344. 
 McDonald, J. C, 648. 
 McDonald, John, 286, 721. 
 McDonald, 1'., 795. 
 McDonald, R., 484, 485, 654, 
 McDonald, William A., 647. 
 McDonnell, John, 88, 90, 98, 
 
 142, 190, 192, 1^3, 277, 281, 
 ,,,300, 491, 672, 770, 785. 
 McDonnough, Wdliam, 720. 
 McDouxall, 191, 236, 238, 715. 
 McDoii>jall, Ceorgc, 77, 89, 94, 
 
 135, X40, l8n, 189, 190, 198, 
 
 2(X), 273, 274, 284, 2S3, 288, 
 
 313, 3'6, 317, 502, 770, 943. 
 McDoii>,'all, John Robert, 977., 
 McDowd, F. 1!., 691. 
 McDowell," K,, 613. 
 ^Icl)owell, I'clcr, 212. 
 McKldowncy, J., 571, 380. 
 McElroy, Hunh, 599. 
 McKntee, T. AI., 141, 311. 
 McKarlanc, .Alexander, 900. 
 McFarlani', James, loi, 131. 
 McFarlane, J. N., 707. 
 McKarlane, William A., 131. 
 McKarren, A., 641,642,676, 695. 
 Mcdce, K., 591. 
 Mct^ill, James, 978, 980, 982. 
 Mcliinnis, P., loi, 144, 202, 673, 
 
 ,79' 1. 943 • „ , 
 Mcdinnity, Robert, 144. 
 McGoneifal, James, loi, 144, 
 
 308. 
 McGowan, Thomas, 935. 
 McGrath, J., 799. 
 
 Mc(;rath, J. R., 757, 758. 
 Mct.r.uh, I., 757, 758. 
 .Mc(<raw, A. C, 492, 658, 713, 
 
 ,731. 772, 785, 9«';, 
 
 iMc( iraw, Kdwaril M., 71, 673. 
 
 McGraw, M., 318. 
 
 MctJraw, Thco., 162. 
 
 McGraw, Theodore A., 51, 59, 
 
 678, 690, 733. 
 MctJraw, Thomas, 713, 827,868, 
 
 870, 875, 943. 
 Mctjrcjjor, 249, 325, 499. 
 Met IrcRor, ( ire>;or, 20(j, 837, 980. 
 McGnxor, James, 804. 
 Mc(;rc).;<ir, John, 138, 654. 
 Mctiuirc, J., 51, 793. 
 McHcnry, James, 24, 267,269, 
 
 270, 887. 
 RrcHuKli, T. J., 212. 
 Mcllugh, 1>., 934, 935. 
 ^^cHutehl■on, \\m., 934. 
 Mcllvaine, Itishop, 391,392,939. 
 Mcintosh, Anijus, 490, 577,767. 
 .Mcintosh, I. S., 228. 
 Mcintosh, William, 86. 
 Mcintosh, General, 249, 252, 
 
 23s. 
 Mcl.-or, J. K., 792. 
 McKay, 300. 
 McKee, Alexander, 243, 262, 
 
 263, 265, 266, 281. 
 McRcnncy, 369. 
 McKenzie, 492. 
 McKcnzie, Alexander Slidcll, 
 
 287. 
 Mckenzie, Geor>;e, 693. 
 McKenzie, lames, 212. 
 McKihhin, k. P., 228. 
 M. Kinney, J., 713. 
 MiKinney, John, 92. 
 McKinncy, Jac<,b, 210. 
 .McKinney, Thomas I,., 707. 
 -McKinstry, 16, 113, 887. 
 McKinstry, D. C 59, 90, 9S, 
 
 102, 142, 163, iCm, 351, 474, 
 
 502, 513, 645, 672, 770, 799, 
 
 916, 933. 
 McKnistry, J. P., 920. 
 .McKinstry, (). P., 943. 
 McKni>;ht, Sheldon, loi, 674, 
 
 685, 692. 8S3. 
 Mcl.ane, David, 795. 
 Ml Laren, W. K., 592, 600. 
 McLaughlin, II., 717. 
 McLaughlin, John, 936. 
 McLaughlin, M., 165. 
 McLean, A., 634, 
 McLean, .Arch., 937,943. 
 McLean, David, 210, 281. 
 McLean, Donald, 709. 
 McLean, I)., 934. 
 McLean, Jolin, 175, 
 McLcllan, 858. 
 McLennan, A., 872. 
 McLellan, John, 596. 
 McLeod, A. 1„ 196. 
 McLeod, Duncan. 59, 734. 
 McLeotI, James, 602. 
 ^IcLeod, Niirman, 837. 
 McLogan, P., 196. 
 McLouth, William W., 696., 
 .Mc.Manus, George, 1C17. 
 .Mc.Michael, J., 210, 211. 
 McMillan, 93, 283. 
 M.-.Millan, Mrs., 481. 
 McMillan, Archv, 285. 
 McMillan, ('.., 638, 776. 
 McMillan, Hugh, 340, 360, 600, 
 
 804, 806, 823, 871, 905. 
 McMillan, James, 76, 360, 362, 
 
 508, 6<x), 804, 8^6, 865, 867 
 
 883, 905, 943. 
 McMillan, J., 161, 162, 933,934. 
 McMillan, Jesse, 492, 
 McMillan, John W., 40. 
 McMillan, Mary, 594. 
 McMillan, Robert, 50, 523, 657, 
 
 863. 
 McMillan, Thomas T., 654. 
 McMillan, William, 102. 
 McNallv, r. H.. 228. 
 McNaih, .\., m, 198. 
 McXcall. William, 767, 
 McN'iff, Peter, 37, iii, 174, 191, 
 
 198. 
 
 McNiff, Robert, 490. 
 McNoah, P. .M., 756. 
 Mcl'harlin, !•:. J., 647. 
 Ml Kcyuokls, A, 'T., ino, 143, 
 
 176, 191, iMo, 303, 317, 740, 
 
 733, 851, 887. 
 McKcynolds, John, 492. 
 McRcynolds, J., '43- 
 Mc'Tavish, 980. 
 Klc'Tavish, Sinuin, 837. 
 McVey, Henry, 313. 
 McVey, William, 285. 
 McVicar, John, 689. 
 !\IeVittie, A., 911. 
 I\I( Williams, 614, 837. 
 MeWilliaius, P. H., 479. 
 Mead, J. NL. i3t^ 143. 
 Meade, George G., 918, 919. 
 MiagluT, 964. 
 Mi'ans, James, 597. 
 Meanv, T'.. J., 717. 
 Medlmry, L. R., Mrs, 387, 591. 
 Mcdhurv, S., '^Sy, 866, 943. 
 Meddaugh, K. W., 91, 188, 360, 
 
 757- 
 Mcdill, Samuel, 130. 
 Meek, J., 378. 
 Meier, l''clix, 362. 
 Meigs, General, 15. 
 Meigs, M., 732. 
 Meigs, M. t:., 339. 
 Meigs, Return Jonathan, 178, 
 
 265, 274, 275, 282. 
 ^leir, Henry, 620. 
 :\Ielchers, G. J., 361. 
 .MeldriMU, (ieorge, 21, 133,314, 
 
 942, 977, 980, 981. 
 Meldrum, Janus, 285. 
 Mi-ldrurn, John, 98, 130, 165, 
 
 202, 283, 313, 767, 770, 793. 
 Meldrum, John T., 144, 196, 
 
 757- 
 .Meldrum, W illiam, 209,210,285. 
 Milick, J. ()., 198. 
 Mcliizer, Charles, 575, 
 Mellen, W. K. G., 627. 
 .Mellon, Charles, 228. 
 .Melius, Christian, 144, 145, 495. 
 .Melius, P., 495. 
 Meloche, -M., 237, 
 .Midoehe, Pierre, 20. 
 Meinhrt', Xenobe, 907. 
 Menard, 527. 
 
 .MeEiaril, Joseph, 149, 313. 
 M<nneville, Marquis Duipiesne 
 
 lie, 83, 327. . 
 Menzics, William, 50. 
 Mercer, L. P., 626, 704. 
 Merceron, V. T'., 203. 
 Mercerson, Prof., 335. 
 Mercier, Jean, 535. 
 Merdian, H.. i.)6. 
 Meredith, W. N., 734. 
 Merrell, Charles, 132. 
 Merrell, Harvey, 126. 
 Merrick, K. G., 787, 866. 
 Merrick, J. M., 943. 
 Merrill, Bishop, 709. 
 Merrill, Alouzo, 142, 595. 
 Merrill, B. W., 793. 
 .Merrill, II. A., 373, 574, 579. 
 Merrill, Joseph C., 132. 
 Merrill, Robert, 132. 
 Merrill, William, 739. 
 Merritt, Adna, 202, 210, 795. 
 Merritt, W. Hamiltim, 903. 
 Merwin, W. R., 704. 
 Meserve, Lincoln R., 205. 
 Messmore, 943. 
 Mctc.alf, 469. 
 Metealf, Richard, 626. 
 Mette, Felix, 982. 
 Mettez, Theophihis, 501, 669, 
 
 694, 795. 
 Metz, Henry, 677. 
 Metz, T. C, 758. 
 Metzgar, (1. A., 355. 
 Meyer, A., 376. 
 Meyer, Charles, 165. 
 Michael thi' Archangel, Sister, 
 
 663. 
 Michael, f) , 163. 
 Michels, J.. 808. 809, 
 Middlebriiok, Fdward F,., 820. 
 Mieje, 539. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 1003 
 
 Robert, 490. 
 1". M., 756. 
 n, K. J., 647. 
 jkis, A. '1-, tm, 143, 
 ,1, '-10, 303, 317, 74". 
 ,:, 887. 
 
 ,l(ls, lohn, 492. 
 ■Ids, J., 143- 
 li, 980. 
 
 ,li, Siiniiii, 837. 
 Hiiiry, 313. 
 Williiiiu, 285. 
 , lulin, 689. 
 •, "A., 911. 
 ;ims, 614, 837. 
 ams, r. H., 479- 
 . M.. 13". '43- 
 (IriiiKi- G., 958,919. 
 
 r, 1/14- 
 
 l^nus, 597. 
 
 "i:. J., 7'7- 
 
 y, 1.. R., Mrs, 587. 59'- 
 
 V, S., '^a;, 8W>, 943- 
 
 igh, K. \V., 9'. ^^^< 3°°< 
 
 Samiifl, 130. 
 (•.,.578- 
 l''ilix, 3f>2. 
 Ciiural, 15. 
 
 M., 73-'- 
 M. (.'., 339- , 
 Kiuun Jdnutlian, 178, 
 
 .74- 275- '^^■ 
 Icnrv, f'2o. 
 
 rs, <;. J., 3f'>- 
 
 iiu, Cii-iirK'', 21, I33t 3'4i 
 
 ^77, 980, 981. 
 
 iin, liimcs, 285. 
 
 Mil," |olin, 98, 130, i()5. 
 
 -•8s, 313, 7f'7- 7/"' 795- 
 
 mi, Jclin T., 144. '0"< 
 
 Mil, William, 209, 210, 285. 
 
 , J. ()., 198. 
 
 , r, Chailfs, 575, 
 
 I, W. K. (1., 627. 
 
 1, Cliarlis, 228. 
 
 ;, Cliristian, 144, 145, 495- 
 
 f, 1'.. 495- 
 lie, M., 237. 
 Ill-, I'iirrc, 20. 
 re, Zcimlx', 9n7- 
 
 ■il, 5-^7- , 
 
 (1, Josi'pll, 1491 313- 
 ilk;, Marquis Duciucsne 
 
 83. 3=7- 
 ;, William, 50. 
 
 L. I'.. ('2(', 7"4. 
 ■roil, V. 1''., 203. 
 rson. Prof., 355. 
 •r, Jean, 535- 
 ail, H.. i.)6. 
 liili, \V. N., 734- 
 ■11, Cliarlus, 132. 
 •II, Harvey, 126. 
 k, K. '•■■. 787. 866. 
 ;k, I. M., 943- 
 .1, r.isliop, 709. 
 11, Alimzo. 142, 595. 
 11, n. W., 793- 
 
 ,11. A., 573. 574. 579. 
 
 , Ii)sc|)li C, 13'^' 
 .., Robi-rt, 132. 
 11, William, 739- 
 ;tt, Adna, 202, 210, 795- 
 itt, W. Hamilton, 903. 
 fin, W. K., 7"4- 
 rve, Lincoln K., 205. 
 more, <)43. 
 alf, 4'i9- 
 
 alf. Kiihartl, 626. 
 e, I'uli.v, 982. 
 
 z, ThoophiUis, 501, 669, 
 
 ■ 795- 
 Henry, 677. 
 
 1'. C, 758. 
 V'ar, C;. A., 355- 
 ■r. A., S7*'- 
 r, Charles, 165. 
 ael th.' Archangel, Sister, 
 
 ael, D , 165- 
 ,els. J., 808. 809. 
 llilin.ok, Kdward F,., 820. 
 
 !>-■, 53')- 
 
 MiijiiaiiU, J. 15. K., 646. 
 
 Milhiini, J., 709. 
 
 .Miles, Ui'or^e, 18/. 
 
 Millar, M. J. K., Mrs., 662, 665, 
 
 ('7<). 
 Millar, O. P.. 624. 
 Millard, (JeorKe, 486. 
 Mill.ird, W. K., 679. 
 Miller, 227, 276. 
 Miller, Allien, ,56. 
 .Miller, Ch.irles, :.;,r2, 6^y. 
 Miller, C ('., 51. 
 .Miller, Charles H., 892. 
 Miller, (leorjre, 125, 143, 144, 
 
 202, 210, 4()2, 41)'), 826. 
 
 Miller, H., 144, («)(, 617. 
 
 Miller, H. '1'., 598,903. 
 
 Miller, I. N., 920. 
 
 Miller, Isaac S., 826. 
 
 .Miller, James, 274, 276, 277, 278, 
 
 291, 297. 
 Miller, J. 1-., 941. 
 Miller, James M., 161, 670,671, 
 
 694. 
 Miller, Joseph, Jr., 176. 
 .Miller, Lydia, 656. 
 Miller, I,. M., 822. 
 .Miller, (). W., 103, 135, 167. 
 .Miller, Robert, 162. 
 Miller, Sidney 1),, 33, 176, 205, 
 
 ^57. 7<'. 733> 757, 818, 865. 
 Miller, '!'. C, 63.^, 683, 826. 
 Miller, Thomas K., 677. 
 Miller, William, 244, 576. 
 Millette, P. C, 717. 
 Milli»,'an, I'Vank, <)o^. 
 Milligan, (leorni- .McBeth, 597. 
 Alills, C. H., 758. 
 Mills, M. I!., S16, 827. 
 Mills, M. I., 76, 140, 162, 310, 
 
 827, 866, 867. 
 Millspaiigh, Hiram, loi. 
 Mihvard, Henry, 318. 
 Minard, C. A., 798. 
 .Mineliener, C>eorj;<' H., 657, 780. 
 Minckler, I'. R., 8oi). 
 Miner, John, 196. 
 .Miner, J. L., 942, 943. 
 Miner, Louis, 942. 
 Miruiis, Adam, 100. 
 Miniiock, K., 107, 
 Minor, J. L., 4B3. 
 Minty, R. H. (1., 307. 
 Mitchell, 497, 717, 957, 964. 
 Mitchell, !•■,. A NIr.s., 943. 
 Mitchell, K. C, 625. 
 Mitchell, J. I., .^o, 145. 
 Mitchell, Joseph, 555. 
 Mitchell, Sfiehol, 654, 870, 936. 
 Mitclu'll, S. L., 956. 
 Mitchell, William, 554. 
 Mitchem, J., 577. 
 Mitchie, .-Mi'xander, 125. 
 Mizner, Henry R., 176. 
 Mizner, Lansing; H., 191. 
 Mizuer, L'lrenzo 1!., 38. 
 Modjeska, ^^S, 974. 
 Moebs, (reor.i^e, 934. 
 Moffat, Hiij^h, 75, 140, 468, 496, 
 
 52>, 654, 794, 843, 930, 972. 
 Mohi.i;an, 2^5. 
 Moir, Melville, 718. 
 Moliere, T., 172. 
 Moll, K L , 61Q. 
 MoUoy, F'.dwarcf, 318. 
 Moloney, I). K., 212. 
 Moloney, J. H., 197. 
 Moloney, W. K., 137, 146. 
 Mome, 330. 
 
 Monaijhan, J., 54, 145, 146,757. 
 Monajfhan, J. W., 647, 6.(9. 
 iMonaijhan, William, 934. 
 Mondery, H , 934. 
 Monds, J., 355. 
 Monette, .Michael, 189, 210. 
 Monforton, G., 172, 174. 
 Monier, 18. 
 Monk, 173. 
 Mononciis, 564. 
 
 Monroe, James, 103, 287, 935, 942 
 Monroe, W. ('., 590, 607, 750. 
 Montcalm, Marquis de, 943. 
 Monleith, John, 556, 557, 558, 
 
 602, 631, 633, 641, 728, 729, 
 
 730. 955- 
 
 Monl.k!olfier, 546. 
 Montijoiiu'ry, A., 482. 
 Monti.;i)miry, I). I,., 228. 
 Morit_i.,'(Hiiery, Geor,v((; W. , 647. 
 iMoiitijomery, Rieli.ird, 943. 
 MorUKciinery, W. R., 758. 
 Monti;omery, W. S., 166. 
 Montma^fiiy, 83. 
 Montmoreuci, Admiral, 83. 
 Moutmorenei, Krancis de Lav.al 
 
 de, 544, 
 Moutuur, Captain, 234. 
 Montour, lleniy, 2.10. 
 Mi)iilpasaiil, Caplaiu, 17.!, 327. 
 Monts, .\1, (le, «3. 
 Moody, I). L., 6(K), 6j7, 969. 
 Moody, I'.. I!., 640. 
 Moon, 16, 491. 
 Moon, Matthew, 910. 
 Mciun, William, 795, 
 Muore, 11. li., 71, 143, 493. 
 Moore, Charli's, 680, 692. 
 Moore, C. W., 131. 
 Moore, I). I). '1'., 674. 
 Moore, 1''., 492, 781, 785, 864, 
 
 867. 
 Moore, Georjfc F., 362. 
 Moore, George H., 470. 
 Moore, George W., 101, 811. 
 Moore, James, 780. 
 Moore, John, 483,486. 
 Moore, Joseph 15., 54, 145, 5.(9, 
 
 646, 943. 
 Moore, Jo.shua, 558, 796. 
 Moore, J. A., 904. 
 ^Ioore, J. N., 757. 
 Moore, J. W., 756,917. 
 Moore, William, 164, 493. 
 Moore, William A., 76, 205, 311, 
 
 360, 362, 711, 733, 752, 753, 
 
 756, 757, 868, 869. 
 Moore, W. 'I'., 624. 
 Moore, Foote & Co., 477. 
 Moorman, A. P., loi, 756, 757. 
 Moors, It. C, 61. 
 Moors, Jeremiah, 143, 163, 165, 
 
 342, 712, 713, 735. 
 Moran, 20, 300, 739. 
 Moran, C'harles, 26, 90, 100, 123, 
 
 130, 142, 143, 150, 164, 174, 
 
 192, 194, 198, 214, 285, 731, 
 
 „933. 943. 977- 
 
 Moran, Charles, 98. 
 
 Moran, George, 58, 101, 130, 
 
 '32' 
 
 Moran, J. V., 218, 340. 
 Moran, L., 130, 179, 285, 977. 
 Moran, Maurice, 977, 979. 
 Moran, M., 173. 
 Moran. W. I!., 76, 162, 165, 549, 
 
 661, 733, 816, 868. 
 Moras, 233. 
 
 Moras, .■Vntoine, 21, 981,. 
 Moras, Antoine, Widow of, 978. 
 Morass, Victor, 284. 
 Morell, George, 186, 187, 194, 
 
 ,,359- 
 
 Morell, George W., 176. 
 
 Morcy, 301. 
 
 Morey, Peter, 92, 731. 
 
 Morcy, Plait I',., 555. 
 
 Morgan, C. W., 493. 
 
 Morgan, George, 256. 
 
 Morgan, Harrison, 569. 
 
 Morgan, John, 132. 
 
 Morgan, 1'. I'., 593. 
 
 M.irgan, W. J.. 895. 
 
 Morhous, ,)97. 
 
 Morhoiis, George, 752. 
 
 Morin, Louis, 082. 
 
 Morley, Frederick, 38, 683, 684, 
 
 695- 
 Mornay, Ijouis Francis Duples- 
 
 sis, 546. 
 Moross, 496. 
 
 Moross, Christopher, 721. 
 Moross, Ignaee, 373. 
 Morrell, F., 868. 
 Morris, 2.(0, 492, 888. 
 Morris, t leorge S., 704). 
 Morris, Jefferson, 89. 
 ^^orris, Lewis, 248. 
 Morris, Robert, jaq. 
 Morris, Rowhy, 73S. 
 Morris, Thomas, 704. 
 
 Morrison, 183. 
 .Morrison, .Alexander, 684. 
 Morrison, Thomas, 100, 101. 
 Morrow, II. A., 137, 195, 196, 
 
 3"6, .307. 308, 3". 785. 967. 
 
 968. 
 Morse iV Urother, 33. 
 Morse, C, 695, 903. 
 Morse, C. R., 355. 
 .Morse, Klbridge, 851. 
 .Morse, l''.lilin, 90. 
 Morse, \\. S., 798. 
 Morsi', J., 707. 
 Morse, L. I,., 685, 695. 
 Morse, R. S., 707. 
 Morse, S. 1!., 143, 144, 155, 363, 
 
 883, 943, 944. 
 .Morton, l'".iirotas, ii-xi. 
 Morton, J. I)., 71, 718, 943. 
 Morton, J. J., 589. 
 Morton, Maria Wesson, .Mrs., 
 
 943- 
 Morton, W. D., 862, 867, 872. 
 Moscowitz, I!., 629. 
 Moselv, George, 638. 
 Moss,'H. ().,'865, 866. 
 Motbersill, P., 758. 
 Mott, John l'., 943. 
 Mott, Linus, 50, 649. 
 Mott, Mary, 943. 
 Mountfort, I., 228. 
 M(uitard, C", 536. 
 Moynaghan, J., 166. 
 Mrak, l.gnatins, 547. 
 Mueller, J. 1!., 600. 
 Mueller, J. F., 578. 
 Muelh'r, George, 709. 
 Muer, J., 798. 
 Miiir, .-Vdani, 183, 184. 
 Mnir, lames IL, 604, 633, 639. 
 Muir, W. K., 646,818,865,895. 
 Mnlheron. J. J., 647, 678, 690. 
 Mullane, D., 755. 
 Mullanev, R., 646, 757. 
 Mullen, Margaret C, 656. 
 Mulhat, John, 22, 33, 36, 59, 
 
 78, 126, 142, 164, 665, 713, 
 
 905, 935. 938. 942, 979. 9So. 
 Mnlh'tt, Catharine, 938. 
 ^Lllligan, Colonel, 305, 967. 
 Miilry, John, 166, 757. 
 Miimford, 497, 832. 
 Mumford, H. P., 161, 778, 832. 
 Mumford, S. R., 360, 362, 870. 
 Mumford, T. J., 626. 
 ^Llndy, F.dward, 92, 187. 
 ^Llnger, Daniel, 140, 686, 704. 
 Munger, William, 100, lor. 
 Munr(», Robert, 490, 502. 
 Mtinroe, J. F., 28, 29, 33. 
 Miinson, James I)., 51, 734. 
 iMurphy, '"rancis, 132, 844, 973. 
 Murphy, M. J. & Co., 832. 
 Miirpbv, S. J., 57, 360, O27, 
 
 868, 870. ^ 
 Mnrphy, Timothy, 563. 
 Murphy, William, 981. 
 Murray, A., 920. 
 Murray, -V. J., 519. 
 Murray, A. J., .Nirs., 842. 
 Murray, A. V,, 58, 90, 100, loi, 
 
 131, '851. 
 Murray, Daniel, 58. 
 Murray, James, 84. 
 Murray, John, 484. 
 Murray, J. F.., 212. 
 Murray, Rufus, 584. 
 fttiirtagh, W., 68t. 
 Musclie, 496. 
 Myler, W. H., 205. 
 
 N" 
 
 Nachtrieb, George, 575. 
 
 N.igle, J., 1.16, 538. 
 
 N.iglee, H. .\., 492. 
 
 Nail, C. J.. 705. 943- 
 
 Nail, James, 705. 
 
 Nantay, J. lite., 210. 
 
 Natus, John, 744. 
 
 Navarre, 238, 371. 
 
 Navarre, Catharine, 859. 
 
 Navarre, Francis, 190, 191, iq8, 
 
 3'3- 
 Navarre, Isidore, 313, 350. 
 
 Navarre, Jaecpics W., 313. 
 Navarre, Jean, 333. 
 Navarre, NIariana, 550. 
 Navarre, I'., 210, 314. 
 Navarre, Robert, 20,21, 35, 172, 
 
 '98, 333, 977- 
 Nay, S. Mrs., 665. 
 Nay, W. K., 624. 
 Neale, Leonard, 546. 
 Neale, Selak, 198. 
 Ne.ar, J. L. , i(x>, 130. 
 Neasmilh, James Si., 93. 
 Neff, Cady, 101. 
 Neill, lli-nry, 597, 599, 638. 
 Nellis, 6,,o. 
 Nelson, 41)2. 
 Nelson, jonalhan, 982. 
 Ni-sbit, W. J., 318. 
 Nenscbafer, J., 798. 
 Nevin, Frank, 656, 827. 
 Nt;wberry, II. , 142, 164, 645. 
 Newberry, H. U., 138,804. 
 Newberry, H. W., 523. 
 Newbirry, John S., 103, 360, 
 
 61H1, 704, 757, 804, 867, 1)43. 
 Newberry, John S, , Mrs., 664. 
 Newberry, ( ). , 142, 477, 493, 770, 
 
 896, t)(K), 958. 
 Newberry, S;imuel, 731. 
 Newberry, W. L., 81, 142, 712, 
 
 716. 
 Newby, A. J., 744. 
 Neweomb, C". .A., 360, 362, 778. 
 Newell, 357. 
 Newell, John, 901. 
 Newell, Nliiior S.. 93. 
 Newball, C \\'., 917. 
 Newland, lleiirv, 646. 
 Newland, 11. V., 711, 7S5,, 884. 
 Newman, 496. 
 Newman, !•'. N., 677, 679. 
 Newman, J. P., 708. 
 Newman, L I'.., 640. 
 Newton, Rielijud, 709 
 Newton, R. Heber, 976 
 Newton. Williiim, 210. 
 Neyon, M., 240. 
 Niehol, Robert, 21c. 
 Nichols, 717. 
 
 Nichols, Jiihii I-'.. 744, 746,752. 
 NieholsoM \' I'.mery. 4S6. 
 IS'ieholson, J., 162, 218, 758 
 Nieolao, Joseph, 355. 
 Niefjlay, 104. 
 NieholT, Ji>hn, '21. 
 Niemever. G., 603. 
 Niepot'li, F. C, 80, 798. 
 Niles, George, 144, 486. 
 Nilsson. Christine, 3^4,976. 
 Ninde, W. X., 567, 572. 
 No.-ih, F. A., 101, 196. 
 N'lble, 705. 
 Noble, Charles, 37, mi, 131, 
 
 873- 
 Noble, Ch.-irles \\ ., 943. 
 Noble, I'Mizabelh, 594. 
 Noblc!, F. W., 935. 
 Noble, Israel, 58, 202, 559, 56^, 
 
 563. 564. 795. 798. 
 Noble, JohnC., 892. 
 Nolan, F.dward, 2it, 212. 
 Nolan, Luke, 954. 
 Nolan, Miih.i. I, 798. 
 Nolan, P. W., 318. 
 Nolin, Gregory, 934. 
 Nonviile, ^L de, 221. 
 Noonan, D. F., 799. 
 Noonan, John, 934, 935. 
 Normandin, J., 80, 
 Norris, John, 935. 
 Norris, J. I., 163. 
 Norris, "M.ark, 896. 
 Norris, I'. W., 4. 
 Northrop, 494. 
 Northrop, D. 15., loi. 
 Northrnp, J., 798, 799. 
 Norton, 1'.. K., 792. 
 Norton, Miss Helen, 200. 
 Norton, John, 143. 
 Norton, John, Jr., 849, 863. 
 Norton, John I'... 71. 
 Nor\'ell, Dallas, 130. 
 Norvell, Freeman, 752,753,758. 
 Norvell, John, 88, too, 102, 176, 
 
 177, 187, 746, 880, 883. 
 
I004 
 
 INDF.X OF NAMES. 
 
 Nowlaiul, H. R., 40, 58, ii;o. 
 Nowliiiul, MosL's K., 101, 131. 
 Noiirse, Thorndikc, 360, 6y5, 
 
 779- 
 Nijyaii, Pierre Poycn dc, 227. 
 Noycllr, Charles Joseph, Sieur 
 
 di', 227. 
 Noyer, Joseph, 198, 
 Noyes, Abrain, 934. 
 N')yes, Alexander li., 226. 
 Noyes, liethiiel, loi. 
 Noyes, Kdwin, goi. 
 Noyes, H. A., 90, 1^0, 136, 198, 
 
 851. 
 Noyes, James F., 51. 
 Noyes, S. K,,Mrs., 655. 
 Noyes, Thomas J., 22'>. 
 Noyes, W. R., 71, 143, 164, 943. 
 Nufer, N., 575. 
 
 Oalces, William, Mrs., 661, 
 
 Oakley, Henry A., 944. 
 
 Oakley, J. J., 50. 
 
 Oakley, 1 hoinas, 513. 
 
 Oaks, Patriek, 934. 
 
 Oaks, Peter, 58. 
 
 O' Heinle, Hii.nh, iCifi, 198, 648, 
 
 ,795- 
 O Itrieii, 262. 
 0'P.rieii, Dt'iinis, 717. 
 O'lirien, K., 690. 
 O'lirien, James, 705. 
 (Vlirien, M. W., 549, 868, 875. 
 O'lirien, Wm. Sinilh, 964, gort. 
 0|Calla>,'han, \V., 317, 498, 755. 
 0'Cavana){h, liernard, 537. 
 Ochs, J., 211. 
 Ockfortl, C, 210. 
 Oi:ol)ock, H. N., loi. 
 O'Connell, J., 211, 212, 756, 
 
 798. 
 O Connor, Daniel, 721. 
 0'C'>niior, J., 496 
 O'Connor, iMinnie, Miss, 744. 
 O'Connors, John, 687. 
 Odin, John M., 547. 
 O' Donovan, M., 539, 541. 
 O'Klynn, C, 31, loi, 141, 190, 
 
 199 f)77, 883. 
 O Klynn, C. J., 54, 549. 
 Oeden, Lieutenant, 234. 
 O'clrady, li., 497, 78S. 
 O'Hara, Daniel, 676. 
 G'Hare, 269. 
 Ohlert, Peter, 799. 
 O'Keefe, A., 145, 799. 
 O'Keefe, lUlen, 651. 
 O'Keefe, (jeorjje A., 100, 142, 
 
 190, 198. 
 O'Keefe, J., 318. 
 Olds, C. C., 569, 63S. 
 Olewine, (leorKe W., 144, 14^;. 
 Olin. R. C, 51. 
 Oliver, Matthew, 61. 
 Oliver, Robert, 94. 
 Olmstcad, Krederick Law, 76. 
 Olney, Edward, 70^; 
 O'Neil, 679, 
 
 O'Neil, Charles, 166, 167. 
 O'Neil, James, 758. 
 O'Neil, Thomas, 167. 
 Ord, Kdward O. C, 250, 969. 
 O'Reilly, H., 146. 
 O'Reilly, Henry, 884. 
 Orleans, Duke of, 83. 
 Ormsby, 345. 
 O Rourke, Sister, 725. 
 Orr, K., 164. 
 Orth, .\dani, 166. 
 Orth, Rudolph, 935, 
 Osborn, G. W., 523, 757, 916. 
 Osborne, N., 475. 
 Osmun, 0. R., 68g. 
 Olis, Amos, 126. 
 Otis, A. H., 88, loi, 125, 131. 
 Otis, Charles R. , 869, 944. 
 Otis, K. S., 228, 229. 
 Otis, N. P., 869, 943. 
 Oule, John Marie, 183. 
 Oulette, loseph A., 678. 
 Owen, Alfred, 608. 
 Owen, F. n., 705. 
 Owen, F. \V., 649, 734, 
 
 Owen, G. \V., i(->7. 
 
 Owen, John, 56, 71, 92, 142, 
 
 MJ. 225. 305. 3'"> 3". sod, 
 520, i2i, s(i5, 566, 567, 641, 
 C'Sa. 718, 73'. 733> 73^ 738, 
 739. 74". 785, 839, 8(10, 862, 
 863, 911, 936. 
 
 Owen, Jolin, Mrs., 310, 312. 
 
 Owen, Alary, 594. 
 
 Owen, ( ). W., 6<)(), 733. 
 
 Owen, T. J., 164, 648, 929. 
 
 Owen, W. A,, 145, 146, 758. 
 
 Packard, C. C, 691. 
 
 I'addoek, li. 11., 583, 592, 639. 
 
 Pajje, Amos, 638. 
 
 Pase, C. R., 80. 
 
 Pa^e, David, 896. 
 
 Pa^e, (ieorjL^e A., 212. 
 
 Page, L. L., .Mrs., 662. 
 
 Page, William, 505. 
 
 Paige, D. O., 810. 
 
 Paine, R. W., 491. 
 
 Paldi, A., 318. 
 
 J'allister, Thomas, 944, 
 
 Palmer, 504. 
 
 I'almer, A. B., 50, 676, 709. 
 
 Palmer, Charlotte, 939. 
 
 Palmer, C. 1!., 338. 
 
 Palmer, Krvin, 176, 197, 757. 
 
 Palmer, Friend, 695. 
 
 Palmer, F. 'T., 770. 
 
 Palmer, Jane, 504. 
 
 I'almer, Jane \., 736. 
 
 Palmer, John, 40, iji, 142, 143, 
 
 164, 376, 481, 492, 738, 739, 
 
 770, 864, 874, 887. 
 Palmer, J., 770. 
 Valmer, John, Mrs., 310. 
 Palmer, John li., 711, 756, 787. 
 Palmer, Julia, 942. 
 Palmer, J. J., 111. 
 Palmer, Mary W ., 572,651, 652, 
 
 940, 942 
 Palmer, Mason, 164, 645, 755. 
 Palmer, Mason, Mrs., 652. 
 Palmer, Thomas, 135, 142, 163, 
 
 iCm. 215, 359, 457, 474, 491, 
 
 558. 7 "6, 770. 849, 934, 939, 
 
 947, 944. 
 Palmer, T. W., 100, 102, 161, 
 
 312, 339, 360, 361, 362, 572, 
 
 868, 869, 944, 975. 
 Palmieri, P., 663. 
 Palms, Kranii'i, 218, 360, 362, 
 
 816, 868, a- 
 Palms, F. 1'.. .8. 
 Panlonski, Leopold, 540. 
 Pannel, Henry, 935. 
 Papineau, Seth L., 563. 
 Papineau, S. L., Airs., 65Q. 
 Parcher, W. K., 827. 
 Pardee, R. G., 708. 
 Pardington, R. S., 57, 572. 
 Parent, 766. 
 Parent, Joseph, 9, 887. 
 Park, 767, 980, 981. 
 Park, Andrew, 715. 
 Park, Benjamin, 87. 
 Parke, H. C, 657, 820, 821, 823, 
 
 868. 
 Parker, 695, 855, 858. 
 Parker, A. S., 733. 
 Parker, liernard, 313. 
 Parker Charles M, 691, 692. 
 Parker, John, 911. 
 Parker, Joseph, 614. 
 Parker, 'T. A., 535, 944. 
 Parker, W., 493,657. 
 Parkinson, J., 58, 167. 
 Parkinson, Wm., 165, 166, 167, 
 Parkman, Francis, 708. 
 Parks, Beaumont, 551. 
 Parks, Olive, 552. 
 Parmelee, J. B., 626. 
 Parodi, Theresa, 354, 521, 963. 
 Parshall, J., 487. 
 Parsons, 357. 
 Parsons, Alanson, 58. 
 Parsons, Andrew, 92. 
 Parsons, Philo, 57, 145, 360, 711, 
 
 733. 7P2, 811, 866, 867, 872, 
 
 944. 968. 
 
 Parsons, S. H., 86, 178. 
 
 Parton, James, 708. 
 
 Parton, James, Airs. (Fanny 
 
 Fern), 706, 708. 
 Partrid.ge, Asa, 210, 795, 798. 
 Partridge, Benjamin 1'., 93. 
 Partridge, G. W., 701. 
 Patchin, Jared, i.'6, 194, 210. 
 Patenode, Nicholas, Sr., 980. 
 Paton, .Alexander, 798. 
 P: u, Wm., 165, 756, 944. 
 P.- I rick, 483 
 Patrick, J.' A., 648. 
 Pattee, Mias, 564. 
 Patten, 695. 
 Pattengil, O. R., loi. 
 Pattengill, G. R.. 872. 
 Patterson, Florence, 940. 
 Patterson, George A., 940. 
 Patterson, lames, 281. 
 Patterson, I'hilo M., 718. 
 Patterson, William, 740, 755. 
 Patti, .Adelina, 354, 966. 
 Patti, Amalie, 963. 
 Patti, Carhitta, 354, 975. 
 Pattis(ui, Miss, 715. 
 Pattison, G. W., 203, 676,077, 
 
 683, 686, 696, 705. 
 Fatten, John, 123, 140, 143, 198, 
 
 209, 217, 513, 523, 603. 
 Palton, J. 'T., 875. 
 Paul, Col., 283. 
 Paulin, L. J., 675. 
 Paull, 648. 
 
 Paull, G., 143, 164, 645, 795. 
 Paulus, Augustus, 166. 
 Pa.xton, Captain, 842. 
 Payee, 532. 
 Payet, S., 535. 
 Payn, Colonel, 302. 
 Payne (or Peyn), 715. 
 Payne, Chauncey S., 712. 
 Payne, Douglas, 778. 
 Pavne, D. A., 976. 
 Payne, M. M., 228. 
 Pcale, 360. 
 Pcan, Hugues Jacques, 227, 
 
 =33- 
 Pearce, W. H., 571. 
 Pearl, J. K., 718. 
 Pearl, P. D., 101. 
 Peavey, Frank, 705, 758. 
 Pechagut, Jean, 326. 
 Peck, George, 360, 870. 
 Peck, George W., 92. 
 Peck, J. 'T., 579, 709. 
 Peck, W. G., 70(). 
 Peine, A., 80, 935. 
 Pelfresne, Hyacinthe, 535, 
 Pelgrim, 497. 
 Pelham, B., 6gt. 
 Pelham, R., 691. 
 Pelouze, L. H., 944. 
 Peltier, Baptiste, 210, 501. 
 Peltier, Charles, 126, 162, 19S, 
 
 648. 755, 977- 
 Peltier, Jacques, 9. 
 Peltier, James, 133, 778 
 Peltier, John, 194. 
 Peltier, Phillis, 21, 977. 
 Penfield, W., 798. 
 Penfield, W. S., 523. 
 Penninian, K. J., 130, 872. 
 Penniman, G. H., 197. 
 Penniman, J. A., 626. 
 Penny, C. W., 710, 711, 839. 
 Penny, J. '1'., 167, 645. 
 Penny, O. W., 486. 
 Pentecost, George F., 643, 974. 
 Peoples, Hugh S., 482, 975. 
 Pepm, Bazile, 979. 
 Pequise, Francois, 149. 
 Perkins, 224. 
 Perkins, A. D., 922. 
 Perkins, Mary Baldwin, 944. 
 Perkins, Paul ]'., 705. 
 Perkins, William, Jr., 484, 870. 
 Perrault. 546. 
 Perrez, Charles, 640. 
 Perrine, William H., 571. 
 Perry, G. ('., 287. 
 Perry, H. I',., 194, 934. 
 Perry, J. J., 571. 
 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 8, 283, 
 
 287, i;o8, 938, 955. 
 
 Peter the Great, 3. 
 
 Peters, Francis l{., 537. 
 
 I'et-rs, t;. K.., 585, 588, 589,591- 
 
 Peters, \V. G., 496. 
 
 Peterson, J. <!., 38, mi. 
 
 I'eto, Samuel Ntorlon, 708. 
 
 I'etit, Theodocia C, 594. 
 
 P.lit, \V. W., i.)o, 191, 198, 559. 
 
 I'ettie, John, 654. 
 
 Petty, C. J., 892. 
 
 Pettv, D., 58, 481. 
 
 Petty & Hawley, 481. 
 
 Petz, A., 54. 
 
 Petz, 1' rancis, 54. 
 
 Pfeiffer, Nicholas, 646. 
 
 Phelan, Michael, 352. 
 
 Ph< Ips, F. B., 137, 144, 217, 308. 
 
 Phelps, Ralph, 900. 
 
 Phelps, Ralph, Jr., 138. 
 
 Phelps, S., 638. 
 
 Phelps, William, 57, loi, 144, 
 
 145, 492, 496, 569, 641, 739. 
 Philbrick, H. H., 355, 744. 
 Phillips, 494, 498. 695. 
 Philli|)s, John, -jri. 
 Phillips, Philip, 354. 
 Phillips, P. M., 144. 
 Phillips, Wendell, 709. 
 Phyn iV F.llice, 344. 
 Piatt, John H.,'859. 
 Picard, 766. 
 Pickering, 321. 
 Pickering, John, 695. 
 Pickering, Timothy, 265. 
 Pierce, .Ansel B., 131. 
 Pierce, A. C, 492. 
 Pierce, D. R., 807. 
 /"ierce, K. J., 0)04. 
 Pierce, Franklin, 102, 106, 944, 
 
 967. 
 Pierce, John D., 93, 731, 736. 
 Pierce, O. ()., :oi. 
 Pierce, P. R. L., 695. 
 Pierson, Arthur T., 598, 602, 
 
 604, 640, 642, 705. 
 Pierson, li., joi. 
 Pilcher, K. H., 554, 566, 572, 
 
 573. 580, 705. 
 Pilet, Jacques, 36. 
 Pillarif, George F., 125, 131. 
 Pindar, K. W., 80. 
 Pingree, F. C, 833. 
 Pingree, H. S., 106, 833, 834. 
 Pipe, a Huron Chief, 263. 
 Pipp, George, 934. 
 Piquette, Angelique, 944. 
 Piquette, J. Bte., 133. 
 Pitcher, Zina, 50, 59, 104, J40, 
 
 141. 359. 508, 646, 649, 676, 
 
 712. 73'. 739. 71". 746, 75'-!, 
 
 825. 864, 924, 944. 
 Pitkin, Annie, Miss, 361. 
 Pitkin, C. S., 691. 
 Pitkin, T. C, 339, 582. 
 Pittman, J. F.., 205, 218, 303, 
 
 305. 318, 470. 583. 638, 7". 
 
 787, 865. 
 Pittman, S. F.., 496, 753, 867. 
 Pitts, Samuel, 191, 493. 
 Pitts, 'Thomas, 360. 
 Pius IX., 970. 
 Plass, Henry Jr., 40, 166, 197, 
 
 758. 
 Piatt, M. T., 696. 
 Piatt, Zephaniah, 92. 
 Plantz, A. P., 166. 
 Pluddeman, R., 576. 
 Plumb, H., 132. 
 Plummer, S. A., 138, 162, 944, 
 
 971. 
 Plympton, B. O., 564. 
 Poe, O. AL, 919, 921. 
 Pohle, L. R., Mrs., 941. 
 Poindexter, 182. 
 Polhemus, F,., 486. 
 Poll, P., 663. 
 Polk, James K., 108. 
 Polk, "k. L., 696, 697. 
 Pollard, Edmund, 767. 
 Pollard, Richard, 553. 
 Pomerville, Joseph, 977, 980. 
 Pomeroy, George E., 676, 683, 
 
 892. 
 P<jnd, 639. 
 Pond, Ashley, gi, 199, 871. 
 
INDKX OF NAMES. 
 
 1005 
 
 Circat. 3. 
 imcis 11., 537- 
 
 K., 585. 58**. 589. 59'- 
 , G., 496. 
 
 J. (1., 38, •">• 
 uu'l Mnrtcm, 708. 
 .•odociii C 594- 
 
 \V., i.)o, 191, 198, STO- 
 )lin, <i';4- 
 
 J., 892. 
 ., 5S, 481. 
 Hawley, 481. 
 
 54: 
 
 incis, 54. 
 Niduilas, 646. 
 Michael, 35-'. 
 F. H., J37. '44. =17. 308- 
 Ralph, 9""' 
 Ralph, jr., 138. 
 S., 638. 
 
 William, 57, lo'. '44. 
 )2, 496. ^'19. f'4'' 739- 
 k, H. H., 3i5, 744- 
 , 494, 498. '■i95' 
 , liihn, 7' '-i. 
 , "Philip, 354- 
 , P. M.. 144- 
 , Wcndfll, 709. 
 Kllicc, 344- 
 ohn H., 859. 
 766. 
 
 riK, 32 •■ , 
 nj;, jcihn, 695. 
 ni;, Timothy, 265. 
 
 .\nsrl l'>., »3'- 
 
 A. C, 492. 
 
 n. H., 807. 
 
 K. T., 904- 
 
 KrankUii, 102, 106, 944, 
 
 TohnD., 93. 731. 736- 
 , 'O. O., loi. 
 , P. K. I.., '■'95. 
 ri, Arthur '1'., 598, '"«. 
 640, 642, 7°5' 
 
 n, H-, >°i' ,, 
 
 r, E. H., 5S4. 566. 572. 
 i8o, 705. 
 Jacques, 36. 
 f, GenrKe K., 125, 13'- 
 r, K. W., 80. 
 ;e, K. C, 833. 
 ee, H. S., 106, 833, 834. 
 a Huron Chief, 263. 
 George, 934. 
 tie, Ansehque, 944- 
 tte, J. P'te., 133. 
 •r, Zina, 50, 59, io4. '49. 
 
 359, 5°8. 64''. ''49. S?*). 
 
 731, 739. 74". 746. 752, 
 
 864, 924. 944. 
 1, Annie, Miss, 361. 
 1, C. S., 691. 
 1, T. C, 339. 582. 
 an, J. R., 205, 218, 303, 
 318, 470, 583. 638. 7". 
 
 865. 
 an, S. K., 496. 753, 867. 
 
 Samuel, 191, 493- 
 
 Thomas, 360. 
 IX., 970- 
 Henry Jr., 4°, '»"' '97. 
 
 M. T., 696. 
 
 Zephaniah, 92. 
 z, A. P.. i66. 
 
 eman, R., 576- 
 
 b, H., 132. „ ^ 
 
 mer, S. A., 138, 162, Q44, 
 
 i 
 
 pton, B. O., 564. 
 G. M., 9'9. 921. 
 
 L. K., Mrs., 941. 
 dexter, 182. 
 emus, E,, 486. 
 
 P., 663. 
 
 , James K., 108. 
 , K. T.., 696, f'97- 
 
 rd, Edmund, 767. 
 ird, Richard, 553- 
 erville, Joseph. 977. 98". 
 eroy, George E., 676, 683, 
 
 1, 639, 
 
 1, Ashley, 91, i99i 87'- 
 
 Pond, A. A. & S. P., 486. 
 Ponthriand, Henri .Mario Du- 
 
 brcuil de, 53CJ, 54(1, 951. 
 Pontcliartraiii, Count, 3, 330, 
 
 33-, 7-! J, 7'>5, 7(>f>< 837, 944, 
 .95'- 
 Pouti.ie. 231, 234, 237, 240, 241, 
 
 323. 3''9, 7"8, 8,6, 951. 
 Pool, Henry, 681. 
 Poole, K., 796. 
 Po,ili-, William K., 85, 86. 
 Pooh', W. II., 57-'. 593. 7o5' 
 Pope, F., 688, 09 ). 
 Po|)e, W. S., 8oj 
 Pocjuette, Francis, 27J. 
 Porti;ous, John, 34,, 767, 837. 
 Porter, 49, 491, .177. 
 Porter, A. I.., 30, 712. 
 Porter, A. S., 102, 140, 195, 645, 
 
 682, 712, 736, 874, 903, 944. 
 Porti:r, I'enjamin, 851, 
 Porter, F. H., 197, 683. 
 Porter, F. I)., 51, 924. 
 Porter, Geoixe, 615. 
 Porter, George li., 88, 944, 958, 
 
 959' 
 I'orter, (;eorge V., 346, 737, 863, 
 
 864, 898, 935. 
 Porter, Gove, 695. 
 Porter, H., 482. 
 Porter, James IS., 92. 
 Porter, .Muses, 227, 268, 269, 
 
 271, 944. 
 Porter, I'hil., 51. 
 Porter, P. 15., 295. 
 Porter, Rose, 944. 
 Porter, S. Humes, 176. 
 Porter, W. G., 131,648. 
 Post, Edward C, 820. 
 Post, Hoyt, i88, 665, 679, 705. 
 Post, Samuel, 226. 
 Poste, Louis de la, Sieur do 
 
 Lovigny, 227. 
 Pothier, Father Louis Antoine, 
 
 8, 32, 530. 952. 
 Potter, Henry C, 976. 
 Potter, H. S., 68g. 
 Potter, H. Z., 198, 757, 758. 
 Potts, J. H., 690, 705. 
 Pouchot, 233. 
 Pound, J. ll., 197. 
 Poupard, Charles, 501, 532, 981. 
 Poupard, S., 125, i6.^, 
 Pouzarges, Noble 1' rancis de, 
 
 328. 
 Powell, 223, 956. 
 Powell, Ann, .Miss, 350. 
 Powell, A. C, 164, 645. 
 Powell, Win,, 166. 
 Powell, William Dunmorc, 174. 
 Power, Pliuy, 50, 101, 649. 
 Powers, Hiram, 360. 
 Powers, H. P., 130. 
 Powers. Thomas, 269, 270, 271, 
 
 953- 
 Pramstaller, E., 140, 756. 
 Pratt, 481. 
 Pratt, A., 187, 188. 
 Pratt, Henry, 901. 
 Pratt, John,' 798. 
 Pratt, I.., 9!3. 934. 
 Prell, P.., Mrs., 657. 
 Prentice, G. I)., 709. 
 Prentis, H. T., 197.677, 757- 
 Prentis, E., 164, 756. 
 Prentis, G. H., 197. 
 Prentiss, (ieorge, 944. 
 Prentiss, Sarah, 660. 
 Prentiss, Solon, 612. 
 Prescott, 321. 
 Prescott, .v. B., 709. 
 Prescott, W. H., 944. 
 Preston, Dasid, 145, 311, 360, 
 
 461, 566, 567, 571, 575, 640, 
 
 677. 872, 944. 
 Preston, David, .Mrs., 661,664. 
 Preston, E. C, 875. 
 Preston, E. C, Mrs., 665. 
 Prevost, (ieorge Sir, 290, 295. 
 Price, 907. 
 Price, L. D., 571. 
 ] Price, P. I., 470. 
 "rice, T., 577. 
 Piidgeon, J 'un, 71. 
 Priest, Erastus, 131. 
 
 Prienr, 337. 
 
 I'riine, (i. W., 600, 639. 
 
 I'riiiee, 102. 
 
 Prince, E.. 595. 
 
 Prindli-, J. J., 131. 
 
 Pritchard, li. D., 92, 93. 
 
 Pritehelte, K., 92, 300, 301, 852. 
 
 I'rittie, 468. 
 
 Proctor, Henry, 182, 278, 279, 
 
 280, 281, 282, 283, 287, 292, 
 
 •-•97. 847. 935. 
 Proctor, Richard A., 709. 
 Pidiihet, The, ^iu 955' 
 I'rosser, J. W., 589. 
 I'routy, N.. 143, 485, 571. 
 Provencal, .Mrs., 115. 
 Provost, 496. 
 Prussolino, A., 663. 
 Puddefool, Charles, 822. 
 Pulchcr, J. C, 132, 541. 
 Palis, J. 1).. 610. 
 Pullen, .\. I., 131. 
 PuUen, 1). "I., iji. 
 Pullen, I. P., 198. 
 Pullen, N. W. loi, 131. 
 Pulling, H. P., 866. 
 Pullman, H., 575. 
 Pulte, A., 162, 868. 
 Punshon, William Morley, 709. 
 Purcell, W., ini, 144, 145, 162, 
 
 204, 936. 
 Purdie, C. F., 811. 
 Purdy, James, 130. 
 Purdy, S. P., 126, 198. 
 Purdy, W. T., 186, 211, 
 Puthuff, W. H., 224, 227, 730, 
 
 955- 
 Putnam, 695. 
 Putnam, G. C, 132. 
 Putnam, (i. P.. 703. 
 Putnam, Israel, 238, 240, 944. 
 Putnam, Rufus, 178. 
 Putnam, T. K., 71. 
 
 Q 
 
 Ouinby, D. F., 638, 675. 
 Quinby, Theo., 687. 
 Quinby, William E., 686, 
 Quinlan, 496. 
 Quinn, .Michael, 470. 
 Quinn, W., 537. 
 Quirk, D. L., 125. 
 
 B 
 
 Rabineau, A. A., 164, 165, 167, 
 
 6S7. 
 Rademacher, Joseph, 944. 
 Ralph, Peter J., 144, 145, 146, 
 
 921 922, 
 Ralston, 872. 
 Ramsey, Elisha W., 198. 
 Ramsay, John, 559, 562, 563, 
 
 564. 
 Ramsiiy, W. W., 567. 
 Rand, Ben., 341. 
 Randall, 944. 
 Randall, C. C, 360. 
 Randall, J. A., loj. 
 Randolph, A. D. F., 702. 
 Randolph, Beverly, 265. 
 Randolph, John, 345, 858, 944. 
 Randolph, Captain, 258. 
 Rang, Charlotte S., 737. 
 Rankin, 494. 
 Rankin, Arthur, 306. 
 Rankin, James, 837. 
 Ransom, Amariah, 198. 
 Ransom, F... 92. 187. 
 Ransom, Russell. 198. 
 Ranspach, I'.rnest, 130. 
 Ranspach, John, 944. 
 Raphael, 360. 
 Rapp, Philip, 166. 
 Rapperat, Joseph, 629. 
 Raseman, C, 757, 758. 
 Rathbone, 791. 
 Ratigan, P., 543. 
 Rattenbury, T., 166. 
 Rattenbury, William T., 131. 
 Rawdon, Wright, & Hatch, 155. 
 Rawles, Aaron B., 710. 
 Rawson, N. I., 682. 
 
 Rny, A. T., 58, 166. 
 
 Ray, Elea/er, 210. 
 
 Ray, J.G., 650. 
 
 Raymhaull, 527. 
 
 Raymond, F., 311,492,507,633, 
 
 642, (.95, 7;ii. 
 Raymond, Henry, 130. 
 Raynioii'', H. J., 709. 
 Rayinoiul, Peter, .^11. 
 Raymond, W. A., 360, 638, 650. 
 Kayii', M. L., Mrs., 687, 705, 
 
 944. 
 Raynoids, William V., 918, 919. 
 Raynor, A. IL, 138, 145, 146. 
 Keardon, !\1. J., 499. 
 Reauuie, I). 
 Reaume, Pierre, 20, 766. 
 Reauiue, R., 144, 164, 165, 798, 
 
 935- 
 Rebecca, Sister, 653. 
 Recours, 715. 
 Redlield, A. H., 162, 164. 
 Redtield, ( Ieorge, 92. 
 Redlield, .M. H., 691. 
 Redman, R., dm. 
 Redmond, W. ]., 21c. 
 Recti, 267, 671, 692. 
 Reed, C. F., 892. 
 Reed, E., 873. 
 
 Reed, Ebenezer, 98, 672, 712. 
 Reed, George W., 944. 
 Reed, James 1.., 559, 562, 564. 
 Reed, John, 671. 
 Reed, Alary, 656. 
 Reed, Seth, 566, 571. 
 Reed, Seth, Mrs., 661. 
 Reed, Governor, 257. 
 Reeder, Edwin, 571, 818, 944, 
 
 978. 
 Reekie, Alexander, 654. 
 Rets, E. H., 71. 
 Reese, A. H., 905. 
 Reese, Thomas J., 506. 
 Reeve, Christopher, 756. 
 Reeve, David li., 633. 
 Reeve, Nancv, .\lrs., 633. 
 Reeves, H. I,"., 486. 
 Regal, I'.li, 624. 
 Regerny, J., 796. 
 Reid, Duncan, 165, 202, 210, 
 
 281, 770, 795- 
 Re d, John, 54. 
 Reid, J. J., 80. 
 Reidy, Edward, 868, 904. 
 Reif, H., 695, 758. 
 Reighley, C, 585, 718, 839. 
 Reighley, Mrs. C, 718. 
 Reilly, B., 80. 
 
 Reilly, Charles, 361, 540, 549. 
 Reilly, C. J., 194, 711, 757. 
 Reilly, J., 2U. 
 Reilly, J. M., 780. 
 Reilly, J. ()., 470. 
 Reilly, Pat., 680. 
 Remick, George B., :oi, 360. 
 Renand, George 1'"., 487. 
 Reneaii, Antoine, 979. 
 Reneau, Gabriel, 981. 
 Reneaii, Louis, 979. 
 Reno, John, 101, 164, 166, 210, 
 
 756. 
 Rentz, I heodore, 138, 162. 
 Rese, Frederick, 532, 547, 648, 
 
 721, 959. 
 Renter, George A., 575, 576. 
 Rexford, i:. L., 627. 
 Reynolds, 268, 277, 280, 
 Reynolds, A. N., 633. 
 Reynolds, H. A., 844, 973. 
 Reynolds, J., 934. 
 Reynolds, R. N., 904. 
 Reynold.s, Thomas N., 733. 
 Rhines, James, 903. 
 Rhy, M., 257, 
 
 Ribourde, Gabriel de la, 907. 
 Rice, A. W., Mrs., 662. 
 Rice, D. E.. Mrs., 572. 
 Rice, George W., 176. 
 Rice, John D., 488. 
 Rice, Justin, 50, 163, 594, 
 Rice, ftlary, 594. 
 Rice, Paul, 198. 
 Rice, R. N., 901. 
 Rice, R. S., 40, 49, 50, 59, 167, 
 
 300. 359, 492. 494. 646. 7«o. 
 
 Rice, Versal, 794, 798. 
 
 Rich, 681. 
 
 Rich, Charles A., 82S, 8.'. , (,.14. 
 
 Rich, G. .\I., 104, 125, 14}, 1(15, 
 6«7, 757, 864. 
 
 Rich, SyU'cster, 945. 
 
 Richard, Gabriel, 53, 98, 102, 
 111, 150, 288, 313, 357, 477, 
 490, 531, 533. 535. =47. 670, 
 694, 705. 720, 728, 729, 730, 
 847, 953, 058. 
 
 Richardie, C. de In, 8, 530, 535. 
 
 Richards, lohn, |.,8. 
 
 Richards, '|. I)., 58. 
 
 Richards, R. R., S69. 
 
 Richardson, 1). .M., 57, kki, :6i, 
 49'', 757. 828, 8i'.i, (H(. 
 
 Richardson, 1). .M., .Mrs., 665. 
 
 Richardson, J. P., 967. 
 
 Richardson, < )rigen I )., 92. 
 
 Richelieu, Cardinal, 83. 
 
 Richings, Caroline, Miss, 521. 
 
 Richmond, 679. 
 
 Richmond, Dean, 895,910. 
 
 RichiiiiJiid, W. A., 324. 
 
 Richter, Utiiry Josiph, 547. 
 
 Richter, Leonard, 166. 
 
 Ricker, R. E., 902. 
 
 Riddle, 78. 
 
 Ridetle, George, 80. 
 
 Rigaiid, Pierre de, 83. 
 
 Rikey, E. A. P., 734. 
 
 Riley, liennet, 228, 229. 
 
 Riley, B. Miss, 752. 
 
 Riley, James, 285, 494. 
 
 Riley, John, 285. 
 
 Rilev, Peter. 28=;. 
 
 Ringnolt, J. C, 851. 
 
 Riopel, Ambrose, 978. 
 
 Riopelle, 977. 
 
 Riopelle, C. N., loi. 
 
 Riopelle, D., 143, 944. 
 
 Riopelle, Hyacinthe F'., 131, 
 
 Riopelle, H. W., loi. 
 
 Riopelle, Joseph, 285. 
 
 Ripley, Captain, 300. 
 
 Rischert, C, 758. 
 
 Risdon, Orange, 697. 
 
 Ristori, 358, 969. 
 
 Rivard, Antoine, 944, 979. 
 
 Rivard, Charles, 531, 720, 980. 
 
 Rivard, F'rancois, 31 j, 720, 979. 
 
 Rivard, Jean Haptiste, 981. 
 
 Rivard, .Michel, 980. 
 
 Rivard, Nicholas, 981. 
 
 Rivard, Pierre, 981. 
 
 Roach, M. C, 901. 
 
 Robh, (ieorge, 108, 192, 197, 
 
 753. 755- 
 Robbins, Obadiah, 550, 767. 
 Robert, H. .M., 919. 
 Roberts, 069. 
 Roberts, D. P., 577. 
 Roberts, E. J., 176, 191, 198, 
 
 673. 755- 
 Roberts, F.. K., 137, 146, 872. 
 Roberts, I''.. ^'., 99. 
 Roberts, (irillith, 165,202. 
 Roberts, H. S., 40, 140, 756, 
 Rriberts, John, 142, 163, 317, 
 
 492. 7'3. 755. 795. 9°". 935. 
 
 957- 
 Roberts, Moses, 130. 
 Roberts, Robert F'.., 71, 140, 168, 
 
 506, 520, 523, 705, 757, 758, 
 
 839. 929- 
 Roberts, R. R., 579. 
 Roberts, W. J., 586, 589. 
 Roberts, William P., 166. 
 Robertson, 690. 
 Robertson, John, 705. 
 Robertson, J. W., 51, 733. 
 Robertson, W., 281. 
 Robinsim, 236, 837. 
 Robinson, Agnes, 633. 
 Robinson, Asa M., 192. 
 Robinson, Eugene, 32, 33, 76, 
 
 705. 871, 935- 
 RobuLson, F'rank F.., 692. 
 Robinson, G. ().. 757. 
 Robinson, James. 164. 
 Robinson, John, Jr., 343. 
 Robinson, John C, 228, 230, 305. 
 Robinson, j. F'.., 687. 
 Robinson, L. G., 676. 
 
ioo6 
 
 INDEX OF NAMF.S. 
 
 Koliiiisiin, M, T., 484. 
 Riiliiiisuii, Kiiss.'ll, 7CJ7. 
 U(]))isiiii, (iiMirx;(; K., iy7. 
 K(il)i<uii, Jiilin, 17.', aio, 6jj, 
 
 1(>T, .))4' ,. 
 Ki)l))S()n, William, i;7(j. 
 RobsDii, Jdliii, 795. 
 ki>l)y, 8. 
 
 Ki)l)y, Hannah, 594. 
 Kcihy, H. M., 5..J, 710. 
 Roby, Jcilm S., yH, 71J, 770, 
 
 908, 9i J. 
 RdcIh', Tliornas, 58. 
 Rockwell, Maria, Miss, 718. 
 Rocinix, JfUM llaplistc, 354, 
 
 720. 
 R(Kl<frs, I'"re(I., 920. 
 Riidnitrs, (1, 1)., 210. 
 Roe, William, 268, 
 Riiiilik;ir, Hinry, 166, 167. 
 
 Rnchni, 94). 
 
 RcH-lim, J. K., 871. 
 Rogers, 2J4, 767, 909. 
 RoKurs, .Andrew [.. 205. 
 R()!,;<frs, KljiMieZfr II., 192. 
 Rowers, V. II., 82s, 873. 
 Ro>;ers, lolin, 251, 252. 
 Ro>{ers, kaiulolpli, (i2, 357. 
 Rogers, Robert, 227, 234, 238, 
 
 707. 
 Rulie, C. H., 620, bfn- 
 Rohns, Ani^ustns, 7:;8. 
 Rolslioven, J. C, 361. 
 Romer, Leo, 718. 
 Romryn, James \\'., 100, loi, 
 
 .)<2. 757. 758. 7f''- 
 Rorneyn, I'lieodore, 106, 162, 
 
 199. 30'. 3')6, 308, 310, 839, 
 
 851, 944, 9fi2, 967, yo8. 
 Rood, .\, II., 895. 
 Rood, C. C, 738. 
 Rood, K/.r-.i, 38. 
 Rood, (',, K., 695, 755. 
 Rood, (;. L., 696. 
 Rood, Siilnev lj., 695, 696. 
 Rooks, riionias, 80, 
 Roos, I'iiilip, 167. 
 Root, 4SI). 
 
 Root, I'liarles, 784, 867, 868. 
 Root, Roswell, 100, 130, 198. 
 Ros(f, 346, 
 Rose, 1). R., 198. 
 Rose, Lester .V., 680. 
 Rose, L. C, 50. 
 I.i<)se, I*. H., 709. 
 Rose, Wni. ().. loi. 
 Rosecrans, William S., 229. 
 RoscMilleld, M., 497. 
 Rosenthal, I,., 212. 
 Rosenthal, S., 212, 213. 
 Ross, v.. I)., 677. 
 Ross, James, 119, 270. 
 Ross, M. K.., 733. 
 Ro-is, R. I!., 689. 
 koi.1, Walter, 944. 
 K i^s. W., 193. 
 Rossiter, ioo. 360. 
 Rotli, William, .)9g. 
 Rotluveiler, Jacob, 575. 
 RoLibitton, 7f)('). 
 Rouleau, Charlc'S, 978, g8i. 
 Rouqiiette, 225. 
 Ronse, W. H., 51, 705. 
 Rousseau, C. M., 40, 145, 146, 
 
 654. 
 Ronsson, HaptLste, 978. 
 Rowe, 49 (, 632, 715. 
 Rowi', Ji)nas, 820. 
 Rowland, liavid H., 100, loi. 
 Rowland, Is;iau S., 126, 303, 
 
 317- 
 
 Rowland, John P., 145. 
 
 Rowland, P. A., 799. 
 
 Rowland, Thoinas, 30, 41, 92, 
 '35. '38, 140, 142, 167, 176, 
 igo, 192, 198, 226, 278, 502, 
 558, 642, 681, 712, 731, 755, 
 847, 883, 944. 
 
 Rowley, B., 130, 933. 
 
 Rowley, N. B , 58, 792, 797. 
 
 Rowlson, H. H., 60, 684. 
 
 Roy, Pierre, 18. 
 
 Roys, J. A., 695. 
 
 Rncker, John A., 130, 198. 
 
 Rndd, E. H., 588, 591. 
 
 >7. 
 
 Rllellle, 30^1. 
 
 Rnehle, rreileriek, 144, 141^. 
 Ruehle, y , 117,087, 75''>. y3'''- 
 Rnehle, J. V., 71, 79, loi, 143, 
 
 y>\< 3'7. 3i'-i. 9"7> 
 Rnililc', V.ilenline, d 
 Rnj,'ard, Irancis, 799. 
 RiDs'ijIes, l-.aac W., 595, 
 Rnhl. Charles, 482. 
 Rnland, Israel, 313. 
 Rtiland, John, 285, 313. 
 Rnmnc y, .Mice, 737. 
 Rinnney, VV. Y., 168, 757, 758, 
 
 Rnn.iie, J. B., 212, 
 Rnoff, .\., 146. 
 Riissel Wheel Co., 805. 
 Rnssel, (1. U., 50, 218, 646, 658, 
 
 917. 
 Rnssel, (leorvte IT,, 805. 
 Rnssel, lienry, 711. 
 Rnssel, Jolin R., 805. 
 Russel, Waller S., 805. 
 RM.ssell, Alfred, 176. 
 Rnssell, Alli<-d, \irs., ,6i. 
 Rnssell, C. P., 677, 691'. 
 Russell, Frank*!., i.ji, 145, 205, 
 
 705. 
 Rnss.ll, (;eor<e P., 176. 
 Russell. 11. T., 210. 
 Rnssell, John, 569, 573, 675, 
 
 677, (179. 
 Rnssell, J. \,, 5.(9. 
 Rnssell, \V., 164, 28t, 335, 565. 
 
 '144- 
 Russell, W. H., 483, 616, 709. 
 Rust, I. J., 8. 2. 
 Ryan,"C. J., 885. 
 Ryan, K. \V'., 571. 
 Ryan, Henry. 554, 580. 
 Ryan, John li., 145, 146. 
 Ryan, .Michael, 211. 
 Ryan, Timothy, 74. 
 Ryan, William, ifi6, 167, 756, 
 Ryan, W. W., 46, 705, 965. 
 
 s 
 
 St. Andre, 20. 
 
 St. .Armour, J. P., 53), gifi. 
 
 St. Anbin, 18, m, 077. 
 
 St. .\id)in, tlit Ca.sse, 337. 
 
 St. Anbin, I'rancis, 166, 945. 
 
 St. .\ubin, !•'. C: , loi, 144,935. 
 
 St. .\ubin, Jean Cass, 20. 
 
 St. .\nbin, ,Mme., 235. 
 
 St. li.u'n.ird, 533. 
 
 St. Ilarnard, Ilein-y, 9S1. 
 
 St. Bernard, Hypolitc, 720. 
 
 St. Uernard. Louis, 313. 
 
 St. t'lair, .Aitlinr, 53i grt, 119, 
 
 172, 178, 221, 248, 264, 265 
 
 269, 272, 945, Q53. 
 St. Clair, .Arthur, jr., 17S, 2i: 
 St. Ccjsme. Pierre, 172. 
 St. Jean, dit Joseph Cerre, 313, 
 
 720, 978. 
 St. John, !•■.. p., 872. 
 St. John, John P., 976. 
 St. .Martin, 20, 35, 371. 
 St. Martin, Jacques, 238, 66g. 
 St. Martin, Aliss, 340. 
 St. Pierre, M. de, 231. 
 St. Obin, (labriel, 979. 
 St. Valier, John Baptist de la 
 
 Croi.x Che\'rieres de, 546. 
 Subin, 872. 
 
 Sabin, O. T. Mrs., 310. 
 Sabine, L C, 795. 
 Sabine, "W. C, 638. 
 Sabrevcjis, Jacques Chas., 19, 
 
 227. 
 Sacker, Merman, 167. 
 Sackett, David, loi, 125, 126, 
 
 131, 648. 
 Saeii^er, Ale.v, A., 141. 
 Safford, James, 125, 131, ig8, 
 
 648. 
 Safford, James A., 131. 
 Saffrey-Mesy, Chevalier de, 83. 
 Sagard, 527. 
 Sajjer, Abraham, =;o. 
 Sale, L. D., 196. 
 Sales, William, 125, 797. 
 Sallenauvc, J. B., 530. 
 
 537. 541- 
 ]■.., 688. 
 
 Salsbnry, 492. 
 
 Sall(T, .\l., 1^15, jio, jii, 4S4. 
 SabiijMac, Pierre, 32;'. 
 S.'inborn, James W., 93. 
 S. inborn, ( )scio', i \2, 
 S. inborn, < ). W., 570. 
 Sanders, Jacob, 40. 
 Sanderson, Henry, 502,558,860. 
 Sanderson, Lydia. 594. 
 Sands, ( lemxe, gcx). 
 !)anfoi-d, .Miss, 717. 
 •Sanford, .\Lles, 674. 
 Sanford, Thomas, 757. 
 Sanger, Henry K., 859. 
 Sanger, H. K., 38, 787, 792, 
 
 862. 
 Sanger, H. P., 781. 
 Sanguinei, Simon, 172. 
 Sard, 791. 
 
 Sargeant, H. K., got. 
 Sargeant, John, 555. 
 Sargeant, 'Thomas, 555. 
 Sargent, Winthrop, 85,86, 118, 
 
 119, 197, 198. 945. 
 Sartwell, (ieorge B., 867. 
 Sastaretsi, 371. 
 Saunders, Harry, 100, loi, u'5, 
 
 130. 
 Sannders, I. S., 198. 
 Saunders, Joseph, 680, 691. 
 Saunders, P. E., 922, 
 Saurs, 499. 
 Savage, James, 53 
 Savage, William 
 Sawyer, praiiklin, 93, 113. 300 
 
 689, 692, 710, 711. 
 S.awyt.T, Joseph, 780, 921. 
 Sa.Nby, !•;, A., 680. 
 Sa.xe, J. (). , 709. 
 Saxton, Charlotte Hart, 939. 
 Say, Prof., 937.^ 
 Savles, Harry P., 643. 
 Scadin. R. C, 58. 
 Scanlon, (Ieorge L., 211. 
 Schaad, M., (117. 
 Schadow, Charles, 620. 
 Sciiaff, P., 702. 
 Schaller, J. M. C'.., 618. 
 Schamatlen, 'Thomas, 934. 
 Schant/, J. P., 578. 
 Sclianlz, N., 719. 
 Schatz, C. I''., 619. 
 Schebosch, 551. 
 SchefHer, A., 538. 
 Schehr, Ad.im. 162. 
 Scheller, (ieorge, 486. 
 Scherer, 628, 629. 
 Schen, .Albert, 196, 198. 
 Schick, John 1!., 104, 125, 755, 
 
 756- 
 Schlefllin, Jonathan, 94, igi, 
 
 252, 235, 953, 979. 
 Schimmel, p., 687, 688. 
 Schimmel, W., 688. 
 Schindler, Jonas, 173. 
 Schloss, S., Mrs., 657. 
 Schmemann, Karl, (577. 
 Schmid, I'., 617, 
 Schmidt, Charles, 80. 
 Schmidt, J. J., 622. 
 Schmidt, Traugott, 869. 
 Scliniitl, !•'.. L., 162. 
 Schmitt, John, 145. 
 Schmittdiel, A. IL, 144. 
 Schmittdiel, H. .A., 196. 
 Schmitttliel. J. II,. 1 ,5, 687. 
 Schmittdiel, julni S., 167, 758. 
 .Schneider, John, 165. 
 Schneider, John .S., 576, 
 Schneider, Peter p., 575. 
 Schiielzer, J., 212. 
 SchoalT, 485. 
 Schober, K.., 690. 
 Schober, V. .A., 677. 
 Schoolcraft, .Mjiam S., 58, 863. 
 Schoolcraft, Henry .A.. 191. 
 Schoolcraft, H. R', 16,321,324, 
 
 705, 712, 830, 907, 943. 
 Schoolcraft, John L., 864. 
 Schooler, T. E., ig8. 
 Schrick, M.. 798. 
 Schroeder, Christian, 57. 
 Schroeiler, I'.duard, 646. 
 SchnfTart, Chas., 132. 
 Schuh, H. J., 620. 
 
 Sihiilenburg, .(98. 
 
 Seliidte, Adam, 58. 
 
 Schulti', August, 145. 
 
 Si liiilte, .Anton, 934. 
 
 Scliiille, Caspar, 640. 647, 649. 
 
 Srhuhe, C., 499. 758. 
 
 Sihiille, Joseph, 54, 826. 
 
 Scliulte, Brothi-r:i, 8a6. 
 
 Sihiilt/, J. C, 80, 167. 
 
 Schumacher, IL, (55. 
 
 Schuinm, Cliarli s L., 757. 
 
 Sihiiiv, Carl, 684. 
 
 Sihuljes, II. J. 11., 547. 
 
 Sihwabe, J. P., 617. 
 
 Si liw.mkoosky, Conrad, 618, 
 
 Schwartz, (ieorge, 712. 
 
 Schwartz, John, 721. 
 
 Schwartz, John I'.., 89, 90, joo, 
 loi, 21s, 341, 346, 481, 713, 
 77". 958. 
 Schwartz, J. (i., 770. 
 Sihivarlz, N., 799. 
 Schweim, William, 934. 
 Schweinfert, John, 575. 
 Si hweit/ir, (i., 934. 
 Schwiiiii. (ieorge, 575^ 
 Scerl, (iottlieb, 935. 
 Scott, 27-. 
 Scott, .\lisses, 495. 
 .Srott, .Annie, .Miss, 717, 
 Scott, I )reil, 959. 
 Scott, U. W., 133. 
 Scott, Kleanor, .Sliss, 717. 
 Scott, ('.. IL, 920. 
 Scott, Hester, Mrs., 717. 
 Scott, Isabidia, .Miss, 717. 
 .Scott, James, 944. 
 Scott, J., 65, 100, 143, 163,202, 
 
 475. 934- 
 Scott, J. P., 6oj, 679. 
 Scott, J. R., 710. 
 i;ott, Levi, 
 
 Sc 
 
 .579- 
 
 , — . ., ,1 ~f, 
 
 Scott, .Mary J., 594. 
 
 Scott, V. J., 654,' 872. 
 
 Scott, William, 40, 553, 569. 
 
 Scott, W. II. , 498. 
 
 Scott, William .'\1., 272, 281, 502. 
 
 Scott, Win. McDowell, 62, 150, 
 
 176, i8j, 190, 191, 19S, 214, 
 
 314, 553, 669. 
 Scott, Winlield, 101, 130, 131, 
 
 229, 271, 299, 301, 302, 303, 
 
 945. 956, 958, 96"- 
 Scotten, Daniel, 4, 57, 496, S27, 
 
 945. 
 Scotten, Orren, 827. 
 Scovel, J. B., 5.1, 646, 649. 
 Scovel, Edward, 354. 
 Scoville, D. J., 945. 
 Scrlpps, J. .\nnie, 705. 
 Scripps, (ieorge H., 361, 362, 
 
 68g. 
 Scripps, James K., 361, 362, 669, 
 
 683, 684, 688, 6g2, 696, 705, 
 
 871. 
 Scrip|)s. W. A., 486. 
 Seage, John, 640. 
 Seager, 566. 
 
 Searle, .Addison, 226, 581. 
 Seaman, Ezra C, 705. 
 Sears, Charles, 730. 
 Sears, ( ). A., 945. 
 Secord, W. W., 6gi. 
 Seefred, S. S., 781. 
 Seek, Conrad, 113,210,281,313, 
 Seek, Lieutenant, 184. 
 Siely, Merritt, 892. 
 Seereiler, John, 352. 
 .'.eguin, (iaetan, dit Lederout, 
 
 20. 
 Segur, Hiram, 131. 
 Seitz, C. B., 497, 498, 409. 
 Seitz, V. L., 71, 686, 872. 
 Selden, Joseph, 130. 
 Seidell, Samuel L., 884. 
 Se'kirk. Lord, 278, 956, 9;;9. 
 Selkrig, Charles, 486. 
 Selkrig, C. V., 40. 
 Selleek, .A., 3:13, 695, 
 Sine, J. P.., 981. 
 Senfeman, 5S0, 551. 
 Senninger, N., 145, 161, 167, 
 Sequin, dit Cliene, 337. 
 Serrier, 715. 
 Sessions, Alonzo, 92, 
 
INDKX OF NAMES. 
 
 loo: 
 
 Ailain, sH- 
 Aiiniisl, M-S. 
 
 Allli'M, c;)4. 
 
 Casp'"'. ''■»''• f'47. "49- 
 
 luscpli, 54, o-iO. 
 Illnll.iT^, BA 
 
 J. C„ 8", >'''7- 
 ilur, 11., 355- 
 ,, (.-liaiU- L., 757- 
 Carl, 68.). 
 s, 11. J. II- 547. 
 
 koosUy',' Cunracl, f.i8. 
 
 tz, C.t'orti'^', 7'-- 
 
 t/„ loll". 721. 
 
 t/ "J.,l.u K.. 8.), <)o. "». 
 
 .,;. 34<. 346, 481, 7'J. 
 
 r.8- , 
 
 t/, J. O., 770- 
 
 -1/, N.. 7'W- 
 ,„, William, i;34- 
 illicit, Joliii, 575- 
 il/.ir, ('■•, y34- 
 111, CiiirKi-, 575. 
 CciUlitl), IJJ5- 
 
 Missrs, 4')5- 
 .\iiiiii', Miss 7'7, 
 llrcd, ')\')- 
 
 n. \v., m- 
 
 KUaiuJi-, Miss, 717- 
 , C. 11., <)-"■ 
 
 lU-sur, Mis., 717- 
 \ Isahflla, .Miss, 717- 
 ', Janus, i;44- 
 _ ]., (,5, lu", MJ. 
 
 163, 202, 
 
 214, 
 
 13>. 
 
 3"3. 
 
 ,62, 
 
 j. P., 'W3. °79' 
 :, 1. K., 710- 
 
 t, Ixvi, 571)- 
 
 t, Mary J , .W4- 
 
 t, V. J., 654, 87-'. . 
 
 I William, 41s 553. 5f'9- 
 
 t, \V. U., 4')8. 
 t, William M.,a7-.;;=»''5>' 
 t, Wm. McDow.U, 6.;, ■- 
 if,, 18 i. 190, i';i, i9». 
 
 I4, Sii, ('('^>- 
 l\ SVinluUl. loi, 1.3". 
 71, 2iw, 3'"' 3<'-' 
 
 i=';!:l',:^;;t;i:t57.496,827. 
 
 ui-ii, ()rr<-ii, 827. 
 ,vel, J. r.., 5". <M<>, f'49. 
 ivc-\, Kdward, 354, 
 ,ville, 1). J., 945- 
 ■ipps, J. .\iiiiic, 7'>5- 
 ipps, (.corgi; H., 3<". 
 
 ;ipps,Jam«K.,36'./«.6''>^^' 
 •,83' ;.84, 088, 69.., C«j6, 7"5, 
 
 ;.{l';,s. W. A., 486. 
 iiiji-, John, 640. 
 •ai'i-r, i66. . „ 
 
 .-u-U', .UUlison, 226, 581. 
 •aman. Kzra C, 7°5- 
 .ars, riiark-s, 73"- 
 
 .,-s, (). A., 945- 
 
 ,,,„!, W. \V., 69'- 
 
 .frfd S. S., 781. 
 
 .I.Conrad, 133, 2|o. 281. 313. 
 
 •U l.ii-iitfnanl, 184. 
 ■ \y MiTritt, 892. 
 
 ;:^r\^;:^an.^ai. Led..ro.U, 
 
 i.<nr, Hiram, 131- 
 ,.ilz, C. 1!., 497, 498- 499. 
 ;cit/„ I'. 1-, 7^,f>>i(<'^7-- 
 ;oldun, J"si^^l''V '3%„ 
 icldcii, Sanuiel 1,., hM. 
 ioiUiik. l.ord, 278, .^A 9,-0. 
 
 ..Ikrii;, Charles, 48"- 
 
 .■IkriKS «■'• v.. 4":. 
 
 ck. A., 3S; 
 
 iVw'J. I'-', 'JSi- 
 
 ■nffinan, 5S0, 55i- 
 
 KSenninger, N., MS, '& 
 
 Sequin, dit Cliene, 337 
 
 Surricr, 715- 
 
 Sessions, Alonzo, 92 
 
 ,1, 167. 
 
 Sevrrani I', I,., 1 ,1. 
 
 Seward, Will'ini II., no, 301), 
 
 708, ()oo, 114^, 966. 
 Sixtoii, Uanit'l, 934. 
 Se.tton, land, 101, 13a. 
 Sexton, jarud A.. 131 2'«), 871, 
 Seymour, 9^7. 
 Seymour, Charles, 8(12. 
 Seymour, !•'. II., 519, 706. 
 Seymour, Horatio, 97). 
 Seymour, |o-,iph, C7J, 692. 
 Seymour, _). C. W., 493, 8O2. 
 Seymour, J. W., Cb/i. 
 Seymour, Soiihi.i, 594. 
 Shaler, Charles, i'74. 
 Shanahan, I)., 145, I4''i, f>48, 
 
 799. 
 Shanahan, P., 799, 934. 
 Shanklin, l.ii'iitenant, 268. 
 Shappootfin, M., 222. 
 Sharp, John, i^it, if/). 
 Shaltiii k, Lemuel, 557,631,632, 
 
 63 !. 705. 730, 
 Sliaiimberii;, Uartholomcw, 267, 
 
 270. 
 Shaw, 695. 
 Sliaw, I). I,., ,So. 
 Shaw, I). K., Mrs., 651. 
 Shaw, II. W. (Josh liilliiigs), 
 
 709. 
 Shaw, James, 580. 
 Shaw, John, 869. 
 .Shaw, William, 482, 483, 484. 
 
 485. 
 Shawe, M. I'",. K,, 537, 539. 
 Sheaf, l.anv;, (140. 
 Sheahan, Jeremiah, 125, 126, 
 
 131- 
 Sheahan, P. J., 196. 318. 
 Shearer. J., 648. 
 Shearer, James, 61, 144, 475. 
 Shearer, Jonathan, 91, loj, 101, 
 
 123, 130. 
 Shearer, L. H., 872. 
 Shearman, Francis W., 93. 
 Sheehan, 1)., 198, 799. 
 Shelferly, 49). 
 Shelby, Isaac, 283, 285, 286, 
 
 287, 945. 
 Sheldon, Allan, 361, 3O2, 733, 
 
 867. 
 Sheldon, 496. 
 Sheldon, C. .\., 792. 
 Sheldon, K. M., .Mrs., 33, 3C9, 
 
 633, 654, 675, (77, 705- 
 Sheldon, GeorKe, 595. 
 Sheldon, G. T., 176, 192, 755, 
 
 756. 
 Sheldon, John P., 98, 123, 135, 
 
 142. 152, 558, 671, 672, 683, 
 
 C<12, 694, O97, 712, 713, 847, 
 
 , 958. 
 
 Sheldon, I . C, 20-;), 492, 635. 
 
 Sheltloii, T. K., 100. 
 
 Sheldon & Graves, 485. 
 
 Sheldon & Keed, 692. 
 
 Sheldon & Wells, 692. 
 
 Shelcy, Alansim, 61, 100, 144, 
 165. 346. 460, 595. 641, 648, 
 840, 841, 851, 867. 
 
 Sheparcl, 716. 
 
 Shi'parcl, 1'".., T43, 731, 756. 
 
 Sheridan, I'hil., 945. 
 
 Sherlock, K. I'., i6f), 676. 
 
 Sherman, Murray, 132. 
 
 Sherman, W. '1'., 106, 945, 96S. 
 
 Sherwood, 481. 
 
 SherwootI, Samuel, 795. 
 
 Sherwood, T. C, 872. 
 
 Sherwood, T. R., 188. 
 
 Shields, James, 798. 
 
 Shier, W. II., 572. 
 
 ShiUaher, li. P. (Mrs. Parting- 
 ton), 709. 
 
 Shippen, Rush, R., 626. 
 
 Shoemaker, Michael, 785. 
 
 Shoemaker, W. , 945. 
 
 Shorter, I. P., 976. 
 
 Shotwell. C. 1!., 825. 
 
 Shourd, Lieutenant, 250. 
 
 Shove, J., 697. 
 
 Shroi'ter, A., 621. 
 
 Sluiell, Anthony, 934. 
 
 Shulte, John, 868. 
 
 Shuinan, F, A., 133, 
 
 Shnrley, K. I,., 51,690, 705, 733, 
 
 Sihliy, J77, 
 
 Sililev, Mhenezer S., 729, 859. 
 
 Sihley, K. S., .Mrs., 9)9. 
 
 Sihley, y. 1!., 8O5. 
 
 Sil.ley, {•■. T., 355. 
 
 Sdilcy, H., 884. 
 
 Sihliy, H. II., 339, 941. 
 
 Sililry, .Sarah .X. Miss, 310,311. 
 
 .Sihh'y, Solouion, 15, 29, 41, 89, 
 
 94, ID.', luj, 133, 134, I3i, 140, 
 
 149, 176, 185, 186. 273, 274, 
 
 284, 3'1. 32-, .170, 491. 729. 
 
 7 so, 858, 859. 88 1, 94.S, 953- 
 Sihley, Solomon, Mrs., 356. 
 Sihli'y, Sylvester, 033. 
 Sicart, 19. 
 
 Sigoiiriiiy, I.ydia H., 595. 
 Sihler, G. I!., 356. 
 Silher, W. li., 7,/,. 
 Silhcrman, 494, 6^3. 
 Sill, J.. M. I)., 637,714,718.752, 
 ,..7S3, 7S7- 
 Silshcr, 626. 
 Silsliy, 511. 
 Silver, .Vhirl, 93, 705. 
 Simeoe, I,ieutenaiit-Governi)r, 
 
 7, 94, 118, 264, 2(10, 953. 
 Simmons, 181, 958. 
 Simmons, William, 563, 580. 
 Simonds, S. I)., i;r)6, 675. 
 Simons, John, 58. 
 Simpsiin, .Xdam, 758. 
 Simpson, I''.. W., 146, 479. 
 Simpson, James, 577. 
 Simpson, John, 198. 
 Simpson, .Si., 567, S79, 709. 
 Simpson, 'I'. II., 808. 
 Sinclair, Patrick. 13, 242. 260. 
 Sin.icleton. Geo. K., 885. 
 Sistare, (ico. K., 873. 
 Sitjjraves, 267. 
 Sit,i,rea\*es. Lorenzo, 919. 
 Si/cr, H. H., S60, 862. 
 Skilf, Walter C, 640. 
 Skinner, K. C, 39, 714. 
 Skinner, I''.. C, .Nirs., 361, 362. 
 SkoUa, 538. 
 
 Slater, Guor>,'e H., 661. 
 Slaughter, 'I'., 961. 
 Slaymak.r, J. A., 143, 756. 
 .Sloan, Captain, 275. 
 Sloan, S., 901. 
 .Slocum, Klliott '1'., 100. 
 Slociim, (J. li., 7, 130. 
 Sloman, I,., .Mrs., 637. 
 Slosser, ICnsign, 234. 
 Smart, IJavid, 131, 167, 492, 
 
 493, ,504, 523, 864. 
 Smart, George, 210. 
 Smart, J. S., 570, 573, 705. 
 Smart, Robert, 281, 645, 
 Smead, I). W., 198. 
 Smith, 95, 103, 275, 494, 505, 
 
 760, 872, 955,, 959. 
 Smith, .Ale.xandc'r, 212. 
 ■Smith, Andrew, 654. 
 .Smith, ."\., Jr., 360. 
 Smith, \. K., 901. 
 Smith, .Vndrew J., 93. 
 Smith, Pradford, 200, 207, 633, 
 
 6^9, 640. 
 Smith, Charles, 889. 
 Smith, C. C. 101. 
 Smith, CMiarles H., S33, 834. 
 Smith, David, 198. 
 Smith, I)., I jo. 
 Smith, Klijah, 71, 145. 
 Smith, iMigene, 733. 
 Smith, l'',..'li., 678, 682, 695. 
 Smith, I'".. R., 22S 
 Smith, Kngene T., 317, 674. 
 Smith, I'',. Willard, 61, 901, 936. 
 Smith, Geo.. 165, 580, 933. 
 Smith, G. W., 131. 
 Smith, H., 799. 
 Smith, H. A., 649. 
 Smith, Hamilton K., 59, 647. 
 Smith, Henry, 934, 935. 
 Smith, Howard, 606. 
 Smith, Hugh, 581. 
 Smith, H. II. Crapo, Mrs., 361, 
 
 362. 
 Smith, Isaac S., 50. 
 Smith, Jack, 285. 
 
 Smith, Jesse, 864. 
 Smith, Job, ir«j, i:!3, 132. 
 Smilli, |olin, 227, 4<;i, 917. 
 Smith, J. I!., 883, 884. 
 Smilli, |olin I''., I )i. 
 Sniitli, j. II., 798.' 
 Smith, j. Hyatt, 705. 
 Smith, Joshua I.., 343, 
 Smith, J. \V., 844.' 
 Smith, 1,. A., 772, 776. 
 Smith, l.yman it., 211. 
 Smith, .Moniiiur L., 361. 
 Smith, Moses, 615. 
 Smith, .M. S., 57, 75, 205, 3fMi, 
 
 362, 364, 4O3, 73 J, 826, 8(7, 
 
 868, 869, 976. 
 Smith, K. C, 140, 143, 164, 600, 
 
 638, 674, 9CXJ. 
 Smith, K. I)., 198. 
 Smith, K. .M., ,.>4. 
 Smith, Selh, t^'t, 131. 
 Smith, Sheldon, 217. 
 Smith, S. I'.., 131. 
 Smith, 'I'lioinas, 8, 26, 29, 32, 
 
 37. 174, 214, -f2, 769, 799,978. 
 Smith, riyssc G., 673. 
 Smith, Watson G., 756. 
 .Smith, William, 133, 210, 211, 
 
 8O0. 
 Smith, William A., 91, 131. 
 Smith, W. li., 639. 
 Smith, William K., 919. 
 Smith, W. 11., 131, 666. 
 Smolk, A., 934. 
 Smulders, K... 543. 
 Sinythe, Richard, 40, 89, 95, 98, 
 
 »25, 130, 131. "33, 183, 198, 
 
 209, 273, 314, 315, 31O, 317, 
 
 480, 712. 
 Snelling, 276, 277, 291. 
 Snelling, II. II., 673, 705. 
 Snelling, Mrs. Col., 372. 
 Snow, 6(J5. 884. 
 Snow, H. A., 5(10. 
 Snow, Josiah, 40, 673, 675, 6S3, 
 
 884. 
 Snow, William D., 884. 
 Snyder, Georgi;. 674. 
 Snyder, John, 165. 
 Socier, Joseph, 981. 
 SolTers,"!!. J , 536. 
 Soldan, C. I''., 617, 718. 
 Solges, 3i5. 
 Soils, A. I!., 80. 
 Soils, I). H., 675. 
 Solyer, C. G., 210. 
 Sothern, 358. 
 Soiile, liishop, 579. 
 Sowden, 4,19. 
 Spalding, v., 140, igS. 
 Sparks, H. S., 675. 
 Sparling, 1)., 211. 
 Sparling, K. W., 646. 
 Spaulding, 531. 
 Spauldiug, (iliverL., 92. 
 Spears, Jiihn, 610. 
 Speckliard, G., 662. 
 Speed, I''., 318. 
 Speed, I. J., loi, 177, 193, 194, 
 
 753. 
 Speed, J. J., Jr., 883, 884. 
 Speed, \\'illiam J., 141. 
 Speck, .M., 5/8. 
 Speil, R., 357. 
 Speiice, 'I'hos. R., loi. 
 Spi'ucer, 733. 
 Spencer, C. li., 573. 
 Spencer, Deborah Seltlen, Mrs., 
 
 945- 
 Spencer, Klizabeth (Mrs. Cass), 
 
 945- 
 Spencer, G., 71, 125, 164, 198, 
 
 7'3- 
 Spencer, Joseph, 281, 938, 945. 
 Spe;ie.er, Ktartha IJraiiierd, Mrs., 
 
 938. 
 Spencer, O. M., 262. 
 Spies, 1'".., 621. 
 Spinning, I). J., 80. 
 Spitzley, Henry, 479. 
 Sprague, Ara, 130, 198. 
 Sprague, A. W., 58. 211, 799. 
 Sprague, Henry, 198. 
 Sprague, J. P., 58. 
 Sprague, R. A., 678. 
 
 Sprague, Thomas S , 361, 798, 
 
 Spr.igue, William, 324. 
 
 Spianger, V. X., si. <>4f', 734. 
 
 Springer, S. J., hi, K72. 
 
 Spioat, Kbinezer, 94s. 
 
 Sprole, W. 'I'., (ii5. 
 
 Slaev, William, 554. 
 
 Sladlcr, (',, 211. 
 
 SI. idler, John li., 202, 211. 
 
 Stager, ri. W., 040. 
 
 Stalker, 'I'lioinas, 57;;, 
 
 Standarl, J. t;., S22. 
 
 Slandish, 497. 
 
 Standish, J. I).. 162, 164,612, 
 
 Staiige, Charles, us, 275. 
 
 Slanli'V, I). S., 228. 
 
 Stanley, J. .M., 359, 945. 
 
 .Stanton, 980. 
 
 Stallion, Kdwin M., 104. 
 
 Slantoii, l-'rancis, (;4(i. 
 
 Stanton, Henry, 937,940,945. 
 
 Stanton, Stephen K., 2 5, 355, 
 
 945. 
 Slapliton, 681. 
 Stark. K. X., (145. 
 Starkly, Henry, 71, 140, s^l. 
 Starkey, Jennie ()., Miss, fj87. 
 Starkey, 1.. I''., so 
 Starkey. Richard, 140. 
 Starkweather, C. C, 205. 
 Starkweather, George H., loi, 
 
 130. 
 Starkweather, I. N., 872. 
 Starkweather, John I'., 211. 
 Stead, 62. 
 
 Stead, li., 6(1, 712, 7 ;o, 859. 
 Slead, William, ifi.j, 1*6,936. 
 Stearns, Willard K., 143, 740, 
 
 755. 
 Stearns, Kredi-riek, 3'i', 468, 
 
 497, 676, 691, 714, 822, 823, 
 
 970. 
 Stearns, F. H.. 739. 
 Stebbins, C"al\iii. ( 27. 
 Stebbins, Dwiglit I),, 64O. 
 Stebbins, (J. li., 705. 
 Stebbins, N. I)., 50. 
 Stebiier, H., 80. 
 Steelier, Martin. 043- 
 Steckel, (J. I., R., if.6, 167. 
 Steel, 270. 
 
 Steele, .Archibald, 256. 
 Stehfast, H., 9,5. 
 StcMl, Charles, 3:;5, 357. 
 Steii:bei-k, John, 978. 
 Steinleld, 468. 
 Stella, Mary, 651, 6f2. 
 Stellwagen, Cieorge II., 125, 
 
 Stenton. Goff, 945. 
 Stephens, John, 718. 867. 
 Stephens, j. A., 79,S, 934. 
 Stephens, Roe, ^56, 690, 
 Stephens, W. C:.", 895. 
 Stephenson, Captain, 227, 323. 
 Stephenson, William, 5(17. 
 Stern, Jabez, 210. 
 Sterling, 238, 907. 
 Sterling, James, 37, 172, 244, 
 
 . 837- 
 
 Sterling, Jesse, 167. 
 
 Sterling, John. 76. 
 
 Sterling, J. I'., .Mrs. Colonel, 
 
 362. 
 Steuben, ll.iidii, 238, 264, 952. 
 Stevens, .(,^4, ()<)=,, 696. 
 Stevens, ..Xmos, 88, loi, 131, 198. 
 Stevens, I laiiiel, 4<5. 
 Stevens, F. H., 374, 863.^ 
 Stevens, Gideon 1!., 191. 
 Stevens, II. P., 483, 485. 
 Steven.s, James, 521. 
 Stevens, James A., 132. 
 Stevens, John, 485. 
 Stevens, Kate F.., Miss, 310. 
 Stevens, M., 143. 
 Stevens, Sears, 191, 199. 
 Stevens, T. H., 920, 
 Stevens, William, 888. 
 Stevens, William C, 92. 
 Stevenson, Captain, 766. 
 Stevenson, Charles S., 677. 
 Stevenson, James, 227. 
 Steward, Charles, 125, 131, 132, 
 
 313- 
 
ioo8 
 
 INDKX OF NAMES. 
 
 Sli'vviirl, ji)4. 
 
 Sii w.irl, A., ifi^, (1)4, 
 
 Sicw.irl, CliiiiliM Miiiry, ^(), 
 
 Sliw.irt, 1)., 1(1(1. 
 
 Stewart, Diiiiiaii, jo6, (■>54, 787, 
 
 788, 7,;.., 8(17, ,/.7. 
 SirWilll, (;. I)., (147. 
 Stewart, jaincs, 71, loi, 141, 
 
 SM. 7)7. 7.!';. «"• 
 Sti'W.irl, lanus I'.., )57. 
 Stewart, "Jnlin, 167, 576, ^154, 
 
 '),l,v 
 Stewart, Morse, i6j, 218, (i5ci, 
 
 7ofi. 
 Stewart, Morse, Mrs., jio, )Cii, 
 
 ('vj, CiCio, (161, Ci(i(i, 711(1, 84-.>. 
 Stewart, Morse, Jr., 51, 138. 
 Stew.irl, M. 1'., so. 
 Stewart, N. I'., 8.15. 
 Stewart, Koln-rt, 860, 
 Stew.irl, Will., 144, 164. 
 Steysk.il, C:iias., 167. 
 Sli'yslv.il, M.. If).', )57. 
 Sliekllev, H. 1'"., .VK). 
 Stieklley, J. I,., 685. 
 Stillsoii, uj. 
 Slil/er, Louis, i j?. 
 Sliiiison, II, (',.,'162, 685, q^^. 
 Stirliiiv;, J, lilies, 344, 34,), 767, 
 Stirliii<, I,imes, Mrs,, 341^, 
 Stirlim;, jolin, (1(16. 
 Stoekiii)„', c;. II. \V., 587. 
 Stoekiiiv;, Willi. nil, 684, 701, 
 StiH'ktoii, John, 96. 
 Stockton, I'hos., 2J7. 
 Stoekton, T. I!. W., 303, 305. 
 Stoekwell, .V., 131. 
 Stodil iril, C. .M., 4S6. 
 Stoilcl It'll, KiKliiiaii, ii;8, 4S5. 
 Stollet, II. L., 131, 
 Stollet, William, 130. 
 Stokes, K. A,, 706. 
 Stoll, Julius, 161, i6.', 196, 198, 
 
 870, 
 Stone, Hiram H., 101. 
 Stone, lames H,, 15c), C184, 701. 
 Stone, Nathan, 485, 4S6. 
 Stone, W., (1,(1, 
 Stone, William L., 249. 
 Stor.'y, W. l'"., 674, 686, 692. 
 Stork, |., 80. 
 Storkil.ile, R., 165. 
 Storrs, 616. 
 Storrs, H. A., 6 
 Story, \. L,, .Mrs,, 652. 
 Story, M., 164, 
 
 StouKhton, Williant L,, 92, 176, 
 Stouteiil)uri;li, J. I',, 711,936. 
 Stowe, C. K., 603, 708, 839. 
 Stowe, Harriet lleeelier, 945. 
 Stowe, Lyman I'".., 706. 
 Stoweil, .-V. H., too, 143, 164, 
 
 202. 4,3, 496, 695. 
 Stoweil, C. H., 709. 
 Straiijlu. I)., 131. 
 Strai>;lu, Osear S., 131. 
 Strani;, James J., 963. 
 Strange, John, 555, 58c. 
 Stratton, 733. 
 Straw, 695. 
 
 Streeter, \V. L., 162, i66. 
 Striker, Daniel, 92. 
 Striker, David, 617. 
 Stringer, Abram, 131. 
 Strong, Colonel, 270. 
 Stroni;, D., 227. 
 Strouj;, (leorge W., 922. 
 Stroll).;, Isaac, 132. 
 Stronvjj John, 100, lot, 131. 
 Strom;, J. M., 637. 
 StroiK, J. W., 198, 318, 758, 
 
 787. 
 Strom;, W. B., 901. 
 Struhel, H., 798. 
 Stuart, David, 210, 721. 
 Stuart, Charles, Mrs., 651, 652. 
 Stuart, Geori;e H., 311. 
 Stuart, Robert, 92,324, 645,651, 
 
 738. 830. 
 Stuart, W. A., 212, 213. 
 Stur^is, John, 198. 
 Sturgis, L. U., 30. 
 Sturgis, Russell, 854. 
 Sturm, N., 934. 
 Stunner, J., 622. 
 
 Stlllte. A., I.)8, 718, 757. 
 Slicker, Herman, (m)5. 
 Suits, W. II,, 845, 
 Sullivan, I) K,, Jii. 
 Sullivan, R., .S.., 94s. 
 Sullivan, 'I'liomas, yfi, 
 Siilti', lleni.iiiiiii, 7'j;. 
 Sumner, W. I' , K,«). 
 .Suinler, I'liomas, ij^j. 
 Sutherlanil, I liike of, 7,1c;. 
 .Siilherl, 111(1, ( leo., 14;. 
 Sutherland, lames, 58. 
 Siilherl. uul. ^1. II., 8(^8, 
 .Sulherland, '1'. J,, 301,302, 
 Sutlllf, Richard, 131, 
 Sutton, (do, .|i;i, 494, 1^64. 
 Sutton, ll, 1'",, 83.'. 
 Sutton, James W., 144, 506, 
 
 «J2. 9.it- 
 
 Sutton, Joseph I) , 758. 
 Sutton, Noah, 64, (15, 80, 
 
 ifi7, sn. 
 Sutton, W. C, icx). 
 Sutton .Maiiiifactiirin^ Co , 
 Swain, .Albert, 680. 
 Swain, Is;iac N., 945. 
 Swan, I'",. S., 202, 210 
 Swayne, N. H., i, 
 Swearim;en, J. S., )3, 953. 
 Sweeny, Hernard, 212. 
 Sweeney, Kdward, 146. 
 Sweeney, Kli,rabeth, 656. 
 Sweeney, T. .M,, 131. 
 Sweeney, V.', A., 68f. 
 Sweetland, M., 585. 
 Swegles, John, Jr., 92. 
 Swift, 780, 842. 
 Swift, Alvah, 198. 
 Swift, K. v., 57, 361. 
 Swift, K. W., 138", 318. 633, 
 Swift, OeorKe S., 11)6, 197, 
 Swift, (leorgeV/., 101. 
 Swift, John ,M., loi. 
 Swift, Marcus, 131, u)S. 
 Swift, Morrison, 648. 
 Swinscoe, C, 355. 
 Swinscoe, H. H,, 144, 196, 
 Symmes, John Cleves, 178, 
 
 5'8, 
 164, 
 83... 
 
 883. 
 657. 
 
 956. 
 
 Tabor, A. I?., 485. 
 
 Taft, H., 155. 
 
 Taft, Levi H., 176. 
 
 Taft, Stephen K., 145. 
 
 'i'afft, William, 125, 130. 
 
 TaKKart, C. M,, 626. 
 
 Tai;k;art, J, W., 606. 
 
 Talbot, 681. 
 
 Talbot, John L., 96, 17C, 191, 
 
 711. 
 Tallman, 300, 
 Tallman, Theophilus E,, 88, 
 
 126. 
 TalmaKC, T, DeWitt, 709, 
 Tandy, Thomas, 895. 
 Taney, Roger 1!,, 848, 939. 
 Tanguay, Cyprian, 709. 
 Tankard, 767. 
 Tanner, Kdward, 956. 
 Tanner, John, 956. 
 Tappan, 717. 
 
 Tappan, Henry P., 709, 746. 
 Tarbell, H.irace S., 93. 
 Turquand, K. L., 586, 589. 
 Taylor, 840, 964. 
 Taylor, I'ayard, yoq. 
 Taylor, Charles H., 92, 686. 
 Taylor, Charlotte Ann, Miss, 
 
 584- 
 Taylor, E. M., 592. 
 Taylor, E. W., 756. 
 Taylor, Elisha, 38, 141, 187, 
 
 191, 197, 226, 604, 650, 740, 
 
 755- 
 Taylor, F. D., 639, 640, 642. 
 Taylor, K. S., 901. 
 Taylor, George, 310, 311, 569, 
 
 571, 706, 840. 
 Taylor, George H., 687. 
 Taylor, Israel, 281. 
 Taylor, James, 291, 293. 
 Taylor, J., 485, 496. 
 Taylor, John, 167. 
 Taylor, John L., 585, 586. 
 
 Taylor, Joseph, 104, 30), 8o(, 
 
 Taylor, M., fniS. 
 
 Taylor, N. T,, 71, S70, 872. 
 
 Taylor, I'lillo, iy>. uj8, 
 
 Taylor, William, 7 .8, 
 
 Taylor, Win, H,, 146. 
 
 Taylor, /ai liary, 50, 104, 129, 
 
 _:ioi. 9'''.t. 
 
 Teagan, liinatimn, 164, 
 
 Tecumseli, 8, 275, 277, 323, 955, 
 
 (j6f. 
 Teelson, H., ()oi, 
 TelTt, 11, I'-., 675. 
 Teffl, W, 11., 3(11, 814, 8.7, 8r.7. 
 Teller, I'., 4.14, 
 Ten llrook, Andrew, 606, 674, 
 
 706. 
 Ten Kyck, 31X). 
 Ten Kyek, A., 104, 176, 187, 
 
 191, 194. 
 len Ey( k, Conrnd, 88, loi, 125, 
 
 '.II. '.!5. 17^'. 281, 851, 855. 
 Ten Eyck, J. V. R., 126, 140, 
 
 MO. 
 Ten I'.yek, Martha, 594. 
 Teiiny, 676. 
 Terhiine, Robert, 492. 
 Terms, Anthony, 131. 
 Teriies, I'eier, lot, i.'6, 131. 
 Terry, A. R., .;o, 341, 706. 
 Terry, !■'. II., Mrs.", ()62. 
 Terry, H. I)., 305. 
 Thayer, A, 1'., 131. 
 Thayer, (1. W., 486. 
 Thayer, Hiram H., 125, 130, 
 
 131. 
 Thayer, T.yniiin M., 874. 
 Thayer, N. I'., n»i, 131, 648. 
 Thayer, S. 1!., 30, 675, 676, 
 Tlielan, N., 126. 
 K. ■ 
 
 30=. 
 
 Theller, K, A., 50, 301, 
 
 673, 706. 
 Thibeau, Prosper, 313. 
 Thibeaut, Joseph, 149. 
 Thii'bault, Catharine, 981. 
 Thierry, James, 945. 
 Thomas, 106, (176. 
 Thomas, .Aaron, ii8o. 
 Thomas, Alexander M., 721. 
 Thomas, I). K., 690. 
 Thomas, K. (., 358, 706. 
 Thomas, C. R., 758, 
 Thomas, Isaiah, 670. 
 Thomas, J., 577. 
 Thomas, Joel, icj8, 
 Thomas, l„ H,, 356, 567. 
 Thomas, M. I., 176, 
 Thome, 1'. M,, 229. 
 Thompson, 301, 744, 979, 
 'Thompson, I'. II., 143, 210. 
 'Thompson, C H., 356. 
 'Thompson, Daniel, 209. 
 Thompson, David, 71,202,210, 
 
 946. 
 Thompson, David, 
 
 664. 
 Thompson, Dincan. 
 Thomson, l-Uhvard, 
 
 ,675, 706, 736, 970. 
 Thompson, J., 494. 
 Thompson, James, 659. 
 Thompson, Joseph, 837. 
 Thompson, Mortimer M., 
 
 706. 
 
 Thompson, O. C, 613, 616, S72. 
 Thompson, (). C., Mrs., 652, 
 
 653- 
 Thompson, 'I, S., 706. 
 Thompson, W., 494. 
 Thompson, William, 975. 
 Thompson, W. li., 624. 
 Thompson, W. C, 137. 
 Thompson, William (i., 75, 140, 
 
 145, 161, 871. 
 Thompson, William H., 
 
 689. 
 Thompson, W. M., 709. 
 Thorns, S., 608. 
 Thon, John K. W., 
 
 Mrs., 
 
 702. 
 500, 
 
 66,, 
 
 570. 
 
 682 
 
 684, 
 
 Then, J. 1., 132. 
 e, W., 904. 
 
 "S. 
 
 Thorpe, .. ., .,„.,. 
 Thrombley, Charles J., 946. 
 Throop, Knos 'T., 126. 
 Throop, Geo. B., loi, 755, 
 Throop, Montgomery H., 706. 
 
 Throop, Washington, Mrs , jiu 
 
 Thr.iop, W. A., 16H, 3S1. ll 5. 
 
 Thuiiier, Aloys, (147, (149 
 
 Tliiirlier, 11 irace, 8().;. 
 'l'liiu>loii, Daniel, H()o. 
 'Tliiirstoii, Jason, 1 to. 
 'Tilil" lis, John R., 482. 
 
 Tlliliclts, John S., 101, 125, 130, 
 
 131, 706. 
 Tichy, 5(1. 
 'Tierney, Jas,, 212. 
 
 Tinin, l'.<rniuii(l, 15. 
 'Tiliek, Weneeslaus, 543. 
 'Tillinghast, W. R., 585, 592. 
 
 Tillman, J. W., )./), i;45. 
 'Tillottsoii, 883. 
 'I'illon, TheiKlore, 709. 
 'Timiii, Will., 211. 
 'Tiiiham, Ale\ , loi. 
 'Tinker, A. P., ■;i)8. 
 'Tinker, I. W., Hti8. 
 'Tinnettc, J., 355. 
 'Tisler, N., 211, 212, 213. 
 Titlow, George, 211, 212, 
 'Titus, |onas, 888. 
 'Titus, J. II., 73H. 
 'I itiis, IVIarian, 737. 
 'Titus, Silas, 710. 
 'Titus, S. W., Ckk;. 
 
 Tobitz, A., 8(1. 
 
 Tociiueville, Ale.visde, 707, i;58. 
 'Todd, 280, 495, 
 'Todd, C, S,, i86, 287. 
 'Todd, Isaac, 767, 980. 
 'Todd, John, 85, 251. 
 'Todd, W. 1:., 146. 
 'Todenbier, John 11., 758. 
 'Todl, M.ix, C134. 
 'Toepel, J. H.; MS. 
 
 Toll, .Alexander, 198, 
 'Tomllnson, N., 143. 
 'Tonipkins, John W., 62, 502. 
 'Toms, Robert P., 56, 67, ii;9, 
 
 362, 656, 657. 
 Tonty, 18, 19, 171, 221, 325, 
 3-7. 332. 340. 489, 527, 707, 
 766, 951. 
 
 Tonty, Sicnr .Alphonse de, 226. 
 'Tonly, Henri, 227. 
 'Tiirbert, Saiiuiel, 198, 
 'Torrance, $i^('. 
 'Torrey, Abel R,, 145. 
 Torrey, ll, .A,, •,'). 
 Torrey, Joseph, 195. 
 Torrey, Joseph \V., 98, 190, 945. 
 Toser, l*.li/a, 731), 
 Towle, S., .Mrs., 718. 
 'Towiie, 11. T'., 2IO, 
 'Toivne, T. .M.. 355, 744. 
 'Townsend, 492, 493. 
 
 Townsend, K. 1)., 945. 
 'Tracy, D. I!,, i;o6. 
 'Tracey, Uriah, 272, 552. 
 'Train, George Francis, 701;. 
 Trainor, W. H., 871. 
 'Tramer, C, 578. 
 'Trask, Francis, 940. 
 
 Trask, J. S., 569. 
 
 Traub, 496. 
 
 Travel-, G. M., 4i>i. 
 
 Trayiior, W. J. H., 680, 689, 
 
 690, 691. 
 I'readway, A., 639. 
 'Treadwell, Seymour 11., 
 Tregaskis, Richard, 163. 
 Tregent, Helen, Mrs., 941. 
 Tregent, P., 038, (140, i)(i. 
 Trehey, '1'., 165, 1(16, 756. 
 Tremble, Anibniise, 082. 
 Tremble, Francois, 313. 
 Tremble, Francois Aiiibroise, 
 
 981. 
 Tremble, Josepli l.ionard, ()8o. 
 Tremble, Joseph Louis, 977, 
 
 980. 
 Tremble, Louis, Sr., 980. 
 'I'remble, Pierre, ()8i. 
 Tremble, 'Thoma^, 313. 
 Trenschel, Charles, 575. 
 Trevan, William C, 577. 
 Trincano, Sister, 725 
 Tripler, C. S., 50, 706. 
 Tripp, 468. 
 
 Trollope, Anthony, 708. 
 ■Trombley, Oavid, 13a. 
 
 93' 
 
13". 
 
 Wnnhlnnton, Mit . 
 \V. A., ifiS, JSl. " 
 , Aluys, (147. <'!'* 
 , II ir.irr, H.)S. 
 11, l);iiuil. 8(xj. 
 II, J.isnii, I 1". 
 , J,,lui K., 4HJ. 
 , Juliii S., lul, 1^5' 
 )6. 
 
 5t3- 
 
 , la*., 2ia. 
 '.(liMiind, 15' 
 Wiim sliiiis, S4,l. 
 mst, W. K., 58.'), 5>P. 
 I, J. \V., I.''. 'M5- 
 nil, K81. 
 'I'liccKldri', 7"c). 
 Will., ■-•ii. 
 
 1, Alex , Ml. 
 
 , A. r., via. 
 
 , 1. \V., H08. 
 «■, J., 3S5. 
 N., Jii. -''2. 21.1. 
 , ('■iiiri.;f, -Ml, -Hi. 
 )(iiKis, 8«H. 
 ■|. 11,. 7-t«. 
 Marian, 7,17- 
 Silas, 710. 
 S. W.. ('*)■ 
 
 rvilk, Al.xistlc, 707,i;58. 
 280, 405. 
 
 c. s., jsr., 287. 
 
 Isaac, 767, ')iJO. 
 
 Icilin, 8^, 251. 
 
 \V. 1 ., Mf'- 
 il.irr, J.ilin H-. 758. 
 
 M.ix, ')34- 
 ■), J. 11.. MS. 
 AU'xanil'T, nj8. 
 
 illSDM, N.> 143' , 
 
 ikins, l.iliii W., 62 502. 
 i, KolxTt 1'., 5*^^. 67. ■>)') 
 , f>5^ fi57- 
 
 )•, 18, iq, '7i. '"' 
 , ,32, 340, 489. 527. 
 
 y, Siiiir Alphonsf dc 
 |y, Hriui, 227. 
 
 Tt, SainiR'l, 11)0. 
 
 .iicc, 5</i. 
 
 Aliil K., 145. 
 
 >•; H. A., 5') 
 
 INDF.X OF NAMES. 
 
 1009 
 
 325. 
 
 7^'7. 
 226. 
 
 •y, V'sipli, i>)5- 
 
 ■ y, jos.i.li NV., q8. 
 
 90, ()45. 
 
 I'.liza, 73')- 
 S., Mis., 7'8. 
 , H. r.. 210, 
 , i. M.. 355. 744. 
 fiul, 4.)-', 403. 
 eiul, K. 1>-. ')45- 
 1). 1!., yo6. 
 y, Uriah, 272, 552. 
 
 C'.fori;.' Krani'is, 701). 
 „r, W. H., 871. 
 ..er, C, 578. 
 k, Kramis, 940. 
 J.S., 569- 
 , 4>)6- , 
 r, (.. M., 49'''- 
 ,„■, W. J. H., C80, f.89, 
 
 r.Ji. 
 
 lUvay, A., 639. 
 
 Iwrll, Si'vmour P.., 93- 
 
 iskis, Kirliard, if'3. 
 
 ■nt, Hi-li'ii, Mr^'. >>1'- 
 
 ■nt, 1'., 938. 94". 9t>- 
 .^■y, T., 165, iM>, 75''- 
 nblf, AmhrDisc, ii»2. 
 nblo, Krancois, 313- 
 nble, Francois Ainbioisc, 
 
 nble, Joseph T.iiinard, 980. 
 nble, Joseph Louis, 977. 
 
 nble, Louis, Sr., 980. 
 nble, Pierre, i)8i. 
 nble, Thoina-, 313- 
 ischel, Charles, 575. 
 iun, William C, 577- 
 icano. Sister, 725 
 )ler, C. S., 50. 700- 
 >P. 468. , „ 
 
 Hope, Anthony. 708. 
 mbley, David, 13a. 
 
 'roniblv, C. K., 738. 
 'rust. A., 162. 
 
 roiuisliiie, .\I., Mrs., 657. 
 
 rowliriil^e, C A.. 106, 355, 
 'rowbriilne, Charles C. 41, 41), 
 
 5''i. 112, 11). 14-', 153. '80, 
 
 lH(>, i.)7, as3, 277, 30J, 3 12, 
 
 339. 47*^. 475. 5"''. 5^3. 5!*4. 
 
 5110, 5)2, 041, (151, (152. f>57. 
 
 6ti(), 71/), 712, Tt(>, 7 v. 71'. 
 
 746, 785. 83S, 8v>. 81.4, iJ37. 
 
 895. '("7. 9^''. '/'■'. 973. 
 
 rowbriilije, C. C, Mrs., 583, 
 
 59". "51. ''5J- 
 
 rowliricUe, IC. S., Miss, O51, 
 
 6^2, 7l(). 
 
 'niwbriili;.', 1„ II., 63-). 
 'rowbriilkii', Lutiii'rS., i.;i;, 163, 
 
 f'l*'. 7 11., 733. 758. 
 'roy, William, 007. 
 riia.x, ii'ii. 
 
 max, A. C, 130, i.)8. 277, 7C7. 
 max, John, 851, 8113. 
 rii.ix, J. 1,., 357. 
 nickey, N.. 144. 
 rnileaii, 18. 
 'niclill, S.imiiel, 130. 
 'null-lie, l''raiicois, 9711. 
 'ruesd.iil, W., 787, 864, 
 'niMilnill, Jolni, 706, 945. 
 "niiiibull, Squire, 210, 
 ryuii, James l'',., 519. 
 'ubm.iu, U., 904. 
 'iieker, 255. 
 luker, I'l., 486. 
 lu ker, Joi-I, 716. 
 iicker, J. I)., 487. 
 unis, W. K., 497, 695. 
 iirk, 482. 
 uniiuill, 236. 
 
 uriihiill, ( Inirtje, 17.', 227. 
 iiriibull, J. 1... 892. 
 iiriibtill, kobcrt, 603, 605, 606, 
 651, 7u(i, 839. 
 inner, 964. 
 
 uriier, .\lviii A.. 130. 
 uriier, C.eorge, 178. 
 iruer, Horace, 499. 901, 
 iirner, II. M., 976. 
 iiruer, Josiali, i88. 
 iirpiii, .\. II., 577. 
 iirpin, Jean li.iptiste, 333. 
 iirrinn. Chaplain, 550, 952. 
 utile, 184, 226. 
 little, .\braui, 143. 
 little, Christopher, 313, 
 little, C. S., 706. 
 little, C. W., 58, 211, 872. 
 little, W., 131. 
 Little, W'aruei', 90. 
 little, W.irren, loi, 198, 64S. 
 w.iin, Mark, 70.). 
 wi.<),'s, Colonel, 48. 
 wonildy, I.. C, 318. 
 yler, 4^3, 494. 
 yier, Jason, 198. 
 yler, John W., J15. 
 yler, Moses Coit, Oii, (175, 706. 
 yler, .M. G., Mrs., 6^^. 
 yler, k. I,., 211. 
 yler, Sarah, 656. 
 yrrell, 485. 
 yrrell. Aaron W., 145. 
 
 u 
 
 Ubelhner, K. 212. 
 Ude, J. C, 378. 
 Ulinian, Isaac F-. 481. 
 Ullman, 1.. '1'., 770. 
 Umberliine, 1). W., (>97. 
 Ulrich. Charles, 180. 
 Ulrich, Henry, iq6. 
 Ulry, Captain, 275, 
 Upson, (.'liarles, 92. 
 Upton, (J. I!.. 901. 
 Utley, H. M., 684, 753. 
 
 Vail, 498, 835. 883, 973- 
 Vail, E. J., Miss, 717. 
 Vail & Crane, 835. 
 Valentine, .\., 758. 
 Vallee, J. B., 164, 755. 
 
 Van hvery, 080. 
 
 Van livery, I'eter, SB, loo, 130, 
 
 Valliani, Krancois, 537, 
 
 Valiii', 189. 
 
 V.iii Aiken, fiijs, 
 
 \'aii Aim, I)., H37, 
 
 Van Alsiync, I. S., 81S, 87a, 
 
 Van .\ltir, Jolin. 195, 
 
 Van Audi 11. 481, 
 
 \an Aiiden, J. (),, 8a8. 
 
 Van .Vrm.tii. |ohn. 303. 
 
 V.iii Haaleii, J., 49f). 
 
 Van llureii. .Martin, 102, 103, 
 
 1..'9, («.'', 849, 961. 
 V.in C.impenliaiult, I'rancis, 
 
 ,. ''*°- 
 
 \ anee, oM. 
 
 Vanci', havid, 04. 
 
 Van Cleve, H. I'., 130. 
 
 Van Clevr, John W., 2r,3. 
 
 Van Damme, IVler, 1^17, 757. 
 
 Vandendriessche, Amaildus, 
 
 544' 
 Vandenliolf, deori,;.', 701). 
 V.iii Depoelr, Charles J., J(J2, 
 
 4f)8. 
 V.iud.rliill, C, 901. 
 \'aiiderliilt, W. H., 901. 
 VanderburK, lleurv. 94, 178. 
 Vanderhonf, S., 2i,i. 
 Vaiiderpoel, s;i. 532, 535, 721. 
 V.inderw.irker, 495. 
 Van Dii/er, A. M.. 487. 
 Van Dyke, (74, .(79. 
 \'an Dyke, Lrnest, 539, 542. 
 Van Dyke, James A., 71, 140, 
 
 141, 143, 210, 360, 512, 520, 
 
 521, 5'i- 71'- 
 Van Dvke, J. A. .Mrs., 0,1. 
 Van Dyke, J. II., 5i'.9. 
 Van Dyke, Philii> J. D.. aio, 
 
 654. '■"". 758- „ 
 Van Kmst.ih', 1'. N., 538. 
 Van I'.sl, 486. 
 Van Hvery, ySo. 
 'an I 
 
 198. 
 
 Van Kleet, J. A., 70C. 
 Van Kossen. ('.eneral, 896. 
 Van Horn, T. I',., 275, 291, 2 17. 
 Van Hiisan, Caleb, 5O, 71. 164, 
 
 165, 311, (150, 718, 733, 874. 
 Van Husau, C, .Mrs., 655. 
 Van lluscn, Theodore V., 023. 
 \'an limen, Harriet .M., Miss, 
 
 737' 73'^- 
 Van Miller, W., 872. 
 Van Nortwieli, Ira, 710. 
 Van I'aiael, I''.. 541. 
 Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah, 12C, 
 
 140, 176, 191. 
 Van Rensselaer, Solomon, 225, 
 
 294. 957- 
 Van Riper, J. J., 93. 
 Van liiper, J, W., 130. 
 Van Seliaac k, Henry, 767. 
 Van Schoiek, J. IL, 51X), 713. 
 Van Sickle. ( ieortje, S72. 
 Van Stan, John, 211. 
 Varney, .\. C., 706. 
 Varnuin, Jami's H., 86. 
 Variiiim, J. M., 17S. 
 Vaiulreiiil, 18,83, 84, 171, 233, 
 
 234. iX-^f 7<''5. 837- 
 Vaugliaii. J. C, too, 132. 
 Vau,i;liii, V. C, 709. 
 Vendoiiie, .\ntoine l)u<' de, 333. 
 Venn, James .\., 757, S16. 
 Verhiilst, Sister, 725. 
 Vermulen, Kred., 798, 935. 
 Vernet, M., 40. 
 Vernier, J. 15., 337, 716, 979. 
 Vernor, 1!., 310, 311, 519, 523, 
 
 638, 657, 868, 946. 
 Vernor, J. S., 162, 311, 523. 
 Vertin, John, 547. 
 Vetterliiii;, H. C, 626. 
 Vhay, 787. 
 Victoria, 829. 
 Vi>;er, Alexander E., 54, 
 Vi>;er, .Andre, 979. 
 Vi,i;er, Jacepies, 32. 
 Vi.ifo, Francis, 251. 
 Vincent, Krancis, 535. 
 Vincent, J. K., 137, 146, 165. 
 Vincent, J. H., 708. 
 Vindevoijel, Sister, 721, 
 
 VisK'iir, 27a. 
 
 Visx.ir. I'eter K.., 313. 
 
 \'is>.er, 71.7, 846. 
 
 Visner, V.,, 131, 648. 
 
 Visxer, J., 131, 837. 
 
 Visner, Jiieob. (14, 123, 189, 191, 
 
 I98. )H, 91.S, 978, 981. 
 VisKer, James A., 123, 130, 131, 
 
 946. 
 ViSKer, loH.ph, 285. 
 Visjjer, Wiindert, 837, 
 Vislere, see Lufurte, 337, 797, 
 
 079. 
 Vi.iKl, H. W., 362, 871. 
 Volney, C. v., 707. 
 Von llrandis, \lxi. 
 \'oorliees, 499, 
 VoyiT, Joseph, 981. 
 Voyiv, Joseph, 190. 
 Vreelaiul, I ). I'., 1 jo. 
 Vrei'l.inil, James II., 130, 
 Vrooniaii, Jcdin .\ , 13.'. 
 \>ooinan, J. J., i )2, (148. 
 N'roomau, Jolin I,., i )i. 
 Vroomuii, Alartin, 131, 
 
 w 
 
 Wabouse, an Indian, 179. 
 
 W.ide, William. S44. 
 
 Wadleii;ll, (1. I'. R., 486. 
 
 Wail, ( )lied, 142, 474, 713. 
 
 Wa^er, Henrv, 131. 
 
 Walbach, |oliu Ii., 229. 
 
 WalbridKe, David S., S84. 
 
 Walcott, A. II., 892. 
 
 Wales, Austin, 4?!. 482, 493. 
 
 Wales, K. A.. 191, 192. 482,682, 
 686, 6,.i2. 
 
 W.ili's, I'rinei' of, 481,966. 
 
 Walker, 24S, 315. 827, 744. 
 
 Walker, Ihyant, 714, 
 
 Walker, C. 1., 32, 56, 57, 73, 
 162, 194, 199, 306, 307, 476, 
 642, 65.S. 707, 711, 712, 7(H1, 
 
 „7Vr' ''5('' .757. 9'i5. 967, 969- 
 Walker, C. 1., Mrs., 652. 
 Walker, David, 126, 131. 
 Walker. Kdwaid C, toi, 311, 
 
 362, 638, 650, 683, 711, 732, 
 
 753. 75^'. 839. 
 Walker, (J. I)., 80, 798, 799, 
 Walker, Hiram, 161, 102, 362, 
 
 683, 6S.i, 733. 
 Walker, Henry L., 656. 
 Walker. Henry N.. 92, loi, 141, 
 
 176, 191, 686, 8)9, 864, 874, 
 
 880, 883, 895, 897, 898, 903, 
 
 946. 
 Walker, H. ()., 51, 647, 649, 
 
 6iiO, 733. 
 Walker, jason F., 627. 
 Walker, John, 281. 
 Walker, Jno. (1., 934. 
 Walker, l.everett I!., 756. 
 Walker, S. W., 648. 
 Walker, Wm., 198. 978, 980. 
 Walker, Willis K., 361. 
 Walki'r, llarns A Co., 692. 
 Wait, Suixeon-( ietU'ral, 300. 
 Wallace, (olin II., loi, 131. 
 Wallace, 1,. W., 872. 
 Wallace, R. W., 615, 616. 
 Wallen, Klia.s, 79, 133, 149, 202, 
 
 20(). 
 
 Walsh, John, 799, 904. 
 
 Walslie,"j. G., S.39. 
 
 Waltz, Joseph, loi, 131. 
 
 Wanbeci, 41)6. 
 
 W.'inless, .\iulre\v, 696, 707. 
 
 Wappenlians, C. !•". R.. 923. 
 
 Ward, C. H., ^77. 
 
 Ward, l''.ber, 867. 
 
 Ward, 1',. 1!., 102, 161, 359, 683, 
 
 684, 718, 867, 911. 
 Ward, Henry A., 714. 
 Ward, John, 757, 859, 
 Ward, I. & I,., 482. 
 Ward, Milton, 587. 
 Ward, T. M. D., 976. 
 
 Ward, William, 641, 681, 682, 
 
 707, 712. 716, 859. 
 Warin, 269, 270. 
 Warinjj. A., 820. 
 Warlop, 532. 
 
 Warner, 873. 
 
 Warinr, C. !•'.., ^58. 
 
 Warner, Jared C, 165, 310, 481, 
 
 482, 750. 
 Warner, .M. W.. 486. 
 W. liner, S P., 572, S74. 
 W.irner, William, lui, 707, 7-/1, 
 
 Warner, W. I'.., 4.., 91, 1..., loi, 
 
 133. 
 Warren, 492. 
 Warren. Charles A., 871, 901, 
 
 901. 
 W.irren, ( leorije P., K29. 
 Warren, II. D., 6ji. 
 W.irien, Henry W., p<i). 
 Warren, Isaac, 211, 797. 
 Warren, John, 203. 
 W.irren, joliii A., 577. 
 W.irik n, John 1.., 146, 362. 
 Warren, )osepli, (78, 683, 94^.. 
 Warren, Josenh A., 829, 
 Warren, Philip, 559, 5O3, 5O4, 
 
 579. 
 Warren, S. K... .572, 1^73. 
 Warriner, William K., 146, 165, 
 
 657. 
 Warns, Anton, 575. 
 Washburn, W. W., 57a, 575, 
 
 580. 
 Washington, George, 232, 354, 
 
 355. 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 
 
 364. ■'(>7i 317. 363. 633, 746, 
 
 94(1. 
 Watirman, 872. 
 Waleiniaii, D. A., 612, <>oi. 
 Waterman, Daniel C., 946. 
 Waterman, Kaiiny Davenport, 
 
 660. 
 WatiTinan, J. W., 475, 586, 707. 
 Waterman, Lucius, 589. 
 Walkins, 493. 
 Watkins, W., 713. 
 Watson, 859. 
 Watson, Andrew, 895. 
 Watson, I'.lkanah, 707. 
 Watson, K. J., 757. 
 Watson, Geurne, 360, 361, 681. 
 Watson, James, 942. 
 Watson, James It., 176, 191, 
 
 796. 
 Watson, James v., 566, 641, 707. 
 Watson, John, 133, 192, 210, 
 
 73'). 755- 
 Watson, John, Mrs., 6si. 
 Watson, John I!., 176," 198. 
 Watson, Joseph, 30, 41.1, 96,946. 
 Watson, I . C, 709, 920, 
 Watson, Robert, 80. 
 Wat*.n. S. C, i,i8, 162. 
 Watson, Samuel G., 176. 192. 
 Watson, 'I'hos. P., 192. 
 Wattles, 481. 
 Watts, W. H., 585. 
 Wau,k;li, P.everly, 579. 
 Way, F. 1!., 683, 692. 
 Wayman, W. A., .577. 
 Wayne, Anthony, 119. 120,225, 
 
 227, 265, 266, 267, 26S, 269, 
 
 270, '271, 4S1, 551, 946, 953. 
 Wayne, J. 1!., 8u(.. 
 Weaver, Joseph, 210, 979. 
 Weaver, S., 486. 
 Weaver, William, 554. 
 Webb, 492. 
 
 ■>Vebb, 1!. 1,., 162, 470, 475, 785. 
 W^lib, J. Russell, 709. 
 Webb, James Watson, 339, 357, 
 
 706. 
 Weill), William, i,8. 
 Webber, N. W., "51, 6<)o, 733. 
 Weber, Geoi^e, 798. 
 Weber, Henry, 494, 498, 944, 
 
 9/M 972- 
 Weber, John, 198. 
 Weber, J. K., 971, 972. 
 Weber, Otto, 944. 
 Webster, Paniel, 108, 708, 746, 
 
 849, 946, 960, 964. 
 Webster, Daniel F., 108, 708, 
 
 849. 
 Webster, Jesse T., 586, 587, 588, 
 
 679. 
 Webster, M. Howard, 144, 494. 
 Webster, M, H., Mrs., 655, 661. 
 
lOIO 
 
 INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Wclintir, NiJiih, 7'/i. 
 
 WclwliT, S. C, ^>)^, 7<iH. 
 
 Wild, J. S., 717. 
 
 Wri ks, Daviil, ifi.(, 7i;5, 7y8. 
 
 Wicks, II.. (..•_,. 
 
 Wnks, I. \V., (ji;7. 
 
 Wii V , Ji.liM, 7iyj, 
 
 Wiiilisli r, Carl, yj^. 
 
 WViltr, (1., 575. 
 
 Wiicr, I. (>., luo, i-j(), 1)7, i(), 
 
 ,,,M5. '■'".. 7S7-. 
 
 W'lil/, W. r.j 3U, .;l,), 
 
 Wiil/il, ( lii.lfrry, (17, ijiy, 1)75. 
 Will li, Cliiirlcs M,, 145, i;-(li, 
 Will h 1 1., .,!.(. 
 
 Wilrh, liiiins M., i()3, 7ja, 757. 
 Willi,, 1',K,,,6,. •'•'■'"" 
 
 Wriil, Isaitr, 71)7, 791^. 
 Wi.lliniiji, j. K., C7S. 
 W'lllinn, .|iiini> II., Cpij7, 771;. 
 \\'i'llin)^ti'>ii, I. .M., 7.19. 
 Wi-IU, .fifj, sS'. 8';.'. 
 Wills, Asliliii S., 51J4, 7)''. 
 Wflls, t'Imiirs, 715, 7j(i. 
 Wtlls, II. II,, iiji, ■ 4^6, 5116, 
 
 Wells, l(,|,n A., a&j. 
 
 Wi-ILs, Niiiili .M,, 51^4, 5^5, (iv2, 
 
 641, 7).,, 
 Wflls, Ual|>li, 6i7,i/iij. 
 Wflls, Kiifiis, 6}. 
 Wells, Slepheii, 681, 08^;, r»;3. 
 
 Wills, W. .A., 710, 
 
 Wells, Win. I'., 101, 75J, 7^7, 
 
 7(.o. 
 Wilion ,\, W„ 558, 730. 
 
 Weliclfll, 41^1. 
 
 Wfllllill, A., 115, 167, 77n, 
 
 Wnulill, C, K.,884. 
 
 Wemifil, I'lniDiy, 866, 867, 9)6. 
 
 Wfiidell, J., 770. 
 
 Wfiidfll, J, II., 711, 792. 
 
 Wfiiilfll, Mary S., 736. 
 
 Wfnilfll, Tiiiiis .S,," 142, 164, 
 
 770, 860. 
 Wenzfll, 4y5, 
 Wfrmers, I!, J,, 541. 
 Wfrtliinaiiii, A,, 166, 
 Wfsliy, Jnliii, i;46. 
 Wesley, >ijIiiiiii>ii, 144. 
 Wesseniian, .A., ()i8. 
 Wfssun, Cutler, i)\ij. 
 Wessun, H. K., 680, 681. 
 Wesson, l.ysander, 942. 
 WessDn, W. I!., 41, 100, 466, 
 
 S'.'J. 7J.!i 810, 828, 8(17, 8(19, 
 
 yj7. yj8i 'j3yi y4'. 'M'-i, 94). 
 
 944. 94''- 
 vVcsson, W. li., Mrs., 939, 944 
 West, Itunjainin, 360. 
 West, N., ()oii, 718. 
 Westaway, James, 640. 
 Wfstcotl, Jolin W., 146. 
 Weston, Allyn, 677, 682. 
 Weston, Ainijs, 189. 
 Wettiaufei-, !•'., 146. 
 Wetniore, C. II., 355, 711, 
 Wetinore, K. W., 640. 
 Wey^anil, 551. 
 Weyle, Cliarles, 211. 
 Wharton, Carpentir, 344. 
 Wlieatun, William W., 140. 
 Wliei'un, 1). n.,675, 709. 
 Wlieiler, J. li., 919. 
 Wheeler, Lyman, 354. 
 Wheeler, R. O., 639. 
 Wheelock, Kehecca, 946. 
 Wheian, M., 318. 
 Whipiile, 315, 481, 695, 955. 
 Whipple, A. W., 919. 
 Whipple, C!harles \V., 40, 100, 
 
 187, 191, 6S5, 736. 
 Whipple, Henry I.., 92. 
 Whipple, James li., 126. 
 Whipple. John, 40, 123, 183, 
 
 189, 335- 
 Whipple, S. f. I. 
 
 Whipple, Willi. I,., 946. 
 Whistler, 275, 291, 299, 115. 
 Whistleri C;. W., 953 
 Whistler, John, 227, 953. 
 Whistler, John, Mrs., 953. 
 Whistler, William, 228. 
 
 Whilaire, Williiiiii, u'l, 131. 
 Wliitioinli, C . I)., 9111. 
 White. liMp, 47-,, 49J, 1/15. 
 While. Alfreil. 894, 895. 
 While, Aljiheiis, .(9, 88. 
 While, A. 1 1., 709. 
 While, A. 1:. K., (131. 
 While. II. K., Hii, 868. 
 While. J. C, 31a. 
 Wliih', S, Warner, 874. 
 W'liili liiiiise, Henry |., 59'- 
 \\ hitinn, Henry, 141. .'jd, 286, 
 
 (>4i, (1,1. (i5.', 7m(,, 71J, 958, 
 Whitiiin. Ileiir>. .Mrs., 652. 
 WhilinK. J- Hill. «"4. 
 Wliilinv:, John I.., 41^, <;9, 140, 
 
 I'M. -ly. iS-i. Vl-i' 5'J. 7". 
 
 7i.', 77.., 04(1. 
 WhiliiiK, Jiisejili, 706. 
 WhilinK, J. I'.. M.t. »"^. ■•^'"i 
 
 ilSi, |,SI,. 
 
 Wliilla, Manila. 975. 
 Whiiman. I'lank, 162. 
 Whiiman. Hiram, 19H. 
 Whitm.in, I'. 1 >., 210. 
 Wliilmore. ( >.. i;7i, 689, 690, 
 Whilinore, ( ). W., 198. 
 Wliilney, 946. 
 Whitney, A. (1., 30, 41), 48, 89, 
 
 ')!<, 1)8. ".IS. 17''. '95. '';'. 859. 
 Whilney, C. J., 356, 678. 
 Whiinev, Daviil, Jr., 301, 811, 
 
 8(.8, 875. 
 Whitney, ('.. I,., 672, 673, 681, 
 
 68j. 61/j. (196. 
 Whitney. (1. I!.. 841;. 
 Whilney, C)., 486. 
 Whiilaker. H., 176. 
 Whilleinore, 690. 
 Whiilemure, lieniaril C, 92, 
 Wluttemore. Ciiileon 1 1., 92. 
 WliiUeniore, J. II., 357. 
 Wliittemore, J. 1'., 141. 
 Whittiiinieyer. John, 303. 
 Whiltle, (14 I, 972. 
 Whillle, I). \\'.. 637. 
 Whiltlesey, H. .M., 40, 305. 
 Wllilwooll, I), t:., 56, 162,869, 
 
 040. 
 Wii'kware. C .. 165, 167. 
 Wiilman, J. '1'., 167. 
 Wieiviirek, Simon, 542. 
 Wiehle, 355. 
 Wieneke, \Veise, 680. 
 Wieser. Charles J., 146. 
 Wi>;ht. IJiiekminsler, 100, 143, 
 
 \yO, 6,8, 68 1, 840, 900, 946. 
 Wiijht, I''.. 1!., 869. 
 Wi^ht. H. A., 497, 498. 
 Wi,i.;lii. II. A.. Mrs., 600. 
 Wixlit, J. -Anilirose, 602. 
 Wixht, James I'., 469. 
 WiKht, O. W., 59, 361, 707. 
 Wixht, .S. C, 71, loi, 143, 497, 
 
 52 i, 7U. 868, 869. 
 Wixlitman, H.. 131. 
 Winhtman, \'olney, 131. 
 Willinr, A. I)., 566, 
 Wilhy. K. C, 691. 
 Wileo.x, C liarles. 135, 164. 
 Wileo.x, Daviil I!., 210, 872, 
 Wileo.v, Kdwin, 795. 
 Wilco.x, Cleoi^'e A., 177, 756. 
 Wilco.\, Levi A., 146. 
 Wileox, W. W., 143, 164, 493, 
 
 495. 7M. 7-!<', 756. y.^t'. 
 Willeo.v. 675. 691. 
 Willio.v, .Alinira. 594. 
 Willco.N, Kben N., 307, 523, 755, 
 
 756- 
 Willeo.v, l.ymaii (!., 38. 
 Willco.x, Orlando B., 73, 230, 
 
 io5. J"7.J"u. 7"7. 7". 967. 969- 
 Wilder, A. .A., 364, 797. 
 Wilder, K. C, 638. 
 Wilder, J. I,., 486. 
 Willies, (leorye J)., 976. 
 Wiley, 579, 709. 
 Wiley, A. S., 810. 
 Wiley, Jeffurson, loi, 218, 708, 
 
 8u8, 869. 
 Wiley. Jefferson, Mrs., 665. 
 Wilkes, (jeorge, 145, 161. 
 Wilkie, Andrew, 934. 
 Wilkic, John A., 212. 
 
 \\ llkllls, lui, 23.J, 2,(0, 492. 
 Wilkiiis, Ahull, 707. 
 Wilkins, John, 24, 221, 879, xa;. 
 Wilkins, Koss, 31, 90, 175, ibi', 
 
 "95. .)".!. .|oi, 64J. 94''. 961. 
 Wilkins. I. I)., 67s. 
 Wilkins, William H., ^4, 175. 
 
 '7''. .m< :)"5. 746, 75J. 75". 
 
 7SH, 760, 761, 
 Wilkinson, .A. M., 190,612, 757. 
 Wilkinson. James, 227,267,2(18, 
 
 •■7", -'7'. 95 1. 
 \\ ilkinson, John, 902. 
 Wilkinson, Joseph, 58, i n. '**4. 
 
 7H5. 
 Wilks, C'hiirlfs, 132, 
 Will.iril, l''raiieeH K., 709. 
 Willaril, I,. II., "65,645,755,7,16. 
 Will.iril, I,. 11., .Mrs., 310. 
 Williniin, Desire I!., i./s 19S. 
 
 21 '. 
 Willells, Wellilljiton, 571. 
 Willelts, J., 638. 
 Williams, 252, 495, 501, s'.i., 77.!, 
 
 77J. 
 Williams, Alhert, 92. 
 Williams, Alfred, 894, 895. 
 Williams, A. S,, 103, 143, iiA>, 
 
 195, 203, 299, 303, 305, 317, 
 
 Ii8. IS9, 682, 683, ('92, 75", 
 
 8(4, 883, 946. 
 Williams, .Mrs. A. S., nj. 
 Williams, Charles W., 739, 735. 
 Williams, h'.leazer, 581, 95(1. 
 Williams, Elizaheth, Miss, 720, 
 
 721, 940. 
 Williams, I'.zia, 198. 
 Williams, Kerilinaiul, 940. 
 Williams, (i. .Moll, 126, 
 
 493. 586. 589. 590. 59". 
 
 73". 756. 874. 
 Williams, (uirdon ()., 
 
 48(1, 865, 895, 965. 
 Williams, (i. ()., .Mrs. 486. 
 Williams, (I. Watson, 681, 
 Williams, llarvev, soJ. 
 Williams, II. DwikIiI, 839. 
 Willia.ns, Isaae. 173. 577. 
 Williams, J ., 153. 
 ^Villiams, Junies, 123, 130, 142, 
 
 '9-'. 933 • 
 Williams, James M., 303. 
 Williams, John, 133, n 1. 
 Williams. John I!.. 458. 
 Williams. John C, 131, 167, 488, 
 
 941. 946. 
 Williams, John C, Mis , 937, 
 
 939- 
 Williai 
 
 '44. 
 
 lams, J. C. 1).. 141. 174, 
 
 3"3. 72 '• 
 Williams, John U., 40, 88, 89, 
 
 99, 114, 1^3, "35. "38. "4". 
 
 174, 192, 274, 359. 502. 534, 
 
 685, 730, 731. 740. 752, 770, 
 
 786, 859, 860, 863, 933, 939, 
 
 945. 946- 
 Williams, John K., Mrs.. 943. 
 Williams, John S., 267. 
 Williams, Josejih ]i., 92. 
 Williams, Julian, 145. 
 Williams. I.e\i. 198. 
 Williams. .Miss, 717. 
 Williams. .Morris I.., 871. 
 Williams, .M. .M., 695. 
 Williams, Nathan, 78, 191, 198. 
 Williams, Nathaniel, 174. 
 Williams, N. ('.., 711, S68. 
 Williams, N. H., 481, 4H5, 487. 
 Williams, Oliver, 135, 730. 
 Williams, 'I'heodoie, 40, 100, 
 
 126, 142, 143, 144, 167, 172, 
 
 '94. 5'3. 945- 
 Williams, 'Iheoilore (1., 945, 
 Williams, 'J'homas, 174, 198, 669, 
 
 767. 
 Williams, William C, 734, 871. 
 William.s, William CI., 918. 
 William.son, David, 261, 952. 
 WilliKan, M., 541. 
 Willis, Ale.vandriiie .\I., Mrs., 
 
 937. 94"- 
 Willis, lilanehe, 938. 
 Willis. Nathaniel, 669. 
 Willis^ Nathaniel P., 669, 675, 
 
 706. 
 
 ■■"'3. 
 
 \Vii.«. 
 
 73". 
 
 ""3. 
 
 
 188, 
 
 357. 
 
 839, 
 
 Willis, Kirliaril Slorrs, 361, 549, 
 
 (,.,,,, 7..(., 938. 
 Willis. Kulmril Storrit, Mrs,, 
 
 361, 362. 
 Willis, M. <)., 845. 
 
 Willis, J. I'., 6.7, (,IO. 
 WillyoniiK. John, (79, 695. 
 Wilmaitli, Asa II., iJi>, I3'- 
 U ilinarlli, HIr.ilii, (>4. 198, 6i>6, 
 Wilmarlh. O. II.. 799- 
 \S ilinor, James 'I'., 554. 
 Wilmcit, .Ml. 11 C, 313. 
 Wilmot, William. 145. 
 Wilson. A. .A., S77. 
 Wilson, K. II. C., 188. 
 Wilson. OforKf. 7i(j. 717, 7.16. 
 Wilson. Henry, 144. 
 Wilson, II. II., 577. 
 WiUon, lames, ,•48. 
 Wilson, John, 879. 
 Wilson, John 11,. 654. 
 Wilson, John M., 209. 210, 346, 
 
 ,,,795. 
 
 W ilson, Lewis, 22S. 
 Wilson, M. 1... 681. 
 Wilson, Willi.ini, jai. 
 Wilson. W. Wariif. 586. 
 Winaiis, I'. .\I., 303, 
 Wini'liell, Ale.saniler, 676, 709, 
 Willi hell. John, 7|8, 739, 755, 
 Winilirster. (leneral. 279, 280. 
 Willi klir, J. I''., (120. 
 Wiiuler, I ). K.. 707. 
 Winder. John, 140, 167, 175, 176, 
 186, 187. 11)1. 194. 197.940,946. 
 Winder. John, .Mrs., 633, (152. 
 Wlnx, 908. 
 WiiiK, A., 165 798. 
 
 .Austin i'!., 30, 40, 98, 102, 
 III, 135, 176, 181, 187, 
 
 201J, 210, 558, 631, 73.,, 
 
 ... 94''' 
 Winn, lianklin M., 71 ,126. 144. 
 WiiiK', Nelson H., 046, 
 Winn. Warner, 194. 210. 
 Winkleiii.in. J, C, 131. 
 Winn iV I'aiiery, 482. 
 Winterlialter, John. 318. 
 Wise, Daniel (I'laneis Forres- 
 ter). 579. 708. 
 Wiseman, Major, 227. 
 Wisner, (leorne W., 682, 755. 
 Wisiur. Moses, 92. 
 Wiswell, 111. 
 Witlieek. C. S.. 483. 
 Witeher. James K.. 737. 
 
 Wilherell. 
 
 141, 152, 
 
 194, '95. 
 
 558, 563. 
 
 712, 716, 
 Witherell. 
 
 98. "79. 
 
 274, 285, 
 
 li. I'. H. 
 
 180, 188, 
 196, 198, 
 5f'4. 565. 
 73". 737. 
 James. 
 
 90, UK,, 
 
 190. 192. 
 
 210, 493, 
 
 641, 706, 
 1102. 
 
 89. 95, 96, 
 185, 186, 214, 273, 
 '■"/U 559. 562, 605. 
 
 735. 858, 946, 947, 960, 979, 
 Witherell. J, li., 141. 
 Witlierspoon, |,, 161, 162. 
 Wilherspoon. \\'. W.. 212. 
 WithiiiKton, W. H., 307. 
 Wi.xoin, A. J., 131. 
 Woleott, -Ale.xander. 907. 
 WoUonski, John, 542. 
 Wood. .A. II., 910. 
 Wood, A. (;., 675, 681. 
 Wood, A. '1'., 875. 
 Wood, De Volsen, 709, 
 Wood, (.., 755, 
 Wood, James, 255. 
 Wood, lolin, 130. 
 Wood, J. li., 162. 
 Wood, John 1'.., 225, 229. 
 Wood, Lorenzo, 738. 
 Wood, Martin I!., 883, 884. 
 Wood, Matthew, 198. 
 Wood, O. C, 162. 
 Wood, William S., 682. 
 Woodhridge, Diulley I!., 939. 
 Woodhridgf, William, 23, 29, 
 
 88, 91. 102, 130, 142, i8u, 186, 
 
 37'2. 558, 585. 63'. 64". ''97. 
 706, 711, 730, 731, 785, 859, 
 908, 909, 938, 946, 947, 967, 
 
 977. 979. 
 Woudbridge, William Levcrctt, 
 144, 942. 
 
INDEX — MISCKLLANEUL'S. 
 
 lul I 
 
 Suiim, 
 
 Mrs,, 
 
 Ki. hiinl Stiirr», .i<«, 54'(. 
 7,,(., .^jS. 
 Kiiluiril 
 
 II. <).. «tv 
 
 J, I'., (...7. '"°- , , 
 „,„>;, |olm, 1.7.), fiij'i. 
 
 ,rll,, llir.im, <•*■ >'A '"/'• 
 irlli. <•■ I''- 7W- 
 .... I.iin.^ r.. ■'='■»■ 
 
 . 7.1^'- 
 
 188, 
 
 8,1.), 
 'lilK, 
 .'iiiK' 
 ,'iiiK 
 
 All.ii I ., IM' 
 William, i|5. 
 
 CriiiKi', 7i"> 7'7 
 
 lliiiiy, lu- 
 ll. II., S77- 
 
 ,„, I aims, .'48. 
 nil, jdllll, K711. 
 „ii, ■jclin 11., f'S^. 
 ,,n, Jiiliii M., vi.«j, it't, 34''. 
 
 '• . • a 
 
 ;on, I.twii, -jM. 
 
 ,„ii, M. 1.., <■'«'• 
 Mill, Willi.ini, .'81. 
 v.n, NV. Wariif, S^f'- 
 laiis I'. M., J»> , , 
 ulicll, Alu.xamli-r, (7'', 7"^- 
 I, lull, l<'liii, 7t**,' 7W' 7.'\5- 
 „, l.,v*ti'r, (ii;nrial, ^791 •'O"' 
 iKlil.T. J. 1'.. ''•-•"• 
 lul.r, 1'. Km 7"7' , 
 
 ,h1,i-, jMlin.M". '''7. •7.'i. '7'. 
 
 iiulVr, Jolin, M'-^'. ^'ii' ''^'■ 
 
 ixi, 135. '7f'. \»'' •87' 
 W. -''o. 558, 6jt, 7.V. 
 
 KiankliiiM., 7' -••'<'''■>'■ 
 
 ^ Ni-lscm 11., lit*"- 
 
 [ Wariur, nM- ■""• 
 . .iikU-Miaii, J. C, "J"- 
 kiiiii .V iMiu-ry, .(82. 
 ^jiiUrliaU.r. John. .''%.,^,.^,„ 
 
 tci), .S7V- 7"8. 
 Vi>, n.an, Major --s?- 
 S-isu'-T, (H'or>;<: W .. (>8-'. 755. 
 Visiur, Moses, 92. 
 Vi>\nll, 111. 
 Vilb.ck, C. S.. 483. 
 .Vitclur, Jaiiu-s !■.., 737. 
 iVillurull, li. I'. 11- 9"i 
 14., "52, '8", '88, "9". 
 
 uM »)5, >yf'. 'y**' ^'" 
 
 5S8 563. 564, 5''5, 64>. 7— 
 
 712. 716. 73', 737. y'»- , 
 
 Kv^ herull, Umu-s 8y. 95, 96. 
 8 .79, -85. >8f', 2.4, 273, 
 
 r7;, 28 . 2.,6, 559, 562. 605. 
 
 .\t 858, 94f>, ^47, y6". 979. 
 WiiluTcil. J.li., <4>. 
 W.lhLispoon, J., >^,'. V;;- 
 \\,ilKTSi>oon,\\. ^V-, 212. 
 W iihiiiKion, N\ ■ H., 3"7- 
 U i\oiii, A. J., J3'- 
 \V,.UoU, Ak-.\aiuUT, 907- 
 WolloiisUi, John, 542- 
 Wood. A. 1!,., 91"- 
 Wood, A. C... 675, ('81. 
 Wood. A. 'I'., 875. 
 Wood, IH; Volsen, 7o<j. 
 Wood, »'.., 755- 
 
 Wood, James, 255- 
 
 Wood, lolin, I30' 
 
 Wood,"J. H.-.J^a- 
 Wood, John K.. 225, 2-!9- 
 
 Wood, l-oi-enzo, 738- 
 
 Wood, Maiun li., 883,884. 
 
 Wood, Matllu'W, 198. 
 
 Wood, I). C., 162. 
 
 Wood, William ^.. f82. 
 
 Woodi.rid«e. l)i;dU-y 1!., 939; 
 
 Woodbridge, William, 23, -9, 
 88.91, 102, 130, '42, '80, '«'- 
 ,72. 58, 585. 63-, fH>, 697, 
 706. 711, 73", 73', 785. B59. 
 ^08, qog, 938. 946, 947, 967, 
 
 Wo"dbadgc, William Levcctt, 
 144, 942. 
 
 192, 
 493, 
 
 Woodbury, 848. 
 Wood.uik, A. C, 7,7. 
 Wo'iilli.ims, l,i//it:, .Vli^s, jii. 
 Wood!., ill, II. II,, 17,. 
 Wo„ibvlt, A. S., 1)1. 
 Woodnilf, lli'iijainin J., i.;8. 
 Wo. Irulf, 1:., 8=,!. 
 
 \V liiiK, I,. M., t«,o. 
 
 W Is, .Mrs., 888. 
 
 Woodward, AuKnstiis II,, jj, 
 
 -'7, •■8, 4", 7J. 95, 9'', 97. 134, 
 
 ■ 7), 180, iHi, i8j, |8|, i.-;:3, 
 
 i8'i, J15, jOa, JJJ, jji, ii7Ci, 
 
 278, ;i8'i, j8i, 287, 3IJ, 4.JI, 
 
 5'i9. 5'M, '',>5, 7./1, 711, 71 J, 
 
 7JO, 7...8, 847. 8ss, 851., 857, 
 
 8s9. ')-7, •>{'<, 9I7- 
 
 Woodwird, J,)lin, 18(1, 
 
 Woodwortli, llt'iijaiiiiii, 40, 58, 
 '03, 143, I'M, '81, 2.XJ, 317, 
 357. 47-', 48", 491, .V'2, 558, 
 7.(3, 85s, 88.S, 9111, .HI, 'M4. 
 
 Woodwortli, S.iiniiel, (J55, 1161, 
 
 W00II.7, K., 87J. 
 
 Woollcy, S., 87J. 
 
 Wuolley, Smilli K., 1(5. ifii, 
 
 707. 874. , . 
 
 Woolliiiden, Frederick, 593, 
 714, 871. 
 
 Abstracts of tlih', 39. 
 .IcadL-iny K^antrd for common 
 
 schools, 7 i5. 
 .Acadia iiuhidcd (^)ucbcc, (-'7. 
 Acadiaiis lind hoiiii'S in Detroit, 
 
 Accounts kept in beaver skins, 
 
 84«-,. 
 Acconiits, method of keeping, 
 
 769. 
 .\clresscs and actors, visits of 
 
 noted, 358. 
 .\drian. railroad from, to 'I'ole- 
 
 dt) first opened, c^oi. 
 Adrian, r.iilroad to, lirst opened 
 
 from .Monroe, (>o2. 
 .\djiilaiU-( JtMierals of Territory 
 
 of Miehiijan, 89. 
 .\dvertisin>;, different modes of, 
 
 779- 
 Africa, 811, 826. 
 Axricnltnrc, pro>,'ress of, 12, 16, 
 
 , .3 H, 335, 338. 
 
 .Aiiisworth, railroad to, lirst 
 
 opened, i)oj. 
 Alarm on account of Indians, 
 
 284, 285. 
 Alarms, reward for fire, 505. 
 .Maska, 810. 
 Albany, once called ( )rani;o, 
 
 . 77.'5- . 
 Albion, railroad to, first opcni'd, 
 
 897. 
 
 .Mdcrmen at larj;c, i^i, 145. 
 
 .Mdcrmen as snpcrvisors, 142, 
 
 , ,933- 
 
 •Aldermen, names ami times of 
 service, 142, 14), 144, 145, 146. 
 
 .Me by the ho) liead, 8 57. 
 
 •Alexandria, th home of Judge 
 Woodward, 
 i .MgorKpiins, 3, ,21, 322. 
 
 •Vlleys, pavetC 930. 
 
 •Mmaiiacs, rti)6. 
 j Alumni of High School, 750, 
 
 •Vnibiilance, free, 7^3. 
 
 America, its first inhabitants, 
 321. 
 
 Ainerican Hoard of Commis- 
 sioners for Foreign Missions, 
 556.. 
 
 American Express Company, 
 892. 
 
 Woolsi'y, CiiCi. 
 W.,oU,y, II. I,, -joj. 
 WooN, y, J. W„ 594. 
 \\ orioter, 497. 
 Worliofsky, A.. 167, 
 Work, It. I'., (1.^5, 
 Worknin, I), J,, (ij.j, 758. 
 Woriner, I'. I ., 808. 
 Worimr, (1. S., jo,(, 8u3. 
 Worrall, M. ll.,'o<i.>. 
 Wortlij Colonel, joi, 
 
 Worlhingt 87. 
 
 Wortllillgloll, (ieorge, 586, 591, 
 Worlley, J, C, 571, 
 Wnerges, N., 914. 
 Wiay, W. J., 471. 
 Wright, 87J. 
 WriLiht, 11. F,, fi87. 
 Wright, Frank F., 828. 
 Wright, Horatio (/., 229. 
 Wright, 1'. 1'., .,.,). 
 Wnglit, Kiili.ird, i;o7, 
 Wright. U. C;., 7.r> 
 Wrighl, K. II., 204. 
 Wright, U. \V., 4.,:i, 
 Wiidiier, I,., 5^8. 
 Wiiirlh, Alois, 11,8, 67O, 756, 
 Wnnderlicli, 1'.,, 576. 
 Wunscli, Henry, 107, 
 
 Willis, h, Win,, i6r,, if.7. 
 Wy, kolf, K. W., (,.84. 
 Wyl.y, Ann 174, gsj, 
 Wymaii, Hal C, 734, 
 Wyiicoop, Win., all. 
 Wyiidh.ini, Charles, 358. 
 
 \arndley, 355, 357. 
 
 Vates, F., (183. 
 
 N a.\, John, ij8i. 
 
 Vax, 'Slichel, (j8o, 
 
 Yax, I'iirre, ,j8o. 
 
 Yax, Simon, yHo, 
 
 Vemans, C, C, 59, 5O7, (140, 
 
 I149, 70s. 734' 
 VVrkes, W., i,)8. 
 Virkes, W. I',, 190, 311, 
 Voiiinans, K, I,., 70.J. 
 N'omig, j.)7, 511. 
 \'ouMg, Abram 1'., 101. 
 \'oiiMg, Ambrose I'.. 131. 
 \'oiing, Hugh A., -/n. 
 N'oung, II. J., 577. 
 N'oung, lohii H., 717. 
 Voiing, I'eter, (.54, 711, 7.^2. 
 Vouui{, T., 716. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS, 
 
 American F.agle Tobacco C'om- 
 
 pany, Sjo. 
 Ameriean State Papers, map of 
 
 Detroit in, 29. 
 Americans first occupy Detroit, 
 
 2(,8, 
 
 .Ainherstbnrg iiaptist Associa- 
 tion, 607, 
 
 Ainiis<'inent meetings at Voiing 
 Men's Hall, J52. 
 
 Angelus, ringing of the, 237, 
 
 5,i"- 
 Animals, domestic, at Detroit, 
 
 . ■'^^• 
 
 Ann Arbor convention on ad- 
 mission of State, 00. 
 
 Ann .Arbor, railroad to, first 
 opened, 8<;7. 
 
 Ann .Arbor, university at, 731. 
 
 Annals of Detroit, 951, 
 
 Ann, seizure of schooner, 301, 
 
 Anti-Slavery Society organized, 
 
 34'''- 
 
 -Appeiuli.x A, 977. 
 
 .Apples, peculiar varieties, 13. 
 
 ArbeitiT Hall, 478. 
 
 Arehiiectural iron work, manu- 
 facture of, S06. 
 
 Argentine Republic, 828. 
 
 Arkansas, 820. 
 
 Armistice betwi^en Gen. Dear- 
 born and Sir (Ieorge I'rovost, 
 295. 296, 
 
 Army chaplain. Gen. Wayne's, 
 551- 
 
 .Army, surrender of TiCe's, 309. 
 
 Arpent, the .same as .Acre, 17. 
 
 Arrests, number of, by police, 
 207. 
 
 Arsenal erected in city, 224. 
 
 Arsenal, corner stone laitl at 
 Dearborn, 226. 
 
 Art, artists, and inventors, 358. 
 
 Art loan exhibition, 360, 361, 
 367 
 
 Assi Its, special, 165. 
 
 Asses.M.rs, names and terras, 
 
 '33. i''>3, "14- 
 
 .Astronomical clock, 3(12. 
 
 Asylums, see Charitable Insti- 
 tutiims. 
 
 Atheniuum of Detroit organ- 
 ized, 710. 
 
 Athletic and aquatic amuse- 
 ments, 352. 
 
 Ail.inia, celeliration of capture 
 
 of, 308, 
 Atlantic cable laid, 8S5, 
 .Attack of the Leopard upon 
 
 till' Chesapeak<', 274. 
 .Attorney-Generals of .Michigan, 
 
 92, <)3- 
 Attorney's, I nited States, 175. 
 AuctioiieiTS of 'Territory, 770. 
 Auction sale of Michigan lands, 
 
 37. 
 Auditors of cityj iC-. 
 Auditor-Generals of Michigan, 
 
 92. 
 .Auditors, Hoard of County, 124. 
 .Auditors of 'Territory of Slielii- 
 
 gaii, 89. 
 .Augusta, Ga., 811, 
 Australia, 804, 811, 814, 829. 
 Austria, 829. 
 Authors' carnival, 640. 
 Authors, citizen, 700, 701, 702, 
 
 7"3, 704. 705. 
 Authors, visiting, 707. 
 Autumns, mild and prolonged, 
 
 45- 
 Axemen and bagmen, 502. 
 Aztecs or Aztecas, 321. 
 
 Hail, commissioners of, 107. 
 
 Hall at dedication of Fir<'inen's 
 Hall, 521. 
 
 Hall, a, on the king's birth- 
 day, 349. 
 
 Haltimore, 811, 826. 
 
 Haltimore, diocese of, 54(1. 
 
 Haltimore, oysters from, 8qo. 
 
 ISaltiniore, tobacco shipped to, 
 
 15' 
 Rands, 357. 
 Hank capital, 873. 
 Bank ccunmissioners, 851. 
 Banking law, general, of State, 
 
 853- 
 Hank notes, discount on, 853. 
 Hank notes, rooms papered 
 
 with, 852. 
 Bankrupt law, 850,854, 
 Banks and Hankers — 
 
 American National, 867. 
 
 Andrews & Waterman, 872. 
 
 Austin & Co., 872. 
 
 Bratshaw, Black, & Co., 873, 
 
 YouiiK, Win. 'I'., 191, 197, 198, 
 
 ■MU. 175, 707. 
 N ouiigblooil, (ui5. 
 N'oiingi.lood, llirnard, 135, 145. 
 Voiiiigblood, Jaeoli, 1(15. 
 
 z 
 
 /ani', F.li/alieth, 2.(14, 
 /aiuli r, W. T., 578. 
 Zani /iiiger, K, A., 228. 
 
 ZeisbiTger, 550, 551, 7.7, 
 
 Zeiss, Henry, 1I7. 
 
 Zi'ider, George, 9)1. 
 
 Zendir, Henry, 144, 756, <)34, 
 
 945, 04''. 
 Zeiider, Henry Mis,, 940, 
 Zens, I'elir, 7^8. 
 Zerralin, Carl, 354, 
 Zieglir. J, J, 'T., 131. 
 Ziegler, I'aul, 583, 585, 587, 
 
 589, 5'*o, 719. 
 Ziiiiinermaii, J.. 2U, 798. 
 Ziiiger, Franz, 718. 
 Zink, I.uiien, 114, 935. 
 Zinii. fiistus, 914, 
 Ziriuliirf, H,, 628, 
 Zug, Samuel, 125, 71 1. 
 Zundel, John, 355, 707, 
 
 Brown, Warner, & I.ee, 873. 
 Butler, W. A.& Co., 868. 
 Hank of the Dwigbts, 85.;. 
 Bank of Michigan, 858. ' 
 Bank of St. Clair, 859, 864. 
 City Hank, 870. 
 Cinnmereial National, 871, 
 Campbell, W. 1'.. 872. 
 Cargill, (), F. iV' Co., 872. 
 Cobb, F. M,, 872, 
 C'oe iV Coit, 872. 
 Cromwell iV Ralston, 872 
 Detroit Hank, 854. 
 Detroit City, 851. 
 Detroit National, 867. 
 1 letroit Savings, 864. 
 1 )inie Sa\"ings, 871. 
 Darling, 'T. S., 872. 
 Dey, A. H., 872. 
 Duncan, Kibbee, & Co., &■;.•. 
 Kxchange Bank of W. 11. 
 
 Mitchell, 872. 
 F.nsign, B. 1'., 872. 
 F'armers & Mechanics', 860. 
 First National, 859, 866. 
 First National, of I'lymouth, 
 
 872. 
 
 Fisher iV Preston, 872. 
 German Amiriean, 868. 
 Granger A Sabin, 872. 
 Graves, J. ()., 872. 
 Harper, John 1,. \ Co., 872. 
 Hazelton, F. H. A: Co., 872. 
 Hosie, Robert, 872. 
 Howard Smith & Co., 872. 
 Ives, .A. A: Son, 872. 
 Ives, C. & A., 872. 
 Ives, S. H. \- Co., 872, 
 Johnson, A. S., 872. 
 Kaple, J. II., 872. 
 Kellogg iS: Sabin, 872. 
 Lewis, G. F., 872. 
 I.yell, J. I.., 872. 
 Market H.iiik, 871. 
 Mechanics' Hank. 868. 
 Merchants and Manufactur- 
 ers', 868. 
 Michigrin Insurance Co., 862. 
 Michigan Savings, 870. 
 Michigan State, 863. 
 National Insurance, 862. 
 McLellan & Anderson, 872. 
 Morris, H. H., 872. 
 Morton, W. D., 872. 
 Peninsular, 865. 
 
I0I2 
 
 INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 I!anks and Hankers — Cont'd. 
 
 lV(i|)lc's Savings, 868. 
 
 I'ontiac liank, 8i;j. 
 
 Parsons iV Kisliir, 872. 
 
 Parsons, I'liilo, 872. 
 
 Preston, I). A: Co., 872. 
 
 RoliiTts, Anstin, iV Co., 872. 
 
 Kohirts, v.. K. & Co., 87J. 
 
 Second National, 8(7. 
 
 State, 851). 
 
 State Hank of Micliitjan, S63, 
 86() 
 
 State Savings, 871. 
 
 Scott, V. J.. 87 J. 
 
 Seit/i, K. I,. & t'o., 872. 
 
 Sistare s, Ueorgu K., Sons, 
 87.,. 
 
 iaylor, N. 'I'., 872. 
 
 ■riionipson. 0. 1;., S72. 
 
 'I'nttle, C. W., M72. 
 
 United St.iles, 848. 
 
 Wayne County, of Plyinontli, 
 851. 
 
 Wayne County Savinijs, SOi). 
 
 Wvandotte Savings. 872. 
 
 W.'dlace, 1,. W. A: I'o., 872. 
 
 Wooley, K. & S., 872 
 
 Wriijlit, .Vndievvs, A C"o., 872. 
 lianksand currency. 8411. 
 lianks, suspension »»f, 853. 
 lianner I'oliacco factory, 827. 
 l>an(nu't, complimentary, to C. 
 
 C. 'l'ro\vI)ritl>,a', 339. 
 liaptism of ciiild on day of siir- 
 
 rendi-r, 554. 
 liaptisnis ol savages registered, 
 
 liaptist chaplain of Waynes 
 army, 551. 
 
 liarbarities of Dritisli anil In- 
 dians, 280. 
 
 l!arl)(^uie, democratic, luS. 
 
 Itardstt)\vn, diocese of, included 
 Di'Iroit, 54'i. 
 
 liar iron, manufacture of, 818. 
 
 I'ar Library, uy). 
 
 liarns' Hall, 479. 
 
 IJarnum's Wire Works, 811. 
 
 liarracks tired l>y tlie liritlsli, 
 224. 
 
 IJarrels cheaply made at De- 
 troit, 802. 
 
 liars in pnlilie liouses, 840. 
 
 liarstow School liuilding open- 
 ed, 745. 
 
 Haskets, manufacture of, 811, 
 
 battles— 
 
 h'ort Stevenson, 282. 
 
 (lettyshurgh, 308. 
 
 Raisin, 280. 
 
 'I'liames, 283. 
 
 Tippecanoe, 273. 
 l)attering rams for use of fires, 
 
 502. 
 Hattlu Creek, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 897. 
 Iiattle Hags |)rcsc'nted to the 
 
 Stale, 310, 
 ISay City, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 901. 
 Hay windows introduced, 376. 
 Hears and deer in city, 11. 
 Hear baiting and goose shoot- 
 
 iii.if, 35'- 
 Heaver skins, accounts kept in, 
 
 846. 
 Beehive bonnets, 338. 
 Hcets, large, 16. 
 Helgium, 826, 828. 
 Helle Isle, 7. 
 
 Helle Isle, a picnic on, 350. 
 Helle Isle bridge or tiuiiu'l, 891. 
 Helle Isle, different namis for, 
 
 78. 
 Helle Isle Park, 75, 7C, 77, 78. 
 Hell of church rings Angelus, 
 
 53°- 
 Berthclet Market, 793, 794. 
 Berthelet Wharf, 63. 
 Bethel .Society, 641. 
 Hible in the scIuxjIs, 740, 741. 
 Hible societies, 641. 
 Hilliard table burned in 1805, 
 
 352. 
 
 Hirmingham, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, S93. 
 Hirtlis, nundjer of, in different 
 
 pc-riods, 3(3. 
 Hisliop of Detroit consecrated, 
 
 .5-»7- 
 Hishop cif (Juehec ni Detroit, 
 
 530. 
 Hishop of Quebec consecrated, 
 
 , .54''- 
 
 Hisliops and dioceses, Roman 
 
 I'atholic, 543 546. 
 Hism.irck, Sufi. 
 Hisons or buffalues at Detroit, 
 
 I'.l.ic'k Hawk War, 48. 
 
 Hlrcks, li-gisl.ition against, 34:;. 
 
 Hl.icksmilliing, cost of Cadil- 
 lac's permit for, 766. 
 
 Hlocks, nami's of, and date of 
 erection. 4'H). 
 
 I Moody Hridgi', 238, 239. 
 
 Hloody Run, 9, 302. 
 
 I'lasphemy, law against, 534. 
 
 Hlast furnace machinery, manu- 
 facture of, 806. 
 
 Hoartl of Aldermen, 1 j7. 
 
 Hoard of Councilmen, 137. 
 
 Hoard of County Auditors, 124. 
 
 Hoard of iJoulevard Commis- 
 sioniTs, 79. 
 
 Hoard of Commissioners of Po- 
 lice, 204. 
 
 rioar<l of Commissioners on 
 Plan of C:ity, 935. 
 
 Hoard of l'',ducation, 741^. 
 Capiti>l building in their pos- 
 session, 74;^. 
 Committees of, 755, 
 l''in.incial resources, 753. 
 Houses owned bv, 746, 747, 
 
 74S. 
 Meetings of, 754, 755. 
 Messenger of, 753. 
 Names of Inspectors, 755, 
 
 7S'5, 757. 758- 
 Reports of, 755. 
 Presidents of, 752. 
 Secretaries of, 752. 7^5. 
 Su|)erinteiidcnl of Repairs, 
 
 Supi'rintendent's clerk, 752. 
 
 Hoard of ICstimates, 74, 75, 161. 
 
 Hoard of Kire Commissioners, 
 51 8, 519. 
 
 Iioard of Health, 50, 79-(. 
 
 Hoard of Internal Improve- 
 ments, 896. 
 
 Hoard of Pour Commissioners, 
 645, 646. 
 
 Hoard of Public Works, 936. 
 
 Hoartl of Review, 104. 
 
 Hoard of School Inspectors, 754. 
 
 I'.oard of Supervisors, 123, 142. 
 
 Hoard of 'I'rade, 785-792. 
 
 Hoard of Water Commissioners, 
 
 71- 
 Hoat clubs. 353. 
 Hoating and yachting, 7. 
 H.iiler plate, manufacture of, 
 
 818. 
 r.oilers, manufacture of, 806, 
 
 807. 
 Hollers, number of, inspected, 
 
 471. 
 I'ois HIanc Island, 8. 
 Holt and Nut Co., The Michi- 
 gan, 836. 
 P.oiuls, city, first sale of, 154. 
 I'onded del)l of thi' city, 156. 
 Hondod warehouses, 783. 
 lionfires and fire-balls, 110. 
 Hook of sections approved, 28. 
 Hooks and booksellers, 694. 
 Hooks first printed at Detroit, 
 
 694. 
 Hoonsboro, 249. 
 Boots and shoes, manufacture 
 
 of, 835. 
 Boston, Mass., 811, 816, 818, 
 
 826, 827, 835. 
 Boundary Line Commission, 
 
 269. 
 Houfevard, 79. 
 Bounties to soldiers, 30C, 311. 
 
 Ho.\ material abundant al De- 
 troit, 80J. 
 
 Hr.idy (Juards, 90, 303, 317. 
 
 Hrandy, intluence of, on siir- 
 \'eys, 22. 
 
 Hrandy, early sale of, 837. 
 
 Hrass and Copper Rolling .Mill, 
 
 ■ .'^■'''■ 
 
 Lrass castings, manufacture of, 
 
 807. 
 
 Hr.izil, 811, 827, 828. 
 
 Bread, regulations as to loaves, 
 
 , 797- 
 
 Iiievoort I'arm, 52. 
 
 Hrewers, National convention 
 
 of. 845. 
 Hrick clay, excellent, ne;ir De- 
 
 tr )it, ,S()2. 
 Hriek-y.irds in .'^pringwells, 4. 
 Hridge.Mud iron works, ,Sui. 
 Bridge's, manufaitnre of, S05. 
 Hridgeport, Conn., 808. 
 Hridging Delroit River, 891. 
 I'.ridle paths, 8S7. 
 Hritish and Indians defeated 
 
 by Wayne, 266. 
 Hritish ami Indians repulsed in 
 
 i.'-'i2, 276. 
 Hritish build I'ort Miami, 2^.5. 
 Hritish conciliating Indians, 
 
 264. 
 Hritish cv.icuate Detroit, 224, 
 
 2C7. 
 British Hag hauled down at 
 
 Detroit, 2fi3. 
 Hritish Hag hoisted at Detroit, 
 
 208. 
 
 Hritish f'lr traders oppose sur- 
 render of Western posts, 264. 
 
 British government respected 
 French titles, 20. 
 
 British in possession of Wash- 
 ington, 27. 
 
 British outrages in 1S12, 272. 
 
 Hritish presents to savages, 272. 
 
 British reinforcements for De- 
 troit, 264. 
 
 British treatment of prisoners, 
 
 -53. 
 
 Bronze Company of Detroit, 
 811. 
 
 Bronzed goods, manufacture of, 
 822. 
 
 Hroom carrying by Fire Com- 
 panies, 507. 
 
 Brush Klietric Light intro- 
 duced, 46S. 
 
 Brushes, m:innfacture of, 811, 
 826. 
 
 Brush farm, 34-36. 
 
 Brush, 'I'he iVtroit Co., 836. 
 
 Buckeye tree. 86. 
 
 Buffalo, 814, K16. 
 
 Building inspectors, 478. 
 
 Hniidiiigs outside of stockade, 
 
 367- 
 Burial of paupers, 644. 
 Burials and si'xtons, 55, 56, 57. 
 Burlington, 805. 
 Burning of Col. Crawford, 261. 
 Burnt district in 1S48, 493. 
 
 Cab.icier's Creek, g. 
 
 Cabinet otTicers, 102. 
 
 Cabs, first two-wheeled, 888. 
 
 Ca.ges, manufacture of, 811. 
 
 Calcutta, 4. 
 
 California, 810. 820. 826, 836. 
 
 Campaii farm, church on, 530. 
 
 Camp Backus, barracks at, 306. 
 
 Campus .Martins, 74, 475. 
 
 Campau's Kiver, 9. 
 
 Canada, 83, 811. 
 
 Cana<la, passes to, in war time, 
 
 3"7. 
 
 Canada, Protestants in, 550. 
 
 Cana<la surrendered to Eng- 
 land, 83, 234. 
 
 Canadian preparations against 
 Patriots, 302. 
 
 Canadians jiunished for aiding 
 Pontiac, 240, 
 
 Can.adian lighthouses in Detroit 
 
 Kiver, 919. 
 Canadian voyagenrs, 917. 
 Canal. Desjardins, 903. 
 Canal about Niagara Falls, 790. 
 Caudles, manufacture of, 826. 
 Candles, jirimitive kinds, 468. 
 Candles put in windows at time 
 
 of a lire, 503. 
 C.innibal Indians at Detroit, 
 
 322. 
 Cannon captured by Perry, 477. 
 Canoes, bateaux, and pirogues, 
 
 907. 
 Cantonment, the, 224. 
 ('.-. jilal located at l.ansin.g, qi. 
 dpital punishment abolished, 
 
 i8r. 
 Capitol building at Detroit, lay- 
 ing of corner-stone, 474. 
 Capitol building at Detroit, first 
 
 used, 475. 
 Capitol, last sessitin (»f legisla- 
 
 tiiri; in I Detroit, 475. 
 Capitol building occupied for 
 
 schools, 475. 
 (^ipitnlation of Detroit. 234. 
 Capsule factory, llubers, 824. 
 Captive boy exchanged for a 
 
 tankar ' 767. 
 Carbon orks, .Michi.gan, 836. 
 Car Co. and Car Wheel Co., 
 
 'I'he Michigan, 804. 
 Card money, first issued, 846. 
 C.'irnival, authors', 640. 
 Caroline, the steamboat, 301. 
 Carriage factory, Johnson's, 
 
 836. 
 Carriages fir.st used, 887. 
 Carriages taxed, 149. 
 C.ir sheaves, manufacture of, 
 
 S05. 
 Carts, low two-wheeled, 887. 
 Car Wheel Co., (iritTin, 836. 
 Car wheels, manufacture of, 
 
 805. 
 Car Works, The Pullman, 836. 
 Car Works, Peninsular. 805. 
 Cassina, a poem, 369, 370, 371, 
 
 372. 
 Cass Farm, 34, 35, ,361 4', 473- 
 Ciiss House demolished, 369. 
 Cass .M.-irket, 795. 
 Catholepistemiad created, 728. 
 Catholic Bishops, names and 
 
 terms, 543-546. 
 Catholic cemetery, 52. 
 Cattle and fowls introduced, 
 
 338. 
 Cayiij^as, 322. 
 CcleI)ration of Emancipation, 
 
 ^348. . , . 
 
 Celebration of takin.g of Vicks- 
 
 bur.g, 308. 
 Celebration of victory at Atlan- 
 ta, 308. 
 Celeron Island, 8. 
 Cemeteries — 
 
 Catholic, 52. 
 
 t^ity, 55- 
 
 l-",lmwood, 56. 
 
 English, 55. 
 
 Indian, 52. 
 
 Jewish, 57. 
 
 Lutheran, 57. 
 
 Military, 52. 
 
 Mount Elliott, 53, 54. 
 
 Protestant, 55. 
 
 Woodmere, 5, 56, 57. 
 Census of Detroit for variiuii 
 
 years, 334, 335, 336. 
 Census in 1750, 333. 
 Census in 1773, 334. 
 Census 111 1805, 335. 
 Census of children in 1838, 73j| 
 Census of slaves in Micliigui^ 
 
 345- , 
 
 Central vegetable market, 794J 
 Centres of business, 773. 
 Chair and sprlng-bec' factorv 
 
 M. J. Murphy & Co., 832'. 
 Chairs, manufacture of, 81 1 
 
 83-=- . . r 
 
 Champion tire bender, mani| 
 facture of, 806, 
 
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 lOl 
 
 ■IT, 911)- 
 
 (lian vDvaiieiirs, q'T- 
 ,',',„Jt Niagara fa ly 90. 
 
 ll,s, piimitivr kinds, 4M. 
 U.s piit ill windows at tunc 
 
 a Ore, 5"3- 
 nihal Indians 
 
 at Potroit, 
 
 n.m captured by P<'rry, 477- 
 ,r,i,s, bitcaux, and pirogues, 
 
 iitai punishment ai.olislud, 
 
 p'tolbuildinK at Detroit, lay- 
 
 ,,, „f lorner-stone, 474- 
 pi,„l building at Detroit, first 
 
 is<'d, 475- 
 
 pitol, last session 
 
 lire in Detrcut, 475- . . , . 
 ,pU„l building occupied for 
 
 :;uu;;!ui,m\.f nj--''- 1^' 
 M-"-'/-'"'^-Sd'^;^-=' 
 
 of legisla- 
 
 ;ipti\e boy exel 
 ^Xm^'orki:; Michigan 836. 
 :;; Co. and Car Wheel Co., 
 -rhe Michigan, 804. 
 ;ard money, iirsl,issued, 846. 
 
 •■irnival, autluirs , 640. 
 ■'. r he the steamboat, 301-, 
 arolnu, >" Johnsons, 
 
 Carnage lacioij, j 
 
 Carriages first used, 887. 
 ^•irriaires taxed, I49; r 
 
 :ar sheaves, manufacture of. 
 
 Cans, low two-wheeled. S87. 
 r, r Wheel Co., (Inlbn, 8/1. 
 ^ wheels, manufacture of. 
 
 Car' 
 Car 
 
 introduced. 
 
 of Emancipation, 
 
 Cu- 'works. The Pullman 836. 
 Car Works, Peninsular. So,. 
 Cassina, a poem, 369, 37°. .'7'. 
 
 Cass" Varm, 34. 35,36. V- ■•"■ 
 Cass House <lemolished, 369- 
 Cass Market, 795- , , ,„o 
 
 Catholepistemiad created, 7=8 
 Catholic lUshops, names and 
 
 terms, 543-54''- 
 
 Catholic cemetery 
 
 Cattle and fowl 
 
 338. 
 Cayugas, 322. 
 Celebration 
 
 Celtbration of taking of Vicks- 
 
 CeKa.?-"f victory at Atlan- 
 
 ta, io8. 
 
 Celeron Island, 8. 
 
 Cemeteries- 
 Catholic, 52. 
 
 City, 55- 
 Khnwood, 56. 
 
 Knglish, 55- i 
 
 Indian, 52- 
 Jewish, 57- 
 Lutheran, 57. 
 Military, 5-'- 
 M,uint Klliolt, 5.3. .54- 
 Protestant, 55- 
 
 Woodmeve, 5. 5". 57- ,.„^. „,., 
 Census of Detroit for various ,^ 
 
 years, 334. 335. 330- 
 Census in 1750. 333- 
 Census in 1773. 334' 
 Census in 1805, 335' , 
 
 Ccnl'ralvegefble market, 7'M- 
 
 Centres of business, 773; ( 
 
 Chair and spr,ng-bed actor> 
 M. ]. Murphy & Co., 832. 
 Chairs, manufacture of, 8". 
 
 , Champion tire bender, manu- 
 facturc of, 806. 
 
 Changes in street names, 946- 
 
 <,4H. 
 Charcoal, price of, at Detroit, 
 
 803. 
 Charitable institutions — 
 City .Mission Hoard, (150. 
 Convent of the (loud Shep- 
 herd, (^6rx 
 Detroit .-Vssociation of Chari- 
 
 ti.'s, (,66. 
 Harper Hospital, (157. 
 Home of the Friendless, 659, 
 
 660. 
 House of Providence, firta. 
 Industrial School, 654. 
 Italian lienevolent Society, 
 
 663. 
 Ladies' Protestant Orphan 
 
 Asylum, 651. 
 Ladies' Society for support of 
 Hebrew Widows and (Or- 
 phans, 657. 
 Little Sisters' Home for the 
 
 aged poor, 663. 
 Lutheran Orphan Aid So- 
 ciety, 662. 
 Michigan Retreat for the In- 
 .sane, see St. Joseph's Re- 
 treat. 
 Nursery and Kindergarten 
 
 Association, 6(15. 
 St. .Anthony's Male Orphan 
 
 .•\sylum, 6()i. 
 St. Joseph's Retreat, 655. 
 St. Luke's Hospital, "Home 
 
 and Orphanage, 65(1. 
 St. Mary's Hospital, 653. 
 St. Vincent's Female (Jrphan 
 
 Asylum, 650, 651. 
 St. Vincent's Hospital, see 
 
 St. .Mary's Hospital. 
 Thompson H.)me for Old La- 
 dies, 660, 663. 
 Women's Hospital and 
 
 Foundlings' Home, (i6\. 
 Working Woman's Home, 
 
 664. 
 Zoar Orphan Asylum, 665. 
 Charters of Detroit, 983. 
 Charts of lake survey, 918. 
 Cliattanooga, Tiuin., 835. 
 Cheese safes, manufacture of, 
 
 8o<), 810, 811. 
 Chemical fire engines, 510. 
 Chcinin dc ronde, 927. 
 Chemists, ma n u f act u ri ng, 
 
 Parke, Davis, A; Co., 8.!3. 
 Chemists, F. Stearns A: Co., 
 
 823. 
 Cherries in Oro.sse Point, 5. 
 Cherry trees, 13. 
 Cliesne farm, now Jones or 
 
 Crane, 34. 
 Chicago, '811,814, 816.826. 
 Chicago colonized from Detroit, 
 
 908. 
 Chicago burned, 47. 
 Chicago, railroad to, fir.st open- 
 ed, 899. 
 Chicago road, 925. 
 Children, number of in 1838, 
 
 737- 
 
 Chili, 828. 
 
 Chillicothe, 15, 
 
 i;hillicothe convention, 86. 
 
 Chillicothe made seat of gov- 
 ernment, 95. 
 
 Chimney, ancient, remains of, 
 1 found, 368. 
 
 Chimney sweeps, 500. 
 
 Chimneys to be burned out, 500. 
 
 China, 811, 818, 827, 829. 
 
 Chippewas, 78, 321, 322, 323, 
 324. 
 
 Cholera, visitations of, 49, 50. 
 
 Cholera, mortality from, 650. 
 
 Chorister of the parish mar- 
 ried, 354. 
 
 ('hurch on Campau Farm, 530. 
 
 C'hurch on Melclier I'arin, 532. 
 
 Churches and Missions — 
 Jia/itist. 
 Cass A\'eniie, 606, 607. 
 Clinton .Avenue, 610. 
 Eighteenth Street, 609. 
 
 P.aptist— Ctf»/V. 
 
 I'ir^I, <) s. 006, 607. 
 Fii'it Flench, 610. 
 First Oerman, 608. 
 Lafayette .Vvenue, 608. 
 Park'Strei't (extinct), 6n. 
 St:eond (ierman, 6<i9, 610. 
 Second, colored, 607. 
 Shiloh, eolort^d, 610. 
 I'abernacle (I'Xtinct), 601, 
 'rsvelflh Street, 6o<;. 
 Zion, colored, 609. 
 
 First, 613. 
 
 Harper Avenue, 616. 
 
 Mount Hopi-, 616. 
 
 Second Church, 6:4. 
 
 S|)ringwells, 615. 
 
 Trumhull .Avenue, 615. 
 Christian. 
 
 Church of Christ, 625. 
 
 First Christian, 624. 
 
 Howard Street Church of 
 Christ, 6ti. 
 yewish . 
 
 Heth Kl Society, 628. 
 
 Shaary Zedec Society, 629. 
 Lutlieran. 
 
 Rethlehem German Evangeli- 
 cal, 618. 
 
 Imniantiel, 619. 
 
 St (olin's German Evangeli- 
 cal, 617. 
 
 St. John's Independent, 62J. 
 
 St. Luke's German l''.vangeh- 
 cal, 622. 
 
 St. ^Iark's German F'.vangeli- 
 cal, 618. 
 
 St. M.itthew's F.vangelical, 
 620. 
 
 St. Paul's Kvangelical, 619. 
 
 St. Paul's tlerinan F.vangeli- 
 cal, 617. 
 
 St. Peter's German F.v.ingeli- 
 cal, 6ii. 
 
 Salem German F.vangelical, 
 622. 
 
 Trinity F.vangelical Lutheran 
 618. 
 
 Zion Evangelical Lutheran, 
 619. 
 
 Zion German Reformed, 621. 
 Methodist E/'iiiii/'itl. 
 
 Ashury Mission Chapel, 575. 
 
 liethel F.vangelical Associa- 
 tion, 578. 
 
 Cass .-Vvenue, 574. 
 
 Central Church, see First. 
 
 Congress Street, 569. 
 
 Dclray, 574. 
 
 F.henezer, African, 577. 
 
 First, 55.J. 
 
 First German, 575. 
 
 Fort StriH't, 572. 
 
 French (extinct), 578. 
 
 Jelfersori Avenue, 572. 
 
 Junction, 573. 
 
 Lafayette Street .African, 576. 
 
 Palmer .Memorial, 572. 
 
 Pine Street Protestant (ex- 
 tinct), 57S. 
 
 Simpson, 571, 572. 
 
 Sixteenth Street, 573. 
 
 Tabernacle, 570. 
 
 Thirty-second .Street, Ger- 
 lUiin, 576. 
 
 Walnut Street, see Simpson. 
 
 Wesley, 574. 
 
 Zion .African, 577. 
 
 /'rn/r.f/a ni E/>isco/>al 
 
 All Saints' Chapel, 588. 
 
 Christ, 583. 
 
 F^manuel Niemorial, 5S7. 
 
 Fi.nanuel Reformed F)pisco- 
 pal (extinct), 693. 
 
 Epii)hany Reformed Episco- 
 pal, 592. 
 
 Grace, 586. 
 
 Holy Trinity, 592. 
 
 Holy Trinil) Mission, 590. 
 
 Mariner's, 584. 
 
 Mission of the (jood Shep- 
 herd, 589. 
 
 Mission of the Messiah, 588. 
 
 Protestant Epi.scopal — Cont'd. 
 
 St. .Allian's .Anglo -Catliolic 
 
 (extinct), 592. 
 St. barnahas's Mission, 589. 
 St James's, =,38. 
 St. Jolin's, 583. 
 St. Joseph's .\IemorialCliapel, 
 
 59". , 
 
 St. Luke s Memorial Chapel, 
 590. 
 
 St. Mark s (extinct), 591. 
 
 St. Mary's Slission, 580. 
 
 St. Matthew's (ccdorcd), 590. 
 
 St. Paul's, 41, 581. 
 
 St. Peter's, 584. 
 
 St. Steplun's, 587. 
 
 St. 'I'homas's Mission, 589. 
 
 Trinity (extinct), 591. 
 I'tLs/iytvrian. 
 
 United, (x)2. 
 
 Cab'ary, 6(x>. 
 
 First Presbyterian, 594. 
 
 Fort Street, 597. 
 
 French Presbyterian (extinct), 
 603. 
 
 Jefferson Avenue, 598. 
 
 Memorial, 601. 
 
 Reformed Church of America 
 603. 
 
 Scotch, or Central Presby- 
 terian, 596. 
 
 Trumbull .Avenue, 602. 
 
 Union, 600. 
 
 Westminster, 599. 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Holy Redi'i'mer, 543. 
 
 Holy Trinity, S36, 649. 
 
 Our Lady of Help, 541. 
 
 Sacred Heart, French ; see St, 
 Joucliim. 
 
 Sacred Heart, German, 542. 
 
 St. .Albert's, 542. 
 
 St. Aloysiiis', 542. 
 
 St. .Anne's, 50 527. 
 
 St. Anthony's, 540. 
 
 St. I'onaventure, 543. 
 
 St. lioniface, 541. 
 
 St. Cassimcr's, 543. 
 
 St. Joachim's, 542. 
 
 St. Joseph's, 539. 
 
 St. Mary's, 537. 
 
 St. Patrick's, 540. 
 
 SS. Piter and Paul, 539. 
 
 St. Vincent de Paul, 540. 
 
 St. Wenceslaus, 543. 
 M isct'llaneous. 
 
 New Jerus.ilem, 62-. 
 
 'Third Avenue Mission, 627. 
 
 Unitarian Cliiircli, 626. 
 
 Universalist, Church of Our 
 F'ather, 627. 
 Churches, statistics of, 629, 630. 
 Cider a century ago, 13. 
 Cigar factory, liurk. Rich, & 
 
 Co., 828. 
 Cigarettes, manufacture of, 828. 
 Cincinnati, 95, 669, 826. 
 Cincinnati, Detroit in die rcse 
 
 of, 547- 
 Cincinnati, formerly l.osanti- 
 
 ville, 9.^. 
 Cincinnati made seat of justice, 
 
 94. 
 Circuit Court Commissioners, 
 
 197. 
 Cisterns, number of, in Detroit, 
 
 518. , 
 Citizens protest to Proctor, 281. 
 Citizens' meetings, 161. 
 Citizens' meeting about park, 
 
 74- , 
 
 Citizens nieetmg to levy poll- 
 tax, 151. 
 
 Citizens, nationalities represent- 
 ed, 3/.. 
 
 City < (iVicers— 
 City .Accountant, 162, 163. 
 City .Assessors, 163, 164. 
 City Attorneys, 141. 
 City .Auditors, 162. 
 City Clerk, 140. 
 City Collectors, 165. 
 City Comptrollers, 162. 
 City Counsellor, 141. 
 City Directors of Poor, 644. 
 
 City Officers- Cont'd. 
 
 City F^ugineer, ()36. 
 
 City (ias Inspector, 469, 470. 
 
 City Historiographer, 141. 
 
 City .Marshal, 202, 644. 
 
 City Physicians, 646. 
 
 City I'rinters, 692. 
 
 City Registers, 40. 
 
 City Sexton, 57, 58. 
 
 City Supervisors, 933. 
 
 City Surveyors, 113^, 
 
 City 'Treasurers, 167. 
 City bids account, 158. 
 City debt, 156. 
 City cemetery, 55. 
 City charges account. ijS. 
 City charters of Detroit, 114, 
 
 983. 
 City Council, 137. 
 City depository, 158. 159. 
 City directories, 6(j7. 
 City elections, 114. 
 City expenses, by decades, 1^5. 
 City tax estimates, how obtain- 
 ed, 157. 
 City Halls, 136, 475, 476. 
 City Hall, or Central MaiKel, 
 
 794. 
 City of Detroit incorporalcil, 
 
 .'34- , 
 
 City Library establisiied, 710. 
 
 City limits, 34. 
 
 Cit\* seals, 138. 
 
 City taxation and inances, 1^1. 
 
 City taxes, amuun, of, by de- 
 cades, 1 56. 
 
 City laxis, wlien and how 
 payable, 157. 
 
 City 'Tract Societies. 641. 
 
 C;iaiinaiits of French Farms. 077, 
 978, 979. 980, 981, 982. 
 
 Claims, Private, in Wayne 
 County, 977. 
 
 Claims, Surveyor-General to 
 survey, 22. 
 
 Clamer s journal metal, manu- 
 facture of, 80''. 
 
 Clay and Frelinghiiysen meet • 
 ing, 110. 
 
 Clearing-house system. 846. 
 
 Cleveland, steamboats to, 899. 
 
 Climate, 45. 
 
 Clinton Park, 55, 73. 
 
 Clock, 'The astronomical. 362. 
 
 Clubs and club-houses, 340. 
 
 Coal, introduction iind use of, 
 470. 
 
 Coal, price of, 902. 
 
 Code, Cass, 98. 
 
 Code, \\'ither<ll, 97. 
 
 Coin, tirculatidu of Spanish, 
 French, and Poriugiiese. Sj7. 
 
 C»~>ldwater, railroad to, first 
 opened. 902 
 
 Collectors of town. 133. 
 
 Collectors (tf Customs, names 
 and terms, 785. 
 
 Collegtis, see Schools. 
 
 Col.niists become like Indi.'ins, 
 
 337- 
 
 Colo'ed children admitted to 
 public schools, 7';i. 
 
 Colored missionary to the Wy- 
 andottes, 576. 
 
 Colored people, legislation 
 against, 345. 
 
 Colored persons vote lor first 
 time, 113. 
 
 Colored regiment from Michi- 
 gan, 307. 
 
 Colored schools established, 
 738. 
 
 Commandants, American, 227. 
 
 Commandants as chief magis- 
 trates, 172. 
 
 Commandants at weddings, etc. 
 171. 
 
 Commandants, llritish, 227. 
 
 Commandants, F'rench, 226. 
 
 Commandants, plenary powers 
 of, 171. 
 
 Commanding officers at IJetroit 
 barracks, 228. 
 
 Commanding ofTii'ers at Fort 
 .Shelby, 227. 
 
IOI4 
 
 INDEX - MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Commanding odicers at Fort 
 \Vii>-ni?, 228. 
 
 (!iimrnanilinv; orticors, Hoad- 
 qiiarlcrs of, 22(). 
 
 Commercial agencies, 779. 
 
 Commercial Mutual Associa- 
 tion, 874. 
 
 (jonimircial structures, 45Q. 
 
 Commissioners, Circuit Court, 
 
 ^ "'7- . . 
 
 Conimissioners of Bail, 197. 
 
 Commissioners of Common 
 Sclii>ols, 735. 
 
 Commissioners of Cirades, 936. 
 
 Cominissicmcrs of Land Tax, 
 144. 
 
 Commissioners of Public Li- 
 brary, 761. 
 
 Commissioners of State Land 
 OlTice. Michigan, 93. 
 
 Commissioners of 'Trade, 766. 
 
 Commissioners of U. S. Courts, 
 i7f.. 
 
 Common Council, 136, 137. 
 
 Common Council, name of 
 chanj;ed, 137. 
 
 Common Council, rules, com- 
 mittees, 137. 
 
 Common field, 24. 
 
 Commons, public, 25. 
 
 Company of the Colony of Ca- 
 nada, 765. 
 
 Compiled Laws, 99. 
 
 Concessions of land, conditions 
 of, 19. 
 
 Connecticut, missionary from, 
 
 552- 
 Connecticut s claims to terri- 
 , tory, 85. 
 Connor s Creek, 4. 
 Coiui.idrum, local, 458. 
 Conspiracy, I'ontiac's, 235. 
 Constables, 21U-J13. 
 Constantinople, 4, 820. 
 Constitutional Conventions, 88, 
 
 91, III. 
 Constitution, State, word white 
 
 voted out of, 348. 
 Converted Lidians, 564. 
 Coon pens, 108. 
 Copper and Hrass Rolling Mill, 
 
 Detroit, 8)6. 
 Copper, Detroit & L. S. Co., 4, 
 
 818. 
 Copper, Ingot, manufacture of, 
 
 818. 
 Copper Mines, 362. 
 Copper, purity and yield of, 
 
 802. 
 Cordwood, prices of, 802. 
 Corktown, 928. 
 Corn, early shipments of, 12. 
 Corimcrs of County, 58. 
 Coroner's jury, 58. 
 Corps of Kngineersof the Army, 
 
 918, 919. 
 Council Houses, 472, 473, 
 Countries supplied from De- 
 troit, see .Shipments. 
 County OrTicer.s, — 
 
 County Auditors, 124. 
 
 County Clerk, 125, 126. 
 
 County Commissioners, 123. 
 
 County Coroners, 58. 
 
 County Physicians, 049. 
 
 County Registers, 39, 40, 190. 
 
 County Superintendents of 
 Schools, 126. 
 
 County Surveyors, 126. 
 
 County Treasurers, 125. 
 
 County In.s;uie Asylum, 649. 
 County of Illinois, 85, 118. 
 County of Kent, 118. 
 County poor, 647. 
 County Poor-house, 648, 
 Coureurs de bois, 201, 331, 337. 
 Court-house, 481. 
 Courthouse Avenue, 947. 
 Court-martial and sentences, 
 
 316. 
 Courts — 
 
 Bankruptcy, 177. 
 
 Chancery, 191. 
 
 Circuit, 192. 
 
 Circuit of United States, 174. 
 
 Courts— CV>«/V. 
 
 Common I'leas, 191. 
 
 County, 192. 
 
 District, 189. 
 
 District Criminal, 194. 
 
 District of U. S., 175. 
 
 District of Territory of Michi- 
 gan. 189. 
 
 Mayor's, 191;. 
 
 Northwest Territorial, 178. 
 
 Of i'roofs, 189. 
 
 Of (Quarter Sessions, 133,190. 
 838. 
 
 Of Trustees, 174. 
 
 Orphans', 189. 
 
 Police, 196. 
 
 Quarter Sessions, igo, 
 
 kei:order's, 195. 
 
 Superior, igfi, 197. 
 
 Supreme of Indiana Terri- 
 tory, 178. 
 
 Supreme of Michigan lerri- 
 tory, 178. 
 
 Supreme of State of .Michi- 
 gan, 186. 
 Courtship of Judge Woodward, 
 
 182. 
 Coyl's Hall, 478. 
 Cracker factory. Vail & Crane's, 
 , 835. 
 
 Cranberries, indigenous, 12. 
 Criine.m war, 787. 
 Crime, prevalence of, in 1863, 
 
 204. 
 Criminals whipped and sold, 
 
 190. 
 Ooghan, Fort, 226. 
 Crosswalks, 931. 
 Crusade, Woman's, 842. 
 Cid/at, A., commerce of Lou- 
 isiana granted to, 330. 
 Currency, New York, 769. 
 tairreney of trading posts, 846. 
 Curry's Corner, 457. 
 Custom-house and Collectors, 
 
 781. 
 Customs receipts, imports, 783, 
 
 784. 
 Cut money, 846, 848. 
 Cyclone, date of, 47. 
 
 Dakota Territory, 835. 
 
 Dances, Indian, 322. 
 
 Dark day, 46. 
 
 Dauphin Island. Cadillac and 
 family arrive at, 530. 
 
 Dearborn, corner-stone of arse- 
 nal laid at, 226. 
 
 I'earborn, arms stolen from, 
 during Patriot war, 301. 
 
 Dearborn, arms forwarded to, 
 during I'atriot war, 302. 
 
 Death, first at Detroit, 333. 
 
 Death-rate in Detroit, 48. 
 
 Debt, im|)risonment for, 177. 
 
 Deeds, mortgages, and titles, 
 i9- 
 
 Deer and bears within city lim- 
 its, II. 
 
 Defeat of British and Indians, 
 266. 
 
 Defeat of Gen. Braddock, 233. 
 
 Defeat of (Jen. Harmer, 265. 
 
 Defeat of (iov. St. Clair, 265. 
 
 Delaware, 832. 
 
 Delawares massjicred by .\meri- 
 cans, 261. 
 
 Delawares, De Peyster's letter 
 to, a6i. 
 
 Delegates to Congress, Act pro- 
 viding for. III. 
 
 Delegates to Congress, 102. 
 
 Delray, in Springwells, 4. 
 
 Democratic barbecue on the 
 Cass Farm, 108. 
 
 Denver, 811, 818. 
 
 Depot. M. C. R. R., burned. 
 
 Deposit Ranks, 848, 
 Desjardins Canal, 903. 
 Destitutiim in Michigan Terri- 
 tory after War of 1812, 287. 
 
 Detroit a British military post, 
 
 242. 
 
 Detroit a commercial colony, 
 7''5. 
 
 Detroit & Cleveland Steam 
 Navigation Co., ()io. 
 
 Detroit ct L. S. Copper Co., 8i8. 
 
 Dc'lr.iit Hank, 96. 
 
 Detroit barracks, 226. 
 
 Detroit, boundaries at different 
 times, 34, 35. 
 
 Detroit I5rid,ge and IronWork>, 
 805. 
 
 Detroit Bronze Co., 811. 
 
 Detroit Hrusli Co., 836. 
 
 Detroit Carriage and E.fpress 
 Co., 889. 
 
 Detroit City Glass Works, 836. 
 
 Detroit C'ity Railr()ad Co., 93J. 
 
 Detroit Copper and Brass Roll- 
 ing .Mill, 836. 
 
 Detroit Klectrical Works, 83^1. 
 
 Detroit F.mery Whe(!l Co., 820. 
 
 Detr.iit File Works, 820. 
 
 Detroit and Lake Superior Cop- 
 per Co., 818. 
 
 Detroit Lead Pipe and Sheet 
 Lea<l Works. 836. 
 
 Detroit Linseed Oil Co.. 825. 
 
 Detroit Locomotive Works, 806. 
 
 Detroit Safe Co., 810. 
 
 Detroit Stamping Co., 822. 
 
 Detroit Steam I'orge, 805. 
 
 Detroit Stove Co., 811. 
 
 Detroit Steel and Spring Works, 
 804. 
 
 Detroit White Lead Works, 825. 
 
 Detroit established by Cadillac, 
 
 330. 
 Detroit evacuated by ICnglish, 
 
 223. 
 Detroit, expedition against, 256, 
 
 Detroit first ineoporated, 133. 
 
 Detroit Fish Halcliery, 16. 
 
 Detroit, I-'ort of, 183, 222, 234. 
 
 Detroit founded, 17. 
 
 Detroit I'lind. 30, 31. 
 
 Detroit Grays, 318. 
 
 Detroit, importance as a mili- 
 tary post, 231. 
 
 Detroit included in the diocese 
 of Cincinn.iti, 547. 
 
 Detroit Lancers, 317. 
 
 Detroit, location of, 3. 
 
 Detroit made a port ofentry,73i. 
 
 Detroit, maps of, 32. 
 
 Detroit militia, 233, 
 
 Detroit, naiiu's of, 3. 
 
 Detroit (Jpera House lot, sale 
 of, 41. . 
 
 Detroit Public Library, 760. 
 
 Detroit reinforced by British, 
 264. 
 
 Detroit River, description of, 6. 
 
 Detroit surrendered to the 
 F.nglish, 234. 
 
 Detroit, surroundings of, 4. 
 
 Detroit the eenlie of Indian 
 trade under the ICnglish, 766. 
 
 Dtjtroit transferred to diocese 
 of Baltimore, 546. 
 
 Detroit Zouaves, 318. 
 
 Detroit Transit Railroad, 933. 
 
 Detroit Union Uailroad .Station 
 and Depot Co., 906. 
 
 District telegraph svstem be- 
 gun, 885. 
 
 De.xter, railroad to, first opened, 
 
 897- 
 Directories of city, 697. 
 I )istricts,City divided into Fire, 
 
 SOS: 
 District School Inspectors, 736. 
 Diamond Fanning .Mill Coin- 
 
 J>any, 836. 
 Dickering w.is the rule, 770. 
 Diocesan Fund, Protectant 
 
 I''.pisco|>al. 5()2. 
 Diocese of Bardstown included 
 
 Detroit, 546. 
 Diocese of Detroit, Catholic, 
 
 created, si7- 
 Diocese of (".r.ind Rapids, Cath- 
 olic, created, 547. 
 
 Diocese of .Marquette and Sault 
 .St. Mary, Catholic, created, 
 
 547- 
 
 Diocese of Michigan, P. K., 
 created, 591. 
 
 Diocese of New France, Catho- 
 lic, created, 543. 
 
 Director of thit poor, 644, 
 
 IHsciples, Campbellites, Chris- 
 tians, 624. 
 
 Diseases, Doctors, Medical So- 
 cieties, 48. 
 
 Diseases, prevalent, 48. 
 
 Dispensatory, free, 51, (153, 733. 
 
 Distress iifter War of 1812, 287. 
 
 District of Hesse, 174. 
 
 District of Sargent, 149. 
 
 District Supervisors, 933. 
 
 Ditches as boundaries of farms, 
 18. 
 
 Doctors, 50. 
 
 Dog licenses and dogi)ounds, 80. 
 
 Domain of Cadillac, 17. 
 
 Dominion of Canada, 828, S32. 
 
 Donation files, 28. 
 
 Donation lots, 27, 28. 
 
 Door Knob Co., Union, 822. 
 
 Doiiaqiiec, 329. 
 
 Draft, first in war with South, 
 308. 
 
 Drays first used, 891. 
 
 Drain commissioners, 126, 130. 
 
 Drains and sewers, 59. 
 
 Dramatists and dramas, 358. 
 
 Dress, changes brought by the 
 F.nglish, 337. 
 
 Drill .Sergeant, The, a poem, 
 248. 
 
 Iirinking fountains, 71. 
 
 Drinking song of firemen, 509. 
 
 Driving Park in Hamtramck, 4. 
 
 Druggists' tin-ware, manufac- 
 ture of, 822. 
 
 Drum beating and publishing, 
 669. 
 
 Drummers or traveling agents, 
 
 777- 
 Dry Dock Knginc Works, 836. 
 Dry docks, 4, 910, 911, 
 I )iieks and di.ck hunting, it, 13. 
 Dtie- bills issued by private 
 
 firms, 847. 
 Due-bills, issue of, prohibited, 
 
 '53. 154- 
 Due-bills, laborers paid in, 151. 
 Due-bills, loan to redeem, 152. 
 Diuvbills of eounty, 123, 
 Dii.g-oiits, 907. 
 Du Liith, Fort, 221. 
 Duquesne, Fort, 12, 233. 
 Dwights, bank of, 859'. 
 
 B 
 
 I'.agic Iron Works, 808. 
 Early visitors, 324. 
 F.arth(|iiakes, 46, 976. 
 F.clipse of 1806, observations 
 
 at Detroit, 315, 954. 
 Education, advice to F'rench- 
 
 men concerning, 715, 716. 
 Education, board of, lake jjos- 
 
 session of old capitol, 745. 
 Education of early settlers, 333. 
 FMucation, meeting to discuss 
 
 free schools, 740. 
 Education, society fur female, 
 
 716. 
 Ediicatiim, see Board of, 
 Elba Island, 7. 
 Elections, no. 
 Electi(m days, saloons to be 
 
 (dosed on, 844. 
 F'lection districts, 115, iifi. 
 Election preliminaries, 108. 
 Elections, cit;'. 114. 
 Elections held for two days, 
 
 tii, 112, 1 13. 
 Elections, how conducted, iifi, 
 
 117. 
 Elections, local, almost unani- 
 mous, 114. 
 I'.leetions, times of opening and 
 
 closing polls, 114. 
 
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 1015 
 
 CM- nf Maiqiiotte and Saiilt 
 Maiy, Catholic, createU, 
 
 P. E., 
 
 ■esc of Michigan, 
 
 :ese of fjJW France, Caibo- 
 
 • created, 513- 
 ■ctor of thtt poor, 644. . 
 ;iples, Campbellites, Chns- 
 ans, 624. , „ 
 
 eases. Doctors, Medical ho- 
 
 leties, 48. 
 
 eases, prevalent, 4a. 
 inensatory, free, 5;. ^^53- 733- 
 aress after War of 1812, 287. 
 Uiiit of Hesse, 174. 
 strict of Sargent, 149. 
 strict Supervisors, 933. 
 tches as boundaries of farms, 
 18. 
 
 '.li'iieenses and dog pounds,8o. 
 mviin of Cadillac, 17. 
 ...ninion of Canada, 828, 832. 
 imation files, 28. 
 unation lots. 27, 28. 
 „or Knob Co.,Union, 822. 
 miaqiiec, 329. c„„,i, 
 
 raft, first in war with Sonth, 
 
 308. , „ 
 
 irays first used, 891. 
 Irani eommissiontrs, 126, i30' 
 )rains and sewers, 59. 
 )rainatisls and dramas, 358. 
 )ress, chansjes brought by tlu 
 
 I'.nijlish, 337- ,.„ 
 )rill Sergeant, I he, a poem, 
 
 248. 
 
 irinking fountains, 71. 
 Drinking song of firemen, 509. 
 Driving Parkin Hamtiamck, 4- 
 L)ruggists' tin-ware, manufac- 
 ture of, 822. . 
 Drum beating and publishing. 
 
 Drummers or traveling agents, 
 
 Dn"noek I'.ngine Works, 836. 
 
 Dr'v docks, 4, 9'". <)•;• 
 
 Du'cks and duck hunting, 11, i3- 
 
 Due -bills issued by private 
 
 Du'e'-bms"'Lue of, prohibited, 
 
 Due-i.iVu laborers paid in, 151. 
 ),u-bills, loan to redeem, 152- 
 )ue-bilis of ccmnly, 123. 
 )ug-outs, 907. 
 )u I.ulh, Kort, 221. 
 )uquesne, Kort, 12, 233. 
 )wights, bank of, 859. 
 
 I'.agle Iron Works, 808. 
 
 Early visitors, 324. 
 
 Kartluiuakes, 4^ 97^]- 
 
 Kclips'^ of 1806, observations 
 at Detroit, 3'5. 954- 
 
 Kdueation, advice to trench- 
 men eoncerning, 715, 7>"- 
 
 Idueation, board of, take pos- 
 session >if old capitol, 745- 
 Kdueationof early settlers, 333. 
 
 l.-.dueation, meeting to discuss 
 
 free schools, 740. 
 Education, society tor female, 
 
 V.due'alion, see Roard of, 
 
 I'.lba Island, 7. 
 
 laections, no. 
 
 Kleciion days, saloons to b. 
 
 dosed on, 844. 
 Klection districts, 115, >"'• 
 Election preliminaries, loS. 
 IMections, city. 114- , 
 
 El.'ctions held for two days. 
 
 Elections, how conducted, ii«, 
 
 l.:iecti.ins, local, almost unani- 
 
 E.iee't'ionsVt^iines of opening and 
 closing polls, 114. 
 
 Elections, remarkable incidents 
 
 connecteil with, 114. 
 Elections under Slicliigan 'I'er- 
 
 ritory, in. 
 Electrical Works, Detroit, 836. 
 Electric Lights, 36:?, 468, 469. 
 Elevators in stores and olVices, 
 
 I'.fi^vator machinery, manufac- 
 ture of, 806, 8jo. 
 
 Ellsworth Zouaves, 318. 
 
 I'iluuvood cemetery, 56, 521. 
 
 El I'aso, 832, 
 
 lOtnancipation celebration, 348. 
 
 Einery Wheel Co., Detroit, 820. 
 
 Emery grinders, manufacture 
 of, 820. 
 
 [■".migration, rush of. 770. 
 
 ■''.migration to St. I.oiiis, 334. 
 
 Enactments pertaining to De- 
 troit, 983. 
 
 Engine, building for, author- 
 ized, 504. 
 
 h'.ngine Works, Dry Dock, 836. 
 
 l-'.uginti iiouse, first, 502. 
 
 Engine houses, where located, 
 
 ii4- 
 Engines, hose, etc., exempted 
 
 from execution, 507. 
 Engines, manufacture of, 806, 
 
 807, 8o3. 
 Enghuul, 81 r. 818, 826, 828. 
 Engl.ind and France, peace be- 
 tween, 237. 
 England obtains Canada, 234. 
 Engi.iiul, treaty with, 262. 
 English captured on the way to 
 
 .Mackinaw, 325. 
 English capture Quebec, 83. 
 English Cemetery, 55. 
 English designs against Detroit 
 
 and Niagara, 233. 
 English evacuate Detroit, 223. 
 English Governors, 84. 
 English instigate Indian attacks 
 
 on Detroit, 231. 
 English laws repealed, 95, 96. 
 English plans for inciting sav- 
 ages, 248. 
 Englisli rule, 133. 
 English take Niagara, 233. 
 Envelopes first used, 881. 
 Epidemic in war of 1812, 48. 
 Episcopalian bishops, dioceses 
 
 and conventions, 591. 
 Epitaph of Haintramck, 54. 
 Epizootic disables street car 
 
 horses, 933. 
 Equinoctial storms, 45. 
 Erie Canal completed, 88g. 
 Erie, Lake, 3. 
 Estimates, Hoard of, created, 
 
 161. 
 Estimates of city expenses, how 
 
 obtained, 157. 
 Eureka, Cal., 808. 
 Eureka Iron & Steel Works, 
 
 818. , 
 
 Europe, 814, 816, 820, 826. 
 Europe, vessels sail for, 910. 
 Evacuat'on of Detroit by Hrit- 
 
 ish, 267, 283. 
 Evangelical Alliance of the U. 
 
 S., meeting of, 642. 
 Excommunication by Father 
 
 Richard, 531. 
 Exempted from execution, fire 
 
 engines, hose, etc., 507. 
 Exempted, Kinds of property, 
 
 from taxation, 158. 
 Exemption of firemen troin 
 
 military and jury duty, 504. 
 Expedition jigainst Detroit, 256. 
 Expedition against Vincennes, 
 
 250. 
 Expedition to Mackinaw fails, 
 
 285. 
 I'.xpedition to the upper lakes 
 
 in 1820, i)oj. 
 Expenses of th'; city by de- 
 cades, 155. 
 Exporting flour, 15. 
 Exports of fish and cider, 13. 
 Exports, see shipments. 
 Ex post factu law, 180. 
 
 Execution, fire engines, hose, 
 etc., e.\t-inpt from. $07, 
 
 Express couipaiiies, S yj. 
 
 Express Co., package and b.ng- 
 gage, 891. 
 
 Express from Niagara, 879. 
 
 Eye meter, patent dioptric, 836. 
 
 P 
 
 Factories, see Manufacturing 
 Eirms. 
 
 Fair held by L.'idies' Eree School 
 .Society. 736. 
 
 Fair in aid of Female Associa- 
 tion, 650. 
 
 Families, large, 33 i. 
 
 Families, luiinberof, in Detroit, 
 
 337- 
 
 Famine and small pox at De- 
 troit, 334. 
 
 Famine threatens the colony, 
 12, 13- 
 
 Fanning Mill Co., Diamond, 
 836. 
 
 I'arui'T's map of Detroit, 33. 
 
 Farmer's map of .Michigan and 
 Wisjonsin, ''197. 
 
 Farming, old time methods of, 
 
 . 338-. , . 
 
 I'armington, iinqiosal to obtain 
 
 w;ilt;r from, 64. 
 Farms, French, why narrow, 21. 
 Farms, French, how bounded, 
 
 t8. 
 Fast day, observance of, joi, 
 
 , 3"5- 
 
 Fashion, devotees of, 337. 
 l''emale eiltHMtion, S(jciety in- 
 
 corporatefl for, 716. 
 Female .Seminary, 716, 717. 
 Fences used for fircvood, 284. 
 Fentonville, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 89s. 
 Ferries, number of, tonnage. 
 
 Ferries, regulations for, 915. 
 Ferry boats, railroad, 890, 904. 
 Ferry, horse boat, 916. 
 Ferry license.-; and fares, 915, 
 
 917. 
 
 Ferry, Riding on the — poem, 
 916. 
 
 Fiat money, 847. 
 
 Fighting Island, intrenchments 
 on, 7. 
 
 File Works, Detroit, Sio. 
 
 Financial mi'thodsand accounts 
 of city, 158. 
 
 Fires, list of noted, 489. 
 
 l''ire-alarin boxes, 517. 
 
 Fire-alarms, reward for, 505. 
 
 Fire-alarm telegraph. 513, 516. 
 
 Fire bags to put goods in, 501. 
 
 Fire buckets and ladders, 501. 
 
 I'ire commission created, 513. 
 
 Fire commission, chief engi- 
 neers of, 519. 
 
 Fire commissioners' first meet- 
 ing, 518. 
 
 Fire commissioners, names of, 
 518. 
 
 Fire commission, secretaries of, 
 
 519- 
 
 Fire companies for steam en- 
 gines, 519. 
 
 Fire companies' mottoes, 50S. 
 
 Fire eompanit's, speaking trum- 
 pets given to, 508. 
 
 Fire companies, unworthy 
 members of, 51 1. 
 
 Fire company named Hain- 
 tramck Spouters, 511. 
 
 Fire Company No. i disbanded, 
 
 507- . . 
 
 Fire Company No. 2 organized, 
 
 504. 
 
 Fire Company, officers of a, 506. 
 
 Fire Department Society, 520. 
 
 Fire Department, chief engi- 
 neers of, 513. 
 
 P^ire Department, condition of, 
 in i8si, 5IH). 
 
 Fire i lepartment Society, con- 
 stitution adopted, 520, 
 
 Fire Dep.irtment managed on 
 military |iriii<i|)les, sij. 
 
 Fire Deparliiunt, paid, organ- 
 ized, 512. 
 
 Fire Department, property of, 
 
 ^.513; 
 
 Fire Department, steam, 513- 
 
 Fire Department, volunteer, 
 supplanted, 512. 
 
 Fire Department, yearly ex- 
 penses of, 513. 
 
 Fire districts, city divided into, 
 
 5°5. . . , . 
 
 I' ire engine repaired in 1798, 
 501. 
 
 Fire engines carrying thebroom, 
 507. 
 
 Fire engines, chemical, 516. 
 
 Fire engines, hand and steam, 
 c<Mnpared, 511. 
 
 I'ire engines, hose cut, 507. 
 
 Fir<' engines, names of steam- 
 ers, 516. 
 
 Fire engine to be procured by 
 lottery, 502. 
 
 Fire escapes, manuf.tcture of, 
 809,811. 
 
 Fire extinguishers, earliest, 501. 
 
 Fire, getting the first stream on, 
 510. 
 
 Fire hooks, 502. 
 
 Fire hydrants and cisterns, 
 number of, 517. 
 
 Fire, ill paved streets hinder 
 engines, 510. 
 
 I'ire limits, 500. 
 
 Fires, lo.sses year by year, 499. 
 
 Firemen, provision for dis- 
 abled and indigent, 520. 
 
 I'iremen, endurance of, 506. 
 
 Fiiemen exempted from mili- 
 tary and jury duty, 504. 
 
 Firemen, leave of absence for, 
 
 519- 
 
 Firemen, number employed, 519. 
 
 Firemen off(;nded, 510. 
 
 Firemen open a reading-room, 
 506. 
 
 Firemen's parades, 507. 
 
 Firemen, political power of, 507. 
 
 Firemen, ipialifications foi;, 519. 
 
 Firemen, refrc'shments fur- 
 nished to, 508. 
 
 Firemen, salaries of, 519. 
 
 Firemen, uniform of, 519. 
 
 firemen, visiting. 507. 
 
 Firemen, volunteers sometimes 
 unreliable, 510. 
 
 Firemen's drinking song, 509. 
 
 Firemen's Fund Association in- 
 corporated, SJ9. 
 
 Firemen's Hall, 478, 506, 520, 
 
 521- 
 
 Firemen s lot in Elmwood, 521. 
 
 Firemen's review, first, 504. 
 
 FiriMnen's song, '* That old Ma- 
 chine and Hose," 511. 
 
 Fire -Marshal, 500. 
 
 Fire of 1703, 489. 
 
 Fire of i8os, 489, 490, 491, 729. 
 
 Fire of 1848, 493. 
 
 Fire ordinance, 501. 
 
 Fire, the cry of, 503. 
 
 Fire Wardens, 147, 505. . 
 
 First American occupation of 
 Detroit, 268. 
 
 First Colonists, character of, 
 
 33^- 
 
 First Evangelistic Society or- 
 ganized, 556. 
 
 First Protestant Cemetery, 51;. 
 
 First Protestant Society be- 
 comes Presbyterian, 581. 
 
 First Protestant Society incor- 
 porated, 5s8. 
 
 First sale of city bonds, 154. 
 
 First white traveler through the 
 Detroit,. 325. 
 
 Fiscal year of the city, 158. 
 
 Fish hatcheries, lO. 
 
 Fish Isl.md, 7. 
 
 Five Million f.oan, 889, 896. 
 
 Flag, Hrilish, hoisted, 268, 
 
 Flag, Hritishj hauled down, 268. 
 
 Flag raising m war time, 305. 
 
 Flag-staff, stump of, found, 225. 
 
 I'i.l'tlle.lds, 233. 
 
 Flour from Poiitiac, 15. 
 
 Elour, manufacture (tf, 15. 
 
 Flowers, native to Detroit, 12. 
 
 Fog signals and buoys, 919, 920. 
 
 Fog trumpets, 920. 
 
 Food, cheapness of, 804. 
 
 Forestalling, 796. 
 
 Forge, the lletroit Steam, 805. 
 
 Firrt Street opened to Casa 
 
 Farm, 473. 
 Forts and l)efenses, 221. 
 
 Crogiiaii, 226. 
 
 Detroit, 183, 222, 234. 
 
 Dn Luth, 221. 
 
 Duquesne, 12, 233. 
 
 Henry, 249. 
 
 L.iwranee, or Laurens, 120. 
 
 Lernoiilt, 34, 222, 223, 224. 
 
 ..lackinaw. 221, 70";. 
 
 ulalden, 1S3. 
 
 Marehand, 12. 
 
 Mcintosh, 2;6. 
 
 MeigSj 108. 
 
 Miami, 265. 
 
 Ma\'er, 922. 
 
 Nonsense, 226. 
 
 Pitt, 233. 
 
 Pontcliartrain, 17, 18, 24, 221, 
 231, 232, 234. 
 
 Presqiie Isle, 12. 
 
 Riviere de UcEuf, 12. 
 
 St. Joseph, 221. 
 
 Shelby, 8, 36, 52, 222, 224, 
 225, 283. 
 
 Stevenson, 282. 
 
 Sumter, 853. 
 
 Wayne, 225, 228, 305. 
 Founding and growth of De- 
 troit, 331. 
 Foiindrv and Wheel Co., T us- 
 
 sel, 805. 
 Fountains, public drinkin.g. 71. 
 Fowls first brought to Detroit. 
 
 33S. 
 Idx Indians, 231, 321. 
 France, 811. 818. 826, 828, 827. 
 France and England, peace be- 
 tween, 237. 
 France and Sjiain allied, 2f>o. 
 France, Cadillac returns to, 8. 
 Frankfort ((lerman\'), 814. 
 Free delivery of goods, 777. 
 Free delivi ;y system of Post- 
 office, 882. 
 Free dispensary, 51, 733. 
 Free lodging house opened, 
 
 650, 
 Free schools, meeting in inter- 
 est of, 740. 
 Freezing process of Mr. Davis, 
 
 362. 
 Freights and passengers, 890. 
 Freiieli and I'iikHsIi rule, 83. 
 French and Spanish intrigues, 
 
 , ■-■<''^ 
 
 I'rench dress described— poem, 
 
 337- 
 French Farms in Wayne Coun- 
 
 ,ty, 977. 982- 
 
 French garrison at time of sur- 
 render of Detroit, 234. 
 
 French government, form of, 
 in America, 83. 
 
 French maltreated by Indians 
 on Orossf Isle, 232. 
 
 French names .Anglicised, 337. 
 
 French ponies, 887. 
 
 French possession, evidences of, 
 232. 
 
 French regime, 133. 
 
 French supremacy, 171. 
 
 French take possession of re- 
 gion, 325. 
 
 French trust in Indians, 323. 
 
 Fuel, and where ])rociirid, 470. 
 
 Fugitive Slave Act passed, 346. 
 
 Fulton Iron & Engine Works, 
 S06. 
 
 Funerals, tolling of bell at, 57. 
 
 funeral iisiii^fcs, 57. 
 
 Funke's Hall, 479. 
 
 Fur trade, importance of, 767, 
 768. 
 
ioi6 
 
 INDEX— MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Galveston, 8ii, 
 
 GuiiK'S, Indian, 322. 
 
 CJanu'wcll lirc-alarin apparatus, 
 516. 
 
 (iaidfTis, unexcelled, 15, 
 
 (las cunipanies, 468, 469, 
 
 Oas inspector, 469. 
 
 Gazetteers, effect on immigra- 
 tion, 697. 
 
 Gazetteer of Michigan first is- 
 sued, 696. 
 
 General Gage, the brig, 907. 
 
 German shooting grounds in 
 Hanitramck, 4. 
 
 Germany, 818, 828, 829. 
 
 Gentlemen l)y occupation, 33S. 
 
 Gettysburg, news of battle of, 
 308. 
 
 Ghent, treaty of, 269. 
 
 Girls admitted to High School, 
 
 749- 
 
 Glass Works, Detroit City, 836. 
 
 Glass Works, Leonard, 836. 
 
 (ilobe 'I'obacco Factory, 827. 
 
 Gnaden-huetten, Moravian sta- 
 tion, 551, 
 
 Gold, greenbacks, and national 
 bank notes of equal value, 854. 
 
 Gold pens first used, 364. 
 
 Gold, enormous premium on, 
 ,^54.,, 
 
 Good lemplars. Grand Lodge 
 in session, 842, 844. 
 
 Good Ti'mplars' Hall, 479, 
 
 Gothic houses, early, 374, 
 
 Governor anil Judges, appoint- 
 ment of, 134. 
 
 Governor and Judges arrive at 
 Marietta, 94. 
 
 (iovernor aiui Judges assume 
 control of commons, 25. 
 
 Governor and Judges author- 
 ized to convey lands, 27. 
 
 Governor and Judges control 
 property after establishment 
 of city government, 31. 
 
 Governor and Judges criticised, 
 28. 
 
 Governor and Judges, miscon- 
 duct of, 96, 97. 
 
 Governor and Judges, mysteri- 
 ous transactions of, 27. 
 
 Governor and Judges of Michi- 
 gan hold first session, 95. 
 
 Governor and Judges' Plan, 24, 
 26, 36. 
 
 Governor and Judges render no 
 account of moneys, 150. 
 
 Governor and Judges, rule of, 
 '34- 
 
 Government, a patriarchal, 171. 
 
 Governors. Knglisli, 84. 
 
 Governors of .Michigan, 91, 92. 
 
 Governors of Michigan Terri- 
 tory, 88. 
 
 Governors of New France, 83. 
 
 Grades, Commissioners of, 936. 
 
 Grain, inspection and grading 
 of, 791. 
 
 Grand Circus, 73, 
 
 Grand Haven, railroad to, first 
 opened, 895, 
 
 Grangers, origin of societies, 
 
 Grand Rapids, diocese of, 547. 
 Grand Rapids, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 895. 
 Grand Trunk Junction, 4. 
 Grand Trunk Junction, lots 
 
 sold at, 41. 
 Graves in Jefferson Avenue, 53. 
 Gravestones and graves, 52. 
 Great Turkey Island, 7. 
 Greece, 811. 
 
 Greely's surveys confirmed, 22. 
 Greenback party, the, 854. 
 " Greenbacks," origin of name, 
 ,854. 
 Green Hay, seventh legislative 
 
 council at, 99. 
 Greenfield, 4, 5. 
 Greenfield, part of, added to 
 
 city, 34- 
 
 Greenville, treaty of, 121. 
 
 Griffon, The, an armed vessel, 
 S'JS. 907. 
 
 Grindstone quarries in Michi- 
 gan, 802. 
 
 Grist mill on May's Creek, 9. 
 
 Griswold Street, peculiarities 
 of, 928. 
 
 Grosse Isle, Indians on, .>. 
 
 (Irosse Isle, Indian shot j, 285. 
 
 Grosse Isle, occu})ied by Will. 
 Macomb, 7. 
 
 Grosse Isle, railroad ferry at, 
 901, 
 
 Grosse Isle, tunnel at, 891. 
 
 Grosse I'ointe, a summer re- 
 sort, 5. 
 
 Gi'a\e of Dalyell, 239. 
 
 Grotto of the lilessed Virgin, 
 543- 
 
 H 
 
 Hack licenses and charges, 388. 
 Hair buyer, title applied to 
 
 Gov. Hamilton, 251, 
 Hair trunk safe, 154, 
 Half-breeds, 340. 
 Halifa.x ciirrincy, 846. 
 Ilalifa.x Gazette, first issued, 
 
 C69. 
 Hallock's Corner, 457. 
 Hamtramck, township of, 4. 
 Haintranick, part of, added to 
 
 I'ity. 34- 
 Hamtramck Spouters, name of 
 
 Fire Co., 511. 
 Hanging of an Indian woman, 
 
 171. 
 H.'iunibal, Mo., S06. 
 Harbor and river improvement 
 
 ilistriels, 921. 
 Harbor, formed by Detroit 
 
 River, 917. 
 Harbor Master, 207, 917. 
 Hardware Co., The Clark, 836. 
 Hard wood, prices of at Detroit, 
 
 802. 
 Harmonic Hall, 478. 
 Harper's Ferry raid organized, 
 
 348. 
 Harrow, Gale Sulky Co., 836. 
 Havana, 4. 
 Hay chopped and boiled for 
 
 food, 287. 
 Hay markets, 798. 
 Health ofiicer, 59. 
 Hearses, first use of, 57. 
 Heights, The, 928. 
 Henry, Fort, 249. 
 Hesse, district of, changed to 
 
 Western District, 174. 
 Hiawatha Tobacco Co., 827. 
 Jiickory Halls, no. 
 Hillsdale, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, Q02. 
 Hog Island, 16, 78, 236. 
 Holden Road, 4. 
 Holly, railroad first opened 
 
 from Northville, 90^. 
 Homueopathic Free Dispensary, 
 
 51- 
 
 Honey, 12. 
 
 Hong Kong, China, 823. 
 
 Honolulu, 827. 
 
 Hook and ladder company or- 
 ganized, '504. 
 
 Hopkins Journals, manufacture 
 of, 806. 
 
 Horseback ride to Washington, 
 887. 
 
 Horse-boat ferry, 91G. 
 
 Horse distemper, 892. 
 
 Horses for steam fire engines, 
 5I5. 
 
 Horses, Parent to shoe those of 
 Cadillac, 887. 
 
 Hose company organized, ■;o4. 
 
 Hose, cutting of fire engine, 
 
 507. 
 
 Hospitals, see Charitable Insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 Hotels, see Taverns and Hotels. 
 
 House and store numbers, 467, 
 
 Housebreaking and thieving, 
 203, 
 
 House occupied by Gen. Cass, 
 
 3''")- 
 
 House of Correction, 55, 210, 
 217, 218. 
 
 House, remains of an ancient, 
 found, 368. 
 
 Houses and barns, number of 
 in 1773, 3r,S. 
 
 Houses, average numlier of oc- 
 cupants, 376. 
 
 Houses, fine and nuiuerous, 376, 
 
 Houses, Gothic, lirsl, 374. 
 
 Houses, niauuer of building, 
 
 ,,373. 374- 
 
 Houses, method of construction 
 in 1778, 368. 
 
 Houses, number in i860, 374. 
 
 Houses, number within stock- 
 ade in 1766, 368. 
 
 Housesof ill repute demolished, 
 201, 202. 
 
 Hubbard Farm, 20. 
 
 Hubel's Capsule Factory, 824. 
 
 Humbug Island, why so named, 
 
 7- 
 Hunters lodgi's. 301. 
 Hunting and fisliing, 349. 
 Hurons, 3, 12, 231, 232, 322, 530. 
 Huron territory, attempt to 
 
 organize, 89. 
 Huron village on liois Blanc 
 
 Isl.iiid, 8. ' 
 Hydrants, 517. 
 Hydraulic companye.stablished, 
 
 C,3, 64. 
 
 Ice, 6. 
 
 Idol l)roken by G.'ilinee, 325. 
 
 Immersion, first baptism by, in 
 
 Detroit, (io5. 
 Immigration at various times, 
 
 37. 333, 335. 697, 900. 
 Importation of slaves forbidden, 
 
 , 345- . 
 
 Importations, direct, 772. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt, 177. 
 
 Income tax, 159. 
 
 Indian Tribes — 
 
 Algonquins, 321, 322. 
 
 Cayugas, 322. 
 
 Chippewas, 78, 321, 322, 323, 
 
 324- 
 D(.'lawares, 261. 
 F'latheads, 233. 
 Foxes, 231, 321. 
 Hurons, 3, 12, 231, 232, 322, 
 
 530- 
 Iroquois, 322, 324, 332. 
 Kickapoos, 231, 240. 
 Mascoutins, 531. 
 Menominees, 231, 321, 
 Miamis, 231, 322, 
 Mississauguas, 239. 
 Mohawks, 322. 
 Olmecs, 321. 
 (^nondagas, 232, 322, 
 Oneidas, 322, 
 Ottawas, 12, 78, 231, 321, 322, 
 
 324- 
 Ouendats, 321, 324, 
 Out.agamies, 231. 
 Potowatamies, 21, 52, 231, 
 
 235, 238. 322- 
 Poiix, 322. 
 Sacs, 321. 
 Sauteux, 323. 
 Senecas, 234, 322. 
 Toltecs, 321. 
 Tuetle, or Tutelos, 321, 
 Tuscaroras, 322. 
 Wyandotts, 3, 7, 234, 238, 321, 
 
 , .322, 323, 324- 
 
 Indianapolis, railroad to, first 
 opened from Ypsilanti, 903. 
 
 Inhabitants of Detroit, person- 
 al appearance, 338. 
 
 Indian alarm, 284, 285. 
 
 Indian attack expected on day 
 of eclipse, 315. 
 
 Indian and African slaves, 344. 
 
 Indian agents, 324. 
 
 Indians as liritish allies, 247. 
 
 Indian attaiks, 231, 
 
 Indian burial places, 52. 
 
 Indian council.s, 234, 243, 2O3, 
 552. 
 
 Indian dances, 322. 
 
 Indians de''eated at Tippeca- 
 noe, 273. 
 
 Indian forays instigated by 
 Knglisli, 242. 
 
 Indian games, 322. 
 
 Indian grants invalid, 21. 
 
 Indian inlrenclimentsou Fight- 
 ing Island, 7. 
 
 Indian life described, 322. 
 
 Indian niouiids, 321. 
 
 Indian outrages, 226. 
 
 Indian plot to massacre the 
 French, 232. 
 
 Indian raid, 285. 
 
 Indian shot on Grosse Isle, 285. 
 
 Indian skeletons and relics, 52. 
 
 Indian suuiimr, 45. 
 
 Indian tliouglitfuluess, 330. 
 
 Indian titles to lands extin- 
 guished. 324. 
 
 Indian trade, everybody en- 
 gaged in, 338. 
 
 Indian trails and bridle paths, 
 887. 
 
 Indians as beggars, 323. 
 
 Indians carry their furs to the 
 I'",nglish, 766. 
 
 Indians conciliated by British, 
 264. 
 
 Indians converted, 564. 
 
 Indians defeated by Wayne, 
 266. 
 
 Indians, <lisbiirseiiieuts to, 323. 
 
 Indians, drunken, 838. 
 
 Indians, favor MUigfil by gifts, 
 
 323- 
 Indians, French trust in, 323. 
 Indians generally cheated, 767. 
 Indians, habits and condition, 
 
 323- , 
 Indians bung, 317. 
 Indians, intermarriage with, 
 
 331- , 
 
 Indians kept good-natured by 
 gifts, 766. 
 
 Indians, number of, in Michi- 
 gan, 324. 
 
 Indians on Bois liliinc I land 
 estranged, 8. 
 
 Indians, pestilence among, 281. 
 
 Indians set fire to Fort Pont- 
 chartrain, 231, 489. 
 
 Indians settled near French 
 forts, 322. 
 
 fiulians, sujiplies for. 243. 
 
 Indiciiis to be taught, 331. 
 
 Indians throng at Detroit, 260. 
 
 Indictment of Gov. Hamilton, 
 
 173- 
 
 Inhabitants renew oath of alle- 
 giance, 240. 
 
 Ink rain, 46. 
 
 Insane Asylum of County, 649. 
 
 Inspectors of liquors, 841. 
 
 I Inspection of meals, 797. 
 
 Inspection *f oils and liquids, 
 
 797- 
 Inspectors of schools to be 
 
 elected on general ticket, 754. 
 Inspector of steamboats, 921. 
 Inspection of weights and 
 
 measures, 797. 
 Inspection of wood, 797. 
 Insurance companies, 873, 874, 
 
 875. 
 
 Iniurance Co. I'ank, 8(>2. 
 
 Insurance, State commissioner 
 of, 875.. 
 
 Internal improvements project- 
 ed, 889, 890, 896. 
 
 Internal revenue taxes, 159. 
 
 International convention ol 
 Hoards of Trade, 7811. 
 
 International convention of V. 
 M. C. A., 639. 
 
 Intrigues of France and Spain, 
 269. 
 
 Inventors and inventions, 362. 
 
 Ionia, railroad to, first opened 
 
 895- , 
 Iron and brass bedsteads, man- 
 ufacture of, 811. 
 
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 lOI 7 
 
 tin 
 
 '^85. 
 
 coiuicils, 234. 243. '(>h 
 
 dunn:s, y^2- 
 s ck'caltd at 1 ippeca- 
 
 .^Iforays instigated l)y 
 lisli, 242. 
 1 jjanK-s, 322- 
 
 I i-niiits invalid, 21. 
 „ iiiirencluncntsonliKlit- 
 
 Island, 7. 
 
 II life described, 322. 
 n mounds, 321. 
 n ontranes, 226. 
 ,n plot to niassaerc 
 ■ncli, 232. 
 
 III raid, 285. 
 
 in shot untlrosse Isle, .-, 
 ,,n skeletons and relics, 52. 
 ;in sninnuT, 45. 
 an llioUKlUfnlness 3:"- 
 
 an titles to lands t^tin- 
 
 lished, 324- , ,„ „,, 
 
 an trade, everybody en- 
 
 ;?;;;'uail/i^id bridle paths 
 
 laiis as begpars, 323. 
 
 ians earry their furs to the 
 
 [CSnl^n^tcd by British, 
 
 64. , , 
 
 Hans converted, 5''4- 
 
 ;j;„,s defeated by Wayne, 
 
 Aians, disbursemenls to, 323. 
 
 ■lians, drunken, S38. 
 
 dians, favor sought by gifts, 
 
 Sans, French trust in, 323- 
 
 ins generally cheated, 767- 
 dians, habits and condition, 
 
 Kl'lans hung, 3>7- . . , 
 
 idians, inlernuirriage witn, 
 
 ,dians kept g<,od-natured by 
 
 .^^Jns'mnnber of, in Michi- 
 
 .^iian^^ Bois Blanc Inland 
 
 estranged, 8. 
 ndians, pestilence a,vu.ng.^28. 
 
 lulians set fire l>. I'orl 1 oni 
 charlrain, 23', ^^9■ y u 
 ndians settled near French 
 
 ndians, suppl"'^ fV' '*3- 
 ndians to be taught, 331- 
 'nd!ansthrongatlU.,n.n 260. 
 
 Indictment of Gov. Hamilton, 
 
 nlKib.tants renew oath of alle- 
 giance, 240. 
 
 ,;w,ne Asylum of County, 649. 
 'iispeetoisof liquors, 841. 
 
 rsiiecticm of meats, 797: . 
 
 Inspection t.f oils and liquids, 
 
 n^'e'ctors of ^'^^^"°]\\" .,]\' 
 elected on general ticket, 734- 
 
 n-nectorof steamboats, 921. 
 
 "spection of NveiglUs and 
 measures, 797- 
 
 Inspection of wood, 797- 
 nsurance companies, 873, S74. 
 
 „,f"r'anccCo. liank, 8f.2. , 
 Insurance, State commissioner 
 
 Internal^'improvements project- 
 ed, 889, 8qo, 8y6. 
 
 Internal revenue taxes, 159. 
 
 i'lUernational convention o. 
 Boards of 1 rade, 789. 
 
 International convention of A . 
 
 [JJi^iei^if&cc and Spain, 
 
 lln'Suors and inventions, 362 
 'ionia, railroad to, hrst opened 
 
 Iron^^nd brass bedsteads, man 
 ufactureof, 811. 
 
 Iron and liridgc Works, 805. 
 
 Iron and Steel Works, Kureka, 
 
 0.0 
 
 Iron Works, Buhl, no6. 
 
 Iron Company, Malleable, 808. 
 
 Iron fencing, manufacture of, 
 
 809,811. 
 Iron W.irks, Fulton, 836. 
 Iron stairs, manufacture of, 809. 
 Iron water pipe, manufacture 
 
 of, 807. 
 Iron Works, Kaglc, 808. 
 Iroquois, 322, 324, 332. 
 Islands in river, 7, 8. 
 Italy, 829. 
 
 Jackson, railroad to, first open- 
 ed, 897. 
 Jackson s specie circular, 849. 
 Jacksonville, Florida, 835, 
 Jails, 214, 215, 216, 481. 
 Jail, scrip issued to contractors, 
 
 475- 
 Jails, use of, to detain slaves, 
 
 347- 
 Janitors of school buildings, 
 
 746. 
 Japan, 809, Sii, 829. 
 Jefferson Avenue extended 
 
 through church ground, 531. 
 Jesuits, 324. 
 Jesuits oppose selling brandy 
 
 to savages, 837. 
 Jesuits unfriendly to Detroit, 
 
 763. 
 Jewish Cemetery, 57. 
 Jonesville, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 902. 
 Journal bearings, manufacture 
 
 of, 806. 
 Journal boxes, manufacture of, 
 
 8<jf). 
 Journeying, 887. 
 Judge Advocates of Territory 
 
 of Michigan, 89. 
 Judicial iniscimduct, 181. 
 Jurors, grand and p(^tit, 193. 
 Jurors of Circuit Court, 193. 
 Jurors for U. S. District Court, 
 
 •75- 
 Jurors in Police Court, rgS. 
 Jury, Corimers', 58. 
 Justice in the olden time, i7r. 
 Justices authorized to perform 
 
 marriagi' ceremony, 340, 
 Justices of the I'eace, 197. 
 
 Kalamazoo, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 897. 
 Ka-ron-ta-en, Huron name for 
 
 Detroit, q. 
 Kaskaskia, III., 24. 
 Kent County, Upper Canada, 
 
 Detroit formerly In, 94. 
 Kentucky, HIrd s expedition 
 
 against, 260. 
 Kentucky (iazette, issued at 
 
 Lexington, 669. 
 Kentucky, Governor of, honor- 
 ed, -.^Ss. 
 Kerosene oil used in making 
 
 coal gas, 364. 
 Kerosene oil introduced, 468. 
 KIckapoos, 231, 240. 
 Kidnapping of Mr. Poquette, 
 
 272. 
 King's clothing store, 458. 
 King's corner, .137. 
 King's surveyor, 37. 
 King's wharf, 8. 
 KIttelberger's Hall, 479. 
 Knagg's windmill, 10. 
 Knight Templar procession, 
 
 342- 
 Know-Nothing party, 114. 
 
 Laboratory, Parke, Davis, & 
 
 Co.'s, 823. 
 Laboratory, V. Stearns & Co., 
 
 823. 
 
 Laboratory, Hubel's, 823. 
 
 l.aeipiers, manufacture of, 826. 
 
 Ladles' Academy established, 
 720. 
 
 Lake Krie, 3. 
 
 Lake Krie, steamers on, seized 
 by rebels, 308. 
 
 Lake Krie, storm on, 239. 
 
 Lake Ste. Claire, 5. 
 
 Lake Ste. Claire, origin of the 
 nam", 907. 
 
 Lake Superior Copper Co., 818. 
 
 Lake Survey, The, 918. 
 
 Lake travel, why decieused, 910. 
 
 Lamplighters, 469. 
 
 Land commissioners, 20. 
 
 Land I'o.ird, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31. 
 
 Land, French, patents con- 
 firmed, 19, 20. 
 
 Land granted for public schools, 
 736. 
 
 Land grants, conditions of, 17. 
 
 Lands granted to Cadillac m 
 Maine, 328. 
 
 Land Ollice at Detroit, 37. 
 
 Land speculation 01 1837, 850. 
 
 Lands, amount cleared in 1708, 
 333- 
 
 Lands claimed by Cadillac's 
 descendants, 328. 
 
 Lansing, railroad to, from De- 
 troit, first opened, 905. 
 
 Lansing made the Capital, qi. 
 
 Lapeer, railroad to, first opened, 
 901. 
 
 La Porte, railroad to, first open- 
 ed, (;o2. 
 
 Last factory of Mumford, Fos- 
 ter A: Co., 832, 833. 
 
 Latitude of Detroiti 4. 
 
 Latakia, in Asia, 818. 
 
 Law against blasphemy, 554. 
 
 Law and Order party, 843. 
 
 Law Libraries, 200. 
 
 Lawn mowers, introduction of, 
 
 r 376- 
 
 Lawranco, Fort, 120. 
 
 Laws of State, form of publi- 
 cation, 99, 
 
 Laws pertaining to Detroit, 983. 
 
 Lawyers, 199. 
 
 Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead 
 Works, 836. 
 
 Lecturers, names and dates of 
 visits, 709. 
 
 Leeville, in Hamtramck, 4. 
 
 Lee's army, surrender of, 309. 
 
 Legal tender notes, 854. 
 
 Legends respecting Indian 
 mounds, 321. 
 
 Legislative council, gS, in. 
 
 Legislalh'e council, first ses- 
 sion in Capitol, 475. 
 
 Legislature, sessions of, 99, 
 
 Legislatures and laws, 94, 
 
 Leopard, attack of, on the 
 Chesapeake, 274. 
 
 Lernoult, Fort, 34, 222, 223, 
 224. 
 
 Letter boxes first provided, 882. 
 
 Letter carriers, 882. 
 
 Letter of Gen. llrock demand- 
 ing surrender of Detroit, 276. 
 
 Letter to Col. Campbell about 
 taxes, 222. 
 
 Letters, McKee's, to Col. Eng- 
 land, 265. 
 
 Lexington, Gazette of, 669. 
 
 Library of Mechanics' Society, 
 
 .7'3- 
 
 Library, The Bar, 109, 200. 
 
 Library, City, established, 710. 
 
 Library Commissioners, 761. 
 
 Library, The Firemen's, 521. 
 
 Library, The Public, 759 to 762. 
 
 Library of Young ftlen's So- 
 ciety, 711, 
 
 Licenses, City, collection of, 
 207. 
 
 Licenses for newsboys, 692. 
 
 Licenses for trucks, drays, etc., 
 891. 
 
 Licenses, Territorial, 150, 769. 
 
 Licenses to dealers in liquors, 
 838, 839, 840. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governors of Mich- 
 igan, 92. 
 
 Life saving service, 920, 92r. 
 
 Light Guards, Detroit, organ- 
 ized for war with South, 318. 
 
 Lighthouse I'.ngineer, 919. 
 
 Lightliouse first erected at Fort 
 Gratiot, 919. 
 
 Lighthouse keepers, 920. 
 
 Lighthouses, location of, 919. 
 
 Lighthouses on the Detroit 
 River, 920. 
 
 Llghtiiouses, construction, re- 
 jjalr, and inspection of, gig, 
 920. 
 
 Lighting and heating, 467. 
 
 Lime burned on Campus Mar- 
 tin-, 475. 
 
 LImekili.. near stockade, 36^7. 
 
 Limestone, price of, pleiitiful 
 In vi:inlty of Detroit, S02. 
 
 Linden I'ark, in Hamtramck, 4. 
 
 Linseed meal, manufacture of, 
 326. 
 
 Linseed Oil Co., Detroit, 823. 
 
 Liquor dealers, number of, in 
 city and county, 845. 
 
 Liquor dealers, stale meeting 
 of, 843. 
 
 Liquor not to be sold to Indi- 
 ans, 17. 
 
 Liquor selling, restrictions on, 
 
 , 837. 
 
 LIq.iors, none sold at Franklin 
 House, 481. 
 
 Liquor tax law passed, 843. 
 
 Liquor traffic and temperance 
 efforts, 837. 
 
 Lisbon, Spain, 820. 
 
 Literary societies, 710. 
 
 Local government, revival of, 
 
 '35-. . 
 
 Localities, designations of, 927. 
 
 Local option law of 1845, S39. 
 
 Locomotive Works, Detroit, 
 806. 
 
 Locomotive obtained from Phil- 
 adelphia, 893. 
 
 Log cabins, i3o. 
 
 Log houses within stockade, 
 
 367. 
 
 London, 6, 814, 827. 
 
 London edition of F ee Press, 
 687. 
 
 Longitude of Detroit, 4. 
 
 Losantiville, origin of name, 94. 
 
 Lost children, notice oi, 669. 
 
 Lottery to buy a fire engine, 
 502. 
 
 Lottery to promote liter.iture, 
 710. 
 
 Lots, changes in numbers of, 31. 
 
 Louisiana, 83, 820. 
 
 Louisiana, Cadillac appointed 
 governor of, 18. 
 
 Louisiana, commerce of, grant- 
 ed to A. Crozat, 330. 
 
 Louisiana placed under Indiana 
 territory, 87. 
 
 Louisville, Ky., 811. 
 
 Loyalists and renegades at- 
 tracted to Detroit, 244. 
 
 Lumber, prices at Detroit, 802. 
 
 Lutheran Cemetery, 57. 
 
 Lyceum of Detroit organized, 
 
 7'i- 
 Lyceum of Michigan organized, 
 
 712. 
 Lyons, N. Y., 811. 
 
 M 
 
 Mackinaw, 121, 221, 237, 242, 
 
 2S5, 325. 7"<J. 781, 837, 905. 
 Mcintosh, I'ort, 256. 
 Maine, 328, 810, 
 "Maine Law" of Michigan, 
 
 840, 841. 
 Magazines, see Newspapers and 
 
 Periodicals. 
 Mama Juda Island, 7. 
 Mail, fourteendays toNewYork, 
 
 880. 
 Mail from Washington, three 
 
 weeks on the road, 880. 
 
 Mail conveyed on horseback 
 
 and on foot, 879. 
 Mails, first regular, 879, 880. 
 Malls slow and irregular, 879. 
 Maiden, Fort, 183. 
 Malleable Iron Co., Michigan, 
 
 808. 
 Manitoba, 820. 
 Manners and customs, 337. 
 Mansard roofs inf.roduced, 376, 
 Mantels, nianufaeture r)f, 832. 
 M.'uinfac luring advantages, 802. 
 Mannfaeliires, lisl of, 804. 
 Maniif.ictures of Delroll — 
 
 Architectural iron work, 806. 
 
 liar Iron, 818. 
 
 Haski'ts, Kit, 833. 
 
 I'last furn.'iee machinery, S06, 
 
 Holler plate, 818. 
 
 Hollers, 806, 807. 
 
 Hoots and shoes, R35. 
 
 Brass castings, 807. 
 
 Bridges, 803. 
 
 Bronzed goods, 822. 
 
 Brushes, 811, 826. 
 
 Cages. 811. 
 
 Candles, 826. 
 
 Capsules, 823, 824. 
 
 Carriages, 836. 
 
 Cars, 804, 805. 
 
 Car sheaves and wheels, 805, 
 
 Chairs, 811, 832. 
 
 Champion tire bender, 806. 
 
 Cheese safes, 809, 810, 811. 
 
 Cigars and ciKarettes, 8.'8. 
 
 Copper, ingot, 818. 
 
 Counter supports, 810. 
 
 Crackers, 833. 
 
 Clanier's journal metal, 806. 
 
 Door knohs, 820. 
 
 Drugs, 82^. 
 
 Druggists tlnwaie, 8-'2. 
 
 Klevators, 8;!o. 
 
 F.levator machinery. 81/1. 
 
 Emery grinders and wheels, 
 820. 
 
 Engines, 806, 807, 808. 
 
 Files, 820. 
 
 Fire escapes, 809. 811. 
 
 Hangers, 808, 820 
 
 Hopkins journals, Sofi. 
 
 Iron and brass bi'dsleads. Sii. 
 
 Iron fencing and stairs, 809, 
 811. 
 
 Iron water-pipe, 807. 
 
 Journal bearings and boxes, 
 806. 
 
 Lacquers, 826. 
 
 Lasts, 833. 
 
 Linseed meal, 826. 
 
 Linseed oil, 825. 
 
 Malleable iron casting-, 8u8. 
 
 Ma,.lels, 832. 
 
 Matches, 828. 
 
 Medicated wines, S23. 
 
 Medicinal syrups, 823. 
 
 Mining nia<'hiiiery, 806, 
 
 Mouldings, 828. 
 
 ("Ill cake, 8?6. 
 
 Organs, 829. 
 
 Palls, 832. 
 
 Pamts, 825. 
 
 r g iron, 818. 
 
 Pills, 823. 
 
 Pins, 820. 
 
 Pulleys, 808, 820. 
 
 Railroad turn-tables, 805. 
 
 Roller skates, 811. 
 
 Roof cresting, 810, 8ti. 
 
 Safes, fire-proof, 810. 
 
 Shafting, 808, 820. 
 
 Show stands, 811. 
 
 Sieves, 809, 811. 
 
 Soaps, 82^1. 
 
 Spectacles, 836. 
 
 Spring beds, 832. 
 
 Springs, locomotive and car, 
 804. 
 
 Spring steel, 804. 
 
 Stable fixtures, 810. 
 
 Stamped ware, 822. 
 
 Stoddart's tire upsetter, 806, 
 
 Stoves, 814, 816, 
 
 Street lanterns, 822. 
 
 Tinware, 822. 
 
ioi8 
 
 INDEX- MISCKLLANEOUS. 
 
 Maniifai'lnris of l)rlTo'\t—Co>i, 
 
 I'dhacc.i, 826, 827, 828. 
 Tiaps, 811. 
 
 UpliolsiiTfd ware, 832. 
 
 Varnish, 826. 
 
 Viadiicis, 805. 
 
 Wi'athcT vanos, 810. 
 
 \Vliit( hriiiue j;oo<l'*t 811. 
 
 White load, 825. 
 
 Willow ware, 833, 
 
 Wiiulinvaiul dncir screens, 809. 
 
 Window ijn/irds, 810. 
 
 Wire cloth, 801. 811. 
 
 Wire counter railing's, 810. 
 
 Wire liUliin); and fencing, 
 810, 811. 
 
 Wire siijns, 810, 811. 
 
 Wood-workirtij machines, 809, 
 ^Manufaeturinv: Firms — 
 
 American Ka>;le Tobacco Co., 
 820. 
 
 liaKley's Mayflower Tobacco 
 Factory, 8)6. 
 
 lianner fobacco Factory, 827. 
 
 Harniim, F.. T., Wire & Iron 
 Works, 811. 
 
 lierry lirothi'rs' Varnish Man- 
 ufactory, 826. 
 
 Bovdel! lirothers' White Lead 
 Works, 82s. 
 
 Buhl Iron Works. 806. 
 
 I5iirk, Rich, A: Co., Cigar- 
 makers, 8-'8. 
 
 Clark Hardware Co., 836. 
 
 ClotiK'h A; Warren Organ Co., 
 82Q. 
 
 Detroit & I,ake Superior 
 Copper Co., 818. 
 
 Detroit Bridge* Iron Works, 
 805. 
 
 Detroit llronze Co., 8ir. 
 
 Detroit Uriish Co., 836. 
 
 Detroit City (ilass Works, S36. 
 
 Detroit Copper* Brass Roll- 
 ing Mill, S^6. 
 
 Detroit Kleetrieal Works, 836. 
 
 Detroit Kmerv Wheel Co., 
 820. 
 
 Detroit File Works, 820. 
 
 Detroit Lead I'ipi^ and Hheet 
 Lead Works, 836. 
 
 Detroit Linseed Oil Co., 825. 
 
 Detroit Locomotive Works, 
 806. 
 
 Detroit Safe Co., 810. 
 
 Detroit Stamping Co., 822. 
 
 Detroit Steam Forge, 805. 
 
 Detroit Sto\*e Co., 811. 
 
 Detroit White Lead Works, 
 825. 
 
 Diamond Fanning Mill Co., 
 836. 
 
 Dondero's Detroit Willow 
 Ware Factory, 833. 
 
 Drv Dock F.ngine Works, 836, 
 
 Eagle Iron Works, 808. 
 
 Eureka Iron & Steel Works, 
 818. 
 
 F. A. Hubel's Capsule Lab- 
 oratory, 823. 
 
 Frederi{k Stearns' Pharma- 
 ceutical Manufacturing Co., 
 823 
 
 Frost s Wooden Ware Works, 
 836, 
 
 Fulton IroniS: lingine Works, 
 806. 
 
 Gale Sulkv Harrow Manufac- 
 turing Co.. 836. 
 
 Globe Tobacco Factory, 827. 
 
 Gray & Baffy, Manufactur- 
 ing Upholsterers, 832. 
 
 Griffin Car Wheel Co., 836. 
 
 Hargreaves' Manufacturing 
 Co., 828. 
 
 Hugh Johnson's Carriage Es- 
 tablishment, 836. 
 
 Johnston Optical Co., 836. 
 
 Laboratory of Parke, Davis, 
 & Co., 823. 
 
 Leonard Glass Works, 836. 
 
 Michel's Wood-workin.g Ma- 
 chinery ICstablishment, 8og. 
 
 Middlebrook & Post Manu- 
 facturing Co., 820. 
 
 .Manufacliu'ing Finns — Cam. 
 Mulligan Holt and Nut Co., 
 
 830. 
 Miibigan Car and CarWh :1 
 
 Co. , 804. 
 Michigan C^irbon Works, 836. 
 Michigan .Malleable Iron Co., 
 
 808. 
 Michigan Stove Co., 816. 
 Michigan White Lead and 
 
 Color Works, 82.). 
 M. J. .Mur|ihy & Co. 's, Spring 
 Bed and IMiair Factory, 83.'. 
 Miimford, Foster, & Co.'s 
 
 Last F'aetorv, 8^2. 
 National Pin Co., 820. 
 National Wire and Iron Co., 
 
 Soy. 
 Parke, Davis, & Co., Manu- 
 facturing I'hemists, 823. 
 Peninsular C.ir Works, 805. 
 Peninsular Slove Co., 816. 
 Pingree A; Smith's Shoe Fac- 
 tory, 813. 
 Piillnian c:ar Works, 836. 
 Richardson Match Factory, 
 
 828. 
 Russel Wheel & Foundry 
 
 Co., 803. 
 Schult(^ Brothers Soap Fac- 
 tory, 826. 
 Scotten's Hi.iwatha Tobacco 
 
 Factory, 8.7. 
 Steel tV Spring Works, 804. 
 Sutton .Manufacturing Co., 
 
 8^2. 
 Union Door Knob Co., 822. 
 Vail & Crane's Cracker F"ac- 
 tory, 8j5. 
 Maps of Detroit, 32, 33, 34. 
 .Map of Detroit Rivt-r, 270. 
 .Map of ,Mi"higau and Wiscon- 
 sin, l'"ar;.ier's, 6(>7. 
 .Maps and Gazetteers as aids to 
 
 immigration, 335, 697. 
 Maple sugar, 12, 337. 
 .Marine Hospital, 923, 924. 
 Market, i'he Berthelet, 794. 
 Market building schemes, 794. 
 Market receipts, 7(7. 
 Market, 'i'lu* Cass, 795. 
 Market, The Central Vegetable, 
 
 7Q4- 
 
 Market Clerks, 202, 795. 
 
 Markets, regulations for, 793, 
 796. 
 
 Markets on Sunday, 201, 796. 
 
 Markets reached from Detroit, 
 see Shipments. 
 
 Marriage ceremony may be per- 
 formed by justices, 340. 
 
 Marriage contracts and permits, 
 
 34°- 
 
 Marriage, first, by a Protestant 
 clergyman, 550. 
 
 Marriage, first French, 333. 
 
 Marriage, second F'rench, 333. 
 
 Marriage in the Catholic 
 Church, 341. 
 
 Marriage in the Hebrew con- 
 gregation, 341. 
 
 Marriage laws, 340. 
 
 Marriages, Commandant at, 171. 
 
 Marriages, record of, 341. 
 
 Marchand, Fort, 12. 
 
 Marietta, Governor and Judges 
 arrive at, 94. 
 
 .Marquette, diocese of, 547. 
 
 Marquette, railroad to first 
 opened from Mackinaw, 905. 
 
 Marshall, 133, 897. 
 
 Marshal, City, 202. 
 
 Marshal, U. S., 176. 
 
 Martial law proclaimed, 242. 
 
 M.ascontins, 231. 
 
 Masonic and Odd Fellows' So- 
 cieties, 341. 
 
 Masonic Hall, 478, 479. 
 
 Masons' Mutual Benefit Asso- 
 ciation, 343. 
 
 Massachusetts, 85, 835. 
 
 Massacred at the River Raisin, 
 280. 
 
 Massacre at Wyoming, 249. 
 
 Massacre of Dalyell's force, 238. 
 
 Mass.icre of Delawarcs by Am- 
 ericans, 2f)l. 
 
 M issacre of James Fisher and 
 family, 236. 
 
 Massacre of prisoners at Ruddle 
 Station, 260. 
 
 Massacre of settlers on tin* Mo- 
 hawk, 233. 
 
 .Ma.ssacre of Turnbnll family, 
 ^■36. 
 
 Masters in chancery, 17(1, 191. 
 
 .Match Factory, Richardson, 
 828. 
 
 Matches introduced, 467, 4(18. 
 
 Maumee valley invaded, 282. 
 
 Mayor, powers of, under .Act of 
 1806, 134. 
 
 Mayors, 140. 
 
 Mayor's Court, 142. 
 
 May's Crick, called Campau's 
 River, 9. 
 
 Mayflower Tobacco Factorv, 
 836. 
 
 Maypole, penalty for not plant- 
 ing, 18. 
 
 Meats, inspection of, 59, 797. 
 
 Medical sot:ieties, 50, 
 
 Medicine nun, 50. 
 
 Medicines, non-secret, 823. 
 
 Meigs, F'ort, io3. 
 
 Melcher Farm church, 532. 
 
 Meldrum warehouse used as a 
 church, 531. 
 
 Melons raised by Indians, 12. 
 
 Members of C'ongress, 102. 
 
 Memoirs of Geii. Hull, 289. 
 
 Memorial tablet, 'Trinity 
 Church, 537. 
 
 Memorial to C'ongriss for pr.c 
 tection from Indians, 273. 
 
 Memorial window to Father 
 Richard, 531. 
 
 Menominecs, 231, 321. 
 
 Mirchandise for Indian pre- 
 stmts, 247. 
 
 Merchants and trading, 765. 
 
 Merchants' F..\cliauge and 
 Board of 'Trade', 7S3. 
 
 !\Ierehants' Express Co., 892. 
 
 Merchants' Mutual I'ire Insur- 
 ance Co., 875. 
 
 Merchants of the past, 767. 
 
 Merchants' jjolice, 204. 
 
 Merchants' wharf, 8. 
 
 .Merino sheep, Hull' 
 with, 278, 279. 
 
 Merrill Hall, 478. 
 
 Methodist ministers, 
 Detroit, 553. 
 
 Methodist presiding elders, 3S0. 
 
 Methodist Quarterly Confer- 
 ence, old time mrthiids, 565. 
 
 M<'tropolitan Police Commis- 
 sion, 204, 841. 
 
 Mexico, 4, 303, 
 826. 
 
 Miami, Fort of, 
 ish, 265. 
 
 Miamis, 23t, 322. 
 
 .Michel's SVood- working 
 chinery, 809. 
 
 Michigan, Bank of, 858. 
 
 Michigan Bolt .V Nut Co., S^Ci. 
 
 Michigan Carbon Works. 836. 
 
 Michigan Car and Car Wheel 
 Co., 4, 804. 
 
 M. C. R. R. depot burned, 494. 
 
 Michigan, derivation of name, 
 
 Michigan Essay, The, 604. 
 
 Michigan Fire lV iSlarine Insur- 
 ance Co., 875. 
 
 Michigan formed from Indiana 
 Territory, 87. 
 
 Michigan (larden, 351. 
 
 Michigania — a poem, 335, 336. 
 
 Michigan included in U'ppcr 
 Canada, 84. 
 
 Michigan, Indians in. 324. 
 
 Michigan Malleable Iron Co., 
 808. 
 
 Michigan, State Bank of, 863, 
 866. 
 
 Michigan, State of, admitted to 
 Union, 89, 
 
 omgs 
 
 first at 
 
 330, 810, Si I, 
 built by Brit- 
 
 Ma- 
 
 Miehigan Stove Co., 816. 
 .Michigan 'Territory created, 95, 
 
 121. 
 Michigania, l"niversit\' of, 728. 
 .Michigan While Lead & Color 
 
 Works, 824. 
 Military Cemetery, 52. 
 .Military ccmvention, when held, 
 
 >oV-^' 
 
 .Military court and sentences, 
 
 3'f\ 3>7. 
 Military drill introduced into 
 
 Hinli School, 749. 
 Milit.iry Hall, 136, 473. 
 Military reserves, 29, 36, 151, 
 
 225. 
 Militia and Military Compa- 
 nies — 
 
 Brady Guards, 317. 
 
 Cass Guards, 317. 
 
 City Guards, 317. 
 
 Detroit Citv Grays, 318, 
 
 Detroit Citv Cuaifls, 318. 
 
 Detroit Light Guards,' ;i8. 
 
 Detroit Light Infantry, 318. 
 
 Detroit 'Town Company, 317. 
 
 Emmet Rifles, 318. 
 
 Grayson Light Guards, 317. 
 
 Holt (luards, 318. 
 
 Jackson ( iiiards. 318. 
 
 l.afayette Guards, 317. 
 
 Legionary Corps, names of 
 officers, 313, 314. 
 
 Lyon ( iuards, 318. 
 
 Michigan Hussars, 318. 
 
 Montgomery Guards, 317, 
 
 Montgomery Rifles, 318. 
 
 National Dragoons, 318. 
 
 National Guards, 318. 
 
 Sarsfield Guards, 318. 
 
 Scott Guards, 317. 
 
 Scottish Guards, 318. 
 
 Sherman /oua\'cs, 318, 
 
 Shields Guards, 318. 
 
 Wolverine Rifles, 318, 
 
 Vager Guards, 318. 
 Militia called out by Croghan, 
 
 284. 
 Militia, Negro Company organ- 
 ized, 315, 345. 
 Militia drills, disagreeable fea- 
 tures of, 316. 
 Militia, jurisdiction over, on 
 
 the borders of Virginia and 
 
 Pennsylvania, 258. 
 Militia laws of Indian 'I'crri- 
 
 'ory, 313. 
 Militia la 
 
 Taws of the Northwest 
 Territory, 313. 
 Militia, number in 1778, 244. 
 Militia, number in 1805, 313. 
 .Militia of the 'Territory, 296, 
 
 3'3- 
 Militia on duty at execution of 
 
 Indians, 317. 
 Militia, State encampment of, 
 
 :!i7. 
 Militia nnder the French and 
 
 English, 313. 
 Militia uniforms, ofTiccis ar- 
 rested for want of, 315. 
 Militia uniforms prescribed by 
 
 commander-in-chief, 313. 
 Militia nniform.s, protested 
 
 against in 1806, 315. 
 Mills, 9, 10, 18. 
 Milwaukee Junction in Ham- 
 
 tramck, 4. 
 Minneapolis, Minn., 811. 
 Minnesota, 820. 
 Miracles performed through 
 
 Del Halle, 529. 
 Mississauguas, 239. 
 Mississippi River, control of, 
 
 269. 
 Mississippi Valley, English 
 
 seeking to obtain, 264. 
 Mission buildings, see Churches, 
 Mission to the Hiirons, 530. 
 Mission Sunday schools, 653, 
 Missionary from Connecticut, 
 
 552- 
 Missionaries and priests, 527. 
 Missiimaries, Moravian, brought 
 
 to Detroit, 550, 
 
INDEX - MISCELLANKOUS. 
 
 1019 
 
 of 
 
 ;an Stove Co.. 816. 
 
 |im 'I'lrntory cnalicl, 05, 
 
 ■iiiiia. Viiivcrsitv of. 728. 
 iaii Whin- l.i'ad & Color 
 ks, 824. 
 
 ry Criiut. ry, 52- , , , 
 ly convention, when luui, 
 
 iry court and sentences, 
 
 irV'ilrill introdiued into 
 
 [ll'Scllool, 749. 
 
 iry Hall, 156, 473- 
 
 iiry reserves, '_>y, 36, 151, 
 
 i'a and Military Conipa- 
 
 lies — 
 
 idv Ciiiards, 317. 
 
 ss'Ciuards, 317. 
 
 ty Ciiards, (I7- 
 
 troit Citv ('.rays, 318. 
 
 ■troit I'iiv Ciiards, 318. 
 
 ■troit l.ivj'lil I'.iiards, 3'8. 
 
 ■troil l.iKlit Infantry, 3'8- 
 
 •troit Town Company, 317. 
 
 nniet Rifli'S, 318. 
 
 •ayson l.iKlit C.uards, 317. 
 
 o\i (luards, 318. 
 
 Lckson C.nards. 318. 
 
 ifavette C.nards, 317. 
 
 .•nionary Corps, nanus 
 
 ofTieers, 313, 3'4- 
 
 yon C.nards, 318. 
 
 ;ichi.i;an Hnssars, 318. 
 
 lontgoincry (liiards, 317. 
 
 [ontKoniery Killes, 318. 
 
 [ational DraRoons. 318. 
 
 [ational Onards, 318. 
 
 arsfield C.uards, 318. 
 
 eott fltuirds, 317. 
 
 rottish Guards, 318. 
 
 herinan Zonavcs, 318. 
 
 ;iiiel(ls C.nards, 318. 
 
 Volverine Rilles, 318. 
 
 leaner Guards, 318. 
 
 litia called out by Croghan, 
 
 •84. 
 
 [litia, Negro Company or.gar- 
 
 zed, 315. 345- , , , 
 
 litia drills, disa.greeable fea- 
 
 ures of, 316. . 
 litia, jurisdiction over, on 
 ... borders of Virginia and 
 I'ennsvlvania, 258. . 
 
 litia laws of Indian 1 em- 
 
 ilitia Taws of the Northwest 
 Territory, 313. 
 litia, number in 1778, 244. 
 litia, number in 1805. 313. 
 ilitia of the Territory, 296, 
 
 Uiti'a on duty at execution of 
 Indians, 317. , 
 
 ilitia. State encampment ol, 
 
 3'7 
 
 il'itia under the French and 
 ■'nglish, 313- ^ 
 
 litia uniforms, ofTiccrs ar- 
 ested for want of, 3T5. 
 1, litia uniforms prescribed by 
 commander-in-ehief, 313- 
 ilitia uniforms, protested 
 against in 1806, 315. 
 ills, g, 10, 18. , . ,, , 
 ilwaukee Junction in 11am- 
 tramck, 4- ,,. , 
 
 inneapohs, Minn., 811. 
 innesota, Sao. 
 
 iraeles performed through 
 Pel Halle, 529- 
 ississauguas, 239. 
 ississippi River, control of. 
 
 lUstssippi Valley, Knglish 
 seeking to obtain, 264- 
 lissi.m buildings, seeChurches. 
 
 [ission to the Hurons 530. 
 Mission Sunday schools, 653. 
 dissionary from Connecticut, 
 
 d 
 
 :Lionaries and priests, 527. 
 ;issionaries. Moravian.bronght 
 
 to Detroit, 550. 
 
 .Mobile, Cadillac and family 
 
 arrive n.'ar. 330. 
 Mococks for holding sugar, 12. 
 Moiiawks, 322. 
 
 Mohawk settlers massacred, 233. 
 Money, earliest of New France, 
 
 84r,. 
 
 Money orders of post-ofTice, 881. 
 
 Monguagon, 12S, 367. 
 
 Monroe County, 90. 
 
 Monroe, railroad to, first opened 
 from l)etroit, 902. 
 
 Monroe railroad, lirst opened to 
 I'etcrsburgh, 902. 
 
 Montreal, 8^6. 
 
 Montreal, criminals sent to, 172. 
 
 Montreal jealous of Detroit, 
 76.. 
 
 Moiitr<'.»l, provisions from, 12. 
 
 Montreal, reinforcements from, 
 232. 
 
 Moiuiment to soldiers dedi- 
 cated, 312. 
 
 Moravian missitinaries, 550, 551. 
 
 Mortgages, ^9. 
 
 Mottoes of l''ire ('ompanies, 508. 
 
 Mouldings, manufacture of, 
 823. 
 
 Mound, Prairie, 4. 
 
 Mounds, origin of, 321. 
 
 Mount Klliott Cemelery, 53,54. 
 
 Mount Desert island described, 
 
 Mount DesL.-t island granted to 
 Mme. Gregoire, 19. 
 
 Mulberry trees, grown in De- 
 troit, 9(11. 
 
 Murder of a trader, 171. 
 
 Murder of Charles Moran, 174. 
 
 Musical Association, Detroit, 
 organized, 355. 
 
 Musical compositions and com- 
 posers, 357. 
 
 Music and dancing, 349. 
 
 Music and tlu' Drama, 334. 
 
 Musicians and music teachers, 
 
 355- 
 
 Museum of Scientific Associa- 
 tion, 714. 
 
 Museums, 351. 
 
 Muskingum mission on, broken 
 up, 261. 
 
 Mutual lienefit Association, 
 .Masons, 343. 
 
 Myer, Fort, 922. 
 
 N 
 
 Names of streets, changes in, 
 
 946-948. 
 Nankin, poor farm 111, 649. 
 Naptlia for street lamps, 469. 
 Nashua, N. H., SiS. 
 National banks, excelleuee of, 
 
 85.4- 
 
 Nationalities represented in 
 Dt^troit, 336. 
 
 National Commercial Conven- 
 tion held, 790. 
 
 National Convention of I'rew- 
 ers, 845. 
 
 National Convention of Wo- 
 men's Christian 'I'eiuperance 
 Union, 845. 
 
 National I'iii Co., 820. 
 
 National Wire <t Iron Co., 809. 
 
 Naval depot of the West, De- 
 troit the, 243. 
 
 Navarre I'arm deeded by Poto- 
 watamies, 52. 
 
 Navigation on Lakes and Riv- 
 ers, 907. 
 
 Navy Island, near HulTalo, for- 
 tified, 301. 
 
 Negro militia company organ- 
 ized, _^45. 
 
 Negro not, because of arrest of 
 sla\'es, 345. 
 
 Negroes, riot against, 348. 
 
 Newark, now Niagara, 94. 
 
 New lirunswick, 814, 836. 
 
 New City Hall, 477 
 
 New DulTalo, railroad to, first 
 opened, 899. 
 
 New France, money of, 846. 
 
 New Hampshire, 835. 
 
 New .Mexico, 828. 
 New ( )rleans, 4, 269, 829, 832. 
 Newsboys and bootblacks, 693. 
 Newspaper graveyard, 670. 
 Newspapers and Periodicals — 
 
 Abend Post, r.88. 
 
 Advertiser and Tribune, 682, 
 6S3, C92. 
 
 Agricultural and Horticul- 
 tural Journal, fi88. 
 
 Allgemeine Zeitung, 687, 
 
 American Citi.:en, 674, 
 
 American Gleaner, C75. 
 
 American Iloiii'i-'opatliic Ob- 
 server, fiS8. 
 
 A m e r i c a n M e 1 1' o r o I o g i c al 
 Journal, 6q2. 
 
 Amerieau Viiu'vard, 674. 
 
 .American Workman and 
 Trade Reporter, 680. 
 
 Ain])liion, (190. 
 
 Anglo-Calholic. 679. 
 
 Anti-Roman Advocate, 678. 
 
 Ashlar, 677. 
 
 I'aptist 'lidings, 678. 
 
 Better .Age, 679. 
 
 l!oy of the Period, C79. 
 
 lirown's Reporter, 677. 
 
 Capitol, The, 679. 
 
 Catholic Vindicator, 676. 
 
 Centinel. 6(19. 
 
 Central Mirnjr, 569. 
 
 Chaff, (■>9i. 
 
 Christian Unionist, 677, 
 
 Cincinnati Gazette, 669. 
 
 Citoyen, C75. 
 
 Clinic, 690. 
 
 Commereial, Cx)i. 
 
 Commercial .Ath'ertiser, 688. 
 
 Coininercial Dull, in, 676, 
 679, 686. 
 
 Commercial I^aw News, 681. 
 
 Comnionwcaltb of Pilts- 
 biirgli, 670. 
 
 Constitutional Democrat, ("174. 
 
 Courier, 6Si>, 681. 
 
 Craftsmen of Michigan, 673. 
 
 Day Hook, 6-3. 
 
 Democrat and Knquircr, 683. 
 
 Democratic Free Press, 685. 
 
 Detroit Illustrated, 681. 
 
 I''.cho, 6S9. 
 
 Kgiantiue, (173. 
 
 F.nquirer, 683. 
 
 F.vangelical Observer, 675. 
 
 Evening News, 675, 677, 688, 
 692. 
 
 F.very Saturday, 691. 
 
 Kxpress, 682. 
 
 Familien lilaetter, 688. 
 
 Family Circle, 690. 
 
 Family Herald. 691. 
 
 Family Journal, 680. 
 
 Farnur's Companion and 
 Horticultural (iazette, 674. 
 
 Fireman's Journal, 677. 
 
 Freeman's Journal, 0U9. 
 
 Free Deinocnit, 6J2, 
 
 Free Press, 685, 686. 
 
 Free Union, 683. 
 
 Fruth, 677. 
 
 Gazette, 671, 6;r4, 681. 
 
 Gazette Francaise, 672. 
 
 Gazette of Halifax, 669. 
 
 Gazette of Lexington, 66g. 
 
 tlazclte of I'ittsburgh, 669. 
 
 Gazette of Quebec, 669. 
 
 Gazette of Seiola, 669. 
 
 Graphic, 680. 
 
 Guardian, 676. 
 
 He, .lid, 675, 677, 680. 
 
 Heralil and Torchlight, 689. 
 
 Herald of Literature and 
 Science, 672 
 
 Home .Messenger, 660,691, 
 
 Hotel Reporter and Railway 
 tiuide, 690. 
 
 Household, 686. 
 
 Index, 'I'he, 690. 
 
 Indicator, 691. 
 
 Jelfersonian Democrat, 673. 
 
 Journal, 68t, 691 
 
 Journal and .Advertiser, 681, 
 682. 
 
 Newspapers and Periodicals — 
 Coii/'i/. 
 
 Journal and Courier, 682. 
 
 Journal de D<'troit, 680. 
 
 Journal of Commerce, 677, 
 178. 
 
 Journal of F.dueation, 673. 
 
 Labor Review, 681. 
 
 I.' Ami de la Jeunesse, 674. 
 
 Lancet, 690. 
 
 Leonard's Illustrated Medical 
 Journal, 690. 
 
 Lever, The, 680. 
 
 L'Floile Can.idienn", 678, 
 
 Liberty Hall and Cincinnati 
 Mercury, 669. 
 
 l.'linpartial, 678. 
 
 Little People, 679. 
 
 Little Wolverine, 677. 
 
 Living Cliureh 679. 
 
 Mail, 63i. 
 
 Magazine, 674. 
 
 Magazine of 'I'ravel. 677. 
 
 Manufacturer and Inventor, 
 691. 
 
 Marine News, 691. 
 
 Marine Record, 680. 
 
 Medical .Ad\"ance, 690. 
 
 Medical Agi', 690. 
 
 Medical Independent, 676. 
 
 Medical Journal, 678. 
 
 ISIeeliauic and Inventor, 67S. 
 
 Medium, 'I'he, 675. 
 
 Michigan Agriculturist, 673. 
 
 Michigan A. (J. U. W. tier- 
 aid, 691. 
 
 Michigan Catholic, 688. 
 
 Michigan Christian .Advo- 
 cate, 68y. 
 
 Michigan Christian Herald, 
 674, 689. 
 
 Michigan Democrat, 677, 687. 
 
 Michigan Kdition of North- 
 west Reporter, 679. 
 
 Michigan l'"ssay, 694. 
 
 Michigan Farmer and Slate 
 Journal of .Agriculture, 688. 
 
 Michigan Farmer and West- 
 ern .Agriculturist, 67 (. 
 
 Michigan Free Democrat, 
 683. 
 
 Michigan Herald, 672. 
 
 Michigan Home Journal, 
 688. 
 
 Michigan H o m (cop a t li i c 
 Journal, 676. 
 
 Michigan Homestead, 68n. 
 
 Michigan Journal and Her- 
 ald, 688. 
 
 Michigan Journal of F.duc.n- 
 tion and Teachers' Maga- 
 zine, 676. 
 
 Michigan Journal of Homoeo- 
 pathy, 673, 679. 
 
 Michigan ( Ibservcr, 673. 
 
 Michigan Organ of 'Temper- 
 ance, 683. 
 
 Michigan Railroad Guide, 690. 
 
 Michigan Staats Zeitung, 688. 
 
 Michigan .State Register, 672. 
 
 Michigan Literary tiem, 674, 
 
 Michigan Medical News, 690. 
 
 Michigan Mirador and Good 
 'Templar, 691. 
 
 Michigan 'Temperance Advo- 
 cate, <i8;j. 
 
 Michigan Trade Review, 681. 
 
 Michigan 'Tribune, 687. 
 
 Michigan Truth 'Teller, 679. 
 
 Michigan Volks Zeitung, 680. 
 
 Michigan Weekly Sun, 680. 
 
 Mirror of the Lakes, 673. 
 
 Monitor, C-S. 
 
 Monthly Hesperian and Odd 
 Fellows' Literary .Maga- 
 zine, 675. 
 
 Moore's Masonic Messenger, 
 680. 
 
 Morning Post and Ciaftsman, 
 113,673. 
 
 Mystic Star, 679. 
 
 National, 680. 
 
 National People, 681. 
 
 National Republican and 
 Ohio Political Register, 669. 
 
 Newspapers and Periodicals — 
 (■(.«/'</. 
 New Idea, 611. 
 New Jerusalem Messenger, 
 
 f75- 
 New Preparations, 6qo. 
 News, 'The, 675, 677, 688, 6ga. 
 N.'vv World, 678. 
 Northwi'stern Advocate, 675. 
 Norlliwestern Journal, 681. 
 Norlliwestern Musical Her- 
 ald, 676. 
 Northwestern Review, 681. 
 Our Vankee Laud, 679. 
 Our Mutual Friend, 678. 
 Our Diocese, 679. 
 OurCluirclies, 681. 
 Our Catholic ^■oulll, 681. 
 Odd Fellows' Wreath, 678. 
 Oakland County Chronicle, 
 
 68;;, 
 Peninsular and Independent, 
 
 676, 
 Peninsular l-'ountain, 676, 
 Peuinsular |-'r.-eiuan, 683. 
 Peninsular Herald, 677. 
 I'eniiisular Joiirnal of Medi- 
 cine, 676, 678. 
 Penny 'Times, 680. 
 Plaiiulealer, 691. 
 Popular .Appeal, 678. 
 Popular F.ra, 680. 
 Post, 'The, 673, 684. 
 Po.st and Ciaftsman, 673. 
 Post and 'Tribune, 681, 684, 
 
 692. 
 Preston's United States Bank 
 
 Note Ri-porter. 677. 
 Price Current, 678, 679 
 Progress of the Age, 688. 
 Public Leader. 68g. 
 Public Spirit, fi8o. . 
 Pulpit, 679. 
 Pursuivant, The, 681. 
 Radicale Democrat, 677. 
 Rat Gazette, 674. 
 Red and While Ribbon, 680. 
 Register, 675. 
 Republican, 676. 
 Review of Medicine and 
 
 Pharmacy, 678. 
 Rose's Nose, 680. 
 St. John's C'breniele, 586. 
 Scientific Mannfacturi'r, 678. 
 Shrapnel, The, 677. 
 Socialist, 'The, 680. 
 Society News, 691. 
 Song Journal, 678. 
 Sontag Zeitung, 6S0. 
 Spectator, The, 691. 
 Spectator and Literary Cia- 
 
 zette, 673. 
 Spirit of '76, or Theller's 
 
 Daily Republican .Advocate 
 
 673. 
 Spirit of the Week, 677. 
 Spy in Michigan, 673. 
 Staats Zeitung of Klichigan, 
 
 687. 
 Star, 1 he, 679. 
 Stimme der Wahrheit, Die, 
 
 690. 
 Students' Offering, 676. 
 Sun, 'The, 677. 
 Sunday Guest, 679, 
 Sunday Herald. 680. 
 Sunday Sun, 681. 
 Sunday 'Times, 678. 
 Supreme Court Decisions, 
 
 , f-T)- 
 
 1 elegram, 681. 
 Telegraph, 672. 
 'Therapeutic (iazette, 690. 
 Times, 'ThCi 674, 676, 680, 
 
 681, 692. 
 Torchlight, The, 689. 
 Transcript, The, 677. 
 Travelers' Illustrated Official 
 
 Railway Reporter, 679. 
 Tribune, 'The, 683. 
 True Democrat, 677. 
 Truth for the People, 679. 
 Union, 689. 
 Union Co., 692. 
 Unionist, 681. 
 
1020 
 
 INDEX --MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Newspaper; ami I'fricidicaU — 
 
 Cont'd. 
 Voiri; uf llic l''ii>,'itivc, j^fi, 
 V.ilksl)latt, 63.S. 
 WasliiiiKtoiiiaii, 674. 
 Wayiiiarks in tliu Wilderiiusi, 
 
 671). 
 Wayiii' Ci)mity OiiiriLT, (ij >. 
 Wfllinan's I, Horary Misi- 1- 
 
 laiiy. 'i7i. 
 Wfsti-rri Callinlii-, 673. 
 Wc'sti-rii CalliDlic k<%'ist'T, 
 
 ''74- 
 Wistcrii Kra, 680. 
 Wi'sicrn Kvaiiiiolist, 676. 
 Wistrni Ivxcclsior, 675. 
 WL'sUrii I'arcinT, 67 j. 
 Western Hume loiiriial, fiSS. 
 Western Land (/iiide, fi.)i. 
 Western Literar)' Cabinet, 
 
 67-,. 
 Western Literary Miscellany, 
 
 fi75. 
 Western Medieal Advance 
 
 and Progress of Pharmacy, 
 
 678. 
 Western Newspaper Union, 
 
 Western (Idcl I'VUow, ^78. 
 
 Western Rural, 674. 
 
 Western Spy and Hamilton 
 (lazette, 6()i). 
 
 Wolverine MeS'^eni'cr, 670. 
 
 W.irld, riie, r,7,. 
 
 Wyandotte l''.Mti:rprise, fiijo. 
 
 Yonng Men's Joiintal and 
 Advocate of Temperance, 
 677. 
 Newspapers at Vinconm^s and 
 
 St l.onis, 670. 
 New Year's Calls, 3;i). 
 New Vork, 4, 811, 818, 820, S26, 
 
 8j2, 835, 880. 
 New York and New England 
 
 settlers, 335. 
 New York city, 6, 823. 
 N<'W \'ork currency. 76). 
 New York, dociunents of, 3. 
 New York s claims to territory, 
 
 85. 
 New Zealand, 811, 828. 
 Nonsense, Kort, 226, 
 Noon prayer meetings, 642. 
 Norris in Hamt.amck, 4. 
 North (Chicago, 807- 
 Northville, railroad to, first 
 
 opened from Wayne, 405. 
 Northwest Territory divided, 
 
 86. 
 Notaries, 172, iq8, 199. 
 Nova Scotia, 836. 
 Niagara, 1)4, 233, 237, 879. 
 Niagara Kails, 728, 790. 
 Night watch, how kept up, 202, 
 
 203. 
 Niles, railroad to, first opened, 
 
 899. 
 Nursery and Kindergarten 
 
 opened, 665. 
 
 Oath of allegiance renewed, 
 246. 
 
 Odd Kellows' Lodges, 343. 
 
 ( MTices of the Lake Survey, 918. 
 
 Ollicesof the Poor and Park 
 Commissions, 794. 
 
 ( )flices on (Jriswold .Street, 459. 
 
 Officers of Indiana Territory, 
 87. 
 
 OlTicial year of city, 138. 
 
 Ohio, 242, 820, 832. 
 
 Ohio admitted as a St.ite, 86, 
 299. 
 
 Ohio boundary, see also Toledo 
 war, 89, go, 299. 
 
 Ohio currency, 847. 
 
 Ohio Life and Trust Co., 853. 
 
 Ohio, or Heautiful River, 233. 
 
 Ohio orchards, 86. 
 
 Ohio river claimed as the Brit- 
 ish boundary, 264. 
 
 Ohio troops, 279. 
 
 Oliiii valU^y claimed by l''.nglish 
 and I'nneh, 23.'. 
 
 Oil eaki'. rnanur.irture of, 826. 
 
 Old Cily Hall KMuted f.)r Pub- 
 lic Library, 7(ki. 
 
 OUl lire department, 501. 
 
 Olnn^cs, 321. 
 
 Ouiuibiis line started, 888. 
 
 Oneidas, 322. 
 
 OucMidots, 321. 
 
 < )noiidagas, 232, 322. 
 
 Ontario, 4, 820. 
 
 Opening days introduced, 778. 
 
 Opera houses and public halls, 
 
 477- 
 
 Optical Co., Johnston, 836. 
 
 Orange, now called Albany, 
 766. 
 
 Order for evacuation of Detroit, 
 267. 
 
 Ordin.mce of 1787, 85, 735. 
 
 Ordiuanees of city. 138. 
 
 Original inhabitants, 321. 
 
 Organ Co., Clough iSi Warren, 
 829. 
 
 Organ pipes removed by Indi- 
 ans, 337. 
 
 Ottawas, 12, 78, 231, 321, 322, 
 
 324. 
 
 Otter Lake, railroad to, first 
 opi'ued, 901. 
 
 Oiitagamit^s, 231. 
 
 Overseer of Highways, 934. 
 
 Overseers of the poor author- 
 ized, 644. 
 
 Owosso, railroad to, first (ipcu- 
 ed, 895. 
 
 O.xford, railroad to, first opened, 
 9'ii. 
 
 Oysters, only twenty days from 
 Baltimore, 890. 
 
 Pails, manufacture of, 832. 
 Paintings, exhibition of noted, 
 
 360. 
 Paints, manufacture of, 825. 
 Palo Alto, victory of, 303. 
 Panic of 1837, 849. 
 Panic of 1857, 853. 
 Panic of 1873, 854. 
 Paper cities. 37, 849. 
 Papier-mache stereotyping first 
 
 used in Michigan, 687. 
 Parent's Creek named liloody 
 
 Run, 9. 
 Parent's Creek tragedy, 2!8. 
 Paris, 6. 
 
 Pardon of ('.en. Hull, 289. 
 Parade of finriuu, 507. 
 Park commissioners, 75, 76. 
 Park lots and ten-thousand 
 
 acre tract, 25. 
 Park lots sold at auction, 40, 41. 
 Parks and boulevard, 73, 74. 
 Party, The Democratic, loS. 
 Party, Tin Democratic Repub- 
 lican, iu8. 
 Party, The Know-Nothing, 114. 
 Party, The Republican, no. 
 Party, I'he Whig, 108. 
 Passengers and freights. 890. 
 Pastures anil pounils, 79. 
 Patents for land, 38. 
 Patriots encamped near liloody 
 
 Run, 302. 
 Patriots on Hois Blanc, 8. 
 Patriot War. 301, 302, 303. 
 Patrol guards provided, 272. 
 Patrolmen to cry " Fire ! " 503. 
 Paving of streets commenced, 
 
 929. 
 Paw Paw, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 899. 
 Peace between England and 
 
 I'rance, 237. 
 Peaches, immense, 16. 
 Pear, apple, and cherry trees, 
 
 >3- 
 Peche, Isle la, 7. 
 Peddler's Point, 928. 
 Peninsular Car Works, 805. 
 Peninsular Stove Co., 816. 
 
 Pensions and pension agents, 
 
 226. 
 Peuusylv.inia, ■-■,8, 832. 
 People of the lakes, 321, 
 Peoria Chamber of Commerce 
 
 visits Detroit, 790. 
 Periodicals, si'c newspapers. 
 Perry's fire pump, v>2. 
 Perry's victory at l'ut-in-H.iy, 
 
 283. 
 Pestilence among the Indians, 
 
 281. 
 Pestileiice among the soldiers, 
 
 284. 
 Petersburgh, railroad to, first 
 
 opened from Monroe, (^02. 
 Pliiladelphia, 818, 826, 832. 
 Philadelphia, locomotive from, 
 
 89 J- 
 Phieiiix Kire Company No. 5 
 
 organ i/ed, 507. 
 Photogra|ihic work, 36fi. 
 Piano first brought to Detroit, 
 
 Pie-iiic described by Miss Pow- 
 ell. 350. 
 
 Pii>iiic grounds, 331. 
 
 Piety Hill, 351, 028. 
 
 Pigeons killed with walking 
 sticks, ir. 
 
 Pig iron, |iroduction of, .So2. 
 
 I'ills, maniifai lure of, 823. 
 
 Pin Co., National, S20. 
 
 Pitt, Port, 233, 
 
 Pittsburgh, 829. 
 
 Pittsburgh Cominonwealth, 670. 
 
 Pittsburgh paper, t)flicial no- 
 tices in, 179. 
 
 Pittsburgh, 'i'he C.azette of, 
 669. 
 
 Planing machines, Wilder's, 364. 
 
 Plank road Act passed, 921. 
 
 Plank sidewalks i)iovided for, 
 
 93'. 
 Plaster, price of, (luantilies of, 
 
 ill Michigan, 802. 
 Plat of the city, 30. 
 Plums of larg<' sizi', 16. 
 Pbnubers, 70 
 Plymouth, First National Hank 
 
 of, 872. 
 Plymouth, Wayne Co, Hank of, 
 
 851. 
 Poem by De Peyster, on a bon- 
 net, 3j8. 
 Poem by Di' Peyster, on sugar 
 
 making, 1-?. 
 Poem by De Peyster, " 'I'he 
 
 Drill ServieaiU.'' 248. 
 Poem on Whitefish, 16. 
 I'olacktown, 928. 
 Police, 202. 
 
 Police Commissioners, 205. 
 Police Commission created, 204. 
 Police, duties of, 205, 206. 
 Police Life and Health Insur- 
 ance Fund, 2o3. 
 Police, sanitary, 206. 
 Police stations, location of, 208. 
 Political parties and campaigns, 
 
 108. 
 Political power of firemen, 507. 
 Ponies, French, 887. 
 Pontchartrain, Fort, 3, T7, 18, 
 
 24, 221, 231, 232, 334. 
 Pontiac's C'onspiracy, 235. 
 Pontiac, railroad to, first tipen- 
 
 ed, 893. 
 Pontiac road, now Wootlward 
 
 Avenue, 947. 
 Pontiac, first flour shipped 
 
 from, 15. 
 Poor Commission, 645. 
 Poor-house farm, 648, 649. 
 Poor, vaccinati;>n of tlie, 59. 
 Port Hurim, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 904, 
 Portrait of J. A. Van Dyke, 521. 
 Portland, Me., 811, 835. 
 Portland, Or., 827. 
 Portugal, 8.>g. 
 Post boy's horn. The, 880. 
 Post coaches, 888. 
 Postmasters, names a!ul terms, 
 
 883. 
 
 Post-oflice and mails, 879. 
 I'ost-ofllce carriers, 8S2. 
 I'list-olllee established, 879. 
 I'dst-ollice, locations of, ^82. 
 I'ost-olfice momy orders, 881. 
 Post-otTice receipts, 881. 
 Post-olllce street letter boxes, 
 
 882. 
 Posl.ige rates, 880, 881. 
 Postage stamps as currency, 
 
 85,!. 
 Postage stamps int. -duced, 881. 
 Postal lards lirst us' (1, 881. 
 Postal currency, 853. 
 I'ostal system under the I'.ng- 
 
 lisli, 879. 
 Post road, first, in Michigan, 
 
 879. 
 Potato, a large, 16. 
 Potowatamies, ai, 52, 231, 235, 
 
 238, 322. 
 Potomac, The, 928. 
 Pound-keepers, the oldest ofl"i- 
 
 cers. 79, 80. 
 Poiix, 322. 
 
 Poverty and its reliif, 644, 
 Powder magazine built forU. 
 
 S., 36. 
 Prayer meeting, I'nion morn- 
 ing, 642. 
 Presbytery of Detroit created, 
 
 Presidential electors. 102. 
 Presidential visits to Detroit, 
 
 103. 
 Presiding elders, 580. 
 Presque Isle, Fort, 12. 
 Pres(pie Isle, dealli of Gen. 
 
 Wayne a., 2^i(). 
 Printing, first book in Detroit, 
 
 694. 
 Printing press, first, 670, 694, 
 Printing first by sti-am, 686. 
 Priming press, first power, 686. 
 Prices of articles at various 
 
 times, 799. 
 Prices of land, past and present, 
 
 40. 
 Priest killed by Indians, 529. 
 Primary school fund, first 
 
 money from, 73S. 
 Prisoners, ransoming of, 280, 
 
 281. 282. 
 Private bankers, 872. 
 Private claims in Wayne Co., 
 
 977- 
 
 Private claims, survey of, 37. 
 
 Proclamation of (lov. Hamilton 
 to rebels. 249. 
 
 Profanity, pre\'alence of, 201. 
 
 Professorships in university, 
 728. 
 
 Propeller wheel, invention of, 
 364. 
 
 Prosecuting attorneys, 209, 210. 
 
 Protestant Ceiiielery, 35. 
 
 Protestant (huic li, ground ask- 
 ed for, 553. 
 
 Protestant clergyman, first mar- 
 riage by, _s5o. 
 
 Protestants in Cana<la, 550. 
 
 Protestant .Society becomes 
 Presbyterian, 594. 
 
 Protest of citizens against exile, 
 281. 
 
 J'rovisions from Ohio and New 
 York, 338. 
 
 Provisions, scarcity of ; letter 
 of Henly to Wilkins, 223. 
 
 Public domain, 24. 
 
 Public exhibitions discouraged, 
 
 35'- . . , 
 
 Public drinking fountains, 71. 
 
 Public lands appropriated for 
 schools, 735. 
 
 Public librarv, 759, 760, 761. 
 
 Public schools, colored cliildren 
 admitted to, 751, 
 
 Public schools, first text books. 
 740. 
 
 Public surveys, 37. 
 
 Public Works, Board of, estab- 
 lished, 936. 
 
 Publishing, early methods of, 
 669. 
 
INDEX — MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 I02I 
 
 l"iic and mails, 871). 
 Tut- larrirrs, KS2. 
 iVuT .■stal.li-\ucl 870. 
 iTicr, loralicms of, ^i^ 
 (Vice im>n<y <'r<l.TS asi. 
 Hue R-i-eiplH, 881. 
 ,in.x street U'llCT 1.<..N>"-, 
 
 re rates, 880, 881. 
 
 lie stamps as e«rren.>, 
 
 «e stamps int. .<l.'cc<l, 88.. 
 1 cards lirst ii* d, 881. 
 
 ;l;:;;:^m^md^r-t>-Kn«- 
 
 'A,ac'l?-l-,rst, in Michigan. 
 
 to, a large, 16. 
 
 watamies, 21. 52. =3'. -35. 
 
 rs. 79, 80. 
 
 ,Tlv'andilsreli.-f, '''•(•I- 
 .,|er mana/ine InuU Un V . 
 
 ;efmectin«, U"i"" """•"- 
 
 ttdential electors ■''=;. 
 ■ sidenlial visits U. Detroit, 
 
 "ulinK elders, 58"- 
 -;;e•I!:ie.^tan^.^Oen. 
 
 S^;;,^t;:;oK in Detroit, 
 
 •^i„K press, •''■f . ^7"^^^- 
 •'•"!">^ '''■^"'-nr t" ;verr686. 
 
 ;i:>::i,i"':;;i!'u"';;i vavio- 
 
 Ai^eiTUlmM-Uuul present, 
 
 money from, 7.i»- , 8 
 
 risoners, ransoming of, 280, 
 
 281. 282. 
 
 ;S:nm&roo^^H:;Xn 
 
 >XHv:,X.enc.. of 20, 
 ..ofessorships in nnnersit>, 
 
 Propeller wheel, invention of, 
 ^^.'cnlin.ii attorneys, 209,2.0. 
 
 l>r,.iestant Cenieti-ry, 55- 
 Iv.aostant Cluireli. .ground ask- 
 
 l.,';;Jes;:;;ucil:rgynKin,nrstmar- 
 
 Vrotestant ^locuiy 
 
 I'resbvterian, 594' . ., 
 
 1-, otest of ctimis against.. Ml. , 
 
 .'.vi'sions from Obi- '""1 ^-w 
 
 .^;vS;„^'s.-aroitvof; letter 
 "of Henly to Willows 2-'.V 
 
 i:;iai^:';hu;;u--a-oiiraged, 
 
 schools, 735- , f 
 
 740. 
 i:;;!;!;;: ^'^ruD^^iua of, .sta.,. 
 
 pKinlifVarly metlu.ds of, 
 609. 
 
 I'ullcys, nianiifactiire of, 808, 
 
 8ao. 
 Pumpkins, large product, 15. 
 I'u|>ils, iiuinlier of, in public 
 
 sclioi)ls, 712, 74). 
 Pupils in seliools in .834, 717. 
 Pupils, non-resident, 742. 
 I'ut-in-lJay, I'crry's victory at, 
 
 283. 
 
 Quails and turkeys plentiful, ii. 
 
 Quaint business siv;ns, 778. 
 
 Quarter centennial of Congre- 
 gational Cluir.'li, 614. 
 
 Qnartermasler-di'neral of the 
 Territory of Michigan, 89. 
 
 Quebec, 3. 
 
 Quebec Act, The, 84. 
 
 Quebec, arrest of Cadillac at, 
 7fi6. 
 
 Quebec, Cadillac goes to, 332. 
 
 Quebec cajitured by the P^ng- 
 lish, 83. 
 
 Quebec (»n?.ette, first issued,669. 
 
 (Jiiebec restored to France, 83. 
 
 Quebec, voyage of Cadillac s 
 wife from, 327. 
 
 (,)uebee within .-\t:adia, 327. 
 
 (Jiiebeis, or Quelibec, 3. 
 
 Quince, a large, 16. 
 
 Quincy, 806. 
 
 B 
 
 Racin,g between Indians and 
 
 Canadians, 349. 
 Railroa.l conspiracy case, 4.^4. 
 Railroad ferry, 890. 
 Railroad turn-tables, manufac- 
 ture of, 805. 
 Railroads, 893. 
 Chicago & Canada Southern, 
 
 900, 901. 
 Chicago, Detroit, & Canada 
 Clrand Trunk Junction, 904. 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Day- 
 ton, 905. 
 Detroit & Hay City, goo, 901. 
 Detroit, Butler, & St. Louis, 
 
 792, 906. 
 Detroit, (Jrand Haven, & Mil- 
 waukee Railway Co., 893, 
 
 895- 
 Detroit, Hillsdale, & South- 
 western, 903. 
 Detroit, Lansing, & North- 
 ern, 90 ), 905, 
 Detroit, Mackinaw, & Mar- 
 quette, 905. 
 Detroit, Romeo, & Port Hu- 
 ron, 890. 
 Detroit & St. Joseph, 895. 
 Detroit it Toledo, 902. 
 Erie & Kalama/too, 901. 
 Flint & Pere Marcjuctte, 900, 
 
 904. 
 Great Western, 890, 903, 904. 
 Lake Shore & \lichigan 
 
 Southern, 901, 902. 
 Michijjan Central, 859, 897, 
 
 899. 
 New Albany & Salem, 899. 
 New York Central, 890. 
 Oakland & Ottawa, 895. 
 Pontiac & Detroit, 893. 
 Shelby & Detroit, 890. 
 Railroad Aid Bonds, 905. 
 Railroad conspiracy, goo. 
 Railroad ferry-boats, 901, 904. 
 Railroad bridges and gates, ()o6. 
 Railroad coaches, 893. 
 Railroads equalize prices, 800. 
 Railroad freight cars, 893. 
 RailrSads reduce lake travel, 
 
 910, 
 Railroads sold by the State, 897. 
 Railroad surveys by War De- 
 partment, 895. 
 Railroad strike, got. 
 Railroad tracks torn up, 894. 
 Railroads, wooden rails and flat 
 
 bars f.)r, 893. 
 Railroads, State inaiiagemcnt 
 1 of, 897, 
 
 Railway track -cleaner and 
 
 snow-plow, 364. 
 Rain-fall, 45. 
 Raisin, escort of 200 men sent 
 
 to, 275. 
 Raisin, battle of, 280. 
 Randolph Street, lirst wharf at, 
 
 , 7').)- , 
 
 Rans.iminj^ prisoners, 280, 28., 
 =8j. 
 
 Rear con.'essiims provided for, 
 22. 
 
 Rebels, Ilaniiltoii's proclama- 
 tion to, .m). 
 
 Reb.l plot to burn Detroit, 30.J. 
 
 Receivers of 'I'axis, 167, 168. 
 
 Reciprocity tr.-aty, 790. 
 
 RecordiT, olTic of, created, .91;. 
 
 Recording of .leeds anil niort- 
 gages, 39. 
 
 Recreations and amusements, 
 
 34'). 
 
 Re. I Chapel burned, 530. 
 
 Red ribbon reform movement, 
 844. 
 
 Redemption fund of city, .58. 
 
 Redemptorist or.l.T, 538. 
 
 Refreshments furnished to fire- 
 men, 508. 
 
 Reform Hall, 479. 
 
 ReKaltas, 7, 353. 
 
 Regents of the University, 731. 
 
 Register in Bankruptcy, 177. 
 
 R.'gister of Probate, obsolete 
 duties, 39. 
 
 Registration law, 115. 
 
 Registry system of post-olTice 
 introiluced, 881. 
 
 Regulations as to bread, 797. 
 
 Relies from fire of .805, 533. 
 
 Rent paid to the French crown, 
 149. 
 
 Rents, I'ange of house, 376. 
 
 Rooccupation of Detroit, 28(1. 
 
 Repoiters of Chancery Courts, 
 191. 
 
 Representatives, names of. Leg- 
 islative, 100. 
 
 Republican partyorgani/ed, 1.0. 
 
 Republicans, large campaign 
 meeting of, 110. 
 
 Reservoir on Dequindrc Farm, 
 
 Restaurant of Woman s Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union, 842. 
 
 Review, first firemen'.s, 504. 
 
 Revised Statutes of 1846, gg. 
 
 Revivals and revivalists, 642. 
 
 Revolutionary War, 242. 
 
 Richardson's Match Factory, 
 828. 
 
 Richmond, fall of, 309, 
 
 Richmond, Va., 827. 
 
 Ride and tie system, 887. 
 
 Riflemen, mounted, 285. 
 
 Rink, first skating, 352. 
 
 Riot against negr.ies, 307, 308. 
 
 Riot by negroes, caused by ar- 
 rest of slaves, 202, 345. 
 
 R" ■ of 1833, troops called to 
 city, 34.. 
 
 Riot of 1863, 348, 497. 
 
 River, Collot's map of, 270. 
 
 River front, iuiproviiiieiit of, 8. 
 
 River, islands in, 78. 
 
 River, never low, never over- 
 fiows, 802. 
 
 River Raisin, massacre at, 280. 
 
 River transportation, 889. 
 
 Roads, gravel, 926. 
 
 Roads, military, 925. 
 
 Roads, plank, .^25, 926. 
 
 Rochester, 826. 
 
 Rogati.in days, 534. 
 
 R.iller skates anil velocipedes, 
 
 3.i2. 
 
 R.illcr skates, inanufacture of, 
 
 811. 
 Rome, 4, 6. 
 Rome, death of Bishop Rese at, 
 
 547- 
 Roof c sting, "If .factuie of, 
 
 810, I. 
 Roofs, urst grav J74. 
 Rouiiil house anu reservoir, 65. 
 
 Royal Oak, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 8. 13. 
 Rud. lie's Station, a6o. 
 Riissel Wheel ^in.l Foundry Co., 
 
 Sos. 
 
 Russell House guests, 483. 
 Russia, 818, 829. 
 
 s 
 
 St. Andrew's Hall, 478. 
 St. Clair, Bank of, 859. 8^14. 
 Ste. Claire, Lake and River, 3, 
 
 917. 
 St. John's, laihipa.l to, first 
 
 o|)ene(l, 895. 
 St. Joseph, 806. 
 St. lusepli. Fort of, 221. 
 St. Louis, 334, 670, 826, gofi. 
 St. Martin's Day, .8. 
 St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal 
 
 opened, S90. 
 St. Nicolas de la Grave, 326, 
 
 33 '• 
 St. Paul, 8.1, 835. 
 .Sabbath breaking, 20.. 
 Sacramento, 816. 
 Sacs, 321. 
 ■Sa.'iigerbund, meeting of North 
 
 American, 35fi, 
 Safe Co., Dilroil, 810. 
 Safi' Deposit Co., 870. 
 Safes, liie-prool, luanufa.:! uie 
 
 . "[' **'"• 
 
 S.'igiuaw Chief, suicide of, 161. 
 
 Saginaw turiipik.', now Wood- 
 ward .\venu.', 947. 
 
 Saline, railroad to, opened from 
 N'psilanti, 90;. 
 
 Sailing vessi'Is g<i .lirect to l*-u- 
 rope, 910. 
 
 Saloons closed on election day, 
 114, 841, 844. 
 
 Salt Lake I'ity, 818, 829, 832. 
 
 Sand abundant in Wayne 
 C.Junty, 802. 
 
 Sand Beach, life-saving station 
 at, 920. 
 
 Sandusky Bay, 2S2. 
 
 Sandusky .)r St. Diiski, 173. 
 
 Sandwich, Hull crosses to, 275. 
 
 Sandwicli Islands, 826, 828,836. 
 
 San I'raiicisco, 811, 818, 835. 
 
 Sanitary police, 59. 206. 
 
 Sault Ste. .^Llrie, 323. 
 
 Sauteu.x, 323. 
 
 Savages, Lnglish alliances with, 
 denounced, 245. 
 
 Savages, F.nglisli plans for in- 
 citing, 248. 
 
 Savings Bank, Dime, 871. 
 
 Savings Bank, Michigan, 870. 
 
 Savings Bank Pi'ople's, 868. 
 
 Savings Bank, State, 871. 
 
 Savings Bank, Wayne Co., 86g. 
 
 Savings Bank, Wyandotte, 872. 
 
 Savoyard, 8, 9, 60, 74. 
 
 Scalping knives for savages, 
 243, 246. 
 
 Scalping parties to spare neither 
 men, women nor children, 253. 
 
 Scalps and prisoners, number 
 of, 246. 
 
 Scalps as merchandise, 232. 
 
 Scalp.s, bounty for human, 244, 
 
 253. , . 
 Scalps, Indian methods of ob- 
 taining, 280. 
 Scalps, number of taken by In- 
 dians between 1783 and 1790, 
 261. 
 Scavengers, 59, 61, 206. 
 Schenectady, 344. 
 Schools and Colleges — 
 Academy granted for a com- 
 mon school, 735. 
 Academy, Ladies', estab- 
 lished, 720. 
 Academy of the Sacred Heart, 
 
 724. 
 Barstow School opened, 745. 
 Bible in public schools, 740, 
 
 741. 
 Brothers of the Christian 
 Schools, 721, 722, 723. 
 
 Schools and C'olleges — ('ant'(/. 
 Catholic schools in 1808, 720. 
 Census of ihildreu .>f school 
 
 age, 753. 
 Church I' arm si liool, 720. 
 Cliurch schools, 711V727. 
 Coll.'ge, Ditroil, organized, 
 
 725. 
 College, HoiiKcopalhic, open- 
 
 ,L'd, 734. 
 Colored .sclio.>l establish.'.!, 
 
 73«- 
 Colon-d s.'hools, 750, 751. 
 Commercia] colleges, 732. 
 Cominissionirs of lomiiion 
 
 schools, 735. 
 CiJiitagious dis.-as.'S, pre. an- 
 
 tions against, in .schools, 
 
 743. 
 
 County Superintendent cjf 
 schools, .26. 
 
 Detroit College, 725. 
 
 Detroit I'e.nale Se.ninary, 
 7.8. 
 
 Detroit Homo'opathie Col- 
 lege. 734. 
 
 Detroit .Medical College, 733. 
 
 Director of thi' Cliristian 
 Schools, 720. 
 
 Directors anil motlerators in 
 
 , >837, 738. 
 
 Directors and statistics for 
 
 ^.1838, 737- 
 Dislnits form. '.I, 737. 
 District schools, cIom' of, 739. 
 Fnglish academy with kiii- 
 
 il.-rgarten, yn). 
 Kvening s.luxils, 742. 
 F.\pense per capita of public 
 
 schools, 743. 
 Fair of L;,.lies' Free School 
 
 Society, 736. 
 First eoii'.mon school, 735. 
 Fre.^ School So.-i.-ly, 7^^, 736. 
 I'linds from State, 738. 
 Funds not to be divi.l.'d 
 
 among religious sects, 754. 
 High School, admission to, 
 
 ?■♦'> 
 
 High .Scho.d Alumni Associ- 
 ation, 730. 
 
 High School, beginnings of, 
 748, 749. 
 
 High School cadets, 749. 
 
 High Si boo! te.\l-biioks, 742. 
 
 Holy Kedicmer School, 524. 
 
 Holy Trinity Anglo-Catholic 
 S.'hool, 719. 
 
 Homicopathic College, 51, 
 
 7.!4- 
 
 Hours fur .school, 743. 
 
 Immanuel Fvan.gelical Luth- 
 eran School, 726. 
 
 Industrial School, 654. 
 
 In.speetors, distri.t, elected, 
 
 736- 
 Inspectors of schools, 11, tin. s, 
 
 terms, 755-758. 
 Inspectors to be elected at 
 
 large, 754. 
 Janitors of schools, 746. 
 Kindergarten School, 665. 
 Lancasterian Schools, 730, 
 
 731- 
 
 Law .)f 1837, 736. 
 
 Location of, in 1838, 737. 
 
 Medical colleges, 50. 
 
 Michigan College of Medi- 
 cine, 733. 
 
 Number ofschoolsin .841,739. 
 
 Primary school fund, 739. 
 
 Private schools, 713. 
 
 Public lands granted for 
 schools, 736, 785. 
 
 Public school system attack- 
 ed, 114. 
 
 Pupils, attendance of, 742, 
 
 743- 
 Pupils in 1834, 717. 
 Pupils in High School, 750. 
 Pupils, non-resident, 742. 
 Rooms rented for schools, 
 
 744- 
 Sabbath schools, buildings 
 used for, 745. 
 
I02; 
 
 LNDKX - .M1.SC1.1.LANKOUS. 
 
 ( 
 
 SchciiilH and Collrnct — Cont'd. 
 Sacriid Heart (icrinan School, 
 
 724' 
 
 St Anthony h School, 724. 
 
 St. Albert's Scliool, 724. 
 
 Sti lloniface's School, 723, 
 
 St. Cassinicr's School, 724. 
 
 St. Joachim's, lornnTly Sa- 
 cred Heart l''ri'nch School, 
 7J4. 
 
 St. John's (Icrinan ICvanjjcll- 
 cal School, 726. 
 
 St. Joseph's School, 72). 
 
 St. Paul's Lutheran .School, 
 
 St. .Mark's (Icrinua Kvanjiji'li- 
 cal School, 7.>6. 
 
 St. .Mary's (iernian Schools, 
 722. 
 
 St. Matthew's 1., u t h e r a n 
 Scliool, 726. 
 
 St. Haul's Second (iernian 
 l'".van,i;elical Schools, 7.'7. 
 
 St. Peter's (Iernian Kvan.1,'1 Il- 
 eal School, 727. 
 
 SS. Peter and Paul Schools, 
 722. 
 
 St. Philip's CoUcKe, 720, 7JI. 
 
 St. Vincent de Paid School, 
 
 St. Vincent's Seminary, ()2i. 
 Sali-m l.iither.in Seliool, 726. 
 School of Our Lady of Help, 
 
 Seminary, Kemale, discon- 
 tinued, 717. 
 State primary school fund, 79^. 
 Statistics lor 18^0, 738. 
 Statistics for 1840, 739. 
 Statistics, general, 751. 
 Statistics of Catholic Schools, 
 
 725- 
 Sunday Schools, 631. 
 Sunday School conventions 
 
 and celebrations, (136. 
 Sunday School, iiist notice 
 
 of, 631. 
 Sunday School Missions, 653. 
 Siind.iy School statistics, 634, 
 
 635, 636. 
 Sunday School Union, 633. 
 Superintendents of public 
 
 schools, 126, 752. 
 Superintendents of public 
 
 schools, 126, 752. 
 Taxation for schools, 753. 
 Terms and vacations, 743, 
 
 744- 
 Te.\t-books, changes in, 741, 
 
 74''. 
 Tc.Kt-books, uniformity in, 
 
 737- 
 Trinity Kvangelical Lutheran 
 
 School, 7j6. 
 Trinity Schools, 721. 
 Trowbridge School, 752. 
 Z'wn Kvangelical Lutheran, 
 
 727- 
 Zion German Reformed Lu- 
 theran, 726. 
 
 Schooner (lladwin sent to Ni- 
 agara, 237. 
 
 Schooner Swan brings first 
 troops under United States 
 (lag, 908. 
 
 Sciota Gazette, 669. 
 
 Schooner .Vnn seized, 301. 
 
 Scotland, 826, 828. 
 
 Scrip issued by Governor and 
 Judges, 475, 847. 
 
 Sealer of weights and measures, 
 
 797- 
 Seal of Northwest Territory, 
 
 86. 
 Seal of Michigan Territory, 87. 
 Seal of State of Michigan, 90, 
 
 91. 
 Seals of City, 138. 
 Sealers of leather, 89. 
 Seamless copper and bra.ss 
 
 tubes. 364. 
 Search, right of, 274. 
 Secretary of Board of Trustees, 
 
 140. 
 Secretary of Detroit, 133, 
 
 Secretaries of State of Miehi- 
 
 Kan, (|2. 
 Seereiarii'S of the Territory of 
 
 .Michigan, 83. 
 Seeiet.iry of War, letter to 
 
 Hull, 274. 
 Seed business, increase of, 776. 
 Seneeas, 234, 322, 
 .Senatorial districts (Lcjjisla- 
 
 tive), loj. 
 Senators, Stale, names of, 100. 
 Sentinels and |>alrols, 202, 
 Settlers, bnuiilies ofleri'd to, in 
 
 1740. I,!). 
 Settlers (irst arrive at Detroit, 
 
 Settlers from the Kast, 335. 
 Settlers 111 iKM'd of wi\'es, 331. 
 Sevenlh Leijislative CoiiikmI at 
 
 Green Hay, 99. 
 Sexton's duties, 57, 58. 
 Shafting, manufacture of, 808, 
 
 820. 
 .Sheriffs, 201). 
 
 Sheriff's residence erected, 216. 
 Shelby, Kort, 8, 36, 52, 232, 224, 
 
 225, 283. 
 Shinplasters issued by city, 154, 
 
 '55 
 "Shinplasters," or small bills, 
 
 largi'ly circulated, 847. 
 Shinplasters to aid in building 
 
 St. Anne's, 533. 
 Ship building, 907, 908. 
 Ship building by the Detroit 
 
 Dry Dock Co., 014. 
 Ship canal at Sault Ste. .Marie 
 
 asked for, 918. 
 Shipments are made from De- 
 troit to — 
 
 Africa, 811, 826. 
 
 Alaska, 810. 
 
 Argentine Republic, 828. 
 
 vVrkaiisas, 820. 
 
 Augusta, Ga., 811. 
 
 Australia, 804, 811, 814, 829. 
 
 Austria, 829. 
 
 lialtimore, 811, 826. 
 
 P>elgiiiin, 826, 828. 
 
 liisniarck, 80O. 
 
 Boston, 3m, 816, 818, 826, 
 
 . 827, 835. 
 
 Brazil, 811, 827, 828. 
 
 Bridgeport, Conn., 808. 
 
 British Dominions, 829. 
 
 Buffalo, 814, 816. 
 
 Burlington, 805. 
 
 California, 810, 820, 826, 836. 
 
 Canada, 811, 8i3. 
 
 Chattanooga, Teiin., 835. 
 
 Chicago, 811, 814, 816. 
 
 Chili, 8r;5. 
 
 China, 811, 818, 827, 829. 
 
 Cincinnati, 82C. 
 
 Constantinople, 820, 
 
 Dakota, 835. 
 
 Delaware, 832. 
 
 Denver, 811, 818. 
 
 Kl Paso, 832. 
 
 England. 811, 818, 826, 828. 
 
 Kureka, Cal, 808. 
 
 Kurope, 814, 816, 820, 826. 
 
 France, 811, 818, 826, 828, 
 829. 
 
 Frankfort, Germany, 814, 
 
 Galveston, 811. 
 
 Germany, 818, 828, 829. 
 
 Greece, 811. 
 
 Hannibal, .Mo., 806. 
 
 Hong Kong, China, 823. 
 
 Honolulu, 827. 
 
 Hlinois, 820. 
 
 Indiana, 820, 8321 
 
 Ital'-, 829. 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla., 835. 
 
 Japan, 809, 811, 829. 
 
 Latakia in Asia, 818. 
 
 Lisbon, Portugal, 820. 
 
 London, 814, 827. 
 
 Louisiana, 820. 
 
 Louisville, Ky., 811. 
 
 Lyons, N. Y., 811. 
 
 Maine, 3 10. 
 
 Manitoba, 820. 
 
 Maryland, 832. 
 
 Shipments are niadi- fripui 1 >' - 
 troil to— Ci'Mt'ti. 
 
 M.issacliiisetts, Sn. 
 
 Mexico, 3io, Sii.Baf). 
 
 .Minneapolis, Minn., 811, 820. 
 
 Montreal, 83(). 
 
 Nashua, N. H., 8i3. 
 
 New Brunswick, 814, 836. 
 
 New Hampshire, 835. 
 
 .\'(-w .Mexico, 8j8. 
 
 New ( )rleans, 829. 
 
 New York, 811, 818, 830, 82), 
 826, 832, H35. 
 
 New /ealand, 811, 825. 
 
 Nova Scotia, 836. 
 
 Ohio, 820, 832. 
 
 Ontario, 820. 
 
 Piniisylvania, 8(2. 
 
 Pliil.Kh Iphia, 818, 8j6. 
 
 I'itlsliin-g, 829. 
 
 Porll.incl, Me., 811, 835. 
 
 I'ortI 111(1, Or,, 827. 
 
 I'orlugal, 829. 
 
 (Juiney, 806. 
 
 Kichinoud, Va., 827. 
 
 Rochester, 826. 
 
 Russia, 818, H29. 
 
 Sacramento, 81(1. 
 
 Samlwieh Islands, 826, 828, 
 836. 
 
 Sail l''ran('iseo, 811, 818, 835. 
 
 St. loseph, 80(1. 
 
 St. Louis, 826. 
 
 St. i'aul, 811, 83:;. 
 
 Salt Lake, 3i8, 829, 832. 
 
 Scot laud, 826. 
 
 South Africa, 828. 
 
 South America, 804, 807, 811, 
 826, 829. 
 
 Spain, 828. 
 
 Stockholm, Sweden, 814. 
 
 T<-xas, 820. 
 
 Troy, N. V., 816. 
 
 Utah, 32S. 
 
 Washingtcm, 835. 
 
 West Indies, 811, 829, 833. 
 
 Winnipeg, 832, 8)6. 
 
 Winston, .V. C., 827. 
 
 Wyoming Ter , 828. 
 Shipyard on the Rouge, now 
 
 Woodiiu-re Cemetery, 23, 908. 
 Ships of war on the lakes and 
 
 river, 958. 
 Shoe Factory of Pingrec & 
 
 Smith, 833. 
 Show windows, 45S, 777. 
 Side and cross-walks, 930, 931. 
 Sieves, manufacture of, 809, 811, 
 Signal Service, iiJ2, 923. 
 Silk-worms, advertisement of 
 
 exhibition, 961. 
 Silversmiths and goldsmiths, 
 
 .358, 359- 
 .Sinking fund of city. 156, 157. 
 Sinking fund fur water words, 
 
 .67- 
 Sistersof Ste, Claire, 49, 653, 721. 
 Skating and coasting, 351,352. 
 Skins as currency, 846. 
 Slaves, 28. 
 Slavi'ry and the colored race, 
 
 Slaves not to be held by S:. 
 
 Annii's Church, 532. 
 Sleeping cars, 900. 
 Slocum's Island, 7. 
 Sloop Beaver wrecked, 239. 
 Small-pox prevalent, 334. 
 Smart's Block, when erected, 
 
 457- 
 Smithsonian Institute, 351. 
 Snow apples, 13, 
 Soap Factory of Schulte Bros., 
 
 826. 
 Soap making a novelty, 338. 
 Societies — 
 
 Agricultural &. Horticultural, 
 16. 
 
 Anti-slavery, 346. 
 
 Association for the Suppres- 
 sion of Intemperance, 838. 
 
 Bar Association, 199. 
 
 Bar Library Association, 199. 
 
 Baptist Social Union, 613. 
 
 Bible, 641. 
 
 Soiietiis — Crnl'ii, 
 
 Board of 1 rade, 788. 
 
 Boys' Brunch of Y. M.C. A., 
 640. 
 
 Carson League for Wayne 
 Co., 84.1. 
 
 Catholic Female Association, 
 49, 6jo, 
 
 Catholic L'lilon, 548. 
 
 Church Association of .Michi- 
 gan, 593. 
 
 City Library, 710. 
 
 Ciineordia, 3^5. 
 
 Detroit Academy of Medi- 
 cine, 51. 
 
 Detroit .Alheniulim, 710. 
 
 Ditroit City Tract /ssocia- 
 (ion, 642. 
 
 Detroit Medical.and Library 
 Assoeiation, s'. 
 
 Detroit .Merchant's I'.xchaiige 
 Co., 786. 
 
 Detroit .Musical Association, 
 
 3.'>5 
 
 Detroit Reform Club, 844. 
 
 Detroit Scientilic Associa- 
 tiim, 714. 
 
 Detroit Temperance Society, 
 8(8. 
 
 Detroit Young Men's, 710. 
 
 F.vangelical Alliance, 642, 
 
 F.v.ingelical Lutheran Or- 
 phan Aid, (162. 
 
 I'.vangelistic, 556. 
 
 Fire Department, 520. 
 
 Firemen's Fund Association, 
 ^20. 
 
 First l'".v.iiigelistic, 556. 
 
 First Protestant, 558. 
 
 I''ree Schotd, 735. 
 
 Felony, Society to suppress, 
 
 233. 
 Harmon 355. 
 Hebrew k -lief, 629. 
 Hibernian, 666. 
 High School Alumni .Associa- 
 
 liiui, 750. 
 Historical Society of Miclii- 
 
 g.-in, 710, 712. 
 PIoniuco|>alliic College ol 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons, 
 
 51. 
 Industrial School, 6^4. 
 Italian Benevolent, 663. 
 Ladies' Christian Unions, 66f , 
 Ladies' Free. .School, 735, 736. 
 Ladies' Society for Supiiort 
 
 of Hebrews, 657. 
 Lafayette Benevolent and 
 
 Mutual Help, 654. 
 Lutheran Orphan AitI, 662 
 Lyeeuiii of I >etr<tit, 711. 
 Lyceum of Michigan, 712. 
 Masons' Mutual Beiielit, 343. 
 Mechanics', 712, 713. 
 Merchants & .Manufacturers' 
 
 Kxchange, 780. 
 Michigan Liipior Dealers- 
 Protective Association, 845 
 Michigan Stale Tenipera.ici 
 
 .Mliance, 841. 
 Michigan Temperance, 838 
 Michigan Total Abstinence 
 
 839. 
 Michigan 'I ract, 642. 
 Ministerial Union, 6^2. 
 Monument Association, 31-. 
 Moral and Humane, 650, 
 Musical, Detroit, 155. 
 Order of the White Cros; 
 
 845. 
 Pioneer, 713. 
 Police Relief, 208. 
 Presbyterian Alliance, sgc 
 
 604. 
 Roman Catholic Beneficia 
 
 666. 
 Refugee Home, 345. 
 St. Andrew's, 653. 
 St. Bonifact^, 666. 
 St. Jean Baptiste, 666. 
 St. Joseph's, 666. 
 St. ' trick's, 666. 
 St. Vincent de Paul, 666. 
 Scientific Association, 714. 
 
INDEX — MISCKLLANKOUS. 
 
 1023 
 
 fur Wayne 
 
 Mtdi- 
 
 * ssocia- 
 
 ,,i,.s_0.«/</. 
 
 ,ar.l i.f I railf, 7.8R; ^ 
 
 .yn' r,min;lii>f \.M.O. ft. 
 
 ■hurch Assuciati.m of Miclu- 
 
 Kaii, =;92- 
 
 ity Library, 7«°' 
 
 )clr..it Acailciiiy "f 
 tiiu-, 5,1- 
 |),ti"il Alliriiicum, 7.'0' 
 
 lJcli"il Ciiy '''f"'^' 
 l.'uoil'^'.lical.ana l.H'iary 
 
 IMn.ilM.rclianl'sl.xd.aiiK' 
 
 p?fr^.,it K.f..-r"..i;i»l>, 84-^ . 
 D.tn.il S^KiiUlK- AbsoLia 
 
 D.uuit I'cmpLranci: S-.tuiy, 
 
 IMn'.it Y.HinK M>''>'s 7><>- 
 Kva.iw.'li'al All.amf, 642. 
 
 l;va,.K.'li>-l l-i'll'--^"" *^'- 
 
 phaii Aid, l'6'- 
 Kvanni'lisUi', 55''- 
 Kirf DipaiiiiHiit, 5™- . 
 Fircnci's ImuuI Assuc.alu.n, 
 
 Firsri'.vaiivj.listic, 556- 
 Kirst I'riitislaiit, 550' 
 
 i:x.:;^"s::l;iAf u. supp.cs.. 
 
 Harmcin 355. 
 Hilinw KJicf. 629. 
 
 lli;;;:sc;u;oiAium„iAssocia- 
 
 ul!;'::Hc^a's-iciy of M->"- 
 
 I „!^m;L,^;aU?ir- College of 
 I PU^Miiaas and Surgeon., 
 
 In^dustrial School, 654- 
 Italian I'.cncvolcnt, Wn. 
 l!ad(^s-Chri..i:.ntJ".ons,66,. 
 
 1 idii's' Krcc School, 71-,, 73"- 
 
 l:;;!!;:- society for support 
 
 „f Hchr.ws, 657. , 
 
 Lafavcttc IcncvuUnt and 
 
 Mutual Help, ('S\: 
 T.ulherau Orphan A.d, 662. 
 
 yccum of I'etroU, 7>-- 
 Masons' TMutual licncht, 343- 
 
 Mechanics', 7'V '' V,.,.,„v,-rs' 
 Merchants & Manufactuicis 
 
 KxchaUKC, 780. ,-,,..,i,.,.s' 
 Michigan Lupior I'eal' s 
 ■^ 'ro^ective Assoe.atu.n, 84,. 
 Michigan State lcn.pera..ce 
 Alliance, 841. „ ^ 
 
 Michik;an 'renipfrance, »3». 
 Michigan Total Abst.nence, 
 
 83Q. , 
 
 MichiKan ■rract, 642. 
 Ministerial Union, 642. 
 M.mument Assocu.t...n 3.2. 
 
 . Moral and Humane, 65°- 
 Musical, Detroit, 155. 
 Order if the While Cross, 
 
 845- 
 Pioneer. 7/.3- 
 Police Re lef, 208, 
 Presbyterian Alliance, 5W- 
 
 RomAn Catholic Beneficial 
 
 666. 
 RcfuK'ce Home, 345- 
 St. Andrew s, 653. 
 St. Boniface, 666. 
 St. Jean liaptiste, 666. 
 St. Joseph's, 666 
 
 St. ' trick s, 666. 
 
 St Vincent de Paul, 666. 
 
 Sc'icntific Association, 7H- 
 
 Soclulles— ('<»!/'(/. 
 Soldiers Kcliif, )io. 
 Sotn of 'rcMiper.iuce, 843. 
 Sydeuliaui .Medical, 51, 
 I'rrriiori.il S. S. Union, 6(6. 
 Union llclliel, 641. 
 U. S. Christiuii Cuinniiiisiun, 
 
 III. 
 
 W.iyui. County Homeopathic 
 
 lustitllte, ,1. 
 W.iyue C.'ouuly Mediial, 51. 
 W.iyui' Coiinlv Pioneer, 71). 
 Woiu.in's Clinstiiin Teinpir- 
 
 ance Allutm <'. H|.'. 
 
 Workinumen'* Ai«i, Oj4. 
 
 YounK Mcn't, 710, «i. 
 
 oUc unlo.i« 
 
 Young Mftn'tCatboU 
 
 549' 
 Young M< « Ctirt*tiiui 
 
 Union, a lb, 6j8. 
 Young M en'» Benevolent, 650. 
 Ynung Men'i Father Matthnv* 
 
 IriuiiiTance, 842. 
 Yonn< .Men's Red Ribbon 
 
 Cliil). 844. 
 YoiiiiH Men's Stale 'I'eiiipcr- 
 
 aiice, 8jij. 
 Voiiii>{ .Nien's Temperance, 
 
 83). 
 Voiini; Women s Christian 
 
 Temperance Union, 844. 
 Zither CUil), is6. 
 
 Society of Uetroit, character 
 of, .W^)- 
 
 Solar compass, invented at De- 
 troit, 162. 
 
 Soldiers and Sailors' Monu- 
 ment, II 1, 312. 
 
 Soldiers desert for want of pay, 
 
 332- 
 
 Soldiers fare at Sandusky Hay, 
 2H2. 
 
 Soldiers withdrawn in 170(3, 333, 
 
 Son>;s, lircmen's, 50(3, 511. 
 
 Sotibricpicts, jj7. 
 
 South llend, railroad to, first 
 opened, 1)02. 
 
 Spain, 828. 
 
 Spain and Krancc in alliance, 
 26g. 
 
 Speakini; trumpets i^iven to 
 Kire Companies, 508. 
 
 Special ta.ses, 157, 
 
 Specie circular, 849. 
 
 Specie payments, suspension 
 of, 849. 
 
 Spectacles, manufacture ,)f, 836. 
 
 Spiunini,' wheels and looms, 
 338, 720. _ _ 
 
 Sporlin.n organizations, 352, 353. 
 
 Spriu,< and Steel Works, 804. 
 
 SpriuK Hed and Chair Kaclory 
 of .\I. J. Murphy & Co., 832. 
 
 Spring Hill I'arm rente<l for 
 church purposes, 531. 
 
 Springs for locomotives and 
 cars, manufacture of, 804. 
 
 Sprin,i;wells, 4, 5, 10. 
 
 Stages, first public, 888. 
 
 Stamped paper, 151). 
 
 Stampiiiis' Co., Detroit, 822. 
 
 Standard Life and Accident In- 
 surance Co., 875. 
 
 State and county ta.xes, iso. 
 
 Slate Commissioner of Insur- 
 ance, 875. 
 
 State Constitution adopted, 88. 
 
 State Constitutions, differi'nces 
 between first and si-cond, gi. 
 
 State I'ish Commission, 16. 
 
 State (lazetteers, 696. 
 
 State olficers, 93. 
 
 State scrip, issue of, 852. 
 
 State seal, go. 
 
 State treasurers, g2. 
 
 Steam boilers subject to inspec- 
 tion, 471. 
 
 I Steam Korne, The Detroit, 805. 
 
 Steam fust used for heating 
 buildings, 470. 
 
 Steam .Mill Co., 8. 
 
 Steam printinR, the first, 686. 
 
 Steam roail roller procured, 930. 
 
 Steam whistles, 920. 
 
 Steamboat Atlantic mink, gtn. 
 Steainboal Caroline, 3111. 
 Sliaiiilioiit, first arrival of, 908. 
 Steamboat .M.iyllower sunk, 810. 
 Sti-aniboat .Mii lii).jaii dccribed, 
 
 9013. 
 Steamboat racing and low fares, 
 
 910. 
 Steamboat times and fares, gi*). 
 Steamboat \v'alk-in-tlie-Wiiler 
 
 wrecked, tiin). 
 Steaiuboat Windsor buriieil, 1^17. 
 Steamboats, lucre. ise in number 
 
 of, 90,. 
 Steamboats, inspection of, g2i, 
 Sleainboats to Cleveland, 899. 
 Steaiiier (ireat Western burned, 
 
 909. 
 Steamer Henry Clay brought 
 
 lfoyp», 48. 
 Steamers, numbfcr Cn the Ukat, 
 '909. 
 Steamers leixed on Lake Erie, 
 
 308. 
 Stekiner Superior, th« aecond 
 
 uD the lakes, 909. 
 Sti'iinshlps run in connection 
 
 with r.ilh'uads, 895, 
 Steam lire I'oinpanies, how or- 
 
 itaiii/ed, 5i(). 
 Steam lire eagini^ first, 511. 
 .Steam fire engines, horses for, 
 
 5'5. . 
 Sli-am fire engines, names of, 
 
 516. 
 Steam fire engines, weight and 
 
 cost, 514. 
 Steam I'ire Department, 513. 
 Steam Supply Co. organized, 
 
 470. 
 Sleid it Iron Works, I'.ureka, 
 
 818. 
 Steel iV Spring Works, 804. 
 Steelyards, large, 798. 
 Stereotyping by papier-mache 
 
 process, (87. 
 Stevenson, l''ort, 282. 
 Stockade, limekiln near, 367. 
 Slockliolin, Swcdin, 814. 
 Stoddard's tire iipsetler, manu- 
 facture of, 806. 
 Stolen property found by 
 
 police, joH, 
 Stone for building from Mon- 
 
 guagoii, 3(7. 
 Stores and business buildings. 
 
 Stove Co., Detnut, 3ii. 
 Stove Co., Miehig;iu, 816. 
 Stove Co., Peninsular, 816. 
 Stoves first used, 470. 
 Strawberry festivals, 640. 
 Strawbi:rries of large size, 16. 
 Streams and mills. 8. 
 Strtret and road ofTicers, 933. 
 Street cars, infiuence of, 376. 
 Street cleaning and repairing, 
 
 930. 
 Street Commissioners, 927, 935. 
 Street cries, 773. 
 Street lighting, 469. 
 Stri'et names, more care requir- 
 ed in, 948. 
 Street names, changes in, 946, 
 
 947, 948. 
 Street names lost in the fire, 
 
 946. 
 Street paving, 929, 930. 
 Street paving, the earliest, 929. 
 Street railroads, g3i, 932, 933. 
 Streets, 926. 
 Streets, former condition of, 
 
 928. 
 Streets, length of paved, 930. 
 Streets, opening of, 9.17. 
 Streets, supervision of by Board 
 
 of Public Works, 927. 
 Streets, vacating of, 927. 
 Streets, width of, 927. 
 Streets, worked by prisoners, 
 
 929. 
 Street scenes. 926. 
 Street-sweeping machines, 930. 
 Stump tail currency, 853. 
 
 Stiirgis, railroad to, flrHt open- 
 ed, (>02. 
 
 Sugar inaklnK, n poem on, 12. 
 
 Sugar making taught to In- 
 dians, rj 
 
 Suieiile of Kiskanko, 161. 
 
 Sulky Harrow Co., dale, 836. 
 
 Sumter, I'ort, 853. 
 
 Sunday amusemi'iits, 349, 
 
 Sunday arrests, 2mi. 
 
 Sunday, laws passed on, 95. 
 
 Siiiiilay markets, -joi, 796. 
 
 Sunday ordinance, 841, 842. 
 
 Siinilay School for people of 
 idlor, ('>y, 
 
 Siiiid.iy School morning niis- 
 siou, 569. 
 
 Sunday School, the first, 631. 
 
 Superintendent of the P(jor, 
 645. 
 
 Su|ieriiilcndent of Public Iii- 
 strucliuii, 9i. 
 
 Svpervisor, niuac changed to 
 Ovorseer, 034. 
 
 SupervliPra, Board of, laa. 
 
 Superviion la each ward, 934. 
 
 Supervison of Toais,, 933. 
 
 Supervisor* of townshV|>i, 130, 
 
 I3«> «3». 
 Surrender by Gen, Hull, •94, 
 
 277. 
 Surrender of Detroit in 1760, 
 
 222. 
 Surrender of I.e(-'s army, )«;. 
 Surrender of western posts, .;64, 
 Sur\'ey of State completetj, 35. 
 Surveyor of city, olTice created, 
 
 03s. 
 Surveyor-* ienenil at Chillico- 
 
 llle, 1=,. 
 Surviyi ir-( ieneral's ofiice moved 
 
 lo Detroil, 17. 
 Swiil Point, 928. 
 Synod uf the West, convention 
 
 held, 603. 
 
 Table supplies, 338. 
 ■rallaliassee, death of Wood- 
 ward at, 185. 
 Taverns and Hotels — 
 
 ■'\inericaii, 480. 
 
 American Temperance House, 
 486. 
 
 Bagg's Hotel, 484. 
 
 Bernard Housi', 4>S7. 
 
 Piddle House, 485. 
 
 liiindliury's Hotel, 486. 
 
 Brighton House, 487. 
 
 Brunswick House, 487. 
 
 Buena Vista House, 303, 485. 
 
 Cass House, 485. 
 
 Central Kailroad House, 484. 
 
 City Hotel, 48s. 
 
 Commercial Hotel, 484. 
 
 CoyI House, 484. 
 
 Detroit Cottage, 483. 
 
 Dodemead House, 480. 
 
 Kagle Hotel, 482. 
 
 Kisenlord House, 487. 
 
 Kinney House, 487. 
 
 Franklin House, 481, 482. 
 
 darrison House, 486. 
 
 (footlmaii House, 484. 
 
 Cirand River House, 484. 
 
 (Jriswold House, 486. 
 
 Hotel (lolTinet, 487. 
 
 Hotel H<-nry, 487. 
 
 Hoti'l Renaud, 487. 
 
 Howard House, 486. 
 
 Indiana House, 484. 
 
 Johnson's Hotel, 448. 
 
 Kirkwood House, 488. 
 
 Lamed House, 486. 
 
 Leland House, 486. 
 
 .Madison House, 486. 
 
 Mansion House, 481, 483. 
 
 Merchants' E.xchange, 486. 
 
 Michigan Kxchange, 482. 
 
 ^Iichigan Hot(d, 480. 
 
 Michigan Railroad Hotel, 
 484. 
 
 487. 
 
 Tavi.rnii and Hotel»— Ctwf'if. 
 New York and Ciiy lloiel, 
 
 481. 
 Ni w \'ork A- Ohio House, 482. 
 Noriliern lintel, 484. 
 Peiiiiisiilar Hotel, 48'). 
 I'ierson Iloiisi-, 486. 
 Piirdy's llolil, 4K(i. 
 Kailroail I'.xcliaiigi', 
 Railroad Hotel, 483 
 Kevire House, 4a(i. 
 Rice's Hotel, 487. 
 Russell House, 4B2. 
 Sagiiia Hotel. 48... 
 St. Cliarlis Holel, 486. 
 St. Joseph House, 48). 
 Smyth's Hotel, 48... 
 Siandish House, 487. 
 Trelnollt House, 48(1. 
 Uiiiled Slalis llotel, 4a3. 
 Wales' Hotel, 480. 
 Waverly ll<juse, 486.- 
 Wi'sterii llotel, 48^;*'' 
 Woodwtirth's HoMI, 4ln. 
 
 Yank 
 Taxaljle 
 
 .56. 
 Taxr.tioa 
 
 ^»3. ^, 
 Taxui«(|tr^ 
 
 ding Hous», 481. 
 ny, laouwe of, 
 
 iboolt, 
 
 iglish. 
 
 ■R., ;■ 
 151 
 
 ary, 761. 
 
 _L»ep*r.i;^,f»»i,Mi, 8. 
 
 I ax onhcwnw .^ , 
 
 Tax - paywrs, Oelinquent, 149, 
 
 Tnjprrfta, bow prepared, 157. 
 
 ■VifijiitSi, 39. 
 
 TaJa?S|f Letter to Col. Campb( II 
 aaout, 222. 
 
 Taxes on liquor dealers, 156, 
 844, 845. 
 
 Taxes, United States Internal 
 Revenue, 159. 
 
 Territorial taxes, 149. 
 
 Telegraph and Irishman, 884. 
 
 Telegraph, American Union 
 Line, 883. 
 
 Telegraph, Atlantic and Pacific 
 Line, 885. 
 
 Telegraph, Bankers and Mer- 
 chants' Line, 885. 
 
 Telegraph cable laid across De- 
 troit River, 884, 885. 
 
 Telegraph Company. Ni'W 
 York and Mississippi Valley 
 Printing, 884. 
 
 Telegraph, District, charges and 
 
 messengers, 885. 
 Telegraph fire alarm tested, 
 
 513- 
 Ti'legraph, first dispatch sent, 
 
 ,883. 
 1 elegraph Line, Atlantic, Lake 
 
 & Mississippi, 884. 
 Telegraph, .Mutual Union Co., 
 
 885. 
 Telegraph, Northern Michigan 
 
 line, 884. 
 Telegraph, O'Riilly line, 884, 
 Ti'legraph, Snow lini', 8L4. 
 Telegraph, Western Union Co. 
 
 <irganized, 884. 
 Telegraph, United States Co., 
 
 885. 
 Telephones, first exhibition, 
 
 885. 
 Temperauce and total absti- 
 nence, 839. 
 Temperature, 45. 
 Ten-Thousand-Acre Tract, 22, 
 
 26, 27. 
 Terrritory, The Northwest, 85. 
 Territory of Indiana, 86, 87. 
 Territory of Michigan, 87. 
 Territory of Iowa, 99. 
 'Territory of Wisconsin, 99. 
 Teuchsa Grondie, 3. 
 'Texas, 820. 
 Text-books in public schools, 
 
 737, 740. 74-'- , 
 Thames, battle of, 283. 
 
I024 
 
 INDKX — MISCKLLANEOUS. 
 
 ThcHirvH, »<7. )j8, 
 
 Tinwari', iii.iiiiifiutiirc i>f, Mjj. 
 
 " rippcciiiim' and I'ylir lno," 
 
 loH. 
 'riiipccuiioc, Indiuii (li'fcut (if, 
 
 'I'ltlrs ti) IniiilH, )!)• 
 
 Tobacco liiiHiiifHH, Krowtl) •'(, 
 
 Tiil>u<:ci) Co., American Eu)jli-, 
 
 ToIhui'o Kaitciry, Itajflry, H )6. 
 
 Tob ici o l''aclory, lliniu"', 8J7. 
 
 Toluici'i) Kaclory, dlolii', 8^7. 
 
 Tobacco Factory, Hiawatha, 
 827. 
 
 Tobari til ll.iUiinure, 15. 
 
 To>{lis.iKliriiriilii', J. 
 
 Toilers, )ji. 
 
 Tolt;il>), NIiclii({aii troops in, 
 300. 
 
 Toledo, railroad from, to Adri- 
 an, firat upi'iii'd, 901, 
 
 Tole'lo. arrests in, by Monroe 
 sliifiiT, 300. 
 
 Toledo, -ar, 8q. 
 
 Toll-Kat* , 9>°- 
 
 TolliiK lufctt fnnerals. 49,57. 
 
 ■rom»h»wfci c niecrated, 246. 
 
 Tonilxtone o. KnsiKn Jolii) 
 
 G«Ke, ja. 
 loiiiato cMtsup, evegdB from, 
 fur schooli»»7,ifi. 
 
 I'onibstnne of I'laintrarack, sa. 
 
 Torcli-bi'.iren, no, .. .«i 
 
 Towi'rs, liriisli light, .fSp. 
 I'mwii Crirr, The, 6fKj. 
 1 own elections, when held, lag, 
 
 1 |0. 
 
 Township constables appointed, 
 
 2 >j. 
 
 Towiishi|i nlFicers, 129. 
 Townsliip supervisors, 130, 131, 
 
 Townships and boundaries, 
 127. w8. 
 
 Tract societies, 641. 
 
 Trade, extent of, see Shipments. 
 
 Trails, 925. 
 
 T rails, first use of in Michigan, 
 894. 
 
 Transportation, 889. 
 
 Traps, maniifai tun: of, 811. 
 
 Travelini; on horseback, 887. 
 
 Treasurers of city, 167. 
 
 Treasurers of the Territory of 
 .\lieliii;an, 8g. 
 
 Trc:;-.surers of State of Michi- 
 gan, 92. 
 
 Treaty of I Uient, 269. 
 
 Treaty of ( Inenville, I2i. 
 
 Treaty of Paris, 21. 
 
 Treaty of I'aris, or Versailles, 
 8j. ■ 
 
 Treaty, The Jay, 266. 
 
 Treaty with Kntjland, 262. 
 
 Treaties with Kngland and 
 Spain, 269. 
 
 Trees, kinds indigenous to De- 
 troit, II, 12. 
 
 Trees, numerous in Detroit, 
 77fi. 
 
 Trial of General Hull, 289. 
 
 Troops at Detroit in 1771), 223. 
 
 Troops called to Detroit in riot 
 of 1833, 346. 
 
 Troops entirely withdrawn from 
 city, 225. 
 
 Trowbridge School, 752. 
 
 Troy, N. Y., 816. 
 
 Trustees of Detroit, 133. 
 
 Trustees of water works, 65. 
 
 Tuebor, meaning of word, 91. 
 
 Tuetlc, or Tutelos, 321. 
 
 Tunni'lllng Detroit Kiver, 891. 
 Turkeys and ipi.iils niiinirous, 
 
 1 1. 
 Tnsiaroras, ^J.^ 
 Two il ly I'li'i tions, lit, 113. 
 ry|io,,'rapliii ,il Union, 674. 
 rvraiiny ol lioveriior ilatnil- 
 
 lon, i;,. 
 Tysclmarondia, 3. 
 
 Uniforms, prnclamation <if Hull 
 
 concerning, 314. 
 Uniforms, protest of grand jury 
 
 against, 31s. 
 Ifnioii Depiii Co., 90C), 
 ITiiioii Door Knob Co., 822. 
 Union tneetiiigs, religions, 642. 
 Union of piilitii.il parties, 1 lu. 
 Union religious societies, (li^i. 
 United States Attorney, 175. 
 United States ICxpremi Co., 81)9, 
 United Sttttex Lake Survey, 918. 
 United States Land O/Sce, 37. 
 United States laij;/ patents, 22. 
 United Statt•^, Marshal, 176. 
 Unifcd .States Representatives, 
 
 102, 103, 
 United States Sanitary Com- 
 
 iniMinn, 658. 
 United States Senators, 102. 
 United States Zouave Cadets, 
 
 3i3. 
 University of Michigan, 728, 
 
 TV- 
 UniviTsity act repealed, 730. 
 
 University, branch at Detroit, 
 
 731, 742. 
 University lot, sale of, 41. 
 Coper Canada, K4. 
 L pper lakes, expedition to, in 
 
 i8.!o, 907. 
 Jtali, 828. 
 
 Vaccinating the poor, 59. 
 
 Valuation of city by decades, 
 156. 
 
 Van De I'oele elictric light ex- 
 hibited, 468. 
 
 Varnish I'aclory, Berry liros., 
 826. 
 
 Vassar, railroad to, first opened, 
 goi. 
 
 Versailles the model for Wash- 
 ii.gton, 29. 
 
 Vessels entering or clearing the 
 port of Detroit, yearly lists, 
 
 915- 
 
 Vessels, yearly list of first arri- 
 vals and departures, 914, 915. 
 
 Vicksburg, celebration in honor 
 of capture of, 308. 
 
 Victory of Cen. Wayne, 266. 
 
 Victory of Palo .Mto, 303. 
 
 Vincennes, 85, 94, 242, 250, 151, 
 252, 670, 837, 951. 
 
 Virginia, 85, 242, 252, 258. 
 
 Voting by soldiers, no. 
 
 V<ites, number of, cast in De- 
 troit 1820 to 1880, 117. 
 
 Voters, qualifications for elec- 
 tion.<i, tii, 112, 113. 
 
 Voters, ladies as, 115, 
 
 Voters, importation of, 108. 
 
 Voters, colored, 113. 
 
 Voters, acts respecting, 114, 115. 
 
 w 
 
 Wa-be-no, an Indian society, 
 met annually, jo. 
 
 Wagons, first nt Detroit, 888. 
 W.iinpiiin money, inannfacture 
 
 of, 8.,'i. 
 War and death-wlioops, 262. 
 War iiillneiiei's stimulate tli-' 
 
 iisi' of liipior, H41. 
 War inateriul to be coUectiil, 
 
 273. 
 War parties sent out by 1'",nglisli, 
 
 24(>. 
 
 War songs of the Uritiili Gov- 
 ernor, 246. 
 Ward lolleclors, 165. 
 W.irdctis, fire, vi'j. 
 Ward's casts of fossils, 714. 
 Wards, their establishment and 
 
 boundaries, 147, 148. 
 Wars — 
 
 Itlai k Hawk, agg, 
 
 llritishand Indian, tfa. 
 
 iBia, 7?4. 
 
 fi'encn and Kngliih, tsi. 
 
 Iiidiun, 231, 372. 
 
 Mexjcan, 303. 
 
 Patriot, 300. 
 
 Pontiuc, »35. 
 
 KevoUitionary, 342. 
 
 Seven Years', 231. 
 
 Toledo, 299. 
 
 With South, 305. 
 
 Washington, 37, 39, 305, 831, 
 880, 887. 
 
 Washington Market, 794. 
 
 Washtenaw County, i.'i. 
 
 Water and Water Works, fij. 
 
 Water Coinmissioners, 65, 71. 
 
 Water of Detroit Kivcr ana- 
 lyzed, fi9, 70. 
 
 Water-imlons, large, 13. 
 
 Water meters, 71. 
 
 Water rates, 70. 
 
 Wa-we-.i-tiin-ong, an early 
 name for Detroit, 3. 
 
 Wayne County, 86. 
 
 Wayne County, Krench farms 
 in, 977. 
 
 Wayne County, its establish- 
 ment and boundaries, 118, 
 120, 121. 
 
 Wayni', Kort, 22s, 228, 305. 
 
 Wayne, railroad from, first 
 opened to Northville, 905. 
 
 Webster's speech on Cass Karm, 
 108. 
 
 Weighmasters, 71)8, 799. 
 
 Weights and measures, 797. 
 
 Welland Canal o|nned, 889. 
 
 Wells built by (iovernor and 
 Judges, 62. 
 
 Western Confederacy, efforts to 
 form, 269. 
 
 Western posts, F.nglish opposi- 
 tion to surrender, 2''i4. 
 
 West Indies, 811, 8.M;, 833. 
 
 Wharves and docks, 8. 
 
 Wheat crop, extent of, 15. 
 
 Wheat elevators, 891. 
 
 Wheat from France, 12. 
 
 Wheel and Foundry Co., Rns- 
 sel, 805. 
 
 Wheeling, 249. 
 
 Whig party buying votes, 108. 
 
 Whigs, State meeting of, 108. 
 
 Whipping and selling of crimi- 
 nals, 190. 
 
 Whipping of Loudon, a black 
 man, 190. 
 
 Whirlwind, 47. 
 
 White bnmze goods, m.inufac- 
 tiire of, 811. 
 
 White, the word voted out of 
 State Constitution, 348. 
 
 White's Grand Theatre, for- 
 merly Music Hall, 479. 
 
 Whitney's Grand llpua Houm', 
 
 478- 
 Whitefinli, largi> catch of, iCi. 
 White Lead Works, lloydell 
 
 Pros.', H.'^. 
 While Lead Works, Michigan, 
 
 824, 
 White Pigeon, railroad to, first 
 
 opened, 902. 
 WliorllclM rriis, imligenoiis, 12. 
 Wide-.\waki's, iid. 
 " Wild cat " banking, 850. 
 Willow-ware Faciiay, Donde* 
 
 ro's, Sj). 
 Willows, beat kind grown at 
 
 Detroit, Doa. 
 Windmill, The Kiagu*, 10. 
 Windmill Pr<i.it,lighthouM: at, 5, 
 Windmills, 6. 
 Window and door screens, roan- 
 
 iifactiire of, H09. 
 WindiHir, Hibb's paper published 
 
 at, 346. 
 Windsor, G. W. railroad to, first 
 
 o|unid, 904. 
 Wiiinebagoes, 322. 
 Winnipeg, 8|2, 836. 
 Winston, N.'t:., 827. 
 Winter aniiiseinents, 350. 
 Winter ilress, 350. 
 Wintergreen tea, 337. 
 Wire i Iron Co., National, 
 
 8o(). 
 Win' \- Iron Works, Harniim, 
 
 Hii. 
 Wisconsin, State of, createil, 89. 
 Witlierc II lariii included in city, 
 
 34' 
 Witherell Sirecl, now Wood- 
 ward A\'enile, (^,(7, 
 Wives wanted, 04. 
 Wolves, bounties for killing, 11. 
 Woman's Christian 'Teniper- 
 
 aiicc' Union, 842, 84s. 
 Wi>men's C'rusade, Hj2. 
 Woman suffrage ileiiied, 114, 
 Women \'otiiig, 113. 
 Wood markets, 797, 798. 
 Wood - working machinery, 
 
 Michel's, 809. 
 Woodenware Works, Frost's, 
 
 836. 
 Woodmere Cemetery, 5, sC, 57. 
 Woodward Avenue, former 
 
 names, 947. 
 Woodward .Avenue Market, 793. 
 Wool, wasteil and unused, yS. 
 World's I'.nd, 57. 
 Wyandottes, 3, 7, 234, 238, 321, 
 
 323, 324- . . 
 
 Wyandotte village, missionary 
 
 at, 576. 
 Wyoming destroyed by a party 
 
 from Detroit, 249. 
 Wyoming Territory, 828. 
 
 Yerkes Lake, fish in, 16. 
 
 Von-do-ti-ga, 3. 
 
 York currency first issued, 846. 
 
 Young Men's Christian Associ- 
 ation, 478, 638. 
 
 Young Men's Hall, 478. 
 
 Ypsilanti, M. C. R. R. first 
 opened to, 896. 
 
 Zoological garden, 352 
 
ittiny'sCirimil ( Ipi ra HiniHi:, 
 
 i8. 
 
 itclUOi, liiiK'' i.ilili I'f, if'- 
 
 itc l.ia.l Wurku, ll.iyilill 
 
 ros.', tiJS. 
 
 itc l.iail Wurks, Mii'liiK<tn, 
 
 ill' l'iK'<iiii> railniud to, liist 
 
 [niii'd, i>'>^. 
 
 (irllilirriiis, iiiiliKeiiiicis, u. 
 
 ilc-Awakis, 11.1. 
 
 V'M lat " liaiiUiiiK, 850. 
 
 llrnv-wiiri: Kuclory, l)ond«- 
 
 lln»s, belt kind grown nt 
 
 )i!troit, (Vw. 
 
 ndmill. The KnavK*. 1°' 
 
 ndmiUP^i.it.lighthouiicat, 5. 
 
 ndinills, 6. 
 
 ndow and door screen*, inan- 
 
 ifacturc uf, 809. 
 
 iiiduor, Uibb'i paper piiljli^lml 
 
 It. 14*. 
 
 iiidsiir, ('.. W. lailniad to, liial 
 
 ipi'llril, (><>4. 
 
 iimiliaviiii'S, 33J. 
 
 iiuiilMK, H.12, Sjf). 
 
 insldii, N. C;., 8.7, 
 
 iiitrr aimisi-imiits, 350. 
 
 inter (Irrss, 350. 
 
 iiiteiKriiii tea, 337. 
 
 ire Jk: Iron Co., National, 
 
 8o<). 
 
 iri' iV Iron Works, llarmim, 
 
 Hii. 
 
 'is( iiiisin, Statu of, iirutid, S>). 
 
 'illarcll Kami liicliided in city, 
 
 /illiricll Slii'<t, now Wood- 
 ward Avrllllc, 1)17. 
 
 /ivi's wantril, 3 j.(. 
 
 ,'oKrs, hoiinlics for killin»;, 11. 
 
 /oiiian's Christian 'rtnipir- 
 anii' Union, 84.', 845. 
 
 /omi-n's C'rnsaclc, 6.^2. 
 
 /oiiiaii siiffraKu dcnii'd, 114. 
 
 t'onuMi voliiiK, 1 13' 
 
 V'ood iiiarkils, 797, 798. 
 
 V'(jod - working niacliinery, 
 Michel's, 8oi|. 
 
 Voodcnwarc Works, Krost 3, 
 «i6. 
 
 Voodnirrc Cemetery, 5, 56, 57- 
 
 iVoodward Avenne, former 
 names, 947. 
 
 iVoodward Avenue Market, 793. 
 
 iVool, wasted and nnnsed, 338. 
 
 iVorld's Ivnd, 57. 
 
 kVyandottes, 3, 7, 234, 238, 3='> 
 
 3231 324. . . 
 
 Wyandotte villaKc, missionary 
 
 at, S76. 
 WyominK destroyed hy a party 
 
 from Detroit, 24c). 
 Wyoming Territory, 82B. 
 
 Ycrkcs Lake, fish in, 16. 
 
 Von-do-ti-ga, 3. 
 
 ^■ork currency first issued, 846. 
 
 Voiing Men's Christian Associ- 
 ation. 478, 638. 
 
 Young Men's Hall, 478. 
 
 Ypsilanti, M. C. R. K. first 
 opened to, 8y6. 
 
 Zoological garden, 35J.