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I !"•• 
 
FOR NOVA 
 
 iLDITED 
 
 All Co 
 
 TERMS.— 38. 9i 
 
 Vol. a. 
 
 Literature 
 
 • 
 
 In a former nr 
 
 lion, we attempt! 
 
 ot society wth 
 
 ture, during the 
 
 years of tlie worl 
 
 to trace the sta 
 
 elementary iiistri 
 
 sixteen centmies 
 
 If our otijpct w 
 
 blooilsheil and d 
 
 pages of ancient 
 
 task would be con 
 
 to trace the char 
 
 useful knowledsjp 
 
 We have seen ths 
 
 and heathen, had 
 
 depths of darkiie 
 
 Greece and Roi 
 
 number, and lim 
 
 tions, Compared t 
 
 pcoule, were now ( 
 
 nificance ; the tea 
 
 Doctors and Rabl 
 
 interwoven with 
 
 customs of (he h 
 
 " schools of ttie f 
 
 succeeded by sch 
 
 in a word, nil thir 
 
 !W.».i!l<«-3;i1-,,ty,ssijtj(Viit, . ^0ii-: 
 
' ^rmmmmme^^T-^SZ.' 
 
 
 FOa NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BftUINSWICK, AND PRINCK 
 
 EI^WARD ISLAND. 
 
 i^DITED BY 
 
 All Communications to be addressed to the Editor, post paid, 
 
 • - - - ALEXANDER MUNRO. 
 Bay Verte, New-Brunswick. 
 
 TERMS.-38. 9d. per annum. Single copies 4d. To Clubi, see Cover. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Vol. 3. 
 
 FEBRUARY, I860. 
 
 Literature and Elementary Instruction in the Mid- 
 dle Ages.— No. 2. 
 
 intellectual lay prostrate at the feet of 
 ignonmce and heathenism., 
 
 But a new era was about to dawn— 
 \hno\d, with ita long train of tjnes. 
 shadow-^, cymbols, gorgeous appear- 
 ances, iind external forms— mixed as 
 they uitimMtely were with those of the 
 heiithen nations, were ab ut to pass 
 away ; and the .lay-star now began to 
 rise in the midst of a morally and in- 
 tellectually backward world. The 
 fiat, predicted by a long train of pro. 
 phets, was now about to be executed • 
 new teachings, new light, in a word', 
 a new dispensation was ushered in. 
 
 The NewTestamentScriptures, like 
 that of the Old, is generally silent on 
 the subject of Education ; the princi- 
 ple adopted by our Saviour and his 
 Apostles, in communicating know- 
 ledge, appears to have been by oral 
 teaching. In truth, this appears to 
 have b.'en the gen'^ral mode ot com- 
 municating knowledge, until a very 
 late period of the prespnt era. The 
 teachers, under the Je«isb, nnd at the 
 introduction of the Christian Dispen- 
 Bation, having been commission dedi- 
 
 In a former article under this cap- 
 tion, we attempted to show the state 
 ot society wth reference to litera- 
 ture, during the first four thousand 
 years of tlie world. We now propose 
 to trace the state of literature and 
 elementary instruction during the first 
 sixteen centuiies ot the Christian era. 
 If our otijpct was to detail the wars, 
 bloodshed and devastation, that the 
 pages of ancient history present, our 
 task would be compAratiyely easy ; but 
 to trace the character and extent of 
 useful knowledge, is a herculean task. 
 We have seen that the world, Jewish 
 and heathen, had sunk deeo into the 
 depths of darkness. The schools of 
 Greece and Rome, though few in 
 number, and limited in their opera- 
 tions, compared to the wants of the 
 pcoide, were now dwindling into snsirr. 
 nificance ; the tnachings of the Jewish 
 Doctors and Rabbis, wcremixied and 
 interwoven with t'le teactiings and 
 customs of the heathen nations; the 
 " schools of ttie prophets," were not 
 succeeded by schoois for the people: 
 in a word, «>.l| things truly moral and 
 
 *'iWt.L«-tri;,iijy^»jti, , ^..K.tf 
 
il^ 
 
 26 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 rfitit by God, to publish good news, 
 did not rrquirn to be taught in (he 
 Bchool.sol Greece, in orior to co'umii- 
 nieate the will of Henven to fallen 
 man; neither wns it necessary ihnt 
 ih )8e who were privileged to sit at the 
 feet of inspired teachers, should he 
 instructed in Phinecian or (Jrecian 
 Literature, in order to understand and 
 follow the truth. 
 
 But 'vhen a full and Cl>mple^e reve- 
 lation of the will of He«T9.'i was giv- 
 en to man, it bi-canie, a<f in iheso 
 times, necssary that every non and 
 daughter of Adam should ba able to 
 read and understand the Scriptures. 
 
 In anscending the stream of tune, 
 we find that «ith the excepticm of the 
 first two or three ctnturiea of ih'J 
 Christian era, which was illuminated 
 by the rays of Gospel lijjht ivhicli were 
 ahed upon munlund in Aposio'ic times, 
 thai (lavUness agiun brooilc' over the 
 moral eleinents of the world, and thn 
 true knowledge which had l)eei) freely 
 bestowed, was almost again extin- 
 guished. 
 
 The teachings of the 'Vpnstles begin 
 to be lost sight, of ; the Roman em- 
 pire abandoned every legiiimiite means 
 of eiucaiing and ciiiiivatinj<: the oMuds 
 of h^r vast pooulntion; the liif-rature 
 which she had translated f'om Gi-eece 
 begun to decline ; conquest became 
 her motto; until tlie division, and ul- 
 timate subdivision oftiiatouce power- 
 ful empire took place ; whi'n she was 
 over-run by hordes of Northern biir- 
 barians, who in their madiicsH of con- 
 quest, extinjrui.sh^d even the few 
 gleams of intellc'C'ual light that had 
 been permitted to shine, though Uiiri- 
 
 ly. 
 
 The ins'itntions of a country once 
 laid prosra'e by war, and the kindred 
 evils connected there witli, overslmd- 
 0'« ing the IhoiI, it reqoiri s ceiiiuiifs 
 of peace, and social, moral, nnd intel- 
 lei'lunl develocmeiit, l>ef'or(> it ran 
 arise out ot baibnim iind iginrai cc, 
 into a state of iiioviil ai.d ii)'(||(c;i,al 
 ipfinrmi'i''. Tli'> hiiinnn niiinl docs 
 not piles at once from a high d' groe 
 of iiiiclleclual eminence, like that to 
 
 which It had attained diirin? the bcfet 
 d.'tys of Orecinn and Itoinan History, 
 to an abject stato of ment'd caotivity, 
 like that to whidi it was reduced dur- 
 ing tho Middle Ages. 
 
 W»? find lit'Tainri' tnking its riso in 
 Juden, introduct.d from thence into 
 Chaldea, where it was cultivated for 
 a time ; this nation was overpowered 
 by the Babylonians, the Babylniana 
 by the Assyrians, the Aasyrihi d and 
 Egyptians by the Persians, the l*er- 
 sians hy the Greeks, the Greeks by 
 the Romnns, and the Romans by the 
 Northern Biirbaiiani». During the 
 best flays of theso seveml empires, 
 literature made considerable progress 
 but tinly for a fine; every elmn :e in 
 the state introduced a change in the 
 stute of literature ; during peace know- 
 ledge increased, hut only to be de- 
 stroyed hy war. We have now arriv- 
 ed at tho period of.th"} decline in 
 literature, which was gradiuil thougli 
 rapid. The causes by which ttiis re- 
 volution in literature was < ffe-c'ed, 
 were numerous. The desttuciioii of 
 the Alex'indrian library, where were 
 deposited the intellectual treasures of 
 centuries; the disorganized sine of 
 socieiy ; the rise of Maliomel, wl o de- 
 stroyed all the works of the ancients 
 within hi* grasp, for fear that they 
 would di-agree »ith 'he Khoran ; the 
 the prejudices enleitained iiv many of 
 the fattiers of the Christian Church 
 against heathen literiitnre ; the pro- 
 gress of sup'rstiti'n ; tho igiior'ince 
 and vices of a large portion ot the 
 clergy ; the soiling up of the remain- 
 ing works of the ancients from the 
 nias-3 of society in monastic institu- 
 tions, where tliey were tbrgotten; the 
 general decline of manners, and the 
 excliisiiin of ihe 1 'ity, however exa ted 
 their station, from the advanta<ies of 
 ediioaii"!!, and meaiis of inielleciual 
 iiiiprovt meni. 'J here were niHny other 
 collateral t aus* s fur this d< eline in 
 useful luHiubHlge, but the ah' vr; wid 
 snllice to lei.d tie residr to .se<:^ the 
 [•ti le ot sockty lit lliis [)' riod ot our 
 hi^turv. 
 
 Sill 111 the midst of all this decay, 
 
B 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 27 
 
 there aro8*» once in awhile, men, emi- 
 npnt in scholastic altaineients ; «!iir- 
 ing the first few centuries, there iirose 
 
 ihiiugli 
 
 not less ihtn forty, the halfiofivhom 
 ^18 in the Chrisrii n Ct.arch, 
 
 irorefathe „,,... ,,,.„,„„^ 
 
 who figured as schohiru, and many of 
 thorn as writers ; and Hurin;? the time 
 that olapsed between ihe fourth nnd 
 sixteenth c^-nturies, there existed up- 
 wards of fifty, who figured in the walks 
 of scientific research. 
 
 We have seed that dnrini; the reign 
 of Mahomet, who acted as a prophet, 
 warrinr, general, and conqueror, who 
 su bdued the E'istPrn world, the world 
 of the ancients, into one vast empire, 
 the Saracenic, that literature wms al- 
 most blotted out of existence; and it 
 was not until a century after his do .th 
 that Ihe Arabians began to n store the 
 literal ure of former ages. Th<'ir writ- 
 ings may be iliviiled into the imatrjna- 
 tive and phi'oMonhical ; the former ol 
 native growth, and the latter „f foreifrn 
 trunslation. In the latter, they were 
 but the disciples and copyists of the 
 Greeks. Howevrr, the literature of 
 Arabia, which never rose to a very 
 high standard, rose and f^^ll with the 
 Caliphs, a title assumed by the sue 
 cessoi 8 of Mahomet. 
 
 In England we have no account of 
 the state of education, cx-iept so far as 
 confi.ud to the Abbeys and Col leaps 
 previous to the reiirn .>f Alfred, "the 
 herooffif.y-si.v i-at'les. This monarch 
 did, says Rnssell, about the year S'H 
 "establish schools fur the instruction 
 of the Ignorant, and .'njoined hv law 
 all freeh..kier8, possessed ot two' hide,. 
 olgrouP.I (ab..ut vwo hundred acres) 
 to sena thi'ir children to .chool ; an/i 
 he gave pref^ rm- nt, either in Church 
 or blate, to sudi only as had made 
 some proficieiK'v in knowledge."— 
 King Alfred was a close siudent him- 
 selt, and c-mposed many useful works 
 to lead the unfjior.-d iniwd to the 
 love of letters, and b>n(l the heart to 
 tlie practice of virtue." 
 
 At this period some oil.er na'ioii.s 
 con:u,..,i to ,.„,;,, „ra,'o U.tivcrsiiv 
 education to a limited extent ; but the 
 
 mass of society could neither read nor 
 
 . ^harlcmairne, also, took an interest 
 1. the education of the people „nd 
 •stabhshed schools for that purpose- 
 but the Kcho.ds established by Ihese' 
 t^-o monarehs soon dwindled into i„: 
 significance, so inr as related to tl,e 
 instrnctjon of tho common people 
 Learning at this perio<l v,as considered 
 da.igeror. to true piety. The Uul 
 tonffuo. the principle medium o(c<.m- 
 mumcaiion, was but i.nperlectly known 
 -andihe acnrcity of parchment, to- 
 gether with the expense of tn-nscrib- 
 ing. rendered books so exten^'vely 
 dear, as to be only within the rea.h of 
 
 * !Z: u ^''^ ''^«'' produced by the 
 establishment of these schools, w.re 
 eoon obliterated, and intellectual 
 darkness again (overed tho earth, so 
 far ns the education of tho people was 
 cnncernfd. and any advances made in 
 literature,!!, til the inven-ion of print- 
 ing, were confined to a few individuals 
 and to a liiimeci number of subjects' 
 connected principa'ly with the mathe- 
 matical scienoe. 
 
 VVe are indebted to the Arabians 
 lor the introduction of Algeba, Ge- 
 ometry Trigonometry, AstrooMmy 
 Naiu-al Pbiloophy, and especiallv' 
 tor many discoveries and improve- 
 ments in Aritlm.otical fcienco. From 
 Arabia, thi^ thirst for literature ex- 
 tendtd into Europe ; and in the twelfih 
 and succeeding century, there arose 
 several Mathematicians and Astrono- 
 mors. At this time the mind*, of the 
 mass of sf;ciety, througlieut the world 
 v.eregiossly ignorant, and liter.ture' 
 was entirely expelled from Greece and 
 ivj3pt, its nnrc great depoHitcries ; 
 and now Arabia and Europe beiraii to 
 light the lamps of science. In iho 
 Jaiter we find tho invention of the 
 Manner's Compass i„ the tweifib. and 
 Inntmsr in the fifteenth certurieM 
 
 "•-re among the great advancumentJ 
 ei the ajro. 
 
 The atiraeling p;-,vvcr nf fhr- I,,,.,,), 
 stone seems to have leen km wo to 
 the ancieMs in v rv remote per.o.ls ; 
 but Its ;j.plicati,,n to the purpo.- s of 
 
 .Ml^'-l-.^-.. 
 
 'i-»''-vV-"to*.«»*(si,.. • ifJ^.'J 
 
 
TW 
 
 28 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 navigation nnd surysyini;, nppunrsnot 
 to hiive he«n known previmiH to thn 
 middle or cloae of the twelfth century. 
 Tiie EmuIihIi, Frcncli, liniiiins, Ocr- 
 ninnn and ChiniT^t', nil conti-nd for the 
 hoiKKir of this invention. 
 
 To whom llie lion"ur bclonf;B, it ts 
 difHcuM, und orobnbly inipi'ssihlo, to 
 detorinine ; but itB t-ffet^ts o)i »ho des- 
 tinies of the world lb stereoiypt'd up- 
 on pv«?ry movt'ment of society; by it 
 an iulerconrsn with iransinariim re- 
 gions, eitlier for purposes of C"m 
 mercc, benevolunce, tho extension of 
 knowledjjo, or tiie spread of (!hri?ii- 
 anity is obtained ; and by its means 
 the I'oography ol the friobe nnd its 
 Buhdivisions are ascerinined. 
 
 The ancient Babylonians and Chi- 
 nese lire baid to havt our^od hltera 
 on blocks of wood and elnno ; but the 
 invonli()n of printi, g in itn picat'iit 
 ehupo is of European origin, and 
 prub'ibly due to Laurentiiir^ of Haer- 
 lem, tniproved by Faustus of Mentz, 
 (Siiternberjj, SchoelJVrand oth' rs, dur- 
 ing this period. It is said of this in- 
 estimable discovery— one ihrongh the 
 means of which the moral elements of 
 the world were to lie revnlutii'iiized, 
 and the na'ural elements devebped, 
 that It wi,s brought almost nt oiice to 
 pcrfeciio'i, that the first printin<» done 
 tour hundred years a^o, isequiil to any 
 that has since been done — showing 
 that in the revolution of the wh«el8of 
 Providence, that all the groM scien'jes 
 and arts, oral lanjjuage, "ritten lan- 
 Tuage, the mariner's comiju.^s, and 
 printing, are all snb'rdinato instru- 
 aaents, to be wielded by man, under 
 the direction of a wise Frovidonce. and 
 for wise eii'ts. By 'he first, oral lan- 
 guaye, man has held converse with his 
 Ged, and with his fellow man ; 
 by the second, writttn laaijuaije, he 
 has been enabled to write the c)m« 
 mands nf God " in a book," and by 
 means of which the transactions ' f the 
 world are received ; by means of the 
 iXxvA, the Compass, the comn-ands of 
 Heaven arc; being promulgated lo the 
 roost distant and benighted cornerb of 
 
 the earth ; and by the fourth, prinhn^, 
 copies of the Scripturei. ami other 
 g(nid works fire so multiplied, that *h« 
 ^ho luns may nad, and he who rewdo 
 may underrhtaMl."' 
 
 In concluding this article, which 
 brings 118 down through Hixtceii eenlu- 
 ries el our era, tliere^d" r will observo 
 that wR have not pariirulariiied the 
 discoveries made in abstvnct science, 
 the solution of particular proMeins in 
 mathematics, astronomy, and other 
 branches of knowledge; wo have 
 avoided tliii"; course as uiiiii'eresting t» 
 the general reader, and have cMifined 
 our remarks to themure leading pointf 
 of notoriety nfiho periods. 
 
 One tl ing, however, wo have not 
 failed to observe, in tracini> mankind 
 through all the mutitiions to which 
 our race have bpon subjected, during 
 upwards nf fire thousand years — that 
 the inasH of society, the peisaiitry of 
 the world, have reniaim'd uniiiftructsd 
 in rcadintr, or alphabetical wriiing, — 
 in a word, the p- asantry ol 'he woild, 
 with few t'xcepiions, have remained 
 in gross ignorance. 
 
 The iiihuitititnts of Great Britain, 
 now so famous for their high s'ate of 
 social, moral, and intellectual cul- 
 ture, were, two thousand years ago, 
 ind f<ir centuries after, in a slate of 
 barbaric heathenism. North America, 
 now toe land of civiliziition, education 
 and freedom, was, in all probability, 
 twv> thousand yeara ago without an in- 
 habitant. 
 
 Tho nations of antiqmty, as such, 
 have passed nway ; i ccounts of their 
 sayings tmd doings, their sciences and 
 arts, tneir great cities, and their liter- 
 atur'", are left in vajiue history's 
 keeping ; but Great Biitain nnd North 
 America, the former «nly mentioned 
 in early history, the latier unknown, 
 are ;u)W I .e two gieat centres ol ci- 
 vilization, moral and intellectual re- 
 finement ; they are the centres, to 
 which the descendHnis of those once 
 renowned nations of antiquity are now 
 looking, for relief from bondage, op' 
 prespion and ignorance. 
 
 , 1 ■•,' ,y_ff--^ - 
 
THE INSTUUCTOH. 
 
 99 
 
 The Ago of Novels. 
 
 Anciont Groccu and Rome had ilioir 
 •ffCH of lalMi lulls literature, nj^og in 
 which those n.-itions wen- deeply sunk 
 in vioeund yross Niiperslition ; ho hiivo 
 wo our a«;«; of romance j and if w« aro 
 not BO df"»>,,ly 8UI k ill vice os the na- 
 Urin* roforied to, it is not to be nltri, 
 buted, by nny means, to any real worth 
 Uicse j)roduc'if»nH posHosH, or to any 
 power that romanticlilfrntnro inherilH 
 with regard |.. the olovation of ..ur 
 race. Our facilities for spreadiug 
 eitliorgood, or pernicious woikfi, or 
 fcoih, are inSnituiy gi eater ihr.n were 
 tliostj of the ancients. 
 
 JitJt it may be aaid that our fiction 
 «*.ke8 a hi^he^ 8l'ind.|.otn(, morally 
 conaiderftd, than did tho fabu'o.is 
 writings ol ihoHe effeminate nations, 
 fn other words, we liuvo ascet.ded 
 higher in the scale of moi.il irtitii, 
 nnd have not descended quilo so \ow 
 in the Hcalt; of vice as ihoHo once pow. 
 «rful nations did. But that we have 
 desceudid is beyond dispute, Ar, ihe 
 fCKtoratioti of lelleis in the fifteenth 
 century, our forefathers of that age 
 did not indulge in romance, but oh 
 Ihe contrary, n solid and bold litera- 
 ture was introdueed in company with 
 l-'hrisiianityi sound knowledge was 
 tho natjvf ^rrowth of their own mindfi, 
 tostered and propagated by influo.-Kce, 
 which superstition was not able to 
 gainsay or dc-iiroy. 
 
 The ivstoratioii of literature accom- 
 panied th« revival of Christianity. 
 •C/firiatianity nev«r was in any age sa- 
 *i«fied to go hand in hand with mythi- 
 cal or romantic literature. In no ag« 
 «f the world has the genng uttcel b* en 
 «noTe pientifully produced and closely 
 «irewori (hrougliout the world, than m 
 Uie pr«sent; and taw ore the vices of 
 this age that have assumed a more 
 prooinef.l fooihold on tlie mind of 
 society than that of novel reading; 
 and were it nut for the counteracting 
 influences— the spread of Bible truth, 
 we should be strongly impressed with 
 the fact, that society would return to 
 th« days, when all literature was fa- 
 
 buliHiic, snJ all knowlcd-m filled with 
 Hupor-tition, 
 
 VN e aie (old. in lh<; claHsific^'ion of 
 n-'vclf, that tlieie aro t, he (i.nnd. 
 those that inter. St, and Ihos*. that in- 
 struct j we have not met with the Inf- 
 l«r; while the (orm«r, from the prc- 
 vailmir taste of tho ug,, for the ro. 
 m«nee ih very abundant. 
 
 The toRte for novel-reading is en- 
 tirely dilTnrent from tlmt f(,r Htandurd 
 works; in the former, wher,, v/lial ia 
 called a good moral cannot be pmcur- 
 ed, ihiKie of nn inferior firado will ,io • 
 HI other wimU, a ta-te fur the hicrher 
 ord.T of tiovelH begets a taste for"thC 
 low.-r class; it Ih quite different wi^i 
 regard to standard -(orks; on r^ adirig 
 thvHc lemarkK, e\en thuse of the nxist 
 common place class, a relish iv; ob- 
 tained lor those of n hijjhor order; or, 
 ill other words, like beoetn like. Thv. 
 novels which aro most gonrrally 
 eouglu after, ate tliof^e th-it jx)fSH!8s 
 the groatosl amount of dreaming i.on- 
 sen->e, and whose ruil wcalines.-, m-- 
 rally considered, is their liigheBt e<ni- 
 niendaticHi. 
 
 Oneiitflunga stalioi.er'rt shop thf 
 first thing thai preseiits itself lo tho 
 beholder is, a (able, to use a modem 
 rxpressioo, grouniiuj wnh the most 
 wretched tratdi; wliWh delineates i.i 
 the most impioper manner, mxitriagf •, 
 seductions, burglaries, forgeries, and 
 deaths; in tli-em the most pjolbnnd 
 myetrnee are conjured out of th« 
 slenderest materials. 
 
 We arc told that fiction "conoists 
 in ihe narration of imaginary inci- 
 dfcnts;" and " the difference bptween 
 the narrative and the fiction lies in the 
 chMrncer of the incidents they re- 
 spectively relate;" nrdthat "the nar- 
 rative may be true, while the fiction 
 is creatfd either whoTy cr in part by 
 the imagination. And the chain i^t 
 incidents on which a fiction is founded 
 is called its plot." 
 
 _ The advorat"8 of fictions composi- 
 tions assert, that such writinps "con- 
 stitute one of the most important dc- 
 
.']0 
 
 TIIR INSTIIIKTOR. 
 
 pnrlmi'iUs of liiTaltirc, nut] that fir- 
 tioiu liter )\nr<* I xerlH a|><>wt'rrtil inllii- 
 men oil tin.' innnilH iiiul l.'i.sti* of ii ii(\ 
 linn," 
 
 It ill •< i>»ti'tr/'ul fiijfiii'urK wiiH t'lflt 
 on i|u! ft<l« of inoriiliiy ami triitli, «« 
 would r«j ii'c ; but tin: iIiIh poworfuf 
 inlltK'i CO crcatt'il |iy tli*Biinly v( the 
 tlctioiii) workH cxtuiit. It IctiJin;;'! vu t 
 portion of hoeii'ty into vicv, «»• linro 
 im (loiiht ; ilu'M? worl<i« iirr (illed wjlU 
 wilil lifjrncli of by-jjuri*- ng< 8, In 'oie 
 jxp'oilrt of fbriiirr tin c, Hi>(n'riinliiriir 
 oviMiiH, ri-lnting lo witclich, wi/irdp, 
 and hob^'oltliiiH, luxl vn^Mirivs ol tli* 
 iuiH(;innlion in {/wopriil. 
 
 A liirnt idi'.v niny bo eninod ftf llie 
 nxieot of liotiou I ltni'it.ur»i rv) v la 
 eiiciilnt.on, by ir'forcnro ti' Mr. Mn- 
 dio'x I,il>rr-vy of LoimIop, Mhu;'i ron- 
 lauud ill 1H:)8. yi.O.OS'l voliimen, 87,- 
 480 of « hiili wort" demoted »o fieiion. 
 
 And III lUi* Allu'invum Library, of 
 Vrovidenee, Uiiittd Sialoo, oonslRiini! 
 of lO.'iOU voliiiiP'8, ii«>arly one holf 
 (9'il'l voluQieN) arc do\oted to tiction. 
 
 The lov»> Btvd tnHli! for fiction U ot 
 tho iiic;pH»-— all c'ii'iii'h of the read 
 iny[ [lortii-n of m cicty are drillirp into 
 itri iiHf , and .ho lowmt c>ni»« of fir- 
 tion.Htii('ra'iintiHj,MPi"di'ly fouj^hi after 
 and rend with dflinht , it i«, rn many 
 li.niilicH, till- Biblo of the firHl day of 
 thi> viiH'k, and tho t«'Xi-book of thn- 
 
 (ith'T H X. 
 
 It iniist re«|iiirc minds #!xaltc<) above 
 moral intfnni leu to di.rent the ronian-* 
 lie tr.mh ih;tt. now ftoodn innny of tho 
 parturH and I'lbrarioH ol tlie day. 
 
 ft it Hard that one a ire feavpn its im- 
 prcHS upon HMolliorr •t' it ^^y '•••» 
 that th(! (Jrt'cinn and llrmiin 0K«. ol 
 fubuliMic literature, liaH left it« im 
 pKfHR upnii the ninete»'ntl> contiiry ol 
 tiie Chrratian era. And if we aro to 
 Ifo ois. year nirrr year, pablmhing; ro» 
 iiiiirvtic triKsh, by thou-and* of vo!uino» 
 pur nnnoiii, until the t-nd of tho oreifoti 
 coniury, what a flood of forperi^'S and 
 lies will be tranaiuitlcd to the ne»» 
 century. 
 
 Libraries of Useful Books. 
 
 Shoufd he 'bum! in orory commani 
 ly whore n few ininri'L*9 arc gnti^tTPd 
 t-i'P»Mher. 
 
 It i« ndrnitlcd that " Knowledge ia 
 fovti'T," whether wifldcd rijybt or 
 KTO'tU- Thai all knowJedpe fthould 
 iju of 'lie right kind, an^ used iu a 
 (•roptr manner, is ari-imporMint. To 
 8peai< of procfiiiBf; on ('nrii>:htnn»'d 
 education, and proper knowledge of 
 (oaiikind and hfnijs. in tficae liines, 
 rtiihoiit iho aid of food books, w 
 simply to talk oons'Tse. 
 
 I hen to procure g»>itd books and 
 cnhivatn a '<al)it of re ding tnem, :» 
 the ttoundenduly of every good citizen 
 of the world. 
 
 The esia. Hshmont of lilirariep, con- 
 nected with c miiun tics and schools, 
 are of compar' lively modern date; 
 and their influence upon society re bc- 
 
 inpr genernlly (»li. Among tho Taat 
 namber of worft«i«8ued, many are ot 
 a high orrder, wl^ilo many dhers ar«r 
 entirely unfit for use ; but justly tit Vv 
 be coiinnfttc d to t>ie mdex expnnju 
 tor {vs. 
 
 Notwiihsfanditif: th<? great nutnbor 
 ofexcelh'nt works fxtant, end' annual- 
 ly being iB'^U'cd from tho pre*8, thcra- 
 is a grea* dearth of books among the 
 mass of society. We often wonder 
 how it is, that the mass of Provincial 
 society is fo mtelligent, when we con- 
 sider tho great want ot books that ge- 
 nerally exists. However, woacrouni 
 for much of if, on the borrawinff prit>- 
 cipfe. and on the conver»ational pow- 
 ers and onwillrngnesB to communi- 
 colo, orally or by readin/f, that ijene- 
 rally prevails. 
 
 -^ 
 
 J^ 
 
THK hNSTUllCTOH. 
 
 »1 
 
 nut Iheio m'dn ar« nni enouffh ; 
 each communily nIiouI.I Imvf n vm:». 
 
 l«»in^fli()rHryof,rii(i.l(»r(J»ork,,wlinro 
 ehch mfml)LT of tl,„ rnui.nnriily rotild 
 ;''VoliHi„f«ll,.ci„«| ihirHt •nppl.e.l. 
 Ills want of Midi lil)rn-i..MKa...rioti. 
 I'n«:k(lrnw to th- t<-«clipr« of elrnn'ii- 
 Ih'v k-IiomIn ||„vifiu no lil)r,iry con 
 n^-.-rnl ivMl, tl.r hcI.o'.I, nnH f-w, „r 
 no lH..,k;< olhiHown, it N inipd^Mliic 
 •or (ho lOHrhrrlo k.-rp puc.) witli llir- 
 n«lvuticr«„( .1... a-'o, or «lo iiu etn- 
 plojers jiiHlico in com'ruuiicitiMir 
 kriowl(<(ljr«i,. hi«p,.pi|,, Hh ho.r.t- 
 ir.tr nhont (rom h m«« to Iioih^ wj|| „ut 
 !»'-' t IP mrniis of aidiiii? liM opftu'ioiis 
 J» Hm'»,|,o„I ro-»in. In ono Iioiko iio 
 will fimU piano, a few nolo books 
 nnd half a doz-n novelM. nnd porhftpn 
 1 copy of »ho ScriptMrPH—ihe lailcr in 
 -o p».rfect n Mn»o na u, warrnnt tho 
 eoncln»i,)n that the novels t«ko tlie 
 precedencf. In anoilier house may 
 bo seen half a doz(.:.old aUntnacsund 
 a few p;.;'ur,.fl on ihe wall«. In ano- 
 iber .oriio of t»*c journnI« and debaies 
 onhen..u«eor VM.nmbly. In ano- 
 tftor a few old books, the propert.' of 
 forne groat- .reM-grnndfather. And 
 III another, no book, af ill; and so on, 
 Uirouoht'.e district. Surely, both tho 
 toncl.M« and Ih." pcopU ara to l,o 
 pmed whoiivHHnddio in the mid«t 
 y» ""ich intpllpciual deititution 
 iiom.. one will probably hinf, that 
 
 the ai.ovo pictiue is overdraw n; but we 
 can uagure om- r.-aders thit we w-uld 
 not linvM mnch difficulty in pointinir to 
 s^'vorHl editions, not fi.aionH, but ronl 
 
 edilioni of our short paragraph on in- 
 telleoiuul desiitulion. 
 
 Of w ,„t incalcuUblo bonrfit would 
 n |r^n.n.brary b,. in .»ch a romn.u 
 t.i.y ! wh ,t an elevation of churao or 
 U«ouldinp«rttoihep..opl/""""' 
 
 Alilmu2i,„.v,ra!l,brari... have boon 
 form..H in ,l,m.r,nt ^.Ttion- of ll," 
 lower 1 rov,no«., „i|i t,„ ,,„„, I 
 
 «r.a. ()n« n|i,;ht travel thirty. Hftv. 
 and alnioMt ji hundred ndL-H, withou 
 mreiin^ wiihanr nlntint; library 
 
 AMji.inN.Mv Hrunsrick. ti.„ Hoard 
 '.f l'..lur.ni.on has prin'od «;atal..r„„ 
 of Ir.oksnrwi pro.ois.d to supply liori. 
 ncHwilh t>... works nam..d; but ©n 
 oiKiiKry, tli.i books arc only to bt 
 '.'.,„,,, tho n,v.«lo<rue.., and mt on 
 tboHlM v,.BolilM, KducationOHice. 
 
 lh-lK-a.|of ihi, departMi..„t, pro- 
 
 tniV'd lonj? arr... to rsiahji.l, book 
 
 ucronc.es lhP.u;h,Mit the dittnrerit, H«t. 
 
 11e.nent» and town. u{ H I'rovinof. 
 
 wheruthepropriou.r« of fl,.|,o,dH, and 
 
 Hchooi con.mitt ea could be Hupplied- 
 
 but HO far ng wo en lean., theHOHg.'n. 
 
 ciei aro f«w / nd far between. ?Vnd 
 
 their want, no doubt, prevents the 
 
 •pread of achool literature, retard* 
 
 edmaiion, and thacxteiiHiMn of uaoful 
 
 know led tie. 
 
 Tho School law of New Brunswick 
 
 |in« now |,.rn in operation nearly 
 
 tlire^ years. eufTicient tune to enable 
 
 Its adoiini«trator8 t,j carry its provi- 
 
 "•ons into tx^cution. We hope that 
 
 tho powers thit be will pay a lii:l« 
 
 more anention to this important mat- 
 
 rcr and hare a good mpoiy of nsefnl 
 
 books pla-ed in every pariah, or at 
 
 coiiveni-nt distances apart, where the 
 
 public may get supplied. 
 
 A good Map of New Brunswick, 
 -Nova Scotia and Princt- Edward It- 
 laiiu, slowing tlieir poHition with re- 
 fjord to Canada and the Stale of Maine, 
 bas long bet-n considered a desidt-ra- 
 tuiii. 
 
 On r families, onr Fchools, and our 
 
 Map of New Brunswick. 
 
 public libruries, hUnd 
 
 much in ne^d 
 
 ol Buch a ma;). Those of other coun^ 
 tries with M'hoin wo aru connected lu 
 
 tiade. require such a map ; in fa'^t, th« 
 int-resfs of the Provjnc-s, both at 
 home and abrocd, have longr felt the 
 want of a full and complete map, on a 
 lar;resoa'e, .f the Lower Provinces. 
 
 Bnt the reider may be induced to 
 afik, has not New Bninawick supplied 
 tnis want? W e answer no! 
 
 New Brunswick has issued a map 
 containing iuelf, tb« State of Mainei 
 
 
38 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 and a patch of enoh of th« Provincn.i 
 ofNova Sci)ti:i, Prinrc? Rtlwirrt Islunf), 
 und Canadt. Tiiii ina[) hai coi^t. u* 
 over rhroi! thmisand pounda, the half 
 of which has probably been expcndel 
 in compilii IT a map of M due, willi a 
 portion of New Hampshire. 
 
 Whilo thp execution ot V\h map is 
 as good as could be expf^cted, from 
 the inaccurate state of the surveys of 
 the C'untr/, still, it is very defective 
 Id other respects. 
 
 iBt. The seale on which it is con- 
 strucUid, is entirely toj «mAll in order 
 to represent tlie peculiarities of tiie 
 country. 
 
 2d. Nova Pcotia and Prmce Edward 
 Island, should have been eiTiitraoed, 
 with as much asconld have been con- 
 veniently given of the circumjacent 
 country. 
 
 3d. The price, thirty sliillings, is 
 far beyond the means of the mass of 
 
 tlio people, tli« schools, etc., of the 
 country. 
 
 Sucii are the leading objections to 
 this map. However, we Iiavp our own 
 way of doing thinsfs, and probiibly it 
 is beat lo let us alone. Tho no;:i mip 
 we get up miy ba of the UnUod 
 
 StiltttS. 
 
 We have lonjj considorinl a good 
 mip, detailin? the peculiarities of the 
 lower Provinces, of primary import- 
 ance to our scliool-goiuij popttlation. 
 Aming-'t our s^:ciilar ir.stitutions, no- 
 thin<r H (nore important, nothing 
 would better tend to develope the re- 
 sources of Ihesj Provinces, and kad 
 t'loso of otb'T countries to render as- 
 sistance. But hrro we a^e brought to 
 a stiiud-siill All we have is a small 
 picture of New IJrunswick, with a 
 patch of each of the other lower Pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 Goodriche's Coinprchcnsivc 
 
 This comprehensive Gnugraphy 
 contains 270 pages, ]>3 of which arc 
 devotfd ton description of the world, 
 ''ancient and modern ;" 113 pages to 
 a description of tie United Sfa'f'8,and 
 four pu'jes only d'-voced tn n descrip- 
 tion of British North America, a 
 country much larger than tbo wh»»le 
 Union. 
 
 Under the caption British Air.erica, 
 it says of theinhabifanls — "The whide 
 northern pjrt of Jiriiish America is 
 occupied by tribes of savagfs. Fur- 
 ther south, in the middle regions, there 
 nre numerous tradinjj post-", and bands 
 of white huiuers and trappers, belong- 
 ing to the Hudsm'd B«y I'ompmy, 
 ivhicli spread over ti^ie country. Along 
 the Gulf and River St. Lawreace and 
 the Great Lake.?, are the principal 
 white setleinents. To l!ie west, from 
 lirrcttt Slave Lake snuth to the United 
 States, there ore tribes of Chippriwas, 
 Pristeneond, Creeks, and other In- 
 dians." 
 
 A 81 ranger to Biitish North Ameri- 
 ca would conclude from reading the 
 above- extrQct: that ibe inhabitants 
 
 0«0{;rapliy and History, 185ft 
 
 consist of tribes of Indians, tr'bes of 
 savages, and Landn of white hunters 
 and trapper.«. This is tlip manner in 
 which our neit'hbours I'f the Union 
 speak of a territory larger than theT 
 own — a country with national resour- 
 ces, and the tonnnge of wiioso shij)- 
 ping is fifth in 'he scale of lite world's 
 nnlions. This is t:.e way they speak 
 of a ccuniry containing over three 
 millions of intelligent beings nearly 
 a3 mmy as Sardmin, (if Itnliin noto- 
 riety, or Portu;rnl, or Holland, and 
 more thin d'nible that of Di'nmark, 
 H mover, Tuscany, Ns^wav, liadeii, 
 orGreecp, exclusive foiho Indian and 
 savage tribes. And thodu three mil- 
 lions ot inie.ligant beings are located 
 in large oil ies. towns iin I viMages, anr- 
 roonded by extensive fertile domairs. 
 producing a vast amount of food for 
 man and beast. 'I bus they speak o1 
 a country possessing a greater extent 
 of rnilroada and telecraph Imes than 
 one fourth of the trans-Atlantic world, 
 with oil its greatness, acountry whose 
 fores'8 are clothed wi"h u growth of 
 most valuable timber, with mines, 
 
 
 ■«i^. 
 
 '■ ttsr 
 
 ;''.•....».,., 
 
• v..i,v**'.i**Witf'-1»«-*.^v- 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 33 
 
 rich, vnst, and varied, with many f hou- 
 ■anda of miles of seabdard, and rivers 
 ftvfrywh<»r(! penotratiiig the coiui'ry 
 f)r hundreds of mi es, 'ind one (he 
 St. L^wronct^) for thousands of milris; 
 a couiury with spnciouH liikea, aft ird- 
 in^ an inland naviffation not ^urpasscil 
 by any other country on ihoface of the 
 {.'lobe 5 and a country whose water-i 
 teem with^:!vcry variety ofthn bysl. fish. 
 
 In sneaking of Hussiin America, it 
 eiys that "the windo popul-ilion is 
 RUpitoscd to he \"n thousand, fifteen 
 ImndreJ cf whom are Europeans, and 
 the rest savages.'' 
 
 Now ii is we' I known that tiie in- 
 hihitants of Rnssian America numb. r 
 «evontv five thousand. 
 
 Such is the kind of nonsense our 
 yonih aro le rning; ond the Geo','ra» 
 phy published liy t.he National Board 
 of Education is still worse if possible; 
 and wo c.nu d refer to others in more 
 coinmon iibc in our C >mtnon Schools, 
 tijan either of these works, whirc the 
 moat iibsurd and contndiutory stare- 
 inents iniasiinuMe are inide concern- 
 ing hriliiii North America. 
 
 All !xo to show the ivcessity of the 
 inhabitants of these Pr.)vinc's 10i>kinsf 
 u'ver their own interests, and report- 
 ing their own country, and n"t leave 
 V to others to underiake. A pood 
 (ieography of British North Ainericit 
 •would be a desidcriitum. 
 
 Prince Edward Island School Loan. 
 
 Abstract of an Act for the encou- 
 ragement of education, and to raise 
 funds for that purposp, by imposing 
 an Hddi'.ivjnHl asHeseimeni on land in 
 this island, and on real estate in Cnar- 
 lottetown and Coramoi.>, and George-, 
 town and Common: 
 
 Skc. Ist — Authorises the L'eutfn» 
 *nt Goveriior-in>Counci! to appoint 
 8<'ven p'T.sons to constitute a Board of 
 Education, tlirec being a quorum; 
 four quarterly moeiings to be hi Id on 
 certain noiice, with such other meet- 
 ings witfiout notice as niay be neces- 
 sary. 
 
 2nd and 3rd. — A Secretary is to l)e 
 oppi'inted will) a salary of Ihiry 
 pounds, and oiicli member of the Boird 
 receives tour pounds yearly. 
 
 4, 5, C), and 7. — Provides for the 
 examiniilion of District Teachers fy 
 the Board, nnd their ccrtificntca. 
 Claasijicalion.- -F'lni cIhss to tOiCh 
 book- keeping, En:^li^h G.amrnar, 
 reading, wri'injr. fiiithmntic and geo- 
 gra| hy. Serorid class, in addition to 
 the nbove bra'iches — a'gebra, geom- 
 etry, trigonometry, mensuration, land 
 Burvj'yjng, njivijraiion and geo^iraMhy, 
 with the use of the globfs, and to 
 prod'ico certificates of their caijabi- 
 lity. 
 
 8. — DiiquaiiGed Teacherf moy at- 
 
 tend Central Academy foraix months 
 free of charge. 
 
 9 nnd 10. — Duties of Board and 
 visiungof schools defined ; to prepare 
 forms nnd regulations, extra of Act, 
 Instructions, &c. ; tn cancel Teach- 
 ers' ceitificates in cise of misconduct. 
 
 11 to 16. — Refers to some minor 
 details, as regards school houses, etc. 
 
 17. — Seerctary to regis'er School 
 Districts — paniculurs being sent to 
 him Ly the uihahiiants or teachers; 
 numVer of school dislr cts not to ex- 
 ceed two hundred, without special 
 saiiction (tf tim Government. 
 
 18 — Inhabitants to appoint five 
 Trustees in eauh district atjnually, of 
 whom three shall be a quorum — to 
 ox'imine schools qunrterly, to direct 
 discip ine, etc., and to yivc cerlifi- 
 cates. 
 
 ID. —District Teacher to transmit 
 to Secretary notice of hia engage* 
 nient, counter.«ign(d by at least ttir«o 
 Jus' ices ; engagement to be for 
 twelve months. 
 
 20. — In each District a majority of 
 T'lusteea may assess the inhabitants, 
 hous- holders resident foi "ix months, 
 in a suiH to piovide books, etc. 
 
 21 and 22— Refers to detailg. 
 
 .t3.- Visitor of Public Schoolt U 
 be Bjipointed, wliv shall write all 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
34 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOK. 
 
 pchools twice a year, fo aB8i-.t the 
 Board, call lne^'linga of Trustees, re- 
 port to the Bofjr'l Ihp coinHtion of 
 •choolH, etc.; salary £'.>0() j;«>r nnimm. 
 
 24. — Boird to report to Legiela- 
 turr. 
 
 25. — School houses \o be three 
 miles ftpiirt, except by special net of 
 Governtnent. 
 
 y(3. — Tenchera entitled to uliowance 
 to have 30 scholars, except in certain 
 casPis. 
 
 27 to 33— Refers to miner thtails. 
 
 •^4.— Teacher to ktMp n ji.iiriihl, 
 roniaiiiing unnie.s nnd ages, progress 
 and attendance cf pupils — to be open 
 to inspection and forwarded to Stcre- 
 tarv. 
 
 Ofl. * • Allowance to first class 
 teachers £45, and eecoiid class £50 
 per annum. 
 
 ». 37. -Teachers of second clnss, if 
 teaching Latin, to receive ton shii- 
 Hngs per peholar so tauffht, but not to 
 exceed X*60 in the whole. Returns 
 to he made. 
 
 '"^8. — Female Teachers may be em- 
 ployed, at £30 per annum, to teach 
 female scholars and boys under 
 twelve. 
 
 39. — French Acadian Teachers, on 
 produci g ciirtificates, to receive £35 
 per annum. 
 
 41. — One second class teacher al- 
 lowed for Chi.rlottetown to receive 
 £75, and one first class £G0, per an- 
 num. 
 
 42. — Two female teai'hcrc allowed 
 for Charlolletown at £10. 
 
 43 to 45. — Unimportant. 
 
 4(5. — Georgetown to have one tei.cb- 
 cr at £70, atid one female teacher at 
 £35. 
 
 47 to 4!) — ltefer.s to spociiil provi- 
 sions (IS !o meetings in Oeorgeiowi', 
 «?tc. Like payment as in Clmrlottc- 
 town. 
 
 no. — £500 may be ndv:iiicfHl liy 
 (iovcrtiujent for ihepurchiiac ul book-, 
 m.ips, etc., to bi' fiippliod lo pchooln 
 monies arising from sale to l;o again 
 laid out. 
 
 52.---Allo»vni.ce of £5 to Disiriof 
 requiting assistance in buildinn; school 
 house.". 
 
 53. — .Ml children above fiveentillad 
 to a'lend district school-*. 
 
 55 — Tax of ono half penny pir 
 acre, or four pence half ])Pnny p-r 
 hundred acres t«i be paid on improveil 
 or unimproved township lands, in ad- 
 dition to other tnxes; two hhillings 
 on cvfTV pasture lot in CliarlotlHtown, 
 and eight pence per every pasture lot, 
 in Georgetown. 
 
 56. — Additional tax of one penny 
 per acre on reserved lands in Royally 
 of Georgetown. 
 
 57. — Pnyraent to be made together 
 with the land tax. 
 
 58. — Tax of five shillings addition- 
 al on dwelling houses, stores, mills, 
 &c» 
 
 The remaining part of the Act refers 
 to the manlier of collecting the school 
 revenue, and how it ia to ')e appropri- 
 ated. 
 
 Education in New York. 
 
 For this Sta'e, exclusive of the ci- 
 tie?, there were in 18.58, 11,327 fchool 
 distrietH in the several districts t'l^re 
 were 11,276 school houses, and 263 in 
 the cities. There were 1,238,175 
 children between the ages of (ourai.d 
 twenty one, •ntitled to common in- 
 
 struction. The entire number who 
 attended during theycir was 842,137; 
 26,153 teachers were employed. The 
 total receipts of the public schools 
 during the year were £948.437. Th«i 
 echool libraries contain 1,402,853 vo- 
 luinrs. 
 
THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 35 
 
 This Province 1 ps hctwepn the ire- 
 ridinris 07 no and JIO wcft, and ihc 
 l>nrall(l.i of 42 nnd 52 riorih. It is 
 lliOO miles fn in E.ist to Went, and 
 700 from Ntnth lr» South, and con- 
 tniiis '.iiHfiHW {.(Miiirc tnili h It is siiid 
 to derivo ua niimc Irom ihv Iroquois 
 Wf<rJ '• Rannfi," sii^riityinp a colloi:- 
 lion cf l.iils. Canada in a plain 
 strctcliing (ro/n thi. two ranf^cs of 
 hills, one on ilie No.th the other on 
 llio Soiifli. 
 
 Lakk Khik 18 244 milfP lonjr, 58 
 hrofid. 658 milca in cirrunifortMtce, and 
 (!5 fef.t above llie itw^l of the ocean ; 
 270 feel deep, and 30 feel lower than 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 Lakk Ontario, sipnifyinjr "the 
 henutiftiy Ih of an eliptical shape, 
 Rfid IB 172 I'liles hu'g ; itd surface ia 
 230 fp»'t above the level of the sea, and 
 ia H)0 fathDinu deep. 
 
 Lake Cir\MPXAlN is 120 miles 
 long. 
 
 Lakk Superior is 360 miles long; 
 its surface is 127 feet above the level 
 
 The Pleasures 
 
 " How chnrming ia divine philosophy ! 
 Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools 
 
 8uppo^e, 
 But ninsical as is Apollo's lute, 
 And a perpetUBl feast of ncctared 
 
 SWCPtP, 
 
 Where no crude surfeit reigns." 
 
 Soeiirg Milton t«o centuries ago, 
 and l--njr before thr.t date Pinto hud 
 announced that " the world is God'a 
 epistle t:) uiankind." It ia the grand 
 book in which all may rear), and 
 who8epng«8 are so full of varied m- 
 tereFt and genial knowledge that the 
 being who, htiving the power, iie- 
 plects to st'idy it, sorelj may b<- writ- 
 ten down an asp, for he deprives him- 
 self f f an enjo>nient such as no other 
 pursuit can give. 
 
 We are somiitimes indiued to be 
 vext'd with our race when n>' find 
 them all toiling after every vain fan- 
 cy, tomo I ent upon one ambition, 
 some another, nnd but a minority dig- 
 
 of the Atlantic! ihf* bottom of the 
 biisiii IH said to be .100 feet below Iho 
 suifacc of the ocr-nn. It is led by 220 
 tributary ctreiimfi, of which the St. 
 Li iiis in 150 miles lung 
 
 Lakk Hijuon is 240 im\»H lunrr. by 
 220 hro.id, mid marly lOilO rnib-H in 
 circumference, and from 900 to lOtiO 
 feot d'fp. 
 
 Ql'i;j?ec is 360 inilta up the Saint 
 Lawrence, brid the 8:ilt water ap- 
 proaches to within 20 mil-.s of the 
 City. 
 
 MoNTREAi, is 180 miles above 
 Quebec. The St Lnwrencr is r.nvi- 
 gable at Moiitreal for vessels of 600 
 tons. 
 
 The Niagara Falls iJridge has 800 
 feet of a span, and is 230 feet above 
 the water. 
 
 The Ottawa lliver, a tributary of 
 the St. Lawrence is oyer 2000 miles 
 in length. 
 
 The Victoria Bridge, at Montreal, 
 i« two miles long, except l.'iy feet. 
 
 Of Knowledge. 
 
 ging in the deep mine of nature foe 
 the grandest of all possessions — I 
 Truth. Granted thut its gold is nos 
 yellow, nor its silver white, for ii- 
 Ireasurts have i.ot the coloni of mas 
 tcrinl wealth, but th(yar«»as glorinuf 
 and as beauteous as the f|)arkle o 
 the diamond ar;d as lasting as the 
 hills. Science clothes not her vota- 
 ries in purple nnd fine linen, but 
 dreesis them in lovely flowers or in 
 iridescent shells, and givos' an her re- 
 ward a contented mind and a pur« 
 soul. The poetry of ecitnce some- 
 times flashes in the orat'on of a pro- 
 fessor or m the pag's of a hook, but 
 her truest epc is wrilten upon all ma- 
 teriality, which proclaims that in all 
 things there is n law which, when 
 known nnd applied, shall make man 
 hspDur.bftti rand more truly liumin. 
 iUy the investigation of '.be lawi 
 which govern the objects that are all 
 around tit, the motions of tbe pla.iets, 
 
 
 . i..*;«nii..> a&4^t>P*K.i 
 
36 
 
 THE INSrilUCTOR. 
 
 the roUtiona of life and health, the 
 doHiiny of man, and the fflory of the 
 Deify, ore hotter iindetgrood ; and 
 ihe lijfhting of n i-ettawe, the buildinjf 
 of a palace, or the c()ol<in<j ol a dinner 
 •re betlT performed. Wo can never 
 be in any pi>sition in which know- 
 ledj;e is n.>t of value to us, and we can 
 nnver prophecy the morneni at which 
 we may most require if. Indeed ina 
 ny of 118 only know that there is more 
 to be known than occurs to ua in the 
 daily round of business life, by the 
 discovery that si)m<'lh*ing we do n'>t 
 know is calc;ilaled to make us richer 
 or give us more ease. "But," ex- 
 claims many n petulcnt pptson. "how 
 shall I t-tudy without an instructor, or 
 how investigate without npparafiis?" 
 Foolish iiotians! the best workman 
 always uses the himpKsf lonl^. Have 
 you eyes, cars, nose and hands ? Then 
 you arc provided with appnrutus, and 
 tneuiory is the tablet on which to 
 write down your impressions. E;ich 
 one of us is better furnished than a 
 college liihoratcvv or a ps-ofess' r's 
 lecture ronm, and ail thrit we have to 
 do is to learn tbe uac • f onr appnratus ; 
 and there is no place in the universe 
 where man cannot find some object to 
 nterest, some study to pursue — 
 Goldsmith fonnd time to observe na. 
 ture and record his thoughts, and in 
 glowinfif language he tells us that 
 ** the blushing beauties of the rose, 
 
 the modest blue of Ihe violet, are not 
 in the floweri) themselves, but in the 
 liwbt which adorns them, Odor, soft- 
 ness, and Iteauf) of figures are fhei'" 
 own, but ir is Huht alone tha' dret^ses 
 them U!) in their robes, which shame 
 thf? mcmarch's glory." As a concluii- 
 ing incentive to our readers to study 
 for theinsflves, as well aa to read 
 bonks and scienfific periodicals, wc 
 will ffive a quotation Irom a lecture 
 by Prince Albc.tof BMglaud. "Man," 
 obsfcrves this eminnnt satdnt, "ia ap- 
 proachiptj a more complete fulfilmnnt 
 of that great and sacred mission which 
 he has to perform m the world. Ilia 
 renson bemjy created aft^;r the image 
 of God, he has to use it to discover 
 t'ie laws by which the Alniighty goT- 
 erns his creation, and, by making 
 these laws his standard of action, to 
 conquer niture to his use — himself 
 heina a divine instrument. Science 
 discovers fhywe laws of power, motion, 
 and fran'-formation ; indusiiy applies 
 thpm to tli'3 raw material whicti the 
 eirth yelds us in abundance, but 
 which becomes valuable only by 
 knowledge." 
 
 Oh ! that all would study nature 
 more, nud think of themselves a little 
 less 5 then « e should indeed be a peo- 
 ple of kinaf!«, who!*o empite would be 
 the world and whose s'lbj' cts would 
 bo all created things ! — Scienti/ic A- 
 merican. 
 
 Agriculture— Its Importance. 
 
 _ No one should despise tiie occupa- quiiinp musculir strength, 
 tion of husbandry after reading ihe 
 following remarks of a correspondent 
 of the Valley Farmer : 
 
 Agiifuliure is the body, wliiUt the 
 other professions are members ; and 
 although the body and members aro 
 mutually dependent und reciprocally 
 ueeful to each other, the body can 
 exist without the members much bet- 
 ter than the m<'mbers can exist with- 
 out the body. For the purpose of 
 compur'aon, agriculture may be con- 
 •idered as a trade, an art, ai\d a sci' 
 ence. The trade i« mechanical, re- 
 
 It 19 imi- 
 tiuive — ills to do a thing as one has 
 been taught to do it before. The ox, 
 in a measure, acquires it. He knows 
 his master and his musier's crib, lie 
 treads the ao"ustom< d furrow, turns 
 rt ihe headlands, and obeys the dri- 
 ver's commands. 
 
 The art implies i;o-operation of the 
 mind with physical power. The mind 
 contrives; it is a lever which greatly 
 assists and abridges the labor of the 
 hands. Thttiniiid, like the soil, makea 
 returna in proportion to tha culture 
 whiflb ia bestowed upon it. Both aro 
 
 ^ 
 
 J> 
 
THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 37 
 
 unpioductive without culture. The 
 njitiH h improved by obgervatKtn and 
 reading, which makps it familiMr witti 
 the Ix'Bt models of practice, and ena- 
 bles it to profit by the irnprovt'ment 
 tf others. 
 
 The science teaches the laws and 
 proportions of inorganic matter — as 
 of rot'ks, earths, m«nurt's, &c., &c. ; 
 of oganic nmttor, as aniniiils ond ve- 
 getables ; of their structure, food and 
 uses; and the ai,eiicy ot heat, wiit»T, 
 air, light and electricity, i.. thtir de« 
 veloptiient and n.aturity; the eniploy- 
 menl and adaptation of ihfpe matters 
 for thp bet nses of man. It contra- 
 dicts the experience of ajj^a and the 
 labours of nations upon these imer- 
 esiin^ subjects, and malu's thera sub- 
 servient to our wants and our cum- 
 fort.s. The science is a collection 
 of facts and leadinjr truths, illustrated 
 in practice and confirmed by experi- 
 encG. 
 
 Land and Ubor are tlie Jegitimate 
 sourcps of public wealth. The first, 
 to he productive, must be cultivated ; 
 and I he labor of doinjr tnis is abridged 
 by the culture of the mind, which 
 guid»s its operations. 
 
 Without agriculture there is no 
 wealth Gold and silver are not wealth 
 —they are its convenient r( presenta- 
 tivefe. Commerce produces no wealth 
 — it sim,jly exchanges it. Manufac- 
 tures and the arts re-coinbine it. — 
 Aerricultiire is the prolific mother of 
 weakh. The rest simply handle tt 
 when produced and t;elivered into 
 their hands. The earth itself, origi- 
 nally, spontaneously produces where- 
 with to keep the race ol man frtm 
 starving— tnly whilst he is miiking 
 ready to till the soil. Without it lie 
 600IJ degenerates into a wild animal, 
 living b;Te and there in small squads, 
 a little snpprior to the otlier beasts of 
 prey. The earti: breeds savages. — 
 Agriculture h.! 's- enligbtetied na- 
 tions. It bretas aouses and fhtps, 
 temples and seminaries ; it breeds the 
 manufactory ; f^culpture, painting and 
 niu 4c are its offspring. It would be 
 follv to Bk>eak of the existence, or 
 
 beauty.orpowerofanyofthesethingi, 
 without agriculture. 
 
 The pulp t, the professor's chair.the 
 scientific laboratory, the tripod, the 
 library, the ship, the trip-hammer, iho 
 loom and the anvil -all would go down 
 in one generation. It is by the super- 
 abundant produce and stability of 
 agriculture that all things exist. Nor 
 gold, t,or silver, nor diamonds could 
 replace it. The aiate of husbandry, 
 in any countiy, is the test of its en- 
 lightenment, 'i'he thermometer of 
 civilization rises and falls as drives the 
 plow. " Ypu must send the dIow," 
 exclaimed a man ^ho had travelled all 
 over l/'hriytian missionary ground in 
 heathen lands. A barbarian nation 
 needs but to be plowed up — deep, aub- 
 sciled, continued, sowed, planted, and 
 the ineviiable harvest will be an en- 
 lijrhtened empire. A practical, work- 
 ing- agricultural society will dig hai- 
 barisui and mental and physical and 
 sjiirtual poverty out of a nation, as 
 effectually as any powrrfol grijbbing 
 mucbiiie will " shake out" the eiub- 
 born stumps. 
 
 A fi'w centuries ago, a learned 
 writer denrribes the times in these 
 words: "Rude were the manners 
 then; the man and wife ate out of the 
 S'ime trencher ; a lew wooden-handled 
 knives, with blades of rugged iron, 
 were a luxury for the great; candleti 
 were unknown. One, or almost two, 
 mugs of brown enrthenware, formed 
 all the drinking appamius in a house. 
 Rich gentlemen wore clothes of unlin- 
 cd leather. Ordinary persons scarce- 
 ly ever touched flesh meat, in n.iblo 
 mansioos, a little corn seemed 
 wealth " 
 
 This IS history. Any one of our 
 neighours, if compelled now to Uveas 
 the highest and we^lihiest of mankind 
 lived in those days — such a neighbor 
 would excite our sympathies. We 
 would consider him as good as starv- 
 ing ; would carry in gifts to supply 
 his wants, and start a subscription 
 nniong our friends to feed and cloth* 
 h:n!. 
 
 A few hundred vears aeo. and all 
 
as 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 the wealth of a nition could not buy 
 a luHf of bread, ouch us you will tmo 
 on any finnor's table at iho pretient 
 time. The tine flour could not bo 
 made. The table of our fanner is 
 much more princely in iln furnishing 
 than wag f h« table of a monaicii then. 
 We have now in commn • use several 
 specK's of i.iosi delicious fruits then 
 unknown. We rai-e several kinds of 
 grain not then in use. The very word 
 corn, then itpplied to wheat and bar- 
 ley, is now upplieil to a jrruin tlien 
 andi-covered. Men then lived upon 
 a few vefifetiiblcs, with fish on < xtra- 
 ordinury oi:c&sions; imd a* iheir ifieut- 
 est feasts, *heir chief viands were fljsh 
 and wine. Their crops, aw well as in 
 the palmiest ancient times, rarely 
 yielded over ten cr tweniy fo'd. — 
 Now a hundred fold ia considered a 
 very 8ni«ill return Th- n, us in the 
 ancient w.»rlil, thev gathered the har- 
 vest by pulling up tne stalks, or by 
 almost us slow a process of reapin/f 
 with the sickle. Compare these m'- 
 jhods with the great reaper now in 
 
 use! thi«t nweeps over acfs in an 
 hour, and IcHves the glorious harvest 
 on ttie fields of a fiirm in a day. Thus, 
 formerl), the patient <ix slowly trump- 
 led out the fjrain, week after week, 
 and the winds of heaven and the fan 
 in the I'ands of the lahoriT nlowly and 
 imperfectly 8e|iarated tho kernel from 
 the chaff and stra^v. Now, the miuhty 
 thretth-T, with tuinultiions wliirl.tukos 
 into its crusnini; teeth thousands of 
 shoafs in a diiy, and scatUriuj^ the 
 emptied heads, and straw, and chnff, 
 in rich streams, the separated (golden 
 grain rutshes out upon the ravished 
 Bishi, all ready for tlie marts of trade 
 — for food for man and fowl and beast, 
 and (or the hopper ;ind the utones, 
 swiftly driven by tlie vast and pon- 
 derous wheel. From its mighty pouch 
 jomes oui flour whjto as the' driven 
 snow, which makes the kneaded br^ad 
 belter than the tabled ambrosia of the 
 gods. 
 
 In short, Agriculture clothes all — 
 Agriculture feuds all. 
 
 Agriculture in New Brunswick. 
 
 Having within the last few months 
 made a hasty lour tlirouja'h a portion 
 of Western New B'unswick, we were 
 struck with the sUiggibli and hnguid 
 acpeurar.ce which uj;riculiural opera- 
 lions every wheie presented. And in 
 answei to iho " why is it so ?" we »vere 
 repeatedly told that Now Brui'switk 
 is i;ol worth living in, and is not ca- 
 pable of su-taining, however well cul- 
 tiviiicd, a population » qiuil to the most 
 infrriorStiiU) o| t hi- Union With this 
 idea of the capabiliiiHs uf this Pro- 
 viiice, we are imt prepared tocnincide. 
 On a compiris-on of Ajfrienltuial sia- 
 tlbtics — Ni;w Brunswick uiili many of 
 th(! Sates — ii is evidf-nt tlmt w-; 'f,ir 
 exceud, ill the growth of po'atoew, and 
 many of tho c reals, espe iaiiy of oils; 
 and ii only leqnres indusu v ]! s\ stem, 
 and til'' expo (Hture id a nioa ty ot" 
 the ea')it,ii ('xpi'n 'e( in sfii|)nnildii>g 
 and oihrr |,ur tin-, to ui.ke N^■w 
 Brnuswick n,,,r. vi,]y $;:!f-sus!aining, 
 
 but able to sustain several million i of 
 inhahitania, and compare favouranly 
 with many of the best Agricultural 
 States of the Union. 
 
 We are also told, that the annual 
 emigration from ihe Province, to Ca- 
 litornia, Australia, New Zealand, Fra- 
 ser's Riv r and the Wesieni States, 
 far I'Xceods the emigration to the Pro- 
 vince. 
 
 And it is also siid, that a large 
 portion uf the sons of Farmers are 
 abandnning afrriciiltural opi'ritor.s, 
 iind either leaving the country, or 
 pioc'iring situaliim'^ in telegraph of- 
 fices, clerkships in stores, or situaiions 
 ill the poidic offics of the country. 
 
 Such, we acHnowledge, is true t<» a 
 very grt.'iit extent. But that these 
 thing's tell against the agrii'ulliir'U 
 capiliililies ot a c^uptry we do no' be- 
 lli ve ; iint tliat ihey ilu tell po^-eifoUy 
 aginst thi' kind of educatmn, or no 
 education, fanners give their sons, and 
 
THE hNSTttUCTOR. 
 
 I 
 
 39 
 
 the want of interest taken in agricul- 
 tural purauilH, wr firmly believe. 
 
 There is a spirit of novelii-m and 
 reitlpssopBi abroarl in the CdUfitry; 
 there is an eagcrneeg to accumulate 
 we..lth in a hurry, and withnut (tutting 
 the hnnd lo thu plough. Thern is an 
 idea abroad, that h fHrmer'n life is not 
 a rftspcc'able one; hence farmers can- 
 not be gentlemen, but siavos. There 
 never was a greater niisluke; for if 
 there are graaes in callings, the im- 
 nest and intelligent ^arm^r must stand 
 at thu t(i|) of ihe scale. Tlioje young 
 men who thus talk and act, entertain 
 a very miataken idea of llie qmililicn- 
 litms tlnit constitute a gentleman; they 
 seem to tiiink, t'^nt because farmers 
 gen<;rally do not wear br<»adcloth and 
 starched cillura every day, and wit in 
 oifici'8, where the «un will not shine 
 on them by dny nor tlio moon by 
 night, thdt they ounnot be gunliemen ; 
 thfy should remember that "its not 
 the coat that makes the man." 
 
 Tfiese mistaken notions, along with 
 the wonderful dreams, of the gold of 
 distant regions, which sfem to rij- in 
 vision bcforo the mind, impels many 
 to leave their homes, iho old farms on 
 which their faiher-J lived ccmforiahly, 
 end their early associations, and un- 
 dergo untold hardships, in order to 
 secure a portion of ihut winch not more 
 than one in thirty or forty obtain ; 
 and what may do still wor^c, they may 
 suffer the loss of health and charac- 
 ter, and miy lie life itself. 
 
 As circumstances change, so ahnuld 
 our cducaiiin also. The dignity of 
 labour should be t'lufjlit m our schools 
 and ( olle»-cH, and in our domeet c and 
 rural {.vocations. 
 
 We have many other baclc-draws to 
 agncultnral ulvanfemcm. Tins coun- 
 try is not siifHcien iy advanced tc kfep 
 up a complete division of labour; 
 lu'nce, many ot our mechanics, espe- 
 cially in ruial di^tncs, liave to iiirn 
 their aitoDtioii to various pursuits, 
 a'lionsr which is agriculture. In a ;di- 
 ti' n. we have ,i i'lrgc, ci.mparativeiy 
 considered, fl latiig |)optilatoi, c 'ii- 
 sitiliiig of lumbermen, fishermen, ship 
 
 carpenters, ratlwav navvie», and oth- 
 ern, who at one limo Inllow tlieir (n- 
 vourite pursuits, and at other limes 
 fsrm a little, if farming it cur. be call- 
 ed. 
 
 In addition to these draw-bacl<8, 
 perhaps, there is no country where 
 titue is thought so li?ilc of, as in Nrw 
 Brunswick. Go where you will, and 
 you see able bodied i len Inunging 
 about, and not working half their 
 lime, he idea slioals uf hoys lunning 
 about the Htreets and public ph-ces 
 chasing, one wou'd suppose, the winds. 
 In fac, it is very doubtful if one lialf 
 the population is profitably employ- 
 ed. 
 
 In place of agricnlturo st'inding 
 fir8t among the pursuis in the scale 
 of importanc, it is generally consid- 
 ered secondary. 
 
 But the time is at hand when ne- 
 cessity Hill compel IIS to turn our at- 
 tention to the c.ntivation of a portion 
 of the vast tract-!, millions ol acres, of 
 good land thai f^till lie in a wilderness 
 state in New Brunswick. 
 
 Wo have got t" learn, thai in order 
 to farm well, we have gi.t to give our 
 youth a good agricultural edu. ration — 
 such an education as will enable our 
 farmers to stund on an equal tooting 
 wi'.h those of other profersions. 'J'he 
 loftiness and importance of a pur.suit, 
 is generally estimati'd by the d'gniiy 
 of thoi^e who follow ir. Hei:c<-, it ia 
 eaid, " as the man, so is his firm." 
 
 lo farm well and profitably, re- 
 quires tiie expetdiiire of capiial. — 
 Here no one thinks of ex|eiiding mo- 
 ney in afiiiculteral opir^itions ; whi'C 
 thoii-ands of pounds are Inquenily 
 expended in the consinmiion of a sin- 
 gle ship; bui. to expend a SMoilrtr 
 iiinount in agriculiunl operaiioo, 
 would be almost conside-ed a waste 
 of money. If a firmer \n\s up a tew 
 huiidreiis of pounds, w lich lie ui.iy 
 easily do wiihoui iho expenditure of 
 imicli means, he aenf^ially IhI^j u out 
 to inierest, a: six per ceiH , or loi;i-s it 
 up III Ills chest, so tiK.l ir, may be at 
 hand whe.i his neiijhbour's firm is 
 forsle. And when he adds '•farm 
 
// 
 
 40 
 
 THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 o farm," — he has so much land, that 
 he oiillivatei nune aright. Tho old 
 inutio. 
 
 " A littlo house well filled, 
 And a little land well tilled," 
 is lo»t sipflit of. 
 
 Tho ('(»ll()>ving article from ft Cor- 
 respondent of the Genesee Fanner, a, 
 moinhly, which should he in every 
 housi' in the Provinco, meeta our 
 ▼lew : — 
 
 ON THE IMI'ORTANCK TO FAUMlillS OK 
 A OilOD EDUCATION. 
 
 Eds. (jJfiieseo Fiirinti : --l consider 
 the great want of fanners at the pres- 
 ent time to be a good edncatinn. Tiie 
 im|iorlance of this will hartlly be qiies- 
 tioned. Very few fanners have eigovod 
 thi- advantages nects^ary to qualify 
 themselves thoroughly for their ocimi- 
 potion. A few years ago, the public 
 opinion on this matter was quite dif- 
 fereiit from what it is now. Slill, 
 there are some wh'> need a little wait- 
 ing up ou the sulijec. There was a 
 time when it was ttiou<»lit that a farmer 
 needed only a pair of hands and 
 strong h to use them— the head beuijif 
 of lilile eon.-eqnence. VVhih- the boy 
 who was intended for a mechanic, a 
 merehaiit, or a lawyi^r, was sent to 
 school, and allowed every opportunity 
 for improvement ; the «»ne dt'signed 
 for a larmer was kept at home at some 
 kind of drudj>ery. He needed only to 
 know how to work. That was to he 
 the l)usiner.s of his life, and what need 
 was there for him li> learn gratnmar, 
 or algebra, or geometry, or philoso- 
 phy ? In this way his self-respect and 
 respect for his occupation were de- 
 
 Htroy<'d. Tie was never encouraged 
 to think. It was enough for him li> 
 know that his father did so and so, and 
 he wtis to do likewise and ask no 
 questions. Is it any wonder that he 
 should make a dull man and a " bung- 
 ling farmer?" 
 
 Now what I want to say to the far- 
 mers of this country is this : VV hatover 
 else y<m fail to do, don't fail to give 
 your boys a good edueation, and espe- 
 cially those that are to become farm'Ui. 
 Take some pood agricnlt iral paper, 
 and give your boys time to read it, as 
 well as some time for amusement, re- 
 meinherin^ that "all work and no 
 play make Jack a dull boy." Let 
 ih.iin know that a true firmer is as 
 much of a gentlemnn an the lawyer or 
 the doctor, and sometimes more so, al- 
 though his clothes may not be so fine, 
 nor hi« hands so soft. Do not suppose 
 that bojansp your son is to he a farmer 
 ho does not need a knowledge of all 
 that is tiiught in our common schools 
 and academies. If he docs not need 
 to use them in his business, the study 
 of them will improve his mind and not 
 only teach him to think, hut to think 
 nieiho.lical'v and corieetly ; and what 
 is of qniie as much importance, ho will 
 not feel that he is inferior to his neigh- 
 bor whose occupation is different from 
 his own. It would be far hniter if the 
 choice were t<» bo made between a 
 good educa ion and a good farm, to 
 choose the former. Now almost any 
 farmer can give his son^ each a good 
 education, while few can give the 
 farms. Le> them have the farms, if 
 you can, besides. 
 
 Soils. 
 
 Alluvial Soils.— Of those, we have 
 first, red marsh ; secondly, blue marsh, 
 low marsh or corky dyke; and thirdly, 
 intervale. 
 
 1. The red marsh, though vary- 
 ing Komewhat in quality, is the best 
 soil in ttiii rroviiicp, and much of 
 it compares favorably with ttie mos*. 
 celebrated alluvial soils of tlie old 
 
 and new world. The following analy- 
 sis of recently deposited mar^h mud 
 from Truro, will serve to shew the 
 composition of this kind of soil. 
 
 Moistiirp, 
 Orifiiiiic matter, 
 
 fchloriiie* jon suit, 
 
 I'oi-isli, 
 Sulphuric Acid, 
 
 Soluble 
 in 
 
 Water, j Liiiio, 
 
 j Aluiuitiii, 
 (.Magnesia, 
 
 > as gypsum, 
 
 .6 
 1,5 
 .n9S 
 .116 
 .013 
 .073 
 .1161 
 086 
 .004 
 
 -^ 
 
THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 ^ • ... r* "fh^fnte of Mnif, 
 •o'lble ()x((|fl(,i iruii, ' 
 
 In I Aliiriiiiiii, 
 Hydro .( Mukiim a. 
 «lil(iric I -odii niiil I'nInHh. 
 acid. I I'liohphoric Ard, 
 
 l.>^llici(iiiHsiuid (very fine) 
 
 n.GO 
 
 «74 
 
 ISO 
 
 .11 
 
 .e 
 
 87.(10 
 
 It Will be o)i,erv,.d.haMn the above 
 ■naljRis all the BubBtJii.ces prevj.Mialv 
 meiitionpd as o«intaine(l in fertile soils 
 are present. This iiwirBh innd 'i« no[ 
 on y a valnabh; ..o,I, but is narl^d on 
 upland as an excellent manure. When 
 we take tlii.s fact into connection vviih 
 the c,r(ui.,.8(,.nce that 87 percent of 
 the whole IS only silicions eand and 
 that only one and a half per cent of 
 orpanio matter is present, we can an 
 preeiate the vast importance of the 
 ■ubstances conialned in it. 
 
 Such soil requires no foreign apph^ 
 ances to render It feriile. It has K. 
 ever one weak point-its small propor- 
 tion of pliosphales; andlEnspecLthat 
 If there «-erenot oeci.sionally prea-nt 
 in It, fragments offish bwnes and other 
 similar organic matters which do n.it 
 appear in nn analysis. thi« defioienev 
 would appear in a somewhat rapid fall- 
 mg J'ff in Its productiveness. Ii j, 
 certain that the best varieties of ihis 
 kind of soil will bear continued cro.- 
 pi"ff without manure for a vtry lo„rr 
 
 CI; ^' ]' ll*'^^'^^ also cen.m 
 \nat It gradually runs out, and the 
 owners of the older marshes Hlrendy 
 ,nave occasion to inquire for the 
 means of restoring its productive- 
 
 XicdS* 
 
 Diai-ing is well known to be essen- 
 tJal to the fertility of ite marshes, and 
 there are in this Province many valu- 
 ablelrarMsof this land in a cotnpar- 
 ativeiy useless condition ftom i.s 
 neglect. Admitting the sea wat^r to 
 
 deposit new mud, is also a well known 
 reu.edy m the case of f.ilini, or nato- 
 rally poor marsh. It is attended 
 however wul, the seri.-na disadvantaffe 
 of causing the loss of seveial cn.ps. 
 
 It seems probable that in the deeper 
 kinds of red marsh, subsoil or trqnch 
 pbMifzhing might prove very advanta- 
 geous alter ihe surface has been some- 
 what run c.ut. There can be no doubt 
 however, that in the heavier kinds of 
 
 marjh a would require to be seeom- 
 panied by very thorough d-ain-.g... 
 
 IlmayHlsobo cle-ervi»g of inquiry 
 if'heiMe drain, would be mo,e \er- 
 vicenble than iheop,.n ditches ,„.„„.. 
 rnonuse. Titles could be very easily 
 anc c!,eaply made of the ,uuL n J 
 I'telf, and «vhen once laid, w..uld re- 
 q"ire far less atlen-ion than (litHiea • 
 ami could be laid m any direction, „^^ 
 >» any nun.ber, without in erferiZ 
 with the working of the soil. ^ 
 
 Lasilv, the C(mip(mition of ihe nmr»h 
 mu.l in.licates ih..t the anpl.ctiou of 
 bonc-dust would probably he attended- 
 wih the most marked tesnlts. pfui.cu- 
 'any, in increasing the ce lainiy of 
 frr.in croos, and in prodneiuir' the 
 more valuable kind ..f gras,«es_Gu,.„o 
 wou.d have a similar efTeci: Imu a 
 go .d dressing of bone-dust would b» 
 "i<»re permanent in its efTects. I v»nuld 
 rec.mmend to owners of poor or worn 
 our nr,ar«h to try the experiment, and 
 cilcul.iefrom the increase of e,o„8. 
 v.hether it would not be ren.m.o a- 
 tive. 
 
 2. Blue marsh, sometimes called 
 inner marsh, 1"W marsh, corky dyke 
 crey marsh. This forms the >auJn of 
 the red marsh, and tfe.ierally orrurs in 
 a hell along the inner margin, n.xi the 
 iM»l;md. where the surface iu lower 
 than the outer edge, in conscqut nee (ff 
 the tides depositing the coarser mud 
 near the channels, and finer n.iid in 
 smaller quantity near the upland. In 
 those parts of ihe Province where the 
 tides are only of ordniary hemht, all 
 the marsh that exists is either ol this 
 Kind, or hoirgy marsh, composed a'. 
 >"03t entirely „f vegetable mailer. 
 J he blue marsh usually contains more 
 vegeiable matter than the red, and as- 
 sumes the character "f a hoa^vswamp. 
 It emits a fetid smell when' recently 
 turned up, and the water oozm-/ irora 
 It usually stains the ground wiih a 
 rusty colour. It has the appearance of 
 being a rich soil, but, tht.ugh it pro- 
 duces, in Its n-.turai state, crops of 
 coarse grass when broken up, it is of 
 little v?ilue. 
 
 Its chflmiGal rnmnooi»!<^n ».. <l- 
 
 ^J.,,,,.,,| gtiCB ing 
 
THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 trae reason of its oomparaitvply worih- 
 !••• c'laritnter, an') a'sr> siisirests a 
 remi'Jy TKe vesreiHlilu niaaor pr«<»- 
 •«t in this kind of marsh amine »n tho 
 •l«l{i)anl sea-waiPr, has <le(H)iN posed 
 IhcHiilphate of soda, of whicli a i-iniill 
 qtiaiiiity is present in the tido-WHier, 
 and hna set free itH sulphur, in the 
 form of sulnhiireited hydrogen, which 
 •cliiu' on the oxidn id' iron in tho mod, 
 ConvertH it into sulphurel of iron, and 
 chaii|j'-s its colour from rod lo )2rey. 
 Tiie sutphiirct of iron remains iin- 
 ohaui^i'd, v-hilo sulitnercred or watK'- 
 ■oalii'd, hut when exposed lo thn air, 
 it |)a»8ti8 iiiio sulphate of iron nr green 
 ritri'l ; a suhsiance poisonous to nioui 
 oultivnted crops, except the oal, which 
 can put u|) with a little of it Hence 
 the hid effi'cta of dis'urbin^ the Slue 
 marsh— hence also the rusty colour ot 
 Us water. ' Land in this state can bo 
 easdy tested by drying a small pi'cc 
 of it and makinnr jt red hot io the fire ; 
 on Inking it out, it will be fmind to 
 emit a stfiiiijT sulphurous smell, ntid on 
 coolin!.- its red colour will be found lo 
 be partially restored 
 
 The remedy is drainini? and liming ; 
 ■rid such land will usually stand, 
 without injury, a h'-uvy linking. 
 Diain:i>g admits air and ttikes ofi* tho 
 •aline wate*". Lime decomposes the 
 •ulphate of iron, and forms sulphttte of 
 lime and oxide of iion, tiotli useful 
 cuhstaiices. The cause and care td' 
 the blue marsh tbu^ involves a series 
 of chemical changes; the last <ii which 
 may be represented as follows: 
 
 Suii'huric 
 Acid and 
 Oxide «)f 
 Iron, with 
 Lime. 
 
 r 
 
 Sulphuric 
 I converted | Acid and 
 )■ ^ Lime, wiih 
 
 I into I Oxide of 
 J t !'«:'• 
 
 When the blue marsh is too low to 
 admit of proper driinage, the only 
 mode of imptoving it is to dij t encbes 
 to tlie tide channels, and thus admit 
 the muddy tide water to deposit ovrr 
 
 it a cf>»t of red mud. Both of tb«w« 
 m-thods have already been employed 
 with nuccfsa in some purta ot thia 
 Province 
 
 Tlioush the blue marsh is by itself 
 so un r>du.'.iive, yet those varieties of 
 it which contain a go«»d proporiion of 
 veselahle matter, when diawn out and 
 comiosied with lime or mail, lorm an 
 admirahlu lop dressing fur upland 
 gra^s 
 
 3, Intervals or fresh water allu- 
 vium occurs aliHig most of our rivers, 
 in variable quiniiiy and quality ; but 
 is gent rally a fine and productive 
 soil. It requires the sume manage* 
 ment with upland sttils, and except 
 where it has a loose gravelly suhsoil, 
 wonid often he improved by draining, 
 ft is lamtniable lo see, in the (dder 
 seillemeniH, so mii'di of ibi-" valuable 
 soil nliiioHt ruined by an exhausted 
 system of cropp'ng. 
 
 It IS worthy <f notice that ever since 
 the fir-t enliivation of the alluvial soil 
 of the Kujilratps and the Nile, irriga- 
 tion by niniiing waier has been found 
 to be a mobi « tflcient means 4»f promot- 
 ing and reKioriiii? tiie ftrt'lity of thia 
 kind of land. Many oi our ji.lervales 
 are aninii'lly oveiflowed by freshets, 
 and 80ineiiiiit>3 tviih very injurious re- 
 sults. But it is a matter dcs-erving of 
 iiM|niry. whether a regular and system- 
 atic anmis^i' n of the water of the 
 rivers and the tiiliutiry hrcoks, nii»?ht 
 not repay its expense, hy its henefi-ial 
 effecis on the (•n>[)s. M nddy water let 
 in, in 'his manner, would not only top. 
 dioss the soil, but tend lo elevate it 
 nbovo the reach (»f the rreshels, and 
 even cU'ar water flowing gemly over 
 the surfiiCH lor a limited tin e, is known 
 to be hijihly fertilizing, thoiiuh ihe 
 theory of its operation is nut well un.. 
 derstiiod. 
 
 Some U5efiil facts on this subject 
 will l»e found in Jaiks'on'-t tnatae on 
 Agriculture and Dairy Husbanilry.-— 
 Times Magazine. 
 
 On Coating Seeds wiih Manure. 
 
 Several letters have lately appeared Ilonald, a merchant of that city, d®" 
 tea Glasgow paper from a Mr. John tailing the result uf several txper^ 
 
THE INSTRUCTOR. 
 
 4a 
 
 mrntH lie had made hy Bleepinjr grain 
 in liquid mnnii re, fo as to onat them 
 over wnh it, previous to their heinip 
 ■own. He ■tales his plan to bo to 
 make every seed carry with it ;o its 
 bed i.> ihn soil some gonri inunurt>, 
 which has an immediate tffsct nn the 
 growth of the plant, and gr. ntiv in- 
 creases the crt»|). The experiilientN 
 were tried on some smiill [.lots of 
 land iiour Glai«giiw, and tht* tnunures 
 used were a solution of lime in water 
 a solution of barn manure, f twis 
 dung and water, the deposit ohlained 
 fiom city sewer ge, and n iiiixtiire of 
 ■oot and water. He does not state 
 which ot those mixtures was the most 
 fjccessful, but fjives Uie increase from 
 30 to 35 per cent over seed not so pre- 
 pared. As an addition to either mix- 
 ture he recQiiimendB a small qnartity of 
 sugar, and he proceeds to show that 
 sauharine matter ia an ingredieni in 
 wheat and <tiher grain nnd contribuies 
 mainly to the n-urishment ol the 
 yout.g i»lant. An experiment with 
 giiano was not successful, but few of 
 the seeds gerniinuting. 
 
 The mode of applying the liquid is 
 lis fiillowa :— Take a tub about 30 
 inches over »nd 20 deep ; empty into 
 it a boll (lour bushels) of wheat; 
 take two pounds of ^uaa^, bruise any 
 lumps there may be in it. and sprinkle 
 it on the lop of the setd in the tub. 
 Take another smaller tub, put i'lto it 
 six gallons of water, and mix soot 
 with it until it is as thick as good 
 cream— a man rubbing ibe soot and 
 water against the side of the tub with 
 a stiff broom will mix it in a tew min- 
 utes— then with a jug disiribute th« 
 solution slowly on the top of the sugar 
 
 and wheat. The liquid will then ha 
 about two inches abovo the top «>f the 
 wheat; stir the wbolo with a wooden 
 ladle several times wiihin (be first 
 ftMir hours, but not after that; let ii 
 remain in the solution not ie>s than 2< 
 bourn, by which time the seed will 
 havr abhorbed all the liquid, and al-. 
 thouph in a damp Ktato, it will h» 
 really for sowinp ; hut if the weiither 
 18 not favorable, the seed m-^y bo left 
 in the manure fur forty, filtv or sixty 
 hours, every seed «ill th. n be black 
 with soot. Other manures nnd other 
 grain to ba treated in a nimilnr nian« 
 ner. The whole of tho seed thus 
 prepartd sent up a large number of 
 stem-. From one rooi, ihe seed of 
 which was coated with h«>n pen, thero 
 
 were ears, the produce being 
 
 no» less >hnn 1100 grains, but it was 
 on parden gronud «nd good soil. Of 
 the plants of wheat sen' up, net one 
 wi 8 tItMwn out of ihe s round by the 
 altornite fro-ts andtlmMs of winter 
 because the r<M)ts were large and had 
 a good hold of the ground. 
 
 The J \m\ was afterwards tried on 
 the • Slate of ih» Earl of Eglinton on a 
 larjjer scale. The « heat was coated 
 with soot and sugar aud the results 
 were ttiiii the grain appeared soonnr; 
 it tillered bott«r , it Covered the c'od 
 sooner: it grew more luxuriantly ; it 
 burpt into ears suoi.er; ihe flower on 
 it waH earlier ; nnd when cut it pror 
 due d fully one fifth more slocks ihan 
 the ri'sf oi ihe field. 
 
 Beii.ns and peas treated in the name 
 niiuiiiei pave 47 per ceiit. greater in- 
 crease than the seed sown without 
 the coating of manures. 
 
 Literature. 
 
 d«- 
 
 t'xper 
 
 w 
 
 ••TtieGiinrdlan'Mstlie title of "a monthly 
 Magazine cf Kdiicntlou and Ui-iieral l^iierii- 
 ture," txiiua by K. Aitkin nnd K. iMiinniiig, 
 bt. John, N. 11.; printed by llurnes & to. 
 Free one dollar. 
 
 The V iriiiuf hi tides roniprlBod In the wurk. 
 January .vuinber, are omaie In laiijiuiue, an d 
 present eut rtii rung deliiieix un^ « t iht^ i-uh- 
 Jects tri-nted i.f. We wish the eiiieipiiginir 
 •ditor^ every succexH. 
 
 "How lo lA\e and Itreathe ;" a nionihly 
 MagDZliie, puhli>i|«-d In Qui. ton ; edited by 
 Moeeii liiuwn, M. 1>. PriCtf 6a 
 
 This wor|{ contains many iisefnl hints on 
 Ihe rosioraiion and presrrvation «.f health; it 
 •hoiilU he III evrry laniily. 
 
 The remaiks on New hriiMsyirk are to th« 
 pout Mic'i rciiiurks nnhlmlnd in a foreura 
 louiitry, by , n^ who ''saw and heard '» for 
 liiii.M I lend tt, piipeiuaie good lectin^', nnd 
 inaKtf ki i.wn our vu^t and varied reaoiirres. 
 
 Any of our tadriK deKiroiie of procuring 
 eitmror tiotli ihe hIiovp n.t.i « d works,- we 
 will i.ke pcavriii m forwarding their aub- 
 BciiptioiiB aiuj otdeiiiii; the wuiks. 
 
* 
 
 -AulS^JEIEI^ST 
 
 tU- 
 
 FEMALE SEMINAllY. 
 
 IMUXCIPALS, 
 T C II :»i S : 
 
 floAni) A\n Washino (white drosirs I'xccpK'd), with iiiHtruction in Rcfxlinu, VVrit- 
 iit« AriiliiiKilic, Use of the OIoIk's, Aiiiii'iit und M'trt-rii (Jpo^t pliv. Aiim nt and 
 Modtsrii History, (irarnmiir, iiiul Khcioric, N itur.il iiri'l Ment il IMiil isophy, An- 
 tronuiuy, Botouy and English (Jofup isi-ion—t-T) per Acadoiaical Year. 
 
 Piano or Spanish Qiiitar,....Thr o LcsNiuih per week, £2 per quarter, or half term. 
 gii,}^ini< five Lessons per Week, lUs. " " 
 
 Pencil or Crayon, •''ivc Lessons per week, £1 per quarter, or half term. 
 
 Colori'JCriyon l-'ire Lessonsi per week, £1 lOs. " " 
 
 Water Colored Drawing > _ ^ -1.,,^^^ Ussona vvr week, £1 10s. «' »« 
 
 (LauUBcape) S 
 
 Five Lessons per week tl 'I's per qunrter, or half term. 
 
 ' Three Lessons per week, £1 I Jb. per quarter, or half terra. 
 
 Inslrurtion i.^also given in the following branches, viz— Oriental Painting, Wax 
 Flowers, I'ValLer ^'lowers, Fancy Wool Work, Chenille P'lowers, Oruamcjitdl Hair 
 Work, .Vc. 
 
 Kills piivrthle quarterly in advan-e. 
 
 There are two I'erms per year. The Winter Term commences 5th .Tnnuiry, and 
 ends 3ist May. The Suniuier 'I'erni hegius 1st August, and ends 2Uh Deisi-iiilier. 
 The intrr:nediate Quarters or Ililf Terms coimnonce ^'-hh Octoi)er and 2 )th Wiirch. 
 Pupils will also l)P rcf.oived at any time, and charged oiilv from date of eiitr.uiee. 
 
 'I'he 'Vench Department is under the care of Mudanie Eugenie Jraiipert, icceutly 
 from Paris, who teaches on the OlIcndoriF system, and also gives iesHons in Music. 
 Daily conversation in French is insisted on. 
 
 Five other la.lios are employed in the English Department, Mu«»o, Drawing, Paini- 
 ng. Iialian, Mot.iny, Xc. 
 
 No piins will lie spared to promote the health of the Boanlers by proper exerci^se 
 and those young ladies whose parents wish them to riuc, arc allowed the use of a 
 quiet saddle hort-e. 
 
 Each yonnp lady is re(|uired to bring with her one pair of sheets, onepiiir (f pil- 
 lowslips. six towels, and four table iiiioKins, markeU wuli her .lanie ; and pujiiis'rc- 
 maining in the Seminary during the vHcutious, will be charged 'Iwelve bhill.hgsuud 
 •ix pence pi r week for hoard and Washinir. 
 
 There are six Pianos in the K-tablishment, and Pupils board' ng in the v cinity. 
 will he charg. d Five Shillinirs per (iuarter lor the use ol an ii^s' amcnt to > i lico 
 
 Any B >oks or Stationery which may be required, cm 'oe suppued by iir. lUluh- 
 ford, at H lifax prices. 
 
 The Seminary i- situat'd within a few minutes walk of four different places of 
 public worship, and nenr to the 'J'elegraph Ste.ti'm and Post Otlice. 
 
 ihiee months notice required, under ordinary circuiustuncee, before the removal of 
 
 Amiierst, 1860. C. E. RATCHFOKU. 
 
 P KFP'.RRf^CES —The lord Bishop of Nova Scotia, the Hon. Judge Stewar t C. 
 B.. 'i ■ 01. !' ; A. S. DeWolfe, Esq., Halifax; Rev George Townsend, A. M., liev. 
 /iklerriidr^r Chirk, 1). D., Amherst ; Rev, Charles 'lupper, D D., Ajlesford; UeV. 
 Charh 8 Elliott, A. B , A. P. Ross, Esq , Pictou ; Hairy King, Esq., I). C. Jj., \v ind- 
 8or; Rev. John Frances; Kev. E. B. Demill, A.M., John McGrsth, Esq., Si. Juhu 
 JBon. John 11. Parteluw, Frcdericton. 
 
 A?4?^.^'^*^^^i*;'i TV- T. - 
 
[ARY. 
 
 Kljfes mTES. 
 
 *^#^ ^%* 
 
 traction in Rcndinu, ^Vrlt- 
 ■II (Jpi)^r p'lv. An(!i nt and 
 'I M-Jnt il IMiil )8oj)liy, Au- 
 cudoiaicul Year. 
 
 5* 
 
 2 per quarter, or half term, 
 lis. 
 
 icr quarter, or half term. 
 lOs. " " 
 
 lOs, " <« 
 
 rter, or half term, 
 trtor, or half term. 
 
 —Oriental Painting, Wax 
 Flowers, Oruumcjitdl ilair 
 
 mmences 5tli .Tnnuiry, nnd 
 : and ends 2Uh Deiii-nilipr. 
 h October and 2 Hh Miirch. 
 Iv fr.>ni date of eiitr.uice. 
 Eueteiiie Jraiipert, icueutly 
 ilso gives iesHons inMubic. 
 
 ent, Music, Drawing, Tain*- 
 
 loaiilers by proper cxcrci^se 
 c, arc allowed the usu of a 
 
 ir of sheets, one pair of nil- 
 li her .lanie ; and pupils 're- 
 harged 'Iwelve bh:ll,iigs uud 
 
 Is boanl'Mg in the v'cinity. 
 I an i.'b' amcnt to > i lico 
 be riuppued by Air. liatoh- 
 
 i of four different places of 
 
 'ost Othce. 
 
 tancee, before the removal of 
 
 C. E. BATCH FOR L). 
 
 he Hon. Judge Stcwar t C. 
 ;{e Townsend, A. M., Kev. 
 ir, D D., Ajlesfofd ; UeV. 
 King, Esq., L>. C. ].., Vv ind- 
 a McGrsth, £t>q.,Sl. Juhu 
 
Iff! 
 
 (t/»T£l!:MSi-«$, 9J. p*? Annum : Siugle Copies 4a. To Cluba o' Five 
 ^5a. #it.b ona extra copf ti the B'ir;«r ap of the Oiub. Cl'rbs of Ten, 30s., 
 with two extra copies. Olulis of T arity, 23. Gd. pwr copy, with one copy 
 
 . 11 • 11 .. ; 1 ■• i .. - .. :.i :_ «,i„ i;. .-._ .. 
 
 V'xira, — pKy«t;;tt lit uii u»«e>t> in mw ■■■, t;. li uuv [.'aiu ii» «uLTaut.'<^. t»j. «-.* «.w|"/ 
 
 will be charfi;e<l. 
 
 ALL COMMlJNfCA'l'IONS TO BE ABimESS 5I> ^0 Ttli^ E0ITUK, 
 
 , ^ ^Mti iiHUpWKMp iM aSM i^^ 
 
 dKKUMK 'UariMMSMaMt «MM 
 
 C O/ja" T E IT T S : 
 
 1/EeniU.ri' and Kl-emcntarr iiiKlriKtian in the Middle Agea, 
 
 The A2« <»X ^'O'^'p'^f • • • • • • • 
 
 Llbrai!fe» 'n l'i^ft<«! Books, . . 
 
 MaiKof Mev Krif»>swiok, . . . . 
 
 GnodmRi»«7a("otnprchensv\e Googrnpky and History, 
 Princf F.<lvvar<liaiond SehoQlL'mii, .... 
 
 JEdaciitlim iu Now York, ... 
 (/Unad*,.,,^.. ;• . ... • - -' , 
 
 The l*!easHw^s'of4<.tTp'*led<iL, • - * • , • 
 AgrietiUure, its imporfimce, ... ■ • • • 
 AgTic«ilture In New Brinitwick, . . . . ■ 
 
 •Sails. ,, . • . . .,.':•-...' 
 
 ■,n 
 
 ,1.3 
 
 m 
 
 40 
 
 AGiiNttS FOE THE INSTRUCTOR : 
 
 St. Jokn,—-W.L. Avery, iviessrs.lji'rnea, C. W. CrawlbrtV and <laa3e» 
 
 DomilL . 
 
 Han) pton,— John FlewelUo^. 
 Sussex,™ J an)B* R.. McMonajr'' . 
 1/pper SuBsex,— Hrnty H- Andersot). 
 
 Moncton,--Ja»aes \V. Ouhou, Esq. 
 
 Mopewell,— Alex, liogf rs. 
 
 St, AndreAvs, — Mr. Bobert Glen. 
 
 St. Bicpberis,— Mr. Jai»es Dow. 
 
 IJarTey Settlem«iit., — Georg« Lister. 
 
 Broekwa^- Settlement, — Ales. Brockway. 
 
 Fredstioton,— Charles S, Beveily. 
 
 Q3?='Mr. DiAvm BIcAlpkne is aathorised to obtain fiubscrihers, ahd re- 
 ceive inonies in our name. 
 
 — book:.- -o.^m3D^,-.a^aBa--3D ^TOS-opSrZa&T^-aBB:.;, - 
 
 'no. 4. MAEKET STllBET. ST. JOttN. 
 Ail desmptiejis of Pr4BtiHg «xeeated at this Office on reai»ona*l&4«msu 
 
 .iMM" "i 'wmiiJii J njjffii ii gi i aigaW'J 'BB 
 
m., 
 
 iopy 
 
 UK, 
 
 e 25 
 
 O.J 
 
 40 
 
 : ' 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 i :■ 
 
 1 ! 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 
 
 aie» 
 
 I re-