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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ir^ mtmimmmmimmmmmmm ^«p mmmm ^M.^./LAf:^l/^ t ' To^,j^. rieie. ■) Itwa singuIafcireutuMnw, rhatiMnt of th* alma- nacks ooticc thp n,>w leturnln^ direction of ihp magrtetio ««e<1lo towanU -he north, fn the year ia.5? it pointed due noftli, but hns been 160 ye.irs incroasin^ in declin.i- tion wfstwnid ; Uu jreir it «tHiined a .Jiclension of '25. and tlien bscfinie •utioniry, and it 90W rrcedinj back " l-„^ .,,_ .■ ^m^^mm^g em^wsm. A^7 IMPROVED Y E M t P MODERN GEOGRAPHY: O R, A Geographical Hijiorical, and Commercial Grammar; Containing tlie ancient and prefent Slate of all the EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, AND REPUBLICS 1 N THE KNOWNWORLD. J I. The Figures, Motions, and Diflances of the inKifft'^ur^ '".''>'' Newtonian Syftem and the lateft Obfervations. II. A general View of the Earth conf-dered .-,. a Planet ; w.th feveral urfi! Geographical De- finitions and Problems. "L?w^."'"^r>^'''."''°"'' °^ '•'= G'°be into Land and Watea, Conunents and Iflands. IV The Situation and Extent of Empires, King- doms, States, Provmces, and Colonics. ^;-'^'"-"'m^".'"^^"' -^^ ^°''' ^eff«able Produc- tions, Metals. Minerals, natural Curlofities, Sea.s Kivers, Bays, Capes, Promontories, and Lakes. VI. The birds and beafts peculiar to each Country WITH Vn Obfervations on the changes that have been obferved upon the Face of Nature ilnce the earheft Periods of Hjftory. ^ FnJl'%"A'''"'' ""'' ^'"'e'" °f Nations, their Forms of Government, Religion, Laws. Keve- nues, Ta«s, Naval a»d Military Stren^ih of'^L'Sopt '^"""^' ''""°""' '•"^° "^'''^^ X Their Lanp nage, Learning, Art«. Sciences Manufaftores and Commerce ^^ences, \lt\.?r'^- r^^J''"' S"-"«"r«. Ruins, and artiticial Cunofities, ^njftln' ^°"8'.f"'!^' Altitude. Bearings, and Diftances of prmcfpal Places from London. TO WHICH ARE ADDED, I. A Geographical Inbex, with the Name M.necLxxxix. Advertifement to the Dublin Quarto Edition. the reader, a. rtft "c ,„M °" M' ™'" ^°' "'^ '"''''"""io" »? cially as many „ay 2 hav. ^^""■' """^ "P*"*""' ^"'^ -<>- ments are. ' '" °'^" '" '''^■"""" ^^at thefe improve, elucidation of .he fre;arf SJ/ L^iJ^ - ".e polirieal fiate, and it. co^Lrativemeril whh M I °" °" "'^P"'"=« of the glob.. The account of X" bTf 7 7 """^ 1""'"' the er^neous reprefen.a.ions of^^ o. L E T* g' ' 'l"""' '^^ Editor has paid particular atf,„,;„ .... . ^ Geographies, as the elegant copy. '^ « "indoflan he has given a faithful and tending this artfcle mlh ft her ' HH't "'' '""'"'' ■"•= "" >^*ioh Haven;t?;rdiXrcS"' """^ ""^'•""'^ a 2 IV ADVERTISEMENT. •ih'^. So little has been added to the flock of modern knowledge in refpedl to Africa^ that the additions, like the rcfources, have been but trivial on tliat fubjed^. He has endeavoured to bring the occurrences of moft countries down to a recent period ; and in proportion to the importance of each in the political fcale, fo has he attended to fuch information as he could obtain from the accounts of late writers and travellers, or fuch other fources as offered an acceflion to his knowledge of them. Mr. Playfair's ingeni- ous tables have furnifhed him with an accurate view of the trade of England with all the world, as well as other curious particulars:-— from materials not^lefs pure, he has given a flate of her funds : and thro' the obliging condefcenfion of one of the firfl and beft informed politi- cal charaders in this country, he is enabled to communicate an authen- tic account of the political, flate of France, in reVpedt to her revenue, expenfes, debt, trade, army and navy,, to fo late a period as the clofe of the year 1787. Having" thus extended the view of other countries, his attention was then naturally turned to his own ; the claims of which feemed the flronger, when he confidcred, that the contempt and indifference in which (lie was fo long held by the fiflcr kingdom,, drew a veil over her charader and importance, and left both fcarcely known or heard of in the eftimate of European politics. When a people value their own confequence at alow rate, their neighbours' opinion of it will not be more exalted; and the timid humility of this country, encouraged ne- gled, and had been too long an incitement to oppreflion, and a debafe- mcnt of national reputation. But having at length afferted her dignity, fhe muft foon emerge from the long night of obfcurity in which fhq has been enveloped, and appear with that weight a-nd influence, which her native refourccs fo jufliy claim. In refped to Ireland, then, he has endeavoured to give as full an ac- count as the nature of the work would admit, and as her increaflng importance evidently demands; — and where particular articles therein, offer a larger field for difcuflion or fpeculation than was compatible with his limits, he has given fuch tables, as, he flatters himfelf, will af- ford data for the future inveftigation of more elaborate differtations. ADVERTISEMENT. Of theraapshemuftobferve that th,„ I, l merable error, thro' the volumarv affi »» ^ 7 ?'"'"^='' "'' '"""' ledged abilities and acquain.: 7,^'^ f ^1^ r" °' ^""■°"- been mcreafed much bevonH th.. . . "bjedt: their number has. among otheraddition;Tt, :/r -^ ^'Pon a principle convl^nie:': f i^^t^^^^^^^ '^t^.f ^^ ^^^^^ any yet feen in any other Geo.r.nhv T. V ^^ ^'^'^'■^"' ^^°^ engraved for this work by the Ir7 fn T ^'"'^ ^'^" ^" ^P-^'«"7 conndcrable expenfe, a^d^L a fltfC 1^^ '^^ ^' ^ '^ very' company fuch publications. ^ ^"^ '^^"'^^ generally ac- p™": '^L'Xt— : --f,- '-^ea or Hi, e.er.io. to i„.. ^ave been done bvLfimu-,'- <=''"'i">"s that more mieht a. leaft, the ZMotTonl ^'''''■■^'f °"'"^. heprefumes to cTaf™ in .his kingdom, and o f h,:', roZtc'T^to "h''" '"""'' "'''" '^^"^ vourable fentin^ents of his TnC ; tr"T' '° °''"'" '"'= ^^- haveefcaped, thro'iapfeof attention he' de'pec^e^r" -T," ™^ —whatever deficiencies may apnear he hlf.T " '"dulgencej. «"ch may have been omitted ye. m-hh^ ^^ '" """''"' "■''' "'°' perfeaionis always- defrbielT^.i^X" tr' * '""'''""'°' feldom attained. ^^^ "^'^^ yet it is but. Such is the work now offered tr> th^ ^ ui- wi.h a view to profit, thaf 1 ' ^ ^ I' " '-""''"•»'^- "°' -ore encouraged, not only to underrke Hter'T""^ has fpirit, when, fcale of liberality, but even tot'J T' ^ " °"' °" '" '^"S''*- ferhe has fucceded in his ^ndltT ™P™'™-' "-ereon : Jow- of'he reader will:nowcanSy"d":;; "'^ '"^'^'-"-^^ Jndgmen.: ^ ^ M R( Ri Ci "W M M. M; Ml \v Ml Mr Mr He Re Mil SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. ivEV. GlLBIRxAuSTIlf. John Ardill, Attorney Valentine Atkinfon, £fq, Mrs. Archdall Mrs. Armftrong, Mount Heaton. Mr. Robert Anderfou Mr. Richard Allen iohnArmit, Efq, Ir. William Andrews Mr. William Armftrong Andrew Alexander. Elq. N. Limavady Michael Marfhal Apjohn. Efq. ^ John Archbold, Efq. Waterford Mr. Robert Allifon, Colerain Rev. Nathaniel Alexander, A. M Thomas Allman, Efq. Mr. Richard Archbold Mifs Mary Anflin Rev, Jerome AUev, L. L. B. Chriftopher Antifell, Efq. Charles Adair, Efq. Loughenmore Lieutenant Allen, Royal Navy Samuel Allen, Efq. Lame Mr. James Andrews, Comber Mr Richard F. Anderfou, Strangrord Robert Thomas Atkins, Efq. Mr. Armflrong, Droghcda Mr. William Alley John Atkiufon, Efq. Mr. Robert Arniftrong Mr. Garret Andrews Mr. John Archbold James Archbold; Efq. K^M^A^'"^"^"'! ^^^; ^- J^'^Se Adv. Gen. Kev. M. Alexander, Lower Moville Rt. Hon. Sir John BLAcyjjERK, K. B. t-^aptam Brownrigg William Burke, Efq. Kir. John T. Boileau Mr. John Beatty Mafterjohn Blennerhaffett Mr. William Boylau William Bury, Efq Mr. John Bailie Mr. T. M. Boyle Mr. Robert Barry Henry Blennerhalfctt, Efq Rev. D. A. Beauf<;rt, L. l! D. M R T A Mifs Charlotte Burton ' ^' ■ Mr. Archibald Bell Robert Barry, Efq. Mr. Jofeph Byrne Rev. John Beatty Rev. John O'Brien Mr. John Fofler Burnett Richard Bolton, Efq. Mr. Thomas Bacon Arthur Buttle, Efq, Toome Mr. Geoi^e Barnes Rev. Robert Black, A. M. Arch. Boyd, Efq. Mr. James Blair, Rapho Mr. Francis Brown Mr. Pery Baylee, Limerick Neptune Blood, Efq. Rev. Henry Bruce Mr. Francis Bennett, Colerain Skeffington Gore Briftow, Efq. Hazlebrook Mr. John Brians, Belfaft Mr. Henry Brown, Belfaft Rev. John Ball A. M. Mifs M. Anne Birde Mr. Alexander Browne Rev. Robert Barker Edward Bellew, Efq W'illiam Brabazon, Efq. Mr. Robert Bryfon, Belfaft Major Boifragon, Donaghadee Mrs. Bell, Killileagh Mr. Chichefter Bickerftaff, Edenderry Mr. Samuel Boyd, Newry II'' ?°b«« Be ), Surgeon, Newry Mr. John Barclay ^ Brabazon Brabazon, Efq. Captain Buchanan, Royal Artillery Hon. V. Browne Rev. Henry Braddell Captain Barnes Captain Black Lady Anne Butler Thomas Burgh, Efq. M. P. Ace. General Charles Blake, Efq. Mifs Jane Bury Mr. Andrew Buck Mr. R. M. Butler, Bookfeller Rev, Edward Bayly Rev. John Bayly Hon. Major Gen. Bruce Hon. Mr. Butler • •• Vlll SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Mr. A. Biine Rev. Conway Blcnncrhaflet William John Bryan, lifq. Mr. William Burnet Mr. George Burnet Mr. George Blood Thomas Bridlbn, Efq. Rev. Hill Benfon John Burke, Efq. Milltown Mr. John Bell Hon. Francis Burton Solomon Boileau, Efq. Major Frederick Bowes, 64th Reg. Rev. Jamks Catiey Lady Louifa Conolly Hon. Mils Cuffe John Comerford, Efq. Mr. William Collier Rev. John Clarke Mr. Benjamir. Clarke Mr. Pat. Carpenter Dixie Coddington, Efq. Rev. Dr. John Cruicc Mr. Chriftopher Clarke Gabriel Clarke, ECq. Rev. Henry Croftou Oliver Carlcton, Efq. Mr. John Cafh Mrs. Alicia Chamberlainc Mr. Thomas R. Chambcrlaine Robert Cornwall, Efq. William Corbet, ¥A'q. Rev. I'honias Corcoran Mr. Chriftopher Carey Mr. John Chambers William Chefliire, Efq. Mr. William C. Clarke Mr. Nicholas Carbcry Richaid Charleton, Efq. Rev. William Chichcfler, Drefden George Charleton, Efcj. Roxtoa Mr. John Creagh Nich. Henry W. Curry, Efq. Francis Chambers, Efq. Waterford John Cromie, Efq. Crommore Mr. Paul Carroll Rev. 8. Cupples, Carrickfergus Mr. John Craig, Belfaft Mifs Craig, Carrickfergus Mr. John Chefter Mr. Thomas Collins Rev. Do£lor Crombie, Principal of the Bel- faft Academy Mr. Chriftopher Connor M'illiam Clark, Efq. Belfaft Mils Jane Crawford, Crawfordftjurn Mr. James Cobham, Carrickfergus Mr. William CallwcU, Belfaft Mr. Jofeph Campbell, Newry Mr. Andrew Cofgrave, Newry Mr. Joleph Carfon, Newry Mr. James Cumitig, Bookfeller, Newry Alexander Crawford, Efq. M. D. Liftjurn Rev. Andrew Craig, Strawbcrry-hill John Cowan, Efq. Carnew Rev. 1 homas Cuming, Dromore Mr. William Cooke, T. C. D. . Mr. John Cowan Richard Colles, Efq. Marmaduke Cramer, Efq. . Mr. Cowen Richard Cudmore, Efq. Rev. Herbert Croft Lord Conyngham George Chapman, Efq. William Chriftmas, Efq. Nathaniel L. Card, Elq. Peter Cantwell, Efq. Charles Coftello, Elq. J. Crawford, Efq. James Corry, Efq. Mr. Carroll Adam Cuppagc, Efq. '1 homas Cullen, Efq. Mr. William Chartrc Rev. Mr. Corcoran Francis Doubs, Efq, Rt. Hon. Denis Daly Mr. Richard Dowd Conway Richard Dobbs, Efq. M. P. Rev. Richard Dobbs, Dean of Connor J. M. Daly, Efq. M. D. Mr. George Dixon Richard Dobbs, Elq. Mr. John Derhan) James Da rquier, Efq. Arthur Daw Ion, Efq. Mr, Whit more Davis Rev. Denis Doyle V^'illiam Doyle, Efq. Andrew Daly, Iifq. M. D. Surgeon Dillon Mr. Walter Delamar Mr. George Dutf P/fr. Francis Dawfon John Darley, Elq. Mr. Michael Doyle S U B S C R Mr. James Dawfon Richard Drew, Efo. Danfilltr Mr. Samuel Davil'ou Mr. WiIhamDyiart, L. Dcrry Rev. rhomas Dawfon, Neuairh Lieut. Drew, 45th Reg. ^ John Drake, E(q. Rofs Mr. Pat. Daly John D'Aarcy, FSq. Corbetfiown Peter Dillon, Efq. Rev. Dive Downes Mr. James Davidfon, BclK.ft Mr Richard Drew, Dunlilly Mafter James Dunn Mr. James Davidfon, Newrv M %.rr- ^"bourdieu. LilDurn Mr. Jofiah Dunn Attorney Rt. Hon. Lord V. Deh in Anthony Dowdall, Efq. Mr. William Dunphy Rev. Mr. Daly George Digby, Efq. Han. VV. Dotbyn, Efq. Mr. David Davis Mr, Andrew Demi, Mr. Draper Rev. Mr. Darby Mr. William Drury Mr. Edward Duigau Captain Dana, i3th Reg.. Mathew Donelan, Elii. Mr. William Dowdall ^?P;=»"l5'^yripe, Portarlington. Richard Dobbius, Efq. ^ Rt Hon. Lady Dowager Ekn£ Mr. James^Evatt Mr. John Ewing Alderman Emerfon Charles Evans, Efq. Mr. John Ekenhead, Newry, Ritnard Eaton, Efq. ^ Ifaac A. Eccles, Efq. Jolhua Edkins, Efq/ Jjlicholas Elcock, Efq. M. D. Mr. George Elkeldfon William Freemantle, Efq, James Fetherilon, Efq, ^ James Faulkner, £fq. Mr. James Finaghty 32 ^^RS NAMES. Mr. John Forftcr MrFlyl?" ^''''''' ^'"^W^ Mr. William Fordc Mis. Mary Furnell Mr. Uwrentc Fowler Mr. William l\y Mr. W illiam Folds Mr. John Farell Thomas Fleming, Efg.. Mr. Patrick Fitzpatrick Mr. Laurence Fox J- J. Fullerton, Efq, Jphu Fergufon, Efq.. on Alexander Fletcher ■Andrew Fergufon, Efo. Burt Auguftme Fitzgerald, Efq. Mr. John Fitzgerald Kev. And. r aiming, A. B. Mr. Edward Fogarty Mr. William Fairthlough Rev. Joleph Fairthlough, L. L. B John Fainhlough, Efq Mr. John Forcade, Belfart Mr. John Forbes, Clady Robert Fivey, Efq. Loughadyar^ Mr. John Fajiis A. Franklin, Efq,, Mr. George Fivey R^v. James Ferral Richard Gi^ADWELL, Efq. James Gandon, Efq. ^' Mr. Henry Gower Mr.JofephGrubbBenjaimu Mr. Jofepb Glynn William Glafcock, Efq.. Mr, James Gibbons Mr. Howe Gre«? Thomas Griffith, tfq. James Galbraitb, Efq. Anthony Godfrey, Efq. rhomas Gabbell, Efq? Mr. John Gabbell Mr. John Glaffer Mr. Thomas B. Gougb, Watcrford Mr. George Glanville Mi. Dominick Gregg, Coleraia SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. I" ]\rr. Joha Calt, }v:.\. Colerain Rev. Saimiel Gra.) . A. M. Colcraiu Mr. Pat. Gernon Mr. Robert Geuv, Belfaft Mr. John Gordon, i^eltaft John Goddard, El'q. Ncwry Captain Willianj Gratran, 64th Reg. Mr. John Gough, Jiin. Profpea-hill Marniaduke Grace, El'q, Rev. Frederick Grier Rev. Mr. Gibbons Mr. Shean Houston Jofeph Henry, Efq. Francis Hopkins, Jun. Efq. Captain i-' Jdar;: Major H.-'cket Late Owen Hogan, Efq. Mr Henry Hunt Richard Harte, Efq. liallycullen Aldern, an James Horan John Hunt, Efq. Mr. Jo in Haftings Mr. Henry HartUo>ige George Holmes, Elq. Rev. William Reginald Hawkey Mr. Benjamin HaJIam Robert Howard, Efq. Rev. George Howft A- M. Sir John Hafier, K'lt. Dublin Caftle Rowley Hill, Efq. John Hawkfworth, Efq. Omagh Roger Harrifon, Efq. John Horr, Efq. Mr. John Hamion Re*'. Hugh Hamilton, I). D. Dean of Ar- magh Michael Hobbs, Efq. Waterford Robert Hunt, Elq. Waterf rd Jofeph Hardy, Elq. Benvarden Mr. James Ha (let, Colerain Mr. James Hamill, Juu. Colerain William Hamond, Efq. M. D. Mr. Sainuel Hunter, Downpatrick. William Holmes, Efq. Jofeph Hopkins, Elq. Rev. John PiiUciu Hawkey Edward Hardman, Elq. J.imc*s Holme.s, Efq. Bclfaft Jf>hn Holmes, Eiq. Bclfaft ^Ti^ Williii!)! Huuien Dunniurrv Hans Mark Hamill, Elq. CaiUVhiil John Hancock, Efq. I.ambcg Mr, Jofeph Hancock, Lifburu Mr. Andrew Higginbothani Fiancis Hopkins, Efq. Richartl Handcock, Efq. Iliiac Homan, Efq. T. C. D. Richard Hood, Efq. Robert Hutthinfon, Efq. Grange Rev. Kdniund Hamilton Charles A. Hamilton, Efq, Alexander Hamilton, Jun. Efq. Mrs. Hamilton, Granby-Row Mr. Rawdon Hautenville Mr. George HepenlUU John Pewfon, Efq. Captain Hartwell, Efq. Mr. Hodges Rev. Mr. HeSernan Mr. Philip Heery Mr. John Hill Benedia Hamilton, Efq, Mr. Charles Hawkins Jofhua Huband, Efq. RicH4RD Johnson, Efq. Sir John Allen Johnfon, Bt. M. P» Sir Richard Johnfton, Bt. M. P. JohnJo.nes, Efq. Caleb Jenkin, Efq. Thomas Johnfon, Efq. Pev. Pat. Jennett Mr. William Johnfton Mr. George Joy, Belfaft Rev. Philip Johnfon, Ballyraacani Mr. Thomas Jones Mr. William Jordan, Attorney Henry Jenn^-, Efq. Richard Jones, Efq. Mr. Mathew Johnfon William Judge, Efq. Ballinderry Mr. Jamks Kf.nnedy Mr. Francis Kelly Thomas King, Efq. B. P. L. de Killikelly, Efq. Mr. Richard Kennedy Mr. Ceorge Kidd Mrs Mary Kettlcwell Ednnuid Kellv, Elq Rev. j. Pitt Kennedy, M, A. George Knox, Efq. James KcMrp.ey, Efq. C^rnnt flown Majcjr Kirkman, Duncannon-forl Rev. Arthur Kj lo, J.aurol-hill S U B S C R 1 B Mif3 Catherine Kennedy, Colerain Mr. James Kirker, Lifburu Mr. James Kemiedy, lieUkit Charles Berkeley Kippax, Efq John Know, Efq. Wan-ingsfbrd Mr. Peter Qiiinn Kcan, Newrv Mr. Andrew Kiio.v ^ William Kellett, E(q. Edward Kent, Elq. Mr. Charles Kettlewell Mr. Michael Kennedy Mr. Kelly ^ Mrs.Kirwan J. G. Lrrr., Efq. Luke Leonard, Efq. Mr. Robert Lyons - Mrs. M. Longfield Mr. John Ljons Mafter John Lea Henry Lynch, Efq. Mr. Nathaniel Law Mr Thomas Lacy, Laod-furveyor, Mullia ° -. Rev. James Leonard Adam Loftus Lynn, Efq. Wexford W ilham Lechy, Efq. Major Leighton, 46th Reg. ^'"'J^o'^RsUmgan, Waterford S"* x,"m,^^'^''>'' £fq. Caftle-Lecky Mr. \\illiam Lawrence, Colerain Mr. Simuel Lawrence, fen. Colerain Hugh Lyk, Efq. Colerain Samuel Lyle, Efq. Colerain Mr. William Lemon, Belfaft Mr. Henry Leland Mr. John Leland John Lees, Efq. Thomas Lyons, Efq. Old-Park James Leflie, Efq. Leflie-hill Mr. James Lowry, Newry Major General L)'on Thomas Ligh .n, Efq. Peter Leflie, Efq. Peter Latouche, Efq. Peter Digges Latouche, Efq. Rev. Charles Leflie Colonel Loftus Mr. Nicholas Le Favre James Lowry, Efq. 13th Reir. James Lendrick, Efq.' ^RS NAME $4 John Henry Lyfter, Efq. Robert Leflie, Efq. Thomas Loftus, Efq. M P Rev. Samuel L'Eflrange 1 homas Ladley, E{a Mr. John Lee ^ Peter Longworth Efq. Bonihiiily Mr. VViIIiamLeahey ^ RKV.OlIVKRMltLER Mr. John Moland, Attorney DoaorSy''^'^"'' ^"--^ Rev. Hedlor Monroe Mr. John Magee Mr. William Meldnam i-olUot Magrath, Efq Mr. John Miller Mr. Andrew Murphy Nicholas Mac Grath, Efq, Mr. James Morifon Mr. Mark Mc. Mahon Mr. John Mc. Evoy Mr. J6hn Murphy John Miller, Efq, Hugh Mc, Derniott, Efq. M D. Mr. G,F, Murphy, T. C. D. Mr. James Mc. Loughlin •traucis Manning, Elq Mr. Patrick Maginnis Mr. William Mullay Mr. Michael Mills Mr. Jofeph Middleton JrancisMc.Evoy, Efq. Mr. Bartholomew Mulvey Rev. Auguftine Mc. Mahon -Wr. James Murphy Rev. Thomas Marfhall, A, M Andrew Meafe, -fq, M. D. Strabane Re^^. Arch. Mc, Caufland, Rapho George Mc, Clenaghan, Efq M n Pnnv Robert Mc, Clintofk, Efq. Dunmo;. ^' ^^^ Henry Mitchell, Efq! 'l ''""""^^^ Hamilton Magennis, Efq. Mr. Alexander Major Mr, Robert Moore Mr. George Mc. Connell Mr, James Moody Mr, William Mc. Clintock iXii, j.:«\v;jra iviorgan XI hz x xu /■ N SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Mr. A. Neilfon, Belfaft Captain Nugent, Clonloft Mr. 'Ihomas iMevin, Downpatrick Rev. Hugh Nelfon Mr. Daniel Nihill, Attorney Mr. Samuel Neale, jun. Arthur Noble, Efq. Colby Nelbitt, Efq. T. C. D, Captain Noble "Walter Nugent, Efq. Major Nicholls Janies Nangle, Efq. Chriftopher Nihill, Efq. .1 » John Mortimer, Efq. Watcrford iienjamin Morris, Efq. Watcrford Rev. John Macay, Colerain James Stewart Moore, Elq. Ballintoy SamuehMc. llvain, Efq. Colerain Mr. John Mc. AUifter Mr. Samuel Mc. Crum, Belfaft Mr. Robert Mc. Cormick, Belfaft Rev. Charles Meares Rev. Eugene Martin Mr. Thomas Moore Hugh Lyons Montgomery, Efq. Rev. Mr. Mc. Donogh Rev. Robert Mortimer, L. L. B. Mr. William Mc. Cleery, Belfaft Alexander Mc. Manus, Efq. M. Davis Mr. William Magee, Bookfeller, Belfaft Mr. Edward Mc, Cormick, Belfaft Mr. Nathaniel Magee, Newbridge Mifs Mary Mc. Clevertj', KiHroot Mr. James Mulligan, Newry Mrs. Maitland, Newry Charles Mc. Carthy, Efq. Hon. Robert Moore Oliver Martyn, Efq. M. D. Galway Rev. T. Moore ' George Morris, Efq. Ccrard Macklin, Elq. T. C. D. Hon. F. H. Morres Mr. James Magee Francis Mc. Ncmara, Efq. Rev. George Maunfcl Edward Moore, Efq. James Jos. Mc. Donncl, Efq. Mr. Echlin Molineux Mr. James Molineux Thomas Mauufell, Efq. Mr. William Mc. Donogh Mr. Mc. Laughlin Mr. Randal Mc. Alifter Mr. John Mc. Grotty, Colerain Rev. James P. Mulcaile JohnNaikac, Efq. Hon. George Napier, M. R. I. A. Brett Norton, Efq. Rev. Brinflcy Nixon liarth. Naghten, Efq. Benvarden Mr. Hamilton Ncill, Belfaft Mr. James Neilfon, A. M. Belfaft Academy Thomas Norman, Efq. Hi: Samuel Neilfou, Belfaft Charles O'Connor, Efq. BelanaKar Chevalier O'Gorman Mr. Chriftopher O'Connor Mr. John O'Neil Rev. John O'Connor Rev. Charles O'Donnell Mr. John Ogilby, N. Limavady Daniel O'Connor, Efq. Mr. Robert O'Nefl, Colerain Henry O'Hara, E(q. O'Hara-brook Mr. W illiam Oakniau, Belfaft Mr. Pat. O'Hanlon, Newry Mr. William Oftjrey Mr. Archibold Ormfton Hugh O'Reilly, Efq. Rev. Mr. O'Halioran James O'Lcarj', Efq. Mr, Jer. O'KeUy Rev. Laurence Owen O'Reilly Mr. George Oft)orne Rev. Peter O'Reilly Mh. James Phelan Mr. Thomas Phelan Henry Piirdon, Efq. Lady Kliza Pakcnham Mr. John Parker Mrs. Aminette Piers Mr. Mathew Parker Mr. Joieph Pemberton Mr. John Pentland Mr. John Phelps John Patrickfon, Efq. Robert Parker, Efq. \V illiam Patterfon, Eiq. M. D. M. R. L A. Mr. Edward Porter, Euiftiowcn Mr. Frederic Price SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Rev. Henry Pafley, A. B. William Paul, E(q. Samuel Penrofe, Elq. Jolhua Puul, Efq. Mr. David Purfe, N. T. Ards Mr. James Pinkerton, Belfaft Mr. Alexander Purviance, Carvach James Pollock, Efq. Newry Hon. and Rev. John Pomcroy Mr. Solomon Pomniorett Samuel Pendleton, Elq. Mrs. Pollock, Newry Rev. John Pennefather Mr. Charles Praval Mr. Wilcocks Phelps Rev. Henry Pafley Mr. Jofias Pafley James Pratt, Eiq. Mr. James Parks Francis Patterfon, Efq. Mr. Charles Ryan Archibold Hamilton Rowan. Efa. Mr. John Robins ^ Mr. John Robinfon Mr. Robert Rhames Mr. John Rivers Mr. William Rotheram Rev. William Ruflel George Read, Efq. William Rofs, Efq. N. Limavadv David Rofs, Efq. ^ Mr. William Rofs, Strabane Barcroft Boake, Efq. John Richardfon, Efq. Mr. John Roche, Waterford Mr. Mathew Read John Ruflel, Efq. Edenderry Mr. Mathew Ruflel, jun. Newry Chriftopher Read, Efq. Newry John Roe, Efq. ^ John Rochfort, Efq. Benjamin Richardfon, Efq. Mr. Robinfon Captain Robert Roberts Mr. Ransford Henry Rowley, Efq. Mr. Ifrael Reed H. P. Ridpath, Efq. Inner Temple WiiUAM Smyth, Efq. M. P. 01iv«J»i^t. George, Elq. Mil Mr. Edward Smyth Rev. Archdeacon Smyth Mrs. Catharine Savage William Stewart, £{q. Mr. John Sail Mr. John Stoyte Mifs Spaight, Carrickfergus Mr. William Shannon Henry Smith, Efq. Mr. Stuckey Simon Mafter Henry Strahan Rev. John Crolsly Seymour JohnSpunner, Efq. Mr. Nicholas Strong Mr. Roger Sweeny Mr; Robert J. Shutter Sir Robert Scott Mafter John Sproull Mr. John Stockdale Rev. Mr. Smith Edward Sheridan, Efq. M. D. Anthony Sillery, Efq, Philip Smith, Efq. Limerick Rev. Mr. Sheppherd Francis Synge, Efq. Jofeph Strangman, Efq. Waterford i . H. Strangman, Efq. Waterford Rev. Richard H. Smymes, A. M James Sempill, Efq. M. D. Rev. Doflor Shiel Francis Skelton, Efq. M. D. Mr. Thomas Sinclaire, Belfaft John Thompfon Smith, Efq. Colerain Mr. William Simms, Belfaft Mr. Robert Simms, Belfaft Henry Savage, Efq. Rockfavage rhomas Smoke, Eiq. Ravenfdale Mr. Robert Sterling, Liftjurn Mr. Samuel Stoll, Surgeon, Lilburn Thomas Smith, Efq. Hon. John Stratford John Schoales, Efq. T. C. D N. N. Smith, Efq. T. C. D. Rev. A. G. Stuart, Armagh Mr. Robert Smith Rev. Mr. Simnies Rev. William Sandford Mr. George Scott Mr. Thomas Sherrard Uwen Saunders, Elq. Walter Stephens, Efq. James Smith, Efq. XIV S U b S C U I E R S NAMES. j : I 1' Mr. Smith Thomas Smyth Efq. Mr. Alexander Stewart- Rev. Clotworthy Soden, Archd. of Dcrry Mr. James Scully Rev. Samuel Stone Xa/tf Colonel Talbot George Tandy, Efq. Mr. Nicholas Tallon Mr. Francis 1 ipper Mrs. Tifdal Rev. Edward Thomas Mr. Robert Taylor Mr. John TuthiU Rogers Taylor, Efq. Rev. Philip Taylor Mr. Edward Trefham WilliciTn Taylor, Efq. Michael Tuniell, Efq. James Thomfou, Efq. Coleraia Mr. John Thomfon, Colerain. Mr. Melvil Tomilty Mr. William Tenneut, Belfaft Mr. Jofeph Thoburn, Belfaft Robert Innes Thornton, Efq. Armagh Mr. John Turnley, N. T. Ards Mr. Samuel Tucker, Hillfborc' Mr. Archibold Taylor, Newry Mr. LukeTeeling, Lilburn Lieut. Lenox Thonjpfon, Hillfboro' Mr. John Terry Frederick Thwaitqs, Efq. Thomas Tharp, Efq. '^ Benjamin Thomas, Efq, John Tittle, Efq. Colerain Captain Vallancey Richard Underwood, Efq. Mr. Godfrey Green Vaughan George William Vernon, Efq. Mr. Robert Vemer Thomas H. Villiers, Efq- Richard Verfchoyle, Elq. William Winter, Efq. Rev. Dr. Whitelaw Rev. Gore Wood James Whiteftone, Efq. John Wilfon, Efq. Mr. Jofeph Wilft)!! John Ward, Efq. Mr. \^ illiam W ilfon Walter Wolfe, Efq. Thomas Williams, Efq, Mr. W. L. Walker Mrs. Frances "VS'atfon Rev. Laurence Whelan Mr. Ihomas Webb Rev. Chrillopher Wall Hon. Mr. Wedcy, CaiUo Mrs. Elizabeth W ilfon, Lieut. General W'allh Rev. Dodtor Wilfon Meffrs. A. Watfon and Co. Liu;eiitk Mr. William V\'allace Mr. John \^■hitc Mr. John C. \^"aters, Mailer of l\tp Watei:- ford Academy Com. li. Wallace, Efq. Waterford Thomas Wallace., Efq. M. I). \\ aterford John Ward, Efq. Port-S. Waterford Francis \^ hite, Efq C. ou Suir Jackjbn Wray, Efq. Ecntfield Mr. Thomas Wright William Warrin, Efq. Mrs. Ware, Belfaft Mr. Lancelot Watfon, jun. Newry Mr. Jofeph Wright, juu. Newry Mr. Thomas Whinnery, Newry Captain William Wighinian Mifs Watfon, Brook.hiU Mr. Ihomas Ward, Bookfellcr, Lifburu Mils Weflenra Charles Wilde, Efq, Robert Wybrants, Efq. Mrs. Peter Wybrants John Watfon, Efq. James Taylor Warren, Efq. Oliver N. Wheeler, Efq. Samuel Whyte, Efq. Mr. Wall Thomas Wilton, Efq. Chriftmas Weekes, Eftj. Richardfon Williams, Efq. Captain Wybrants, Ozd Reg* Mifs Jane Wallh Rev. David Young, A.M. Williani Young, Efq. Clonarrell Rev. Gardner Young, A. M. Mecofquin {^■'!»»» *»'***»W»'W«W»(il.ui... PART I. ELEMENTS OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. S E C T. I, Rise and Progress of Geography. T)^^rSTZt^:T.7Zri^^^^^ -^-«ood .uhout con. fiderable diftance from it Bm fh' ? -^ ""^.^'"^ '•«"°d another at a con. other heavenlv bodies, is cald ' As^Ko^^T'^'Lt'''^ ^^^ ^lanets and this work with an account of aftronomv I^ f u *i^°^^ *^^ neceffity of becinninff molt confpicuous i. that Kl,.. p,a„ets.^r, perhaps morrptlH^^^^^^ (being nearer the fun) aVe laft, niovmg without the orbit of the ea^h ^' '"tenor or ww^- planets j. the three properly. .:./W or <../.. panets Ifweca;^ ^^"^^^^/i^r. or, perhaps^ore any one of thele planets, fuppofe our ea^h 1 ' "".'T °^ '^ '"^"ner irwHch en 7/' "^-»-r in which flhre reft do i'r We Zf '^ ^"^ "" "" ^^'^on- confider the motion of the earth, or planei on ,?K^t °"r^ '^^''^^"^^ Particularly No. I. ^ II 2 Introduction. This art, like aU others of a pradical nature, iias advanced towards perfeaion bv flow, and, m fome periods of time, by ahnoll imperceptible degrees. In the infancv of the world the figure of the earth was unknown. It was generally fuppoied to be a plane circu ar furface terminated by the heavens ; that this plane was of no re- markable thicknefs; and that the regions below it were the habitations of fpirits. Oblervations. however, foon demonltrated, that this was not the real figure of the earth, fhe Jefu-e of keeping up a mutual intercourfe between each other, and of exchangmg their different commodities, induced tlie inhabitants of ancient times to .mdertakc journies of confiderable length ; and thefe were extended in proportion as the inhabitants ipread themfelves in o diltant countries. Their principal guides in thefe journies were the heavenly bodies; the fun was their direaion during the day and the ftars fupphed his place in the night. The plains of Afia, where thefe difco^ veries were made, are extremely favourable for contemplating the face of the heavens , ^,^ during the night. Bleffed with a climate generally ierene, the Iky is rarely obfcured : and the praflice of fleepmg upon the houfe-tops, which has been continued from the earlielt ages rendered the pofitions of the ftars familiar. They could not help oblbrv- mg, that, while the greacer part revolved round the earth, fome in the northern parts remained nearly in the fame fituation ; and that the fun every day, in his jrreateft elevation, was diredly oppofite to the place of thefe ftars. Hence it was natural to imagine, that all the heavenly bodies revolved round fome fixed point fituated near thole ftars ; and this pomt they called the pole. Affifted by thefe difcoveries, how- ever imperfeft, and animated with the defire of carrying on a commerce with dif- tant people, they travelled to very remote countries, and traded with the inhabitants ot other climes. Thole who direfted their journies to the fouth, could not help ob- lerving, that the fixed point round which the heavens appeared to revolve, was nearer the honzon there than in their own country ; and that new ftars appeared in the fouth- ern extremities of the heavens, which they had not feen before. On the contrary thofe who diredled their courfe towards the north, perceived that fome of the ftars in the ioutbem hemitphere became more depreifed, and thofe in the northern more cleva- ted than m their own country. Hence they faw that the earth was not a plane as they had at firit imagined, but a curve. Ihey fiirther obferved, that after pafllnjr over equal diftances in the diredUon of the meridian, the greateft and leaft elevations of the ftars were equally increafed or diminiftied; and hence they found that in the direaion of the meridUn, at leaft, the furface of the earth was circular From this period geography improved gradually by travels, by commerce, and by con- Homer has defcribed fo many places with great accuracy and precifion, thatStrabo conhdered him as the firft ampng the geographers of early times. The expedition of Alexander, who extended his conquefts into India, and to the borders of Scythia made the Greeks acquainted with many countries very remote from their own That conqueror entertained in his fervice two engineers, Diognetus and Boeton, whofe bu- Imels confifted m meafuring, and keeping an accurate account of his marches. Pliny and Strabo have prelerved thefe meafures ; Arrian has handed down to us the particu- culars of the navigation of Nearchus and Oneficritus, who failed back with Alexan- ders fleet from the mouth of the Indus to thofe of the Euphrates and Tigris By reducing Tyre and Sidon, the Greeks informed themfelves of all the places to which L* „ .°?°*9?°^ ^""^^^ ^y f^* ; and we know that their commerce extended even to the Bntifti iflands. The fucceffors of Alexander in the Eaft, by carrying their con- quefts to the mouths of the Ganges, obtained a general knowledge of many parts of India. I tolomy Evergetes led his armies into Abyflinia ; and from his marches and j/f •f I N T R O D 7 C T I O N. the earth to (ubnut to the Roman cades thevr»lj°H .K • °^ ^" *^5 inhabitants of coumnes and conquered the inhabS of KrcUn^e? ^Her T ^^^^ ''""^'^ <)t ihofe tnnes were enabled to defcribe countrie, wl i, ^, ."'^^ *^^ geographers the errors of fornier writers. IwSt S S' ^^^^ -'^^^ ''"J-^^"' «"d correft M'hole extent, proved extremelv ufeM IZfl \ ■ ''"'^"■*'' "^"bred through their lomemnes inc<^rea, aflStntSbfe a^^^^^^^^ "^^ ^^ A and rhivss;:^^^^^^^^^ -- ^^ ^^^ -^--- , of p^te^l'thTg^^g:^^^^^^^^^ ' ^- :^ part of the earth, whL ft & e^S^^^^^ ", ^^^V" ^ »-^'«'"^- ' ' extent readers it the more fufDeif^erl.;/To if ^^^^ ^'^ere: but this verv rca. Strabo. on the com aT^^^^^^ ^ f'T where exad and coZ own eyes; he made a valt nuK of voyZge^^^^^^^ ^' \^ -"h H, the requilite certainty to his accounf. YnTf ^ A^ experience neceffary to give others. Strabo was I phibfopher a t^^^^ ,!^^ ^,^« '° ^5«^ he relaYes fS accuracy, and (blidity of judgSt a Jvifibiei ^r?^ ^"°''^' P^rfpicuity. however by dilpofing his geo|raSy by laSs" Tl'^ ^V^ ^'' ^°^^^- ^^^'^^y provement, and pointed out a So J fn "" • [onguudes, opened a way for i£ Aftronomy, though then in SSl "^'"^ ''^^ '" '° perfeftion. "^ P^rs. They\.ereTonvrnc d,X So"^^^^ '^ ^'^ ^""^'^^ ^-g- njade m their art. Their inftmSts ind^d ^!5l "^^^ °° ^'''' ^'""Srels could be ^hey were afiiduous in their obfervat&nsiW^ '"accurate and imperfeft, but places by the Ihadow of a momonnf^nrJ if ^ g«°9-any determined the latitudes of method for determining theEtudesornl^^'^i;?*''' ^' '^^y ^^^ °° ^^her of the moon : they kniw tK^ /omp^^ f^^^at of obfer^ng the eclipfes nieua happened at diflerent placef the differenr^ .? ? "^-^^5 "u"'' °^ thele ph/no- be known. ^^ ^'' '''^ ditierence of longitude between them might ro.?iro?nS ' otX'weft' thf Atfant- ^° ^'^ .^T^'^^^' ^^ -"^ned within nar ledge. The fortunate rfl:ndf now^X^^^^ '^ "^"^^ ^hei> W were acquainted with. Thei^ nolm wte vert ?mn ' rT^ • u^ '^"^^^^^ ^^^^^s they tiiem countries. Though ScandiZT. i, ^ imperfea with regard to the nor- tries on the (kme conSt: wtrconfiSed °T°' ^V^f ^^r*^ ^'"^^ other coun: 'e. .nine what place the anci^nTs undeZ^^^^^^ ^' '' °ot eafy to de. but Proc-opius thinks it was a pan fftTndl^a^t"' ^''''' """^ '''' « ^^ ^-^-d' ther than the Riph^an mountains, which now dtide R,, 1^ ? difcover.es went no far- i he wcftern frontier of China eenis to h^r.T !^ ^."?'^^'■°'" Siberia, on the ealt. Ptolemy, indeed, had a vlrvimn^?!??'^ '^^ knowledge of the ancients that extenlive empire "^ imperfeft notion of the Ibuthern parts of nioxe of Birope, were unkno^vn '° ""'P'^^^ a figure in ihe com- -' '"i-quaiuivu vvufa tne whole ft 1. > , ' /;. V .'Sv-vvtA A fsHV V !."' /),-;i.V'.< 'y-ij, INTRODUC m T I O N. coaft, taving failed round the fouthem extremity, now called th#. ru«^ ^rn • Hope, and ext«,dcd,l«i, voyage. f,™n, he R«i & "oTh. E«mn^r. ftoW however feeimtp uJinuate, ihw ,h. fomhera parts had rfcaped S knoiled^L' Indeed, the opinion almoll nniveifaUv embraced bv the andernVThlr,!,, ,"°? '"■«'- wa, nninhabitable. fe.™ to p»ve. X, their knoTwgJTS ^4 'VJ^lX" being thus o^ned feveral European nations, defirous of Siarrng in the ricrconf merce of the ^ft, fern their ftips to the Indian fca, where they difcov^d the mI' tic iflands, and penetrated to the empire of Japan. The vova«LoftheRnfl/an k AfH?r ^^u«S"chSfn^°^ ?", 'T«' ^** ^°**"' ^^""^^ the fouthcm extremity of Airita, induced Chnftopher Columbus to attempt the difcoverv of a ihorter »«,«> tll^InVj^" end of the fifeenth centu^^ he croffed the ItlanS o7ean ; but.Tnfte d of he Indies, he found America, and put the c.t,wn of Caftile, under whole aSc^ Ihe voyage was undertaken, in poffeflion of a New World. auipices. S E G T. n. Magnitude and Figure of the E ARTH. THOUGH the ancient* were perfuaded that the earth was foherical thi^^ « -«• Bot able to afcertain its dimenfionV The folution of that u?efol pr" b^^^^^^^ d^d attempted by Arlftotle, Eratofthenes. Pofidonius, and oSsfbu they differ: t^M^t^ S^- It:* ^^^^l°f;hem fromthe truth, that ;er? Sadvat rage relulted trom their labours. Indeed the very fitmre of the earth w-at Hi(n„f«^ and its magnitude fo little knerftitiou C^^^^^^ ftrenuoufly ,' "^"'^^-^^ the whole dif- traverfe-failing, hy finding tlS diflbre^ce of latitndi . 1 'u'°?'J" '^^ "'«"°^r of reftrial meridian, he aHb. with a ve^' oS Slnf ^f^'^^'i'^^' «'ch of the ter- the zenith, of thefe two places ' aKnfe^uemlvS l^^ '^'- '^'^""'^ ^«^^cn arch anfwering to the meafured terr^rU o„e tW f ' ^ '^""°J">' °^ ^^^ celeftiat to a great circle of the celemal fplSe t 360 deTriT"S •" t' *^'t"'^' "'^ '* rellrial arch meafured in feet, to the circumfer^^S f' u " ^^? "*^^ c>f the ter- The relblt of the operation was thatthi Xwf f '^^ ^"^ "^ f^« "^cafbre. feet and confequendy a degree^f a g eat aS o^^^^^^ T'^ ^« 132192000 or fomething more than fixVnine Jles an^a hal/ tv''^ '^ ^^"^2?° ^"S"*^ f^^* the order of Lewis XIV. mealured a de«ee of Vh. •'^^".'■' «^'^'' ^'card, by Malvoyfme and Amien., and found it to ?e ,7060 tc^""^''" !f ^''"^'^^ ^«^'ce^ Caflmi repeated Piea«l's menfuration inL yeirf^if^^'.^'l-^^'^/^^S Englilh feet, tions agreed exa«ly with that of PicarS Profrfli' ^ Tu 'u^ ''^'"'^ ^^ ^is opera- B^ of the meridia^n between Alt^etd Wdfn a^"l^'".^'°'^ "^"^"'^^ ^ 'j'" toifes, or 364061 Englifh feet • and I Jhr f^7r\^ ^°"°*^ " ^"^ contaio 570J, de la Caille found th'e length of aS;e ^ftlteridr^"' ^^"^ '>' ^^^^'^^^ degrees, to be equal to 57050 toifes of Sa V^^ rZ^/''' '° ^^'^ P^'-c"el of 45 furations. the length of a di^ee of he meridi.^ Enghfh feet. From all thefe m«»- « fufficiently det^kined: iS « S uftra^^'to dS^"h^ ^"^ ^ V^"- fpl'^re, parts, becaufe there are fixty minutes in Td^ie and thef. 1' T '^'° ^'^^^^ «i"«^ are called geographical miles, which rauft b?difti.,l^rn,^ r divifions, or. niinutes, former bang equal-to 6120 f4r. J t™e wt X^''^ ^'^™ ^"«*^ ^^^ the^ W^JtLXr^i^^^^^^^^ the dimenfio. of the earth pendulum, it has appea'red that thetnh ^Z^^^'^ -<^e "Pon j f ob. 6 INTRODUCTION. roid or Hatted at the poles, fon.eilm.g in the form of a flat turnep. The firft .ep.th -f a decree at the equator and the length of anothe- near the arflic circle cnuU\ be accuraSl iueafured, both the form and dimenfions of the earth might be Jc;e,anue*l .0 a degree of accuracy lufficient to anfwer all the purpolbs of navigation anu geography. Ihe king of trance, delirous of having this intereiling problem Iblved, lent one company ol mathematicians mto Upland, and another into Peru, in ord^r to nea! lure the lengt n of a degree of the meridian in thefe dilUnt places. The former finini ed their talk ni 17,^6. and found that the lengtli of a degree of the meridian where t CU.S the arct;. c-vh, contained 57+37 t.. or .57438 toilbs nearly. The latter, who /,' A Lv^*' f,< w< ^'''^^ ^ • if-f' ■•'.«• / '/v ,y i''eter* anXofffh^t^ that i, generally preferred. cumfcrence of the earth. Bm bj c<^Ler na t tnd fi "" *^"^''^ "' '^'^ ^""^ '^^^ ^f" above menfurations, the cirainiferenr?nr 7^^!. ll u^"'*'' ^"^ "^^'''"g »^e of the the length of ar. cliiptical m^rS ^^ "' '^'"^""'^^ ^'^ ^*= '5020, and fph7rd.^^rthe"dit:nef J^^^^^^^ ^^- t;:^h the earth i. an ohlatc Imall. Had the diflbrence b^enro e cr nful^'r^" '''^ fr '•" '^''^"'"^erences is btu a I nautical and geographicaUoncEns^eSu^^^^^^^^^ T^ greatly hav- aHbaed the difference renders the error fcarcrfaS^^l^^^^^^ fr^' ^"^ ''^^ '""'^""^''^ «»' the latitudes very hieh A trer^^r.uL !l 1- . ^^^ diftance be very laree. and cient. as there will tnotSy f^' c^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'"' -"-'^ '"^^^ -» '^^'ffi' that of a fphere. ^ conlidenng the earth in any other manner thaa */ -1 /.. SECTION III. I>"tK.X,OKS ..O Pa..C..HS. Thk E.KX„ .VtOKO ,KX0Z0.KS ... C.M.X.. ed t"p4rof'ri;^^alth,^d\t^^^^^^^ f ^^ -^ t.o points call. pole, and the other the fouth S)"e \ W T^ °'^''"' ""*^ ^^"^'^ 'he north other is called the earth's axis. ^ ^""^ '^''^'^ ^""""^ «"^ «^ 'hele poles to the ^nS^^hl 4^SS ^t-^c!^!; !rl,°^^ ^^r^. « is -lied cording to their rude notions, they Ked it to hi I alfo called the Lijtc, becaule, ac- eaft to weft, divi^ding the ear\h S:t?^£ no h^tnS^^^^^^^ T'' '^' ^^"^ ^^"^ they were aflually topafs in failing fro^Jhe one Lri^h u*'''""'^''^^^'' «°** ^^^ich circle are the fame with thofe of the worid It naSf I "L^".'' l^ P°^^« ^^ 'his of the world, and, as has been alreal mentioned diviH?^'^ -^^ ''f ^"^ ^*=« P°'"'« foutJiern hemifpheres. It is divided iJtoXe hn^dtd ? /V'"'*' !''^ "^'^^^^"' «"d which will foon appear. hundred and llxty degrees the ufe of ^P^C:n]cuS:X^^^^^^^^ '''f' - '^5 -^'h, pafling through earth has its proper meridian?Tnd cong^^ '^' «^^ ^^ '^e Latixudk.] The latitude of a pSSdlftan'^ T'"^V' '•™^'^- degrees, minutes, &x. on the meridln ^ th^oW ; T '^1 ?5"''°'"' ''^^''O^ed in and the north pole, it is Ikid to be in nor h lati^nl V}""^}'^ ^'^'^e" 'he equator and the fouth pole, it is in fouth lathude ' " ''^' ^'^^"" ^^e equator through every par.icular p?aci onTh TS'X T " r '"'""Z^' "' •^"' P^P^'ly wh,ch .hey cill a parallel^ la.Wde "-^'eSSS ofT"^ ^ T* tobe^,^,^ '■ D"i\re'ro.'^r,;trs'^rth w^^ ""'" Wee. .wo paraUei. of ,a,h„de; an/S,^e;/hot f^t^-Jf HU"', l^.the'tTh! V B ^ N T R O D U G T I O N. The difference of latitude can never exceed ward or fouthward of the other, .femicircle, cr i8o degrees. LoNGiTi; DE.1 The ht>gi(ude of a place is its fituatiou with regard to its meridian .and conletjuently reckoued towards the eaft or weft: in re^koniithe lonStude tU?e IS no particular tput from which we ought to at out preferably^ ancKut for tne advantage of a general B,le. the n^ndian of Perm, the mU weft^rfy ^f ^h^ Ca narvlflands.was confidered as the firft meridian in r>oft of the mapsrSftrLS^^^^^^ of places was reckoned to hefo many degrees eaft or wef^ of the^ meridian o^Co Ihde degrees «e marked on theeguatpr. No pWecan have more than 180 deS^s of longitude becaufe. the clrcum^tence of the jrlobe being 360 degreel noXe can be moved from another above half thar diftance; but many foreSTSoa^phen very improperly reckon the longitude quite round th^ globe ITie de^r^s of lonri tude are not W like thofe of latitude/but diminiih iifproportion ^X merS" mchne. or their diftance cpntraa, in approaching the pcfe. ^HenceS 60 d^ee^S latitude a degree ot longr.^ude is but half the quantity of a degree on the%uator and ib of the reft. The number of miles containld in a^ee of loi^hade Teach j)arallel of latitude, are fet down in the following table. oiigiiaae, m each 1 , A TABLE Ihewing the Number of MUes contained in a degree of Longitude I m each Parallel of Latitude from the Equator. ' oc'r 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 •3 '4 '5 S9 S9 59 59 59 »9 59 59 59 59 5!^ 58 58 ^f> 58 T- S X - c 96 94 92 86 ?; 56 40 20 oS 89 68 46 22 00 o 'd 3 is 16 '7 18 •9 20 21 22 23 24 »s 26 27 28 29 30 O K O u. - e "60 30 Q4 73 3S 00 63 *3 81 38 00 44 00 o J2| 48 51I96 'J :t a^ .3' 32 33 34 3« 1 , 36 48 37 47 3' I47 39 46 46 43 88 32 74 'S 54 02 28 62 00 +5I 88 44j 9y 43! 8d 44 1431 1 5 45 I42I 43 40 4' 42 43 - o 46 47 48 49 50 S' 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 4» 4" 40 39 38 37 3: 36 35 34 33 32 3' 30 30 irS - c 68 CO '5 36 57 73 00 i& 26 4' 55 67 79 90 00 is ^: re — . _J 61 62 >'i3 64 6s 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 ft «j 5 3 u ..I us 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 2 20 '9 18 '7 16 04 '7 24 30 36 4» 45 48 5« 52 54 55 54 53 52 76 11 79 80 81 82 I' 85 86 «7 88 89 loi 90 |oo >4 3 12 II 10 01 oi 07 06 05 04 03 02 ■S u w. - o 5' 5? 48 45 42 38 35 32 28 23 18 '4 09 05 00 DiFFKKiNCK OF LoNGiTiTDE is an arch of the equator intercepted between the meridians of two places ; fhewing how far one of them is fituated to the eaftward or wcftw-ard of the other. The diHcrence of longitude can never exceed 180 decrees • becaufe longitude being reckoned both eaft and weft from fome meridian both the eaftern and weftern longitudes niuft terminate at the oppofite meridian' which is r 80 degrees from the firft. Nor is the diftfcrence of longitude at all ;,ffeaed by the alteration of the firft meridian; it will be the fame, whether the longitude is reckon ed from the meruhan of Ferro, of Paris, or of London. . Horizon.} Ihe horizon is that apparent circle which limits, or bounds the vt'w ot the fpeaator on the iea, or on an extended plan.; the eye of the fpeftator being always fuppofcd in the renter of the horizon. 'Ibe horizon is cither fcnfible iNTRODUCTlON. OT mathematical. The former ,'« fj, i- l , ^ when „e view ,he heavem round nl'Lttyrn of 'fh'''"'°^''>'''«« "^ "" %!■< h,e which fuppofes the eye to le placed in^he cL,. fT"" "' '^^' '^ l««r "» H™. .h^ .e .ai. .o H.," :^Sen".h"e^<.eE4t^t :;t-;£lr eapKr.'h:;^'l^^^^^^^^^^^^ Ton., and .on^uae.; J ha.h north latitude and the other foSth • „r f^t K '^"'t' "'"^" >"« «*"> on" Ptntle. they are laid to have contrSy or' dMil^i^.S"' '"' "^'"^" "'^ '""- .ones! S'f,rt&"Ltte''f°t '^ ''"r, '"^ ^ve unetjua, parts called zones, „„e is called the torrid o,h ^ ° P"»"* °f lalitudc. Of thtrfe fi, two temperate : na,,,e7adamlr l'* '?'"' ' '"o »■= I'l^d ffisid oyLl/i '1 (ituations'are liable. "'''''"'' '" "-<^ I""'-/ "f *= heat and X "o whfC'thdf V^.^St r'l'- at te'^l-r ytf--' -l^^b-T.^TT-P"" of -Meh the fun i, grecs ; exteudiiw from twPrJ, tK ^ a ^'^ breadth of this zone is fortv fev.n i three degrees and a Mf fo,T?^n ^ '^^^'''^ ^"^ ^ half north lat ude V^J'' ^'" . which is' terunnatecl o thf north LTf^ ^f ? t?"^^ the nSe V^h L z"2:" Cancer, and on the Couth by he parallel r Tff ""^ ^^'""^'^ ^^"^^ the tropic of cients confidered this zone^as un^nhabiL^l^ ''" ''^^^'^ ^^" Capricorn. The an thought too great to be fupporSd bv .m h' "" l" '^""' ^^ '^e heat, which the. njatton; but experience haXiiZ. J, /\'"^"?^' or even by he veL^^^^^^^ ';d zone are remarkably popuS and \X ^ '^'' T"''"- ^^'''V P^''^ of!he tor dews, regular rains and ES uhfrl , '' m^^" ^?""'' ^^at the long nights I e.^ ^fe r earS'^r- -'--^.^^. aid pLttrS >he northern parts of New Holland. " -" ^"P"'" '^'"■-- ^ dilcoverie,! itlSudfcg I he two temperate zones are the fpace^ cort^=— ' . ^"' " ^ ■ "^"^^'^'"^^ "«weeu (he tropics and pol.r ^ G 10 INTRODUCTION, m: l( The northern temperate zone contains almoft all Europe, the greater pait of Afia, part of Africa, the United States of America, and the Britilh Colonies. The fonthern temperate zone comprizes the fouth part of New Holland, (including Bo- tany-Bay) Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn. Division of thk Earth into Climates. The word climate, in a geographical fenfe, implies a certain fpace of the eartli contained between two parallels of latitude, where the diderence betwee" the long- eft day in each parallel is half an hour ; a diHerence arifing folely from the dillereiit inclination or obliquity of the fplicre. Thefe climates decreafe in breadth, in proportion as they advance from the equa- tor towards the poles. If, therefore, we liippofe the equator the beginning of the firft climate, the polar circle will be the end of the twenty-fourth ; for afterwards the longeft day increafes not by half hours, but by days and months. This method of indicating the fituation of places was ufed by the ancients ; who, . confidering the diverfity there is in the riling and fetting of the heavenly bodies^ particularly the fun, and in confequence thereof, the ditfei-ence in the length of the days and nights in different places, divided as nmch of the earth as was known to them, into climates; and inftead of the method now in ufe, of fetting down the lati- tudes of places in degrees and minutes, they contented themfelves with mentioning the climate in which any place under confideration is fituated. But iince the more accurate method of giving the latitude has been introduced, that of reckoning by climates has been generally laid afide, as will be more fblly feen in the following table : ^ Latitude. D. M. Breadth D. M. Long.Uay. Names ot' Countries andremarkable places lituated in every climate H. M.' tt as 16 25 23 50 30 25 36 28 41 23 45 29 49 01 U 52 7 25 6 30 6 8 4 54 12 '3 30 '3 30 3 32 •4 30 '5 15 30 north of the Equator. I. Within ttje nrlt Climate lie the Gold and Silver Coaft in Africa; Malacca in the Eaft-Indics; Cayenne and Surinam in Terra Firma, S. America. II. Here lie Abyflinia in Africa ; Siam, Madrafs, and Pondicherry in the Eaft-Indies; Straits of Darien, between N. and S. America; Tobagc,the Granades, St. Vinccnt,& Barbadoes in the W Indies' III. CoHtains Mecca in Arabia } Bombay, part of Bengal, in the Eart-Indies ; Canton in China ; Mexico, Kay of Campeachy, in North America ; Jamaica, HiCpanioia, St. Chriftophers, An tigua, Martinico, and Guadalupe, in the Weft-Indies. V. Egypt, and the Canary Iflands, in Africa ; Delhi, capital of the Mogul Empire in Alia; Culph of Mexico, and Eaft Florida, m North America ; the Havanna, in the Weft- Indies. V. Gibraltar, in Spain ; part of the Mediterranean fea J the Bai- bary coaft, in Africa; Jerufalem ; Ifpahan capital of Ptrlia Nankin, in China; California, New Mexico, Weft Ficiida, Georgia, and the Carolinas, in North America. VI. Lift)on in Portugal ; Madrid in Spain ; Minorca, Sardinia, and part of Greece, in the Mediterranean; Alia Minor ; part of the Cafpian Sea ; Samarcand, in Great Tartary ; P^kin, in China ; Corea and Japan ; VVilliamlburgh, in Virginia ; Maryland, and Philadelphia, in Norrh America. VII. Northern provinces of Spain ; louthein ditto of Franco; Turin, Genoa, and Rome, in Italy ; Conftantiiiivple, and the Black Sea, in Turkey ; the Cafpian Sea, and part of Tarrary ; New York, Bofton in Nc«r England, Ncrih America, vl|l. Paris, Vienna capital of Germany ; New-Scotland, New- foundland, and Canada, in North-America. CONTINUED. INTRO D U C T I O N. CONTINUE II D. .'jLttitiide D. M 2C 5i oo 54 27 56 37 58 29 59 58 61 18 62 6q 25 J 22 6+ 06 64 49 65 21 65 47 66 06 66 20 66 28 66 31 67 n 69 48 78 30 8+ OS 9-1 Breadth Long.D^y. M H. M. 2 57 29 10 52 29 20 7 57 44 43 32 22 '9 14 8 3 ^fff^'"ntr?re^;™-J^=^^^^^7^ '7 '7 iS 18 '9 '9 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 • Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 -7-; — nnrtn ot the Eonato r. ' Newfoundland ' Part of Tarta.y ; north part of rth fSe ft^t^ded^rSn.' " ' '° """ """^ ^^"-^"■<>"> i^' o" the fouth fide, it has l.I^'^if 5"'I- "''^^' "'i*'^ '^^^''¥'] ^P^'^''^ parallel to the equinoaial, are (ailed paral- els of declination. Among thefe are the tropic of Cancer, the tropic of Capricorn the araic and antaraic circles. ^ ' ' The tropic of Cancer is a paralld of celeftial declination twcntv-tliree detrrees SrequboaiaT""'^'' """ """"^^ ^wenty-rhrce degrees and a, half to the northwacdof INTRODUCTION. 13 Ldir are ,h. two p,fe ,^f the tjrkon '^ ''"^^'^ underneath. The zeni.h and Ji;^^ndrJ;gTe*;S„t■|'SghTaE '""=' "^"'"^ *">"8- 'h-™'"--" A right fphere is tha° wherS thrdiarnalT ''' '"'' "" "■''!' "'* "'^ ""ii"-- rizon. This iscommou tf 5 pwT„I,,T'T '''*•'' "^^"^«l'' '° *'= h"" fphere, the two pole, are in ?he ^01, " *= '^'5"'""«'^'l' Ir. a right equator. In au oblique 1X^0^ of the"^^^^^^^^^ ""''? H'"'" 'l-^ P"!---' a'ul depi,:ir«I below the horizon '^ ' ''"'"""'' "'"'=■ "'•'' 'l"-- °lli" O, TH. SttV-R.L AsTRONOMtCVt, SvSTEMS OF T„. WoRlD the phenomena or appearances oltheV^eJiiJl- , ■ -'""P"™"^ "xplain aU The moft famous fyftems, . rrvpottles "'e fh^P.'"?' '•" T'T\ '''"«'='• «"^ b.-an, andthePythVrea'n, or iC^e'an " 4, , "''""^'' '"^ l^'"---. - Bn.. The Ptolemaic Sysxtivr. univerfe ; and that the Kn^fc^p £ ns nnd^heT'^''^^ ^'"'^ "^ '^'' -^""^^ °^ ^^^^ wen-, (Mice in twenty-four hours in thi^Al!" f' ''"."""'" ''^""^ " from call to the Sun, Mar«. Jup^iter sSurn a u the fi '^71 ''''*"/.''?' ^^"^"' ^•^^^^"^>-' ^«""^' fixed in leparat^ cryftal in7 •phe;es nd m Sn ?'!i • ''u'^''' '" ^"^^^^^^^^ '^^ ^' mobile, /hich givis motbnraThhe rdt "^ "' '""'^"'^ "^'^^ ^^^ P""^^"^ waf frJj'S'g^med'Vh?^^^^^^^^ ^' the celeftial amotions. I. real; and not iealS^g of nymron in the^ P°^^^^' --'^ dimnftions between ablblute^rir^V,^^^^^^^^^^ ^^\°g acquamted with the capab^ of ibrnnng adequate ideas" of tl.S'^StU™;.^^^:!^'"^^:^-^ H I N T R O D U C T I O N. :|:' oSr own. nor of another wot but'thJ J t "'^ K-'l^° ^^-^^^ ^^^^^ ^^"^"^ ^^^ Thb Brahean Systkm. ibont X earth ?if' r /""' '"S"^" ^^"h f^e placets and fixed ftars, revolved mZ e^olt abomirr "' n^""J- ''""'^ '' '^' ^"^"^^ ""'^ '''" ^^e planets, ;xci; die aarccrrdh g^^^^^^^^ ."-- ^^furd thai that of PtoL'^ See the Plate exploded. W e have given a reprelentauon of this lyftem. The Copernican, or true solar System. ThkTnjlT'f '^^ l"'^°- °^ '^'' ^y^^"^' ''-'' born at Thorn, in Royal Pruffia in i^t; round him in the following order: Mercu v Venu tS F ,1 . planets move and b^ whicl,anadeq„«e idea o/.t wl^e „ av be eV^^J oS .'d " "''"'""^• the, from '^k f "' '" "■■',": '""'«'»"'. »"■■ lometimes nearer to, and fonietimcs fa, o'reX^b rd\LrbX"ift.t''H': au',b*;ilti'-'"^refei:fa;rrft,,i:: -t';^;' '-- "■^■'- -^'^ *= ">«- -f i^: > I W. i 1: I Hi |*;,1 5 H T K 'O D V >C T T O N. wthm the phatt'. orMt. "*• "5"^ ""*■ <" P«n<»» of U« fp.„ conuS orb,, „ „ U,^<5j„„f U. /&:^t r o-^Sl^S^^- '•'- «cS of the latter from the fun. ™" ""^ '•» f"". to the cube of the mean diftance of the latter from the fun " """' "'^ ^"°' ^« '^ cube of ""lefe arc the two famous laws of ^*„i the begi^ing of the feventcS.Th l^u^";n7whi tr^A "^^ «°""^«^d about itac^sror^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^''o ^^^^^^^^^t::^:^^:^:^ we5^tS!?SS;:;-^at^^^ and others would be obtained. % th^ traX 'f V^'""^' ^^^ ^^^^^te diftances Jail the know the real diftances of theVWs W fllT' °^^'" '^^ ^»« '« I76i, we now together with the other necdrar? ^l^laS t f "'^ ^"'^ ^"^^ ^^an Lfore f thefl l*r fyftem, are exhibited in thelKng table ' ^'™"^ ' '"'"P^^^"* '^ea of the fS A TABLE of the Diameters P*.r;«^ e r . r&u;s%." ""'■' <•"«-■ «»* Names of the planets, Pi tf)4eaa dittaacesl from the fun *s determined from obferva trans of thi tranfitofVeau Sun Mercury Venus Karth Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn S'S' tPanfitof : Hn 1761. 890,0001 1 r\r\t^ .f n . 890, 3,000 9.330 7.970 3ii8o S.400 94iOoo 78.000 36.841,468 68,891,486 9S.1 73,000 ditto. '45.014,148 494.99«.97fi 9°^-9'ifi.no Annual periods round the fun. d. h Oinmal rotation on its axis. d. h. m. 2$ 6 oi «'7 23 unknown • 32" 17 14 iS 109,699 80,295 68.243 22,290 55.287 29,083 3,8.8 unknown 43 1,042 9i 556 25.920 n , , ' • ""■^" "'vn. unknown %.'.k:te£;,rciS'X"»'*""" -ri..i..i.M » I6 5 !• INTRODUCTI O N. about the fun in very ecrtntrk cllipfcs. and are of much greater denfity than the earth, for tome of them are heated in every, period to fuch I degree as would vi.L L^'JlT'""^ fubftance kr.own to us. ^^iTlfaac Nemon c^'u^ted Thea rf the comet that appeared m the year 1680, when ncareft the fua. to be 2oooTinwa Lf ter than red hot iron and that/ being thu» heated, it muft retablrheTTu TcoS^ fvlm ^ -^ ^^^' „ ^' " ^^'^l^. thai there are at leaft 21 cbmets belongioR to our fyftem, moving m all manner of direftions ; and all thofe which have befn obfer^ed the leaft fcnCble re iftance in their motions, which fufficiently proves that the pS do not move m folid orbs. Of all the comets, the periods of three only ai^ known with any degree of certainty, being found to return adntervals of ^5 I2Q and .^^ years; and of thefe. that which appeared in 1680 is the moft remarkabk This c^ met at m greateft difbnce. is about , i thoufand 200 miUions oSes from the fu^ wh, e „8 leaft diftance from the centre of the fun is about 490 thouS mi?^. within left than one third pan of the fun's femidiameter from his furfacc. In that patTofTts o^ bu which IS neareft to the fun it flies with the amazing velocity of 880^^ mHes in ai ^ wJth ' rl^'^r'i^r'''' '" ' ^r^^ '• " ^^^«"^y "^"^^ ««^'^^ ^han any ;e are acquain " W^H k' ' r"^ ^'^^' ^""^^P'^^i »nd the fun. as feen from it, appeals 100 deXs in .^l. t ^<^onfequently 40,000 times as large as he appears to us. The aftoniS d " ance that this comet runs out into empty fpace, nafuVally fuggefts to our imSation he vaft diftance between our fun and tie neareft of the^fixS ftars, of X(? attJa": H T ' /^' r"""" "'"" ^''^ '^^""' ^° ^^'"^^ periodically and go r;und The fun Dr Sed T^ ■ "• 'T? ^n ^^ ''^'°r'"^ ^"^ '^' ^" » P««i^"l«r 'nanner, is highly L« O.; A T ^'" ^^T '"^ *^^^! ^^ '^ g'^« S^'^f^'^ Newton on this tl ,^a. Our earth was out of the way, when this comet laft paffed near her orbit • bm f h'llllff'l* "*''■" ?f^ knowledge of the motion of thec^et, to be able to h.dge rnl7 ; '''^' P'^' ^/-"^ ^"•'' ^° ^"^'^ «ff^^> ^^' « '"^y ^ here obferved. thi the thTin^ ''''' P'r • "' °'^"' approaches very near to the orbit of our earth : lb- not faSl,XaTut"n^^^^^ " niay approach near enough to have very confiderable, if rJt ^^Tt^^'"' '^°"8^ ^^y'^? °o* conftitute a part of the folar ryiiem, muft be confidered here, as they are of inHnite ufe in the pradice of geograpL. They are readily known from the planets, by their contmual exhibiting that appeaLcewT call refpea to each other, and henc e they obtained the name of fixed ftars : they fhine bv their own light j and there is the greateft reafon to think they are funs fixed in the rr T^ '' ^"T'' •'"'"?• P^^"^^.^'^^ comets revolving round them like our lun. rhey appear of various hzes. owmg to their difierent diftances. thofe fizes are generally diftinguKhed mio fix or feven claifes, called magnitudes the laS and bnghteft are faid to be of the firft magnitude; thole of theLxt clafs. or SJe of bnghtuefs, are called ftars of the Ibcond magnitude, and fo on to the laft, or thofe juft vifible to the ixaked eve. But befides thefe, there are fcattered in every par of heaven a prodigious number of others, called telefcopic ftars, from their bei^K invifil ble without the affiftance of that inftrument. Great part of the modern aCny mdeed, owes both its rife and perfedion to that admirable machine. The diftani' iTZ 'U'"''^ and theneaneft fixed ftar is aftoniftiing: the orbit of the earth is ^ £ H-ft "'^^^^"^"f/^'l^^ }"} diameter ; yet this prodigious difference has no effeft on \t f ItT ""■ '^"r^"' "l^''^ n'^^'f '^ ^'' ^^^"^ ^he earth when in the neareft, as k the faitheft pomt of us orbit. It has been computed, by fome of the moft able aftro- I N T R O D U C T I o N. / nomers, that it" a cannon ball cnmir^,^^ ..^ ... ' difcharged from the "ece it'rur n^^^ h^le' e ' t'^t^^ -h.nfira 700.000 year.: the dillance therefore i^l Teat for SS'ul ^'''\ ^^ ''^ ^^» '^^^ conceive; the undcrftaudinR is bewildereriVnf i!fn • u ^®"'^'' "^ h"«nan beinRs to But though the fixed Uars are^^! ?h . Tu^^ '" ^^ contemplation. ^ each other, 'and are doubtldt ^ns'irminld:^.^ 7^"^' ^'^t"^^ ^"^^'^ "«' and from order to facilitate their conipu at o„sS7 T^'^' ^.?'"^^«J T' allronomer S fun. forming the furface of ffpheTe.' incfoW o^?^/n '" '^".^'^^ ^'^"' ^^"p^ fphere: afuppofitionwhichmay ShSird ^r^^^^^^^^ "."*=^ ^^^ "1««S tance of the nearell fixed ftar. ^ adnutted, confidenng the aftoniftjing diK A conftellation is a number of ftars whirK ,«« of one another on the Surface of thrilSfpffr^'d" 'k' i" .'^^ "«ghbourhoo^ ^^^o] ixiled. Thefe conllellations arc ekhtv in n V ' ^O'-e readily defcribed aodcom^ diac, thirt^ix in the northern, Tnf ^hin/C^^^' TK' °f ""^^t "' '« the'^ nmnber .,f ftars in the whole aafounts to tv^^ thoul^nd ^^^^^^^^^ fccmi/phe,e. The rhln V 'T''l °^ '^'^ «'•«' ^»*»y-fivc of thefeconS f'^^V "^'^^f '"'^ ^ny^tbree. third, four hundred and eighty.five of thefour h fiv\ 5 'f^'''^ *"^ ^^'^ ^^ ^^ Ihdeftars, by not altering their fimaHon in ^ r ">« bxth magnitude, mers as fixed po'ints, vvherefy ti ron^o? '1^^^ ^^rve aftrpflo- accordmgly. their relative po^fitfon ha vrbr5nr'\^°^^^^^ compared aSd care, during many ages, and cataloLerof rht 5"^^'* .«fter^"h the molt aflidu^; been publimed. bV thole V^'ho wT^at tt n ' "'"'^'^ ^\"' ^'•^"' ""^^ to dm" the moft copious, and at the fa^ie tir^e the mT '° '""^' ['^""'- ^"'^"g t^fc Coeleftis of Mr. Fla,r.ftead. ^^ "'""^ ^^^^^''^^e' '« that called the Hilt^U , ^-^r^^^^^^^^^ r^, f their philofophicM ^ world ; Pythagoras learned it in Cp and au^S^r/n v'^IIt ^^f '^"^ ^^^^^^ «f tl^ o Europe. But it was fo totallj^ forgmten durb ' hi . ^^'i'^'P^'' ""^^ ^ ^cttam Copernicus a celebrated aftrononier, fev ved it k^he fift^"' f '^°'"'»^^' ^^^^t wS dered as the author, rather than the Srer Snn5 f ? "f"'"'"?^' ^^ ^'^^ confi- adopted the hypothefis, and it would probabTyJnT^^^^ ^''^°^^ i'nmediatdy had It not met with a formidable oppofitionTn n • ^ ^'^^^ ""iverfally received Nurled m the lap of indolence, and Kerate eln • '^°°''^^ ^^ ^'g°tied dergy impartial enquiry, they condemned thrCoTemicTfln '"^ """7 ^^^"^^ ^^ ^^^^ and ing repugnant to the facred writings. TheXnder of ^il' v '' P'"^""^" °^ «« »i filence the voice of reafon, and fhe dread of ^.^] rn^^^'"''" ^^^ employed To mankind from thbidng. At laft tL S ^."^^^^^^^'cal cenibres almoft deterreH toinperidtioustyramiy thfrayfot^^^^^^^^^ gave a fat J Wow :md genuine philofophy triumphed over tKh J T "f *' '> "'&^t of ignorance now convinced, that L fcriptiSts we/e ,ev r'/^^eL'V'^' ^''^T'^ = mankind v^ere philofophy but to make us humane, vir ^ra„d S 'I '""^^^^ '^'^ ^^^"'5 of Great Author of our being to contemnl.V^T' .'^PPJ'' ^^^^ " 's agreeable to fU creating hand. From this'fortuna ^i^ra he fdr'^^ •^!;^ ^^^^^y the wonders %th fraion, and every day produced a difcoVervrfT^' '"' ^ towardfpe fome ancient error. Proofs were iinSS • ^""'^ "^^^ truth, or the deteaion of tern, which is now eftablifhed on a fS tfoi" „r^r T 5 '^' ^-V^^^M. harmony which prevail., amo"- ^'.- f? f °" "°* '^ ^ ^aken. The .floi^^^^ ) _ /."■ ^"'^'^^^•"i>P^"^^--"^ohavebecn\hV:^^^^^^ i8 INTRODUCTION. f! ; 1 i a divine hand; and that nothing lefs than infinite Wifdom could have planned fo beautiful a fabric. ' 'IJc limits A^e are confined to, will not admit of our multiplying proofi. toeftabliOi the Copernican fyftem; the following therefore only will be added ; but thcle, if there were no other, would be more than fufficient for the purpole. 1. The planets, Mercury and Venus, are always obferved to have two conjunc- tions with the fun, but no oppofition : this could not happen, unlefs their orbits were circumfcnbed by that of the earth. 2. Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn have each their conjunctions and oppofitions to the fun, alternately and fucceffively, which they could not have, unlef!? their orbs wcru exterior to that of the earth. 3. The greatcft elongation or diftance of Mercury from the fun is about twenty degrees, and that of Venus fbrty-leven degrees ; which anfwers exartly to their dif- ■tance m the Copemican fyftem r but according to the Ptolemaic, they muft often bo feen m oppofition to him, or at 180 degrees diftant. 4- In this difpofition of the pkmets, the^ will all of them be fometimes much nearer to the earth than at others ; the conlequence of which is, that their brightnefi and f_plendor, as well as their apparent diameters, will be proportionally greater at one time than at another; and this we obferve to be true every day. Thus, the ap- parent diameter of Venus, when greateft, is near fixtv-fix feconds; when leaft, not more than nine feconds and an half: that of Mars, when greateft, is twcnty-one fe- conds; when leaft, only two and an half. But if the Ptolemaic hypothcfis be true, they muft always be equal. 5. AH the planets fometimes appear in dire£l motion; fometimes ftationary, and fometimes retrograde. Thefc appearances muft happen according to the Copemican fyftem, but are abfolutely repugnant to any other. 6. The bodies of Mcrcucy and Venus, m their lower conjunaion with the fun, pafs behind the body of that luminary, and in the upper conjunaion, are {sen to tranfit or pafs over his diik, in the form of a round black fpot. Thefe phsenomena arc jiecelTary in rfie Copemican fyftem, but impoflible in that of Ptolemy. 7. The times in which thefe conjunftions, oppofitions, ftations, and retrograda. tions of the planets happen, are not fuch as they would be, were the earth at reft in the centre; but precifely fuch as would happen, if the earth and all the planets move about the fun, in the order, and with the velocities afCgned them in the Coper*- mean fyftem. Confequently this, and no other, can be the true fyftem of the world. SECTION V: Thi Motion of thb Earth mork particularly considerxd. The Vicissi- tudes of the Seasons, AND THE VARIOUS Lbngths^ OF THE Days and]Sigh'is> EXPLAINED. HAVING explained the true fyftem of the world, in which the earth forms one ©f the planets, and revolves about the fun, in an orbit between Venus and Mars, it remains to confider the motion of the earth more particularly. The earth, like the reft of the planets, has tw^o motions, one round its axis, the other round the fun. The founer is performed in twenty-four, hours, and caufes the difl'erent appearances of day and night; the latter is finilhed in. a year, and occafions the viciffitudes of the Ijealbns. m V'i*^ I N T R O D U C T I O N. J9 ^ Every globe, revolving on its axis, muft have on its furfkc^ ^t .K, ... • ■ .• that axis, two points, which do not annear to nu.^J^.l u t .' * ■ "^"^i"'"" of poJc-s. aad have been already defined '^ '"= ''^"'" P^'"''' "« ""«» the The motion of the earth round its axis is from weft to mO ,n^ r heavenly bodies appear to move fromeaft to we^ InH ° rh.V« *^^"^^'Muently the iwcuty-tbur hours, lo the latter appears to LcnL'J. 7. ^^e former is performed in the celellial objeds fcen. to deib S?c"c les b theTifv ''* "" l^-\^*"'*= "™*' '^^ »» jccording as t^ are nearer to or farter fo^^^^^^^ ^^tr '''''" °u^ '^^^' troni the two poles of the world : and as thevVll Vnn! ? I ^ 'f '."""O"'. that is, |b.^ only one haif of t^^ e.a.^iii^=\rZ tl^^e"'^^^^ HS^Z^JJ^^l,;;;;;;z:o;Ti:?raSt^tr^ff^^ ? the ibn^Va^ - terminating the illuminated hemilphere! i» called the tern'in^' ^' T "' P'^T">' °*' revolves about its axis once in twentv-four hour, h! '"""''f' °'^- N"w as the earth light in all parts, as they are turned Cards theVinardoh T^^ ^T^r^^^" «*' as they move out of its rays: and hencV arife the vi'Ji?.^? "^'c^J"^^' '" '^^^^ P"t« If the plane of the equator cobcS whh thr^H nf ^' °u. "^^^ '"^ °'«»»t. moves round the fun, a^nd coni^uenSj The axfs of tCLT ft " !," ""^''^ \^' .^^"^ It, the terminator would always pafs through Vlf. n\l c l^ ^°^!^ perpendicular to be . conftant equality of ::r^.^%Ztt: ^rfc^-Vt^fX'; '"' '""."°^'^ poles, where there would be continual dav S fk: • ["riace, except the two fs inclined to the plane of the ecHmk in an ^n^l ''fT 'H "'^' the earth's axis minutes; therefore.^he poles of treXtic^f. /'^^ "^'^'''^ '^'"'^0^^ twenty-nine minutes diilam from one anotTer '^i",^"*'°V'"\'^"'^^>':'^^^^ ^rees noaial, which iu the heavensZerfea each othei^^Th' "'^^ '^P ""^'P^'" ^"^ k^'- and Libra, make angles at thofe imerfeSL? of / k^P^^J*' P°'"'« "^ A>,es minutes : this an^le i's called the obliq^^^^^^^^ d<^«- twenty-nine From this inclination of the axis of the earth toVh? nl, r , ,. . ntoving parallel to itfelf in all points of it3 a^ua o fe ^/^ '"'•V^^. ^'^T'' ^'"^^ «» and the various lengths of the days and niZsrefut' ^|f'' ^"^ '" '^^^ q"antity on tl»em, aiid confe- claji^ltn^ni^s::;?^-^^ Hemijphere will have their ^hofe who refide under tLt circHn have Ln S "^ the equator; year round ; and thofe who live in the noXrn teXLt 't "^X ^"'*. "'^''^ ^" the Uay. On the contrary, thofe who live fnZTS^^^r:^^^^^^^^ 4o INTRODUCTION. 1:1? Sn^hf*^ ^^"' ^^"' ^^^^' ^""^ ^''^'^ '" *^^ fouthern frigid zone will havd conti- When the earth is in Aries or Libra, the days and nights will be equal in both hemifpheres, and the feafons will be a medium between fummer and winter : and be- ^, A I,f '•'? ^YS^ -^^^ fall perpendicularly upon th. axis of the earth, they mtift fell with equal obliquity, and m equal quantity, uoon either heniifphefe; confe- quently they muft enjoy an equal degree of heat and col^ .nS,'!!.^ S"r ^! J" ^f °T* 't^ ^"'^ r?^ ^PP^" '" Capricornus, or in its neafeft approach to the louth pole; fo that at this time of the year it will be winter in the northern hemifphere: for the fame phenomena will now happen in that half of the globe, as before occurred in the fouthern, when the fun appeared in Cancer. C^rJ" ^li : ^^?^'/ gradudly to move through all the ftgns in a year, the four lealdns^l continually fucceed one another; the fummet will follow the fpriilff, the autumn the fumnlef-, and the winter the autumn. The four points of the ecliptic, wherein the earth has been confidered, are tailed the four cardmal points; Capricomus and Cancer are called the folftuial points: Libra and Aries the equmoaial points. The firft point of Cancer is called the futtmier lolltice; becaufe When the fun appears in that Jwint, which happens about the twentt-- hrltot June, he has then reached his greateft extent northwards; and being about to return towards the equator, he feems, for a day or two, to be at a ftand For the lame reafon the firft pomt of Capricorn, which the fun enters about the twenty- firft of Decenxber, is called the v/inter folftice, with refped to the northern hemff- pnere. i he hrit points of Anes and Libra are called the vernal and autumnal equi- nodfial pomts ; becaufe, when the fun is k either of thefe points, the day and nights tTJ^l'i Z S ^T "1 't^:P^'}^\ f"t«=^- Thfe fun enters the former about the r^n?\°l "*?• ^""^ ^KH*^" '^ ?^"^ ^P"°^5 and the latter about the twenty- te-cond of September, and the feafon is called autumn. SECT. VL i I Lii ' f^ The Usk of fHE Globes. , A globe is a folid body, formed by the rotation of a femi-circle about its axis : but by the gtobes here are meant two fpherical bodies, whofe convex furfaces are fup- pofed to give a true reprefentation of the earth and heavens, as vifible by obferva- non. One of thefe is called the terreftrial, and the other the celeftial globe. The prinrtple circles of the fphere are either drawn or reprefented on the furface of both ^ On the convex furface of the terreftrial globe, all the parts of the earth and fea are ilelineated m their relative fize, form, and fituation. Onthe furface of the celeftial globe, the images of the feveral conftellations and ftars are dehneated; and the relative magnitude and pofuion which the ftars are ob- lerved to have in the heavens, carefully preferred. In order to render thefe globular bodies more ufeful, they are fitted up with certain appurtenances, whereby a great variety of ufefol problems are foh cd in a very eafv ana expeditious manner. ^ The brazeri meridian is that ring or hoop in which the globe hangs on its axis, which « reprelented by two wires paffing through its poles. ITie circle is divided into four quarters of 90 deg. each; in one femi-circle the divifions berin at each nnlf. and ^-nd at yo degrees, where they meet. In the other femicircle, the divifions begin at the mid- *'. I INTRODUCTION. ^, die, and proceed thence towards each Dole ^ht-tp. »»,«« a graduated fide of this brazen circL fe^esa a iLrTdlL^ ""^ " ^^ ^^^'^^' '^^ of the earth, the globe being turned To^rrJU .r/- ^"^ '"^ ^^' ^'^ '^^ ^"^^a'^e The hour circle is a fmall drcle S Hr.r, h; w /°'"' '"""^^ ""'^^^ '^« "^'J^- ter., and half quarte'r i fixeS onlt' ht, "* >nto twenty-four hours, the quar. north end of the axis; to wLh b ^J fn^nZ 'T^''^' "^^"^"y ^^'^^"^ f'*''" »f><^ hour-circle as the glob^ ?, t^n^ rouSs axfs ' '^"' P""'' ^"^ ^*^^ ^^^^^'^^ °^ ^^ coiJ^fll^^T^JKCtt nydt'%"[S^^^^^ of the wooden circular frame en- calendar. ^contaLd intveS concentri?d clL^^^^^ ^'"""^^ ''■' !^'-"^ °^ P^^^^^'"^^ quarters of ninety degrees each" the n^v^ ; i • J- ''^]'''I ?"^ '' ^'^ '^^'^ '"^o ^O"^ with the days in eLh?cS dlnf to th. 1 Ti^ '« divided into the twelve niomhs. iigns of the zodiac, eaTl^in^riSedlm^ 'h' "'^' ^n"*'^ '*^^ ^^*^^^^ ^^"^1 months and days accordLrt^tS ?f ill ° ?K^ ''^^^^^ ""'^^ ^« '^^^ ^^^^'^e thirty-two winSs. wiTthIr Lkes ani q^ar^^s A^^^^ T^- '?"^^'"^"^ ^^^ Sua^^^rr ^^^^ placed irhSe dt^oSn.'"'*^ ""'" "^ ^'^ ^" int^nlni:; tpaSreIr V^^^^ is graduated of this is fixel a brafs nut and fcrew wh^ri v^ ""^ '^^ "leridian. To one end ridian: if it be fixed in XzSthr^oWfS^ I i^mon and faftened to the me- fuchTtLtqub^aS 'cSipt'lr'? ,'^'^"';^ °^ ^^^ ^-^-- of toth globes, polar circles, WaiSs of ktCd.^^^^^^^^ «f^'^°fi«". ^^e tropics teri^ftrial, the^equaS^ °f '^' ''^'^''^ S^^^^^' «"d on the •circles, orn^riZn toeve^fifie/nf^^^^^^ ^°'' ^'"^^''/ P"""^'« «^' J«^""^«^' hour «owingfrom the feTeSSef ^^^^^^ ^"^' -^^^-^ globes, the fpiral rhun.bs .adi^^'^S:s-rs:s/a?r= . the^ll^,^fe^e:;Ttt by^rnLg^tte^^^^^ ^r- r?^- -^- latii'd^^anSlritSTht^^ ^-jrl^^^ "-»- north ..es .weWe n^nutesUh 1.1^^^"^ X^^^^"^ ^^^I^ J:^^^^^ their diftance;V d^gLr.XnlLi'r.::;' "^.j"^^"^^.;^^ ^ew i-y-.ne and a half, give the diftance in In^S Ss 3^ o"lc;;;^wH;i^ th^ 22 INTRODUCTION. r Wr. ouadrant lies in this pofition, what rhumb of the neareft fly runs moftly parallel lo the edge of the quadrant, and that rhumb fhews nearly the bearing required. Problem IV. Tofnd the Sun's Place and Declination on any Day. SEEK the given day in the circle of months on the horizon ; and right againft it m the circle of iigns, is the fun's place; bv which means it will be found, that the lun enters Aries, March 20; Taurus, April 20; Gemini, May 21 ; Cancer, June 21 ' Leo, July 23; Virgo, Auguft 23; Libra, September 22; Scorpio, Oftober 23; Sa' gittar, November 22; Capricorn, December 21; Aquarius, January 20 ; Pifces Fe- bruary 18. ./ / » . Then fcek the fun's place in the ecliptic on the globe, bring that place to the me- ridian, and the divifion it (lands Tender is the fun's declination on the given day The ecliptic is readily diftinguiftied from the equator on the globes, not only by the different colours wherewith they are ftained, but alfo by the ecliptic's approach- mg towards the poles, after its interfedion with the equator. The marks of the ligns are alfo placed along the ecliptic, one at the beginning of every fucceflive thirty degrees. ^ Prob-lem V. To reSiify the Globe for the Latitmk, Zenith, and Noon. SET the globe upon an horizontal plane, with its parts anfwering to thofe of the world ; move the meridian in its notches, by raifing or deprelfing the pole, until the degrees of latitude cut the horizon; then is the globe redlified for the latitude. Reckon the latitude from the equator towards the elevated pole, then fcrew the bevil edge of the nut belonging to the quadrant of altitude, and the reaification is made tor the zenith : bring the fun's place, found by the laft problem, to the meridian • et the mdex to the xu at noon, or upper xii, and the globe is reaified for the fun's louthmg, or noon. Problem VI. Jo fnd where the Sun is vertical at any given Time. BRING the lun's place, found for the given day, in the manner direaed by the fourth problem, to the meridian ; note the degree over ii, and fet the index to the given hour; then turn the globe till the index conies to xii at noon, when the place under the laid noted degree has the fun in the zenith at that time, and all the places that pafs under that degree, by turning the globe round, will have the fun vertical to them on that day. Problem VII. To find what Days the Sun will he vertical at any given Place in the Torrid Zone. ^NOTE the latitude of the given place on the meridian; turn the globe, and note what points of the ecliptic pafs under the latitude noted on the meridian. Seek thole points of the ecliptic in the circle of figns on the horizon, and right againft them m the circle of months ftand the days required. In this manner it will be found, that the fun will be vertical to the ifland of St Helena on the fixth of November, and on the fourth of February. And at Barbal does on the twenty-fourth of April, and tlie eighteenth of Auguft. Probxem VIII. At any given Hour in a givtn Place, to find what Hour ii is in any other Place. BRING ilic place where the time is given 10 the meridian, and fet the index to INTRODUCTION tidian. Then all th^fe places th^t^tji weft &fe 'f ^""^ " ^«^he me! nfing ; and thofc in the eaftern half have ifettW ThoL ^"h'''".'^"' ^^^^^ ^^^ ^"^ the horizon have the fun cuhiunating, or noon a^^H I^r 'i'*^' i'^ "'"i^^" ^^ove the horizon, have midnight. Thofe above tt ^"^ ^^".'^^ "'"'^'^n below have night. ^ ""^ ^^""'^ ^^« ^^"zon have day; thofe below it pofition fought. ^ q\iaarant cut the horizon in the degree of north 37 degrees 3c minutes eaSy '^ Barbadoes to the Land's E^d i. Hence neither of thele pofitions ran h^ ^u^ ^ v. • rhumb paflh^g though U>i P^i '^D^L^^X^T^a^.^'^C' "f fS^! iw; /o eaftern fide of the\orizo"/anVSnd^^^^^^^^ f-'s place to the brought to the weftern fide of the horizon the ind^v" f'"]^- ^ ^*^ ^""'s place of nfing taken from twelve hours^ves lie tL" o^^^^ ^^^ '?""?' °^ ^^^ ^ime being doubled, gives the length of the dav and ^h. J "^r ?^ ""^^ ^^ f<-*«ing gives the length of the night.^ Thus at London on i.T,fr "^^. ^'"^ ^^^^bled^ IS thirteen hours and a half j the night ten and a' half. "'"'^ °^ ^P"^' '^"^ ^^Y till the folftitiaf point come^Ttt wefternti'^^^ '' "T' ^"^ ^^^ g^^^^ by the index give the length of the S^^^^^^ hours paft Iver twemy.four hours, gives the length of the A S n4Sf or da "' "^^^P^^n'^nt to Problem XIII. A Pkce.heing ptven m ihe Vr^ai^ v the Sun hegins to appear at^ofZc ^JXtEa^^^^^^^ '^^''^'^^ ■^'- -^- heu prefent io; or abfentfrcm, that ^ace '''f' ''^ ^^^^y fuaeff.ve Days J'fS^Fy}^'' 8^°^ ^or the latitude, turn the .loh. ,.^ ..;,r-_-. . , th. ..u «.„ iccona quHUrants of the ecliptic arc.cm by ii^ ^^]l^''J^,Zl l\ INTRODUCTION. 5 ) zon, the latitude being fuppofed north. Then 6nd thofe degrees in the cirde of figns on the horizon, and their correfponding days of the month, and all the time between thofe days the fun w ill not fet in that place. Again. Obfer%'e what degree in the third and fourth quadrants of the ecliptic will be cut by the louth point of the horizon, and the days anfwering. Then the Ijun will be quite abfent from the given place during the intermediate days; that day in the third quadrant, fhe ws when the fun begins to difappear, and that in the fourth qua- drant, Ihews when he begins to fliine in the place propoled. Thus, at the North Gape, in latitude feventy^ne degrees North, the fun never fets from the fifteenth ofMav to the twenty-eighth of July, which is feventy-four days ; and never riles from the fixieenth of November to the twenty-fourth of Janua- ry, which is fixty-nine days. Problem XIV. To fmi the Anlceci, Periaci, ami Antipodes of any Piace. N. B. The Antoeci are thofe who live under the fame meridian, and in the fame degrees of latitude, but of different denominations. The Pericuci, are thofe who live in the fame latitude, and of the fame denoniination, but under oppofite meridians, or whole ditference of longitude is 1 80 degrees. The Antipodes are thofe who live diametrically oppofite to one another. They lie under oppofite meridians and oppofite parallels of latitude. Thele particulars being confidered, the problem is eafily folved in the following manner. Biiug the given place to the meridian; tell as many degrees of latitude on the contrary fide of the equator, and it gives theplace of the Antceci. The given place being under the meridian, fet the index to twelve at noon, turn the globe till the index points to twelve at night, and the point under the meridian in the given latitude, is the place of the Perioeci. The globe remaining in this pofition, feek on the contrary fide the equator, for the degrees of latitude given, and the point under the meridian thus found, will be the Antipodes to the given place. Problem XV. Tofnd the Beginning and End of the Twilight in any Place. RECTIFY the globe, according to the inftruflions given in the fifth problem, for the latitude, zenith and noon. Then feek the point of the ecliptic oppofite to the fun's place, turn the globe and quadrant of altitude, till the faid point of the eclip. tic ftaiids againft eighteen degrees of the quadrant of altitude ; then will the index fhew the beginning or end of the twilight : that is, the beginning in the morning, when thefe points meet in the weftern hemilphere ; or the end in the evening' when the faid points meet in the eaftern heniifpherc. Problem XVI. The Latitude of a Place and the Day of tU Month being given ; to find ihe Sun's Declination, Meridian, Altitude, right AJienJion, Amplitude, oblique Afcenfon, ajcenftonal Difference, and thence the Tim of Ri/ing, Setting, and Length of ihe Day and A'ight. RECTIFY for the latitude and noon. Then the degree of the meridian over the lim's place is the declination. The meridian altitude is lliewn by the degrees the fun is above the horizon • and is equal to the rum or difference of the lo-latitude and declination. The fun's right alcenfion is the degree of the equator under the meridian. I N T R O D Bring the fun's place to the eaftei i^ C T I O N. H th.^d;gr^-ofTheX;^^^^^^^ °^ '"^ horizon; then the amplitude i, Tl%tS:n^irdt^^^^^^^^ the horizon. The afcenfional diiieren^ convertSl^ ^^^^^^ "«^' ^^ °^"<1"- ^^^^nfions. before or after the hour of fiv Zl]^^' l^ ' ^"' ^'^^ '^^ ""^e tlie fun rife« iouthwardoftheeaft^Joinfo^^he'^h^^^^^^^^^^ '" ^"P'""^^ " ^" the northward t 'u>At/e he ts above iU Horizon. "^ ' "^ * ^'^°^'*' *"" '^ '^«>' «^'^<'r //b«r, ■l-hen will ,h„ edge o/r<,„'Xm 'Jt t Sf:^""«'.«'5= of theVraJ^ reckoned ftom, he „o„h ; a„d^he index^^ilTfl;^ 'jLTir'of .t^^;! "^ "^™"''- globe ,,11 ,he i^ms auh?«£™'^ '"""^ «;""•■. >nd noon, and «ra ehe halfoftiK horizon are rifc.r.holr.h^";.''''" "5"' *°''= «"« in ,he eTftera dian are cuUnlna.mg. ^' ^ '" '""^ "^''"'' '"^ &""«. and thofe in the ma? . 1 be quadrant being fet to anvcivenftar »illn,. • ,- , """;.;■» ^ammli. reckoned in the horizon Th. ^ "^ '"^''""'J'. and at ibe fame •eadily appear what ftar, never fetinX plS a^dTr"' 'f? t'^ ""^ « ^l ot iwpetual apparition never CO beW,Mi^' """i "hole which never rife; thofe nen-r come above it. ^ *" ''"' ''°"^'>"' ""d thofc of perpetual abfencl graduate!. li7o"tfe'Xrftar."h«l!,^r,? T ^'".'»'^ °f"- ~%ic. and its ■he ecliptic andftar; a?dThe llrimde b ,"b^™dt;!"''™ "'>' ** degLs'bet^ei^' •luadtam. oiigiraae .s the degrees cut on the ecliptic by the 26 INTRODUCTION, Problem XXI. Tofnd the Declination and right Afcetijion of a Star. BRING the ftar lo the meridwn, the degree over it is the declination: and the de- gree ot the equator under the meridian is the right afcenfiou. Problsm XXII. On any Day, and in any given Thve ; to f.ud when a propofed S/ar rifis, fets, or culminates. RECTIFY the globe for the latitude and noon: then bring the ftar to the ealtern fide ot the horizon, and the index Ihews the time of its rifing. Turn the globe till the ftar conies to the meridian, and the index ftiews the time ot us culminating; and in like manner when it lets, the time will be ftiewn bv the- mtlex. ■' Ite meridian altitude, oblique afceofior and pfcc..rional difference, are found iu the lame manner as for the fun, See i ,■ ... cuh problem. SECTION VII. 1 i The Construction, &c. of Maps. A MAP is the reprefentation of fome part of the earth's lurface delineated on a plane according to the laws of projeaion ; for as the earth is of a globular form no part of us Iphencal furface can be accurately exhibited on a plane. Maps are either general or particular: general maps are fuch as give us a view of an entire hennlphere or half of the globe, and are projeaed upon the plane of fome great circle which terminates the prajefted hemiipherc, and divides it from the other halt ot the globe, as the meridian, equator, or the horizon of fome place: and from this circle the projeaion is laid to be meridional, equatorial, or horizontal. Particular maps are fuch as exhibit a part lefs than a hemifphere ; fuch as maps ot Europe, Afia, Africa, North America, and South America; or of particular kiuVr doms, provinces, counties, or lelfer diftrias. There are two methods of projeaing the circles in general maps, viz. Stereoora- phic and Orthographic. In order to form an adequate idea of the conftruaion of maps, we may imagine the globe on which the circles are delineated to be of thin glals, and that half of it is viewed at the Ikme time. In taking this view, the eye may be conceived to be placed at diHbrent diftances from the hemilphere to be pro- jeaed. If the eye be conceived to be placed in fome point of the furface of the fphere to view the concave of the oppofite hemifphere, it is called the ftereogra- phic projeaion: it the eye be fuppolbd to be placed at an infinite diftance, it is called the orthographic projeaion. In the ftereographic projeaion the parts about the middle are contraaed, being much lefs than thofe near the circumference, the realbn of which will fufficiently ap- ^^'/n'S ^'?T ^ f^- '• . "^^^'^ ABCDFGHIKE reprelents a fphere of glafs, AiJCDt OmK, a meridian of the concave hemifphere to be projeaed, divided into eight equal parts; E the eye, and A K a tranfparent plane on which the meri- dian is to be projeaed. Then it is plain that the eye at E wiU lee the point B in /; C m c,D\n d, &c. That is, the arch A B will be projeaed into the right line A b, the arch BC into b c, &c. But though the arches A B, BC, C D, &c. are all equal the projeaed arches Jb, be, cd, &c. are unequal, approximating towards each other as tbey approach towards the centre from the circumference. It is alfo evi- 1 N T R O D U C T I O N. 27 .iiflancea be.wee,, ,/,e ...eridia^o Xequntorfn fft ''""' "J' «^'>"H-«=n.i;, .he of the hem,rpher« ou the plane of he meridUn ,„""?"'''';'= /'"J"^""" <«f one .. Ihe projefled ^htrVZVStlXZ''''''' ""r>^"^'^y "nderflood. *?"?« "f ■hat circle from its ueareVpofc u£ 0^,^"'^'"^" ""^ ''■' ^1"=' "> "« X'liSfoV'Tlr'"^'''".^^-^'^^^^^^^^^^ ' "' and that angle U arch i„, L';:;^' ^^ifn-Zt'^Kf.^ S/t" n °^ '"J -«™ "^ "alf the crcles make on the Iphere '^ ■^""' '"*'• "' '^I'^al "o the angle which thefe i^iTrldL'."^ •"■=-" o'- "-^'^ ^"-^^-'ot '.h:'Sii!s;ij.t?:r;h: pi *t«s :n&^-i^«Sr^^fcSe^^'-r - £f"".°^ ^he projeaed circle 'indZnfof^^^LSif'V^^^^^ ^""'"^ ^^^ P^". thoJe circumferences are equal. ^ Projedion, the intercepted arches of b. i he radius of any fniall cirr?<- ,.,i,^r i mnive circle, i, equal'^io he .ai^L „f h "^ "1 ^ir" 1^^"*'"'" '» *« of the pri. :^ a^dtss °: -^ <^^a"^^ u^^aiio-t S:nr^ft,;i»xn?ti':pr£' ::^^arfo?t^hife;^- --«- -"e^^^^^^^^^^ ..........v^.ummc[ersat right anees. Then will Wrkt-^ , " '"endian; crofs it weft part, and E the eaft; and the oihtr? \?^ reprelent the equator W the degrees diftance fro.n the'firftf N he t'rTnd^^P V'"i '^ ^'^^ ^-^ 1 ty whe.c theeye is fupp.fed tobeplaced ^' "'''^ ^ '^' ^«"^h pole; and O the pS 1 1 ^'!:;:;:. ly^^y -" degrees cut the t^J^,!^' P^^s where theparallels points •Janeofprojeaion. But thefe proper v! 28 INTRODUCTION. i 1 fions ar^ the femi-tangents of the primitive circle. It will be abundantly fufficient to divide one of the quadrants in tiiis manner ; becaufie tlie divifions transferred from that between O and lo on the meridian N OS; the fame may be obferved of all the reft. J hus are there three points found, through which the meridians and parallels are to pals, and may be drawn by that well-known problem in Geometry, for de- icnbmg a circle which fhall pafs through three given points. But it will be nwre convenient to find their centres in the following manner. When the diftances be- tween the meridians and the primitive circle do not exceed forty-five degrees, the centres of thofe on the w-eft lido will be found in the Ike O E, and thoJe on the eaftem fide m the hne O W. But the radii of thefe meridians are the tangents of their refpeftive degrees, fet oil from the centre, and will therefore be found in the line 2^^ /iff^^";^w "4^Tr ^^'""^ ^'"""^ '^ f^"' ^' ^"'^ '^ *^««f« of each degree from the point W. % the fame proportion we muft take every twentieth degreef or the hue W O. Thus QjviU be the centre of F, R of G, and V of I. And thefe diftances are equal to their refpeftive tangents, fet off from the centre. That is the diftance between Fand O, is equal to the tangent of ten degrees let off from the ^^"^J^Ia/ ^^^''*'^^° ^ ^""^ ? ^"*' ^°*"^ ^""g^'^t of ^^«^ty tJegrees, the radius be- w^^ • • Jr ^"^^^""^^ °^ ^^'^ meridian* on the ealkrn fide O E, will be found in yv O, m the lame manner as before. But becaufe the tangents of above forty-five degrees extend from the centre beyond the primitive citcle, the diameter W E muft be produced tiUthey are of a fufficient length to receive the tangents; or, which is the fame thing, till the lines drawn from N, through every ten degrees of the two • upper quat^rants, cut the diameter prolonged. Thus X wUl be the centre of K, O X beiug equal to the tangent of fifty degrees. The three points through which the parallels of latitude being already marked on the priminye arcles and the meridian N O S, their centres arc found in the following manner. Uy oil both ways from the centre O, on the axis N OS, produced at both extremities, the refpedlive fecants of the complements of the degrees laid on thepri- mitive circle, and tliefe points will be the refpeaivec -nres of each parallelof latitude. Ur, raife the perpendicular, or tangent line, nk, an.. m the cemre O draw lines through the points whexe the parallels cut the primitive , till they interfba the tangent line, and thefe lines, or fecants,. will be the radii o - parallels of latitude. 1 hus If a line be drawn from the centre O, through the po, ^lere the parallelof lo cuts the prrmitive circle, till it touches the tangent in c, and i erred on the axis from O to I, It wiU give the centre of the parallel of eighty degrc or h 8o b In the fame manner the diftance O r/, transferred to O 2 will give the c. r of feventv degrees or » 70 ;. . O c will be the radius of /t 60 yt ; and fo of all the 1 . The tropics and polar circles are inferted, by fetting off on each fide of the equator and poles twentv-three degrees thirty minutes, as Z, B, M, D, and the circular arches drawn in the fame manner as the parallels of latitude. TTiere are two methods of projeding the ecliptic ; for if we fuppofe O to b6 the ■ firft point of Aries, and the eye to be in the equinod^ial colure, it will be reprefcnted 3" * nght-hne drawn from the beginning of Cancer B, through the beginning of aries O, to the beginning of Capricorn M, and by transferring the divifions of the equa- ^ u^in?^ ^*^^*P"^ " ^'" ^ projjerly divided. But if the eye be lijppofed 10 be III the.iolfiHiRl colurc, it. will become an oblique circle, and will cut the primitive I N T R. O D U C T I O N. circle in the points W and E, and touch rf,^ trr^r.: c r^ ^^ cut by the niericlhn, N OS. ** ''^^'^ °^ <^c"> where that tropic ia Ine conftruabn is now readv for infcrf ;«« »i,- i • , readily do„. ft„™ a ,ahlc of falrndLllMiudt'"' v^ "* ""■"■ ""'^'' -"y !« «b le of that kmd will bo found at the cod of tUsWoik ^ '°'"°'" ""^ ""'"'« thole of the «rl. .neridian. tt^g,:5uX^n;ar 1"" "" "^''^ ""I" prime mendiaiii andconlequmlvtlM lart^n^.r ,k 'l^^^PP™'^'' ■'"'^ «'«, or are on the globe i and in ,h2 lan/,n^£r the nl ^ Z" ^u" T'^ ''••''' ■>">" "W proportion to thofe nearer thel^^ ', rf!"!' "'«■« 'he pole bear m une„u3 "K„'ralT?'*''"™\"="''="-^'f''»Xr^^^^^^^^^ It a map of any particular part of the earth I^./k: u -r ^ quired, you may iiaie the projeaion pmrSrtS,. 1 ' hemifphere fhould be re. tend to draw, aid then cut out fo muS X ° il • ^""'TJ"^ '^^ ">^P X^" '^' of !«"g«"de and latitude of the counr J to Lddi^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^^ greatf/degree for mftance you woulddraw a map of fiC^acco dinlt Z- '^' T^^^^'"'''- ^uppofe the points where the greater and leLr Xde, n^ V^ '^'' conftruaion. Through and thirty-four degrees cut NO. tl^T^'rl^fX' "''' '^^""X'^vvo degrees the common maps, Europe includes LeTvtlK..i ^^"^ fT"''''' ^"^ ^ecaufb in off ninety-three degrees oHongimde v^ Ltl fi. h ^'''' of longitude, therefore 11? ^, and from« to/anddraw^^ e^'ualto Svfh^e??'' ^^'"^^ "^^n^tes from .. to m longitude, then ereft perDendicX, o!, ?i, ^*- ^^ '^*'^'^"' ^^c extent of Europe a reaangular fornvor. t?Sa7 ^W^^^^^^ ^ ^° ^^^^ >-- -ap S' and cut out your map. It will however Snf ^ ^'°^ ^ ^° '' "^^ ^'om y to / ^duleful, if'you allow room on each fdefore^n"^''^"^^"^^^^^ ^"°^« conve^nient :t^?:-:.l^-^« - ^^^ P^-t .^u^ trS"^^^^^^^^^ ^art. as^y ^^:!^'^^o^^ f ershei^g .id down «enera^ tiere wUl be no difficulty^b underftandw''- "^ '! ^^'^" P"""P'^« '"^^e pkne of any «her circle. Thus fof inCce if the "In^'^' when projeded in the of the equator then will the e^^e be fuuated n one "f ^h' ^^^^laed on the plane arall the jneridians pafs through the eve thev w^fl t. ^ ^''}^' ""^ '^^ ^"'"W and jevni your map be divided intn ^.^^^^j ._ _« " ' - - •--^"'^^--""^^orfoutbiatitudeby the parallel;; It i;!;"; so I N r R O D U C T I O N. tr- IV '« lore ready for the iurcfiionof' places, which is eafily done from a tabic of latitudes and longitudes. A map projodcd on the plane of the equator fhews the true decjeafe of the de- grees ot longitude in every parallel of latitude: and the parts near the pole are bet- ter reprelented in this than in the meridional projedlion. But the mutual bearings and diftances of places cannot be determined; the countries near the equator are re- prelented in a proportion much larger than thofe near the pole: nor is it poUible to exprels Europe, Afia, and Africa, in one hemilphere, and America in another: this is an advantage peculiar to the meridional pro)ej^£. '" "''' '■™" "'•''" ^"' "-' "- -™-n ccnrre, viz. .he p,le of ,he of tht proieflion. "^ ° """ °* **•" "'"""nns above ihe plane in.iVentr'^' *""' *"^ '"^"-'' «- '"= f'»- "f P-Je«-, will te p,<,jeaed n,e"; J'he'grSr::;?,.';- n',?f."d tr" i ■'' ^-"/p"' '■' '^™' - "- >>- fphereitfelf. '"!'""<-'>". ind coulequemly equal to ihe di,i,.«tr olihe ciiia.-i« ui IS: Ss',™ "s" of n' ''. X' r ■" '^^ -^^ "'■«-■ "f - i- poleofprojeflio,,. nKafuSuZa^hrf.t '"""r'^."'' '""»"" '"'■'">"''<= pole, a..d cm, the given ciSe.y','gh"ai"e. '^'"'" ""^' """ P""« 'l='0"gl. the ted'^yanMli'pcZ '"""""'■= '"^''"='' » Ae plane of p^ojeflion. wilt be .eprefen- .hal^^inVtrt-^S^TlSTe S.S- a^'n- F '^efe„.a,ive of primitive circle. ^ ^ ^ ^'^ ^°'*'^ *-''"<^^e» ^^^ the pole of the dined Io:i:X^Z'Z ptXn° utrS ^"'^^--P-^-r^ -^y ruull circle i„. prefents the great ciSe paS ttZ^ T^'^r^."'^ '"•^°.'^'' "'S^^'""^ ^^''^^I^ ^^- that of the circle to b^ PojefkS ^ ' ^'°^' °^ '^' P""'"'^'^ circle, and thror.gh above the plane of the proj^aion elevations of the refpeftive points contrary fides of the centre or po^leTn.nt'-^' "" f* '"^'•'' °" '^^ ^^"='-" ^'^• which paffes through the pl> of fffaSfeSllS '" v'' ^'-''H^'^ ^'''' ^"•^^- of tl^eprimitive circle, we fhall have the two !i •'' ^PfJ'^'^^'^^. ^"^ the pole of the fniall circle, to be proieAed • tn^ tT ^^^[^"""^ of the conjugate diameter right-angles to it a right-Hne be drawn ^ ^'"'l^K the n,iddle of this line, and at fmall circle from its pi weVa rhave^lh^^ '^'^°"^''-: ^'"^ ^^^'"'^ ^^«^°^^ "^' t^■e meter; through whicSi four LS if remnfi!r?r"-l"7 -'^^ ^^^ ^^^"'"^"''^ 'J^''^- tative of the fmall circle to l^ pr^eAed ^ ^^^fcnbed, it will be the reprefen- -^^^^^^:^^^^^ f:^^ to the s;;tc:!rt?:':^^;^~^ projeaion, on either fide we Sail h^ ^ rLT ^ ^''''''. '^'^ ^'^"'""^ °' P^^^ o." the ter. through which, and hrLSitic of the7 T'T'' V^' ^""J"S^'^ ^^'''^'' M, it will be the /eprefcntativl S the riv.^^^^^^^^^^ ^''V^ ^" ^"^P^* te deferi- From the above precep ^ he renrdEv? f "'"^^ '" '^" Projeaion. draw:n.upQnauy given pllne and 3eo"^^^^^^^^ ^'""'■''' ^"''" "'"^" ''"'y ^^ But as aU the clrcLTndbed S the Sf 'X?^ ^^H^- P'""^^'^ orthographic^lly. more difficult to be dr^v^^than c,'^Oe? ?^^ 1' T^^'-'"'' '''' ^"^P^"' «"d therefore accuracy, this proieS is r"e I'^^J Wetrap-^^^^ ""' '"'J^'^ to Ids degree of ^ " •" g*^<-gfapuxcui maps, nor would they be To :.» INTRODUCTION. :N ulcful as thofc drawn according to the laws of ftcreographic projeaion ; becaufc the IS, l-r^in' P"'""'^^"^^!^^^'-' '^^ prodigioufly coStrafted.^nd confequently Z Pb c U t\ l^T ^•"«"*^"J'-°'" «»« ^r^her. This will fufhciently appear from ihJJ % 2; ^'^"^^ " »" Orthographical projeftion of one of the hemllpheres on he pane of the n.eriduu. or primitive circle NESW. where it may be obferved littfe ufe '''*" meridians near the primitive circle, mull render it of ver/ Of Ska Charts. n J^ '?"-L^°'i^ °r 8^°8':*Phj'. particularly thofe where the voyages of navigators from SI' '^; ?'r' -K^l' r "u^^^ ^'- "^ ^''^ d"^^" by a method very diK HneT Thef'T^^ ''"'^''1^' ',f°!^^" '"^"1^^"^ ^"^ P^''''^"^'^ o( latitude^ng right- lines. Thele are generally called Mcrcator's charts, from Gerard Mercator who. fe^> m^'r"'5^?P"^'^^1'""y^"^°"^*^ chart of this kind, but wSut the leaft mention of the principles on which it was conllruaed. 'his was referv^ entitled 'T7"'-" k'- ^'^•^'^? "^L"^^'' ^^^^ i" the year i.^PP. publilhedfl^ ZhoLf /nnT A ''''^'"°'?'^"f^'^'"^ correaed;" in which he ihewed the f ,nct^l T? Ir"^ ^ true lea-chart. and explained the principles on which it is iHlL ^f fu-^'Tr '"• I*'^ P'"^''^ °^ navigation, that the rhumbs Ihould be Ir 1 f'' I «'I^"»,al P'-operty canriot be obtained unlefs the meridians are parallel to one another, and the parallels of latitude crols them at right-angles. But as the meridiaas on the globe meet in the pole, and confequemly the degrtJs of Ion- gitude become left and lels. in advancingr from the equator towards The poles, a ^t^r Z% f ^he ^bove nianner mult be extremely inaccurate, unlefs fome nie- hod can be foundto balance the errors flowing from the very nature of the conftruc non. This Mr. Wright performed by increafing the degrees of latitude as they ap- proach the poles in the lame proportion, as the degrees of longitude between any two meridians decreafe on the terreftrial globe. ° o / The principal difficulty in conllruaing a true fea chart feems to have confifted in MrZ^Tl^ proper method of applying the furface of a globe to a planej which Mr. W right accompluTied by the following ingenious conception. Suppofe a rcaangular plane was rolled about a globe till the edges of the plane met, and formed a kind of concave cylinder inclofing the globe, and touching its equator. Conceive the lurface of this globe to fwell (like a bladder while it is blowing up) from the equator towards the poles, proponionally in latitude as it does m longitude, until every part of its furface meets that of the concave cyKnder, and imprels thereon the lines that were drawn the globular furface. Then the CTlin. der, the reaangular plane, being unrolled, will reprefent a fea chart, whofe parts bear the lame proportion to one another as the correlponding parts do on the For in this rormation of the nautical chart, every parallel of latitude on the globe will be mcreafed til it is equal to the equator; and fo the diftance of the meri- diansm thole parallels will become equal to their diftance at the equator; confe- quently the meridians on the chart will be expreffed by right-lines. Alfo, becaufe he meridians are lengthened as the parallels increafe ; therefore the diftances between the parallels of latitude become wider and wider as they approach the poles: but thefe parallels .ire alfo right-lines. And, as the rhumb lines on the globe cut the me- ridians at equal angles, they wiR allb on the chart cut the meridians at equal angles, I N T R O D r C T I o N. becauJe none 33 and confequently be expreffed by right-lir leveral parallel nght-Ihies, at equal angles ' ""'""■ ""' ^'«'i'-l»lc« can cut ^^^';;P^^^^ o^ V M. WHght. .^ conn.c- Hence u is ealy lo conftruft a table Ihewin^ frt rh """''"^ V^ '^''' '='^""*^^^- proximaiion of tuo meridians in any latS ^' T ^ *''^"''''''" ''' '''*^ l^^*^-* ^he ap- . degree of longitude in every latitude^ ' ' ^""^ "''"^^ ^"^''^ '""^^ ".ake a .h.?l^^?;;l?,i;:;^t!,^^;^^^^^^ '° ^ "^« P»- ^^ a n^Hdi., as radius to ^4-^'lt7:::l:^^^^^^ equator, isexpreired by the ^ Hence it appears that by the add tbn . f ?K r '"'^"'^'^'^a'.'^ ^^at paralld. ^ the parallels iriatitudefr^nMitq^^^^^ '"'^" arches, thediftanceof whtch are called « meridiona parS" 1^ nTdl b^M '^"^, '^''' ^''''''^ ^'ft^^^'- Tr 'k^ T'""''' "f - quadrant^^Vorm a^tab e o? n,'"n-''^'f ^^'^^^^P^'^iing to the Unstable beinjf couiDofed -^ (L T f • .. ^"''^'""a' Parts. are right-lines at ^^1 Sices tl^^ T^"'^^' ^W the meridians them at r ght-angle.;! but their difta^^rLt'^h'.^' parallels of latitude crols - exprelfed ni the table of meridionpaTts If ?JeL ' • t T'^ ^" '^ """bers equator be drawn, and divided into^ as manv en f ^^ ' "^^'■'^"*^ reprefenting the to contam degrees of lonjritude and rhrn.fJl ^ ^^' P'""* "' ^^*-" ^^art is defLed perpendicular to the equ^ri; d awt tht'3 1^^^ ^^ ^^ele ^ivifions rightJi'es take iuccelfively from the equator the nunSr of di if '"' l^' "meridians' Then of ten, twenty, thirty \c in fhl f ki r ."'.^ '^'oiis anlwenng to the latitude two meridians that bSand the chart in^ 9f "lendional parts, fo then, oj" oi "^ to the other; thefe wu" t the oa a 'll T "^'' .'"^ ^'"^^ ''"^« fr°'" one dTv^lion and ready for. the infertion ofpla'cef ^n. l tSo/ 1 J^ ^'"\i "^^ -"^"^"^ Ihis chart is principaUy adapted toThe ^^'^ ^^Jatuudes and longitudes, cular. may be juftly conildered as one of fhetnl fTrf'.^'''''' »'^' ^^ '^at parti- fnade hnce the revival of learning in EuroDe T ^''^f ^^i^ovcxks that have been It are accurate, and, at the lame tin,/?h? 'x»^""'^ '^'*= condufions refultin^f.on ierved. The beari^s a ud dHlance of nl '■"^^'^'"/^"ty of the rhumb line fs pr" eit eaje and expeditl; but'fhrdSblf ^^r^s'of r^^^ t''' -^'^ ^^^ grL"-' ^ i'" '^"" ^^"'^.">ag«""de.s. Anifland^in hcN- Jl^r""' ^i ""'' '"^^"^ '«?'•«- «.ll be repreleated hi this proje^ion t^dce a hJ^.t n^'^-'>' '^"^'"""^ ^'' '""ance Me rarely meet with thele cLns in books of geograph^, ''^ ^' "' '"^ ^^^ '^^^ ^^»'«°' Use of Maps. na,ue. Ihe globe truly reprelfemr^e "artb b„, ,T°" '^ ' P'"""' ''"'» «■»■>■ » ace «„ .eprelbu one (ha,*is fpherical Sm ,i"L "u'P "° 'T" ■'■"' » Plane Ibr- bired exaiUv by one map m bv , ^AL f r '''"^"«^ *e earth cau never be evl.i ten or jv..e„-,y ^rees o/i&.rZl^'^i «>f fhcm each containing a^' J .>.^- 5'|:nhr.i^;L;'^;X.^rs^^ ,«b^ :i'^ ;?- r ^^ ■^- **• j,< - - '" "^ "gin naiici. thv ROD U C T I O N. face beingtumed to jhe north; and the weft on the left hand, oppofue to the eaft from the top to the bottom are drawn meridians, ov lines of longitude ; and from fide to fide. paraUeis of laUtude The outermoft of the meridialls and parallels are^rt ed w«th degrees of latitude or longitude, by means of which, and the fcale of miles commonly placed m the corner of the map, the fituation, diftances. &c. of places may be found, as on the artificial globe. Thus to find the diftance of two place.' luppofe London and Paris, by the map, we have only to meafure the fpace between them with the compaffes or a bit of thread, and to apply this diftance to the fcale of miles which (hews that London is 210 miles diftant from Paris. Jf the .places lie direaiy north or louth, eaftorwett, from one another, wehaveonly to oblerve the degrees on the meridians and parallels, and by turning theie into smiles, we obtain the diltance without mealurmg. Rivers are defcribed in maps by black lines and are wider towards the mouth than rewards the head or fpring. Mountains are. fetched on.maps as on a pitSure. f orefts and woods ^re icprefented by a Jcind of ftnib; bogsand moraffes jy ftiades ; fimds and Ihallows are defcribed by fmall dots; and roads ufually by double Imes. Near iarboyrs, the depth of the iaier is ex- prciled by figures reprefentmg ^thorns. SECT. VIII. Methods for finding the Latitudes a. id Lokgixudks of PtAcet riu>M Cb- i.KSTiAt Observations. WHAT is meant by latUude and longitude has already been fiifficiently explained It remauis that we fliew the methods ufed for finding both by celeftial obfeivations! I. Of finding thz Latitude. AS the latitude of a place \& an arch of the meridian intercqjt«d between the re- mth and the equmoaial, which is always equal to the height of the vifible pole above tte horizon. It follows that if the meridional altitude, or its complement, the zenith diftance, of anjr celeftial objeft, whofe place in the heavens is known, can be found ■the latitude IS e^fily difcovered. Thus iT the heavenly objeft be m the equinoaial' the zenith diftan:e will be equal to the latitude, which will be either north or fouth' accordmg as the obferver is fituated either to the northward or fouthward of the ebjedt. But if th • fun or ftar hath either north or Ibuth declination, that is if its apparent diurnal n oaon be either to the northward or fouthward of the equinoaial the dechnation muK either be lubtrafted from, or added to, the zenith diftance ac- cording as the zenKh diftance and declination are of the fame or difl'erent den'omi nations. If the zenith diftance and declination have the fame name, their diflerence will' give the atitude. And if the declination is greater than, the zenith diftance, the latl. tude wiU be of the fame name with the declination ; but if the declination be lefs than the zenith diftance, the latitude wUl be of a contrary name.. If they are equal the latitude will be 00 degrees, 00 minutes ;, that is, the place is fituated under the equinoftial. 2. If the declination and zenith diftance are of contrary names, that is, one north, and the other fouth; their fum will be the latitude, and always of the fame name with the decimation. '■ 1 N T R O D u C T I o N. «% fcuid b/a great varie^ of btame'L ""'"""= "' "* '""» "■ «"» ""X b^ ai-alfotntt'fSi'ir " '" "■' ^"■"-■■"^ ''""d= « «iual to .h. declimtio^ 2- ^^ visDitiG THE Longitude* Plai'^lg^^betjeti^^^^^^^^^^ °f ^o"g^-de Ween any tuo remarkable appearance iufh^&TitentTf ^T''"" '^^ ""^" ^^^^ ««' and^fixed ftars appear to move rouXhe e^r.K *^°\P'f ^'^ /or fince the fui earth revolves about its axis in t^J^f f u ' ''^ "^^'""^ '^ ^he fame thing the there paffes over the meridian ZlT^''''' c''''T' " ^°"°^«' ^^at in eve^hoSr whole circum^erence'ofThf^L"%qTar^^^^^^^ of 360 degrees, o^of the part ,n a greater or lelfer tiiW. ^ ^*^^"' '^^g'"^^^' ««d a proportionable ^ind'^ ^ora"A^et;pS^^^ T^^"^ "^^^-^ ^^ this the heavenly bodies to one anXr or thei^L '^'' ''' '^^ «'»PProaches of ^n^s . Wn, and ^o^^^^Z^^^'.^^^J^^' |J^»r ;^r ^^- -^^^ .in wlnCthe times when one of thefe books, and fcTefol obtSn S S^ "'"•''^"- ^^ ^^^ ^^^P of may be determined. "oiervation of thefe appearances, the longitude' fere'^5of^:„%rp^^^^^^^^^^^ .he dif. earth between her and the fun, and cS^ ^ «« interpofuion of the cbw the mo„,ent any part ofhefboX ifdep^ '"^ '^' ^"^^'s C a 1 thofe {)eople who can Jbe her at tL f,n!f • n ^^ ^JefoJar rays, it is vifible to oblcrvnjg the beginning, nnddle or eni ofTn TcW °r'^/''"^^ "'"^- «^"ce b^ Kn-r^^^^^^^^^^ i^S;ri;svrs ;^^:-{| donZml miVul^'aSr fwot^T'"^ "^^" ^^il'P'"- «f the moon happened at Lon ieconds after fix in th: mring t'lio"C?N^^ e""i '", ' V^^' "^-te" fo«; oftmie be lour hours. forty-oL nd^uterfnm r "^f^^^ '^*^" will the diftbence twenty-five minutes, the di^rence "f InnaW ^^ "^""T^'^ ^"al to feventy degrees ed later at Bofton than at London the dZ. ' ?^ ^'''''^' ^he ecHpl^ ha?,^n lequentlyif the longitude be reckon^Hfu'*^ of longitude will be weft S ct iiofton will be feventy dt"ees?J.i^T^^^4"-'^- ^"^«"' thrfonetS^e" ;.-!.rv njinutcs weft. F z 35 INTRODUCTION. I M The longitude of places may alfo be obtained from the obfervations of folkr eclipfes, but thee being mcumber-ed with the confideration of parallaxes, are much lels adapted to that purpofe than thofe of the moon. But as the ecliplbs of the fnn and moon happen but feldont, another expedient offers, VIZ. the eclipfes of Jupiter's fatellites. That planet has four moons or fatel- lites, moving round him at different diftances, and in different intervals of time • one or more of which is eclipfed almoft every night: for they difappear either in going behind Jupiter, or paflmg before him; and the inftant of fuch inimerfions oc emerhons may be leen by a refrafling telefcope of about eight or nine feet long, or a retiectmg, one of nme inches focal length. The paffage of the mpon, or the fuperior planets over the meridian, afibrds ano- ther method of dilcovering the longitude: for by having the time in an ephemeris when the moon or any of the planets pafs the meridian of fome place, and finding by obfervation the time when the objeA paffes the meridian of another place the longitude wall be determined; for the diflerence of time con\erted into degrees' &c will give the difference of longitude. ' There is ftill another method, equally exjieditious and certam, namely, the ap- puiles ot the moon to certam fixed ftars, and their occultations by the interpofuion ot her body. For the moon finiftiing her revolution in the fpace of twenty-ieveu days, feven. hours, forty-three minutes, there are but few clear nights, when the moon does not pafs over, or fo near Ibme fixed ftar, that the time of the neareft ap- proach, or the vifible conjundion may be eafily oblerved. And thefe,. when com- pared with the vifible time computed to the meridian of fome place, wiU fliew the difference of longitude. The laft method we Ihall mention for finding the longitude, is by a time-keeper a kind of clock or watchj which will always ftiew the true time under the meridian of fome particular place:, for by finding the time of the day at any other place, and comparmg them w ith the time then ftiewn by fuch a machine, the ditlerence of longitude between thofe places will be determined. The ingenious Mr. Harrifon, a few years fince, completed fuch a time-keeper, which was found upon trial to an- iwer even beyond, the moftfanguineexpeaations; and he accordingly received ten thoufand pounds from the government, as a reward for his difcovery : but for fome reafpns, not generally known, the time-keeper has been, hitherto kept from the public. SECTION IX.. Of the Sources of Heat and Cold.* * THAT the prefence of the fun is the principal flmrce of heat as well as of lights and its abfence of cold, is too obvious to have been ever doubted ; neither have mankind been long ignorant of the efieft of the greater or leffer obliquity of its rays. The flighteft attention to their fenfations during the fliort period of 2+ hours, was fufiiicient to inftrud them fo far; but the immediate and moft plaufible inference from this fimple obiervation, though affented to for a feries of ages, was fully re- futed by fubCequent difcoveries. The philofophers of Greece and Italy (the only whofe writings have been tranfmitted to us) obferving that in the Summer months, * Extrafted from an ingenious work lately publifhed, entitled " An Eftimue of the Temperature " of different Latitudes." Bv Richard Kirwan. Efo. F, R, S, Member of tl'.- K K A A,r x,,. «.<• J N T R O D U C T I O if. f- 37 ^^r^S5;ii;;eSfaIS^;;:^:^.^i|? ^--^:^^^ Ko^en n'arly Venice, the refulting col^' /» ^^"'"' of the earth; a fuppofuion that appears to me wL ^{.hreorheat m the centre earth and water were created togeXr a id wate . ^''"""f ^''' and necdlcfs. The lun,. was in a liquid ftate, ax^d c!n equmi? muft haTon^S'V''' ^'A'^""" "^'^^' thermometncal degrees; nor could the «rth rdevS^ Tf 'u '^'-^ 32 of our would havebeenfpeedilycon^caled T?,n^. 1^°!^'^*^' ^therwife the Mater origin poffeffed the\eat^neceClor therrnoV'"' '^'' ^^' ^^""^^ ^'^^' "" ve 'y heat indeed would have been S loft had^of t " ""'r ""'T^'"^ '" ^^"'« •• thil mceffant influence of the fun, Twh^h one h^oHts ft" -^ ««'! renewed by the But as no amhemic obfervation informs uHhat tWs t ^f '' ''r'^ •^"^^>' ""^P^^*-"^- we penetrate below the iurface of thHar h bu L .»^ ' '" Proportion as- decreafe (though never to lefs than .6» and th^tT, -''^'^'' T7 ^*''^- " to below the Iurface, conftantly keeps piceu^htt, ''''" r" /*' ^^^ '^'"^ diftancc furface, it feem* evident, that itTstrthis nlane\ llf "'"'''' ''^ • ^^ ^''^'" ^^^^ «" the " Thedifcovery of Mr. De Mai ^n in .^!? "'?"^ « "^'^^ "« continuation, plaining by what means the Winter's coKfo ^f^'^^f^^^ the difficulty of ex. climates inhabitable ; but it went no fimh.^^^^ "' to render the colder mean annual, - moUly tender tuTe of thef^ ^^^^^ «• 1 at a lofs to know the emperature, for no other is an obiedt of fdenrl ^^^ '^"^ ^''"" ""' ''^'^'•aRe ly agree in temperature. He has indeed Lw^' "?• ''''''. ^^'^'^^^ing years exaS- ^um and m„.Ln of heat L A ;ry fathudr fo?^' i'^''">' '^'^"^^^^^ '^' '"'-- u t'^ery latitude, for the Summer and Winter folilices • /■'V '-* ''''■°- '^'" "■ »"> "• t V.I. 1. Me„, rhil.>l„,,h. t Mem. Par. 17 19 and 1767. Si 3« I N- T R G D U C T 1 O N. l^sf :rxLi;?'it'£fij':si;t4^-™'^ '^""^ — -^'^ «'"- fors" He firft pointed ou, to ZZTo^lSjt'cl^'^ }Z^2V"'r^: heigh, which in ma'u7S?ef appro^" "ef re;^S^b;'°h^t:^^ "' the eaftern coaft^ of aL a • Jl /' J"*' ^^ " '^'^'^X ^'^^nt with regard to S^tftautral^u^^^^^^ ^'^^ ^^^ ^°"^^-" ^-"P^-- ^hefe, an'd fume v»l^^^ ''^''- ^"""'^^^ °^^^^^ '" '^^ condenfation of vapour. It is well known th^t- bufTatTr^-' "^""'T^ ^^ ^^^ "'"'^^ °f h^^^' ^Wch produces no mheTeSS btoa Ltd buT^durif^ '""'Th expanded ftate. untif the vapour is conden^ imo a liquid, but during this condenfation a quantity of fenfible hear ;« f^t Ur.r^ iy tLlSo., rf'TefrTfr- /^" conSentSi..'^ e Uy c u°£ and then onlyf that iney counteraft^he a rX" ^w" S-?l^*^l^'/ '' ? ^^ ^^^°' in which aalon and eilion heat confifts ^ ^^ P*"'"'" °^ "^*"" ' Hence the higheft mountains, even under thi- pm.at/^^ ,™ i • i. year covered with^now. Mr. Bougy'^r fotV L^T^f ?&cSS^t otthe Cordeheres, immediately under the line, to extend from 7 to 9 deSs^def freezing point every morning before funrife • and hence at a rer,,Ir?^ f S? u- u varies n almoft everv latitude it rnnfto,,;i f • u • "**" ^"K^t, which in the warn, cliSi. ;h;t\; fot^rtiirne^^fy'r^^^^ 1?^- ".W <.f,!!;o'?ifV'"'t "!'"'", "r"'J:"''' '°"«""'^- i" Sunder S « .he'heS; •3440 feet from the level of the fea. Suppofii^ that ,b be thi height 7tZ. • Oper. Incd. Vol. I. .Ji I N T 11 6 D V x: r 1 o N. Pic wfT^eriffe, and that this ■mnTm»,;„ ' ^^ which fuPMubm ,he'Sv2rrS^d='^,"r^ '•"'»' i» S™>™„. b„,h M..on of the hdght of >he lower lermTcMiXr V *? ■"<»«»«, the deteroS '"'°A. M r :'"'?'> .^"f *"*■ "fhaH^v^'rX oftfi" ^ •" «'"' «■*■ At Itill greater hejghts it never fr«.^«c "^ t ^*°^*.o* « for e\'ery c^ of latimH*. canfe vapours do not 4end ?o h%h X^S^'m"''^!^ ^°^ dZcreafe, C£: o/conge/njwn ;,nd under the equatofhe fiLS.^'K^un^ "^"^ ^^^ «/Ar /.%, « Under the equator, there being very iSle var Jf "'^^u °^2^°°° ^^^^t moft? both terms IS nearly conftant; undir SLrh^ulT ^u^ the weather, the heigh of Summer and Winter, according to tLde/reen?h'' '^".''"^ht is variable, b^th Z of the earth. But as there is a mean annS?, .J^ ^^''' ^^^'^^ P^^^^ils on theSaS fo there ,s a mean height for each erf SL'?'''''u''^ ^^^^''^^ *° ^ach ladtude we take tte differences between the me^n el?''"^" '^ ^^^^ ^^"^"de. S if poim of congelation, it is evident, tha^whatevTn "'"' •'^^ T^J' '^"^"^^^ and the equator bears to the height of eithi ofThf T ^''^P^^ion the difference under the the diflerence peculiar to^v4 o^SS SeWtoT'.^^l^^'"^ Proportion w^I a moderate heat diffufes itfelf fn the fa^r^o ° *^^ ^^'fi^^t of thofe terms • for which their aaivity extend!" wHlS^ri^r^' " ^^^^ ^^^^' and the d'Z^e to 1>AT. e 10" ao' 30* 35" 4o« Mean heigHt of the Lower Term of Congelation, Fb«t. 'SS77 '5457 15067 14498 »37'9 'jojo "59« 10664 9016 Mean height of the Wpper Term of Congelation. F«ET. aSooo *7784 27084 26061 24661 ^3423 208;; 8 19169 16207 Mean height of the ■Lower Term of Congelation. Fekt. 7658 6260 49»2 3684 2516 »5J7 748 120 Mean height of the Upper Term • of Congelation. Feet. «3730 ''»S3 8830 6516 4676 2809 '346 2or «°Hen£ "^ '^ ^"'^''^- ' evident the lower line of conge and alfoX ^Kn^emSe afthe fulS^f fT ^^ ^^"g^lation in any Utitude at any lower height ma/be known For Je!tf ^^f/^^^f, the decreme/t of £ "tent, auJ „! conbdcrable duration. '"'^^ "* * °»'nt>«f «* obTervations made w'er a large 40 INTRODUCTION. there are hundreds of feet hi the diftance of the line of congelation, we have all tliat IS requifiteio fiud the decrement at each term. Then let L = tlie ihtire docremeut, or difference between the heat at the furface and ,3 %". D = the diftance of the low^r line of congelation, in feet. w = the number of terms = D loo L decrement = — d - the firlt R = the rank of any given term, whofe decrement is required. C?y^ 'r^ decrement at any given term = R d; and by fubtrafting this from the heat at the furface. we have the heat at that given height."^ The temperature at he upper terni of congelation, may be mveftigated in the fame manner, or that of any other height m the atmolphere except over mountains; for the air over mountains IS generally warmer than air of the fame height over the fea. or over plains. In the neighbourhood of Paris, lat. 48",5o, the temperature of the atmofphere near the earth being 47°. that, at the eftimated height of 11084 feet was found, by the intrepid Charles, 21°. or ii» below congelation. " ' "/ J^ mT'm'-^""' lat. 47;, on the 2.5th of April, the temperature near the earth being Se , Mr. Morveau found ,t, at the height of 10631 feet, to be only 260. It is true that on the 1 2th of June, he found his thermometer heated to 70°, at the heicht of •^ «°T Vi^h^ ' ^*"°T ^'^^ exceedingly heated by the direft rays of the fun. Lord Mulgrave, at the foot of Hackluyt hill, lat. 80, found the\emperature of thebwer air to be 50". that, on the fummit of the hill being 42" : its height was 1503 "Sometimes the temperature of the upper air is higher than that of the lowei, particularly when a large niafs of vapour is condenfed by eleftrical agency; for no part of the heat given out by that caufe being loft by communication with air much colder, that which iurrounds the vapours fo condenfed, muft be heated to a confi- derable degree. Air rendered opake by clouds, tranlmits lefs. and confequently ab- forbs more hght, and is therefore more heated than clear air. Sometimes winds in oppofue direaions and diflerent temperatures, flow at different heights, the upier- inoft being often the warmeft; all which circumftances, particularly in cloudy weather, render all calculations of the height of the terms of congelation, on any particular day. precarious, though when they regard a particular month or feafon. they may be fufficiently exadl. ' "The next general iburce of cold is evaporation ; for the attradion of the particles of liquids decreales as their points of contad diminifli, and thereby their capacity for receiving the matter of heat, (which is the fame as that of lighi) increafes; by li.is increaled capacity the matter of heat or fire contained in the neighbouring bo- dies which, like all other fluids, flows where it finds lea ft refiftance. is determined to How towards the vapour; and confequently thofe bodies are cooled, though the vapour is not heated; becauie the re-action of its particles is barely equal to that which it had before its capacity was increafed. « With refpea to evaporation, we may remark *, r. That in our climates, it is tuml m thT^^rnal.'''"' " '''"'^ '° '^' '"'"""^'^ ^^l"^"^^' ^' ^^^"^ "^^ ^- • Sec 2 N. Com. Pctrop. p. 55. JUJi I N T R. O D U C T I O N. h;«- ^'^'^- J^^^ other circuniftances beine eaual it J, r. u l difference between the temperature of^elir^.nH V ? u"*^^ ^''^ ^«ter, as the greater; and fo much the iLllw a« /hi! J-«- ^^^^.°^ ^'^^ evaporating furface i« when the air and the e.aVoraS jfon H ZT^ ''J"""^^'' and therefore fmalfei of the vapour is conftantly inSeafed and 1"n rl^'f '" 'J^- ^'-^ ^'^"' ^^^ <^^''^'^^ more vapour is dilated, the morefire if SfJ^ ^^ ^t.T''' " ^' *^**«^''«'. Now the haufted receiver where it dilates moft " ' -^""^^ " '' ^^^^^^^ »° «n e^ tan, ^. are more deficcadrtrnloldS: """^'^^'^' ^^ ^^ «--<>' «"-- lefs 4t STalir 5nSt;ct%S °^"^' '^ ^^^' ^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^1-^7 powerfully promote it. ^"'^'^ ^°^^ ^''"'^« Ao^-i^g into warmer comitrief the;vf;^at^^^^^^^^^ of air or wind flowing over ed but alfo becaufe unfaturaSinfrnU .fT'^'l^^/^'^^^^ '« thereby encreaf' " "^6tS^^ X^tti^S ^«V^ '"" ^""""^ ^'"^ "• ^^^^ pour tha^n theTmf f^ac^^ove^nhh f^ ^""^' L'^^^'^'^' -« -o« va- M'tUmn.s found this quantLtofmoirm^^'\ ^'- "^'^^ ^^' obferved. Mr. " Laftly, We mav oM"rv« »k u"l^° one-third moref. "^* -itted fro^i one S The o he ' I^^lhf mtl '"' ?"''• ^I'''^^-"^ -""^"es are tranf. country is determined to low t7w rds rwa"rm/ ^'""n "°^ '^' «'^ o^ * coM «ieans warm air is determined Inft^ f ?"' ,'' ^*% underftood ; but bv whit fo explain. I fhall h^rmemio, fh^e ctS.'f ^"""^-^^^^ '« WwhatSS ler explanation from others. ^^ "^^"^^^ '^^' "^'^"'^ ^o me. wilhing for a ful- ij^^etoLit?,^-tn^^^^^^^^^^^ ^is current mufl be fupplied by^ir from Tl ^'' '''. '^^ ^^^^™ extremity of Afia »_,he upper cur™„ „in Kll;^ '"«'""> '"'^ -^""^n" of air in oppofuedireSs Wf o.^.ofSr^Vi^'Ue'S^tr^Ud^ "^""'^ "'""^ "- -■'' -qua. '■"'au„„s, and coun.rL r^ed ^.bTZf^lt "'"" '" «■"" ■'"" '™- . ,, „ "'"^''' a» itiey prevent tlie accels of the 'viein, Par. i-TPi r, /:o. * Mem. Par. .75,, p. 68,. ,jn,o. edi^ t Second Vol. Philadeii G Tranfaflions, p, 1 50. I' 'i 42 INTRODUCTI O N. w'mn^l'° ^^"^ ^'"^' ""' **" '^^ ^''''^' "^ ^"°^ ^^»^^ they may conceal, and pre- fent more numerous evaporating lurfaces, mult be coldir than open count S t'^s oSfio" '"^-f^"" ^'/f '^' and fince all traft, of land pre^t infinT": wfSk for , Ha Tr "" •'^"'" "v""°.! *)-"^ ^ *^P^^^^- It '■^'"^i"^' then, that we leek for a ftandard fuuation, with whofe temperature m every latitude we n av water or ti«n,nr.tlf ^i°^ '*'°'f°'' P-"P^[^>' ^P""'''"^' ^"^ two great trafts of old conl^f? ' one the Atlantic, feparatmg Europe and the wefterii fide of the ricaCrnfK"l^-'".'' '•'"'* ^^\^'^" the Pacific, dividing Afia from Ame- ^L^%1:f':;^^^:::^' "" ""'' ^"''■^"'' ^^ ^^^^"^ «^ ^^^ °-^-- " In this immenfe traft of water I chofe that fuuation for a ftandard which re- n^ntTaut"'?^"'"-^"'-^""^.""'^ and freedom from any but the IS permt de^^f of alteration viz. that part of the Atlantic thai lies between the 8oth de^ of northern and the 45th of fouthern latitude, and extending weftwards Is SlfharL^^f.^T ^ and to within a few leagues of the coaft of America; and S^th tifif °f ^t^P»<^»fi^ O^^ati. reaching from lat. 45" N. to lat. 40" S. froi^ the m? of th!.V5^ ^"Tl °^ ^?^^",^l' ''^^ "f "London, which is by far the greater fhe mfn ^^'^ °^ '^^ '^^''^^ S^°^- ^"hin this fpace it will be fould that he TemLrT' '^^P^'-^ture IS as expreffed in the following table. I have added ft^rw'SrrhelS^^ '^''''''' io. the northern hemifphere. though no. ooMOv ^ V, «:j tovb ONi>' :i,6,4^ to « o -f^ -" - a o ^ I ^ ^5^ttt^^^t^.t;^^--^^----^o,a.^r, ll; 0\ C\ 2l,<>i p\,qs.O> 9\g\Ox (^ ^J^ Sjy :jx (jy On (jy Ox . J^ J>. J:. ±. ^ t^ ^ ^ N o. 4^ 4^ ;^.4. a,:^, -00^ 4* -« K. -to 5. u, i, o=.o o. 6, | ■•^l-*^! Vi^l S^l W^ SJA L/1 S-. a vo O (j\ 0\0 covo o ►-< « Oi -f^ Cn ^►4 OCVO M M »0 M M O t-> to Cw 4». KtOtOtOtoOiC>)C>J (-1 <-n C^~J OOVO O >-i 1^ jj «1 "s^:iiF3£iiigiH?HHas£?sif,i J "v?'" ??/" conftrnfted on the following principles, which are nearly the lame afi thole or Mayer. ^ " Suppofing the mean annual heat to be greateft under the equator, and leaft under the poles, then if the temperature of the «quator be m, tho temperature of the north pole wiU .be jK— «. and putting « for any other latitude, the temperature of thai latitude will be wr—w fin *».. ^ "-^ • Dr. Blagden. in an ingenious paper in the Philofoph. Tranf. for 1781, hw fliewn that tha tem, per ature. of tb.s ftreaoi ,s coBfiderably greater than that of the adjacent part of the Atlant " the ^ Iquare INTRODUCTION " Whence the valae of „ i. , n . ~ ■'^■» ■*" "'^^ "' « m the firii equation i« s^ " 1 Y "'««nimed and found lo 1,. . •■ ^'y ■Km^'„'r>,S"r*r -hey differn,uch " IN the fi ft j^"*'"'''" OBSERVAXroNS A^^o INFERENCES ' ••« n :"""""'• ""— -j"^; . the .,.« . diminifh; this appeaTs .If?- T^'^"'''. unti the aZitv n/f J ' "^.^^^^ * '^''ge tides; but afterXft ;^ ^« fr^qti^^tly greater, -*. Wh ..r^et^S^- t;r ^ .^.at -^«o ..e^ee. a. .a«. f„. .„ 8 "wtn aiKi maturity of corn. The ♦ 9 Vet. Com. Pctrob. G i 44 INTRODUCTION. quicknefti^of vegetation in the higher latitudes, proceeds from the duration of the fun over the honzou. Rain is little wanted, as the earth is luttitiently moillcned by the bquefaaion of the fnow. that covers it during the Winter; in aU this, we cannot lutticientiy admire the wile difpofnion of Providence. • " r *i'*^' ^^ '* "^'""^ '" ^^*^ '^'"^ provident hand, that the globe of the earth is interledted with feas and mountains, in a manner, that on its firft appearance, Teems altogether irregular and fortuitous; prefenting to the eye of ignorance, the v'iew of an immenfe ruin : but when the ertedts of thefe feemmg irregularities, on the face ot tlie globe, are carefully infpeaed, they are found moft beneficial, and even netef- fary to the welfare of its inhabitants ; ibr, to fay nothuig of the advantages, of trade and commerce, which could not exift without thefe leas ; w^ have feen, that it i* by their vicinity, that the cold of the higher latitudes is moderated, and tbe heat of the lower. It is by the want of feas, that the interior part8 of Afia, as Siberia and Great Tartarv, as well as thofe of Africa, are rendered almolt uninhabitable • a cir- cumftance which furnifbes a ftrong prejudice againft the opinion of thofe, who think thefe countries were the original habitations of man. In the fame manner, moun- tains are neceffarj' ; not only as the refervoirs of rivers, but as a defence againft the violence of heat, in the warm latitudes: without the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennine the mountains of Daiphine, and Auvergne, &c. Italy, Spain, and France would bede- pnved of the mild temperature, they at prefent enjoy. Without the Bal^te hills, or Indian Apenniine, India would have been a delert. Hence, Jamaica, St. Do- mingo, Sumatra, and moft other intertropical illands, are fiitmiftied with mountains, irom which the breezes proceed that refrefh them. " 8thly. We may obferve, why grape* do not come to perfeaibn in the neighbour- hood of London, as they do in that of Paris, though the annual heat be nearly the lame, and the Winters are rather milder at London ; for by the tables of the monthly tem- peratures of both, we find, that from the beginning of April, to the end of Oflober, the heat is greater at Paris ; and thus we may learn the fitaefs of any climate, for any vegetable : hence we fee, that vines may thrive, as they aAually do, at Altracan*. '♦ Laftly. Since the aftronomical foucce of heat is permanent, and the local caufes of its modification undergo no annual variation, and yet the temperature of no two fucceeding years, is perfeflly alike, it is evident, that this amiuaF variation proceeds from caufes equally variable:: of thefe, there maybe many, but at prefent, we know of none, that have a demonftrable influence on the weather, but winds; and fince winds themfelvesj however uncertain in appearance, are like all the other phenomena, of nature, governed by fixed and determinate laws, they deferve the moft ferious in- veftigatibn, for. which we are at prefent tolerably well prepared. Of the Cause* of unusual Cold in Europe. " UNUSUAL cold happens either in the Summer, or in the Winter feafon; the drcumftances, which render Summers lefs warm than ufual, are pretty obvioi-.s ; for the diminution of heat may arife, either from a long continuance of eafterly or nor- therljr winds, or from frequent and heavy rains, which are followed by great eva- pcMation, or from a long continuation of cloudy weather, in the months of June and July, which prevents the earth from receiving its proper degree of heat. " But the caufes of unufual cold in winter, are more remote, and of more dii* fifult inveftigation; thofe that I am acquainted with ai«, *^ a D^couvertes Ruffes, p. iij. I N T R O D U G T I o N - - - V iX * ^^^' ynnftiol cold in the prec€dim Summer F„. l «.. auu&ra derived from the earth; J i^rCiiJS^^/'Jf, WnuerV heat i.s in g,.a, levereft, long known in £urop«- and Mr nl k . ^^ i"^- ilog, ^^og lU,, June was fo cold, that his therXmett fa ' n^r'^r Z*^ •''^^' .^^*' ^he^^rec/d ng that month, and the quantity of rain mnrh ^ ^^^/''eezmg point, on the 12th of thefameobfervation.ltHairlnrerrntr'^^^ Mr. Wou't^ would%frL;fcol{^£"l^^r " "^^'^'"^^ --^- This circumfl deprived of their'^r^ifhit^. by he^^i of thefi^n^'""' "''■'""" *'^ ^« ^^^^^ n ea^u t m the form of fnow, cook Th« in W ftrat/ C."'''' 'f^-^"'^ "^^^' ^^"* defcendl circu„,ftance alfo tooJc pl»ce in the ye L '^'' ^ "V/"^^^^^^^^^ ten^perature: th°f cold was greateftS.. Yet I have often Remarked, the i'^ .^o^f /emarks. when the a fall of (now; but this happens, chie«v X. t>^ ^ t •^' '° '^'^^"^ milder after pours bemg then in the lov^H^molS l^^'thv^e' '' ^"? '"/'^'^' ^^^ 'he Ta " 4thly. T/je arrival of Siberian m 4I I ^^^^"^ ^ondenfition. jaft of Undon; but, aior^^r^^^^ fihcria is 5^800 ^.iles to the high wmd moves at the rate of -< mil, ^i, '""" "^ ^'- Smeaton, a common ;n three day., f«,m SiberTa? nL' D? Bb^^"l' ^'S!' '^''^^^-> maV paTto ?,s feagues in breadth, and lodt^Z ^L^^?^" \^ *^^^"' 'h^t a current of " n^av prefen^e four degrees of hfS^ which h flow° ancfSir Benjamin Tl^.fon has pro vedthi )SHT\^ ' '^'''r^ "^ 7 or 8co miS Uian water*; therefore, we mayVulbppofe th.rT'^-^''"'^""-''"*^"^^^ *^f hea much of their original temperamre(^n aS^r ^^''■'?° ^'°^« "'ay prelbve confiderable force, and laft fome Sv? W ^ '^ ' Particularly if they ilow S may arrive fK,m it, in a few days :?t' is^e fh^J "''• ' ^^'"^' ^'^ ^^efterlyirnS Mng over thefea; but if the^furface Jf^^fta hT^ "" '""'^ moderated, by norffaerly wmd«; or, if the wefterly arc ftroiia !nH r i^^ Previoufly cooled bv pr«ve unufuallv cold in this 00^^ ftfr n!;), '^ °^ '^"^ continuanc^ they mav thpfe of M. l(obi., in New Eng£d Wd IT f? '^^^^""^ his j?urnafs ^th y«d«.a«qally paired into EnglanV§ Trwhtr f "/"^ ^^^^ theAmerrcan America as in Europe t. It ihouW alfr^ >!. ^^f °^ ^'84 was equally fevere in they origmate in a & laSitudefwiU^pp^rTl^'/'' ^'^1 '""^ ^^^"-^ -S, Tf pbere of lautiides more northern, kfs cokfJhev ^il w"' '^'"^^' ^"'''"g »he atmof- K Phil. Vranf^^i/i''*' ^" ^"^; IL-j ^ Meletemeta, p. it6 + ih;j „ ^ 4<5 INTRODUCTION. ' i. I tj more in vapours, which render it fpecifically lighter ; thui, during the great cold of Jan. 1783, the barometer was lower than it was known to be for 50 years before, during that month * : and Mufchenbrocic remarked, that in Winter, when the met- cury in the barometer defceods, the cold increafes f . C!oMPARISON OF THK TbMPKRATURI OF LoNDON, WITH THAT OF OTHXK NOTED Places. " THE firft column exhibits the differences of the annual temperature; thefecond, that of the month of January, as being generally the coldeft ; and the third, that of July; that of London, as the fhindard, being cfli mated at 1000. The degree of cold is eftinuted in^he fecond column; and the degree of heat in the firft and third. London, --.--. Paris, - Edinburgh, - - - . . Berlin, Stockholm, - - - . - Peterlburgh, Vienna, Pekin, Bourdeaux, - . . . - Montpelier, Madeira, Spanifh Town, in Jamaica, Madrafs, Annual. J.n. July. 1000 1000 1000 1028 1040 1037 923 1040 914 942 811 1583 964 746 3590 1008 987 1305 1037 1067 1730 1283 1090 92s "39 1170 850 1 196 I3I9 559 1 128 1557 1565 491 1349 A Fiew of the Annual Temperature of different Places, according to the Order of their Latitudes. Wadfo, in Lapland Abo Peter(bureh Upfal Stockholm Solyflcamiki Edinburgh Franciccr Berlin Lyndon, in Rutland Lcjrden London Dunkirk Manbeini Kouen Ratilbon Paris Troyes, in Cbampaigne Vienna Dijon Nantes t'oiiierc North Mean Lat. Longitude. Annual deg.m drir. m. Heat. 70'";' 36" 6o,»7 2a.. BE. 40, J9.5* 30,24 E. 38,8 $9.5' 17,47 E. 41,88 59.«o 18, E. 42,39 59. 54, E 36.2 55.57 3. W 47.7 53. 5.42 E- 52(6 52.32 '3.3' E 49. 52.3f 0. 3W 48,03 52.10 4.32 E 52,25 5«.3' S'.9 51,02 2, 7 E. 54.9 49.27 9, 2E. 5 '.5 49.26 I. W 5'. 48,56 12,05 E. 49.35 48.50 2,25 E. 52. 48.18 4.10 E. i3.'7 48,12 16,22 E. 5'. S3 47.'9 4.57 E. 5:2,8 47.'3 1.28 E S5'53 4<>.39 0,30 E. S3.« Laufanne Padua Rhodez. in Guienne Bordeaux , Montpelier Marfeilles Mont Louis, in Roulillon Cambridge, in N. England Philadelphia Pekin Algiers Grand Cairo « Canton Tivoli, in St. Domingo Spanifh Town, in Jamaica Manilla Fort St. Georjfe Ponticherry Falkhmd Iflands Qiiito North Mean Lat. Longitude Annual deg.tn. deg m. Heat. l46'3« 6,50 E. 48.97 ♦$.*3 1.5, E. S^a, 45.21 2.39 E. 52.9 44.50 0,36 W. 57.6 43.3b 3.73 E. 60,87 ♦3.>9 5.»7 E. 61,8 42. 2,40 E. 44.5 42.25 71. w S0.3 39.56 75.09 W S2.S 39.54 1 16.29 W. 55.5 36.49 2.17 E. 7?.. 30. 31,23 E. n. 23. "3» E. 75.'4 '9. 74. i8,iy 76,38 w. «., 14,36 110,58 £. 78.4 '3. 87. E. 81,3 ■ 2, 67. E. 88, South Lat. 5'. 66. W. 47.4 o,ii n,so'w\ 62, • 25 Roz. 463. Mem. Berlin, 1782, p. 25. f MuTchenb. p. lao. f mmlzz. m .1 I N T R O D U C I' I o N. 47 SECTION X. Ana,, rpat'lZel t'tt ^;?,u!^^^^^^^^^^ fc -plained at large in the c^t^n^rtl. t.Ue .inUs and it^S.^^J^ Z^Z'^l^ ^:t, r. Theory of ths. Wind. font'n.i^,\t]ttt:^^^^^^^^^^^ and extending to W thefe it appears! '^^^^^CV^V^^^^^^ ^^^ the air; and as to.ll a ve^ large fpace. ^^ ^ J^:^r^S"^.:'f\J^t:^ asSt^^^^^^^^^^ i. But as fen ral ftate. Hence if an alteration be rTade in «nv n T^? u ''''" '^'""^ ^o its natu, heat or cold, the neighbourii.g paS will belt Ln. ""^ '^ atn.o/phcre, either by the a,r always makes to reco^^er itTfomtrftate '^"""*'^"'"' ^V ^he eflbrt which greel otl":j^^"^^^^^^^^ ^IZr^C^Z^tj^ rt\^' ^^ ^^«^-- ^e- .60 S'"- '\ ^°"^""' '•''-«» orheTgreTt c cirof ?h ^^•^^^^"^P" ^o its oppc 360 degrees: but as thelb divilions are tcS min r. f ^"^ ^^^Z^' '' '^'''^^^ i^to ed into thirty-two equal part<» called fhf,!S? """"^c/or common ufe, it is allb divid. Winds are either conftam or varl/b^ ""V^''"'' °^ the compafs. fuch as always blow tl« W waT ft^^^^^^^^ .P^"^,!!'"; ^"^^^^^^ winds are able wuids are fuch as frequentTy\ift ofch/nlT '^^'''''''' ^"^^^ "^ time. Var ' rther^ A general wind^ ^'« thV v^hicrbfelTn ''"' ^^'"^ °^ ^^^ ^«'"P^'"« to the earth the greater part of the year A partia.lr ? • T^ T' ^ ^"^^ tradt of Ja- -raci. ocea. ^^ ^^r^^ZT^^^Z^^^^ f^cTL^^^^^^^C;;^-^^ appa.nt motion confequently naore expanded in thrtTruLn fn ,ni t""" ^^t^g more heated, and IS couftantly rulhing towards the weftfin order To ./ftni: '^' V^. '° '^' ^^^^'^^d and;n^:^irftS^h:^^^^^^^^^ blow Ween the north and eaH ; heat of the fun near the equator thSor^ f J " r 'f ^^•'"' '' «^^Panded by the will both flow towards the eTul^orro r^o/e ^ f-m the north and foath, bci?.g c::;;ord2d wil ^^t^^^^^ thefemotions ,V <" ; .y - N ■■ -"''^^'^^°^^«^"«tTK- motion, will c ^-1 1^ i:^ ^ c*t c cv ^y r-Z-ri ..Jo /"'*)' f ^T / • H. ■* / 43 INTRODUCTION. !■! produce the motions obferved near the above limits, between the north and eaft and between the fouth and weft. It muft however be obferved, that thefe general currents of the wind are difturbed on the comments and near the coaft. Sometimes the nature of the foil increafes or ■lelens the heat m the atmofphere; and fometimes chains of mountains form a kind of eddy near their weftern fides; hence the motions of the winds may be difterent and even contrary to the general motions above obferved. In fome parts of the Indian ocean another fpecies of trade-winds, called monfootis prevail. 1 hele blow lix months one way, and fix months the contrary way. rhefe phenomena flow from the Ikme caulb. For the air that is cool and denfe mult force the warm and rarefied air in a continual ftreani upwards, where it muft' ipread ule f to preferve an equilibrium ; conlequently the upper courfc or current of the air will be contrary to the under current; for the under current muft move from thole parts where the greateft heat is; and fo, by a kind of circulation, the north^aft trade-wind below, will be attended with a fouth-weft wind above; and a fouth-eaft below with a uorth-weft above. Exppr^.ace has fufficiently confirmed the truth of *^ j'^?° "°" ; the feamen alwap .aiding that as foon as they leave the trade- winds, they immediately find a wind blowing in an oppofite diredion. Between the fourth and tenth degrees of north-latitude, and between the lonei- tudes of Cape-Verd and the eafternmoft of the Cape de Verd iflands, is a trad of lea which leeins to be condemned to perpetual calms, attended with dreadful thun- der and lightnings, and iuch frequent rains, that it has acquired the name of the hatns. Ihis phenomenon leems to be caufed by the great rarefadion of the air on the neighbouring coaft, which caufing a perpetual current of air to fet in from the weftward, and this current meeting here with the general trade-wind, the two cur- rents balance each other, and caulb a geueral calm ; while the vapours carried thither by each wind meeting and condenfing, occafion thofe frequent deluges of rain. 2. Theory or the Tides. BY the word tide is underftood that motion of the water in the leas and rivers by which they regularly rife and fall. The phenomena of the tides occafioned a variety of opinions among the ancient philofophers ; but the true caule continued unknown till the latter end of the laft cen- tury, when it was difcovered by the illuftrious Sir Haac Mewton, who deduced it Irom the following obfervations. One of the inherent properties of matter is gravitation or attradion. It is owing to this property, that heavy bodies thrown up into the air fall down to the furface of the earth in perpendicular diredions. And as all lines drawn from the centre of a Iphere .to us circumference are perpendicular to its furface, therefore all heavy bodies fall in lines tending to the centre. This property of gravitation or attraftion is found to be uuiverfally diHlifcd through this folar fyftem, and probably through the whole univerfe. The heavenly bodies are governed by this great law of nature. The earth and moon gravitate towards, or atirad each other; and both of them gra- vitate towards, or are attraded by the fun. Kxperieuce Las alfo dcmonftrated, that the force of at; raftion exerted by theie bodies on one another, is lels and lefs, as they are farther removed afunder in proportion to the Iquares of thofe diftances.' From thcfe general principles it follows, that the gravitation of bodies towards the centre of ilic earth will be lefs on thofe parrs of its furface that are oppofite to the lun and moon than in the otiiers: and this deiba of gravitation or rairadlion in 1 , m INTRODUCTION equaHy attraaed towards the earthrcenfon^all^^^^^^^^ '^^ '^'^«'"^' ^^"8 waters m the oceans niuft rile higher in thnr^ ^l^^ u^.^'r '^^"^ e^'««ed, tlic u,ih their gravity ; or where thStradSon of fhlT "^^T '^' ^"" ^^^ "'«<^° dimi- 'l-his being an undeniable fkS t£l u '"".*"^ '"««" »« g^eatca. minimed nxfil in thlfeX/rtf hJ^ nhV whic'h tt '""^ ^^'^"^"^ ^"'^ ^e di. zenith; therefore the waters in iuch places wiirrfeVi I '""°'V' ""^"'^^^ ^^- ^^ ^he be full fea or flood in fuch places ' ^'^''^'■' ^"'^ conlequently it will the flood oc high water at the fatne ttoe ' e «»«"- "•oonWttradUon has been leffeUbvV-»/?u^^"'''''> ^^^^" }^' ^^^^^ "^ *he j;etacr. .1;' -'i f ^ V A-* / / ,' t/c I y /^^ » /' * » ?J, tfi / ii^, ■.A..t! / ^ ff r'o / /„, ,,y ■.r>« i (* y/ A ■1 J 50 INTRODUCTION. The fpring-tides are greater about the time of the equinoxes, than at other times of the year ; and the ncap-iides are then lels. Becaufe the longer diameter of the Iphcroid, or the two onpofue floods, v ill at that time be in the earth's equator; and confequently will delcribe a great circle of the eartli b^ whole diurnal rotation thofe floods will move fwifier. deibribine a great circle in the iame time they uied to delcribe a lefler circle parallel to the equa- tor, and confequently the waters being impelled more forcibly againft the fhorcs they mult rile higher. ' Such would be the phenomena of the tides if the whole furface of the earth wa? entirely covered with water: but as this is not the cafe, there being befides the con- tinents,a multitude of iflands, lyiag in the way of the tide, which interrupt its courfi-; therefore m many places near the {bores, a great variety of other appearances befide thofe already enuiiierated arife. Thefe require particular folutions, in which the Ihorfs, freights, fhoals, rocks, and other objedts muft be confidered • a difquifl- tion which requires much more room than can be fpared in this Introduaion. What has been laid will however be fuffitient to explain the theory- of the tides, and enable the reader to purfuethe enquiry and folve the difficulties that may arile with regard ta any particular place. ^ ° Geographical Obskrvations. I. THE latitude of any place is equal to the elevation of the pole abo^e the lio« rizon ot that place, and the elevation of the equator is equal to the complement of the latitude, that is, to what the latitude wants of 90 degrees. a. Thofe places which lie on the equator, have no latuude, it being there that the latitude begins; and thofe places which lie on the firft meridian have no longitude, it being there that the longitude begins. Confequently, iba/ particular place of the earth where the hrft meridian mterfeas the equator, has neither longitude nor latitude. 3- All places of the earth do equaUy enjoy the benefit of the fun, in lefpea of time, and are equally deprived of it. 4. All places upon the equator have their days and nights equally long, that is, 13 hours each, at all tmies of the year. For although the fun declines alternately, from the equator towards the north and towards the fouth, yet, as the horizon of the equa- tor cuts all the parallel of latitude and declination in halves, the fun muft alvvays cominue above the horizon for one half a diurnal revolution about the eartli, and for the other half below it.. 5. In aU places of the earth between the equator and poles, the days and nights are equally long, viz. 12 hours each, when the fun is in the equinoaial : for, in all the elevations ot the pole, fhort of 90 degrees (which is the greateft\ one half of the eciuator or equmoaial wUl be above the horizon, and the other half below it. 6. 1 he days and nights are never of an equal length at any place bctv. cen the equator and polar circles, but v/hen the fun enters the figns T Aries and :^^ Libra ior in every other part of the ecliptic, the circle of the fun's daily motion is divided mto two unequal parts by the horizon.. 7- The nearer that any place Ls to the equator, the lefs is the difleience between the length of the days aiul nights in that place; and the more remote, the contrary. Ihe circles which the fun defcribes in the heavens every 24 hours, being cut more nearly equal in the former cafe, and more unequal iathe latter. «. In all places lying upon any given parallel of latitude, however long or fliort the day and night be at any one of thefe places, at any time of the year, it is then of INTRODUCTION. the fame length at all the reft- {nr in t • \. ' ■ ^^ echptic which has a declination equal o th. 1 r/^^/J and but onepointof b« that point of the ecliptic touchesT'a^d as the Ibn ne've"' ^^'^'^-T '^'^ '^P- -^ 'h neareft tropic: contiLe! SSrs a W tL h' "^''^''^ '^ *"""' ^'hen he is in the part of that tmpic is below their hoSr td XnV?""' -^^'"^"^ ^ ^'^^"^' "o he ,s for he fame length of time without Vifincr W r '' '" '^^ *'^"^«^^ tropic above their horizon. But, at all o7her n"mes oT h^ "^' ^ J^'" "^' '^^^ '^opic is n other places ; becaufe all the circles that c^" hi H ^''''' ^^ "'^« ^"^^ ^^^^ ^here, as tween the tropics, are more or lefs cut by the hortT" P''^""^ ^° '^^ ^^"^^or, b^ nearer to, that tropic which is all above the hoS."' ''. "^^I ^'^ ^^''^her from, or either ot the tropics, his diurnal courfe inuft h^ • "" •" '"'^ ^^^" »he fun is no L II. To all places in the northerHem mlr. 7 """"'u' '''^'^' ^^ '^'^'^ "rcles the longeft day and fhorteft nights wSw ^'^'V '^^ '''l^^'or to the polar circle fhorteft day and longeft night is when h? -•"•'' I" '^*^ "«"h«^™ tropic; and the circle of the fun's dSly nS^irfo much Zll^t'^'''''''' I'^P^' ^'ec^ufet as he northern tropic; and none fo little aW f t'JT' ^"1 ^? ^'«J« ^^elow it, fouthern n the louthern hemifphere, the contrary "'"'^ ^''°^ "' ^^ ^he jum^e Vda^^S^Siil^l^^S;:;-^ ^" ^PPears for W time of the year without riling; bSufrfont n r ^u "°^ ' ^"^ at the oppolke former cafe, and as much of thlopS Pan^^^^^ "^^<^'- 'etsl he unto, or the more remote from theSe Ce n wl "' '" u'"''^'- ^"^ ^he nearer fun's continmng prefence or abfence ^ ''^' ''■^' '^^ ^°"g" o^ Shorter is the 13- " a ihip lets out from anv nn,■^ a r i poi-t again, let her take what tiKe wHl to dcrr-"^ '^^'"^ ''^''^'^ ^" 'he fame reckoning their time, will gain one conmLl ,1^? /l' -^^ P""P'^ ^^ that ihip Tn more than thofe ^vho refide at the lime Z b^cTufe f "" •''"'""' "^ ^«""^ ''"^ d v diurqal motion, and being forwarder evtrl . ^' A'' ^'"'"^ contrary to the fnn'; their horizon will get fo Lch'tSe foorerrboTthe'i^n'" '!"^ ^?" '" '^^ "-- ng for a Mhole day at any particular place And .t l" ^ '""'• '^'" '*' ^^^^^ ^^^ i^ew tmnable to their own motion, fron he length of ."'' ^>7'"^^'"S ^^ « part propor ]>lete day of that fort at their return • ui t S • ^'"^y "^^y^ ^^ey will gain a com more than is elapfed during thdr our r^o thc'ueonT '"', "'^'""'"^ "^ aLlute t^me" ward they will reckon one day lefs than Z 1 ^? ^^ '"' l''^ P""' ^^ they fail weft becaufe by gradually followinV tk app ej Z,L." ''" ''^'!-'' '' '^^^^^Zof- keep him each particular day lb muchTni " W ff "'"^r" ''^ '^' ^■""' they w 11 days courle; and thereby {hey cut oft a whole 1^ wigoutlofing one moment of aVolute time ^' '" teckcmng, at their return, ;".L.'^^^.".^^^^T^ ^hey will differ ^^^-IT^^^^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^P'-^ on days ; if ihri ice. Hz a INTRODUCTIO N. SECTION XL Natural Divisions of thk Earth. NATURE has divided the terraqueous globe into continents, iflands, oceans. feas lak^, rivers, &c. and thefe are called the natural divifions of the eaxth, in con* tradiltmaion to thofe impofed by the authority of mankind. ^ rhe two grand divifions of the terraqueous globe are knd and water. The land 18 divided into Continents, Mauds, Peniufulas, iflhmus's, Prouiontories, or Capes, Mountains. , '' The water is divided into Oceans, Seas, Gulphs, Streights, Lakes, Rivers. ' A continent terra-firma, or main-land, is a very large trad of country, compre^ bending leyeral contiguous empires, kingdoms, countries, and ftates. There are ee> neraUy reckoned four continents, Europe, Afia, Africa and America : but the latter w commonly divided into two parts, called North and South America An ifland is a trad of land entirely furrounded v. ith water, as Ireland Apenmfula, is a diftria of country encompaffed whh water, except a fnnll neck which joins It to fome other land, as Africa. An ifthmusis a narrow neck of land conneding fome peuinliila to another trad of country, and formmg the paffage between them, as Suez, which joins Africa to Afia, whicii is 60 miles over. . A promontory or cape, is aheadJand, generally of confiderable height, /hooting itfelf fome diftance into the lea, as Cape Horn. "6 , « i «» A mountain is a part of the land more elevated than the adjacent country, and is thence vilible at a greater diftance than the neigbouriug plains, as the Alps An ocean^is a vaft coUeaion of wateis, and bounded by the coafts of different countries, ^geographers generally reckon five oceans, viz. the Northern, the Atlan- tic, the Pacific, the Indian, and the Southern ocean. The Northern ocean ftretches to the northward of Europe Afia, and America towards the north pole, and is about 3000 miles over. The Atlantic ocean lies between the continents of Europe and Africa on the eaft and America on the weft.. It is ufiially divided into two parts, one called the North Atlantic ocean, and the other the South Atlantic, or Ethiopic ocean. That part of the North Atlantic ocean lying between Europe and America, is often called the Wef tern ocean, and is about 3000 miles wide. The Pacific ocean, or as it is often called the South Sea, is bt)unded on the eaft bv the weftern fliores of America, and on the weft by the eaftem Ihores of Afia and is 10,000 miles- over.. ' " The Lidian ocean waflies the fhorcs of the eaftem coaft of Africa and the fou thern coafts, of Afia. The Indian iflands, and New Guinea, bourd'it on theeaft"^ and It IS 3000 miles wide. ' The Southern ocean extends from the fouthern coafts of Africa, to the fouth cole ix IS bounded on the weft by the eaftem coafts of South America, and on the eaft bv unknown lands, and is about 8500 miles over. ^ A fea, properly fpeaking, is a leffer colleaiou of waters than an ocean -"as the Mediterranear lea, the Baltic fea, &c. though it is Ibmetifues ufcd proniifcuouflv with ocean, as the Pacific oceaji is often ftiled the South Sea. A gulph or bay is a- part of an ocean or fea contained between two fhores • and- 18 every where environed with land except its entrance, where it conunuuicates'with lome other bay, fea, or ocean, as the bay of Bifcay.. A ftreight is a narrow palfage, forming a communication between a gulph and its neiffhonrinor fpa or ioinin- .r .l /• . • 1 . o .^ _ of Gibraltar. .5 ^^n^ ydii. .^-x uiv Wa\Ji. u\.x:^u uuii uauuiCT, as the csirc.ights I.N T R O D tJ C T 1 O N. ^4'^Xp'^^^^^^^ an inlan. place, of^ cation with the oc^an, as the lake of Kmar^y ^' ^^''"'S no vifible communi- long ^^^^tZCS::^l!^tT^^^ ^^ -^n.ina Tn.^'^^'r-''^ ^^^^"^ ^^'^^^'^^^ d^fenTWues itfetf l^^^ mto fome lake. To this defcnption of the divifions of the eTr h rl^K ^k ^f ' ^' '^^ ^'%- of the various parts of land and water whirh/' r ^f ''''" ^^'^ «« enumera^on reader will find in the body of thrwo;k J^e rhX-fK^"^ ^« ^h^'"' «nd which the perficial content of the whole glob? n fquar^'" le^^T ' ''^^'' ^^hibiting the fu! of the fea. and unknown parts, the hab abl e« rrh f? J^'^ '° * ^^S^^^' «°d alfo hkewifeof the great enii.iresand priS f^^^^^^^^^ t""^ r^''' °^ continents; fubordinate to one another in magnitude ' "^^'"^ ^'" ^ P^»<^ed as they are ' i»e tilobe . Seas and unknown Parts ^ne Habitable World • Europe . Afu : — ; Africa . America . , ___^ I'erfian Empire under Darius Koman Empire in its Htmoft height Chinefe , " Great Moerul _ Tnrkifli Prelent Perfian " Borneo ^^ Mada^afcar Sumatra — Japan __ Great flritaiti. Celebes „^ ManriUa .,— IceJand — Terra del Fuego Mindijuo p^^ Cuba .„.„ ■Java ^_ '99.5IJ.S95 160,522,026 38,990,569 2.627.574 10,768,823 9.654,807 i4>no,874 1,650,000 j 1,610,000 I 4.161,685 ». 749.000 i> 1 16,000 950.057 000,000 2a8,ooo • 68,opo 1 29,000 Mo.ooo 72.926 68,400 58,500 46,000 42,075 39.200 38,400 38,250 Hilpajiuj.a — Newfoundland ^'eyion — Iceland — Formofa — Anian .-,. Gilolo Sicily Piraor -^ Sardinia Cyprus Jamaica Flores _ Ceram - Breton — Socatra ~ Candia — Porto Rico — Corfica ■— Zealand — , Majorca -. St. lago — Negropont — I Tei eriff _ , Gothland ~ Madeira St. Michael — bkye Lewis Funen Yvica Minorca Rhodes Cephalonia — Amboyna — Orkney Pomona Scio Martinico Lemnos . Corfu .i 5400 I Providence 4000 11 Man . Hornholm ~ Wight . Malta _ Barbadoes — Zant -I 'Antigua ~_ .St. Chriftopher's St. Helena _ [Guernfey - Jerfey __ Bermudas Rhode Tothefeinandsmaybe added.hef., • 92o jRhode _ ^^ ^fei o^:^SJi^^^£^^^'^^J^ or more ...ly nearly e.ual in ^^£p^SS^',^:^^ ^' '^c^'i^S. ^Sj^^t^^J^^i New Caledonia, S'^"''''*'^ New H ebrides. ^^^^^' °'^ Mavis's Ifland. prefent to be in the known world at am, duim. taken from the beil calcltlTn. •* about 953 millions. ^'ealationj, ,s }{ Europe contains Afia __ Africa «_ America — ~~ '53 Millions IJoo — Ko i}o Total 95J Millions. 54 INTRODUCTION Length ov Miles in different countkiks.] 'Ihere is fcarcely a trreater va riety m anv thing than m this fort of nieafure ; not only thofe of fcLrate countries differ, as tlie French from the Englifh, but thofe of the"^ fame couutVt var^^n the FnS n?r!!-'^''* '?^ all commonly from the ftandard. Thus ^he ^common Enghlh mile differs from the ftatut. mile, and the French have three fo Irof iThy dY Hdky ' '"' '^'' """ ''' '"""^ ^°"""^« *^""^P-^^ -^h the En. The Englijh ftatute mile confifts of 5280 feet, 1760 yards, or 8 furlongs. Eleven miles Infti, are equal to fourteen Eiiglilh. . The Ruflian vorft is little more than J Englifh. The Turkilh, Italian, and old Roman lefler mile is nearly i Endilh The Arabian, ancient and modern, is about li Englifh. The Scotch mile is about i i Englifh. The Indian is almofl three Englilh. The Dutch, Spanifh, and Polilh, is about 31 Englifli. The German is more than 4 Englifh. The Swedifh, Danilh, and Hungarian, is from 5 to 6 Englifh. rhe French common league is near 3 Englifh, and The Englifh marine leagw is 3 Englifh miles. PART II. OF THE ORIGIN OF NATIONS, LAWS, GOVERNMENT AND COMMERCE. ' TT riAVING, in the following work, mentioned the ancient names of count riei and even iometimes, m fpeaking of thefe coumries, carried our hiftorical re- iearches beyond modern times; it was thought neceffary, in order to prepare the reader for entermg upon the particular hiftory of each country we defcribe, to nlace before his eye a general view of the hiftory of mankind, from the firft ages of the wor d, to the reformation in religion during the i6th century. By a hiftorv of the world, we do not mean a mere lift of dates, which, when taken by itl^lf is a thing extremely luf^^gmficant ; but an account of the moft intereftmg ind im'oort ant events which have happened among mankind; with the caufes which have produced, and the efieds which have followed from them. This we iudce to be a matter of high importance in itfelf, and indifpenfably requifite to the underftand- mgot the prelent ftate of commerce, government, arts, and manners, in any particular country I which may be called commercial aild political geography, and which, un doubtedly, conftitutes the moft ufefiil branch of that fcieuce. «mtn, un The great event of the creation of the world, before which there was neither matter nor form of any thing, is placed according to the beft chronologers in the year before Chrift 4004; and in the 710th year of what is called the Julian period which hath been adopted by fbme chronologers and hiilorians, but is of little real fer' vice. The facred records have fully determined the queftion, that the world was not eternal, and alio alcertained the time of its creation with gieat precilion.* U I 7'''-",'^,=','"=^'"'f''n "^Py of thcBible makes the ante dlluvi.m pe.l.ul nrl,- . 307 years, ug ftort of the leeding it; but the Hebrew chronology is generally acknowlciiircL: to be of fupeiiur authcruy /. I N T R O D U C T I o N. It appears in general, from the firft chaDter. \n r^ r , , "^"^ flood was extremely populous, that mankiml h i f'' *''^' '^"^ ^•^'-'^ bei"ore the in the art,,, and we^e Vcome ^,1"^ "L conWerable in^provemelu ners. Their wickednefs gave occafion m .^1 u," '"^^"^ Sentiments and man- whole human race, excepf Noah an^i fannirr^^^^^^^ cataftrophe, by which tTe face of the earth. Tlie delude took 11.^7' were fwept irom oft" the „ , ^ world, and produced a very fonfider Jbt .J. ' '^^ '^^^'^ T" ^^ ^^e ^^^"-Ch.ift, Sphere of thij globe, and^aTe them !?? i r"f ""V^^ ^"'^ ^°^ ^'^o- ^348. the human bo'dy. Hence' iVaS^^^^^^^^ ^ ''' ^'""^ ^^ ^-^-e of tram of difeafes which hath ever lincrr^Ide £ ht l"" '\ '""* '^'' formidable part of hiftory follows that of the de?uge, the /ep^^^^ '^' ^i^^^'^- ^ curioas ^f\new generation from the ruins of ffeform^^^^^^^ ^"'^ ^^^ "fing ^oah, the firft founders of nations, was W Seferved "^""'"V-^ ^''^ three fons of dants. Japhet continued famous amonfthe^werrn . T"^ '^'l' ^"^'^"' ^^^^^n- nameofjapetus; the Hebrews paid an e^ua^^^ene/adon^rs^^^^ '^' ''^'^''''^ der of their race; and among the Egyp^ans mZ T.? '' '^^'^ ""'^^ ^he foun- under the name of Jupiter-Hammo?^^ h ' pel Th ^ t"^ '"''"'''^ '' ^ '^^^'""y^ occupation fome centuries after the delul ThJ ''^f,' ^"»""& was the principa and the great heroifm of thofe times confffted fn^Z^^- '''T^ ^"^ ^'1^ be^ft' acquired immortal renown j and by th^alt^n thTf '^'"'- "^"^« ^'i"^rod univerially excited, was ei;abled fo aLuirr^n ...r^ '^ ^'' '°"'"'g^ ^"^ dexterity creatures, and to found at BabylonTheS L T^'l'^. °^'^^ ^is fellow- „ '^ ar ly mentioned in hiftory. Nof W aS "2' f '^^^■^"''' ""^" >« P««>'«- " laid by Aifur; and in Egypt the In r 1 ^^ndation of Nineveh was "47- , and Tanis, began to affamf fbmrapt^ara^r^T'r^t ^ V''^''^. ^^'"' ^^^"^Pbis, events fhould have happened fo foon^Sft/r he c'eL^ T** ''^^'"'Y- ^^^'^ thefj occafioned to the learned fome centurlTL. ^^ ' whatever iurpriYe it may have the wonder of the prefent Z W^h ^r' ""^'^ '''" '" '^'^ ^"'alleft degvee evc'rJ eflbas of the principles of po^;-i,,^^ t'd ho"'/^";,"'^"^' "^««"^^'«' thf po^e ^1 to be ,he father of ., chofen pSe. Km" rtU .""' ',''">."""« "^ -''>"'»"■ „ »«,o„3 begin, a little ,„ eipand iifeff " d L f f '""^ ""■ ''""™' vejy confiderable importance ^ ''"" '=™"1 particulars of '9>'*- oppreSrdi1ro7U:"?,,o'Sr1r:iT/«- Wore they fe. themfelve, to ■ v-s already hecom^e a robber a„d a "^T™"' Hi.T °' *? ='™''"' "- F'«^-! the fpoil that had been taken. AirlEU^ f 1- *'"«,«'gagemcnt, recovered I Canaan »!, laten. Abraham was fo W ' TK '^^'^"'''^ '^^"'^ G°d had commanded ]iim'V=^7' 7 '^ ^"'l"""' ^^'^^^^ - power., nation. The '^'^n'^^^i:^^^^^^^!^ '^Z am h fi.\ed;u before CUiH * Accnrdinp: to Dr. PlayfairN chrorsJ-r!- !. m ""•""' '^"^ ^-'^ "^ini.' called out J U:t #; JS' '"^'"' "'"^ ^'^^^ ^^ ^brah: /C^ ■7 /' / ,1 . / / ./■ y y-'t.' • r ^/../.r. ;r- V s« INTRODUCTION. li.W'" ' 'i bnUiaiit colours. He is furrounded with a crowd of courtiers, folely occupied in grat.fy.ug his pafl.ons Ihe particular goveruu.ents into which this country w"h cbvided. are now united under one powerfiil prince ; and Ham, who led thcToloitv into Egypt is become the founder of a mighty empire. We re not, howeve , t^ nnagine that all the laws which took place in Egypt, and which have been IbTufty admired for their w.ldom, we,;e the work of this early age. Diodorus Siculus a Greek writer mentions many luccelhve princes, who laboured for tl^rir eftabliOi- ment and perteaion. But m the time of Jacob, two centuries after, the firll prin- ciples ot civil order and i;egular government leem to have been tolerably uiuierLod among the Egyptians. 1 he country was divided into leveral dirtrids oi feparatc de- partments; councils, coiiipoled of experienced and felea perfons, were eltablifl.cd for the managenient ot public a flairs j grai.aries for preferving corn were ercdled; ?l V f 5j"^' u *;8yP"*"^ "\^'»5 **»- ^"Joy'^J a commerce far from inconfiderable. I hefe fa«s, though of an a.icient date, uJ-ve our particular attention. It is from the Egyptians, that many of the arts, both of elegance and utility, have been hand- ed down m an un.merrupted cham to the modern nations of Europe. The EevP- t.a.as communicated the.r arts to the Greeks; the Greeks taught the Romans many niproyements ^th m the arts of peace and war ; and to the Romans, the preS inhabitants of Europe are indebted for their en ility and refinement. The kingdoms of Babylon and Nineveh i-emaiued feparate for leveral centuries; but we knot not even the names of tlie kings who governed them, milefs it be Ninus, the iUcceffor of Aflur who, fired by the Ipint of conquelt, extends the bounds of his kingdom, adds Babylon to hw domimons, and lays the foundation of that monarchy, affifted by his enterprifing lucceffor Semiramis, whicli, under the name of the AflVrian em- pire, kept Afia under the yoke for many ages. ^ Javan, fon of Japhet, and grand.fon of Noah, is the ftock from whom all the people known by the nau«. of Greeks are defcended, Javan eftablifhed bimfelf in he iflandsonthe wefterncoaftof Afia Minor, from whence it was impoflible that to.ne wanderers fbould not pafs over into Europe. The kingdom <.f Sicyon near Conmh (crMed by the Pelaigi, is generally fuppofed to have comme.iced in the year before Chrill 2090. To thefe firft inhabitants lucceed a colony from Eevot who, about 20CO years before the Chriftian a:ra, penetrated into Greece, and, iiii- der the name of 1 nans, endeavoured to eftaWifti monarchy in this country, and to introduce into it the laws and dvil poHcy of the Egyptians. But the empire of the litans was loon diffolved ; and tlie ancient Greeks, whofeem at this time to have been as rude and barbarous as any people in the world, relapltvl into their lawlefs and favage manner of life. Several colonies, however, ioon alter palfed over from Alia into Greece, and by remaiutiig in that country, produced a more confiderable alteratioii m the manners of us inhabitants. Tlie moft ancient of thefe were the colo- B. c. "'^^ otinachus and Ogyges; of whom the former fettled in Argos, and the 1850 'a«er in Attica. v\ e know very little of Ogyges or his fuccelfors. Thofe ot Inachus endeavoured to unite the difperled and wandering Greeks; and their endeavours for this purpofc were not altogether unlucceCsfiil. But the hiftory of God's cholen people, the Ifraelites, is the only one with which v;e are much acquamted during tholb ages, 'i he train of curious events, wbich oc caf.oned the lettl.ng of Jacob and his family in that part of Egj^pt of which Tanis B.C. Y^^^"^' ^'"^P"^'' ire umvcrlally known. 'I'hat pati larch died, according to ,6S9. ^'^e Septuagmt vcrfion, 1794 years before Chrill, but according to tiie He- brew Chronology, onlv 16S9 years, .iml in the year of the World 2^1 'J. Ihts IS a remarkable sera with refped to the nations of heathen antiquity, and A, A u I N T R O D U C T I o N. TOndndes that period of time wliich ih- r™ r r. ■" »d „hich they Ijave g-^.ly dirf^'^^.'^h"!''™'! '' .altogether untttown, this period then in another Doin» }^f Vi ^ J wbulous narrat bn«. Let nc r^^J^Zi iacred writings, with re^TtU im^ii/^^^^^^^^^ ^\-^ -n itTrn" oS It IS a coninwu error among writers on Sk- ^^"^ '^"^^ ^^ ^""«« nations amjquuy as being on the famf Sfng ^th reiKC """^'''^ ^" ^*^ "«ion« of infer the wifdom of KSTg^'^^^^^^^^^ difference between the inhabitants of fhi ^PP'^'^S' however, to have been as nmcl «ent, as between the civuSTkiidomror' T'^'> P«'^^« of art anS X^ America, or the Negroes onthc^o^rj^^^^''' ^"'•°P« ^nd the Indians in quainted with all the arts of °he anSLf ^^""'t ^""^^ ^^« undoukedly ac to his children, and they again would i?K "^^'J* ' '^^^^ ^^ ^ould communicate nations therefore who f^lineSfhr^ ^ -^Tr ^°^" ^° '^^^' Pofteritv Thofr beft oppof tunitiea to avail d^emfefves of X^?'^ ^"f'J"^ "'^'^^'^d, and who had the waspoffelfedof; early formed Xmfelvel nfn"°'^^'^f ^."^^'^^ ^^^ir great anceftor aWe improvements in^he arts Sa7e moft Wf'' ^'^'''^'' ^"^^ "^^de confider ture appears to have been known in th^fiS fi r u ^""^ '° ^""^^n life. Agricul land 'n^^^' '""" °^ J^^°b, llSfig^tree and^ ^ T'''^- ^°^^ cultivatfd the ri?f Canaan; and the inftruments of hufi^^^^'"?^ ^"^ ^^^ known n the them m Greece, are often mentionS in ?hef=?!°?'^'- °"8f ^^^^^ the difcovSv of Pofed, that the ancient cities Sh in Ar '? r"'"«^- ^^ is hardly to Kn unlVrt "^""°««^' «fceSds t^£ relfeft ^P^-' "^"^^ ^undftion, as ^^ unlefs the culture of the ground had b2nTSvf"*J'i">'' *^°"ld have been buUt that the commerce between diffemun^„„,^' appears from the hiftorv of Jof°nb ^ J -n,t„..uutt, of this country were rather tie iu^ X< *? (*kW\ 58 INTRODUCTION. \i II nries than the conveniences ot life, we fliall have rcafon to conclude, that the tountries into which they were fent ibr fale, and particularly Egypt, were confider- ably improved in arts and refinement : lor people do not think ot luxuries, until the uletul arts have made high advancement among them. In fpeaking of connnerce, we ought carefully to diftinguifh between the fpecies of it which is carried on by land, or inland commerce, and that which is carried ou bv fea : which bft kind of traffi<- is both later in its origin, and llower in its progrds. Had the dcfccndants of ;,c n L. . left to their own ingenuity, and received no tinfture of the antedilu, iau knoivleUge from their wife anceftors, it is improbable that they ftiould ha\ >; veiJtu;ed on navigating the open feas fo foon as we find tliev' did. That branch of his pofterity, who lettled on the coaifs of Paleftine, were the firlt people of the world among whom navigation was made fubfervient to commerce : they were diftinguifhed by a word, which, in the Hebrew tongue, fignifies merchants, and are the fame nation afterwards known to tlie Greeks by the name of Phcenicians. Inhabiting a barren and ungrateful foil, thej- f.- ^emfelves to better their litnation by cultivating the arts. Commerce was their capital objed^ : and, with dl the writers of pagan antiquity, they pais for the inventors of whate^ er is fubfervient to it. At the time of Abraham thev were regarded as a powerfiil nation; their maritime commerce is mentioned by Jacob in his laft words to his children : and if we may believe Ilerodotus in a matter of fuch remote antiquity, the Phoenicians had by this time navigated the coafts of Greece, and carried off the daughter of Inachus. The arts of agriculture, commerce, and navigation, fuppofe the knowledge of feveral others ; aftronomy, for inftance, or a knowledge of the fituation and revo- lutions of the heavenly bodies, is neceffary both to agriculture and navigation ; that of working metals, to commerce ; and fo of other arts.. Iii fadl, we find that be- fore the death of Jacob, feveral nations were fo well ac^uamted with the revolutions of the moon, as to meafure by them the duration of their year.. It had been an uni- yerfal cuftom among all the nations of antiquity, as well as the Jews^ to divide time into the portion of a week, or feven days : this undoubtedly arofe iiom the tradition with regard to the origin of the world. , It was natural for thofe nations w ho led a paftoral life, oi who lived under a ferenefliy, to obferve that the various appear- ances of the moon were completed nearly in four weeks : hence the divilion of a month. Thofe people again who lived oy agriculture, and who had gotten among them the divifion of the month, would naturally remark, that twelve of thele brought back the lame temperature of the air, or the lame feafons : hence the origin of wiiat is called the /umr year, which has every where taken place in the in- fancy of fcience. This, together with the obfervation of the fixed ftars, which, a.s we learn from the book of Job, muft have been very ancient, naturally paved the way for the difcovery of the fo/ar year, which at that time would be thought an immenfe improvement in aftronomy. But with regard to thofe branches of know-, ledge which we have mentioned, it is to be remembered, that they were peculiar to the E^'ptians, and a few nations of Afia. Europe oflered a fiightful fpeflacle during this period. Who could believe that the Greeks, who in later ages became the patterns of politenefs and every elegant art, were defcended from a favage race of men, traverfing the woods and wilds, inhabiting the rocks and caverns, a wretched prey to wild animals, and fometimes to one another ? 1 his, how ca er, is no more than what was to be expedted. The defcendants of Noah, who removed at a great diftance from the plains ofShinar, loft all connexion with the civilifed, part of mankind. Their pofterity became ftill more ignorant; and the human mind; was at length funk into an abyfs of mifery and wrctchednefs. . SB^^i^ w,..: forward in^ ume, the S'Sthe ^aT^.^^^^^^^^ J^^ and as wc advance iroiu the.r obJcurity. This, however fsT r ''' '^^^^ ^"^' ^ffyria would en'Zl ghuipleot them, and they di appeTj^itirelv fn "' '^''"^' '^^ ^^''^ = v.^ only "et^" i^nuas, whofuccecdedSemiran^rinTi^^^^ After the reign of ^ aftontfhing blank in che hifto^of h eS"" f' ^Yj"'"'^''''^^'' ^^^'^^^ °- ^■ : years. 1 he lilcncc of aacientT^iflory on E "'b,eS ""^ ''^' '^''\ *^'s'" ^'^"''red -965 ncf. and eHennnacy of thefuccciforrof Si' f^ f \-' r''"^"'°"'>'^'^'"b'«<^d tothefoft- ot narration. Wars and commotions are tr;rl°t '"' '' '^'^'^'-^'^^ «« ^^'■'"ts wo hv gemlc and happy reigns „f wife prS Lf" 7n't r'*^"''''" ' * ^^^ ^i'^'-i'-"'. vvhiU. , e a pnnce of wonderful abilitieV is ru'inof^7^'""u"^ ^"^ unrecorded. Selbil Eppt after Amenophis, who was A luoK' ^'\^^^' •"«"'"<^'' the throne of Chnft 1492 ; by his alliduity and at enSi ,h^ "• -^^ ^'^ ^'' ^^"^ 'he yearZfo^e ^etgyptuns received ^c^ conSrMe' in." T'^ and nulitary eftablilhmem ot Seloftns and his immediate fuccefror. '"'P"^V™^'"'- %Pt. in the time nf Wdont upon earth, and ^cZjt\o'^'tf P'obability'^rh; moftprerfu contamed twcnty.feven n.illion. of Shibirlr^ ^^ --ilculation is lupj.olbd to hive without gratifying our curiofity: for from t^ .^"^^'^'ent hiftory\>ften exche. m the year before Ghrift 781 wc hli r '''.'"^'^^ "f Sclblhis to that of Who f' intenncdiate princes. Kwl'iZJ^f '^' l^"owledge of even the nan^s «f .^? country muft ftiU have combu'X' a v'r/l 'T "•"^^^"' circmXnces tt tinned to pour forth her colonies iuodE "' ^"^'"g condition; for Egypt' con and poluenefs, that fchool for al^who -,A i ' V °'"T; ^^^*^'^«' '^at leat oYlearnW to Cecrops, who landed in Greecl with .n V^'"' •^''^'^""'' °^^« "« foundation ^ P^'^'^if^the rough matmarofroriLY^^i'".-'"'"''>''=>"^^"^ ^- ''• E.^hxch^^^«ops eftablilhed amon ;S?Ath'^"'°^'-- .^'^^'^ 'he inftitu- '556. lituations they muft have lived hefn.!: t5 '"^ . -^'"cnians, it is eafy to infer in »K . nations are fo\.rbarous as^'b^I?" ^^^^^^^^ The laws of m^riai. ^h ch few Greece. Mankind, like the bSftfSe V '"•'"'^"'''''"'^ '''"^' ^"'^ "«' ^uotnZ counters, and with h tie knowledge of thc^^ ""'T P^'^P^g^'^'l by accidewaTren Cranaus, who iucceeded Cecron« Jn .? >■ '° ^'^oni they owed their a^Z r beneficial plan, and endTa^Zei^^^^i;^^-;! of Attica, ^urfued the fa'n f '°" i'^^ons of a rude people. ^ ""'^^ wiluutions, to bridle the keen ^ ^' ^^ ^^1^t£[S':Z^ l"' f "'""^ '^'^ co^e. of oi: noi,na„«, am r,ver., is divided, a"d Xf^^ L'" "r'»' b™"daries of rock raoit lafting which are ih ^ ..,^.K ' ^"/'''''''Jhat thofe political ro.,: ^ag.hcucu Dy religion, comn-mted to" the < / &> INTRODUCTION. Amphiiflyons the care of the temple of Delphi, and of the riches which, from the dedications of ihofe who coiifulted the oracle, had been amailcd in it. This affeni- blv, contiituted on fuch iblid foundations, was the great Ipriiitj of adlion in Greece, while that countiy prefcrvcd its independence; and, hy the union which it infpired among the Greeks, enabled ihcnj to defend their liberties againft all t lie force of the Pcrfi.m empire. Confiderwig the circundlances of the age in which it was inltituted, the Amphi<51yonic council is perhaps the moft remarkable political eftablifhmem w hich ever took place among mankind. In the year before Chrid 1.^22, the Iflhmian games were inftituted at Corinth; and 1303 the famous Oljnipic games by Pelops. 1 he Greek llatcs, who formerly had no connexion with oue another, except by niMttial inroads aiul hollilities, loon began to aft in concert, and to undertake diftant expeditions for the general interelt-of the community, 'i'he firft of tliefe ^ ^ was the obtcure expedition of the Argonauts, in which all Greece appears to have been concerned. The objedl of the Argonauts was to open the com- '*"■'• merce of the Euxine fea, and to eftablilh colonics in the adjacent country of Cokhis. The Ihip Argo, which was the admiral of the fleet, is the only one particularly taken notice of; though we learn from Homer, and other ancient writers, that feveral lail were employed in this expedition. The fleet of the Argonauts was, from the ignorance of thofe who conducted it, long tofled about on dirterent coafts. The rocks, at fome diftance from the mouth of the Euxine fea, occafioned great labour: they fem forward a light velfel^ which paffed through, but returned with the lofs of her rudder. This is exprefied in the fabulous language of antiquity, by their fending out a bird which returned with the lofs of its tail, and may give us an idea of the allegorical obfcurity in which the other events of this expedition are invohed. The fleet, howevcF, at length arrived at .^xsu, the ca- pital of Colchis, after performing a voyage, which, confidering the mean condition of the naval art during this age, was not kfe confiderable than the ckcumnaviga- tion of the world by our modern difcoverers. From this expedition, to that againft g ^^ Troy, which was undertaken to recover the fair Helena, a queen of Sparta, who had been carried ofl' by Paris, fon of the Troian kmg, the Greeks mufl ' ' *■ have made a wonderfiil progrefs in power and opulence r no lefs than tw elve hundred veffels were employed in this voyage, each of which, at a medium, con- tained upwards of a hundred men. Thefe vefTels, however, were but half-decked!; and it does not appear that iron entered at aU into their conflru£li&n. If we add to thefe circumftances, that the Greeks had not the ufe of the faw, an inftrument (o neceflary to the carpenter, a modem muft form but a mean notion of the ftrength- or elegance of this fleet. Havmg thus confidered the ftate of Greece as a whole, let us examine the cir- cumftances of the particular countries into which it was divided. This is of great importance to our prcfeiu undertaking, becaufe it is in this country only that we can trace the origin and piKDgrcffe of government, arts, and manners, which com- pofe fo great a part of our prefent work. There appears originally to have been a very remarkable xefembknce between the political fituation of the different king- doms of Greece. They were governed each by a king, or rather by a chieftain, who was their leader in time of war, their judge in time of peace, And who prefided in the adminiftration of their religious ceremonies. This prince, however, was far from being ablblute. In each fociety there were a number of other leaders, whofe influence over their particular clans or tribes was not lefs conilderable than that of the king over his immediate followers. Thefe captains were often at war with one AAOtbei;, and fometimes with their fovereign. Such a fituation was in all refpedis I N T R O D U C T I O N. et extremely unfavourable: each oarticnlar Aof- country 4d LH^en before the tLrof Amph^tir^U^ "'"""'i! ^^^^ '^' ^^-^^ thcr dehcate pamter to ftude the oppofue c£r« an/rr^""";? 't* ^'^^^ °^ ««- one powerhil effv6l '1 he hillorv of Ath^LVfl? i ' "^ '° """^^^'^ »hein to produce which there itates, tlut for ^^mZfJ^Z:^^^^^^^^ of the Jnncr i^ being cemented together, in,portant and JwrrfuT '1 W '""P'^^?'' »*came. by he year before Chrift 1^34. had acouire?! frf^ ' '*•"' '^"'» of Attica, about lour and abilitv. He faw^hetconvS^ce' ?^ wlS"?- '"" ^^ ^'^ ^'^P'""^ ''*^- vided into twelve diftrias, was expofed ami L .f^" <^^ountr>', from being di- influence which his perfonal chara'K united ttthT'T"^' ^^'' ^^ «^»^ «* the was .nvefled. had univerfkUy pro ?;e^"S^ heXV^yl'^'hTy ^"^ ^'»>i'^h he >or this purpofe he endeavoured to n!aint7n »nH ^ ^ ^- '^'* '° '•^'"°^<^ ^hem. among the peafants and artifans he det^E^d 1T" t° '^"^^^*^' ^'« popularity tribes from the leaders who commanded S: K u'yJ' P^^'^^^' ^he different been eftablifhed in different partTTAuica TnH '^^'^^ '^^ ^°""« «^hich had monto all the Athenians. Thefeus h^weVr hwP""'''''^ ^ * ^"""^"-hall, com- po meal regulation*. He called to h^s ^HlV^^^^^^ ^° 'he force of eflablifhing common rights of religion to £ nlS ^ a- "^J^^'fi^^^ prejudices : bv Iherftrangers from aU cfuarters b^^^^^^^ and^ Inviting tht this cty from an inconLerable vCj^C^^fiT'*"'^'"" »"*• ^'^''W herlifed Athens and of Thefeus now totallyldipfed tCnf^l '""Z*^ «' The Iplendor of cular leaders. AW the power of fhe Sr^^s n«wi? ^'^' ^"^^^'^^ ^''^'^'''^ Partl foveretgn. The petty Sieftains, who had formerlv J^"^^^ ^°^ ""^d^^ one by bemg diverted of all influence ^dcLiSfi^ ^^'^^^^^^^ confufion. five ; and Attica remained under the^^c^f "^er ' ^T^f' ^"'"^^ f ^ ^"^«^1- This IS a rude Iketch of the oriXnf tkl I2i "^*"', *^^ * '"onareh. diftma account, and mayrwUhout^^irh • • "^°°"<^by of which we have a of Greece. This count^ hoover was ^^3?'^ "^^"^^ '° '^' other ftates government of kings. A new ioSnr/ . L ^ u"?* • '** *^°^^"^"e long under the powerful both for the king and "LToblesTKr' i^* ^°" time^proved too into three diftinft claffes : the Lbles Thi Jhe'*"^ had divided the Athenian to abridge the exorbitant Vower 5 fh^ nobf^^^^^^ '^v^' hufbandmen. In o der the two other ranks of perfons ThL nl^n r v ^''' ^«wed many privileges on and the lower ranks S? tS Athln n^ panirf"''" T ^'^"^^•'^ ^/^^ ^^^^^^^^^ vcreign, and partly from the t»voTrllnf Z^ T"" ""* countenance of their Ibl an opportunity oV acquiring ^pro^l ^ """^ "'an/aflures, which gave hem TJefe circu^ftance, we?eatteyrS^^^ ^-e c.nfiderable and indVnden" mam under the goveniment of thrtmernH-^.Tr^*'*''"^""^'"'^^^ re- 1 th.^hey mightle like unto other nZt^,"^' '"'* ^'^''^ ' °^°«»1 ^vereig^ ^ C- 1 he government of Thebes anmh^- ^V .v -o . '°9S' time, affumed the repubS form Near ^'^^'T ?'^«' mueh about the fame inus, with a colony f^mPhanS had foun/'r;;?^-^^^'" '^ Trojan war, S been governed by kings. But the' laft f ^^'^ ?'' "*y' ^1^^^^ from that time iTh LUl I me days. 61 INTRODUCTION. however, of PelopiUas and Epaminoudas, a period of feven hundred ytars, the Thebans performed uothivig worthy of the republican fpirit. Other cities of Greece after the examples of Thebes and Athens, eredted thenifelvcs into republics. But the revolutions of ^^.thens and Sparta, two rival ftates, which, by means of the fu- periority they acquired, gave the tone to the manners, genius, and politics of the Greeks, deferve our principal attention. We have leen a tender fhoot of liberty fpring up in the city of Athens, upon the deceafe of Codfus, its Lift Ibvereign. This Ihoot gradually iinpro\ed iuto a vigorous plant ; and it cannot but be pleafant to obferve its progrefs. The Athenians by aboliihing the name of king, did not Q^ intirely fubvert the legal authority: they eftabliftied a perpetual magilhate, who, under the name of Archou, was inverted with almoft the fame rights '°7°" which their kings had enjoj^. The Athenians, in tune, became fenfible, that the archouic office was toD lively an image of royalty for a free ftate. After it had continued therefore three hundred and thirty-one years in the family of Codrus, they endeavoured to leflen its dignity, not by abridging its power, but by ftiortening its duration. The firrt period aiiigned for the continuance of the archonfhip in the fame hands, was three years. But the defire of the Athenians for a U Q more perfect fyftem of freedom than had hitherto beeneftablilhed, increafedin gg propoi-non to the liberty they enjoyed. They again called out for a frefh reduc- tion of the power of their archons : and it was at length deternuned that nine annual magiftrates fhould be appointed for this office. Thefe magiftrates were not only chofen by the people, but accountable to them for their condud at the ex- i-lration of their office. Thefe alterations were too violent not to be attended with ibme dangerous confequences. The Athenians, intoxicated with their freedom, broke out into the molt unruly and licentious beha^ iour. No written laws had been as yet enaded in Athens, and it was hardly poflible that the ancient cuftoms of the realm, which were naturally fuppofed to be in part aboliihed by the fucceffive changes in the government, fhould fufficiently reftrain the tumultuary fpirits of the Athenians, in the firft flutter of their independence. This engaged the wifer part of the itate, who began to prefer any fytlcm of government to their prefent anarchy and confufion, to caft their eyes on Draco, a man of an auflere but virtuous difpolition, as the titteit peribn for compofmg a fyitem of law, to bridle the furious and unruly manners of their countrymen. Draco undertook the office, about the year 628, but executed it with fo much rigour, that, in the words of an ancient hiftorian' " His laws were written with blood, and not with ink." Death was the indifcri- minate punifhment of every offence, and the laws of Draco were found to be a re- medy worfe than the difeafe. Affairs again returned imo confufion and diforder, and remained fo till the time of Solon, who died in the year before Chrift 549', The gentle manners, difinterefted virtue, and wiidom more than human, by which this fage was diflinguifhed, pointed him out as the only charafler adapted to the moil important of all offices, the giving laws to a free people. Solon, though this era- ployment was afligned him by the unanimous voice of his country, long deHbe- rated whether he fhould undertake ir. At length howc'.er, the motives of public utility overcame all confiderations of private eal'e, fafety and reputation, and de- termined him to enter an ocean pregnant with a thoufaud dangers. The firft ftep of his Icgiflation was to abolifh all the laws of Draco, excepting thefe relative to murder. Tlic punifliment of this crime could injt be too preat; bur 10 confider Other ollences as ecjually crinjinal, was to confounil all notions of right and wrong, and to render (?ie law ineifedual, by means of its levcrity. Solon next proceeded' to new model the political livv; and his eflablifliments on this head remained among m I N T R O D U C T I O N. the Athenians, while they prelerved their liberripc w^ f this principle, that a perfe?l republic tS^ach ddlr^o^^ pohtical importance, was a fyftem of governmeni hJmV f • ^" "*, •^'^^^ an equal not reducible to pradlice. He Svfif the cTtiz.- r f '°^*^'^'" theory, but cording to the wealth which they Seffed and tSnn^'"^^^^^ rT ^^"'^ ^^^"^«' «^- gether incapable of any puUic Office Thevh.H! l"""^'^^ ^^^^^' ^e rendered alto. council of the nation, VwhkhTmatterf of nrf • T'^' however, in the general the laft rcfort. But left Thiraifemblt f 'i ^ """^'^ ^''''''^"^ ^^^^ determfned iu fhould. in the words of Plut^^^^^^^^^^^ compofed of all the citizens! guit of folly, tun^ult, and difb^t he provided foHtS ^t' ^ ""P*^^^^ ^^ '^^ the Senate and Areopagus. I'he firt> nf^W ^''^^Xb' ^^^ ^wo anchors of I^rfons, a hundred ouroTeach tribe of 1 A L^^^^^ T^'^"^ ^^' ^'^"'- ^""^r^d bills that came before the Sblv of thin f u' ^^° P'^^^''^^ ^" important of juflice, gained a prod^oSLlynTe'llu^^^^^^^^^ ^- '.-"" vity of Its members, who were not rhJ.r! k ? ^5P"''[»<-' bjf the wildom and gra- moit ferious deliberation. ^'^' ^"' "^'"^ '^" ^""^^^^ ''^nitiny, and the ^^'!^tr:^'^:Z^Z::ZZ:^^^^^^ -^^^^^^e nearer we moft of the other ancient repub^s'^lTe eftl^^^^^^^^^^^ •%" ^^^^Z^- P'^n therefore, vvould neither be emertaininrror nftmait Bn/1 '''' '" ^^ '^'"'' Sparta, or Laced^mon, had foraethinffMi it iV? l!^., r u u^^ government of at leaft ought not to be omitted^vei in » J!l- ^^ "'''/' .^'"'^ '^* 8'"^*^ lines of it other ftatesV Greece, wa? o^iS divldedTntoTnl^ T' ''''■''' "^^ ^^e of which each was under the iuriSjnn L/V '}^"^^r of petty principalities the time of Lycurgus theTlX~Vi i -n ^ '^''^^'' " ^° remarkable, until ed by Lj^ur^s Sed with tt'illri'^'"' w- • J^^ ^^'"^ °^ policy devif- «' C fenate aiid afcmbl/of thr,^aDV ^''T^"'^' '" '•^'"Prehending a, 8^4. are deen.ed moft ^n=^uifite fo7the elSv^'orn Ir ^ '""f ^ftabli/hmfnts which from that of AthensT'aud indLd frorill mhl ^ "' '"'^^i^"^^"**- It diifered whole office was hereditary, th^ughThe pow^r^w.'rrr'^' ? ^'-^^"^ ^^^'^ ^^°g«- proper checks and leftrainS. Bufthe Treaf 0^./. J «^r?''^ circumfcribed by arofe from this, that in all hv^s I^ytn^Thf^fr^^^^ to pohtical liberty. With this ^ieT alUbrts of „t ''1,'""''' 'f^^^ ^« ^^^' ^^ tertammcnt, everv thinir in {h^!^ u- u I . '"xury, all arts of elegance or en minds of the Spa-rta^sl^abt^^^^^^^^^^ -f^^jjo foC ^lle monev, they lived at public tables on Ih J rTr a /^^y^'^'^ forbidden the ufe of pay tfie utmoft reverence to h7more\d;.nced't "' '^' ^^^1^'' ^'^ '^"g^t to bearing arms, were dailv accufbmed to thrmnVn ^T!' "''"^-f ''''^'' ^^P^^le of alone, war was a relax-aiion ra her th n ^\"'fP^'''^^^ exercifes. To the Spartans Ipirit of which hardly aiy but a spfr an cod^ Z"' '^'^ ^^^^X^^ ^° " -"^a In order to lee the efied of tCl T • 1 ^^*'" ^""^ ^ conception, view the hii»ory of ^hf dl^rent ^t S^ot^^^^^^ -nnea /nder one point of on Ai.a, and obferve the events S h happ^Jed^^^^^^^ '" "^^•''" ""^ ^>'^^ Happened in thofe great empires, of which Vf ^f ■ -' 64 INTRODUCTION. Ill ■■' I B. C. we have fo long loft fight. We have already mentioned in what obfcurity the v^ar B C .,? h! 2"^^^H"°« ^^ 'h«r government bv Cambyles of Perfia. iu die year b. C. 5Z4, the Egyptians are more celebrated for th: wirdom of the r laws andpohttcalmftuutions. than for the power of their arn;5. Seve al of thefe feenl o have been diaated bj the true fpirit^f civU wifdom. and were admirabfy calcu lated for preferving ovder and good government in an extenftve kingdom The great empire of Aflyria likewife, which*^ had fo long difaWar^LonSl again an objea ot attentK,n. ^nd aflbrds the firft inftanceL mS Sh b WftZ of a Hz,'' ?f '*'f''"uy,"r^°^^'8^^' '^^ ^be efiemin^e weakL7of its foveragns. -Sardanapalus the laft emperor of Aflyria, ^egleainjr the adminiftra! tion ot aflairs, and (hutting himfelf up in his palace wih his wZen and einucK fell mto contempt with his iubjeas. The governors of his prbcetto whom like a weak and mdolent prince, he had entirely committed the command rfhTs armies, did not fcri to lay hold of this opportunity of raifmg tbrir oZfortu^e on / '"'"f u ,!?f*'' ""'^f' P^^^'-- ^'-^^^^^ governor of ffi, a^£S%o° vernor of Babj^lon. conipire againft their foverlign. fet fire to hisVpiul, iifwh! °h Sardanapalus periled, B. C. 820, and divide between them his extXe doiiidoS Ihefetwo kingdon,s lometnnes united under one prince, and fometimerZerS each by a particular fovereign, maintained the chief fway of AfiaX many years Phul revived the kingdom of Aflyria anno B C. 777, anid Shalman^fer one of hS ucceffors, put an end to the kingdom of Ifrael, and carried the ten Tr b^fcaptive Tyt^n C cR^ ^''' ^' ^^V- Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, affob hefSv of Savy^fi-^T.?'"'^ '^^ '''"^t'" S^ J"'^^''' ^^^^h had continued in ttie tamily oi David from the year 1055, and maftered all the coumries around him B.C. »w»n the year 538, Cyrus the Great took Babylon and reduced this QWrter of S^8. ^f,7^1duuderthePerfunyoke. Themann2;ofthis;Spfras b Je!har^ *' and mdependent^ as well as the government of Cyms, in all its Various tS Ttl's Zt^f^ If'"^"*^ ^l ^"""P*^"^ ^ G^^"^" l^hilofoiher anSTf! II- f'w a ^- "^eeflkry, ht>wever, that we Ihould enter on the fame detail unon thjsfubjea, aswith regard to the aflairs of the Greeks. We have, br^S thSes ^tfiaeu. examples of monarchical governments; but how few a;e orTepubS ^^^'lf^^'\<>.( Cyrus ism one refj^eft extremely remarkable, befide deliverinVSc Jews from their captivity, becaufe, with it the hfftory of the great nadonrofaitS quity, which has hitherto engaged our attention, maybe fuppofedco finifh Ut us confider then the genius of the AITyrians. Babylonians, and E^ptians in arts and Sciences; and. fpoffiblc, difcover wLt p^grefs they had maE ?hU acQuire wents. which are moft lubiervient to the interdls of Liety. ''^"'''" rJ^Jif.t ?' • ^'^'^ '?^ magnificent, feems to have been the prevailing cha- S«uT t£;T"'' '"1«-^'^ Pu"""^^"^ ""'^P^'y^^ " ^ ^heir work^ ofarchl tedture. There are no veftiges, however, now remaining, which confirm the ^miony^f ancient writers, with regard to the great works ^UichadoTnedlaby! fi^fhe^ iT "'"t"' '' " '^'''^y determined in what year they were bLSJ or fiiilhed lliere are three pyramids, ftupendous fabrics, ftill remaining in^nt at Ibme leagues diftance from C.iro. and about nine ndles fromTNiTe W& are fuppoled to have been the burying places of the ancieut Egyptian UnS The eaXwi;^:r t""^"' ^^?J" ^^'«'"'. ^^^ '-- thoufand C, hund?^J ailll forty briad each way at bottom. The apex js 13 feet fquare. The fecond ftands on as pTl'Titr I'' \'' ""Vl'"^ ''"■ ^"^'^^ '' -« ^ lapeZtion among th jaeople, dmved from the earheft umes, that even after death the foul commued INTRODUCTION. ^5 -^ concealed. This expediem, to^Tther u^th emh^^n"^"' °^ '\ ^^P"^'^ ''^"^^ ^^^^e . mrchs conceived, wbuld bevhfblv fecn . .T.r' "?^' "'r'^'^'S ^"Perftitious mo- ibuls after death. From X W rSd of fll "n "^f ^u'^ ' ^"^^^^ ^^ ^heir Belus, and other worJcs ofThe eIa and from 1^.7/ ''n ^'^'°°' '^^ ^^"'P^^ o^ pyramids, it appears that they were reaU? Wrb'In/" ^^^V'^^'-^ed of the but totally void of elegance 'fhL ord^r '^"""^ '^^ ^^'^^ P^"^^^ of their forded without muchb W I^the r^eceS Jd"' '"'r^'^^ '■^""^•' ^'^^ «f- had long been accuftomed to a dviLS ami polif'hed Tf'' •"'^"'' ^^ "^"- ^hey circumftances had tainted their mlnSrs wS Efl '^^ i'' ^'^^'^ *^'"^^- Theic dered them an eafy prey to the pS^n? ''"\.^*^^"""^<^y and corruption, and ^en- of confequence bL^eTnc^^^Hi^ ThJ ' " n-n^"^ emerging froin barbarifm, and military ?rt: when ftreng'h anfS^u^^^ '3"^^'^ in the infancy of the the advantage to one nation over VnoH?^ L "^^ circumftances which ga^'e fortified places, whkh in modem tirhJj/v^"'^^^^ ^^cre Merino ping the progrk of a v"aorious enemv fnH ^ ^^^^^^^^ to be fo ufefol in flop- decided the fate of an eiW But^we 1^ " '^' '^""' ^^ " ^^"^^ commonly jefts, P '^- -""^ ^^ "^"ft now. turn our attention to other ob. oS::^^Xl,^\t^'J^f- -f Cy-s, who died in the year B. C. ,,, that of Greece, it tl^'pfiJi J^^^^^^^^ b- wheif cv.ibined ^ Cyrus, gave an opportunity to the GrLk^m I" ^' -r k ^^^^.^^^^^ ^^o fucceeded dom of their govSnmem L^c eated and c^nfi^S^d ^Sn '/'"""' "^'^^^ '^' ^^''^ mfluence of Lycurgus's inftitutions • Arhen^S • /i ^'''^ 'emamed under the of the Pififtratida., a famil "who h d tmp eS'l-^., ^^^'^^f .^^"^ ^^e tyranny the iupreme power. Such waJ Xir i '^ ^^ ^*^' ""^ ^^^o"' and ulurped empire' which fl-ldom fdlf to tLmeu TX'\'"Y ^^" ^"^ of univerfal „ !''' the inftigation of Hippias who tlT^. \^\ "^ '>''"''*"^'' '^^ ^«"i^s (at ^ ^• count of the AtheniT burnb/'h^ckvT^^^ Athens and on ic- 5o4. arnnes into Greece. But"he Perfi^s 2 "L nn''^' X Y""^ ""'"^ ^''' ""'"^'ous under Cyrus, had conquered Afia Thei n. nd^ ^'' '^^^' '"^"l""'^ ^°''»'^'-^' "ho vitude. Athens on thl rontrarv r Jm.H M ''''-' ^"^»'^ated by luxury and fer- animated bv the late recovrn^f\ S^fl.''/ ' ^'■'^•,"^'"' ^^'^^^^ "»"^^^ "^^^ nobly Marathon, with ten thou S \rh ' ""'' ^''^'ades, in the plains of „ , ^ hundred thoufand Joot d ,en ^ho ("'%°'"?"^' ^''^^ ^*^'-^'«" ^--'ny of a '' ^• .niftodes and Ariftidel\hf fi/rce Lbt^^^^^^ -^^ countrvn.e.l Ihe- 4^- tue, gained the next h;;nours to the t'Saf dt "; I'n '^'^T-'^ ^'"^ ^''^ ^ "- is:^ ITT "^"^ general, jt does not fail « .t},. > ^..^ r>'-., » ■^/.•'J: €6 I N T R O D V C T I O N. m lii B. C. 480. memion the events of this M'ar, which, as the nobleft monuments of virtue over force ot courage over number-s, of liberty over lervUude, deferve to be ix'ad at lenath iii, ancient writers. ® Xerxes, the fon of Dariiis, came in perfon into Greece, with an immenfe army, which, according to Herodotus, amounted to two millions and one _ hundred thouland men. 'Jhis account has been juftly confidered, by Ibuie ingenious modern writerc, as incredible. The truth cannot now be alcertained : but that the army of Xerxes was- extremely numerous, is the more probable, from the great extent of his empire^ and from the abfurd praflice of the eaftern nations, of encumbering their camp with a luperHuous multitude. Whatever the numbers of ^'s army were, he was ever.y where defeated, by fea and. land, and efcaped to Afia in a hlhiugboat. Such was the fpirit of the Greeks, and fo wall did they know that. " wanting virtue, life is pain and woe; that wanting liberty^ even virtue mourns, « and looks around fm- happinelL< m vain." But though the Perfian war concluded glonoully for the Greeks, it is in a great inealurci to this war, that the fubfequer.^ misfortunes of that nation are to be attributed. It was not the battles in which they fuffered the lofs of fo many brave men, but thofe in which they acquired an immenfitv of Perfian gold ; it was iiot their enduring fo many hardfhips in the eourfe of the war, but their conneaion with the Perfians, after the conclufion of it, which fubvertcd the Treeian eftablifhments, and ruined the moft virtuous confe- deracy that ever exiftcd upon earth. The Greeks became haughty after their vie- tones: delivered from thi common enemy, they began to quarrel with one another: their quarrels were fomented by Perfian gold, of which they had acquired enough g_ ^ to make them defirous of more. Hence proceeded the famous Peloponnefian war, ill which the Athenians and Lacedaemonians afted as principals, and ^^ ■ drew after them the other ftates, of Greece. They continued to weaken themfelves by thefe inteftine divifions, till Philip king of Macedon (a country till this time little known, but which, by the adive and crafty genius of this prince became important and povverfiil), rendered himfelf the abfolute mafter of Greece,' B. C. ^y ^^? ^^"^* °^ Cheronaea. But this conqueft is one of the firlt we meet * g * with in hiftorj', which did not depend on the event of a battle. Philip had 35 • laid his fchemes fo deeply, and by bribery, promifes, and intrigues, gained over fuch a rHimber ^f confiderable perlbns m the feveral Hates of Greece to his in. rereft, that another day would have put in hij polfeflion what Cheronxa had denied him. The Greeks had loft that \'irtue, which was the bafis of their confederacy. Their popular governments, ferved only to give a fandion to their licentioufnefs and corruption. The principal orators, in mo/l of their ftates, were bribed into the fer* vice cv*" Philip ; and all the aloquence of a I'emofthenes, affifted by truth and virtue, was unec^'-.al tr. the mean, but more feduttive arts of his opponents, who, by flatterr jng the people, ufedthe iurcft method of winning their aficdions. Philip had piopofed to extend the boundaries of his emjiire beyond the narrow limits of Greece. But he did not long furvive the battle of Cheronsca. Upon his deceafe, his fon Alexander was chofen general agaiuft the Perfians, by all the Gre- cian ftates, except the Athenians and Thebans. Thefe made a Iceblc eflbrt for ex- B. C. P'""^? liberty. But they were obliged to yield to fupcrior foice. Secure on the fide of Greece, Alexander let out on hi» Perfian expedition, at the 33» head of thirty thoufand foot, and five thoufand horfe. The fuccefs of this army in conquering the whole force of Darius, in three pitched battles, in over-run- niiig and fubduing not only the countries then known to the Greeks, but many parts of India, the very names of which had never readied an European car, has been dt-. I N T R o D U '^' 1 O N. fcriBed by many authors both anciVnf ,» i t ' ^' B. c. the hillory of the worW l^^fC JI r' r'^'^ '""'^""^^^ ^ ^"gv^lar p,rt of Alexander died at Babylon Hfr'^\\r"P'd ""-eer of viflon^^^ and alfo „,o,e important °"'-'" '«""' «'»'» "i" M"oricaI dedt^io^ -r^^;,^,™^,"' his three difciples ^o A^-n-'"?'^' *°"^^^ him to a very hiZn^ r ^"'^ ^^^ e=^'- ns many fecrets in natnr^ ^^Penence, indeed, in a lone con rf^^f^ he writers ^„^. -o«,t. a„dft„„,.„.,,,,„„,, w,,i:t;re;^l;;;r-;s!rScS -3-10 6S- INTRODUCTION. ^ ■■n V emi o. ! .mir yoa^ .lus g J, The cliara(fler of Romulus, the founder of the Roman ftate, when we vtctv him as the leader of a few lavvlefs and wandering banditti, is an objed of ex- '^^^' trenie infignificance. But when we confider him as the founder of an empire as extenfive as the world, and whofe piogrefs and decline have occafioned the two greatelt revolutions that ever happened in Europe, we cannot help being ititerefted in his conduct. His difpofition was extremely martial ; and the political ftate of Italy, divided into a number of fmall but independent dillrifls, atlbrded a noble tield for the dilplay of military talents. Romulus was continually embroiled vnth one or other of his neighbours ; and war was the only employment by which he and his companions cxpefted not only to aggrandize theralelves, but even to fubiift. In the conduct of his wars w ith the neighbouring people, we may oblerve the fame nw-xims by which th;. Romans afterwards became niafters of the world. Inftead of deftroyingthe n.ition:. he 1 fubjeited, he united them to the Roman ftate, whereby i: on of ftrength from every war ftie undertook, and bc- j from the very circumftance which ruins and-dcpopu- ■ ) e enemies, with which he contended, had, by means of ; ed, my confidcrable advantage, Romulus immediately ■"e of that weapon, and improved the military fyftem ; ; erience of all their enemies.. We have an example- , , of v^hicb the Roman ftate arrived at fuch a pitch. i'cSabines.. Romulus having conquered that nation, :' 'omans, but finding their buckler preferaMo to the Ro- be letter, and made ufe of the Sabine buckler in fighting though principally attached to war, did not alto- policj of his infant kingdom. He inftituted what was called the ^enatc, a court origmaJly compofed of a hundred perfons, diftinguifhed for their wifdom and experience.. He enafted laws for the adminiftration of juftice, and for brid'^ng the fierce and unruly palfions of his followers : and, after a long B. C. ^^'8" 'P^'^' ^" promoting the civil or military interefts of his country, was, j according to the moft probable conjefture, privately affaflinated by fome of ^ '■ the members of that fenate, which he himfelf had inftituted.. The fucceifors of Romulus were all very extraordinary perfonages. Numa, who came next to him, cftabliftied the religious ceremonies of the Romans, and infpired them with that veneration for an oath, which was ever after the foul of their military difcipline. Tullus Hoftilius, Ancns Martins, Tarquinius Prifcus, and Servius TuU lius, laboured each during his reign for the grandeur of Rome. But Tarc;uiniu3 Superbus, the feventh and laft king, having obtained the crown by the execrable murder of bis father-in-law Servius, continued to fupport it by the moft cruel and infamous tyranny. Ihis, together with the infolence of his fon Sextus Tarquinius who, by diihonouring I.ncretia, a Roman ladjr, aftronted the whole nation, occa- g (. lioned the expulfioa of the Tarquin family, aid with it the diflblutiou of the _ regal government. As the Romans however were continually engaged in *°^" war, they found it neceifary to have fome officer invefted with fupreme authority, who might tonduft them to the field, and regulate their nulitary entcr- prifes. In the room of th6 kings, therefore, they appointed two annual magiftrates called conluls, who without creating the fame jealouly, fucceeded to all the power of their fovereigns. This revolution was extremely favourable to the Roman grandeur, The confiils, who enjoyed but a temporary power, were defirous of fignalizing their reign by Ibme great action : each vied with thofe who had gone before him, and the Romans were daily led out againft Ibme new enemy. When we add to this, that Rome acquired a new came powerftil and popul. lates other kingdoms. If the art or arms tbey adopted that pradtir,; of the Roip ."' h.- of both li!' - ms.Kim/~. of grai . ,Ui , 'u t te •jsa.r not onl^ i:.fi.'t': ' the man, inliavitit, '' againft other ft^.r-s gether negledt the I N T R O D U C T I o N. 69 the people naturaUy warlike, were infpired todeeds of v.l^ k ^ which could excite them: that thecitiLisof Pome wLl.r?!^"''"^ their lands, their children, and their liberties we n^eH u'^^"' ""^ ^^"6^' ^^ ihould, m the couWe of Iba.e centuries eS r^irpote^r'Illt'^T^^ '^'' '^'V The Romans, now fecure at home and "".'"^''^Po^erall over Italy. ' their eyes abroad, and meet with a po^^ ^^f j^^^.^Tc ^^ <:o^teaid with, turn had been founded or enlarged on the coaft of rhl M r ''"*''^'°'.*"'- ^^^'^ ^ate time before Ron.e, by a colony of' Phc^^tial'tno R'n'r*^^ '" ^^""' f°n^e th^praaice of their mother cotLy, they h^^S^fl^^^^^^^^^ r^^f^^^^^^^^ She nowcom- emirely poffeffed, fhe had extended heri\lf on the So-^^^ ^'"\ ""^''^ ^^ ^^"'o^ Thusm, refsof the fba, and of commerce ftetdS^ ^e through the Straits, and Sardmia Sicily had difficulty to defend itfdf- 3 .^ '^"^ '""'^^^ ^^ ^orfica too nearly threatened not to take up arms Hen. ' r n^ ^"""'"^^^ '"'^re „ ^ between thefe rival ftates, kno^^ T hiftor. h^u^ ^ ^ucceflion of hoftilities ^ ^• which the Carthaginians, wifhXhSr^lTh aL nn"'"'' ^^ "^""^^ ^^^«' >» ^''• the Romans Carthage v^as a poi^rMTpub^^^^^^ rh^R """'^ '" ""^^"^^ "^^'^^ for %te; but fhe was now beco4 corn nTaiXVI' ^""t-Y"' ^" intonfiderable vigour of her political conftiturion T/hat em^l^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^" ^^"^^ ^'^^ 'n the her wars; Rome, as we have already mendonedf^^'^ ^mercenaries to canyon firft war with Carthage lafted t^vcntyZe^yeZ'Tr^^^^^ '■"'^^^^^- ^ b« fightmg on the fea, with which they had bmi hi.J?l ^^' '*'• ^^'"^"^ '^^ ^'^ of months fitted out a fleet, and the confS D. S. k / '/ '"°^^' '« three „ ^ battle was vidorious.. It is not to ou™l^^^^^ fi^fl naval '• ^• of thefe wars. The behaviour of ReSs^ the R "'"""'''' '" \^" tranfaflions ^«- of the fpirit which then animated tldsSSeRef"''">5""''"^l' "^^^ g'^-«"« ^" i^^a fentbackonhisparole to negociate a r£; ^^^"^ ^.^^n P"foner in Africa he is mthefenate, theJroprietyofX W,Vhichfut1ff^'f "'T «\-«^-t-ns '3 V themHves to betaken, Ll hopes of 'bet ^tv^ra/^™^^^^^ \:^[ ^^^^^^ 15S/ tif T r ^^ ^" '^^ -^^ inflexible and dangerous. His father Hamilc^r i h ^^^.^^Jaginian was the moff againl^ the Romans, and hav^,. fe tkd the inteffinet? IT^^^!.^..^" '"^'^'^^ hatred an early opportunity to Jnfpire his fon thouJh nn? • ^ ^'' ""^ ^'^ ^"""^T^ h^ took iments. For this purpofeL ordered 'a fofi^T^^T °^'^' ^"^ his own fen- leadmg his Ibn to he alur a^«l hJ.n u u V^''^ '^ ^ ofiered to Jupiter and expedition againft the t^^.^^-^'^^^^^^^^ - atteniEl t conjured his fkther by the gods prefeni o for- ^^^ ^" ^ confented to go, but, art of conquering, 'hat I^ill & I rTplie^' hI'.'^"'^' !"^ ^^^^^ ^'"^ ^he of a father who loves you, if you fWeJr up'on Se ,"''"''":' ^"'J with all the caro the Romans Hanmbal rx^adily comp ed^^ and the T '° ^,?\«t«'nal enemy to the facrednefs of the oath made fnnf, ■' ^"'' ^^e folemnityof the ceremonv imi wards could ever efface 'BSngappoin^d'X'^^" "P^" ^^« "''"'»' ^« nothLS;f^;e"? he crofl-es the Ebro, the PyTenee ' ^^41 lln? '\\^^^'yi^^^ years of age, ^ ' upon Italy. The lof. ^^ i-r ^^1^1^^,?-- ^^"^ gg ^.^: 70 INTRODUCTION. fides w ith the conqueror. Hieronymus, king of Syracufe, declares againft the Ro- mans, and almoft all Italy abandons them. In this extremity, Rome owed its pre- fervation to three great men. Fabius Maximus, defpifing popular clamour, and the militarv ardour of his countrymen, declines coming to an engagement. The ftrcngtn of Rome has time to recover. Marcellus raifes the fiege of Nola, takes Syracufe, and revives tlie drooping fpirits of his troops. The Romans admired the charadler of thele great men, but faw fomething more divine in the young Scipio. 1 he I'uccefs of this young hero confirmed the popular opinion, that he was of div ine g Q extraction, and held con% erl'e with the gods. At the age of four-and-twenty, he flies into Spain, where both his father and uncle had loft their lives, at- ^ '°' tacks New Carthage, and carries it at the firlt affauh. Upon his arrival in Africa, kings fubmit to >him, Carthage trembles in her turn, and iees her armies de- jj^ Q feated. Hannibal, fixteeu years vidorious, is in vain called home to de- fend his countr)-. Carthago is rendered tributary, gives hoftages, and en- ^°' gsges never to enter upon a war, but with theconfem of the Roman people. After the conqueft of Carthage, Rome had inconfiderable wars but great vido- ries ; before this time its wars were great, and its vidlories inconfiderable. At this time the world was divided, as it were, into two parts; in the one fought the Ro- mans and Carthaginians ; the other was agitated by thofe quarrels which had lafted fince the death of Alexander the Great. 1 heir fcene of adion was Greece, Egypt, and the Ealt. The ftates of Greece had once more difengaged themfelves from a foreign yoke. They were divided into three confederacies, the Etolians, Acheans, and Beotians ; each of ihefe was an alfociation of free cities, which had affemblies and uiagiftrates in conunon. '1 he Etolians were the moft confiderable of them all. The kings of Maced<:>u maintained that fuperiority, which, in ancient times, when the balance of power was little atter.ded to, a great prince naturally poffeffed over his lels powerful neighbouis. Philip, the prelent monarch, had rendered himfelf odious to the Greeks, by fome unpopular and tyramiical fteps ; the Etolians were moit iraitated ; and hearmg the fame of the Roman arms, called them into Greece, and overcame Philip by their afliilance. The viftory, however, chiefly redounded to the advantage of the Romans. The Macedonian garrifons were obliged to eva- cuate Greece ; the cities were all declared free ; but Philip became a tributary to the Romans, and t' ftates of Greece became their dependants. The Etolians, diicovcring their firft error, endeavoured to remedy it by another ftill more dan- .gerous to themfelves, and more advantageous to the Romans. As they had called the Romans into Greece to defend them againft king PLilip, they now called in An- tiochus, king of Syria, to defend them againft the Romans. The famous Ilanni- -bal too had recourfe to the fame prince, who was at this time the moft powerfiil monarch in the Eail, and the fucceflbr to the dommions of Alexander in Afia. But Antiochus did not foUow his adv ice fo much as that of the Etolians ; for, inftead of renewing the war in Italy, where Hannibal, from experience, judged the Ro- mans to be moft vulnerable, ne Linded in Greece with a fmall body of troops, and being overcome withou: diihculty, fled over into Afia. In this war the Romans made ufe of Philip for conquering Antiochus, as they had before done of the Eto- jj ^ Hans for conquering Philip. They now purfue Antiochus, the laft object of their refentment, into Afia, and, having vanquifhed him by lea and laiid, '^' coni{)el him to fubmit to an infamous treaty. In ihefe conquefts the Romans ftill allowed the ancient inhabitants to poflefs their territory ; they did not even change the form of government ; the conquered na- tions became the allies of the Roman people, which denomination however, under :fp INT R O D U C T I O N a fpecious name, concealed a conHJnnn ,.« r •^ fubmit to whatever was requLd of hem U'l"' ' '°« •"^"^^'^' '^'^' '^'7 ^'Onld we have reafon to be aaoSifh'd at the refiftance ZlS^f T ''''^' eaiy co^nque^ Muhndates, king of Pontus, for the Sc^ Tf ^^ *" '''^ ^°'"^*"« '"^^ ^i^h fro^^ had great refources. Hu kingdom hnrH.? 2^ years. But this monarch Caucafus, abounded, in a race of men whofc ? T '^' ^acceflible mountains of and whofe bodies were firm and vi-^or* I l""''' "^^''^ "«' enervated by plealin-^ cven.H«inibal.. ''"^ ''»°'°"^' ^^^ ^e gave the Romans more troubletS 'Ihe diflerent flrates of Greece and Ad-, u their yoke, but had not a £ toftakl it'nrt' °"^ '^''^ ^° ^^' ^^^^ weight of who daredto fhew hin.felf arcnemv to .hA^^''*= ^ranlported at finding a prince h.s proteaion. Mithridates howevL at a^ uir^n '' and cheerfully fubnmted to fortune of the Romans. Vanqpimed f^cclvXT^'''^^^ '° V']^ '^ ^he fuperior at length fubdued by Pompev Ind TrlmwT r u-^ ^^ .^>'"* «"^ Lucullus, he was year B. C. 63. In Afri^^^'e Rom^frnif t'^^°^^^ ""^^^^ ^'^^^ '" h« conquering Jugurtha, made all fecuTe „ X auarte" 1^"'' ["T^^' ^^""«' "^ nations beyond the AJps, began to fil thi ^ "if /?'' ^^^ barbarous _ ^ Galha Narbonenfis had beerreduc?d n?o''''^''' "^ '^^ ^^'^^^ «™^'- ' Teutones, and other northern nations of pfL ^ Province.. The Cimbri, 'as- pire. Thefame-Marius/Se^nTw/slT''-^^ ^^is part of the em- North of Europe to trenlbr ThTlSrh • ^^^^I'^le m Africa, then made the „ " lefs formidable than thfL^nle^^^^^ ''• '^• world there fubfifted an hi^TjlXar wi.?f ^'^"^ ?^™^ conquered the -- from the firft periods of the to^n^eL^^R^^^^^^^ ^^^'^ ^" had fubfifted enjoyed but a partial liberty^. ThTdefcenJ.n? ' fZ'^^ *^^P"^*'^°" «f ^er kings, guiftied by. the name of Patriians were InvefTi ^^.^^ '^"^^^rs, who were diftil: that the people felt their dependanceand^? '7^ ^°- "'^"^ °^'«"« privileges, thoufand difputes on this fub^rS^ ^tvvtnTh.^''rf ^^° -^'^^ ^' ««"• A ^^y^^^'-'^l^^ted in favour of liberty '^'^^^^b'^"' «"^ the Patricians, which al- anydLVoSuTb^^^^^^^^^^^^^ were not attended.ith parted with fome oflheir privUegesYo Sv t^^ ""f ^heir coumry, , cheerfully ,^,^h«^,i?»d^hough they obtarnedTwf by^^^^^^^^^ P^le, on the the firft offices of the ftate, and tWhX 1^ i u^ ""'^^^ be admitted, to enjoy named Patricians. But wC the R^'^^^? t' 1" ^'""" ^^ "r " •'^'^s became acquaimed with all their luxurS^nd rehL ^''"'^"u "^^ ^^ ^'^''^'g" "^tions, with theefieminacy and corruptioTof th^ .fil '^"''' ^h^» they became tainted ^mgjuft and honourable, in orXr to ot.?n ^^ 'T\'°^ ^P^^^^ with every between its members, and ^hZTZufZiherf^f ^''l torn by the faflioS came a prey to its own children.. Hence the W A %'?• ^'^P " ^"&«her, be. which paved the way for an inextinoSle LtrM °>l^^''^'"^u^^ ^^ '^^ Gracchi, mons, and made it eafy for anv fnrE . ? '^^ between the nobles and com each.other. The loveVf the17coumrf ul f^'^^ '° P"^ '^'"^ ''"^ ^^^^a^^i better fort were too wealthy and eSnafe to Tuh" -"^'^ T""-' ^P''^"^' namef the ciplme, and rhe loldiers. compofedTttrrTi "/ 'u '^^ "^°"" of militarx- dif. cuizens. They had little refp^ft for ant bu fh.''^ '^' '"P".^"^' ^^^ "^ longer ^^ey fought, and conquered, fnd plundSd \nd f^ commander, under his banLx -^ - ever ready to ob^ him. ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 11 INTRODUCTION. B. C. 44- B. C. 3'- ever, which required their keeping on foot feveral armies at the fame time, retarded the fubverfion of the republic. Thefe armies were fo many checks t.pon each other. Had it not been for the foldicrs of Sylla, Rome would have furrendered it« liberty to the army of Marius. JuUus Caefar at lengih ajjpears. By fubduing the Gauls, he gained his country g ^ the moft ufetai conqueft it ever made. Pompey, his only rival, is over- ■ * come in the plains of Pharfalia. Csefar appears viftorious almoft at the "^ ■ fame time all over the world : in Egypt, in Afia, in Mauritania, in Spaii\ in Gaul, and in Britain: conqueror on all fides, he is acknowledged matter at Rome, and in the whole empire. Brutus and Caflius think to give Rome her liberty, by ftabbing him in the fenate-houfe. But, though they there- by deliver the Romans from the tyranny of Julius, the republic does not obtain its freedom. It falls into the hands of Mark Anthony ; young Csefar Odlavianus, nephew to Julius Csefar, wrefts it from him by the fea-fight at Adlium, and there is no Brutus nor Caflius to put an end to his life. Thofe friends of liberty had killed themfelves in defpair ; and Od^avius under the name of Auguftus, and title of emperor, remained the undifturbed niafter of the empire. During thele ci\ il commotions, the Romans Hill prelerved the glory of their arms among diflant nations ; and while it was unknown who Ihould be mafter at Romtf, the Romans were, without difpute, the matters of the world. Their military difci- pline and valour abolifhed all the remains of the Carthaginian, the Perfian, the Greek, the Aflyrian, and Macedonian glory, thev were now only a name. ' No Iboner, therefore, was Oi^avius eftabliflied on the throne, than ambafladors from all quarters of the known world, crowd to make their lubmiflions. ^Ethiopia fues lor peace ; the Parthians, who had been a moft formidable enemy, court his friend- Ihip; India leeks his alliance; Pannonia acknowledges him; Germany dreads B. C. ^'"^^ *"^ ^^^ Wefer receives his laws. ViiTtorious by fea and land, he ihuts ^ the temple of Janus. The whole earth lives in peace under his power, and ' Jefus Chrift comes into the world, four years before the common sera. Having thus traced the progrefs of the Roman government, while it remained a republic, our plan obliges us to fay a few words with regard to the arts, fciences, and manners of that people. In the infancy of the republic, ?nd even long after the confular government was eftabliflied, learning and the arts made very little pro- grefs at Rome. Agriculture and the cultivation of arms principally engaged their at- tention. Au adequate idea may be formed of the little value they placed upon works of art by the edift of Mummius, who having deftroyed the city of Corinth, ordered the pidures painted by the moft eminent artifts of Greece to be carried to Rome, with this remarkable caution, that if any were loft in the paflage, they Ihould be obliged to nuke up the number. Nor were the iciences in more requeft at Rome. Some of the ableft philofophers of Greece coming to Rome in the time of Cato the Elder, he ordered them to depart the city, left the minds of the youth ftiould be corrupted by philoibphy, and rendered too foft for militarj' atchievements. 'Ihcy had for a long feries of years no written laws at Rome: thofe of Solon, brought from Greece, were the firft that were known in that city. They were ge- nerally called the laws of the twelve tables, becaufe they were written in twelve •tlepartments Thefe conftitiiteci the ti\ il law of the Romans. 'I'hey were afterwards correded by various decrees of the lenate, orders of the people, and edifts of the praetors. After tlie deftrudion of Carthage and the ftates of Greece, when the Romans badno rival to fear, tlu-y applied themfelves to cuUivate the arts of peace. The I N T R O D U c T r a N. ctindus remains of the Grecian m«/r«;c^ »- , then, with a defire of'ln^Sg" hT^ eT^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^-' '"^P^-d wa« elegant, whatever was curious, ^lL7w^sb^L^^,^'^i f "^'- Whatev<,r out trouble or expence. But the RomonV i u "^'^ ' ""'^^^ ^<^ conl ilted with- equalled the finifh^d worfs onhel S'^^"^'^ undoubtedly gre.t artifts, never Rome ; but it did not reach it IL" '^^^^^ ^''^ ^" »°"g ftuclied in are mfedor only to thofe of DemoKes cfcero .^''T 'f^"'^' «" """""» Sr^h'^-'',«J« Mccptiblc, without Sen nR S foHd1?v inH ''^"^"'' 'l\ '^' ^''''' dence and harmonv to the R«,«,„ ^"""ng us loiicJity and gravity. He eave n u„h,ow„. He S ',o tneX &£,:°1,:dt''''' " V"" '*'""-^'-»" his country; thev' both carrier? ^)^ 5 V?^ '^^^ *" Greece, the jjlorv of The poetry of vLu is equ lt> an^^'^ '° L''" ^}t'^ P^'^^^'«" "ever at^aTned of Home/ LikeThe proFof Dem^&^^^^^ Grecian bard Itill remained wilh^^ ' , ^^^^^^ ""^ Homer are inimitable: the jefty of Homer, HonTe e^eS aH tha°r ''i'''^\?^' ^f Vjrgil fell fhort of the ma. mdeed he had no niodef in S fp "iS of wri in^^"'',*^''"^ ^J^ '^"'"^^ ^"'^ ^^'^l^'i a rival His odes have not indl^d the laTeT^' '"? uy'^^' day continues without abound m beauties of another kbd- aHelii ' -'i^ Sublimity of Pindar; but they flow of verfe,and the moft liveirhnaL^rr"^ of fenument, a fmooth harmonious abounded in hillorians ; and Sdlun?. ^^^^-^'^ '^^ Rome head He is generally r nled w th Th^cvd'ide:"^'"; T^'^^t ^^" ^'''^ '' ^^ei confiderhimasthemoftexcellen hiftonS •' '""^ ^""'^ ^^^« "°^ ^""P'ed to remarkable ; it proceeded fronrthe Mv vieour'ofT"^* ^^^'- ^'''''y «^ '^'^ «*'« '« h.s charafters, his harangues, are eruX llwfi f ^ imagination. His defcriptions, can be added to their force fnl ff ZfZ ^'""^' ' f? '"^^^^s alike in all ; nothing who have rendered tZr' ZZs nlorT^'ri. ^'^ '« r °^u^^°^^ ^^ ^^S reigns an eloquence perfed in eve vTind h?!?I ^''^^ ^u ^'^•^'^ '^^^^T' there every where equal: fimnle wirhomL V , ^'^^' ^^''''^^ varied to infinity is great and f.bLe wiZut l^ing \S"tn oH'"' ''^^^"' ^"^ and always intelligible. Livy polfeffes all fhe e .^7 H^"* J^'""^""''^ ' ^'^^^^ '^<^' fcriptive, more eloquent, and Lrffemfln. i %*'^."^'''^"^'"5 and is more de- the reign of Auguftls; nor hlX itHe ^u itv n^r '^ -^ "^-^ «°""^ "" ^^^^ rary competition. The part of his hiftorl f Pu^ '-^^ "" "'^•"^ '" ^^^^ ^&e of lite- always been confidered as hfs m k .n^Te !?t'°"^ '^' ^T^ °^ ^ilSrius, has of a great writer to paint the vSsTc.liJi rr''.".''^^""/^'^'- »he abilitie. cruelties of Nero; but to write hehfenf tS ' ^^^ ^P'^ity o/ciaudius, or the whocould unravel all the iutrLe, if ,f ^'^""^ required the genius of Tacitus and withdraw the veil of decemlon J ' k"^'"'S ^"^^ the real caufes of evei s' the real n,o,ives and fpringTSf Tdiio" "\r r'^'^' ^'•"" '^' 'y^' ^^ ^he puSk greatly to philofophy. Lucrltius who deli ^,^%^?"^f .« . "ever applied themlblves nions of Epicurus, is the onl ^MI^? t "^'^' '" 'P'rited verfification. the odI reachedourtimes: a clofe andS °P^"' T'P' ^'''^'^' ^hofe writ ngs have not perhaps agreeable o tt "niu of X r'"^ '''V^' «P^'-^"°°« «f ^ 'X, Zl mans never produced any tS thnr . ' r''' u ^? ^''^g^'Jy «nd comedy, the Ro ters of Greece. The tragi pofts hardy" d^^ '^' 'f * -^'"Parifon witf the wrl Terence are juftly placed%t ^hrhtad of .t^^^ -^ ^ memioned. Plautus and were poffeifed of the vis comica or IK elv. ^ "^cT P°"' of Rome; but neither niedy and ,,hich diftinguifhS the S.I f °1 ^""'^V'"' which is effential to c-^ our Shakefpeare. ^ '""^ ''"''"g^ of the comic poets of Greece, and of y^f^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. f Y ^> ^%. M/ /A ^^ \<^_ ^'^M W / Photographic Sciences Corpcfation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 8/2-4503 74 INTRODUCTION. We now return to our hiftory, and are arrived at an acra, which prefents us with a let of monfters, under the name of emperors, whofe hiftories, a few excepted difgrace human nature. They did not indeed abolifh the forms of the Roman rel puWic, though they extmguifhed its liberties; aud, while they were pradifinff the moft unwarrantable cruelties upon their fubjefts, they themfelves were the Haves of their foldiers. Thqr made the world tremble, while they in their turn trembled at the army. Rome, from the time of Auguftus, became the moft defpotic empiws that ever fubfifted m Europe. To form an idea of their government, we need only recaU to our mmd the fituation of Turkey at prelent. It is of no importance theri fore to confider the charader of the emperors, fmce they had no power but what arofe from a mercenary Itanding army, nor to enter mto a detail with regard to the tranlaajons of the court, which were direded with that caprice, and cruelty and corruptio4 which univerfaliy prevail under a defpotic government. When it is laid that the Roman republic conquered the world, it is only meant of the civUiaed part of It, chiefly m Greece, Carthage, ana Afia. A more difficult talk ftiU re- mamed for the emperors, to fubdue the barbarous nations of Europe; the Ger- mans, the Gauls, the Britons, and even the remote corner of Scotland; fc- ►J- jueh theie countries had been difcovered, they were not efledually fubdued b-, ije Ro- man generals. Thefe nations, though rude and ignorant, were brave -^d inde- pendent. It was rather from, the fuperiority of their difcipline, than d( their cou- ia|[e, that the Kvu^.^ gamed any advantage over them. The Roujan wars with the Germans, are defcribed by Tacitus, and from his accounts, diough a Roman, It IS eafy to difcover with what bravery they fought, and with what reludance tbey lubmitted to a foreign yoke. From the obftinate refiftance of the Germaas. we may judge of the difficulties the Romans met with in fubdumg the other nations of Europe. The contefts were on both fides Woody; the coumries of Europe were fucceffively laid wafte, the inhabitants periihed in the field, many were earned mto llavery, and but a feeble remnant fubmitted to the Roman power, i his lituation of affai-s was extremely unfavourable to the happinefs of mankind. Ihe barbarous nations, mdeed,. from their intercourfe with the Romans, acquired iome talte for the arts, fciences, language, and manners of their new mafters. Ihele however were but miferable confolations for the lofs of liberty, for being deprived of the ufe of their arms, for being over-awed by mercenary foldiera kept m pay to reftram them, and for being delivered over to rapacious governors who plundered them without mercy. The only circumftance which could fupport them under thefe complicated calamities, was the hope of feeing better days. The Roman empire, now ftretched out to fuch an extent, had loft its fprine and force. It contained within itfelf the feeds of diffolution; and the violent ir- ruption of the Goths, VandaLs, Huns, and other Barbarians, haftened its deftmc •Tu- } I ^^^^^ *"^^'' ^^° '^^"^ *° ^^^« vengeance on the empire, either inhabited the various parts of Germany, which had never been fubdued by the Romans, or were Icattered over the vaft coumries of the north of Europe, and north-wdt of Afia, which are now inhabited by the Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, thefubjedsof the Ruffian empire, and the Tartars. They were drawn from their native country by that reftleffiiefs which aduates the minds of Barbarian?, and makes them rove from home in queft of plunder, or new fcttlements. The firft mvaders met with a pow-erftil refiftance from the fuiJerior difcipline of the Roman legions; but this, inftead of daunting men of a ftrong and impetuous tciiiper, only roufed them to vengeance. They return to their companions, acquaint them with the unknown conveniencies and luxuries that abounded in countries better cultivated, I N T R O D U C T I O N. U or blefled with a milder climate than fli^ir r>i»r. . ♦ko,. • i tw. .hey had f„„jh,, „, .hrfSii^^;,^"^ A'TrtUmU'tllL'''; atfainft their opponents. Great bnHi«.« «f ,rr„»^ ^ ,):''"" '■"x"^ ^»"i relemment venturers followed them. The lanric ,.,k;«i, »i: j r j 'ciuemcnts. r<»ew ad- remote .rib« of BaSriuM Thrf.bT^lfi,'^ deferted »£re occupied by more A n OT HT,-^ . -^^V' ° ^'^^ eftabhlhmem of the Lombaixis in TtaN, A, U. 571. ITie cotemporary authora, who beheld that frenp «f ,^«f!!l t^ i i ^' and are at a lofs for expreffions to defcribe the hor Jr ^f \^u <^/^°^a^'on, labour. ened by this divifion, becomes a nrel m Vk! t k • -^^'■'' ^'^i^''"'^). weak- were gradual and Seel? ^tTmmeStwrorh^To^ '"^^^^^ 476 that the remafn^of i tfTenld L^heTT '" ""^^^^ aflairs/was fo efficacious! match fer all ?hel enemS^tad h nri W '?"'*' u""^'"^^ ^^^^ P~^«d an over! the univedal corruptTonT« amon^e tool^ "Tr^l^^'' T^T' «"^ of the known world, the emSrora w?,^ £ , t£^^ « Satiated with the luxuries moftdiftam regions we^e S3 ^h^jLnf '^^^^.^^^ provocatives. The the tribute of Uincrexi^S pr^rtlrS XT""'"' ^^' the univerfal depravation of Snners that nrevai ed undl .1 ^^'""^y' ?°^ are called, Cafars, could only bTeqSedT^ tt h^S V T'P^''''' ?'> «s they overcame them. ^ equalled by the barbarity of thofe nations who ^r^^T^\^e\^£r:'::^:^ Saxon. a.Cerman nation, were . tribe of Germans, of Gaul The cZ^ Tr""^' f ^^^^"^ '' '^^ ^"'^'^^ another Italy, and thra'aclt pro;inces Sc^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^1^%^^ I^'^bards. of prudence, arts, or literatLe Sied NerfoL« f '^^ ^^"^'^ PoHcy, jurif- manners, new dreffes new larim,.^^f " a °^ government, new laws, new every where inSced ^^ ' "^"^ ""'" ''*"^" °^ °*«^ ^'^d countries/ were L « y ^>> .if-; 'A. *«*/ /■ 4f'^ -v ^,1 4 ». ♦' /•) .? r ■^O.^'^- 76 INTRODUCTION. mi< ■■ preS. ^'^^"'^^ «»^"^ft « fo'^eign enemy, u degenerated mto a fyftem oV op. the^il^af bS'v nf I'llff '^ ^"T" "«bo"°ded and intolerable. They reduced the great body of the people into a ftate of aaual fervitude. Thev were denrivS rhVfoilXh\r4ridv^^:i^^^^^^^^^ They wTrerve'St Prietor to anotheT h^Tu ' u ^°«^^^^' ^ith it were transferred from one pro- ffi£ir rtLt and L^^^^^^^ thf heTdfrr '?rT V^f^' Stir:: "^^ r^ 4- ^e^Vred a'^S'dt'ndalts'otthe'^rgg:^^^^^ ^^^.^^^!^S^''' "^^°^^^ '"^ ^^^^/^6r-j which becir fol SSd^M "J,:-^«-nce,tlld 'e'^r enmity was dreaded by the ffre;,/^^ '/^^^ "^ alliance was courreH T^i • fociatfon formed the Jrft Uemltfc plT'?" ^^^ "^'^'^'^ oi thl p'ot fo '? plied the reft of Europe with naval fwf ? '-^T ^^^"^^ alTemblies. Thev ffn eminent of which was BraLs ?I Fi!T ' ^"1^ P"^^^^ o° different towns thi t\ their commerce was rem,S ^^^'^?«'"s. where they eftablilhed ft3« ' ?''? Hanfeatic merchants the Ph!.?- communication between the IomK,wi well as advaatage 1; diffnS? °^' ''^^^^ ^"^ both in thS citv to S"^' ^""^ ^ng ftate of thefe provinces, of which he difcovemi the 19 INTRODUCTION. A. D. t™ecwf«. Edward III of England cndeavouwd to excite a fpint of in. ^Si- ft^n'^JlT-* ^'' °^"r W^' ^^°' blind to the advantages of heir C atM>n and ignorant of the fource from which opulence tas deftined to flow into their country, totally negleded commerce, and did not eve"attemDt t^^^^^^ Sf Snl^t T;r\^"' which.theyfurnifhed to forei^er? ^a 1 r^^^^ Flemifh artifans to fetde in his dominions, as well as by many wife laws for th? encouragement and regulation of trade, he gave a beginning Lie Wlen ma! nufaauies of Endand; and firft turned the adive and entermifmrKenrus of ^is . ?^ ^!l"^i?.° P^"?^^"' *^^'* »^<^'f great loffes in the cnifades, endeavoured to cultivate the fnendfhip of the great khans of Tartary, whofe fime inarms had reached the mofl remote comers of Europe and Afia that tW «,;„»,» I r check upon the Turks who had been luiif enemies o the Chr^rnaml anJ who, from a contemptible handful of wanderers, ferving occa SrinT Vrmres of attending princes, had begun to extend their rava^s over the LeV^uTries The Chriftianembaflies were managed chiefly by monks, a wandering profef- fion of men, who, impelled by zeal, and undaunJed by difficulties and^ dCger found their way to the reniote courts of thefe infidels. He Englilh philofopher Roger Bacon was fo mdiiftnous as to coUeft from their relations, or tSons many particulars of the Tartars, which are to be found in Purchas's PilaHn ami ±'" ,^- ^T '""•'" '^^^•^••^ ^^^'" ^'•*^-^"- °f ^he IS kind ^ho'co ;^ muted his difcovenes to writing, was John du Plant Carpin, who w th fornHf his brethren, about the year 1246. carried a letter from pope miocenVto the ,^eat khan of Tartary, m favour of the Chriftian fubjefts iii {hat prince's exreifive^do mimons. Soon after this, a fpirit of travelling into Tarta?y and IndU be^an"e genera : and it would be no ditficult matter to prove that many Europeans, abom the end of the fourteenth century. Ibrved in the armies of Tamerlane, on? of the greateft princes ot Tarta.y whofe conquelts reached to the moft remote corners of India ; and that they introduced into Europe the ufe of gunpowder and artilTe^- the difcovery made by a German chemift being only partial and accidental ^ * After the death of Tamerlane, who, jealous of the rifing power of the Turk^ A. D. had checked their progrefs, the Chriftian advemurens upon their return magiufying the vaft riches of the Eaft Indies, infpired their country w-^ith a fpirit of adventure and difcovery, and were the firft that rendered a palTage thither by lea probable and practicable. The Portuguele had been always amous for their application to maritime affairs; and to their difcovery of C Cap^of Good Hope, Great Britain is at this day indebted for her InJL com! r^f^V^'^^^iv^ contented themfelves with ftiort voyages, creeping along the coaft of Africa, difc-overing cape after cape; but by making a gradual proKreftfouth ward, the)^ m the year 1497. were fo fortunate as to ikil Syond tK^ whth naC'. nf ?'?-^' A^ ''' '°J^' ^^^^^" ^«"' ^°^ ^" ^^ofe countries known by he names of India, China, and Japan. "u uy me While the Portugiielb were intent upon a paffage to India by the eaft rolnm bus. anath^e of Genoa, conceived a pVojed of failing thither V the w^ft^H^ Khl.^r^'n-'^'rjfr^^ Y'' coumrymen as chimerical and abfurd, he laid 5l K 5 J"""'^?^^'^ before the courts of France, England and Portugal, where ' te had no better fuccefs. Such repeated difappoimments would have broken the I N T ft O D tJ C T I o N. fpirit of any man but Columbus. The cxocHir^r^n ^ • . nothing to defray it Spain was now hL oZ^Zc^Z^Z''^''''^' ««* ^^ ^'^ attendance, he ^t ength fuccoeded, through^ the interU/^'''^' *?r "K^r years pi uicefs was prevailed upon to natroni/^ S?m k V ^ "*^ 1"*^ Ifabella. 'Ihis guardian of the monafte^ of Rabya «. ' ^ '''^ ^'eprefentation of Jui PerS of fome credit with queen Ifabdiarnd i^i^'^ ' "T °^ *-"««'^de«ble kin W and his perfonal acquaintance S"hV Id'l'^owTeS^i^orfr^^^ !« Columbus Vom into an accurate examination of that crreaf Zn' * H"'-"**"'' ^^ ^d entered phyfician fettled in his neighbourhood ^who ^■''^^^' ^« conjunction with a tical knowledge. This iSgati^n co^etdv S"! 'T ^S^'" '" -^S'"- the principles on which Columbus founded hffonfn,^ '^f"c''[ '^^ ^"I'^^y of fuccefs m executing the plan which he nrl-.f^^^n°"' '"'^ "^ ^^^ probability of commended it to queen IfabeUa that K^?i ^'''^ ^'^^i^^^^^ ^o ftrongly^e- even generoufly offeL, to the honou ^f h iS^^rnTen' 'T ^'^ ^^-J-'fand order to raile as much money as mi^ht Z Zl ; !l • ^ ?*?^^ *'^'' "^n jewels, in voyage. But Santangel. anotlr fS ^^d ^on 'Vp '"^J'^^P.^^^"°"« ^^^'the n£^t= '::J^.rz^t^dB ^^ ^'r- ^- -- - of the fee ::r,-[^s\!:S?2--?^^^^ began-toinfiftupon his return. thiatenW^nr'^'r'"^ *?^'^" dilcontented, at length but the firmnefs V the comm nder anTtle dSnv'^ ''"ff ^^ ^'^^^^ ^'"^ ovcrb^afd ; tlays put an end to the commotion Fmn? ^ ^^ °*^ '^"^' ^fter a palTage of ^a to his furprife that thiscouTd norSth^lXst'^^'"'"'^"^ ^hemu^,s, fe found difcovered to be a new world : of whU .il 1 T' V^^^ °^' «"d ^^ich he foon account m that part of the followL^work whi7hf ' ""'"Z?^ " "^°^^ circumftantS Europe now began to emerge om of th«r h ? 'f '' °^ America, fmce the fubveSn of the K^ ^^^j^^ '^^^"f '"^ ihe had been funk others of unfpeakable benefit to maSd tJ ^ difcovcnes were fucceeded by /lumber of near twelve centuries and th^ " u^^™'^^ "O"^ awoke from her ^ other people. The art of pr Sn^ tfa^h ?n'^'?'''' -f ?"'-^P« be^^'^e an- ^- ^• country to countrv the wifdonTan^dfofliesfc^^^ ^"^^ rapidity from '44o. engmeermg were brought to perfeflion fnW . "'^^^"^^' "^as invented: artillery and Every maritime nation fittedTr&ori\?"^H-r^^ '^' operations o/wa" became conneaed by commerce Th iS?. ?^ '^.'^'°'"'«^*' and the whole world niusj the human mind was rSdfrtmttT'VT '^r^"gion reftored liberty mee fikncedreafon, and prevent^The IhTiTkr^tc^^^^^^^ of fuperftition, which hTdloffg and fcences began to be cultivated EfmS^^ ^'""^ ^"^^"'"^ «« Powers. The am day improved, and riches flowed iLSon^ 7'' '^''"'"'*' commence was eve^ of aaion, and new fyftems orcoSudt ^Se fn^/^^'^ ^""^^''- ^^^ PnncS Provement: but the powers of the h„ ^ • '"^'"oduced at this sera of mental im Many prejudices werfto be removed Tn "^1^^ ""^^^^^^'^ °% by flow SegVeeT ftjrmoumed. before the fciencerc^tl ^ZVt^^ ■''"'''^'•'^' ^"^ ™W diSS pies of the arts and fciences werrforSr ^l"' ^^''^'"^ ^''^^i for the^:rinci 8o INTRODUC T I O N. ledge it procures the m4 S a«amS H^n^. ^^ ^^^^^^ and the know- fodeepW (killed in the Sd "^^^^^^^ every thing of the ancients but theirTafes and , K^'^^ ?^l' °"^°' ^^o knew pomp oflearning. An inventive geniu? is alwavt hTJ°»P^^^^^ the.nfelves with the becaufe it kes much farther than k reoi., ^j d'ffatisfied with us own province, 6nd in themlelves a fecret ri^^^^^^ X which £. '^" "?««. Penetrating minds often for a while, but can neverCafpr^^fni^t^fX^^'"^^^^^ "^7 ^'^^^'^ fcholars fliould boaft fo hijrhlv of hrirn^m^ therefore be furprifed that thefe ridiculous, and Wtimes bXois KK ^w"""'^^^^^^ '^Z"^^}" " °^^^^ ^PP^^" paved the way to polite learning ° "^^^ '*^*=° abfolutely neceflkV; it But this fondnefs for erudition did not louff cnntin,y. tu , convinced, that beautiful thoughts loft nmhJnl K V { J^^. '^^'""^'^ ^'^re foon and hence they endeavoured rnlvnlr^u^- ^ ^'"^ *^^°^^«d '^ » living lauirjaee- delivered in ^hS^trZi^S'^^^^^ 'l!^^''' ^^'' '^^ ancien^ts h'ad up by that of the ancients ; and SSaU the nnhr^''^^^ ^''' ^raduaUy kindled prefent centuries in eloquence, hiSo^"'and p^^^^^ performances in the laft and ^^^^^^.^^^l^^ ^^atagenius barbarity. But the works'^of Praxi?d4^ aS' PhS ^^^,;^f"Ped jhe fury of Gothic cxaa copies. Hence Ranhael IZmIJT a ?' ''P"''* °°'y ^ '""tated but by of perfeLn which ha^ntte^lntl^^^^^^^^ '^^"^'^^ ^^- «" - a deg.^ or fpoiled by time, could giVe bu ver^lmcertaSn Indil'^^'^ ^^°^ '""P^^^^'S fufive a fubjea. The face of Z„r7i^hl ^^ imperfed glimmerings of fo dif- moderns v.?re obliged to ftudv rlV .P"'"ary book of philofophers, and the umphed over .he chicaMry ofT fchools fj ,l,f 'e""""". "jd philofophy ,ri. thegreateftihare.- they wTre ,t once ,hl .k^, J, ""^'^^-^on'ril, the Englifl; had to their difcoveries au^ ~^ratSrr,^?i,,' T™ ?I '''*"J' '"^ >''"''"« ; and, the piefent perfeflion oniSurf S S i f"'"^'' " P"°"P""y ind^Ied fo,' never furpaflij perhaps ne«r Si J ,JS 5 *"|!!? ?T ?f f'™^' "-^y w^n: aia.ionhakuU,o„,heCSa.i2offonhffl% tr "i"^ ''"" "^"^^ 'NTRODUCTio The istb .ml i<5th centuries were rh». a a- ■ ^' ^^ great political lyften ii tj^j'P '\'' '^^ P^^SiTi^^^ r'V'"P<>'^^nt ^H- o many internal rc.oluf^r^'^^J']y'= ^'"^ "P^^ed. alter the ft^k/^^^- "^"•^L"- ioine account in the hiitory o? e,c . T^ f"*^*" ^'«". of whkh^Tt''''^ ^^ great events which happened ?Ln I P"""^"'" rtate ia the folW;.,^^ h^yegive,, Prmciples and n.a.i JS„ ,Sifc "«;,*»«h-«o /pent ^ir W ^.^^^^ ./f^e .cernmg the balance of TweX?^^ "i" "^'"'""e^ operate ^n^ »ii*^^P^'"'^»' own force, md^MT.T, 'l^'- "■ <»"'fndin7rJr Hi, 'T"= over £„. "ghtsof his fuK he t ^""'^ ">*yft>«-m a deliberate „r'%"."'' iometir„e, to, by which the7rL t\ fo''"h ''^'^^ ^r""'^ ^he ^o^eSac^rth/ "^^^^ '^'^ ''°"'» reduced to the laft extremiui' ^[h;""?5."V"e. has beefa coz!que2 T "'"^'°» of a powerful and vi«orious LrJ •'''^'■'"^' however contnS^,' .V'' ^^'""^only politics. It is confirml . u ^"""' '« One of the hel\ J.uvT^^ *? '^^ prejudices Greece, in p^rtiX "^1^1^^ '" ^"' -''-^^.^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^ ',J,t¥^^ «" the fame truth in a aJn? • ^'""' ''^^ terror of the pJir ■ J^"" Aates of f'derableoftheiiri1tnSe7bl"^'^^ '^^ere wa'^rro^nh^'^ ^-^'^^ and in us turn too was rSuced K u'" -"' '""' "'^bibed the f^n! r°^ '"'^°"- Thc modem examples are fb u- U^^^'' ^'""^^X »o the mmJaJu^ "^ '^^"q"^^^ them. Who does nor ll T^" ^"o^"' that it is almnft ^'J ^«*^ diftrels*. Europe. befbre?excLd tL'^-' '^' ^«"'« of A^'^ufe.TTr'y '"^ '"^"'ion the objea of fear thJ r P"^ of Great Britain ih\l"^'' ^^^ terror of -,11 palTion. France Iffbrdr^'"^' *i"^^" ^ould nevrh ' fh '^'' ^?"'"r "ever been 82 INTRODUCTIOK. hardly poffibk they IhoiiW acquire their natural tone in the courfb of this century The debihty of their eflbrts m the war of 1756 proved the greatnefs of the evil and the mefficacy of any remedy which is not flow and gradual : but the Britifh ca- binet in agitating a civil war with the North Americans, hath greatly contrt- buted to reftore and augment their naval power. Of all the kingdoins of Europe, Great Britain, for a long time, enjoyed the greateft degree of profpenty and glory. She ought, therefore, to have been the niore attentive to preferve lo brUliant an exigence. A great empire cannot be con- tinued in a happy fituation, but by wifdom and moderation. Ihe unhappy con- teft of Great Britain with the American colonies, through the folly, arrogancef or ar- bitrary defigns of her then nnnifters of ftate, has plunged her into the greateft diffi- culties; her national debt has been augmented to a prodigious height: and her taxes in confequence greatly increafed. Happy will it be, if the prefent peace with Ame- rica, and with the European powers with whom fhe has been involved in war trom her ever-to-be-lamented conteft with the colonies, ftiould again reftore her to profpenty and tranquillity. The experience flie has had of the folly of foreign conquefts, and of her too great attention to the counfcls of mercantile monopolifts, 'will all lead her to cultivate the numerous p.dvantages fhe already poffelfes ; and by a noble and enlightened po- hcy, avoid thofe prejudices which have fo long divided the interefts of the Met kmgdoms, to the peculiar injury of Ireland, and to the general lofs of the empire. PART iir. OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RELIGION. i>EITY is an awful obje£l, and has ever roufed the attention of mankind- buC they being incapable of elevating their ideas to all the fublimity of his perfeaions have too often brought down his perfeflions to the level of their own ideas This' IS more particularly true with regard to thofe nations whofe religion had no other foundation but the naturaf feelings, and more often the irregular paflions of the tmman heart, and who had received no light from heaven refpefling this important ob|ca In deducing the hiftory of religion, therefore, we muff make the fame diltmdtion, which we have hitherto obferved, in tracing the progrefs of arts, fciences, and of civilization among mankind. We niuft feparate what Is human from what is d vine, what had us origin from, particular revelations, from what is the cfledl of general laws, and of the unafTifted operations of the human mind. Agreeably to this diltinaion we find, that in the firft= ages of the wojld, the re- ligion of the eaflem nations was pure and luminous. It arofe from a divine fource, and was not then disfigured by human fancies or caprice. In time, however, thefe began to have their influence; the ray of tradition was obfcured, and among thofe tribes which feparated at the greateft diiftance, and in the fmalleft numbers, from the m'f>re improved focieties of men, it was altogether obliterated. In this fituation a particular people were felefted by God himfelf, to be the de- politaries of his Taw and worfhip ; but the reft of mankind were left to form hypo- I N T R O D U C T I O N. «J ..llcTt wrr.a:ri„tf^^^^^^ an The r,,, f ,yft,„., ,,^ ''^hZrorr.ZS:^l'^^rj'' P''""^>' °f ^(^ri,^ world to a few genera! priucinles li« «^ n ^. . P^^nomena of the moral the origin and nfture offi'^^ic^^^^^^^^^^ "!?">' 'T^^*^'' =^*^^°""''' b-" h " nute deta. . t is in.poflible to ^ive an aZua '' id.^ T'k f t'^'t'^^ ""« ^ ^^' faid upon It ni general, muft always S Hab?e m J '^^ '"^J^"^ ' ^"^ what i. One thing, however niav L jl i l ^°,'"^"y exceptions. neither to h';ve berd^^Z,^ oTpSlptVll^^^^^^ -"-'- ''-- diuon,, concerning the nature of t he dS %'T''"'''' u°' "^ di«%"ed tra- nideft ages of fociety. while the rafL,l^ ^' ^^^"" '° ^^^^ ^"len during the were under the tyra ^of ta JnS"l^^^^^^ while mankind upon fentiment; as each tribe of men h^H .K^- i? ^'.""^^ ^^^^^ therefore folelv gods. Thofe heroes who led them forth ^1 t^"" '^^1°*''' '^ "'^^^^^'^'^ 'hey had S c.Is, whofe image was engrfved on S ftncy' Zfj"' "^° ^''^''''' ^" ''^^'^ ^^^ "- heir memory, even after death enjoyed an exL^r." ?^ °"' •^'^'■^ imprinted on Wers. The force of blood, ofliendftin of/n^?.- ''^ '"'^g'^^""" of their fo? wha we cannot eafily conceive : but tSe power of fm*""' ''"°"» '^''^ "«"«"«• « what all men have in fome degree experienced Cnmh- ^'"'LT ""''' '^^ ^"^^'^^ '^ will not appear ftranse that thf imoil r ^ ^-^^^^nbine thefe two caulb anH it •by their c^anionf Int ttng'Tb: tlf^tX?"^^^ "^^"'^ wte t" and performing, in a word, the fkme fun^t'n« K-^"^?^^"""^ °" 'heir enemies An appearance lb unnatural wouldTot exdte ^^^^^^^ P''^^^'^"^'^ when aliv^' evil fpints, and who had not learner ?, f J- ''"'P"^ "'«" unacquainted wirh contrary, it confirmed theTr c^uSJi Jfi' '/^/''•'"^ ^"^ ^''^''- enemies. On the thofe who had feen it, fupp^rS b?^he :S^ -^ the teltimony'o f who had not, gained an univerfal K amonT^n ^^^^^^^^^ '"'"^""*^ caftof tholfc linall degree of refledion, however wour^V^ '^*' "'*^"'^" "^ 'beir Ibciety. A their own heroes exifted afti.r!L \ • . . Sufficient to convince them rhl. enemies. Two orde s of td' 1 V" '"'S'^^ '''^^^'S^ be the cafe of thofb ofll •' thehoftUe; the godsX^r^^tt^ed^^lli^.S^f^^^ 'be pfop' i^^S' time, which wears oft' the imDrefflrin<.^f ' J- • '"°'® ^bo were to be feared R,Vi the nations of antiquitrwe r'aTaeed^^^^ '^' H"«' invafions by whlh the names, and confoundThrchTraTer; of ^hT*^' °'" "•^"'Planted, made thenTlSb racrifice., and they made love tl T'™'" ''^"^"'^ '" ""riMng ™ in northern elimate'ji! moll enlightened ainoZthe r„ff^' """"'>' «'"''«' f™"- 'heir chaSr' rt and religion, with tEo?e^hat ale toV"'"'"'?'!!' •"*"'>' ">^ 'i"« "o SS of .oS Gteee. tba, p„b,ic.t,y announced .i.tl.SnSo?oJ^,^:;.oT,\fco«*o7:? t M 2 cing the purity of hi. cha Jler; 2^d VZTll it r^^ f ^^'. ^ '^^^^^ produced a total aheration iu their rHill^^ r • * '^*^ '"''"^*^ ^'^ required f»f men tl.e place for handling Is lUbl me7JbK' ^TSI^ •''"^ ^"l!"' ^"' »»>•» " S religion, which was louuded on "he 2v of !L n ". "°u-'? "^'"'"^^^ ^'''' ^^^ » c.«t.on u;^th falfi cjods, niull cither be aS^cnL'l^ft^' Y'^''^"^"""^'' «^ ^o ,[io. ing belief of nuutind. The lauer wa? Kafe ^chT'^'"'" ^^°'"^ »»>*■' P-^^^i'- ilieciviUzed part of mankind, by The fublinltl o^t^^^^^^ »na*lc its way'amoug required not the aid of hununpZeriilbft^^^^^^^^ ««** i"«ept«; it by which u was chara«erilbd. But in Le kZcLf"^ ^>' '^/"-"'h ^'^'J ^^'don. of worldly ma.i„,3 very inconfifteut wi h thl- decent. J •''".• ^^ '^' ^^od^^iion the anibu.on of the dergy Precepts of us divuie author, and by outeK^^^^ bc-ing naturally conferrc. juon of tne clergy, and afterwa;ds f ZhZt of Ron^"^" ''u '^" '^ ^'""»- the Chriftun world. It is in.poflible trddciX l^Z ' °''^' ^" ''l? "'^'"^^" ^^ concomuant caufes, fonie of which were extremHv " *''"• narrow Innits, all the of univerfal monarchy was eftablifl^d S KoT ^^'."5 ^ ^^''"^'^ 'his Ipecics from the control of tl^e Ronfan eZ^^ors ,h^^^^^^ "^^^^ ^ »^'"8 '^n«>vrd availmg themfelves of everv circu! JauceUir? Fo ?'"^ l"" Conltantinople; and by ereaed the fabric of their ^owe? Tt fiTan ob^J of""^ "^ '" '^'''' ^'''J ' "^^^^ terror, to all temporal priiices. The caufes of fs ?ffrT°^""°"' "°^ ^^^rwards of operated with greater adivity. The moftTffi/aeLs t ?K '-" '^•' ^^'P^*^^^' ''"^ ihe rapid improvement of art«! ^ri^rnnwln. ^ *^^^ '^^ invention of Printing ofbarbaritv.Wde i us way t2 iZvT TC?^r'''"^''1' ^^'^h' after many aS ing themfeives from a foreig^yokrihe op^rStv oT"^ Z^- ^°"^^'^'»"« ^^ ^e^ivlr- the immenfe wealth which had been div^Eoh. I '^''^^^^^^ kingdom of Europe, confpired Xh t^ardo-r nV t)i^?^^^ "^ '^^ '^^"''^ '" ^^ the progrefs of the reformation 'I^eunreafonluLl^ fi^t reformers, and hailened of Rome was demonftrated; and the Reformation^ ""V^t "l''"'^ °^ '''^ ^^^urch the year 15,7, and which t;x>k pice in EnS A ^t^^. ' '° ^"'"'^"y '» wr^',r '^' "^"' '' ^^" «^ 'he religil, rigt of mankind '" '"'"' '^'^^^J' We fhall now proceed tothe mai. paAf our^^^t 'Sgt^ with Euko.. 5il rOLITICAL STR^OTH OF ErmoPE. I - ^ ^ " 1 1 ? L''r=^"- ■- " - » - - ••< ■«-^ ~ a i. w. o. ;. Si tf «s ti It ^ K C 5 -. ;: -s g g ^> - «" * - 1. :.. tc * ^ a ,- if 5r- ..»-c4,.**.*v,S34i;;2*|«;j;^jg^8ir " . """its [ § s s s i • c c o e 5 S' Sl^^ "!Xr t£: fJ:,t''' --^-ing only "«^ed at 36.66^.806 ^:^:J:^'\;^ ^'^ WorlJ ^ our attention. 'Jhere tlV. »" ' ^ '" n>any re- |»«lnary and civil, have bee^ V^Ia ,^ °* ""'"X fl-eft ages of the ^vorld. it L in J W , '° l''" ^"-^^^^ft governn.ent, and n.am e.^ and fin 'Y ^^'^ ^"'^ ' and memorials, cither for o.,r . ^''"'"'^^ ^t.- ' "^^ ^""^ ^^""^ »-'»t"taunnem or in. . circumftanccs v.ith r^aowi , r .fclencyin giving it th ^^ ^f^^ "'^^-h per- .fperature of its clin.ate. .' Z of i^ I '^' ''K ^^ .^^ the g,eat vaiiety of it, fi,! " Vk >''!i^ ''"^''^ U'«aud animals, ^is we knZ' f ^^ '^'^ ""^^ tarns rivers, ic,s, .C \,uTJ'T PP^^^nce. ^nother, is likew ife extre.nelv . '^^ '}^ '''"^''^"t paries check the progrlfs c^' V "^"""'^'^"s for its in the extenfn e pffi of AfT'^^'f ^' ^' fpotifn,, ^cour/b and conLercetefJ^ee,' dill^ ^'^^^ '^^^^ nountams are more favon..Ki r *'"^"«« nations : natural unfolicited lu^^^^icv If '" """'T^ ''""'«» diverfified in its furface b^.u/ ""'/?'''^ ^^"s- .^cc: and ue have fbt'n'that t 7"^''? ^y "^^""1 Jo avaU itfelf of its fireng h and th,^ '^''' '^' ^^^ fafure, wei^ invented, or Tt' leaft i /""."^^ °^ ^^^ Regard to Europe, iur^ itSi? K'S, ""^'^"^^^• CT may even be carried fa theV.nJ^ '■^'"''^ »° fi S^'-?'^^ (for we do not fneak of'r "* " '' ^««h ;|f Turks and tmnatural tyranny ^^^^^^^ ?^ " '» ^^ .If Europe for the equity oFuXZ ^''i*'Y""«) was ( |ias Europe in general I./ ^'. ^"*^ ^he i eedom .#« ^natSre annqtlhr^Cir'^t '"^ ^-«"" i** Though molt of^he En S ^'"''^ **^^ admitted V.on due exammation fh:,7^l '^ governments are >cl foften the r^Z ofVonJr,''' ■ ^^.°"^^"^ «" k ;*proportiontoth1numL\ndfr;j: %\"'-"P-. that i^ as Rulfia, France, Spain 5^^!.''^ ^^^^^ '^^^'^^s* iT-^-, - -bich one's Ss^rSll^vS" Vermann, in his «« Poli.;,..,i c , ^' mm 84 * N T R O D U C T I O N. E! ! .. .^ - .•**— '**i»^— ;he.row„ god. vlK. w,,cWy^,S.'°fe";'? ,••■"' » produced a total alfpratm.. ;« »i. • ,/ .^^^P^^miog the fervi- S.e plac/forhtt:;r°i:is"£etE^ i^"'^ rehgion. which was folmded on X uSfv of L^^^^^^ natiou ^v-^ih fal/e gods, n,ufl either be ^L^f^^^^^^^ ng belief of niaiikiud. The latter was hi cafe A°S '• J Uie civilir^xi part of mankind }«. 7^ rur ^' ,*""^"" required not the aicuA,?n' ^ tl>e fublmuty of its dodl of worldly n;llt ve Xo-fift^,^ ^^Hi' ^""^^' ^^P- the ambitioa of the der^ ^^ ^^ ^'^''^P^' °f "'^ suppressed. ra".ng a .hort r.me at th« D.uchcsVa n Uu«e.„es to which he has rerired. to n,,.. •o the Scuth of Franco. „„d„ru-,:.an.a;, «orthere.c»tabh-.hmentofl,i«rtcai[!i 1 The Journal de, Dcb.t, giv«, « m.^;™ J cce.pt. o, the dirtrcnt Theatre. .ndplacJ l.c«rau«,a,entinPariM!u,mptl,cia.;y,.ar; exhibits a gra»d tot:.f of 5.000/)00 (•,•:,„„ (-'H rari» papers to Friday have crrivcd, ^"he Monileiir contains a Royal Ordiaaii, pointinj. H publJc exhibition to take place of tj ducts of French indu^itry, at periods to be d.i cd by Iiis Majesty, the intervals between wh| not to exceed four years. The f^rst exh-biti., dered to takepJaCein 1819, the second in 18' orraerin the halls and galleries of the Palaci Louvre. A jury composed of f ve membe be named by the Secretary of State, for the of judgi„K on the merits of ih,~ articles, ''•cting such as may appear worthy of pri«i. are to consiit, according to the degree of medals of gold, silver or bronse. Such a n, exhibition of the national fabrics and manu "'"' '^'* ""ie«y tl'inks, be one of themo«t ous measures that could be adopted fi.rencc the Arts, exciting emulation, and acceJcrai progress of industry. The Sieur Pichon, Master in Ordinar quest*, w named by another Ordinance, S General to the Minister of Justice The new Minister of Finance, Baron Lou «>e view of giving an impulse to the o„er U.c„„.ey„.,rket.h«g.Ve„ public notic, the ..alf^pay yearly diWdends, not lower ,1, J Wso,,enu... ana becoming due on th by tf.e holder,. „„ alloring a discount tot •nentattberateof^p«,,e„t. U'eL.eutenanten public noticf, fiy diWdends, not lower tlij| . ana becoming due on the I be paid by anticipation, if "" allowing a discount to offi p«a- cent. « -:■ Polite, .. .ih fhe excfi '0 'missariau-Gsneral have llichelieu proposes, h ;. A fme at the Dutchess's •{ 'ich he has retired, to n,„.J 'Static:,, nnd ntterwaids mj hment ofI,i« ricalili. » Dcbjts givas a sfatemcinj i'6''cntTlieatrt:,«nd place! r Paris du;-inp v.iv \.\styvsr\ fsl of5,000,')00 lV:triC)., (S fling. Thr tifiuh or all c places in iV.ris h jjppri the greateft progrefs towards its inmro^mem i J^T '^'l ^'""'^" "^^"^ has ^adt or ornament, the Mencei hrsfU J-i" ^^ ' ^™ ^^^^re the art* u Iip^; *>.. ^e m- the greateft variety of charafler. goveSmem IT"" " '" ''"^"'^P^ "«t >ve6,^ ;>»den>,e climate, bith on pL h,,?r™'-''T'>'. "f "'' '"'^c The\2fl"'';''' vvhich has alwaj;s been fo rapid in The cxtenfi . J^^'^'f- ^^ '""^"^A or defpotifn feas and rivers fhcilitate the interL.l ^ *^ ^^^""^ *^^ Africa and the £ft r* and even the barren roclcs a, d ?f • '''"'^ «^onimerce between differed • ^^^ jrefem under the demotion of TuX if "^ '^» "<" '^ak ofG^ie '^ ""* diftinguillied above all the reft of fI^^ J** "v""""""' 'Y'^^-ny of BaXruVV '■" the monarchies^f Eo,^, fnch'^TS 'V'' """''" =""^'«°ftfe'Sec^ '.- one a„„t,.r. Befl!,; «U"ti!:h"VS' b"" '^■'■-" <^*; .. K„?„rtefi '"^"-= --™-- .^ - .. r ,■ ■ ' *'' '■"^■ 86 E U R O P there are in Europe ariflocracies or governments of the nobles, and democracies or governments of the people. Venice is an example of the former ; Holland, and lome dates of Italy and Switzerland, afibrd examples of the latter. There are, Hkewife, mixed governments, which cannot be afligned to any one clafs. Great Britain, which partakes of all the three, is the moft Angular inftance of this kind we are acquainted with. The other mixed governments in Europe are compofed only of two of the fimple forms, fuch as Poland, feveral ftates of Italy, &c. all which fhall be explained at length in their proper places. The Chriftian religion is eftabliflied throughout every part of Europe, except Turkey ; but, from the various capacities of the human mind, and the diflerent lights m which fpeculative opinions are apt to appear, when viewed by perfons of different educations and paflions, that religion is divided into a number of dSerent fefls, but which may be comprehended under three general denominations; ift The Greek church; 2d, The Roman Catholic; and 3d, Proteftantifm : which laft is again divided into Lutheranifm and Calvinifm, fo called from Luther and Calvin, the two diftinguifiied reformers of the i6th centurj.\ " It may, perhaps, be an objeft of cutiofity, to compare the proportions of ground now occupied, and formerly difputed, by the Roman Catholic and Proteflant reli- gions, w'ith the numbers of their adherents. The proportion of the furface of the countries, in which the Froteftant religion is eftabliflied, to thofe in which the Ro- man Catholic religion prevails, is nearly as 3 to 4 : the number of Roman Catho- lics is, according to my calculations, drawn up with as much accuracy as fuch an intricate matter will allow of, about 90,000,000 ; the number of Proteftants only 24,000,000, which is a proportion of nearly 4 to i. I ftiall obferve, in addition to this account of the European religions, that an inconfiderable number of the igno- rant Laplanders may, with propriety, be called Pagans * ". The languages of Europe are derived from the fix following ; the Greek, Latin, Teutonic or old German, the Celtic, Sclavonic, and Gothic. " The greateftpart of Europe being fituated above the 45th degree of northern la- titude, and even its moft fouthcm provinces being far diftant from the torrid zone the fpecies of organized bodies are much lefs numerous m Europe than in the other parts of the globe. Thus, for inftance, upon an equal number of fquare miles, the number of fpecies of quadrupeds in Europe is to the number of them in Afia as i to 2f, to that in America as i to 23, and to that in Africa as i to 10, and the number of the vegetable fpecies in the other three divifions of the globe, is greatly fuperior to that in Europe. But nature has enriched our continent with every fpe- cies of minerals, diamonds, and platina, perhaps, excepted. Gold, the firft of metals, is not found in Europe as plentifully as in the other continents. However, as the European nations excel the reft of mankind, not only in the Ikill of making the beft ul'e of their natural produdions, but alio in the art of tranfplanting into their own Ibil as many of the foreign produdions as their nature will permit, Europe, upon the whole, muft be allowed to be one of the richeft parts of the globef". jPlJBUC .R.EVENUE OF THE PRINCIPAL StaTES IN EuROPE. £. Slerl. 1. 2. Great Britain, Auftria, France, * Zimmermann. 14,500,000 1 2,400,000 (112 million florins) 18,000,000 (Neckex Compte Rendu) t Ibid. E U R O p E. 4. Spain, . ^ 5. Ruffia, 6. Tmkey, 7. Pruflia, 8. Portugal, ... 9- Sicily, 10. Holland, . . " . 11. Sweden, ... 12. Venice, 13. Denmark, 14. £le "' JT%'-'/ 1,100,000 900,000 -^i'ti-t •■■■' C^^*"' 1, loojooa 1,000,000 87 X /i^ij-/X(h^'- ^'s ' t\ lative ftate of European finances It wo Scf T,!, ^l^' * ^^°?"^ '^^^^ of the re- of the power oi I,,, Zr^\;\;^?fl^^^^^^ to judge value of money is much higher than in oth^^» !t ' c -^ '° '°'"^ countries, the army cofts the ftate lefs tS two ^ "ions of ^it ^^'i^i^'^'^^A '^^ ^'^^^^ R"^ Sweden, and others, have pap^ rLncJ *» '"~^*''- ^"^^' ^""«^^' England, Lakd Fokcks o, thk Eukopeax Sxaxks in th. Ykak 1783. France, Auftria, . , \ ' Pruffia ^'^^°'°°° '" ^"^ "^ ^"'•ope, JS^ ^*'°'!°° "' ^"'^ ^"' in 'Europe only Denmark, Great Britain, . ' Sweden, . . Sardinia, . . " " Holland, . . " " Naples and Sicily, Ele«aorate of Saxony, Portugal, . ■ " Hanover, Poland, . ." " ■ Venice, > , * * Wurtemberg, The Ecclefiaftical Eftate, Tufcany, . , ' " 300,000 282,000 290,000 224,000 170,000 60,000 including militia. 72,000 58,000 including militia^ 50,000 40,000 37,000 30,000 26,000 20,000 24,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 8,000 6,000 5,O0Q. 3,000.. J .s.,,iifi«.v iflc armies of ? Ziraiaermann. A. t8 B U R O P E. all the countries in Europe to amount to 2 millions of men} To that Ainuofinor r.« milhons of lohaUtams u Europe, no more than ,', of the ^ho le io uffin are fol t^o^r 'W^P"-'r" ^"^^^emunber of roldL: is not^i^wChy of oEvt Z;i,rS?f ' "^^f"""^/' aearly 500.000 foldiers, confequently ^'f of the vvhole population are engaged m the nnhtaiy profellion: in Italy, in thrcontrarv eVen hippolmg the ttandmg armies of that country to amount to^ijoooo n^T thj^' num ber makes only r'n ot the whole population, which amounts to 16 mHuL *" N AVAL FORCES. NuMB«R OP Shu's of the Link, Fh.gatks. Cutters, Swops, &c. 465 - 266 130 1. England, 2. France, 3. Spain, 4. Holland, 5. Sweden, 6. Denmark, 7. Turkey, 8. Ruffia, 9. Sardinia, 10. Venice, 11. Sicily, 12. Portugal, 95 85 60 50 conmwnly reckoned 6b. 63 33 30 «5 21 Total 1325 f '*^^"i°^!'^^'"^""'"^«.^aken from the naval lifts in the year 178A, areatpre- fern reduced; the aftual number will be mentioned in the fpecial table,. This lives however, fome idea of the refpedlive naval ftrength of the diflerent powe« of inrope. Some of them, as for irftame. Denmark, Sweden, Sicily, Portujral. hav- iumfer o"f Z, ''°^S"' f^' ."°^- •'^^°»' K^'^*^ ^^•^^«"' ^"^1' but% fmall number oj Ihips, are capable of mamtaining a much larger navy than thcv now b Tale ofat5;r "*' undoubtedly, increafe their naval fott:es very coSrably " The greateft part of Europe is under the influence of a climate, which, being tempered wuh a moderate degree of cold, forms a race of men iTrong £1/ adlive and ingenious; forced by neceflity to make the beft ufe they can of the fmal- ler iharc of vegetab e and animal treafures, which their foil produces. In hotter Th. Kr^^^r' "f ^J« g'^***' }^^ P/^J^fi"" of Spontaneous natural produftions, and the heat of , he atmolphere, relax the bodily and mental powers of the inhabitams ctieck their Ipirit ofenterprize, and confine the compafs of their thought. The tor- Fred°"^ I)?' ''^''^' ^^" ^^^' "O"* '' ^^^'^ ^'^^h' to boaft of a Newton, a Ceefar, or a * Zumoermaaa. t Ib!4. t IbW. i{i EURO '.he^^r^^^^^^^^ the Alp, ehc Apen.J' vanety m the climate, but pour out Sanf larrand n '• '"k', ««!« "ot only a grea t^very fpecies of minerals. It is likewifeVo fmauln ^'^•'^'' "^"'■^' «nd contain have been carried to fuch a degree S Dcrliln-t^^ '"' '"'' ^''''^^'^^'' ^S penority over the reft of the gS X fe I'jfT" '" ^"[^'P'^ ^ decided ft^ i% ' '^'l ''u^'"^ '^'^ ^'^^^^ f° be found ik'EuroDe. H.? ^""T"' ^""''^ '"'"'^n^^ de- mJes. and which are partly owinK to na^,r.l.nH-' ?*='*^"l.«f "•»"/ thoufand fquare uon, partly to want of Jnri;,ftr?.l'??*'."'^'*"^'?%erable difadvant.a.. JT^['' liufcs, and which '''P^^YS^"^"^'"-''^"''^"'"'^'^^^^^^^ '^-^^''iifZ »f mf^ of Turkev' GRAND DIVISIONS EUROPE. >\merica: bemg 3000 miles bng^m cte s v^'''"' •^- ^^^ ^"^'''''' "'''''» Sfe tortTr "^^^ '" ^'^^ "°^^b faftrandTsoo b!n°J'? '" '^" \^^' '^ ^^e mouth -='~ ""Si" ^«S ££V:ES£= ZinjTTscnaaBa, N t Ibid. t ibid. 90 1 U R O P E. I'L^t^ t( tM^: S ^ C 1 i .9 . fc-S. ^^ I Kingdoms. Length. Breadth. c'.i.fci.,.l™i»,';£« bllr. of ITme from London. Religions. England Scotland Ireland 380 300 a8s 300 100 London Edinburgh Dublin Miles. • • • 400 N. 270 N.W. • • • 12 aft. 26 aft. Luth. Calvinifts, &c. Calvinifts, &c. Lut. Ca!. & R. Ca. Norway Denmark 1000 240 300 180 Bergen CJ'pttihag. S40 N. 500 N. E. 24 bef. 50 bef. Lutherans Lutherans Sweden 800 1500 500 Stockholm 750 N. E. 1 10 bef Lutherans Rullia 1 100 6fo 350 Peterlburg 1140 N. E. 2 4 bef. Oreek Church Poland 700 609 Warfaw 760 E. 1 24 bef. R. e. Luth. & Calv K. Pr. Dom BerHn 540 E. 59 bef Luth. and Calv. Germany 600 500 Vienna 600 E. I s bef R. C. Luth. & CalY. Bohemia 300 250 Prague 666 £. I 4 bef. R. Oath. Holland -Jl°— 100 Amfterdain 180 E. 18 bef. Calvinifts Flanders a 00 »oo Bruflels 180 S. E. 16 bef. R. Cath. France 600 700 500 Paris 200 S. E. 9 bef. R. Cath. Spain 500 .Madrid 800 s. 17 aft. R. Cath. Portugal ^. 300 100 Li (Hon 850 S. W. 33 aft. R. Cith. Switzerland 260 100 Bern.Coire, &c. 420 S. E. 28 bef. Calvin, and R. Cath. Several rmall ftatei , Fiedmont, Montferrat, Milan, Pn-ma, Modena, Mantua, Venice, Genoa, Tufcany, &c. Turin, Cafal, Milan. Parma, Modena, Mantua. Venice. Oenoa. Florence. Popedom . 240 I2P Rome S29 g. E. 52 bef. 1 <. Cath. Naples aSp lao Naples 870 S. E. 1 bef. ! I. Cath. Hungary 300 200 Buda 780 S. E. I 17 bef. R. C. and Proteftantsl banubian 1 Provinces J L. Tartary* 'Greece 600 380 400 420 240 240 f Conftan- t tinople i*recop Athens 1320 S. E. 1500 E. n6o S. E. 1 58 bef. 2 24 bef. I 37 bef. Mahometans, and Greek Church. Exclufive of the Britifli ifles, Europe contains the following principal iflands : Iflands. in the Northern Ocean. Baltic Sea. Mediterranean Sea. Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. Archipelago, and Levant, Seas. Iceland — nd — _ 1 d, Funen, Alfen, Falfter, Lang- > , Laland, Femeren, Mona, I iholm, — — J Skalholt Zealand; land Bornholm. ^ Gothland, Aland, Rugen, — — Ofel, Dagho, .Ufedom, Wollin, "Ivica, — Majorca, — — — — Minorca, - Corfica, ■ — Sardinia, - ■ .Sicily, — Lufiena, Corfu, Cephalonia, Zant, 1 Leucadia, ^— j rCandia, Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, I Tenedos, Scyros, K' ' < Samos, Patmos, Paro f torin, &c. being part L modern Greice egropont, Lemnos,S s, Mytelene, Scio, / Paros, Cerigo, San- > part of ancient and I Chief Towns. Ivica, Majorca, Port Mahon, Baftia, Cagliari, Palermo, Siibjea to Denmark. Denmark. Sweden. Rufiia. PiuOia. Spain. Ditto. Dittof. France. King of Sardinia. King of Two Sicilies. Venice. Turkey. • This includes the Crim Tartary, now ceded to Ruffia, for the particulars of which, fee Russia. + Minorca was taken from Spain by General Stanhope 1708, and confirmed to Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht 1713, but was befieged and taken by the Spaniards, February 15, 178a aad twuuifiucu to ihcia bj the definitive Treaty of Peace, figsied at Paijs, Sept. 3, 1 783. •^ A ? T XJ iR i jE .^ L 4 J(J i). ^ £ « M A K K. laft and Wea -Greenland, iSd and Ih/'S^^'^^'u^^^ mto four parts : ift. Norway; 3d, ^enn^ark PrWer^'lfd 4^ hSVera%er^^^^^^^^ ^-"' ^^' M.e dim«^.on,of .hefe counTfa nuy be fa ia d« foUo.,in»,.ble. Penmarfc. Denmark Proper. u u 1 larm jatland, ,<3outh Jutland, t orSlefwick, •Zealand, Punen, u.= Palfter and 5^^I.angl^ad, " Pemeren, Alfen, Mona, tn the North Seas, Iceland Ifland, Norway, Danifli Lapland, Weftphalia, Qldenbyrg, (LQwer Saxony, Stocraar, ^ li^HlHoJftein. Total Chief Cities. Wyburg. Slefwicfc. CoriNH.ACEN. Odenfee. TNikpping. I Na:fkaw. Borge. Sonderborge. Stege. Roftcomhr, SkalhoU? Bergen. Wardhuys. Oldenburg. Gluqfcftal]g. IZ— 50 the d^m^nV.oL'^rgnS fc!Gri7'^^^^ "° calculation is made of known, or known very im^rfeatw?^^' ^'^^^^ ' ^«^' ^^^ ^^^ ««» jj then,, and fro. the ^ ..T,.:^s\C\tti:^roZ Cdf '^^^ ^^^^""^^ °^ EAST AND WEST GREEJ^LAND IGFT AMn ■^nmHp ^AST GREENLAND, f long. and. 76 and 80 dee ^ ^^ ""1?^'''^^^^ loandirdeg! Jt certainly was difcovered by'sh-Hugh w2^\k ''•''^'^ ^^^^"'^^ ^^ Denmark, be a continuation of Old Greenfand ^ ^^>^^5^l '° '^^^ ' ^°^ is fuppofed to the height and ruggednefs of tfrock; Fet "''* f^" "^'"^ "/ Spitzbergen from here and the filh and fowl are faS to forS T'^'^^T' ^^g^'^^es are to be found Archangel have formed with^^ the laft S ^^ T^. '" ^^^'"^- ^he Ruffians of places of the ifland of Spitz Wn Tf? i" "'' ^ttlements for hunting in feveral «:fleaed from the fnow,^enaU?SemT ^^'l^'^^^^^ and the northern iLhL night that reigns in thofe gll^Z ^^S„\° f//- '^^ ,^hace during the long wintt' which ferve them for food. ffiT. K t ^A^^^ ^ great nimiber of fea-lions Dutch and fome Britifh veffels, on its rU^^'T'.^^^'^'./'^^^y ^'^^^'^'^ by the --_.„ " iutewue contams two harbours; 9% WEST GREENLAND. f y-l SkS" """* '''™°- ""■ ""= "'■■" »^""~ ^y •»• '"e ioUnd pans are u,. WEST GREEKLAND Inhabitakis.] By the latcft accoums fiom the miinonaries »nml„„^ r .i couverfion of the Gr^Jander., their whole nam™r d™ ZtTmotmf ^^ "" ^ fta«d inhj.bitants: Mr. Crao... however, .hSI tha^ ^ o'^g fomU^dL' of Greenland may amount to about 7000. There is a ar^at r^f^mKi ^""^'"*"°^" ot afpea, manne/s. and drefs of thofe natives anJ thlTfq^ whom they naturally diflbr but little, even aft^r all the p^Xh the S^^ German miffionar.es have taken to convert and civilize them They are low of ftature few exceeding five feet in height, and the generality ^e notfotdl The anv li ^heir heads is long, ftraight, and of a black^olour f bit they have fcldom brJ.^^ ^'K^'',"^^"I^'^''^'°"*^^"^P»•^^'^^^" ^oot them out. tLXv^S burSn,'? "?'*• ^'^"^^'"' efpecially the women who are obliged to «rry%rS burdens from their younger years. I'hey are very light and nimble of fom ?nd r?n alfo ule their hands with much (kill and dexterity. They are not ve^'lfvetln Uieir tempers, but they are good humoured, frLdly, Tn^ unconcerned abo^^^ ftiturity. Iheir moft agreeable food is the flelh of re n-deer bm Mm i, n^ Icarce among them, and their beft provifions are fifh Talt ami fe -fow TheiJ drink ,s clear water, which ftands in the houfe in a great^op^ veffeT or ^n a wooden tub which is ven. neatly made by them, LamemS^h fifti-Ces and rings, and provided with a pewter ladle or dipping di(h. The nTrmake thdr hunting and fifhmg implements, and prepare the woSd-work of therboats and he wonjen cover them with Ikins. The men hunt and filh, but when they' ha^e towed their booty to land, they trouble themfelves no farther abou" it nay^t would be accounted beneath their dignity only to draw the feal up upon he ft^ore The women are the butchers and cooks, aid alfo the curriers to drefe the n^h!' and make clothes, ftvoes, and boots, out of them; fo that they are Hkewife ft Ihoemakcrs and taylors. The women alfo build and repair th^e houfe and ten^ k/" '»f r^"^- '° '^- "''.'^'"'^' the men doing only the carpenters work S live in huts during their winter, which is incredibl/ fevere ; but Mr. Crantz/who has given us the lateft and beft accounts of this country, fays that in their Wrft fummer days it is fo hot that the inhabitants are obliS^d\J t'h^ow off their nSer garments IW have no trade though they have a moft improveable fifte ^^00 their coafts ; but they employ all the year either in fifhmg or hunting, in wh ch K are very dexterous, particularly in catching and killing feals ^ CuRwsiTiEs.] The taking of whales in the feas of Greenland, among the fields ■rVr .' n' ^'^^ ^'" '"^."'^'"^ ^""^ ^Ses, is one of the greateft curiofities^n natu^ Ihefe fields, or pieces of ice are frequently more than a mile in length, and up^ wards of 100 feet m thicknefs; and when t^ey are put in motion by 1 torm, Z thing «n be more terrible: the Dutch had 13 ftips cVulhed to piecesV thenUnone TJ^K^r/^^'^'u ^^n'^Vl'^^H^'^'' Greenland; fome white, and others black. The black fort, the grand bay whale, is in moft efteem, on account of his bulk, and the great ciuantity of fat or blubber he afibrds, which turns to oil. His tongue IS about 18 feet ong, mclofed m long pieces of what we call whale-bone, which are covered with a kind of hair like horfe-hair ; and on each fide of his ton^e are ^o I C E L A N D. .o an.^ 80 fee. ,o„g, very .hick abo. .ArC'X'V^, t'^^^'.i^^ZZ When the feanien fee a whale fnmif f»,« i • • Mhen everyone haftens W fhe 4"^ hh C fiv^'""'^ g-en, 7?.//, /,//, to a boat and four or five boats ufullly tbn' 'to on/l^'^^' '""'" ^^'"^ ^i'P°i"t^d When they come near the wh^U 7k k ^'°"& '" one fhip. barbed dart/andthe2nfc,tdb;'il^^K^^^^^ ''".""^ ^'"^ ^«^P-n (a deep and would carry the boat Sg wi h h^n if ^h' T^ ^^^^^'^ ^°»" "«° ^^e enough; and to prevent the wood onh^boat taki - fi'^ 1 .""^^ ?''" '^''" ""^ ^'^ the rope on the fide of it, one wets i conol ? ^ t^ ^^ '^'^ ''"'^n^ rubbing of run fome hundred fathom/deep. he s forced to t- '^'"''^- ^^"' '^' '''^'^'^'' a ternble noifb-with his fpouting tharfom/r ^^ ^"^ "''"' ^^ ^^^ ^^ "'akes fucb cannon As foon as he appears on^hefurfece of Z """'^T^ " '" '^' ^""S of fix another harpoon in him whereupon hfplunLsL'''''^^^^ W of the harpoone.s he comes up a lecond time, they pierJe hinf wTfl"* '^'V^' ^''P' ^"^ ^^en fpout? o t ,t ^, y^^ .^^^yj e mm wnh fpears m the vual parts till he fius t»Il the fea is in a foam the hn^r, . .• • ^ ^^^ ^»^ '^s ^ «h his tail and t»»hehaslofthisftren^hr.Sd 4en heTd^?'"? '° ^"""^ ''^ ^«'"e e a^s and ,s drawn on fhore, or to tL ftTn if fh^t V? ^^ '^^.•;^''"^"' ^'"'^^'^ "P«n his b^ck they cut him in pieces and bSlint the h/uyl '' ' ^'^^""^^ ^'■«"> ^'^^ land. There veniencies on ^ore ; ^thern^e they bar^S u^^r^"'' '^' °"' '^ ^^^^ ^^-^ o^ but nothmg can fmell ftronger than tLfefh^n. H '^%P'^^««! ^"d bring (hem home • ■ Ix^ween 60 and too barrels of oi tf^he\abe of'J '^ f ^T'^"^^^ ^° ^^^^ he Danes claim the country of Eaft and mU rL ,^':, ''\^^- ^ ^''"^^- Though taken, the Dutch have in a manner mnnr.«r ?T^°'^"^' "^^^'^ thefe whales are have alfo been very fuccefsfuUn ft "^^^^^^^'^^^ ths fishery. Of late the Englift I C E L A N D. VV. long. It extends four hundred m\l.!^ ^^ \ ^""^ ^^^'^^n ^ and 27 de^ of Iceland obfer^xd fomething rifen and fll^ • • ° .^P"^' ^^83, the inhabiints bourg, at eight miles diftanXm th^^roel^'I "n-f" ^''' '^ '^' ^""^^ of S . found to be a new Ifland. .ihe™aftJ,T,l ■' ?'^''^^'' ^"'"'^ afterwards Jas are not well afcertained. The inform 'if ""\ *""' "^' climeufions and fituatTon was, that the Ifland was mil TncTerfr":;^ /h^t'^^ '^ ^'^ -^^^ ^^P f-m hence two of Its eminences. ^' ^"'^ ^^^^ H'^^^t quantities- of fire iffiaed from NorrgirX;:rjn7 -^ C.s.oms.] It .ppe.s that a oooks, bells, and crofiers: and it i«! rrn?«^ !! t , ^^""*^ among them Irilh whei. the Norwegians arrived in the iS on- '• '1/^'' the people wlS wither? nut to the kmgs of Norway and X/ ^' 1^' ^^^y ^'^^ at laft obliged to fnh way, tothckin'gs of Denmir'Tfcf ,^^^^^^^^ f^bjeft together Sh"£: y v^ere at hrlt governed by an admiral, who // X/ ■ ' ^" /i C4l '/ /n*/ c // i| m ICELAND. 'was 'fcnt flwre «very year to make the neceflary regiilatiom : Ijut tl»t mode has now been changed for many years, and a governor appointed, who is flylcd .Stifi- famtmatm, and who conftantly refides in the country. The number of the inhabitants of Iceland is computed at about 60,000, which is by no means adequate to the extent of the country. It has been much' more po- pulous m former times, but great numbers have been dcttroyed by contagious dif- cales. The plague carried otf many thoufands from 1402 to 1404. Many parts of Iceland have aifo been depopulated by femine : for though the Icelanders cannot in general be faid to be in want of necellary food, yet the country has feveral times been vifited by great famines. TheCe have been chiefly occafioned by the Green- land floating ice ; which, when it comes in great quantities, prevents the grafs from growing, and puts an entire ftop to their fifhing. The fmall-pox has Wkeyfxia been very fktal here; for in the year 1707 and 1708 that difeafe defttoyed vSfiQO perions. ' The Icelanders in general are middle-fized, and well-made, though not ver>' ftrong. They are an honeft, well intemioned people, moderately induitrious. and ^ very feithful and obhgmg. Iheft is feldom heard of among them. The ' are '•much inclmed to hofpitality, and exercife it as far as their poverty will permit. Their chief employment is attending to fifliing, and the care of their cattle. On the coafts, the men employ their time in fifhing both winter and fummer; »nd the ,^ women prepare the fifh, and few and fpin. The men alfo prepare leather, work at feveral mechanic trades, and feme few work in gold and filver. 'fiiey likewife manufafture a coarfe kind of cloth, which they call Wadmal. They have an un- commonly flroug attachment to their native country, and think themfelves no where elfe fo happy. An Icelander, therefore, feldom fettles in Copenbagcn, though the molt advantageous conditions ftiould be oflered him. Their difpofi- tions are ferious, and they are much inclined to religion. They never pafs a river, or any other dangerous place, without previoufly taking ofl" their ha»s, and im* ploring the divine proteaion; and they are always thankful for their prefervation when they have paifed the danger. When they meet together, their chief paftime confifts m reading their hiitory. The mafler of the houfe begins, and the reft continue m their turns when he is tired. They are famous for playing at chefs • and one of their paftimes confifts in reciting verfes. Sometimes a man and woman take one another by the hand, and by turns fing ftanzas, which are a kind of dia- logue, and m which the company occafionally join in chorus. The drefs of the Icelanders is not elegant or ornamental, but it is neat, , cleanly, and fuited to the climate. On their fingers the ^^:omm wear feveral gold, Tilver, or brafs rings. The poorer women drelis in the coarfe cloth, called wadmal, and always wear blade : thole who are in better circumftances wear broad cloth, with filver ornaments, gilt. The houfes of the Icelanders are generaUy bad : in fbme places they are built of drift wood, and in others they are raifed of lava, with mofs fluffed between the lava. Their roofs are covered with fods laid over rafters, or fometimes over ribs of whales, which are botli more durable and more expenfive than wood. They have not even a chimney in their kitchens, but only lay their fuel on the earth between three ftones ; and the fmoke ifTues from a fquare hole in the roof. Their food pnncipally confifts of dried fifh, four butter, which they confider as a great dainty, milk mixed witli water and whey, and a little meat. Bread is fo fcarce among them, that there is hardly any peafant who eats it above three or four months in the year. I C E ^ A N D. art of writing was not much in ufe ti afteTthe vt "' ^^'''' ^'^''- ^"^ the rafters were known in that country befoeth.f L • °°°^ '^'°"&^ '^^ ^""i^- cha- thuher from Nor^^ay. After th7 recepam^on^^^^^^ r^''^^^^ b^°"gJ^^ charaftera were immediately adopted as Zr.^ i u u^'' '■^''^•^"' ^^^<^ ^'^"n of fjxteen letters, was found^iniuSt The fiS'l'r f P^=?^t^ J^^ich only confifls a fchoolatSkalhoh; aiKlfoon after ttV fouitvif'"^'^ ''.'^^P' Meif, founded youth were inftrufted in the Latin onLe dkl-f""' ""'^Z ^'^''°^'' ^° ^''i^h the 1264, when Iceland became fubjeft to Noru.v i,^'^"" '"^^^'g'^n here till the year .u™., and feme of ih.TLTS.Tp"ZT 'm,.'r"''l"'"'- '-"^ ="" '".K «" prcfented one hundred and (i.«y-,wo Icdandio m ^™ ' """', ^''' J"*?'' B«ks, to be niet with in moll other places K, 1^ ''? J""" ''"'^ » '«land, iK' fonK of their poets by heart- and ,'h^ / °'^'''^'" '^™''' "^P"' >he;irkLf' belides being weU inftnifled in tlT • ■ f"'^"' "»» ^Wom to be iCmrd „l ^!"^Uo^oCh^':^''^J^rX^i''f'^};g«n, was not alfo acoti^ S their oadtional hiftories, thaTS'oM ,f thr'^'-*^";'" '^ «^q"™t rcS ^ John Atefon, bifhop „f HrnhL t '/"""f"' ''"'"'oMnts. ^ Sweden in e(lablift,ing''afrin,i^':^'Sfsn ted J't" Matthieffon, a native of Srft book printed by him there w=.Vk d "5".'""> atwm the year isio- and ,h. jn eccleliaftical man^tal LnVhe" ™atechi?r""H'" ?"«o«™lV. He aSb pirf f^oi^tSs i: ^thr;3& i=ieist- 1-^ -try .Unoil defoUte. Pa-icuUrirr'the^^Xn^Tl/r.'^^^^^ ^' ty/,- d K ICELAND. fiery eruptions broke out of the earth, and produced very fatal coiifequenccs Many ot the (nowy mountauw have alfo gradually become volcanoes. 6f thefe burning mountauis Heckla is the bed known, clpecially to foreitmers Th « mountamisfituated in thelouthcrn part of the ifland, about four n.ilc, rnnn the jea-coaft, and .s divided into three points at the top, the higheft of which i« that m the middle ; and which is computed to be above 5000 feet higher than the fca This mountain has frequently fent forth flames, and a torrent of burning matter" Its eruptions were particularly dreadful in 16-93, when they occafioned terrible de- vaftations, the afhes being thrown all round the ifland to the diftance of 180 Enc- hlh miles. I he la ft eruption of mount Heckla happened in 1766. It beaan on J^A ""l /"' .'".'' ^"""""'d '" the 7th of September following. Flames pro- ceeded alfo from It m December 1771, and in September 1772; but no eruptions But amongft all the curiofities of Iceland, nothing is more worthy of attention than A- ^°'JP°"""K water-fprings with which this ifland abounds. 'J he hot fprinss a Aix-la-Chai>e lie. Carifbad, Bath, and Switzerland, and feveral others found in Italv are confidered as very remarkable: but, excepting in the laft mentioned country the water no where becomes fo hot *s to boil ; nor is it any where known to be thrown fo high, as the hot fpouiing water-fprings in Iceland. All thofe water-works that have been contrived xyithfo much art, and at fo enormous an expence, cannot by any means be compared with thele. i;he water-works at St. Cloud, which are (hought the greateft amoi-ig all the 1-rench water-works, call up a thin column eighty feet into the air: while fonie fprings in Iceland fpout columns of water, of feveral feet in thicknes, to the height of many fathoms ; and, as many affirm, of feveral hundred feet. Ihefe fprings are of unequal degrees of heat. From fome, the water flows gently as from other fprings, and it is then called a bath : from others, it fpouts boiling water with a great noife, and it is then called a kettle. Though the decree of heat IS unequal, yet Dr. Van Troil fays, that he does not remember evei to have obferved it under iSS of Fahrenheit's thermometer. At Geylbr Roeyhuni and Laugarvatn, he found it at 212; and in the laft place, in the gromid at a little hot current of water. 213 degrees. It is very common for fome of the fpouting-fprings to ceafe, and others to rife up in their ftead. Frequent earth quakes, and (ubterranean noiies, heard at the time, caufe great terror to the people who live in the neighbourhood. In feveral of thefe hot Ijjrings, the inhabitants who live near them, boil their viduals, only by hanging a pot into which the flefh IS put in cold water, in the water of the fpring. They alfo bathe in the rivulets that run from them, which, by degrees, become luke-warni, or are cooled by their being mixed with rivulets of cold water. The cows that drink of thefe fprings are faid to yield an extraordinary quantity of milk; and it is likewife efteemed very wholefome when drank by the human fpecicx. The largeft of all the fpouting-fprings in Iceland is called Geyfer. It is about two days journey from Heckla, and not far from Skalholt. ^n r.pproaching to- wards it, a loud roaring noife is heard, like the rufhing of a .u. 'r Jiecipitatin/ itfelf from ftupendous rocks. The water here fpouts fevera! v.m.. a i ay, but al- ways by ftarts, and after certain intervals. Some traveller: ha , c aftrmed, that it fpouts to the height of fixty fathoms. '1 he water is thrown up much higher at fome times than at others ; when Dr. Van Troil was there, the utmoft height to which it amounted was computed to be 92 feet. Bafaltine pillars are likewile very common in Iceland, which are fuppofed to have been p.r.^d*'ccd by fubterranean fires. The lower fort of people imagine thefe I G E L A N D. ^ ^ ss o, pillars to have been piled uoon on#. nnr^^^,- i • ^'^ force to etfeft it. W' have'geVeSv fro^^jr'"' "^? "^^^ -^^' -^ fupernatura! four to bx feet in thicknefs •„„« f- "^"^^'v /"^O"! "irce to feven fidts ar»l ,« r Wontal clivifionrf!;";:::; JiX'r ;:J?£^^^^^^^ y^^'^ «" '-^'h witloutty the mouma.ns: but, iu fomc other .Zcll^i^l^ ""^^l^ without interruption. '^' P''*'"' ^^'^ ^'''<^nd two or three n,il?8 in lencrK I here are iuimenfe maffcs of ir* K, u- v thts country, and which atlbft the cliZtf of TTh^"' ^•*^'' ^'""'^^'^ '« '"^ne to N. H. or k N. W. wind from Greenland Thl' '^f^. ""'.^^ co.nn.only wiih a thonu thicknefs, is fep„atcd by the whi; }^^ .H^'^T'' '" "^ two or three A mountam-ice, which is oiten I'eZ «ft i ' '^"'^ '*''» dreaded than the net nine tin.es the fan.e depl^.'^ wL^' S 'n^'^'^' ^'^^'^^.JiZ'Cl quentlyleft in Oioal wa er, fixed aTitw.i P^'^'g'ous maffes of ice are k mam many months, nay, it is fLd i ^' '° ''''' S''"""*^' a'>d in that fhi -" bX'n"r '';• ^'-'i^^^ie'L^;:!;^^^;,^.^^ -^ chiihWTii H^a : as tiy ^^^l^'^h.J^.^t^T^ ;«/t^ ''" '-uS rrSa back to theice, with which they often floaf "7 ^""^^1 '^g'^^'^^r. and drive them are ob hgcd to make nfe of fpears ox^tl T'"' ^""^ ^«°t of fire-arms £ to be fold to any other perfbn. Pur^tialed for the kmg, and are not allowed The ioil upon the fea-coafl, is /«i ui '^ monopolized bv a Danin. ^« THE FARO OR FERRO ISLANDS. *^' " ' -;^-'"*-^. «"d ne Dctween 6i and 63 li 3 . i ' 98 N dcg. W. long, from Loadon. O R W A T. \ ~^u a" ■ X ^T — ^5 ^P^*^^ ^^ ^^ *'"^"^^'" extends abort 60 miles m length, and 40 m breadth, 300 miles to the weftward of Norway: having Shetland and the Orkney <; on the fout'a^aft, and Greenland and Iceland npon the north and north-weit. The tradv and income of the inhabitants, who may be abcut cioo. 400c add little or nothing to the revenues jf Deniuark. DO or N O W s, ) ' I ^HE natural fignificati^m of Norway is, the AV- L X. _ thern-way. It is bounded on the fouth by the en- Name, boundaries, and extent. trance into the Baltic, called the Scaggerac, or Categate; on th*i weft and Ncrih W th*; northern ocean; and on the eaft it is divided from Sweden by a long ridge of mountains, called at different parts by diL'erent names; as FiUefield, Dofrcleld, Rundfield, and Dourfield. The reader may coofuit the tab'e of dimenfions in Den- mark for its extent; but it is a country fo little known to the reft of Europe, that it IS dirticult to fix us dimeniions with precifion. Climate.] The climate of Norway varies according to its extent, and its pofi- tion towards the lea. At Beigen the wir.ter ir- moderate, and the fea is prad^'- cable. The eaftera parts of Norway are commonly covered with fnow; and the cold generally lets m about the middle of Oftober, with intenfe feverity, to the middle of April ; the waters being all that while frozen to a confiderable thicknefs. In 1 7 19, 7000 Swedes, who were on their march to attack Drontheim, perilhed in the fnow, on the mountains which leparate Sweden from IVon^ay ; and their bodies were found m different poftures. But even froft and fnow have their conveniences as they facihiate the conveyance of goods by land. As to tlic more northerly parts of this country, called Fiumark, the cold is fo intenfe, that they are but little known. At Bergen, the longeft day confifts of about 19 hours, and the fhortdt of about fix. Infummer, the inhabitants can read and write at midnight by the light of the Iky; and in the moft northerly parts, about midfummer, the fun is continually m_ view. In thofe parts, however, in the middle of winter, there is Only a faint glimmering of light at noon for about an hour ano a half; owing to the refiedion of the fun's rays on the mountains. Nature, notwithftanding, has been fo kind to the Norwegians, that in the midft of their darknefs, the fky is ferene, and the moon and the aurora boreaiis fo bright, that they can carry on their fifherx' and work at their feveral trades in open air. ' The air is fo pure in fome of the inland parts, that it has been faid the inhabitants live fo long as to be tired of life, and caufe themfelves to be tranfported to a lels falubrious air. Sudden thaws, and fnow-falls, have, however, fometimes dreadful ef- fefts, and deltroy whole villages. Mountains.] Norway is reckoned one of the moft mountainous countries in the world ; for it contains a chain of unequal mountains running from fouth to north: to pafs that of Hardanger, a man muft travel about feveuty Englifh niilssj and to pafs others, upwards of fifty. Dofrefield is counted the higheft mount lin' perhaps in Europe. The rivers and catarafts which interfeft thofe dreadful preci- pices, and that are palfable only by flight tottering wooden bridges, nnder travel- ling in this country very terrible and dangerous ; though the government is at the expence of providing, at different ftages, houfes i^ccoramodated with fire, light, and kitchen fiirniture. Detached from this vaft chain, other immenfe mountains pre- fent themfelves all oyer Norway ; fome of them with refervoirs of water on the top ; and the whole forming a moft furprizing laadfcape. The adivity of the natives, m' ats, when pcnncu up, througu a isjfe Acp, iu one of — -r NORWAY. thofe rocks, is wonderful. TIiV n^T^^o j- ^ i • ^ top of the mountains, fitting o„ a^ofs ft"f t^^f .^ ^ V^f ^^ ^"-' ^-"^ ^he when he arrives «t the place Wre the crSe Sds tf'S^''^- ' '^"^ ^«P*^5 and and u IS drawn up with himfelf. 7'he Svemf th.? ^^'^T " *« '^^ <»'"« cord, mountains, '•re more wonderllil than iLl 1 that are to be met with in thefi. though lefs liable to obferva^ on One 'V^f^fj.^^^^^^ \» ^/X °ther part of theUrS" vilited by two clergymen- ^ho l^J^^^ u^^' ^^"^^ Dolfteen, was, in 17,0 the iea dJ/hing over'Thefr hel, thS' tle^"^ P^"^^^^?^ ^" '^ "^1 they L'a'rd nary church, the fides perpend cidar and th^. ""f '"^'1^^ ^"'^ high as an ord,^ %ht of natural flairs ; but when thev ar Led r/nn?h ^'"^ L '^^' ^^^ ' ''^^^^"^^^ a to proceed, but returned; and that ^Ly conlm^i . ^'■:./^^>' ''"'"^ ''^' venture Forests.] The chief wealch of N^rwav He fn r/'°n^'^P "^ ''♦"^ ^^^""""g- ers with mafts, beams, planks, and boaTds • !nH r ^""u^A ^^^^ ^"^"i^«ie ules ; denes. The chief timber growing £ea^^^^^^^^^ ^'5'' ^"^ ^7 '^''^^^^ to the foun-' (a very curious wood), birch, befch, oak eel nr^M P'°^' ■^"'' '^' >-^"^' ^^"reed comol or flow-tree, hafel, elder, and even efonv f I' ^"1!'^^' '^^ alpin-tree. the ime or linden tree, and willows. The^bms Xh^^ '^ '^ "^^tains of Kden) very confiderable; but the mduftry of the Tnttv'''^'^' '""^'^^^ ^^^ timber are courfe of their rivers, and the fituL^ion of thdr^.^i'^^^ 'ir^'^y ^^^ed by the the conveniency already mentioned, orfloatinrdn!,: }vhich aflbrd them not^only mg law nail, for dividing their la;ge beams !.T ' u'^' ''?^'' ^"^ '^^' «f erefl^ Ciwed timber belongs to hi! Dani.lt Ma left v and f^^''"''' "^'^ ^^^''- ^ tenth of all revenue. " ^^J^^X' and forms no mconfiderable part of his . ^^'--^--^^^^^^^^^^^^ or excellent marble, as well as iron mines. The aminthuror ibeflo wMrb;^'"' V^' '"?^^^ ^' found in 4 when 1^ delicate fibres are woven no doth l^ / u '"/^^"'buftible nature, found here; as are cryftals, granate. Imfi?5 ^"^^^"^^ by burning, is likewifb ftoues. Gold found iu Norw^h^ Ven .t^'i''^'^^' ^^""^er-flones. and eaX is.now working, to gr,,at a^amai a fX"'"^ '?'" ''"^^^^^ His Danifli mSt nunes have been found in diflSrenTtf; » fiiver mine at KonigftjerR- other S- maifes that have been dTfctt^ S^^^^^^^ ^^ --^ the nl" filve" Muleum at Copenhagen. The leaTf r,nf ^^ '^°"°'^'' '' ^° be feen at the Roval Rivers and lakksI TV(*> ' flocked with fifn, and' ,av gabfe for vel/''^ '"'V''' '^^« '" ^h'« eountiy ai^ well traordinary circumftance atSnlf the tts i,T/^^?^^^^ ^."'•''"^- 'fhe^nSlTx dlands, formed by the cohefion of^roots of tees t^J t't "^ '^''"^ ^°°^«''° Aoatbg milvZ 7r' ^" ^''^'^' -d t^s. SoTteas^h'^^'' ^"^ ^^ough torn fron? mily-leat of Borge, near Frederioltadt fi.rwJS r . ^T^^" ^702, the noble fa- battlemems, into an abyls a hundred ^tloms/L^ ^"^ «" «« towers and lillcd vMth a piece of water, which formed '1 J ^'^'\i ^^'^ "« ^"^ was mftant^v I'JZf ™s melancholf accident W wh ^h rf n -oH '" ^"^^''' ^^'^ ^^^"^ ^^^f Peuilied, was occafioned by the fou'nd Jtio^^iJg^ ^LS^ ^tht^atl^^r! O -> 100 K WAY. Uncommon animals, } All the animals that are natives of Denmark ax-e to :s,> J s. ybe -n, '^'^u ' ,1'' a "'*'' V ^^ ^°^^ ^^ ^°'-^y' ^«h an addition of manv more The wild beafts peculiar to Norway, are the' elk, the rein-d^? th^h^L th. rabbit, the bear, the wolf, the W the fo:., the glutton, the Snrthe erminl he martni, «iid the beaver. T&e elk is a tall, afh-coloured animaHls ftarTpar' . and the flelh of it taftes like vemlon. The rein-deer is a fpeci^s of ftag ; Su wefta 1 have occafion to mention him more particularly afterwards. The hfres arnh,.n and are laid to live upon mice in the winter time, and trchange theirco'^ir Zl brown to white. The Koiwegian bears are ftrong anrirgacLusTthey are^^^^^^ markable for not hurting children; but their other qualities Ire in comln w th he reft of their fpecies m northern countries ; nor can we much credit th^verv ex n-aordinary fpecimens of their fagacity, recorded by the natives : they are h/nted by httledogs; and lonie prc'-r bear hams to thol^ of Weftphalia Th^Nomx^ gian wolves, though fierce, are Ihy even of a cow or goat, uXfrimpelkd bv hun f filed "Cr^ "", ^-'-•<^-„- digging traps for ther^, in' ^^fch LTyte taLn or" killed. The lynx, by lome called the goupes, is fraaller than a wolf, but as danl^ ous: they are of the cat-kmd, and have claws like tygers: they dig under er3" and often undermine flieep-folds, where they make dreadful havo^k The^fUn of the lynx is l^autitul and valuable; as is that If the black fox WhUe and rei foxes are likewile found m Norway, and partake of the nature of that wily In'malln mhe countnes , they have a particular way of drawing crabs alhore, by d^pSe". tal in the water, which the crab lays hold of ^ "'Pi^'ug men tans The glutton otherwile called the erven, or vielfras, refembles a turn-fpit dog- WKh a long body, thick legs, fharp claws and teeth; his fbr, whichl variLated' «ib precious, that he is fhot with blunt arrows, to p^eferve the Ikk unL :^he is' bold, and io ravenous, that it is faid he will devour a carcafe larger than h\mfet and unburthens his ftomach by lijueezing himfelf between two c lofelidi I tTees when taken, he has been even known to eat (lone and mortar. The erm ne f a It tk t'^Tf' .hTi • r ^""l "" ^>^^'^^ ^"^ ^'^^^^^"^'■^ ' «^d few of our readers need to be told that their fur forms a principal part even of royal magnificence. Th^re s httle difference between the martin and a large brown foreft St, only is head ^nd fnout are Iharper; it is very fierce, and its bite dangerous. We Ihall Lvi occafioa to mention the beaver in treating of North America occalioa No country produces a greater variety of biixis than Norway. The alks- build upon rocks; their numbers often darken the air, and the noife of thdr wines e- le.nbles a ftorm ; their fize is the bignefs of a large duck: they are an aquISowT and their flelh .s mtich efteemed. No fewer than 30 different kinds^of thrnfhLs refide m Nor^.'ay ; with various kinds of pigeons, and feveral forts of beautifurwifd ducks 1 he Norwegian cock-of-the-wood is of a black or dark grey colour hS eye refembhng that of a pheafant; and he is fdd to be the largeft If all Sabk buds. Norway prodijces two kinds of eagle., the land and the fea ; the former is to ftrong. that he has been known to carry off a child of two years old: the fea or hih-eagle, IS larger than the other; he fubfifts on aquatic Ld ; and fometlmes fh*.5?ho"r ''"^.' ^-^"Z with fuch force, that, being unable to free his talon'S their bodies, he is dragged into the w^ter and drowned. .nH TnTft T '° ^r ^?'P^'^ ^^^^■'^ ^''"^ inhabitants for the coaft of Norway and mduftry has produced a fpecies of mankind peculiarly fitted for niakinJTaem lerviceable to the human race: thefe are the birdmen,^ or climbers, who ^.^ amazingly dexterous ,n mounting the fteepeft rocks, and bringing away the birS N O R w A Y. wi and their eggs : the latter are nutritive fnnH nr,ri r . gar: the flefti is eaten by the Snts who .ene''l/°'"^-r.^ P^^^°»^d ^^ vi*ne. and down form a profitable crmSW Even the ^dolJ'^fH ''f' '^' ^^^^^ers no^hern d.ft„as, are trained up to be ImtZ^^^T,^^^ in Sg^bS^ on?h:;proVt?4:f ^^^^^i^^^^^ ^n an fin. that are found numerable, which ar^e dried upon tL rocics wid^om f- f^^'^'^'T'^- StocJc-fifh in- feas however, have their peculiariys Th^ h^nr i. ^"^^ Some fi/hes in thofe ten fathoms in length, and its live y dds tLee r^t^^'^f '' •" ^^f"^^" ""^ ^^^K flynderisan exceflivelv lar^e tnrKn, ^T t u f ^^^^ °^ ^'^^^"^ oil. The tuells had fallen over-boarttilL^^tvl^rn'ri^n;"^^^^^^^^^^^ ? -er a ^^tt" announced to the filhermen bv the fnnn.T T ^' V'^ ^''^^''" f'^'' herring-filhina jo diflerent fpecies areSioned) inSr^ water from the whales (of which Tifven refembles^cod, with~^s,': SnSt\t":fd^"S^ ^4^ ^^^^^ ^"^" out the water, which thev take in hv Tnl^T .• [' ''"'1 '^'^'^'' ^^^^Y • they fpout the head They copalatTlile fa laiin^a^^'^ftrdinl ^ \«'-.^-peLK whale, when firft produced is abom S J ? F "^."^^^ '" ^^^ '^'a. A youne times bring forth two at a' b rth V. I? i ^^ ^et long; and the female fome^ of fmall fii that his belly is oL r^advTo h ''ft'""" ^^^'^ ^" ^"^^^^ible nuX" tremendous nolle from pafn The fmal^r fi^h ' ''T^''^ ''^' ^' ""'^^^ ^ '"^ felten on his back, and h ceifan ly S him or^'" '^"'i T""^"' ^«"'^«f 'hem bones on their beaks, fwim under hS bellv 'and fom.T"^ ^arp horns, or rather provided with long Iharp teeth, and ear h^' £ ^°"!^"'«^^ "P «."P J fome are declare war againft him when he comes i th^T f^V^""'''' ^'^^« ""^ P^'Y been known to be fo tortured th;,f l.i ' u i • l^.r °^ ^^^ ^ater ; and he has coafts of Norway may bl S a be thf ^"' ^''""'^'^^ '" ^''''^ ''« ^^e ocks. The z '\ ?^?'^fi --from ;:dt tt ic^^rrrr n 'r "^t j— 'li: tude. of Iceland dividethemfelves infoTJ if^- "^ P*"^^' and about the lati- em ines and coafls of Sco lan^^^^^^^^ ^^'^}'''- «-, «f thelb fupplies the Weft Great Britain down the Ch.iinJ ^ r"^'!"' ^^^"""^^ ^°"nd the ealtem part of Sound. They for^great par "of ^hilot ;*".'^ ^"^"^^ ^^^ ^^'^^-^ thr^Jh "the . ling, kabeliau%nd tUXs fhLt ,£m and IT"'"" Pu^^P^*-'' ««d thf cod taken m prodigious numbers in 50 or6oaoms u^'^ T"r '^^-^ l^^^"' ^"^ "^ and the o,l extraaed from their livers are e"nnn;H' ^^^ ^P'^'^"^' ^^^^^ ^^es, and above 150,000 people are mifn nine?? hP^K !'"• ^"^'^ '" ^^'^^^ advantage coaft of Norway. iL fea-^Sil i^ aCf fi^f '^' ^f'""! '""^ ^^^^^ ^^^ing on fll^ Its nionftrous appearance and voracitvT?; fr '"^ '« ^° <^allld from form, its head being larger tharSSnJw^'^rf^" '" l^^ewifb of a hideou" and its bite is faid t? be poifonous " ^'''^^'' ""'^''^ '' '^' ^^^ ^^et in length are reX"d cStlh^^^^^^^^ concerning fea-monfters, or ferpent of the ocean, is no longS coimted ^S^''" T' ""'^ '^' ^^^"^'^ake was Ihot by a mafter of a fhip • its head rL^^rnKT^J^^'^ ^"^ '75^, one of them large and black, as were the eves "I whL ^^^u '^^' °^ ^ ^""'^^ 5 ^he mouth wa on the furface of the water and held , hTT ^'''T^ ^^""^ "« ^^^k : it floaJd tween the head and neck were fevfn or e^^ht fu"^ TJ''' ""'' °^ '^' ^^^i ^^' the length of this fnakc was more Zn t^^ °/'^'' "^^'^h were very thick-, and have a remarkable averlion to"h frndUf caS^rV"'l' 'r^ ^^ ^^^^«-'- They bark mafters provide themfrK-^. 7 -li =' ^"'' ^^'^h reafon. Ihin. hoat and P--.-*e them^ches wuh .^uant.ties of that drug, to- prevent being 102 N O R W Y. ':':i; « '^ ovcrfet; he ferpents oUlidory ucrves being remarkably exquifue. The particu. lant.es related of this ammal would be incredible, were they not attefted upon "Ith Egede (a very reputable author) fays, that on the 6th day of Jdy 1 7T a W and frightful lea-nionfter raifed iiielf fo high out of the water, that ils hIad'reachS above the main-top-maft of the fhip; that it had a long fharp fnou , broadTaws and O^outed water like a whale; that the body feemed to be covered whh fcak/: ^Ikm w-as uneven and wrinkled, and the lower part was formed like a fnake The ^Zrn-f't' r"^? i- ^^'^ '° ^" '' 'V^^ ^ ^ ^«g«^^^^ ' hi« flcin is variegafed like a tortoife-fhell ; and his excrement, which floats upon the fnrface of the waL is corrofive and bhfters the hands of the feanien if they handle it I ftiould be under great difficulty in mentioning the kraken, or korven. were not us exiftence proved fo ftrongly. as feems to put it out of all doub Its bSk ^s faid to be a mile and a half in circumference ; and when part of h appears above the water it refembles a number of fniall illands and fandSnks. onThich fiftes difport themfelves. and fea-weeds grow, upon a farther emerging a number of pellucid antenn^, each about the height, form, and fize of a moderate maftapwar When he finks, which he does gradually, a dangerous fwell of the fea fucceed and a kind of whirlpool is naturally formed in the water. In 1680, a vounTkra ken periflied among the rocks and cliffs of the parifh of Alftahong:and^hb death was attended by luch a ftench, that the channel where it died^wafimpalSle 5 .K°"finT-'°» '"'^ f >' '■°"^«'^"' ^'^^'°"*^«' ^'« '»»y l=>fely fay, that the e^xiftence of this fim being proved, accounts for many of thefe phenomena of flo tinriflands and tranfitory appearances in the fea, that have hitherto been held as fabdous bv the learned, who could have no idea of fuch an animal ""'="'*« laouious by The mer-men and nier-women hold their relidence in the Norwegian feas • but I cannot give credit to all that is related concerning them by the natives The mer man is about eight fpans long. and. undoubtedly! has as much reflnblance arin ape has to the human fpecies; a high forehead, little eyes, a flat nob and Tar^e mouth, without chin or ears, charaderize its head; its ar.ns are fliortbut wiS jomts or elbows, and they terminate in members refembling a human hand but of the paw kind and the fingers ccnneded by a membrane f the par s of generation indicae their fexes : though their under parts, which remain in the wafer te^f nate like thofe of fifl^es The females have breafts. at wllh they fSe thd; young ones. It would far exceed the bounds allotted to this artide.^to ibl ow the Norwegian adventurers through all the different defcriptions which they ha e given us of their fifhes; but they are fo well authenticated, that I „,ake no d^oub a^w and very lurprihng theory of aquatic animals may in time be formed. Curiosities.] 1 hole of Norway are only natural On the coall latitude 6-7 IS that dn..,dful vortex, or whirlpool, called 4 navigators the navel of the fea and by fonie Maleftrom, or Molkoeftrom. The ifland Molkoe, from ^he"'^' tht flream derives us name, lies between the mountain Hefleggen b Lofod^n and the Ifland Vervvhich are about one league diftant; and between the iCd Vd coaft on each fide, the f>ream makes its way. Between Mofkoe and Lofoden it is near 400 fathoms deep; but between Molkoe and Vec, it is fb fliallow as not to aS paffage for a imall flap. When it is flood, the ftream runs up the counti^ between Lofoden and Moflcoe with a boiiterous rapidity ; and when it is ebb Sns o the It S ' ''f °'" f^ "°''" "°^3'^^"^'l by the loudea catarads. It is hea^d at the diftance of many feagues. and forms a vortex or whirlpool of great dep^h and extent ; io violent, that if a fliip comes near it, it is immediately dnwn tefiftibly N O R w A Y. T. jx Y^ into the whirl, and there difapoears h^Jn^.k,- i. , '°^ rifes again in fc^^wed fll ^^ ^r"""^^' «'» for about a'ct^l^"" ? '^^ '""'^ ^ a. Norway m§e, wheX the r"' "k'^'' '"^^'^'^^d ^«fl"el« at the diSni ? °^ ^ ^^P' haps it isVdi; TnSe IZoff '^''"^^' then^felvesfn perfea feo T" 'i"^" that of being thu" driven W tf ^ u'° ''^"^"^^ a fituation of moi i, "^^ ?'•- to the vorte/of a wh ripo^ !.?"' J?>;'\^ ^"^^den violence of an Tm^..^™' ^^^" is approached, ai^Te^Lft of '' •''^ '"rbulencrfti r^S^"""^^ It Zs thVopJnron o/S!''^ '^ " '•" '^'^"'"^ ^o P^ev upon tt 0.''''^^'^^^ fr^' the flood unde^r the L^e nfV^'' '^' ^'^'^^--^n^ i« X vJ'^ 5!?^.; Bothnia: but this nn/n: • ^""'^^y' and dilbharecs T . • '• '^^1''^ '''"'"^'^s covered with brill p, ^rk '° ^'^^red and fplintered Thn^ ,1,1' / *''' ^f ge ftems the daily Xb and flo;. ' r'^^^^^ Phenomena are the effefl. r^V'^' >«^ «« ^^ tween tL ro'^ "^^' ^^^-"^ ^^ ^^^--^^^'oVof tttern^jf^^J-^^^^^^^ i-iOPLE, lANGUAGE,, RELIGION, ) Thp T^T ^ AND CUSTOMS OF NoxwAY K« , ^^'"^'^g'^^s are a middlino- l: i r landers and Icelanders, and The mori iX''^''^'''' '^' ^nipliciV o f hi C ''^ mg real or fuppofed injuries Th "°' '■°*'"^^' ^"d br.ve • Cn^nrl ■ r Norwegian forms -boT If V -^^ ''''""''" are handfome -nnl , ^ ''^ "' ''^^^"t- .he'middlfag nXSL^''^'' "'^ ''«.''■ "■• ftrina,orwegians certainly were a very brave and powerful people, and the hardidt fea- men in the world. If we are to believe their hiftories, they were no ftrangers to America long before it was difcovered by Columbus. Many cuftoms of thiir an- ceftors are yet difcernible m Ireland and the north of Scotland, where they made frequent defcents. and fome fettlements, which are generally confounded with thole of the Danes. fVom their being the moft turbulent, they are become now the moft loyal fubjeds m Europe; which we can eafily account for, from the bar- barity and tyranny of their kings, when a feparate people. Since the union of Cal- '^' ; 7 ^ ^hLlir^f^DeZl" ^^^""^'' ''''' '''^^y' ^' -^" - iaterelt^are^e DENMARK* Proper, or JUTLAND, exclusive of the Islands m the BALTIC. Extent and Situation. Miles. Length 24ot Breadth i 14 f between Degrees. ( 54 and 5S North latitude. 8 and 11 Eaft longitude. Boundaries and ) TT is divided on the north from Norway by the Scajrcerac Div is.ONs. I 1 fea, and from Sweden on the eaft by the Sound ; on the fouth by Germany and the Baltic; and the German fea divides it from Great Bri- lain on the weft. penmark Proper is divided into two parts : the peninfula of Jutland anciently called in the Cimhria Cherfonejm and the iflands at the entrance of the Baltic, mentioned table, it is remarkable, that though all thelb together conftitute the kingdom • See Mallet's Denmark, page i to 18. vol. v. t Meaning where longed and broadeft, a method which the author has everywhere obferved ■ ™".h:'-'^TV° ^" '^- P"""^;" °^ other writers on the fubjeft. Great allowances^muft therefore be made ,n moft countries, as the reader will perceive by lool^ing on the maps. JutS for inftancc IS 114 miles where bro.ideft, though in fundry other parts it is not 50, J""""*!* '^r iniiancc, D E N M R K. JOS of Denmark, yet not anv one of tf,»«, ; r , '^' - '?^ '^ moil part a ftndy foil, bu° Sr ?. ,M "''^ ""^ '""'"' «"■ ft''- ZeaUd ! a% var.ega,ed with woods a^d ht 3"'\ '" K'™ and pafturage, aS a^r«' :J5f ^t.^!" ■" «-- -- '^e i4 a'j du^t '^:«'lin^.ii: dent nSy by'grant which"^ '" '^'"^''^ ""' Ho'""- are Seft and ,K, Man^ofthe noHe7a*'dL'Sdtt SrlXaodtS '"b' "'T'^ '^'h^S' S. 4 / -_ to amount .„ :4,444,ooo ibuls, exdufive of the 10^ DENMARK. r f fr -T Icelanders and Greenlanders. The moft accurate account of the population, is that made under the diredUon of the famous Struenfee, by which Jutland numbered Denmark Iceland Funen Norway Iflands of Ferro 358,136 283,466 143,988 723.141 4,754 Iceland Duchy of Slefwick Duchy of Holftcin Oldenburgh Delmenhorft Sum Total, 46,201 243,60.5 134,665 62,854 1 6,217 2,017,027 Several of the fmaller iflands included in the diftria of Fionia are omitted in this computation, which may contain a few thoufands. However liifproportioned this number may feem to the extent of his Danilh ma- jefty'sdominvonB, yet, every thing confidered, it is for greater than could have been expeaed frpni the uncultivated ftat- of his poffeffions. But the trade of Denmark hath been lo fhackled by the corruption and arbitrary proceedings of her minifters and her merchants are fo terrified by the dcfpotifm of her government, that this kingdom, which might be rendered rich and tiourifhing, is at piefent one of the moft indigent and diitreffed itates in Europe ; and thefe circumftances prevent Den- mark from being fo populous as it othcrwife would be, if the adminiftration of go- vemment were more mild and equitable, and if proper encouragement were given to foreigners, and to thofe who engage in agriculture, and other arts. The ancient inhabitants of Denmark poffeffed a degree of courage which ap- proached even to ferocity ; but by a continued ferics of tyranny and oppreflion their national charafter is much changed, and from a brave, enterprifing, and war- like people, they are become indolent, timid, and dull of apprehenfion. They A-alue thenifelves extremely upon thofe titles and privileges which they derive from the crown, and are exceedingly fond of pomp and ftiew. They endeavour to imi- tate the J rench in their manners, drefs, and even in their gallantry j thotigh thev are naturally the venr contraft of that nation. They fall much into that indolence ai.d timidity which form a confiderable part of the charaflcr of the modem Danes ; but m other refpeds are well-meaning people, and acquit themfelves properly in their refpeaive employments. The Danes, like other northern nations, are giyen to intemper,mce in drinking, and convivial entertainments; but their nobility, who now begin to vifit the other courts of Europe, are refining from their provincial ha- bits and vices. Religion.] The religiwi is Lutheran; and the kingdom is divided mto fix diocefes ; one in Zealand, one in Funen, and four in Judand : thefe diocefes are governed by bifhops, whofe profeffion is entirely to fuperintend the other clergy ; nor have they any other mark of pre-eminency than a diftinaion of their ecclefi' kftical drefs, for they have neither cathedral nor ecclefiaftical courts, nor thefmalleft concern with civil afiairs : their morals, however, are fo good, that they are revered by the people. They are paid by the ftate, as all the church-lands were wifely ap- propriated to the government at the Reformation. Language and learning.] The language of Denmark is a dialea of the Teutonic; but High Dutch and French are fpoken at court; and the nobility have lately made great advances in the Englifti, which is now publicly taught at Copen- hagen as a neceffary part of education. A company of Englifti comedians occa- lionally vifit that capital, where they find tolerable encouragement. Theuniverfity of Copenhagen has fbnds for the gratuitous fupport of 328 ftu- dents; thefe funds are faid to amount to 300,000 rix-dollars; but the Danes in 4 is that » « K M A It K. round tower and Ghriftian'r haveu di^^I^^^S '^^e£tf«^"^^^^^^^^ ^'^ '^ tanus : not to mention thai the Danes ^L LTfo ™^S l^"'"' *^ * Longomott- in hrrilory, poetrv, and the drama. lt]SZTho^e^r\^"^ -^''^^'^^ *"<-*™Pt» recexve,, ven. little countenance or encmTraSS^mTr^^ ^V' «*??««"'. "tcratnrc fidered as the principal caufe of its SL^ fSe^2J?tS't\'rn *^ ""''^ ^ '^ CiTiKs AND CHUF BurLDiKn* 1 r^J u '^"'X*^^'* "f the Danes, illand of Zealand, was Snara-^f.^M^^''^^^^'.^^*^^ '^ ^"uated on the fine wandering fi^ermen in KSh cinturrh ^- ^'''^^''\^^ *^h"«'^'^ »he IVth and In the front of the gratid qXngle a^^^^^^ Gothic iiye" fummit of the building are^pirS Sid TreL Son" "^ ?^"" P'"^"^' '^^ o^ he did, though fiirniftied in the anticwe tX tk T^^'f ^^^ '■°«"« ^^ verr- fplen The tapeftry reprefents the wa'^oTD fmk an'd fh7 m' ^'" '^ ofgrea?leS laboured performance in fculpture. The cH-n • "^^'"^ ^' * '"^^ minute Ind 108 E N M K. wuh 12 windows in front, faid to be buUt on the place formerly occupied by the pa- lace of Hamlet's father. In an adjoining garden, is fliewn the very fpot where ac- cording to tradition, that prince was poifoaed. ' Jagerlburg is a park which contains a royal country feat, called the Hermitage • which is remarkable for the difpofition of its apartments, and the quaintnefs of its* furniture; particularly a machine which conveys the dilhes to and from the king's table m the fecond ftory. I'he chief ecclefiaftical building in Denmark is the ca- thedral of Rofchild, where the kings and queens of Denmark were formerly buiied and their monuments ftill remain. Joining to this cathedri 1, by a covered pallage* 13 a royal palace, built in 1733. t b » Commerce.] lie kingdom of Denmark is extremely well fituated for com- merce ; her harbours are well calculated for the reception of ftiips of all burdens and her mariners are very expert in the navigation of the diflerent parts of the' ocean. The dominions of his Daiiilh majefty alio fupply a great variety of timber and other materials for fliip-building ; and lome of his provinces aflbrd many iia' rural produdions for exportation. Anjong thefe, befides fir, and other tirhber are black cattle, hories, butter, ftock-fifh, tallow, hides, train-oil, tar, pitch, and iron, which bemg the natural produd of tlie Danifti dominions, are confcquently ranked under the head of exports. To thefe we may add fiirs; but the exportation of oats is forbidden. The imports are, lalt, wine, brandy, and filk from France, Portugal, and Italy. Of late the Danes have had a great intercourfe with England! from whence they import broad-cloths, clocks, cabinet, lock-work, and aU other manufaftures carried on in the great trading towns in England. But nothing (hews the commercial fpirit of the Danes in a more favourable light, than their eilabliflw ments in the Ealt and Weft-Indies. In 161 3, Chriftian IV. of Denmark, eftablifhed an Eaft-India Company at Cow penhagen;-and foon after, four fhips failed from thence to the Eaft Indies. The hint of this trade was given to his Danifti majefty by James I. of England, who married a prbcefs of Denmark; and in 16 17 they built and fortified a caftle and town at Tranquebar, on the coaft of Coromandel. The fecurity which many of the Indians found under the cannon of this fort, invited numbers of them to lettle here ; fo that the Danifti Eaft India Company were foon rich enough to pay to their king a yearly tribute of 10,000 rix-dollars. The company, however, willbg to become rich all of a fudden, in 1620 endeavoured to poffefs themfelves of the fpice-trade at Ceylon ; but were defeated by the Portuguefe. The truth is, they foon embroiled therafeLves with the native Indians on all hands ; and had it not been for the generous afliftance given them by Mr. Pitt, an Englifti Eaft-India governor, the lettlement at Tranquebar muft have been taken by the Rajah of Tan- jour. Upon the clofe of the wars in Europe, after the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, the Danifli Eaft-India Company found themfelves fo much in debt, that they publiftied propofals for a new fubfcription for enlarging their ancient capital ftock, a^d for fitting out ftiips to Tranquebar, Bcneal, and China. Two years after, hb Danifti majefty granted a new charter to his Eaft-India Company, with vaft privileges ; and for forae time its commerce was carried on with great vigour I ftiall juft mention, that the Danes likewife poffefs the iflands of St. Thomas and St! Croix, and the fmall ifland of St. John, in the Weft-Indies, which are free ports and celebrated for fmuggling ; alfo the port of Chriftianburg on the coaft of Guinea j and carry on a confiderable commerce with the Mediterranean. Curiosities, natural and artificial.] Denmark Proper affords fewer of thefe than the other parts of his Danifti majefty's dominions, if we except the con- D E N M A R K. 105 tents of the Royal Mufeum at rr,»v-„i, , . . ^°2 tion of both, i conlSuTfcvcr^r^^^^^^^^ ^^^'^^ of a numerous collec particularly thofe of the Confub i/3.e tfmc of^ hrR " ^"*^„ ^""^-^ion of cons imperors after the leat of empire was dtvS inL ft p° «'" i^'P"^"*^' «d of the ficial Ikeletons, ivory carvings nm^ltl. 1 1 , '°*^ ^^^ a°d W eft. BefirlJ. .• and ebony, m;de bL DaSanTft who °'^r'^ u^"'' ^ ^e^^'ii^l cabinet ofiv. antique dLking veLs; Jhfo^e of gold The 0^^ o^fT^" '° ^ '"-n "otS K,^huo»"g-liorn : that of gold leems to be of P ^'^^^'■' '"^ ^^'h in the form raifed h.erogl^phical figure., on its Sde it prob hf " '"^""'^"^"^e ; and from°he ceremonies: it is about two feet ni rinrhr i ^ '^^'."'^'^^ "^'^ of in rcSiou^ two EngUm pintsand a half, and wrCdIn'rhTdSef f%^- '^"'^^^«' ^S Cbriftian I. king of Denmark, the irft of rjf r^ii Y^^^^ was made by order of I44S I ihall juft memion in hi, Sace £ . '^^",^"'-^ race, who reigied b D^lt ^?"5 form, have been foudirthe trt^o/F 'f'^' «f ^iftbrent Ca Danifh original. This mufeum is likeuife fifrn-i ? ^PS^^^d, and are probably of aft^ononucal optical, and "lathemS hift^'^'n ents ."^' ' ff '^'^^ -u^^IoS a let of medals ancient and modern ^' '"""^"'^"fs ; lome Indian curiofities a,!^ lilcewiie placed in the round tower at Po^ ?"""' aftronomical infti^n'en 's Zt ncal. Stephanus, in his aotes^upo^Sa^o Gr 'm.' ^"' ^''^ ^''^ '"'^8^"^^ to be h ftn ieveral of tholb infcriptions. ^ ^^o.Grammaticua, lias exhibited fpecimenr. f Civil constitution go /"-^""tns ot - oa.. a lha«; in the civa government! rro N M A K. '8 ii i - IM they far furpafled the nobility in pride and ambition. The reprefentatives of the ]ieople had neither power, credit, nor talents, to countcradl the eflbrts of the other two orders, who forced the crown to give up its prerogatives, and to opprefs and tyrannize over the people. Chriftian the Second, by endeavourbg in an impru- dent manner to Hem the torrent of their oppreflion, loft his crown and his liberty; but Chriftian the Third, hv uniting himfelf with the nobles and the fenate, dc- ftroyed the power of the clergy, though the oppreflion of the common people by the nobility ftill remained. At length, in the reign of Frederick the Third, the people, inftead of exerting themfelves to remedy the dcfcdls of the conftitution, and to maintain their common liberties, were lo infatuated as to make the king defp«Mic, in hopes thereby of rendering themfielves lefs fubjedt to the tyranny of the nobilitv. A feries of unluccefsfiil wars had brought the nation m general into fo miferaole a condition, that the public had not money for paying oft" the army. ITie difpute came to a (hort queltion, which was, that the nobles fliould fubmit to taxes, from which they pleaded an exemption. 'Ihe inferior people upon this threw their eyes towards the king, for relief and prote6Hon from the opprcffions cxf the intermediate order of nobility : in this they were encouraged by the clergy. In a meeting of the rtatcs, it was propofed that the nobles ftiould bear their fhare in the common burden. Upon this, Otta Craeg put the people in mind that the com- mons were no more th^nj/nves to the lords. This was the watch-word w hich had been concerted between the leaders of the commons, the clergy, and even the court itfelf. Nanlbn, the fpeaker of the commons, caught hold of the term Slavery ; the affenibly broke up in a ferment ; and the conunons, with the clergy, withdrew to a houfe of their own, where they refolved to make the king a folenin tender of their liberties and fervices, and for- mally to eftablifh in his family the hereditary fuccefliun to their crown. This refb- lution was executed the next day. The bilhop of Copenhagen oSiciated as fpeaker for the clergy and commons. The king accepted of their tender, proniiling them relief and proteftion. The gates of Copenhagen were fliut ; and the nobility, finding the nerves of their power thus cut, i'ubmitted with the beft grace they could to con- firm what had been done. On the loth of January, 1661, the three orders of nobility, clergy, and people, figned each a feparate aft ; by which they confented that the crown Ihould be here- ditary in the royal family, as well in the female as in the male line, and by which they invefted the king with ablblute power, and gave him the right to regulate the fucceflion and the regency, in cal'e of a minority. This renunciation of their rights, fubfcribed by the firft nobility, is ftill preferved as a precious relic among the archives of the royal family. A relic, which perpetuates the memory of the hum- bled inlblence of the nobles, and the hypocrify of the prince, who, to gratify his re- venge againft them, perfuaded the people that his only wifhes were to repair a de- cayed edifice, and then excited them to pull it to the ground, cruihing themfelves under its ruins. After this extraordinary revolution in the government, the king of Denmark divefted the nobility of many of the privileges which they had before enjoyed ; but he took no method to relieve thofe poor people who had been the inftruments of inveftiiig him with the fovercign power, but left them in the fame ftaie of ftavery in which they were before, and in which they have remained to the prel'ent age. Vyhen the revolution in the reign of Frederick the third had been etiefted, the king re-united in his perfon all the rights of the fovereign power; but as he could not exercife all by himfelf, he was obliged to intruft Ibme part of the ex■ecuti^■e ^ ^ N M A R K. ■? ihc nonimal prcfidcm. W hat iS «» ,h, "p?'P"'»K"-. "f which th. kbg "^'■/"P"=",»>ribun.l, which, ?or .Scluchv of SoE PT'iT' ■""" "k™''^ that the Uw8 are propofed dikuKod SJ^ ■ u" ^''"- ^' '^ '« thi? councU any great changes or e'ftabllihm '^^^^^^^^^^^ ->-' juthority, and that king. It IS here likevvifc. or in the ^'.)Z SJu u ""^ ^PProved or rejefled by the upon the explication of a wV, heir cx-^nfinn '' ^l F"»s privileges, and decide" IS here that the king etprdfes h s T; I ' "I ^^'*-'"-, f^^Haion ; and. in fa« it icingdom. ^ *'''^'^"'' ^"« ^'•^1 "Pon the moft important afiairs of lL miISi:!;iuStVC' P'.°^^^^^^ ''^^^ ^"^ France, Spai^ and theTedt '^^Z'^iS'il^^M^L'r:^''^'-'' ^°""^^ 'y '^^ MahoVt'antl'sro'nt: rnl'j^J H^?A -"'^1"'^ ^^""'^y ""^ ^"^'* ^«« "^^ny ^^lain's upon Denmark on ac count of Holftem, but there is. at prefent, fmall appearance of her l3nKen«eed Revenue.] _ His DamJ majeftv's revenues have three fources : the imoofition, wardrter po'rtir' The'^f. ''"""^6 '^'^ P^ ^^"^ ^°°>°°° ^i^ZZstll waras ner portion. The reader is to oblerve, that the internal taxes of Denmarlr are very uncertam, becaufe they may be abated or raifed at The kiiS? w^lf Cuftoms, and tolls upon exports and imports, are more certaL. The tolls Id felSri'"' T^r^^'^y from foreign fhips that pafi through the Sound into ^the ?e 1 nd TSf^foil""^ •^"" "^ ^^'-^^ * """^ ^^^^'^ SchLen andT fland of g^f^^itr^oL^diipS^^ ongmally. than a voluntary comribution of thi merchants to^aKrexpfnce of hght-houles on the coaft; and the Swedes who comn.and the oppofue fide of the pafs, for feme time refuled to pay it: but in the treatv of m'jn hi "°\°^ V^^ and Denmark, under the guara'i/ee of his Briw Sjety^'c?^^^^^^^^^^ tit's Kerland':' The^"". "^" " T- ^''^ ""^ ^^^* '"^>«^ '' C reXitat ai^^^h" rjetherlands. The firft treaty relative to it, was by the Emperor Charles V nn behalf of his fubjefts in the Low Countries. The to^l is paid^t%fu,our a^own i. D ^ N M A R K. ^e Mowing i. a lift of .He .i„g>3 revenue, e.clufive of his pHv«e eftate. Tribute of hard com. or land tax '^'•'"i^ " bmall taxes, including poU tax nn„n^' . * .. i>ooo,ooo marriages, &c. . .' P®"*^ ^*^^^s, excife, > Cuftora Iwtife duties, . " * ' i Duties of the Sound, " " ' " Dutjesof Jutland, from falt-pits, ^^ t^f^"' 0^-^heim,^Chriftianfand, and" Chriftiana", Revenue from mines, So^r"^ '^^7^^^ ^'^^ OIdenbu;ghand Del'-, , Taxes on acorns, and mart from bee'ch " > ^°'°°'' Tolls on the Wcfcr ' Poft-office, ' . " Farais of Iceland and Ferro, " " * " Farms of Bornholni. "» " • . Oyfter Fi/heiy, . Stamp Paper, . / ' 950,000 154,000 200,000 27>ooo 770,000 160,000 552,000 300,000 20,000 7,500 70,000 35,000 '4,800 22,000 4o/X)o Sum total, 5,012 ,300 By a lift of the revenue taken in 1730 it t'hl^T "^^'"^^^^^^^ ^•+54,700. ^° »» 1730, It then only amounted to Enrfiih mon^ Army and navy 1 Th^ »», i n , • manej' generacy of their people fn martial afl^^'T °^ ^^'"^^''' "otwithftanding the d. number and difcipW of S.^^ fro;- J- ^^"^ ''^'^ refpedtable princes ^ Si' prefent military f£rce of klaXcon^ft '\'^"J^ ''"P^ "P ^^^ vaft cie^lt^ the greateft part of which confHk nf v -""^ '^^'^^^ "^^n* cavalry and^nftn. SdSc m "S^'^ f"r^ipers.^r mo^of whom are^ffinTn^K^'^r^P^. ''' «^« hetrrici^Jar rthSX%^tr" 4« hi^^uH^t tt SnToT^t |et n coftsthecrownbmate; S 1^ '« '^'^^T^Y ^urdenfome Slldol' 114 E N M R K. I LiJ^^l nor ferve on board a merchant-man without permiiTion from the admirahy ; <;ooo of thde are kept m conftant pav and employed in the dock-yards : tLi pay howeve? fcarce y amounts to nine (hillings a monti but then they have a L^of uXn ' with lome provihons and lodgings allowed for themlelves and families and fhat o";- DJr'°"'"K"7 '^ Denmark.] Thefe are two; that of the £/.//.^«; and that ot Daneburg: the former was niJhtuted by Chriftian I. and is deemed the moll hononrable; ns badge is an elephant furmoLted with a caftle, Ibt b dia! monds and fufpended to a fky-coloured watered ribbon; worn Hke the George in Jtngland: the number of us members, befides the fovereign, are thirty. The badges of the Daneburg order which is faid to be of the higheft antiquity, confift f (m.n . "f" h" '^'^"''^ 'i^^'' ""T "?"" '^ ^'^' ^"^^^^'- ' fr°"^ which depends a imall cro s of diamonds, and an embroidered liar on the breaft of the coat fur rounded vath the motto, P/eiate & jufMa. ' History ] We owe the chief hiftory of Denmark to a very extraordinary phs- rtrn^/fonT/s' ''V"""^ -^ ^^' P""^' "^'^ ^"" la/guageinsSnSvfa, n .11 n^J^ Saxo-Grammaticus, at a tmie (the 12th cemuiy) when it was loft in all other parts of the European contment. Saxo, like the other hiftorians of his ^bn,rdwl« of ' ' at it^^ fan»e »me ennobled by his ftyle, the moft ridiculous abfurdnics of remote antiquity. We can however colled enough from him to con, dude that the ancient Danes, like the Gauls, the Scots, the IHih, and other nor- thern nations, had their bards h^o recounted the military atchievemems of their Heroes ; and that their firft hiftories were written in verle. There can be no doubt that the Scandmavians or Cimbri, and the Teutones (the inhabitants of Denmark. ' V, 1 T^^nl • u"'"''^!"^ .^""^ Scythians by their original; but how far the trafts of i . ,^^ ^land, called either Scvthia* or Gaul, formerly reached, is uncertain. Even the name of the firft Chriftian Danilh king is uncertain ; and thofe of the people whom they commanded were fo blended together, that it is impoffible for the reader to conceive a precife idea of the old Scandinavian hiftori'. This un- doubtedly, was owing to the remains of their Scythian cuftoms, particularly that ot removing from one country to another; and of ibveral nations or fepts joining to- gether in expeditions by fea or land; and the adventurers being denominated Ifter their chief leaders. Thus the terms Danes, Saxons, Jutes or Goths, Germans and Normans, were promifcuoufly ufed long after the time of Charlemagne. Even r^*" ^^''u-f'''"^ ?[, ^"^'■^t"''*^' "nder that prince, throws very little light upon the Danilh hiftory. All we know is, that the inhabitants of Scandinavia, in their maritime expeditions, went generally under the name of Saxons with foreigners • that they were bold adventurers, rude, fierce, and martial : that fo far back as the year of Chrift 500, they mfulted all the fea-coafts of Europe; that they fettled in Ireland, where they built (tone-houfes ; and that they became matters of Englana and fome part of Scotland; both which kingdoms ftill retain proofs of thei? barl banty. When wc read the hiftorv of Denn.ark and that of England, under the Damlh pnnces who reigned over both countries, we meet with but a faint refem- bianceof events; but the Danes as conquerors, always give themfelves the fupe- nonty over tlie Englifh. ^ i„*r?r ST''"''' T^ ^^ underttood all thofc northern countries of Europe and Afia (now inhabited hLm, n^'f ' ^^••^'K'^'"' Swedes. Ruffians, and Tartars, fee the Introduftion . whole inhl- ?ff,?f rM }"'""*K^"'* P'^Pj''* "'.' Roman empire, and continued lb late as the .3th century to 5p..rni'^/n^'K '^"'>^"n-"''''^'r"P'.'*'''°"!' '"^"'g'"? '^e more fouthern and Icrtlle kingdoms ;/.&;.> ;SW/^.?r^^^^^^ '"' other hiLlau. they are termed the .,v..J«.,. ^ E N M A R K. exprefl on. Few verv TnT' l ^^ ^^^^^^ of dominion r^n • ^ /• o^'° ^^ ^^^'^ X Margaret n.SdXf;^f/''^^^^^^ ^enm^rpr edlHe""^"" ^" ^^'^ hereditary dght. ftieXrld rJ °^' '"^ ^^"^7 by her addref, /^" ,'^^7. acknowledged fovereSn o^ q .""^'^^ of Calmar, anno no, hf' "^^^P^'^X by nity withlbch rmSand r'^'"' ^f""'^*'^' ai^d Norwav sL^^^n J^" ^"^^ the North. Her fucceffor, >^-''^'i n"' ^" ^^^Juftly ft^/ed the ^'- the Netherlands^TL"^',\^r'^^' ^^^ he id with Ij. ^^^'"'""'"^ there, the on the deAftion^o^trc'^L'rl"^^^--^^^^ -« Luther, and about the year il^6 f^^^^""'' .^'^^ ^P^nly embraced ^h' ^ '*'''''°*^' V Guftavus XlphVs [i4o^^ ^hen'he wa^ucceedeir'^^^^-^ P^^^«"' died m 1648, to lower thfd.uiesrfl"' . '^'^^ ^"'^^ hav nT^^bwJ^t'vr^^^ ^fPt of an annuity of i^oooo fl. ^ ^r ^^^^ ^'^ ^n Frederic m.rr'"'"']' ^'^^ him to declare war aiinft ri i '-^"' ^""^ '^^ whole. The Dmr r ^''"'^^ted to ac bim his crow-rL ?6?? ch "', ^"^^"«' ^^"g of Sweden t'h1rhV':i'' .P^^^"^^^^ the fiicceeding winter he' *,«,fi^\.^°™ed the fortreff of F ^^'n "''"^^ *^oft vvhere he furprifeu the LX f'^ b,s armv over thTte to th. 'n'"^^''; ^"^ '« over the Great Ik It to ^efe Con°^ V°°^ ^^-"^^^ and SyLu U "'^.^^ ^""^"' England under the title of T^f^"'^'^^" "^^^^^ CromweF , [^'"'.^^^ "'^^'^bed . pica! with Kreat nLnif,- • ^^o^<^or, interpofed ' and P J ' •'''^'' ^^^" governed the provin??W iSrV • ''^^ ^^^^^ '^ Ro^child .^""m h'f "?^ ^" <^- and Drontheim in Nor": ^'^""{^^'/"d Sconia, the land of R t t'^^^"^ «^eded terms; but Charles fn/^/' ^° ^'^^ ^^edes. Frederir V^! i! ^^'""'^olm, and Bahus deared him to his fubieas 'nd .h''^"'^ ^^ ^^''^deric, uZTrh^^^'^K'^''' ^Y <^a fence till a Dutch He^r.' ^"". ^be ntizeus of CooenhZ.^ ^^ nnsfortuxies, en- tuneof warwafnow S^^^^^^^ ^K «^bic, anrC trSw:drfh"i "'""^^^^^ ^- occafion great abililrS ^bangedm favour of FrederJ. ^^. "^^- ^be for- the %e of CopiL "^•^^"d '"'"^arP; and hav ia T^*^ J'^^'^d on every Endifh fleet mX Sacn ^^'^^ ^'''' ^^'""ed thTv^t "f„^r'^ ^^^^^'^^ ^^ rail? beffege Copenhagen a ^Sf'> ^PP^^'^^ "i the BaUic "^ v "^^"^f "' ^'^'d not the tion,\ peace waf concluded '""k' ^"^ ^'"^"^^ and Endand „r-^''''u^''^^J-^« ^^ turned to the Dane. K u" '^'^ ^''»PnaI; by whic^f hl^n^?'"^ *beir media- -ained Wi^h t?:Twede" ''' '''''<^' ^^i^^^'k'^^^^ . Though this peace did n^^ a ' '""^ Schonen, "nnous behaviour of fr.,^Z ".-'" '° ^^""^^^^^ all (h. k,^ ,,, ""^" ' u.acMi.^„,o,i imminent-dan;;i!'2r.L^!."!^8?- i-inent-^a;;g;r;H:n.l^-S 1x6 D E N M K. 11 'V'4 to the fafbty of his fubjeas, even preferably to his own, greatly endeared him in their eyes; and he at length became abfolute, in the manner already re'ated. Fre- ^ric was fucceeded in 1670, bv his fon Chriftian V. who obliged tlie duke of Holftem Gottorp to renounce all the advantages he had gained by the treaty of Rolchdd. He then recovered a number of places in Schouen; but his army was defeated m the bloody battle of Lunden, by Charles XL of Sweden. This defeat did not put an end to the war; which Chriliian obitinately continued, till he was defeated entirely at the battle of Landlcroon: and having almoft exhaufted his do- minions m his military operations, and being in a manner abandoned by all his allies, he was forced to fign a treaty, on the terms prefcribed by France, in 1679. Chriftian, however, did not defift from his military attempts ; and at laft he be- came the ally and fubfidiary of I,ewis XIV. who was then threatening Europe with chams. Chriftian, after a vaft variety of treating and fighting with the Hol- ftemers, Hamburghers, and other northern powers, died in 1699. He was fuc- ceeded by Frederic IV. who, like his predeceflbrs, maintained his pretenfious upon Holftein; and probably muft have become mafter of that duchy, had not the Enghfti and Dutch fleets raifed the fiege of Tonningen, while the young king of Sweden, Charles XII. who was then no more than fixtcen years of age, landed within eight imles of Copenhagen, to aflift his brother-in-law the duke of Holftein. Charles probably would have made himfclf mafter of Copenhagen, had uot his Danifti majefty agreed to the peace of Tra\Tndahl, which was entirely in the duke's lavour. By another treaty concluded with the Sates General, Charles obliged himfelf to furuifti a body of troops, who were to be paid by the confederates ; and afterwards did great fervice againft the French in the war of Qycen Anne. Notwithftanding this peace, Frederic was perpetually engaged in wars with the Swedes, apd while Charles XII. was an exile at Bender, he made a defcent upon the Swedifh Pomerania; and another, in the year 17 12, upon Bremen, and took the city of Stade. His troops, however, were totally defeated by the Swedes at Gadeft)uch, who laid his favourite city of Altena in allies. Frederic re\ enged himfelf, by feizing great part of the ducal Holftein, and forcing the Swedilh ge- neral, count Steinbock, to furrender himfelt prifoner, with all his troops. In the year 17 16, the fuccefles of Frederic were fo gieat, by taking Tonningen and Stral- fund, by driving the Swedes out of Norway, and reducing Wifmar in Pomerania, that his allies began to fufped he was aiming at the lovereignty of all Scandinavia. Upon the return of Charles of Sweden from his exile, he renewed the war againft Denmark with a moft imbittered fpirit ; but on the death of that prince, who was killed at the fiege of Fredericftial, Freder^ durft not refufe the offer of his Britan- nic majefty's mediation between him and the crown of Sweden; in confequence of which a peace was concluded at Stockholm, which left him in poffeflTion of the duchy of Slefwick. Frederic died m the year 1730, after having two years before leen his capital reduced to afhes by an accidental fire. His fon and fuccefTor, Chriftian Frederic, or Chriftian VI. made no other ufe of his power, and the ad- vantages with which he mounted the throne, than to cultivate peace with all his neighbours, and to promote the happinefs of his fubjeds ; whom he eafed of many oppreflive taxes. In 1734, after guarantying the Pragmatic Sanftion* Chriftian fent 6000 men to the afliftance of the emperor, during the dilpute of the fuccelfion to jLhe crown • Aa agreement by which the princes of Europe engaged to fupport the Houfe of Auttria in favour of the queen of Hungaiy, daughter of the einpcror Cliarles VI. who had ao male ifliie. / , J rj DENMARK. „ Bntanmc maefty about the little ordf^io of Srrinit^'' ^738, a dilpute with his gaged to the latter by the duke of Sdn t!«-^^^^ ""^l'^ ^'^ ^'^^ "^ort- belonged to him. Some blood was ^St durinrthf"/^\'^^ ^^''"^ ^^"^'^'^ ^^iJ "IS thought, neverwasinearneft It Whtof t ''^' ^'^ ^^'^^ Chriltian, availed himfelf of his Britannic majefttw! d iSon Z'ft ' r'^'^' ^^ ^^'^^ ^e lor he agreed to pay Chriftian a lubfX J of 70 Ion? ftir ^^'■"'"" dominions; of keeping m readinefs 7000 troop.^or the pS^dhV.; of h"^ ' ^"'^l-^" '^^"'^"i^n ful bargain for Denmark. And two years aftlrh;^ f- fT^' '' '^'' ^^« ^ gain- trading without his leave to Iceland but th/i? '^"^ ^^"'^ ^"'^^ A^ips for diatiou of Sweden. Chriftiantd fo «ea a part^^^^^^^ T- ™f^^ "P ^y '^^ "ge- nerally thought he would revive the uS of SCr J^ ^"^^''"'' '^'' " ^'^^ ge- declared fucceflbr to his then Svvedfft mafeftv S^^^^ ^ Procuring his fon to be certainly taken: but wlutever Chr ftUn^f ^' -t ^^P^ ^°'' *^at purpofe were fruftrated by the jealoufy Tf othT/^^^^^^ the defi^ waT, leemg all Scandinaiia fubjea to oneSv c£?;ft-''"^^^-T ^" '^^ »hou|hts of rafter of being the father of his people ^"" '^''^ '^ ^^46, with the cha- tin Ion and fucceflbr Frederir V \ ^ • daughter to his Britannic majefty George II ' He'^Sn '""7"^ '^' ^"^''^' ^^^^i'^, for the happbefs of his people • bw toot *. ""P'"'^^'^'! upon his father's plan m the German war. For it waVbv hi W. "^"""T' '^*^^P^ '^at of a mediator was concluded between hi royarbigLefl ^eT'' H 'J ^^e treaty of Clofter-freu French general Richlieu. Upof he death of h f Ift "^' ^ Cumberland, and the his prelint Dani/h majefty, he married 1 .1? t ^% T'^^"' ^'^^ ^^^ mother to fenbuttle; and died in 1^66 H^tn ch''t\^{ ^' ^""^^ ""^ Brunfwic-Wol? »"ary, 1749^ and married his t^!eLS'\-'^^ ^^I' ^^^^^t"" the 29th of Ta. cefs Carolina-Matilda. BVlS^mLf:''T\"^'^^y'' y*^"°«^« fi«^^> the prin appearance, yet had in the event a v.S 7^^ " ^'^'^ ^' ^'^ ^ very promiC attributed to the intrigues of Vh? 7 unfortunate termination. This is mrfh! who has a fon naSredericanTwr'^'^rf «'•''' "^^^^J^^^n-law to thepreMinf to the throne She poffets ^ great dearie o^ L'^f'-'^'^" ^^^^^'^^ «f -^"4' Caroina-Matilda came to CopefZenfS ^'T^^^'"""' and when the princef! fnendfliip and affeaion, acq^Sn inf fc ^rj^^^tved her with all the. appearance of time telling her. that ^e Sm tl^e ever^'l.'" ^^ • ^^"^'^ ^^"^'^' ^"^^ ^t the fame reclaiming him. Bv this conduft fteSS?"^ ^r^ «« ^ "mother, to affift her Z fecrets whilftat tL fame time it^s ^dlh f'^f"''^^^" ^^^X^ting queen's ^eep hun conftantly cn«aced in", I L" ^' ft/ placed people about the kiig to, tnew he was naturaAy t^ f^uch incl nti t^^^^ Tl ^.''fbaucheo^, to whicf'li: miftrefs was thrown ii the kins'" wav .1^^ u ^' ^^""^'^ '' ^«« fo ordered, that a lace. When the king was upo^n hi7;raveir.t' ^'' ^''J'''^'^ ^^ ^^^P '" ^^P^- vifit the young queen MatUd^. /t^^^els, the queen-dowager ufcd freouentlv Vo told her often'o? ?hTdet£ies':^d "eSff ''" ."f f ^"'"^^'P -d^ Son' Holland England, and Francranf offen nerf7^H'H t ^'"^ ^'^ f^"*^" ^"to in But as foon as the king returned thl P^'^^tiaded her not to live with him dua, though in a gentle manner 'his n.3r° ^^P^^^^^'^S ^^^ vlth his con and endeavoured to perfuaderkini^trr"'''^'^ mimediateiy took his part fumption in a queen of Denmark to direaT. ? • '" ^ ^" '''^^- '' '^ ^'^^^ P^ to Uirea the king. Qjieen Matilda now began to ii8 D N M A K. difcovcr tbe defigns of the queenHlowacer, and afterwards liv..H ,.»«« ,..- tern« with the king who fo? a time wa^s much reda mef The .E oSn^m now affun^d to hcrfelf the part which the queen-dowager had be^n com^Dlin Im S wuh in the management of public affairs. This Itung tlTe old aueen fn ^Si • u'^ and her thoughts were now entirely occupied withlhemc o?revLle \^ views of this kind at firft appeared the more difficult to cTrybtocS^ t' caufe the king had difplaced feveral of her friends who were ab^ut the 00.^^ \ had been increafing the national debt in times of the S p^Sund peace td who were noting on the fpoils of the public. However ftie ff lJnr.K J^ f' ^ to gratify her revenge in a%eiy ample^manner. A^he end S^^^^^^^^^^^ ^nZ' t was obferved that Brandt and Struenfee were particr.Iurly regarded bv^the kinl ' the former as a favourite, and the latter as a minuter, and that thevn.Ti ^ ' court to queen Matilda, and we,^ fupported by her. TCojLned a LL V ^'"'r intngue at Copenhagen: all the difcarded -.: -^-n raid the?r^court fnX °^ dowager, and fhe became the head and pa . f^he '«v OIH .. . ii?"^''" an artful difplaced ftatefman, and othersf WL > .-^eweUvSd i^ ntnwl ?^'k- ' nature, perceiving that they had unexp'erieucedtoung per bns o coSd wit^ who though they nnght mean well. hJd not fufh'cient^roSgl^and capacftv to condua the public aflairs, very foon prediaed their ruin. Struenfee and BrL^^ wanted to make a reform n the admiuiaration of the public afllirs at o ce Xh fhould have been the work of time ; and thereby madi a great number of enSe, rr;f ^"^f ^^hofe intereft it was that things fliould contiifueupoHhe al X S that they had been for lomc tin.e before. After this queen Mati da was de 3 of a daughter, but as foon as the queen-dowager fawVr, ftie i ntdlately tun S^ her back, and wuh a malicious fmile, declared that the child had all th? featmls of Struenfee : on which her friends publifhed it anions the Deonl/. tLlXl niuft have had an mtrigue with Stru'enfee; whicrwas^orroS d t^Je .u^^^^^^ often fpeaking wuh this mmifter in public. A great variety of evil Vorts we e now propagated againft the reigning queen, and another report was EixX" trioufly Ipread,^ that the governing party had formed a defiga toTperlbde rJ; kmg. as being incapable of governing; that the queen was to^L deSed t^'m during the minority of her fon ; and that Strucnfbe was to be her nr me mJ X Whatever Struenfee did to reform the abufes of the late nlmry, w^^ "eSu/i to the people as fo manv attacks upon, and attempts to deftrov The gXrnn fnr of the kingdom. By fuch means the people began to be greatlv inreS • a this minifter : and as he alib wanted to^iake a reTrm in the'S far^' h 1 oflence to the troops, at the head of which were fome of the Matures of tt queen-dowager, who took every opportunity to make their iiiferiorSrs belie e tV\J""^ '^" t^'f ^^,?'^"^"'^^ ^° change the whole lyftem of government It mua be adnutted, that this mmifter feems in many refpefls to have^Xd Terv in prudently, and to have been too much under the guidance of his paflions his^n 1 ciples alfo appear to have been of the libertine kind pamons . nis prin- Many councils ^^ere held between the queen-dowager and her frJenH« .m«„ .u proper meafures to be taken for eSbauatinR their Xf/ns.nrI ,'„ "P?" ^^^ refolved, to furprife the king in the midl ofThe'^^ u.\^n"d fLn „^^^^ ately to figii an order, which was to be prepared in readinefls for comnitt Ztt" pe£ons befoi^ mentioned to feparate prifons. to accufe them S" hX "2 In general, and m particular of a defign to poilbn, or dethrone the kine • and f t»,^ could not be propedy fupported, by torture or otherwiirto pmc^fV' nejL to confirm th. report of a criminal commerce between the q^een Ld S^^enS Jh^ D £ N M Ark. was an undertaking of fo hazarH«„. , ^'5 moft of the quccn-douager's fSnH? u k^'."'^' ^^^^ ^^^ wary count IV'oIrt. ^ one countrj. dance «i,h Jm brought with them, for a rSiif ?},.'''''" "^"^^"^ ^^^s ^f time, whfch thev T? the king was „ot eaf,Iy p 'v gd n^^^^ It is f id^h'.'^ plied, though with reludlance.n?j.T"-'°^'^^'^*^^<^ O'-Jers; but at lenl/h tered in.S .heVfth warif hl°^ °^ ''"«'' W""''^. tte prince i" 'IT"" " was appointed frovSft „„H. *t' ?"' P"' 'n'" 'l>e care of a !>& 1^- "" "" lie andBrandt were mi?' ,•„*■■ ''"^ '"P^^ttodency of the aucei .fof ^ '^- "*° VK.:";?, ■;!,' -*f4 ia are°,plW..^^^^^^ --t^" wetetr„S " ^ ''*''''' "^ ^^^Ps '" 'onvoy that princefs lao D E N M R K. to Germany, aud appobted the city of Zell, in his ele£loral dominions, for the place of her future refidence. She died there, of a malignant fever, on the loth of May 1775, aged 23 years 10 months. In 1780, his Danifh majefty acceded to the armeSd neutrality propofcd by the Em- prefs of Ruflia. He appears at prefent to have fuch a debility of underltanding as to difqualify him for the proper management of public ailairs; but on the i6th April, 1784., another court revolution took place. The queen-dowager's friends were re- moved, a new council formed under the aufpices of the prince royal, fome of the for- mer old members reftored to the cabinet, and no regard is to be paid for the future to any inftrument, unlefs figned by the king, and counterfigned by the Prince Royal*. 749 s • Chrillian VII. rei>'ning king of Denmark and Norway, L L. D. and F. R. S. was born !n l,^^^, in 1766 he was married to the princefs Carolina Matilda of England ; and has iffxie, Frederic prince royal of Denmark, born Jan. 28. 1768; Louifi> AuguAa princefs royal, born July 7. 1771. HIS DANISH MAJESTY'S GERMAN DOMINIONS. HOLSTEIN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, about 100 miles long and 50 broad, and a fruitfid countiy, was formerly divided between the emprefs of Ruflia (termed Ducal Holftein), the king of Denmark, and the imperial cities of Hamburg andLubeck; but on the i6th of November, 1773, the Ducal Holftein, with all the rights, prerogatives, and territorial fovereignty, was formally transferrred to the king of Denmark, by virtue of a treaty between both courts. The duke of Holftein Gottorp is joint fovereign of great part of it now, with the Danifh monarch, Kiel i» the capital of Ducal Holftein. and is weU built, has a harbour, and neat public edifices. The capital of the Danifh Holftein is Gluckftadt, a well built town and fbrtrefs, but in a marfhy fituaibu on the right of the Elbe, and has fbme foreign commerce. Altcna, a large, populous, and handfome town, of great traffic, is commodioufly fituated on the Elbe, in the neighbourhood of Hamburg. It was built profefTedly in that fituation by the kings of Denmark, that it might ftiare in the commerce of the former. Being declared a free port, and the ftaple of ''e Danifh Eaft India Com- pany, the merchants alfo enjoying liberty of confcieni -eat numbers flock to Altena from all parts of the North, and even from Hambui ^ The famous city of Hamburg lies, in a geographical leoK Holftein; but is an imperial, free, and Hanfeatic city, lying on the verge of tL ^rt of Holftein called Storniar. It has the fovereignty of a fmall diftri£l rounu of about ten miles circuit : it is one of the moft flourifhing commercial towns iu rope; and though the kings of Denmark ftill lay claim to certain privileges withi its walls, it may be conlidered as a well-regulated conmionwealth. The numb of its inhabitants are faid to amount to 180,000; and it is furnifhed with a vaft variety of noble edifices, both public and private: it has two fpacious harbours, formed by the river Elbe, which runs through the town, and 84 bridges are thrown over its canals. Hamburg has the good fortune of having been peculiarly favoured in its commerce by Great Britain, with whom it ftill carries on a great trade. The Hamburghers maintain twelve companies of foot, and one troop of dragoons, be- fides an artillery company. Lubec, an imperial city, with a good harbour, and once the capital of the Hans Towns, and ftill a rich and populous place, is alfo in this duichy, and governed by L A P L AND. JnhZ'^llZ'^'^ooo^^^^^^^ of Orenburg and Del- capitals have the fkme^a" e Se'firft h ^?i "'^ 5^" "^ ^^'^ ^^^^^' '^eYr aft is an open place. Oldenburg gave a dte to TfiS °^ %^-"fi^,f ^'°". »nd the ient Dani/h majefty. Ihe country abonnic ; k ^''^ '■">'''*^ anceftor of his pre- are the belt in Germany ^ '''°""*^' ^"'^ "'"^^^ ^^ " comprehends all the TheMVcoviteparttsU^^^^^^^ ^ft ^^^^J '^^ra S^ed^n! t'v ^^^I^J"''' °°twithftandinrthe rud^L^rof .^^ '''" ^"'"'^ '^"^ ^^« ^l^^e InuiUer diftrias ; generally taking their mm?, f ^-^ '^''"°V">'' ^""^ ^^^^''ed into d.fh part, which is fubje,Jto aXfS theTll T ''""^''l ^^ "^^^« ^he Sue- regular government. The SwediS Lapland tuf"?^" '• " ^ 'S '° ** ""^^^ «« dered by authors in defcribing this coumf if t ''i' '' '^^ °^J"^ ^^'^«y <^onfu the Laplanders are the defcendfns of S7:, }^' ^^^"^ generally thought, that and that they take their narSe froS lllf wS ?"'? °"^,°^ ^^"^ own^umr^ what has been faid in the IntroduS 'mTv eJ?" "''^'\ ^^^ '''^^'' ^'^^ W months in the fummer, the Ibn ne;e^fm ^/r'"^' ^^'' ^° ^^P'^^d, for but the inhabitants ar« fo well affifted biThl. '■v^'u "^"'J"^ '^''''^'' " ^^v^r rifes : cup in .attempting r?rbk;\"d in"Se th"^ '"^ ^^"^ "^-^ ^° ^ ^--^ ^o the creted into ice : the limbs of the inhabit, ^ '"'T'^"' ^^l"'' "^' ^'"« ^^e co„! fiiow threaten to bury the traveller ai7Le7.K" "'^"^7 ^"'^ ^«'^^ drifts of A thaw fometimes tales place and f£n ^^ r '^^ J'^und four or five feet deep lander with a fmooth levd^of e\^^, ^^^^/'^f tf ^^^ ^"•'^f ^'^^' ^^^^^"^^ ^he LaT' with inconceivable fwiftnefs. iCheatTof fumnr'^^^' "^"^^ '""'^ '^^^'- ''^ ^ ^^dge and the cataraas. which dafh fx^m the m^r nftf """"f''' ^°[ ^ ^*^" "mf ; pi^urefque appearances. mountams, often prefeut to the eye the moft Mountains, riv£r« i^vr^o mindavaftmafsofmouma^ns!?rVeXircroJd^ The reader niuft form in his of Lapland: they are, however, in fome^St. ^^'^^^^P ^^^ him an idea which contain an incredible number of iS'Sefel'l/i^^^^ R form uc-iightiui ha- 122 A P L A N D. Ihl*-' bitations ; and are believed by the natives to be the terreftrial Paradife : even rofes and other flowers grow wild dn their borders in the fummer ; though this is but a fliort gleam of temperature, for the climate in general is exceflively fc\ ere. Dulky iorefts, and noifome, unhealthy moraffes, and barren plains coa er great part of the flat country, fo that nothing can be more uncomfortable than the Hate of the inhabi- tants. MiTAts AND MiNERAis.] Silver and gold mines, as well as thofe of iron, cop- per and lead, have been difcovered and worked in Lapland to great advantage ; beautiful cryftals are found here, as are fome araethyfls and topazes ; alfo various forts of mineral flones, furprifmgly polifhed by the hand of nature ; valuable pearls have likewile been Ibmetimes found in the rivers, but never in the feas. Animals, cyjADRuPEOs, birds, fishes, and inskcts.] We muft refer to our accounts of Denmark and Norway for great part of this article, as its contents are in common with all the three countries. The zibelin, a creature refembling the marten, is a native of Lapland ; and its fkin, whether black or white, is fo much efteemed, that it is frequently given as prefents to royal and diflinguifhed per- iooages. The Lapland hares grow white in the winter ; and the country produces a large black cat, which attends the natives in hunting. By far the mofl remark- able, however, of the Lapland animals, is the rein-deer; which nature fecms to have provided to folace the Laplanders for the privation of the other comforts of life. This animal, the moft uleful perhaps of any in the creation, refembles the flag, only it fomewhat droops the head, and the horns projeft forward. All de- fcribers of this animal have taken notice of the cracking noife that they make when they move their legs, which is attributed to their feparating and afterwards bringing together the di\ifions of the hcof. The under part is entirely covered with hair, in the fame manner that the claw of the Ptarmigan is with feathery bridles, which is almofl the only bird that can endure the rigour of the fame cli- ma'c. The hoof however is not only thus protedled ; the fame neceflity which obligee the Laplanders to ufe fnow Ihoes, makes the extraordinary width of the rein's hoof to be equally convenient in paffmg over fnow, as it prevents their fmk. ing too deep, which they continually would, did the weight of their body refl only on a fmall point. This quadruped hath therefore an inftinft to ufe a hoof of fuch a form in a flill more advantageous manner, by feparating it when the foot is to touch the ground fo as to cover a larger furfate of fnow. The inflant however the leg of the animal is raifed, the hoot is immediately contrafted, and the collifion of the parts occafions the fnappicg which is heard on every motion of the rein. And probablv the cracking which they perpetually make, may fene to keep them toge^ ther when the weather is remarkably dark. In fummer, the rein-deer provide rhemfelves with leaves and grafs, and in the winter they live upon mofs : they have ■■\ wonderful fagacity at Ending it out, and when found, they fcrape away the fnow that covers it with their feet. The fcantinefs of their fare is inconceivable, as is the length of the joumies which they can perform without any other fupport. They fix the rein-deer to a kind of fledge, fhaped like a fmall boat, in which the traveL ier, well fecured from cold, is laced down, with the reins in one hand, and a kind of bludgeon in the other, to keep the carriage clear of ice and fnow. The deer, whofe harneffing is very fimple, lets out, and continues the journey with pro- digious fpeed ; and is fo fafe and tradable, that the driver is at little or no trouble in dircAing him. At night they look out for their own provender ; and their milk often helps to fupport their mailer. Their inflind in choofing their road, and di- redting their courfe, can only be accounted for by their being well acquainted with r -I L A P L A N D. 123 the country during the fummer months, when thcv live in ^-^^ -,, • n well tafled food, whether frefli or dried • thJrLr ^^''•''- ^''<^''' ^^^ «- a for. the bed and the body : Their [uKnd ch^^^^^^^^ t'^'"^ ^'^ their uitelbnes and tendom fupply their n.after7with t^ ^^J'"'* pleafaut ; and they run about wild in the fields, ^they may be (hoTlt a, mh '°^ '''''^^^'' ^^'^^ ■ that .f one is killed in a flock, the furvt^rs wHl gore anf ^^^^^^ , -^"^ " ^ ^^i^. therefore finglc ftragglers are generally pitched umn W. I T*^ '""* '" ^'^'^i ctrcumftance, related by the credulous nfth^^ - "^7" u^ ^7 ' ^° '««^0"nt everx' bulous. With all theif exLStuahae l^tr^^^^ would appear S- vemences. ^ ' »o»cver, tne rtm-dcer have their iucou- ri|SS;rij;^£^,;!^-^^ they are f^metimes bu. and his carriage. Their furprhlng fpe^Lr they are Ld ?n '''°«'' ""i'^' ^"^'^^ brance. >.one but a Laplander could bear the iineafv^ r^.fSn Jf t Zl^^'" "'^"'■ when he is confined in one of thofe carriages or n„fuf " "^^^"^ ^^ '" P'^^ed, by whifpering the rein-dcer in the ear "h^y bZ th 'V. "^ ^^^f >«eve, that But after all thefe abatements, the mti^^^s wLld W^ Hi'ffi''^ ""^ '^V'. d««i"»^ion. their rein-deer, which ferve them for fonurp^^^^^^^^^ '''®''''>^ ^" '^^^^^ >^"hout I'KovLE CUSTOMS, AND MANNERS.] The laneuajTc of r},« T 1 J Finnifli origin, and comprehends fo many dialed' thaft ?f ;1 ^^^^''1'^"' '' °^ derftand each other. Ihey have neitW Z\f' , ^* ^"^ difficulty they un- number of hieroglyphics, ^hLhVey^^^^^^ '"^'^^ J^"'. b'^t a that they call Piltive, and which Wthltf. '.^''"°?' * 'brt of Iticks glyphics are alfo the niarks they ufe iSead of f./n '. '" ''"''"=*^'^' '^^'^'^ biero- Miffionarier. from the chriftianied mrts of L-^' "'^^^^ even m matters of law. t e Chriftian religion ; but th^cannri tf etnT:^"^ ^^-^ they have among them fbme religious feminaries inJft mln K ^^"^'^"''' though mark. Upon the whole, the majority of he S,nH .v^ ^^^ ^'"^ ^^ Mo- tions and dolatries as are fo k1 c ^i if planders prad^iie as grofs liinerffi fo abfurd, tharryTa^ely dlrt"\t^ -ipitniaedVgail^Hnd and oddities of their fuperftiiions have induced T ' T^ " T '^^' '^^ "timber they are flciUed in inagiV andXinadon S? t' """'^ T "l^^""' '° ^''^^'«. that are a peculiar fet of men, make ufro^what ^hev r ?! ^T'"'^ '^'^ '"'Sicians, who trunk of a fir, pi„e, or birch-tree one en!i nf^ J?", ^drum, made of the hollowed thstheydraw, wathakind of redclui rh^^^ 'r l"^^*"'^ ^""^ « A^in; on of Jefus Chrift, the apoftles the l^n ^oon T"' t '^"' °^" ^°^^' «^ ^'e" as they place one or two brafs ings! w£ch wh;i .h.'^ '• '^^ ^'^""' «" 'hefe hammer, dance over the figures -aii.T.l?; 7 ^^t ^'■""' '^ ^^^^^ti with a little noftieates. Thefe fra LXera\ions Tr. °^ 'n their progrefs the forcerer p "«! northern fhip-mafters ^ f^S. dupes to thf am n'f ^0^°™^^^^°'' S^'"' ^^^ th'e buy from them a magic cord which ron. • '^!^^ tmpoftors, that they often which, according to ThVlV^^^' dTrX^\hrt[„ t.'r'- '/ T"'"^ " This IS alio a very common traffic on the Cu ^J^ 7^' "^'""^ '^^Y want, with great addrefs on the part of th^fo cerer ^l i '^ ^''' -'"^ '^ ""^"^g^d tahfman. The UplandersMlill etain thTw^rffib o7S "^ '^' ?"%°^ ^^ ^^^'^^^ ^nn. called Jeuhles, wlK>'they thS f S£^fr!\'Ldt4'^^^^^^^^ m AND. ?'! * t man aaions ; but being without form or fubftancc, they aflign to them neither imaws nor uatucs. * Agricuhure is not much attended to among the Laplanders. They arc chiefly divided into Lapland iifters, and Lapland mountaineers. The former always make their habitations on the brinii, or in the neighbourhood of fome lake from whence they draw their fubfiflence. The others feek their fupport upon themoun. tarns, and their environs, poffeffing herds of rein-deer more or lefs numerous which they ufe according to the feafon, but go generally on foot. I'hey are ex- cellent and very mduftrious herdfmen, and are rich in comparifon to the Lapland filhers. Some of them poffefs fix hundred or a thoufand rem-deer, and have often money and plate befides. They mark every rein-deer on the ears, and divide them into clafles ; fo that they luftantly perceive whether any one is ftrayed though they cannot count to fo great a number as that to which their ftock often amounts I hofe who poffefs but a Iniall flock, give to every individual a proper name. The Lapland fifhers, who are alfo called Laplanders of the wocxls, becaufb in fummer they dwell upon the borders of the lakes, and in winter in the forefts, live by fifh- mg and hunting, and chufe their fituation by its convenience for either. 'ITie greateft part of them, however, have fome rcin-dcer. Ihey are ai\he aud expert m the chacc: and the introduaion of fire-arms among them has almofl ciuirely abohfhed the ufe of the bow and arrow. Befides looking after their rein-deer, the hfhery, and the chace, the men employ themfclves in the conitrudion of their canoes, which are fmall, light, and compaft. They alfo make fledges, to which they give the form of a canw, harnels for the reia-deer, cups, bowls, and various other utenfils, which are fbmetimes neatly carved, and fometimes ornamented with bones, brafs, or horn. The employment of the women confifls in makine nets for the fifhery, in drying fifh aud meat, in milking the rein-deer, in making cheefe, and in tanning hides : but it is underftood to be the bufinefs of the men to look after the kitchen ; in which, it is faid, the women never interfere. The Laplanders live in huts in the form of tents. A hut is about twenty-five f) thirty feet in diameter, and not much above fix in height. They cover them ac- cording to the feafon, and the means of the poffeffor ; fome with briars, bark of birch, and linen ; others with turf, coarfe cloth, or felt, or the old fkins of rein- deer. The door is of felt, made like two curtains, which open afunder. A little place furrounded with ftones is made in the middle of the hut for the fire, over which a chain is fufpended to hang the kettle upon. They are fcarcely able to' ftand upright in their huts, but conltantly fit upon their heels round the fire. At night they lie down quite naked j and, to feparate the apartments, they place upright fticks at fmall diftances. They cover themfelves with their clothes, or lie upon them. In winter, they put their naked feet into a fur bag. Their houfehold- furniture confifls of iron or copper kettles, wooden cups, bowls, fpoons, and fometimes tin, and even filver bafons : to thefe may be added the implements of iifhing and hunting. That they may not be obliged to carry fuch a number of things with them in their excurf ions, they build in the forefts, at certain diftances, little huts, made like pigeon-houfes, and placed upon a pofl, which is the trunk. of a tree, cut off at about the height of a fathom or fix foot from the root. In thefe elevated huts they keep their goods aud^ provifions ; and though they are ne^ yer fhut, yet they are never plundered. The rein-deer fupply the Laplanders with the greateft part of their provifions ; the chace and the fifhery fupply the reft. Their principal difhes are the ffefh of the rein-deer, and pudding which they make of thei^ blood, by putting it either alone, or mixed with wild berries, into the fto- ^ A T L AND. \ mach of the animal from wlw-nr.. u ,..o . i • , . the Hem of the l.ar is rflSeTeV ;Th^'?; lEcI^ton d ^- '"^^ " ^^^ ^^^^^ «« ever^kind of h(h. even the lea-doR- as MeTl a, «H ?'!, "^r'''^'! "'^*^' '^^^eyeat ccptmg b.rds of prey, and carnivofo,.! .nimal' VhT °^ ''''^ '^^''"••''«' "«' «• chiefly of Helh and hfh dried in the ontn .; V u ' ";"•''" P^'^il'ons conlift without any fort of dreflincr 'i'^ • ^""^ """'. ^^'^ °^ ^hich they eat raw »ml njilk: they^makealfo b:o2aniten""\^'"'^ '• "^^"' ''--iLrmird w h they are extren.ely fond of ir\vh;3: ,.^'""^'>'. ''\.""7 '"^^'"^'^ vvith them, but fanuiv preads a mar on theground and then L'!''' '""f'"'""^ ''' "^' ^'^^ ^^«'^ «*' t^.e whicf, „ covered with difhes. EvWv j 1 " Z f ''■"""" ''^'f '"""^ '^is n.at, a rpoon, and a little cup for drinkS rill ^ k'^' '''-'"'' ''=""' ^im a knifb thatno perfon may be injured t^uJ't*'"' ^^'« P^''^''^" f.parately gi^•en him nieal they make a Ihort piam' and Tf^ ^'''. ^"J""- ^^"^'^ and after the the other his hand. ^^ "'"'' '^ '"*^" ^« '^^^7 have done eating, each gives ^^i^^J^^i^ril!:^ ^^^ t'"' ^V'"?- '"'^ -" -- ^1"^^ and tu d up befbre; and in win er they put a linl T''" "'^ u"^^""^^ '^•'"' P^'i"»-d> made to fit their fhape, and open at S breaft t V '^r' '^'^''' '^ ''"^let iJ with narrow fleeves, whoib lkirt<. U.l i , ^^''' ^^ey wear a doib c6at round them by a -atCg^Trdb rnSnter^^T '\' '^"^"' *"^^ ^''^'^h i« l^A^f^ girdle thev tie their knives thdr infl V'^ ^^^^^' °^ 'i" ««• brafs. 'lo this reft of thdr fmoking p^tus I&'TTk ^^' ^"'^"» ^''' ^^eir pipes, and he cloth; theclofecoatVK or leather Z Y' r^^' ''^ *"'•' "leather, or oT cloth of different colours. The r cat a' id^i ""-i'^f ^"'^ ^^'' ^^ bindings of four leams adorned with lifts of a dWeren.^? "^'i^ ^"'■' P"'"'^'^ ^t top, and the men wear breeches, Ihoes lubletf aTd cS^/ '^'"'- ^'^f "^ ^^e cap/' The w^ men; but their girdle, at which they carrv Hk. '^,-'' u •'^" !'""' "^='»"^'- «« the tobacco, IS commonly embroidered wi^hK? ^ ""''^ ^^^ implements ibr fmokinp which coir,es up fonfewhat h^Tghe^Zn ^h^^^^^^^^^ Their clofe coat hath 1 c^! handkerchiefs, and little aprons .ml of . ' i'^"'^."• ^^^'^^' '^'^^^' ^^ey wea^ ear-rings, to which they Sme hL^ \ "'"^'l^/^' ""^«°" ^heir fingeS and tmics round ' he neck/ TheTarroftpn ^/ H' °^ ^'^^■"' ^^ich pafs two^or threl turbans They wear alfo cTps fittedTo t Je f^ m caps folded after the n'merS? much addiaed to finery thev ar^ .n ^ ^^P^ °^ ^^e head : and as thev nl or at leaft with lift of^difc^o^urT""^"^'^ ^''^ ^^^ -bioideryVUf^U^ whottr'-^^^^^^^^^^^ of i. foil. The tuu" ''V" f ^^^^ confiderably Ster Xn n,oreT ^?'"°°-. ^^^^ "^^" «"J wo- tuis meafured a woman, who 4s fucklinl i Tm/''"V^';"° ^^"'"opeans. Mauper- four feet two inches and about a half thev tl'^l^' ^^"^^ ^^'^^^ ^^^^ not exc^e^d -femely - v^^f whic^h'^aK^^^^^^ ^^'^^'> ^^n^^ltlt, T, It frequently happens, that a Lapland woman S^^'^^ ""'"' ""^^ "^^'" '""^'3' of frenzy, on a fpark of fire flvin^tnuo ^ u ^^'""^ ^'^^7' ^^^^ven fall into a fi *len ftght of an unexpeaed ob S .h^I ' ^''■' '" ""^^'P^^^^d noife, or Se fud as to marry a female, he, or his friends, couit her h. E N. ther with brandy ; when with fome difficulty, he gains admittance to hi« fair one he oflers her a beaver's tongue, or fome other eatable: which Ihe rejeas before company, but accepts of in private. Cohabiution often precedes marriage- but every admittance to the fair one is purchafed from her father by her lover with a botUc of brandy, and this prolongs the courtfhip fometimes for three years The pneft of the parifh at laft celebrates the nuptials; but the bridegroom is oblitred to ferve his father.in-law for four years after. He then carries his wife and her for- tune home. CoMMKRCE.] Little can be faid of the commerce of the Laplanders. Their exports confift of fifti, rein-deer, furs, balkets, and toys ; with fome dried pikes > and cheefes made of rein-deer milk. They receive for thefe, rixdollars, woollen / cloths, linen, copper, tin, flour, oU, hides, needles, knives, fpfnnious liquors tobacco, and other neceffaries. Their mines are generally worked by foreigners and produce no incoufiderable profit. The Laplanders travel in a Jtind of caravan* with their families, to the Finland and Norway fairs. And the reader Inay make fome eliimate of the medium of commerce among them, when he is told, that fifty fquirrel Ikins, or one fox flcin, and a pair of Lapland ftioes, produce one ristdollar • but no computation can be made of the public revenue, the greatcft part of which IS allotted ft>r the maintenance of the clergy. With regard to the fecurity of their property, few difputes happen ; and their judges have no military to enforce their decrees, the people having a remarkable averfion :o war; and, ib hr as we know- are never employed in any army. * N. Miles. EXTKNT AND SITUATION. Degrees. Length Breadth 800 7 500 r J 56 and 6^ North latitude. between «^ .-,-«, 10 and 30 Eaft longitude. BouNDARiFs AND? '"f^HIS couutry is bounded by the Baltic Sea, the Sound DIVISIONS. f J and the Categate, or Scaggerac, on the fouth ; by- the impaffable mountains oF Norway, on the weft ; by Danifh or Norwegian Lapland on the north; and by Muaxony J Rugen I. J 960 360 150,560 >3»o I 'S3 77 420 395 80 84 ♦7 44 ;6o 56 340 22s 23 9 34 21 SroctHotM, N. tat 59-.30. Cafe "-'5. Lundea. rorn*. CJma. Abo. 'ajenbure, Wifby, Sarkholm. jStralAind. pergen. Of Sweden Proper, the foUowingare the fubdivifions : Uplandia, Geftricia a Sudermania. HdfinS feXr^^'"' Weftmania, DalicariU. •'^P"'' Nencia, Medelpedia, Of Gothland, the foUowing are the fubdivifions : wi^^?lh°*^'. Wfrmeland, Bleking, Weft Gothland, Smaland, Dalia, Schonen, Halland. _ Of Swedilh Lapland, the foUowing are the fubdivifions : Thorne Lapmark, Lula Lapmark, Uraa LaDmark KimiLapmark, Pithia Lapniark, ''™* ^P™^'^^' The principal places in Bothnia are Umea. Pitea, and Tornea. Of Fmland, the following are the fubdivifions : Eaft Bothnia, Savoloxia, Travaf*ia C^ama, Nyland, Sdand Proper. The fi. ^^'/"'''^ '^'' "^ ^^^^^^^'J' Oeland, Aland, and Rugen. it has th^^vantr^S t^^^L '^ ^^°^^ °^ «» -^^bouring countries, only C/i -6^ "* "tviga Die rivers. ° — , "u.jr ^W fpeedy than in fouthern clinmS fL rh. f. • i,"^""'^/ ' '"^ vegetation is more V forefts on fire. Stoves and ^Irm fi? • • " ''.^'^'^ ^° h°'' ^s Ibinetimes to fet tenje. that the noirand exStit 0^?? K^-"^^^ ^^ich is fo t and in furh «af-. ,s- , n *" ."'^^ ^t the inhabitants are fon«.M.^«. p :c_ . 128 W N. l"'5 part with fnow. The Swedes, frnce the days of Charles XII. have been at incre- diblc pams to corrca the native barrennefs of their country, by ereftinjr colleges of agriculture, and m fome places with great fuccels. The foil is much the fame with that of -Denmark, and fome parts of Norway, generally very bad, but m fome vallies lurprifingly fertUe. The Swedes, till of late years, had not induftry fuffi- cient to remedy the one, nor improve the other. Ihe peafants now follow the agriculture of France and England { and fome late accounts fay, that they raile almolt as much gram as maintains the natives. Gothland produces wheat rye barley, oats, peas, and beans; and in cafe of deficiency, the people are fupplied from Livoma and the Baltic provinces. In fummer, the fields are verdant, and covered with flowers, and produce ftrawberries, ralberries, currants, and other Imall Iriiits. The common people know, as yet, little of the cultivation of apri- cots, peaches, nedannes, pine-apples, and the like high-flavoured fruits: but me- lons are brought to great perfection in dry feafons. Minerals and metals.] Sweden produces cryftals, amethyfts, topazes, porphyry, lapis-lazuli, agate, cornelian, marble, and other foflils. The chief wealth or Sweden, however, arifes fiom her mines of filver, copper, lead, and iron. Ihe laft mentioned metal employs no fewer than 450 forges, hammering- nulls, and fmelting houles. A kind of a gold mine has likewife been difcovered m Sweden, but fo mconfiderable, that from the year 1741 to 1747, it produced only 2,398 gold ducats, each valued at 9. 4d. fterling. The firft gallery of one lilver mine is 100 fathoms below the furface of the earth; the roof is fupported by prodigious oaken beams ; and from thence the miners defcend about forty fathoms to the loweil vein. This mine is faid to produce 20,000 crowns a year. The pro- duft of the copper-mines is uncertain; but the whole is loaded with vaft taxes and redudhons to the government, which has no other refources for the exigencies of Itate. rhele fubterraneous raanfions are aftonifhingly fpacious, and at the lame ume commodious for their inhabitants, fo that they feem to form a hidden world. Ihe water-falls m Sweden afford excellent conveniency for turning mills for forges- and forlome years, the exports of Sweden for iron brought in 300,0001. fterling. Dr. Bulchmg thinks that they conftituted two-thirds of the national revenue. It muft, however, be obferved, that the extortions of the Swedilh government, and the importation of American bar-iron into Europe, and fome other caufes,' have greatly dimimfhed this manufadure in Sweden ; fo that the Swedes will be obliged to apply themfelves to other benches of trade and improvements, efpecially m agriculture. • ' Antiqjjities and curiosities, > A few leagues from Gottenburg there is a NATURAL AND ARTinciAL. fhldeous prccipicc, down which a dreadful ca- taraa of water rulhes with fuch impetuofity, from the height into fodeepa bed of water, that large mafts, and other bodies of timber, that are precipitated down it, difappear, fome for half an hour, and others for an hour, before they are reco- vered : the bottom of this bed has never been found, though founded by lines of feveral hundred fathoms. A remarkable flimy lake, which finges things put into It, has been found in the fouthern part of Gothland : and feveral parts of Sweden contain a ftone, which being of a yellow colour, intermixed with feveral ftreaks of white, as if compofed of gold and filver, affords fulphur, vitriol, alum, and mi- nium. The Swedes pretend to have a manufcript copy of a tranflation of the Gof- peis into Gothic, done by a bilhop 1300 years ago. Seas.] Their feas are the Baltic, and the Gulfii of Bothnia and Finland, which -tW. SWEDE N. are amis of the Baltic • ami nntu^ a. c n ^ '^ the nvers and lakes of Sweden arTthe /,n . 't"^u ^'°^' '^'^^ ««»« found In SI-: ?o.s.>r sT^iF VH'"p'^» (t.rc„s;; -t~ S'f~a«F£iI3S™"a?.ii*:t:£ ^e fenators dragged them to take parfii .H^7''''* ^'""P"'''' The infrigue of Dehaviour was fniruJ^fo i i . "*" >n the late war airainft P«,/r "8"«^s or gion i,, Lutheun, wS wTs nrnn'"''"'!"'"'' ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ 9th centurv TK • r year iC2; Th^ Q ^ Propagated anion? them hv ( , a '^'^"^"O^-. Their reh- {nattei^fnd ha^M^TnTverr''"^'^ "^^^ -^ utStilf i/'"r•^ ^'^^ Roman catholic prieftdifcoveTedrth? ^''^'^' '^'' "Oration 7s tt/ fate of f""' revenue of about 400I a vear 1 ^t' *'°""''">'' ^he archbifhop of Tin? 1 T'^ Their churchS neat ,nd' T'™'"^"^ ^"^^^^ re^n mak inT'th'.'^'^'- ' '^'"^ ^« canons dirp<<> fhl; ,• '■ ^^^ °^^^" ornamented A hr^, r ^. n"^ "^ enem es. lea of ,hc Tcmo„ir:nd' ^?e° •-""."° -""-^ The S„-edin, ..„ _• ,. 130 W D N. gentry are, in general, more converfant in polite literature than thufe of many other more flounllimg ftates. They have of late exhibited fome noble fpecimens of their munificence for the improvement of literature ; witnefs their fending at the expence of private perfons, that excellent and candid natural philofopher Haf- ielquift, into the eaftern countries for diicovcries, where he died. This noble fpi- rit IS eminently encouraged by the royal family ; and her SwediO) majcfty pur- chafed, at no inconfiderable expence for that country, all Halfelquift's colleiliou of curiofities. That able civilian, ftatefman, and hiftorian Puffendorfl', was a native of Sweden ; and fo was the late celebrated Linnaus, who carried natural philofo- phy, in fome branches at leaft, particularly botany, to the higheft pitch. The paf- lion of the famous queen Chriftina for literature, is well known to the public ; and fhe may be accounted a genius in many branches of knowledge. Even in the midlt of the late diftradions of Sweden, the fine arts, particularly drawing, iculpture, and architedure, were encouraged and proteded. Agricultural learning, both in theory and pradice, is now carried to a confiderable height in that kingdom ; and the charader given by lome writers, that the Swedc.i are a dull, heavy people, fitted only for bodily labour, is in a great meafure owing to their having no oppoitunity ot exerting their talents. Univeksities.] The principal is that of Upfal, iuftituted near 400 years ago, and patronized by feveral luccellive monarchs, particularly by the great Gullavua Adolphus, and his daughter queen Chriftina. There are near 1500 ftudents iii this umverfity; but for the moft part they are extremely indigent, and lodge five or fix- together, in very poor hovels. The profeHbrs in different branches of literature are about twenty-two; the largeft of whole Iklaries does not exceed 130I. or 140I. per annum, and they are in general not half that fum. There is another univerfity at Abo, in Finluid, but not io well endowed, nor fo flourilhing : and there was a third at Lunden, in Schonen, which is now fallen into decay. Every diocefe is provided with a free-1'chool, in which boys are qualified for the univerfity f. Manufactures, trade, com- > Uhe Swedilh commonalty lubfift by agn- MERCE, and chief TOWNS, f culturc, milling, grazing, hunting, and tifh- ing. Theu materials for traffic, are bulky and ufefiil commodities of mails, beams, deal-boards, and other lorts of timber for fhipping ; tar, pitch, bark of trees, pot- afb, wooden uienfils, hides, flax, hemp, peltry, furs, copper, lead, iron, cordage, and fifh. Even the manufafturing of iron was introduced into Sweden fo late as the 16th century; for till that time they fold their own crude ore to the Hanfe towns, and brought it back again manufedured into utenfils. About the middle of the 17th century, by ilie alhftance of the Dutch-and Flemings, they fet up fome uianufaaures of glafs, ftarch, tin, woollen, filk, foap, leather-drefling, and faw- iiiills. Book-felling was at that time a trade unknown in Sweden. They have iince had fugar-baking, tobacco-plantations, and uaanufadures of fail-cloth, cot- ton, fuftian, and other ftutfs; of linen, alum, and brimflono; paper-mills, and gunpowder-mills; vaft quantities of copper, brafs, fleel, andiron, are now wrought in Sweden. They have alfo founderies for cannon, forges for fire-arms and anchors, armories, wire and flatting-mills ; mills alfo for fulling, and for boring and ftamping ; and of late they have built many ftiips for fale. Certain towns in Sweden, 2+ in number, are called Staple-towns, where the mer- chants are allowed to import and export commodities in iheir own fliips. Thole f An academy of arts and fciences was fome years fmce eftabliftied at Stockholm, and is. now in a flouiiftiing condition. They have publifiied Icvcral volumes of memoirs, which have been well received by the public. \ S W E D N. towns which have no foreiVn rnmm^ri^« *k i i . towns. A third kiad a'XTzZ^^^^^^^^^^^ -"^^^ '''t'"' ^^ '-"^^ '-d- Swedes, about the year 1752, had ^reatrLLfed S"^ '° '''^ '"ine diftrids. The the,r unports. .noft part of ^hich arrH^^, or at W oft-^^;''' 'J^^ ^""'"'"^^'^ Swedes having now a kind of navigation-afl like rh.. .''^ '" Swedifh (hips; the intfing appearances were, howeverSed 'bv ff,I f '?' ^"^"^^- Thefe pro- Swedifti governn,ent. ' ^"^'*' ^y '^^ "'^dnels and jealoufies of the Stockholm is a ftaple-town and t}i,. ,.,„;. i r l . . aiiiles north-eaft fronf LonZ uhon7.T r"^'^^ •i^^^^"' ' " ^^"^3 about 760 The came, though commons ^ ^oyZ^'^Tj'''^'"''' >''^ "^^ P''- beauty; but accounnodates the royal cour and^hr^^''' ^^^ "^"^er ftrength nor The number of houfe-keepers, who pay uxes are 1 "'■'"o"^ courts and colleges. - and convenient, though difficult of Sr and fhf'T' • ?^ ^"bour is fpacious ex-tenor marks of magnificence, and Sbn' for nl X '' ^"""^"'^ ^"^ all the • ticularly a national bank, the capital of XhLSrf.'J'''' '"^ "^"^"^^^^'^ (P"" are common to othergreat Euro^an chier ^ '^^^^' '^'' '^^' ^erling), 'Jhat unes the crown was eleftiye; but aS/varfous^ln? T^ '^" u""'"'^ «^ "''"v cen- er mentioned Charles XII. who w^J kmeTLr^l^^T'' ^-^'^h ^vull be hereaf- fucceeded by his filler Ulrica; whTcon bmed to ?h ' ^f-"^" *^"^P°"^' «^ ^'^ reftored the ftates to their fo;mer liWs .nd t ^^^"'''^ °*' d^ipo"^"'. and hulband the landgrave of Heire-CalTel with hert ?k^' '" '"'"'■"' ^^'^^^^ h^.^ del of the conftitution was then drawn u^ bv Sh 1 u S*^^"""^*^"^- A new mo- perhaps, too low; for the king of Zed^atuW ?r ^"l 'T^ ^T'' '''' brought, being limited m every exercilifof gover^m ^7'" ^ • ".'""^- ^^ '^^' "««'e ovyn children. The diet of the ftatef apSrd rh^ '"'"'' '^ '^' ^'^"^•«"°» ^^ hi, and all employments of any value, eccSSl !!?''' ""^v"'' ^^ '^' ^'^^Sdom'^ by the king onlv with the approbation XheL?*^' ^r, "" n''"^' ^'^'•^ conferred deputies from tl^e four orders, nSv cler^ T'^'k.^^^ 1^'^'^ ^'^^^ ^^'^^'ed of prelentatives of the nobility, ^hich included Yh. ^^^'' '"'^ P^''^«'«- The le- thofe of the clergy to 200, the burSiers to abor!?' ^"^^^^^ to above loco. Each order fat m its own houlb, and had ;, r '^°' ' '''* '^^ P^^^^^^^ to a-jo committee for the dilpatch of buf nefs The Z^e!^''^''' '''^ ''-'' "^^^^^ ^ ^e'S three years, m the month of Januarv nnH .1, • i^f!-^ '° ^ convoked once in than the parliament of Great-^iS'. Zclnk .^l^f'^'^y ^'"^ ^^'^'^^ ^-e" P^!L«f "ve was far mot^ bounded ' ^' " ^^' been oblerved, the king's ^^^tS.:^.^X^^,^ ^' ^'^ P"bHe were managed by the in a particular manner; the nSv or . n" ' .^^T"""^ ^^ ^^e ftates. but cho en clergy 12, and the burghers 12 ^LI Tc' ^"^^' aPPointed 24 deputies he ented to the king, that Kgh 'noLtate one c'f ''ft''\ "^^« -ere ^oS' pre! Ihe peafants had no vote in eleS r ^"t of the three for each vacancv was lodged in the fenati, i^it c^^'^d^T. "^'"'f ^" '^' execute pol; vernors of the provinces,\he prefidem of Se I ""'"^ ^''^'^ ^^e chief go- Thofe fenators, during the recds^of the ftate fo^meT^^^ '^' ^""^ '"^rlhal. he had no more than a calling vote in tLir Si??^ ^- ^"^ P"vy-council ; but aifferent courts of judicature; but ^ach f.ni^ "°"'* ^PP^^^« '^X to them from to the ftates. Thus, upon the whole the ' "^"^ accountable for his conduft -publican, fortheking^ po^-e: wi^l'^rilT"^ '^^ '^^-'^'^ ""^'^^ »- "t d 'sY' ''' '"^^ ""^ i^<: Stadtholder. The t3Z W E D E N. feuate had even a power of impofing upon the king a fulMrommittee of their number who were to attend upon his perlbn, and to be a check upon all his proceedinVs down to the very management of his Ikmily. It would be endlefs to recount tie numerous fu^rdmate courts, boards, commiffions, and tribunals, which the iea loufy of the Swedes had mtroduced into the adminiftration of civil, militarv com mercial. and other departments ; it is fufficient to fay, that though nothing could' be more plaufible, yet nothmg was lels prafticable than the whole plan of their diftnbuttve powers, fheir officers and minifters, under the notion of making theni checks upon one another, were multiplied to an inconvenient degree ; and the one rations^ot governraem were greatly retarded, if not rendered inettedhial, hv theiel dious forms through which they muft pafs. ^ .K^IJ\^F" ^"2. the wiiole lyftem of the Swedifh government was totally changed by the prelent king, by force, and in the moll unlxpeded manner. The circumftances which attended this extraordinary revolution will be found at the clofe of our review of the liiftory of Sweden. By that event the Swedes, inftead h^'^K^^ particular defeds ot their conftitution redified, found their king in- veiled with a degree ot authority little inferior to that of the moft defpotic princes of turope. By the^new form of government, the king is to alfemble and IbparaS the ftates whenever he pleafes ; he is to have the lole diljxjfal of the army, the navv finances, and all employments civil and military; and though by this new iXJl the king does not openly claim a power of impofing taxes on all occafions, ye inch as a ready lubfift are to be perpetual ; and in cafe of invafion, or preffinj? necS hty, the king may impole fome taxes till the flates can be affembled. But of this ne ceiity he IS to be the judge, and the meeting of the ftates depends wholly upon his will and pleafure. And when they are affembled, they are to deliberate upon no! thing but what the kmg thinks proper to lay before them. It is eafy to difcern^ that a government thus conftituted, can be little removed from one of the mSt delpoiic kmd. However, the Swedifh nation is ftiU amufed with Ibme flight at^ p^rances of a legal and limited government. For in the new fyftem, which coni lifts of fifty-feven articles, a fenate is appointed, confifling of fevemeen members comprehending the great officers of the crown, and the governor of Pomerania • and they are required to give their advice in all the affairs of the ftate, whenever the king fhall demand it. In that cale, if the queftions agitated are of great im portance aiid the advice of the fenators fhould be contrary to the opinion of the king, and they unammous therein, the king, it is faid, fhall follow their advice But this. It may be oblerved, is a ciraimftance that can hardly ever happen, that all the members of the fenate, confifting chiefly of officers of the crown, fhould rive thdr opinions agamft the king ; and in ever>- other cafe the king is to hear their opini ons, and then to aft as he thinks proper. There are fome other apparent reftraims of the regal pow-er 111 the new fyftem of government, but they are in reality very inconfiderable. It is laid, indeed, that the king cannot eftablifli any new law nor abohfh any old one, without the knowledge and confent of the ftates. But the king of Sweden, according to the prelent conftitution, is invefted with fo much au thorny, power, and influence, that it is hardly to be expefted that any perlbn will venture to make an oppofition to whatever he ffiall propole. FuNisHMENTs.] The common method of execution in Sweden is beheading and hanging; for murder, the hand of the criminal is firft chopped off; and he is then beheaded and quartered ; women, after beheading, inftead of being quar tered, are burned. No capital puniftiment is inflided without the Ibntence being confirmed by the king. Every prilbner is at liberty to petition the king, within SWEDEN, a month after the trial. The ru^\tir>,n «'»u- , . ^^^ in fuch a cafe de..ands aTev^KXltnT^'kl^^^^ c<^ndemnatio«, and tigation of punifhment. Mal^iaflors are nevw 'put to deT ^°'* P"^^°' «^ » ^' Clous crimes, fuch as murder, houfebreakinf JnhW ''^ ^f^^^ ^^'^ Very atro- peatca thefts. Other crimes, manrof Sin tmP' "^"- '^' '^'g*^^^/' «^r re- capital, are chiefly punifhed bv whinnSn^ ^ ^^ countries are conffdered as water, imprifonmLt'aud ha'd fab^u^^^^^^^^^^ ^° 1,-- "P-n breadJd »fg to the nature of the crime Cr m/n.ie ' ^' ^^ * ^^^^"^ ""'e, accord the reign of the pre(ent ki^ but in T^l.^'hi! ^""7^ '" ^"^^^^ confeffion m cruel andabfurd praftice. ^ ' '^'•^' ^'' ^^'^'"'^ majefty abolifned thh allianS^-o;r;,r^^^^^^^ :V{j-ign of Gu^avus Vafa, a treaty of den, which was ve^. perSs' to h:^^[erS^of^r?t'^^" ''''^'^^''^ - Swe- generally received a iSbfidy from France for .h^ kingdom. This crown has Jifiered by it During theSeign of Charies ttxh^ rnu ^.'^' ^"^ ^as much den was lacr ficed to the intereif of i? . ^"" ^^^ Charles the Xllth Su.^ of Pruflia. for the fak^ ofT ^ i^LSZ W ^^ ^ '^^ -" with t fc forced to contraa a debt of r-So oooF w I if'"^r' '^^ *^'^««'° ^f Sweden wa! mented. lb that this debt now aSm, L "^^'"^ ^'^ ^"^^ ^^" confidcrably a^e men have perceived the nil^Suri^encTof tr'"""''"^:^- ^'"^ ^^ ^^eir wl^S have endeavoured to put an e^d m 1^ if ^. ^ ''^''. *'''°"^'^'«" with France and Sweden, in confequen?e of their ?ubLi. ' '^ '"Auence of the French co^^rHn able faaions i„ t?at kingdom if ^,^^8 T- ;?^"^'% ?^^ occafioned confided diet in favour of French meafures iS A. r " T'^*-''^"^ Party appeared i„ the denomination of ffafs. ThloS'ii thet if^ ""^ ^"^^.^^'^Poied it ient under the ot fome of the dominions vLS to R?fflf T '"".-^^ "^"°" ''■^'' 'he recover^ to proceed upon, was to'^b eak wirh 5 .' ^""^ ^«"Tt was extremely unf^ our' their prelates and lay-baLfor itweTn tho^-f^^^f H"-'^' ^•«"^"fi«"s b«ween draniedof the little riches thev t.oS,f ? "*"'' ^^^'"^ Sovereign: thev were Sr'r? bifhops; and:\vttVaStore tTl.'J'liT''^ '^ "^ '' •'^- inte nal afiairs expofed them to the inroaS and onn.!>r "'''J ^""'^'^^ <^f their Ihelewere the Danes, who. bv their nS?l u ^.PPt^^^^^O" of a foreign enemv to avail themfelves ohhe dil^Ss in si^"'^"^, and power, were alway ab e a countiy vreakcncd and exhad ed by its dot°n'''l'°- "^^^ ""'^^^^ ^reigj 3'ie tion Sweden remained for mo e San^io SuurL's v'^''- • ^" '^'' ^^P'^^^^le i ua! lubjediono us own princes, fometkneru^ eT '\, T"T ""'^*^'- the nominal ^''i'^r^J^W-^^'f'^^^Ster '^'"^^'""' of Denmark, ani Magnus Ladulus, crowned in I'^-jf; 1. den who puriued a regular iVftem t ^-^ ? ^^^^"^ ^"" '^' ^^^ ti"g of Swe th^, he nude the augmLation^'o^^^^h^Jv^r^^^^^^^^^ to LcLd i" He w-as one of the ableft princes who hl;^tr^^ ?''"'" his principal objedt artandaddrelsheprevaile^duportheclS^^^^ T^^^ SwediflT throne; bfhis dmary grants to him for the fupport of h? ? ,°^.^"^'" to make very extraor revenues of the crown was natuSk^'foLweX an'""^' • '^'^f, -^"-"tatfon of The power; and whilft, by the Ueidv Jn! • ^ ''P'''P°"ionableincreareof the rpJ.! humbled the haughty fnirh fhJ^ and vigorous exertion of this nouer M ^ refpedtforthe roy^l dj^^ ^jt "h^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ th. Jeft ^or he ^S^ acquainted ; he, a^ the'S'e tiit^tm '>; "''^'l'- ^^"^^ ^" ^^^ hZZXal for the public good, reconciled iTVute' ^'j? ^^' '"'^^''"J' ^ti many re fS narchs they would have oppofed with f^heutl(>"[P^^'"^^ which in former mo nus did not maintain thdr^uthority wkh en V K-r"""' ^^^ ^"^^^'^rs of Magi and revolutions followed, which th;^wIi'e\SL'i L^o^^ ' ^"^./---^ commoS; of Huguij, kinH^tr;: '^^Tiltfz^ f^f ^-'"-^' -^ -dow She has been called tt!^tjLZ':^'^^%':7r^'^ ^"^ "^^^ c^^SdleS' means to reduce by arms, or by ^^rig^e 1 • ' ^?"'"' "^'^ Semiramis, fte fXd camequeenof Denmark, Noru^ J 3 c:' ^V"^"?^tife extent of territoi^ and hT She projefted the union of SS ""^/^^'^^ti. being dedted to this iTfli'/.n?' wereforthefoturetorettiS^^^^^^^^ tum, and who fhould divide his "^ZZ. SS th^lrtT ^^ ^!^??T "^ them all; Se^-eral rcvoiut ions en- 136 W D N. fueU after tl^ death of Margaret ; and at length Chriftian II. tl)e laA km of Den- mark, who, by virtue of the treaty of Calniar, was alfo king of Sweden, engaged in a . fchcme to render hinilelf entirely abfolute. The barbarous policy by which he at- ' ""jP^^^ ^° *^^«^ ^h*8 '^cfiyn "o lefs barbarous, proved the deflrudt'ion of himfelf' ^a J/^"^^*^ *" opportunity for changing the face of aHairs in Sweden. In order to eltablifh his authority in that kingdom, he laid a plot for malfacring the prmcipal nobility. This horrid defign was adually carried into execution, November 8 1510; Of aU thofe who could oppole the defpotic purpoles of Chriftian, no one renamed in Sweden, but Guftav&s Vafa, a young prince, defcended of the ancient kings of that country, and who had already fignalized liis arms againft the king of . Denmark. An immenle price was laid on his head. The Danilh foldiers were lent m puifuit of him; but by his dexterity and addrefs he eluded all their attempts, and elcaped, under the difgmfe of a peafant, to the mountains of Dalicarlia. Tbi* IS not the place to relate his dangers and fatigues, how tp prevent his difcovery he wrought m the brafs-nunes, how he was betrayed by thofe in whom he repoled his confadence and in fine, lurmountiug a thoufand obftacles, engaged the favage but warlike inhabitants of Dalicarlia, to undertake his caufe, to oppole, and to conquer his tyrannical oppreffor. Sweden, by his means, again acquired independence. Ihe angient nobdity were molUy deftroyed. Guftavus was at the head of a viaori- ous array, who admired his valour, and were attached to his perfon. He was created therefore firll adniiniftrator, and afterwards king of Sweden, by the uni- verial confent, and with the Ihouts of the whole nation. His circumltances were much more favourable than thofe of any former prince who had polfeffed this dig- nity. The malTacre of the nobles, had nd him of thofe proud and haughty enemies who had lo long been the bane of all regular government in Sweden. The clergv% indeed, w-ere no lefs powerhil and dangerous ; but the opinions of Luther which began at this time to prevail in the North, the force with which they were fupported and the credit which they had acquired among the Swedes, gave him an opportu- nity of changing the religious fyftem of that country ; and the e,\ercife of the Roman Catholic religion was prohibited in the year 1544, under the fevereft penalties, which have never yet been relaxed. Inftead of a Gothic ariftocracy, the moft tur- bulent of all governments, and, when empoilbned by religious tyranny, of all go- vernments the molt wretched, Sweden, in this manner, became a regular monarchy Some favourable effeas of this change were foon vifible: arts and manufaclures were eltabhOied and improved; navigation and commerce began to flourifh ; letters and civility were introduced ; and a kingdom, known only by name to the' reft of ±,urope, began to be known by its arms, and to have a certain weight in all public treaties or deliberations. Guftavus died in 1559; while his eldeft fon Eric, was preparbg to embark for Lngland to marry queeu Elizabeth. Under Eric, who fucceeded his father Guftavus Vafa, the titles of count and baron were introduced into Sweden, and 11 ade hereditary. Eric's iniferable and caufelefs jealoufy of his brothers forced them to take up arms ; and the lenate fidmg with them, he was depolcd in 1566. His hiother John fucceeded him, and entered into a ruinous war with Rufiia. John attempted, by the advice of his queen, to re-eftablifh the Catholic religion in Sweden ; but, though he made itrong efforts for that purpofe, and even reconciled hiuifelf to the pope, he was ?PP°V^^. °y ^^s brother Charles, and the fcheme proved inetieaual. John's Ion Sigilmmid, was, however, chofen king of Poland in 1587, upon which been- deavoured agam to reftorc the Roman Catholic religion in his dominions ; but he died m 1592. SWEDEN. Charles, brdther to kins lohn «.« ^u r „ . ^^"^ » Itrenuous proteftant his ninh^' I- v^'''*'" >dminiftrator of Sw*rf;^. ^ t. . adminiftratornwp. but w tho.,f fe ^'«-^""^' ^"deavoured to d^M;' '?'^ ^'"^ fromthcfuccemontotlTe r?o '"'^u'- V «' '»« he and his farS ""' ^'■'"" '^^ ^eign of CharlerthTou^h rp";aS oTsiT'^^S^ "^^ ^^S "1,^ Th' checked by the great G,.f."Tfr"' ^« '»-^^'« Sweden Th ' ""'' 'l!'^"'*^"*' he recovered LiUi?'. "r""*"' '''" '"^^^'^'io" oM^'n/i^' ^"'. ^i"*'^!"^ ^^« baffled. defeated onlv C \\1 7f, • ^^^ unfuccefsfbl • hm tVul ^' ''^ formed the charaaer^tt IX ^r^t^^rcrirj ''^ .Y'^^la. 'add^d t „^ ^^'^^ hf '^^-^ reducing the houfe of Auftria Hjf •f'^r^"" '' '^^ head of ,he co„frH '"'^"'.'^ o!rrrnc£n-^;~' f"-'^' - tt^s— ,^^-^^^ nia. he entered Poland 'wh '""K^' '^'' '^'^^ ^^J^^ngZa and ov. ^'^"^-^ ^^^^^<1 landed in Pomeraniadmve^^lV^^ ""''' ^•'^°"ous ; S from fhl/''^^^^^ ^^■^«' count Tilly thcTuArf.r ^^^^''"^°«o"t«f Meckltuib"^^^^^^ "" '^^o, he ran FrancoC Upon, Wr^' ^^° ^^« «i" ^hen h^;^^^^^^^^^^^^ 'he fanious general, of equalTputatiof, ' '"'^ ^"^^'^ ^^ ^ '"X^ Wallnfi „"'" \' '"^ ^^■^^- was killed upon thlvhhT'i "PP^^nted to command .L.jVT'^." ^"'^"«n furvived, would probabhrhL^"^""" "' ^^32, after gabil a S*^ ^"^\vu., nho The amazing aSeX"G7ftrus'T?1-^ ''' '- ^^"^'^/IX^'^^^^^ ^-' ^he field, aftonifhing^Z ijwr T^ ^'^ ^^^^^ «f the t^Sira rm "'-^r^^-''^' Wrangel, and others and ll- ^'^^'"^'"es of duke Bernard bL™^ .'J'"'' "^«« in the annals of Sne T f P*"°d>gi^n« adlions in war nj. '', ^^rflenfon, had his life been nr«^S I^ " uncertain what courfe Pnft ' '''" ^^ forgotten reafon trbeHeve^?h°Tl' j"^ '^^^ ^"^^^-^es combue? b ,7!^"'^ ''^^'*^ P^^fucd teftants, and thrx:ft;r:tio: oflh" P^'f 'r' ^o-ewhatTore than th7. r /H ^^^^''^^^ confummate a do? Sfn I ^^ ^^'«^'"e family. His chnS. ^^'^'"^^ ^^ ^he nro- Chriftina he rn " i ?h"aHir" Vf^""^' -^ ^iS ,g he fwi?'"?^ k"'""' ^^'^^^ dilated thepeace o! Wdltf n'' "t ^^"^^" ^"h fueh fucS ? ! V^.'^'«''«"ght" Chnftina was but fiv ,,.„„ -r , -^"'^ope mto a new »38 SWEDEN. 11 * i ^^^^^^^Ki ^ iP^' i||i^: noble education I but her fine genius took »n uncomuion, and indeed romantic turn. She invited to her court, Deltartes, Salmafius, and other learned men ; to whom (he was not, however, extremely liberal. She cxprelfed a value for Grotiua; and fhe was an excellent judge oi' the polite arts : but illiberal, and indelicate in the choice of her private favourites. She at the fame time difcharged all the duties of her high ftation; and though her generals were balely betrayed by France, flic continued to fupport the honour of h^r crown. Being refolved not to marry, fhe refigncd her crown to her coufin Charles Guftavus, Ion to the duke of Deux-n)nL'», in 1654. Charles had great fuccefs againft the Poles : be drove their king John Cafmiir, into Silelia; and received from them an oath of allegbnce, which, with their ufual incouftancy, they broke. His progrefs up<«i the ice againft Denmark, has been already nientioued; and he died of a fever in 1660. His fon and fucceffoc, Charles XI. was not five years of age at his father's death ; and thb rendered it ne- ceffary for his guai-diaus to conclude a peace with their neighbours, by which the Swedes gave up the iiland of Bornholni, and Drontheim, in Norway. All dil- ferences were accommodated at the fame time with Ruflia and Holland ; and Sweden continued to make a very refpeaable figure in the aH'airs of Europe. When Charles came to be of age, he received a fubfidy ftom the French king, Lewis XIV. but perceiving the liberties of Europe to be ir danger from that monarch's ambition, he entered into the allwnce with Fugland aiid Holland againft hun. He after\vard» joined with France agaiult the houfe of Auftria ; but being beaten in Germany' at Felem-Bellin, a powertiil confederacy was formed againft him. The eleftor of Brandenburg made hiiiilelf mafter of the Swedilh Pomerania; the bifhop of Munftcr over-ran Bremen and Verdun, and the Danes took Wifmar, and feveral places in Schonen. They were afterwards beaten; and Chailes, by the treaty of St. Ger- mains, which followed that of Nimeguen in 1678, recovered all he had loft, ex- cept fome places in Germany. He then married L'lrica Leonora, the kbg of Denmark's fifter: but made a very bad ufe of the tranquillity he had regained; for he enflaved and beggared his people, that he might render his power dcfpoiic, and his army formidable. The Hates loft all their power; and Sweden wa& now re- duced to the condition of Denmark. He ordered the brave Patkul, who was at the head of the Livonian deputies, to lofe his head and his right hand, for the lx)ldnefs of his remonftrai.i:e in favour of his countrymen, but he faved himfelf by night ; and Charles became fo confiderable a power, that the conferences for a ge-^ neral peace at Ryl'wick, 1697, were opened under his mediation. Charles XL died in 1697, and was iuccecded by his minor fon, the femous Charles XIL The hiftory of no prince is better known than that of this hero. His father's will had fixed the age of his majority to eighteen, but it was fet afide for an earlier date by the management of count Piper, who became thereby his firft mi- nifter. Soon after his acceflion, the kings of Denmark and Poland, and the crar of Mufcovy, formed a powerfiil confederacy againft him, encouraged by the mean opinion they had of his youth and abilities. He made head againft them all ; and befieging Copenhagen, he dilated the peace of Travendahl to his Danilh majefty, by which the duke of Holftein was re-eftabliftied in his dominions. The czar Peter was at this time ravaging Ingria, at the head of 80,000 men, and had be- fieged Narva. 1 he army of Charles did not exceed 20,000 men ; but fuch was his impatience, that he advanced at the head of 8000, entirely routed the main body of the Ruffians, and rallied the fiege. Such were his fucceffcs, and fo numerous his prifoners, that the Ruffians attributed his adlions to necromancy. Charles from theacc marched into Saxony, where Us warlike at«bievcments equalled, if they did WED N. »J^ *<39 not excel, tbcife of Gullavuj Adolphus He d^tht^^^A a « i • aud hu name carried with it fiich t*T«.r ♦»,,. k- t^rown ot roland la i7o«, Eu«)pe; and .nK,ng others l^lU duke S? MarSl' 'T'^ ^l *" '^ P°^<^" ^ Anne, amidft the fifll career o? fLr ^^1.^11^^"*^^ 'M-n^'t?'^ ^^ ^"«« implacable difpnfition, howe^ er wU^T h T u *^''^"**- . ""* ""^bornnd, and ter light than t «/ T;a iUuiSuTmLr ' '*?" ^u ?'}P^' ^ confulercd in a bet- 1709. which he fou^ i„ hiJ'^.^^hfoS^' ^ '^^ '" ^'^ ^"^L'^ ^* ^''^^ gained by his vidoHes. H , brave a n,v t^n, ^^ /'";. T^^ '^»/ *" *'^' »'-'* .^fuge among the Turks at Cde' ffis aflinn, T^ '"• ^ ''''" ^'"'"^ '^ '^^'^ hinriclfwithlooSw-edesawinft ior^T, L '^'''' '» ^"empt.ng to defend frantic. The Turkifo^d h hoa-'S^ ' ^'''-'' '-""- '"^ ^*'^ »^^vorfe than berty. But his Sonunes diS^t curX/^^^^^^^ '^'" '^f r""^'".^" ^^^ ^'"^ »^ '« tohU dominions, he profecu ed Ws rev^nJ! ' ^i^'"'"^'? ' '°^ "^'" '»» r*^^"'" a cannon-lhot, as it is geVerX fa d T?G J««'"«,^""'=^'-k, till he was killed by longing to the Dane in !7i8^ wS'n 1 ""^ °^ I'ledcncfhall, in Norway, be. It has been fuppolbd tEt ChaHeT w.i^ T "° ,'?'"?''''" ^^'"^"^'^ years of age. of FredericfhaK^t« a piftol fr^^^ realuy killed by a fhot from the walls him, gave the decifive bW wh ch uut ?n ."^f;" '?''"^.'/'-«"^ «"^ «f thofe about narch*: This opinion is fS t^ be v." n ? '^^. ^'^ '^'' **J^t>rated mo- in Sweden. And it appears tha^ XIZ ^iS""''^"' "^"^"^ ^^^ ^^^ '"f^"""^*^ P^rfons- they had loft their chT^^^Jj^^^f^^iXlf^ %^ "^^^ «f » Prince, under whom and who yet mitamedr a^er hr^u^L/rf f '^^^^^^ "^i^"' would ever have liftened to the voirE r "°'"<^'efsfi,l and pernicious war, no^ of his country. "^ '''''*' "^ P^^'^^' ""' confulted the internal tranquillity priS'ltica Ekc^^ortffe" the\'"; ^'^^^^ -"^'-ed, by his Mer. the feenin wlat mannerhe' Sw de r^^^^^^^^ We have'allb of the capitulation figned by Ihe ou^nand t i'^""j ' 'l^ ^'^^" ^«"^*^ «^°""t the exercifc of goverfment^ T^iffiTft r ^' ^"^'"?' '^^"^ '^""Y '^"^^red upon tain, which the ItekirimeJd'S^ot^r^^^^^^ "-^e ,« P-e 4h Great L- . their further loffes by the pro^refs of the lR„fl^l» .?' r. ^n.^^t''" ^^^"' ^« P^^ent arms, made many great IkrTces to obf.Jn ni ' '^^^'!!'^' '^^ Saxon, and other however, about iheVar 1738 fo L^^^^^^^ ^'^"^ '^"'^ .P°«"»- The French, the name of the Hals, which hafh Sen alreadvTT"' ^^''^ t^ l^' '''"^''°"'' ""^e; internal quiet of the kingdom butlerithn^.^'" ""^^ ^^'"'^ "'^^ only broke the Swedilh majefties having foSildrent w.fn. V'''""''"r V' f''^ ^"'^'«- l^'^ir • ciallyas the duke of Holftein was deVr ' ^^^^^^ ^^''}^ the fuccefllon ; efpe- at the fame time, the Smmfv. 1 ./'''"' '•^*= ^"^^" ' ^^^^^ ^^er, and was appeared ; the ^uke of^HoS Gonn ? ""' '"'P'^" ^^ ?""'^- *'«"'• c^n^Peti^ors to the king, the prince of Senn?.T^' fT"^, ^^''^'deric of Helfe-CaffeP nephew of Holftein would havrcarriedThei^^ '^^ .^l^' ^^ Deux-Ponts. The duke gion. that hemight mount the tAoLofrir^'^M.^ '""^'''"^ '^' Greek reli. feiedto reftore all thTconquSs Ch^d '^^^^^^^ ^ '^'""' mterpoled. and of; tria in Finland if the S«S , ^^^ had m^de from Sweden, exceptiiig a fmall *f. ftop of Lub^ck a thdr ^.i r"^"^ '"• "'^^ '^" ^"^^ «^ ««1«^5"'« tincle. the W. wasagreedVo ^nda Sa-^ '^ ^"-"'f' '""* ^""^""°' '° ^^^ crown. This Britaniiic maifty 7hrne!r. 'T^a'^l '' ^^' ""'J" ^^'^ "mediation of h s Danifh maielilougl ';?o" tXn dltj /f?!?"'. ? '^^^^ ^-"-' ^^at hiV get the indignity don'e toVL %Z ttf:^,^^^^'^^^' '"'• ^° '^^^ - — „ .uCvcnor, xadul^jhus ireaeric, mar- 140 S W D N. ilijj in Sweden n thr ^«fl. „f m i 'f "' . °8- ^™« ""« "f'" k" arrival of the ftates the kin. fh,n J ^capitulation. In confequence of the declaration wholhJnL ^ • ?!4 ^ ^'°^ threatens any perfon with his higheft difpleafure fore he for.ied the nlan Vr; „^, 1 accepted the crown upon thde conditions, be- as mat^e s of ceremonv A^Il"' '^^' '^"F^' P''°P"'^' ''^^'^^'S thefe oaths only lation and the uTrrdextt^^^^^^^^^ ^- ^'T '"' ^^^ ™°^ P^^^^^^^ ^iffimu.. terpri e fucccfsfu A^ KU 3 and addrefs, m order to render this hazardous en- Srcould nc eafe his Doota:^^^ ''"•'^^°'"' ^'^^^^P'^d ^^^^^ "'^'hod neceffarytoobtainSftoWnrrr'f S • "1?^' ^^^u'"""? P"'" '"'^^^ft' ^'«^« a legal caufe of comnlVfnJ . i IV^ ^^^^^^^t to have been injured, and to have *uiyci.w wiui anaDuuy, and, entered mtn tli*. m;n,,t«u ^^t,:i. .u-. ,-_^- - . i I f 4 SWEDEN, he informed himfelf of their tjrJvat^ ,fl%; ^ ,- ^^^ happiaefs. This conduS made hi r'/""^ '^^'"^^ '° ^"^^''^ft ^i'nfelf in their and the Swedes began to S^JZ "?n1S' taUl^ ^'t'?^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ P-pS^ got that motives of ambition mi^ have fr m. T ^ f '^■'' ^'^'''''^^ they for time that he laboured to render himSf „ «* ^hepureft benevolence. At the fame perfuade the leading men of the k ^ /^''^'■^"^'rP"'''-' '^^ ^"« endeavoi,red To •attached to the conlituti^ of h^s c^rT'th^^^" "'^ ^Tl^'^y ^"^ ^-Tolab? Aare of power the conftitation had aZted o him '''''l^'^'^Y Satisfied with the to declare, that he confidered it^f h/c n , ""' ^°^ ^^ took eveiy opportunitv people. He feemed iS onlv on h^'-^'- '^ ^'°^*>' '^ ^' '^^ fi^ft ci^en of a fre^ he declared he would Cf noTar^v but^tS'^^r T'^^V^"' ^"'^ Promoting union pay the moft implicit obedfenc^e SXev-^fl, ^^•''"T',^^'^ '^'' ^^ would ever' fions lulled the many into a fa'a fe^ri 7 1 o^\^ ^°"^^ ^"^*^- ThefeprofeA few of greater penetration/ who thS^M^^^'^^ "^"'^^^ fufpicions amonra earned. In the mean time the°e KeLS f "^'^^ ^'^^^^^'^ ^°° """^h toK prdersof the Swedift ftatesfand ho WthoH. ""^^ "°°« ^j^tween the differem jealoufies. Emiffaries were like^VSaSe^^^^^^ left untried to fomem thefe purpofe of fowing difcomem arnonS.?- i.^-^'^^'"''' P*" of the kingdom, for the jvhen the kmg found his fcheme rioe Tor - • ^""^ "'^"'"'^'^•on. At length fures for bringing a confiderable num£r ofTi?"°°A ^^^'"& taken the proper 2 tereft, on the 19th of Augurim he tLt. ^"'"'.'".'^ ^"Idiers* into hi^in of governmem. In Ids th^n tl I' "V t^^ overturned the Swedilh conftih,fi,fr, force of Stockholm He .?i .^ °"'' ^^ "'^^^ ^i^^felf mafter of all th?S! " of the council ctmbef if :^hfchTe1*"^'' -th their bayonet, fi^ thfS members of it prifoners And that no .r'" ^\'%"^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ nude all the Su-eden, of the tranfaftion in which Z I' '^'^^' be carried to any other part of P^eted cannon were dravvn wL a fenaf 7^ '"^^!f ' "l^ '^' ^^Lme Xo^ and other parts of the town .n^ ^"enal, and planted at the palace, the hv\ZZ Soldiers ftoo^d over th^fe^^ miC'rSd 'Y' l' f t ^^™ '-di g'"o' '" country w^s cut off. no one withou a paff-^ ^'^^'^^^ ' communication with the the city. The fenators were then confi^^?- ^^"^ ^°^ ^""^ '"^^^'^^ to leave and many others who we e bppofed to jJ° '^""^^ apartments in the palace Sweden, were put under arreft^^-?! ^ zealoufly attached to the libertLf^f vifumg diflerent^quarSronhe^own'iroT'^''" °' '^' ""^y ^^« ^^4 empWd fl from the magiftrates, the colWs a'nd r?;; fo receive oaths of fi'delity S hin -tive country, b^Tp^pretg^icetfoufe^^^^^^^ "^^ ?° rc.orA^Xttt government, reviving the S S/rru ' "^^""rning the ariftocratic form of Sheridan Eiq, who «,.."1-L""**"r''"?:''inary revoJution in S„vl!^l^ _'V; "Vf^- a_very judicious / H2 S W % D N. '•1 among 4 truly free people." Heralds then went through the different ouarter. of the town, to proclaim an affembly of the ftate^ for tS folbw^rdav ?S proclamation contained a threat, that'if any mejpber of the dktfhwSd abLt him lel^ he mould be coiUidered and treated as a traibr to his conatll ""* On the morning of the 2ift of Auguft. a Urge detachment of .ruarda was onrf^r ed to take poffeOion of the fqua.re. where the W of noble Zds Ttetl: lace was invefted on all fides with troops, and camion were planted in the co£^ •facmg he hall where the ftates were to te affembled. Thefe S^ereTpt c^ly chZ' ' ed, but foldiers Itood over them with matches ready liahtcd in their h3« ffi feveral orders of the ftates were here compelled to JlThfZ ki^W^^s ]^ thefe miUtarv preparations were made in order to aflift ^r dSb?rltiJns Tb^ king being leated on his throne, furrounded by his euards ami » ^^™f^ k ^' of officers, after having addreffed a fpeech to^^'ftfTeT^^e^SiUTS,^^ read a new form of government, which he offered to the ftates forXir SZcL As they were furrounded by an arm^, force, they thought ProSr to ooS wS what was required of them. The Sarihal of L dieraSTb^ f^aT^V^h^' otherordersfigned the form of government; and the ftktes took th^S to £ king, which he didated to them himfeif. This extraordinary tranfaftion was cJn cluued m a manner equally extraordinary. The king drew a book of pfalms fron ed rthe\fflbh'"y' r" "T' beg'antofing#.D«.„, bwhkXw sjSn ed by the affembly. He afterwards gave them to underftand, that the intend^ U» fix years t.me again to convene an affembly of the ftates. Thus was thTs greaTrS volution completed without any bloodlhed/in which the Swedes fur rendefedthS Sf Ih?/^ it '^'" ^^f''\^'' H ^^^^'^'^d to them aftir h^'r^^h of The Swedes, at fonit periods, have difcovered an ardent love of libertv at others, they have leemed fitted only for fiavery; and wheXyTere LSi to render themfelves free, they have wanted that' found political \nowlXwhich would have pointed out to them the proper methods foVlecuring tLt fo^uVe W rnini75o. 3. Sophia Albertina, borniii753. ^ R B S 8 r ^ Mrscovr, „, .„. rxj^sian bmpire .. Bt,Ror. ... ^si! Situation and jcitknc of thji Ruscta^ » _ RUSSIAN EMPIRE in E«lio,B. / Miles. n« •Length, 1500? ( Degrees. Breadth iioor ^^"^een J 23 and 65 Eaft longitutfe. Divisions > A CCORDlMr u < ^^^ ^"'^ '^^ ^-"^ latitude. or governments; belides part of CareKr^OK^ • °t "5 %» fi^^^en) provinces Finland, which were conqLr«l W stti f ''^^'?«"'' ^^^^^^ Mid part of W^'^'J^""^^ CherfSu^a penint^f " kf f"^^-""^ °I^ F"*^ Sa^r^'anf formerly, but added, in the yeir iSt ^thi p n- "^"^/*=* ^''^^ to the Turks man, and part of Cul«n ^ X tb^ ^^ V^f'^r^ '"' ^"^^^^^ ifle of Ta empr.fsof Ruffiaha^s^owdie J^^'c^^"^^'^"^^^"^ m Poland, of wfcich Jhe :S?^^^t:^^^ empire, properly To caHed SendwT' ^'^ T'^^^J'' "°^ Wn by henaiS o7 sX ^ u^"^ '"^^"^^ S Raflian Empire in Europe, Greek Church Rui". or Muic. Belgorod, Don Coflics, Uk. Coffacs, , Lap/and, Conquered C ?"'^ f inland, , rem Sweden ) ^'vonia, [fince 1700. /■ .-d fro. the r^"!; P urks la 1783. 1 '^"n* ~ar. Ruffian Empire >B Afia. Cbriftians and idolaters [ Mafcovjr, Tarta- 't Mtd Sibcrin, almuck Tartar} Total -I S Chief Cities. j 784.650 1 160I105C 72.900 375 agj Woscow. r., «^ I - ' „•' '^aronetz. 57.000 400 38oi>ai,china. 45.oeo 330 205 Kiow. 72.000 405 270 Kola 4«.3"of 21,525 '75 16 18c Wybiirg 145 "• . 9c III Riga. **BTtRSBURGI Lai 60. Long. 30-25 «,20o,ooo!3i5o J5 o,ooo [^ioo ,685 500 Tobol/ky piftrachan. • The Ruffiaa, are fupjofed to h«w /^*^ .^ ?-' / ' A.-VV «44 V 1 A. . "Sf m c o .E '> o Ruffia has alfo been fubdivided into thirtyK,ne provinces, viz. 1. Lapland, 2. Samoida, 1 L 3- liellamorenfkey, 4- Mefeen, 5. Dwina, 6. Syrianes, 7« Pcmia, 8. Rubeninfki, 9. fielaefeda. •o •a ^ f 10. Rezan, or Pereflaf, i Hi Belozero, 12. Wologda, 13. Jeraflaf, 14- Twreer, 15- Mofcow, L16. Belgorod. i n %> •5' a o 17. Bulgar, 18. Kafan, 19. Tfch6remifli, 20. Liule Novogorod, 21. Don Coflacs. 22. Great Novogorod, 23. Ruflia Finland, 24' Kexholin, 25. Kaleria, L26. Ingria. f 27. Livonia, Smolenflco, Zem>jof. Scefst, Ukraine, or country of the Old Coflacs. 28. 29. 30. 31. in this great empire: ™""»mted ttc following nations as compreLnded The Mongouls, The Kalmucs, The Tartars, The Samoiedes, The Oftiacs, The Bnrattians, The Jakutans, The Tungufians, The Voguls, The Laplanders, The Finns, The Let'onians, The Eftonians, The LieSs, The Ingrians, The Tfcheremifles, The Tfchouwafches, The Mordvines, The Votiaks, The Terptyaireis, The Tartars of Kafan and Orenburg, The Tartars of Tobolflc, The Tartars of Tomlk, The Nogayan Tartars, The Tartars of the Ob, The Tfchouilym Tartars, The Katfchintz Tartars, The Teleutes, The Abinzes, The Biryouffes, The Kurilians, 1 he Kiftim and Toufibert Tartars, The Vei^ho Tomfkoi Tar- tars, The Sayan Tartars^ The Touralinzcs, The Bougharians, The Bafchkirians, The Meftfcheraiks, The Barabinzes, The Kirkgufiana, The Beltirians, The Yakoutes, The Kamtfchadales, fhl irSa n^d^ns" '^"^ ^' "^'^^ "^^ ^ -'^^^'^-^ -t" - dimna tril.,, c^^<^:i^p:Zhi:[^^^^^^ n\'. »^'« -P-e is arbitrarily and the river Mofcaunon Zh^U 1 ^^- ''""^"^ inhabitants, the Ruffi, or Borun( we know nothing certafn '^' *""'"^ ''^'''^ ^°'^°^ ^^« ^uUt; but of thJ^ ceed fifteen hours and a hT" t'' f ^f^^^^' ^^^ longeft day does not ex- y-i V A. '4« pub- ndecl rily ;his or ex- in 40 to 52 degrees b^Iow freezing «^m?. ?u u° "^^S^e' ^^^^ o; that is from winter, it is for a week or ten H^^T*'. ^'"''"^^ commonly, in the courfe JTi, that it is almoft diSt ?or an tllhiZ I'f" ^'"'''' ^he fame wri'er remarks' of a cold fo great: but it may help f^^^ to have any idea . that when a perfon walks out in that^flvir^ °°k°° °u^" '"^ '"^^'""^ the reader water, and that water freezing, har« in Hr? "^"1^"'^ 'K'^^'^ "'^^^^s the eyes common peafants ufually wear^hdrT ^ ^ '"'^'^ ^" '^^ eye-lafhes. As the like a folid lump of ice But ev.n ; beards you may fee them ftanginrat the rSn proteaing the g^ds "f tS' hr^- and itS' ^^^ '^^^' '' rouJ^ly^^^l"^ are obliged to tie a handkerchTef under it °['^'^'''' ^^^^ ^° °"t wear their beards parts of the face, which are eWed'^^^^^^ '"PPjj' ^hcir place. Autc often been obferved, that the Srfnn J,?!/- 7/ J ^'^^^^ ^o be frozen : though it hi. gins; but is commonly told ofhfirfttt^^^^^^^^^ i'now when the Sing be . to h,ni to rub his face i^ith fnow. the lafw^vlT^ "^'^' r^'"'' ^^^ who calf ou the part, which has once been frozen r«i^ r '^^''' ". It is alfo remarked th^^ In fome very fevere winter! fn' \^''^'" ^^^er moft liable to be fro/en • thrown up into the air by an eTgU ^ ,?fo ? ^^/T''' ^*^^°^- ^' boiling waif formed mto ice. A pint hot rle!^f' ^P'"^^^' ^^' f^^en down perfeflU h ' into a folid piece of i?e7n .n J '^''T'"'^" ^'^^er was found by Dr Sn / "^^ been frozen in an Lur nd " hT-'h^ • ^r^^" ^ ^^^tle of Lrg ^fel/r.^ full in the middle unfrozen whth "' V^'' ^"^^^"^^ there was ak.ura fe! '"^ ha efuch various means and provifioL to Sard '''L^'" "^^^«' ^^e inhabitants lefs from it than might be exneaed T},« P r ^^^'"" ", that they fuflbr mnA ftances are fo well protefled bmh %», ^ ,''°"^^' °* P^^-^ons in toleraWe rJ ^ heard to complain o^'c^d tL^J,"^°"V''°""^"^ ^"^^•"' that they are ml oven conarudled with feveral (lues n . 1 ""''"""^ '^^ ^oufcs in Ruflia -3 ^1^"'" the common fuel TheflT ' l^^ the county abounds wirh !^^^ I \v ^n n.ig!„ be.i.„a|red. l^lXS^t^r^ ,1^'' ^?'=»" ^.".'1,' -"oftc^J't-: Jre/s their food. Tbor n„,7^ .*' ''""^ ""«: for the orillna J ,, ,™" bum only tiU the tlictfblactS.rir''^ '"^S™, ■"■° 'h-"rd^i,KM #4tf R XJ m for the winter, about the ^nd of Oaober, kill their poultry, And keep them in tubs picked up with a layer of fnow between them, and then take them out for ufe as occafion requires : by which means they lave the nouiiftiraent of the animal for feveral months. Veal fro?en at Archangel,' and b-ought to Petejiburgb, is efteemed the fined they ha^e; nor can it be diUingi:i(hed at the table from what is freih killed, being equally juicy. The markets in |*eterfburgh arc by this means fup- plied in winter with all manner of provUions, at a cheaper rate ihan would other- wife be poflible ; and it is not a little curious to lee the vaft (lacks of whole hogs, flieep, fifli, and other animals, which are piled up in the markets for fale. ^e method of thawing frozen provifions in Ruflia, is by immerging them in told wa- ter : for when the operation of thawing them is eficcled by heat, it feems to occa- fion a violent fermentation, and almoft a fudden putrefadlion : but when produced by cold water, the ice feems to be attraaed out of the body, and forms atranfpa- rent incruftation round it. If a cabbage, which is thoroughly frozen, be tliawcd bv- cold water, it is as frefli as if juft gathered out of the garden; but if it%e thawed by fire or hot water, it becomes io rancid and flrong that it cannot be eaten. The quicknefs of vegetation in Ruflia is pretty much the fame as has been delcribed in Scandinavia, or Sweden and Denmark. The fnow is the natural ma- nure of Ruflia, where grain grows in plenty, near Poland, and in the warmer pro- vinces. The bulk of the people, however, are niiferably fed ; the foil produces a vaft number of mulnrooms for their fubfiftence ; and in lome places, befides oaks and firs, Ruflia yields rhubarb, flax, hemp, pafture for catde, wax, honey, rice and melons. The boors are particularly careful in the cultivation of honey, which yields them plenty of metheglin, their ordinary drink; they likewife extradt a fpirit from rye, which they prefer to brandy. I'hat a great part of Ruflia was populous in former days, .is not to be difputed ; thoiigh it is equally certain, that the inhabitants, till lately, were but little ac- quaiuled with agriculture: and fupplied the place of bread, as the inhabitants of Scandina\ia do now, with a kind of faw-duft and a preparation of ffh-bones. reter the Great, and his fucceifors, down to the prcfent Emprefs, have been at in- credible pains to introduce agriculture into their dominions; and though the foil is not every where proper for corn, yet its vaft fertility in fome provinces, bids fair to inake grain as common in Rufliia, as it is in the fouthern countries of Europe. The vaft conimunication, by means of rivers, which the inland parts of that empire have with each other, fervc to fupply-one province with thofe produdls of the earth in which another may be deficient. As to mines and minerals, they are as plentiful in Ruflia as in Scandinavia : and the people are daily improving in workiqg than. Mountains of rich iron ore are found in fome places, moft of which produce the lead ftone, and yield from 50 to '/o per cent. Rich filver and copper mines are found on the confines of Siberia. MouNTAi>Ns, RIVERS, FOKIST6, ) Ruflia is in general a flat, level country, AND FACE OF THE COUNTRY, f cxccpt toward the uorth, where lie the Zimno- 'poias mountains, thought to be the famous Montes Riphaei of the ancients, now called the Girdle of the Earth. On the weftern fide of the Dnieper comes in part cf the Carpathian mountains, and between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, Mount Caucafus borders a range of vaft plains extending to the lea of Oral. And here •we may obferve, that from Peterftjurgh to Pekin, one ftiall hardly meet with a mountain on the road through Independent Tartary, and from Ftierfburgh to the north part of France, by the road of Dantzic, Hamburg, and Aa-.lierdam, we fcarce- iy can perceive »he Imalleft !.i]^ V R' r s s I A. The moft confiderable rivers atv rK w i which, after traverfing the ereateft n.,r of m f ' *" ^°l^*' '^°»»«» eaft and fouih EnghTh miK difchar'ges i'drfnt'' el&i^t'^r'"'"^ ^°^^ larjeft. but one of the moft fertile rivers of EnJl." il "!."' ^^'^ •■*^*^'^«"«^d the an^ fenilues all the hnds on each fSe wlh rlT- k /'^'^^^^^ »" Mnds of fifh; bles; and it is remarkable, that S all h^! Tnt 'ru ''^''' ^'^^'' ««d veget, tomterrupt the navigation, but tl^ near^^^^^^^ ihercis not a fingle catfrad us quantity of ifles, as it divide.*lfeff huo \ ^i^T^^^ V "">"'hNnultiplics knowii river m the world: and all thefe a ms LfZT 71''^'- °^ *""« »''-''° «"y which KMn and meetairain. fo that tl^ u «i !iv i.^* themlelves into others ftiU lefs mor. t& 70 mouths.^ By '^ea'„V^f ^hi! tbt i"^" ?'*^^^ '"^^ ^'"^ Cafpian L by a communication, not only with aU hi ^ ^ ^^'■' thecuyof Mofcovi prefervt^ Perfia, Georgia. Tartaiy, aL ofher coumr^ fc"*. ^'''' ^^ ^"^'''' ^"^ <^^^« ^vith Don, or Tanais, which divides the moft I a ^'^'^^""g ^« ^hc Cafpian fea. The «8courfe toward* the eaft, co^fo near th^^^^^^^ '^"."^^ from Afia; and in taken to have cut a con\muS don "^'^wtn £' t' '^' ^^^^ '•-^'- had under^ grand projeft, however, was dei^t,lTh }^^ • "* ^^ '"^^ns of a canal • thi. jxclufive if its turning Z Itdines ^d^-h "■"^''- r^r"^ '^' '^«««-^- ™s kte fea of Afoph, about four hundiS^ ?iSU f '^^^ -r^^^ '"'^^ ^'^ ?»!"« M«otis or' per, which is likewife one of the la S ^^ •' 'Z"' ^'^^ ^orvfthei^s, or Dn2 the country of the Zaporor<^Le/^!„ ."T'' '"/"^^P*-"' ''""« through LithuaS into the Fiioe, or BlaV lea at vi"?" '^'' "^ ^h« Nagaifch Tartars, a ml fa uj raas whhin a fmall diftat^: ' To^Zl'Z"'??^^.^' " ^«^ tbin^n cata- which^mpties itlelf at Riga into th^ fi' i,|T"^.u^ added the two Dwinas, one of |..d a.v„„, .,, ,„. 4o ..„,t ^r^i^j.'^: t -'^^.o-x^fe be called Chnfhans rather than Pagans ' ^^w inhabitants they contain AnIMAIS, Ct^L'ADRUPEDS, BIRDS ) ' TK^f 1 .... FISHES AKB INSECTS. 'ffcrSf;^;^ ^ ^'^^^F^atly from ti;ofc de- which ^e muft refer the reader. ThelviS ft J^ ' "^ Piovir.es, to of this ^mpire ; it makes prey of TjLcre^^Tn "' Pn"*"""^ ^>'^' '« ' "^tive produced chiefly in the fir-tree fbreftsTh/k " u^" '"*^^'''- «»d is f»it- to be creatures already defbribed, a£d tiieir L S""'?' ^'"''^ u^^^^'^^' ^^^'^^^ «"* othe^ furs of the black foxes, and ermJnl ""^ ^^'^'''""g 'he inhabitants- but tl^ The dromeda^and ca^erl "SieX ToftT "^ '"k.^"^«^ than 'elfewher^ in many parts of Ruffia. The czir S f^ 'he only beafts of burden known war and carriages; but thofe enVlo ;d S he oi^^^^^^^ ' breed of large horlbsfo «s ^^ '5.^''' «^o^s and fheep. ^ ^ ^ ^''^ ""''^'"^'^ P^n'oles of life are but fmall • Thefan~£rj oT fitt tlf tV''^^ ''"' T ^^ ^'-^X ^efcribed^ neighbours with ftmgeon, cod falnTo, f'^'T "'^ ^"^'^ Provided than theh' geon and is often called tSargeTu ' o^^^ t^'V '^' '''T' -^-"bles a ftu " fcngth, and weighs from 9 to i5afd ,7h?,nA , ^-T '^r*^^^^ '« ^ft^en feet in dehcous. Of the roe of the fturto„ anS ^he Z'^^'' t ""^ '^ ^J^"« ^^^ femous cavear, fo much efteem^ for L r? K r ^^l"??' '^^ ^""^«"« '"^ke the cdl.Tt\\° ^^"^°^^ hear titt S; uo^lt tl ""'T ^'^^^ " '« ««-• ^ " ' called the beluga-ftone, which is conrlff -^u""^ *^/"^^'' 'hey often find what is vers the pofterior part oFZ Z^'^^'Ji in that mafs of glan/ular flefli iTlVl The mftam it is taken from the fi'fh^ it^'i^S^'^^"" ^l^ ^'^ ' ^'^"^7 '° fi^h- Oift, « IS loft and moift, but quickly "^hardens S4t- R U A. ', J4* fill in the air. Its fize is that of a hen's egg, ftiape lometiincs oval and fometimes riatted, and conunonly iells for a ruble. This ftone is fuppofed by profelfor Pallas to belong to the genitals of the fifli : it holds a confiderable rank, though with little merit, among the domeftic remedies of the Ruflians, who fcrape it, and, mixed with water, give it in difhcult labours, in the difeafes of children, and other dil- orders. Population, MANNjeRS, and customs.] Nothing can be more injudicious, or remote from truth, than the accounts we have from authors, of the population of this vaft empire ; the whole of which, they think, does not exceed, at moft, feven millions. It is furprifing that fuch a miftake Ihould have continued fo long, when we confider the immenle armies brought into the field by the fovereigns of Ruiha, and the bloody wars they maintained in Afia and Europe. Mr. Voltaire is, perhaps, the firfl author who has attempted to undeceive the public in this refpcdi ; and has done it upon very authentic grounds, by producing a lift, taken in 1747, of all the males who paiil the capitation, or poll-tax, and which amount to fix mil- lions fix hundred and forty-fix thoufand three hundred and ninety. In this num- ber are included bovs and old men ; but girls and women are not reckoned, or boys bom between the making of one regilter of the lands and another. Now, if, we only reckon triple the number of heads fubjeft to be taxed, including women and g;rls, w-e Ihall find near twenty millions of fouls. To this account may be added three hundred and fifty thoufand foldicrs, and two hundred thoufand nobi- lity and clergy ; and foreigners of all kinds, who are likewife exempted from the poll-tax; as alfo (fays Mr. Voltaire) the inhabitants of the conquered countries, namely, Livouia, Efthonia, Ingria, Carclia, and a part of Finland; the Ukraine, and the Don Coffacs, the Kalmucs, and other Tartars; the Samoiedes, the Lap- landers, the Ofliacs, and all the idolatrous people of Siberia, a country of greater extent than China, are not included in this lift. The new regifter in 1764 contains 8,,soo,ooc fubjcd to the poll-tax; and-a late ingenious writer refident fome time iji Ruifia (:i\ cs the following olliiiiato : Lower clafs of people paying capitation tax, Conquered pro\ inces, ... Noble families, . » . Cicrg}', ... - Military, .... Civil, .... Ukr;iiuG, Siberia, Collacs, iScc. 18,000,000 1,200,000 60,000 100,000 360,000 '',0,000 350,000 20,100,000 'i'o thefe mult now be added near a million more by the actjuifitions of the Cri- „ ' UMja, and part of Cuban Tartary. ^,V7.X '"' 'j' St/ "^^^^ ^/ ^*v»v ; Ruffians before Ins days, had hardly a Ihip upon their coafts. . 'Ihey had noconvc^ mencies for travelling, no pavements in their ftreets no nlaces of nn£ r^LT and they entertained a fovereign contempt for all in^ro Clients o^^^^e m^A^ fnfrn '• ll •'^p'^n?'" ^"^ '^ ^''"'^""'^" "''y "'^l^^ a Ihift to ive as com"on.btv and focubly m Ruffia, as m molt other parts of Europe. Thei poTite affbmblh^^ withfjandingt^e fever; y "Xerand the 'ir^::^^^^:^^';:;^:^::^^ tritZ^i^'lr''''^ ^°^°"^ ^" ^^^^^^ -— eveapriells orlX;Tffi"r:i of the world 3%^>^tb?^dycation <>f young men of quality in the knowledge iffJaid rh^r^JT fr Tv''' P^«^^"l*% ^hat of the Britffh fleet. ^ tW In T u ?"^^'^° ^^''•^' ^^'^ formerly as fubmiffive to their hulbands in h mS m\i^J^%t^T/" ^" ^'"'" 'r"°"^" ^^^ '''' ' -^ that they though of a Shfn '^''^*'"*,'^ ^^y were not often reminded of their duty by the dildplLe the dal cff tStarnai ^T.'"^'^"'^- T^''^ ^^^^^ ^''^'^'^^ ^« '^^^ huCnl on andtrmlrlfcoSZf fom^^^^^^^^ Z'^'^'-X ''''"'^'r . u ne^ To the'nhc; 'f 'r'^i^fj^^'"^'' ^i^""^ "'"^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^7 PuNisHM> NTS 1 The Rnm ,. ^ "s deftinatioii after this life. ^ their puniS;.:^;^^ frfS^^hi:^^^^^^^^^^ '""f ''r^y -'^ ---ty of bility. Peter the Great ufed ^ luliend tt robSr^^^ ^''u ^f^f^^^ft'' i"fenf,. parts of his dominions, by iron hSshvid ^1^-' -T" '^^Jl^'g-''' ««d other writhed thenXelve. to 'deJth. huSs. nfy Uu, 'nds :.' ,'^inf ^¥k %'"? ^^^^ « executioners then fd/ed her a few inches f.'om the ^Sd .[^otlir xeTudon^ ^f ', bending forwards, fo as to a fe his rough hands hardened :lc the dIoi.H, 7n,t \?""'"^"" '"-" '-ixl hold of her delicate limbs with companion, in the prop^Jeft ^luS 'rece.vin^thrnul^^"'"'^ ^" °" '«« b^^ck of hi brutally upon her luad in order t(f .4ke her k L > P"""*""^"'' Sonletimes he laid i.is large hand alamb. he feemed to foothe her, a lbo„ , he h?d fi^"?!" ' ':°'"«""«^''- 'i.^e » butcher goin| to flay executioner then took i, kind of whip cn"l.d'i^notu mll^Vf " .'" ""a """^ JHvourable attitude^ This Fun^c, heth. .treated a ^w ai^s. ^^^ s:^::.^^:;^^^:^^:^!;^:^^^^^^ e V it m pi Cl m bj L 6 S I A. ninuncm ha. .l^en ib VS^VtaMhtr;?' '"" ^'"'" ^ ^i^^ ^'"^'s ib This '^' thp "^\^^9u^pe,lon,J^,^J^,^^^^^^ bW.. byftrikiug hfm upon thf tongue, ore likewjfe Pr^di ed iffZ ? ^'"' ^^""i* ^^ <^"i'"^K oilt though Sie prohibited caJiSl pmuLem^ ' '"''r'^'" '^^ ^^^^' •^'"P^efs > lizLT Jiec^nuy of thofe tortures^ P""^ft^n.ems. was forced to give wa^ to the lupS are lometinics Ibntei^ced for lift; to Ln ^r'"^ ' ''^"' ' ^^^'^^ «"d foreheads marked au' few of them are tall ; but they are Kcmrally llraighi and well-made, have finall faces, v ith frefh complexions, and a ri)rightly and agreeable air. They are haughty and jealous of their honour, but of a very moderate capacity, Tfcy are fober and frugal, dexterous at mechanical t rules, -ind fond of neatnefs. The' Tartarian women are of a wholefome com- plexion lather .I-ai hamlloine, and of a good conftitution : from their earlicfl in- iau'.y they aie accultomed to labour, retirement, modefty, and fubmiffion. Th?- %tW R U s I A. I5J l^rtars df Kafan take great care of the education of their children 'H,, , u u Arabic ,o„g,,c, and ,hc p^,i.S„r.';f ii:.i^^lC^"^.rtl£i1S^ '" ,"" U3 chapel, Ichoo, pneA, and I'chcxil niaftrr- .v„.,.„kf "■" '"*^ i"»aHcIt Milage ha» n,„lcri a,e „,. nLl, IkiUcd U , ui wW^Wc langt^^'The ^''^^l ' ""' '''"'?'■ mies in the Hull an einDire ar- fh,,*;. «f v r ' r .n ^ i-ntarian acadc are under the dircdion S" h; b «ou„^^^^ ^^^^^^^an. which find Imall collections of hilloricdaueX'-^^^^^ • •'" ^"^ ""coninion to and their merchants, bcfide wh tS' c^^S^^^ '•" ^''^ '"'^'^ "^" ^^e boors ; acquainted «ith the hillory of Oiclr om: Snl^.^?^^/ 'r^ cx.enlivcly ^^•ith theantiquitiesof c.tch SrZolfAf L ' ""^ the c.rcum accnt Hates, themfclves into the ichools of Bou.Lrii w th '" ' ^'"^'f '" t''*-'"^'^g>' '^'^^ The Tartar citizens of K^f^ O enbcr^ ^d"^^^^^^^^ commerce, exercife fhcral trades ,n I K ^' r ^ "''''''' po^«-"'»ems, tany on of dealing is chie% bTlJ' of barker • coin i.T ™^^f '^j,""^^' '^'J'-'- "-nner bills of exchange ncvL They aTno't i J^l l'^' '"■"'^ ^^'3 ?'"ong them, and extend their connexion, by paTtners nd cSfn '^ 'r"?*'''''"^ ' ^"^' «« ^''^X dealof bufmefs, which tlir'^Srou, t y ;/hf7refde^^^^^^^^^ ^° ^ «T Kafan they make a trade of ureoarincr wl„/i. ,. i ■ '^*^!"^r'* ^<='y lucrative. At The villages of thefe pL4 Zm eh.^ f '""^ "* ^'^S'^"''* Morocco leather, villages ^-ere at Idt ^cS 1^^^^^^ ^^^^ to one hundred farms. Thefe drawn gradually clo/br togc^ther by l3l ve nn ''! '""^ A^epherds; but being under the ncceflity of cultivating V^,rh P"P»l«t.>0". tbey found themfelve. never leave their ilds M w ibr whS ;erit Tu^'^^V '"'^ ^'^^'^'^^^- ^^hey Rulfians. They are much atuched TZ '^'-f »" they u e more manure than the perfeaniafters^of thi partTrunU^coS^^^^^^^ ""' ^''''' "^7 ^^ them are of the villages alfo contain tamiers Cm^L '"'f ^'"f ^''''^' *'""'" '^- ^^o^ penters. The laborious fcmalSn' an^i H ?r""' ^.^'T' ^"'"^^' ^»'' "r- and thread from hemp of thefr o^'uhllt tion ' ''"^^ '"" ^'^ '^^^^^ ^^'^^'^'^ «-H fary^rtrrefw^Ls'^^r^^^^^ tt "'V^ °"'>' ^^^ ^ "^ -cf- verUort; and they hael buV few iSfccitm^^^ f '^- '"'^""^'^ '' or two, Ibme carpets and pieces of feh Ij^ , J"''"^ mechanus. A dull which they cover broad benSes that TheV T S^^^ ''^ '''''' "»»' and tabled, are commonly Si the fu„i tui ,o l^'f °^- ^f ' ^ ''^ '^ *''-'^' ^•'''^'^« fome of the piincipal people lave ZS-n • V "f, '^^^"" '^""'"^■^ ' '''^'"S'' benches. But^hairUnd SbL a^e oiilv £n^^ .^^^^ '"'' ''l"^^^ ^'" "'^•'- ''«'P"'^ in thehoules of fuch as have bufiLf t^^^^^^ ^^■^'" ^>'^re, never bur ineals a day, at which their bench lere hem S''i ''f>',^""""""'y "^-a^^ four place thcnifelves round the difSes eSch nedhn Z' ^'?^,^'^r'"'' ^'^'^ "" ^^'^ ^''^X njanner. They make ablufiS ^^d fa™^^^ j'- oricn.?! their meals. The Tartars of K^r;.n .c ^Py*^"' ^' ,"'f beguuungand end of all very polite, both amon^ c^ie tothW aTd o" Ir^^^ ^'''''^^' -^' mamtainedgoodcharadters are held i'n a..? ^''•"^"'- Kidmen, who have beardisconWeda SaUvent^^ ^*^^'"» = «"d a grey »S4 R U A. Aftrachan Aey J*ve a large mtgazine for goods. buUt of bricks, and feveral fliops upon arches, fhey carry on an important commerce with the Armenians, Perfiaas Indians, and Boughanans: and their manufaflories of Morocco leather, cottons camelots, and filks, are in a very thriving ftate. ' The Finns are of ACatu: origin, and have a ebfe refemblance to the Lap- landers only they are more civilized, and better informed. They Uve in towns and villages, have fchools and academies, and make fome progrcfs m the arts and fciences. They profefe the Lutheran faith, and ufe the Chiiftian jcra ia their chronology. 'L\Qy carry on commerce, and exercife moft of the common trades. The boors are chiefly employed in agriculture, hunting, and filhinc. 1 hey are great eaters, making five meals a day, and are immoderately fond of brandy. Ihey enjoy a confiderabk degree of freedom, as the Ruflian Rovernmcnt has continued to them the enjoyment of the privileges which they fbrmerlv had un- der the crown or Sweden. ^ The Votkkf, who are a Finnilh race, chiefly hahabit the province of Viaitk ia the government of Kalan. This nation was one of thofe who were formerly undei- the protcdion of the 'J'artars; but, fiuce it has been fubieaed to Ruflia, it hac preferred the quiot and fecurity which agriculture affords, to the ambulatory life of herdlmen and fliepherds, and fixed habitations to their ancient tents. ITjc Vo. tiaks are of a middle stature, and generally red haired; they are honcft, peaceable, and holpitable; but luperftitious, and very credulous. They are afliduous in nH ral cecononiy negleaing neither the culture of bees, nor the chace; in the latter they ufe mdiflerently the bow or fire-arms. In their leifure hours many of them employ i.jcmfclvcs in making all forts of turnery, fuch as cups, fpoons, and Oiut- ties; ana others varnilh all kinds of cups and bowls. The women are emploi-ed in lewing, in mabng linen, coarfe cloths, and ornaments of embroidery. Some of the Votiaks are Chriftians, but a great part of them are heathens and idoiators; though even thefc believe the dodrine of a foture ftate of rewards and puniQil ments. r-*""» The OJliah who are likewife a Finnilh race, are one of the moft numerous nations ot Siberia. Before they were in fubjcftion to Ruflia, they were Roverned by princes of their own nation, and their defendants are ftill reputed noble As thele people divide themfelves into different ftocks or tribes, they chufe their chiefs from among the progeny of their ancient rulers. Thefe raaintam peace and good order, and fuper intend the payment of the taxes. They are entirely unacquamted with the uJe of letters, and are extremely ignorant ; they can reckon as far as ten but ro farther, as is the cafe with other Finnifti nations. Thefe people have a lingular ciiftom, that the daughrer-in-Iaw never uncovers her face in the prefence ot her father-in-law ; nor is the fon-in-law allowed to appear before the mother- iQ-law tiH his wife has had a child. They are moft of them idolatora; and one of their opinions is, that bears enjoy after death a happinefs at leaft equal to ,«hat which t.iey expeft for themfelves. Whenever they kill one of thefe animals they img longs over him, in which they aflc bis pardon for the injury they have done hini. They alio hang uj) his flfin, to which they fhew many civilities, and pay iiiany hue compliments, to induce him not to take vengeance on them in the world of Ipirits. Indeed, it appears that bears are in great dtimation anions all the Pagan nations of the north and north-eaft. The To^^W^ are rather below the middle ftaturc, have generall- black hair and a (canty beard They are of a gay difpofition, honeft, laborious, and acute; bur iKr.enly and hckle, and inclined to be extremely paflionate. Their women are well made, robulf, civil, and laborious. They are unacquainted with the ufe A U 155 of letteii, as well as fome of th^iV ii^^,.^ « .• time by fears, though twLrk he ,r^^^^^ ^^'^ ^« "^^ ^^'^^n their thenifelves into tribes or race, : aS a vSoul vSl^^ ' ''"'• J^y «'-»^^ much eaeernefs and addreC.. nfi^ • ^-^ < • ,*^"**^*^' '" ^^^^ they difcover fpear. ^heyTre alFo S i.\ ctcfivW rnT'l'"^^ ''"'T'^ '"^ ^"^ -^" e oigame. conti.vmg tiaps, Inarcs, and gins, and all the lures '1 he rjcho^iwajches dwell along the two fid*-* of »!,« \x\ of ISilchnci-Novogorod, Kafan and O^entt ^ K ^ ''^^'' '^ '^'^ governments affemble in fh..Il villages, and ch^ ^"^^"^ ''^PJy = ^ " comnK>n in the fami/es ofX SuvrS; » ''^^^'^"^g^y ^"--^»^ are very^un^ . ra^r^^efSf^^rtarof^K^^^^^ ^Therr'^'^f. ^^'•' t^" *^ ^^^ -^-'^ ^ha- fmaUer eyes than thofe Tartars' 1^2 h''*' ' ^^''P' ^', "^^ * ^^''^ ^^ok, and and high-lpirited- but foruf ?f ;>..• ^- ^''''^^ ^T* "^'""^ f*^"^^' and are affable portable hut. wa'nde ring^^^^^ f • T^^P^l'- They dwell always in aud herds, which S^fute thei pr n^.tf^^^ ot pafturage for their Lks lated by neceflitv in fummer VEl.^. ^r ^*^P»"0"- ^s their courfcs are regu- fbutherii parts. ^isTnTy^te^ rav«fe the northern defarts, and in winterTe hunting and fifhirg, ^7 a^dcul uS^ fs ThfnW T^ '"! '"^ ^^ '^'' ^^ey follow troops of cattle coSill of hoS« ! 1 abfolutely unknown to them. Their thein both with foof and nS "c^n.U"''"'" P^^' ^"'^ ^^^P' ^^ich fupply out their whole ceeonon"y, carX thdr hm''" aI^''"' ^""'" '"^ ^^™ 'hrough^. tion, which they do to t^be weff of n L T ^»d furniture at e^ ery change of fta- in the eaftern r^anner, L £ ettrs%^"^^^^^^^ The Kirg^iLs dreft worn by .he other Tart'ars T^e decoratTon'^f ?1;^^^^^^^ P^" ^^^ than thofe much as that of their perfons thev W^n. i^'^*^' ^"'P^">'' '^^"^ ^'"^^'ft as houfings, and ornament^ bSes. ^w'^fe ^^^j^ '^'^'"^ f^l!^^^^' ^-'^^'^^^^ tobacco to cTcefs Mer ,.-r.,^* . ^m, ^'^^^ eaters; and they alfo ^a he. f„n.= of .h?gS,rcriS a';!r?,;5 "^''' '" "■= ^'"'' '"'"''^ "^ ■*»■!■"■ Rkligion.] The eftablifhed religion of Ruffia is ihat of tr,« r- i u , , ferve a number of fail a^d lems S tha^^^^^^^^ T\f'l '' "''^'^^^'^- ^^'Y ^^^ an inltitution which is e'remeT cttnient 'fo^t^^^^^^ abfteinioW ; many peculiar notions with vL^rTtTlV r ''^^^^ ^*^" ^"'i climate. Ihey have He declared himfdf t hXj hrx;?h '.''.;i^'';cr: \r' ,''.= «r' •*'»-. rhe conquered provinces, as already obferved. regain tiie rvrr. Jii, f 1 • religion; but luch s the extent of th/R-HiTar, '5^'"/"^ cxcuiie of their own iWahometans, and more of" hi to tttr h n'r'""'' ' •"' ^!^ "^' ''' ^""^'^^ ^'^ vatcd coumries. Many i 1- uS aueinms ? . f "'' '" ^^^'"' '"^"^ ^'^^ ""'-'"J"" force, which have onlyVSfoconfirn?. ';:'^° .'"i^^'*-;. '^ ^'""vert them by the river Sarpa, is a fburiS colonv of Mo '" '^?' ."'^'''^'^>'- ^" '^^ b^"'^^ of have given the name of S^ ^^ ^^"^^ ^^e founders diflinguimed privileges fronitiui^S^^^^ the Icttlement was ,n 1765, with ScW^rthlir^lrCev^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^";!T^•^ f ^^^ P«^^«^ -^^ what is called modin Grei aSTi; i? 1 wi r T'f^ "^ u'"'"" '■^'^'■^' ""'^^^ "^^ of areatiK.lofsforunderftTndi:4t iV'S^^^ ' boards/has prorucedt ffide a p^ "^ academics and other llerarv leaual abilit es. The p" pc's KhL . h 2 "'^ ""^ u''>' ^"^^'"'*^"^ ^^^ ^« "^t^^t havc Hr^a f, , , .. P^P*-'' ^^^'ibued by them, at their academical m^eting^ - ->u ta,..u...., ....,^cd all over Europe; clpccially thofc that relate To aS 153 U A. If Kf^ n hS nf i?^'^^'"*"'^'^ »nd natural philofopby. The fpeeclw proaouaced br the biihop of lurer, the metropohtan ot' Novogorod, the vice-chancellor, anJ the marfhal at the late opening of the comuiifliSa for a new code of la^, a^ c£ Sr k!°^ ""^^ i^""^ '^^ P'°8"='"' ^^^ ^*"""8 ^'"^ "^^de ia that empire fmce the begim>.,ng of this century, with the fpecimeiis of literature publifhed^ both at wt"!?'"''* ^''T' " «"^^''d^"<^' ^hatthe Ruffians at^ not aoqualifiai to fliine m the arts and fcences. However, the eHbrts to civilize them did not bea n wtth Peter the Great, but were much older. A fniall glimmering, like theTft day.break, was feen under Czar Iwau iu thq middle of the 1 5th century. This be. carne more confpicuous under Alexius Michaclowitz : but under Peter it burft forth rlli^diS'"^'''^^' "^'°«*""' ''"'* l^^^b coutinued ever fin« tralJend towa^ Universitiks.] Three colleges were founded by Peter the Great at Mofrow • one for claflical learning and philolbphy, the fecond lor mathematics, and the tWrd for navigation and aftronomy. To thdb he added a difpenlary, wh ch is a maS t"o fii^"i°nt r^ ""'^.^ '^^ ""i?^ ^"'^ f ^ Germau^he Jfts and ajJ^hec rSs ; 111 f niedicuies not only to the arniv, but all over the kingdom. And within dtahl'^ ^p""'' ^ut^ Shorealow, higf, cbambeilain to the'emprefs Elizabe h° daugh er to Peter the Great, has founded an univerfity iu this citf. The prS nZdtl'"''"'T''''^ an univerfity at Peterlburg. a^ul invited fie of thrmo amuSr. 3? '" I'-'^y i'^^^'Y' ^ho ai-e provided with good falaries ; and alfo o™!ir ^ y^ where the young nobility and oflicers fons are taught the art Cities, TOWNS, PAtACEs,) Petcrfburg naturally takes the lead in this divi- 1 u ^-'*°.«'r«^f BUILDINGS, f fion. It lies at the junaion of the Nev^ with th* ake Ladoga already mentioned, in latitude 6o ; but the reader may have a better ^ea of us iituation, by being mformed that it ftauds on both fides the river Neva between that lake and the bottom of the Finland gulph. In the year 170; this city confifted ot a few fmall fifhii>g huts, ou a fpot lb ;v' terifb and 4mpy!?h;t the ground was formed into mne iflands; by which, according to Vohaire, ks princT pal quarters are ftill divided. Without entering into too minute a defcription of thi wonderhil city, u is funic.ent to lay, that it extends about fix miles every way and contains every ftruflure for magnificence, the improvement of the arts, revenue navigation, war, commerce, and the like, that are to be found in the moft celebra- ted cities in Europe. But there is a convent which defers es particular notice in wnich 440 young ladies are ctlucated at the empivfs's exj^nce; 200 of them cf fu- jKTior rank and the others, daughters of citizens and tradefmen, who, after a cer- am time allotted rheir education, quit the convent with improvenmits fuitable to heir conditions 01 are and thole of the lower clais are prefeuted with a fum o" money as a dowry if thev marry, or to procure to themfedves a proper livelihood. Near to this convent is a Foundling Hofpiial, affiltant to that noble Se eftablifl ed at Mofcow, and where the mother may comet., be delivered i)rivately, and then tZn" f """^ '^•"""" ^^. ^''' ^' ^''''' '^ ^^hild to the ftau as a p;rem n ore capable of promoting us welfare. As Peterlburg is the emporium of Ruflia, the number of foreign fiiips trading to nlovJ fn r' '""? '^'urpni^ng' Iu winter, 3000 one-horfe Hedges are^em! ployed for pafTengers m che ftreets. h is l.ppoled. that there are 400,000 iuha- bnantsm this city; and it is ornamented with thirty-five great churched forbi a^moft eyerj- lea of the Chrifiian xeligion is tolerated.^ It allb contains fi^x- place" ibme of which are fupcrb, pardcularly that which is called the New Summer PalaS * The Drefeni: Profkfr""- ''f "'rirlin- i t._i-._ . . .„ • ? -^ * -iu«-i-. ~i -ngiiu: and xvMMa is na iTnauiiU, a wlr, Keuu<;Jy, tJ A. 159 near the Triumphal Port whirl; ie ^r^ «>i- • ^- ficent cit;. is defended on that fide ncxtfe CLI' '^'f'^^^^' This magni. confidcnng the difficulty and d^nJr ^T^^i^^^^ whkh, gulph of Finland, is fuLient toTard it of' h"? it^P'^i^''' ^^^^h the enem:p. Peterfburg is the capital of the province of j""""- '^" '""'"P^^ '^ ^"X Gwat's conquefts from the Swedes Allth/rS ivl [ ^"^"'' °°^ ^f J'cter the with oountry-houfes and gardes ' neighbourhood of this city is covered The city of Mofcow was formerly the clorv ^f tl.; continues confiderable enough to figure amon^^K.'^'- f'^^V ^i^P're, and it Ml « has been already mentionfd, on fhe river LmJff"'^^ of Europe. It ftand«, 55-45, and about 1414 miles north^Tft Jf t f. T ^^"f^ "flakes its name, in lat regular, it prefects a\try p^SquTapl^^^^^^^ '^°"?^ its ftreets'are not gardens, gxx>ves, lawns, and ftrean?s, thatTfLn?,"iT ^T''"' ^'^"^ « ^"'"b^'" "f than a city. The ancient magnificence of th HS ,'.'^ ^-^ ^ cultivated country attefted by the moft unqueih^Sbk authors buL^'^!'.' '""T"^^^'' ^^^"^ " ^^' for the uncultivated ftate of the adiacen° pmvLr u' u "?'u^ ^reat allowances pear with a greater luftre m a tr^viS llel ^'.u^'l^ ,""-8^' ^^^^ "lade it ap- us any fausfaftory account of tWrca;itarand^h^'/f '^'^ nor Bufching giv^e authors who divide it into- regular quar"ers and elcl " '"■ ? ^ ^^^^ ^° ^^e ferent order or profeffion. Bufching Sks of it t TV 'a^^"""^ ^^ ^ ^^f- but that can be only meant as to the iound it Inrlf ^"'^'^ "">^ '^^ ^"^Pe; m circumference. It is generally agrS tl at MoL ' ^"^"^P.^^^d to be i6n,Ues and convents, and forty-three places^rfqua^s i^?r- '^"^^!"^ '^^ ^^urches exchange to contain afiout 6000 fine fhom which HTr^" ''''^^' '^'^ merchants jnerce, efpecially to and from China. No d v diftf ^^ ^ ""^ ^''''^' ^^ '^°°^- Mofcow, of magnificence and meannefs in hnL- ^ *^4-u^ f ^''" ^°"t^«ft than bitants in general are niiferable tfmber booths fr. ^^ ^"''^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ta- vents, and other-public edifices? Trf fpaci^. a'nd nft ''' If ^'^t^' • '•^"^^^'^^^' ^«'^- impenal palace, is mentioned as one of the J.?ft^ ^'k ^""''li". or grand world: It ftands in the interior circle of ^hecitvH ^""^'^ ^^"'^^''^^ "^ the palace, pleafure-houfe, and ftables atiauaHi i^^hol '"'1'''°' ,^^" old imperial T\ ^°u«^ '° ^^^^ Patriarch, nine cathSfi' ^' ^'^''" ^^^"-^ ^r- churches, the arfenal, with the public co We. ' 5 v°"'''°^'' f^'-*'- P"ifti churches m the Krimlin have beautiS Sr^ moft Th °'^''' ^*^^^- ^" ^he filver: the architeaure is in the Goth cS- but .h. • ?-•? ^'^'j °^ ^°^'^^^ «'ith nchly ornamented; and the pidurc of the laim f ^"^''^"' ^/ '^^ '■^'"'•^^'^ ^re and precious ftones. MentioS is i^de of thl cT'hedTal ?' K 1 ^'^^ ^old. iilver, nme towers covered with copper douWe dlt JnH ' ^^'^^ ^ ?' "" ^^^^^ than forty-eight lights, faid to weigh 2800 pounds^' a ""^.^^ '? ^'^^'^^" ^'•^"^h with recount the other particulars of tS ^^?-^ ? """^ ^^""^^ ^^arcciy fuffice to numents of the grLt duts ^iVcza'Thf ^11 ^'Y">'- ^^« f-Pt-us m^r e^rchequer, and chancery, arenoble Su e^ "IJf ^'"^' .'^^ Patriarchal palace, tl^- the barbarous anecdote, that thrczTr 1X1^/^ r^ ^ .' '' "'^^ ^'"^^^"«'^ church of Jerufalem to be deprfved of his ell.'' I'^^'i^^ ^''^ ^^^^ited of d e us ecjual. The ftory is hnprobable, ^LmiTrT\ '^% ^r ""^^^^ ^^^'^^ ^^^^tr ve ■ pofi^Ioa oi that great prince T fh- n 1 ^ . "^ "^"^ ^''^m the arbitrarv dif Y of ;Mofcow;'wherrthe- habit "Ib'dSfT l^^/^*^^ ^« tnertion Se'gre^t' always uukling in every qv.artcr iL iewcl !. ''"^ ^"^^^"^' ^'^"^' that thelare virgin Mary, in the Krimlin church aiVitHV'' "'"''"'' ""^ ''' ""age of the thLt'' '^ 'r -"'^ ^^^ f^'"'""^ Holy 'CV of "'.^'"^T'/''^".^^ onl/oqual led that Peter who ivs" a»'!-- •'^ '»uuic or l.r :ttu m ItaN' Tvr.. a7„v -^ / " - o «,, a..uu. . .0 cvc, d„„g, did „o, ncglca rtorco^a," t"l^S II "li; i6o V S I was building Peterlburg ; for he caufed it to be paved, adorned it whh noble edifices, and enriched it with nianufadhircs. The foundling Holpital nt Mofcow is an excellent inllitution, and appears to be under very judicious regulations. It was founded by the prcient einprefs, and is fupported by voluntary contributions, legacies and other charitable endowments. It is an inimenie pile of build ug, of a tjuadrangular Ihape, and contains 3000 foundlings: when the eilabliihnient is completed, it is intended to contain 8000. They are taken great care of ; and at the age of fourteen, they have the liberty ^ of choofmg any particular branch of trade ; and for this purpole there are ditlerent fpecies of manufadures eftabliflied in the holpital. When they have gone through -a certain apprenticelliip, or about the age of twenty, they are allowed the liberty of fetting up for themielves : a fum of money is bellowed upon each foundling for that purpofe, and they are perniitted to carry on trade in any part of the Ruflian empire. This is a very confiderablc privilege in Riiilia, where the peafants are flaves, and can- not leave their villager without the pennillion of their mailers. Nothing can be laid with certainly as to the population of Mofcow. When lord Carliflo \v:\s the Englifh anibailador there, in the reign of Charles II. this city was laniiles iuconipals, and the number of houfes was computed at 40,000. Voltaire fays, that when he wrote, Mofcow was twenty miles in circumference, and that its iuhabit-'ints amounted to 5oo,cco ; but it is almoit impollible to nake an ellimate ■of its prefent population. Curiosities.] This article aflcrds no great entertainment, as Kuffia has but lately been admitted into the rank of civilized nations. She can, however, pro- duce many ilupcndous iuonuments of the public fpirit of her fovereign ; particu- larly the canals made by IV. r the Great, for the benefit of commerce. Siberia i.f full of old fcpulchres of an unknown nation, whofe inllruments and arms were all made of copper. In the cabinet of natural hilhiry at Peterlburg, is a rhinoceros dug up on the banks of the river Vahii, with his (kiu, and the hair upon it perfevil. I have already hinted at the pallion the RuHians have for bell-ringing; and we are told, that the great bell of iVIofcow, thelargeft in the world, weighs 443,772 pounds weight. It is 19 feet high, and 23 in diameter; and was caft in the reign of the emprefs Anne ; but the bc.im on which it hung, being burnt, it fell, and a large piece is broken out of it; fo that it lately lay in a manner ufelels. ^Ir. Bruce, in his late Memoirs, mentions a bell at Mofcow, founded in Czar Boris's time, 19 feet •high, 23 in dianieter, 64 in circumference, and two in thicknefs, that weighed 336,000 pounds. 'Ihe building of I'eterfburg, and railing it of a fuddcn from a few fifhing- huts to be a populous and rich city, is perhaps a curiofity hardly to be paralleled iince the eredtion of the Egyptian pyramds. The lame niay be laid of the fortrels of Cronlladt, in the neighbourhood of Feterfburg, which is ahnofl: impregnable. This fortrefs and city employed, ior fome years, 300,000 men, in laying its foun- dations, and dri\ing piles, night and day; a work which no monarch in Europe (Peter excepted) could have executed. The whole plan, with a very little afftftance from fome German engineers, was drawn by his own hand. Ecpally wonderful was the navy which he railed to his people, at the time when they could hardly be faid to have poUeiTed a iliip in any part of the globe. What is more wonderful than all, he often wrought in perfon in all thcfe amazing works, ** ith the lame afliduity as if he had bccu 1 common labourer. ^ ~i R tJ A. Commerce, and ma-) Tn f ..»,»• r , ' and alfo raw f,lt ft„„ china' aSerfa' ""*■ *"''"''' >"'' "*« drug, ; li.^J, nemp, flax-, honey and wa\ com*. f,v.„ u- r ", ^^ ^"^ empire: the baft mm R^iaT'-"' -"-""fc"' f-fC^V^^^^^^^^^ anJte °,^.i r„r4:;ru4?? F ™v° '^"- °i:% '- ^-^^ • SL:-;,fdtn:;i annual fiir a S, Joreigners to carry on a free trade hv (IT . ^ r"^'- .'^^"^'^ ^'^ edi• "^'^'^ " ^""'"''="''le quaniit,- of' 'u , .<-Tft>,.rg, defended on 'o e ide S , fi "'" V',- "' ^^i'";!''--*- ''^^ '■==1" " ^ P^^ bauerj, „, ,00 piece, of eanl ^ The ;, I ™d 1 ^"'?";' ""■ ™ '^--' " '''" V t ' '■"'"' ""P'- ■'""' ■'"'' '"SO Nfui; „ ill eoniain near 60^ -i:^^:::;«,i;:;r.Hs'£!?'^5^-^ ie,.ed „p„, „„„ fc„,'*„ Siberia of '''l*."51. "'■ -<■'■ ^or , ^ ""=• -nade ,„ drudgef„; li.e ui^uTpS no oflLnce at all, be' public works. i6i V ][ A. fill ISIII^' and have all their goods confifcated, whenever the fovereign or his niinlfters fhall think proper. Perlbns of any rank may be banifhed into Siberia for the flighteft political intrigue, and their poffeihons being confifcated, a whole family may at once be ruined by the infinuations of an artful courtier. The fecret court of chancery, which is a tribunal compofed of a few niinifters chofen by the fovereign, leaves the lives and fortunes of all families at their mercy. Even the nobility of Ruffia, being thus brought under the yoke of the moft dreadful flavery, do not fail to retaliate upon the people, who are flavcs to the nobles as well as to the fovereign. The fyftem of civil laws at prefent eftablilhed in Ruffia is very imperfe^, and in many inftances barbarous and unjuft ; behig an aflcmblage of laws and regulations drawn from moft of the ftates of Europe, ill digefted, and in many refpefls not at all adapted to the genius of the Ruffian nation. But the prefent Emprefs has made ibme attempts to reform the laws, and put them upon a better footing. The courts of juftice here were in general very corrupt, and thofe by whom it was adminiftered extremely ignorant ; but the Emprefs hath lately made fome judicious regulations, and fixed a certain falary to the office of judge, which before depended oti the con- tributions of the unhappy clients, and thus the poor were without hope or remedy. It is hoped that the new code of laws for which fhe hath given inftrudions, will foon be produced, to increafe the people's liberty, fecurity and felicity. The diftindUons of rank form a confiderable part of the Ruffian conflitution. The late Empreffes took the title of Autocratrix; which implies, that they owed their dignity to no earthly power. Their ancient nobility were divided into kiiezes, or knazeys, boyars, and vaivods. The knezcs were fovereigns upon their cw n eflates, till they were reduced by the Czar; but they ftill retain the name. The boyars were nobility under the knezes; and the vaivods were governors of provinces. Thofe titles, however, lb often revived the ideas of their ancient power, that the preient and late EniprelTes have introduced among their fubjeils the titles of counts and princes, and the other diftindions of nobility that are common to the reft of Europe. Revbnijk and expences.] Nothing certain can be faid conceniing the revenues of this mighty empire ; but they are, undoubtedly, at prefent, far fuperior to what they were in former times, even under Peter the Great. The vaft exertions for promoting induftry, made I his fucceffors, efpecially her prefent Imperial majefty, muft have greatly added to their income, which can fcarcely be reckoned at lefs than 30,000,000 of rubles, or nearly fix millions fterling annually. Thus com- puted : Capitation tax, . - - . . Other taxes and duties, ..... Her ov\Ti eltates, with other dominions taken from ) the clerg}', . - - - . - y Produce of the mines, .... Monopoly of diftilled liquors, - - . - Monopoly of fait, ------ Rubles. 8,500,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 1,500,000 4,000,000 1,800,000 28,800,000 The deficiency of the fum total may be eafily made up by the profit arifmg from flamp-paper, patents, poll-office, and other articles omitted in the general calcula tion, befides one per cent, every Ruffian merchant is obliged to pay on his yearly capital. & V A. i^i U hen the reader confiders this funi relatively, that is. according to the high value of money m that cn^p.re. con.pared to its low value in Great Britain, e wll find"t a ver^ confiderable revenue That it is lb. appears fn.in the vaft armies ma ntaned and paid by the late and prefent en.prefs. in Cermany. Poland, and e^llXre when "° P" «f the money returned to Ruffia ; nor do we hnd that they received a uv con fiderable iubfidy from the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria, who. Indeed uer7innn condition to grant them any xMr. Voltaire ihys. that in 17^5 reckouinTthe t?r bute paid by the Tartars, with all taxes and duties in monev the fum nZ^^ m I to thirteen millions of rtibles (each ruble amoun^g Tabouf^: .^'^^^^ ^Z^f This income was at that time fuffic ent to mainnin •^^n cnn n,^r^ i .^."'"^^ Und and fea lervice. The other ^^pL^sXS .f^^f^^Z^' oTt^^^^^^ myv of her prefent majeity, the number and difciphne if which are at leaTean.I to thofe of her greateft predecelfors. is very conliderable. He court is def ntw map.hcent; her guards and attendants Ipfendid ; and the encouragen e^^^^^^^^ to learnmg the improvement of the arts, and ufeful difcoveries, cXher v ft fums exclufive of her ordinary expenccs of Itatc. ' Some of the Ruffian revenues a rife from monopolies ; which are often neceffarv n the infancy of commerce. The moft hazardous enterprifc undertaken by S the Great, was his imitating the condudt of Henry VIII. of England in feSnfth^ revenues of the church. He found, perhaps, thaJ policy and S Iky reSi ed th.^ thegneateft part of themlhould be reftored, which was accorcHrdli^e-Sfe^^^^^^^ ami bemg to deprive the patriarch of his cxceflive power. The cler^'ar^tf. ' in Ruffia: but the pecuniary revenues of the crown adfe from taxes3" t«^^ bagnios, bees, mills, filheries, and other particulars. ^ ^''*'"' The Ruffian armies arc raifed at little or no e\-pcnce- and uhil^ Jn .v,.; country, lublift chiefly on provilions furniffied than by the 'cou^ rV P opl^ cording to their internal valuation. The pay of a foldier fcaivy/ ™ ^ !' 30 fhillings yearly ; in garrifon he receives L[y Iv^ ruttfyeX ^LTaTo/: jailor and a gunner is a ruble a month, and thJy are found il pr^vifioill Xf a' H.STORY.] It is evident, both from ancient hiftorv and modern dilcoverics rh.t latter times, the Afiatic part of Ruffia borrW/^H ..WK q,o, ^""'-'"^eic empires, in capital under Jenghis In and W^mt^'f ^ t'r^^^^^^^^^^ pnethan any mentionea m Hillory; and nothing is more cert an tCi hi X cxniqueft of Ruflia was among the laft attempts made by the foru.er of tSe nduce I he chronicles of this empire reach no higher than the oth cenuL hT,V I vended a tradition, that Kioviaand NovogoLl i'"e £nd d b^KiYin the yeTr 4"^' llus Kn IS by fome confidered as an ancient prince, while olher nc don LV..' a limple boatman, who ufed to tranfport goods and pXLrs acrl T^^^^ tor a long time the chief or ruler had the title of grand duK of K^otv X^l ^ iKolVof Ruffif hf r.1?' 'T''''y.' --y'- coi e^^^^^^^^ 4^rdt ttic hUtoiy ol Ruffia, higher than the introduftion of Chriftianity which hannpn<^^ about the tenth century; when a princefs of this country c led Olha i s S d m lohn ^" r'P"'^''^ '^ '>*^=^""""'^^^' ^"^ ^^^^^^ 'he haicc?f the Greek e^^^^^^^^ Sof tr' '" "'?'"r'^" 1?'^ ^^^'"""^^ ^''' ^'"^ ^"«'«- adopting the S ^ :; 4tKh:;;!£::^^i^^;,e^^^^^^ Oree^.paLrch, S Y 3 forac time fubjeft to the fee of 'con- rP4 R V I A. m m ftantmople; but the Greek patnaicl.s afterwards refigned all their authority over the RiiUian church; and us bifhops eiccfica thciulclves into patriarch-, who were in a manner nidepcndcnt of the civil power. It is certain, that, till the year 14 so llie princes ot Ruflia were but Aery liiile conlidered, being chiclly fubjeaod b^- the- iartars. It was about this tin-e. that John, or Iwan Bafilides, conquered tlie Tar- tars, and. among othcr.s the duke ot Great Novogorod; from whom he is Ihid to ha\c_ carried 300 cart lo.uLs of gold and HKer. _ His grand fon, the famous John Lafilouitz II. having cleared his countrv of ihc intruduig Tartars, iubdued the kingdoms of Kafan and Aihachan 'lartary in Alia and aiinexed them to the RuUian dominions. By his cruelty, however, he obiirred the inhabuams ot lome of his finell provinces, particularly Livonia and Kllhoiiia, to throw themlelvcs under the proiedlion of the Poles and Swedes. Before the lime of this John II. the fovereign of Ruflia took the title of Welike Knez i e great prince, great lord or great chief; which the Chriftian nations afterwards rcn* f^Tl ^Jf'l^n*^'''!"''^- .'i^he title of Tzar, or, as we call it. Czar, was added to tliat of the Ruflian fovercigns, but u feenis to have been of Perfian or Afiatic original; becaufe at firfj, it was applied only to Kafan, Aftrachan, and the Allan Siberia. Upon the death of John Balilowitz, the Rullian fuccellion was filled up by a let ot weak cruel princes; and their territories were torn in pieces by civil \vais. In 1597, Eons God(niow, according to Voltaire, whofe information I pre- fer, as n feems to be the mod authemic, alfaflinated Demetri, or Demetrius, the lawtul heir, and ulurj)cd the throne. A young monk took the name of Deme- trius, pretending to be that prince who hail efcaped from his murderers ; and witii he aMance of the Poles and a coniiderable party (which every tyrant has againlt liim), he drove out the uUirper, and feized the cnnvn himfelf. The impofturc was d.lcoyered as kK,n as he came to the fovereignty, bccaulb t!,c people were not pleaf- cd with him, and he was murdered. Three other falfe Dcmerrius's ftaitcd up one after another. ^ Thcic impoftures prove the defpicablc Hate of ignorance in which the Rufllans were mimerged. Jhcir country became by turns a p-ey to the Poles ard the Swedes ; but was at length delivered by the good fenfe of the boyard% impelled by heir defpair fo late as the ;-ear 1613. 'I he independency of Rullia was then on the point of being extinginmed. Uladillaus, fon to Sigifmund 11. of Poland had been declared Czar; but the tyranny of the Poles was fuch, that it produced a ee- neral rebellion ot the Ruffians, who drove the Poles out of Mofcow, where thev had for fome time defended themfelves with uncAampled courage. Philarctes •archbilhop of Roilov^^ whofe wife was defcended of the ancient fovereigns of Rufha' hac^ been fcnt ambaffador to Poland by Demetrius, one of the Rullian tvrants • and there was detained prifoner, under pretence that his coumrymen had rebellecl againft Lladiflaus. The boyards met in a body; and fuch was their veneration for Philaretes and his wire whom the tyrant had flint up in a nunnery, that they eledlcd their Ion Michael 1-icdorownz, of the houfe of Romanoff, a youth of i s years of age, to be their lovereign. 'ITie father being exchanged for (bme Polifh prifoners, returned to Rulha ; and being created patriarch by his fon, he reigned in the voung mans right with great prudence and fuccefs. He defeated the attempts of thf Poles to rep ace Uladiflaus upon the throne, and likewife the claims of a brother ot Gultavus Adolphus. The claims of the Swedes and Poles upon Rulha occafioned a war between thofe two people, which gave Michael a kind of a breathing-time : and he made ufe of it for the benefit of his fubje^s. Soon after the election of Michael, James I. of England fent, at his invitation, Sir John Meyrick, as his am- haHador to Ruffia, upon lome conunercijii aiJairs, and to reclaim a certain fura of IT r65 money whlcJi James had advanced to MJr-ho«i ^ l- ^ ^ court, however;' was Co ignorant of the ^^ n of tha!' ^'"''^''^T ^' ^"^""^ conipan^^ had been elbblilhcd at London tha T.m.! '^'''7' '^''"^^ ^ R"''''''' ^^''^ ^^"''' "«' ^e in- P's carim -ajefty's intention trnu";b2^g"knS\^^^^^^ '' '^'^-^^ oi his dominions were fern for to court and th,r ' • "".^ <^elebrated beauties by the czar, and the moll .nagi^ificm 'mH n^^ They were viiited happy lady was declared, by 12^ hc^^^^ 1^^^^^^^^ before the The reft of the candidate wVre tl e^dilh ilfcdm .V. • -^r^^''. ^''^ ^ wedding robe, preients. The nan.c of the lady^ 1 her" t pleal-ed^MiS:""?' '^"'"f' "''^ ^'"able he was plouglung his own fhrni when i was aConi!!'''J^ "'"^t St[cfchnen; and m-lawtothe czar. amiounced to him, that he was father- Alexius fi'cceeded his father Michi.'I ^n,i ■ , . appears to have been a princfof "L L „Tu^ "'h"^ '" '^''/^^ '"'^""-^ He and the Ukraine; but wa? unfortunate i.fhi^;.,"' '7"?'^ S'"^^'^"^«. Kiow, Rrand figmor, Mahomet IV. hauffhilv denn^ l V '"''' ' '^Suedes. When the Ukraine. Ins anfwer was, « thatT trtcd f M " '" ^"^^^^^^ ^'■"'" '"'» i" ^hc that his fcymitar was as good as tie T"/?- '^'.^"!'^'': •■» Mahometan dog. and culture; introduced into h^e nnire arfs .nd f-'"'" ' ^'^'r'-[- "" P"""oted ag.i- lover ; publifhed a code of lawr foine of Ij ^^W^,?^•'^'•^''^ ^ ^'^^ ^''"'^^^^ » of juftice; am. greatly improved h.^s J nnv h v "'" "''-'^. '" '^'^ adminiftraiion fe r ^'^' '^"^ ''^'P^'^' 'oe. He fub- hnnlelf kingof Aflrachan; and t'h "rX' ^^^"^f ^%'^'' 'f '''''''''' ^^> ^^^^^ on the high roads. He introduced iLnn 1 'ni? *'^ ^''^f^'^^^^^, was harged nions: and inftead of putting to death or en li "^""f^<^|"'-es into his domi- lartar pnfoners, he fent them to people the b n 'ff ^/if Luhnani.an. PoliH, and Theodore fucceeded his father Alexius in 1 66 'h/ ^Y^' ^"^ '^' ^^^">«- and weak conftitution ; fond of nonm t.i' •?*" ""'''' ^^ ^' g<-"ntle difpofition propenfity contributed to polim hS fube<^/T^"t"''^'"' ^"^ "^ g'-"0^«g thS nufadfures, and articles of e wLe Vhich "^L ^^ the mtrodudtion of foiig° „ a- He del ghted mneh in horfbs, f S t rencLed ^a ^.Tf^'^"" ^° ."'^^^ ''^^ ^"^"^^- begmnmg and eftablilhingvey fine ^^0? .h "^^'^ ^*^P^^,^to h,s country, in the He reigned feven years! and having nnl-, ''To.'", '^^ ^'''''''^'"e' ^nd clftwhere m the prefence of h[s brothefand fir iwL?^^^^^^^^ '.^"^"^ '" '^.^J'^^ -""^ S; " nT? *^™ta ev'^ in Europe itfelf, that'^e ™y be fa^d a. thTdme of hlTear^hkht"'""^' alMe mterv^Uf Lt d"lfwLThe"drf.;^ hTft.i'"™',''; """ '" ■?S^'"=<' ^^^^"^^ -^e.ee„.dthe .^fe bilh;rp;;^?S:f,;,^:f^;^^^^^ Raman renate and no. ihey had eUablS Tht r^ l •^^"^"r^n ^° ^" ^^'''^ the order of fuccellion which of LlJi^" bn^:^hi3^^^eS^^^^ now extinguifhed; and the duke entitled to he croL but the Rnfc^ f I ^.^^ deftmation of the late Emprefs. AnneduchefsofSrkS f//".i \*°'^^^^^ filled their throne with her eldeft fifter t^^^^^^^^^ of ^f^iri^^'V" ^^^^' /^^^^'^ eldeft. brother; though profperoL and thoui ft,f 5 ^ ?^^^^^^ "^'^ ^^^^- ^^' ^^'g» was extremely thouVht derCory Ar d^ TT "'^^^^ invitations that fome of her anceftors and mmi^ fh ^1 "•' ^'^r^'. '^""^ «"' ^"'^'"'^^ the prerogative uponher iSSSor^ w^iT. 1 ^ afp,nng Dolgorucki family, who had impofed f xinutauons, with a view, as u is faid, that they themJclves might govern 1 68 U I A. two years dd. Bir;n'wa:^;pLTed ^iS adnSloronhet^ ?^° r^ ^^^'^ noP.ge This deftination w?s difagreeable to the p beefs of M^tf k""I!^ '^''^ her hufband, and unpopular among the Ruman, Comu M ^^^'''^^^urgh and by the princefs of MecUenbureh tolrreft Rirn \ ^ ^^'"''^ "^'^'^ employed die. but was fent iuTeSe S SiUria ' ""^^ '''"' ^""'^' ^°^ condemW to The adminiftration of the princefs Anne of MecJcl^nhnr^i, j u t « , upon many accounts, but particularly Zt(^f her Cem,^ and her hufband was, able not .nly to the Rulfls. but fl E powe 3 of St^.TndTn? ' kF^" ing a profperous war thcv carried on «.;»h rC e !i ?^' ap° "otwuhftand- daughter by Catharine, to PeS tTe cTeat forntd fi^^^^^ '^' P™^f^« ^"^«l«th, time ihe wis declared and proc ak^ed En nrS of the R '/""^' '?'V" ^"^ ^^'^^^'^ Mecklenburgh, her hulban| and fon, ."ntde ^r^S" ^ "' ^'^ ^""^^^^ '^^ ed into all ci^nl anT nS^PmcLZ^ nf 7^'"'^ P" m^J""^^ and mtroduc- Ruffia: but at the hn^Sn/Z'Tntf^^^^'^^^^^^ time unknown in had the chief manaaeLm of !«£«,- »fT'' ^""'^^'^ ^""^ Ollerman, who She made peace wkKSen and fetttT?. t h''' f """•^[.-"on, with exile, •to that crown, as well as to he ou n l^nn/ ' ''^ '^u'^J' ^*^*^°' ^^e fuccedion on January 5, 176. ^"'^'' ^^^'^^was, pcrhap.s, faved only by her critical death, ftein:"a'';rir;^^h"^^^^^^^^^^ f ^^^"^ P""- ^^ ^««-' -^ duke of Hol- throne poEfcd of an emh, fiafli'' l""" yanoully reprefented. He mounted the whom he Rr4 peace aSuS?. ?'^'?^\""«^ «f ^.s I'l-uflian majefty's virtues ; to as thedire'dorierof his "uture eiS '^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '" ^''"'' to' have adopted of thofe peculiiritiernnnL. 1 ^' , "^""g^' have iurniounted the eHbas even aimed at TeSSs T^ Lit', ^'"1"^" " ^i"^^' Y " '^ '^'^' '^at S attempt- and th:>t Vi J mm ons which even Peter the Great durfl not RUSSIA. i6y unfortunate prince fcarcei; knew an nLvT^weTn the W^ f ^ P"^' «"^ '^^ liie, of which he was deorived iLVni ,,«!! '^^^^P the Io(s of his crown and his 1762. That his condurSrtaTd^oS^^ 'gnommious confinement, i„ Jut' fition, feems pretty evidem frS L JaW, ZTwV^^ 5^' """^^ ^^^ ^'^ depo^^ wife, and now reims by theTSe of r,?K • «/ his fucceffor, who was his own Pruflia, trod in her hufWd's fteoL and nn Tfi "' u^^',' P"^*^«^« ^«h regard To moil remarkable domefdc occSce o^^^^ follows the plan he chalked ouf. ill Iwan fon to the princefs orSknburgh^' '"«" ^"'^^"^^ ^ ^^ death of prince unJu%aMr,?^ -Jrthl^ was defigned .hough bourg under a ftrong guard, who had DarSc^l/^ h ^ f '^f *^^^^^ of Schluffel. armed force, was emplVed iTaLXfni m H ^ '^'l if any perfon, or any mediately. He lived quSly Tn his nr fnn '""^^^''l' ^""' l*^^ A^ould kill him iml the throie, and as thTS^volution wM^K T ^r [^^ ^'?P'-<^f« Catherine II. mounted Wd a ftrong ferment TnlHinttf t^ptpS Se°' ""'''' "'' ""'' -^- that fome attempts might be mad<» Tn fl ^r T ' Cathenne was apprehenfive guards of this unhappy prince and narHr??']"^ ^^'°n= ^e therefore doubled the officers, who were de^o^eTto' her ime eft L'"''"^'^ r"^ ^° '^' "''^ '^f *wo who was born in the Ukraine undertook* .7??^!; ^ ^'""'""'"^ of infantry, Iwan by force of arms from the Ws of Sch^^fliTf^ ^'"''"^."^ ^°' ^° ^^'i^^r tence the prince was put to death ThilU^.l^^ ^"^ ""de*- this Pre- was arretted, and afterwards liheaded bu '1^^^^^^^^ ^''"--^'"^ '° ^"''^"^ ^^"^ femed that he was a mere tool of th^;.!' "^^withftandmg this, it has been repre- Itrudions that he had receive?^ "'""' '^^"^^ ^' ^""^^'^^ ^^ executing the^in- ^^^^^t^ ^^TpI^ RufliannaHon, the flames of civil when the thmne was vacant. And as the ?nt™^ has generally been the cafe pital objea with Ruffia, the r mrefs k\h. ' r^ tranquillity of Poland is a ca- and by her influence count Pofi^St^r ^^^ » body o/ troops into Poland, pofed in order to fecure the rkhrvvhir^,!^'^"^ '° '^f '^'^''^- She alfo inter: Greek and Proteftam f^jeas of Pol nd But Z"'^ f °""^^\^ 8'^^" '^ ^he majefty's armies gave to the Roman C./hoif I i T^P?^ ^^'*^h her imperial increafed the ra(5 of civil LrTf? ,^^'''°^'^ ^^^^'' by their refidence in Polind all that had bcLn^do^Xw thi 1 1 .LT'^^ and produced confederacies agai^A bloc^d and confofion -Jt^cond S oft^^^^ rendered Poland a fcerof much oftence to the Ottoman ro,;.l !u V u w"h regard to Poland, gave io Ruflian minifter, to the S of th^'s^ll T^ ^"'"i ^^T ^^"^ Ob;eloff!the and marched a veiy numCs all tothe "oIS ^^r againft R^a. litres foon commenced between thefe rivfl ?nH • u ^""^'^ ^"'^ ^^^^nd. Hofti- Febniary and March iie^C^GucTJ Kh»n"!ff lUT"^^' ^^ '^' "^^^^hs of great body of Tartars, fupponedbrXooo Sn^K-^v, ^?"^'u'' f '^^ ^^^^ of a Imes of communication, penetSed into the „^.;' ^'r'!!? ^'t^'' '^^ R"«i«n ^ commuted great ravag^, burni^ man! toun,^,^H "n ""^ ^^^ ^'"'«' ^here he thoufand families captivS. In April ?ollS thl r ^?v-"^ '""^'^'"^ ^«" f°">« g- army, began his march f^™^ ^^t^^ p^^ dV^^^^^^^ /y/ tr,o R U A. Danube. In the mean time, prince Gallitzin, who coromancied the Ruffian army on the banks of the Nietter, thought this a proper time to attempt fomethiiig de- cifive, before the arrival of the great Turkifh force in that quarter. Having ac- cordingly croffed the Niefter with his whole army, he advanced to Choczini, where be encamped in fight of a body of 30,000 'lurks, commanded by Caraman Pacha, and intrenched under the cannon of the town. The prince having made the ne- ceffary difpofitions, attacked the Turks in their entrenchments early in the morn, ing of the 30th of April, and notwithftanding an obflinate defence, and a dreadfid fire from the fortrefs, at length beat them out of their trenches. I'he Turks en. deavoured to cover their retreat, by detaching a large body of cavalry to attack the right wing of the Ruflian army ; but they had Inch a warm reception from the artillery, that they loon retired in great dilbrder. General Stoffeb and prince Dolgorucki were then ordered to purfue the fugitives, at the head of eight batta- lias; which they did lb eHeftually, that thev followed them into the fuburbs of Choczim, and their purfuit was at length only flopped by the pallifadoes of the fortrefs. Soon after, the town was fet on fire by red hot balls, and a great num. ber of Jews and Chriftians took refuge in the Ruifian camp. From thcie fuccclfes of the Ruflians, it might have been expeded that Choczim would have immcdi ately fallen into their hands. But this was not the cafe; for prince Gallitzin thought proper to retire fron\ Choczim, and to repafs the Nieiler. The reafona afligned for his conduft were, that Choczim was garrifoned by 18,000 men well provided with artillery; that feveral great bodies of Turkifh troops appeared in the neighbourhood ; that the country was fo wafted, the ainiy could not be fupplied with provifions ; and that prince Gallitzin, not having fufficient artillery along with him, chofe for the prefent to fufpend his defign of befieging the place. Indeed, it appears that the Turkifh cavalry had over-run the neighbouring country, burnt fome finall towns, and deftroyed fbme Ruflian magazines. While the Ruffians and Turks were attacking each other in different places of their dominions on the fide of Europe, the Tartar Afiatic nations, in their dif- ferent interefts, extended the rage of war into another quarter of the globe. On the 9th of May, a bloody engagement was fought between the Kalmucs, and thofe Tartars that bhabit the banks of the Cuban, lying between the Black and the Caf- pian feas. This engagement continued from two in the afternoon till fun-fet; when the Kalmucs, by the affiftance of fome Ruffian officers, with a detachment of dragoons and Coffacs, and two pieces of cannon, obtained a complete vidory, having made a great flaughter, as the Kalmucs gave no quaner. On the other hand, the European Tartars penetrated into the Ruflian Ukraine on the fide of Back- muth, where they made great devaftations in the country. On the 13th of July, a very obflinate battle was fought between a confiderable Turkifh army, and the Ruffianr under prince Gallitzin, in the neighbourhood of Choczim, in which the Turks were defeated. The Ruflians immediately invefted Choczim; but ;he garrifon, being numerous, made frequent fallies, and received great reinforcements from the grand vizir's camp, who was now confiderably ad- vanced on this fide of the Danube. Several adions enfued, and prince Gallitzin was at length obliged to retreat from Choczim, and again to repafs the Niefter. It was computed that the fiege of Choczim, and the anions confequent to it, colt the Ruffians above 20,000 men. In the naanagement of this war, the grand vizir had afted with a degree of pru- dence, which it has been thought would have proved fatal to the defigns of the Ruffians, if the fame conduit had been afterwards purfued. But the army of the vizir was extremely licentious, and his caution gave oflencc to the Janiflaries: fo R U 5 S I A. m the Turk! in the Utfof S^// a^n^^^^^^^ upon feveral towiu. and villages, defeated VTuScr^?^'.^^ ^* Plundered and burnt booty of cattle. The Tartars alfo comm^^/ . "^^'^^^^^^^t, and carried off a ffreat almol^ totally deftroyed S pJrtinTrof ^^^^^^^^ ^/°^-d, where Xy in other places. In^ the beginninrof SeSer tt t'n-*""^ ""^^ "^^^^hief pofted on the banks of the Niefter! Tnd efllZll[; t- J^'^l "'"5^ ^" ^g^^n river againft the Turks, whofe whole arniv nrS« i defended the palfage of That was arrived on the opi^fue Lre mIT^' ^- ' u ^ ^^^mmand of the Sew vizir of September 8000 7'K%tSing S^oT ul"""^^^^^^^ ^^ S that diftmguifh the two cdebrated Lp, ^thlfco"'' f i^.^'^^ '^'^ "^'"es andhorfe, paffed the river in the nigjrand at th^ T i, '"r'^i*^^ foot of Ruflians who were encamped on ?hb fiS p^* \^^ ''■^ ^^^^ »«*<^l^ed a body the neighbourhood. ourched'SSmXdy'tt thfXf^'o^^^^^^^^ "^ the Turks at the head of four r^riments with fivin K ^ "'"''"P"' ^"'^ attacked was fiirious and bloody, and the ^^^ were drivenlck'^T'' 7^' ^^agemeni which they endeavoured to repafs b t^ erea 1 h^' -» "^ - to th? river. 4000 of their number being eiXr kilS nr ^f^^' f?'* confufionj above But thi, misfortune was not^lci^ntVZvJTf^ "^ this ill.judged 'attempt and obftinate, of the danger of fending Schrem^ ^''f ^'"'^' ^'^^ ^»« rafl. foce of a powerfid enemy, without col^unLati^nr"" \^'^^^ '^^'' '« ^he Havmg therefore laid thtre bridges TeHb^Spr .t P^^l^i"^' of fupport. out any pretence of ftratagem or deceplfon L. wo ' ^ J"'-^'^ "'•'">'' ^«h- the enemv. Prince Gallifzin having pSvedfhln.Pf-' '^^ ?'''.' ^" ^^^ ^^^^ of of the gti of September, immediately a tacked thof.T " "'u^ t '^^ '"^^"''"g nver m the night, who confequently UuS nchher rh T^l -^'^ ^''^ "^^'^^ the time to extend or form theives^Toj^r wh"re t^^^^^^ "'' ground, nor have thefe extreme difadvantages, the engagen^^w^rver, f ^ ''''"^' . ^^^^"hftanding Jeven in the morning tiirnoon. The Turts fS .Si '^'■'' and continued from H^re at length totally defeated, and oblS to ?eL" 5/'" obftmacy ; but they croifed the nver before and during the time of hT.' '' "^''"' ^°'°°° '^"rks charged at the head of five coluLis of Lm ' llf f "h ' k ^ ""^*^ ^'^""^i" iWed the fiowcrof the TurkiHi cavalrv 1^^?/-^ t ^'^^^ bayonets, who do- ;h.s battle, amounted to 7000 men k ffimon J'l ' '^V^^ ^''^' °^'^''^ '^'^^'^^^ iu toners and a gi^at number w^io were Zw^eU ^Th u"l ''T"^'^ ^"^ P"- • virir had greatly contributed to this wpital Sh,;,,! "^^ J^ '" "«"^"^ «f the not prevent him from engaging in anot£r o.^" f''""^^ ^^^ }^'^ confideration did laid but one bridge over the rier w h r^ jf^ . u" ""^ '^^ ^'"^^ "^^"re. He now batteries of camion, and prepared to tat th./'^f Precaution to cover with laSe the 17th of September eiSr^hlL^?! • ''^''^^ ""'""y o^'^*'- Accordingly on valry. the flower of th^^J^S^^^^^^ ^^r thoufand re^X' e^ artillery, and the reft of th^t'my w rein mS fo n, ^^'^ T^ ^^^ge^rain ^f traordmary fwell of the waters of VhV^;« ^° ^"ow, when a fudden and ex- the bridge!^ The Rul^lCLlim^ia^^^^ 7^7 '"^ ^°^«»y ^eftroj^d advantage. A moft defperate eCen ent^&,"1„^^ f^^'' ,«"^ "^^xpeid rurks was prtxligious. Not o2 ^he field of^'/v t''*^\'^'^ ."'"^^^^ ^^^ the ron. ^ew hund^ of Turks niade^heirSett^^^^ t ^f^-lS ilZ R U A. covered wuh dead bodies. Tl^ Ruflians toolc 64 pieces of cannon, and a')ove 150 colours and horie tails. The 'lurks immediately broke up their camp and abandoned the ftrongfortr^Cs of Choczim. ^ith all L ftore. an^d numaZ'a til lery and retired niniultuoufly towards the Danube. They were much exafnerated at the .1 l-condua of their commander the vizir; and "was con.puted fat he Turks loft 28,000 of the beft and braveft of their troop.s within linle more than a tomught ; and that 40,000 more abandoned the armv, and totally dcferted. in the tumultuous retreat to the Danube. Prince Gallitziu 'placed a ganilbn of lour regiments m the fort rds of Choczim, and foon after ref.gned the command of the laiSs "^ °"^* Romanzow, and returned to Peterlburg, covered with The Ruflians contimied to carry on the war with fuccefs : they over-run the great province of Moldavia, and General Elmpt took poffelHon of [he capital city ?JLi V ^''" u'^Pn ^'!r""- ^"*^ ^' '^^ ^^''^ »*»^«» of 'his province had always fecretly favoured the Ruhans, they now took this opportunity of their fuccefs. and the ab ence of the Turks, to declare themfelves ojJeSy. The Greek inhab tants of Moldavia and afterwards thofe of Wallachia. acknowledged the Empi^fs of Ruflia their iovereign, and took oaths i>f fidelity to her. On the 18th of Tulv, 1770, Genera Romanzow defeated a Turkifh army, near the river Larga : the lurks are laid to have amounted to 80,000 men, and were commanded by the obtaLdiSilf ""'"?• ^l' °" '^^ ^''''l^ °^' ^"8P>ft. the fame Rufliaa General obtained a ftill greater viflory over another army of the Turks, commanded by a new grand vizir. This army was very numerous, but was totally defeated. It is faid that above 7000 Turks were killed on the field of battle, and that the roads to the Danube were covered with dead bodies; a vaft quantity of ammunition, 14-, ZrJs o^trRuTa'nr' '""' ^'°"''"' """^" '^'"''^ ^"^ P^^^'^*^^'^'' ^^" -^« . Jnft IU't T "^ru^ V '"""l- 'r^' '^^ ^"^'^"^ ^""^^ ^" '^^ ^-ar fuccefsfiilly aga lift the Turks^ rhe tmprefs lent a confiderable fleet of men of war. Ruffian- m. ;,"?.[•" J^^d""""^«"v ^° '^ ^g^^"ft ^'^^ 1""^''« *>" 'hat fide. And by Zul °f f ^r\''^? ^"^^'"f 5"''^''. "^'" *"d ''^^°1«"«" 'trough the ;pen iflands of the Archipelago, and the neighbouring defencelefs coafts of GreSe and Alia. It is obfervable, that m this attempt of the Ruflians to ad as a mari- time power, they were greatly aflilted by England ; but whether in this the Englilh ^ueftioIS' "^^^ '"^"^"*^^d by principles of found policy, may very reafbnably be The war between the Ruffians and the Turks ftill continued to be carried on by land, as well as by lea, to the advantage of the former; but at length fome attempts were made ta^negociate a peace: it was, however, a long time before matters could be accommodated between thefe great contending powers ; hoftilities were repeat- cdlv lulpended, and afterwards renewed ; but at laft a peace was concluded, on the ,hl J ■^li'Z'^^'u^'^*'^y]'*'"°"''''b^^*°^^"«^fi<^»al 'o the Ruffians, and by which wS ^^Tf 'f'J' o"^ °^ ' free navigation over the Black Sea. and a frJe trade with all parts of the Ottoman empire. Before the conclufion of the war with the Turks, a rebeUion broke out in Ruffia, I. ^,Sh.T ff' 'T u° '^^ '^"^ °^ Peterlburg. A Coflac, whofe name pit \^^ -S- 5 '^'"^'^ *^^ """'"^ '°^ charafter of the late unfortunate Emperor mtnl K^ r ?^ appeared in the kingdom of Kafan. and pretended, that he made his efcape, through an extraordinary interpofition of Providence, from the murderers who were employed to affaffinate him; and that the report of his death was only a fidion invented by the court. There is faid to have been a ftrikbg u I A. m Tefeniblance in his perfon to thaf nf »)>« u.« ~ gage in this enterpriS. A he poffe, fed MVu^r''']' ^1^"^ '"'J^^^^'' ^^^^ to en- becanievery nun^rous ; and L at lent^h fotd h^ ^'' ^°"^^*^" '«on being armed, and provided with artiUeS »h^? h. A ^ ^ ^r P^r*"^'' ^'^ followers able Ruflian generals, at therad"f fee bodies onrl^'''"^/"«^»^"'^"'' ^"^ ravages m the country. But bein^ at laT ror»1I, if "^Z"' \''^ committed great was brought to Moi in JlZ ^^' ^^r^t^^^^^t^ ^^J^ ifanV; Safa:^^ hlr^atg ^So^^AV^^ ^^^ "^^^^-^^^'^ ^-u- has. fince the commencement ofTerrd^^^^^^ 9^ '''^^ empire, reputation and ability. She h°s enco..rS:. l • ' ^'t ."'"°" "^'^ diftinguilhcd gj^atly to extend the^comnferc'rof he/'S^e^^^^ """u 't' '"^'' *"^ endeavoured the RufEan government is a ir^eif Imni?' "?^ ^^^ extreme defpotifm of Sciences and^o the re'l p ^fp^Krof X^^^^^^^ of thenar ts and ever. efle«ed many beneficia and rnmort»n7 i "" '"'P^V''^ '"'>% ^^s, how- her vaft empire. aL parSarl^ i„Te rrtsTi'u'rf 'n'^^' J"l^'M P°^^^« «*' Inion of the «fe of torture and flie L?n7r« / li 0"e of thefe is, the abo- reformation of prifons The net 7^ / "'1''^^^'* an excellent plan for the of the moft remarkable franffflions irher eS rLr'^^ri^^ ^"* ^"'^ iieutralny, for the prote^ion of the commerce of itj "^^^^'^■"^"^t of an armed tacks or infults from belligerent no^e^B ?u "«"«°^"ot »* war, from any at- in^perial n.ajefty has endtfo^drenforce ^„!^^^^^^^ maritime law. whicf her gation, even from port to port and on T£ fa ^T u'^ ^° ^"J^^ * ^^ee navi- efleas belonging to^he fubjefl 'of tlWrm powtsle ^Th"^ P""^"J '""^ «» on board i'uch neutral Ihips, exceodng onTv f.K, a "^^^"^ "P°" ^° ^^ ^s free, contraband in her treaty^of Serce wifh Gre^^^^ are exprefsly ftipulated her imperial ma left v invited thi^^ 1 ^ "^ ^"'*'"- ^^ was in 1780 that lity. Thofe wr7nga^^^^^^^^ IZZ -kf ^"' '° '"^^^ /" '^^' armed nemt any of the bemgeren't ^wSs whrfhoulTvfokte '^^^^^^ ?"^^°^" ^' ^^^' «g^'"* thefe prmciples of maritime law Th?lr Ji/ ' v^ '^^^^^ ^° "«"tral nations, year, by the- kings of SwedJn td D^tXtdTttK-G^^^^^^ ''^ '^^ in ivttdiLS^^^^^ n1r'uoP"\^' f ^."^^^^ ^-^*^' -- to- huftand. She was married o that pice Sft d.t^^^f"?? i^"-'^ ^A''^ ^^ t« 1745, by whom fhe had ifllie Paul PeS?. ^"^^ "^^ "^''^^^ ^o«orp, in who has been twice rnVZ^ *^*"^ J^^trowitz, great duke of Rullia, born in in^A berg has Stror^exa^SerL^"^^^^^^^ Pawleona. Axexanaer and Conftantme, and. a daughter Alexan^i 174 ISLES o? SCOTLAND. SCOTLAND, AKO its adjacknt ISLES. ISLES OF SCOTLAND. ]r SHALL, according to the general plan I have laid down, treat of the iflands [ belonging to Scotland, before I proceed to the defcription of that ancient king- om ; and, to avoid prolixity, I (hall comprehend under one head, thofe of Shet- land, Orkney, and the Hebrides, or Weftem illes. Situation and extent.] The iflands of Shetland He north-eaft of the Or- cades, or Orkney-iflands, between 60 and 61 degrees of north latitude; and are part of the fliire of Orkney. The Orcades lie north of Dunglby-head, between 59 and 60 degrees of north la- titude ; divided from the continent by a tempeftuous ftrait, called Pcntland Frith 24 miles long and 12 broad. * The Hebrides, or Weftern ifles are very numerous, and fomp of.thert ^rire: lituated between 55 and 59 decrees of north latitude. - >7 m- . . -. ' fn £~-5._ > Climate.] There is very little difference in the climate of theFe iflands, the air being keen, piercmg, and falubrious; fo that many of the natives live to a great age. In the Shetland and Orkney iflands they fee to read at midnight in June and luly; and during four of the fummer months, they have frequent communications, both ior bufinels and curiofity, with each other, and with the continent: the reft ot the year, however, they are almoft inacceflible, through fogs, darkncfs, and ur^- u^ * certain fad, that a Scotch filherman was impriloncd in May, for publifhmg the account of the prince and princefs of Orange being raifed to the throne of England the preceding November ; and he would probably have been hanged, had not the news been confirmed bj^ the arrival of a fhip. Chief islands and towns.] The largeit of the Shetland iflands, which are lorty-lix m number (though many of them are uninhabited), is Mainland, which is 60 miles m length, and 20 in breadth. Its principal town is Laru-ick, Avhich contains 300 families ; the whole number of families in the ifland not exceeding 500. bkalloway is another town, where the remains of a caftle are Aill to be ieeii and Vlr '"^^^ °^ f P'"^.%^ery- On this ifland the Dutch begin to fifti for hcrrines at Midfummer, and their filhing feafon lalts fix months. The largeft of the Orkney iflands, which are about thirty in number (thoucli feveral of them are unpeopled), is called Pomona. Its length is thirty-three miles, and US breadth, in feme places, nine. It contains nine parifli churches, and four excellent harbours. The ifle of Mull, in the Hebrides, is twenty-four miles long, and, in fome places, almoft as broad. It contains two parifhes, and a caftle, called Duart, which IS the chief place in the ifland. The other principal weftern iflands are, Lewis, or Harries (for they both form but one ifland), which belongs to the ftiire oi Rofs and IS 100 miles in length, and 13 or 14 in breadth, its chief town is Storn- vay. bky, belonging to the fliire of Invernefs, is 40 miles long, and, in fome places, 30 broad ; fruitfbl and well peopled. Bute, which is about ten miles long, and three or four broad, is famous for containing the caftle of Rothfay which gave the tide of duke to the eldelt fons of the kings of Scotland; as it now does to the prince of Wales. Rothfay is likewife a royal burgh; and the iflands A I'l?" ^""^^ ^^^ ^'""^ of Bute. The ifles of Ila and Jura, are part of Argj'Iefliire, and contain together about 370 fquare miles, but they have no towns ltt». ISLES Of SCOTL AND. I?5 worthy notice. North Uift contains in pvr».iu«» i. i. ,. n.ou8 tor h€rring.fifhing. I ihdl omit ^hemlm" "^'' """*^ ^-ochmaddy. fa- idand.. which .?e at p^refeL oUmTi^^LT^^^^ T*^" u"/ '''^ "«^'^" Prietors; though, probably, thev niav Knr.;- k"" V^* P"^*''^» or th^^o- Lth by the Wrprol'.^^Sk^,%TS^^^^^^^ avoKimemioning the famous ifle of lona once the Lti / ^^''"^' ''owever, earning, and the burning place of nwuv Jdn^l of W ""'^ /="/<^"«ry of >.eftern. It is itill famous for its relioues of SimT ^« '*°'*' Ireland, and Norway. n.entioned. Some amh,,r l^Jve iSen af IT. ."'• '""^^^^^ *' ^*" ^^ hereafter Kilda. or Hirt. for no other reafouth.tl^r Jt"' '" ^''^^"^ »»''-' "la^l .,f St moteft of all the north-^l^U inand; and v. v'l'T'' }'''' ^"*"^« " '« ^^e re- contain above thirty-five^ami^t all of w^^^^^ ^'"*^''= *""' " ^^' ""^ of the value of money. ' ^ "^^'''^ "'^ Proteftant, and know very little InUABITANTS, customs pnniir a "» T.. • , . can be fo nnnutely defcribed here, a tK have tc4 bv L.'. T ^° ^^^'^^^^ fo much on account of their imuortanre « .k,- .^^Y """'^ "^^*^^ authors; not Orkney were formerly fuWeKX^™^^^^^ ' "^' of Shetland and few years after they Lde^ t £„gl „d uX'\^?Ukn? cT'^^^^^ " ^^^9. a, the year 1263 thev were in no(r^fnr.„ ^f a/t ^^"""» called the conqueror. In Ale/ander king o/sc^^^ and^hefave 1^?"^%°^ Norway wlu, f?.ld them to of Speire. Ailer this, the^ were Sei Iv L!t '"^ * ,'^°^'^">'''" ^ the name Den>nark. Chriftian I in fhrreign oflmS IH """ '^^^^"^^ ^? '^'' "««" "^ the crown of Scotland, as a raamL 1.^^ ^^Vu"''^^'' '^^"^ ^" P'^P^'y to future pretenfions wert. entirely S on th^ I •^'" ''f ^^""' Margaret,\„i all with Anne of Denmark. tL iRes oTsheLT'Tni ^'"f'^^^^^ of Scotland ftiire, which fends a membeAo parliatnenL A.'" ^/'^"^y/«'"^ ^ ^ewartry. or differ little from the Lowlanders of ^Scodand nnl ^'f '"" '^ ^'^"P^" ^" ^^^^"^ andreUgious., Men of fortun^ there h'eimurSJ'l'^'' 'n'^ ''^ "'°'' ^°"«« late years; and have introduced imo fi!- W.?'^ ^^^ir eftates wonderfully of They build their dLltg and oSer ho [f/'™^^ "^^^ '^"^aucies and luxuries. ableVor the finenefs of thd lh"en As m /S' '"^ ' "^^", '^^' ^°^ ^^'^ ^^'"a^i^" ter, cheefc. iifh, fea and land fowl rof wK \ T'^Z'' ^^^^^ '^^Y '»^« "P^^ but. g^k; and thei; chief drink is whevwSh^h' '{ ^''""l ^'^' Plemy) particularly give it a vinousquality. In f^n^^f thl^'^7 have the art to ferment, fo as tj, iscalled theNorfelan^iage, iirU flke^ rt^^^^ '"^''^^'' the Norwegian, which, during the fifhing fealbnf rSdws dw iVn ^ ^ intcrcourfe with the Dutch, Orknev iflands.. The people there ^'^fj^g^^ge common in the Shetland and fcribecC in fming the S of fe! Lw ! >,^T",/? '^,^ Norwegians, already de- and rocks. Th? veovAe\ i J^ ' "^r"" ^""'^^ '"^ '"^^ '"^ft Rightful precipices to luxury.- Th'y^^tLT^^l^^ ^-"^ any 'difeafe? kiCa, with the Wr^of?SiuLtnd^X^^^ ^^^f -^ ^"^jea.. religion is proteftant, and according t^tK^fi^ •rr.>' ^^''^ P^^^^X- Their and their c^vil infti udSSs aS^3 K. f ^'^Sf »^e of the church of Scotland; they belong. "*" "'"^'^ '^^ ^*°»« ^^^^^ ^^ofe of the country to which years ago, they wei m^ch r>l "^^i^"^ f'^^.'^^ of hiftory. that about 400 themfel^ we^re k^wToftenf H ''"'' "^""^ J^ ''*"°^= for the Hebrides prejudice to their aSlture At teln^T' ^8^^^"^^^ i^tp the field, without 48,000. The DeoD^ nf .!,« u^ -J ^°'' *^^^' numbers are faid not to exceed. 4 , . ihe people of the Hebrides are clothed, and live like the. Scotch SgS I7« ISLES or SCOTLAND. landew, who (hall hereafter be defcribed. They are fimilar in perfons, conftitu. tions, cuftoms, and prejudices; but with this difterence, that the more poliftied mauners of the Lowlanders are everv day gaming ground in the Highlands, perhaps the delccndants of the ancient Caledouiana, in a few years, will be difcemible onlv in the Hebrides, ^ J Thofe idanda alone retain the ancient ufages of the Celta, as defcribed by the oldeft ^nd bed authors ; but with a ftrong tinaure of the fcuail conftitution. f heir (hanachies or ftory-tellcrs fupply the place of the ancient bards, fo famous it hiftory; and are the hiftorians, or rather genealogifts, as well as poets, of the- nation and family. The chief is likewife att<;nded. when he appears abroad, with his mufician, who is fenerallv a bagpiper, and dreffed in the manner, but, as it is faid more fumptuoufly than the Englilh minftrels of former times*. Notwithftandbj? the contempt into which that mufic is fallen, it is almoft incredible with what care and attention it was cultivated among thefe iflanders fo late as the beginning of the prefent century. They had regular colleges and profeflbrs, and the ftudents took degrees according to their proficiency. Many of the Celtic rites, fome of which were too barbarous to be retained, or even mentioned, are now abolifhed. The inhabitants, however, ftiU preferve the moft profourd refpedl and affeftion for their feveral chieftains, notwithftanding all the pains that have been taken by the Britifti legillature to break thofe connexions, which experience has fliewn to be lo dangerous to government. Ihe common people are but little better lodged than the Norwegians and Uplanders already defcribed; though they ceruinly fere better, for they have oatmeal, plenty of fifh and fowl, checfe, butter-milk and whey; and alfo mutton, beef, goat, kid, and venifon. They indulge them-' felves, like their forefathers, in a romantic poetical turn, which is an enemy to induUry, and indeed to domeftic and perfonal cleanlinels. The agility of both fcxes in the exerciles of the field, and m dancing to their favourite mufic is re- markable. ' The reader would not pardon an author, who, in treating of this fubjea, (hould omit that remarkable mantology, or gift of prophecy, which diftinguifties the in- tiabitants ot the Hebrides under the name of the ftcond Jight. It would be equally abfurd to attempt to difprove the reality of the inflances of this kind that have been brought by reputable authors, as to admit all that has been faid upon the fub- jea. The adepts of the fecond fight pretend that they have certain revelations or rather prefentatious, either really or typicaMy, which fwim before their eyes, of certain events that are to happen in the compafe of 24 or 48 hours. I do not however, from the beft information, obferve that any two of thofe adepts agree as to the manner and forms of thole revelations, or that they have any fixed meihoda for mterpretuig their typical appearances. The truth feems to be, that thofe illanders, by indulging thetnfelves in lazy habits, acquire vifionary ideas, and overheat their imaginations, tifl they are prefented with thofe phantafms, which they miftake for fatulical or prophetic manifeftations. They inftantly begin to pro- phefy; and it would be abfurd to fuppofe, that amidft many thoufands of predic- tions, fome did not happen to be fulfilled ; and thefe being well attefted. irave a fane- tion to the whole. ° Many learned men have been of opinion, that the Hebrides, being the moft wefterly iftands where the Celts fettled, their language muft remain there in its greateft purity. This opinion, though very plaufible, has failed in experience. Many Celtic words, it is true, as well as cuftora*, are there found; but the vaft in- / , ^ M /, . 1. / f •Sec Percy's Reliques of Ancient Englilh Poetry, io 3 vols. . ^ i^ <•-. *. Afl, Vi rt- // '»; ' // '^H^^ j\ f.O" #'>'»'*' ^^dr>^^ ^ ISLES Of SCOTLAND. - — ■■» ■•^ 1^. ,«fc tcrcoiirl'e which the Hebrides had with fh/. n u thern people, whofe language is mixed with ^11?'^'. ^°'"«8«an«. and other nor- laft has no attimty witlfth? Celt c kis rendlr^H^l*"^"",'"" •''•"^ '^^"^««i^. whi^ch that t approachcs'in no dcg.ee to /he j^Soflh. r^ '""^^ * compound ; lb which was Ipokcu by their neighbour, ^n^ UK ^'"''' commonly called Erfc land, the undoubted ^dcfc^udTnT'^reCet'^^^^^^^ oPPofuc ^oaH, of Sc.^: wore unmixed. "^ '^"'''' "'"oo? whom their language remains of Ihc illMders. ^ '^°'""' <^'''°l" "-ligion itill p,.vailj among fo„12 i>OIL, MINES, AND QI'ARKtV«'l TU^ U • • iophy to account for the reafon L^ ^f ."'' T VK' P°^^^ "^ "^^ural philo- and weAern iflands bclongiV to ^^XJ" t' ^/''^^ ^ tjon. It IS evident, that nianv of Jh.fl n f\'"*l"ed an amazing altera- the Druids, whofb 'temples aTftSf .^^^^ Tt,\' k^'^" '^' habitLons of were lurrounded by groves, though Hui or no •>, °^ '^''" ' ""^ '^""^^ ^en.ples bourhood. The ftinfps of former tree Z "'^" "J?^ »''°^'« >" the ne gh- yeihges of grandeur, even fmcT theTdm^K" ohf ^ '^ "^ "'»ny prove the decreafe of the richer, power and Don.V-" ^*^""i«" . religion ; uhicE penence daily fhews. that i the foil of the noffi 'I ""^ a^^ inhabitants. Ex. were barren, cold, and uncomfortab e I to •"'' *"^,^«^fte"i iflands till of late luch fpots of them as are now cultfvareH ^ ^''""^ '" '^''' ^'^"' «f <'"ltur. for ftufl. more than lu,ficientfortheiSS/''^r ^^^"' .^'^getables, and g.^den to maturity. Tin, lead, and Sverm « „ /h ^ «- now b'rougEt of marble, have been found upon thefe ifland: Hi'.^'''-^^'^^' and even quar'es frefli water; nor of lakes and rivulets th.^f^ , ^-Z ""^ "°' deftitute of fine lame time it n,uft be owned that thfn Jr ^^""""i "'"^ excellent trout. At the rented with tree., excep^tl ^a tw h^t" t'rc'L?^ 'f '^ ^-^^' -^ uncr^a^ iKADE AND MANUFACTURES.] ITleiraTe alHn K ^^^^^r"'' • The reader can eafily fuppofe that th^S ft t ^''"'^ '"^^"^^^ '" tk>fe iflands cially herrings, which^reThe 'b^fin ^^e wo^rfd '"T°^^^^^^^ ^°°^'" of fifl,, ';?pt equal even to thofe of the Dui^h tI ' ^"'^' '^^^^ properly cured Tre bi down and feathers ; and thdr Ld n2 h"""!? ^ ''''"^'^^ ^ cfmfidcrabTe trade uito coarle doths ; and even the H,f, "^ 'h"" ^°°'' ^'^"^J^ they manufaSre thefe iflands. Th^y carr^ hJi^ ^^^^^1""^^^"^^^ ""'^^ "^ ^"^^^^ progrefs J land, where they ar^difpSledof^ntle or b^^ the adjacent par^s o^f tj" mutton, which they fait in the hide Upon ^V"' l'',""" ''T ^"^"""^« "^ their with fome portion of public encourTeementlrL 7 '''^' .^PP^'^'tion and induflrv, at once ornamental and beneficra" tf S moth? ^ ""'"""^^ '" '"^^^^ '^efe ifland i>abitants. ^° '"^'^ mother-country, as well as to, their in ■hey contain a fpecies of falcon or ha;^ of fmo ' u"" ' °,"''' " '' ''""'gtt .hat ?ny that arc to be fonnd clfcwhcre VJ '■ »"'' ''"i"^""" . e ro^er .th w.e. «ron, .S^rjp:- aS t^^^^o^aU^ti'^^'S !',a ISLES Of SCOTLAND. ^ ft 'r^^':lJ'l ^■--^■■.f- -^^1 native commodities, at the gaia of abo\e loo per cent. But it is to be hoptd that this pernicious traffic now draws lo an c*nd. Three thoufand buifes have been known to be employed in one year by the Dutch in tiic herring fiftitrry, befides thofe fitted out by the hamburghers, Bremeneis, and other northern ports. Rarities and cuhiosities, ) Thefe i Hands lixhibit many pregnant proofs, in ARTiFiciAi. AND NATURAL, j* their churchcs, the vefliges of old forts, and other buildings both facred and civil, of what hath been already obferved, that they were foinierly more populous than they are now. The ufe and conltruftion of fome cf thofe works are not eafily accounted for at prefent. In a gloomy valley belonging to Hoy, one of the weftern iflands, is a k\r"^ of hermitage, cut out of a ftone, called a dwarf-ftone, 36 feet long, 18 broad, and nine thick ; in which is a fquare hole, about two feet high, for an entrance, with a ftone of the fame fize for a door. Within this entrance is the refemblance of a bed, with a pillow cut out of the Hone big enough for two men to lie oc . at the other end is a couch, and in the middle a hearth, with a hole cut out above for a chimney. It would be eudlefs to recount the various vertices of the r> .Idical temples remaining in thefe iilands, fome of which hn\e retjuire? prodigio^is labour, and are llupendous credlions, of the fame nature as the famous Stonehenge near Salilbury. Others feem to be memorials of particular perfons, Oi actions, confifting of one large ftone ftanding uptight : fome of them have been fculpturod, and others have ferAcd as fepulchres, and are com- poied of Hones cemented together. Barrows, as the^ are called in England, are frequent in ihefe inlands ; and the rnonumer ts of Danilh and Norwegian fortitica- lions might long employ at able antiquary to defcribe. The gigantic bones found in many burial-places here, give room fo oelieve, that the former inhabitants were of larger fize than the prefent. It is likewlfe probable, from fome ancient remains, particularly catacombs, and nine lilver fibulae or clafps, found at Stennis, one of the Orkneys, that the Romans were well ptcuaiuted with thefe parts. The cathedral of Kirkwall, the capital oi ine Orkneys, is a tine Gothic build- ing, dedicated to St. Magnus, cut now converted into a parilh church. Its roof is fupported by 14 pillars on each fide, and its fteeple, m which is a good ring of bells, by four large pillars. Ihe three gates of the church are chequered with red and white polilhed ftor:;s, embolfed and elegantly flowered. The Hebrides are ftill more diftinguilhed than the Orknw or Shetland illes for thei. remains of antiquity ; and it would far exceed the bounds allotted to this head, v.ere we even to mention every noted monument found upon them, dedi» cated to civil, religious, or warlike purpofes. We cannot, however, avoid laking particular notice 01 the celebrated ifle of lona, called St. Columb-Kill. Not to enter into the hiftory or origin of the religious eredions upon this ifland, it is fuf- ficient to fay, that it leeuis to have ferved as a f.nftuary for St. Columba, and. other holv men of learning, while Jrcland, England, and Scotland were defolated by ibaroarilhi. It appears that the northern pagans often landed here, and paid no regard to tbc landtity of the jilace. The church of St. Maiy, which is built in the form of a cathedral, is a beaiitifol fabric. It contains the bodies of fome Scotch, Irilh, and Norwegian kings, with fome Gaelic infcriptions. The tomb of Columba' who lies buried here, is uuinfcribed. The lleeple is large, the cupola 21 feet fquare' the doors and windows are curioufly carved, and the altar is of the uncfi marble. Innumerable are^tk: iiilcriptions of ancient cuftoms and ceremonir^s chat -ire dif- cernible upon this ifl&nd ; and which give countenance to the well-known obferva- lion, that when learning was nearly extindt on the contineat of Europe, it found a rcfogrc in ScotlniKi, or rather in thefe i'lani's. sj0i ISLESoF SCOTL AND. 179 ney>. driven ,, « ,Upp„fVS S^^ W HndTW^^^r Jrt.l''" "A often force aftiore many curious Ihells and maHn^ nr,^.,^- l- Y, ^'°^^' ^^'*^^ naturalifts. In the parllh of Harn a kr Je nSr. nf ^.''^f'^^^' ^>gh'y ^fteenied by in the earth, by the inhabitants? who '^e^rr^^^^^ pTnTtu^r ^^ produce furprifing ph^no^L.^S tt nT^^'s '1::':-^Z and^[ri:t:{;^nTbl:;e7^^^^^ r r "1 ''' rr^r r-^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ lerved for the^quifiVi 7^^^^^ A difcovery re- ..iating Hs voyagl through'^ Hlf/e.tt^' iTv" ts^^'te tt'n T' ^'^ arrived, than we were ftruck with a fcene nf m.„n;?L^ ' u- u ^^"^^ °° ^"'^°^'' peaations, though founded 37 we t hoSL '"'g"'t^«"<^e^wjnch exceeded our ex- the whole of that end of the ifland rvl tV^"" '^^ '^''^, ^^"8"'"^ foundations : in breadth) fuppor^ grants o^^^ V'""^^' ^".^ half a mile ftandmg m' natural colonydesf accorS t^he b ^^^'^^ '^'^ f7 f^« ^^%b« themfelves: upon a firm bafis of folid^fn^Jii ^f ^^,l^°>"t« ""^ land formed which reaches ?o the foirorfufrce of t^^^^^ rock above the,e, the ftratum itfdf formed into hills or valHereach hill whth T"^ "" '^'''l°^^' ^ '^^ '"^^^ formed an ample pedimentTS; of thefe '« W r ^"''? °^^-'' '^^ ?^"'"°« ^^^^> bafetothe poL, formed bv the floninrJ^J'^^^ feet m thickn^s from the fhape of thofe ufed bTrchiteLre ^ ^ '^'' ^''^ ''^ "^'^ ^^''"' ^^^^^^ '^^^ ^he mciid^TX-lhing?' llttioLt d?'-"^^ ^^ ^t^"^ ^-^^ V ™-? mere When compLd tTthofeof n^^^^^^^^ as dimmutive, as his works will always be, gularity, the only part in wS he flcZ^ W T,T '^^ ^'^ °^ '^' ^^^^"^^ = ^- is hereVound in l^efpoKn and he- '^^ "^^ '^ ""^^''^'' ^''"'^* ceeding farther to the N W , ,? has been for ages undefcribed Pro n>agnilcentap;e ranee of w^ch^ Tf'^.^^? ^^^i!^" ""g^« of Pi»ars, the very bafe^ i;7 the ftrlm Mol^Aem^s'tS^^^^^^^^^ ^'ff "S ''^ '° ^1^^'^' iarizes fundry other appea'inces in thirinH , • uu ■ ^T"^*"- ^»"^s particu- combed o7pilIars wKut'any "r^ 1„^ ?oZ'tt?lf S 7^/^ r"£?"^ Cave, which M. BaldefTri^^^^ '^''^''^ ^^ ^^-^^ " Wl^ ftll of fuch reflexions, we pr^Se^ded ^Innll i°^ "''"'''^'J " ^""^ «"^ niinds angles; till, in a Ihort dmf w^MiJTl * ^^'^^*" """'^ ^^ ^de* and ficL, I fuppofe. fhrhire^r'^ilti^Lit t^irs'*' Tlf' ^^^^^^^ -^'- form an idea more maonifirenf »»,,!! 7""™ ^Y travellers *■. 1 he mind can hardly From \ '>«^ «]:«/' om the arch without From the pitch of the arch Breadth of ditto at the month. . ^t iiie farther end - - . "eight of the arch at the mouth - I Tht diraenfions of the cave are thu, given by Mn Banks: rcet 371 350 5J ao A a At the end Height of an outfide pillar v^ one ac the JV^ W. corner Depth of water at the mouth At the bottom - . . Feet 70 39 54 i8 I go O N D. wuh a great deal of elegance ; and to render it ftiU more agreeable, the whole is lighted from without ; fo that the fartheft extremity is very plainly feen from with- out : and the air withm bein^ agitated by the flux and reflux of the tide is perfeaiw dry and wholefome, free entirely liom the damp of vapours with which natural cL vems m general abound." Mr. Pennant, who alfo made a voyage to thefe iflands in the fame year had a glance of Staff a, m his paflage from lona to Mull, but was prevented by' ftormr weather from approaching it. « On the weft," fays he, « appears the beautifiil groupe of the Trealhunifh ifles. Neareft lies Stafta. a new Giant's Caufeway. riling amidft the waves, but with columns of double the height of that in Ireland • gloffy and refplendent, from the beams of the eaftern fun."-^^ — And in the ifle of Sky, a confiderable way northward, he refumes the fubjed. " We had in view a fine feries of genume bafaltic columns, refembling the Giant's Caufeway • the pil- ars were above twenty feet high, confifting of four, five, and fix angles, but moft- ly of five. At a fmall diftance from thefe, on the flope of a hill, is a traa of fome roads entirely formed of the tops of feveral leries of columns, even and clofe fet iormng a reticulated furface of amazing beauty and curiofity. This is the moft northern bafaltes I am acquainted with ; the laft of four in the Britifti dominions all runmng from north to fouth, nearly in a meridian: the Giant's Caufeway appears farft ; Stafta, &c. fucceeds ; the rock Humbla about twenty leagues farther, and, hnaUy thofe columns of Sky : the depth of the ocean, in all probability, conceals the van Imks of this chain." ' Learning, liarnkd men, and history.] See Scotland. C O N D. Extent and Situation. Length Breadth Miles 300^ 190) Degrees. between 4 ^'^ ^"^ ^^ 'iionh latitude. i I and 6 Weft longitude. ^AME.j 'T-^HERE can be little doubt that the Scots were not the original 1. • J J*,, '"^^^"ants of this kingdom, but of the Cclia: or Gauls which they invaded about the beginning of the fourth century, and having conquered the Pifts, the territories of both were called Scodand; and that the word Scot is no other than a corruption of Scuyth, or Scythian, bcmg originally from that immenfc country, called Scythi.i bv the ancients. It is termed, by the Italians, Scotia; by the Spaniards, Llcotia ; by the French, Ecoflb; and Scotland by the Scots, Ger- mans, and Enghlh. ^ BouNDAKiKs.] Scotland, which contains an area of 27,794 fquare miles, is bounded on the louth by England and on the north, eaft, and weft; by the Dcuca- ledonian, German, and Irifti leas, or, more properly, the Atlantic Ocean. Divisions AND subdivisions.] Scotland is divided into thecoumries fouth of the Frith of Porth, the capital of which, and of all the kingdom, is Edinburgh; and thole to the north of the fame river, where the chief town is Aberdeen, lliis was tne anaent national divifion ; but fome modern writers, with lefs geographical ac curacy, have divided it into Highlands and Lowlands, on account of ihe different Habits, manners, and cuftoms of the inhabitants of each. Ifi« » C O T L A N i>. t$9 Eighteen counties, or Shires, are allotted ta the fouthern d^vifions. »tiA is to the northern; and thofe counties are fubdivided into SherifTdoms, ftewartrieTand baS wicks, according to the ancient tenures and privUege* of the landholders.' Shires. I. Edinburgh (429*) J Mid-Lothian •*) j Sheriffdoms and other fubdivifions. Chief Towns. --H Haddington (121) j Eaft-Lothian — — ij Merfe, anciently J The Merches, and Lau. [] ^ r . Berwick! (114) 1 derdale — — ]"{ Dunfe, and Laude Edinburgh, W. Ion. 3. N. lat. 56. Muffelburgh, Leith, and Dalkeith. Dunbar, Haddington, and North-Berwick. 4. Roxborough (165) 4™otdale,Lidfdale,Efk-> J Jedburgh, Kelfo, and «: SelUrt / ( dale and Eufdaie ^f\ Melrois. 5. belkirk (19) Ettrick Poreft — ^ S^iUrlr 5. Selkirk 6. Peebles ?• Lanerk 8. Dumfries 9. Wigtown -'}{ (19) ^ Ettrick Poreft (42) Twecdale (388) Jciydefdale (188) Nithfdale, Annandale (190) J Galloway, Weft Part I J 10. Kircudbright (100) Galloway, Eaft Part — (280) i ^y^^' Carrick, and Gun- ) ( ^ 1 nmgham — rT Lenox — -..» 11. Air 12. Dumbarton 13. Bute (34) and 14. Caithnefs !£• Renfrew 16. Stirling 17. Linlithgow (66) (105) JBute, Arran, and Caith-? ( J uefs — — H 18. Argyle 19. Perth (126) i Renfrew — — M (76) Stirling — _ ^^ (80) ^ Weft Lothian — I J " Argyle, Cowal, Hnapdale, I Kint ire, and Lorn, with (314) «! ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Wcftern ^ Ilks, particularly Ifla, " Jura, Mull, Wift, Te- rif. Col, and Lifmore. r Perth, Athol, Gowry, ) f (570) J Broadalbin, Monteith, M j Strathern, Stormount, (j I Gleufhield, & Raynork ) ( Selkirk. Peebles. Glafgow, W. Ion. 4-5. N. lat. 55-52. Hamilton, Lanerk, & Rutheif len. Dumfries, Annan. Wigtown, Stranraer, and Whitehom. Kircudbright. Air, Kilmarnock, Irwan, Maybole, Stewarton. and Saltcots. Dumbarton Rothfay. — Wick, N. lat, 58-40. and 'I'hui io. Renfrew, Paifley, Green- ock, & Port Glafgow. Stirling and Falkirk. Linlithgow, Burrough- ftonnefs, & (^eensferrj'. Invcrary, Dunftaffnage, KiUonmer, and Camp- bcltown. Perth, Scone, Dumblane, Blair, and Dtankcld. ch fliire, when that t Berwick, on fh^ r.„r|j, a-*- ■ f -u- >^ L > • ^ -' ^^ ** ' ''' '* *** ' a county in that kin'gdo"m , butlt is noVSj°'f "'^t'^ ^""^I^^ ^° Scotland, and gave name to diftinft from Engla/d and ScoJiU Kn'rro^rpriVa^^s?"' '''^'' '^.'^^' '" '^ P^'''"' ''"^^ Shires. 20. Kmcardin S C O T L A N D. Chief Towns. SheriflUoms and othtt fttbdivifions. (109) JMeins — — 14 ^'^'♦^•StonhiveandKin- i V ( cardin. f Old Aberdeen, W. Ion. 21. Aberdeen (551) Mar, Buchan, Gariocb, and Strathbogie 22. Invemefs (282) \ 1-40. N. lat. 57-22. New Aberdeen, Fra- feriburgh, Peterhead, Kintore, Strathbogie, Inverary, and Old Mel- . . , „ , J \. drum. Aird, Strathglafs, Sky, ^ ( Harris, Badenoch, Lo- M Invemefs, Inverlochy, Fort rifon "^ ^'«"™<>- n Auguftus, Boileau. 23. Naime (27) and ] Weftera Part of M^ay M ^t • ^ 24- Cromartie (24) \ and Cromartie — y 7 Naime, Cromartie. ** ** St. Andrews, Cowper, Falkland. Kirkaldy, In- Fife — — 1 J nerkythcn, Ely, Burnt Ifland, Dunuermline, Dyfart, Anftruther and Aberdour. „ - , « ■ Montrofe, Forfer, Dun- Forfar, Angus — ^ ^ dee, Arbroth, and Bre- chin. 25. Fife - (387; 26. Forfar — (326) 27. Bamff i -H r Bamff, Strathdovem, \ / - (182) J Boyne, Euzy, Balve-M '' T ny, Strathawm, and f n ( part of Buchan ) ( Bamfif and Gullen. fioo^ (Strathnaver and SutherO f e i. ^^ °^ i land — — — H Strathy 28. Sutherland 29- Clacmannan(3i)and ( ^../T \ t 30. Kinrofs (23)^^'^^^*" "" ^ H 'EaftemandWefternRofs,-* ^ and Dornoch. 31. Rofs — (201) , 32. Elgin. — (145) 33. Orkney — (183) , Ifle of Lewis, Loch- broom, Lochcarren, Ardmeanach, Redcaf- tle, Ferrintoih, Strath- peffer, and Ferrindo- nald — — ^ Murray and Strathfpey Elgin and Forres. •^ *• Kirkwall, W. Ion. 3. N. Culrofs, Clacmannan, Al> loa, and Kinrofs. Taine, Dingwall, For- trofe, Rofamarkici and New Kelfo. Ifles of Orkney and Shet- land — — lat. 59.45. Skalloway, near the Me- ridian of London, N. lat 61. tn.ll ^}^^"7i^^^ ^T' ^^"^^ *^^^« ^^''^y reprefentatives to fit in the parlia- Crlfr '^'A^n!'^"^' ^"'' '°^ ^»«^°«<'» «l»oofing alternately, as doNair^aid Cromartie, and Clacmannan anH Kinrofs. O T L N D. . The royal Boroughs Edinburgh — Kirkwall, Wick, Dornoch, Ding- ) wall, and Tayne y Fortrofe, Invemefs, Nairne, and ) Forces — r Elgin, CuUen, Bamff, Inverary,> and Kintore — P Aberdeen, Bervie, Montrofe, > Aberbrothe, and Brechin f Forfar, Perth, Dundee, Cowper, > and St. Andrews y Crail, Kilrenny, Anftruther Eaft ) and Weft, and Pittenweem y Dyfert, Kirkaldy, Kinghorne, I and Burnt Ifland — f which choofe reprefentatives are, Innerkythen, Dumfermlin,' > Qiieen8ferry,t:ulrofs, and Stirling f Glalgow, Renfrew, Rutherglen.and • Dumbarton — __ • Haddington, Dunbar, North-Ber- ' wick, Lauder, and Jedburgh Selkirk, Peebles, Linhthgow, and Lanerk — — Dumfries, Sanquehar, Annan, Loch- niaban, and Kircudbright Wigtown, New Galloway, Strati- ' raer, and Whitehorn — Air, Irwan, Rothfay, CampbeI-> town, and Inverary — 183 fn^J^'^^Ya ^'^U" '*?' *"^ WATKR.] In the northern parts dav-lieht at Mit? in 5n L ' f-''' ''r^''!' ?,"^ l"^^""g f"'- «^"t "i°e months inthe year The for TgSuiTn for Sr/^ ^ the ^^^^ ^^'.^ "^^"^ ^^V'"^ «-^ and vfuies of the moft u^uSnt' ferditv ^TfinT; 'rT '''. ^'''t^'' P^*'"« wafheddown from the mountls "ndy;epS^ted i^th r^^^^^'^ getative nourifhment, which is ca^abL of « '^^^^ aflord them are- the „hok b~,",wT'-"''-/- ; ' A A'*"'"". "> <-»»'''' ■■> ArKvleMre. almoK Una hiiK ™.;r ;i.-rixra„r;$r .StJ^'of^r^- A^''^^^^^^ -Ml i84 SCO N D. Lammar-Muir, riles neat ihe eaftera coaft, and runs weftward through the Mcrfe Befides thole continued chains, a;nong which we may reckon the Cheviot or I'i- viot-Hilla, on the borders Qt England, ScoUand contains many detached mountains, which, trom their conjcal figure, fometimes go by the Celtic word Laws. Many of them ure ftupendoully high, and of beautiful forms j but too numerous to be parti- culanzed here. * Rivers,, *,AKK8, ajjo torbsts.] The largcft river in Scotland is the Forth which riles m Monteith near Callendar, and paffing by Stirling, after a number of beautifbl meanders, difcharges itfclf near Ediaburgh into that arm of the German lea to which It gives the name of Fritb of Forth. Second to the Forth is the Tay, which iffues out of Loch Tay, m BroP.dalbin, and, running Ibuth-eafi, palfes the ^wn of Perth, and fa k mto the fea at Dundee. The Spey, which is called the molt rapid river in Scot and iffues from a lake of the lame name in Badenoch, and, rtmning from louth-weft to fouth-eaft, falls into the fea ne*r Elgin; as do the rivers Dee iind Don, which run Irom weft to eaft, and difembo|ue themfelves at Aberdeen. The Tweed "fes on the borders of Lanerklhire, and, after many beautiful ferpen- tine turnings, dilcharges itlelf mto the fea at Berwick, where it lervcs as a boundary between Scotland and England, on the eaftcrn fide. The Clyde is a large river on the weft of Scotland, has its rife m Annandalc, runs north-weft throuLh the valley ot that name, and, after pafling by Lanerk, HamUtou, the city of Glafgow, Renfrew, Dumbanon and Greenock falls into the Frith of Clyde, oppofite to the ifle oi' Bute. Eefides thole capital rivers, Scotland comains many of an inferior Ibrt, well provided with falnion, trout, and other fifties, which equaUy enrich and beautify the country. Several of thofe rivers go by the name ofljk, which is the old Celuc name for water. 1 he greateft improvement for inland navigation that has been at- tempted m Great Britain, was undertaken at a very confiderable expence, by a fc ciety of pubhcfpirited gentlemen, for joining the rivers Forth and Clyde together: by which a communication has been opened between the eaft and well feas to the advantage of the whole kingdom. The lakes of Scotland (there caUed Lochs) are too many to be particularly de- fcribed. Thofe caUed Loch Tay, Loch Lomond, Loch-nefs, Loch Au, and one or two more, prefent us with fuch pifturefque fcenes as are fcarcely equalled in Europe, if we except Ireland. Several of thefe lakes are beautifully fringed with woods and contain plenty of frefh-water fifli. The Scots fometimes give the name of a loch to an arm of the fea ; tor example, Loch Fyn, which is 60 miles long and four broad, and is famous for its excellent herrings. The Loch of Spinie, near Elein, is remarkable for its number of fwans and cygnets, which often darken the air with their flights; owing, as fome think, to the .plant olorina, which grows in its waters, with a ftraight ftalk and a clufter of feeds at the top. Near Lochnefs is a hill almoft two miles perpendicular, on the top of which is a lake of cold frefli water, about 30 fathoms m length, too deep ever yet to be fathomed, and which never freezes: whereas, but 17 miles from thence, the lake Lochanwyn, or Green Lake, is covered with ice aU the year round. The ancient province of Lochaber, receives that name from being the mouth of the lochs, by means of which the ancient Caledonians, the genuine defcendants of the Celts, were probably enabled to preierve themfelves in- dependent on, and unmixed with, the Lowlanders. Befides thefe rivers and lochs, and others too numerous to mention, the coafts of Scotland are in many parts in- dente^d with large, bold, and navigable bays or arms of the fea; as the bay of Glen- luce and Wigtown bay ; fometimes they are called Frit'vs, as the Solway Frith, which feparates Scotland from England on the weft; the Jrith of Forth, Murray Frith, and thole of Cromartv and Dornock, . : ■'.■«*ii '''' 1' ' fi^ .'f S C O T 1 A » D. »85 The face of Scotland, even where it U m«ft ..«;„ ••• The deepen ™>fc,, „ „„„ffe,, con^n^fa^o^TLd "a™^ T^ "°"^'- being impregnated with turpentine have a Drpfi.rvin» Ji,, iv ' ^ '^*"' ^atew .nan bodies which have been dtf^Jed i^tt^fe nUl ^k'' «T"A !*^ ^^« •''"- Caledonian Foreit. the remains SSh^K f^" . ^^^ ^^'^^ Caledonia, or the fouth of Scotland! 1^^^ iii a^tiw' 1°"^^- ""^'l' '"^ ^ ^'"^^ ^°

° '^ngth, without being of mucKim'enttL'^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'-^7 mentioned.' afforded a confiderable quantity of that metal fn?u« / • ^^^land formerly father contraded with ?eitain'be;nan f^SirwIhrS'/c"' 7'/^' ^'* and it IS an undoubted faft that when Tam^c v ^ tne mines of Crawford-Moor; ter^a number of covered di£, Sli lircLT/sich ^T^^^'"^'^ ^'^'^^^ to the guefts by way of deffert ThecivTl IS^inH ? u? ^ F^^' ^^""^ Prefented his da^hter, Ind il the mb^ ity cJhTtrndTon ^^^^^^ •*^"°"^^^ -^*^^ J^wh^m wa. called Cornelius. Lm theif wor£ ' whTch fm^^^^^^^ '^' '^^'^ been recovered. Some fmall nieces of crnlH Ko,;I Z^"'*^" ""^^ that time have never dow. by the floods. I, UkewSJ^p^Lft tfc ' wfc" ^tol'M,""? Vfl."''!'''' r^^f-H-diar^i/ofs^^^^^^^^^ lies, produce excellent coal of various kim . l.rll ^ • ' ^"'l "'?"''^'"" <^0""- l>orted to the vaft emolument of rpub^S.' S: Znl°i?? °^-^^"'^ ''' ^^- asis free-ftone; lo that the houfes of tCttter C aT "onf^^^^^^^^ beautiflil materials. The indolence of the bhahuiml If '^onftrudled of the moft land, where no coal is found, prevented then^^ftnmtnnr- "''P^ fr'' "^ S">t- tions of wood ; and the peS-moffes bein^ b m ^"PP^^'^g/^^t defeft by planta- almoft exhauft^d. the inSt^f re^;;f .^'^g^^^^^^^^^^ eipecially, itleS;..^^^^^^"^- of all kinds, that^ow Ir::^!:'':^^ ^^^^^ inBa'mmfr^^l^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ --s have been found mit of the findl polilh foigr are found In .^" '""'P"^^^ ««nes, which ad- ibelLs. potters clay, and Mers eartJ^^^The^o^r' l-T\'' ''^ ''^'' «'"^' f^*" elf-arrow-heads. and to wS they "fGirn a fur^- t ? ■• "^T 7 People call bably the flint-heads of arriws Se ufe n' bvT r 1 /"^'" '"^ "'^' ""''^ P™' No country produces greater Stv of lon^.K^^^^^ ancient Scots. Scotland Jf 'which ^^.ipZ^Zot '^r?^ r^tt =/?^^-' ^^f" ncs, as « Barron, and other metalUne manufaaur« '"""' '" ^"' '''"^'^*^- ^ Bb r y v' < J < /^/A. J- ^1 » t» tv UfPll .'',« 'lA^ 1 /f - 196 T L N i ViojTABiB AMD ANIMAL PRO- ) It is Certain, that the foil of Scotland may ,>,,? ofTr,''?' V ''t*-^'"'* ''''??• > ^^ rendered, in many parts, nearly as fruitful as that ot England. It is even faid, that feme trads of the low countries at prefent exceed ui value Englifh eftates of the fame extent, becaufe they are far Ids ex- haufted and worn out than thofe of the fouthern parts of the ifland; and agriculture is now perhaps as well underllood, both in theory and pradiice, among many of the Scotch landlords and farmers, as it is in any part of Europe. Such 13 the mutability of things, and the influence of commerce, that a very confiderable part of the landed property has lately (perhaps happily for the public) fallen mto new hands. The merchants of Glafgow, who are the life and ibul of that part of the kingdom, while they are daily introducing new branches of com- merce, are no Ids attentive to the progrefs ot agriculture, by which they do their country in particular and the whole idand in general, the moft effentfal lervice. Ihc aflive gemus of thefe people extends even to moors, rocks, and marlhes, which bemg hitherto reckoned u{dck, were confequently negledled, but are now adapfed '° '^ ''"'^'° ''^^"^' °^ ^'■*'° °' '^'' ^°' ^^'''^' '^^ '°" '' ^^ But the fruits of fkiU and induftry are chieHy perceivable in the counties lying upon the river Forth, called the Lothians, where agriculture is thoroughly under- w^?l Vwi'^^ T^'"' ,^ho generally rent from 3 to 500I. per ann. are well fed, wdl clothed, and comfortably lodged. The reverfe, however, may be obferved of a very confiderable part of Scotland, which Hill remains in a ftatc of nature, and where the landlords, ignorant of their real intereft, refiile to grant luch leaies as wou^d encourage the tenant to improve his own farm. In fuch places, the hui- bandmen barely exift upon the gleanings of a fcanty farm, fddom exceeding 20 or 30I. per ann. the cattle are lean and Imall, the houfes mean beyond exprdfion, and the face of the country exhibits the moil deplorable marks of poverty and opprel lion. Indeed from a miftaken notion of the landed people in general, the greatert part of the kmgdom lies naked and expofed. for want of fuch hedge-rows ard plantmg as adorn the country of England. They confider hedges as ufelds and cumberlome, as occupying more room than what they call ftone inclofures, which ^'''i?^\'°ii'i^r°' r/'-^^'^y '"^''"*'°^^' "« generally no other than low paltr^ walls, huddled up of loole Hones, without lime or mortar, which yield a bleak and mean appearance. / « « ^^^na. awx parture. In the fouthern counties the fineft garden fruits, particularly apricots nedtannes and peaches, are faid to fall little, if at all, Ihort of thofe in England • and the fame may be faid of the common fruits. The uncultivated parts of the Highlands abound in various kinds of falubrious and pleafant-tafted berries; though it muit be owned, that many extenfive trads are covered with a ftrong heath. The fea-coaft produces the alga-marina, dulfe or dulifh a moft whollbme nutritive weed in great quantities, and other marine plants. Ihe fifties on the coaft of Scotland are much the fame with thofe of the iflands and countries already defcribed; but the Scots have improved in thdr f,{heries as much as they have in their manufadures and agriculture: for focieties have been lormed, which have earned that branch of national wealth to a perfedlion that never was before known in that country; and bids fair to emulate the Dutch them. Idves m curing, as well as catching, thdr fifti. In former times, the Scots fd- doni ventured to filh above a league's diftance from the land; but they now ply in the deep waters as boldly and fuccefsflilly as any of their neighbours. Their fal- laons, which they can feud more early, when prepared, to the Levant and fouth- S G O T L. A N D. 18? cm markets, than the Enirlifh or Irifti ran <>m «f /• . the Highlands, but their flem is not compal'bk to ^n '1''''-^^^ ''' <"""d m aJl other animals for game, are here JenSl ic i?''^ '^^i?*''*"- ""«"> and which is a n,oll delidous bid a^HkeSri rh/'" ^*'\»r^'^ ^"^ heath-cock, which is of the pheafant kind- L tSi k"^ the capperkaily, and the tarmacan and when difcovefed-teve^fh;; The^';:';be^ofXk"'^" the Highlands', hills of Scotland towards the Highland' and Se^„ li rT'^^ '^"l *^«^^'- ^^e momitains of Tweedale, and Sr mm of tt f i "^ ^^'^ "P"" '^^ ^^"^^^^1 formerly brought large funw Tmo tCL \ u'^'h ^,''' "''""^ incredible, and when fLened^n thffoutherrpafLX^^.^ "jtle efpecially, which, beef It is to be hoped howeveT; rJl . T '^''^""^'^ ^"P^"^'' ^" E"?'^"' vaft increafe of manutrdLrwhl den^^^^^^^ 'r V !!"^ "" «s decline, b/the exportation of cattle StrSa^d SonTe 1 7 •'•''''^' ."'"^^ "^"« ^^^"^"^ ^''e by proper methods, ma^ li^S^o'up^VU' m°E Sufficient flock. of the nation. ^'^- niaiKcis, lo the great emolument culation reft, nerely uprvag^eVoi / a"" Sow of" ''"" °'' '""'l' '^"'^ "'- made to fiippore even its Drokahiliiv If '^ %'"""" ^^ oo mtmpt that lias been principle, .lie inhabitant of^Smfere far LH, "'' '''"^'f '•'?«" '"Y k.>own that Ibme publie eticot,ogeme„?har„o, l^„ TenTbir-.J' " '° ^ "P"'"^ ;arr vj-'^V^^ -- ,^;£'«" vf-^,^"^^^ longs, therefore to DolhiSi r,1.?, • PoP"lous part of Scotland. It be- Scotland . .h,l. u ™ of the utntoft fenice ,o many of ju natS;:^"*!^!'^;^" ii O 2 ' IS8 »COTLA>rD. Jjowever night, midered them »cceptaWc and agreeable among Ibreijraen.. but at ^e fame t,me u drained the nation of that ord?r of men, X areTe bdl fi ,^ JfcVS^' "^^"« '"^^ «-* ^^ ^' — - and'aTrtuuretr't pX With regard to gentlemen who live at home, upon eftates of ^ool a v«.-,r ,n,i from theu infancy to bridle their paffions. to behave fubmiflively to the^n^pS^ors and hve wnhm the bounds of the moft rigid ceconomy. HeLc W W th2 money and thar conftitutions, and fc^ inftLes of murd^er. SyrSbSry aS other atrocious vices, occur at pit^fent in Scotland. They feldon IlcrfS'ullu any darmg enterprize; but when they aft in concert, the fecre^ f3tv and rdtlT°:nTlH^^V'ir^*^>^ '*"y^" ^°y ''•^■P^"'^ undertaki4?'s'no?toTim1 ^mtiir totert'v fstlf 1°°' '""^'r-^' ""'"^r^^^ ft-ngeft^^mpt.tioS ari^ ^^ J,V^ ^7 1' • • ™°1* extraordinary. Their mobs are inanaffed with afl otnTfi" ??''""':;' ^■"""^'' '^^' ""-^'^ P"^ P^rteus to death V 1 7,6 In The inhabitants of thofe parts of Scotland, who live chiefly by pafture have a natural vem for poerry; and the beautiful fimpliciiy of the ScLch tmfesTs Sed hL iirV"'*^? °^ ""T- ^"^ ^^ g^°"»"7 the^fubjeft, and many of tS S !^Jk ^- 5'°"^^ "Pu^ '^*^ ^°g"^ ^^«g« ^«h variatiins under new mmes but with this advantage, that, though rendered more conformable to the ru^es oTmufic they are moftly altered for the worfe, bemg ftripped of that original fin Sty wh ch' however irregular, is their moft effemial charaaeriftic. whichTfo XabkTo the Srain"5?ave hid ^r^'? °^" ^5*^^""?^° ''^'''' ^'^^^ -^ - "^o^e iSand r^err^ hl^.Z ■ S^""H""<=. bemg introduced into the army in their native dre7 ri^J^^L n' f '^ '"«Tr^ i?'' ^^^'"^ '^^ "^ remarkably weLmted. It has beVn ridiculoufly fuppofed that Rizzio, the unfortunate Italian 4retarv of Mary queen of fn e^v'toT^sts ^°¥E "^f % ™' •« *. ^^"^hood inventedTy his cS^nT^^^enf RJzrS/,rri,1 A ^^P'^^^^ t""es exifted in their church mufic, long before ^ftrefsin foriin''H-r'^°^t"'PP^" '^^^ ^^^^'°' ^^"^ ^^« ^hi^fly emp loyed^y h! ™ \l^U:Ttfe^^^^^^^^^^ ^« ^"-^'^ ^^'^ -P-' ^he origmal cha- Dancing 15 a favourite amufemem is this country, but little regard in naid to arf Ifr^'^Y'i: '''!,^^Vlf ^^"^"^^ "^ ^gi%' -'^d in keepingXe n Xir o^ ifeS'bvL '''^ *^° ^ -^^ ^l*^^* "^^^*"^'^- ^^^ «f ^he particular diverW pr^^ fed by the gemlemen, is the Goff. which requires an equal degree of art and S ian-'iK ''^'r'^^ ''''' ' ^f ' ^^*= ''''" ^ fmaVr an7Srder Than a ftr^kt! ^^. K 1 K- i!' °^^''P^'■ ^^"ft'-ud^ion, till n terminates in the part that Sf ^e^e^ht^K^''^'^'''1i'?, ^^"^ ^^^''' ^"^ ^^^^^^ ^vith hom. The diverfion Kfelf relenibles that of the MaU, which was common in England in the mSdle of fttke TchT /? S'^P'^^^^Tf, ^-^^ ^^"^ ^he ball an amazing diW at one ftroke, each party foUows his U upon an open heath, and he who ltr1kes"t SCO LAND. 189 often from twenty to twHSid^d nn^jJ ^ k '^ " u""' T? l^"** ^« «°°". common ftand to a ^rk at a^emt ffni '^'''?. T'^' ^^**^^ '''^ ^"'^ ^'•°'" » the vidtor. Thc?e tj^mav li c» e^.t 1? ',• *"1^ ^»'°«^^'- » ""•^^ th« mark is Scotland. The^t ve, are e^n^rt ' t «» ^hl^^n^ ^T"7 '"""^ ^'"''^' ^'""^'°'«' «f cricket e»rent«!ln?' ^'^^^'' '^^ difkrming fcheme was the moft fuc!-- fca SV anv o^h.r n^'^K^^^ ^'^^'^'^^ ^°"""°" P^«Ple bad S1-- ^^..I'Ly. ^^'^^'^ arms^than thofe which they took from the kind's trnnnc i...h vvcuurow ai C^ioaen, rendered it no difficult, matter for the°legiilatu« I90 SCOTLAND. K M ItiU retain u. Even the common people have of late rcfumed t£ V.i^Jf! 1 he cheapnefs and lightnefs of the wear. I'he dre 7of he ^Z^n «f i "' ^l' U radtciir/Sfd/ "" «'«'''^"''"'- ='■'«"•">' '"»"''■ I«l>.'-r and B.de„och, PvNisHM.NTs.] Thefe arc pretty much the fame in ScoiUnd as in Fn.UmI ScotUnd, by the regent earl of Morton, a,rd if„a. hril ntl for .he eSSn o°f jonn tne apoltle, who Jled to this northern corner to avoid the Derfecution nf Ho mitian the Roman emperor ; though it was not publickirprofeff/d S X bedn' K^e-rt^^^^ Ihops chofen by thcmfclves, from anionK their own boH^^^H k u .! eminence or rank over the rk of thcit b?ethSn. ^' ""'^^ ^''^ °° ^'^^ Thus, independent of the church of Rome r'}ir;rt;o,,;»„ r l volved in that darlenefs which for nrany ages overfpreS' CoS t,™ ^T'^ T ^^T^^Z^^J"^ -" -ynende''rJ,eneo'^p^:Sd^„^Sp,StbX':? rr^i;i;traS%£fef:i«^^^^^ ^ad jeronreVl;"-! ifttzr- 1 S C O T L AND. 191 lizcd .11 the clfurch living" titoK^ ?"' "°^'"«>'' '"-opl almon in a ftatc of bemarv • norTo,VlJ 1 .? • ^ ^^^ ''"' reformed clergy to live alteration in their faS ^' ' '^"^"^ "" '''*^'' ^«^"» P'^"<^^ a^»y great ft^uggie ;r ceeding,i.„e,renLedrpreLtetncVvTfv?f ""^ P-'^'r'^"^' «•'- their revenues have been fo niucr mended^rh^f ^u '"'Portance to the ftate ; and I ^ol. a year, few fall Ihort of 60 anTileof Vol iTthe" "T"^ ^'^^^^^ ^^^-^^ of hving continues in Scotland, the ellaSed cleL ul ^'^^^''' exi^rnhve n.ode "^«fon» JO urge for the increafe if their revenues ^ ""' '"'">' unanfwerable blia>..ent/at vaU P^H^dtp^otrib^^^^^^^^ . This dla! |ent very moderate.^T^Sft vlV^^^^^tC:^^^^^^^^^^ 'r'^' ^'^i^ " '' P- blefor the extravagancies of their preTceS ?k! V 'u"^ ^^^^^ accounta- Revolution, firm adherents to civ Cy and the ho^.f^^'f u ""' '''' ^"^« ^^e with remarkable imrepidity during theSliof in r..^^^^^ ^Tr'''^ ''"^ ^'^^'l cal robes; but fome of them aotlar in tS! L^^ If . 1745- They drefs without cleri- and bands. They make no uf^^f f.?f ^^ ^ m gowns, after the Geneva form of the Lord's Prayer l\e rents of the hfi^?' '" T'^f ^' ''' °°^ Prohibited that paid to the king.Uo co^SylXlf^StZo^^^^^^ f epifcopacy. are pounds a year is always fent by LS^fS^the ufeT.V. ^^'^a "'' r^ ''^^^'^^'^ ted by aft of parliament in North-BrifaiJ and th/ W J Proteftant fchools erec clergy, of late, have planned out Cds for the funn^rr ?\^ •"' ' -'"^ '^^ Scotch phans. The number of parillies in SconinH ? ^lu ""l ^^'^"" ^'^"^^ and or- 4'cK :SS™^^^^ WW we . two nnnilters and one rulingS ^h comainf h5 '^'^ T^'^ """'"^^^' ^'"'ds nifters, it fends three, and one m Hnl elZ T;^ "'• '^'•^^ ""^ ^'S^teen mi- twcnryfournunifters,'itlendrf:urSftts andtlTuir ,^/'^''I! ^'?^^^^" ^"^ bytery has twenty.four minifters it fendTfiv.l,? •« .°^ ^^^"^ ' ^"^ ^^ ^he pref- royal burgh fends one n:l?nre der and Edinb 5'" '°^ ^^o ruling elders. Even, tefted by the refpedlive kirk femons of ^^rn'K'"'''^ ^^^'^ "'^^^'^^ "^^^ ^^ aT onecommiflionerrufually a mi^W fhdr oVn^^^^^^^^ fends fen yearly, fix weeks before the meetWof The .ffLw ?™"»'fllO'^e" are cho- often of the firft quality of the colTnt,^^ ™^^^- ^^^ "^""g aiders are bly,whfc?m'ea[t:^a'^^^^^^^ i» always a .nobleman) in this aW der of their « L:J-/- ' ,* ^^ ^^*« ^° voice m their deliberafinn« t-k„ „_ -neir ,.....„..,, ,3 regular, though the number of members "oft^n crVater^a .'.*•.. 1^2 O N D. II confi. Ion; which the moderator, who id chofen by them to be as it were fpeaker of the hoiiJe, has not fuffident authority to prevent. Appeals are brought from all the otheiecclefiaftical courts ir Scotlanu lo the general Affembly and no appeal lies from its deternjii\ations in religious matters. Provincial fynods are next in authority .J the general affembly. They are com- pol'ed of a number of the adjacent prefbyteries, over whom they have a power ; aad there are fifteen of them in Scotland : but their adta are rcverfibie by the general allembly. Subordinate to the fynods, are prefbyteries, fixty-nine of which are in Scotlaudy each confiding of a number of contiguous parilhes. The minifters of theft, parities, with one rulmg elder, chofen half-yearly out of every kirk-feflion, compcle a prel- bytery. Thefe prefbyteries meet in the head town of that divifion , but have no jurifdiftion beyond their own bounds, though within thefe they have cognifance of all ecclefiaftical caufes and matters. A ct.ief part of their bulinefs is the ordi- nation of candidates for livings, in which they are regular and foleran. The patron of a living is bound to nominate or prefent in fix months after a vacancy, otherwile the prefb; tery fills the place ywrt de%Ki!uto\ but that privilege does not hold in royal burghs. A kirk-feflion is the loweft ecclefiafiical judicatory in Scotland, and its authority does not extend beyond its own parifh. The members confift of the minifter, eld- ers, and deacons. The deacons are layii:en, and aft pretty much as churchwardens do in England, by haviuj^ the fuperintendency of the ptior, and takmg care of other parochial affairs. The elder, o , as he is called, the niling elder, is a place of great parochial trull, and he is generally a lay perfon of quality or intereft in the paiifh. They are fuppofcd to aft in a kind of co-ordinancy with the minifte'-, and to be af- fifting to him in many of his clerical duties, particularly in catechifing, \ ifitiug the fick, and at the communion-table. The office of minifters, or preaching prelbytprs, iut ludes the offices of deacons and ruling- elders ; they alone can preach, adniinifter the facraments, catechife, pronounce church cenfures, ordain deacons and ruling-elders, affift at the impofi- tion of hands upon otlier minifters, and modeiate or prefide in all ecclefiaftical ju- dicatories. A different fet of diffenters in Scotland confifts of the epifcopaliansj a few quakers, p^any Roman Catholics and other feftaries,who are denominated from their preachers, jipifcopacy, from the time of the reftoration in ii56o, to that of the Revolution in 1088, was the eftabliflied church of Scotland; and would probably have continued fo, had not the bithops who were in general very weak nien, and creatures of the duke of York, afterwards James VII. and II. refilled to recognife king W illsam's tide. The partifans of that unhappy prince retained the epifcopal religion; and kic3 "William's government was rendered fo unpopular in Scotland, that in queen Anne's time, the epifcopalians were n»ore numerous in fome parts than the Piefbyte- rians; and their meetings, which they held under the aft of Toleration, as well at- tended. A Scotch tpifcopalian thus becqraing another name for a Jacobite, they received fome checks after the rebellion in i.Vl.5; but they recovered themfelves Jo well, that at the breaking out of the rebeU'orii in 1745, they became again numer- ous, after which the government found me?us to invalidate the afts of their ( leri- cal order. Their meetings, however, ftill fubfift, but thinly. In the mean while, the decline of the nonjurors is far from having fuppreffed epifcopacy in Scotland j the EngUfh bifhops lupply them with clergy qualified according to law, whofe cha- pels are chiefly filled by the Englifh, and futh Scotch hearers of that perfuafion as 1,- »l,- ji»av«o uiiviVwi lufc gw.ciuuicill. O T L A N D. JP? The defeiflion of fome great familJi'-; frr»m fU» - • of other., have rendered irv.SrinSdlSS™ T'?"''.' '""^ "» """^i"" confined to the ncrthera parts. ;urf tLTflani " i ,1, f '''"•''; ^''^ "^ '^'"''•V d..trrd'GS;i^'tf;;:e.fei;;its^^ ':s^:zr^'"-''^''' «■• -- Learning and learned mw 1 v^^ ^u- • i hiftory of Europe for ^oo yea.J'l.ft ' t Zf" '"" '"'^ '''^' ^° ^^^^ ^^«^«"' produced St. Patrick, the celeb ate^d anof le „7 ?'? ^""^ .'"^ ^"'^ of Scotland whofebare names would make a lt«^a^^^^^^^^^ "i^"y o^f^*^^^ fince, other authors, who lived before and ft tKm. ^ u IT ^^^ ^damnarus. and are come to our hands, are f^e^/Lens ^Ahe" iSrl'/'cr, T'";!' "^'^^ Charlemagne, moft unqueftionablv h^lH o L • learning. Charles the Great, or of Scotland, with wh^ he fZed a InZtT'^"''"'' ^^^ ^'''T ^"^ '^' ^^^S^ ;n planning, fettling, and n^lingTs favoS unSLr^ T^W ^.^°'^'^"^^» learnmg, in France, Italy, and Germant T^ ' /""u "^^^"^ ^^""°«"es of feeming paradoxical fad,^ hat BarW a^^cotch oi^^ "\^M "^'? ^^'^^^' ^^''"gh a though prior in ume to Chaucer havn^ flonriLH • ' ^.^'^^^^P^er, and hiftorian, cording to thQ modern ideas, a %re EnlhU as tt^'h '^f ^''fu^^^^' ^•^°'^' ^^■ perhaps more harmonious. The deftrufho of hi ? ''u ' '""^ ^'' verification is ;.nd antiquity have rendered fh^,V J! ? T ''^ '^'^^^'^h monuments of learning Latin mlof Bucharit,i on i '^^^^ «ft^» fabulou,; but he duaions. The lett "rs of h^lo^ "k 1 to^t ^ Vk ^ °' ^" modern pro! parablv the fineft con.pofitions of the tSi^w ich/hl """^ ^•""'"«' ''' '"^^"'- from tf,e barbarifins of thofe fbnt the nTn anfler 'f h^ T' T"^^'' ^^^ «^^fi*^^ ssi^^itit ;i;2"^ '--^"^ - - -^^^^^^^e itt^ ^SaSrtri - ; ^uiH^;;^^:2';J»;t;;X^t ie^^t^^^ - point of ingenuity and right of Kaoier of Merch^fton. And fmc^hh Z^rt T'' '? \^" indisputable been cultivated i. Scotlard with great iuccefsKein?'f'"'.'"r''' ^"""^^« ^^^^ works, to the clearnefs of his reafoning Ins add JVi'. i Pbyfico-mathematical ;« the more remarkable, not only as ?he fubie? is JhtirfT"^-^^ ^^''^h but as he wrote in an ancient lanVuaee Of in ,,'l ^"^^eptible of ornament, allowed to be one of the moftT S and leLr^l" I'^^^^^^T^ ^^^S'^^^' ^'^ and the friend of Sir Ifaac Newton, was endou^d with d? h"""' -r" ^°">P-^"ion of nnnd, which rendered him peculiarlv fitted fi - h' ' ? Pi-ecifion and force great man to the level of ordi,ZT Z u r ^^"^g'"g down the ideas of that through the world, wWch NewtorhTd rTfi '^^^ '"^ ^"^ ^'^^fi^g thaf ligh HisTreatifeonFluxion^VTegTrdedbvtheb^^^^^^^^^ '^p^ ''^^^'^ "^ 'he learnS count of the moft refined and fuhSrfpecula.i^fl^^^ ^ntope, as the cleareft ac exerted itfelf with fuccefs. While Ma dan rhfn?r. \^-''^ '^"^ ^""^^^ "^i'^d ever triciannolefs famous diftin^uEhimfelf^n?K^^'l'^'^""^ "^^^f' >* geome- antiquity. This was the E^^^'^f:r?o t^'T^^^^^^ almoft delbrted, tfad of kftration of the ancient geometry HhFl^mTl r r" r^' ^"""^P^' ^« his il- ConicSeaions, arefufficieLrof &mfel4s t'c^^Xblffh^^^'V''- ^^? '^^"^^ ^"' ^i* his native covmt-y. "=""*^'ves, to eltablifli the fciemific reputatioii of No. Vn. ^ ^ r V I Ci c t94 N D. This, however, does not reft on the charaftcr of a few mathematicians and aftronomers. The fine arts have been called fillers to denote theii- affinity. There is the fame connexion between the fciences, particularly thofe which depend on obfervation. Mathematics and phyfics, properly fo called, were in Scotland ac- companied by the other branches of ftudy to which they are allied. In medicine particularly, the names of Pitcairn, Arbuthnot, Monro, Sraellie, and Whyit, hold a diftinguiihed place. Nor have the Scots been unfuccefsful in cultivating the Belles Lettres. Fo- reigners who inhabit warmer climates, and conceive the northern nations inca- pable of tendernefs and feeling, are aftonilhed at the poetic genius and delicate fenfi- bility of Thomfon. But of all literary purfuits, that of rendering mankind more virtuous and happy, which is the proper objed of what is called morals, ought to be regarded with peculiar honour and reljaeiR. The philofophy of D". Hutchelbn, § not to mention other works more fubtile and elegant, but lei's convincing and lefs inftrudive, de- lierves to be read by all who would know their duty, or who would wifh to pradlile it. Next to Locke's Eifay on the Human Underllanding, it is perhaps the beft dif- feftion of the human mind, that hath appeared in modern times ; and iu is likewife the moft ufefiil fupplement to that effay. It would be endlefs to mention all the individuals, who have diftinguifhed them- felves in the various branches of literature ; particularly as thofe who are alive (fome of them in high efteeui for hiftorical compofition) difpute the palm of merit with the dead, and cover their country with unfading laurels. Universities.] The univerfities of Scotland are four, viz. St. Andrews*, founded in 1411. — Glafgowf, 1454- — Aberdeen |, 1477. — And Edinburgh!!, 1582. ^ Ireland alfo claims the houour of giving birth to this Gentleman, and upon, (apparently) gojd authority. • St. Andrews has a Chancellor, two Principals, and eleven ProfefTors in Church Hiftory, Divinity, Medicine. Greek, Moral Philofophy, Humanity, Natural Philolophy, Hebrew, Mathematics, Logic, Civil Hiftory, {• GIa.' fo"^;™ch„L. deferve. partSr a«tr **«"» '"o «"""-i"ago by on. Ihe modern edifices in and near FHInK„r„k r u its hofpitals. bridges, and the it de^^te"^^^^ of the Scots m their public works IwXl fu • r '"T*""^ <^"^ent of the tafte the nobility, gentry,'and ot^' have t J^^'t^bu^d '^ '''"^"^^''' "" ^^^ -«h, which does honou/to the prefent ale ' ^ L^ I P""^ '°^"' "P*^" ^ P^^n the utmoft regularity, and the houfef are'tohi K l''"? iJ^""^? ^'^ ^^''^ out uith with all the conveniencies that render thofe of ta I ^"?',- 1 V" "'"^^"^ »««^' dious. The fronts of fome arc i rerblv finif^^^^^^^^^ '"^ "^'"'"* difplayingat the fame time the juSSt^oJ^t buSw ' 'h^'.""'\?-^ architeaure. proprietor. "^ "S'^ent 01 the builder, and the public Ipirit of the Mi:'^:sT£:t:^^^^^^^ which, agreeably to the ori- walk, andtheafcent towards th?S town rnv.Lf^K'"';' ^'"'^"^'^ ^^ « ^^^-^^ce ries, &c. But this elegant deW was fZSe?^!^^ ^"^^"«' «^'^bbe- magiftrates, who, finding greaVefbeSsbve^^^^^^^ narrow ideas of the upon building leafes; thil fpot formed bv nant 1 J ^'■°""?,' '° ^°^"'°^ tradefmen ed city, becanie a nuifance to hXeentfemen ^if T fl''''^^ ^P^'^^"^ ^^ ^ "«^^- ing the buildings upon the fummh A deSn ? t.^'l been fo liberal in ornament- certain great luminaiy of the Tw,* eqlt i^ii.H ^""f °^^°"^^ ^^" ^^'^^ - heartily; concurred) put a ftoo roTjfJS^ ^ ^n -"^ ^'^'" ^'^' ^^^^ and good fenfe end oi this vale, tf/caftle, a ?ol d ocic no'tVfrfr" ^' ''.^ ^^^' °^ "PP- down with awful magnificence TTieeaftem if ''' '•''■^J''>' ^^"^'^ ^^g^'' '«oks objeaof art, a lofty b^! the „,{dd,e ,rS^^ « bounded by a flriking pew buildings to th'e city.'U reS thelfe r:^^^^^^^^^^ "^"'^ j°^"^ ^^« treaty,7n'ni:^^^^^^^^^ 1!;,'^ r^ontl^f ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^"^' ^^ ^- porated trade, choofes its own deacon a^dh.T "''^' ^?">P^"y' or incor- imths, fkinners, fiirriers, hammS-me; wrilt ''' '^' "''"''^^^ bakers, butchers, cordw^iners weavS II 5 '^ ^^^penters, mafons, taylors, provoft is colonel of the town iuaM a mil^ '• a^'^ bonnet-makers. Ihe lord of his majefty's dominionrK Edinfi ^h^f^^^^ ^t f<^»<^ ^« "o part l^atrole the llreets, are ufefbl in fuporeffina ^1 ^' ■*' ^°' '^^ "^ '^^''^^' «"d cution of fentences upon del^ums Iht " ^T^'J^f ' '"^ ^"^"'^ ^^e^ exe- and wear an uniform -thev are ?mmi^5 . 1 ^ ^ "^'"'"^^^ ""° ^^ree companies name of captains. IkfidTs hi Z^'^tiST^ "nd^er the bands, which ferve as militia TrSenn^ff^.^ ''• '' ^^^«"^P«"'es of trained which is now common in moft of tL bX eofponte ^ 'V^"^ "*" ^^^' ^-' pennies, amounting in the whole to two thfrl ^/ r u-^ Scotland, of two Scotch pint of ale (containing twrEndUh Zn^^^^^ r' ^"'bing laid upon every Scotch city. This is a moft judrcbu7 iSft^" ' ^r/^"'! ^"^'" '^' ^'''^^' ^^ the of the burden. Its produdl, ho -ever hVX?n fV^-^ P°^''"^ P"°P'^ infenfible of Supplying the citv with .v.J^r4T^^ to defray the expence of four miles ; of erefting Vefe^Jrs Jnt r^in"X h t'""'" ^t'- f^'" ^^e diftance ing other public works, of great eTpVcenTmilit; ''^""' °^ ^^"^' ^"^ ^^-P^«- 198 N' D. Leith, thougjh near two miles diftant, may be properly called the harhn»,r r,f Edmburgh. bemg under the fame jurifdiaion.^ The neiWurho^ of EdinShts Fnal^nH ""t. ?U^^' ^''''' ""^'^ ''' ^"L>' ''^"*^^^'"» ' '^'"^ ^^ '^^^^ yield to few b England; but they are too numerous to be particularized here. I cannot howevir avoid mentiomng the earl of Abercorn'a a ihort way from the city, "he duke of Buccleugh's houfe at Dalkeith, that of the marquis of Lothian at Newbotrir ,n/ Hopton-houfe. fo called from the earl its owner. About four muL from EdTn burgh IS Rollm. noted for a ftately Gothic chapel, counted one of The niXun^^^^^^ pieces of workmanfhip m Europe: founded in the year 1440 by William St Car prmce of Orkney, and duke of Oldenburgh. ^ vvuiiam i>t. Uair, Glufgow in the fhire of Unerk. fituated on a gentle declivity nopinjr towards the river Clyde, 44 niUes weft of Edinburgh, is for population commerrT »n<3 nches. the fecond city of Scotland, and. confidering L'^S the THrrre.t Britam, and perhaps in Europe, as to elegance, regularity, and he b^aut^l ma ^nals of us buildings. The ftreets cn,fs lach othlr^at r^ht angles%nd S^^^ ftraight, well paved, and confequently clean. The houfcs make a grand aoDear ance. and are in general four or five ftories high, and many of them.TwaK^ centre of the city, are fupported by arcades, which form^ piazza,, and dve he whole an air of magnificence. Some of the modern built chutches are b thlfineft ftyle of architeaure; and the cathedral is a ftupendous Gothic buildine hardlv m be paralleled m that kind of architeaure. It contains three churches one of whi^h lands above another, and s furniflied with a very fine fpire fpringing fmm a tower the whole bemg reckoned a mafterlv and a matchlels fabric!^ 1? wasdSfcated to St Mungoor Kentigern, who was 6ilhop of Glafgow in the 6th century 'Xca^ thedral IS upwards of 600 years old, and was prefmed from the fury of the riS Reformers by the refolution of the citizens. The town-houfe is a lofty buil line a^nd has very "fie apartments for the magiftrates. The univerfity is efteWd Sft fpacious and beft built of any in Scotland, and is at prefent in a thrivW fta^e in his city are ieveral wdl-endowed hofpitals ; and it is particularly well bfplied wi h Aberdeen bids fair to be the third town in Scotland for improvement and Donu lation. It IS the capital of a (hire, to which it gives its nanie and conf.trr^ towns. New and Old AbexxJeen. The former is the' mire town Lfdt Sly bulk or »de-harbour: m it are three churches, and feveral epiicopal meetin|-houS ^' cnnfiderable degree of foreign commerce and much fhifping, a we &^^^^^^ umverfity, and above 12,000 inhabitams. Old Aberdeen i,ear a mlidXn; though almoft joined to the New, by mens of a long vil^ h aTr; dep^a ce on the other; 1 is a moderately arge market-town, but has no haven. In each o thefe two places there is a well-endowed college, both together being ermed the ZriV f ^'t'"' ^\^hp"l?h quite independent of each other. iL h the ca- ft finX 1. 7f "»;'■'' ^^'"^ '^^ '^- ''^ ^^'y- '''^'^ '^ Nor^^^ay and the Baltic : n IS finely fituated, has an myiroving linen nianufaaory, and lies in the neierh Dunde? bv T "' '^' r'' '^^"'^ -'P^'^ ^" ^^^^^ ^'•«^-' "»<=d the CaHe o G^wfJ^ Dundee, by the general computation, comains about 10,000 inhabitants- it lie near the mouth of the river Tay ; it is a town of confiderable trade expo^^^^^^^^^ "Nobirpriv^trwr^^^^^^^^ '? p^''^' "^ 't^^ p^«^' ^"^ •^^ th^echiS. "^ JSoble private edihces are k, numerous, that to particularize them exceeds the •bounds of my plan. It ,s fufficient to fav. that manv of rh.m ,r- -n,i t'TA '^f the molt iuperb buildings in England and foreign countiiesTanV t'he'readert'fur f rife at this will ceafe, when he is informed tlTat the genius of no peTpk in the C O T L A N 199 world is more devoted to architeaarc than ihat of the nobility and gentry in Scot land; and that there is no country n Europe on accounf of kT u^ Z '"^*^°^- terials, where it can be gratified 2 fg moder^^ an expellee '^"'^""^^ °^ "'^- ANTicunxiEs AND CURIOSITIES,) The Roman, ahd" Other antiquities found ter f^ i:;;r^^r'¥rLiir5tto:r ttf ti:- 5^" prctentures or walls reachin'g acrc.ls the iOand, ha^ be^.' traced wrh';e:'nr^^^^^^ honby antiquaries and hillorians; fo that, without fo.ne freft diftoverS an .c count of them could afford no iiillruftion to the learned and h, IWtl ' r to the ignorant; becaufe at preibnt they can be dSld only tfcriS e"v"' Some mention of the chief, however, may be proper. The cou^fe of e Rn,J^!n wall (or, as it is called by the country people Gr^/^am^Trht^ f^ ?-^^'' that a Scottiih warrior of'.hat name fif/Sot^^ef itTbe'^i^^^/T C^f anS IS ftiU difceruible. as are feveral Roman camps in the ne ghbourhoocl " aSco k'.' camp, at the bottom of the Grampian hills^ is a ftrikint uT, n ^f"u ^S"^"^-*;" quity It isfituatedat Ardoch, i" Perthftu;e, and s' ^fn X^^ been he camp occupied bv Agricola, before he fought the bloody baule VZu recorded by Tacitus witl? the Caledonian king 4lgacus, who ^w ^^^^^^^^^ Some writers think, that this remain of antiquity at Ardoch Was, on account of he numerous Roman coins and infciiptions Lnd near it, a Ronun caSm or lort. Be that as it will, it certainly is the moft entire and beft preferved of .nJ' Roman antiquity of that kind in North Britain, having no lef than fi4 rots o^' ditches and hx ramparts on the fouth fide; and of the four gates wh id lead Lo fnd dS'trl °' ''''" '" ^"^ ''"'"^ '""^ ^^^^"' -- the^.r.t:ri:r dicumanaT Innumerable are the coins, urns, utenfils, infcriptions, and other remains of the Romans that have been found in different parts of Sco/land; fome of them to h. Z'^ ^^'^^;^'^\^^^F^> however, it does not appear that they made anyXbl ft ment By the mfcnptions found near the wall, the names of (he legion^that buHt n, and how far they carried it on, may be learned. The remains of Roman hid ways are frequent in the fouthern parts. "-oman nign- Danifh camps and fortifications are eafily difcernible in feveral northern counties ftupendous fabric remain m Rofs-ihire, but whether they are Daniih pS or Scottifh, does not appear. I am of opiuion that they are Norwegian or Scandina wall of hc*„ done. The boacs and teS of a.Sals.^ilh "'£! Jfn^^T" J' 'Z"^^''^''"'^' 200 O AND. Two Piaifh monuments, as they are thought to be, of a very extraordinary conftruaion, were lately rtanding in Scotland; Sne of then, at A^^thv in Perr fide and without a 1 air-cafe; that of B«rchin is the moft entire, bcinrcoereda he top with a fpiral roof of rtone, with three or four windows above^he corSce • It confifts of fixty regular courfcs of hewn freeftone, laid circularly and reXrU and tapering towards the top. If thefe columns are reall^Sh tt S mud have had among them architea, that far exceeded thofe^of any coeva mo^ ments to ,be found m Europe, as they have all the appearance of an^orde and the building IS neat, and m the Roman ftylc of architedure. It is. however' difficult to aflign them to any but the Pifts. is they ftand in their domiZnl ;nd fome Iculptures upon that at Brechin, denote it ti be of Chriftian oS It Tsni.Z deed impoflible that thefe fculptures are of a later date. Befides thefc t2 nU Lrs mauv other Piaifh bmldings arc found in Scotland, but not in the l^me ufte^ Ihe vefhgesof ereaions by the ancient Scots themMves, are nondy curiou. but mnruaive. as they regard many important events of their hiftZ ?hat SS^, of .^'"l^^ '^'""^ rude notion of Iculpture. in which the; tr Sued the aftions of their kings and heroes. At a place called Aberlemno. near Brechin [enZ ^:;^^""^"^ ^^^fl^f "- «i" to be feeu, called the Danilh ftones of Ab^-' k-mno. Ihey were crefted as comu:eniorations of the Scotch viaories over that people; and are adorned with bas-reliefs of men on horfeback, and many emble S'S K ^";^' 'l^'^ hieroglyphics not intelligible at this day. but nSek do fcribed by Mr. Gordon. Many other hiftorical monuments of the Wnnv be difcovered on the like occafions: but it muft be acknowledged, that the oSrity ?n th,?./ • ^Z"'''' ^'' ^"T"^"^ ^ ^"^^ of boundlefs and frivolous conjedure? fo that the interpretations of manv of them are often fanciful. It would however* be unpardonable If I fhould negfea to mention the ftone near the town of FoTres or Fortrofe, in Murray, which far furpaffes all the others in magn ficence and grandeur "and is (fays Mr. Gordon) perhaps one of the moft llately monuments of that kind ,n Europe. It rifes about 23 feet in height, above ground and i 1 Llt^rftf/r'"?™'^-"^''^!,^" ^2°^ ^5 feet below fo thatT whole hS^J L,. •¥ "^r"'/""^ "? ^'^^-^'^ ""^^^ ^''- ^' ''' «" °"e fi"8le and entire Se • E Th^^^K?^ ^f ''\'" ^^ '"^'^ "" "^^^^ ^^^'•^""' ^°d lon>e of them ftill di-' ftma and vifible ; but the injury of the weather has obfcured thofe towards the upper part." Though this monument has been generally looked upon as dL(T, 3;et I have httle doubt of its being Scotch, and That it 4s ereaed Leon nien^^' t on of the fina expulfion of the Danes out of Murray, where they hckl the TaftfS" At Sandvvick, in Rofs-lhire, is a very fplendid ancicm obelilk, furounded at the bafe with large, well cut Hag ftones, formed like fteps. Both fides of the column .re covered with various enrichments, in well finifhe'd carAxd work. The one f^ce prefents a lumptuous crofs, with a figure of St. Andrew on each hand and fone amcou h annnals and flowerings underneath. IT^e central divifion on the revSfe exhibits a variety of curious figures, birds, and animals. ' The rums of the cathedral of Elgin are very ftriking; and many parts of that fine Mdinghave ftill the remains of much grandeur and dignitv in^Lm Tlfe weft ficT'dfrnl'^^^^ ornamented, there is much elegance in the carvings, and the w^ole ed^ fice difplays very elaborate workmanfhip. "c wnoie eai- nn«ror^<;'^^./T'"\°*u'°"^"' •^'"'^'' ""'y bememioned Kildrumy caftle in the north of Scotland, which was formerly a place of great ftrength and magiifi! SCO N D. 201 Ccnce, and often ufed as an afylum to noble families in periods of civil war In- verugie caftle, the anaent feat of the earl-marechals of Scotland, is alfo a larRC and lofty p.le, fituated on a ftcep bank of the river; two very high towers bound and andquitv ' "" " '^"' '"'^^'"^ "^^^' ^'^^ '^' "^*'^ *^^ ^^ of^uch"ide.r nrS!l!f r '■''""'"' ."^* ^'"^l"'"' ^'^^''^' ^■'"''^'' ^"d Scotch antiquities, many fs wd' sTTT ^"^'j^'"PJ^'-'''-'^dilcernible in the northern part7of ScotTancf as well as in the .(les, ^yhere we may luppofb that paganilhi toik its laft refuge rhey are eafily perceived by their circular forms; bit though they arc equally re t^.in'' ^rhV""°'-"V^Tn,'^' fo itupendous as the Druidical crcaioL in ShVrl S hi 't ." 'f ^.'f -^^'^ ' ^'■'■°^' ^^'^'^•'^ '■^^•"'^ '" be a Britilh cred^ion. and the moft beautiful of the kmd perhaps in the world; it exad^ly refembles the fiJ^re of int^t'^^o 4 i::' upper™.lh The common people cJl it Ternay, whicll^fome interpret to be /ence uavis, the fhip ol earth. It feeuis to be of the moft remote antiquity, and perhaps was erefled to the men.ory of fome Britilh prirce, who afted ?^om .^"^ 'V^^ ^rr^' ^?\ " ^'" "^" Auchterarder. not many miles diftant from the great fcene r<^ Agricola's operations. ^ The traces of ancient volcanoes are not unfrequent in Scotland. The hill of fnmhr" n-''"" '1^"^-^'.^"d the hill of Bergonium near Dunftaflkge caftle. 1 Xh , ^ f'';;^ 7^^ ^"'""""' of pumice or fcoria of dirierent kinds, many of which are of the fame fpecies with tholb of the volcanic Iceland. ^ COMMERCK AND MANUFACTURES.] In thclbrefpeds Scotland has, for fomc S To' ^'V",' T^ ''^P'^^>^ ^^''- ^"^°"^ entering into the difpS point, how far Scotland was benefited by its union with England, it is certain that and \\ el -India trade, was founded upon true principles of commerce, and (fo fa as It went) executed^ with a noble Ipirit of enlerpri^e. The mifca riage of that Icheme, after receiving the higheit and moft folemn fandtions, is a d' 3 annals of that reign m which it happened ; as the Scots had then a file! Ldepen! dent and unconnefted parliament. W> are to account for the long lang^tL of the fl.;? "ftTwTK-"^ many other misfortunes which that countfy fuftabed by the dilguft the inhabitants conceived on that account, and Ibme invafions of the^ r^hts afterwards, which they thought inconfiftent with the articles of union The inta 1. and narrow fettlements of family eftates. and fome remains of the feudal in! ftitutions, might contribute to the fame caulb. Mr. Pelham, vvhcn at the bead of the adminiftration in Endand, after the ex maion of the rebelhon in 17+.S. was the firft minifter who diCcovered the tr e vl lue ot Scotland, which then became a more confiderable objeft of govern ent- mquiry than ever. All the benefits received by that country, for The^Sief of h. people fron, their feudal tyranny, were cfleaed by that great man The br^uie and encourageriient granted to the Scots, for the benefit of trade and im^Sc tt^res dunng his adminmration, made them fenfible of their own importance Mr Pitt, a lucceeding nunifter, purfued Mr. Pelham's wile plan: and iuftly boafte m parliament, that he availed hinilelf of the courage, good Ibnfe, and fpirit of the Scots m carrying on the n.oft extenfive war that Great Britain ever w engaged m Let me add, to the hr,nour of the Britifti government, that the Scot have^bfe an ctim eitheJ b?''-'r 1 f -'"'^ ''"^'^ ^^ ^°"^"'^^^^ ^^^ nianufaauies ^ v ^^:^:^;a^orZ^::£.:' ''''' '"'"^^ «ndependency. the treaty of union, or !he incrcafe of ihcir fliipping uiiliin the! ble. The ex| !e 30 years p.ift has been very confidera- volts of thole dups are compofed chieriy of Scotch mauufaaures, fabri n d 7fi% S G T L A N D. M W4 cated from the produce of the foil, and the mduftry of its inhabitants In exrh.ncr, S^ f±'S;"'^"''?^'T-"*^^' ^°"°'^' ^"K»^' -"d^"n..fronuheSifl/pU^^^^^^^ and from other countries, their produfts, to the imnienfe faving of thd uK TU S:?frr [ra%:K and ^u^ neighbourhood hath been grel., ^t -^X ctl;! The filhencs of Scotland are not confined to their own coaft for ,hn,r h eveA. ton of "<^'i.:n- '^''' f '^^ ' ^^^T^^'^^' -"^ws then, a bomuy of ^408' for eveiy ton of fh pping employed m that article. The late improvement of tl.e^r e.^a;^Shrt'^^ ^r »/':^^'Jy ".'-ntioned, and which are daily fncreafine open h> exhauftxbe funds of wealth ; their cured fifh being by foreigners and fheTnd 0, ^^ -ru"^''?^ '^'""'*^^' Vr^i^ncd to thofe of Newfoundland ^ ^'^ of q;Ll ?'' °' I A ^"'P^°y*=^, i" ^he great herring fifhery on the M^eftern coafk of Scotland are fitted out from the north-wert parts of EnXnd "L no ^^^^^^^ land as well as the numerous ports of the Clyde and ncighbomiL^ iZds Th." fhel tT'^rTT J' ^!, Campbeltown, a commodious porUrrgyS facing om on he ri'h 'fV^^t-'""'"?" ^'°° ''^^'^' have b^n .K.n,}Z ThJS Si;-otit\t?h,^;"^^^^^^^^^^^^ moft himts of their credit. The bounty has fince been reducedTom ^cr. t„ ft.::LfofS' *^"r"".^ V' ^^ -guTarlTpaid'^S/r. ^L^n'the Si .hL 5 P'"?!!'^^' -'^^^^ ^''^ ^«*"^ embarked 'm the fiiliery, and it iT^o b^ p£d rnd 2\^-l ^'1' ^°^^' ^'^"^ ^8°' '^' ^he expo^s fro7 Wand^o inckle Ind tl Ul ^^^^ PK^tations, in linen, cambrics, checks, Ofna^ ckle and the kke commodities, amom*ted annually to 40o,ocol. exclufive of d^eir home confump.ion; and there is reafon to believe that th^Tm is conf^era bly larger at prefent. The Scots are Irkewife making very pronXg errtsfo; eltabhftnng woollen manufadures ; and their exports of caps S£imL„° and other articles of their own wool, begin to l£ very cSeraWe ^Thc S?^^ ivust freVrr, 'I "^^ '^^"^"«' i-hdrVerdoSfbut^he; ts at prelen fome broad cloth proper for the wear of people of fafhion in an un tmon^tf'nT^^ '"•'^ ^"'°^^^ ^^"^^ ^^ ^^^ i« ^^"^'"^^y called YSoikeclotS Among the other late improvements of the Scots, we are not to forget the vlft c^ufurv ll-^""'r^'. ^° r'^'"^^ '^' ™"-' -d felting the oS 0/ their coumry. Iheir coal trade to England is well known; and of late they have turn cd even their ftones to account, by their contrafls for paving the ftreets^of London' If the great trade m cattle, which the Scot, carried on oflate^ith t^Engl fl^t now O T L If t). ««S dlrmniOicd. It is owing to the bcft of national c«ufcg. that ot' a. nttckft of %c^ tonluniption. ^hitc«i« oi no«e The trade earned on by the Scots with England. i» chiefly from Utth and th. eaftern ports ot the natK^n; but Glafgow was'the great en./onu« for the J, J^ can commerce, before the commencement of the unhappy breat* y,\thth^J\^' The late junaion of the Forth to the Clyde will re.Kief L SnIitrS nde ohIS' tual advantage to both parts of Scotland. ^^' With regard to other manufaaures, noi mentioned, fome of them a.« vet in t*«^ infancy, f he town of PaUley alone employs an incredible nun. W^a'^Ss in ^ bncating a particular k.nd of flowered and ftriped lawns, which are TrenfolS^ and elegant wear. Sugar-houfes, glafs-works of every kind delf-hJulbs ,^ paper^nlls. are ereded everywhere, and the Scotclf carpeting J^Sle:' ne« Having faid thus much, I cannot avoid obferving the nro1icrJr.Mc .?;f a . under which both the conm«rcial and landed intefenySc^^^^^^^^^^ nobtlitr and great landholders having too fond arauLn^rK^^^^ V reign countries, where they ipend their ready monev liuil 7«! 7 '.u •?" jnfing to Scotland from LLou, which lo^rSe I a ^"heTledfl^:^ Ix,ndon; but uu greatly augmented by the refort of volunteer abfeS to tfe« capital. While this partiality fubfifts.^he Scots will probably cSnTe ^olS u rr iLtioTr^fe tlt^^ ^^^^ d^SV^nS what prevented, by nioney remitld f^ ^En^td t rt r^Jig ?n^^^^^^^^^^ !Z^ fadures and works now let on foot in Srotla,-,rl Tkl '^ i 'ne ^ait nianu- Sco,la„d, h.ve wifely abandoned F^chdfm hough ,»SiTf"^ RiVENUKs.] See England. Coins.] In the reign of Mward II. of England, the vahe and denominations f ^ThTn-'^' ^T '"/^«'^«°d as in England. Towards the reign of J "me T puSrMa^ of"^ScotUnf •/" '^"' ^" ^""^^l^ ^''^P^"^^' -d -boL the''rdgn oi" queen Mary oi Scotland, it was not more than an Endifh groat It continnJ^ diminiflnng m tks manner till after the union of the two crown 'under he Tf James VI. when the vaft refort of the Scotch nobility and gen n to the Fnift S- ' T^f'''''u ^"'^ ' t^'" «^ 'P"'^ ^'^"^ Scotlaml, that^y k,ee a w1^ ftnlhng fell to the value of one twelfth of an Englifh Ibillintr and Xir -,L^— SeTdT-Jv^^.'^^^'-r"^ '« -wveryVarely'lobe foS; all heyCeSr^ ^ded by bod es, which was double the value of a Scotch per ny, and a^re ftTl! cu': fW 'li ? • '^^''y A^^i'"^ °"^' ^ Scotch halfpenny was cid a babie fonie lay becaufe it was firft ftamped with the head of Jan J III. when he was a bate or baby ; but perhaps ,t is only the corruption of two French w^lTw Lnif^n^ linrh^oyf n r"'^- ^}' ^''''' obltrvation that we have maJe of tCscTfe W. holds of their pounds or marks; which are not coins, but denomimtion of lums. In all otter refpefts, the cuirencv of money in Scotknd and England ^" the fame ; as very few people now reckon V tte Scotch computation. ^ wrhei^X' bv'twl?"! 7^'' '-'^ \"^''"«7 ^^^^^' '"ft«"^^' - tte Scotch ZZ. '[rde^lS^^ ' -^-^'■^r'^■'^^^ nim^ century, ui>on his makine an of- qucntj; ;ela^'"lnd Z?^.n C '-^ ^^^"2''?"^',^^"^ °^ ^^''''''^' ^' ^as been fre- luciu J negieetcd, and as often refumed. It c.oafifts of the fovereign, and iz com- D d 3 y »)fi f < ao4 N D. m '^^■Ma paciw, who are caUcd Knights of the Thiflle, and have on their cnr.irn this firaii-. cant motto, Ne/no me vnpune lacefit. « None fhall fafely provoke me " I T^" iL*"* ?,?*!V'^"'^I''*'-^ '^^*= ""''^"' tonftitution of government in Scot- land has been highly applauded, as excellently adapted to the prefervation of li- berty; and it is certain, that the power of the king was greatly limited, and tha' tbere were many checks in the conllitution upon him, which were well calculated to prevent his alfuming or exercifing a despotic authority. But the Scottifh conftitution of government was too much of the ariilocratic kind, to afford to the common peo- pie that equal liberty which they had a right to expcd. The king's authority vvas lufficiently reftrained ; but the nobles, chieftains, and great landholders, had it too much in their power to tyrannize over and opprels their tenants, and the com- mon people. The ancient kings of Scotland, at their coronation, took the following oath cob- uming three promiles, viz. ^ ' c w i>" ^^^'"a'^u^ ?ll"n' ^- P"""""^*" ^^^^ ^^'^"^ '^>"«5 '° »»^« <^l>"ftkn people my Sctnf rn'. ^1 i^rl ^a-" ^^d^"-', ^"'l ^"^Pl«y "^y force and afliftance. that the church of God, and the Chriftian people, imy enjoy true peace during our time, un- der our government. Secondly, I (hall prohibit and hindtr all perfons, of whalever degree, from violence and injufticc. Thirdly, in all judgments I fhaU ibllow the pre- knptions of juftice and mercy, to the end that our clement and mercifiil God may, Ihew mercy unto me, and to you." -^ 1 'i''^^. P"''*'"^"^ ,pf Scotland anciently confifted of all who held any portion of and, however fmall, of the crown, by military Ibrvice. This parliament appointed the times ot its own meeting and adjournment, and committees to fuperiatend the adminiftration during the intervals of parliament ; it had a commanding power in all matters of government; it appropriated the public money, ordered the keeping oi \l' n^ln in^ »hp^«c^7"ts; it armed the people, and appointed commanders ; u named and commiffioned ambaffadors, it granted and limited pardons: it an! pointed judges and courts of judicature: it named officers of ftate and privy-coun- h! .L' I- ^"^?K "l^ alienated the revenues of the crown, and reftrained grants .^.,W ., "?^'l ^^ ^'ng of Scodand had no negative voice in parliament ; nor could he declare war, make peace, or conclude, any other public bufinels of im- portance, without the advice and approbation of parliament. The prerogative of The king was fo bounded that he was not even iutrufted with the executive part of the government. And fo late as the minority of James IV. who was contemporary with^and lon-inJaw to Henry VII. of England, the parliament pointed out to him his duty, as the firft fervant of his people; as appears by the afts ftiU extant. In fhort, the conftitution was rather aiiftocraiical than monarchical. The abule of thele anftocratical powers, by the chieftains and. great landholders, gave the king, however, a very confiderable intereft among the lower ranks; and a prince who had fenfe and addrefs to retain the afleaions of his people, was generally able to humble the mo^ over-grow^ of his fubjefts; but when, on the other hand, a king of Scotland hke James III. . fhewed a difrelpea to his parliamem. the event was commonly faial to the crown. The kings of Scotland, notwithftanding this paramount power in the parliament, found means to weaken and elude its force • and in this they were afTifted by their clergy, whofe revenues were immenfe, and who had very little dependance upon the pope, and were always jealous of the pow- erful nobiluy. This was, done by eftabKllung a feleft body of members, who were called the lords of the articles. Thefe were chofen out of the clergy, nobility °i?. kV ^""'^f?-, Jh^ bifhops, for inftance, chofe eight peers, and the peers eight bilhopsj and thele fixteen jointly chofe eieht barons Cnr tnicrJ^t. ,.f tK- Mre\ o N D. 2C5 and eight coinnuflioners for burghs; and to all thofe were added eight jri cat officers ot ftate, the chancellor being prefident of the whole. ^ Their bufinefs was to prepare all queiUons and bills, and other matters brought .ntoparhaincut; o that in faft though the king could «ve no negative, yet befng by us clergy and the places he had to beftow. always lire of the lords of ariicks nothing could come into parliament that could call ibr his negative. It muft te acknowledged, that this mftitution Items to have prevailed by Health: nor was it ever brought mto any regular lyftem; even its modes varied; and the greateft lawyers are Ignorant when it took place. Ihe Scots, however never loll Lht of their original principles: and though Charles I. wanted to form thefe lords of the artides mto regular machines for his own defpotic purpoles, he found it imprac! cable; and the melancholy confequences are well known. At the Revolm on. the Scuts gave a frefti inftance how well they underflood the principles of libert? by omitting all pedantic debates about abdkaiio., and the like terms and otin.' This fpirit of refiftance was the more remarkable, as the people had eroaned aiked. Why did they fubmit to that tyranny? The anfwer is. In order to prelerve ha independency upon England, which Cromwell and his parliament endeavou ed to dellroy by uniting them with England: they therefore chole to fubmit to a tem- porary evil ; but they took the firft opportunity (o get rid of their opprelTors in tJ^Fn i'n?f^"/ " "^'l^ ^^P"f ^ kingdom, cannot be laid to have had any peers in he Enghlh fenk of the word. The nobility, who were dukes, marquiffes ear 7 and lords, w^re by the king made heredhary members of par liamentT but th^^ fojiednadilhnahoufe, for they fat in the iLe room with^he commons wh^ had tho fame deliberate and deciflve vote with them in all public matters. A baTon nor J?,""^ parliament might fit upon a lord's aflize in niatters of life and deadi norwasitneceffaryfortheaflizets, orjury, to be unanimous in their verdift ' Great uncertainty occurs m the Scotch hiftoiy, by confounding parliaments with . conventions; the difference was, that a parliament could enaA lata as well as lay rin 'tL' '^f.^«-'"V°"> or meeting of the ftates, only met for the purpofes of taZ anon. Before the Union, the kings of Scotland had. four great and four lelfer of ficersof ftate; the great, were the lord high chancellor, high-treafurerpHvv^^^^^^^^ andiureSk^'since^hf" "^"' 'V^''' regifler, advLte,. treaf^rSUte' ana jultice clerk. Since the union none of thde continue, excepting the . lords privv S^^^' '' -^"^yi"' r1 i"«i^e-clerk : a third fccretary of ifate has oecSZ" tt^^L ^r''''^?^'^^^"^^^'-^'^^"'* ^«^'^«' but under the fame denomna, LwVv^ro? ts:L ^''^'' ^^^"^ °^ "-'' '-' ^^ ^'^^ '-^^^ p" - nJn!!l T?' of the crown we^e, the high-chamberlain, conftable, admiral and h«om ^^%°^''' «^, ^ofable and marfhal were hereditary. A nobleman m^rlhal ' ^ '' admiral; and the office of marfhal is exercifed by a k^fgh^ Tbeofficeof chancellor of Scotland differed little from the fame in England SfterwaTtadJf'^l, 1 '^t l-^7^ '«lled aftanding jury in all matters of property that lie before them. Their forms of proceeding do not lie within my plan, neither does anyinqmryhowfarluchaninllitution, info narrow a country as Scotland, is com- patiblc with the iecuriiy of private property. The civil law is their direaorv in all niatters that come not within the municipal laws of the kingdom. It has been olten matter of lurpnfe, that the Scots were ih tenacious of the forms of their courts, and the elfence of their laws, as to relbn^e them by the articles of the union. This, however, can be cafily accounted for, becaufe thofc laws aiwl forms were eifential to the poffeffion of eftates and lands, which in Scodand are often held f^ modes incompatible with the laws of England. I ffiall juft add, that the lords ot council aiKl lellion ad likewfe as a court of equity; but their decrees are Tfor- tuuately j^rhaps for the fubjcft) reverlible by the iiritilh Houf« of Lords, to which an appeal lies. wmcw The jullice court is the higheft criminal tribunal in Scotland ; but in its prdcm torm It was inftituted fo late as the year 1672, wlieu a lord juftice general re- moveable at the kmg's plealure, was appointed. This lucrative office ftill exifts m the perfon of one of the chief nobility; but the ordiiwry members of the court arethejuUice-clerk and five other judges, who are always nominated from the lords o. lei ion. lu this court the verdict of a jury condemns or acquits; but, as I have already hinted, wtth^»ut any necdhty of their being unanimous. iielides theic two great courts of law, the Scots-, by the articles of the Unibn rave a c'ourt of excl^quer. This court has the Ikme power, authority, privileW amljurifdiaion, over the revenue of Scotland, as the court of exchequer in fZ'. land has over the revenues there; and all matters and things compeic«t to t4 court ot exchequer ot England relating thereto, are likewife competent to the SCO L A N p. 207 exchequer of Scotland. The judges of the eYrli*.r.n^.. ;„ c .1 j po^s^which for..,, beio^ed^ ^^'r^ ^^:^^zjrJ:tnst ^1^ jurifdiaion; and the lord high adS rd^dared to hJ^K.T^'T ^° "« °^° juftice-gencral upon the feasf and in alf nort k1}^ , '"^ ' lieutenant and and upon frelh Alters and n^vleable riverffi ^^'A^i^^- f'"^^' °^ '^^ ^^'^i mark fo that nothing comSt to » U • ' ^v^^ ^^ ^'^ ^"'^S^' ^^ ^"^in flood' 6rft inrtance. but by KS htJh ad^r^ld tt" • T ^%^'^^^'^ ^"J^. ^^ the paired in all inferior^ourts of admiral Llvh.K^T *^'' uT'" S^^"^'«^^« but no appeal lies from it to the Sds of t£e feZ^ '^''" ^^^^ ^^^ '^"^^^ unlefk in cafes not maritime Canfe^.T. . • a- t? '' °l ^"7 ^'^^"^ judicatory, comnaon upon the continent. The place of W? Ji"Tf pradjices and decilions thannomiiS, but the Larv anneLd to S k l^^^^^^ ^ 1«^1« °^ore thejudgeof tWadn^fralty I coSSoiS^ L' ' S H-r^J- '°°°K' y^"' «°d perquifites pertaining to his office ^ ^ "^^ dtftrndton, with confiderable ma^brSd^ t^tL^^^^^^^^^ ^he ^"B^i^ i- of court, . orderly court, and their fornTs requ^f grStTredfion Ynd''. """'•'" ^h^nifdves an us candidates for admiffion Su3d\LS t^ X ■ \ ,'^ exaniination to qualify ^ they nuy be called, aUo'neyt^htdl t:^S::^.t:\o^l ''^^Z'' I they alone can fubfcribe the writs thit nrrrtKlr I u,. %"«'» becauib annually b^ his maje% hU het L LSST ' 'l """""".'^ ^"^ appointed county, orftewactry, who mu/bl tn llwi» . f \"''''' ""'>' ^ ""^ "' «'h For .'he Ipace of "even yea" tbefe deS.S, ' . 'Z ^""^ """^'"K « '«^- |o„e^other reguUtion. bav^teir^^dtSdr^^^^^^^^ S"e?,-n£ ' .he;^: ".^pSeiritStL='id% -x:^ L-tfe'r d-"^'' >» ma?ertr?,!:fiTFJ°!,!Kr«° ",!'° ^-^a-ba-y of the kiu. In civi, nal cafes. to'petty"aaioD; of a"S, fnTi"",! ""\ ""I.''"*' •?"'»«* and in critni.' / HI iteruug, or letting the delinquent m the ftociis for three 2o8 S O AND. ifr hours, in the day time. iTiefe courts, however petty, were in foniicr days, in- verted w ith the power of life and death, which they have now loft. The courts of coninxilfaries in Scotland anfwer to thofe of the Euglifh diocefan chancellors, the higheft of which is kept at Edinburgh 5 wherein, before four judges, anions are pleaded concerning matters relating to wills and teftaments; the right of patronage to ecclefiaflical benefices, tythcs, divorces, and caufes of that nature; but in alnioft all other parts of the kingdom, there fits but one judge on thefe caufes. According to the prefent inllitution, juflices of the peace in Scotland excrcife pretty much the fame powers as thole in England. In former times their office, though of very old ftanding, was inlignificant, being cramped by the powers of the great feudal tyrants, who obtained an adl of parliament, that they were not to take cognizance of riots till fifteen days after the i'aO.. 'the inftitution of coroners is as old as 'the reign of Malcolm II. the great le- giflator of Scotland, who lixcd before the Korman invafion of England. Ihey took cognizance of all breaches of the king's peace; and they were required to have clerks to regifter depofiiions and matters of Mt, as well as verdidis of jurors: the office, however, is at preient nmch diliifed in Scotland. From the above fhort view of the Scotch laws and inflitutions, it is plain that they were radically the fame with thofe of the Englifh. The latter allege, indeed, that the Scots borrowed the contents of their Rcgimn Majejlatetn, their olddt law- book, from the work of Glan\ille, who was a judge under Henry II. of England. The Scots, on the other hand, fay, that Glanvillc'a work was copied from their Regiain Majefiatew, even with the pecularities of the latter, which do not now, and never did, exift in the laws of England. The royal burghs in Scotland form, as it were, a commercial parliament, whic^i meets once a year at Edinburgh, confifting of a repiefentative from each burgh, to confult upon the common good of the whole, 'iheir powers are pretty exten- live, and before the Union they made laws relating to (hipping, to mailers and owners of fhips, to mariners and merchants, by whom they were freighted ; to ma- nufaftures, fuch as plaiding, linen, and yarn ; to the curing and packing of falmon, herrings and other fifh ; and to the importing and exporting feveral commodities. The trade between Scotland and the Netherlands is fubjeft to their regulation : they fix the ftaple-port, which was formerly at Dort, and is now at Canipvere, Their confervator is indeed nominated by the crown, but then their convention regulates liis power, approves his deputies, and appoints his ialary : fb that, in truth, the whole ftaple trade is fubjedled to their management. Upon the whole this is a very lingular inftitution, and fufficiently proves the vaft attention which the government of Scotland formerly paid to trade. It took its prefent form in the reign of James III. 1487, and had excellent coi;(cqcences for the benefit of commerce. Such are the laws and conflitution of Scotland, as they exift at prefent, in their general view; but our bounds do i.ot permit us to deftend to farther particulars, which are various and complicated. 71ie conformity between the pradiice of the civil law of Scotland, and that in England, is remarkable. The Englifli law re- ports are of the ianie nature with the Stotch prattles; and their a(Rs of lederunt, aulwer to the Englilli rules of court ; the Scottifh wiuH'ets and revcrfions, to the Englifh mortgages and defealances; their poinding of goods, after letters of horn- ing, is much the fame as the Englifh executions upon outlawries; and an appeal againft the king's pardon, in cafes of nmrder, by the next of kin to the dcceafccl, IS admilted m Scotland as well as in England. Many other ufagcs arc the lanic iu both kingdoms. I cannot, however, difinifs this head without one obfervatiun. S O t 1 A N 6. icHj which prot^es the fimtlarity betwe«r the Eneliih and Scotch rrtnfr;f,t^w ^u- i. » which, i„ ;| old s Jcf Shmit 's^;rit?,s?orirMm: mS l.f 5'"^'i more tS. the hill of meeti^ ^ "" *"°" Mc-mote, md to Bgmfy „„ defcrntor h.fi.H. rw-I ^^ 1_ r^v .^' ^^'^"'^ fourfcore years before the berrof ^i ^'' ^"^.'"^^ f«f^»ng in Scotland were joined by ereat nuni W, n a 1"1T'^'"''°' '^** ^^^ <^"^en north^rards by the RonunT Thl' tod t^ e LXd'hl""" ■'^.C?''f "»"^' '•>" ""cien^Cehic khabit,„„ of Scot- .o build the t4 fatter ;tSn!^ :r„:^- ^c t:SX ''f'^1^^^^ neveffuE ' ^"^^^^^P'^ve that the independence of the latter was by SdT "t?c'S":1"1" l7'^"' ^^"^ ^^ ^^^ ^°' '^f ^^« Chn«-n .ra, / a I. I he nets, who, as before mentioned, were the dcftendants of the ' Jb e 210 N D. ancient Bntons, forced northwards by the Romans, had at this time gained a foot- "'?k';?''°d^°'^' ^'^dbemg often de/eated by the ancient iuhabitants%hey joined } ff°'I^''t '«??^ '^^ ^'°'' ^"'^ Caleaonians, who were of the fame original, andconfidered themlelves as one people; fo that the Scots monarchy fuflered a Zrt ecliple: but it broke out with more luftrethan ever under Fergus II. who recovered his crown; and his fucceffors gave many fevere overthrows to the Romans and Bri- p ii^rS^-A ^^ ^°°^°' ^^^' ^''^V" ''' 448, the Scots, as appears by Gildas a ^'ii?.K «"^"' '""^'"^.t P?"^?:^^ °a^io". and, in conjunflion with the Pifts, iu- vaded theBritons ; and having forced the Roman walls, drove them to the very fea. t>,.f ?f . "^^1 ''!f">"^g of Scotland; and it appears from the oldeft hiiloiies, and q li in-if ^'^ favourable to monarchy, that the fucceflion to the crown of Scotland ftiU continued in thefamily of Fergus, but generally defcended collaterally: till the inconveniences of that mode of lucceflion were fo much felt, that by degrees It fell into difufe, and it was at laft fettled in the right line ^ ^ ov}!rl;'!!'^^-^''Q^'T'^T'^i">'^"?"''*^*^3' '"^ ^°g^^"d, they were every where overthrown ^ Scotland by bloody battles, and at laft driven out of the kingdom. I he Saxon and Damlhmonarchs, Mho then governed England, were not more fuc ceisfulagainft the Scots; who maintained their freedom and independency, not only againft foreigners, but agamft their own kings, when they thought them endangered. 1 be teudal law was introduced among them by Malcolm II Malcolm III. commonly called Malcolm Canmore, from two Gaellic words whKh hgnify- a large head, but mofl probably his great capacity, was the eighty- fixth king of Scotland, fiom Fergus I. the fuppofed founder of the monarchy; the lorty.feventh from its rcftorer, Fergus II. and the twenty-fecond from Kenne\h III. vvho conquered the kingdom of the PiAs. Every reader who is acquainted with the tragedy ol Macbeth, as written by the inimitable Shakefpeare and who keeps clofe to the fads delivered by hiftorians, can be no ftranger to the fate of MaUolni's lather and his own hiHory previous to his mounting the throne in the year ios7. Malcolm III. was fucc ceded by his brother Donald VII. and he was dethroned by Duncan II. whofe legitimacy was difputed. They were furceeded by Edgar, the fon of Malcolm III. who was a wife and valiant prince; he was fucceeded by Alexander I. and, upon his death, David I. mounted the throne. Notwithftanding the endeavours of fome hiftorians to conceal what they cannot deny, I mean the glories of this reign, it yet appears, that David was one of the greateftprmcesof his age, whether we regard him as a man, a warrior, or a le- giflator. He was fucceeded by hisgrandfon, Malcolm IV. and he by W illiam furnamed, fiom, his valour, the Lion. William's ion Alexander II. was fpcceedcd in 1249, by Alexander IIL who was a good king. He married, firft, Margaiet daughter to Henry III. of England by whom he had Alexander, U e piiuce who marHed the eirlof F and.rs daughter; David, and Margaret who married Hangowau, or, as lome call hmi E,ic, Jon to Magnus IV. king of Norway, who hSre to him a daughter named Margaret, (onmionly called the Maiden of Norway: in whom kmgWilhams whole poftenty failed, and the crown of Scotland returned to the ddcendants ot Dav id earl of Huntingdon, brother to king Malcolm IV. and king V» ilham. " ^ I have been the more particular in this detail, becaufe it was produdUve of great events. Upon the death of Alexander III. John Baliol who was great-grandfou to David earl of Huntingdon, by his elder daughter Mar'«ret nnd Robert Eru-e (graLdJathcr to ihe great king Robert Bruce) g^randftn to"the fome Tarl" of Hun! \,) /■ i ^ / 1/ z-'',^ r'^^^ ■ ' -^ r. o T L N lit Europe as ihey arc at prd-entJZ^^^^ not then lo well eftaWifted iu the great nobility agreed in r'tiVin^ ?£" 7 T ''^ 'nterregnuni of fome years, moftVlitic, an^Licfusprincei ri it" c^^ of England the havinglonghadaneyeiothecro^rof S'-n^l.nH > P -'^1 '^'^''^ ^^ ^^^''^-'''^ but clainisof itsdepenclLyupo"tiro/ W^^^^ he revived lome obfolete abfurd polbd to hold it by that di EeRiTt^^^^^ l"^f"g.that Baliol was did vvards dethroned him, and treated h mas -I n^Z ■ r^t r p '° ''"" = ^"^ ^^er- After this. Edward uled .mm. blZH ' h ' '^"^''"' ^''"'^ •■*^^'-'"»"g «• own; but though they X. XnSted^^^^^^^ fr ^'^1^ ^'""^ ^^ ^i. hi.nfelf mafter of Scotland, yet fhe stts wer. 1 ^ ''"^ ^"f ' ^'^''^ ''""' "'^^^^ favourable opportunity. Thd^ of them who J^'^ T'°i' '^^'"^^ ^'"^ ^" ^'-^'-^ dependence oHheirciuntry, as to iTefolve^^^^^^^ T^°""^ T-'"^*^^ ^^ the in- indeedbutfew, compared to thofe in the S 7"^^^'"? <««• «' were the fame; and for fome time they werrXSoLm' ^"^ ^^''^'^ ^hich wa^ felf of their weaknefs and his ol poler ^He acSeTof ^ f^^^']f "^"1'^^ ^'^"'- crown of Baliol, to whom he allowed a t^TufionTu S /• T'u-'^''''^"^^ . «na fent every nobleman in Scotlanrwh^MHe a fhe S'7? ^^^ "^ ^"^^and ; prifons in or near London. He then forced Ih. I f^^Peaed, to diHbrent their iubjeaion to him; and moft balS ?^ ?7^« i° hgn inftruments of monuments of their hifion., ai^d he evfdencLf "^^^^ °^°' ''.'"^^^^^ ^" ^^e !i;ro::Snrc!?in^trt?;n-^- s^^^ - the chief articles If whicf^haveLrukerp^l^et^^^^^^^ Scotch patriots treated this nroif<«> t«^v, ^:ri • f-^^etn tiie two kingdoms. The Wallacl the trueij hS^of' M. "" '^^'^'^^^^ William aaions that entitle him to eternal renown ineJ.' ^i'^V .^^"^'""^^ performed ever no anore than a privatrgenS^^ d hi, n^^^'^-' ^^^T'' ^^'"^ ^^W" Scotch nobility, an.ong\vhom wa R^^t lu e ^thf o "^^t''^'.'""^^^"^' ^^^ began to fufped that he had an eve unon .hlV;^ ' r -"n °^ ^''^ ^''^ competitor, the earl of Surry. Edward's^Srorof Scoth^ ' T'f ^ ,^^^"^ ^'' ^'^^ ^^^^ted reduced thegarrUbns of SerwiSd^ R^^^^^^^ «nd had Scotland their protedor. Theb Lloufv onerl^^ ? ? was declared by the ftates of cabals againft'tiie brave Walllci EdwT unon hf"' '^'' ^^"^ ^^^"'^^ ^''^J^^'t at the head of the moft numerous and bcft 'SfcipCd ZTl'^T IT'^''^ ^^"^^«"d. for it confifted of 8o ooo foot Znn h.r ^'"^^ ^"g^^nd had ever feen armed; and was attended by rZtZTT''fy ^T^' ^nd 4000 ligTt' fides the troops who joined hi^r tn Scotland forLd - " ^ nvK^' ^^'^'' ^'^ however, was obliged to divide it S Lf ^^ irrehfhble body : Edward, troopsto himfelf. With thefe he a ticked rhe^q.. command of 40,000 of his beft kirk, while their difputesrrnfohiXthat the br?l'^ '^^^ ^"'^^^ Wallace at Fal- ming, the moft powerful noblen'an in Scothnd anS Z^T r'^'*'?""^ ^y ^^""^- fion of his countrymen. Wallace, whofe l^noVHid t^X— "^ '^' . ^^ ^•^■^• Dctraycd, was defeated with va It lofs but madV' ^n ^ ^' "1" •^°'°°°' ^'"& thus .myji^ %n N D. r ' J m joining wthEd^vard. WaUace ftiU continued in arms, and performed many gallant adions agamft the Englifti; but was betrayed into the hands of Edward WlK)nK>ftuogeneroufl;^piu him to death at London as a traitor; but he died him-* lelf, as Iw was preparing to renew his invafion of Scotland with a ftill more deibla tmg fpirit of ambition, after having dcftroyed, accordiug to the beft hiftorians" 100,000 of her inhabitants. "' Bruce died foe . after the battle of Falkirk; but not before he had infpired his Ion, who was aprifonerat large about the Englifh court, with the glorious refolu- tion ot vindicating his own rights, and his countiy's independency. He efcaoed trom London, and with his own hand killed Gumming, for his attachment to Ed ward; and after coUefting a few patriots, among whom were his own four brothers he a fumed the crown; but was defeated by the Englifh (who had a great arm- in Scotland) at the battle of Methvcn. After this defeat, he fled Atron-^ o/two fnenda to the Weftern Ifles, and parts of Scotland, where . ues and fuf terings were as inexpreflible, as the courage with which he a few friends bore them (the lord Douglas efpecially) was incredible. Thou^u his wife and daughter were fent pnfoners to England, where the beft of his frieiSds, and two of his brothers, were put to death, yet fuch was his perievering fpirit, that he reco vered all Scotland, excepting the caftle of Stirling, and improved every advantage that was given him by the dilfipated condud of Edward IL who railed an armv more numerous and better appomted ftill than that of his father, to make a total conqueft of Scotland. It is faid that it confiftedof 100,000 men, though this has been fuppoled to be an exaggerated computation : however, it is admitted that the armj^ of Bruce did not exceed 30,000 ; but all of them heroes who had bem bred up in a deteftation of tyranny. Edward, who was not deficient in point of courage, led this mighty hoft towards Stiriing, then befiegcd by Bruce; who had choJbn with the greatelt iudement a camp near Bannock-burn. The chief officers under Edward were the earls 'of Gloucefter, Hereft>rd, Pembroke, and Sir Giles Argenton. Thofe under Bruce were, hisown brother Sir Edward, who, next to himfelf, was reckoned to be the beft knight m Scotland; his nephew Randolf earl of Murray, and the younc lord Walter, high-fteward of Scotland. Edward's attack of the Scotch anny was ex eeedingl)^ ftinous, and required all the courage and firmnefs of Bruce and his friends to refift It, which they did fo efleaually, that they gained one of the moft comolcte viftories that is recorded in hiftory. The great lofs of the Englifti fell upon the braveft part of their troops, who were led on by Edward in perfon againft Bruce himfelf. The Scotch writers make the lofs of the Englifti to amount to 50000 men. Be that as it will ; there certainly never was a more total defeat, thouch' the conquerors loft 4000. The flower of the Englifti nobility were either killed or taken priloners. Their camp, which was immenfety rich, and calculated for the puroofe rather of a triumph than a campaign, fell into the hands of the Scots : and Edward himlelf with a few followers, favoured by the goodnefs of their horfes, were nur- Jued by Douglas to the gates of Berwick, from whence he efcaped in a fiftiing boat Ihis great and decifive battle happened in the year 13 14*. The remainder of Robert's reign was a feries of the moft glorious tucceffes • and lo well did his nobihty underftand the principles of civU liberty, and fo unfettered f V^^uH ^f°'* °i thofe days were better acquaioted with Mars than the Mufes, may bcfeen fjom a icoffing ballad, made on this memorable viftory, which begins as follows : Maydens of England fore may ye mourn, What ho ! ween'd the king of England. For zour Jemmons zou have Joft at BannQckbum. So fc«n to have won all Scotland. • With heve a low ! With a rumhy low ! ' ^ ^ T L A N D. ,,, aTCw^Td^Va:;^^^^^^^^^^ to .he pope, .., of England; and that Ly woild do fhelr^e b^ Ro^^ I^-r'^T^^ ^""^"^^S " like attempt. Robert having thusTi vered ScmLn^ ' u- K ^?''^^ niake the Ireland, at the head of an army with whTch^^^ ^T }'' Wher Edward to kingdom, and was proclaimed^;, k^t^ but fe evSr^'t^'if"^^^^ J"" ^^ 'hat killed. Ro^rt Sefo're his death, wS ^d if^l^L^"^^^^^^^ "r^' ^^ -- who'tvaftL^eVedi^^sTn^:^^ ''^ "« ^-^ -^- Robert I. lities, both in Mar and^eace, were edipL W hTf h' S""^"? P""'^"* ^"^ ^^« ^^i- ward III. of England, whofe fifter he ma ried^ FH ^'"^^''t''-^^'^ ^"d enemy Ed- of his predecefforsuponthecrquSof sTolnH T'^'V'^;^?''''' ^' ^^^"^ «' any to Baliol the original comMtlS^L-Hi/n.?' ^^^''''^f '^^ '^^"^^ °f 2«l'oJ. fori he and Edward ^defLT^ royal partrTnlr^ ^A 'T'^'i^y '^^''^ -^^ at laft driven out of his ufurp^7unSom bv tt^^i?'^ ^ ^*"*'' ' ^"' ^^^'^^ ^'«« misfortune to be taken prifonerby thfEngS a! fhe battf 'Vt' , ^''''"^ ^''^ '^^ continuing above eleven years in camJvW K^ -^ '"^ °^ Durham: and after and died fn peace, withou^f iffL in tK^'r n.f '°°'°°' ""''^ ^°^ ^^^ -"'■°-' The crown of Scotland then devolved upon 'the ftmilv nf «;,, . k • . having been married to the daughter of Robert I TV, ^ « a . V^''^' ^^ "' ^ead was Robert 11. a wife and brave pr nee He wf, fi J" ^^k^ ^'"^ ^^ '^' "'■»™^' whofe age and infirmities difquaHfi'ed hL f^omTegSrt'th'.tt '"^ ^f "^'"• truft he government to his brother, the duke S^AM^n ^^^' ^''''''^ '« who ieems to have had an i-vp to tL r , f^'''^ny» an ambitious prince this, attempted to feJS'hL" f^oS t trPraSe .It'^ '^^'y- J^oh.nf up^. mtercepted by Henry IV. of England- and .fi^; r a -^ ^^s molt ungenerouily was obliged to pay au exorb tarn ranfnm n • ^v^^'-'"^ ? •""^ captivity, he England^the miUtL^ gW o^thUStrwas SS ^ imprifonment o^f Ja.i^s in wliere thev fupporteS fhat^totteHng 2naX "' a^ft 'tT'f ^^^^ '■'' ^'''^'' obianied fome of the firft titles of the kineS England, and their generals James the firft of that name, upon his return m Q...I a at talents lor government, enabled many wife la-v and wf.i."''' .'^i^^T'^^^ 8^"' He had received an excellent educatIonTnVn„?' J!? ^^^ \^\oxGd by the people, and V. where he faw the feSaltirrZeS lomn, ""^ '-'^' "'' ""^^^^ ^^• mil adhered to it in his own &Xn^ h/l?/^ "^ overgrown power of the uX^n'd °o Vecovt SIIh^^ *^"'se the wrefted from the crown during his minoritlT/.r ^""r* *' ^""^ ^^^^ ""^i^^^Y cution of thefe defigns coftS hit 1?^?.^ ? '^e piecedmg reigns: but the exe. chief nobility in h!" afd tL^'^th^r^ofe '".^^^^ ^^ ^-^ ^^ 'he t^s^^s^^i ^^""^"' ^ ^^Se^^ryr^o^ts?^^^^^^^^^^^^ of'atSlTi'r^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - ^r^\-d -any of the error, clofcd by a rebellion being^illt b:uttnf4ira;?i\^4^^^^^^^^ ^^^ - Hs Ion, James IV. was the moft acronmltft,.^ °:rJ?'5;. *^- . turally generous and brave • he loved rVi.an'ifiT^" ^"u"^j ^\ ^"'-' ^^*^ " ^e was na- r? #»- GOTLAND. 1 was killed, uuh the Mower of hU nobility, by the linjrlilh ia the fintr^; ;n, anno 151,^, and the fortieth vcar of his age ^ "^ could not teied, and , of Modden, anno ,^.,„ ,,,„ ,„^ ,„r„c;n year or his age. 1 he nmiouty of his Ibn, James V. was long and turbulent • and whnn T,« in faa, deftroyed the independency, as it iiupoveriOied the nco.X of «;./.? "1 ' ar,.ar.. However ,h'e Scots afterwards made ten U^od y tZZc '"' *T tempts, to reftore his Ion, Charles 11. "■""uj, out tmlucc, i at- ,l,''wl,"''"°''P"""J".'^"8'™''' " '■« acceffion of queen Anne was fteh the \V higs once more had reeourfe to the Smt. ^»,t -,n- i l . ' ■ ' ' ( .315 ) N N D. Extent and Sitl'ation. Degrees. Climate Breadth 300 f ^'^^^" M^ fV^ ^7'^ l'"'"^^- ^ ^ i 2 tail and 6-30 Weft longitude, BO ~^^^^:}T'l^r!S^'Zt^'l^^^^^^ -"-- ^7 hours It is bounded on the forth bvThTA I I ^-T^ "' '^^ '^"^h^™' "^^r » hour., by the German OceanTonlwer'^^^^^^ '["^'^"^' «^ ^^e eaft, by the Englifh Channe wh ch mm f/f t°'^^' Channel; and on the fbuth, niiles. ^ ' ""^''^ P'''' " fr°"^ I'^^^i^e, and contain 49.450 fquare grea^t"eSSy'ytatr"t^^^^ -"^- ^'^gl-^ Hable to a often vifued by^agL and fevers On t J ?J"1"' T -P"" °^ ^^e fea coalts arc . heat and cold/to which other nLe, 1 ' .^^^^^ r'""^' " prevents the extremes of jea; and it is in h account^ fSdin? t'he'l' ^''"' ^^g-e of latitude, are fub- neral, dpe^ially thofe who Te on a dry foi ?JrW% °^ '^' Jfjh«t.«a"ts in ge- afcribe that perpetual verdure for th\^l v t f-'^'' ^"'^^""'^ ^'^^^'^'^ ^'^ are to freeing fhowe'rs and tL "^t^pou^^^^^^^^ " ^^""^^^^^' ^-^--^ by re- word, fignifying a Tve?coin°L bu7rn t^Y ^^'"^ '^^"^'^ " ^^"^ ^ Celtic ing derived from AnXn^' • P'^^^\^^^ common etymology, of its be- fufniS a grerptf^f Ihe' oE.Ts"""' ^"^^^^ ^° ^^^ ^^"^ -^^% -hich tiineof theRoLi^s the whoJe^^S """i ^'^Y"^"''^" ^^^o this ifland: In the Bnl according rMrLmdl '?°1^J°^ .'^X '^^ «ame of £,7/«««;V7. The word being famZir paatbg the"; Sfe^ Sh"''^ -^ ftained ; the ancient inhabitants in this etymology. The ieftern ^fA^^^^ *^^^^^'^'-' ^"^ not agree the reft by^herK;rs?e:erntn5 Hf, i/cSwdS't het^.' ^;^;""'^ ^r caufe inhabited by the Belgic Gauls win ,!-if? ^^^^s> or ihejafid of Jrangers, be- wereftrangers to tL old natives ^^^^ ^'^^elriven thither by the Romans, and . u^ll of Severus, between NewcafHr.nH r ?n w ^' /" northward as the> Adrian in Scotland, KeftrPonh ^nd'Shl' ' ^«- ^ ^^ - that of uin^hemlltdt"^^^^^^^ ^'' ^^^^ ^^^^'^^ ^-^■---««' which they fuppofe to con- cflaSSdlntTelrTf fhi"^^^^^^ the year. 450, and when they were "banner of the oth« northern connn. u 'PP'^'P'}''^^ ^o themlblves, after the "loft iaftrumenta in conguS '^l f«"°^"^« which each had been the republic, confining of feverSdnm" ^ "^'^^ ' ^°'."^'^ " heptarchy, or political of the f;ven k nfs for which^^T T " n' • ""'^ ^.^^''•' ^ ^^'^^^ ^as chofen out „reaf!v-v=r- '^r ^V ^"'^^ which reafon I call it a political r^nublic it- rnrftn,nin. jjreatiy leknuihng that oi ancient Greece. --x-"^"^^ n^ conitituticn / a. . nPr .-h 2l6 N L N D. Kingdoms ereaed by the Saxons, ufuaUy ftikd the Saxon Heptarchy. Kingdoms. 1. Kent founded by Hen- f gift in 475, and ended-) Kent an 823- ( 2. South Saxons, found- f o fl- ed by Ella in 491, and 4 f"^^* ended in 600. ( ^""7 3. Eaft Angles, founded ( ?*j/?['' by Wain 575. and J ^"^^-H " ended m 70^;. i Cambridge ^^^ (With the Ifle f Cornwall Devon Dorfet oy ^^roic m 512, and <{ Sonierfct Counties. Chief Towns. ■~ — U^ Canterbury. - — ? jcbicefter — r T Southwark. — — ^ r Norwich ' Launcefton eiided in 1060. 5- Northumberland, Wilts Hants L Berks .- Lancafter — York — Durham — Cumberland — f 1 founded by Ida in 574, <^ J^umberland and ended in 702. Weftmoreland Northumberland, and Scotland to the Frith 6. Eaft-Saxons, founded (Effex 3 __ by Erchewin in 527,'j Middlefex, and part of and ended m 746. ( Hertford -- — ^ 'The other part of Hertford' Gloucefter Exeter Dorchefter Bath Salilbury Wincheftcr Abingdon. Lancafter York Durham . 1 Carlifte Appleby •!L J . Mercia, Cridda ended in 874 founded by in 582, and Hereford Worcefter Warwick Leicefter Rutland Northampton Lincoln Huntingdon Bedford Buckingham Oxford Stafford Derby Salop Nottingham , Chcfter LNewcaftfe. j» A London. 'Hertford Gloucefter Hereford Worcefler Warwick Leicefter Oakham Northampton Lincohi Huntingdon Bedford Aylelbury Oxford Stafford Derby Shrewtbury Nottingham (.Chefter. I have been the more fnlJo^frtnc tn «.-^r^— '~ »i,-r- j.-— • and Newpor Pagne [ \ hkh.^^"' ^^•"' ^^^^'"^^^J^-^ 4fton. and Wif- Burv, Ipfwich, Sudbury. Leollofl; part of New '"don' ^f^""""!^' M'7' Soufhuold £?al" don Halefworth, Mildenhall, Bcccles, Fram hngham, Stow-anarket, Woodbridgc, Lavenham Hadley, Lcng-Melford. Stratford,' 'and Eafc rnT"L'^%^'/"''^' ^y™' and Yarmouth. fUxford, Banbury,, Chipping-norton, Henly. Bur- ford,^ Whitney, Dorchefter, M o'odftock^' and Abingdon, Windfor, Reading, Wallingford, New- 3. Oxford te"^' Hungerford, Maidenhead. Farr ngdon Circmf Id n 1 ;( ^,^ ^"fage. and Oakingham. "'gaon. ^ "■ ^ '"°"'*^ ^ ^ ° °r*^'-- Tewt i^iuuwicn. Eewdiev, Stonr. L bridge Kidderminller, and Perfhore? ^ F f 2. Norfolk Circuit. Counties. ' Eflex — Hertford. Kent — Surry SuiTex — ' Bucks Bedford — Huntingdon Cambridge Suffolk L Norfolk fOxon Berks — 1 Worcefter c J . it 4i8 Circuits. 3. Oxford Circuit continued. E N Counties. 'Monmouth. 1 Hereford Salop — GLAND. Chief Towns. Staflbrd — '< 4. Midland Circuit. "Warwick ") Leicefter Derby — Nottingham Lincoha — Rutland — Northampt. 'Hants WUts — 5. Weftem. Circuit. Dorfet — Somerfet Devon — i 'Monmouth, Chepftow, Abergavenny, Caerleon, and Newport. Hereford, Lemller, Weobley, Ledbury, Kyucton, and Rofs. Shrewlbury, Ludlow, Bridgnorth, Wenlock, Bi- Ihop's Caftle, Whitchurch, Ofwcftry, Wem, and Newport. Stafford, Litchfield, Newcaftle under Line, Wol- verhampton, Rugeley, Burton, Utoxeter, and Stone. ■Warwick, Coventry, Birmingham, Stratford upon Avon, Tamworth, Aulccfter, Nuneaton, and Atherton. Leicefler, Melton-Mowbray, Afhby-dc-la-Zoucb, Bofworth, and Harborough. Derby, Chefterfield, Wirkfworth, Afhbourne, Bake- well, Balfover, and Buxton. Nottingham, Southwell, Newark, Eaft and Weft Red- ford, Mansfield, Tuxford, Workfop, and Blithe. Lincoln, Stamford, Bofton, Grantham, Croyland, Spalding, New Sleaford, Great Grinilby, Gainf- borough, Louth, and Horncaftle. Oakham and Uppbgham. Northampton, Peterborough, Daventry, Highanv Ferrers, Brackley, Oundle, Wellingborough, Thrapfton,Towcafter, Rockingham, Kettering, and _ Rothwell. 'Winchefter, Southampton, Portfmouth, Andovcr, Bafmgftoke, Chriftchurch, Petersfield, Lyming- ton, Ringwood, Rumley, Arlesford; and New- port, Yarmouth, and Cowcs, in the Ifle of Wight. Salilbury, Devizes, Marlborough, Malmlbur>-, Wil- ton, Chippenham, Calne, Cricklade, Towbridge, Bradford, and Warminfter. Dorchelter, Lyme, Sherbom, Shaftfbury, Poole, Blandford, Bridgeport, Weymouth, Melcombe, Wareham, and Winburn^ Bath, Wells, Briftol in part, Taunton, Bridgwater, Ilchefter, Minchead, Milbourne-Port, Glafton- bury, Wellington, Dulverton, Dunfter, Watchet, Yeovil, Somerton, Axbridge, Chard, Bruton, Sbepton-Mallet, Crofcombe, and Froome. Exeter, Plymouth, Barnftaple, Biddeford, Tiver- ton, Honiton, Dartmouth, Taviftock, Topiham, Okehampton, Afhburton, Grediton, Moulton, Torringtou, Totnefs, Axminfter, Plympton, and ilfracomb. Circuits. 5. Wcflern Circuit, cuutinued. Countiefi. Cornwall N G L A K D. Chief T0W05. 219 f Cornwall - \ r I^unrefton, 1 .Tl Kellington, ". ) ( Kancc, and fYork — 1 fVork- Ij^Aa ■] 6. Northern Circuit*. Durham — . Northunib. Lancaiter Weftmorl. Cumberland r^unrefton, rajniouth, Truro. SahaHi, Bodmyn. S* I'"- Padftow IV^gony, Fpwcy, Penryn. I-elkard, Lelluuhiel, Helfton, Pen- , Redruth. "^"'r }^^\ "^J.«^efield, Halifax-. Rippor, Pon- tetraa, Hull, Richmond, Scarborough, Borouah- bridge Malton, Sheffield, Doncaller, Wliitbv Beverly Northallerton. Burlington, Knarelbo.' rough, Barnefley, Sherborn, Bradford, 'Jadcaflcr. Skipton. M_etherby Ripley, Heyden, Howden, Ihirlke, Gifborough, Pickering, and Varum. Durham, Stockton, Sunderland, Stanhope, Barnard- j XT J^l ^*^',!"&^o". Hartlepool, and Awkland. >jNewcaftlc, luamouth, Nonh^hieJd?. Morpeth, Alnwick, and Hexham. *^ Lancafter Manchcfter, PrcHon, liverpool, Wig- ail, Warrmgton, Rochdale, Bury, Ormflcirk. JHawkfliead, and Newton. Appleby Kendal, Lonfdale, Kirkby^tephen Or- ton, Amblefide, Burton, and Milthorpe. ' Carhfle Penrith, Cockermouth, Whitehaven, Ra- vcnglafs, Egremont, Kefwick, Workington, and Middle/ex is not comprehended; and Chefhire i. left out of thcfc drnm. J.. Counties ex- clufiveofthe Circuits. Middlefex l Chefler — n^ONDON, firft meridian, N. Lat. 51-30. Weft- mmfter, Uxbridge, Brentford, Chelfea, High- I gate, Hampftead, Kenfington, Hackney, and ^ Hampton-Court. ^ I ^''^•^7' «?^'i','''';^{^ Macclesfield, Malpas, North- wich, Middlewich, Sandbach, Congleton Knotf. L ford, *rodifham, and Haulton. Circuits of WALES. North-Eaft (JJ'°5. ^ ~) (FHm, St. Afaph, and Holywell. Circuit. 1 Sf '^^igh - L J Denbigh, Wrexham, and Ruthen. C Montgom. ) ( Montgomery, Llanvylin, and Wekhpool North-W^eft j Anglefey S f Beaumaris, Holyhead, and Newburgh. Circuit, i Caernarvon L J Bangor, Conway, Caernarvon, and Pullillr ( Merioneth ) (Dolgdly, Bala, and Harlegh. °'^""0- guiftcd by the appellation of the2f S/r ' ^ ^"''^ •'"'^ *" '^^ A«tumn, and diftin- F £ % ZZO fouth-Eaft Circuit. \ South-Weft Circuit. ENGLAND. Radnor, — ^ (Radnor, Preftean, and Knighton. Brecon — M Brecknock, Built, and Hay. Glamorgan Q Lbndaff, Cardifi; Cowbridge, Neath, and Swan- Pembroke Cardigan Caerraarth. ^^'r^P^''^^'^' Haverfordweft, Pembroke, Tenbv Fifcard, and Milfordhaven. Cardigan, Aberiftwith, and Llanbadarn-vawer. Gaermarthen, Kidweliy, Lanimdoveiy, Llandilo- bawr, Langharn, and Lanelthy. In ENGLAND. 40 Counties, which fend up to parliament 25 Cities (Ely none, London four) 167 Boroughs, two each ■ 80 knights. 50 citizens. i Borou|hs'(Xbiugdo;, Banbury, Bewdley, HigW> ^^* ^"'^"""• *erra», and Monmouth), one each — r ^ burgeffes. 2 Univeriities r • 8 Cinque ports Haftings, Dover, Sandwich, Ro'^mey, > ^ ^P^^'^'^'^-^^^ Sfif' ^° ^ 1^%' ?/^ dependems. Rye, Wii- L 16 baron., chelfea, and Seaford), two each -i I W L E S. 12 Counties ___^ i, • v, 12 Boroughs (Pembroke two, Merioneth none), one each J 2 bui^ffca. 33 Shires 67 Cities and Boroughs SCOTLAND. 30 knights. 15 burgeffes. Total 558 Befides the 52 counties into which Em land and Wales are divirf*.^ rh.r^ counties corporate, confifting of certam dii rifts, to wh ch the liS'and iuri? diftions pecuhar to a county have been grant ^d by roval charter Thfth^ •.'' f London xs a co^ty diftin^ from MiddTefe. ; tK X of York a^^^^ Sof cdled, becaufe u fends up burgeffes to parliament ; and this makes fhe Sftferenle ^t to be a city. Some cuies are alfo counties, as beforcmemioaed. ^ ENGLAND OOIL, AIR, SEASONS, AND WATER T TIip CA) ^f t? i each county, not fo much from the 1 Lure of ^ '"^^'''^ ''^^ ^^^^^ ^iflers in mitted to iccafion a very contderable ahem on ^Is"?^' '^T^ '^'' '""« ^e ad- inhabitants of each couafy have n ad^rthe cuhivatioZf ^ /^^^f ' ^^^^h the drammg of marlhes, and many other locaimnrovImL^ u?1' "'"'^ ^^'^^'''' ^he to a much greater degree of peVi^n than tT.ev a7e S K "'^■'^' ''^ ^'^'^ ^^'"^^ the world if we exc-ept China. If no unkTnd ffbl^h ^^ '" '^^ ^^'^ P^" °f corn, not only iufficieat to maintain LSnLS ... '^^l^P^"',*'ng'and produces ready money for her exports. J^^i,^iol7xc^tS' ^" 'I ^""» ^"^' ^"'"^ ^^' garden, which have come to fuch pSion Th..^,^ "* A° '*?^ P^^dudions of the been cuhivated here with fucce^ iTanv rrlher'' !! f 'f .•* J^'^^" f'^"^^ have let it be remembered, that London and 7s MlL^T f^ ^^'' ^°"^^ ^^ required, 1.000,000 inhabitants, is plenSyX^lTl'^Tk^^^ .P^^P^^^ Vabou^ from grounds within 12 miles diftance. °^ ^'""^ ^"^ vegetables The foil of England feems to be particularlv ad^nt^ri f^ • • , plantations of trees round the houlbfof nobK ?n^.S[/''"^^ "?^^^' ^"^ the- iants, are delightfbl and aftonilhing at the fanfe dme ^^°'^^'"^"' ^"^ even of pea- As to air, I can add but little to what I have already r.i^ .^ • , In many places it is certainly loaded with vaDour?w^fi h r ""^^T'^^ '^e climate*, by w^erly winds; hut they are v^^tirated b/wind and fl "' '^f '^l'^'^'*^ «^^«^ fpea England is to foreigners, and peoole of H^f.. ^.r""'' ^° '^at in this re-- able than unfahbrions. ifcai not hSt i 1 "? T'^'-'""^"^"'' "^"^^ difagrce- u fo excefiively capricious, a^ unfavr«rabie^o ct^^^^ '^'' l"^ ^^^^^°'' '^' ^^^^a^^er ^^'^^:^t^^X:^Zt!^ InM,, the ginning of Junr islbmetimes arcold a^ in thriLdk off)^ l^^^^^"^^- The be- the thermometer rifes in that month as hSh ™^^f ^?<=^ember, yet at other times us viciflitudes «f heat and coS and ud^ n .n '' "^ ^'"'>'- ^^^" ^"guft has Oaober, are the two moft ag SabL nXhs iaT'^^ ^'^^^pT^-"' ^^^ ^*^^ ^o experience aU the four fcafons within th^co n If. I ^"■- , ^^^ "^"^^« fometime-s aiid mUd weather. The iuconftancv of theS k""*" '^'y' ^°'^' ^^^'"Perate, hot th^eflefls that might be naturally ap^ladefXfot^^^^^^ ^* "'^^ atteaded'with generaUy make up the difrerence.vVK2aiS^\„^h^^^^' "''"«" 'hree week^ ^rth: and it is hardly ever oblfe^ed thft th. ^,K K- "'''";">: ^^^^e fruits of the Even the greateft irre^laritj, and the moft unS^^K^ ^'''''' ^^ ' ^^^ '""^"^^7 Jons, are not, as in 4er. countries ar^^ncLf^^^h/^^^^^ appearances of the fea- fcarcuy. ' at.encted uith fanmie, and very feldom with 222 N N D. In fpeaking of water, I do not include rivers, brooks, or lakes j I mean waters for the common conveniencies of life, and thofe that have mineral qualities. The champain parts of England are generally fupplied with excellent fprings and foun- tains ; though a difcerning palate may perceive, that they frequently contain fome mineral impregnation. 1 he conftitutions of the Englifh, and the difeafes to which they are liable, have rendered them extremely inquifitive after falubrious waters, for the recovery and prefervation of their health ; lo that England contains as many mineral wells, of known efficacy, as pjerhaps any country in the world. The mod celebrated are the hot baths of Bath and Briftol in Somerfetfhire, and of Buxton and Matlock in Derbyftiire ; the mineral waters of Tunbridge, Epfo^, Harrowgate, and Scarborough. Face OF thk country? The induflry of the Engli(h is fuch, as to hppiy A NO MOUNTAINS, f the abicncc oi thofe favours which nature has ib la- viflily beftowed upon fome foreign climates, and in many refpeds even to exceed them. No nation in the world can equal the cultivated parts of England in beau- tiful fcenes. The molt barren fpots arc not without their verdure ; but nothing tan give us a higher idea of the Englilh iuduftry, thaix obferving that fome of the plealanteft counties in the kingdom are naturally the molt barren, but ren- dered fruitful by labour. Upon the whole, it may be fafely affirmed, that no country in Europe etjuals England in the beauty of its profpedls, or the opulence of its inhabitants. Though England is full of delightful rifing grounds, and the moft cuchantbg Hopes, yet it contains few mountains. The molt noted are the Peak in Derbyfhire, the Endle in Lancaihire. &c. In general, however, Wales, and the northern parts may be termed mountainous. Rivers and lakes.] The rivers in England add greatly to its beauty, as well as its opulence. The 'Ihames, the nobleft perhaps in the world, rifes on the con- fines of Gloucefterffiire, a litde S, W. of Ci- ^ncefter, and after receiving the many tributary ftreams of other rivers, it paffes to Oxford, then by Abingdon, Walling- ford, Reading, Marlow, and W iiidibr. From thence to Kingfton, where formerly it met the tide, which, fmce the building of M eftminfter bridge, is faid to flow no higher than Richmond ; from whence it flows to London, and attcr dividing the jcounties of Kent and Eflex, it widens in its progrels, till it falls into the fea at the Nore, from whence it is navigable for large fliips to London bridge : bnt for a more particular defcription the reader muft confult the map. It was formerly a nutter of reproach to England, among foreigners, that fo capital a river Ihould have fo few bridges; thofe of London and Kingfton being the only two it had, from the l?ore to the lait mentioned place, for many ages. This incouveuiency was in fome meafure owing to the dcarnels of materials for building ftone bridges; but perhaps more to the fondnefs which the Englifh, in former day?, had for water carriage, and the encouragement of navigation. The great increaie of riches, commerce, and in- land trade, is now multiplying bridges, and the world cannot parallel for commodi- ^uliiefs, architedture, and workmanfhip, thofe lately credted at Weftminfter and Black Friars. The river Mcdway which rifes near Tunbridge, falls into the Thanies at Sheer- :nefs, and is navigable tor the largeft fhips as far as Chatham. The Severn, reckoned thefecond river for importance in England, and the firft for rapidity, rile.s at Plin- limnion-hill in jS'orth \\'ales; becomes navigable at Welch-Pool ; and difcharges itfelf into the Briftol-channel, near King-road; and there lie the great (liips which •ni!Hi..< g. •. (.!}• lo ij-iuf!. i ijv X it-iji. luta m Lt«; iTHjuiiuuus Oi otanuruinirc, ana running Ibuth-eait bj Newca,ftle-under-line, divides that county into two parts ; and N A N D. 223 being joined by the Oufe, and feveral other ri\'ers towards the mouth, obtains the name of the Huraber, falling into the fea Ibuth-eaft of Hull. The other principal rivers in England, are the Oufe (a Gaelic word fignify- ing water in general), which falls into the Humber, after receiving the water of many other rivers. Another Oufe rifes in Bucks, and falls into the fea near Lynn in Norfolk. The Tine runs from weft to eJift through Northumberland, and falls into the German fea at Tinmouth, below Newcaflle, T he Tees runs from weft to eaft, dividing Durham from Yorklhire, and falls into the German lea below Stockton. The Tweed runs from weft to eaft on the borders of Scotland, and falls into the German iea at Berwick. The Eden runs from fouth to north through Weft- moreland and Cumberland, and pafliug by Carlifle, faUs into Solway Frith below that city. The Lower Avon rtms weft through Wiltfliire to Bath, and then divid- ing Somerfetftii re from Glouccfterlhire, nmstoBriftol, falling into the mouth of the Severn below that city. The Derwent, which runs from eaft to weft through Cum- berland, and pafling by Cockermouth, falls into the Irilh fea a little below. The Kibble, which nms from ealt to weft through LancaOiire, and pafling by Preftou, difcharges itfelf into the Irifti fea. The Merfey, which runs from the fouth- eaft to the north-weft through Cheftiire, and then dividing Cheftiire from Lanca- fhire, palfes b^ Liverpool, and falls into the Irifh fea a little below that town ; and the Dee riles ni Wales, and divides Flintlhire from Cheftiire, falling into the Irifti channel below Chefter. The lakes of England are few; though it iis plain from hiftory and antiquity, and' indeed, in fome places from the face of the country, that meres and fens have been frequent in England, till drained and converted into arable land. I'he chief lakes remaining, are Soham mere, "W ittlefea mere, and Ramfay mere, in the ille of Ely, inCambridgeftiire. All thele meres in a rainy feafon are overflowed, and form a lake of 40 or 50 miles in circumference. Winander mere lies in Weltmoreland, and^ fome fmall lakes in Lancajhire go by the name of Derwent waters. Forests.] The firft Norman kings of England, partly for pcli.ical purpofcs, that they might the more e.:e£lually enflave their new fubjedsi and partly from the wantonnefs of power, converted immenfe trads of grounds into forefts for the bene6t of hunting, and thefe were governed by laws peculiar to thcnifeh es : fo that it was neceffary, about the time of pafling the Magna Charta, to form a code of the foreft-laws ; andjufticesin Eyre, fo called from their fitting in the open air, vrere appointed to fee them obferved. By degrees thofe vaft tradls were disfbrefted; and the chief forefts, properly fo called, remaining out of no fewer than 69, are thofe of Windfor, New Foreft, the Foreft of Dean, and Sherwood Foreft. MsTALs AND MINERALS.] Among the minerals, the tin mines of Cornwall dc- fervedly take the lead. They were known to the Greeks and Phenicians, the latter efpecially, fome ages before that of the Chriftian jEra ; and fince the Englifti have found the method of manufadfuring, their tin into plates, and white iron, they are of immenfe benefit to the nation. An ore called Mundic is found in the beds of tin, which was very little regarded till above 70 years ago ; Sir GUbert Clark dif- coveredthe art of manufacturing it, and it is laid now to bring in i5o,eool. a year, and to equal in goodnefs the beft Spanifli copper, yielding a proportionable quan- tity of lapis calaminaris lor making brafs. Thofe tin-works are under peculiar re- gulations, by what are called the ftannary laws ; and the miners have parliaments and privileges of their own, which are in force at this time. The number of Cornilh miners are laid to amount to 100,000. Some mines of copper have lately been dif- covered m Wales, vvhich are of confiderable extent %aeld "reat nrofit nnd have much reduced the price of that metal. Some gold has 'likewUe been difcovered in. :24 ^ N G L A N D. Cornwall, and the Enghfh lead is impregnated with filvrr TK r vn. filver ,s particularly knou-n by rofes, and tStof wIL hv.K . -^^ ^"^^'^ *^°'"eJ ihers. Devonihire, and other countL, „f Fn^u J^ J ^^^^ P""<^e'8 cap of fea- kind, which.refemblesEjpfangSl.^^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^^e beft freeftonc are found in ma^Vace^s NorLX InH^ J" ou°^^'°''''- ^^^^^"es of alt pits. The Englifhfu/err;artk i^ onrh^cX'ulc^^^^^ ^"^ that Its exportation is prohibited under fevereDenaSwf ^ r clothing trade, m many counties of England : but the ci7v of Si ^"""^ ^'"' '^^^^ »« found feamen, is chiefly fupplied from the pits of^^^^^^ encourage the nurfen, of Durham. The cargoes are Cp^d at^Newcaftle nH ^"^^"1' 'f'^ '^^ ^^°P"^ o£ tmnof coals to othlrcountriesTa^alSfr^^^^^ Sunderland, and the exporta- ^^o::\:::::-z-'}^^:^:^^ 1^%'^^ -<^ >-b im. agriculture, even fince the beft printed accn,?m ^ . ^^" "^/de in gardening and murt I. left to the reader's own oh^^toTZ^^li^^^^ ^' .f ^^''^ ^^ ^-^ upon the corn trade of England; but nothirgcan £ f,?d J. ^^^^^ ^'''^ady touched ceraiag the quantities of wheat barley, r^^2as beln. v I, '"^ '^'''^'y ^""- gram growing .in the kingdom. ExxclleuHnEon!T\i '"^^'' °'''' ""^ '^'her culture are now common in Endaiid Vn HU? u ^°'^''*' "nprovement of agri- print periodical account s of SdifcoveriesnT''"^-' ''" ^'^ P^^ic-fpirited as^ o that agriculture and garden L'naVb^^^^^^^^^ 'erve to ft.ew thanthcyareinatprefent. HSLfrffmn "'"'^ H^*"'"" ^^'^ of Perfeftiou of Devo'n and HerefordSi re, wE% kl fnd niade of ?'' ^^ ^'°^^'''^' '^' 'y^^^ ucular manner, is often prefer.!^d by ^udidL^ p^^^^^^^^^ '^ « P". IS not enough to mention tholb inmroveZnf? ,1H ' ^o French white wine. It England have made the diflSL 7ui^ oHSe woHd"Tl T °^^"T '^''. '^^ "^"^'" of .culture, but often by hot beds, and other me r^s If S' *?""' ^°"''"'"^« ^y ^'">P'e pme-apples are delicious, and now plent^ul Thl [ '"^ °''r' The Englifh nativesof the Eaftand WeftlndlsTpe'S aLlu^U^ -ay be faid of olher O^^JJTI^S^^ ashempandftax are in VV ith regard to ANIMAL rRODucTioMs T ft^oii i-.^ : . • i_ t Englilh oxen are large and fat bu^ Z e Lv f ^u ^'t '^^ ^^^drupeds. The the Scotch and the VvS clule .f^r .f.^f ^' v\-'^^^ '^^ *™^"^^ breed of horfesarethebeftof anrinthewor^r,^ f^^^ '" ^"^^'^ P^""^*=«- The Englio; nefs or docility. iLrSX^it rht^^^^^^^^^^^ the breed of this favourite and noble anima7and thefucL^^^^'^'u' ^^^ '"}P'o^^^S for thernow unite all the qualities and be uties of ndi nPerfirn ^^^^"1'''^^'' and other foreign horles. The irreliftible fSif anH ' i r"l ^•"a^'^n. Spanifh, render them luperior to all othe h wa ' and In K 7^^^ ''^ '^^ ^'"^''^ ^^^^alry credible things b a fox or ftagchacrTh^^^^^^ ^'^" P"*""™ ^^' of London, are often particularly Sautifb? Th ''"^ e^^^P/fs on the ftreets become a conllderable article of c«rce The '^^^TT f *^^'"^^^ ''^« ^^ '^^e ''^^'V-^jeimpro.edandencour^^d^^^^^^ '''''" "^' ""^" '^S'- thole ^h^tt^^p^foTt^^re^'t; ;'^'^ ^'"" ^^^ ^-^^'^^^^ ^-- '^- «-e, and ftitute the origiLl^taVre ct Sly of ftZd "Vh?" '%^'-'' ^"' il^-^.^^ ^^^^^ -- that in Ibme counties the iuhahiAmc ^,^-^'"8'^"°- ^ . ^'i^e been credibly informed £' N G L N D, 225 generate in foreign climate. "'" '■""«' "'^ '°''' " f«'«"g. 'tey de- .rieIt,ppfa\re'1rt°£'tH^'«""''^^ of U,e Englift dogs in foreign coun- verfiontoouriponfinen ^ '^"^ '°'''' "'"* "»'"' ni"'l' barbarous di- wild geefe, wild ducL, and a great vartav of (t i K , ^ ^' "'"/?'' "= •'"""I-"' mEngland. The «limit«r i. T ^ Imall birds; canary birds alfo breed the pn^pagation of which ^upouhS; „;,„,t», ?'^"'^'^'- '^^'^ "^ '^'^^y «>«"«, cockles/wilks/pSkks and S^^^^ vl ' T" ?"""«"« of fhell-fifhes. ia the Engliih V^s. Afte^^irthrFnSft, K '"f ^ ^^^^^ J"^" M-fifh, abound accufedof>.otpa;ingp o^efauenti^^^^^^^ '''l^r' ^"^ ^^^^^ j"fti<^<^. inconliderable loi ns b the ueS Englan^^^^^l^^^ ''' '°"^"^'' ^« ' ^^^ of the great in London, are fold bv tbf D^ch f n F n ri ? ^^' "T f '° *^^ ^^^les people even take thetn upon the Lffco.ft,r^ ''■'''' '-"^ '^^^ induftrious made within thefe forty years mft to nro5 »5^'-'' ^^■^"'°°«' « '^ true, have been however, unaccountal^S^p^^Ld ^tZ^L^H^ ^^'V ^^^^' It was, that the price of Enffi lafcur °^^^^^ ""^^' ""I«f« the market upon the fame ter£ as the DutcS f°>-tn«ging the commodity to feaTthTattrgnTtfjS^^^nd^t'^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ -^^ -^ - withthereftof E^rope/andthediffteS f?!^^'' ^•"""^ '""^'^ "P°« '^ Par turalhiftoiy than geography. '"^ '''"^'^°^^> ^^ any, becomes more proper fc:- La- Population, inhabitamt<; mavt 1 a-u NKRs, CUSTOMS, AND divhrsionT ^ J f' ^^T^L^;^ «( '^e EngHfh conflitu. foreign nations, not excepti^rrennhnl • '°'" '^^ ^^^^'''^ powers exerci fed in to a&rtain the numberofSablfams in Er^Z^"' T^'"'' ^^y " ^ '''>' ^^^^^^ inightoccafionallybedone, byS^^^ ^'! " '' ^/^^'" ^^at thi. and probably fobn will take nl^rf S- .^"'^^"^/ny violation of public liberty muft^be ver^ faK X a^plSd If.T'/ ^? P°«"^«1 calculations, Si; reignerswhoVettlein the nation the ^^^^ influx of fo- iflands, their return from thenT'a^rir^f^^ of inhabitants to America and the P.ng. are ail of them matte sthaT render .n^^^ ''•''''' ""'P^^^^ '" ^'P' Upon the whole, I am apt t^tCk tha° EnlL • '"^'"^'^ extremely precarious, matorsof her inhabitants arVw itg to aflow ri^ T'' P^^p^"' '^'' '^' ^«»- lore the laft, annually emploved ahnm J^o r- ^^^^^"^ ^'"^ France and Spain be- Irifti, by fea and land^'TntS^tTr rc^^^^^^^^^^ --^"f- of Scotch and l^l^a^'. Tbe decay of popyionwa:^lfr.^L;!'i-!:ir."^^^^^ -- a,, u „.^a during me wars in queen Ann^'c «;„U'".i." i.""^ \' .'""' "^^ ^° "iticli To v^ir*''"^''' '"'''«''" »^'»j"^^^ ^"* "'" '"^''^"" """'*" G g / %i6 N G N D. At the fame tune, I am not of opmion, that England is at prefent naturally more populous han fhe was m the reign of Charles I. though fhe is accidentally fo?^ The Jinglilh of former ages, were ftrangers to the excellive ufe of fpirituous liquors and other modes of living that are deftrudive of propagation. On the other hand' the vaft quantities of cultivated lands in England, fmce thofe times it mi-ghtrea-' fonably be prdumed, would be favourable to mankind : but this advantage is oro- bably more than counterbalanced by the prevailing pradice of engrofimg funns which IS unfavourable to population; and independent of this, upon au a^•eraee' perhaps, a married couple has not liich a numerous progeny now as formerly ' .1, i!I^ r -^l^." P'^.™^^"^' it would be prefumptuous to pretend to afcertain thenumberof inhabitants in England and Wales; but in my own private opinion there cannot be fewer than feven milUons. But as to political calculations, the falli- bility of thefe appears in a very ftrikmg light in thole of the population of London, becaufe It IS impoffible to fix it upon any of the known rules or proportions of births and burials. Calculators have been not only miftaken in applying thofe rules to London, and, as they are called, the biUs of mortality, butevei in topical matters, becaule about 100,000 inhabitants, at the xevy gates of London, do not lie within the Dills 01 mortality. Englilhmen in their perfons are generally well fized, regularly featured, com- nionly fair rather than otherwile, and Hofid in their complexions.^ It is, however tobeprefumed that ti.e' vaft numbers of foreigners that are intermingled and in- termarried with the natives, have given a caft to their perfons and complexions dif- terent from thole of their anceftors 150 years ago. The women, in their ihape- features, and complexipn, appear fo graceful and lovely, that England may be termed the native countij of female beauty. But befide the external graces fo peculiar to the women m Tn^^land, they are ftill more to be valued for their thorough cleanlmels, and all the engaging duties of donieftic life. Of all the people in the v^•olld, the Englilh keep themfelves the moil cleanly. Their nerves are fo delicate, that people of both fexes are fometimes forcibly, nay mortally aflbaed by imagination; inlbmuch, that before the pradice of inoculation ?r f\ • P°'' bookplate, it ^^as ihought improper to memion that loathfome dileale by us true name, many polite company. « This over-fenfibility has been coniidered as one of the fources of thofe fingularities, which fo ftrongly charac- terize the Enghfh nation. They fometimes magnify the llighteft appearances into xeaiuies, and bring the moft diftant dangers immediately home to themfelves- and yet when real danger approaches, no people face it with greater refolution, or con- Itancy of mmd. A groundlels paragraph in a news-paper, has been known to afledl the Itocks, and conlequently public credit, to a confiderable degree; and their credulity goes lo far, that England may be termed the paradife of quacks and em- pries, m all arts and profellions. In fhort, many of the Englifh feel, as if it really exifted, every evil in mind, body, andeftate, which they form in their ima- gmaiion. At particular intervals, they are fenfible of this abfurdity, and run mto a contrary extreme, ftriving to banifli it by diflipation, riot, intemperance, and diverhons. They are lond, for the fame reafon, of clubs and convivial alfo- fiaions; and when thefe are kept within the bounds of temperance and modera- uon, they prove the beft cures for thofe mental evils, which are lb peculiar to the Enghlh, that foreigners have pronoimced them to be national." The fame ot)fervations hold with regard to the higher orders of life, which muft be acknowledged to have undergone a remarkable change fmce the accefllon of the Jloule of Hano'.er, efpccially of late years. The Engliih nobility and geutiy of great fortune?, nowaflmulate their manners to thofe of foieijiucis, \\ith w\iom they t N G L A K D. Z%1 cultivate a more frequent intercourfe than their forefathers did. They do not now travel only as pupils, to bring home the vices of the countrie/S .?iat T the tuition perhaps of a defpic'able pedant, or famiV dependan" but L^^^ the purpoles of fociety, and at the more advai-ed aees of life TJK — 7 ments are mature, and their paffions regulated. t1 h'^s enla ^dtdeti b S' S J^ f 5r''^"' ""TJ'^'' ^' commonly as Englifhmen vifued d.era and the effedls of the intercourfe become daily more vifible lfnec\J.Z.\,i.?' as formerly, confined to one fex. ^ ' ^'^"^^^ *« " " "ot now, me county, and expert, ,o be treated on ,he foorW of a tnKan ■ birhi^Vf of jtving „ always j„dicio„ny luited ,o his eireumfta,^™. «™'^™" ' •>"' '»'. ">■'= bril. nd f"™:.,S t'o„r 'tS, a"^^ olheTLJa'trte', ?'••,-» ''' otu:;^rad?:herr?='''r"''^''"^^ " 5:Sier r ^S«;^vss s^- - :niSoS fch^ie .51'SicXfZ '^ilf^of sLtttotT'S^Enrd "I'i^enr' """ "." ncraiity ot the Enghfh of all ranks, an unpardonable preference given tn^Zht fe"Ar4" P^"-^!^ '??"? ^^'^ P-P^^ ^^-^ ^« muchTdSed'?:'Sde a'dtt^'^' contom on Xh'^'i;'!; '" f "' «"i P"''^ ^^"^ ^he democratical part of 7hei; conltitution, which makes the pofTeflion of property a qualification for the le' G g ? t28 N G N D. giflature, and for almoft every other fpecies of magiftracy, government, honours, and diftinftions." The fame attention to property operates in many other ways among the lower clalfes, who think it gives them a right to be rude and difregardftil of all about them, nor are the higher orders exempt from the fame failing. The fame princi- ple often influences their exterior appearances. Moblenicn of the firft rank areleen liyiug bets with butchers and coblers at horfe-races, and boxing-matches. Gentle- men and merchants of valt property are fometimes not to be diftinguilhed, either by their drefs or converfation, even from their fervants ; and a wager oti'ered to be flaked in ready money againlt a pennylefs antagonift, has been often thought a decifive argument in publi-: company; but the pradlice of laying wagers has become much lels prevalent than it ufed to be. Living learning, and genius, often meet not with fuitable regard even from the firft rate Englillimen: and it is not unufual for them to throw afide the bed produftions of literature, if they are not acquainted with the author. We fcarcely have an in- ilance, even in the munificent reign of Queen Anne, or of her predeceflbrs, who owed fo much to the prefs, of a man of genius as fuch, being made eafy in his cir- cumftances. Mr. Addifon had about 300I. a year of the public money to aflift him in his travels, and Mr. Pope, though a Roman catholic, was offered, but did not accept of, the like penfion from Mr. Craggs, the whig fecretary of ftate ; and it was remark- ed, that his tory friend and companion the earl of Oxford, when fole minifter, did nothing for him, but bewail his misfortune in being a papift. Indeed, a few men of diftinguifhed literary abilities, as well as fomc without, have of iate received penfions from the crown; but from the condud of fome of them it fhould Item, that ftate and party fervices have been expelled in return. The unevennefs of the Jinglilh in their converfation is very remarkable : fome- times it is delicate, fprightly, and repJete with true wit ; fometimes it is folid, inge- nious, and argumentative; fometimes it is cold and phlegmatic, and borders upon difguft, and all in the fame perfon. Courage is a quality fo congenial to the Englifh nation, that boys, before they can fpeak, difcover a knowledge of the proper guards in boxing; and this native intrepidity is feconded by a ftrength of arm that few other people can exert. This gives the Englifh foldiers an infinite fuperiority in all battles that are to be decided by the bayonet fcrewed on the mufquet. The Eng- lifh courage has likewife the property, under able commanders, of being equally pafTive as adiive. Their foldiers will keep up their fire in the mouth of danger, but when they deliver it, it has a nioft dreadful effedl upon their enemies; and in naval en- gagements they are unequalled. The Englifh are not remarkable for invention, though they are for their injprovements upon the inventions of others, and in the mechani- t al arts they excel all nations in the world. The intenfe application which an En- pliihman gives to a favouiite fludy is incredible, and, as it were, abforbs all his other ideas. " All that I have faid concerning the Englifh, is to be underflood of them in gene- as they are at prefent ; for it is not to be diffembled, that every day produces ra Ikong evidence of great alterations in their manners. The great fortunes made during the late and the preceding wars, the immenfe acquifitions of territory by the peace of 1763, and above all, the amazing increafe of territorial as well as com- mercial property in theEafl Indies, introduced a fpecies of people among the Englifh, who have become rich without induftry, and by diminifhing the value of gold and filver have created a new fyftem of finances in the nation. The plain frugal manners of men of bufmefis, which prevailed fo lately as the acceffion of the prefent faauly to B N G L A N D. iZ9 the crown, are now difregarded for taftelefs extravagance in drefs, and equipage, and. he .noft expenfive amufements and diverfions, not only in the capital, but all over the trading towns of the kingdom." f > ^ui du u>cr .n^r^ '1'^ a"^*''T ?^ '^^ *^"«''^ ''^^*^' ^•"'^^ '^^ beginning of this century, under, gone an aUnoft total alteration. Their ancient hofpiiality lubliih but in fc^pircesli the country, oris revived only upon eleaioneering occafions. Many of E fa Tnrridtt^f rnd7'T'"H ^Y^---"-?' -e operas, dra^nl exhiU- frand card ;ni H ^°'^""T "T,^^^""^^" '"^ ^' °^" London; but concerts of mu. kL ^i i '*r°l'"^.*^*'"'''''^'' ^'■^ common all over the kingdom. The bar- tZa 2tTV^ ^r^^ r^ prize-fighting, tho' prohibited. L as frequent Y. i-ngland, as the fhews of gladiators were in Rome. 'I'hc game afts have taken from onrrrch" r^^H ^ r^' '"'^^ ^^J '^^^^^^'^"' ^^^"«^ -"^^-^ anf^lTng t^e purpo^S I'chthevd ?;nn.\^r"K r'^ *^°"°t7, people dcftroy the game in their nefts, people as the hnghfh, has been confidered m various lights. fJl^^^f'L V ^^^^'^i^ °f both fexes, before theprefent reign of George III. thev followed the French; but that of the military officers partook of the German in o? d?^rto Ihe^ F '^\-t">;: , '^be Engli «t leaft with regard to elegance, neatnefs, and In^rii °V The people of in^Iaad love rather to be neat than fine in their Id n dofhir ''T^ theloweft tradefmen. on Sundays, carry about them lefs than iol.in clothing and even, many beggars in the ftreets appear decent in their drefs t.tZ' T" ^'u^' moft abandoned of both fexcs aic o.herwife aXhe S sr Sc^i^^^^sirii'"^^"'^"^"^^ "^^^^''^>' ""^-^ ^^ ^°"^-^'>- - -^--- of peXns^rofeld t^'prf? '"^T^ '° ^'^'' }^'' '^^^ '^'' y^^' ^^C a great number v2 1^2 t?er.^?c r?"f''r /'"^''"^' '"'^ ^"O'-ding to Archbifhop Ufher in th. Ser. . n H ? \ '^°'' • ""! -^"."'"S to provide the Briiilh churches with proper teachers, and from that period u feems as if Chriflianity advanced its benign and to enL;"^rT «r"gihe inhabitants in their fevera/diftrias. It is unneceffary to repeat what has been faid in the Introduftion refpeaing. the rife and fall of the church of Rome m Europe. I (hall only obfene in fhis place, that John Wickliff^ beiSe firftn"?"'-"^v ^ ''"^"'? ^" hr^^ ^' ^•-'•^-^^ "I- b- the^oi^^ur of fwf ?. • P"'°i!'J".^"'^P^ ^'^^ P"^''^ly ^'^^eJ it! queftion, and boldly refuted thofe doarmes which had palfed for certain during fo many ag«. The cT&tion of bv he^Norfn^'^P^^' ^"^".'^ g«^'"-ed bv biQrop.,whJk^>-uefices we^ec^^^^^^^^^^ by the Norman conqueror, into temporal baronies, ia right of which, every biiliou tjf K ",fr'- '" '^'^ ^r^^ °^ P^^- ^^he benefice/of the infer or cTe^rg^a^^ now freehold, but m many places their tithes are impropriated in favour.of th? laity The ceconomy of the church of England has been acculed for the inequality erf S hvmgs J fome of them extending from, three hundred to fourteen hu^dxe7a year andmany, particular y in Wales, being too fmail to maintain a clergyman, efpeS i^ nnS'^K'°:;-^'-ri^ any toleraWe decency: but this feems not e?fy to beSmedU ed unlefs. the dignified clergy would adopt aid fupport the reforming fcheme. The pooT livfugl '' ^'"'"'" ■"'^''''"' ^'' ^^"^ ^'''' ^^^°g^ ^^^^-^^^^ '^' Augmentation of likf Lt?t'?'n''V^' "^''^ °^ ^"S^'''"^' ^""^ '' ^^^"^' prebendaries, and the fto^riVs fofl j; "? 'T"""' ' ^^"^^ ^^ ^^^"^ ^^^^^^itig in value thofe of bi- moprics, for, which realon the revenues of a rich deanery, or other living is often temnoral V.^' ^^"^-"P"" 1^" W'^"^ '^^ ^'-g>' ^^ ^ church orEn^ aid afo ■ temporal nuuers, are m a, moil fiouriihing fuuation, becaufe the value of their; 230 E N AND. ithcs ncreafcs with the m.provements of lands, which of late have been ania*5n. in Lng and. 1 ho fovereigns of England, ever fince the reiRu of Henrv Vm h ^ been called in pobhc writs, the fupre.ne heads of tiie chnrS?but S tlle ^01.^/.! no Ipiruual incaning, as it only denotes the regal power, to n evei^ anv cr!l.SPl differences, or in other words,' to fubftitute the kfng in place of th; no^p^ ttre^ '^^^ Ihe church of England, under this defcription of the monarchcial nower ov^r It IS governed by two archbilhops. and twenty-four bi^^ Ss ^the bifhon houff :? pLr?" Vhe ^wT ^iK" ""^^^ "1 4 ^"8''"^ bar'ony, dol'nit fa in' h? Sdes his own H I'f 1: ''i^''' '^? n'-'y 1y'"S '^^ ^•'^"•^ "P^-^^J« c'f five pounds. Jielides his own dioafe, he has under hini the bifhop^ of London \\ inchefter FIv The archbifhop of Canterbury has by the conftitution and laws of England fnch gtenfive powers, that ever fince the death of archbilhop Laud (whofe c Se; wi ^th,?HJ -P''"^ '^' government of England has chiefly thougrproper to rli^ lent^eHea. with rega?d to the ^biie ':^^:^Z:X.:i:^.:^:S; ali?ffiVe"s'of%Tte'^th^"lof "h^^^'f. °^ ^" '"^^-^' ""^ "^ ^h^ ^1-d ro^al, and of omcers of Itate, the lord chancellor excepted. He has in his province, bcfide tive CUmatc between the revenue'. oU.t ^^t!^:!::^^^^^^^' '^ ^"'«' '" ^^--^ * -™P-- Canterbury, London, Diirhum, VVinchefter, ARCHBISHOPRICS. £ 2682 - 12-21 York, — _ B I S H O P R I c K S. — iooo • o - o I St. ACaph, _- _ 1821 - 1-3 Salisbury, _ _ £ 1610 - o TK.r Vk un^ ^ ■ 3'i+ - '2 - S BanRor, ihefe three bifhopncs take precedency of all Norwich, others in Enn]jr,A ■^^A .N„ „,",. .._..j- ^. "' otliers in LnRJand, and the others according to the feniority ei" their confecrations. Ely. Bath and Wells, Hereford, . . , Rochcftep, — _ ___ Lichfield and Coventry, Chefter, Worcefter, Chichctter, . 2134-18-6 Sj.3 - ' - 3 70b - II - o 358 - 4-0 559 - '7 - 3 420 - I - s 929 - 13 - 3 677 - 1.3 Gloucefter, Lincoln, Landaff, Brii'ol, Carlifle, Exeter, Peterborough, Oxford, St. David's, 1S7 - VI - 8 1385 - 5 - '3' - .6- 3 8j4 - n - 7 3'5 - 7 • 3 154 - 14 - 2 *=94 - IS - I 294 - II - 53' - 4 - 9 500 - - 414 - 17 - 8 38. - 11-0 416 - 2 - 1 i- E N G t N 23 1 1. - -J* his own djocefc, the biniopiics of Durham Carlifl^^ ri,«n- ■ c. , la Noftbiuubcrlaud, he ha the power Ta^^hll' . 'r r^' ^"''"'' '''"^ ^'•''"- ' proceedings. *^ ' °* ^ palatine, and jinildiaion in ail criminal JlJndtrs b God '^^^^^^^^^^ «^ y-r I-dnnp. mied « Right have all the privileges of peefs and t f^^"^"^ ^[ ^» . ^^•"^Po'-al barons. They - Salilbury. Ely and Lbcob Suire no tuT''^ "^ ^°"'^°"' Winchelter. Durham, in the rank of uoblcmen 3 {f uffl^l^"'^"^^ '■"^""'^" ^" ^»PP«" ^heir prelates deacons, to confecratrchurches and £? 'i ''"^'".""^ '"^ ^"* ^'" P"^«« «"J confirmation. Their jSaLrehl^^^t'''"'u"^ '" adminiiter tk iite of nmxiftrationof good to ibrh as die t teftnr^ '^' T'''"°" r^^ ^'"^ ' *° ^""^ «d- no one will adminilter V^ coTlat ro Sf fi' """^ "'" -"^ perifhable goods when defend the liberuerof 'the chu-L . L^ t^^:^^^ to pant mftitutions to livings; to years. ^"urcn,,ana to vilit: their own dioceles once in three to the ideas we have of a Darliamen. Tki '^ °1' ","'' '"^'^"' P'^^''^ ""'ly every parlia„,c„,, and 1^^^^^ ,„'cold" SX'nte^oUhe'iZ T '^ T* ' call thofe to an account who hav^ ^.H^o^ tne itate ot the church, and to • doarines of the churcLf Enind Soi^e LTa "^"T'' iuconfiftent with the of queen Anne, and in thetffnntg oHhat ?f fc f '^T."'.'"""^ '^' ^^'S" convocation to a height that was inconfifte.u ^ihT^ '''f "^ '^^ P?^*^'*^ °* ^he • tion, and indeed of civil HW bth./^^^^ Principles of religious tolera- gative of calling the n embm tLether fni ./ r^ was obliged to exert i:s prero- bury,?nrau"rpp1astX;^maT^s^^ prov™; Canter- direaed to this.^ The proceffL run n^h^^^^^^^^^^ the inferior courts, are the arches; and the advocates who I.h • v '^'^ ^'''^^^' ^^^o is called dean of law. The court cJ audl^Ke h^s the^f^l . ..' ■^'''- TI^' ^'""^^'^^ ^^ '^^ "^^^ ' bifhop's chancery was fon^ erlvToined^i ^r^ °^^^ -'"^ '^''' ■"' ''^^''^ '^^ ^^^h- are proved, and adminiftraS^nZn out 1^"^''''"^'°^ '^'' ^^^'^'^ ^'"'^ tainWidies, ha .e a jurifSSn l^Tl^^^^^^^^^ f''^!'"^ to cer- therefore exempt from the bifhop's cour 7 Th^fL ^f r ^ t'^ l^ ''■'"'' '"^ ^« * fifteen of thefe peculiars." The co"^t "f H^li ^^^ «^Can erbuiy has no left thftri-^ ' ing of commiffiLrs delegated orainllff'V'""''f "' "=^"^" ''^^"^ "« ^^^C^- ftauding court. Every Son has TT ^^ '^/ J"^^* commiffion; but it is no court, ^ven^ archdeaCts' like w«' his comt t ' ell";: th 'f'' ^'f T ^^«°'^ eve^ cathedral. ' '^ ^^^^' ^* ^^^ <^^ati and chapter of diffenters who did not alfenTto the S • ?'^^-? f'^'-^:\^g^'tift thofe proteftant but thefe laws werfnot e"ecmed .nH "' ''"''r' -""^ '^" "^"^*^^ "^ England ; fiderable augmentation bv an .A 'J?- I "" ''^'^^' '"^'g'^"' liberty received f con- ration to diEnrminifter" and l^n I '^'V'^'" ^'^^^ ^"' graming a legal tole- the articles of tKhSorVn^ll^t'"^ without their fubfcribing^ny of formation un^r Henrv V^" ^^^^'^^^^^^^ 'u ^"^^l^/'Pon the motives o? the^ re- the few years fLi r^ciT^L s und^X'.;':"! ^^^^^ ^^^^^.c^, .excepting ever iiuce prevailed m England. Thc-^l^ii^nZ-c:^ I^i^^ "i^j"^!;-' j^^ ' I u 232 N L ' A N 0. Sanl'^'' church is confpicuous indifcouraging all religious perfccution and in. tolcrancjr, and if religious iedaries have multiplied in England, it is fron? the ttTcrraftfaet' civil licentioufnds has prevailed; I mean a'tend;rnefs in m ttert hat can aftea either confcience or liberty. The puritans, (fo called from their main- tJlT^J^ ^^-^ P^'i'?: ?'" ^'^^ ^""^ manners) were worthy pious men. and fome of them good patriots. tU defcendants are the modern piilbyterians v^ho. retain the anie character, and have txtie principles of civil and religious liberty ; but their thco- logical fentiments have undergone a confiderable change. Their doarine. like the church of Scotland, was originally derived from the Geneva plan, inftituted by oTtrV?.?. i!^- "^ *° ?° *^^"r °^ «P'''-^oP^'^y. »nd to veiling the government TheirfdetTf^^^^^ a panty of prelbyters But the modern Englilhprelbytertans, in llfft i church-government JiHer little from the independents, or congregation- aliOs, who are fo called from holding the independency of congregational chSrches. without any refpea to doftrinc; and in this fenfe almofl all the^l^^/.r^n Snd ThLTrr^'r^'^f "''"'''• ^''"y °^ '^^'' """'«"« have greatly dininguiflicd ^emfelv^, by , their learning and abilities, and fome of their writings are feld in Th/ 5 H ^^!,'^"»^ "^^y ^ '^^.'^ «f '»'"« of the independent and baptift-minifters. Ihe^ independents are generally Calvinids. Several of them have of Utc contended - m their Avruings. that all fublcription* to reUgious fyilems a re repugnant to the fpirit of Chriftianity, and to reformation. Some doarines which were formerly generally confidered as too facred to be oppofed, or even examined, are now publicly contro- verted particularly the doarine of the 'JVinity. Places of worOiip have been efta- bhlhedm which that doarine has bean openly renounced; and feveral clergymen have thrown up valuable livings in thcchurch, andafligned their dilbelief of that doc- trine as the motive of their condua. The »»./^«#i arc a fea of a late inftitution, and their founder is generally ookedupon tobcM^ George Whitfield, a divine of the church of EnglfnSTbm It is difficult to defcribe the tenets of this numerous fea. Mr. Whitfield died I few years fince; but the places of worftiip ereaed by him near London, are (till fre- quented by perfons of the fame principles, and thev profds a great refpea for his me- niory. Mr. Wefley and his followers oppofe fome of the Calviniftic foarbes par- ticularly that of predelhnation; but thev appear ftiU to retain fome of them. He has latdy ereaed a v^ry large place of public worfhip near Moorfieids, and has under him a confiderable number of fubordinate preachers. Jhcquakers form a numerous fedt of dilfenters in England. They drfdaim all re- ligious creeds made uie of by other- CbriAians, and all the modes of worfhip prac- tiled m other churches. They difregard the authority of the clergy, and refule to pay tithes unlels they are compdled by law. They neither ufe baptifm. nor par- take ot the Lords Supper Ihey aHea a peculiar plainnefs of drefsf both as to the form and the colours of their clothes.; and they publicly declaim againft refiftance. and the legality of going to war on any account. Nothing however is more certain^ than that the quakers are mod excellent members of the community. The ftriands •of their morality makes aniends {or the oddities of their principles' and the fimpli. "7°^^P^"'^''"'*^/?'- thefingularity of their opbions. Tlie good fenfe fcr which this lea IS remarkable, renders their leaders more refpeaable, than thofe which roy- alty or power appoint over other communities. This, with the mildnefs of their be- haviour, fobriety and great induftry. have raifed them high in the efteemof the le- giflature, which has even indulged them by admitting of their affirmation, inftead of . an oath in ci vil caufes, m the courts of juftice. E N G N D 333 Many kiuiUci in hrigland Aill profefs the Roman catholic religion, and Its ex crcfets under very m. d and gentle reftriaions. Some of the penal law a Juft thSi have lately been repealed much to the latisfaaion of all liberal-n.inded m?n houd a vehement outcry was afterwards raifed againft the „,eafure by ignorance Tnd'b«mrv Lanouagk.] Ihc Enghlh language is known to be a compound of ainoft every other language m hurope, particularly the Saxon, the French, and the Cel h. J ">, w"' ^""""r'u' »r^P'»i"'^^«^»J and the words that are borrowed from the French, bemg rad.ca ly Latin, a-- common to other nations, particularly X Spamardsand the Italians. To defcribe it abftradedly. would beXeXous to Set-ei!! of''^J^"'^' ''^'T^y " ^W' '^^ '^"^ P^°P^^"". without Sy of the detea. of other European languages. It is more ener^tic, manly, and expreffive than either the trench or the Italian; more copious than the Spknlft aS moTe ebquentthantheGerman. or the other northern tongues. « It is however fubieS o (ome confidcrab e provincialities in its accent, there bc>ing much diflSence t hepronuncationof the inhabitants of different coumies; bu? this chicflv afiefls theloweft of the people; for as to well^ducated and well-bred peS^heret litt e difleicnce in their pronunciation all over the kingdom Peonle of fTr and education in England, of both fexes. alfo commolKither iSak or u^^^^^^^^^ Oand the trench, and many of them the Italian and Spanffh : but it has bLn nh' ierved, that foreign nations have great difficulty in underftanding he few ELlIm S^S^^^ '^t::^^,::^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^-^^^^ -f ^i3t for^r,?;Tf irarnL;^r„rth;:.LJ^ gS^t'^Altj'^ -r" a3 another woid time of the Saxon,, w'hen barbarifm and fg^^^r'anc ov fm- "d "^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^ nor has there fince his time been wanting^ contLnl bcceffi^^^^ who have diahi^imed themfelves by thei?writing,s or ftudies '^^'^ '"'"■ brance, the peace, the plenty, and the coAvenie.Lof its7rofcLrs U^^^ ™3£;h"; ™"" "™7T'"- --t»hom wh'si-x 'iSaro'nr^^^^^^ m3'.,lof tohfe», particularlyalbn ana daughter of the ercat Alfred Kdi^h.-h 3::s;efto^£:l;S'th?tt- '"''°*"^--''''"-- '-^ .he forerunner mie.enee to the great Eicon lord \ erulan . as the laHer ;a??o sIn Ifaae Newton. Among the other en, ious works written bv tLlullrioLr,, 5S t?? n^- " '^ i^xti^a S uork I muft refer. Since the Reformation. England refembles a galaxy of Utera! K h if 234 E N G N D. turc ; and itis but doing juftice to the niemor}' of cardinal Wolfe)-, thouah other wile a dangerous ami protliffate minifler, to acknotvlcdge, that both hi*" example and encouragement laid the foundation of the polite arts, and greatlv contributed to the revival of claflical learning in Kngland. " As many of the Engrini ckiyy had diflerem lentiments lu rcligibus matters at the time of the Reformation, cm oiinRc- ment was gucn to learned foreigners to fettle in Kngland. Edward VI. duriiijr his fhort life, did a great deal tor the encouragement of iheil- foreigners, and Hie wed dilpofitions for coluvating the inoft ufetlil parts of learning, had he lived. Learu- ing, aswellas liberty, fullered an almoil total eclipfc in England, during the bl(H>dv intolerant reign of queen Mary. Elizabeth her lifter was hcrfclf a learned prnirel' She advanced many perlons of confummate abilities to high ranks, both in church and Hate; but fhe Icems to h.ive coufidcied their literaiy accomplifbmcius to have been only ll^condary to their civil, In this fhe flicwed hcrfclf a grcit poliiici ui but file w-ould have been a more amiable queen, had flie railed genius fwm ob' fcurity; for though fhe was no ft ranger to Spenfer's Mufe, fhe fuHercd lierfelf to befomuch impoleduponby a tuitelefs minifler, that the poet -aiguifliod to death inobfcunly. Though fhe t .ed the beauties of the divine aiiaktfpeare, yet we know not that they were ddhnguiflicd by any particular a.as far from being liberal to men of genius. Le; .ing flourifhed, however, in hi^ reign merely by the excellency of the foil in which it had been planted Ihe moft uninformed readers are not unacquainted with the improvements whicli learning, and all the polite arts, received under the aufpices of Queen Anne and d^tr M ^^""/V^^^^ft ^" ^ f<^«^i"g ^nh that of Lewi XIV. i^its nToft fple" tii^-u- y of the great men, who had flourifhed in the reigns of the Starts and Wilhani were Ihll alive, and in the fiill exercife of their faculties, when a new slffi^ ri Tv''\'^l 'T^^l' "f .^"^'■"•"g ^^ ^he arts. Addifon Prior, Pope S«.ft, lord Bolmgbroke, lord Shaftefbury, Arbuthnot, Congreve, Sted, RoT' and many other excellent writers, both in verfe and prolb need but to ht mendoned o be adnnred ; and the Enghfh were as triumphant in literature as in war. Natural and moral philolophy kept pace with the polite arts, and even rdigious and poHtica difputcs contributed to the advancement of learning P""ticai The miuifters of George L were the patrons of erudition, and fomc of them were no mean proficients themfdves. George II. was himfdf no M^cenas, yet bis rl\m yielded to none ot the preceding in the numbers of learned and ingenious me? p oduccd. 1 he bench of bilhops was never known to be fo well provided with able prd|,tes. as it was m the early years of his rdgn ; a full proof that his nobUi y and mn.flers were judges of htcraiy qualifications. In other departments of eruption the favour of the public generally f upplicd the coldnefs of the court. Aftei tl e re bdhnn m the year 1745, when Mr. Pdham was confidered as being firft .1 nffter • h^fcreen between government and literature W..S in a great meafure^removerand men of genius began then to tafte the royal bounty. Since that period a creat progrefs has been made in the polite arts (n England The Ro^ l'^l"ad;m/ha been mftituted, fome very able artifts have arifen,'and the annual public exh bitions -i 236 E N N of paimbg and fculpture have been extremely favourable to the arts, by promotiujr a ipintot emulation, and exciting a greater attention to works of genius of this kind among the public m general. tK?? i*"""'?^,'- """^^ 'te.^°*' ^"' ^" «^°^'"*'' ^^^ E°g^'^ excel in what we call the learned profelhons. Their courts ot juftice are adorned with greater abilities and virtues, perhaps, than thofe which any other country can boaft of. A remark able mftance of which occurs in the appointments for the laft 200 years of their lord chancellors, who hold the higheft and the moft uncontrollable judicial feat in the kingdom, and yet it is acknowledged by all parties, that, during that time their bench has remained unpolluted by corruption, or partial aflbaions? The few inftances that may bealledged to the contrary, fix no imputation of wilful guilt upon he parties. The great lord chancellor Bacon was cenfured indeed for corrupt prac tices but malevolence itfelf does not fay that he was guilty any farther than in too much indulgence to his fervants. The cafe of one of his lliccelTors is Hill more fa^ vourableto his memory, as his cenfure reHeds difgrace only upon his enemies : and his lordftiip was, in the judgment of every man of candour and confcience, fully acquitted. Even Jeflenes, infernal as he was in his politics, never was accufed of partiality in the caufes that came before him as chancellor. It muft be acknowledged, that neither pulpit, nor bar-eloquence, have been fuf- ficiently ftudied in England; but this is owing ^o the genius of\he people, and their laws. The fermons of their divmes are often learned, and alwayrfound as to the praftical and dodirmal part; for the many religious feAs in England require to be oppofed rather by reafonmg than eloquence. An unaccountable notion has however prevailed even among lome of the clergy themfelves, that the latter is in- compatible with the former, as if the arguments of Cicero and Demofthenes were weakened by thofe powers of language with which they are adorned. A fhort time perhaps, may remove this prepoffellion, and convince the clergy, as well as the laitv that true eloquence is the firft and faireft handmaid of argumentation. I'he reader however, is not to imagine, that I am infmuating that the preachers of the EndilH church are deftitute of the graces of elocution ; but I think that if they confulted Its jx)wers more than they do, they would preach with more effeft. If the femblance ot thole powers, coming from the mouths of ignorant enthufiafts, are attended with the amazing effefls we daily fee, what muft not be the confequence if they were ex erted m realitj^, and lupported with fpirit and learning? The laws of England are of fo peculiar a caft, that the feveral pleadings at the bar do not admit, or but very fpariugly, of the flowers of fpeech : and I am apt to think, that a pleading in the Ciceronian manner would make a ridiculous appearance m Weftminfter-hall. 1 he Englilh lawyers, however, though they deal little in elo- quence, are well verfed in rhetoric and reafoning. Parliamentary fpeaking, not being bound down to that precedent which is required m the courts of law, no nation in the world can produce lb many examples of true eloquence as the Enghfli lenate in its two houles; witnels the fine fpeeches made by both parties in parbamem, in the reign of Charles I. and thofe that have been printed Imce the acceflion of the prefent family. Medicine and furgery, botany, anatomy, themiftry, and all the arts or ftudies for prelerving life, have been carried to a great degree of perfeftion by the Endifli. 1 he lame may be faid of muhc, and theatrical exhibitions. Even agriculture and mechanilm are now reduced in England to fciences, and that too without any pub- lic encouragement but fuch as is given by private noblemen and gentlemen, who ailocHte themfelves for that purpolc. ENGL N D. 137 Universities.] I have already mentioned the two univerfities of Oxford and Cambridge, which have been the feminaries of great numbers of learned men for many ages, and rank amongft the higheft literary inftitutions in Europe It is certain that their magnificent buildings, which in fplendour and archiieiture rival the moft fuberb royal edifices, the rich endowments, the liberal eale and tranquil, hty enjoyed by thofe who inhabit them, liirpafs all the ideas which foreigners who vifit them, conceive of literary focieties. So refpeftable are they in their founda tions, that each uniyerfity fends two members to the Britifh parliament, and their chancellors and officers have ever a civil jurifdidion over their ftudents, the better t» fccure their independency. Their colleges, in their revenues and buildings exceed thofe of many other univerfities. In Oxford there are twenty colleges and five halls : the former are very liberally endowed, but in the latter the ftudents chiefly maintain themfelves. The univerfitv is of great antiquity : it is fuppofed to have been a confiderable place even in the time of the Romans; and Camden ky that « wife antiquity did, even in the Britifh age, confecrate this place to the Mu.es. It IS faid to have been ftyled an univerfity before the time of king Alfr-d • and the beft hiftorians admit, that this moft excellent prince was only a reftorer of learning here. Alfred built three colleges at Oxford ; one for divinity, another for pnilolophy, and a third for grammar. The number of officers, fellows, and fcholars, maintained at prefent by the re- venues of this univerfity, k about looo, and the number of fuch fcholars as live at their own charge is ufuaily about jooo ; the whole amounting to 3000 perfons be- hdes a great number of inferior officers and fervants, belonging to the feveral'col leges and halls. Here r-e four terms every year for public exercifes, ledures, and dilputations, and fet days and hours when the profeffors of every faculty read their ledures ; and m fome of the colleges are i)ublic ledures, to which all perfons are admitted. ^ There are libraries belonging to the feveral colleges ; but befides thefe, there are^ two other public libraries, the univerfity library, and the Radcliffe library' The univerfity library is ufually called the Bodleian librar)', from Sir Thomas Bodley. its principal founder. It is a large lofty ftrufture, in the form of a Roman H and IS confidered as one of the fineft libraries in Europe, from the number and value of Its books. The original library has been prodigiously increafed,- by many large and valuable colledions of Greek and Oriental manufcripts, as well ?s other choice and curious books. The Radcliffb library is a fumptuous pile of building- and was built at the fole eacpence of that eminent phyfician. Dr.- John Radclilfe' who bequeathed forty thoufand pounds for this purpofe; The theatre at Oxford': is alfo a very magnificent ftrufture, which was erefted by Sir Ghriftopher Wren at the expenceof Archbifhop Sheldon- In this edifice are held the publii afts of the univerfity: and when the theatre is properly filled, the vice-chancellor ^ beiim leated in the centre of the fcnn-circular part, the noblemen and dolors on his right andieh-hand, the prodlors and curators in their robes, the niafters of arts, bachelors and under-graduatcs, in their refpedive habits and places, together with ftranrers oi' both fexes, it makes a moft auguft appearance. The whole number of fellows in the Univerfity of Cambridge are four h. ndred • an' hx hundred and fixty-fix icholars, with about two hundred and thirty-fix officers and lervants of vanous kinds who are maintained upon the foundation Thefe however are not all the ftudents of the univerfity; there are alfo two forts of ftu' dents called penfioners, the greater and tlie lefs; the greater penfirsner-^ arc for^ of the nobility, and of gentlemen of large fortunes,' and°are called fellow-commoners' 2i8 ENGLAND. becaufe, though they are icholars, they cliue with the fellow* • th^ UfT r dme uuh the fcholars that are on th^ founda 11 but l^^at tL r^^^^^^^^^^ 1 here are alfo a coufiderable number of poor Icholars cafled SlVf Y ^''-'• on the fellows and fcholars, and the penf.oL^rs of Ch ki'k bv ^S^^^^^^^ '''" ^^ great degree maintained : but the number of penfionersTid liz^^™^^^^^ * tamed, as U is in a Itate of perpetual fluduation. "^"^^ ^^ *^*'^'"- ,, The fenate-houfe at Cambrido;e is a moft eleeant edifice execntod ^^n.ir.i • t. Cormthan order, and is faid to h.ve coft fixte?a thoufand' i^und T • ^ 'V^ library .s alfb a very magnificent ftniaure, and irC^rnusSft 'roll ^yK'""^^"?^ a valuable colleftion of anciem manufcript , whiJh i^>? prefer edaftlf^at^^^ " Of the monafteries, and given to this col£ge by archHmop^Jarrer ^°^""°" Antic^uities and curiosities) The antiquities of England are eith^; r^t' Norm?nrc?^u^:hT:xre;t;n;^heHlan^ '^^^^ ^'fl^r^d'^n^: hiitory ihechrefBrrtmTS^qut^^^^^^^ "P- TT called Stonehenge. in Wiltfhire,\hich pi•obaSJ^vere pial of w^lYo^^ of the Druids. Stonehenge is, by Inigo Tones Dr Smkelv L/ ?»2^ " }l- "-^5 as a regular circular ftruaure. Tlie g,dy of i,e wo^L SifS^^ two ova s, wh th are thus t n.T,nf,r<..i ■ xk^. • v J? coniuts ot two circles and :uKl a half diftance from each othi" and i"^"^^' ^T' ''t ^'^^"^ ^^ ^^ree feet with tenons fittedTo he m^ dL \Utii^^^^^^^^^^ f ' '^ \ over-thwarl Ws, fition. Some of thefe ftone are viftlv hZt ' 7 • ^^'"^ '^^"^ '° '^^'' ^'"* P<> J.nd.d fee. ,u ci™„..ere„ce, whi.„ has a furpriC^' anfa^ftreffea^^tlit! ihe names of forae of their cominanderr "rl,. d °f'H- ""'""' '" ^""'°' «"" higheft idea of ,he civil 'Zl c^Z'St^y pAy of°S"e ™Sror t^ "' '^ e«h^tS3,e^'of'v^s?r:o"ci-r^^^^^^ cernible all over Fnll^nH ^* , , '^""'^'^^ ""^ "'^"7 R"™an "mps are dif- Sliiire whei^ ir •' ^"^^•'^'•"^"l^rly very little defaced, near Dorchefter L S^^y fo wdl chlf t amphitheatre. Their iituations are gene- there is 7ome re.ff.n . 1 ' ^'I'-^'^^f '«"« ^PPear to have been fo complete, that is lome reafonto believe, that they were the conftant habitation, of th-pi (" i E N G L A K D. 23d nilttiu ,P1 man foldiers m England; though it is certain, from the vaft teffelated mve «,ent« that have been found in different parts, that their chief offiers or imri" ftraes hved m towns or villas. Roman walls have likewife been found n S and ; and, perhaps, upon the borders of Wales, many remains of the"r fortitf mof? .vii? 1-"a ^'""^"^ ^"^ ?''^' °^ ^ ^'''' ''^'^^ «"d it is difficult fo the moft expert architea to pronounce that fome halls and courts are not entirely Ro. man. Ihc private cabmets of noble^nen and gentlemen, as well as the public re pofitones, contam a vaft number of Roman arms, coins, hbula:, trmke's^and tht hke which have been found in tugland; but the ru>ft an.azing'monument of the Roman power m England is the pr^eenture, or wall of Severus, commonly called T^Jn^^l \' T"^ '^'7^^ Nonhumberland au.i Cu.nberl nd; beginning at waT^rSu' ?a'",^ '\ ^""^^jy, ^"^^' ^^^'"g ^^«"^ ^'S'^^y ""les in length. The wall at firft confifted only of (takes and turf, with a ditch; but Severus built it Ini "' •''"'' 'f u"^^".' *' P™P" '^^ft^"^^^' '^ ^hat each might ha^e a Ibe^d r communication with the other, and it was attended all along by a deep ditch or vallum, to the north, and a military highway to the fouth. This^odTgbus work however, was letter calculated to ftrike the Scots and Pifts with terSr th n to give any real lecunty to the Roman poffelfions. In fome places Siewal the vallum, and the road are plainly difcernible; and the latter fives ^s a foun ht on for a modern work of the fame kind, carried on at the public expence A c S account of the Roman antiquities in England is among the defiderata of hiftory bu perhaps it is too great a defigii for any one man to execute, as it cannot be done without viiitmg every place, and every objed in perfon. ^ Ihe Saxon antiquities in England confift chiefly in ecclefiaftical edifices ind places of ftrength At Winchefter is ftiewn the round table of king Ar hur wkh the uames of his knights. The antiquity of this table has been difp^'utedbv Cam- den, and Liter writers, perhaps with rcafon ; but if it be not Britifh; it certainly 7s Saxon. The cathedral of Winchefter ferved as the burymg-place of feveS Saxon cS: ""m" ^'''' ""'''' '""^l'^'"^ ^°Sether by bifhop^Fox, in fix large wooden chefts. Many monuments of Saxon antiquitf prefent themlblves all over the Wv'n,'^M°r '^'^ ''■"• °^^"" "°^ ^^ ^^ ^"'^^^"^^ f^«'" the Normank and the Britifh Muleum contams ibveral ftriking original fpecimens of their eamin. Many Saxon charters, figned by the king and his noblesf with a plain croSead of their names, are ftiU to be met with. The writing is neat andVgible, and was alwaj^s performed by a clergyman, who affixed the name and qualitv of ever^ donoT SrJ -KI 'f'' his refpeaivc crofs. The Danifh erections iu England a2 haiX d. cermble from the Saxon The form of their camps is round, and they L S rally built upon emmences. but their forts are fquare. ^ ^ H«H r.^??''"l ^/"" ^^ Anglo-Normanic monumems, which I chufe to call fo ^n JS t^ '^' P"""! T'^'' ^'^^^"^ '^'y ^•^'•^ "'''^^l ^-^^^ of Norman oS gin, yet the expence wa,s defrayed by Englilhmen, Mi.h Englifli money York minfter, and Weftm.nfter hall and abtey, are perhaps the fineft fpe.hSis to be ound in Europe, of that Gothic manner which prevailed in building, brfore the chS7- .1 V^r^ ""'^ ^°"^^" architeaure. All ,he cathedr^als, and oW churche in the kingdom, are more «r lefs in the fame tafle, if we except St. Paul's curiS-uIes. ' '' "'" ^"^ ''''""^""' '^'' '^'y ^'''''^y ^'^''-''^ ^he nauK of onW*?n"'''"'''\'"''"^u'^' -^ ^"^''^^'^ ^'^ ^" ^»tious, that I can touch upon them only in general ; as there is nn cv<^ of derr-ihint- ihr <-,-— ' ,--!-; ^ ^ , forina* wKi^v. ^ . I, r i •" " -'t^.'.iomg tnc icVciui iucditiiiai wateis and JS^ -I ^ ^" ^^ ^''""'^ "^ '" *^T part of the country. They have been ana- lyfed with gre4 accuracy and care by leveral learned naturaSls, who! as their fnterefts t> 340 ENGL N D. or mclinations led them, have not been fparing in recommending their falubrious qualities. Ihe nioft remarkable of thcfe wells have been divided into thofe for bathing and thofe for purging. The chief of the former lie in Somerfetfhire ; and the Bath waters are famous through all the world both for drinking and bathinir Spaws of the lame kind are found at Scarborough, and oihei parts of Yorkfhire • ?^ Ti'j^V'J^^ '" ^^"'' *'P'°"* ^"'^ Dulwichin Surry; and at Afton and Illington in Middlefex. Ihere alfo ar« many remarkable fprings, whereof fome are impreg- nated either with fait, as that at proitwich in Worcefterlhire : or fulphur, as the famous well of Wigan in Uncafhire; or bituminous matter, as that at Pitchford in Shropfhire. Others have a petrifying quality, as that near Lutterworth in Lei- ceitcrfhiie; and a dropping well in the weft-riding of Yorkfhire. And finallv .iomeebband flow, as thofe of the Peak in Derbylhire, and Laywell near Torbav whole waters riie and fall feveral times in an hour. To thefe we may add that re- markable fountain near Richard's caftle in Hereford/hire, commonly called Bone- ivell, which IS generally full of fmall bones, like thofe of frogs or filh, though often c^ear, out. At Anclift", near \^ igan in Lancaftiire, is the famous burning well • the water is cold, neither has it any linell; yet there h Co ftrong a vapour of fulphur ilfuingout with the flream, that upon applying a light to it, the top of the water is covered with a flame, like that of burning fpirits, which lafls feveral hours, and emits fo fierce a heat that meat may be boiled over it. The fluid itfelf will not burn when taken out of the well ^. Derbyfhire is celebrated for many natural curiofuios. The Mam Tor, or Mo- ther Tower, is laid to be continually mouldering away, but never diniinifhes. The EldenHole, about four niilesfrom the fame j;-.)ce: this is a chafm in the fide of a mountain, near fe\en yards wide, and fourteen long, diniinifliing in extent within the rock, but of what depth is not known. A plummet once drew 8S4 yards of line after it, whereof the lafl eighty were wet, without finding a bottom. The en- trance of Poole's hole near Buxton, for feveral paces, is very low, but foon opens into a very lofty vault, like the infide of a Gothic cathedral. The height is cer- tainly very great, yet much fhort of what fome have afTerted, who reckon it a quar- ter of a mile perpendiculai, though in length it exceeds that dimenfion : a current of water, which runs along the middle, adds, by its founding flream, re-echoed on all lides, very much to the aftonifhment of all who vifit this vafl concave. The drops of water which hang from the roof, and on the lides have an amufing efied; lor they not only reffed numberlefs rays from the candles carried by the guides^ but, as they are of a petrifying quality, they harden in feveral places into various forms, which, with the help of a ftrong imagination, may pafs for lions, fonts, organs, and the like. The entrance into that natural wonder at Caftleton, which is from .?ts hideoufnefs named theDevil's Arfe, is wide at firft, and upwards of thirty feet perpendicular. Several cottagers dwell under it, who feeni in a great meafure to iubfift by guiding ftrangcrs into the cavern, which is crofled by four ftreams of water, and then is thought impaffable. The vault, in feveral places, makes a noble appearance, and is particularly beautiful by being chequered with various coloured llonea. Some fpots of England are laid to have a petrifying quality. We are told, that »ear Whitby in Yorkfhire are found certain ftones, relenibling the folds and wreaths of aferpeut; alfo other ftones of feveraHizes, and fb cxadtly round, as if artificially made for cannon balls, which being broken, do commonly contain the form and • This extraordinary heat hus been found to proceed from a vein of coals, which has been fine- dug from under this well ; .it which time the uncommon w.amth ceafed. N N D. 241 S G wfet' ft^r are fiTuntlS^ntr^^'^^Jr ""^^^ '^^'^- ^" ^-e parts marine ani.nals. Thoa^curlorcs' hfj^^lT\T^''' ^^y^'^^ ^^'^ o^hcr tciijconl credulity. urioiuies, houe^er, arc ottcn niagiuhed by ignorance and ClXrKS, TOWNS, FORTS, AND OTIIjrp ) T^U >,^,.1 5 r giv ng the reader fome idea ot i ItmportLce C.nt "^"" °^^-f ' '^^^ '"^y ^^^^^^ 'n London f, the metropolis of LwS' ?'^"^^"''> or utility, divifion. I; appears tXt been Wde^^T;P'''' "r^'^'-'^' '''''' ^^'^ ^^^^ in thi, Nero, butby^Lmisuneeitat fS^;?^^^^^ C^^ar and great trade in Nero's time and foon ^filr V,l 7 ^ ''"?"'.' '^'^ " ^'^^ ^ place of firft walled about with hewn ?tonranU^^^^^^ f ^'^^ '"^"^- ^' ^^« the walls formed an oblong W in comn r?i"'^\ ^^ ^".f'^'^'f'^ ^he Great, and gates. The Iknie emperor m^e it a 3on'^.? ?''' ""'"'' ''''^ ^^^'^^ P"""PaJ London and York, and another EndkhSn ' ""' k 'P^^'" '^^^ ^'^^^ bifhops of 3'ear3r4: he alfo fettled a rib in h 1 1 nlXT' ^J ^^^ ^T^» °f Aries, in the London in its larire fenS fnlV ^- ''P'^;?/'0"i ^ome of his coins. Middlefex, is a c tyTa ve^ S^^^ ^^eftminl^er, Southwark, and part of luoft exte;five trade ThlsTitv wfe^l''^ rS'' i ^l^^^^S^^^^ wealth, and of the what ancient Rome once waVfca ofl ''"''* T'^ '" "^ advantages, is now admiration of the whole woTld." Londonts he7'/^' encourager of arts, and the conneaion with all the counties in the Wdom ifw.^^ '''t' " ^'' «° '"""^^^^ to which all parts fend their col odit^"T^^^^ into every town in the nation, and to even, mr o- X' '^?. '% '^''^ ^'''' ^''^ merable carriages by land and «;»t;/ ^^ a , ^^ '^'*^''^^- ^''^'^ hence innu- arifes that circaltion^n the nluLrur^"'^^ ""^P'^^^'^^ ^"^ ^"^"^ hcn"e rous, and in a profperons con lit on . ^^i ''^■^ '"^^^'^.^^-^'T P^« healthful, ^^^o. head, and the Lft^iCt Sit ' Mc2T" k'^ " '^"J^">^ beneficial to fhc nds their incredible loans to Trernmem .^fn 1"^ -^''^ 'V"''^'^^ noblemen; wit- the fhops of tradeftnen makffuch ^0^^ J I'T '' "° P^'"^ '" *'^ world whore ftocked. ^''''^ ^ "°°'^ and elegant appearance, or are better It is fituated on the banks nf th^ ti i^s the richeft and niofl c „ mio,,:^' T'^^"^^^' ^ '''■''' ^vhich though not the Lrgeft continually filled with fErfai 2, ^" '"r^"'"''!^^ "' the world. It bdn banks ext^MKl Horn LJ.nlni Sge ^to^Ehir t/^^ T^ '^^"^^ ^^'"^^^^•^' ^^^^ ^nie of naval flores. containing threriaSewetlrU^ 'T^?"'^ S'"'' ">^g«- forthebu dineof fliins l^r ^i, / r f "*^'^^®' 32 dry docks, and ^^ vard^ .h. b„Mi„g of bo ""';„•; Hg£ ;:'.'■■ a°r,d' ife H±""' .'1'^' ""', '''''' ^"»^^ ""• Ihe building of men of „ai As ,hk ri, f. T«'/"''' ?"" tlown the livcr for en oys by means of thi ^aulifu h-rr' ■ "^""''""r ""'« riiHant from the lb, i danger of cing furprifed brforeln fle«, o'°'f^"""' "' ■■•"'e"'™. «.Uo« l,e pours of il,c lb.°. h rife^ „^ 1 ?*f i °' °^ '^'"S ••■unoyed by the inoill va fides along i. bant^rtref ^^^Jgrs'S^S ^'if ™™f« "l^'f °'^^ ...cnand .radrnT;,Mfc „fV "-^^"-"i Vienna, 7^0 fouth-weif oK »^f„-n,' i o ^'^'^"•. 0"-J soatn-wcit of Copenhairon \ 8 -^ . n ■ w- vtoi 242 N G N D. |J; relax their minds from the hurry of bufinefs. The regard paid by the legiflature to the property of the fubjeft, has hitherto prevented any bounds beinK fixed for its ext6nnon. The irregular form of this city makes it difficult to afcertain its extent. However Its length from ealt to weft, is generally allowed to be above feven miles from Hyde- park corner to Poplar, and its breadth in fome places three, in others two- and in others agam not much above half a mile. Hence the circumference of the whole is almoft 1 8 miles; or according to a modern meafurement, the extent of contmued buildings, IS 35 miles two furlongs and 39 roods. But it is much eafier to form an Idea ot the large extent of a city fo irregularly built, by the number of the people, who are computed to be near a million ; and from the number of edifices devoted to the fervice of religion. Of thefe, befides St. Paul's cathedral, and the collegiate church at Weftminfter here are 102 parilh churches, and 69 chapels of the eftabliftied religion; 21 French proteftant chapels ; 1 1 chapels belonging to the Germans, Dutch, Danes, &c. 26 inde- pendent meetings, 34 prefbyterian meetings; 20 baptilt meetings ; 19 Roman Catho- hck chapels, and meetmg-houfes for the ufe of foreign ambaflkdors, and people of various 495 Gallons of ram, brandv, and other diftilled waters, abo^•e — , , J^'?i.t Pounds weight of candles, above — !! ' ' .000,000 ' ""• 11,000,000 London-bridge,was firft built of Itonc in the reign' of Henry II. about the year 1 103. by a tax laid upon wool, which in courle of time gave rile to the no ionS u was built upon wool-packs; from that time it has undergone many aUerat on and improvements particularly fmce the year 1756, when the houl Jw^ rtaken down, and the whole rendered more conveniem and beautiflil. The paflLe for carriages is 3 1 feet broad and 7 feet on each fide for foot paffengers. ItSs the Ihames, where it is 915 feet broad, and has at prelbnt ,9 arches of about 20 feet wide each, but the centre one is conliderably larger ' ajelty of St. Paul's in a very ftriking manner. ' I he cathedral of St. Paul's is the moft capacious, magnificent, and reg.'ar Pro eftant church m the world The length within is 500 feet; and its hekh from the marble pavement to the cn^fs, on the top of the cupola, is 340. lufblii tTf P()rtland ftone according to the Greek .nd Roman orders, in the form of a crof* after the nu.del of St. Peter's at Rome, to which in fom'e refpeiri iffupe fo ' themt'worof^h'^'rP"""^'^^"?'' i^'' ^^"«"P^^^- Wren' and urdoubtedU; he only work of the fame magnitude that ever was completed by one man He one Ir ??' "^"' T"^ ^"'^'? '^' ^"'^^"^^ ^^^ years after he himfelf laid the firft aone. It takes up lix acres of ground, though the whole lennh of this church mealures no more than the width of St. Peter's' The expence of rebu Iding it aftc fterlhig. ' '^"'^""' "" ^^-^f-y^'Jby aduty on coals, and is commuted a^f milt" Weftminfter-abbey, or the collegiate church of Weftminfter is a venerable i^ilr of bmlding, m the Gothic tafte. It w as firlt built by Edward the ConSr kb. e"d"S th,v'U' ^'^^"V'^'^'^Tl' 'f "^"^^ ^"- «d'^^d ^ fine cha'p'^rS^ lie ea^ end o It; this istherepofitory ot the deceafed Britifti kincr« ,nH n.hwL. .p^ u^l commanders by fea and land, philofophers, poets, &c. lu the reign of queen ■'■ ■■& y*-o- 1^1 ^ «44 N G N i it k Spt2;°'' ' ^'"" ''"' "^ '^' '°"' ^'"'y' '''' «""'^^ ^y P^li^'"^^'^^ for kecpiug The infide of the church of St. Stephen's Walbrook, is admired for its lichtn^A ZVll'lf '^" ",''P'-' f «^-,!^-y-'-Bow. and St. Bride's, ^vhich kre fuppofcd to be the moll complete m their Jcmd of any in Europe, though architedure haS W be"rutv"^''Th' f^ r'-^""r" . ^''" ^'^"'•■^•^^^ ^° °^ «bout London e t' hou lome beauty. Ihe fimphcjty of the portico in ^^ - ,. ^ C. 'en is worthv the nnrlif ages ot ancient architeaurc. That of St. Mat Mn's in tl e i^^-lds wouTd b^ Ke and ftnkn.g, could it be leen from a prop. , poin. ot view. Sevm? of the new churches are bui t m an elegant talle, and even fonie of the chapels have RiacetbU ne 6 and proportion to recommend them. The Banquetting.hou£ atThitehall . but a veiy fma 1 part of a noble palace defigned by Inigo Jones, for the r yal refi! dence. and as U now Jands. under all its difadvantages. its fymmetrv a d orua ments are m the higheft ftile and execution of architefturc X"'"'"T. a»cl oma- Weftminllcr-hall though on the outfide it nukes a mean, aad no very advanta. the world, whofe root IS not lupported with pillars, it being 2 lo feet long 3 70 broad Its roof ,s the fineft of irs kind that can be feen. Here aTe he d the comna^ tion fealts of our kings and queens; alfo the courts of chanceiy. kingtbench and common-pleas, and above ihivs, t bat of the exchequer ^ That beautiful column, called the Monument, erefted at the charge of the citv to perpetuate the memory of its being deftroyed by fire, is juflly wonhy of noS Ihis column, which is of the Doric order, exceeds all the obelifks and pillars o t hJoT' \^'.:"^ r^ ^''' ^Jsh, wich a ftair-cafe in the middle to afcend to ftl, ir7V''^''V''^°"^' f° ^'" fhort of the top, from whence there are other fteps, made for perfons to lookout at the top of all, which is falhioned like an mn with a flame lifumg from it. On the bafe of the monument, next the llreet the de-' ftrudion of the city, and the relief given to the fufferers by Charles H and hL fh. h'l't ^™^^^«;f "cally reprefemed in bafs relief. The north and fouth iTdes of the bale have each a I^tin lufcription, the one defcribing its dreadflil defolatfon* and the other its Iplemlid refurredion; and on the eaft fidi is an infcription fhew! mg wuen the pillar wa. begun and finifhed. The charge of erefting thifmonumem which was begun by Sir Chriftopher Wren in 167 1, and finifhed by him b 1677' amo-.nted to upward i of n,ocol. ^ ''' 8ojool.^°^'^ Exchange is a. large noble building, and is faid to have eoft above The terrace in the Adelphi is a very fine piece of architedure, and has laid open one of the fmefl profpecRsin the world. P • Which may be thus rendered: " In the year of Chrift. ,666, Sept. 2. eaftward from hence at the dUlance of 20^ teet the hcght oi this column) a terrible fire broke out abm-t ,SdSt Jhich dp-.en on by a h.gh w,nd. not only wafted th. adjaeent parts, but alio very emot fes w th H.yrancn ot the uorld, The dellrua.on was fudden ; for in u fmall fpace of time the citv wis feen t^oll flour.linng. and reduced to nothing. Three days after, vhen this fatal L e had b ffled^ dl hu' N LAND. US ^r^yft':ZSy:^t'^^^ Bank of England, .he new / X-oincc, and the Horfe-gu?.rd» at Whitehall, tlie Manfion- ^^h.cI^ from their fituation, (Irft prefcnt Zmf l„i T . ^"^ *•'"" '" "''' '» the wll J k-aR, , what is called the fpur guai^d tL kec-nc,- h ' ' r"' ^'''T.K '^'"''■^■'' "" <"'f>--'- K^tc an J n,.ir'd painted lion on the wall^ and another .fvAit^r'i"'^ ,"^' * ^^'V'^ y""' ^■''''-■»' '' known^ ^ Tower, and'contain, ho'uS ?o.!^;:lT;t^.L:;?^!!i^!:l^:^.''^_^^-°-P-'^-'^^.^"'• J>ne-third of the bell. lervice. it having various forts of arm.; other room are m;,ny clofets ind n.-Tn" '"i^ cn"'?""''u"*"' "P' *'"" •»'^°v« '°.°°o teamen Im the p.cr this are two otLrtorrone'pl^Kipal' ifcd wkh""''''' ^"«'"? ''"'^ in(lrume„„"of deat! l.kc .nftruments, as fpadcs, n.ovel! ,i K^ .n I K "V' !■ • •*" °"'" ''''^ '"•'"' =•"'1 «f'^'- war- match, fheep-lkins, ta'med hiX it'r ' .n I • * f."'^ <^hevaux de fr./e. 1„ the upper aory. are kcot fome record's, con tai, .^P ' £ d : ancie^ called Juiius Cxfar'sch.pei. a?e d ported alfo prefervcd the mov U .f/V,,'^! • ^ "^''i''" ^"^ cuiloms of the place. In this buildrmr^r^ bcenVcfcnted't: trgtcrVir^N^'Sfrnr" °/ '''^'!'-"^'"^ ''^^' '^-^ fro,n ti,^"'frtim armoury, in which are dcpof^erthe fnoikf'^"''"'"''^ ''"S^.* °^ '"^"^ White-Towcr. is the Spanifl! dcr to perpetuate, to JatelClleritv £ 'i'^'^l T' ".'""'T ""'='* '^' Invincible A, mada ; in or the whole naval power of^Sr;j;\ht r^n oZphilipl."^'"'' ''''°''' '"''^'°^'' "^^ ''>'• ^ngU over cr. th"at"e:ten7,?4Tfe"ttl«eS2'rdt'-^"% =« "f ";= '>"i'^-, to the northward of the Whitc-Tow- th. iirft_floor , bu^^ was'n^ffl;:::!^^ ]-^^ , iir-^;'i\!^^ -^-^ j^-« n. whobJii/];:o mcnt ; and befide tLfj expofcd to view "he.'c S ".''f " ,!^ .'""^'"^''''^ ^"' behold-^thoTu ;aon?(i:'' holJiug about i.ooo muLts The Irm ^•' •''^^'?'■^''''= '•"'= ^'''■' '6^h«:lls fhut up, each cheit place them in this beauti^rder, both W '.n'r "'''''r'"' ^''rf'^ ''^ ^^'- "'"■'•'=• ^^''° contr ed to a common g^infmith , but ifter he had nlrf a V^' '""""'^ '''•""''^'" "^ "-'nipton-court. He vv .s all nation, he was allowedf/c la LCh^^^^^^^^^^ ■"'''="> "^ "^'"'--- of people of Upon the urnimrt fl„^» 5 "'•""'" me crown lor nis injrenuitv. fuppLtedb^'^'aJrallTut; .^ntwLrrr' '-'-«--"" ''' o„.al din.nf.ons ,vith that. has a pafr.ge in {he middle .6 ffet Se At thf.ILT'^"' T' ^ '"^ '""V' "■'^'^•'' '' ^^ '"^=^ '"« of deflrua.on. before whofc thunder S!e mod r,m ^ ' "^ 1 '''"u7n°' ^''^ '""'^ ^'•^•""■''' ^n^iae of the human fpecies fall toffether in one ^omn^ '-i' '" ■'• '''' ""blclt work, of art. and numbers ihat thofe horrible invention! had ani la n TkT ' ' 'L T'-'-"^ ?"" ""' ^="'""^ ''^'^ ^-"l-'ni have been ripened into birth ' ' " <=°"^eP""". 'a Hie womb of nature, never to ^med:Hcr!;;h^Si^i:.^;'';^,S['£;^^ aliule totheeaftwa.dof the White- Tower, and is tt)0!c kings and heroes o ou ' ow^'f,"> ^ti[h '^t f^'T " "^"^-"<^'' -ith a reprefent;tfon c f acqu.anted; fome of t' n ecmi nS "ad Huin nn i' r k^"!'"' "?'°"' '^ ''^^ ^° ''^ '"l'P"''«J '>« '^ wel fe in th;SiL-.3:-" -' p-S£^SS^ai^ - -^-^- - 1=^ .o.{;"^^^r aj;:- ;r-l^S;?^L^X^^^^^^^^ ^^«'- ^^ --^^-^ ^^^ order or chrono. armoury."ti;ct::fntwdrare tZ^::, 'T'n? ''' '^'V^'^ ^' '•>« ^""J ftore-houfe. cr-new- all the king, of England hav been ' o ;d '..ce Ed'wT/d Tl'/'"''- ^^^'"'^ " '= P'-"'^"'''^^ '^L nched wail dl:m,n°,j. „„i.:... _" ,."^i* ' 1'^.^'^^ ward the Confeifor. m 1040. It is of gold eu- ^li^e'''^>- -"'•--? ""''"'" '' ■'"'" P"'-P''=-V'^'vet, "cnea waa diamonds, rubies, emeralds, fan hires en Wiac unecy. turned up with three mw. , iic ancient unpen <.ra of St. lidwiud: for th ey are however miftaken in fliewintr lit, with the other moll ancient icffalia of *' is'] ^i 246 ENGLAND. houfe of the lorcl-inavor. the Cuflom-hourc, ExxiftM.fficc. India-houfc. and a vaft number oi other public buildings; befidc the uugniacelu edifice. rai/bS by ^u^ thi» kingjom, was kept i.i thcnrched room in the cloifters in Weftminaer-Abbcv till th. . „i lop nan amethy I, ot a violet colour, near an inch and an half in heiirht fet with , .U . r I »-hik he fit. „p?„, 111, throne • but ih i> if hl^,! , rw i " .'"'^ }','"■' '"' """" «" >•'" '"«•' Is not v« omc to vTn Th^ I,, J/" ' °'^ ""'" " t'"-'^ *■'''" '''•"< '•' Hew that he mandiip of modern times is in no dei:ree eouai to it l\ i. nf rr^i i i ^,- . P ' , '"* ^•"°'''' J. .ho eononat!o„. XIV. A noble ffli;:"onT, J™u; g It .n iSi S tlX' "' "t? 'If ' """, tounda.ion of abbies. and o.hcr'^clisious hcu ; the anc ent te uV^^^ [S'-^^f'"? '^'/ wuh a furvcy of the manors ; the original of laws and Ihumes Jro ed n^ of the court of ^^''"''• law and cqu.ty, the rights of England to the dominion of the iS S |eal ' s ^"^^^ fore,gn pr.nces; the atchievemenrs of England in foreign wars ; t ?£ em 3"lrdld "s^oTS; and dominion , "the iorms ^f-^millic. of ^m^ S^^^r^H^r ^^S :r hS^ /^I^Sd" " ''' pafture. and many other important record'^ all rerrnl.rlv i;n 1(L " V^ ol the inliabitants to common .o.i. I.Je.e.. ThU o«te iAept „.„?' 'l.i il'.;X:"co'':S; '^JeS'^S?^ '£^^^^1^^' K N N D. 247 nobilliy; as lord Spencer's houfe, Marlborough-houfe, and Buckingham-houfe m St. James's park; the earl of Cheltcrfield's houfe near Hyde-park; the duke of D'-vonfture's, and the late earl of Bath's, in Piccadilly; lord Shclburne's, in Bcrkeley-Square; Northuinberland-houfe in the Strand; the duke of Bedford's, and Muntague-houle*, in Bloonilbury; with a number of others of the ncbility and gentry; but thefe would be fufficient to fill a large volume. This great and populous city is happily fupplied with abundance of frefh water from the Thames and the New River ; which is not only of inconceivable (ervice to every family, buc by means of fire-plugs every where difperfed, the keys of which are depofited with the parilh oHiccrs, the city is in a great meafure fecured from the fpreadmg of fire; for thefe plugs are no fooner opened than there are valt quantities or water to fupply the engines. This plenty of water has been attended with another advantage, it has given rife to ieveral companies, who infr.rc h.>ufes and goods from fire; an ad-.antage that IS not to be met with i.i any other nation on earth : the premium is linall, and 'lie recovery in ca(e of lofs, is eafy and certain. Everv one of thefe officers, keep a let of men in pay, who are ready at all hours to give their afliftance in caie of fire ; and ■who are on all occafions extremely bold, dexterous, and diligent. Before the conflagration in 1666, London was totally inelegant, inconvenient, and unhealthy, of which latter misfortune many melancholy proofs are authenti- cated in hiftory, and which, without doubt, proceeded from the narrownefs of the Itreets, and the unaccountable projedlions of the buildings, that confined the putrid air, and joined with other circumftances, fuch as the want of water, rendered the city leldom free from peftilential devaftation. The fire which confumed the greateft part of the city, dreadful as it was to the inhabitants of that time, was produdive of confequences, which made ample amends for the loffes fiiftained by individuals; a new city arofe on the ruins of the old ; but, though more regular, open, conve- nient, and healthful than the former, yet it by no means anfwered to the charafters of magnificence or elegance, in many particulars ; and it is ever to be lamented (fuch was the. infatuation of thofe times) that the magnificent, elegant, and ufeful plan except in the months of December, January and February, when it is open only from ei^ht to one, , biindays and hohdays excepted. A learch here is half a guinea, for which you may perufe any ouj funjedt a year. ' 1 r 1 • The Britifh Mufeum is depofited in Montague houfe. Sir Hans Sloane, bart. (who died in 17CO may not unproperJy be called the founder of the Britifii Mufeum; for its being eftablifhed by parlia- ment, was only in confequence of his le.iving by will his noble colieaion of natural hillory, his larre library, and his numerous curiofities, which coft him 50,0001. to the ufe of the public, on condition that the parliament would pay 20,oool. to his executors. To this colleflion were added the Cottonian ibrary, the Harleian m.-»nulcripts collefled by the Oxford family, and purchafed likewifc by the par- liament, and a colleftion of books given by the Jate major Edwards. His late majefty. in confidera- tion of Its great ufefulnels. was gracioufly pleafed to add thereto the royal libraries of books and ma- nufcripts collected by the feveral kings of England. • 'f'^f.^'°^"'=»," collection confifts of an amazing number of curiofities j among which are, the library, mc Uiling books ot drawings, manufcripts, and prints, amounting to about 50,000 volumes. Medals, and coins, ancient and modern, 20,000. Cameos and intaglios, about 700. Seals 268. Veffels, &c. of agate, jafper, &c. 542. Antiquities, 1,125. Precious ftones, agates, jafper, &c. 2,256. Metals, minerals, ores,_&c. 2,725. Cryftal, fpars, &c. 1,864. Fofllls, flints, ftones, 1,275. Earths, fands. ,,. ^ . • , 1 "° • ' — — -^ t-v-.v^., .,./». Quadrupeds Vipers, ferpents,&c 521. Infeftj, &c. 5,439. Vegetables, 12,506. Hortus ficcus, or volumes of a plants, 334. Humani, as calculi, anatomical preparations, 756. 2,098. Mathematiciilinftruments, 5?. Acatalocue of all the -ibnve it wnr Mifcellaneous things, natural. <.j| Ui I c. r volumes. \'ritt£u in u TmmU. of larg ^.Jl':. «48 N G N D. plan been followed, what has often been aSed ' rSft have'S the inetropohs of this kingdom would inco eUably have been Ihe moft t 'fi'"''' and elegant city in the univerfe. ^ ^^^^ magnificent The plan of London, in its prefent ftatc, will in nianv inftanrp^ or,^ . moderate judges, to be as injudicious a d fpofuioi 7s7^ne.ZL^^^^^ a cuy of trade and commerce, on the borders Tib „ob^ ^ H^er as^rTK^ ^"^ The wharfs and quays on its banks are extremely mean and incom^niem In'lT^ ' want of regularity and uniformity in the ftreets of the c n'° f 1 oml on f J*" mean avenues to many parts of if, are alfo circumnances ?h.» f ,' f^'^ '^^ grandeur of its appearaice. Many of the chSTs ^nd ol ' ^'"'^^ ^^ -• are hkewife thrull up in corners il inch a n'l er ^s miZ tenL f ^"^^^'"^•^' behove, that they were defined to be conceiW) l?t T^ ^ foreigners to of London for fouto yc.rs i?.fl, h!;. W^eT been ve ^ '^SrZZ ne '^^ ^'^ for public offices h;.s h:en c reded • -nd hot n f ' '\"*=^^' P'^^ of buildings gant apartments appropriated' iSl^ iS^ of 'Se'^;i;S;frk:^^^^ ^^- of pamtingandlculpture, and the Society of Aniiuuark"' ^ Academy Amongft tlie lift of improvements worthy nc-tice, may be included the Siv ri t Office m Chancery-lane, and that ^cly fubftantialbuild iLl "7hc okl iSi^ ?\' does honour to a people celebrated ibr their cleanlinels a m f,, I • v^'' "'■^■"•'^ Here the unfortunate debtor will no lon^eTbe nnno^^^^^^^^ chains or by the more ho. rid founds iSgVomX^^^^^^^ [*!"!'-' ^^ who fet defiance to all lav s divine and h,m In . V J, wretched beings, crime is not capital, n.ay ;i,.:;:;:;;u:tiir::^'ate':::n ^ ''''''''''''' ^^'^^« ^^it], the form ,.r its conftruiion etS h r '^"""^'"'''"^ fituaiion: which, nnpregnable. Han.pto^c^rr::;.;^^ ^^^^^^ Buckinghanlk^ufo in St Ja. s's vl'' Thr;:V'' ^^T'^"? P^^'^^^' ^"'"^"'^ dious, but has thJ air of a"" c ivent nd that of^Kenf.nl ' {'T' '' ^°™"'"- n-om the Finch .imiiy by ^o:'^^:!:''^' ii:ss' :^i:tr'^ N G N D. U9 Other houfes, though belonging to the king, are far from defcrvrng the narae of royal*. Next to thefe, if not fupeiior, in magnificence and expenfive decorations, are many private teats m the neighbourhood of London, and all over the kingdom, wherein the amazing opulence of the Englifh nation Ihincs forth in its fuUeft point of view Herein alfo the princely fortunes of the nobility are made fubfervient to the fineft claflical tafte ; witnels the feats of the Marquis of Buckingham and earl Pembroke. At the feat of the latter, more remains of antiquity are to be found than are in the poffeflion of any other lubjeft in the world. But thofe capital houfes of the Englifh nobility and gentry have an excellency diftmft from what is to be met with in any other part ot the globe, which is, that all of them are complete without and within, all the apartments and members 'beine iuitable to each other, both in conftruaion and furniture, ind all kept in the higheft prefervation. It often happens, that the houfe, however elegant and coftly is not the principal objeft of the feat, which tonfifts in its hortulane and rural decorations Viftas, opening landfcapes, temples, all of them the refult of that enchanting art of imitating nature, and uniting beauty with magnificence. It cannot be expefted that I fhould here enter into a particular detail of all the ciiies and towns of England, which would far exceed the limits of this work- 1 fhall, therefore, only touch upon forae of the moft confiderable. Briftol is reckoned the fecond city in the Britilh dominions for trade, wealth and the number of inhabitants. It flands upon the north and fouth fides of the river Avon, and the two parts "f the city are conneaed by a ftone-bridge. The city is not well built ; but is fuppofed to contain 15,000 houfes, and 95,000 inhabitants Here is a cathedral and eighteen parilh-churches, bcfides leven or eight other places of worfhip. On the north fide of a large fquare, called Green's fquare, which is adorned with rows of trees, and an equeftrian ftatue of William the Third there i» a cuftom-houfe, with a quay half a mile in length, faid to be one of the m'oft com modious in England, for fhipping and landing of merchants goods. 'I'he exchange wherein the merchants and traders meet, is all of free flone, and is one of the be ft of Its kind in Europe. York is a citv of great antiquity, pleafantly fituated on the river Oufe: it is verv populous, and furrounded with a good wall, through which are four gates, and five pofterns. Here are feventeen parilh-churches, and a very noble cathedral or mm fter. It being one of the fineft Gothic buildings in England. It extends in leneth 525 feet, and in breadth no feet. The nave, which is the largeft of any in the world, excepting that of St. Peter's church at Rome, is four fee: and a half wider and ele\'en ieet higher, than that of St. Paul's cathedral at London. At the weft end are two towers, conneaed and fupported by an aich, which forms the weft entrance and is reckoned the largeft Gothic arch in Europe. The windows are finely painted • and the front of the choir is adorned with ftatues of all the kings of England froni William the Norman to Henry VI. and here are thirty-two ftall?, aU of fine marble with pillars, each coniifting of one piece of alabafter. Here is alfo a verv neat Gothic chapter-houfe. Near the cathedral is the aifembly houfe, which is a n6ble flruaurc' and which was deligned by the late earl of Burlington. This city has a ftone bridee of five arches over the rivcj Oufe. ° ^ '.■•*■ The ['tuat-on-i that have been deemed the mo(t eligible for a town and country refidcnce, are nil A ' f '^'='^'"""'1 ^^'^ "ca'- Petcrflwm, A pilace in the lad meniioned place, if executed upon a liberal plan, would at once allou.n. the beholder with all that is great and noble in nature and 8 Kk 250 N G N D. MA i The city of Exeter was for forae time the feat of the Weft-Saxon kings ; and the walls which at this time enclofe it, were buih by king Athelftan, who encoinpaffed It alfo with a ditch. It IS one of the firft cities in England, as well on account of us buildings and wealth, is its extent and the number of its inhabitants. It has lis gates, and, including its fuburbs, is more than two miles in circumference I'hcre arefixteen parifh churches, befides chapels, and five larg< meeting-houfes, within the walls of this city. The trade of Exeter in ferges, druggets, kerfeys, and other wool- len goods, is very great. Shirs come up to the city by means of fluices. _ The city of Gloucefter ftands on a pleafant hill, with houfes on every defcent and IS a clean, well-built town, with the Severn on one fide, a branch of which brines Ihips up to It. The cathedral here is an ancient and magnificent ftrufture, and there arc alio five panfh-churches. Litchfield ftands in a valley, three miles fouth of the Trent, and is divided bv a ftream which runs into that river. The cathedral was founded in the year 1 148 • it was much damaged during the civil war, but was fo completely repaired foon after 5 • u^ ,^°-^"P°' V^^' V^ ^"""^ """^ °^ ^^« "°^^e^^ Gothic ftruaures in England. Litchfield IS thought to be the moft confiderable city in the north-weft of England except Chefter. ^ ' Chefter is a large, populous, and wealthy city, with a noble bridge, that has a gate at each end, and twelve arches over the Dee, which falls into the fea It has eleven panfhes, and nine well-built churches. The ftreets are generally even and Ipacious, and crofting one another in ftraight lines, meet in the centre 'I'he walls were firft ereded by Edelfleda, a Mercian lady, in the year 908, and ioin on the fouth lide of the city to the caftle, from whence there is a pleafant v'^alk round the city upon tut- walls, except where it is intercepted by fomc of the towers over the gates; and from hooce there is a profped of Flintftiire, and the mountains Oi v\ (lies* Warwick is a town of great antiquity, and appears to have been of eminence even in the time of the Ronriiis. It ftands upon a rock of frce-ftone, on the banks Ox the Avon ; and a way is cut to it through the rock from each of the four cardinal points. The town is populous and the ftreets are fpacious and regular, and all meet in the centre of the town. The city of Coventry is large and populous : it has an handfome lown-houfc, and twelve noble ga»es. Here is alfo a ipacious market place, with a crofs in the middle, 60 feet high, which is adorned with ftatues of feveral kings of England as large as the life. ° ' Salifbury, is a large, neat, and well-built city, fituated in a valley, and watered by the Upper Avoa on the weft and ibuth, and by the Bourne on the eaft The ftreets are generally fpacious, and built at right angles. The cathedral, which was finiftied in 1258, at the ex pence of above 26,000 pounds, is, for a Gothic building the moft elegant and regular in the kin£rdom. It is in the form of a lanthorn with a beantiflil fpire of free-ftone m the middle, which is 410 feet high, being the ta'left m England. The length of the church is 478 feet, the breadth is 76 feet, and the height of the vaulting 80 feet. This church has a cloifter, which is 150 feet fquare and of as fine workmanlhip as any in England. The chapter-houfe, which is an odtagon, is 150 feet in circumference; and the roof bears all upon one fmall pillar m the centre, lo much too weak in appearance for the fupport of fuch a prodigious weight, that the conftrudlion of this building is thought one of the greateft curiofitics m England. ° The city of Bath took its name from fomc natural hot baths, for the medicinal waters ol which this place has been long celebrated, and much frequented. The E N N D. 251 feafons for drinking the Bath waters are the fpnng and autumn: the fpiinR feafon begins with April, and ends with June; the.autumn feafon begins with^SepteSS and lafts nil December, anu lome patients remain here all the winter. In thl^fprh J this i^ce IS moft frequented for health, and in the autumn for pleafurc, when afS two-thuds of the company, confifting chiefly of perfons of rank and fortune, come o partake oi the amulements of the place. In lome feafons there have been no lefs than 8000 perfons at ^ath befides its inhabitant*. Some of the buildings Tatelv ereded here are extremely elegant, particularly queen's Square, the North and Sou h Parade, the Royal Forum, and the Circus. "^ No nation in the world can fhew fuch dock-yards, and all comcniencies for the conftrudlion and repairs of the royal navy, as Portfmouth (the moft regular fordfica! ion m England), Plymouth (by far the beft dock-yard), Chatham, Woolwich and Deptford. The roya ho pital at Greenwich, for fuperannuated feamen, is IbarcX exceeded by any royal palace for its magnificence and expence ^ Commkr(:e and manufactures.] This article is copious, and has been well dilculTed m former pubhcations, many of which are mafter-pieces in their kinS It IS we 1 known that commerce and manufadures have raifed the Englifh to be the firft ana mo( powerful people m the world. Hiftorical reviews, on this head would be tedious. It is fafficient then to lay, that it was not 1 11 the rei«n of Elizabeth that England began to feel her true weight in the fcale of comXce She planned lome fettlements m America, particularly \irginia, but left The ex' pence attending them to be defrayed by her fubjeds; and indeed fhe ^^-a too ptT iimonious to carry her own notions of trade into execution. James I. entered uSn great and beneficial fchemes for the Englifh trade. The Eaft-India companv oue^ to hnn their fucceis and exiftence, and Brhini America faw her moft iSL; colonies nle tinder him and his family. The fpirit of commerce went hand ii a | with vhat of liberty and though the Stuarts were not friendly to the latter m during the reigns oi the princes of that fanwly, the trade of the nation was g^catlv mcreaicd. It is not within our delign to follow commerce through all her fluflu ations and ftates. 1 his would be an idle attempt, and it has already taken up lam- volumes I he nature of a geographical work requires only a reprefentation of the pre em ftare of commerce in every coumry; and, in this light, I flatter myfelf fmic fu^jed ""' " "'"'' P'""*''"'" '^'" former writers upSthc The prefent fyftem of Englifli politics may properly be faid to bivc taken rife in the reign of queen Elizabeth At this time the Proteftant religion was eftab iihe uhich naturally allied us to the reformed ftates, and made all the Roman Catholid' powers our enemies. Aiu^m^ We began in the fame reign to extend our trade, by winch it became neceffarv for us alio to watch the conimercial progrefs of our neighbours, and, if not to incon^ mode and obftrud their traftic, to hmder them from impairing ours We then likewife fettled colonies in America, which was become the Rreat fcene ^ European ambition ; for, ieeing with what treafures the Spaniards were am u- alTy eunchecl from Mexico and Peru, every nation in.agined that an American con- queft or plamation would certainly fill the mother-country v, iih gold and filver The dilcoveries of new regions, which were then every day made, the profit of re- mote tiaftic, and the neceflity of long voyages, produced in a few vears, a great mul- tiphcaiion of ftiipping. 1 he lea was coulidered as the wealthy element ; and by de grees, a new kind of fovereigntyarofc, called //flx;^/fl'owwo« ^ As the cmef trade of Europe Co the chief maritime power was at firft in the hands of the Portuguele and Spamards, ^^ho, by a compad, to which the confent of K L -2, iSt E N G N D. ■i W^'::^ oAer princes was tiot aflced, had divided the nrwly difcovcred countries between them : bat the crown of Portugal having feUcu to the king of Spain, or being fcizcd by him, he was mafter ol the (hips of the two nations, with which he Lent all the coafts of Europe in alarm, till the Armada, b^Tiad railed at a vaft cxpence for the conqueft of England, was dcftroyed; which pat a l^op, and almoft an end, to the natal power of the Spaniards. At this thne the Dutch, who were opprefled by the Spaniards, and feared yet igreater evils than they felt, refolved no longer to endure the infolenceof their mai'- ters ; they therefore revolted ; and after a ftruggle. in whidh they were aflilted by the money and forces of Elizabeth, ere^ed an independent and powerful common- wealth. When ;he inhabitants of the Low countries had formed their fyftem of wvem- ment, and fome remiffion of the war gave them leifure to form fohemes of future profperity, theyeafily perceived that as their territories were narrow, and their num. bers fmall, they could preferve themfelves only by that power, which ie the con- feqaence of wealth ; and that by a people whole country produced only the necel- fanes of life, wealth was not to be acquired but from foreign dominions, and by tranfporlation of the products of one country into another. From this neceffity, thus juftly eftimated, arole a plan of commerce, which was for many years prolecuted with an induftry and fuccefs perhaps never feen in the world before; and by which the poor tenants of mud-walled villages and impaifa- ble bogs ereded themfelves into high and mighty ftates, who fct the greateft mo- narchs at defiance, whofe alliance was courted by the proudeft, and whole nowev was dreaded by the fierceft nations. By the cftabliftiment of this ftate, there arofe to England a new ally, and a new rival. In the beginning of the feventeenth century, which feems to be the period deftined for the change of the face of Europe, France began firfl to rife into power and from defending her own provinces with difficulty and fluftiiating fuccefs, to threaten her neighbours with incroachments and devaluations. Henry IV. having, after a long llruggle, obtained the crown, found it cafy to govern nobles, cxhaufted and wearied by a long civil war ; and having compofed the difputes, between the Protef- tants and Roman Catholicks, 16 as to obtain, at leait, a truce for both parties, was at leifure to accumulate trealure, and raife forces, which he propofed to have employed in a defign of fettling lor ever the balance of Europe. Of this great fcheme he lived not to fee the vanity, or feel the difappointment ; for he was murdered in the midtt of his mighty preparations. The French, however, were in this reign taught to know their own power; and the great defigns of a king, whole w?< 'onithey had fo long experienced, even though they were not brought toadual exp.-. ■ ..nt, difpofed them to confider themfelves as mafters of the deftmy of their neighbours; and from that time he who ftiall nicely examine iheir Ichemes and tondud^, will find that they began to take an air of fuperi- onty to which they had ne\ er pretended before ; and that they have been always employed more or lels openly in fchemes of dominion, though with frequent in>^ ruptions from domeftic troubles. " 'tr When queen Elizabeth entered upon the government, the cuftoms produced only 36,ocol. a year ; at the Reftoration they were let to farm for 4co,cool. and produced confiderably above double that fbni before the revolmiou. The people of London before we had any plantation?, and when our trade was inconiiderable, were com- puted at about 100,000 ; at the death of queen Elizabeth, they were increafbd to 150,000, and are now above fix times that number. In thole days, we had not only naval ftores, but ftiips from our neighbours. CJermany furnifhed us with all N G N D. 253 things raacie of metals, even to nails; wine, paper, linen, and a thoufand other things came j&om France. Portugal fumilhcd U3 with fugars ; all the produce of America was poured upon us from Spain, and the Venetian and Genoefe retailed to us the commodities of the Eaft Indies at tlieir own price. In fhort;, the legal interdt of money was 12 per cent, and the common price of our land 10 or 12 years pur- cbale. We may add, that our manufadures were few, and thofe but inditterent ; the number of Englifti merchants very fmall, and our flapping much inferior to what lately belonged only to the American colonies. Great Britain is, of all other countries, the moll proper for trade; as well from its fituation as an ifland, as from the freedom and excellency of its conftitntion, and from its natural produds, and conliderable manufadlures. For exportation, our country produces many of the moft fubltantkl and neceflary commodities ; as butter, cheefe, torn, cattle, wool, iron, lead, tin, copper, leather, copperas, pit-coal, alum, faflron, &c. Our corn fometimes preferves other countries from ftarving. Our horfes are the moft ferviceable in the world, and highly valued by all nations for their hardinels, beauty, and llrength. With beef, mutton, pork, poultry, bifcuit, we vidlual not only our own fleets, but many foreign veflels that come and go. Our, iron we export manufadlured in great guns, carcafes, bombs, &c. Prodigi- ous, and almoft incredible, is the value likewiie of other goods from hence exported ; viz, hops, flax, hemp, hats, fhoes, houfhold-lluff, ale, beer, red-herrings, pilchards, falmon, oyflers, liquorice, watches, ribbands, toys, &c. There is fcarcely a manufadure in Europe but what is brought to great perfec- tion in England ; and therefore it is perfedly unneceffary to enumerate ihem all. The woollen manufadlure is the moft conliclerable, and exceeds in goodnefs and quantity that of any other nation, Hardw are is another capital article ; locks, edge-tools, guns, fwords, and other arms, exceed any thing of the kind ; houfehold utenfils of brafs, iron, and pewter, alfo are very great articles; and our clocks and watches are in great efteem. There are but few manufadlures in which we are dc- fedive. In thofe of lace and paper we do not feem to excel, though they are great- ly advancing; we import much more than we fhould, if the duties on Britifti paper were taken off. As to foreign traffic, the woollen manula6lure is ftill the great foundation and lipport of it. The American colonies are the objedl which would naturally have firft prefented themfelves, before the unhappy conteft between ihem and the mother-country com- menced ; but as a feparation hath taken place, and no commercial treaty as yet cftablilhed, little can be now faid of the trade between great Britain and America. However, to keep in remembrance what our trade v^as, as well as to fhew what it might have been, had wifer men prefidcd at the helm, and avoided the conteft, I fball treat of the colonies in this place, nearly in the fame manner as would have been done before the war broke out. And confidering them in this view, they may be divided into two claffcs ; poffcflions on the continent, and thofe in the iflands which go under the name of the Weft Indies. • ^ I fhall rank the pofleflions in North-America, under the heads of the follow: ig colonies, viz, Hudfon's Bay, Labrador, Newfoundland, Canada, Nova-Scotia, New- England, Rhode-Ifland, Connedlicut, and New-Hampfhire (the three laft form- ing one colony), New- York, Pennfylvania, Maryland, North-Carolina, South- Carolina, Georgia, ia'f rid Weft Horida. The chief commodities exported from Great Britain to thofe 'P'™». '«,; The commodities exported from America to rr^,» n \ • _. . were tobacco, rice, flour, bifcuhwhe^t beJ^ .i Bntaiu and other markets, grain; honey, apples, cyder and onion. ?'l. C'f' °'''> Indian com, and other tongues, butLand^heeiCFodt^ousramitS'S'Lr''^' ^r\' ^*^°"' ^^"'^°"' and fifh oil; forsandHcin of «i?d heafc S 1 h ' T^"'^' ''"^ ""'^'^ ^^' and racoon; horfes. and live ftock ■ S ' Sa n' t^^^'' °"*^''' ^°^' ^^er, pitch, tar, and turpentine; ihip buil\ for fal? tv T^'c ^.""'''; ^^''''' ^'"S^^'" pot-afh, bees-wax tallow coSLr ore nnH ' ^'?-\ fl«^--f*-'ed. and cotton; indigo. other commoditiei pecu iar?o the cl mes and f?"l '"f rl '"'^ '" P'^^^' "^^'^^^ '"^V lowing is a ftate of the trade bet^enGreJ^R^^ " f u"' P'^^^i^'^es. The fof before the diflerences broke out Se^tSL"^^ the colonies, as it exifted niercialftrengthandlhipping of the colonies "'"^^"^^ at the fan.e time the com- Co'onies. Bay HuJfon's ^ __ Labrador. American velTtfls i 20 New.-ounJJand (3000 boats) — tanida Nova Scotia __ New England -_ Wiode llYand, Conneaicut, and ] New Hanii'lhirc < New York _ _ •' Sliips. 4 jSo 3+ 6 46 Seamen. 'JO 20,560 'jo8 55-5 3 JO Colonics. P-infylvariii _ Virginia a^^d Maryland North Catnivra _ Sout.h Cirolina Georgia _ Kaft Florida Wca ditto — Sea men. 390 3.960 408 1,680 240 2+ 120 '.078 28,910 ^evis, Montfarat. the flcrinuda. or Lnm"f m' " ^ '"«"Sl^"n»nica, Anguilla, Iflands in the Atlantic ocean ^""""^^ ^ands. and the Bahama, or LuJayan hogany, and n.a^chinee pla ks' dwf nVPTr ''''''^?-' ""T"''^' ^''^ ^V^'^' "^^- England arc ofnaburos. T coa lb S o 1;^ ''"''l' ^l' /'^l'*^ ^'"^ ^-^'P^^^ ^^om clothe their flaves; linen of .1 fo-ts .i,h h ^' ^'^ ''^'f^^ V^" ^^'^'^ ^"dians now ik-irovetfeersandfanuics f,lks;;;iTl ^^r the planters, hats; redcapsfortheirlirv;sof bohle^^^^^^ ^""'"^'^^^^^ ^^^^^"^s atul mi;iinervv.aie ind DcnX^ /' ^"^^ W^ and f>.oes of all forts; gloves pale beer, pik^ ca i^tute? ^vT ^^'■'' ""^"^"' "^^^^'^^^' ^^'oug'beer chets, chile's adzes, h. e . utTo'ck pr ' ' !""' "''"' ''^''''' ^^''' ^■^'«' ^at: andlhot; brafs and .oppc;\ e : toVs^'^ ' ^ T' ''f''' "l'^- ^'''^' P^'^^dcr. and in general whatever s JS\r';w%'^^^ '""^^'^' cabinet wares, fnufis from Africa, and all forts of ludh goods "' '" ^^'^^ ^'■"^'"' alfonegroe^ pon,tvtt.Hi^^l;::,:^;:ijf'L^^^;- -«;---- of.,, n^o^ .upcndou. trade iifelf is exclufive nn 1, H ' ''''' '' '" ^^ '"^^ ^^i^'' i" ''i^ory. '1 he of it. in ^onX^:^i^:i^t^:^::^^^^i:-^^^ has aten^ponry ninopj^ into the hiltory of the Faft nclu t> .d , ; • J &ovcanncut. W ith.nit entering pany's concern, in h't count is f'ni ' ' ' ' '"'1"^' >^'' ^''^' ^"^ '^'<^ ^o"' /nuhecoan of India X ^,\e; en"n" »''' iay.that belkie their (bttlement.s uij, unicn t.Lcy enjoy jnder certam rdlri^ions by aft of parlia- N G N D. 255 meat; they have, through the various internal revolutions wKuh l,o,.« t, Indoftan, ar»d the ambition or avarice of their fervant and oLe" -^^^^ '' territorial p<.ffeflions, as render them the moft IbrrnSab e LmmeSal r^nl Kr ^f"" fo it may be called in its pi^fent fituation) that has been knZi in 1 ^ V,''^/"' the demolition of Carthage. Their revenues are only known and That bn? f ^'"'' feaiy, to the direaors of the company, who are chLr^T^l^ p;op ie^^"; 'Z^ ftock; but It has been publicly affirmed, that thevamouutaiimiLllu^niKl t ^^ lions and a half fterling. fhe expences ofT ompany b nues, for ma.ntaming thofe acquifitiuns. are certainly ver7greatS afte'thdb are defrayed, the company not only cleared a vaft fum, but was able to Dav o 1 vernment four hundred thoufand pounds yearly f^r a certa n t?me paU bv wL^^r indemnification tor the expences of the public in proteaing th^ rnn n?n ^ U ^ ? as a tacit tribute for thofe Ueffions tha? are terrS a?d 'Lt coS J^^ ^^/J^ republic therefore cannot be faid to be independent.; and it is hTd To ^v Jw form It may take when the term of the bargam with the govemmen is '/^pri this .!;r tfan^h^puSiT"^'^ ^^™^ ''-'' '-' --^S' -^ i'-d ^^o^ all diamonds, raw-filks, drugs tea. pepper? arrack, porcekii TSa wai^ f^h fe?;; a^^^tiS^LXeS^ac^rntf ^"^^^^^"^^ ^ ^^^^ colntries^ "rcorifg t^rS To lurkey, England lends in her own bottoms, woollen cloths fJn l„ ^ ^ iron hard-.vare, iron utenfils, clocks, watches, verdegrb Mce Sh^ ^ wood. She imports from thence raw-filks, carpetsf li^irdyir d "u, ' c^^^^ fruits, medicinal drugs, cofiee, and fome other articles. Fomie^lyr the ba'lance of this trade was about 5oo,oool. annually, in favour of England. TLe Er.lilh tr.,? was afterwards diminifhed through 'the praaices of thlJ^enci but fhe TuS^^^^ trade a prefent ,s at a very low ebb with the French as well as the E iS ^ England exports to Italy, woollen goods of various kinds, peltry, leather le,d ban Hiv'^ n' "'^''l^^'^'' '"^ ^""^^ ^''^ ^aw and thrown ^11,^. "it ioap, oives. oranges, lenions, pomegranates, dried fruits, colours, anchovS and :iiut"^o:ot ^"^^^^ ''' '^'•^'^^^ "^ '''' tradeiafavour'of E.^:t^^:^ lb Spain, England fends all kinds of woollen goods, leather tin le-H fifh, corn, iron, and braft manufaaures ; habcrda/ncry i.res, aS'ems of W from Germany and elfewhere, for the American colonies- and rSve. in turn, wines,, oils dried fruits, oianges, lemons, olives/w'ols itl ^^'oci^^^^^^^^^ and other dying drugs, colours, gold and filver coin. "' ^■'"■^-"^ai, Portugal fornierly was, upon commercial accounts, the favourite allv of Fn„lo.^ whofe fleets and armies have more than once faved her fairdXifL of ? . ' have hke wile ereaed two Brazil companies- the one frr M }^'^^^^'^' Jhey to their own national advantage. Before thefe events took nhr^ lu v v^' . .c Pon^ga. was highly bcnefi'cial. Englaodlem to S c'o„m;y"L^f't It ¥4 .Ml SI 'A . u. 256 N O N D. kind of merchandizes as to Spain, and they received in return vaft quantifies of wines, with oils, fah, dried and moift fruits, dying drugs, and gold coins. The treaty of commerce lately concluded between England and France, has been efteemed fo bold a meafure, anclits future operation fo varioufly rtprefentcd, tliat little can be hazarded in conjefture, and very little is yet known from experience. England lends to Flanders, ferges, flannels, tin, lead, lugars, and tobacco; and receives in return, laces, linen; cambrics, and other articles of luxur}', ]\y which England lofes upon the balance 25o,oocl. fterling yearly. To Germany, England fends cloths and ftuffs, tin, pewter, fugars, tobacco, and Eaft India merchandize; and brings thence vaft quantities of linen, thread, goat-fkins, tinned plates, timbers for all ufes, wines, and many other articles. Before the late war, the balance of this trade was thought to be .500,000!. anrnxally, to the prejudice of England, but that fimi is now greatly reduced, as moft of the German princes find it their intereft to clothe their armies in Englifh manufaaures. I have already mentioned the trade with Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Rullia, which formerly was againft England ; but the balance was lately valily diminilhed by the great improvements of her Ame- rican colonies, in railing hemp, flax, making pot-aflies, iron-works, and tallow, alt which ufed to befiirnifhed to her by the uortliein powers. The goods exported to Poland, chiefly by the way of Dantzic, are many, and the duties upon thom low. Many articles are fent there for which there is no longer any demand in other countries. Poland confumes large quantities of our woollen goods, hard ware, lead, tin, fait, fea coal, &c. and the expon of manufadlured tobacco is greater to Poland* than to any other country. The ba'auce of trade may be eftimatcd much in our favour. To Holland, England fends an immenfe quantity of many forts of merchandize ; fuch as all kinds of woollen goods, hides, corn, coals, Eaft India, and 'i'urkey mer- chandize, tobacco, tar, fugar, rice, ginger, and other American produdions; and makes returns in fine linen, lace, cambrics, thread, tapes, incle, madder, boards, drugs, whalebone, train-oil, toys, and many other thhigs ; and the balance is ufually fuppofedto be much in favour of England. The acquifitions which the Englifh made upon the coaft of Guinea, particularly their fettlement at Senegal, opened new fources of commerce with Africa. The French when in polfeffion of Senegal, trad^-^ there for gold, flaves, hides, oftrich feathers, bees wax, millet, ambergris, and aoove all, for that ufeful commodity gam Senegal, which was monopolized by them and the Dutch, and probably will again, as Senegal is now deli\ ered up to them by the lale treaty of peace. At pre- lent, England fends to the coaft of Guinea, fund ry forts of coarfe woollen and linen, iron, pewter, brafs, and hardware manufaduics, lead-fhot, fwords, knives, fire arms, gun-powder, audglafs manufafturcs. And, belides its drawing no mo- ney out of the kingdom, it lately fupplied the American colonies with negro flaA cs, amounting in number to above ioc,coo annually. The other returns are in gold- duft, gum, dying and other drugs, red-wood, Guinea grains, and ivory. To Arabia, Perfia, China, and other parts of Afia, England fends much foreign filver coin and bullion, and fimdry Englifh manufaftures of woollen goods, and of lead, iron, and braCs; and brings home from thofc remote regions, muflins and cottons of many various kinds, callicoes, raw and wrought filk, chintz ; teas, por- celain, gokl^dufl, cotlce, f'alt-petre, and many other drugs. And fo great a quan- tity of thofe various merchandizes are re-exported to foreign European nations, as more than abundantly tompenfates for all the filver bullion which England carries out. 1: N G N D. 457 During the infancy of commerce with foreign parts it was judged expedient to P.."'t^^- " charters to particular bodies or corjjorations ot men- hence the Jiaft India, South Sea, Hudfon's Bay, Turkey, Ruflm, and Royal African com- panies; but the trade to Turkey, Raffia, and Africa, is now laid open. tlKnigh the merchant who propofes to trade thither, muft become a member of the company be fubjeft to their laws and regulations, and ^idvance a fmall fura at admiflion. for'the purpofes of fupportmg confuls, forts, &c. Yet our foreign trade does not amount to one-fmh part of the inland: the an- nual produce of the natural produfts and manufaftures of England amounting to above forty-two millions. The gold and filver of England is received from Portu- gal, Spain, Jamaica, the American colonies, and Africa, but great part of this gold and filver we again export to Holland, and the Eaft Indies ; and it is fuppoled that two-thirds of all the foreign traffic of England is carried on in the port ot London. S/a/e of the Trade of England at different periods with the Several Nations of the World*: ( Extraaed from Tlayfair's Tahks, ) I Years 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 .1780 R E L A Imports 370,000 300,000 335.000 340,000 475,000 <) 60,000 870,000 1,330,000 1,470,000 N D. Exports 340,000 370,000 370,000 600,000 760,000 950,000 1 ,450,000 1,870,000 1,890,000 Guernf. Jerf. &Ald Imports 30,000 35,000 3o,ooo 18,000 39>ooo 55,000 57,000 51,000 6l,ODO Years 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 Years 1 700 1710 1730 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 Baltic and the Eaft Country. Exports 9,000 25,000 37,000 45,000 50,000 40,000 50,000 46,000 64,000 Importj 136,000 130,000 188,000 198,000 230,000 250,000 210,000 320,000 380,000 u s s Imports 109,000 140,000 195,000 335,000 335,000 440,000 570,000 890,000 1,185,000 Exports 1 10,000 85,000 86,000 118,000 133,000 154,000 175,000 135,000 70,000 A. Exports 135,000 100,000 50,000 45,000 75,000 85,000 98,000 133,000 290,000 Denmark & Norway Imports 70,000 81,000 96,000 97,000 93,000 90,000 79,000 85,000 93,000 Exports 35,000 59,000 76,000 65,000 67,000 79,000 1 15,000 163,000 185,000 GERM Imports 575,000 610,000 620,000 680,000 700,000 715,000 705,000 680,000 670,000 S W E Imports 197,000 160,000 154,000 1 83,000 1 86,000 196,000 « 1 2,000 309,000 198,000 GREENLAND. Imports Exports ANY. Exports 995,000 895,000 1,000,000 1,105,000 1,155,000 1,405,000 1,615,000 1,830,000 1,340,000 D E N, Export? 57,oco 46,00c 35,000 39,000 33,00c 30,00c 35,000 57,000 95,000 400 3,000 3,8oo : 0,000 16,000 32,000 38,000 100 50 200 330 60 70 HOLLAND. Imports Ex]X)rts. 570,000 3,l5q,ooD 510,000 590,000 5 10,000 430,000 370,000 400,000 480P00 490,000 •^.i. is the oDly cditioo of » Oeognph, hcrctoiore publilhed which contain! T.blei finiilar to thefe. 2,100,000 1,930,000 1,840,00c 3j 300,000 1,930,000 1,810,000 t •780,000 i»5 70,000 258 E N N D. Stati or THi Tradk of Ekgiano Conti NUSD. F L Years 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 • 1750 1760 ' 1770 1780 SPAIN Years 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 r Years 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 AND Imports 7,000 20,000 51,000 125,000 150,000 70,000 70,000 175,000 225,000 E R S. Exports 80,000 150,000 245.000 270,000 290,000 545,000 420,000 840,000 1,050,000 W Years 1700 1710 1720 1730 :i74o J 750 1760 3770 1780 and the Imports 225,000 280,000 420,000 480,000 190,000 90,000 525,000 510,000 440,000 U R K Imports 250,000 287,000 295,000 270,000 187,000 155,000 137,000 126,000 142,000 CANARIES. Exports 220,000 520,000 565,000 650,000 '450,000 400,000 1,150,000 1,040,000 860,000 E Y. Exports 1 70,000 195,000 220,000 185,000 155,000 100,000 83,000 89,000 109,000 F R A Imports 20,00c 5o>ooo 48,000 51,000 57,000 31,000 55,000 80,000 45,000 STR A Imports 2,000 25,000 70,000 135,000 40,000 80,000 60,000 aojooo 300 A F R Imports 14,000 18,000 30,000 50,000 32,000 27,000 43,000 53,000 73,000 N C E. Exports 30,000 75,000 175,000 255,000 305.000 285,000 275,000 165,000 155,000 I G H T S. Exports 250,000 500,000 475,000 625,000 675.000 535,000 425,000 90,000 85,000 I C A. Exports 11,000 7,000 12,000 18,000 15,000 i6,coo 30,000 48,000 53,000 EST IN Imports 580,000- 750,000 1,060,000 1,260,000 1,290,000 1,460,000 2,105,000 2,995,000 2,2iOjOOO Portugal & Madeira. Imports Exports 250,000 630,000 275.000 700,000 350,000 800,000 365,000 1,070,000 340,000 1,140,000 350,000 1,200,000 300,000 1,110,000 360,000 680,000. 370,000 590,000 Venice and Italy. Imports Exports 32,000 15,500 32,200 17.500 46,500 18,000 52,500 14.500 50,000 14,300 56,000 18.500 64,000 50,000 71,000 72,500 65,5W 'j I,OOQ EAST Imports 440,000. 595.000 880,000 965,000. 970,000 930,000 1,005,000 1,515,000 1,550,000 DIES. Spanifh Weft ladies. BERM Exports Ittiports Exports Imports 305,000 500- 335,000 435,000 600 1,900 34,000 84,000 450,000 37,000 83,000 1,500 515.000 12,000 11,000 800 770,000 865,000 1,600. 1,800 13.000 I, coo 1,190,000 26,000 3,000 1,700 1,220,000 28,000 7,Q00 1,700 INDIES. Exports 140,000 95,000 1 20,000 145,000 360,000 700,00c 880,000 1,330,000 840,000 UD A. Exports 60c i,oco 3,000 2,200 1,500 7,200 10,000 13,000 15,000 N G N D. SlATK OV All North America. Years Imports Exports 1700 280,000 200,OuO r7io 370,000 250,000 1720 520,000 350,000 1730 630,000 . 500,000 1740 780,000 620,000 1750 820,000 930,000 1760 950,000 1,750,000 1770 1,480,000 4,550,000 17S0 300,000 1,805,000 THE Trade or England Continved. 259 TJiii.Sta. of America. Imports Exports 2j8,oco 510,000 450,000 590,000 700,000 760,000 940,000 900,000 540,000 240,000 280,000 410,000 540,000 760,000 1,1 10,000 i,6io,ooc 1,660,000 1,050,000 Years 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 Imports 4,550,000 4,900,000 5,350,000 7,500,000 7,550,000 Total Trade with Exports Balance I Years Imports Exports 6,300,000 1,950,000' --' AMERICA. Imports Exports 1,480,000 4,550,000 1430,000 4,630,000 1,445,000 3,600,000 1,465,000 2,465,000 ''43.'vOoo 3,840,000 2,065,000 985,000 245,000 1,190,000 230,000 1,880,000 265,000 1,150,000 295,000 1,370,000 300,000 1,805,000 385,000 1,545,000 295,000 905,000 7,000,000 2,100,000 8,600,000 3,350,000 10,900,000 3,400,000 12,000,000 4,430,000 7,250,000 12,650,000 5,400,000 10,300,000 14,250,000 3,950,000 11,850,000 16,300,000 4,650,000 ALL Years 1770 177T 177^ 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 all the World. Balance 1771 12,800,000 17,150,000 4,350,000 1772 13,300,000 16,150,000 2,850,000 1773 11,400,000 14,750,000 3,350,000 1774 13.250,000 15,900,000 2,650,000 nis 13,550,000 15,200,000 1,650,000 1776 11,700,000 13,700,000 2,000,000 1777 11,850,000 12,650,000 0,800,000 177S 10,250,000 11,550,000 1,300,000 1779 10,650,000 12,650,000 2,000,000 1780 10,750,000 12,550,000 1,800,000 1781 11,900,000 10,550,000 1,350,000 1782 9,500,000 12,350,000 2,850,000 We fhall couclude this account of our trade, with the following comparative view of ft.pping, vvhich, t,ll a better table can be formed, may have its ufee. If the fhippin^ of Europe be divided into twenty parts, then, Orcat Britain, &c. is computed to have ^ The United Pro\ inces ^ Denmark, Sweden, and Ruflia „ The trading cities of Germany, and the Auftrian Netherlands i trance Spain r.nd Portugal ^ Italy, and the rell of Europe — _j j Our bounds will not afford room to enter into a particular detail pf the places where thole Enghfh manufaaures, which are mentioned in the above account, are fabricated: a few general ftnaures, however, may be proper. mnn'^'m ' 1 '"a ^f7°"^"^ ^"PP^X "^ «°d lead, and woollen manufaaures are com- mon to almoft all the weftern coumies. Dorfetfhire makes cordage for the merStmfr/ WH "1 ^"•""^T'" / ^'^P' ^"^ ^^« '^'^^ ^^^^ man^faa^res. ^o- rfSe 'n^^ formlhing lead, copper, and lapis calaminaris, h4s large m^- l°ZTh ^^'^' ""^ '" ^'^^'' *^°"'^"" ^' ^^" «« ^'P' employed in foreign vojl XlV one Im?°.^ "^"^ ""J°"'? manufaaures; its glafs-bottle, and drinking, guis, one alone occupying fifteea large houfes: its brafs-wire manufaaures are at 1780 10,750,000 12,400,000 i,65o'ooo i m i ' & W f hi 1 ■'. i m „ II i ■ii *'■■«, -fl ■ ,.*| MM ■ ii'l H| 1 i' ' 3 M 1 s V^m 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I M 2.2 »-liM :: Hi IIM 1.8 1-25 111.4 ill 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREiT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14fS0 (716) 872-4503 z6o E N LAND. fo very confiderable. Vaft in«iufii£lurM of dl kinds (daft ieweltrv rln.1, watches, and cutleiy, in particulari are carried nn in T^IS jewellery, clocksi hood J the ^old aS filver SSn^ftu^ T^Xn thZTtt^/' ""^^"'^■ lent fluffs, camelots, druggets,' and ftoddnw Krmfnlotn Ti u ' "' *='''*^- (teel ,nd braft wares i ,t « hen^ and in Sheffield, which U fcnonaic ™5e,^ ,h! the true genius of Enghfli art and uiduftry is to be r«n • STSi «""«.>r. «"" ^; r^^^^^^steStrlSSS^ puce tJK^gh \r:tihie."lt ^gh^^^ejjg: r^^tz Hn^^^r^ °*^ manufkauring towns and pUces of Enghnd^ eiK wS T f* ^L^°* P*™*^'?^*' commodity, but the detail would become to^ Sv I nmft not howevCTdifraife this head, v^thout obferving the bwu^^rSain .7* earthen ware that have of late years been manu6aui4 in dSi^pE^ of E^* land pamculariy m Worcefterrhi,^ and Staffordlhire. The Sim^^„ SSt mWy thofe of Axminftei-, Wilton, and Kiddenninfte,, though ^Sit a la^e '^St faaure, greatly «cel m beauty any imported from Turkey, ai are ^tm^fSJ^ able; and confequ«»tly are a vaft faying to the nation! Papw Sd? vc,^ lately, was imponed m vatt quantities from France and HollaSd is nou; mlZ2. faauxe. The parliamenti of Ute, has given encQiuiement for rcvl/ml IhTl Hufaaure of falt-petre, which was & ^it^^TE^r^'hriXZl^ Raleigh but was dropt afterwards in favour ^7the EaftJnl^.^L^,Kc Se ^tion *" ""^'""^^"^ ^°°^^ be ^immcnfe benefit, as wXXmky^o After all that has been faid on this head, the feats of manufaaures and confe «,uemly of tradfe m England, are fluauating; they will always folW ttofe p?acei where Imng is chea,^ and taxes are eafy : for this reafon, they have beSTbfen.ed the land-tax very low; add to this, that probably, in a few years, the i JS^^navi^ ^>rt ^««'?^%^ocKS ^o''/"*/^^ f««^ mEng!^, wiik- an biSarual Account cf the Eaft-Indm, the Bmk, and tbe SouthSea- ComfanL ^ In order to give a dear idea of the money tranfaaions of the fevcral comoanie* k is proper we fhould fay fometbiiig of money in «eiKtal and ^rtioK^ ftandard of the value of all the neceffaries and accommodatiorof Bfe S^pa tS^ money « the rcprefentative of that ftwdawl k, fech a degr«, as to fupfjy k« plS N G L A N D. zet «nd to anfwer aU the pureofes of gold and iaver couj. NoAiii* \% n..r*wr»r» »« make thi« rcprefeatatife of money fupply the place 6£ foecif w 5,i^„S^7,.'° office or company who ddivers I ; SJ credit c^^^^^^^^^ to turn It into fpede whenever mjuired. This is exafty the Sof ^S^? *f 1"^^"^'k1''* "^T-°^ '^" «>Ware of the fame llhTls Ae current cote as they may be turned mto it whenever the poflelfor pleafes. From W as noS IcM^"^ t^^"^ counterfeiting th,m is pSniihed with de^h^'^s weU « /,J^kT*^^^*^''^""'« "''^ ^^ ^^"^ ^^^' and exchanjrbK it for note, (though tW bear no mterc -^ -SvTarret th^e pX ^Jtn^' SLSSf? ^'^ 'V*'* woney en,pio3.ed. But this tem. has be^ S tended farther, though improperiy, tofignify any fiimof money which haS b^T^lpm to Je government, on condition of receW^ a certain intereft^m^the moi^T s^e^ ^(i. and wtach mafcM a part of the national debt. As the fecuri y both oT^he Jo" vernment andthe pubbc companies isefteemed preferable to tS" o?anTprivate dS' fai ; ,a« the ftoeke are «egociWbte and may be fold at any timerand z^irZAX aWs punaw!^, panl when due j fo the/are thereby enabled to borrow mS on a lower i^ereft tU what might be obtainled from lenabg it to private Sons Xre there 18 often fome danger of lofingboth principal and Stereft.^ ^ ' "^^ ' "^^"^ nnS^rf '""ST P?^\^«P"fil fto<^k or flind of a company i» raifed for a particular ready purchafed, mav be transferred from one peribn to anotL S SS the lers, a peribn who is mdifferent about feUing, wfli not part with hi, IhaTwiS^t a til ENGLAND. certain quantity c^f fomc particular ftock a Jn J whjJi I" * .'*"*'" ^"^''"^ ^i°'«. « ing a. the.r contra^ is. either to raife or 10^0^^!. K 'J'^ endeavour, accoki- fiauious ftories, in order to induce pSpreitheA^^^^^^ by Spreading rumours, and quently cheap, if they are to deliverfffi or tol^omi °"' -u- * ^"'"T' »"d <^o°fc- ani^^^^-^rtS:^^^^';^^^^ contraAed for, they only pay (ucL fuin oTmr °' ^'^'^T ^'^^ quantity they have Jhe price the ftock was aVwC they Sf the comra^"^''? t' ^^^^^<^- ^^r^n be at when the contradt is fulfilled : aiod h is no „n? ^ ''l^ ^^* P"^« « ^aPPens to rool. tomakecontraas for thVC^JoTZT '^'^'"''^^''^^^^^ of Exchange-Alley, the buyer in t£! ' [^ -"^ ',?°',°^"^- ^o^''- I" the language Bear; one i, for Aifingor Sg up and the mh'"r'' '^' ^H"' and the fellef X the Stock. ^ "°8 "P' «nd ^he other for lowering or trampling upo^i pro^'^^^^^^^^^^ though of a Wgher r,nk. „.y men. who are dealers m flock and^n1Srrukh"\l,^^^^^ "^ '^' ^'''' ™«niei new money is to be borrowed. Thefe inH«.T »he government whenever any and felW of flock; but bf «ifinrfc l''^'* "^ "°' fi«'»o"»> but really buyem pretending to buy Jr fel tg^qS ^''^fi'S groundlefs LTby mentioned fet of men as thcHnitn min? °^J''^^ «« a fudden. by ufmK the fore n.o^^pSb5^^otet^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'r ^r"-' - — of i. being ranon. affeft the credit XToXVJr n7 '^'' T" ^""y' «^ o^lyin imag? credit IS fecured, mufl naturallyhaC^a conSrl? ^^S-^'^™"^"^^ ^yVhich th^at with reipea to the intereft o/the proprietors a ^ "^'^ T '^ ^^^' Thul company which produces 5I. or 61 Z elm Zl ^"^f J^e ftock of a trading an annuity ^ith governmem feo^^riC Z £^. "' ™"^ ^ "^°^^ ^«'"abta than cent, per-nnum; and confequentrfu^'h ft^if ^rS, "« Tl '^''' ^l. or 4I. per umty. TTiough, it muft be obferved that a f^.^ ? f n * ^'^her price than an Z- producing 51. or 61. per cent, per annum wifno^ f '^uc^"^^ ?^ * trading company a governmem annuity producL tl^W fom i ''r*" ^^ "^"^'^ -""^"^ « "'arket as IS not reckoned equal to that of fhl^ove^S T!u '^"^ ^"^""'^y °^ '^^ <^«n>Pany L7^t£„r.s;x:f-m^^^ bhftied. ^ "» ^"° '"e iiaft-India company as the firft efta- ' E N G L A N D. 263 It has lince admitted of vaft alteration* Tt. n.,.^ r Li- . . naliy ouly5ol.fterling; and its SdS onlv ^^ a '1 ^^ ^"^^"'Ptions, were origi- a confiderable dividend wnX 1^,6-7^1^'^' * ? ^"^'^* ^"^^°" ^^a^^g wpital, by which the ftares we.J douWed ^ndT"f'° ^^'^ the profit, to th? xooL value, and the capital l^o^iTI^ L itl "^"^""T^^^ t'^^n'e of fits of the company to the ^^^gfli ;drf./^t 't^l''\ •^. ^^2.6391. the pro- ht I.703.402I. TUgh the TftaSnient o^^^^^^^ "^^"^^ ^°'^ ^"^ te found to clearea manner by sfr JoLh S and 1^^^ T^'f^ '*''' ^'"^i<^«'<^d in the wJiich the duke o/Yoric^ftervvS fames U hJ^ advocates, yet the partiality theloffea kf«ftainedin ^arTwith the S«ob anS^ favourite African trade. IKmed in the affairs of IndofTan damS^ tL ,linn 7°'""°°» r^ich had hap- fo that at the time of the Retoludon when ZT t 't^ ^^^^'^ .'° ^"PP«" «; was in« very indifferent fituatfon tW. • ^ '"'"' ^'°^^ ^""^ ^"^ France, i «« parlianl^tary fSn? whSeW il ft^k ift/ f «^"^^«^" Vf'^^ ^° «« ^^ving really worth: ahd it was refolvS?}, ? ^*'' ^"^"^ ?' °"^ ^^^^ ^^Is than it wa! authority of iarSatam ^ '^" * "'^ '^'"P^'^y ^^^'^ '^^ "^^'^^d, under Ae in their flvour. The old comm^hn Jj^ " * ^J'*'"^"^ '^ *^ ^^^ Parliament parlian^ent and nation ; and XaT l^Wfou^dTT^ ' v^ft intereft both in the lent a ftruggle between the two comnfnS? r "l^"'"-^ 'f^'^^' defe^ive, fo vio- . umtedbySinSretripadtl l7r ^'°^'' '^^l »° '^^ Y^^^r: 1702, they were for twaVllionsTwa! reducTto o cS'h ^°^r '^^^ T'^^ ^"^ ^^ ^ P" ^^^^ without any add tional bteS • for '«hi«K ^o^V'''" °^ ['2oo,ocol. to the public, prolongation of its exclSwiv^er^^^^^^^ '^^ *^°"P^°y obtained a dcrthe titleof « 'nirSed S^, t.f^ ^ f *^^ '^''"''5' ^"^ grantedtto them, un- exclufive right of tradrwa. nrSoS f ^^'^'"^ \'^^^S to tie Jlaft-Indies." Its , bythecompan/in 7T^^^ for thirty4£;^^;:a;rye7the ntc^^^^^^^ S^irT^- "?'" ^S^'' ^^^^ ^^^^^^d 3.r90,ook waaLuc^d'^^threeSrc^t.ldS^ ^'"^^^^^ ^" ' IWe annuities are differeiu Tom tL tfadiir^fl u '^f ? P"' '^'"*- =°°"«i"- • prietors of whioh, " lead of recehin.. ^ r^l? " ^^ «* the .compan;., the .p,o, - different Ihares, a dividend ofTeS^ S- '^^^ '* according to. their that dividend rife^or. falls a^cordb/t the ^frL^r ^^^Tl^^'» ^"^^^ and . real, or, as is too ofiea the caf^i^feided A ?^ *^^^^^ ""r $« ?«°'Pany. cither of 500, formerly had, but now TiSor^ u^hthr^'"'^'''' °^ ^'^^'''' the.amount teigner, has a riibt to be a. Ziawr Ti^' to ^v ' """ "^ • "^r*"* -^'"'^ «^ fo" Two thoufand.JpundsisL^XcadSi forf HJ^/T"'^ I'' the. general .council, four iamimberrincluding^thSTchSa?^:^ eleaed intu^n, fix a yeal f^f^*?^^^3^^^^ who.may,be. rl . of 20cl. a year, and each of tlTdiSs i wl Ik. 1*^^;F^^^°"*'« »>« » ^lary . reaors, are to be held at leaft owe a wedc • bm Iw. *^ Seeing, or court of ,dl-. mpnedas occafion requires oT^^^eb the growth of private trad**. JCv.7,^ 01 law-lmts, and a committee to prevent warehQufe-kee,£S! ' ' ^^o, have under them a fecietaty/ caihier, clerG, andj 20+ N G L A N D. The amazing territoml acquifidon* of this company, computed to be igjooo ■SXl ^^ ^^ ;<»^taining 30 million* of peopte. 4ft be neceffarilT a tendS rinJ^^'^T^^l^^'^'^^tL'*^**^ *^ »^»' J«"«» 'o «»« diffenffcns among c T^^n ^^^ ""^ ^"^ *'^ *^^d» '^«vc of Jate greatly engaged the atten^n of the legtflature A NjftriiHon has occafionally beenlaid on & dividend foJ acertam time. From the report of the committee in 1773, appoioted bv narlia- ment on India affairs, u appears that the India company, fit>m {he year 1708 to 1756. for the fpace of forty-feven years and a half, dfvided the fum of U.000.000I. .K . rf ""** t ^u ^'J^^^'' **^ '^^' "» ^'^ »"ft mentioi^ period it appea«^d. that befides to the above dividend, the capital flock of tho comMny had been in^ Sl'^F ^i?'rS- ConfideraWe alterations we«. made in the -ffaiKd conSStiS^ of he Eaft India company by an aft pafled in 1773, ^titled. *' An aft for efta- Wifliing certam rules and orders, for the future management of the affaiwofihe "Eaft-Indu company as we!l in India as in Eumpe." It was h^tSJ enaaJd that the court of diredors fhould, in future, be eleaed for four y«J^fix mem.' bers amiually; but none to hold their feats longer than four years. Hat no pTr- fon Ihould vote at the eledion of the direaorsf who had not pofleffe^i therftSk Sl?l'"w'* J^'^^'J" ^^^ of qualification (hould. inftead^f 500I. as it Sd ture be confined to fmall mercantile caufes, to which only its jurifdiaion extended befonr ^he terntonal acquifum. That in lieu of this cJurt.\ht» tS awav.l fifT^K f^^*^*";""**** ^'^^i^"^ "[* chief juftice and three pulfne judges ; a^ that thefe judges be appoint«I by the crown. ITiat a fuperiority be iv?n to the prefidency of Bengal, over the other prefidencies in Indir TTiat the Tight of no- «imating the^vernor and council of Bengal (hould be veiled in the ci^wn. m falanes of the judgjs were alfo fired, at good, to the chief juftice, and 60001 a-year to each of the oth^r three. The appointments of the g^vemor^neral and This was certaidya very extraordmary aft, and an immenfe power and influent r.W mlnf '""t "''^°- ^^ "^ proportional benefit has hitherto refulted to the company: on the comrary the new eftaWilhed court of juftice has paid fo httle attention to the manners of the inhabitants of India, and to the ufages of that ^ojwry, as to occafion the moft alarming difooments among the natives, and great diiTatis&aion even among the company's own ftrvants. vrrs, ana great In the month of Noyember 1783> Mh Fbx, then l^retaty of ftate, brotwht ^ ^fV ^'^ regulatmg the company tinder the fuppofition of the hxcSm. ^^u ^"^"'' »o<» the prefent infolvent ftate of thVcompany. The bffl pafled the commons, but it feen« by the fee«t influence of the emwnfS opp^n was formed agamft it m the houfe of lordii, „ pkcing too da»«mas a po^J^teSe tTt'iJ^ Td' t? l^'^.T'^^^ ft"* to^te a^thenie^^iSi^ '° ^ ^^^^^"^ """"ber of Ihares. or fubfcrimfonr o b^ purchafed by perfons difpofed to adventure therein. And the better to caU^ d^ de^ption, the directors engaged to make very large dividends; and a&Uv declared that every lool. original ftock would yfeld 50I. per annum : which oc 7^'""^TW^'^"'-''^r^'^'^^^h ^hataihareoV looL was fold fo^ upwards of S"k r'J"''! •^^^'"'*°'''*'^^'>;' ^"* ^^°^« '^' e«d of SeptemberTfeU to 1501. by which multitudes were ruined, and fuch a fcene of diftrds occafioncd as IS fcarcely to be conceived. But the confequences of this infamous fchemV'aJe too well known; moft of the direflors were^feverely fined, to the loft of nearly all their property; feme of whom had no hand in the deception, nor gained TS thmg by It ; but it was agreed, they ought to have oppofed and prevented it. By a ftatute of the 6th of George II. it was enafted, that from and after the 24tll of June, 1733. the capital ftock of this company, which amounted to 14,651,1ml 8s. id. and the fti.res of the refpeftive proprietors, ftiould be divided into four e« apprehended that whenever the goverun^ni pays c^ the ia! {h^A.f^^'^A "u^ •il'e^'i''e be aflefted by the court of Chance. y: for if that court brtcrlLftorh^ h^'-*^ '^ ""'" 't'.-^ direaiontobelaidUinanyparS than^ny'oJh^orttS^^^^^^^^ P""'^^"'' ^'' ^ "'^^^ '^ * ^''^i^- P-« frS ^Jf ".l*"^' ^° '*]**' '•'! '"''? ^j" ^^•■"'^« *^w -""ch the cred:t and the in- ^.cft of the nation depend on the fupport of the public funds, of which mo?e partitulars hereafter, under the article of k.v.nuis. WhUe hrinnuS and uuereft for money advanced, are there regularly paid, and the princ'p.Hnfu S bybothpnnceand people (a fecurity not to le had in other natC/fordS 'W.1 lend us their property, and all Europe be interefted in our welfore the p^^ rfn^r'"P'"*" w,U be converted into money and merchandife, and Great bS f aa never want calh to carry her fchemes Into execution. In other naUons cr^ dttis founded on the word of tfie prince, if a monarchy; or thatof the iSe "fa" !K ft'' ^"n r"" '^ iseftablifhed on the imerefts of b^ h prince and peS which en^^r-^.''^ n'-"'>^= ^^^ however lovely and engaging honelty margin other refpcfts, lutereft in money matters will always obtain confidence Ibecaufe nianv •people pay great regard to their intereft. who have but little veSon for v£ue ^ Constitution and laws.] Tacitus, in dcfcribing fuch a conflitution as that of Wland, feems ip think, that however beautiful it may be ?n theorTrwU^^^^ found impraaicable in the execution. Experience has proved h s Ske • fo bv SS.t'lV^-'T"^'^'""^"^"?'' '''''^^^''^ 'l'^ «o^ fall .itliiniisTd'eas the Engh/h corfluution has continued In its f^ll vigour for above 500 years. It muff ml! 'a 'T' ^ ''^"""^^' '^'' " ''^» '<^*^"'*=d' 'l"""? that time! many amend- bv he'rbn.l""'' mtern,ptions;.but its principles are the Ikme with 'thofeSeSed by the abo^e mentioned hillonan. as belonging to the Germans and the other nn;lrX'"""°"rn^'l^ Englilh nation, and which are verj in^r;Arly bl^^^^^^^^^ under the name of Gothic. On the f5rft invafion of England by the Saxons who came from Germany and the neighbouring com,tiies, their laws and mannm weie Ijretty much the fame as thole mentioned ly Tacitus! 7he people L" a SdeTL' inTthl; ""'wv -^^^ .'^^"^"^.'^d lands, in proportion to the merits of his fbUower and their abilities to ferve him, were d flributed among them; and the Xk was' autvlder^ f' ^°T°" P'°P"^y ^^'^^^ '^'y ^-^^^ ' "'"^^^ i" defending agaTnft all invaders. Frefh adventurers coming over, under feparate leaders the old in habuams were dmen into Wales; and thofe leaders, at^ laft, affS the thle of kings over the feveral diftrifts they had conquered. Ihis chLTof appelhtion aTdPia:"buTd[d r'r««^--« the Britois, and their neigh'LursT S b^'ri'edtt^lita^^X^'' ^'"^^^""' ''^ "^^"^^"^ ^^-^^^-^ -°"-^^ to All civil matters were propofed in a general affemlly of the chief officers and the people, till, by degrees, fl^etiEs and other civil officers were appoS. To Alfred we owe that mafter-piece of judicial polity, the fubdivifion of EnRland into trarill fhnf •^"^T^^"^ '^' fubdivifion^'of hundreds into tything names tha foil lubfift m England; and overfeers were chofen to direft them for^he Zd rh. ^^ ^ J^' ^u^"^ "^^ '^'*= j^^g^ °f «» "^'1 and criminal matters wkhb uln? T '""^ ? ^r- ^^'''■' '^^ introduaion of Chriftianity, was added the bifhop. In procefs of time, as bufinefs multiplied, itinerant aLd other iudges were appointed; but by the earlieft records, itappe rsthat all clvU mtters wIS £ N N D. 271 decided by laor 16 men, living in the neiKhbourhood of the place where the dif- puteUy; and here we have the original of Englifti juries. It is certain that they were in ul'e among the earlicft Saxon colonies, their inftitution being afcribcd by bilhop Nichollbn to Woden hiinlelf, their great legiflator and captain. Hence we find traces of juries in the laws of all thofe nations which adopted the feodal fyfteni, as in Germany, France, and Italy ; who ha Our fucceeding Saxon and Danifh monarchs held frequent councils of this fort, as appears from their refpeAive codes of laws. There it alfo no doubt, but thefe great councils were held regularly under the firft princes of the Normaa lines, for in Edward the 'Third's time, an a£t of parliament made in the reign of William the Con- queror, was pleaded in the cafe of the Abb<-y of St. Edmund(bury, and judicially allowed by the court. Vi E N N D. Of the kino.] The fupremc executive power of Great Britain and Ireland i. vefted ty our conihtuuon m a fmgie perfon. kin^ or qu.en; for -r is Sulifl^ em lo which fex the crowauefcem^s: the perfon emitted to it, whether makor female jsjmmedutely xntrufted with .11 the catlgns, rights, and prerogatives of foSSign nf^^^r^?-'''^?"'^*'^^''''^'"'?^'" 'V T^^'^^ ^^« "«h^ of fucceffiou to the throne of ttiele kmgdoms depends, is: "that the crown, by common law and conftkr S^E? f"^r\'' ^'"'"^''l^-^ "?d this in a manner peculiar to itfeU; but Z tS; Lament : under which limitations the crown iliU continues hereditary" Ihat the reader may enter more c^--Ay into the deduaion of the foUowin? roval fucceflion, by us being transferred from the houfe of Tudor to that of Stua^^i^ may be proper to mtorm him, that on the death of queen Elizab^^ without tfue Eii^aS rs t'^eii; thot^idfr4i ^f^^f^^ the x>forman myafion downward ; he being iudifputably heTnealTer^^^ L And. wh:.^ is Ibll niore remarkable, in his perfon aUb centered the Iht "• the Saxon monarchs, which haa been fufpended from the NorrnanlnvafiL fill K?c acce^on. For Margaret the futer of Edgir Alheling, the luThterTfEd Jr^^^ the O.^law, and gr.nd daughter of kin? Edmund Ironfide was theVerfon in whom the hereditary right of the Saxon kings, fuppofing it not a'bolifhed brth"con^S re! mL ?^-"'y"^u ^'^.'°^'" ^'- ^'°« "*■ S^^''^'^^ > *«J Henry ll by a deS from Matilda their daughter is generally called the rettorer of the Sa^^^n linT Em i^ xnuft be remembered, that Malcolm, by his Saxon queen, had fonsTs VeU as dau.I ers; and tha the royal family of Scoc.-nd, from Sut time dowawfrd were the Iff At the Revr^ution in 1688, the convention of cftates, or reprefent-Jve l.rHv «f the natiorf, declared, that the mifconduft of king James II aLS to an abdka^c n of the government, and that the throne was thereby Vacant abdication In conlequence of tl>is vacancy, and from a regard to the ancient line the c- , vention aopoiuted the next Proteftant heirs of the blood royal of kbg Charles I to filae vacant throne, m the o d order of fucceflion; with a temp^rlry iS^^^^ or preference, to the perfon of king William III '^"'poiary exception, On the impending failure of the ProtJlant line of king Charles I fwherebv the throne m.ght again have become vacam) the king and parHamenT exteiXl th^ fe tlement or the crown to the Proteftant l(ne of king James I. viz to the Prtcds t^ pma of Hanover, and the heirs of her body, beinl nro'eftanf • and f^J [, n!^ ^T common ftock, from whom the heirs of the c^;wn muft df eiS"* "°^ '^' i he true ground and principle, upon which the revohuion proceeded was en tirely a new cafe in politics, which had never before happened in o!n hifto^ Z abdication of the rcignii^ monarch, and the vacancy of the mrL tLiS: h ' was not a defealance of the right of fucceflion, and a^new limuSoL of thTc^wn! ' n'S:?„thfLi::?.f'l?'„s''j;°:.!.l'""' !^ united under on. rn.. « N G L N D. 273 by th:; king and both houfes of parliament ; it was the a£l of the nation alone, upon a convidlion that there was no kin)^ in being. For in a full affembly of the lords turies before, invsided and Aibdued the ancient Britoni, whom ihej drove into Wales and Cornwall. Began to reign. 800 Egbert 838 Ethelwulf 8^7 Ethelbaia 860 Ethel bert 866 Etheired 871 go I 925 94. 946 1C17 Canute, king of Denmark ) Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Athelftan Edmund Edred 95$ Edwjr 959 Edgar 975 Edward the Martyr 978 Etheired II. i 1016 Edmund II. or Ironfide j rPr: Saxon incef. Harold Hardicanute Edward the Confeflbr Harold William William li V DaniRi. Saxon. '03S 1039 1041 1065 !o66 1087 1 100 Henry I, 1 135 Stephen, grandfon to the Conqueror, by his fourth daughter Adcla (Commonly called the conqueror) duke of Normandy, a province focing the fouth of England, now annexed to the French monarchy. > Sons of the Conqueror. e. 1 Houfe of Lancafter. 1485 Henry Vll. ,.^. u^^^ II ) (Plantagenet) grandfon of Henry I. by his~dauehter the emprefi Matilda, and her ii54Henryn. I fecond hufoand GeofFroy Plantagenet. 'I^^?'?"'^^) Sons of Henry II. 1 199 John 3 ' 1216 Henry HI. fon of John. 1272 Edward I. fon of Henry III. 1307 Edward II. fon of Edward F. 1327 Edward III. fon of Edward II. 1377 ii^ichard II. grandfon of Edward III. by his eldeft fon, the Black Prince. 1 1QQ Henry IV \^°^ '° J°'"' °f Gaunt, duke of Lancafter, 4th fon to Ed- 1413 Henry V. fon of Henry IV. 1422 Henry VI fon of Henry V. 1461 Edward IV. defcended from Edward III. by Lionel his 3d fon. 1 1483 Edward V. fon of Edward IV. f Houfe of York 1483 Richard III. brother of Edward IV. f (Tudor) fon of the countefs of < Richmond, of the Houfe of C Lancafter. 1509 Henry VIII. da of Henry VII. 1547 Edward VI. foh of Henry VIIJ. Is'llSbethi^-ghter. of Henry VIII. , I , ( Great grandfon of James IV. king of Scotland, by Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. 1003 James 1. J .^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^j^^ 3^^^^ ^^^5,^ j^^ gngi^j^j 162; Charles I. fon of James I. Commonwealth, and protedlorate of Cromwell. ,649CharlesII. |son,of Charlesl. , 1685 James II. > fiBS J ^'"'''™ ^I^' nephew and fon-in-law cf James II. C and Mary ) Daughters of James 11. in whom ended the Proteftant line of Charles I. for James 1702 Anne ) H. up .n his abdicating the throne, carried with him his infant fon (the late Pretender) who was excluded by aft of parliament, which fettled the fucceflion in the next Proteftant heirs of James 1. The furvivine iffue of James, at the time of his death, were a fon and a daughter, viz. Charles, who fucceeded him, and the princefs Elixabeth, who married the iiledtor Palatine, who took the title ^ ef king of Bohemia, and left a daughter, the Princefs Sophia, who married the duke of Brunfwick Luncnburgh, by whom (he had George, elector of Hanover, who afcended the throne, by aA of parliament, exprefly made in favour of his Houfe of Tudor, in whom were united the houfe* of Lancafter and York, by Henry Vll.'s mar- riage with riizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. 1714 George I. 1727 George 11. fon of George I. 1760 George III. grandfon oiGeorge II. J > Houfe of Hanover, N n 274 E IT G L A N D. ^irr^WrJnr"^^^^^^ of JIs vacancy, bothhoufea coDftitution of the kbgdom bv7J^^^^ endeavoured to fubvert the ?Z' ^ M '' ^'^'^''•'" f ^ ""^^P^-^^^ ^^^°l""on, tEe oS Une of fucceZn 1" 'k from the Norman invafion had lalted above 600 v^Jr^ .«^ r luccelhon : which Saxon heptarchy b king Egbertralmoft 900 ^'"'' '^^ ^"^^^ ^^^ ""'°" ^^ ^^e .iLTyV^frSirthS a ;^;rc"r e^i^^dt ^usib^e ^r^i^^ v- '-^ live and liberty have been better definirl^h! A • • , r^^ ^""''^ of preroga- roughly camiLd an^underod a^d \ e .S^^^ guarded by legal provifions, than i'nTny mLr fer od of the /nS^ particular, n s worthy oblervation fhJ ti,!^,^ • • ^-pghln hiAory. In avoided ^ith great l^LoTZTret! i^ 'kTT^'-/'^ '^' '^^'' judgment, zealous republicans uodd hive LdThTn The^ t/.^^J^'^"^-;^"""^^ °' ^^'"^ James amounted to an endeavou to ftT-Lrt \U n- ^" '^'' ""f^onduft of king lubveriion. or total dlffolutfouTf th^^^^^^^^^^ "°^ ^« ^ «^-' voted it to amount to no more than IImI ?f J l^' ^^'''^^'^'^' ^^ry prudently quent vacancy of the throne wheArtW^^^ "^ '^^ government, and a conlb- the executive magi hate was eo^e an^ t r'T^'T '''^' ""'^^'"^ ^° ^"b^'^' ^^ough no longer king. Shus the conft.^S "^l^ °*'^. '° '■^"^^^"' ^^""Sh James was princij^eofg^overremrLft^th^f^^^^^^ conflituent a p.n as the royal authority been aSLd, ^or?v;n^^^^^^^^^^ «°^ Hence it is eafy to colledt, that the^itle to the cr^wnTs at nlw i. ^• though not quite lb abfolutelv hereditarv as fnrm^.l i I ^^^^^ hereditary, anceltor, from whom the Snt r,nft ^^ formerly; and the common ftock or common itock was kbgE.trt then \V^li^^^^^ '"^ ^'^'''f- ^^^'^'^^y ^he I.'s time, the two commonocks li^, ^ r ^ Conqueror ; afterward, in James throne in 1688 : nowT^the pLeft sihTa [n '°h """f • ". '^-^ "^^^"^^ ^^ '^e by the new king and parliait;r"F:Ltfy h'e de,trwt\tTurr^^^^^^ ''''' went to the next he r without anv reftriflion • hnf n^, ablolute, and the crown blilhkbvihe llw) A^i 'ri S"'!^'- »"<' the Ptoteftant reformed religion ella- enarcfe. vonmuUtu lo tneir clur^e, ,11 l„ch rights and privileges ENGLAND. j,^ '?,u'i '^ollt I*«"'PP«™ -o *em, or any of .bem.-K,,,. ,„„„. All the latter, that, at his coronation he fhall take and fnhfr.rJKi r m f<-0"and: nor raife any n™ ,ax«, n^or afl r„p7or„L"o ai^ of he law? ■ "m'i" ^: 'T' war or peace; fend and receive ambalTadora; maV ..ea. eT of lea* never been tnoved , b3t thi,\^ P^r^^^^^h^\bTl!^"T,'^T,}^ " '""' feldon, ventured to exerrife. He Seth the nU, of^Sfi t"^'""" '"""' ""T of nominating all the great officers of toe of .K„1'm "'..""J °r ™"""'i in «,«, i, the foumain^f iono„;, fwm whom aS SeSr^e Vnol.im/''°;.'V ■'°.<'' hood are derived. Sneh is the dimity and po^erK n" of Sr^« Li«fn '*''"• jr inrx«^»;h-^.K^^^^ now ftands, was marked out fo long ago as the 17th of k 0^10^1, ^Y n "* ^'." non hath fubfifted, in fad, at leaft from thc\cZ%T^Scnr^m^^^^^^^ ftiU extant writs of that date to fummon kni/bt" it?4" ^"^2^r -if '"^ raeut. - o'— .- — !•— ci.i., Alia cur jjcucs 10 pania- N n 3 ■a i']6 E N O N The parliament is airembled by the king's writs, and its fitting muft not be inter- muted above three years Its conftituent parts are. the king fitting there in his royal pohtical capacity, .r d the three eftates of the realm; the lords ipiritual, the ords temporal (who lit together with the king in one houfe). and the commons, who fit bv themfelves in another. The king and thefe three eftates, together, form the great cor- poration or body politic of the kingdom, of which the king is faid to be JpuL prm- cipium, etfnu. \ox upon their coming together the king meets them, either in per- A °'"7:reprefentation; without which there can be no beginning of a parliament • and he alfo has alone the power of diffolving them. i^«ti"ainent, It is highly neceffarv for preferving the balance of the conftitution, that the exc- cutive power fhould be a branch, though not the whole, of the lesiflature. The crown cannot b^m of itfelf any alterations in the preferit eftablifhed law; but it may approve or difapprove of the alterations fuggefted and confented to by the two houres. The legiflative therefore cannot abridge the executive power of any rights which ,t now has by law, without its owaconfent: fince the law muft' perLtullly ftand as it now does unlefs all the powers will agree to alter it. And herein indeed confifts the true excellence of the Englifh government, that all the parts of it form a mutual check upon each other. In the legifiature, the people are a check upon the fn 7; fJ?"* '^if r,o^^\^^.y^ check upon the people ; by the mutual privilege uf rejea. ing what the other has refolved : while the king is a check upon both,\hich pre- ferves the executive power from encroachments. , n i re The lords fpiritual confift of two archbifliops and twenty-four biihops. The lords temporal confift of al the peers of the realm, the bifhops iot being in ftrianefs held tpbe fuch, but merelv lords of parliament. Some of the peers fit by defcent as do all ancient peers ; fome by creation, as do all the new-made ones : others, fince'the union wuh Scotland, by eledtion, which is the cafe of the fixteen peers, who repre! fent the body of the Scots nobility. The number of peers is indefinite, and may be mcreafed at will by the power of the crown. ^ A body of nobility is more peculiarly necelfary in our mixed and compounded conftitution in orderto fupport the rights of both the crown and the people; by forming a barrier to withftand the encroachments of both. It creates and pre ferves that gradual fcale of dignity, which proceeds from the peafam to the prince • rifingli^e a pyramid from a broad foundation, and diminifhing to a point as it rifes. The nobility therefore are the j)illars. which are reared from among the people, more immediately to fupport the throne: and if that falls, they muft alfo be buried under its ruins. Accordingly, when in the laft century the commons had determined to extirpate monarchy, they alfo voted the houfe of lords to be ufe leis and dangerous. The commons confift of all fuch men of any property in the kingdom, as have not feats m the houfe of lords ; every one of which has a voice in parliamait, either perfonally, or by his reprelentatives*. In a free ftate, every man, who is fuppofed a free agent, ought to be m fome meafuie. his own governor; and therefore \ branch at leaft of the legifiative power Ihould rende in the whole body ot the peo ►n ^ Jv 1 f be underftood wuh fome limitation. Thofe who arc poffcffcd of Innd eftates. thou>rh T^ljtr J^^ •^°'- P" ' u""'"' "L^^^ " "^'^^ '" ^'"'-^ f""- ™^™bers of parliament; 1 ave rnoS the members ot corporations, boroughs. &c. liut there are very larpe trLdin^ towns and noZo,! places, ^vl,,ch fend no members to parliament , and of thofe towns which do^ feud members 'eea numbers -A the inhalncants have no vole.. Many thoufand perfons of great perfonal property' have therefore no reprdenut.ves Indeed, the inequality and defeftivenefs oAhe rep^eH^^ntatL h'' been uftly conf.Jered as one of the greateft imperfedlions in the Englilh conftitution. The Siicn ot parhamenis bemjr extended to fcven years, has alfo beeu viewed i| the fame light "° N N D. 277 pie. In fo large a ftate as ours, it is very wifely contrived; that the people fhould do that by their reprefentatives, which it is iinpradticable to perform in perfon : reprefentatives, chofeii by a number of minute and feparate diftrias, wherein all the voters are, or eafily may be, diftinguifhed. The counties are therefore repre- fented by knights, eledted by the proprietors of lands : the cities and boroughs are reprefented by citizens and burgeffes, chofcn by the mercantile part, or fuppofed trading intercll of the nation. The number of Englifh reprefentatives is 513, and of Scots 45 ; in all 558. And every member, though chofen by one particular diftria, when ekaed and returned, ferves for the whole realm. Foe the end oi his coming thither is not particular, but general ; not merely to ferve his conftitu- ents, but alfo the commonwealth, and to advife his majefly, as appears from the writ of fummons. The power and jurifdiaion of parliament, fays Sir Eduard Coke, is fo tran- fcendent and abiolute, that it cannot be confined, either for caufes or perfons, wuhm any bounds. It hath fovereign and uncontrollable authority in making, con- firming, enlarging, reltraining, abrogating, repealing, reviving, and expounding of laws, concerning matters of all poflible denominations, ecclefiaftical, or tern- poral, civil, military, maritime or criminal : this being the place where that ab- folute defpoiic power, which muft in all governments refide fomewhere, is entrufled by the conftitution of thefc kingdoms. All mifchiefs and giievances, operations and remedies, that tranfcend the ordinary courfe of the laws, are within the reach of this extraordinary tribunal. It can regulate or ncw-model the fucceflion to the crown; as was done in the reign of Henry VIII. and William III. It can alter thecftab. Tied religion of the land; as was "done in a variety of inftances, in the reign of king Henry VIII. and his three children, Edward VI. Mary, and Eliza- beth. It can change and create afrefh even the conftitution of the kingdom, and of parliaments therafelves ; as was done by the aa of union, and the fev eral fta- tutes for triennial and feptennial ekaions. It can, in fhort, do ever)' thing that is not naturally impoflible; and therefore fome have not Icrupled to call its power In^ a figure rather too bold, the omnipotence of parliament. But then their power, how- ever great, was given them in truft, and therefore ought to be employed according to the rules of juftice, and for the jjromotion of the general welfare of the people. Audit is a matter moft eifential to the liberties of the kingdom, that fuch mem- bers be delegated to this important truft, as are moft eminent for their probity, their fortitude, and their knowledge; for it was a known apophthegm of the great- lord treafurer Burleigh, « that England could never be mined but by a parliament :" and, as Sir Matthew Hale obferves, this being the higheft and greateft: court, , over which none other can have jurifdiaion in the kingdom, if by any means a' mifgovernment Ihould any way fall upon it, the fubjeas of this kingdom are left without all manner of legal remedy." In order to prevent the mifchiefs that might arife, by placing this extenfive au- thority in hands that are either incapable, or elfe improper, to manage it, it is provided, that no one Ihall fit or vote in either houfe of parliament, unkfs he be twenty-one years of age. To prevent innovations in religion and government, it is en.;aed that no member (ball vote or fit in either houle, till he hath, in the pre- lenceof the houfe, taken the oaths of allegiance, fupremacy, and abjuration; and lubfcribed and repeated the declaration againft tranfubftantiation, the invocation of lamts, and the faciifice of the mafs. To prevent dangers that may arife to the kingdom from forei^r iMachments, connexions, or dependencies, it is etiaaed, that no alien, born out of the dominions of the crown of Great Britain, even «78 E N G L A N D. t::;^:.'' ""''-''-'' «^^» ^ ^pable of l.i.g ^ .e.ber of euher houfe of vileteTf'^Tote^ of either houfe arc pri Astothefirff, privileg^"f ^^eecVht d^^ ^- l?«ds and"^o'd" 2.C. 2. as one of the liberties of the peoSf «Yha^^!u?^^^^ ' W. &k ft. " debau-8. and proceedings in parliament, ouXnot to hL t ^"^r, °^ '>^^^''' '^"d m any court or place out of parliament "And ?hUr ^ '^^'r^.^'^ ""' quellioned larly demanded of the king in perfon h^ .K r Z'^^*^?"" of fpeech is particu- at the opening of every neV pSam;nt^ So^a^the "V'^ ^.°t ^^ <^oimoZ, fervants, lands, and goods Thi, fn^i ^' , *"® °''*^'" Pnvileges, of perfon but alfo from legal ar^ftt Jt "uS'bt p°S' &" T '"™ ^'^^^^ -^^^-e,' alfault by violence a membe.- of either houfe or hi, '^^, ^°""« ^^ J^"'- To contempt of parliament, and there n.mJ/l^^H' • u u" '"*'°'^' fervants, is a high any member of either houfe be arreftK^H? u""" • '^' T°^ ^«^^"»7- Neither cfn procefs of the courts of W; n^r can hfs ment? T ""^^S:' "°^ ^"^^^ ^«h a^^ emry be made on his lands; nor can ht J^S? >I T^- ^. """^^d' nor can any ^-^^^^hof the privilege of parliament ^ ^ '^'"'^'^'''^"^ °^ ^"^^> ^'«hout a 1 he houfe of lords have a rJ.»>,r »«V judgesof the court of king's beTch;^^^ ^"^°**«'^.. and onfequently are, by the theex-che]ei\cd, wr.;d/;j mujattJts, when the bill begins in the hnnft. «f lr^r^<." But, when an afl of grace or pardon i, pafled, it U S.^^% htt^yl^fi .'lit 28o N N D. then read once only in each of the houfes, without any new cngroffinj? or amend- mem. And when both houies have done with any bill, it always is depofitcd in the houfe of peers, to wait the royal alfent; except in the cale of a monev-biU which, after receiving the concurrence of the lords, is fent back to the houfe of commons. It may be neceffary here to acquaint the reader, that both in the houfes and in their committees, the flighteft exprellion, or molt minute alteration, does not pals till the fpeaker, or the chairman, puts the queftion; which, in the houfe ot commons, is anlwered by aye or no:, and, in the houfe of peers, by conUnt ol- not content. ' * '^^^ Sjving the royal affcnt to bills is a matter of great form. When the kine is to pals bills mperfon, he appears on his throne in the houfe of peers, in his royal robes, with the crown on his head, and attended by his great officers of ftate and heralds. A feat ou the right hand of tlie throne, where the princes of Scotland when peers of England, formerly fat, is rcferved for the prince of Wales The other princes of the blood lit on the left hand of the king ; and the chancellor on a clofe bench removed a liiile backwards. The vifcounts and temporal barons, or '?i I u 'f/.t""^' ''^ benches, or wool-packs, covered with red cloth or baize. 1 he bench of bifhops inns along the houfe to the bar on the right hand of the t uone; as the dukes and earls do on the left. The cliancellor and judges, on or- dmarydays, ht upon wool-packs between the barons and the throne. The com- inon opinion is, that the houlb fitting on wool is fymbolical of wool being formerly the ftaple commodity of the kingdom. Many of the peers, on folemn occaficns, appear in their pariiamentary robes. None of the commons have any robes ex. cepting the Ipeaker, who wears a long black filk gown; and when he appears be- fore the king, it is trimmed with gold. if ^ The royal aflent may be given two ways: i. In perfon. When the king feuds for the houfe of commons to the houfe of peers, the fpeaker carries up the money- bil or bills m his hand; and in delivering tliem he .addrefles his maiefty in a folemnlpeech, in which he feldoin fails to extol the generofity and loyalty of the commons and to tell his majefty how neceffary it is to be fnigal oj the public money. It is upon this occafion, that the commons of Great-Britain appear in their higheft uftrc. The titles of all bills that have paffed both houfes are read and the kings aniwer is declared by the clerk of the parliamem in Norman-French.' If the king confents to a public bill, the clerk ufually declares, U roy U veut . the king wills it fo to be ;» if to a private bill, >/ fait comme il ejl defire, " be' It as It IS defired.' It the king refufes his affent, it is in the gentle language of le roy say,fera, "the king will advife upon it." When a money-bill is paffed u IS carried up and prefented to the king by the fpeaker of the houfe of commons! aad the rojal affent is thus expreffed, le roy remercie fes loyal fubjeils, accebte leur benevolence, ct aujjije ra,t, « the king thank's his loyal fubjeas, accepts their be- nevolence, and wills it lo to be." In cafe of an ad of grace, which originally pro- ceeds from the crown, and has the royal affent in the firft Itage of it, the clerk of the parliament thus pronounces the gratitude of the fubjefl ; ks prelats, fehneurs et commons en ce prefent parliament ojjhnhlies, au nom de touts vos autres fuhje^s, %emercietU tresbumblement vohe mqjejie, et pri.nt ""^ '"""'"' -d\a.h':h?^!?;rim™Z«rf''S''ceble ufein the kmgdom, over and above the eitenfive Jifdiaion wLh hreYerdfo, in hwjudicial capacity in the court cf chancery " "u wnicn ne eirerales in The poft of lord high treafurer has of kte been veRed in a commiffion confillin. J he lord prefident of the council was an officer formerly of ereat Dow«.r ,n^ hath precedence next after the lord chancellor, and lord teaf,?rer%is^ duty is m propo e all the bufmefs tranfaaed at the council-board, and to reporrto the k n. when his majefty is not prefenr. all its debates and p oceedings Tis a place If Weft tTl 'r ^''" '' ^^^'"'^>'' °° ^^^°"°^ °f ^he valt numKr of imericrand wht h S"^r'-/'P.'"''^l' '"^^h« "^^ afl^i's. that come before the S- S ^vhuh may be abridged to the yaft conveniency of the fubieft bv an nw" n^. ' N G N D. a83 The office of lord privy fcal confifts in his putting the king's Teal to all charters, grants, and the like, which are iigned by the king, in order to their paffing the great leal; and he is refponfible if he fhould apply the privy fegl to any thing agaiuft the law of the land. The office of lord great chamberlain of England is hereditary to the duke of An- cafter's family. He attends the king's perfon, on his coronation, to drefs him : he has likewife charge of the houfe of lords during the fitting of parliament ; and of fitting U]) Weftmiultcr-hall for coronations, or trials of peers, &c. The office of lord high conftable has been difufed fince the attainder and execu- tionof Stafford duke of Buckiaghair; in the year 152 1, but is occafioually revived for a coronation. The duke of Norfolk is hereditary earl i.iarlhal of England. Before England became fo commercial a country, as it has been for a hundred years part, this office required great abilities, learning, and knowledge of the Englifh hiftory for its dif. charge. In war time he was judge of armj caufes, and decided according to the principles of the civil law. If the caufe did nut admit of fuch a decifion, it was left to a perfonal combat, which was attended with a vait variety of ceremonies ; the arrangement of which, even to the fmallelt trifle, fdl within the niarlhal's pro- vince. To this day, he, or his deputy, regulates all points of precedency accord- ing to their archives kept in the herald's oifice, which is entirely within his jurifdic- tion. He direds all folemn proceifions, coronations, proclamations, general mourn- ings, and the like. The office of lord high admiral of England is* now held by commilTion, and is equal in its importance to any of the preceding, efpecially fince the growth of the Bntiffi naval power. The Engliffi admiralty is a board of direftion as well as exe- cution, and is in its proceedings independent of the crown itfelf. All trials upon lite and death, in maritime affairs, are appointed and held under a commiflion imme- tUately iiTuing from that board; and the members nmft fign even the death warrants for execution ; but it may be eafily conceived, that, as they are removeable at plea- fure, they do nothing that can clafh with the prerogative of^the crown, and conform themfelves to the diredions they receive from his majetty. Tlie board of admiralty regulates the whole naval force of the realm, and names all its officers, or confirms them when named; lb that itsjurifdidfion is very extenfive. They appoint vice-ad- mirals under them ; but an appeal from them lies to the high court of admiralty which is of a civil nature : London is the place where it is held; and all its procefles' and proceedings run in the lord high admiral's name, or thofe of the commiflioners and not in that of the king. The judge of this court is commonly a dodor of the civil law, and its proceedings are according to the method of the civil law; but all ciiminal matters, relating to piracies, and other capital offences committed at'fea, are tried and determined according to the laws of England, by witneffes and a jury, 'ever fince the reign of Henry VIII. It now remains 10 treat of the courts of law in England. Courts of law.] The court of chancery, which is a court of equity, is next m dignity to the high court of parliament, and is defigned to relieve the fubieft againft frauds, breaches of truft, and other oppreffions ; and to mitigate the rigour of the law. The lord high chancellor fits as fole judge, and in his abfcnce the nial'- ter of the rdls. The form of proceeding is by bills, anfwers, and decrees • tlie O o 2 « The liift lord hijfj admiral was George prince of Dcnmaik, and huftaud to queen Anne. l84 I M G L A M D. wuneffes bcwg examined in private: however, the decieea of this court nteonly binding to the pcrfons of thole concerned in them, for they do not atle« their Unds and goodai and confcouently if a nun refufc. to comply with theterma, thcv can do nothing more than fenj him to the prifon of the Fleet. This court is always otxru • and It a mm be fent to prifon, the lord chancellor, in any vacation, can if he lees reafons for It, grant a AaAwj coj^Mj. The clerk of the crown likewifc belongs to thia court, he, or his deputy, beinir obligtxl always to attend on the lord chancellor as often as he fits for the difpatch of buhuels; through his hands pafs all writs for fumracning the parliament, or chooll ing of members ; comniiirions of the peace, pardons, &c. The King's Bench, fo called either from the kings of England fometiraes fittinjr there m perfon, or becaufe all matters determinable by common law between the king and his lubjefls are here tried, except fuch affairs as properly belong to the court of Exchequer. J his court is, likewife, a kind of cheque upon aU the inferior courts, their judges and juftices of the peace. Here prefide four judges, the firft of T T "^y^^^c ^°'^,^^'f J^*^' «^ the king's bench, or, by way 'of Imkente, lord chief jultice of England, toexprefs the great extent of hisjurildidlion over the king. dom : tor thia court can grant prohibitions in any caufe depending either in fpiritual or temporal courts ; and the houle of peers does often dired the lord chief juftice to iltue out his warrant for apprehending perfons under fufpicion of high crimes. The other three judges are called juftices, or judges of the king's bench. The court of Common Pleas take cognizance of all pleas debateable, and civil a«ions depending between fubjed and fubjedl; and in it, befides aU real anions Jmes and recoveries are tranfadted, and prohibitions are likewife iifued out of it as weU as from the King's Bench. The firft judge of this court is ftyled lord chief jultice of the Conuuon Pleas, or common bench ; befide whom there are likewife three other judges, or juftices of this court. Itonc but fcrjeants at law are allowed to plead here. The court of Exchequer was mftituted for managing the revenues of the crown, and has a power of judging both according to law and according to equity. In the proceedmgs according to law, the lord chief baron of the Exchequer, and three other barons, prefide as judges. They are ftyled barons, becaufe formerly none but barons of the realm were allowed to be judges in this court. Befides thefe, there w a fifth, called curfitor baron, who has not a judicial capacity, but is only em- ployed m admimftering the oath to Iheritfs and their officers, and alfo to feveral of the officers of the cultom-houfc—But when this court proceeds according to equity then the kjrd trealurer and the chancellor of the Exchequer prefide, aififted tw the other barons. All matters touching the king's treafury, revenue, cuftoms, and fines, are here tried and determined.— Befides the officers already mentioned, there belong to the Exchequer the king's remembrancer, who takes ancl ftates all accounts of the revenue, cuftoms, excile, parliamentary aids and lublidies, &c. except the accounts of the Sherif][s and their officers. The lord trealiirer's remembrancer, whr/,; ,t.a(,uefs it 13 to make out procefTes againft Sherifl's, recei% trs of the revenue, am' ';rhcv officers. For putting the laws effeftually in execution, a high-ftieriff" is annually appointed for every county (except Weftniorelaud and Middlefex) by the king*; whofe office IS both mmifterial and judicial. He is to execute the king's mandate, and all writs •Sheriffs were formerly chofen by the inh:.bitants of the feveral couaiies. In fome counties the fher.ffs were formerly hered.:,ry .vc! (till continue in the county of Weftmoreland. Ihe city of London haih alfo the inheii:a>.:.e v,i Uie fliri.MMlty of Middlefex vefted in their body by charter. 1 N N D. «85 direded to him out of the king's court of judice ; to impaunel Juries, to bring CAulies and imlet'a^tura to trial, to lee fentencea, both iu civil »nd iritTiutal aflairs, executed; and at the alTize to attend the judges, and guard them all the time they are iu his county. He is likewifc to decide the elections of knights of the (hire, of twoners, and of verdurers ; to judge of the cju^lifications of voters, and to return fuch as be Ihall determine to be duly cicdtcd. It is alfo part of his office to colled all public tints, diltreffes, and amerciaments, into the I'.xchequer, or where the king fhall ap- point, and to make fuch payments out of thcni as his niajtfly ihall think proper. As his office is judicial, he keeps a court, called the county court, Ahich is held by the HieriH', cxr nis utuler-fheritis, tu hear and deterntiae all civil caufcs in the county, under forty fhillings: thi», however, is no cour^ of record; bi}t the court, formerly called the Sheriff's turn, was one; and the king's leet, through all the county : for in this court inquiry was made into all criinmal ofleiKes againft the common law, where by the itatute law there was no rcllraint. I'his court, how- ever, has been long fmce abolifhed. As the keeper of the king's peace, both by common law and fpecial commiifion, he is the firft man in the county, and fupe- rior in rank to any nobleman therein, during his office. He may command all the people of his county to attend him, which is called the pojfe cmiitalus, or power of the county. Under the fheriff are various oiHcers; as the under-ftieriff, clerks, flewards of courts, bailifi's (in Loudon called feijeants), conftables, gaolers, beadles, &c. The next officer to the Ihcrifli is the jitfikc of peace, feveral of whom are com- miffioned for each county : and to them is eutrufled the power of putting great pari of the ftatute law in execution, in relation to the highways, the poor, vagrants, trea- Ibns, felonies, riots, the prefervation of the game, &c. &c. and they examine and commit to prifon all who break or difturb the peace, and difquiet the king's fub- jefts. In order to punifli the offenders, they meet every quarter- at the county- lown, when a jury of twelve men, called the grand inqueft of the county, is fummon- ed to appear. This jury, upon oath, is to enquire into the cafes of all delinquents, and to prefent them hv bill guilty of the indidlment, or not guilty : the juftices com- mit the former to gaol for their trial at the next aflizes, and the latter are acquitted. This is called the quarter-felVions for the county. The jultice of peace ought to be a perfon of great good fenfe, liagacity, and integrity, and to be not without fome knowledge of the law : for as much power is lodged in his hands, and as nothing is fo intoxicating, without thele qualifications he will be apt to make miftakes, and to ftep beyond his authority, for which he is indeed liable to be called to an account at the court of king's bench. Each county contains two coroners, who are to enquire, by a jury of neighbours, , how and by whom any perfon came by a violent death, and to enter it on record as a plea of the crown. Another branch of his office is to enquire concerning fliip- wrecks, and certify whether wreck or not, and who is in polTeflion of the goods. In . his miniflerial office, he is the fheriff 's fubflitute. The civil government of cities is a kind of fmall independent policy of itfelf ; . for every city hath, by charter from the king, a jurifdidlion within itfelf, to judge in all matters civil and criminal : with this reflraint only, that all civil caufes may be removed from their courts to the higher courts at Weltminfter ; and all offences that are capital, are committed to the judge of the allize. The government of cities differs according to their different charters, immunities, and conftitutions. I'hey are conftituted with a mayor, aldermen, and burgeffes, who, together make the corpora- tion of the '"ity, and hold a court of judicature, where the mayor prefides as judge. Some cities -are counties, and chuie their own IheriBs; and all of them have a povver. i m I ; 11 mv, ^^6 F, N G N D. of making bye-laws for their own government. Some have thought the eovemm«,^ of cities, by mayor, aldermen, and common-council, is an er tome of f he ^ mS, government, by king, lords, and commons- ^-ptomeot the . ..^afh f.'^''!i?''''^''""^°* °*" ^"co'-po'-ated borough? is much after the fame manner- in fome there is a mayor, and in others two bailiffs; all wWch, during treirma;ur iq'ui'res"''^'"'^' are juftices of the peace within [b.Ir liberties, and'^nfeqTeSty The claque-ports are five havens, formerly efteemed moft important ones that je on the eaft part of England towards France, as Dover, Sand .vich Romney Haf ^^tw^ ^^'^'' '° ^hich Winchelfea and Rye have b^n fmce added vSS franchifes in many refpefls. Thefe cinque-port= were endowed with paSar pi Alleges by our ancient kings, upon condition that tu.y fhould provide a certain num formerlvcaUerbaS"^^^ the lords of the foil, or manor (who were lU .1 .u ^' l'3y^ generally a power to hold courts, called cou-ts-leet and courts-baron, wiiere ihdr tenants are obliged to attend and receive uftice tai on the conveyances and alienations of the copyhold tenants are em-oUed and they are admitted to their eftates on ■. defcent or purchafe eni-oiied, and UfC'3f''''''''^'y''''^^^^^ peace, under the Eng- hlh conftitunon. Every hundred has a high-conllable, and every parifh in thft ^Z ThT^"^^"h-i''i '^^ ''V"" ^"'^"^ '^' high-;:onftable u^oSp oper o c - fnrn ; 1 f ^ ' f'^^ ^^ ^T^'' ^"*^'^^'^ ''^^"' «"«d the tyihing-man, who formerly fuperintended the tenth part of an hundred, or ten fr^ buL, a^ t^v T rbuitfrofconlbf '''f r^' ^;!' ^^^^ '^^^ ^^^^ ^-^^'^^ -^ teVf^mS 1 .le bulinels ot conltable is to keep the peace in all cafes of quarrels and riots He can impnfon offenders tiU they are brought before a juiHce oVpelce • and t fs his duty to ex-ecute within his diftria, every warrant that'' is direfled to him f om for Th?n''?' «:.^ ^-l^h^f juftices. The negled of tiie old Saxon courts iZ for the prefervation of the peace, and the more eafy recover • of fmall debts has ^r^.3r"'^ ^l T^ '"T""' *^"J'^"' ^"'^ " ^''^^ J'^^e ^en found neeffary to revive fon^ of them, and to appoint others of a fui.ilar nature. ^ the rS^f'^f /l '"'- T"' ""^ confcience fettled in many parts of England for ttySngl ^''"'' '"'^' recovery or payment of fmall debts, not fxxeeding There neither is nor ever was, any conftitution provided with fo many fences ns that of England is, ior the fecurity 'of perfbnal liberty. Every n^^n in, pibned Cornls"^lV"M^r"^/ writ before a judge in WeftnJ„fter-half caHed Kb" s twT." i • J-fe "?"'■ ^""fidering the caufe of commitment, fhall find demn^H ■" ."■' '^^ P"'^' '' ^"^"'ediately admitted to bail, till he is con- denined or acquitted in a proper court of juftice. The rights of individuals are lb attentively confidered, that the fubieft mav wliout the leaft danger, fue his fovereign, Jr .hofe who ad in hi , an e nd under his authority : he may do this in open court, where the king mav iS c?? the leaft dividual unlefs he has, by feme illegal aft, of which he is accufed or fufpedled upon oath, forfeited his rfght to liberty; or except when theTa"eisin ":y/> .;",•• ■-- •['^■^^): ha.cuic power of conlmmg perlbns on fuch a fulnicion of guilt: luch as the cafe o^" a rebellion within the kingdom, when the legiflltule has N N D. 287 thought proper to pafs a temporary fufpenfion of the Habeas Corpus aft : but this feldom has been done but with great difficulty and caution, and when the national fafety has abfolutely required it. The king has a right to pardon ; but neither he nor the judges, to whom he delegates his authority, can condemn a man as a cri- minal, except he be firft found guilty, by twelve men, who muft be his peers or his equals. That the judges may not be influenced by the king, or his minifters, to milreprefent the cafe to the jury, they have their falaries for liie, and not during the pleafure of their fovereign. Neither can the king take away, nor endanger the life of any fubjedt, without trial, and the perfons being firft chargeable with a ca- pital crime, as treafon, murder, felony, or fome other aft injurious to fociety ; nor can any fubjeft be deprived of his liberty, for the higheft crime, till fome proof of his guilt be given upon oath before a magiftrate ; and he has then a right to in- fift upon his being brought, the firft opportunity, to a fair trial, or to be reftored to liberty on giving bail for his appearance. If a man is charged with a capital offence, ne mutt not undergo the ignominy of being tried for his life, till the evi- dences of his guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in M^hich the faft is alleged to be committed, and not without twelve of them agreeing to a bill of indiftment agaiuft him. If they do this, he is to ftand a fecond trial before twelve other men, whofe opinion is definitive. By the 28 Edward III. it is enafted that where either party is an alien born, the i'lry (hall be one half aliens, and the other denizens if required, for the m •>re impartial trial. A privilege indulged to ftrangers in no other country in the world, but which is as ancient with us as the time of king Ethelred *. In fome "afes, the man (who is always fuppofed innocent' till there be fufficient proof of his guilt) is allowed a copy of his indiftment, in order- to help him to make his defence. He is alfo furniflied with the pannel, or lift of the jury, who are his true and proper judges, that he may learn their charafters, and difcover whether they want abilities, or whether they are prejudiced againft him.- He may in open court peremptorily objeft to twenty of the number f , and to as many more as he can give reafon for their not being admitted as his judges; till at laft twelve unexceptionable men, the neighbours of the party accufed, or living- near the place where the fuppofed faft was committed, are approved of, who take the following oath, that they Jhall »■■ '/ and truly try, am true ikliverance n:ake, between ihi king and the prifoners whom they Jhall have in charge, according to the evi-- dence. By challenging the jury, the prifoner prevents all poflibility of bribery, or the influence of any fuperior power: by their living near the place where - the faft was committed, they are fuppofed to be men who knew the prifon- - er's courfe of life, and the credit of the evidence. Thefeonly are the judges fi-onr^ whofe fentence the prifoner is to expeft life or death, and upon their integrity and' underftanding the lives of all that are brought in danger ultimately depend ; and • from their judgment there lies no appeal : they are therefore to be all of one mind, and after they have fiilly heard the evidence, are to be confined without meat, drink, or candle, till they are unanimous in acquitting or condemning the prifoner. Every- juryman is therefore invefted with a folemn and awful truft : if he without evidence i'ubmits his opinion to that of any of the other jury, or yields in complaifance to • the opinion of the judge ; if he neglefts to examme with the utmoft care ; if he queftions the veracity of ihe witnelfes, who may be of an infamous charafter ; or after the moft impartial hearing has the leaft doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in condemning the perfon accufed; he will wound his own confcience, and bring upon • bimfclf the complicated guilt of ficrjury and murder. The freedom of Engiifli- r Ml , \i I : K ' I i • Statute de moaticolis Wallise. ■\ The party may challenge thirty-five in cafe of treafon< 388 ENGLAND. mea confiftB m it« being out of the power of the judge on the bench to In J„r^ .\^ for declaring a man innocent whonVhe wiflies t6 be brouRht in ^ihv W ^' this the cafe juries would be ufelefs; fo far from beirfudL*^,£feil''"r wouldonlybe the tools of another, whofe province it is n^to .Se fc a fanaion to their determination. Tyranny mi«ht triumnh ov^r^rh? r f'^^ ,tx."'"*^ .ndth. Judge oi; .d^i uTz^:v:^;fji habitants of this country derive from rhLi.„i 'uf ""^J^?"**. ^'^'^Y ^^'c^ the in- ^too g«a„c„llon. of layi„g ,h.ir hand, oa l^e pSi „ ord*r '^^ &,? T fortureTh^'' "'"'[I'P'J".^^*'; and the oppremon of the gveat. X 3 and tortures that are cruelly made ufeof iu other parts of Euroi^ to make a ml n .. s;;!:>:fn^™:::^-..i'^>^™?.-')™ .^^x^f- .hey a«''di;eSd\sxL'"S ._._ c....„..,j; tu uic cviacnce given ui court, if the priloiier refiifcs to N N D. «89 plead, that w, if he will not fay in court whether he is guilty or not guilty, he is by the Uw of England, guilty. When the witnelfcs have given in their evidence, and the prifoner has, by him- felf or his counfel, crofs-examined them, the judge recites to the jury the fubftance of the evidence given againft the prifoner, and bids them difcharge their con- fcience ; wlicn, if the matter be very clear, they comaionly give their verdift with, out going out of the court; and the foreman, for liimfelf and the reft, declares the prifoner guilty, or not guilty, as it may happen to be. But if any doubt arifes among the jury, and the matter requires debate, they all withdraw into a room with a copy of the indiameat, where they are locked up till they are unanimoully agreed on the verdi£l ; and if any one of the jury fhould die duriug this their confinement, the prifoner will be acquitted. When the jury have agreed on the verdift, they inform the court thereof by an officer who waits without, and the prifoner is again fet to the bar to hear his ver- dict. This is unalterable, except in fome doubtful cafes, when the verdid is brought in fpecial, and is therefore to be determined by the twelve judges of England. If the prifoner be found guilty, he is then afked what reafon he can give why fentcnce of death ftiould not be palfed upon him ? There is now properly no bene- fit of clergy--.it is changed to tranfportation, or burning in the hand. Upon a ca- pital convidUon the fentence of death, after a furamary account of the trial, is pro- nounced on the prifoner, in theie words : The law is. That thou Jbalt return to the place from whence thou camefi, and from thnce he earned tO' the place of executim, wlxre thou Jkult be hanged by the neck till thy body be dead, and the Lord have mercy on thy foul: whereupon the Iherifl' is charged with the execution. All the prifoners found Ka/TO/Z/jy by the jury, are immediately acquitted and dif- charged, and iri fome cafes obtain a. copy of their indiftment from the court to pro- ceed at law againft their profecutors. Of punishments.] The law of England includes all capital crimes under hngb trea/oH, petty treafon, and felony. The firft conlifts in plotting, confpiring, or rifiug up in arms againft the fovereign. or m counterfeiting the coin. The traitor is puuifti- cd by beiuK drawn on a fledge to the place of exetutioo, when, after being ^nnged upon a gallows for fome minutes, the body is cut down alive, the heart taken out and eipoled to public view, and the entrails burnt : the head is then cut off, and the body quartered, after which the head is ufually fixed on fome confpicuous place. All the criminal's lands and goods are forfeited, his wife lofes her dowry, and his chil- dren both their eftates and nobility. But though coining of money is adjudged high treafon, the criminal is only drawn upon a fledge to the place of execution, and there hanged. . Though the ientcnce palfed upon all traitors is the fame, yet with refpedl to per- fons of quality, the puniftiment is generally altered to beheading : a fcaflbld is ereded for that purpoiie, on which the criminal placing his head upon a block, it is ftruck oft' with an axe *. I'he punifhment for mifprifion of high treafon, that is, for negleding or con- cealing it, is imprifonment for life, the forfeiture of all the ofiender's goods, and . the profits arifmg from his lands. hily treafon is when a child kills his father, a wife her huflband, a clergyman his biftiop, or a fervant his mafter or miftrefs. This crime is punilhed by the offender's No. X. P p • This is not to be confidered as a different punlftment, but as a rcmiflion of all ih« parts of the fentcnce mentioned before, excepting the article of beheading, ■ i \ f 29© N N D. rill de?H vv.^ ^^^^% to the place of execution, and there hanged upon a fallows till dead. Women guilty both of thb ciinie and of high treafon^reCncStrT burnt ahve; but mltead of fuHering the full riRour of the law th^v ,« a i^ at the flake before the fire takes hold of them. ^ ' '^^^ "*^ """^^g^^^ Fe/ony includes murders, robberies, forginir rotes bonds d#^H« x,„ ti, r are .11 punilhed by hanging, only * murderefs are^rbe e "ecm^^^^ f'^*" «nce ispaffed, and th/n d'eliverL to the furgeons in tdeMote puffivt'^^^^^^ Perfons guilty of robbery, when there weie fome alleviating ciKumftaCs^^n^^^^^ fometimes to be tranfported for a term of vears to hJ« moVift V"^ , "*°^^^' "'^" fome have been Jent to Africa. Nova Scotia and Botany Bay ^ ' ''^^^ Other crimes punifhed by the laws are, Manjlaughter, which is the unlawfiil killing of a nerfon wnho,,* „ j- ^ malice, but with a wefent inifnr fr. LJli ^. I P^rloa without premeditated {JS!' °' '""^"^ '"""'"'>' '"'"''^■'' '" P""*«' ""h ''= Pillo'y and impri- whl^^^"'"-"' " '■'"*" "'"■'■ """"■ ">= ^■^•"'^ °f '-I- P'nce. h pudlhed by /jW/m. ulingfalfeweighisaQdraeafures, and foreltallinj the n»rU, .„ . monly pumlhed »ith Handing on the pillory. "™""""S ""= ""te, are com- .iilfi^'^Sri^hrhrnd'""'"""' '" *' ""«'» '""■ "■= "'""-• « P-i' '^'"S' ^^^''^^' neceffaries, he is not chargeable. Alio If the wife elopes, and lives with another man, the hufband is not chargeable even for neceffaries: at leaft, if the perfon who furnifbes them, is fufTiciently ap! prized of her elopement. If the wife be indebted before marriage, the hufband is ^r ^f\77"^«.;S° P'•^■^^^^"^^j ^^^ ^' ^'' "^*«P'^^ her and her circnmftanc^s ti gethei If the wue be injured in her perfon or property, fhe can bring no adion fo redrefs wuhout her 1... .(band's concurrence, and in his name, as well as her own neither can fhe be k^cd, wuhout making the hufband a defehdam ; except when the hufoand has abjured the realm, or is banifhed ; for then he is dead in law. In cri mmal proferuiions it is true, the wife may be indicted, and punifbed feparately; for the union is only a civil union. But, in trials of any fort, they a.^ not alloj. fl;;^'^!^^^"ff^^!'-' "'-.^^^hift each other; partly becaufe it is impoflible their teftimony fhould be mdiHerent ; but principally becaufe of the union of perfon. But where the oifcnce is direftly againR the perfon of the wife, this rule has been ufually difpenfed with; and, therefore, in cafe a woman be forcibly taken away, and married, fl.e may be a witnefs againfl fuch her hufoand, in order to convia him of In the civil law,, the hufoand and the wife are confidcred as two diftind perfons; N O N D. 99S wi and may have feparate eftates, contrads, debts, awl injums; mkI thwfore in onr ecclehaftical courts a woman , nay fur. and be fued. wiSo«he7hu(K But thougn our law in general confider« mm and wife «i one perfon. yet there are fome inibuces ni which Ihe is feparately confidered, as bfcrior to^ him and aaing b^ his corapulfion. And therefore all deed* execmcd, and afts done hv her during her covenure. are void; except it be a fine, or the like matter of re^ cord^ in which cafe (he muft be foiely and fecretly examined, to lea n if her aa be voluntary She cannot by will devife land to he? huftand. unlefs und^ fpccia circumftances; ior at the time of nmfeing it. fhe is fuppoled to be under his c^e? cion And in fome felonies and other inferior crimes committed by her, hrou«h nmrder ' ' "^ '^■'"^'' *'"' ^"* *^^ ^**^"^^ "°^ ^° t;eafon or The hulband alfo (by the old, and likewife by the civil law) might give his fenioderatecorreaion. For a, he is to anfwer for her milbehaviour.^he law thought It realonable to entruft him with thi. power of reftraining her, by domenk ■chaMement.m the fame moderation that a man is allowed to correft hfs fen'an s or children; for whom the niafter or parent is alfo liable in fome cafes to anfwe But in the pohter reign of Charles 11. this power of correftion began to he dZhl fL^ H ^^^ rj '"''Z ^*^^ ^V']'y ^^ '^^ ^^'^ ^g*"^ft her hufband ; or, in return a hulband agamlt his wife : vet the lower rank of people, who were always f^S of the old eomnion law, ftill claim and exert their ancient privUege; and^he^urts r -Tl ^-^ P'""" ' ^"^^"'* ^° ''^'^'^ ^ ^"fe ^f her liberty, in ea e of aiiv grofs mifbehaviour. ^ ^*v Thefe are the chief legal efieas of marriage during the coverture; upon which we mayobferve, that even the difabilities. which the wife lies under, Te for he SxtiK":toVEngtn'^'°" ^^' '''^''' ^^-' « ^----« ^'^ ^- ai: Revenues of the BriO The king's ecclefiaflical revenues coufift in, i. The f^J'^K-Tiy^''''''-''''';- J '''^""^y °*' *h^ temporalities of vacant bi hoprics from which he receives httle or no advantage. 2. Corodies and peufions, forme W arifing from allowances oi meat, drink, and clothing, due to the king from an ab! beyormonalterv and which he generally beftowed upon favourite fervants and h.8 fendmg one 2>f his chaplains to be maintained by the bilhop, or to have a pen- fipn bellowed upon him till the bifhop promoted iim to a benefice. Thefe coro dies are due of common right, but now, I believe, difiifed. 3. Extra-paroch'al mhes 4. The firft fruits and tenths of benefices. At prefent, fuch has been the ,^^"7°^ '^^ "^^'^ '** ^he church, that thole four branches afford little o^ no re! The king's ordinary temporal revenue conlifts in, 1. The dcmefne lands of the crown, which at preient are contraded within a narrow compafs. 2. The heredi tary excife; bemg part of the confideration for the purchafe of his feodal profit " and the prerogatives of purveyance and pre-emption. 3. An annual fum ilfuine fromthe duty on wine hcences; being, the refidue of the fame confidera" ion / His forefts. 5. His courts of juftice, &c. "mcirtuou. 4. fnlSl?'''''Hl-"'7 ^'"""%"^ "*'"'"y ""^^ ^ '^^ fynonymous names of aids, fubfidies. andiuppl.es; and are granted, as has been before hinted, by the com mons of Great Britain, in parliamait affembled : who, when they ha^e voted a fup. ft It ;""^f/d a"t ?itt' - '""'"" '"' '^'' '"P^'^^' ulball/ refolve themfelvL ;;;^ane i^f ''"r u r i^."' ways ana means, to coniider of the ways and means of raifing the fupply fo voted. And in this committee, every meml^r (though uis looked upon as the peculiar province of the chancelfo; J7ho!xZ. 1; ''4 4 b 1 '1 ** i 1 1'" 1 1 s 1 ■ 9 394 N N ouer) may propofe fuch fcheme of taxation as he thinks will be lead detrimental to the public. The refolutions of this committee (when approved by a vote of the houfe) are in general cfteemed to be (as it were) final and conclufive. For, though the fupply cannot be aftually raifed upon the fubjedl till direfled by an aft of the whole parliament, yet no nionied man will fcruple to advance to the Roverument any quantity of ready cafti, if the propofcd terms be advantageous, on the credit of the bare vote of the houfe of commons, though no law be yet paffed to eftablifh it The annual taxes are, i. The land-tax, or the ancient fubfidy railed upon a new allellment. %. The malt-tax, being an annual excile on malt, mum, cyder, and perry. > / » The perpetual taxes are, i. The cuftoms, or tonnage and poundage of all mer- chandile exported or imported. 2. The excife duty, or inland impofition, on a great variety of con modules. 3. The fait duty. 4. The puft-office* or duty for the carriage of letters. 5. The ftamp-duty on paper, parchment, &c. 6. Ihe duty on houfes and windows. 7. Ihe uuty on licences for hackney coaches and chairs. 8. The duty on offices and penlions, with a variety of new taxes in the lelnons of 1784. The clear neat produce of thefe feveral branches of the revenue, old and new taxfes, after all charges of colledling and management paid, is eftimatcd to amount annually loabout eleven millions ftcrling; with two millions and a quarter raifed at an average, by the land and malt-tax. How thefe immenfe fun.s are appropri- ated IS next to be confidered. And this is. firft and principally, to the payment ot the Jtiterejl of the national debt. ^ In order to take a clear and comprehenfive view of the nature of this national DEBT, It mufl be firft premifcd, that after the Revolution, when our new connedions with Europe introduced a new fyftem of foreign politics, the cxpences of the na- tion, not only m fetthng the new eftablifhment, but in maintaining long wars, as principals, on the continent, for the fecurity of the Dutch barrier, reducing the Irench monarchy fettling the SpaniHi fuccdlion, fupporting the houfe of Auftria, maintaining the liberties of the Germanic body, and other purpofes, incrcalbd to an unufual degree : infomuch that it was not thought advifeable to raife all the ex- pences of any one year by taxes to be levied within that year, left the unaccuftomed weight of them fhould create murmurs among the people. It was therefore the bad policy of the times, toaciicipate the revenues of their pofterity, by borrowing im- menfe fums for the current fervice of the ftate, and to lay no more taxes upon the hibjea than would fufficeto pay the annual intercft of the fums fo borrowed: by this means converting the principal debt into a new fpecies of property, transferrable from one man to another, at any time and in any quantity. A fyftem which feems to have had Its original m the ftate of Florence, A. D, 1344 : which government then owed about 6o,occl. fterling: and being unable to pay it, formed the principal into an aggregate fum, called, metaphorically, a mount or bank : the Ihares whereof were translerrable like our flocks. This laid the foundation of what is called the na- tional debt: for a few long annuities created in the reign of Charles II. will hardly deferve that name. And the example then fet, has been fo clofely followed during the long wars in the reign of queen Anne, and fince, that the capital of the funded debt, at midfummer 1775 was 129,860,0181. and the annual charge of it • ^'■°"ll''f y*?"" ' ^44 to 1744. the annual amount of this revenue gradually increafed from coool. to 198,226!. but It fhould be obferved, that the grofs amount of both inland and foreign offices was tliat jenr 23^,492!. In 1764, the grofs amount of the revenues of the Port-office for that year was i^j-y- ii>m The fupplies demanded for the year 1784 amounted to 14,181,2401. but an emi- nent political writer, lord Stair, reckons the future annual peace expenditure at fix- teen millions and a half, including half a million for a furplus to anfwer emergen- cies. Another refpedtablc writer on the fubjeft, eftimates it at 13,615,6691. including 954,oool. per annum, for the intereft and charge of what remained of the unftmded debt after the laft loan, and he eftimates the peace revenue at near fixteen millions. Time will unfold the fiature progrefs of our national debt, and the calamities towards * In the courft of the late war from 1776 to 1782, 46,550,000!. was added to the 3 per cents, and 26,750,0001. to the 4 per cents, making together a capital of 73,400,000!. for which the money advan- ced was only 48 millions. 796 N D. It 18 indifpuuWy certain, that the prefeot magnitude of our national inmm brances very far exceeds all calculatio Jof comuiercial bejfe and TplSv^ 1 t?.T^* 'T??""?**^'*"- *'°^' ^'^' '^^ ^"«""«"' »"« tbat are raS upon he necelfaries of life, for the payment of the intereft of this debt, arc prejud SlK to trade a. d manufaaurc ; by railing the price as well of the artificer's bbfiftenceal of the raw matenal ; and of courle, in a much greater proportion, the pr ce of the commoduy ufelf. Secondly, if part of this debt be due to foirigSe s dther hey draw otit of the kingdom annuaUy a confiderable quantity of fpeckfo; tS in tereft; for die u is made an argument to grant then? unreLnab e pritue'es Tn order to induce them to refide here. Thirdly, if the whole be due to fubi^fls only. It IS then charging the adlivc and induft[ious fubjeft, who pays his fhari of the taxes, to maintain the indolent and idle creditor who recciv?7 hem Laftlv and principa Iv, it weakens the internal Hrength of a ftate, by anticimtin«^ being the produce of the taxes appropriated t^pay the nl tereft of fuch parts of the national debt as was advanced U- that company and Is a nuitams. the produce of which lately hath been about lialf a JSTaLZ J^herebythe feparate funds whkh were thus united, are become mutual fecuriS for each other; and the whole produce of them, thus aggregated, liable to pav S intereft or annuities as were formerly charged upon ea?h diftinft fuS ; Kth of the legdlature being moreover engaged to fupply any cafual deficiencies. Ihe cuitoriis, excifes, and other taxes, which are to fupport thefe fiiuds. depend- ing on contingencies, upon exports, imports, and confumptions, muft neceXuv be of a very uncertain amount: but they have always been confiderably more than fufficient to anfwer the charge upon them. The fmplufl-es therefore of the three T^-JTT r^"' -^^ W^^'^' general, and South Sea funds, over and ak,ve the intereft and annuities charged upon them, are direded by ftatute k Geo I V 7 to be carried together, and to attend the dilpofuion of parliament; and are ufually denonuuated i\>, finhng jund, becaufe originally deftini to be held lacred and to be app led mviolably to the redemption of the national debt, 'lo this have been jmce added many other mtire duties, granted in fubfequent years; and the annual '^Tl^ t^ r ^/T^r ?^ '^'^ rciY>^^<^^^ credits, is charged on, and payable t \yyr^^''"' °^i^' ^""^'"^ ^^"^- However, the neat furpluffes and faving7 after all dedua,ons p;iui amount annually to a very confiderable lum. For, a* tS mtereft on the nationa debt has been at Ibvei-al limes reduced (by the confent of th^ proprietors, who had their option either to lower their intereft; or be paid their principal), the fav.ngs from the appropriated revenues muft b^ extrem'elv lar'e .nlift '.T-"S^ ','''''' '', "n l^'V''^'^'^ °^' '^^ "^"°" 5 its only domeftic refource, on w"hrch muft chiefly depend all the hopes we can entertain of ever difcharging or niodeTating ENGLAND. ^^ our Jncumbrances. And therefore the prudent *pplicatioa of the brge Ctxmi, Bow ■riling from this iund, is a point of the utmoft importance, and well w>rthv the ft^ nous attention of parhament f. ' Between the years 1727 and 1732, fevcral encroachments Were made upon the finking fund ; and in the year 1733. half a million was taken from it by fir Robert Walpole under pretence of eafing the landed intereft. The praftice of alicnatingVhe finking fund being thus begun, bath continued of courfe; and in 1736, it was anti- cipatcd and mortgaged, and every lubfequent adminiftration hath broken in upon it. ihus converting the eXctUent expedient for laving the kingdom, into a fupply for ex! travagance and a fupport of corruption and defpotifni. In lome years, the finking fiind hath produced from two to three millions per an^ "J?K *lu- «"'y/'V*'"^°°J- °f " '"'^ been inviolably applied to the redemption of the pubhc debts from the year 1733. inftcad of only eight millions and a half paid oft by It, as is the cafe at prcfent, one hundred and fmy millions would have been paid and the nation have been extricated and faved. Diflercnt fchemes have been lormed for paying the piibl.c debts, but no method can be fo expeditious and f!? nA'° ?"'*'• "*^* ^"i'"« ^I^^' "'^'» •"^"^y'^ '™Pf°ved ^t compound m. terefi, and herefore in the moft perfeft manner, but money produced by a loan bears only fimple intereft. « A nation therefore whenever it applies the income of fuch fJ"^n.'fi.*!;;r"!«^*'^"."' '!i^.'" '^''? '^ redemption of its debt,, choofes to lofe the benefit of compound intereft in order to avoid paying fimple intereft, and the lofs fimple intereftT '"^ ''""'" ^'''''' "^ increafe of money at c(^pound and t So verjr fcnrtble w«s the prcfertt minlfter, Mr. Pitt, of the ncceflity of a well-rwulated f.nlcmir ."..* FUNDS. I P*r Cent* N»rf A»H-* 3 Per Cents confoh 3 Prt- Ctt9 ' *.fio3 4>ooq,ooP , I i.,(;4i,|oo 3»,750iOOO 37.340.073,15,4 n. 907.470.1,7 3,000,000 Annuhl Intereft. i- 140.98g.B48.S.ij 9,77^.'^4t.8.i «?3 «9.'3.! 3,«li,99o,i7,9 30,000 I48.i»7,!).l a54,84'4.i8, 57.588 310,000 '36.453. 1»,8 67.1S6,II,7 I .J 1 0,000 i,i2o,iox,4,3 i57."4.»>o 90,«oo 680,003 4>iiS00 funds purchafed by CommifrioBers, commcncin* ind Auguft, 1786. J pM cents fonfoU 3 pcrccntsNSSAnn I per cents 1751 } per cents redurcd 3 per cents OSS Ann Ptimipal lAnn. Intcriil L 9Jo,ooo 117,000 Bp.ooo 408,700 350,603 /. 1,014.300 L 17.S00 6,810 1,670 ii,i5i 10,768 L, g9>4i9 t Bomeof thofe will fall in Oftober, 1790 and Iht whfl?rVl '"''? *' ""'"!<">» ff 'he 3 or 4 per cents are paid. tMwholein July, ,807. ^January, ,860. ^1808. fut. .uua^^uia uc contained in .00 milUoa. of c^h, all foJi^ gold ;' "but if put om ^f fi^-^c Sft 298 N N D. . ^J'*" "T P*/* °^ the aggregati/urui (the furpluffes whereof are one of the chief ingredients tliat form the finking fond) can be appUed to diminifh the principal of the pubhc debt, It ftands mortaged by parliament to raife an annual fSm for he maintenance of the king's houihold and the civil lift. For this purpofe. in the late reigns, the produce of certain branches of the excife and cultoms the poft-office the duty on wuie-licenccs the revenues of the remaining crown lands, the profits arifing from courts of juftice (which articles include all the hereditary revenSis of the crown) and alio a clear annuity of 120.000I. in money, were Ifettled on the king fur life, for the fupport of his majefty's houfefhold. andVhe honour nd Znhy of the crown. And, as the amount of thefe Ibveral branches was uncemirf 5nM ^ r/?k J-? '"*" -f*"^ were computed to have Ibmetimcs raifed almoft a mil-' hon) If they did not rife annually to 8oo,oool. the parliament engaged to make taneouny figmfied his confent, that his own hereditary revenues might be fo dif- pofed at as might bd^ conduce to the utilitv and fatisfaftion of the public^ and kymg accepted the limited fum of 800.000/. per annum, for the fuppor of hb civil hft (and that alio charged with three life annuities, t^ the princeft of Wale h! G?h' J H^"""^""^'';^' f^ P"""''"^ ^'"^"^' ^° ^he amount of 77,0001 the faid hereditary and other revenues, are now carried into, and made par of the aggregate fond ; and the aggregate fund is charged with the payn^en of the whole annuity to the crown, beiides annual payments to the dukes of (GIoS- cefter and Cumberland and the reprefentatives of Arthur Onflow, Efq. and the earl of Chatham, Hereby the revenues themfelves, being put under the^lame care A !i^°il^""^"^ n l?^°^t" ^1:^"*^''" "^ '^^ P"^"^ patrimony, will produce more arid be better colleded than heretofore. The civil lift, thus liquidated, togethS with the nnlhons mtereft of the national debt, and the foms produced from the f nk' ing fund, befide the uncertam foms, arifing from the annual faxes on land and malt and others lately impofed make the clear produce of the taxes, exclulive of the t:^rfoi'^^!'J!^l'^r'' °^ ^'^ '^''' °' ^'' ''^'''' ^'"°""^ '^ The expences defrayed by the civil lift, are thofe that in any Ihape relate to civil government ; as the expences of the houlhold, all falaries to officer of ftate to the judges, and every one of the kmg's fervants; the appointments to foreign ambafladors, the maintenance of the queen and royal family, the king's private ex pences, or privy purfe, and other very numerous outgoings ; as fecret fervice-monev' penfions, and other bounties. Thefe fometimes havi fo far exceeded the revenuS It in the fame time would have amounted to no more than feven fliilJines anH fir «..,,.- ah mems that alienate funds deUined for reimburfements choofe o imSi^ney inTeVmh«7ha^ the /ry? of thofe ways." He adds, " A million borrowed annuafiy forTen^ ylars ^if m^ .n this t.me, 5 5 m.lhons 3 per cent, flock, if difcharged at 6ol. in money for evrVfoo! flTo k f a'^d fn £ pai'd'off.""""' '"''°" '"^ ^"'''" ^'^ ^'°™ '°''"'' 333«illions (thJt is. 388 in/lSon, in allj would W ?/ addition of nineteen years to this period would pay oflf loco millions. A lurplus of half a million per annum, made np to a million, by borrowing half 2 million «<.« year for twenty years, would difcharge the &me fums in the fame period, '^ ° ""^ Jn ihort i fo neceffary is it at prefent to expedite, by every poffible means the redemotfon nf our debts, that, let the furplus which can be obtained for a finkinVfund bT what U will aTElon to It. by annual loan, will be proper, in order to give it greater ef/cie^cy and a Utter chance for f^^^^ r^'a^J'Sni^^' '"rf'' °^'"" ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ "'"f«^'= ^^^ o^affon, wodd b fo inconfiJerl LrmlnpH f.f^i ,•"*'•• *** '° be fcarcely perceptible ; and, at the fame time, it would manif ft fuch a do- term ned refolat.oa m our rulers to reduce ou. debts, a, might have th happieft iScn« on publ?; E N O L A N IX 299 appointed for that purpofe, that application has been made to parliament, to dif- chargc the debts comradled on the civil lift; as particularly in 1724, when one million was granted lor that purpofe bv the ftatute 1 1 Geo. I. c. 17. Larae lums have alfo been repeatedly granted for the payment of the king's debts in ihe pre- ient reign; and the conhdcrable augmentation of loo.oool. has likewife been made to his annual mcomc. When the bill for fuppreliing certain offices, as the board of trade, &c. was debated, bv which favings were to be made to the amount of 7 2,3681. per annum, it appeared that the arrears then due on the civil lift at that time, June 1782, amounted to 95,8771- i^s. 4d. noiwitliftanding fo liberal an allow- ance had been recently made, and the king's debts had been repeatedly liquidated by parliamentary grants; and for the payment of this other debt provilion was made by the bill. The civil lift is indeed properly the whole of the king's revenue in his own dif- tina capacity; the reft being rather the revenue of the public, or its creditors though colleded and diftributed again in the name, and by the officers of the crown ; it is now ftandiug in the fame place as the hereditary income did formerly ; and as that has gradually dimiuifhed, the parliamentary appoimmeuls have eiu creafed. MitiTARY AND MARINE STRENGTH ) The nii/iiary Jafe includes the whole OF Great Britain. fof the foldiery; or, fuch peiions as are peculiarly appointed among the reft of the people, for the fafcguaid and defence of the realm. ^"^^^°<^°^^'^^"y " i' extremely dangerous to make a diftinft order of the profeflion of arms. In fuch, no man Ihould take up arms, but with a view to defend his country and its laws : he puts not oft' the citizen when he enters the camp • btitit 13 becaufeheisacitizenandwouldwilh to continue fo, that he makes him- felf for a while a foldier. The laws and conftituiion of ihcfe kingdoms know no fuch ftate, as that of a perpetual ftanding foldier, bred up to no other profeflion than that of war ; and it was not till the reign of Henry VII. that the kings of England had fo much as a guard about their pcrfons. _ It feems iiuivcrfally agreed by all hiftorians, that king Alfred firft fettled a na- tional militia m this kingdom, and by his prudent diftijiline made all the fubiefls of his dominions foldiers. In the mean time we are not to imagine that the kingdom was left wholly with- out defence, mcafe of domeftic infurreftions, or the profpcd of foreign invafions. Bcfides thofe, who by their military tenures were bound to perform forty dajs fer, vice in the field, the Itatute of Winchefter obliged every man, according to his ef- tate and degree, to provide a determinate quantity of fuch arms as were then in ufe, in order to keep the peace ; and conftables were appointed in all hundreds, to fee that fuch arms were provided. Thele weapons were changed by the ftatute 4 and 5 Ph. and M. c. 2. into orders of more modern fervice : but both this and the for- mer provifion were repealed in the reign of James I. While thefe continued in force, It was ufual from time to time, for our princes to iffue commiffioas of array, and fend into every county officers in whom they could confide, to mufter and array (or fet in military order) the inhabitants of every diftrift; and the form of the coinmiflion of array was fettled in parliament in the 5 Henry IV.' But at the fame time it was provided, that no man fhould be compelled to go out of the kingdom at any rate ; nor out of his (hire, but in cafes of urgent necef- fity; nor fhould provide foldiers unlefs by confent of parliament. About the reign of king Henry VIII. lord-lieutenants began to be introduced, rs. ftand- ing reprefentatives of the crown, to keep the counties in military order j for we •I '1 fill 300 * » a L A N k}. find tVannembnpdtsknowa officer in the «atut« ± and « PK .n^ w euhy and dangen "'"^^^^^^'T magiftmes, conftituted only in tinics of diffi- Soon after tlie reftomion of kine Charles II w>,m% »>«» ».;w»- which the militia now SsW aw ^nrinS/^M"^^^^^ ?°^ '^'^ ^^^" «> were then enafted It is tru^tbTlwo l! oTfu^ ^"'^' ''P^" ^''^ ^a^^^' ^^i^^^ many of their provifion a^ r;J^<^:d ^b tl^^a^ir«'SP?''°^^>' "^P^^^?^'- ^^^ by thepicfenf militia-laws ; thelene d VcW^f ^^^^^^^ regulations, number of the inhabitants of every county chofen H^ w\ ^^T^""" * ''''''" officered by the lord lieutenant the deZ« TL^T * ^ T ^.' ^^'^^ y^"«' »"^ holders, uideracommiSftomthecS^^^^ T? Other principal land- autof their counties, unfefs in cafe of Son o&S retmoT"'^-' '° "^"f to be fent out of the kingdom Thev aZ ^« k» -r /^'^J^^"' "or »" any cafe difcipline in general is °S* and efrvh,? VT^"'^ "' ^"'"^ ""^^^^ ^"^^^""^ theyarefubjeatotUrS of marti^ law' » '^ '';'^'' °"V"'° '''^"^^ ^"^i^<^' Thiols the coi^itutionalSrhvSJ^^^^ ^"'^"^'^ .'° '^^P '^^"^ '"^ "«'". and for proteS £^ real " ' ^^^ P^''^'*"'* ^°' ^'^^ P"^^^^ P^^^^> flatutes Seclare fs effenSt nlceffarftoX Z f""''^' T^"^'"' /"^ ^'^^^^ th^ Tot '.^c:KC\tl7S?FFpq:j^- ^^^^^^^ of the croSn of Gieat BrLjn S^ A ?^'^°'?' the defence of the polfeflions Europe, to matab:terin tim'e"o^^^^^^ ^^^ °^ P^" ^- command of the crown: who are h^w^er t^tl ^£ ^L'^^P.'' "°^" '^^ aad.he,* h.vcSi,MS mv of G Jf SrS"? "»<• «"«P"=". above ,50,000 American war, -35.000 men^betdST^^o^cSSit^VoleSTrw^V "' "" ID order, an annual ad of narliamenf n7ffi:« "t, -^ ? ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^P' fef the better payment of the a^vwJL' ^ P"""? ^?V°7 and defertion, and nerinwhichth^ylSto ^XerfS^^^^jJ^^^^^^ This regulates the man- throughouuhekV.,^anrci^^ir:^lj:^^ • The lana foreet confift of and .688^.-3 R.giLnunfdr°L';*:f^s.SS .k'st'r.l. t^lT,^: .ft^^^^^^'. ^}^S and 1688.— p Regiments of dragoon-jruards ditto .fisV ,T, p-*.""-"" "» •»""o-guBra», aitto i6H. horfe, raiferf between .68t and iTo-, R^i^ln» ?T^ Regiments oi dragoons, including light of foot, the firft, or Roral IcL 1^{Z\^- '^'5""*="'' of foot-guards, raifcd in i66c " • ^ r.m„..„;...f :„.:„°j''°''="5°".'. ra'fedin 1633, the others between iWi and 176a 70^ Regiments independent ... <-.»„.„„,„„•. ;> ■■;;: w!;r;v,?KffiTrn'£„a^ E N N D. 301 this, among other things, it is enafted, that if any officer r.n.' foldicr (hall excite, orjoin any mutiny, or knowing 6f it, fliall not give notice to the commanding officer; or &all defert, or lift in any other regiment, or fleep upon ids poft, or leave it before he is relieved, or hold correfpondence with a rebel or enemy, or ftrike or ufe violence to his fuperior officer, or fhall difobey his lawful command ; fuch offfen- der fliall fuffer fuch punilhraent as a court martial Ihall inflid, thouirh it extends to death itfelf. ^ Officers and foldiers that have been in the king's fervice, are, by feveral ftatutes cnaded at the clofe of feveral wars, at liberty to ufe any trade or occupation they are fit for, in any tov/n of the kingdom (except the two univerlities) notwithflanding any ftatute, cuftom, or charter to the contrary. And foldiers, in aftual military fer- vice, may make verbal wills, and difpofe of their goods, w^a^es, and otlaer perfonal chattels, without thofe forms, foleraniiies, and expences, which the law requires in . other cafes. Dally Pay of each Rank in his Majefty's Land Forces on the Bricifli EftaWiffiment. Colonel and Captain • Lieutenant Colonel and Captain Major and Captain Captain ... Captain Lieutenant or Lieutenant Cornet h. gd. & dr. Enf. ft. g. Enf. or id Lt. ft. Chaplain Adjutant Quarter-Mailer Surgeon Surgeon's Mne Urum Major Deputy Marflial 'erjeant Corporal Drummer Trumpeter Private Man- Allowance rColonel on the jD^orhautlM) Eftabliih- yCaptaiu linent to (_Agti\t i per troops company to Royal Reg. of Horfe-guardi. P. Pay I 96 7 I 6 •5 14 6 e 5 « e 3 3 a ( a e 4 4 % Subfifl Dragoons. F. Pay subca. a 6 a 5 1 a i 4 2 '5 4« 6 •5 9 8 6 5 5 6 6 18 "3 11 7 6 i 4 4 4 Foot Guards. Foot. F. Pay. SubGft. 10 I iS i« 6 4 S 3 3 3 3 I F. Pay. 4 ') ■ S 10 4 3 6 4 4 4 3 I I 6 ■ I 8 I 1 Subfifi 19 '3 ■ I 7 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 New Eftablifiiment of th.r Corps of Engineers, OSober ift, 1784, Rink Mki^er General Lieutenant General Ckief Engineer Five Colonels, each Five Lieutenant Colonels Ten Captains Per Day. Per Ann. 1 £. S. D. £. s. D. j 000 000 000 » 4 803 a 18 164a 10 IS |J68 IS le 181J Per Day. Rank I. 5. D. Ten Captains . . 060 Twenty Lieutenants - 078 Ten Second Lieutenants -040 Coq» of Invalids • 2178 Per Ann. £. S. D. 1C9S o o 1703 6 8 730 o o 1134 10 o Total ^ 10,401 lo o The Maritime; ftate is nearly related to the former ; though much more agree- able to the principles of our free conftitution. The royal navy of England hath ever been its greateft defence and ornament ; it is its ancient and natural ftrength ; the floating bulwark of the ifland; an army, from which, however ftrong and power- ful, no danger can ever be apprehended to liberty ; and accordinclv it has been aflidu- »ufiy cultivated, even from the earlieil ages, to fo much perfeilion was our naval 30J N G AND. "/t^Ws^o/oir '^' '^f '^ ""^'""7. ^i^^t the code of maritime laws, ^.hich are calU mmymmmm I.s'S^ "T/f™ "nV'"' ''""r'.'" "r "fP^""^' ""ly halh amoved to ,2 or IS for 26,000 leamen, mcludiiig 4495 marines. '''^ >^" '^^4' We may venture to affirm, thnt the Britifh navy, durius the war of jnt^ able to cope with all the other fIoet« in Enron*. £ ,1, /"? > ^ . ^^^'. ^^^ Jber<;tss,t.rr<^L;tL"t7.^t."si'T.«-e°,f.,^"BUnd,o. c- — —..V-:- tiiiu jauurs arc IUD- E N A N a 303 jea to a perpetual aft of parliament, which anfwers the annual military aft. that is paired for the government of the arm^, vet neither of thofe bodies are exempted from legal jurifdiftion m civil or criminal cafes, but in a few inftances of no great moment. The loldiers, particularly, may be called upon by a civil maffiftrate to enable him to preferve the peace againft all attempts to break it. The miliurv officer who commands the foldiers on thofe occafions, is to take his direftions from the magiftrate; and both he and they, if their proceedings are regular, are indemni- fied againft all confe9 496. « J'* ^?r*i?f ° r^ °^ ^'^V'"/' ' ^'"'. 3^ ^"K.««' and i o< flobps. When a fliip of war becomes old, or unfit for fervice, the fame name is transferred to another, which is built, as it is called u^I irp^Uoent." * '^'^'^ ^"^ '^ '^' "'* *'*• ""'''"^' »^' °*»' ^^'^-^ *><= ^l'»»8«d unlef.'bJ'S 304 N Tiie Pay of the OiEcers of the Rojral Navy in each Rate. Ph>^. Admirals and Commanders in Chief of the Fleet •An Admiral -^ , «. Vice Admiral ■■, Rear Admiral N D. Flao Officiks, and the Cavtains to per day. Firft Captain to the Commander in Chief *—- — Second ditto, and Captain to other Admirals — to V. Admirals 1 if firft or focond Rates, to 1 - - - .1 -to R, Aditoirals J have the Pay of fuch Rates S 3 I I I O o OFFICERS. ' Captain ftr day Lieutenant per day Mailer per mtnih 2d. mailer and pilots of yachts, each jf, i ot. Matter's mate Midlhipmaii Schoolraaller Captain's Clerk Qjiarter-mafter Quarter-mafter's m«e Boatfwain Boatfwain's mate Veoman of the Sheets Ct)tftv4fn Mailer fail Maker Sail maker's mate Sail maker's crew Gunner Gunner's rAUte Yto. of powd«r room Quarter Gunner* Armourer Armourer's mate Gunfmith Carpentef ^Carpenter's mate Carpenter's crew Purfer Steward Steward's mate Cook Surgeon f Surgeon's firft mate ■ " •' fecond mate third mate fourth a,nd fifth Fir/t. J SictnJ. Chaplain j: /. I o 3 a o 2 I I 4 I I I 1 I I 4 I I I 2 1 I 4 2 I 4 I I I 5 3 2 2 I O s. d. o o S 00 o3 6 5 o S '5 lO o «S 12 12 'S 8 5 o «J »5 6 S 10 S o o 6 o S o S o o 15 JO '9 /. i. d A l6 6 S c 8 c 0. Oi I 5 3 2 olo o o o 'S Id 10 '$ lO lO 'I $ lO •S •5 6 o 10 S lO o 6 10 o S o o 10 o lo '9 fbird. I Fturtb. o o 4 7 6 s. d.l. ,. 360 10 00 4 cS 12 16 »7 '7 «7 ■ a 8 o 12 8 8 »5 8 S o 12 12 5 «7 8 o 16 S o S o S o o 10 e le '9 CO 00 06 cli c ( c c t 7 ic '3 '3 >3 10 8 10 (O 8 •4 8 s 10 10 Id S >3 8 Fifth. 0' S c t ti c c c t c o I c t I 0|I I s. d 8 ; % 2 t lo c 10 t o 10 10 •5 «S o 16 '3 o o o o o > 8 o D 4 o S t> « 2 e 10 '4 5 10 3 o S o o 10 '9 8 6 S 8 6 6 12 8 5 % 10 6 5 12 S 5 o 5 f o c o 10 c 6 5 6 6 6 10 % $ o 6 !{ 10 S d 6 o « o o 6 9 9 O O o D O O O 10 o 5 o o o o o 4 o o o o o Royal TITLES, ARMS, ) The title of the king of England, is, By the Grace of AND ORDERS. f God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, De- fender of the Faith. The dftfignation of the kihgs of England was formerlv, his or her Grace, or Highnefs till Henry VlII. to put himfdf on a footing with tie empe- ror Charles V. affumed that of majefty ; but the old defignation was not abolifttd Si towards the end of queen Elizabeth's jeign. • Ont t» tvtry four guns . X Btjtdes \d. a mnthfor each mm. "f- Befidcs id M mtnlh for tnch man. 1! N L N D. 3P5 Since the acceffion of the prefent royal family of Great Britain anno 1714, the royal atchievement is marfhalled as follows: quarterly, in the firft grand quarter. Mars, thrke lions paJfmJ guardant, in pale, Sol, the imperial enfigns of England, im- paled, with the royal arms of Scotland, which are, Sol, a lion rampant wilhtn a double trejjure fioivered, and c/owiterjlowered, mth feurs-de-lis. Mars, llie fecond quarter is the royal arms of France, viz. Jupiter, three feur-de-lis, Sol. The third, the enfigns of Ireland ; which is, Jupiter, an harp, Sol, Jiringed Luna. And the fourth grand quar- ter is his prefent majelty's own coat, viz. Mars, two lions pajfant gunrdant, Sol, for Brunfwick, impaled with Lunenburg, which is, Sol, fenee of hearts, proper, a lion rampant, Jupiter ; having ancient Saxony, viz. Mars, an horfe currant Luna enfe (or grafted) ;» ^fl/^ ; axid in afield furtout. Mars, the diadem, orcrownof C/jarlemagne ; the whole, withm a garter, 38 foverejgn of that nioft noble order of knighthood. The motto of Dieu et man Droit, that is, God and my Right, is as old as the reign of Richard I. who affumed it to fhew his independency upon all earthly pow> crs. The thiftle, which is now part of the royal armorial bearings, belonged to Scot- land, and was very fignificant when joined to its motto. Nemo me impune lacejfet. ** None ihall fafely provoke me." The titles of the king's eldeft fon, are, Prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and Rothfay, earl of Chefter, eledoral prince of Brunfwick and Lunenburg, earl of Qrrick, baron of Renfrew, lord of the illes, great fteward of Scotland, and cap- tain general of the artillery company. The order of the Garter, themoft honourable of any in the world, was infti- tuted by Edward IIL January 19, I344' It confifts of the fovereign who is al- ways the king or queen of England, of 25 companions called Knights of the Gar- ter, who wear a med^l of St. George killing the dragon, fuppofed to be the titu- lar faint of England, commonly enamelled on gold, fufpended from a blue riband, which was formerly worn about their necks, but fmce the latter end of Janies L now croifes their bodies from the Ihoulder. The garter, which is of blue velvet, bordered with gold, buckled under the left knee, and gives the name to the order, was defigned as an enfign of unity and combination ; on it is embroidered the words, Honi foit qui tnal y penje, " Evil to him who evil thinks." Knights of the Bath, fo called from their bathing at the time of their creation, are fuppofeid to be inltituted by Henry IV. about the year 1399, ^"' ^^^ order feems to be more ancient. For many reigns, they were created at the coronation of a king or queen, or other folemn occafions, and they wear a fcarlet riband hanging from the left flxoulder, with an enamelled medal the badge of the order, a loie ilfying from the dexter fide of a fceptre, and a thiftle from the finifter, between three imperial crowns placed withm the motto, Tria junila in nnum, *' Ihree joined in one." This order being difcontinued, was l•evi^ed by king George I. on the i8th of May, 1725, and the month following, eighteen nobl^ men, and as m^y commoners of the firft rank, were inftalled knights' of the order with great ceremony, at Weftminfler, where the place of inftalment is Henry VII.'s chapel. Their robes are fplendid, and the number of knights is undetermined. The order of the Thistle, as belonging to Scotlaiid, is mentioned in the account of that kingdom; as is alfo the order of St. Patrick, newly iuftituted for Ireland, in our account of that kingdom. The origin of the Englifh peerage, or nobility, has been already mentioned. Their titles, and order of dignity, are dukes, marquilfes, earls, \ifcounts, and lords or barons^ Baronets can fcarcely be faid to belong to an order, having no other badge than a bloody hand in a field, argent, ia their arms. They are tb.e only hereditaiy ho- No. X, R r ' ao6 £ N O t A N D. ttour under the peerage, and would take place even of the knights of the garter were It not that the latter are always privy counfellors; there being no intermediate Honour between them and the parliamentary barons of England. They were inlti- tmed by James I. about the year 1615. Their number was then two hundred, and cacn paid about loool. on pretence of reducing and plantmg the province of Ulfter m Ireland : but at prefent their number amounts to 700. A inight is a term ufcd almoft in every nation in Europe, and in general figni- tM» a loldier fervmg on hotfeback; a rank of no mean eftimation in ancient armies, and entithng the party himfdf to the appellation of Sir. Other knighthoods formerly took place mEng and; fuch as thofe of bannerets, batchelors, knigLs of the carpet, and the like, butthey are now difufed. Indeed m theyear 1773, at a review of the joyal navy at Portimouth, the king conferred the honour of Knighis Bannerets on two admirals and three captains. They have no par-- '- bidge on their garments, but their arms are painted on a banner placed in the ' the fupporters it IS fomewhat difficult to account for the origii ihe word e/quire, which- Xormerly ligmfaed a perlon bearing the arms of a nooieman or Jcnight, and they were thereiore called armigeri. This title denoted any perfon, who, by his birth or property was entitled to bear arms ; but it is at prefent applied promifcuouny to any man who can afford to live in the charafter of a. gemlcman without trade, and even a tradefman, if he is a juftice of peace, demands the appellation. This de- grec, 10 late as m the reign of Henry IV. was an order, and conferred by the king, by puttmg about the party's neck a collar of SS. and giving him a pair of lilver Ipurs. Gower the poet, appears from his effigies on his tomb in Southwark, to have been an efquire by creation. Serjeants-at-law, and other ferjeants belong, mg tothekmgs houftiold, juftices of the peace, doftors in divinity, law, and phy- fic, take place of other efquires; and it is remarkable, that all the fonsof dukw, itiarqmlles, earls, vifcounts, and barons, are in the eye of the law no more than elquires, though commonly defigned by noble titles. The appellation of gentle- man, though now confounded with the mean ranks of people, is the root of all JingUm honour; for every nobleman is prefumed to be a gentleman, though every gentleman is not a nobleman. » e / History.] It is generally agreed, that the firft inhabitants of Britain were a Ta^ 1^ • °^ ^^'*' ^^^^ ^"^"^^^ °° ^^« oppofite Ihore: a fuppofitioa toundedupon the evident conformity m their language, manners, government, re- ligion, and complexion. In the account I have given of the laws and conftitution, may be found great ^*'l°yi^ "^ England, which I IhaU not here repeat, but confine myfelf to the different gradations of events, in a chronological order, connefted with the improvement of arts, fciences, commerce, and manufaaures, at their proper pe- riods, t^ r r When Tulms Caefar, about fifty-two years before the birth of Chrift, meditated a conqueft of Britain, the natives, undoubtedly, had great connexions with the Gauls, and other people of the comment, in government, religion, and commerce, rude as the latter was. Claefar wrote the hiftory of his two expeditions, which he pretended were accompanied with vaft difficulties, and attended by fuch advantages over the iflanders, that they agreed to- pay tribute. It plainly appears, however, from contemporary, and other authors, as well a» Caefar's own narrative, that his vidones were incomplete and indecifive; nor did the Romans receive the leaft ad- vantage from his expedition, but a better knowledge of the iOand than thev had beiore. llie lintons at the time of Caeiar's defcent, were governed in the time of warbya political confederacy, of which Caffibelan, whofe territories lay m Hcrt> ■ >1h 7X. N G L N a 307 Ibfdihiie, and Ibme of the adjacent Counties, was the head ; and this form of go- vernment continued among them for fome time. In their manner of life, as defcribed by Caefar and the beft authors, they differed little from the rude inhabitants of the northern climates that have been already men- tioned; but they certainly fowed corn, though, perhaps, they chiefly fubfifted upon animal food and milk. Their cloathing was fkins, and their fortifications beams of wood. They were dexterous in the management of their chariots be- yond credibility; and they fought with lances, darts, and fwords. Women ibmetimes led their armies to the field, and were recognifed as fovereigns of their particular diftri£ls. They favoured a primogeniture or feniority, in their fucceflion to royalty, but fet it afide on the fmalleft inconveniency attending it. They paint- ed their bodies with woad, which gave them a bluifh or greenifli caft ; and they arefaid to have had figures of animals, and heavenly bodies on their (kins. In their marriages they were not very delicate, for they formed themfelves into what we may call matrimonial clubs. Twelve or fourteen men married as many wives^ and each wife was in common to them all, but her children belonged to the original hulband. The Britons lived, during the long reign of Auguftus Caefar, rather as the allies than the tributaries of the Romans ; but the communications between Rome and Great Britain being then extended, the emperor Claudius Caefar, about forty-two years after the birth of Chrift, undertook an expedition in perfon, in which he feems to have been fuccefsful againft Britain. Kis conquefts, however, were imperfeft ; Caraftacus, and Boadicea though a woman, made noble ftands againft the Romans. The former was taken prifoner after a defperate battle, and carried to Rome, where his undaunted behaviour before Claudius gained him the admiration of the vidors, andis celebrated in the hiftories of the times. Boadicea being oppreffed in a man- ner that difgraces the Roman name, and defeated, difdained to furvive the liberties of her country ; and Agricola, general to Domitian, after fubduing South Britain, carried his arms northwards, as has "been already feen in the hiftory of Scot- land, where his fuccelfors had no reafon to boaft of their progrefs, every inch of ground being bravely defended. During the tinje the Romans remained in this ifland, they ereded thofe walls I have fo often mentioned, to proteft the Britons from the invafions of the Caledonians, Scots, and Pidts ; and we are told, that the Roman language, learning, and cuftoms, became familiar in Britain. There feems to be no great foundation for this aifertion; and it is more probable, that the Romans confidered Britain chieflv as a nurfery for their armies abroad, on account of the^ fuperior ftrength of body, and courage of the inhabitants, when difciplined. That this was the cafe, appears plainly enough from the de- fencelefs ftate of the Britons, when the government ot Rome recalled her forces from that ifland. I have already taken notice, that during the abode of the Ro- mans in Britain, they introduced into it all the luxuries of Italy ; and it is certain, that under them the South Britons were reduced to a ftate of great vaflalage, and that the genius of liberty retreated northwards, whero the natives had made a brave refiftance againft thefe tyrants of the world. For though the Britons were unque- ftionably very brave, when incorporated with the Roman legions abroad, yet we know of no ftruggle they made in later times, for their independency at home, notwithrtanding the many favourable opportunities that prcfented themlelves. The Roman euipciors and generals while in this ifland, afllfted by the Briions, were en- tirely employed in repelling the attacks of the Galeclnnians and Pifis (the latter arc thought to have been the fouthern Britons retired northwards), and they appeared to have been in no pain about the fouthern provinces. R r 2 Upon t-i 368 £ N N D. 7. -2,; / / Upon the mighty kundations of thofe barbarous nations, which, under the names of Goths and Vandals invaded the Roman empire with infinite niuabers, aiid with danger to Rome itfelf*, the Roman legions were withdrawn out of Bri* tain, with the flower of the Britilh youth, for the defence of the capital and centre of the empire. As the Roman forces decteafed in Britain, the Scots and Piits, who had always oppofed the progrefs of the Romans in this ifland, advanced the more boldly into the fouthern parts, carrying terror and defolation over the vhole country. The efleminated Britons were ib accuftomed to have recourfe to the Romans for defence, that they again and again implored the return ot the Romans, who as often drove back the invaders to their mountains and ancient limits bevond the walls. But thefe enterprizes ferv«d only to protra£l the mile- ries of the Britons ; and the Romans now reduced to extremities at home, and fetigued with thefe diftant expeditions, acquainted the Britons, that they muft no longer look to them for protefliori, and exhorted them to arm in their own dc^ fence ; and that they might leave the ifland with e good grace, they aflifted the Britons in rebuilding with ftone the wall of Severus, between Newcaftle and Carliflci which they lined with forts and watch-towers ; and having done this good office, took their laft farewel of Britain about the year 448, after having been itaafters of the mofl fertile parts of it, if we reckon from tlie invafion of Julius Cafar, near 500 years. The Scots and Fids finding the whole ifland finally deferted by the Roman Je- gions, now regarded the whole as their prize, and attacked Severus's wall with re- doubled forces, ravaged all before them with a fiiry peculiar to nortliem nations in thofe ages, and which a remembrance of former injuries could not fail to infpire. The poor Britons like a helplefs family, deprived of their parent and protedor, already fubdued by their own fears, had again recourfe to Rome, and fent over their miferable epiftle for relief (dill upon record), which was addreffed in thefe Ukt.-u '. Ri N LAND. 309 hfftory. The Savons were ignorant of letters, and public tranfadions among the Brhons were recorded only by their bards and poets, a Ipecies of men whom they hfM in great veneration. ■ It docs not fall within my dcfign to relate the feparate hiftory of every pariicular nation that formed the heptarchy. It is futticient to fay, that the pope in Auftin's time fupplied England with about 400 monks, and that the clergy took care to keep their kings and laity under the moft deplorable ignorance, but always magnifying the power and fan6lity of his holinefs. Hence it was, that the Anglo-Saxons, during their heptarchy, were governed by the clergy ; and as they faw convenient, perluaded their kings either to fbut themfelves up in cloilters, or to undertake pilgrimages to Rome, where they firifhed their days j no lefs than thirty Anglo-Saxon kings, during the heptarchy, refigned their crowns in that manner, and among them was Ina king of the Weft Saxons, though in other refpedls he was a wile and brave prince. The bounty of thole Anglo-Saxon kings to the lee of Rome, was therefore uulimited ; and Ethelwald, king of Mercia, impofed an annual tax of a penny upon every houfe, which was afterwards known by the nanie of Peter's pence, becaufe paid on the ho- liday of St. Peter ad imciila, Auguft ift\ Under all thofe difadvantages, the Anglo-Saxons were happy in comparifon of the nations on the continent ; becaufe they were free from the Saracens, or fucceffors of Mahomet, who had ereded an empire in the Eaft upon the ruins of the Roman, and began to extend their ravages over Spain and Italy. Xondon was then a place of very confiderable trade ; and if we are to believe the Saxon chronicles qur'ted by Tyrrcl, W ithred king of Kent paid at one time to Ina king of Weffex, a fumin filver equal to 90,0001. Iterling, in the year 694. England, therefore, we may fuppofe to • have been about this time a refuge for the people of the continent. The venerable but fuperftitious Eede about the year 740, compofed his church hiftory of Britain, . from the coming in of the Saxons down to the year 731. The Saxon Chronicle is one of the oldelt and moft authentic monuments of hiftory that, any nation can pro- duce. Architedlure, fuch as it was, with ftone and glafs working, was introduced . into England ; and we read, in 709, of a Northumbrian prelate who was ferved in filver plate. It muft however be owned, that the Saxon coins, which are generally of •' copper, are many of them illegible, and all of them mean. Ale and alehoufes are mentioned in the laws of Ina, about the year 728; and inthis ftate was the Saxon heptarchy in England when about the year 8co, .moft of the Anglo-Saxons tired out . with the tyranny of their petty kings, united in calling to the government of the heptarchy, Egbert, who was the eldeft remaining branch of the race of Cerdic, one of the Saxon chiefs who firft arrived in Britain. On the fubmiffion of the Northumbrians in the year 827 he became king of all England. Charles the Great, otherwife Charlemagne, was then king of France, and em- - peror of Germany; Egbert had been obliged by ftate jealoulies, to fly to the court of Charles for protedion from the perfecutions x>f Eadburga daughter of Ofl'a, wife to - Brithric, king of the Weft Saxons. Egbert acquired at the court of Charles, the arts both of war and government, and therefore foon united the Saxon heptarchy in his own perfon, but without fubduing Wales. He changed the name of his kingdom into that of Engle-lond, or England; but there is reafon to believe that iome part of' England continued ftill to be governed by independent princes of the blood of Cer- • die, though they paid perhaps a fmall tribute to Egbert, who died in the year 838 at Winchefter, his chief refidence. . • This tax was impofed .it firft for the fiipport of a coHege at Rome for the education of EngHfh • youth, founded by Ina king of Weflcx, under the name of RtmeScft, but in procrfs of time the popes claimed it as a tribute due to St. Peter and his fucceflbrs. I *! 4^ : n\ 310 E N LAND. Egbert was fuccwded by his fon Ethelwolf, who divided his power with his el- deft fon Athelftan. Bjr this name, England had become a fccue of blood and ra- yages, through the Damfh mvafions; and Ethelwolf after fome time bratelv oDDof- ing them reared in a fit of devotion to Rome, to which he carried with him his Ihe gitts which Ethelwolf made to the clergy on this occafion (copies of which are mil remaining) arelo prcxligious, even the tithes of all his dominions, that they (hew his brain to have been touched by his devouon, or guided by the arts of Swithin bi- Jop of Wanchefter. At his death, after his return from Rome, he divided his dominions between two of his (bns (Athelftan being then dead), Ethelbald and Ethel- bert, but we know of no patrimony that was left to young Alfred. Ethelbert, who was the furvmng fon, left his kingdom in 866, to his brother Ethelred:' in whofe time notwithftanding the courage and conduft of Alfred, the Danes became mafters K ^^f ,f ^;*^°*^«' and the fineft counties in England. Ethelred being killed, his bro- thcr Alfred mounted thethrone in 871. He was one of the greatcft princes, both in peace and war, mentioned m hillory. He fo,,ght feveu battles with the Danes with various fuccd^s, and when defeatetl, he found rcfources that rendered him as terrible as betore. He was, however, at one time reduced to an uncommon ftate of diltrefs being forced to live in the difguife of a cowherd. He ftill however kept up a lecret correfpondence with his brave friends, whom he colleded together, and by their af- liitance he gave the Danes many fignal overthrows, till at laft he recovered the king- dom ot England, and obliged the Danes who had been fettled in it, to fwear obedi- ence to his government : even part of Wales courted his protediion ; fo that he is thought to have been the moft powerful monarch that had ever reigned in England. . Among the other glories of Alfred's reign, was that of raifing a maritime power in England, by which he fecured her coafts from future iuvafions. He rebuilt the city r 7;°r i^' y;'^"^^,^*^ '^een burnt down by the Danes, and founded the univerfity of Oxford about the year 89.5 : he divided England into counties, hundreds, and tythings; or rather he revived thole divifions, and the ufe of juries, which had fallen iiito defuetude by the ravages of the Danes. Having been educated at Rome, he was iiimlelf not only a Icholar, but an author; and he tells us himfelf, that upon his ac celhon to the throne he had fcarcely a lay fubjeft who could read Englifh, or an ec cldiaftic who underltood Latin. He introduced ftone and brick buildings to gene- ral ufe in palaces as well as churches, though it is certain that his fubjeas for many years after his death, were fond of timber buildings. His encouragement of commerce and naMgaiion may feem incredible to modern rimes, but he had merchants who traded in Eaft India jewels; and William of Malmlbury fays, that lome of their gems were repofited in the church of Sherborne in his time. He received from one Oaher, about tlie year i<()o, a full dilcovciy of the coafts of Nor- way and Lapland, as far as Ruilla ; and he tells the king in his memorial, piinted by Hakluyt, « that he failed along the Norway coaft, lb fhr north as conunonly the whale hunters ufe to travel." He invited numbers of learned men into his dominions, and found faithful and ufeful allies in the two Scotch kings his contemporaries, Gregory and Donald, agaiuft the Danes. He is Ikid to have fought no Ids than fifty-fix pitch- ed kattles with thofe barbarians. He was inexorable agaiuil his corupt judges, \^ horn he ufed to hang up m the public liighways, as a terror to evil doers. He died in the year 901, and his charadfer is i;.. completely amiable ai.d heroic, that he is iuftly dig- nified with the epithet of the Great. j / e Alfred was fucceeded by his fon Edward tlie Elder, under whom, though a brave prince, the Danes renewed their invafions and barbariiies. He died in the year 925. aiid was Jucceeucd by his ciueil fun Alhdftan. Ihis prince ^\as luch an en- ^ourager of commerce as to make a law, that every merchant ^ho made three E N N D. 3IX voyages on his own account to the Mediterranean, fhould be put upon a footing with a thane or nobleman of the firft rank. He caul'ed the Scriptures to be tranflatcd into the Saxon tongue. He encouraged coinage, and we find by his laws, that archbi- ihops, biihops, and even abbots, had then the privilege of minting money. His do- minions appear however to have been confined towards the north by the Danes, al- though his valfals \W\\ kept a footing in thole counties. He was engaged in perpetual wars with his neighbours, the Scots in particular, and was generally fuccefsfiil, and died in 941. The reigns of his fucceffors, Edmund, Edred, and Edwy, were weak and inglorious, they being either engaged in wars with the Danes, or difgraced by the influence of the Clergy. Edgar, who mounted the throne about the year 959, revived the naval glory of England, and is faid to have been rowed down the river Dee by eight kings his vaffals, he fitting at the helm. His reign however was pacific and glorious, though he was obliged to cede to the Scots all the territory to the north of the Tine. He was fucceeded in 975, by his eldeft fon Edward, who was barbaroufly murdered by his ftep-mother, whofe fon Eihelred mounted the throne in $78. The Danes by degrees became poifeffed of the finelt part of the country, while their countrymen made fometimes dreadful defcents in the weftern parts. To get rid of them, he agreed to pay them 30,0001. which was levied by way of tax, and called Danegeld, and was the firft land tax in England. In the year 1002 they made fuch fettlements in England, that Ethelred was oliged to give way to a general maflatre of them by the Englilh, but it is improbable that it was ever put into execution. Some attempts of that kind were undoubtedly made in particular counties, but they ferved only to enrage the Danifh king Swein, who in 1013, drove Ethelred, his queen, and two fonsout of England into Normandy a province of France, facing the louth-eaft coaft of England, at that time governed by its own princes, lliled the dukes of Normandy. Swein being killed, was fucceeded by his fon Canute the Greati but' Ethelred returnin-^ to England, forced Canute to retire to Denmark, from whence he invaded England with a vaft army, and obliged Edmund Ironlide, (fo called for bis great bodily ilrength) Ethelred's fon, to divide with him the kingdom. Upon Ed- mund's being aiTalfinated, Canute fucceeded to the undivided kingdom ; and dying in 1035, his fon Harold Harefoot, did nothing memorable, and his fucceflbr Hardi- tanute, was fo degenerate a prince, that the Danifh royalty ended with him in England. The family of Ethelred was now called to the throne; and Edward, who is com- monly called the Confeiror,moimteditr though Edgar Atheling, who, by being defcend- ed from an elder branchi had the lineal right, was yet alive. Upon the death of the Confelfor, in the year 1066, Harold, fon of Goodwin, Earl, of Kent, mounted the throne of England- William duke of Normandy, though a baftard was then in the unrivalled pof- feflionofthat great duchy, and refolved to aiTert his right to the crown of Eng- land. For that purpofe, he invited the neighbouring princes, as well as his own vaflals, to join him, and made liberal promifes to his followers, of lauds and ho- nours in England, to induce them to affift him efledually. By thefe means he col- ledled. 40,000 of the braveft and moft regular troops in Europe, and while Harold was embarraffed with frelh invafions from the Danes, W illiam landed in Eng- land without oppofition. Harold returning from the North, encountered William in the place where the town of Battle now ftands, which took its name from it, near Haftin'gs in Suffex, and a moft bloody battle was fought between the two ar- mies ; but Harold being killed, the crown of England devolved upon William, in the year 1066. I cannot find any great improvements, either in arts or arms, which the Saxons bad made m England fmec the firft invalion of the Danes. Tliofe barbarians ksscL. i V Hi <-\w mj^i 312 N N D. to have arried oft mth them alinoft Ml the bullion and ready money of the Anat«. Saxons; for I perceive tlut Alfmi the Great left no more to^hUtwo dauihterr^fc the r portioi^ than lool. each. The return of the Danea to Sland nd Z vidones which had been gained over them, bad undoubtedly btS back liS part of the money and bullion they had carried off; lor we L toW h?? hS lul\l"^ '"2-°'^w^l^ *'^.^*''*''' "=«=»'"«* *" "»"^h treafLa. twelve luftvmin could carry off. We have indeed very particular accounts of the v! u^ ^f ^ • fion« and manufaaures in thofe days; a palfrey coft is an aaVof h.^r ^T'" to bilhop Fleetwood in his Ghroniion Pietit^^mris « hll ^n \ (according uled. In the Saxon umes. land was divided among all the inale Si Jrcn of th« d7 .ceafed iutads were fomeiimes praailed in thofe Times. '•"* **"" W ith regard to the nunncrs of the Anglo-Saxons, Me can fay little but that thev them as barbarians, when they mention the invafion made upon them by tirduke L!LTT\- ^^"'l"^ P^^ the people in a fituation of receiving I.wlv from abroad the rudiments of fcience and cultivation, and of correfting "hd Sh and licentious manners. Their uncultivated ftate might be owing to thi cleii^ who al ways difcou raged manufaftu res. '* "'^ ticrgy, wno al- We are however to diftinguifti between the fccular clergy, and the reeulars or ^monks. Many of the former, among the Anglo-Saxons, ^re men of eSnlarv lives, and excellent magUlrates. A great deal of the Sax^n barbaTn was SS owing to the Daniftinvafions, which left little room for civil or literaTimDrov^ ments. Amidft all thole defeats, public and perfonal liberty were wellT.nX^ftood and guarded by the Saxon inftitmions ; and we owe to them at tlus dly the S. a luable privileges of Englilh fubjeds. ^' ^ The lofs which both fides fuflered at the battle of Haftings is uncertain Ando LTyiTif ^rm^lV hlt^^^^^^^^ "" '" ";P^"r ^° ^^^^' "^ attXd'l^Tmam It A • A A 7' ? . r advantage of numbers was on the fide of the Norman • and indeed the death of Haroid ieems to have decided the d^y aud WflUam with very little arther difficoilty, took polfeflion of the th«me, a^ m«le a confi' & wtSr faid ;: h""''""" ""'/''l^^' ^ -nverting'lan^ kTo knights' ^es Which arc faid to have amoumed to 62,000, and were held of the Norman find other great perlons who had alliftecl him in his conqueit, and who w^re k,und ^ attend him with their knights and their ibUou^ in his ^ars. He gave for in fiance to one of his barons, the whole cotmty of Ghefter, which he erefted nto a palatinate, and rendered hy his grant almoft Independent of the crown ; andTrc according to feme hiftonans, we iiave the rife of the feudal hw in JblngUd mu 1 N G N D. 313 Uam fouud it no eafy matter to keep poffeflion of his crown. Edgar Aiheling, and his filter, the next Anglo-Saxon heirs, were affedlioaatcly received in Scotland, and many of the Saxon lords took arms, and formed tonfpiracies in England. W illiani got the better of all difficulties, efpeciallv after he had made a peace with Malcolm king of Scotland, who married Athelings fifter; but not without exercifing horrible crueltiei upon the Anglo-Saxons. He introduced the Norman laws and language. He built the ftonc Iquare tower at London, commonly called the White Tower ; bridled the country with forts, and dilarmed the old mhabitants; in fhort, he at tempted every thing poffible to obliterate every trace of the Anglo-Saxon conftitution ; though, at his coronation, he took the fame oath that ufcd to be taken by the an- cient Saxon kings. He caufed a general furvey of all the lands of England to be made, or rather to be completed (for it was begun in Edward the Confelfor's time), and an account to be taken of the villains, flaves, and live flock upon each eftate ; all which were recorded in a book called Doomlday-book, which is now kept in the Exchequer. But the repofe of this fortunate and viilorious king was difturbed in his old age, by the rebellion of his eldeft Ion Robert, who had been appointed governor of Nor- mandy, but now afliimed the government as fovereign of that province, iu which he was fjivoured by the king of France. And here we have the rife of the wars between England and France ; which have continued longer, drawn more uoWe blood, and been attended with more memorable atchievements, than any other na- tional quarrel we read of in ancient or modern hiftory. William feeing a war in- evitable, entered upon it with his ufual vigour, and with incredible celerity, iranf- porting a brave Englilh army, invaded France, where he was every where viftorious, but died before he had finifhed the war, in the year 1087, the fixty-firft of his age, and twenty-fuft of his reign in England, and was buried in his own abbey at Caen in Normandy. The above are the moft material tranfaflions of William's reign; and it may be farther obferved, that by the Norman conqueft, England not only loft the true line of her ancient Saxon kings, but alfo her principal nobility, who either fell in battle in defence of their country and liberties, or fled to foreign countries, particularly Scotland, where, being kindly received by king Malcolm, they cftabliflied them- lelves ; and what is a ery remarkable, introduced the Saxon or Englifh, which has been the prevailing language in the Lowlands of Scotland to this day. On the other hand, England, by virtue of the conqueft, became much greater, both in dominion and power, by the acceflion of fo much territoiy upon the con- tinent. For though the Normans by the conqueft, gained much of the Englifh land and riches, yet England gained the large and fertile dukedom of Normandy, which became a province to this crown. England likewife gained much by the great increafe of naval power, and multitude of fhips, Avherein Normandy then abounded. This, with the perpetual intercourfe between England and the con- tinent, gave us an increafe of trade and commerce, and of treafure to the crown and kingdom, as appeared foon afterwards. England, by the conqueft, gained likewife a natural F%ht to the dominion of the Channel, which had been before acquired only by the greater naval power of Edgar, and other Saxon kings. But the dominion of^the narrow feas feems naturally to belong, like that of rivers, to thofe who poffefs the banks or coafts on both fides ; and fo to have ftrengthened the former title, by fo long a coaft as that of Normandy on one fide, and of England on the other fide of the Channel. The fuccefiion to the crown of England was difputed between the Conqueror's Ions Robert and William (commonly called Rufus, from his being red-haired), 10 S f AND. and was carried in favour of the latter. He was a brave and intrepid prince hm no fnend to the clergy who have therefore been unfavourable to hi memZ ' He was hkewife hated by the Normans, who loved his elder brother, and coTSuentlv he was engaged m perpetual wars with his brothers, and rebellious fSbjcds Tb2 his time the crufades to the Holy Land began, and Robert, who was amonfc the fi^rit vied from the clergy William behaved a. ith great generolity towards Edgar Athe hng and the court of Scotland, notwithftandini all the provocations he had received Samn^? ^""'^i;' ^"' ""''' ^^^^^f l"/ ''"led as he was hunting ?n New Foreft In Hampfhire, in the year i lOO, and the forty-fourth year of his age. This prince built Weftminlter-hall as it now ftands, and added feveral works to the lower, which he furrounded with a wall and a ditch. In the year iioohnn pened that inundation of the fea, which overflowed great part of e^rl GoodwS e^te in Kent, and formed thofe (hallows in the Do.'ns. nSw called the Goodiin He was fuccecded by his brother Henry I. fumamed Beauclerc, on account of his learmng, thoug bs brother Robert was then returning from he Holy L nd PTi!"'/- *1 ^^t-^ J'^^^ purchafed the throne, firlt by his brotLrTtreafures lubjedls to the rights and privileges they had enjoyed under the Ando-Saxon kincli' fa°nd :'nH^' "^^ ^'' vT''^! Tl^ ^^"'^^^ ^^"gl^er of Malcokf Ilfkirof^^^^^^^^^^^ ZL rS 'I ^1^'' ^'^'^^S' °f '^^ «°"ent Saxon hne. His reign^in a great meafure reftored the clergy to their influence in the ftate, and they fbmcd as h TnZ'J. ^"^"'"% ^?^^, dependent upon the pope, which afterward^s creTted gea" convulfionsm England. Henry partly by force, and partly by ftratagem made himfelf mafter of his brother Robert's perfon, and duch/of Normandy^aS with a moft ungenerous meannefs, detained him a prifoner for^ twenty-eight years tiinhe time of his death; and in the mean while Henry quieted his coLeKr/ound W II^mI' W%^Vl'''n^^ '^^'^'^ '^ ^ ^^^°^y ^^' f"«efsfl,l wafwi^h Fran e^ and before his death he fettled the fucceffion upon 'his daughter the emprefs Sda' widow to Henry IV. emperor of Germany, and her fon Henry, brht fecond ':;^^7^f^^.^^'^ Henrydiedofafu7^eit,\i thetTn^ Notwithftanding the late |i element of fucceffion, the crown of England was claimed, and feized by Stepht^ earl of Blois, the fon of Adela. fourSf daughte .o Willuim the Conqueror. Matilda and her fon were then abn^ad ; and Stefhea was affifted in his u urpation by his brother the bifhop of Winchcfter and the othr^ great prelates, that he might hold .he crown dependen^t, as h werrupou them Ma nlda, however found a generous proteftor in her uncle, David, king of Scotland hfr r'S "^f ^;" ^" "^^"^^' ^'■^^^" ^«^'-^' earl of Glouceflerwho he 3ed her partv before her fon grew up. A long and bloody war enfbed the dergv h7v ing abfofved Stephen and all his friends from their guilt of breaking the ft^f^uc" celiion; but at length, the barons who dreaded the power of the clergv inclined towards Matilda ; and Stephen, who depended chiefly on foreign me ceS'rieshav .ng bc-en abandoned by the clergy, was defeated and^aken prifonerri 4 '• ami Lp'ut'nchain^"' ""''''''' ^^ '"P"^^"^^^' "P^"'^^^ ^-' -'I ordered' hi^^' to MatUdawas proud and weak; the clergy were bold and ambitious; and when joined with the nobihtv. who wero fa,f*m„c or^,i fr'h"]--t fJ-^-- , for ,hc crown. They demanded to i^'g^^^^t^s^ UwrrorS » .he charter ,har l,ad been gramed by Henry I. u*pon hi, focceffi™ ; and fi^^iiSg N N D. 315 Matilda refradory, they drove her out of England in 1142. Stephen having been exchanged for the earl of Gloucefter, who had been taken prifoner likewife, upon his obtaining his liberty, found thal#his clergy and nobility had in fa£l excluded him from the government, by building 1 roc caftles, where each owner lived as an independent prince. We do not, however, find that this alleviated the feudal fubjedlion of the inferior ranks. Stephen was ill enough advifed to attempt to force them into a compliance with his will, by declaring his fon Euftace heir apparent to the kingdom; and thus exafperated the clergy fo much, that they invited over young Henry of Anjou, who had been acknowledged duke of ;Normandy, and was fon to the emprefs; and he accordingly landed in England with an army of foreigners. This meafure diviaed the clergy from the barons, who were apprehenfive of a fecond conqueft ; and the earl of Arundel, with the heads of the lay ariftocracj', propofed an accommodation, to which both parties agreed. Stephen, who about that time loft his fon Euftace, was to retain the name and office of king ; but Henry, who was in fadt invelted with the chief executive power, was acknowledged his fuc- celfor. Though this accommodation was only precarious and imperfedl, yet it was received by the Englifh, who had bled at every pore during the late civil wars, with great joy; and Stephen dying very opportunely, Henry mounted the throne, without a rival, in 1 154. Henry U. furnanied Plantageaet, was by far the greateft prince of his time. He foon difcovered amazing abilities for government, and had performed, in the lix- teenth year of his age, adlions that would have dignified the moft experienced war- riors. At his accelhon to the throne, he found the condition of the Euglilh bo- roughs greatly bettered, by the privileges granted them in the ftruggles between their late kuigs and the nobility. Henry perceived the good policy of this, and brought the boroughs to fuch a height, that if a bondman or fervaut remained in a borough a year and a day, he was by fuch refidence made free. He ereftcd Wal- iingford, Winchefter, and Oxford, into free boroughs, for the fervices the inhabi- tai-'s had done to his mother and himfelf ; by difcharging them from every bur- den, excepting the fixed fee-farm rent of Ibch towns ; and this throughout all Eng- land, excepting London. This gave a vaft acceilion of power to the crown, becaufe the crown alone could fupport the boroughs againft their feudal tyrants, and enabled Henry to reduce his overgrown nobility. W ithout being very Icrupulous iu adhering to his former engagements, he re- fuuicd the exceflive grants of crown lands made by Stephen, which were reprefented as illegal. He demolifhed many of the caftles that had been built by the barons ; but when he came to touch the Clergy, he found their ufurpations not to be Ihaken. He perceived that the root of all their enormous diforders lay in Rome, where the popes had exempted churchmen, not only from lay courts, but civil taxes. The bloody cruelties and diforders occafioned by thofe exemptions, all over the king- dom, would be incredible, were they not attefted by the nioft unexceptionable evidences. Unfortunately for Henry, the head of the Englifh church, and chan- cellor of the kuigdom, was the celebrated 1 honias Becket. This man, powerful from liis offices, and flill more fo by his populaiity, arifing from a pretended fanc- lity, was violent, intrepid, and a determined enemy to temporal power of every kind, but withal, cool and politic. The king aftembled his nobility at Clarendon, the n.unc of which place is ftill famous for the conftitutions there ena£led ; which, in fad, aboliffied the authority of the Romiffi fee over the Englifh clerg)-. Eeckdt finding it in vain to rcfift the ftrcam, figned thoie confliluliunj>, till ihcy could be ratified by the pope ; who, as he forefaw, rejeaed them. Henry, though a prince of the moft determined fpirit of any of his" time, was then embroiled with all his S f 2 /' r' C^ i i^/Crl^ I _.. ^ . .... Af^4-h:ri 3i6 E N AN D. ^i^T\ ^^i^ ^"^ ^^ ^?"^ ^*' ^' '^ ^^"^ *>*"« ^« *»» "meridian grandeur. ^fiiii^^'Sf^^^^^^'^"**^ andconvifted of robbing the public, whill he wa, rel. TheeBea was, that all the Englifli clergy who were on the king's fide were cxcomman^,t^y and the fubjeas abfolved from their allegiance, ^his dil^on! terted Henry fo much, that he fubmitted to treat, and even to be infulted bv his rebel prelate, who returned triumphantly through the ftreeis of London in iino ^\ "^^ « ^^**^ ^v P"*^' «°^ encreafed his infolence, till both became infupl Jhl fi ft f K- rTV^**** '^''. *^".*" l^«^n»«ns caife upon thif ud^iobs r 1 J^^ ^*''?' r^"^^^^ ^^^ ^^'^ ""^ ^""'" ^"'gbts, Reginald Fitzurfe Wil- ham de Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, and Richard Brifo; and, without X^iniinc Henry of their imemions they went over to England, where they bea outTXt's bram, before the altar of his own church at Canterbuty in the7ea7ii7K Hen"^ was m no condition to fecond the blind obedience of his knights; and theS flm «Xt:f'' ^'^^r ^^^ '!'PP°^"'°'^ '^'' ^' ^^» privy to ?he Murder, Ke fubmnted to be fcourgcd by monks at the tomb cf the pretended martyr. Henry, in conjequence of his well known maxim, endeavoured to cancel all the grants which had been made by Stephen to the roy^l family of Scotlar^ and ac! tually refumed their moft valuable poffeffions in the north of England This ^I calioned a war between the two kingdoms, in which W illiam king of Scotland was taken prifoner; and, to deliver himfelf from captivity, was obliged to pay Weh^ mage to kmg Henry for his kingdom of Scotland, and for all hi! other d^omSit It was alfo agreed, that liege homage fliould be done, and fealty fworn to Henrv without referve or exceptwn, by all the earis and barons of the territories of the king vaff!h t1 ir "^^K ^-"^ ftiouW defire it. in the fame manner as by his othef yaffals. The heirs of he king of Scotland, and the heirs of his earls, bkrons and o?Enghnd ' ""'^"^ "" ^^ ''^"^' ^ '° ''°''" ""S" ^'"'g^ ^° '^^ '^"^ °f ^5^^ ^i"g Henry likewifc diflinguifhed his reign by his incurfion into Ireland : and by mar- R!S? K T *^' ^r""'^^^ queen of France, but the heirefs of Guienne and Poiaou, he became almoft as powerfiil in France as the French king himfelf and the grea eft prmce m Chnftendom. In his old age ho«^ver, he was fa? from being fo^ tunate. He had a turn for pleafure, and embarraffcd himfelf in intrigues with women particularly the for Rofamond, which were refented by his queen" Efelnor, tThe; feducmg her fons Henry (whom his father had unadvilidly caufed to be crooned in hisown hfe-time,) Richard, and John, into repeated rebellions, which afifeftcd him lo much as to throw him into a fever, and he died at Chinon in France, in the year 1 ib9, and 57th year of his age. ■' During the reign of ^enrv. corporation charters were eftabli Inl 320 E N G N D. ble patriots, with their eftates, fell viaims to the queen's revenge; but at laft fhe became enamoured with Roger Mortimer, who was her prifoner, and had been loneof thcmoft aftiveof the ami-royaliil lords. A breach between her and the Spencers foon followed, and, going over to France with her lover, Ihe found means to form fuch a party m England, that, returning with fome French troops, fhe put . the eldeft Spencer to an ignominious death, made her hu(band prifoner, and forced him to abdicate his crown in favour of his fbn Edward III. then fifteen years of age. Nothing now but the death of Edwaid II. was wanting to complete her guih ; and he was moft barbaroufly murdered in Berkley-caftle, by ruffians, fuppofed to be em- ployed by her and her paramour Mortimer, in the year 1327. Upon an average, the diSerence of living then and now, feems to be nearly as 5 or 6 is to I, always remembering that their money contained thrice us much filver as our money or coin of the fame denomination does. Thus, for example, if a goofe then "^ coft 2d.i, that is 7d.i of our money, or according to the proportion of 6 to r, it would now coft 3s. gd. The knights Templars were fuppreffed in this reign, owing to their enormous vices. Edward III. mounted the throne in 1327. He was then under the tuition of his mother, who cohabited with Mortimer ; and they endeavoured to keep poffeffion of their power, by executing many popular meafures, and putting an end to all national ditferences with Scotland, for which Mortimer was created earl of March. Ed- ward, young as he was, was foon fenfible of their defigns. He furprifed them in perfon at the head of a {cw chofen friends in the caftle of Nottingham. Mortimer was put to a public death, hanged as a traitor on the common gallows at Tyburn, and the queen herfelf was ftiut up in confinement twenty-eight years, to her death! It was not long before Edward found means to quarrel with David king of Scotland though he had married his fifter, and who was driven to France by Edward Baliol' who aded as Edward's tributary king of Scotland, and general, and did the fame ho' mage to Edward for Scotland, as his father had done to Edward I. Soon after, up- on the death of Charles the Fair, king of France (without iifue), who had fucceed- ed by virtue of the Salic law, Philip of Valois claimed it, as being the next heir male by fucceffion ; but he was oppofed by Edward, as being the fon of Ifabella, who was fifter to the three laft mentioned kings of France, and firft in the female fucceffion. The former was preferred, but the cafe bemg doubtfial, Edward purfiied his claim, and invaded France with a potverful army. On this occafion, the vait diflercnce between the feudal conftitutions of France, which w-ere then in full force, and the government of England, more favourable to public liberty, appeared. The French officers knew no fubordination. They and their men were equally undifciplined and difobedient, though far more numerous than their enemies in the field. 1 he Englifti freemen on the other hand, having nowvaft properly to fight for, which they could call their own, iiidependent of a feudal law, knew its value, and had learned to defend it by providing themfelves with proper armour, and fubniitting to military cxercifes, and proper fubordination in the field. The war, on the part of Edward, was therefore a continued fcene of fucccfs and viflory. In 1340 he took the title of king of France, ufing it in all public a6is, and quartered the arms of France with his own, adding this motto Dieu t? mon droit, " God and my right." At Crefly, Auguft 26th, 1346, above ioo,oro French were defeated, cliiefly by the valour of the prince of Wales, who was but fixteen years of age (hie father being no more than thirty-four) though the Englifti did not exceed 3^ of Dubhn and duke of Ireland. They were obnoxious both to the parliament and people, and Richard ftooped m vain to the moft ignoble meafures to fave them fhey were attainted, and condemned to fuifer as ti-aitors. The chief jufliceTre- fihan was hanged at Tyburn, but De la Pole, and the duke of Ireland efcaped abroad, where they died in obfcurity. Richard then aifociated to himfelf a new iet of tavourites. His people and great lords again took up arms, and being headed by the duke of Gloucefter the king's uncle, they forced Richard once more into terms: but being mfincerem all his compliances, he was upon the point of becoming more defpotic than any king of En^aud ever had been, when he loil his crown and life by a ludden cataftrophe. A quarrel happ«ied hetween the duke of Hereford, fon to the duke of Lancaflr ., and the duke of Norfolk; and Richard banifhed them both, with particular marks 'Ot mjufliceto the former, who now became duke of Lancafter by his father's death Kjchard carrying .over a great army to quell a rebellion in Ireland, a ftroug party * The 5rft who bore the title of Marquis in England. N N D. 323 was formed in England, the natural rcfuU of Richard's tyranny, who offered the duke of Lancafter the crown. He landed from France at Ravenfpur in Yorkihire, and was fbon at the head of 60,000 men, all of them Englifh. Richard hurried back to England, where his troops refufing to fight, and his fubjedls, whom he had aSedled to defpife, generally deferting him, he was made priloner with no more than twenty attendants ; and being carried to London, he was depofed in full par- liament, upon a formal charge of tyranny and mifcondud; and foon after he is fuppofed to have been ftasved to death inprifon, in the year 1399, the 34th of his age, and the 23d. of his reign. He had no iffue by either of his two marriages. Henry the Fourth f fonof John of Gaunt duke of Lancafler, fourth fon of Ed- ward III. being fettled on the throne of England, in prejudice to the elder branches of Edward in. 's family, the great nobility were iu hopes that this glaring defefl of his title would render him dependent upon them. At firft fome confpiracies were formed againft him among his great men, as the dukes of Surry and Exeter, the earls of Gloucefter andi Salifbury, and the archbiftiop of York ; but he crufhed them by his aftivity and fteadinefs, and laid a plan for reducing their overgrown power. Before his death, which happened in 1+13, in the 46th year of his age, and 13th of his reign, he bad the fatisfadlion to fee his fon and fuccelfor, the prince of Wales, difengage himfelf from jnany youthful follies, which had till then difgraced his conduit. . The Englifh marine was now fo greatly ihcreafed, that we find an Englifh veffel of 200 tons in the Baltic, and many other fhlps of equal burden, carrying on an immenfe trade all over Europe, but with the Hanfe towns in particular. With regard to public liberty, Henry IV. as I' have already hinted, was the firfl prince who gave the difterent orders in parliament, cfpaciiUy that of the commons, their due weight. It is however a little furprifinj,, that learning was atT- this time at a much lower pafs in England, and , all over Europe, than it had been 200 years before. Bilhops, when teftifying fynodal adis, were -often forced to do it by proxy in the following terms, viz. " As I cannot read myfelf, N. N. hath fubfcnbed for me; or, " As my lord bifhop cannot write himfelf, at his requeft I have fubfcribed." By the influence of the court and the intrigues of the clergy, an adl .was obtained in the feffions of parliament 1 40 1, for the burning of heretics, occafioned by the gieat increafe of the Wickliffites or Lollards ; and inunediatdy after, one Sawtre, pariih prieft of St. Ofithe in London, was burnt alive by the Icing's writ, direfted to the mayor and ftieriffs of London. Henry V. engaged in a couteft with France which he had. many incitements for in- vading. He demanded a . reftitution of N( rmandy, and other provinces that had.. been ravifhed from England in the prececing reigns; alfo the payment of certain . arrears due for king John's ranfom fmce the reign of Edward III. and availing him- felf of the diftradled ftate of that kingdom by the Orleans and Burgundy fadions, , he invaded it, where he firft took Harfieur, and then defeated the French in the . battle of Agincourt, whi^h equalled thofe of Creffy and Foidiers in glory to the Englifh, but exceeded them in its confequences, on account of the vaft. number .o£. T t, 3 f The throne being now vacart, the duke of Lancafter ftepped forth, and having croflVd himfelf on his forehead and on his breath, and called upon the name of Chrift, he pronounced thefe >fs-ords,' which I fh;iU give in the original language, becnufe of iheir-fingularity. In the name of Fadher, Son, and-Holy Gio/i^ I Htnryof L»ncaflir, challtnet this rtvimt of Tnglandf, and (oieaning a claim in right of his mother) coming from the gude king Henry iberdt end ibrege that right that- God of his grac* h*lk feni mt, ivith btlj>t of kyn, and of my frendes, to rico-vtr it ; tie "Uihiei rfwrnt v:ai in fijnt It be tnjant by defaut »f governafue, a-id Hidoying *f tit gude lavin. MA- t N G L A N D. Ireuch i>iuues ot Uie bfo.Hl. a.„l othor great noblemen, m1,o wore there killed JTJ'v u'' '' ^'T '.r'''' '"' '' * ^^^'''^'•' •"^^*-- ''"'"h alliances, and divid- M kT J'Tr^, '^tf'^''' lo cricdually, that he forced the queen of France. ^ hole huftand Charles VI. ^^,. , lunatic, to agree to his n.arrj'ing her danXcr ijie pimeels Cathanne, to dilinherit the dauphin, and to declare Henry re Jnt cJ France during her hufband's life, and him and his iffue fuccelTors to the Frcnc monarch,', which muft at this time have been ex-terminated, had not the Scot-^ ,thonph their king dill cominued Henry's captive) furniftied the dauphin with vail lupphcs, and prelerved the F.ench crown for his head. Henry however made a trimnphal entry into Pans, where the dauphin was profcribed ; and after receiving tV tcalty ot the French nob, hty he returned to England to levy a force that n.igh? 7fl 'i^'^^^Phm and h,,, Scotch auxiiianes. He probably would have bten fuccefs zothoJhtrd^n ' ^'^"'""' '''°''^''' ''''' '^'^^'^ year of his age, and By an aiitheniic and exacl account of the ordinary revenues of the crown durine h^flT' "iJ'T" '^'' '^'^- »"r"^^^ °"'y '"^ 55.7 14 1. a year, which is n3 the ^me wuh the revenues in Henry III.'s time, and the kings of England had neither become much richer nor poorer in the courle of 200 years. The ordinary *xpences oi the goverument amounted to 52,507 1- fo that thc'^kin? had of furplus only 3,2071. tor the iupport ot his houfehold, for his wardrobe, ^ for the ex pence o embalhes. and other articles. This fum was not nearly luffident even in^trme ^K? 'Tv.'r'*" l"" u"'^' *'".^-' """'' *'^» «'^=*' conqueror was reduced to many mi- the uown itlelt; he ran m arrears to his army; and he was often obliged to ftop in the nndft ot his career ot vi^ory, and to grant a truce to the enemy. I men. turn thete particulars, that the reader may judge of the fimplicity and temperance ot our prcdeceirore three centuries ago, when the expences of the greatelt king in Eujoi)e were Icarceiy equal to the penfion of a luperannuateJ courtier of the preLt It required a prince equally able with Henry IV. and V. to confirm the title of the Lancatler houfe to the throne of England. Henry VI. furnamed of W indfor was no more than nine months old, when, in continence of the treaty of Troyes' concluded bv his father with the French court, he was proclaimed king of France' S-Hfo i "' 1 r^'^'^'n \'''' ?^' tlie tuition of his two uncles, the dukes of Bedford and Gloucefler, botn of tliem princes of great accomplifhments, virtues, and courage, but unable to prerer^c their brother's conquetts. Upon the death of Charles yi. the aflea.ons of the French for his fan.ily revived in the perfon of Ws Ion and iucceffor, Charles VII. The duke of Bedford, who was regem of France performed many goriousaaions, and at laftlaid fiege to Orleans, which, if taken' would have co'.ipleted the conquetl of France. 'Hh. fiege was raifed by the va-' four and good conduft of the Maid of Orleans, a phenomenon hardly to be paral- Wed in hiftory ftie being born of the lowetl extraaiun, and bred a cow-keeper, and temetm^ a helper in Itables at public inns. She mult, notwithftanding, have pof- teffed an amazing fund of lagacuy as well as valour. After an unparalleled train oi heroic adb<3ns, and placing the crown upon her fovereign's head, Ihe was taken pri- ioner ijy tiie Englith ,n making a tally during the fiege of Compiegne, who burnt her alive for aw achat Roan, May 30, 143 1. The death ij ^""gtu to uy to bcot- l»u.,u,, airf wU prilboer» of cither We wcr?^u" t|^l 1^^ '^rS',:"?, '"." "P" wcrc of any rank, were deferred only for a kJTZ, ' '*"^'' "^ ''»'' Margaret, by the coucellioiw Ihe made lo the Scon f.wm „!r. i r n Idward was .mde prifoner, but 'rfcapmg'fZ' hu'cXmen, the T7of CLTw '^^T'^' u"!" *^"^8 Henry once more his p ifoner, ad defeated and VI. tnen a pnloner m the Tower of London, a few days after in the vear i.i, luiward bemg now fettled on the throne, was guihy of tL utmoft crueh/to . M Lancaftnm party, whom he put to death, whenever he could ^d them X Lfi,^ were threatened with utter extermination. ' ^"^ ^^^^ ^^^y deL'^deTf^L^^^S.^autrtXnST^^^^ «« -« eldeit ro«. of Joh^ of Gaum. b;ttfwife'c::h:Lt^^^^^^^^^^ ^2^ W^h. ^'V '^'^"'"°i' t°^/"/''' ^^« afterwards removed both by the pope and «ue ty of tdward. The reader n,ay fee, front the detail of hU mpomm gZl^^ Sh, SlhL 2 v"^ "■■' ^f Ri-^l-mond had not the fmallelt claitn in bK (eSn ft^^ pofuig the illegitimacy of his anceftors had been removedl to >lv. .,„»„ ™ tr-i"-7 />« >i^': - ' 9^ / .V it.< < £ N N D. 3*7 The kingdom of England was, in 14.74., in a deplorable fituation. Ihe king was iinnierfed in expcnfivc and criminal luxuries, in whieh he was imitated by his great men ; who, to lupport their extravagances, became penlioners to the French king. The parliament feemed to aft only as the executioners of Edward's bloody mandates. The bcft blood in England was (hcd on I'caflblds ; and even the duke of Clarence fell a viftim to his brother's jealoulV, Edward, partly to amufe the public, and partly to fupply the vaft expences of his court, pretended fometinies to quarrel, and fomc- times to treat with France, but his irregularities brought him to hjs death ( 1483) in the twenty-third year of I.'., reign, and forty-fecond of his age. Notwithllanding the turbulence of the times, the trade and manufaftures of Eng- land, particularly the woollen, increafed during the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV. So early as 1440, a navigation ad was thought of by the Englilb, as the only means to preferve to themlelvcs the benefit of being the fole carriers of their own merchandife ; but forei^ influence prevented Henry's pafllug the bill for that purpofe. The invention of printing, which is generally luppofed to have been imported into England b;^ William Caxton, and which received feme countenance from Edward, is the chief glory of his reign ; but learning in general was then in a poor ftate in England. The famous Littleton, judge of the common pleas, and Foriefcue, chan- cellor of England, flourilhed at this period. Edward IV. left two fons by his queen, who had exercifed her power with no great prudence, by having nobilitated many of her obfcure relations. Her eldeft Ion, Edward V. was about thirteen ; and his uncle the duke of Gloucefter, taking advantage of the queen's unpopularity among the great men, found means to baf- tardize her iifue, by ail of parliament, under the fcandalous pretext of a pre-con- traft between their father and another lady. The duke, at the fame time, was de- clared guardian of the kingdom, and at laft accepted of the crown, which was of. fered him by the Londoners; having firft put to death all the nobility and great men, whom he thought to be well afleded to the late king's family. Whether the king and his brother were murdered in the Tower, by his diredion, is doubtful. 1 he moft probable opinion is, that they were clandeftinely fent abroad by his orders, and that the elder died, but that the younger furvived, and was the fame who was well known by the name of Perkin Warbeck. Be this as it will, the Englifli were pre- polfefled fo ftrongly againft Richard, as being the murderer of his nephews, that the earl of Richmond who ftill remained in France, carried on a fecret correfpondence with the remains of Edward IV's friends, and by ofiering to marry his eldeft daugh- ter, he was encouraged to invade England at the head of about 2000 foreign troops ; but they were foon joined by 7000 Englifh and Welch. A battle between him and Richard, who was at the head of 15,000 men, enfucd at Bofworth-field, in which Richard after dilplaying moft aftonifhing ads of pcrlbnal valour, was killed, having been lirft abandoned by a main divifion of his army, under lord Stanley and his bro- ther, in the year 1485. There can fcarcely be a doubt but that the crimes of Richard have been exaj^ gerated by hiftorians. He was exemplary in his diftributive juftice^ He kept a watchful eye over the great barons, whofe oppreflions he abolifhed, and was a father to the common people. He founded the fociety of Heralds 4 an inftitution, which, in his time, was fdund neceffary to prevent dilputes among great families. During his reign, Ihort as it was, we have repeated inftances of his relieving cities and cor- porations that had gone into decay. He was remarkable for the encouragement of the hardware nianufadures of all kinds, and for preventing their being imported into England, no fewer than feventy-two diflerent kinds bemg prohibited importa- tion by one ad. He was the firft Englifh king who appointed a conful for the fu- IM •' f- - f t ■ 1. ■f ■■ r*- -,p '^^^ral m:- -'IS^ ■ ■j^wfa i. *^-^^'^v ,23 E N N D. periatenclency of EugHfh commerce abroad; one Strozzi being nominated for Pifa, with an income of the fourth part of one percent, on all goods of EuLdifhmeii im*! ported to, or exported from thence. Though the fame ad of baftardy affeacd the daughters, as well as the fons of the late king, yet no difputes were raifed upon the legitimacy oi' the priucels Eli- zabeth, eldeft daughter to Edward IV. and who, as had been before concerted, mar- ried Henry of Laiicafter earl of Richmond, thereby uniting both houles, which hap- pily put an end to the long and bloody wars between the contending houies of York and Laucaller. Henry, however, relted his reign upon conqueft, and feemed to pay Utile regard to the advantages of his marriage. The defpotic court of ftar-chamber owed usoiiginal to Henry; but, at the fame time, it muft be acknowledged, that he pafled many ads, elpecially for trade and navigation, that were highly for the bene- fit of his fubjeas. They expreffed their gratitude by the great fupplies and benevo- lences they adorded him, and, as a finifliing ftroketo the feudal tenures, an adl pafled by which the barons and gentlemen of landed intereft were at liberty to lell and mortgage their lands, without tines or licences lor th . -lienaiLon. This, if we reg. detl its confequences, is perhaps tne mod important a6k that ever palfcd m an Englilh parliament, though its tendency Icems only to have been known 10 tlie politic king. Luxury, by the increafe of trade, and the difcovery of America, had broken with irrefillible force into England, and monied property being chiefly iii the hands of the commons, the eftates of the barons became theirs, but without any of their dangerous privileges; and thus the baronial powers were loon extinguifhed in England. Henry, at the time of his death, which happened in 1509, the .5 2d year of his age, and 24th of his reign, was pofleifed of i,8co,oool. fterling, which is equivalent to five millions at prefent ; fo that he may be fuppofed to have been mafter of more ready money than all the kings in Europe befides pofleffed, the mines of Peru and Mexico being then only beginning to be worked. He was immoderately fond of re- pleiuihmg his coflers, and often tricked his parliament to grant him fubfidies for fo , reign alliances, which he intended not to purfue. I have already mentioned the vaft alteration which happened in the conftitution of England during Henry VII's reign. His exceflive love of money and avarice was the probable rcafon why he did not become mafter of the Weft-Indies, he having the firft offer of the difcovery from Columbus, whofe propofals being rejefted by Henry, that great man applied to the court of Spain, and he fet out upon the difcovery of a new world in the year 1492, which he eflefted after a paffage of thirty-three days, and took poffeflion of the country in the name of the king and queen of Spain. Henry however made fome amends by encouraging Cabot a Venetian, who difcover- cd the main land of North- America 'in 1498 ; and we may obferve to the praife of this king, that fometimes in order to promote commerce, he lent to merchants funis of money without intereft, when he knew that their ftock was not fufficient for thofe emerprizes which they had in view. From the proportional prices of living, pro- duced by Madox, Fleetwood, and other writers, agriculture and breeding of cattle niuft have been prodigioufly advanced before Henry's death ; an inftancc of this is given in the cafe of lady Anne, filter to Henry's queen, who had an allowance of 20s. per week, for her exhibition, fuftentation, and convenient diet of meat and drink ; alfo, for two gentlewomen, one woman child, one gentleman, one yeoman, and three grooms (in all eight perfbns), .51I. iis. 8d. per annum, for their wages, £.!e., an_ cfi-.j-ngj and lOf the maintenance of feven horfes ycrirly, 16I. 95. 4d. /. f. for each horle 2I. 7s. cd. i yearly, money being ftill i i times as weighty as our mo- dern filver coin. Wheat was that year no more than 3s. 4d. a quarter, which aiifw erv N AND. 329 to 5s. of our money, confequently it was about feven times as cheap as at prefcnt j fo that had all other neceffaries been equally cheap, Ihe could have lived as well as on 1 260I. I OS. 6d. of our modern money, or ten times as cheap as at prefent. The fine arts were as far advanced in England at the acceffion of Henry VIII. 1509, as in any European country, if we except Italy; and perhaps no prince ever entered with greater advantages than he did on the exercifc of royalty. Young, vigorous, and rich, without any rival, he held the balance of power in Europe; but early in his reign he gave himfelf alfo entirely up to the guidance of the celebrated cardinal Wol- fey, who was the fon of a butcher at Ipfwich, educated at Oxford, and made dean of Lmcoln by Henry VII. While involved in a war with France, his lieutenant the earl of Surry, conquered and killed James IV. of Scotland, who had invaded England ; and Henry became a candidate for the German empire, during its vacancy ; but foon refigned nis pretenfions to Francis I. of France, and Charles of Auftria, king of Spain, who was eledled in 15 19. Henry's conduft, in the long and bloody wars be- tween thofe princes, was diredted by Wolfey's views upon the popedom, which he hoped to gain by the intereft of Charles ; but finding himfelf twice deceived, he per- fuaded his mafter to declare himfelf for Francis, who had been taken prifoner at the battle of Pavia. Henry continued all this time the great enemy of the reformation, and the champion of the popes and the Romifh church. He wrote a book againft Luther, *' of the Seven Sacraments,'' about thr -ear i^li, for which the Pope gave him the title of Defender of the Faith, which his fuccelfors retain to this day ; but about the year 1527, he began to have Ibme fcruples with regard to the validity of his mar- riage with his brother's widow. I fhall not fay, how far on this occafion he might be influenced by fcruples of confcience, or averfion to the queen, or the charms of the famous Anne Boleyn, maid of honour to the queen, whom he married, before he had obtained from Rome the proper bulls of divorce from the pope. The dif- ficulties he met with in this procefs, mined VS'olfey, who died heart-broken, after being ftript of his immenfe power and poffeflions. A perplexing, though nice conjunfture of affairs, it is well known, induced Henry at lalt to throw off all relation to, or dependence upon, the church of Rome, and to bring about a reformation. Henry never could , have effeded this important meafure, had it not been for his defpotic difpofition, which broke out on every occafion. Tpon a flight fufpicion of his queen's inconflancy, and after a fham trial, he cut ofli' her head in the Tower, and put to death fome of her ncarefl rela- tions ; and in many refpedls he afted in the mofl arbitrary mamier, his wifhes, liow- ever unrealbnable, being too readily complied with, in confequence of the fhamefiil fervility of his parliaments. The diffolulion of the religious houles, and the im- menfe wealth that came to Henry, by feizing all the ecclefiaftical property in hi? kingdom, enabled him to give mil fcope to his fanguinary difpofition; fo that the beit and nioft innocent blood of England was Ihed on fcaflblds, and feldom any long time pafled without being marked with fbnie illuftrious viftim of his tyranny. His third wife was Jane Seymour, daughter to a gentleman of fortune and fa- mily ; but fhe died in bringing Edward VI. into the world. His fourth wife was Anne, fifler to the duke of Cleves. He difliked her fo much, that he fcarcely bedded with her, and obtaining a divorce, he fufiered her to refide in England on a pen- fion of 3000I. a vear. His fifth wife was Catharine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk, whofe head he cut off for ante-nuptial iucontinency. His Lift wife was queen Catharine Par, in whole polfeHion he died, after fbe had narrowly efcaped being brought to the flake for her religious opinions, which favoured the reforma- tion. Henry'scrueltyincreafed with his years, and was now exercifed promifcu- II U u h f-A 330 ENGLAND JU. ouHy on Proteflants and Catholics. He put the brave earl of q,„rv f« ^ .1 • , out acnme being proved agaiuft hin.; aL ht f^ the duke 7f M have luffered the next day. had he not been fared b^ Henry's own deah in .S Ihe Itate of England, durnig the reign of Henry VIII is bv Th^ V,.i^ c • mg, too well known to be enlarLd upon here H^ at ention ro h^ ^.^f ^"^'' of England is highly counnend'able.^ ^^trcgaritoTe.rn. anS t^^^^^^ was a generous encourager of both. He gave a penfion toTrf fn fs whll' • '^ Hans Holbein, that exce ent painter and architp<«> • anri ,•„ u: • F'^i^ciea houresbegan ,„ have the alrof l';aUaL:g„ifice„ttud'^lT4'^ '" " ^"" In this reign the Bible « as ordered to be primed in Eifglilh. Wales was „„i,„l ?1 tEXoTlrilaSftrd'ofni^a:? ^-^""^ -" " ^'"«''°- ^^ ^^ a^t|^d|„;er„-^rop^ ^n f """^-^J^i' afterwards the protcdlor and duke of Son.edbt, a declared fdcnd and patroii of the reformation, and a bitter enemy to the fee ot Rome. Ihereader IS tooblorve in general, that the retirmation was not ciihacO without many public difturbances. The connnon people, during the re L of H.n I. J Edward, being deprived of the vaft relief t^hey haTfrom aKs an^ X", houfes and being ejeded from their fmall eorigrowing farnus had Xn tTn tZ:^^-^^^^ 'y ^'^ ^vern.4nt.and^t.;5^^/S othi!^ s^rr;,t2;rdi:;:;r"in 'S ^'l^.s:^:[^r''r' the princefs Mary, they lo Aght of that moderati'ot X^h efort b^^ tore fo ftrongly recommended ; and fome cruel fanguinary execution on account of religion, took place Edward's 3-outh excufes him fromVme and hi^cWa^^^^ endowments, as Bridewell, and St. Thomas's hofpitals. and aUb feveral l"l cok which ftdlexd and flourifh. fhew the goodnefs ^of his heart He did of a dee^p confumption m 1553, in the i6th year of his age, and thf 7th of "hils Edward, on his dcath-bed, from his zeal for relicion had ma H*. -, ,-«.„ Ihtutional will, for hefetafide his fifter Mary from "hluccell 1^^^^^^ wa^, Xil" ed by lady Jane Grev, dauffhttr fo th^ Anih^r. „f c.ur..n. .:.... ^^^ fi^'""' .u • r^ n, .' ''"'^ -^"^ ""'"■ "I iiic iingiun nation rccoemled the clam of ^niCn^r'^'r^^^ cut off lady Jane's h'ead, and that ofXr hulband "ord i^mfmaLr^^^^ " '° '^" '^''^' of Northumberland, who aUo luffered In the- r.,.!Ir.T Y'J '^l^T'H'^ on the throne, fuppreffed an infurreflion under Wyar recalL-J card.ual Pole from banilhment, made him inftrumental in her crueS and lighted up the flan.es of perfecution, in which archbilhop Cranmer, the bXns Ridley, Hooper and Latnuer, and many other illuftrious confeffors of the eS refonned church, were confumed ; not to mention a vaft number of other facrffices of both (exes, and all ranks, that fufl'ered through every quarter of the kingdom Bonner bilbop o London, and Gardiner bifhop'of Winchefter, were the ch ef ext ."rr,'^;. .!l",fl"::^J--^«^-; «-l ^^^ ^^ lived, Ihe would have endeavou?^ K N A N D. J3I Mary was married to Philip U. king of Spain, and the chief praife of her reign is, that by the marriage articles, provifion was made for the independency of the Englilh crown. By the aliiftance of troops, which fhe fiirniflied to her hufband, he gained the important battle of St. Qi^intin ; but that viaory was fo ill improved, that the French under the duke of Guile, foon after took Calais, the only place then remaining to the Engliih in France, and which had been held ever fmce the reign of Edward III. This lofs, which was chieHy owing to cardiual Pole's fecret connexions with the French court, is faid to have broken Mary's heart, who died in 1558, iu the 42d year of her life, and 6th of her reign. Elizabeth, daughter to Henry VIIL by Anne Bolej^Ti, mounted the throne under the mod difcouragmg circumftances, both at home and abroad. The Roman Ca- tholic was the eftablifhed religion of England ; her title to the crown, on account of the circumftances attei^riing her mother's marriage and death, was difputed by xMary queen of Scots, grandchild to Henry Vll.'s ddeft daughter, and wife to the dauphm of France; and the only ally fhe had on the continent was Philip king of Spain. Elizabeth was no more than 25 years of age at thetimeof her inauguration; but her luffermgs under her liiter, joined to the iuperiority of her genius, had taught her caution and policy, and ftie ibon conquered all difficulties. Even to mention every glorious aiUon of her reign, would far e.\ceed my bounds ; I ihall therefore here only touch on the great lines of her government. In matters of religion fhe fucceeded with furprizing facility; for in her firft par- hament, in 1559, the laws eftablifhing popery were repealed, her fupremacy was reftored, and an ad of uniformity paffed foon after. And it is obferved, that of 9400 beneficed clergymen in England, only about 120 refufed to comply wuh the reformation. W ith regard to her title, fhe took advantage of the divid- ed ftate of Scotland, and formed a party there, by which Mary, now become the widow of Francis II. of France, was obliged to renounce, or rather to fufpend her claim. Elizabeth, not contented with this, fent troops and money, which fup- portcd the Scotch malecontents, till Mary's unhappy marriage with lord Damley, and then with Bothwell, the fuppofed murderer of the former, and her other mif- condud and misfortunes, drove her to take refuge in Elizabeth's dominions, where flie had been often promifed a fafe and an honourable alyium. It is well known howuutaithtulEhzabethwastothisprofeflionof friendftiip, and that (he detained theunhappypnfoneri8yearsin England, then brought her to a fham trial, pre- tendmg that Mary aiuied at the crown, and, without liifficicnt proof of her guilt, cut oa her head ; an adion which greatly tarnifhed the glories of her reign. The fame Philip, who had been the hufband of her late fifter, upon Elizabeth's tccellion to the throne, oflered to marry her, but fhe dextcroufly avoided his ad- dreffes; and by a train of fkilful negociations between her court and that of France fhe kept the balance of Europe fb undetermined, that fhe had leifurc to unite her people at home, and to eflablifh an excellent imcrnal policy in her dominions. She lometimes fupported the proteflants of France, againfl their perfecuting princes and the Catholics ; and fhe fometimes gave the dukes of Anjou and Alencon, brothers ot the trench king, the ftrongeft affurances that one or other of them fhould be her hufband; by which fhe kept that court, who dreaded Spain, at the fame time m logood humour with her government, that it fhcwed no refentmeni when fhe cut oft queen Mary's head. When Philip was no longer to be impofed upon by Elizabeth's arts, which had 'SmUIed and baffl'*fJ Hini in ovortr .-...orf-^^r •'»■ i" 1' •-, *! L- ' r '' ' e r L — '" " •'' M^"*^^^> " '^ well ts.Vaj\\ii inai uc iimuc uic or tne nnmenle lums he drew from Peru and Mexico, in equipping the moft formidable armament that perhaps ever had been put to fea, and a numerous army of veterans, U u 2 332 N N D. the lord admiral Howard, and the brave fea offirpr« .,nT 1- ^ ^^^°'/"^* and chafed the Spanifh C for feveS davs^ a^^^^^ Zf J?' '""^T^' ^''' t-lizabeth had for fome time fupported the revolt of th^ r,.t1o„j r ^n betrayed Jo .hiaW^" m«fL''\Sni,'otaZSTt& fefl •'"'i?'"- *"' '"J"" 8«ve io .603. >he ,o.h ™ar of her L and tir^rr^aTr'Sc"™"" "°f°-- >-^ ^'- «"«»?■=- .raS ekhJimred'b/'^' """ of EU^beth's reign, and from .hem may be rater &.i?g r i^r a !?^"tr.'S3 many ftretches of power againft the moft facred rights of^Englilhrnen VS flLfi '^^i^iz^^^isj^zj^- "' '"^"^ "f -Lncr and^J; ^s wuhftandmg the long inveterate animofities between the two kinXmTXmel was far from bemg deftitute of natural abilities for government but he had re ceived wrong .mpreflions ot the regal office, and too h^h an opinion of h^ own" dgnuy learning, and political talents. It was his misfortune^ that he mounted . -J , . V — "'^v,iiwii iu»i ijc was eniuiea to alJ """""' rr:?,S','ll^'?.°£'"'i°-''y --■«. ^y El-beth and the honfeif ■ ; " ~"" -••■^"••"~ '-ttuicB uau prcvcntea me people irom o Tudor proper vigour Torr,^ > r ii —-prevented rhe people from oppoling with James s firit attempt of great coofequeuce was to effea an union be- N A N t). 333 twcen England and Scotland; but though he failed in this through the avcrfion of the JEnglifti to that meafure, on account of his loading his Scotch courtiers with wealth and honours, he ftiewed no violent refentment at the difappointment. It was an ad- vantage to him at the beginning of his reign, that the courts of Rome and Spain were thought to be his enemies ; and this opinion was increafed by the difcovery and defeat of the gunpowder treafon. The obligations which commerce and colonization owed to this prince are great; and, in faft, he laid the foundations of great national advantages ; but he and his mi- nifters were contmually inventing new ways to raife money, as by monopolies, bene- volences, loans, and other illegal methods. Among other expedients, he fold the titles of baron, vifcount, and earl, at a certain price, made a number of knights of Nova Scotia, each to pay fuch a fum, and inftituted a new order of knights baronets which was to be hereditary, for which each perfon paid 1095I. His pacific reign was a feries of theological contefts with ecclefiaftical cafuifts, in which he proved himfelf more of a theologian than a prince, and in 161 7 he at- tempted to eftablifti epifcopacy in Scotland, but the zeal of the people baffled his ■ defign. He reftored to the Dutch their cautionary towns, upon difcharging part of the mortgage that was upon them ; but he procured from Spain at the lame time an. acknowledgment of their independency. James has been greatly and juftly blamed for his partiality to favourites. His firft was Robert Carr, a private Scotch gentleman, who was railed to be firit minifter and earl of Somerlet. He married the countefs of Eflex, who had obtained a divorce from her hulband, and was with her found guilty of poifoning Sir Thomas Overbury. in the Tower ; but James* contrary, as is faid, to a Iblemn oath he made, pardoned them both. His next favourite was George Villiers, a private EngUfh gentleman, \yho, upon Somerfet's difgrace, was admitted to an unufual fhare of favour and fami-- liarity with his fovereign. James had at that time formed a lyltem of policy for at-* taching himfelf intimately to the court of Spain, that it might affift him in recovering the Palatinate ; and to this fyfteni he had facrificed the brave Sir Walter Raleigh, on a charge of having committed hoflilities agamft the Spaniih . fettlements iii the' Weft Jndies. James was all this while perpetually jarring with his parliament, whom he could not perfuade to furnifh money ecjual to his demands : and at lalt he agreed to his fon's marrying the princefs Henrietta Maria, filter to Lewis XIII. and daughter to Henry the Great of France.^ James died before the completion of this match ; audit is- thought that had he lived, he would have difcarded Buckingham. His death happen- ed in 1625, in the 59th year of his age, after a reign over England of 22 years. James encouraged and employed that excellent painter Sir Peter Paul Rubens, as well as Inigo Jones, who reftored the pure tafte of architedture in England ; and Mr. Middleton at this time projefted the conveying water into the city from Hertford- ftiire by means of pipes which is now called the New River. Charles I. was unfortunate in his marriage with the princefs Henrietta Maria. He • feems at firft to have been but a cold lover; and he quarrelled with, and fent back her favourite attendants a few days after her arrival m England. But fhe foon ac- quired a great afcendancy over him; for ftie was high-ipirited and artfiil, and dif- dained and dilliked every thing that was incompatible in govemment with her Italian, » and arbitrary education. ^ The death of the duke of Buckingham, which happened in 1628, did not deter.- «-i. — ^.. ......I ,,.,.„,.„.!„, ^ iJiv'vvvu.iigo, nniCiji.ijc i:.ngiiiii pitmuis HI t";;ar cniight- ened age, juftly oonfidered as fo many ads of tyranny. He, without authority of parliament, laid arbitrary impofitions upon trade, whicL were rcfufed to be paid by m «^,. 334 N AND. many of the merchants and members of the houfe of commons. Sohk; of them were impnfoned, and the judges were chedced for admitting them toTail 'iZ houfe of commons refemed thoie proceedings by drawing up a proteft and denv ing admittance to the gentleman-ufher of thi black rod, who cameTc^liourn them .111 It was fimftted. This fcrved only to widen the breach, and the k bg ffived the parlament; after whch he exhibited informations againlt nine of the moftenW by his love of hberty, as by h,s uncommon erudition. Ihcy objeded to the iSk Every thing now operated towards the deftruftion of Charles. The common, Zh^lt:" T ^- PP^'"' ^«hout ibme redrefs of the national grievances ; upon wS Charles, prefuming on what had been pradifed in reigns when the principle" T\i berty were imperfedly, or not at all underftood. levied money upon mo^nolS if fait foap andluchnecdfaries, and other obfolete^lain.s, parS^yfrkSL^^ and railed various taxes without authority of Parliamen .' His governmem ^com ing every day more and more unpopula/. Burton, a divine, Prynne, a Wer a™d' Baftvvick a phyfician. men ot no great eminence or abili ies,^ut warnrand refo lute, pubhlhed feveral pieces which gave oftence to the court. Lid \vS contained fomelevere ftriaures againlt the ruling clergv-. They were wofrcnted for thlr rnfuc^h ''' '""'""'" ?" ' ^T'^ arbLary^nd crueL'^mernXuuif^ 1 . th o much ngour, as excited uu almoll univerfal indignation agaLift the a th rs of tnn"'ir f""^?^ ^^''V' »»^^g°^-<^"^">*^"' rendered ftiU niorl odious ; and unlof tunatelv for Charles, he put bis coiifcience into the hands of Laud, a chbi 1 of Can terfcurj, who was as great a l.,.t as himfelf. both in church and fia e J^d adviJed him to perfecute the puritans, and in the year 1637 to introduce e ! fcomcv into Scotland The Scots upon this formed fecret conned ons ;vithTe dilconteS Enghm,^and mvaded England, in Auguft 1640, where Charles ^Lfo Ufere/bv .£ Wc k'?^ ^V''''^'' 'Y' ^\'''' ^"'^^^ ^° =8^'^'^ ^« ^" i"S^o"ous peace witS theScots; but neither party being fincere in obferving the terms, and Charles df «,vering that fome of their great men had ofiered to thmw themfelves under the pro teftion of the French king, he raifed a frelh army hy virtue of his prerogatKe All his preparations, however, were baffled by the Scots, who made themSvef m.f TZ^ N^-^ftle -Id Durham; and being no^v openlyWfriended l^? 7e ho'fe of commons, they obhged the king to comply with their demands. ^ •Charles did tins with fo bad a grace, though he took a journey to Scotland for that purpofe that It did him no fervice; on the contrary, it encouraged The c^n„ oL t„ rife in their demands. He had made Wentworth, earl of Straftbrd TnZorZ.T. abhties, prefident of the coundl of the North, ,a*nd lord lieutenant of Mand -^ nd he was generally believed to be the firft miniller of ftate. Straflbrd had been a le'adi^^ member of the oppofition to the court, but i>e afterwards, in conjnnaion with 3 exerted hunf.lf fo vigorodly m carrying the king's defpotic fchemes into execution hat he became an objeft oi public deteftation. As 'lord prefident of the North as' lord lieutenant of Ireland, and as a minifter and pfivy-counfellor in England heV havedma very arbitrary manner, and was guilty of many adionsof Lat'iniuflS and oppreflion. He was, m confequence, at length on the 22d of Mav 16^^ brought to the block though much againfl the inclinations of the king, who was in L manner forced by the parliament and people to fign the warrant fofhis execut on .ATchbiftiop Laud was alio beheaded ; but his execution did not talce dace tm. con iiderable time after that of Strafford, the loth of January, 1645. *^^ P***^^ ^»" ^» ^^^i- N N D. 355 In the fourth year of his reign, Charles had paiTed the peiilion »f right into a law, which was intended by the parliament for the fUture fecurity of the liberty of the fubjedl, which eftablifhed particularly, " That no man hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or fuch like charge, without common con* fent by aft of parliament ;" but he afterwards violated it in numerous inftances, fo that an almolt univerfal difcontent at his adniiniftration prevailed throughout the na- tion. A rebellion alfo broke out in Ireland, on Odlober 23, 1641, where great quan- tities of blood were fpilt ; and great pains were taken to periiiade the public that Charles fecretly favoured the Catholics out of hatred to the Englifh fubjefls. 1 he bi- Ihaps wereexpelled the houfe of peers, on account of their conftantly oppofmg the defigns and hills of the other houfe; and the leaders of the Englifh houlie of com- mons ftill kept up a correfpondence with the difcontented Scots. Charles was ill enough advUed to go in perfon to the houle of commons, January 4, 1642, and demanded that lord Kimbolton, Mr- Pym, Mr. Hampden, Mr. Mollis, Sir Arthur Hafelrig, and Mr. l^troud, ihould be apprehended ; but, they had previoully made their efcape. This aft of Charles was relented as high trealbn againft his people, and the commons rejefted all the oHers of latisfaftion he could make them. The chy of London took the alarm, and the acculed members into its proteftion. The traii>- bands were raifed, and the mobs were fo unruly, that Charles removed from White- hall to Hampton-court, and from thence into Yorklhire, where he railed an army to face that which the parliament, or rather the houfe of commons, might raife in and- about London^ The parties who oppofed and fupported the King were now committed. — A large portion of the Nobilitv and Gentry, aided by an equal proportion of the landed in- tereft, attached themfelves to the Royal caufe.' That of the parliament was fupported by the trading towns and corporations, but principally by the city of London. — 'J he firft battle was fought at Edgehill in Warwickftjire on the 23d Oftober, 1642, iu which both parties claimed the Viftory. — This unhappy civil war continued with va- rious fucccfs for near three years ; 'till Cromwell and Fairfax taking the principal command in the parliamentary army, gave fuch a turn to affairs as brought the king to the loweft diftrefs. — A variety of negociations were now fet on foot, which how- ever terminated in bringing the king before a court of juflice appointed by his ene- mies, where being found guilty, his head wa.s cut off before his own palace at White- hall, on the 30th of January 1648-9, being the 49th year of his age and 24ih of his reign. Charles is allowed to have had many virtues, and fome have fuppofed, that at- fliftion had taught him fo much wifdom and moderation, that had he been .eftored to his throne he would have become an excellent prince ; but there is abundant reafon to conclude, from his private letters, that he retained his arbitrary principles to the laft, and that he would again have regulated his conduft by them, if he had been reinftated in power. It is however certain, that, notwithftanding the tyrannl- cal nature of his government, his death was exceedingly lamented by great numbers ; and many in the courfe of the civil war, who had been his great opponents in parlia- ment, became converts to his caufe, in which they loft their lives and fortunes. The furviving children of Charles, were Charles and James, who were fucceflively kings ©f England, Henry duke of Gloucefter, who died foon after his brother's refto- ration, the princefs Mary, married to the prince of Orange, and mother to W illiam prince of Orange, who was afterwards king of England, and the princefs Henrietta Maria, who was married to the Duke of Orleans, and whofe daughter was married to Vifter Amadeus duke of Savoy, and king of Sardinia. They who brought Charles to the block, were men of different perfuafions and principles, but many of them polfeffed moft amazing abilities for government. They ' m < .'ng for a libel, feven bifhops, for prefenting a pe- tition againft reading his r'.clasat-n'. for liberty of confcience, and their acquittal upon a legal trial, alarmed his L cfs • otciant friends. In this extremity, many great men in England and Scotland, though they wifhed well to James, applied for relief to William prince of Orange, in Holland, a prince of great abilities, and the inveterate enemy of Lewis XIV. who then threatened Eur' je with chains. The prince of Orange was the nephew and fon-in-law of James, having married the princefs Mary, that king's eldeft daughter ; and he at laft embarked with a fleet of 500 fail for England, avowing it to be his defign to reftore the church and ftate to their due rights. Upon his arrival in England, be was joined not only by the "W higs, but by many whom James had confidered as his beft friends ; and even his daughter the princefs Anne, and her hufband, George, |JiinCv ui iJcuiiiaiK, ic: ; mm aim jOmcvi i::c pnn\.t \jI ■^j-iaug'-i m!-' ••j- ■«• •^.-.i--^ ed that he expeded the crown. James might ftill have reigned j but he was fur- X X 2 MJ '^'sn ' 'til' 340 E N LAND. rounded with French emiffaries, and other«, equally ignorant of, and inimical to the conUuution as fettled iu church and ftate. '1 hey l«:retly perfuadcd him to lend his fa- mily to France, and to follow them in perfon, which he did; and thus, in 1688, end- ed his reign iu England, which event in Englifh hiftory is termed tht Rtvolutim. ThisOiort reign affords little matter for the national progrefs iu its true interefts. Tames is allowed, on all hauds, to have underftood them, and that, had it not been for his bigotry, and arbitrary principles, he would have been a moll excellent king of England. Had it rot been for the baneful influence over James, the prince of Orange migfit have found his views upon the crown fruftrated. The condua of James gave him ad- vantages, which he could not otherwile have hoped for. Few were in the prince's fecret, and when a convention of the ftates was called, there feemed reafon to believe that had not James abdicated his throne, it would not have been filled hy the prince and princefs of Orange. Even then it was not done without long debates. The na- tion had grown cautious, through the experience of the two laft reigns, and he gave his confent to ihe hill of righss, by which the liberties of the people were confirmed and fecured : though the friends of liberty in general complaiued, that the bill of rights was very inadequate to what ought to have been infiffed on, in a period fo fa- vourable to the enlargement and lecurity of liberty, as a crowu beftowed by the free voice of the people. It was the juft fenfe the people of England had of their civil and religious rights alone, that could provoke them to agree to the late revolution ; for they ne\ cr in other refpedls had been at fo high a pitch of wealth and profperity, as in the year 1688. 'Ihe tonnage of their merchant fhips, as appears from Dr. Dave- nant, was that year near double to what it had been in 1666; and the tonnage of the royal navy, which in 1660, was only 62,594 tons, was in 1688 increafed to 101,032 tons. The iucreale of the cuftoms, and the annual rental of England, was in the fame proportion. It was therefore no wonder, if a ftrong party, b)oth in the parliament and nation, was formed agaiufl the government, which was hourly increafed by the king's prediledion for the Dutch. The war with France, which, on the king's part, was far from being fuccefsful, required an enormous expence,' and the Irifh continued, in general, faithful to king James But many Englifh] •who wifhed well to the Stuart family, dreaded their feng reftored hy conqueft ; and the parliament enabled the king to reduce Ireland, and to gain the battle of the Boyne againfl James, who there loll all the military honour he had acquired before. 'I'he marine of France proved fuperior to that of England, iu the beginning of the war; but in the year 1692, that of France received an irrecoverable blow in the defeat at La Hogue. Invafions were threatened, and confpiracies difcovered eveiy day againft the go- vernment, and the liipply of the contiuental war forced the parliament to open new refources for money. A land-tax was impofed, and every fubjed's lands were tax- ed, according to their valuations given in by the feveral counties. 'Ihe greateil and boldeft operation in finances, that ever took place, was eftablifhed in this reign, which was the carrying on the war by borrowing money upon parliamentary lecuri- ties, and which form what are now called the public funds. The chief projeftor of this fcheme is faid to have been Charles Montague, afterwards lord Halifax. His chief argument for fuch a projeA was, that it would oblige the moneyed part of the nation to befriend the Revolution intereft, becaufe, after lending their money, they could have no hopes of being repaid but by fupporting that intereft, and the weight of taxes would oblige the commercial people to be more induftrious. N N D. 341 Williani, notwithftanding t'uc vail fervice he had done to the nation, and the public benefits which took place under his aufpicc8, particularly in the eftablifti- ineat of the bank of England, and the recoining the lilvcr jnoney, niet with fo niany mortifications front his parliament, that he actually relblved upon an abdi- cation, and had drawn up a fpeech for that purpofc, which he was prevailed upon to fupprel's. He long bore the afl'ronts he met with in hopes of being fupporied in his war with France, but at lalt, in 1697, he was forced to conclude the peace of Ryfwick with the French king, who acknowledged his title to the crown of England. By this time William had loll his queen*, bu the government was con- tinued in his pcrfon. After peace was reftored, the commons obliged hi.n to dif- band his army, all but an inconfiderable number, and to difniifs his favourite Dutch guards. The laft and nioft glorious a6i of Williani's reign was his palling the bill for fettling the fuccollion to the crown in the houfe of Hanover, on the 1 2th of June 1 70 1 . His death was haftened by a fall he had from his horfe, loon after he had rei:ewed the grand alliance againft France on the eighth of March 1702, the 52a year of his age, and the 14th of his reign in Kngland. This prince was not made by nature lor popu- larity. His manners were cold and forbidding ; he Icemed alio fonietimes tololie fight of tnofe principles of liberty, for the fupport of which he had been railed to the throne ; and though he owed his royalty to the whigs, yet he often favoured the tories. Anne, princcfs of Denmark, by virtue of the a6l of fettlenient, and being the next Protcftant hen- to her lather James U. fucceeded king W illiam in the throne. As ftic had been ill treated by the late king, it was thought Ihe would have deviated from his meafures ; but the behaviour of the French in acknowledging the title of her brother, who has iince been well known by the name of the Pretender, left her r.o choice, and Ihe refolved to fulfil all William's engagements with his allies;, and to employ the earl of Marlborough, who had been imprilbued in the late reign on a lufpicion of Jacobitifm, and whofe wife was her favourite, as her general. She could not have made a better choice of a general and a liatelman, for that earl ex- celled in both capacities. No fooner was he placed at the head of the Englilh army abroad, than his genius and aftivity gave a new turn to the war, and he became as much the favourite of the Dutch as his wife was of the queen. Charles II. of Spain left his whole dominions by w ill to Philip, duke of A'njou, grandfonof Lewis XIV. and Philip was immediately proclaimed king of Spain, which laid the foundation of the family alliance, that Hill liibfills, bctw:ccn France and that nation. Philip's fuccefhonwas difputed by the fecond Ion of the empeior of Germa- ny, who took upon himfelf the title of Charles III. and his caufe was favoured by the Empire, Englandj Holland, and other powers, who joined in a confederacy againft the houfe of Bourbon, now become more dangerous than ever by the acquiCtion of the whole Spanilh dominions. The capital meafure of continuing the war againft France being fixed, the queen found no great difficulty in forming her miniftry, who were for the moft part tories; and the earl of Godolphin, who (though afterwards a leading whig) was thought all his life to have a predileftion for the late king James and his queen, was placed at the head of the treafury. His Ion had married the earl of Marl- borough's eldeft daughter, and the carl could truft no other with that important department. In the courfe of the war, feveral glorious vidlories were obtained by the earl, who * She died of the fmall-pox, Dec. 28, 1694, in the thirty-itird yeas of her age. ■■* I; wim. 34: N N was foon made duke of Marlborough. Thofeof Blenheim and Ramillies gave the firft efleaual checks to the French power. By that of Blenheim in 1704, the em- pire of Germany was faved from immediate deftrudlion. Though prince Eugene was that day joined in command with the duke, yet the glory of the day was con- fetfedly owing to the latter. '1 ne French general Tallard was taken priibner, and fent to England; and 20,000 French and Bavarians were killed, wounded, or drowned in the Danube, befides about 13,000 who were taken, and a proportion- able number of cannon, artillery, and trophies of war. About the fame time, the Enghlh admiral, Sir George Rook, reduced Gibraltar, which ftill remains in our poifeffion. The battle of Ramillies in 1706, was fought and gained under the duke of Marlborough alone. The lofs of the enemy is generally liippofed to have been 8000 killed or wounded, and 6000 taken prifoners. After the battle of Ramillies, the ftates of Flanders affembled at Ghent, and recognifed Charles for their fovereign, while the confederates took poffeflion of Louvaiu, Bruffels, Mechlin, Ghent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Antwerp; and fe- veral otlier coiifiderable places in Flanders and Brabant acknowledged the title of king Chaxles, The next great battle gained over the French was at Oude- narde, 1708, where they loft 3000 on the fidd, and about 7000 were taken pri- foners ; and the year after, September ir, 1709, the allies forced the French lines at Malpiaquet, near Mons, after a very bloody adlion, in which the French loll 15,000 men. Thus far I have recounted the flattering fuccelTes of the Englilh, iMit tljcy were attended with many potions of bitter alloy. The queen had fent a very fine army to affift Charles III. in Spain, under the command of lord Galway; but in 1707, after he had been joined by the Portu- guefe, the Englilh were defeated in the plains of Almanza, chiefly through the cowardice of their allies. Though fome advantages were obtained at fea, yet that part of the war in general was carried on to the detriment, if not the dilgrace of England. At the fame time, England felt feverely the fcarcity of hands in carrying on her trade and manufadures. Thefe and many other internal difputes about the prerogative, the fucceffion, re- ligion, and other public matters, had created great ferments in the nation and par- liament. The queen at firft fhick clofe to the duke of Marlborough and his friends, who finding that the tories inclined to treat with France, put themftlves at the head of the whigs, who were for continuing the war, from which the duke and his dependents, according to their ftations, received immenfe emoluments. The failures of the Germans and Dutch could not however be longer dilTembled, and the penonal intereft of the duchefs of Marlborough, with the queen, began to be fhaken by her own hauehtinefs. As Lewis A IV. profeiled a readinefs for peace, and fucd eamefUy for it, the whigs at laft ga^ e way to a treaty, and the conferences were held at Gertruydenburg, 1710. They were managed on the part of England by the duke of Marlborough and the lord Townfhend, and by the marquis de Torcy for the French. All his of- fers were rejeded by the duke and his affociate, as only defigned to amufe and divide the allies, and the war was continued. The unreafonable haughtiiiefs of the Englifh plenipotentiaries at Gertruydenburg (as fome term it) and the then expe^ed change of the miniflry in England, faved France, and affairs from that day took a turn in its favour. Means were found to convince the queen, who was faithfully attached to the church of England, that the war in the end, if continued, muft prove ruinous to her and her people, and that the whi?s were no friends to the national religion. The general cry of the ililudcd pjople was, " that the church was in danger," which, though groundlefSj had N G L A N D. 543 great effects. One Sacheverel, an ignorant, worthlefs preacher, had cfpoufed this clamour in one of his fermons, with the ridiculous impradlicable doftrines of paflive obedience and non-rcfiftance. It was, as it were, agreed upon by both parties to try their ft length in this man's cafe. He was impeached by the commons, and found guilty by the lords, who ventured to pafs upon him only a very fmall cenfure. After this trial, the queen's affeftions were entirely alienated from the duchefs of Marlborough, and the whig adminiftration. Her friends loft their places, which were fupplied by tories, and even the command of the army was taken from the duke of Marlborough in 17 12, and given to the duke of Ormond, who^ produced orders for a ceffation of arras ; but they were difregarded by the queen's allies in the Britifti pay. And, indeed, the removal of the duke of Marlborough from the command of thd army, while the war continued, was an aft of the greateft impru- dence, and excited the aftouiftiment of all Europe. So numerous had been his fucceffes, and fo great his reputation, that his very name was alnioft equivalent to an army. But the honour and intereft of the nation were facrificed to private court- intrigues, managed by Mrs. Mafham, (a relation of the duchefs of Marlborough, who had fupplanted her benefaftrefs,) and by Mr. Harley. Conferences were opened for peace at Utrecht, in January 171 2, to which the queen and the French king fent plenipotentiaries, and the allies being defeated at Denain, they grew fenfible that they were no match for the French, now that they were abandoned by the Englifh. In fhort, the terms were agreed upon between France and England. The reader needs not be informed of the particular ceflions made by the French, efpecially that of Dunkirk ; but after all, the peace would have been ftill more indefenfible and ftiameflil than it was, had it not been for the death of the emperor Jofeph, by which his brother Charles III. for -whom the war was chiefly undertaken, became emperor of Germany, as well as king of Spain; and the dilatorinefs, if not bad faith of the Englifli allies, in not fulfilling their engagement.*, and throwing upon the Briiifli parliament almoft the whole weight of the war, not to mention the cxhaufted ftate of the kingdom. The queen was at this time in a crhical fituation. The wMgs condemned the peace as injurious to the honour and intereft of the nation. The majority of the houfe of lords was of that party, but that of the houfe of commons -was tories. The queen was afraid that the peers would rejed the peace, and by an unprecedent- ed exercife of her prerogative fhe created twelve peers at one time, which fecure^ the approbr.tion of the parliament for the peace.. Such was the ftate of aflairs at this critical period ; and I am apt to think from their complexion that the queen had, by fome fecrct influence, which never has yet been discovered, and was even concealed from fome of her minifters, inclined to call her brother to the fucceflion. The reft oF the queen's life was rendered uneafy by the jarring of parties, and the contentions among her minifters. The whigs demanded a writ for the eleftoral prince of Han- over, as duke of Cambridge, to come to England ; and Ihe was obliged haftily to difmifs her lord-treafurer ; when fhe fell into a lethargic diforder, which carried her off the firft of Auguft 17 14, in the fiftieth year of her age, and thirteenth of her reign*. • And with her ended tlie line of the Stuarts, which, from the acccfllon of James I. anno i6o3» had fwayed the fceptre of England iii years, and that of Scotland 343 years, from the. acccflion of Robert 11. anno 1371 . James, the late pretender, fon of Jamss U. and brother to queen Anne, upon his father's deceafe, anno 1701, was proclaimed king of England, by Lewis XIV. at St. Germains, and for fome time treated as fuch by the courts of Rome, France, Spain, and Turin. He refidod a.: Rome, where he kept up the appearance of a court, and continued firm in the Romilh fa\ih tiW his death, which happened in 1765. He left two fons, viz. Charles Edward, born in 1720, who was de- feated at Culloden in 1746, and upon his father's death, repaired to Rome, where he continued for fome tide, and afterwards rtfidcd at Fiorcucc, ujidcr tuv title of count .Mbsny, ^ut die~ Jatslf , H I. ; 34+ E N G N D. .rmiln H^ ^^''f^^'-^!. ""^^ by herfclf, to carry any important refolve into ex. ecution; and fhe left public meafures in fo indecifive a Itate. that, upon her death, the fuccelTion took place m terms of the aft of fettlement, and George I. eleaor ot Hanover fon of the pruiccfs Sophia, grand daughter of James I. was proclaim- • *"?g ot ^ref britam ; his mother, who would have been next in fucceflion hav- mg died but a few daj s before. He came over to England with ftrong prepoffelCons agamil the ton. mmi/.ry, mofl of whom he difplaced ; but this did nm make any fh?2"l°^f M ^'^''u'^ u- f°g^^°^', but '"aiy of the Scots, by the influence of the earl of Mar, ar^ other chiefs, were driven into rebeUion in 17 15, which was hap- pily fuppreffed the beginning of the next year. ^ After all, the nation was in fuch a difpofition that the minlflry dm ft not venture to call a new parliament, and the members of that which was fitting, voted a con- muance of their duration from three to fcven years, which i. thought to have been thegreatcfl ftretch of parliamemary power ever known, and a very indefenfible ftep. Several other extraordinary meafures took place about the fame time. Mr. Shippen anexcellentfpeaker, and member of parliament, was fern to the Tower for faying that the kmgs fpeech was calculated for the meridian of Hanover, rather than of . Jin V — . -r, . ' ^y-^ig^K. ±. iinjuvu iin'*U'Ced« ^ --■ -^^--■^■'^-— II t Aft* ' '*■ * Jtfi ,J^ .ih U4tiiJ^SSR3SSff:'1i.^tS^iKilll^^t^MfBitt*^Mi^al^, v%S'^£«M£$3iSJiHSI «fc- 448 E N G L I). his royal highnefs Frederic prince of Wales. In May, 17^1, an aa paff^d for re gulatmg the conHncucenient of the year, by which the old ftile was abo Ued, and the «ew mie eftabh hed, to the vaft conveuiency of the fubjea. This was done by fink- ing eleven days in September, 17.52, and fr'om that time beginning the ySr oV he firlt of January. In 1753 the famous ad palfed for preventing clandeaine ma r^ qSionable '' " '' ' '^" ^"'^' ""^ '^' '""^J^'' ^^ ' P""" '^'' is ftil" very The barefaced encroachments of the French, who had built forts on our buk fettlements in America, and the difpofitions they made for lending over vaft bodies of veteran troops to fuppor. tholb encroachments, produced a wonderful Ipirit fn England elpecially after admiral Boicawen was ordered with eleven ftips of the Jme, befides a fngate and two regiments, to fail to the banks of Newfoundland where he canie up with and took two French men of war, the reft of their fleet efcaping up the river St. Lawrence, by the ftraights of Belleifle. No fooner wash knovv-ti that hoftilu.es were begun, than the people of England poured thdr monev into the government's oan, and orders were ilfued for making general reprisals In Europe as well as in America ; and that all the French fhips,\Lthe' outward or homeward bound, fhould be ftopt and brought into Britifti ports. The b orde° were fo efTeftual, that before the end of the year 1755, abo^^ 500 of the ricS French merchant fhips. and above 8,000 of tVir b^fl failors were brought i^2 the kmgdonj. Ihis well-timed meafure l..d fuch an effed, that the Fremh haS neither hands to navigate their merchantmen, nor to man their fhips of war in'En^lanr'' ^'^^'' "^''' ^°'°°° ^'^"^"^ ^''^"'^" ''■"*' ^°''"'^ '° ^ prifoners' .JV^'^J'u'^v''^' general Braddocl, who had been injudicioully fent from England to attack the French, and reduce iW. torts on the Ohio, was defeated and killed, by falling into an ambufcade of the French and Indians near Fort du Queine; but ma- jor-general Johnfon defeated a body of French near Crown Point, of^hon ne killed about I ceo. n-incu In proportion as the fpirits of the public were elevated by fome circumftances t'^.7Tv r'lu^- 'T"''' '^^' '^' ^'''""'^ ^'^^ '•'^"''"l i^'°°°. "^en in Minorca' to attack Fort St. Phihp there; that admiral Byng, who had been lent out with .' fquadron at leaft equal to that of the French, had been baffled, if not defeat d by their admira Gahflionere, and that at laft Minorca was furrendered by general Blakeney J he Englifh were far more alarmed than they ought to have been at hofe events. The lofs of Minorca was more fhameful than ^detrLental to the kingdonT but the public outcry was fuch, that the king gave up Byng to public iuftice and he^was ihot at Poitfmouth for not doing all that was in his ^er agSft the It was about thi. time that Mr. Pitt was placed as fecretary of ftatc, at the head of the admuuftrauon. He had been long known to be a bold, eloquem, and ener- getic fpeaker and he foon proved himfelf to be as Ipirited a minifter. The inif- carnages in the Mediterranean had no confequence but the lofs of fort St Philio which was more than repaired by the vaft fuccefs of the EngliOi privateers both .n Europe and America. The fuccc.Tes of the Englifh in the Eaft Indies under colonel Clue^ are almoft ncredible. He defeated Suraja Dowla, nabob c^^BeS Bahar, and Orixa, and placed Jaffier Ally Cawn in the ancient feat of the nabobs his beinr defeated, was taken by the new nabob Jaffier Ally Cawn's fon and nut to death. I h.s event laid the fJ..ndation of the prelent amazfng e^ten of rkhes anS territory, which the Englifh now poHefs in the Eaft Indies. N N D. 349 Mr. Pitt introduced into the cabinet a new fyftem of operations againft France, than which nothing could be better calculated to rcltore the fpirits of his country- men and to alarm their eneniiey. Far from dreading an invafion, he planned an ex- pedition for carrying the arms of England into France itfelf; and the dcicent was to be made at Rochefort, under general Sir John Mordaunt, who was to command the land troops. Nothing could be more promiling than the difpofitions for this ex- pedition. It failed on the Sth of September, 1757 ; and admiral Hawke brought both the fea and land forces back on the 6th of Odobcr to St. Helen's, without the general making an atten)pt to land on the coalt of France. He was tried and acquitted without the public nmrmuring, fo great an opinion had the people of the minifter; who, to do him juftice, did not fuller a man or a fhip belonging to the Englilh army or navy to lie idle. The French having attacked the eledorate of Hanover with a nioft powerful army, merely becaufe his Britannic majeity refiifed to wink at their encroachments in America, the Englifti parliament, in gratitude, voted large fupplies of men and money in defence of the electoral dominions. The duke of Cumberland had been fent thither to command an army of obfervation, but was lo powerfully prelfed bv a fuperior army, that he found himfelf obliged to lay down his arms ; and the Frv.'nch under the duke of Richlieu, took poifeflion of that eledtorate and its capi- tal. At this time, a fcarcity, next to a famine, raged in England ; and the Hef- fian troops, who, with the Hanoverians, had been fent to defend the kingdom from an invafion intended by the French, remained ftill in England. So many difficulties concurring, in 1758 a treaty of mutual defence was agreed to between his majefty and the king of PniHia ; in confequence of which, the parliament voted 670,0001. to his Pruflian majefty; and alfo voted large fums, amounting in the whole to near two millions a year, for the payment of 50,000 of the troops of Ha- nover, Hefle-Caffel, Saxe-Gotha, Wolfenbuttel, and Buckeburg. This treaty which proved afterwards fo burdenfome to England, was intended to unite the proteftant intcrell in Germany. George II. with the confent of his Pruflian majefty, declaring that the French had violated the convention concluded between them and the duke of Cumberland at Clofterfeven, ordered his Hanoverian fubjedts to refume their arms under prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, a Pruflian general, w ho inftantly drove the French out of Hanover ; and the duke of Marlborough, after the Englifh had repeatedly infultcd the French coafts, by deftroying their ftores and fhipping at St. Maloes and Cher- bourg, marched into Germany, and joined prince Ferdinand v^ith 12,000 Brit ifh troops, which were afterwards, in^realed to 25,000. A war eni'ued, in the courfe of which the Englifh every v/here pcformed wonders, and were e\ery where \ifio- rious, but nothing decifive followed, and the enemy opened every campaign with advantage. Even the battle of Minden, the moft glorious perhaps in the Englifh annals, in which about 7000 Englifh defeated 80,000 of the French regular troops in fair battle, contributed nothing to the conclufion of the war, or towards weaken- ing the French in Germany. The Englifh bore the expences of the war with cheerfulnefs, and applauded Mr.. Pitt's adminiftration, becaufe their glorious fucceffes in every other part of the globe demonttrated that he was in earneft. Admiral Bofcawen and general Amv herft, in Auguft, 1758, reduced and demolifhed Louifbourg, in North America, which had been reftored to the French by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, and w as become the fcourge of the Britifh trade, and took five or fix French fhips of the line ; Frontenac and Fort du G^jiefue, in the fame quarter, fell alfo into the hands of the Englifh: ?.c-^uifuions that far overbalanced a check which the Englifh 10 II, ' t i'l- J50 N G AND. celved at Ticonderago, and the lol^ of above ,500 of the Englilh guards as thev were returning under general Bligh from the coall of France ^ theIo»k"f J '^'''- '? '^" l:-a't Indies thi. year proved equally fortunate; and the lords of theadmiralty received letters from thence, with an acLunt that admi ral Pocock had engaged the French fleet near Fort St. David's on the 2gth o f March, in which engagement a French man of war, called the Bien Aime^o? nl guns was fo much damaged that they run her on fliore. The French had 6co me^ killed and wounded ou this occafion, and the EngliHi only 20 killed am S wounded. Ihaton the third of Auguft following. he%ngaged\he French «eet a fecond time near Pondicherry; when, after a brifk hringof len minutes, the French and That of the Fn l" i' "i'"'^ infhis engagement was 540 killed and wounded; and that of he Englilh only 147 kdled and wounded. And that on the 14th of December folbwmg, general Lally, commander of the French army bthofb part marched to befiege Madras which was defended by the Englilh coL "els Uum "e folS V^'f f^^; ^brllk cmnc^nade, which lafted till the ,6th of Sa J iollowmg, thetnghfhhavmg received a reinforcement of 600 men general In Ik- thought proper to raife the liege and retire with precipitation, leavh gTe^ ind S forty pieces of cannon. »»^1 c^: c^A 'c3 % "f O / Photographic Sciences Corporation i-V «^ 4 # ■%t>^ ^-t- <* 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 :/jt \ \ .4^ > «> .^^ 5.54 E N LAND. p^ipd v^riQjj^^ C^^es cqftlribiued tp qccjOioft a gwat fpirit of difcQUtew to pf«y,aa throughout the nation. f^^-^'^w T ?°x!fcu^°*r?^ ^^\ ^'^i^ 'V*^ <*f *° *^»'^ Pielfcft^ers ente««d the houfeof John WiU^^ E% q^n^^pr qf pvij^oww to* Aylefbury, mX feized hi* perfoa. Iw vi^me of a warrant from the l«creury. of ftat?, wh^ch dUe«aea thep to feiie ' the aS thors. printers, ^ndjoub^ifl^i^s, of ^ tetUftojw an4 ^wafpwble paper, intided the North Bntoq, No. 45. The p^^ppr^ PMbUftve^ yfn^t tjhi* mk» fevexely arraigned the coa- du6t ojf the adflii^ftr^tiop, and ?epKfemfid \hft wrlof ^ute ag the favourite of the fei^g, ^4 thrft meafi^e? of gpv^(rwns»t pf j^ very pernicipus ten, dfncy pngVMted T^* proceedi^ W^f^ fpUp^fed hy h petfeijutipu of Mr. mikes m a v^nety pf forms. In ^he courts o| ia«5 the yimmt mi d^cfered tp be ilfeeal but he was expelled the houfe of Cpminojw, which, (with thp hotOe of Loxda) voted ^hft Nortti Briton. No. 45, to bp 4 fatfe, fcandAk>us, and feditiou^ libel— Popular ^wmiUts were npw frequent; and tb^e ?hJM-aaer, of Mr. Wiy^e?i feeqied to rife in the pubhc x^i^on^m propariipn to the degifeeof *fperity witfe which he was profecuted. — Few«iraunft;^ces have ^rileu in the Eiiglift Hiftorv, which have fo long and foae- Mr;^Uv en»ged the mii^ds pf all defcrip.tipns of the people ; and few adminiftrations JM^ye been lo unpopular as at this time. Sundry other perfpns had been taken up for bewg llowed. Mr. Charles Townlhend, who was a gentleman of great abilities and eloquence, made for fome time a confiderable figure 00th in the cabinet and iu parliament ; but, on his death, the place of chancellor of the exchequer was fiipplied by lord North, who afterwards becaihe firft lord of the tr^afury, and obtain- - ed a great afcendancy in the adminlftration. In the year 1768, Mr. Wilkes, who'had for a confiderable time refi'ded in FrancCj, came over to England, and again became an objeft of public attemion. The par- liament had juft before been diflblved ; and on his arrival in London, though he ftiil lay under a fentence of outlawry, he offered himfelf a candidate to repre^fent that city in the enfuirig parliament. He was received whh loud acclamations, and the gene- rality appeared greatly intetefled in his favour, but he loft' his elcftion ; only 1 247 liveryitien voted for nim. His want of fuccefs did not difcourage him, for he ini- rtiediaiely offerfed himfelf a candidate for the county of Middlefex. He was attended by an amazing number of people to Brentford, the place of cleftion. The two other candidates had large fortunes, and great cdnneftions in the county ; they had repre* .'ented it for fevCral years, and were fuppbrted by the wht)le intereft of the court. Mr. Wilkes, however, being confidered as a man ^vho had been unjuftlyand uncoh- ftitutionally perfecutied by the govertimeht, was elifted by a great majority, on the aRth of March. I'he extreme joy of the populace at this event, occafioned them to cdmmit fome irregularities in the city of London, on the evening of the day of eleftion : and fo great were the apprehienfions of the court on thi& occafion, that on the ft)llowing day orders were given to the guards on duty at St;: James's, to be in rCadineli at the beat of drum, to march to fupprefs any riot that might happen. In May following, Mr. Wilkes having voluntarily furrendered himfelf to the court of King'^ benchj was committed to the King's bench prifon. Soon after thisy a number of perftjns having aifembled in St. Geoi^'s fields, near that prifon, in hopes of fee- ing Mr. Wilkes, I'ome diforder enfiied, and the foldiers were raftily ordered to fire among the mob. Several perfons were killed, and in particular one WilHam Allen, who was fingled out, purfiled by one of the foldiers, and Ihot near his father's houfe^ ih a manner which the occafion could in no refpeft juftify. This affair made a great ; noife ; and the pains taken by the minifter to fiipport and vindicate the military, iri- - creafed the odium of the tranfaftion. On the 8th of June, Mr. Wilkes's outlawry was reverfed, and on the 18th of the fame month, fentence was paffed on hiih, that, for the republication of the North Briton, No. 45, he fhould pay a fine of five hun- dred pounds, and be imprifoned ten months; and for publiihing the Effay on Wo- Z z 2 356 N AND. man thathefhouldlikewife pay five hundred pounds and be imprifoned twelve months, to be computed from the expiration of the term of the former Sonment meimrof't/'""°'!!?'^'"°^'^ of Commons, complaining of the T^umceaud ille^aht;. of the proceedmgs againlt him; but the houfe voted, that his comolaints Sr !/£ .7.K i!: •' ""^ * 'fT '^^''^^ ^^ Publifhed, written by one of the fecieta- nes of Itate to h^ chairman of the quarter-felfions at Lambeth, in which the fecretan^ had recommended to the magiftrates, previous to the unhappy affair of St. GeorS tl'li'ocLr^^^^ ^''"^"^^'^' ^'^^""^^"y' andemployin^g'^hem #^««//,, tf th?r: whlh' 3^1'jil^ I"'*" ^'- V?^' u^'; Profeouted, only increafed his popularity, uhich was alfo much augmented by the fpirit and firmnels which on every occafion and 2 X ;6th „f K t"" '''^'^^r'u^' ^ad been chofen an alderman oZSon" ^«i? f itr^ ?„ r ^'^''''Vi'T 1 769, he was re-eleaed at Brentford, member for the county of Middlefex wuhout oppofition. The return having b^en made to he i«fhl.orvt- "'r^;';^'' Mr Wilkes. having been expelled^that feffion, was in! wa^ Srll^'"^/ '^^'/ ' n.eu,ber of that parliament, 'fhe late eleaion. therefo.^. honrof .L^ freeholders, and the eleaion was again declared void by the cated theTeTT'l, ."^^7 ^K a neweledtion being ordered, colonel Luttre{ v.. Xrt InH H r A^^^ r u^'^>' ^^^ '" Parliament, by the acceptance of a nominal whS ^itr^f ^; •"^''' a "'"^l^^^^ *"°.^ ^'^^ ^°""^ «^" Mi^^dlefex. IT^ough the Trn^SX ^ f T "''"^'^ "^'' '^'■°^ ^"^^ '^^ ^^*^« '° ^his gentleman's favour, yet d!v, f?.r^i 1 5^'°^ • '*^' *°? ^•' ^"""^^ *^°^y 296. Notwithflanding this, two o,tS.ml,.v5 V^'°"' "was refolved in the Houfe of Commons, that Mr. Luttrel • ought to have been returned a knight of the (hire for the county of Middlefex : and Tndv .'not K- V^ • °^^' r"^ '^'' ^^ '°*°°^^ L""^^ '^ •" P'«e- 1 be la"er accord. Ss n?V. J'^ '° parliament: but this was thought fo grofs a violation of the nghts of the eleaors, th,t it excited a very general diftuntent, and loud com- plaints were made agaiuft it m every part of the kingdom. After the term of Mr. Wilkes's imprifonmem was expired, in the year 1771 he was chofen one of the SheriHs for London and Middlefex ; and the fame year I' re! markable comeft happened between the city of London 'and the Houfe^of Com- moiis. Several Prmters had been ordered to attend that hcufe. beirg charged whh tZ7'^T'^V^'VT-^''^T' ^^^"""ts of the fpeeches of members ?f pi li. anient contrary to a ftanding order of the houfe. One of thefe Printers, who had reWed to attend the lunmions of the houfe, was apprehended by a meffenger of onft W °^^^°""°^« >° his own houfe; whereupon he immediately lent for a Xrfi; lu ^^i".^" ^"/ ".'[""^ ^^"'^ '^^ l«^d "'-y"r «t the manfion-houle, where the aldermen Wilkes and Chver alfo then were. The deputy ferieant at arms alfo attended, and demanded, in the name of the fpeaker, thafbith he me niavor 'who Xh"'7 ^""t be delivered up to him. Thfs wa's refufed hy Z "rd- mayor, who aflced, for what crime, and upon what authority, the n elfenger had "ZteA^t^'ir' The meflenger anfwered. he had dc^nJ'it by wtrant frtm W Jff L- r""'' 'i'" '?'^' '^ ^he warrant had been backed by a city magiftme Which being anfwered m the negative, the warrant was demanded, and^ afteVnmch altercation produced; and its invalidity l>eing argued by the Drinter'rcnnn L t£^ aMt3 n!r-P" t" '^'^•'^^?^^ t^ ^-- cSelnr C^^nipTaS^t for an' affault and falle impnfonment being then heard, and the fads proved and admitted! E N G N D. 357 the nieffenger was afked for bail, which the ferjeant having refufed to give, a war- rant for his commitment to prilbn was made out, and figned by the lord-mayor and the two aldermen ; but the ferjeant then offered bail, which was acceptec^ The confequence of this tranfadUon was, that a few days after, the lord-mayor Crolby and alderman Oliver, members of the houfe of commons, were com- mitted prilbners to the Tower for their (hare in this bufmefs, by the authority of the houfe ; but they avoided, as much as polfible, any new conteft with Mr. Wittes. That gentleman was afterwards again chofen member for the county of Middlefcx in the fubfequent parliament, and permitted quietly to take his feat there ; in the year 1775, he executed the ofEce of lord-mavor of the city of Londbn ; and hath fince been eleded to the lucrative office of chamberlain of that city. In the year 1783, after the change of lord North's adminiftration, at Mr. Wilkes's motion, all the declarations, orders and refolutious of the houfe of commons refpefling his eledion for the county of Middlefex, were ordered to be expunged from the jour- nals of that houfe, " as being fubverfive of the rights of the whole body of elec- tors of this kmgdom." And it Ihould be remembered, that in confequence of his manly and fpiriied contefts with the government, general warrants were declared to be illegal, and an end was put to fuch warrants, and to the unlawful feizure of an Englilh man's papers by ftate meffengers. After the repeal of the ftamp-a^, which was received with great joy in Ame- rica, all things becaue quiet there : but unhappily new attempts were made to tax them in the Britilh parliament, though befides the experience of the jU-fuccefs of the ftamp-ad, governor Pownall, a gentleman well acquainted with the difpofition of the coloniUs, faid in the houfe of commons, in 1767, • It is a fadl which this houfe ought to be apprized of in all it? extent, that the people of America, uni- verially, uui.edly, and unalterably, are r;:loIved not to fubmit to any internal tax impofed upon them by any legillature, in which they have not a fhare by repre- fentatives of their own election.' He added, * this claim mull not be underftood, as though it were only the pretences of party-leaders and demagogues ; as though it were only the vifions of fpeculative enthufiafts ; as though it were the mere ebul- lition of a faftion which muft fubfide ; as though it were only temporary or par- tial—it is the cool, deliberate, piincipled maxim of every man of bufinefs in the country.' The event verified the jullice of thefe obfervations ; yet the fame year, an adl was paffed layir certain duties on paper, glafs, tea, o"c, imported into America, to be paid by ine colonies for the putpofe of railing a revenue to the go- vernment. About two years after, it was thought proper to repeal thefe duties, excepting that on tea ; but as it was not the an.eunt of the duties, but the right of the parliament of Great Britain to impole taxes in America, which was the uibjed of difpute, the repealing the other duties aul'wered no purpofe, while that on tea remained ; which accordingly became a frelh fubjedl of conteft between the mother- country and the colonies. In order to induce the Ealt India company to become inftrumental in epforcing the tea-duty in America, an aft was palfed, by which they were enabled to export their teas, duty-free, to all places whatfoever. Several Ihips were accordingly freighted with teas for the diflierent colonies by the company, who alfo' appointed agents there for the difpofal of that commodity. This was confidered by the Ame- ricans, as a fcheme calculated merely to circumvent them into a compliance with the revenue law, and thereby pave the way to an unlimited taxation. Three fliips la- den with tea arrived in the port of Bofton in December, 1773, a number of armed men, under the difguife of Mohawk Indians, boarded them, and in a few hours dif- charged their whole cargoes of tea into the fea, without doing any other damage, or of. 3S» N G L A N p. fisring anjr injury to the captains or crews. Some fmaller quantities of tea met after- wawia with a fimilar fate at Bofton, and a few other places; but m Kehcral, the cpmmiffionera for the fale of that commodity were oWigtd to reUnquiih their em- ployraents, and the matters of the tea-veffela, from an apprehenfion of dancer, wn turned agam to England with their cargoes. At New York* indeed, the lea was landed under the cannon of a man of war. But the perfons in the fervice of ap- vernment there were obliged to confent to its being locked up from ufe. And in bouth Carohna fome was thrown into the river, as at Bofton, and the reft put into damp warehoufes, where it periftied. Thefe proceedings in America excited fo much indignation in the government of England, that on the 31ft of Ilarch, 1774, an i& was pafled for removing the cultom-houfe ofhcers from the town of Bofton, and (hutting up the port. Another ^?i7*u ?°? ^^^^P*?®? ' ^*^ ^"*^'" reguJaung the government in the provLice of Maflachufett s Bay. Ihe deftgn of this ad was to alter the conftitution of that province as it ftood upon the charter of king William; to take the whole executive power out of the hands of the people, and to veft the nomination of the counfellors, judges, and magiftrates of all kinds, including Iheriffs, in the ciOwn, and in fome cales m the kmgs governor, and all to be removeable at the plealure of the crown. Another adl was alio paffed which was coufidered as highly injurious, cruel, and unconftitutional, empowering the governor of Maffachufet's Bay to fend iierfons acculed of crimes there to be tried in England for liich offences. Some time after an aft was likewife paffed ' for making more effedlual provifion for the government ot the province of Qjiebec,' which excited a great alarm both in England and America. By this aft, a legiflative council was to be eftabliflied for all the affairs of the province ot Qytbec, except taxation, which council was to be appointed by the crown, the office to be held during pleafm^e ; and his Majelty's Canadian Roman Catholic fubjefts were intuled to a place in it. The French laws, and a trial with- out jury, were alfo eftablifhed in civil cafes, and the Englifli laws, with a trial by jury, m criminal ; and the Catholic clergy were invefted with a legal right to their tithes Jrom all who were of their own religion. No affembly of the people, as in other Bruifti colonies, was appointed, it being faid in the aft, that it was then inex- ?*-r!?A- . ^'"^ ^^^ *° ^^^^ ^^^^ ^"""^s of criminal, civil, and ecclefiaftical jurildidion, as he ftiould think proper. The boundaries of the province of Quebec were hkewife extended by the aft thoufands of miles at the back of the otheVtolo- nies, whereby, it was faid, a government little better than dcfpotic wis eftablifhed throughout an extenfive country. The meafures of government refpeaing America had fo univerfally exafperated the colonifts, that provincial or town-meetings were held in every part of the coa- tment, wherein they avowed their intemions of oppofing, in the moft vigorous man- ner, the meafures of adminiftration. Agreements were entered into in the different colonies, whereby the fubfcribers bound themfelves in the moft folemn manner, and lu the prefence of God, to fufpend all commercial intercourfe with Great Britain iiom the laft day of the momh of Auguft, 1774, umil the Bofton-port-bUl, and tlie other late obnoxious laws, were repealed, and the colony of Maffachufet's Bay fully reitored to its chartered rights. Other tranfadlions fucceeded; and the flame continued to increafe and extend in America, till at length twelve of the colonies including that whole extent of country which ftretches from Nova Scotia to Geor-' gia, had appointed deputies to attend a General Congrefs, which was to be held at Philadelphia, and opened the .5th of September, 1774. They met accordingly, and the number of delegates amounted to fifty-one ; who reprefented the feveral KugUlh colonies of New Hampfhire (2), Maffachufet's Bay (4), Rhode Ifland and ENGLAND. 3» Providence plantations (3), Ck)nneaicut (3), New York (7), New Jerfey (4), Peniifylvania (7); the lower counties on Delaware (3), Maryland (4), Virginia (7), |4orih Carolina (3), and South Carolina (5 delegates); Georgia afterward* acceded to the confederacy and ieni deputies to the Congreis. They entered into an affociation, in which they bound tbemfelvea and their conllituents, not to import into Britilh Ametica,, from Great Britain or Ireland, any goods, wares, or mer- cbandife whatfover, from the firft day of December following; nor to import any Eaft India tea from any part of the world ; nor to export any raerchaudife or com- modity whatfoever to Great Britain, Ireland, or the Weft Indies, from the lotbof September, 1775, unlefs the aft for flopping the port and blocking up the harbour of Boftcm, that for altering the charter and government of the province of Maffa- chufet's Bay, the %ebec aft, the afts by which duties were impofed on any commodities imported into America, and fome other afts, which they enumerated, were repealed. They alfo drew up a petition to the King, in which they enumerated their feve- ral grievances, and foUcited his Majeftv to grant them peace, liberty and fafety. They likewife publilhed an addrefs to the people of Great Britain, another to the colonies in general, and another to the inhabitants of the province of Quebec. The Gongrefs broke up on the 26th of Gftober, having refolved, that another congrefs Ihould be held in the fame place, on the loth of May following, unlefs the grievances of which they complained (hould be redreffed before that time : and they recommended to all the colonies to choofe deputies as foon as poffible, for that purpofc. Shortly after thefe e\ents, fome meafures were propofed in the parliament of Great Britain, for putting a ftop to the commotions which unhappily fubfilled in America. 1 he earl of Chatham, who had been long in au infiim Hate of health, appeared in the houfe of lords, and exprelTed in the llroiigeft terms his difappro- bation of the whole fyftem of American meafures. He alfo made a motion, for immediately recalling the troops from Bofton. He reprefenicd this as a mealurc which fliould be iuitantly adopted; urging, that an hour then loft, in allaying the ferment in America, might produce years of calamity. He alleged, that the prefent fituation of the troops rendered them and the Americans continually liable to events, which would cut oft' the poflibility of a reconciliation ; but that this con- ciliatory meafure would be well timed ; and as a mark of afieftion and good-will on our fide, would remove all jealoufy and apprebenfion on the other, and inftan^ raneoufly produce the happieft eftefts to botli. His lordftiip's motion was rejeacd l)y a large majority, 68 againft 18; as was alfo a bill which he brought in loon at tor for fettling the American troubles, by 6i to 32. The methods propoied in the houfe of commons for promoting an accommodation, met alfo with a fimilar fate. The number of his majefty's troops was ordered to be augmented ; and an aft y.as paffed for reftraining the commerce of the New England colonies, and to prohibit their fiftiery on the banks of ISewfoundland. A motion was, indeed,* afterwards made in the houfe of commons, by lord North, iirft lord of the treafurv, for fuf- pending the exercife of the right of taxation in America, claimed ^ the Bntifh parliament, in fuch of the colonies as Ihould, in their general affemblies, raife fuch contributions as were approved of by the king in parliament. This niotion was carried, and afterwards conmiunicated to fome of the provincial aifemblies: but it was rejefted by them as delufive and unfatisfaftory, and only calculated 10 difunite them. The petition fivm the congrefs to the kin- was ordered by his majefty to be laid before the parliament : whereupon Dr. Franklin, and two other American agents, folicited to be heard at the bar of the houfe of commons, on behalf of the colonies, in fupport of that petition : but their application was rejefted ; it being faid, that the American congrefs was no legal affembly, and that therefore no peti- tion could be received from it by the parliament with propriety. 36o ENGLAND. It was on the 19th of April, 1775, that the firft blood was drawn in this unhappy «vU war. The Americans having collected feme military ftores at the town of Concord in New England, general Gage, governor of the colony, fent the grena- diers and light infantry of the army, to deftroy them. The detachment conlifting of about 900 men, embarked in boats at Bofton, on the night preceding, and hav- ing landed at a place called Phipps's farm, they proceeded with great fiJeuce and ex- pedition towards Concord. When they arrived at Lexington, they found a com- pany of militia, of about 100 men, nmrtered near a meeting-houle. It was juft before fun-rife when the Britifh troops came in fight of them; whereupon an officer in the van called out, " Difperfe, you rebels, throw down your arms, and difperfe," the foldiers at the fame time runnmg up with loud huzzas. Some fcattering (hots were firft fired, and immediately fucceeded by a general difchargc, by which eight of the American militia were killed, and feveral wounded : but it was faid by fome of the regulars, that the provincials fired firtt, though the contrary was tefiified up- on oath by a number of the Americans. After this the detachment advanced to Concord, and proceeded to execute their commiifion, by rendering three pieces of cannon unferviceable, burning ibme new gun carriages, a number of carriage wheels, and tl rowing into the river a confiderable quantity of flour, gunpowder, mulket-balls, and other articles. In the mean time, a fmall body of the militia' returned towards the bridge which they had lately paffed ; and, upon this move- ment, the light infantry retired on the Concord fide of the river, and began to pull up the bridge ; but upon the near approach of the milhia, the foldiers immediately fired, and killed two men. 1 he Americans returned the fire, and a (kirmiftii enlu- ed at the bridge, in which the Englifti troops appear to have been under feme diii. advantage, and were forced to retreat, having feveral men killed and wotmded, and a lieutenant and fome others taken. About thjw rime, the country people began to rile more generally againft the king's troops, and to attack them on all quarters j fkirmifti fucceeded upon fkirmijQi ; and a continued, though fcattering and irregular fire, was fupported through the whole of a long and very hot day. In the march back to Lexington, a diftance of fix miles, the troops were extremely annoyed, and it is probable, that the whole of this body of Britilh troops would have been cut off, had not general Gage detached lord Percy in the morning, with fixteen compa- nies of foot, and a body of marines, with two pieces of cannon, to fupport them, who arrived at LexmgtOn by the time the others had returned from Concord. This powerful reinforcement obliged the provincials for Ibme time to keep their diftance : but as foon as the king's troops refumed their march, the attacks, as the country people became more numerous, grew in proportion more violent, and the danger was continually augmenting, until they arrived, about fun-fet, at Charles-Town, from whence they palfed over diredly to Bofton, extremely haralfed and fatigued. The lofs of the king's troops amounteato 65 killed, 170 wounded, and about 20 prifoners. The Americans were computed not to have loft more than 60, include ing killed and wounded. As this was the firft adion in this unhappy civil conteft, we have been the more particular in relating the circumftances with which it was attended. Immediately after, numerous bodies of the American militia invefted the town of Bofton, in which general Gage and his troops were. In all the colonies they prepared for war wif i the utmoft difpatch; and a ftop was almoft every where put to the exportation of orovilions. The continental congrefs met at Philadelphia on the icth of May '775 as propofed, and foon adopted fuch meafures as confirmed the people in their refolutions to oppolc the Britifti governriient to the utmoft. Among their firft ads, were rcfolutions for the raifing of an army, and the eftabli&ment of a large paper E N G L A N D. 3^1 eurrtto^y t(a ki pkptitht. They afluin«d the appellation of " The United tcAoaies ' for the fubjugation of the other colonies, and to proceed even to capital pumlhments againft all thofe whom he fhould deem rebels and oppofers of the laws. 1 he American expedition againft Canada, was chiefly conduced by Rich- ard Montgomery, a gentleman of an amiable charader, and of conf^derable military Ikill, on whom the congrels conferred the rank of brigadier-general. He firft made himfelf mafterof Chamblee, a fmall fort, in which he found 120 barrels of gunpowder, and other military ftores. He afterwards took the fort of St John's m winch was a garrifon of about 500 regulars, together with fome Canadian vo' lunteers ; and the town of Montreal alfo lurrendered to him on the 13th of No- veniber, 1775 In the mean time colonel Benedid Arnold undertook to march with a body of Americans from Bofton to Qjiebec, by a route which had hitherto been untned,^and confidered as iinpraaicable, which muft of neceffity be attended with extreme fatigue. 'J hey had thick woods, deep fwamps, difficult mountains and precipices alternately to encounter; and were at times obliged to cut their way for miles together through the thickets. After overcoming innumerable difficuhies they arrived in Canada, where Arnold publifhed an addrefs to the people of that province, fjgned by general \^'aftiington, in which they were invited to join with the other colonies m an mdilToluble union, and to range themfelves under the ftan dard of general liberty. A fimilar publication had before been i.Tucd bv Montgo ENGLAND. 3*3 mcry. Arnold appeared before Quebec on ihe 9th of November, and foon after joined Montgomery, on whom the chief command of courfe devolved. General Carleton, the governor, employed every eflort to repel the affailants. On the 31ft of December Montgomery attempted to gain poneffion of the place by dorm, but was killed in the firft fire from a battery, as advancing m the front of his men : Arnold was alfo dangeroufly wounded, about 60 of their men were like- wife killed and wounded, and 300 taken prifoners. The bcficgcrs immediately quitted their camp, and retired about three miles from the city, and the ficge was lorfome months converted into a blockade. On general Carleton's receiving con- liderable reinforcements and fupplies of provrfions from England, May 1770, Ar- nold was obliged to make a precipitate retreat ; Montreal, Chamblee, and St. John's were retaken, and all Canada recovered by the king's trucps. During thcfe trauladlions, the royal armv at BoUon was reduced to great dillrefs for want of provifions; the town was bombarded by the Ameiicans, and generiil Howe, who now commanded the king's troops, which amounted to upwards of fevcu thoufand men, was obHged to quit Bofton, and embarked for Halifax, Itav- ing a confiderablt quantity of artillery and fome ftores behind. ^ The town was evacuated on the 17th of March, 1776, and generarWafhingion immediately took' poffeflionof it. On the 4th of July following, the congrefs publilhed a lolemn declaration, in which they affigned their reafons for withdrawing their allegiance from the king of Great Britain. In the name, and by the authority of the inha- bitants of the united colonies, they declared that they then were, and of right ought to be, " Free and Independent States ;" that they were abfolved from all allegiance to the Britilh crown, and that all political connexion between them and the kingdom of Great Brhain was totally diffolved ; and alfo that, as free and inde- pendent ftates, they had full power to levy war, conclude peace, contraft alliances, eftablrfii commerce, and do all other afts and thingSi which independent Jtates may of right do. They Ukewife publifhed articles of confederation and perpetual union between the unhed colonies, in which they afltimed the title of "the United States of America."" Injuljr 17719, an attempt was m^de by commodore fir Peter Parker, and lieute- nant-general Clinton, upon Charks-town in South Carolina. But this place was kv ably defended Inr the Americans under general Lee, that the Britifti commodore and general were obliged to retire, the king's Ihips having fulhined confiderable lofs, and a twenty-eight gun Ihip, which nina-ground, was obliged to be burnt bv the officers andfeamen. However, a much more important and filccefsfiil attack againft the Americans was foon after made under the command of general ' Howe, then joined with a large body of Heflians, and a confiderable number of Higldanders, fo that his whole force was now extremely formidable. The fleet was commanded by his brother Vice-admiral Idrd Howe; and both the general and the admiral were invefted with a power, under the title of " Commiffioners for granting Peace to the Colonies," of granting pardons tothofe who would lay down their arms. But their offers of this kind were treated by the Americans with contempt. An attack upon the town of New York feems to have been expedled by the provincials, and therefore they had for- tified it in the beft manner they were able; On Long Ifland, near New York, the Americans had alfo a large body of troops encamped, and feveral works thrown up. General Howe firft landed on Staten Ifland, where he met with no oppofition ; but early in the morning of the 22d of Auguft, adefcent was made by the Britilh troops upon Long Ifland, and towards noon about fifteen thoufand were landed. They had greatly the advantage of the Americans; by their fuperior fkill and difcipline, , and being better provided with artillery, and every kind of military accommoda-- 3 A 2 ^- 't n: 3^ ENGLAND. tiou: and thp American paffe, w^t: far from bejpg proptrly fccurcd. S<^mt a^ion* ^^r ^•'^iS^-n^'?^'"* ''^'^'"'''"'^^•^ *■« "'"'^h overpowered, they at len^b n,. lolved to quu tV in^ad. and general Walhingtou came over fVom New vSrk 7o condua the,r retreat, m which he diCpIayed great ability. l« the lught i tb2 int wnrkiru. • iT'^'-^l """^P' ^^"^ withdrawn from the camp and Acir diBer. J^lZ..\ -^ ^''V*'^" ^«P?"' ^°'^"' *«^ P*'"' of ^heir arullery. were con- veyed tq the water-fide, einb^rked. and pafled over ^ long ferry to New York w^th h^ kaTmot'r^ t'"" 'f ''fry *^' ^^^^' ^^^^ ^^ BrItimTrmy dW not prc^i^J the leaft mouon. and were lurpnfed m the moruiug at finding the American lines abandoned and feung the laftof their rx^ar-guardiS their boat?, and o„rording« fion Wh/n f^n.t 5 ' '^ '■''^ *^ T^ '''" ^'' ^^'"^ ^"«8*°8 ^^'^ Americans to fuSinif- hop. When (ome overtures, tending towards a recoucilUtion, were a few days after made by lord Howe, he was anfwered by a committee from the congrefs. « t^at the ?e V" ,Kr '''"*^'*''''^ thc«,Jdve.s as independent Uates. and were lettji^g, or haU of g1 B wr'''""'^''''^'^'v8ly; and that, therefore a return to the domination ot Great Bntam was not now to be expedcd ; hut tliey were willing to enter into any roaty wuh Great Br.tam which n.ight be beneficial to both countfies." So^„ af^e^ this, the Americaus abandoned the cfty of New York to the king s troops, who took Tnd nlSa;;) ftor"! ^ '"'' "P^"'"""' ^"' *'"""' ^^"^''^^ Urge ^ntit/tif " X^c: .hil ITir '''*'*'• "'V""" "'l^^ '°^'"J« ^^'' '"''"^ 'o *^"'" '"^° a minute detail of all the tranlaaions m the war between Great Britain and the American colonies, though ^ve have already been fomewhat copious upon the fubjeft, on account of the inter- elhng nature of this great contcfl to the inhabitams of both countries. But we mull now content ourlelve. with flightly mentioning the nioft remarkable fubfequen ?H u/'Z '^' '""'"^"'" ^^ ^'^^ Y"'-''' '^^'^Y^^ '-^""X "bt^ined Ionic other confiderable advantages over the Americans : as at the White Plains, taking Fort! Walh.ngton with a garnfon of 2500 men. and Fort Lee with a gre^t quamuy r^ ftores which lolTes obliged the American general to retreat through the Je?fies to the ?H?ln '^r? \?'^'%' f ninety miles. Alfo on the 8th of December, general Clinton and fir Peter Parker obtained poffeflion of Rhode-ifland; and the Brit [ft troops covered the Jerfies This was the erifis of American danger. All theix for s taken, and the Uine of the greateft part of their army to ferve. wase^ireT r olhif % HT -T'T ^ ^"'^ ^hei": oflBcers were in a deftitute Itate, with j S clothed and difcplmed army purluing. Had general Howe pufhed on at that time to Philadelphia, after Waftington, it hath been maimained there would ha^i S anendof thecomefl; but Providence direfled otherwife; and the general's oS fiom home arc (aid to have prevented him. This delay gave way for volunteer rS nrforcements ot gentleman, nu:rchant, farmer, tradefman, and dourer, to joTn general W aihmgton, who m the night of the 35th of December, amidft fnC llorms, and ,ce with a fmall detachment, croffed the Delaware, ind furpr E brigade of the Helhan troops at Trenton. He took upwards of 900 of tC pri! (oners, with whom he repaffcd the river; having alfo^aken thrJe ftandS.^fix fhUfi nT"?TT'n?°^ "'" ^'^ ^h^"^*'^'^ ft'"^ «f «"»«• Immediately ;fir his furpnfc of the Heffians, and dcpofiting them in fafety, Wafltington rec^roffed fore/;;'". 1, K-^""^" ^'' ^'r'''. P''^ '' ^^''^'''"- '^be kifh troops colIeSlu force to attack bim, and only waited for the morning to execute it; but the Amc- ncans by a happy ftroke 0/ gcnerallhip. defeated the plan. Waftnngton, to dtf- guife his retreat m the night, ordered a fme of fires in front of his camp, as an in- M G N D. 3<5 diciticai of their going to reft, »t»d vs c«t\««il what was tdixi^ behind them. Then he moved completely JrOm the ground with his b«ggtge and artillery, and by a cir- cuitous march c»l' eighteen roilM, reached Prince-town eailjr In the morning, carried the Britirti poft at that place, and let off with near 300 prifonera on his return to the Delaware, jult as the lirililh troops at Trenton were under arms and proceeding to attack him, fuppofing him in his former pofition. By thdie two events, accom- pliQied with but a I'mall force, the Aincricaim deranged all the plans of the Britifh general ; made him draw In his troops to a clofer conjpafs, to protcft his magazines at Bninfwick; and by the efforts of their gwierai, (whole military charafter was low highly cftiraatcd), they cioiied the campaign with advantage, which but a few days bctbre had threatened the country with dellruaion. 1 he Americans had alfo fitted out a great number of privatcern, which took many prizes ; and, on the other hand, not a few of the American vcffels fell into the hands of the Englilh, but they were generally much lefs valuable. In the month of September I7'77, two aflions of fome importance happciied be- tween the armies of general Howe and general Wafhington, in both of which the former had the advantage ; and foon after, the city of Philadelphia furrendered to the king's troops. But an expedition, that had for fome time been concerted, of in- vading the northern colonies by the way of Canada, proved extrcmelr nnfuccefsfiil. The command of this expedition had been given to lieutenant-general Burgoyne, a very experienced officer. He let out from Qjiebec with an army of near 10,000 men, and an extraordinary fine train of artillery, and was joined by a confiderable body of the Indians. For fome time he drove the Americans before him, and made himfelf mafter of Ticonderago ; but at length he encountered fuch dlffit^Lies, and wasfo vigorouflyoppofed by the Americans under Gates and Arnold, that after two fevere adiions, in which great numbers fell, general Burgoyne and his army of 5,600 men were obliged to lay down their arms Odobcr 17, 1777- About th3 fame time, fir Henry Clinton and general Vaughau made a fuccefs- ful expedition agaiuft the Americans up the North River ; they made themfelves maf- ters of feveral forts ; but the Americans complained, that in this expedition, and fome others, the Britifh troops had wantonly fet fire to houfes and towns, particu- larly Efopus, and carried on the war in a manner not ufual among civilized nations. Thele devaltations greatly increafed the averfion of the Americans to the Britifh go-' vernment, which had already taken a deep root. General Howe foon after retuj-ned to England, and the command of the Britifh army in America devolved upon general Clinton : but it was now found nccelfary to evacuate Philadelphia ; and accordingly Clinton retreated with the army to New York, iu June 1778. The Britifli troops were attacked on their march by the Americans, but the retreat was fo ably conduc- ted, or the American general Lee behaved fo ill, that their lo(s did not amount to 300, killed and wounded. During part of this unhappy war between Great Britain and the colonies, the lat- tei received confiderable fupplies of arms and ammunition from France ; and the French court feems to have thought this a favourable opportunity for leffening the power of Great Britain. Some French oflicers alfo entered into the Ameritfan fer- vice; and on the 6th of February, 1778, a treaty of alliance w-as concluded at Paris, between the French king and the Thirteen United Colonies ; and in this treaty it was declared, that the eifential and direft end of it was " to maintain ef- fedually the liberty, fovereignty, and independence, abfolute and unlimited, of the United States of North America, as well in matters of government as of com- I merce. ■^■'••; 366 B N N D. ^'' *■■ ■^' ;.' .^-m: The parliament and people of Great Britain now began to be in freneral alarmed at the fatal tendency of the American wsr : aixd in JuS 1778, th " Sri of * arluL \Villiam Eden, and Geoi^e Johnltone, dqrs. arrived ;t PW4ddph?a as com^fe fioners from hi. majeftj,. to fettle the dilpates between the mother country and the colonies. The|. were iuvefted with certain power- for this pnrpofe by aft of pat loSS'- ^V ^^L'^^^'oo l«te: the ter-ns. which, at an cadier pertod ythe conteft, would uave been accepted wuh gratitude, were now rejefted with dKdai" w!lnT ' "^^ff ?T -"'f c"'*' my treaty with the Britiftt commiQioners, if the r> ?ff^S S '^"^ ^l"''"'^- ^""'^if ^T"'* ^^» "°^ ?TC.iouRv acknowledged! or the Bruuli fleets and ar-nies withdrawn from America. NeitLrr of thefe reouifi TtL^Srr 'r' ""'' r'^ "^^ "^""'^""^ '^^ •^ ""'-^ °« with mutualtiS^^ At the clofe of the year. Georgia wa. invaded by the king's troops, the town of Savannah taken, and the whole provmce at length reduced The conduft of France towards Great Britain, in taking part with the revolted colonics, occafioned hoftihties tr be commenced Utween^he two nations, thouS without any formal declaraticu of war on either fide. On the 1 7th of lunc iniH the Licorne and La Belle PovV. two French frigates, were taken by adSl l^e^pl the (hips of Grea Bruam } and on the 27th of July, a battle was fou.Tl.t oft' Breft between the KnghOi fleet under the command of admiral Keppel, and the Ftoich flee under the command of the count d'Orvillicrs. The EnglSi fleet coufiftedor 30 Ihtpsot the hne, and the French of 32, befidcs frigates: they engaged fo abou three hours; but the aition was not decifiv^ no fhip being ta^ken^reithcr fi^ie and the trench fleet at leng.h retreated into the harbour of Bred. Of the Endifli J33 were killed in the aftion, and 373 w curded ; and the lofs of the French is r.m- pofed to have been very great After the enr.gement. there was much murtmning ifetT . f-'l^^'^u^'' ^'""f " ^'■'"^'^' ^ -"^^^ ^•'^^ ""^ been obtained o.c? the Freiicb; at laft the blame xras thrown un* u fir Hugh Pallifer, vice admiral ol the blue, who was charged in a re as pnper wvb mifconduft, and dirobedieute uf or- S „^hough no regular acculation was Drought againft him, he required of ad- miral Keppel publicly to vindicate his .onduft trom the unfa vouiable reports thai were propagated agamll him This the admiral declined, which gave rife to Ibme altercation between th.,.r.; and fir Hugh fallifer afterwards thought proper to e>! hibi to the board of admiralty (of which he was himfelf a meml^r) artidcG of ac cufatiun agamft admiral Keppel, though '■- maty months after the adtion, he had contmued to aft uader bun, and profelfed the greateft refpea to him. A mode of conduct lo extraord-Mary was very generally and feverely cenfured ; but the lords ot the adm-ralty ordered a court-martial to be held for the trial of admiral Kep. pel. Soon after, a memo rial was prefented to the king by the duke of Boltor figned by tweUx; admirals, among whom was lord Hawke, remonftrating againft the injuftice of holding a court-martial on admiral Keppel, upon the acculation of an mtenor officer, " after forty years of ine.itorious fervico, and a variety of adiona m which he had exerted emmerr courage and condudi, by which the honour and power oj this nation, and the glory of the Britifti flag, had been maintained and mcre^led in various parts of the world." When the court-martial was held, ad- miral Keppel was acciuitted m the moft honourable manner; and fir Hu-h Palliler's charge agamft him was declared by the court to be " malicious and i'l-founded " .Some ot tne moft diftingudhed officers in the fcrvice and who had bp<;n in the ac non, gave the moft dccifivc evidence in >he admiral's favcir. and exprdfed their ien:c 01 his giea nicr t m the ftrongeft terms: and, after his acquittal, both houfea ot parliament alio ^ou■d thni thai ks to him for his fcrvices to the nation But N N 3«7 fir Hugh Pallifct being afterwards tried by another court-martial, partly compofed from feme of the taptaias of his own divifion, he Hkewife was acquitted ; his dif- obedience to the admiral's orders was confider^^d as being occafioned by the difablcd ftatc of his fhip ; a flight cenfure only was paifed on him for not making the l^ate of his fliip known to the admiral ; and his condudl in other rel'pefts was declared to have been meritorious. In the Eaft Indic^t alfo an engagement happened between fume Englidi fliips of war under the command of Sir Kdward Vernon, and fome French fhips under the command of Monf. de Tronjolly, on the icth of Augull, in which the former obliged the latter to retire ; and on the 1 7th of 0£lober following, Pondicherry I'urrendercd to the arms of Great Britain. In the courfe of the lame vear, the iflaiid of St. I.ucia; in the Weft Indies, was taken from the French ; but tne latter made themfelves mafters of Dom-.nica, and the following year they obtained poHeflion of the ifiands of St. Vincent's and Grenada. In September, 1779, the count D'Eftaing arrived at the mouth of the river Savannah, with a large fleet, and a confiderable body oF French troops, to the affiftance of the Americans. After dallying a month, the French and Americans made an united attack upon the Britifti troops at Savan- nali, under the command of General Prevolt. But the latter defended themfelves 16 well, that the French and Americans were driven off' with great lofs, and D'Eftaing foon after totally abandoned the coaft of America. And at theclofeof the year 1779, feveral French ftiips of war, and merchant-fliips, were taken in the Weft Indies, by a fleet under the command of fir Hyde Parker. By the intrigues of the French court. Spam was at length brought to engage with France in the war againft England; one of the firft cnterprifes in Which the Spaniards engaged was the fiegc of Gibraltar, which was defended by the garrifon with p;reat vigour. The naval force of Spain was alfo added to that of France, now become extremely formidable, and their conibined fleets feemcd for a time to ride alnioft triumphant in the Britifti channel. So great were their armaments, that the nation was under no inconfiderable apprehenfions of an invaaon ; but they did not \cnture to make an experiment of that kind, and after parading for fome time in the Channel, thovight proper to retire to their own ports without etfefling any thing. On the 8th of January, 1780, fir George Brydges Rodney, who had a large fleet »mder his command, capfuicd leven Spanifti (hips and veffels of war be- longing to the royal company of Carraccas, with a nutnber of trading velfels under their convoy ; and in a lew days after, the fame admiral engaged near Cape St. Vin- cent, a Spanifli fleet, confifting of eleven fliips of the line, and tv;o frigates, under Don Juan dc Langar i. Four of the largeft Spanifti fliips were taken, and carried into Gibraltar, and two others driven on fliore, one of which was afterwards re- covered by the Engliih. A Spanilh 70 gim fhip, with 600 men, was alio blown up in the adlion. In April and May three actions likewile happened in the Weft Indies, between the lipglilh fleet under admiral Rodney, who was now arrived in that part of the world, (having previoufly thrown fupplies into Gibraltar, and the Fnnch fleet under the count ^'.e (Juichen; but none of thefe actions were deciftve, Xiov A'as any fliip taken on eitticr fide. In July following, admiral Geary took twelve valuable French merchant fhips from Port au Prince ; but on the 8th of Auguft, the combined fleets of France and Spain took five Englifh Eaft Indiamen, and fifty Eng- lifti merchant fhips, bound for the Weft Indies, which was one of the moft com- plete naval captures ever made, and a very fovere ftroke to the commerce of Great Uritsiii. "ju''!! 3 prize never uetors entereci tue iiarbouf Oi x^auiz. On the 4th of May, 1780, Sir Henry Clinton made himfelf mafter of Charles- town, South Carolina ; and on the 1 6th of Auguft earl of Comwallis obtained a very 3i6S £ N G L N D. %nal vi&oty over ftaenl Gates iadaat proviace, in whkb about a thou&iid Aiiie< rkan piifoners wexe uke% befides feven pieces of brals caionon, a number of cck lours, and their auwDunitieBpwagpoQs. But on the loth of }}dy, Monf. Terftay, wkli- a fleet coofifting of feyen &ij» of the line, befides irigatCB, and a large body of French troops, commanded by the count de Rocharabeau, arrived at Rhode liland, and landed 6000 men there. The American inhabitants congratulated the, French geueral upon his arrival ; and he aifured them, that the king, hift roafter, had fent him to the alfiiUnce of his good and faichful allied the United States of Ame- rica; and tliat the French troops were to aft under the orders of general Wallung- ton, aud would live with the Americans as their brefhren^ Soon after, major-general Arnold dpferted the fervice of the eofigrefs> made his efcape to New York, and was made a brigadier general ia the royal fervicc. Msrjor Andre, who negociatcd this delevtkMi, and was concerting, meafures with him for betraying the important poft of Weft-Foint into the hand* of the Ecglifh, was taken in the American lines in his return to New York ; and being eonfidered as a fpy, fu£. fered death accordingly, much regretted for his amiable equalities. Thr; great expences of the American war, and the burthens which were tliereby laid upon the people> naturally occafioued much difcontent in the nation, and feemed to convince perfons of all ranks of the neceffity of public oeconomy. Meetings were therefore held in various counties of the kingdom, at the elofe oi the year 1779,^ and the beginning of the year 1780, at which gxeat numbers of freeholders were prefent, who agreed to prefent petitions to the houfe of commons, ftatiug the evils which the promfe expenditure of the public money occafioned, &c. Some trivial attempts were made in parliament to remedy the grievances ftated, but nothing im- portant was efiefted : the miniftry foon found means to maintain their influence in parliament ; a diverfitjf of fentiment occalioned fome difunion among the popular leaders ; the fpirit which had appeared among the people by degrees fubfided ; and various caufes at length confpired to bring the greatelt part of the nation to a patient aoquiefcence in the meafures of adminiftration. 'rhe middle of the year 1780 was diftinguiihed by one of the moft difgraccfiil ex- hibitions of reUgious bigotry that had ever appeared in this country; efpecially if it be confidered as happening in an age, in which the principles of toleration were well uuderftood, and very prevalent. An adl of parliameat had been lately paffed " for relieving his majefty's fubjedls, protefling the Romifh religion, from certain " penahies and impediments impofed upon them in the nth and 12th years of the " reign of king William III." This adt was generally approved by men of fenfe, and of liberal fentiments, by whom the laws agamft Catholics were juftly deemed too I'evere. The aft at firlt feemed to give little otience to perfons of any clafs in Eng- land, but in Scotland it excited much indignation, though it did not extend to that kirigdom* Refolutions were formed to oppofe any law for granting indulgcr.es to Catholics in Scotland ; and a Romilh chapel was burned, and the houfes of feveral Catholics Ciemoliftied, in the city of Ediiiburgh. The contagion of bigotry at length reached England : a number of perfons affembled themfelves together, with a view of promoting a petition to parliament, for a repeal of this aQ, and they affumed the title of the Proteftant Alfociation. They were chiefly Methodifts, and bigoted Calvinifts, in the lower ranks of life : many of them well-intentioned perfons, but not lufftciently enlightened to confider, that a fpirit of pcriccution was one of the wortt charafteriilies of fuperftition, and that this was at leaft as odious m Proteftants as in Catholics. They continued to hold frequent nifetiags ; lord Georore Gordon^ a young man, difcontcnted at not being promoted from a lieutenant, to a captain in the navy, become their prefident, and they incveafed in numbers. At a time when E N N D. 369 the nation was furrounded with real dangers, the heads of thefe weak men were filled with nothing but their bigoted fears, and they even feemed to fancy that they were contending for religious liberty, when they were labouring to excite the legiflature to prevent fonie of their fellow lubjeds from worlhipping God according to the diftates-, of their conl'ciences. The PiOteftant affociation at length agreed to a petition, which, was faid to have been fubfcribed by more than one hundred thoufand perfons, the ut- moft induftry having been employed to procure names to it, let their charadlers, occu- pations, or ^es, be what they would, and pens put into the fingers of children which were direfted to iign their names alio. It was then refolved, in order to give the more weight to their petition, that it (hould be attended by great numbers of the petitioners in perfon ; and a public advertifement w^s ilfued for that purpofe, figned by lord George Gordon. Acccrdingly, at leaft fifty thoufand perfons are i'uppofed to have affembled with this view, on Friday the 2d of June, in St. George's fields; from whence they proceeded, with blue cockades in their hats, to the houfe of commons, where their petition was prefented by their prefident. In the couife of the day feve- ral members of both houfes of parliament were grofsly infulted and ill-treated by the populace : and a mob affembled the fame evening, by which the Sardinian chapel in Liucolu's-inn Fields, and another chapel in Warwick-ttreet, Golden- fquare, were en- tirely demolifhed. A party of the guards was then fent for, to put a flop to the far- ther progrefs of thefe violences, and thirteen of the rioters were taken, five of whom were afterwards committed to Newgate, efcorted by the military. On the Sunday following another mob affembled, and deftroyed a chapel in Rope-market's- alley, Moorfields. On Monday they demolilhed a fchool houfe, and three-dwelling- houles, in the fame place belonging to the Catholic priefts, with a valuable library of books, and a mafs-houfe in Virginia- ft reet, Ratclifi-highway. They alfo deftroyed all the houfelhold furniture of Sir George Saville, one of the moft reijjeftable men in the kingdom, becaufe he had brought in the bill in favour of this unoffending part of the community. OnTuefday great numbers again affembled about the parliament- houfe, and behaved fo tumultuoufly, that both houfes thought proper to adjourn. In the evening, a moft daring and violent attempt was made to force open the gates of Newgate, in order to rcleafe the rioters who were confined there : and the keeper having refufed to deliver them, his houfe was let on fire, the prifon was foon in flames, and great part of it confumed, though a new ftone edifice of uncommoi* ftrength ; and more than three hundred prifoners made their efcape, many of whom joined the mob. Now, a committee of the Proteftant affociation circulated hand- bills, requefting all true Proteftants to Ihew their attachment to their beft mtereft, by a legal and peaceable deportment : but none of them ftepped forth, notwithftand- ing their boafted numbers, to extinguiih the flames they had occafioned : violence, tumult, and devaftation, ftill continued The Proteftant affociation, as ihey thought proper to llyle themfelves, had been chiefly adluated by ignorance and bigotry ; and their new confederates were animated by the love of miichief, but principally by the hope of plunder. l\vo other prilbns, the houfes of lord Mansfield, and Sir John Fielding, and feveral other private houfes were deftroyed the fame evening. The following day, the King's Bench priibn, the New Bridewell, in St. George's fields, fonie chapels, feveral private houfes. Catholic, and other buildings, were deftroyed by the rioters ; fome were pulled down, and others fet on fire ; and every part of the metropolis exhibited violence and dilbrder, tumults and conftag rat ions. During thclb extraordinary fcenes, there was a ftiaineful inaftivity in the lord- mayor of London, anrt in moft of the other niagiilraies of liie metropolis, and its neighbourhood ; and even the miniftrj- appeared to be panic-ftruck, and to be onl)' attentive to the prefervatioa of their own houfes, and of the royal palace. Some of U 3 B 370 E N G L A N tbf common jteoph engaged in thcfe riots with the more readinefs, on account of ite uppopuUiity of the miniftry : nor could fo much violence and diforder h«vc Jwppened under any adminiftrat! .a, which had been generally rdpeaed. At length, as all property began to be infecure, men of all clafles began to fee the neceflitv of a vigorous pppoTition to the rioters ; large bodies of troops were brought to the me- tropolis from many miles round it ; and an order was iifued, by the authority of the Wng in council, " for the military to a£i without waiting for direftions from the civil magiftrates, and to ufe force for difpcrfmg the illegal and. tumultuous affemblies of the people." The tnoops exerted themfelvcs with ddigohcc in the fuppreflion of thefc alarming tumults, great numbers of the rioters were Ulled, many were apprehended, who were afterwards tried and executed for felony* and the metropolis was at length reftored to order and tranquillity. It was manifeftly the bigotry of a few leaders of this pretended Protdlant aflbciation, to which thefe riots owed their origui. The manner in which thcfe tumults were fuppreflcd by the operations of the mili- tary, witlu)ut any authority from the civil magiftrate, however neceffary from the peculiar circumftances of the cafe, was thought to be a very dangerous precedent : ftod that an aft of indemnity ought to have been pafled, not only with regard to in- ferior perfons who had afted in the fuppreflion of thefe riots, but alfo with refpeft to the miniftry themfelves, for the part they had taken in this tranfaflion, in order to prevent its being eftablilhed as a precedent. While the internal peace of the kingdom was difturbed hy thefe commotions, there appeared reafon to apprehend an mcrcafe of its foreign enemies, by a rupture with Holland. The American war had occafioned various difputes between that republic and Great Britain. Compkints were made by the Dutch, that their fhips were fcized by the JEnglifh cruizers, without anyjuft caufe, and when they were not laden with any contraband goods. On the other liand, loud remonftrances were made by the Britilh minifter to the States-general, complaining that a clandeftine commerce was carried on between their fubjci-ts and the Americans ; that this was particularly the cafe at St. Euftatia ; and that the enemies of Great Britain were fup. plied with naval and military ftores by the Dutch. Thefe difputes continued to in- creafe: and on the firft of January, 1780, commodore Fieldmg brought to Spit- head feveral fhips laden with naval ftores, which were under the convoy of a Dutch admiral Previous to this tranfadion, the Britifh minilter had demanded of the States-general the fuccours which were ftipulated in the treaty of 1678, and others: and which were now claimed on account of the danger? with which Great Britain was threatened, and particularly the invafion that Ihe was menaced with by her enemies. Rej)eai d applications were made to the States-general on this fubjeft, but they delayed giving any auiwer. Other caules of conteft alfo arofe between England and Holland; and on the 17th of April a declaration was publiftied by his Britan- nic majefty, by which it was announced, that the repeated memorials naving been preCented by his majelty's ambalfador to the States-general, demanding the fuccours ftipulated by treaty ; to which requifition they had given no anfwer, nor fignified any intention of compliance, and thereby deferted the alliance that had lb long fubfifted between Great Britain and the republic, and placed themfelves in the condition of a neutral power ; his majefty would confider them henceforth as ftanding only in that diftaut relation in which they had placed themfelves. Thcfe difputes continued to be agitated, when another incident happened, which greatly contributed to facilitate a war with Holland. On the third of September, the Mercury, a congrefs packet, was taken by the Veftal, captain Keppel. near New- * Lor«J George Cordon was hiuofclf committed to the Tower aad tried for high treafon, but ag- fiuittsd. N AND. 5^1 fbundUad. On board thU packet WM Mr. UoiWJ, Um prftMmt of ike €0*gre6, who was bound on an enxhiSy to HoWmA, Among hw p«P*w w»» (Qmi the ik««cli of a treaty of amity ami coowwree b«twBe» the wpuMiP oJ" JiolUli4 aftd thp UnitecJ States of America. Indeed it did not «pp«ir ibat «W 5t»tearge»era> were at all cpi»T fuUed upon the tranfaaion, fo that it was wore prap<«lr » provifiopal treafy with the ftate» of Amfterdam, or of the proywxce ©f HoUawd, fhan with the United Provinces at large. This treaty appeared to be approved by Mr. Van Berkel, coupr fcUor and penfionary of the city of Aroftcrdaw. In confequence of thi? difcovery, his Briuanic majefty demanded a formal difavowal of the whpje tra»f;»iiion, and the exemplary piinifliment of the penfionary Vaa Berkel, and hi» accomplices, a» difturbers of the public peace, and violator* of (the rights of nations. The States- general not giving an immediate aofwer to this requifition, frefh applications were made on this fubjea by the Britifti minifter ; who received for apfwer,^bat his menio- rial had been taken ad referendum by the deputies of the nefpeaive provinces, according to their received cuftoro and cooituution of goyemfloent} and that they would endea- vour to frame an anfwer to his memorial, as foon as the conftitution of their gpvern- ment would permit. This gave fo little fatisfaaioa to the Britilh court, that thdr ambaffador was ordered to withdraw from the Hague; and a declaration of hoftilitjea flgainft Holland was puWifhed on the ijoth of December, 1780. The war with Holland was commaiced with great vigour : and that republic foon fuftered a very fevere ftroke in the lois of the ifland of St. Eultatia, which was taken by the Englifli on the 3d of February, 1781. When admiral Rodney, and general Vaughan, who arrived there with a large fleet, and a confiderable body of troops, fur nioned the place to furrender, the inhabitants were in the utmoit coniternation, not having the leaft expeftation of fuch an attack. Not the leait re- fiftance was made : and all the private propertv, goods, mercbai^dife, and fpecie of the inhabitants, were feized, as well as the public military and naval (lores, '^he capture of ftiipping was alio very great j upwards of aoo veffels being taken, be- fides a 60 gun (hip, and a frigate of 38 guns. iTie iflands of St. Wartln and Saba likewife furrendered, but the feizure of the private property at St. Euft^lia was thought a very rigorous and (haraeful meafure ; aUogetber unprecedented aniong ci- vilized nations, and difgracefal to the Britilh name. The inhabitants of the ifland of Sr. Chriftopher and the Britifh Welt India planters remonftrated againft it as a very dangerous precedent ; by eftablilhing a predatory fyltem, deftruaive and rumou* in its confequences to individuals, and of no IbUd benefit to the feveral ftates con- cerned. On the 5th of Auguft, the fame year, a very bloody engagement w?is fought be- tween an Englilh Iquadron of Ihips of war, under the conmiand of admiral Hyde Parker, and a Dutch iiquadron, under the command of admiral Zputman, oft' the Dog- ger Bank. According to the Englifh accounts, the Dutch fquadron confifted of eight ihips of the line, and the EngUlh only of feven ; but the Dutch reprefent their force to be inferior to that of the Englilh. On both fides they fought with great gallan- try, and by both of the contending fquadrons the vidorv was claimed. All the {hips were greatly (battered, and a Dutch 74 gun (hip funk after the adion. The Englilh hid 104 men killed, and 339 wounded ; and the lofs of the Dutch is fup- poled to htive been much greater. Ihe war continued to be profecuted with various I'uccefs; the French made themfelves niafters of the Uland of Tobago; and the Spa'^iiards of Penfacola, and the whole proviiKe of We" Florida, with little effedual refittance. Earl Gjrnwal- lis obtained a vidiory ovc. . k Aiueiicans uu^fii geneial Green, at Guiidroru, in North Carolina, March 15, 178 1, but it was a hard fought battle, aud the lofs on 3 B 2 / -^^'7 \S li HZ E« N »• G L N D. both fides confiderable. Indeed the yifiory wa« produftive of all the confequences of a defeat J for three days after, lord ComwalUs was obliged to leave par?of hU fick alid wounded behmd him to the caw of his enemy, 5nd to make a c cu tou' retreat of 200 m.les to Wilmington before they could fiui Ihelter, and fo left Somh Carohna entirely expofed to the American general. The generals Philip, "nd A r. T^t ?"*!!!'"? 'fn^ravag^ m Virgbia, deftmyed much ftiipping, and about 8000 hogiheads of tobacco; but none of thefe events at that tirJie promifed any Jeedy termination of the war, they rather contributed to draw the atfention of the Americans, and the French at Rhode Ifland to that quarter, where the next year tJr' ,^'?^^^» «™^\.,^Wch firmly eftablifhed American Independence LordCornwalhss fituation at Wilmington was very difagreeable, and his force re- duced fo low that he could not think of marching to Charles-Town by land • he turned his thoughts then to a coK)peration in Virginia with Philips and Arnold and began his march, April 25. I78r. In this central province, all the fcatteredo^. rt LZnnL'^Tf, f '^'^- ^^° '* '^°^^ '" *^°"^^'"«^ ^"^*> ^ P°'"^ ««d the grand cataftrophe of the Amencan war opened to the worid. By ditferent reinforce- ments lord Cornwalhs s force amounted to above 7000 excellent troops, but fuch was their plundering and devaftations on their route, and the order of the Americans, his fituation became at length very critical. Sir Henry Clinton, the commander in chief was prevented from fending thofe fuccours to him which he otherwife would iinl .^^' by his fears for New York, againft which he apprehended Wafhingtoi, meditated a formidable attack. This American general played a game of great ad- trA.*!'"?^y''^*^^""P°^'^"^ difpatches had been intercepted, and the letters pubhfhed with great parade and triumph in the New York papers, to expofe the no vertv, weaknefs and difunion of the Americans; Wafhington foon turned the tables on the Bntifh commanders, and derived public advantage from this fource of vexation and prejudice. He wrote letters to the fouthem officers and others, informing them of his total inability to relieve Virginia, unlcfs by a dired attack Mith the French troops on New York. He afTerted it was abfolutely determined on, and would foon be executed. Thefe letters were intercepted (as was intended they Ihould) with pthers of the like kind from the French officers, and the projeft was fuccefsfiil. Sir Henry Clinton was thus amufed and deceived, and kept from forming any fufpicion of the real defigns of the enemy. ~ ^ "'"pmon By a variety of judicious military manoeuvres. W'afhington kept New York and Its dependencies in a continued ftate of alarm for about fix weeks, and then fuddenh^ marched acrofs the Jeriies and through Pennfylvania to the head of the Elk at the bottom of the Ghefapcak, from which, the light troops were conveyed by fhipping down the bay, and the bulk of the army, after reaching Maryland by forced marches, were alfo there embarked and foon joined the other body under the marquis de la Fayette. Sir Henry Clinton receiving information that the count de Oralie was expeaed every moment in the Chefapeak, with a large French fleet to co-operate with Wafhington, now ferioufly attempted to reinforee lord Cornwallis but without fuccefs, for on the 5th of September, after a partial aflion of a ky;^ hours between the Briufh fleet under admiral Graves, and that of the French under De GrafTe, Graves returned to New York to refit, and left the French matters of the navigation of the Chefapeak. Prefently the moft effeflual meafures were adopt- ed by general W afhington for furrounding ford Cornwallis's army, and on the laft ot September it was clofely invefted in Yorktown, and at Gloucefter on the op- pohre fide of the river, with a confiderable body of t oops on one fide, and a large nsva. orre on tnc otner. The trenches were opened in the night between the 6th and 7ih ot Odtober, with a confiderable train of artillery. The works which had E N AND. >73 been raifed by the Britifh, funk under the weight of the enemies batteries ; the troops were much diminilhed by the fword and ficknefs, and worn down by con- ftant watching and fatigue, and all hope of relief failing, the 19th of Odober lord Cornwallis furrendered himfdf and his whole army by capitulation to general Wafhington, as prifouers of war*. Fifteen hundred feamen underwent the fate of the garrifon, but thefe with the Guadaloupe frigate of 24 guns and a number of tranfports were affigned to M. de Graife, as a return for the French naval power and affiftance. , , . Such was the iffue of the Virginian war. The capture of this armv under lord Ciornwallis, was too heavy a blow to be foon oreafily recovered; it threw a gloom over the whole court and cabinet at home, and put a total period to the hopes of thofe who had flattered themfelves with the liibjugation of the colonies by arms. The furrender of this fecond Britifh army, may be confidered as the clofmg fcene of the continental war in America ; for the immenfe expence of carrying it on fo diftant from the feat of preparations and power; the ^reat accumulation of public debt it had brought upon the nation ; the plentiful effulion of human blood it had occafioned ; the diminution of trade and the vaft increafe of taxes : thefe were evils of fuch a magnitude, arifing from this ever to be lamented conteft, as could fcarcely be overlooked even by the moft infenfible and Itupid. Accordingly on the I ft of March 1782, after repeated ftru^les in the houfe of commons, the houfe addreffed the king, requefting him to put a flop to any farther profecution of lb offenfive a war againft the American colonies. This was a moft important event, it rendered a change of meafures and of councils abfolutely neceffar}', and diffufed univerfal joy throughout the kingdom. Thofe country gentlemen who had gene- rally voted with the miniftry, faw the dangers to which the nation was expoied in an expenfive war with France, Spain, and Holland, without a fmgle ally, and feel- ing the preffure of the public burdens, they at length deferted the ftandard of admi- niftration, and a complete revolution in the cabinet was efleded, March 27th 1782, under the aufpices of the marquis of Rockingham who was appointed firft lord of The firft bufmefs of the new miniftry, was the taking meafures for effedluating a general peace. Mr. Grenville was invefted with full powers to treat at Paris with all the parties at war, and was alfo direfted to propofe the independency of vhe Thirteen United Provinces of America in the firft inftance, iuftead of making it a condition of a general treaty. 'Ihe commanders in chief in America were alfo direfted to acquaint the Congrefs with the pacific views of the Britifh court, and with the offer to acknowledge the independency of the United States. The new minifters alfo applied themfelves to make fome retrenchment iii the public expences, and to reform fome of the various abufes they had inveighed againft when out of office. A bill was carried for excluding cuftom-hoxii'e and ex^ cife officers from voting at the ele^ions for members of the houfe of commons.—- Another for excluding all contraftors from being members ; -nad by another bill, which alfo received the royal affent, the board of trade, the board of works, the great wardrobe, and the different offices of third fecretary of ftate, treafurer of the chamber, cofiferer of the houfhold, the lords of the police in Scotland, the pav- nufter of the penfions, mafter of the harriers, mafter of the ftag hounds, and clerks to the board of green-cloth, were aboliftied, which, with other favings fpecified in the bill, were computed to amount to 72,3681. per annum. On the 3d of May, it was alfo ordered by the houfe of commons, as before mentioned, that, " All the * The American retvwn made the number of prifonert 7,147 land and m.irme. 374 £ N O L A N 0. declarations, orders, and refolutions of that houfe refpe£luig the eleftlon of Toha Wilkes, Efq. to be eleftcd a member to ferve in the laid parliament, (hould be ex- punged from the journals of that houfe, as being fubverlive of the riehts of the whole body of eleaors of the kingdom." * Peace every day became more defirabie to the nation. A feries of loffes agitated the minds of the people. January i4tb, 1782, the French took Nevis. On the 5th of February, the ifland of Minorca furrendered to the Spaniards; and on the 13th of the fame month, the illand of St. Chriltopher's was given up to the French. The valuable ifland of Jamaica would foon probably have ftured the feme fate* had not the Britifh fleet under admiral Rodney, fallen in with that of the French undsr the Count de Graffe in their way to join the Spanilh fleet at St. Domingo. The van of the French was too far advanced to fupport the centre, and a fignal vi&otv was obtained over them. The French admiral in the Ville de Paris o£ no mns (a prcfent from the city of Paris to the French king) was taken, with two fevaitr- fours, and one of 6+ guns ; a 74 gun fliip blew up by accident foon after fhe was m our polleflion, and another 74 funk during the engagement. A few days after, two more of the lame fleet, of 64 guns each, were captured. By this viAory of the 12th of April, the defign agiinft Jamaica was fruftrated,. and admiral Rodney's re- putation and mtereft were greatly promoted. The new miniftry, for his conduft at St. Euftatia, and differences with fome of his captains, and with the merchants and planters, had fuperfeded him, and intended to have prolecuted the inquiry into the tranlaaions at Euftatia ; but this vidory filenced all, and procured him the dignity of an Englifh peer. No other advantages foUowed; not one of the iilands taken from us by the French, was attempted to be recovered, nocwithftanding the great naval fuperiority ; and unhappily, the Ville de Paris, and njoft of the other Frencli ftiips taken by admiral Rodney, were loft at fea before they could reach Ei^land, befide two of our own ihips of the line. May 8th, the Bahama iflands lurrendered to the Spaniards; but the credit of the Britifh arms was well fuftained at Gibraltar, under general Elliot the governor, and their formidable attack on the 13th September with floating batteries of 212'brafs cannon, &c. in ftiips from 1400 to 600 tons burden, ended in difappointment and the deftruaion of all the ftiips and moft of the affailants in them. The gar-' rifon was at length relieved by lord Howe in the month of Odober, who oflered battle to the combined force of France and Spain, though 12 fail of the line in- ferior. The military operations afi>er this, were few and of little confequence. Negapatnam, a fettleraeut in the Eaft Indies, and Trincomale on the ifland of Cey- lon, were taken from the Dutch by the Britifli forces; but the French foon re- reiving confiderable fuccours from Europe, took Cuddalore, retook Trincomale forced the Britifli fleet in feveral adions, but none decifive, and enabled Hyder Ally to withftand with various fuccefs, all the eflorts of Sir Eyre Coote and his troops. ' The death of the marquis of Rockingham on the ift of July, occafioned a vio- lent commotion intlK cabinet, and leffcned the hopes which had been formed of im- portant national benefits from the new admmiftration. Lord Shelbunie fucceeded the marquis as firft lord of the treafurj-, and it isfaid, without the knowledge of his colleagues. This gave great oftence to lonie, particularly to Mr. Fox and lord JohnCavendifh; who, with others, reftgned their places, and commenced a fierce oppofition ui the houfe of commons. Mr. Fox declared, " that the principles on vbich the miniftry firft came in, were abandoned by lord Shelburne and his adhe- .rents: th-4t the oM Jyjan was to be revived, moft probably, with the o/J men, or indeed with any men that could be found. They were perfons whom neither pro- 7 ai-i N N D. 375 mifes could bind, nor principles of honor fecure: they would abandon prlnci- pies for the fake of power, and they would now ftnve to ftrengthen themlelves bv any means which corruption could procure; and he expeaed to fee m a very fhort time, they would be joined by thofe very men whom that houfe had pre- cipitated from their feats." The duke of Richmond, general Conway, and others, maintained, that there was no deviation in the prefent cabmet from the principles on which they had entered into office, and continued to ad with lord Shelburne, till under his aufpices the preliminaries for a general peace were fettled. 1 herr, the public beheld Mr. Fox, and even lord John Cavendifh, coalefcing with the old minifters, lord North particularly; embracing the very men whom they had driven from their feats, and threatened with impeachments ; and continuing tojom with them in rcprobatina the peace as making too great conceffions to the enemy, that they might ftorm tU cabinet, drive lord Shelburne and his friends from it, and leat themfelves and the men they had defpifed, in their places. , By the treaty of peace between Great Britain and France*, Great Britain ceded to France of her poffeffions before the war, the idand of Tobago, m the \\eft In- dies, and the river of Seueg^ in Africa, with its dependencies and the forts on the river; and gave upTifeaiftri^s in the Eaft Indies, as dependencies on Pon- dicherry. and Karical; it agreed alfo to reftore the illands of St. Lucia St. Pierre, and Miquelon, and the iOand of Goree, with Pondicherry, Kancal, Mahe, Chan- ' dernaRore, and the comptoire of Surat, in the Eaft Indies, which had been con- queredfrom the French during the war. To prcvem difputes about boundaries in the Newfoundland filhery, it was agreed, that the French line for fifhing fhould begin from Cape St. John on the Eaftern fide, and going round W the North, ftiould have for its boundary Cape Ray on the Weftern fide; and Great Britaiu renounced every claim by former treaties with refped to the demohtion of Dunkirk. France on the other hand was to reftore to Great Britain the iflands of Grenada, and the Grenadines, St. Chriftophers, St. Vincent, Dominica, Nevis, and Mont- ferrat; and guarantied Fort James, and the river Gambia, agreeing that the guni trade ftiould remain in the fame condition as before the war, 1755- A^he allies ot each ftate in the Eaft Indies were to be invited to accede to the pacification, but it thev were averfe to peace, ao afliftance on cither fide was to be given to them. By the treaty with Spain, Great Britain gave up to that power Eaft Honda, and alfo ceded Weft Florida, and Minorca which Spain had taken during the war. lo prevent all caufes of complaint and mifundcrftanding for the fiiture, it was agreed that Biitifti fubjeas fhould have the right of cutting and carrying away logwood m the diftria lying between the rivers Wallis or Bellize, and Rio Hondo, taking the courfe of the faid rivers for unalterable boundaries. Spam agreed to reftore the iftands of Providence, and the Bahamas, to Great Britain, but they had been re. takenbefore the peace was figned. , . -n % :„ „« In the treaty with the United States of America, the king of Great Britain ac knowledges New Hampfliire, Maffachufets Bay, Rhode liland and Providence Plantations, Connedicut, New York, New Jerfey, Pennfylvama, Delaware, Mary- land. Virgiria, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to he^s acceffion. Adilfolotionof thehoufe of commons being now feared by the coalition, they voted and carried an addrefs to the king, to reprefent the dangers which appeared to them likely tafoHow from a prorogation or diPblution of the parliament in the preient arduous and critical conjuuftcre of public affairs, and humbly to befeerh his majefty " to hearken to the advice of his faithful commons, and not to theT^^rrrr a/„;S InXJfl another moft alarming confideration, which feems to be too much over-looked. Accordmg to thefe "^ r^uTations. no man ought to be made prime minifter. who has not acqu^ed the confidence of thrhoXfcomtnons. Be it* fo ; but then, riow is this confidence to be ob.amed?-What meafure s the candidate to pnrfite. for obt«ininfan influence fo preponderating L. ^o^^^^XdV to 2^r.e Thetrueanfwertowi;ichquefr.onis this, He muft make mtereft w.th, he "^"J J^f 5^!^.^ 'f^ (foft word, in the prefent cafe for flattering, bribing, and corrupting) as many leading members a. he cartTefpoufe his caufe , he muft, and he will, make large prom.fes, that, as foon as he fl.all come"mo power, he will gratify thefe with honours, titles, ftars, and .ibands ; thofe with places, prfions, or lucrative jobs, andxontrafts. In Ihort. he muft know every man's pnce, and afl accord- fug o this plan of iniquity. Thus, by the great innovation now «tempted to be.mroduced inm colftitution, the BritiA empire will be as furcly overturned, and as truly fet to fale to the higheft b,d- j°° 'V.u ' ;«•- - 115 "<• fK- Koor- of — ">on. as the Roman emoire was by the Prsetonan guards, OCT >viintn tiic wttMs \r, i.,,^ •.■;.••>- -j. — — . - _. , • during the dedenfion of that unwieldy falling Rate. Dtan Tucker. 12 3 G 378 ENGL N D. 'X'crlt ^Zwl'^n't'ZV^r'''''^ ^". ^^'-f ".-Pl-^-^I'hatthe Coalition .^:S7v";rdL'T^^^^^^^^ adnuu.ftrat.on uader Mr. Pitt had fc f.n?°ftl^ '?*" °^ J""^.. i*! a debate to appoint a committee to enquire into the d«s fSn ' f fj«^P^'«^'««»on of this country, lord North and Mr. hTxZcThxoSZ fmon. and Mr. P,tt and Dundas. whom he had made i real urer of thTiavv-^r das argued ou the fide of his old friend lord North, and was aRainVauv ah^aHnn others thought the tiu,c of the motion to be impro^r. and on fS^preZ^^^^^^ W. ir'' '! ^^« ^"PPIfl l^r ^99 againft u.S Th; nunillcr no^wen Twh bis ways and means for fupphes. and by lowering the tea duty, which he XL t^^"ii|-"" '^'^""^m^r' ^' ^;^ ^""'''^''^ devilbother taxes Lwy burden bmet n^fh. In* n ^'^^^•"^fr taxefpecially. which U both partial anLpprXc Jc ^n. Mr. "Pitt brought in his famous Eaft India bill the 5th of July. Time alone will difcovcr whether " was framed with wifJon. and circun.lieition. and wSeT W h velTr """^ f-^"""^ ,S° l^' ^'^'' P^^P^*"" ""ended, and held orth to Lw „„M l-^?^ ot January 1785, the parliament affembled. Amonuft a varictv of natter which preffed on their attention, none feenurd of more confeouence tShc DlLnf^n-T"T\''^^^^^^^ 'V"^"' of fortifications p^opoed by the Duke of Richmond; the affairs of India, and the propofuions for a tradL Inter courfc with Ireland. 'Ihe bufinefs of a parliamentary Reform appears to ha^e bLcn taken up by Mr. Pitt as a miniflerial meafure, and to have received from him ^ confidcrableniare of attention; he accordingly introduced a fS plln ?or t^at ;Tn .r ^ '^'^ °^^P"'' ''^'^^' ^' P^^^«d by a hiHory of parliamentary re LfniS L*^"^u'''"^°^',P*."'^' '^'h« lefult ofthis plan was ,0 Sve one hundred members to the popular intereft of the kingdom, and to extendThe ri^h^of eleflion to above one hundred thoufand perfons. who. by the exiftlng p ovifion of law weije excluded from it. This acceflion to the popular intereft was to beorin npally cbtamed by the (uppreffion of decayed boroughs, and he transfer of E reprelentatives to the counties ; fo that the number of The Houfe of SnmnrwouTd remam the fa^e.-After a debate of confiderable length, leave for bSng in Jhe b.ll was refufed by a majority of 74. the noes being uS, and the ayesT? From the apprehenfions of the nation, during the bte war, for tL fofety of the dock-yards, wh.lft the combined Hcets were in the channel, and no adequate naval t'ZlT''^". 'J;- '"' f^' ^^^' of Richmond conceived the idea of forti?ying them as t e beft proteaion from future iufult or danger. Confiderable fums had Ln an' nually granted fco- this purpofe, but the extent of the expeufe at kngth attraS thJ attention of a lefpeaable portion of the Houfe of Conimons. .nd^after a fbl Idif cuffion of the utihty of the plan, it was determined (finally in the following feffion to difcontuiue the works as ulelefs, and, in fome ref^fts. as dangerous ^ The affairs of India, altho' they did not engage the public attention fo much thi. ^fcVn r "'' ^'^ l^' PT^^^^^''"g^ °*' »he Lard of controul, al^orded nTter fo much parhanientary debate, but no meafure of confecjuence arofe therefrom Amongft the variety of new ta..es impofed in this feflion, that called the Shop. Tax occafioned the greatcft murnK'nns...--It is certainly unequal, and confequemlv oppreflive, as it falls upon a body, :•,, L number, ind^riotS ai^ n^dS^^ ^ E N M D. T?9 The fubjcA of the greateft importance that came before the prcfeiit parliamcnf, and by which this epoch will be charadlcrized to the latcil poftcrity, was that wiiich has ulually been denominated the Irilh Propofitions. — This new fyftem of intcr- courfc between Great Britain and Ireland was tirft introduced into the parliament of the latter kingdom by Mr. Orde on the 7ih of February, in the form ot ten propofi- tions ; thefe, by a fuiall alteration, and tlie diltribution of the fubicft of one of them into two heads, were increaled to eleven. 'I'hey received the allcnt of both houfeS in that kingdom, and on the 22d of the fame month, were conunu!ncated to the par« liament of Great Britain by Mr. Pitt, Chancellor of the Exchequer. The leading principle in this plan, was the equalizing the duties on the f»roduce and mamifadlures of botn countries; and for the benetits communicated thereby to the fifter kingdom, (he was in return to give a certain portion of her hereditary revenue towards the main- tenance of the navy of the empire. — ^The fubjc«Jl had received but little difcuflion, whi-n the fears aftd prejudices of the manufadlurcrs were roufcd in evcrj' part of the kini^iom ; innumerable petitions were prelciucd and evidences heard ; committees wci -^ fo; uicd from alicmblies of thefe n',anufad\urers, who were dircdled to oppofe the palling the propofitions into a law. — The force of oppofuion in the Houl'e of 'lommons, corroborated that without doors; and the Ipiiit and tendency of the mealbrc was lb changed by alteration, that at the end of three months conndcration, the fyrtem was extended to twenty propofitions, many of which obviated the ol> je£lions that were made to thofe originally propofed. In the Houfe of Lords it ex- cited equal attention ; the .aggregate abilities of oppofite parties were called forth, and it was not till the 19th of July that the rcfolutions i\cre fent down to the Commons, where they were formed into a bill, which was read a firft time on the 2d of Auguii, and the Houfe immediately adjourned. Previous to their adjcmrn- ment, they addrelfed the king, acquainting him with their proceedings in this bufi- nefs, and adding, that it " remained for the parliament of Ireland to judge of the " conditions according tc» their wildom and dilcretion." — ^"Ihe refuk of this impor- tant affair will be feen in the hiflory of that country. In confequence of levere prohibitions having been laid on the importation of Bii- lifh manufadlures into the Auftrian dominions, and feveral reftri(!^licms on thtir luuv- dudU(m into France, the minifter opened a negociation with the latter kingdom, for a more liberal connncrcial intercourfe between the two countries, and appointed Mr. Eden envoy extraordinary and niinider plenipotentiary for that purpole. A treaty was accordingly concluded, and ratified by both houfes of parliament. This was a meafu re of great political confequence, as n tended to break afmider the na- tional prejudices which had exilled for lo many ages between the two countries, perhaps to their mutual injury. Parliament aifembled on the 24th January, 1786, and aniongrt the various meafures agitated, the plan for eftahlifhing a finking fund, and employing a million annually for reducing the national debt, engaged their moft immediate attention. This meafure, which had the hearty concurrence of every man, who defired the emancipation of the Itate from fuch an accumulated weight of debt and taxes, was carried into a law, which created commilfioners for carrying the purpofes of this va- luable a£l into execution. We come now to one of the moft important tranfadions of the prefent times, the impeachment of Mr. Warren Haftings, late Governor General of Bengal ; the recoUeftion of which will always moft ftrongly aneft the feelings, and intereft the pafiions of the human mind, from the importance of the character, the crimes of which he was a ":ufed, and the magnitude of the abilities difplayed in the profecution. The characters both of the accufer and of the perfon accufed, were fuch as to give dignity and intereft to the fcope of the bufmefs. Mr. Burke, a man of the 3 G 2 \m ■ri :•! 38.9 E N G AND. i|Wi< ofigujal geiMus, ot tlie mofl cultivated taleuts, the moll unwc^iried applic-aiion, ancj the uioft uninipeached probity. Mr. Hajlings, on the oth«.r hitnd, a ami of ftrong imaginatiott, of bonndlds fpiru and eriterprize, aud of exteulive oblervatioij. His mind was by no means caft in a mean or vuigar mould. On the 17th of February, Mr. Burke x,xplained, in fume degree, the mode of proceeding he was defuoas to adopt ; and, in the courfe of the ie'jiou, moved ior a niuhUude of papers jo ground and fubftantiate his charges on : ijie.'e were at length produced, and Mr. Jlaliings heard at the bar of the Houfe of Commons in his de* fence. The debates which aroie on the fubjeft terminated in relbUuions, 'I'hat cer- tain of the chaises contained matter of impeachnient againfl the late Covern* / Ce^ neral of Dengal.--This important bufinefs being now depending, it would ill be^ come the impartiality of hiftory to declare our lientiments on it. — it 1$ only neceflkry to inforni the reader, that the fubjeft being revived in the feflion of 17B7, the feveral charges were completed and agreed to j and being (13th Feb, 178^,) JaJd before the Houfe of Lords, and managers for the proiecution aj^poinied by the Gonmjons, who ha\ e proceeded to lupport the articles of impeachment, wc fljalJ not attempt to an- ■ iicipate Me judgment of that auguft aifcmbly. The feeble auempt of an oblcure and contemptible maniac, of the name of Mar- gtiet Nicholibn, againll the life of the fovereign, in the face of day, and in the fight of a muhitude of fpeaators, was produdive of po other efleft, than to (hew how much be was beloved by his fubjeas. The genera' exultation which prevailed after that event, reflefted honouv on the people as well as the king. The lofs of Americ.^., and tiie impolicy of f-nding convids into our reniiiuing Colonies on thu Continent, fuggefled, about this time, the idea of fending thele un- Jiappy facrifices <:o juilice to a lettlement tu be formed at Botany Bay, on the eaft lide of New Holland. — Accordingly, on the i.^th June, 1787, a large Heet of tranf- ports, proteaed by icveral fhips of war, and fupplied \,itli every material ueceffary for the purpofe, iailed for that ifland, under the command of Commodore Philips. — The future importance to which this eflabliftiment may arife, and the various fpecu- lationc it has already occafioned, impelled us to meniion it amougft the interefting occurrences of this period. We Ihall clofe the hiftorical affairs of England with obferving, that the circum- ftances of affairs in Europe, at this time, rendered it neceiTary :o unite the interefts jt Pruflia, Holland, and this country more firmly together; accordingly a treaty, ottenfive and defenfive, has been entered into between ihefe refpeftive courts, whith {-•romifcs to cement their flrength and union, and enable them to withftand the rnachi* ii.it ions of their enemies. WALES. THOUGH this principality is politically included in England, yet a? it has diftindlion in language ai'.d maimers, 1 have, in conformity with the con^ inoucufloni, ailigncdit a feparate article. Extent and Situation. Miles. Degrees. Lengui 130 ) ^3g. ^gj^ ( 5 1 and 54 North latitude. Breadth 96 ) j. 2,41 aud 4,56 Weit longitude. Mam» anp lANOtJAGK.] The Welch, according to the bed antiquaries, aic 4»'f(endaQts of the i3elgic Gaul*, v^ho made a lettlcment in England about fourfcote W A E 5^1 years befoi-e the firft deicent of Julius Caefar, and thereby obtained tuc luirac o. Galles or Wallcs (the G and W being promifcuouny uied by the ancient BiKons), that is Slrangen. Their language has a ftrong affinity with the Celtic or Phttiu- cian, and is highly commended for its pathetic and delcripiivc powers by thole who underftand it. i • • . BouNDARtis.l Wales was formerly of greater extent than it is at pre- fcnt, being bounded only by the Seven; and the Dee; but alter the Saxons had made thcmfelves mailers of all the plain coumry, the Welch, or ancient En- tons, were ftiut up within more narrow bounds, and obliged gradually to retreat wellward. It dt)es not however appear, that the Saxons ever made any farther conquefts in their country than Monnionthfhirc and Herefordllnre, which are now reckoned part or England. This country is divid.«d into four circuits. Sec fc-NC '^'cuMATR, SOIL, AND WATER.] The fcafons are pretty much the i;-;!"^ t«s /a the Northern parts ^f England, and the air is fnarp, but wholcfome. ihe loil ot Wales, elpecially towards the North, is mountainous, but contains rich vallies, which produce crops of wheat, rye, and other corn. Wales contains many quar- ries of free-ftoneand (late, feveral mines of lead, aud abundance of coal-pus Ihis country is well fupplied with wholefome fprings; and its chiet riv-ers are thcClywd, the Wheeler, the Dee. the Severn, the Elwy, and the Men, which fiirnifh I'hnt- Hiire with great quantities of filh. . c v Mountains.] It would be endlefs to particularize the mountains of this coun- try. Snowdon, in Caemarvonfbire, and Plinlimmon, which hes partly in Mont- gomery and partly in Cardiganlliire, arc the moft famous; and their niotintamptis lituation greatly affifted the natives in making fo noble aud long a ilruggle agamft. the Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norman powers. , „. , . r i . Population, INHABITANTS,? The inhabitants of W ales are fuppofed to MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS, f amount to about 300,CQ0, and though not m general wealthy, they are provided with all the necelTanes, and many oi the con- venicnciesof life. The land-tax of Wales brought iu iome years ago about for^ ty-three thoufand feven hundred and fifty-two pounds a year. The ^^ elch are it pof :ble, more jealous of their liberties than the Englifh, and far more ira cible, but their anger foon abates; and they are remarkable for their finccnty and hde- litv. 1'he Welch may be called an unmixed people, as may be proved by their Ve'eping up the ancient hofpitality, and their ftad adherence to ancient cuRoms and manners. This appears even among gentlemen of fortune, who in other coun- tries commonly follow the ftream of falhion. We are not however to imagine »h.t many of tlie nobility and gentry of Wales do not comply ^^"h the niocles and manner of living in England and France. All the better lort ot the Welch fpeak the EngHlh language, though numbers of them underftand the A\ elch..^ RblTgion.] The Welch clergy, in general, are ^ut poorly prouded for ; and in many of the country congregations tley preach both m Welch and Englifh. •I heir poverty was formerly a vaft difcouragement to religion and learning, but tht niealur^ taken by the fociety for propagating chriftian knowledge have m a great degree removed the reproach of ignorance from the poorer fort of the Welch. In the year i'74o, a hundred and forty-two fchoolmalters were employed, tg remove from place to place for the inftrudlion of the inhabitants; and their fcholars amounted to 72,264. No people have diftinguifhed thcmfelves more, perhaps, m ^.n'-v"-R ♦- ^h-5- -KlliM'- than the Welch have done by aa? of national rouniti- Jen^e. 'Ihey print at a vaft'expence bibles, common-prayers, and other religious books, and diftribute them gratis to the poorer fort. Few of their towns are unr provided with a free-fchool. The eilaWift; sd religion is that of England. I %i 38a w Lharking and learned men.] Wales was a feat of learnbg at a vervearlv period ; but It fuffered an eclipfc by the repeated maffacres of the bards aad c W \\ ickhffifm took Ihelter m Wales, when it was perfecuted in England l^e Welch and Scotch difpute about the nativity of certain learned men prrdcularlv four of the name of Gildas. Giraldus CamLenfis, whofe hiftory wa?pKed S Camden, was certainly a Welchman; and Leland mentions fevTralleaSnS. of the fame country, who flourifhed before the reformation. With regard to the prefent ftate of literature among the Welch, it is fufficieat to fay, that lome of them make a confiderable figure in the republic of letters and lows""^"^ ^ ^^^ ^'^ excellent fcholars. The Welch Pate^-nofter is as fol- K» Tad,yr hxvn yn y mfoedd, Jmadddier dy enw; deued dy deyrnas; hydded dy ^■^y^f':y.d Wales contains no cities or towns that EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. fare remarkable either for populoufnels or magnificence Beaumaris s the ch ef town of Anglefey * and has^ a^ harbour fo fhips. Brecknock trades m clothing. Cardigan is a large populous town and lies m the neighbourhood of lead and filver mines. Caeruiarthen has a large bridge, and IS governed by a mayor, two ilietifls. and aldermen, who wear fcarlet gowns, and other enli^ns of ftate. Pembroke is well inhabited by gentlemen and tradefmen; and part of the country is fo fertile and pleafant, that i( h called Little England. Ihe other towns of Wales have nothing particular. ANTiquiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES, ) Walcs abounds in remains of amiouitv NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. fSevcral of its caflles aie ftupendouUy Targe- and infome the remams of Roman architedure are plainly difcernible. The ar' IXTr' .M^r^'^'^^'u 'u ^°"'" ^""^^ iculptures. upon a ftone fix feet high. calledtueMaiden-Stonc; but the remains of the Druidical inftitutions. and plares of worftnp^ are chietly difcermble in the ifle of Anglefey. the ancient Mona, men! tioned by Tacitus, who defcribes it as being the chief fenunary of tho Druidical rites and religion One half of a round tower has fallen quite down, but the other over-hai^s US bafis more than mne feet, and is as great a curiofity as the leanii!g tower ol Fifa m Italy. ^ v.«iiujg Among the natural curiofities of this country, are the following. At a fuiall village called Newton, m Glaniorganfhire, is a remarkable fpring nigh the fea which ebbs and flows contrary to the fea. In Merionethfhire is Kader Idris a mountain remarkable for us height, which aflbrds variety of Alpine plants lu Ilmtlhirc is a famous well, known bv the name of St. W enefred's well, at which according to the legendary tales of tie common people, n^iraculous cure have been' performed The fpring boils with vaft impetuofity out of a rock, and is formed imo Lf •" /^^^^-r'' ^'"' T-^'^^ ^"^ ^ "^'^ "^'^ ^"PP°«^d by pillars, and he roof IS moft ex^uifitely carved in ftone. Over the fpring Is alfo a chapel, a i eat piece of Gothic architc^lure but in a very ruinous ftate. King James IL paid a ^ifit to the well of St \Venefred in i68fi, and was rewarded for his piety by a p e en which was made hmi of the very ftaft in which his grea-grandmother, Mnry Stuart, * The T'^n eS A!irr1,.r..., ...i.;.u • -l _ n n - ., , .._ . r. i„ k ,1, ■ "'i.-^' ;j "in^'tii liic mo:; wcttcrn county fji jMoitJi Wales, is furroundcd on .^11 called Meneu wiHcU m ome places m.y be palTeJ on foot ai low w.ter ; the ifland is :tbn.,t Ti ml7 .' Jong, and .8 faroaJ. and com..i.u 74 p.riihes. It wauhc aiKiuu feat of the B itiO, DruS * w s. 383 loft her head. The fpring is fuppofed to be one of the fineft in the Britifh domi- nions ; and by two ditferent trials and calculations lately made, is found to flmg out about twenty-one tons of water in a minute. It never freezes, or fcarcely varies in the quantity of water in droughts, or after the greateft rains. After a violent fall of wet, it becomes difcoloured by a wheyifh tinge. The fmall town adjoining to the well, is known by thie name of Holywell. In Caernarvonlhire is the high mountain of Penmanmawr, acrofs the edge of which thfc public road lies, and occafions no fmall tenor to many travellers ; from one hand the impending rock feems ready every minute to crufti thetn to pieces, and the great precipice below, which hangs over the fea, is fo hideous, and, till very lately, when a wall was raifed on the fide of the -*- road, full of danger, that one falfe ftep was of difmal confequence. Snowdon hill / I is by triangular meafurement 1240 yards perpendicular height. 5-^ There are a great number of plealmg profpeds and pidurefque views in Wales; and this country is highly worthy the attention of the curious traveller. Commerce and manufactures.] The Welch areon a footing, asto theircom* merce and inanufaftures, with many of the weftern and northern counties of Eng- land. Their trade is moftly inland, or with England, into which they import num- bers of black cattle. Milford-haven, virhich is reckoned the fineft in Europej lies in Pembrokefhire ; but the Welch have hitherto reaped no great benefit from it, though of late confiderable fums have been granted by parliament for its fortification. It lies under two capital difadvantagcs. The firft is, that making it the rendezvous of all the Englifh marine, a bold attempt of an enemy might totally deftroy the (hipping, however Itrongly they may be defended by walls and forts. The fame objedion however lies to every harbour that contains fhips of war and merchantmen. The '^fecond, and perhaps the chief difadvantage it lies under, is the ftrong oppofuion to rendering it the capital harbour of the kingdom, that it muft meet w ith in parliament from the numerous Cornifh and Weft-country members, the benefit of whofe eftates muft be greatly leffened by the difufe of Plymouth and Portfmouth, and other har- Ixjurs. 1 he town of Pembroke employs near 200 merchant Ihips, and its inhabi- tants carry on an extenfive trade. In Brecknockftiire are feveral woollen manu- fatSlures j and Wales iu general carries on a great coal trade with England, and even Ireland. . . , • 1 Constitution and government.] Wales was united, and incorporated with England, in the 27th of Henry VIII. when, by aft of parliament, the govemmeii. of it was modelled according to the Englifli form ; all laws, cuftoms, and tenures, contrary to thofe of England, being abrogated, and the inhabitants admitted to a participation of all the Englifh liberties and privileges, particularly that of fending members to parliament, viz. a knight for every fhire, and a burgeis for every fhire- town, except Merioneth. By the 34th and 35th of the fame reign, there were or- dained four feveral circuits for the adminiftration of juftice in the faid ftiires, each of which was to include three ftiires ; fo that the chief juftice of Chefter has under his jurlfdiaion the three feveral ftiires of Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery. The ftiires of Caernarvon, Merioneth, and Anglefey, are under the juftice of North Wales. Thofe of Caermarthen, Pembrokeftiire, and Cardigan, have alfo their juf- ticcs ; as have likewile thofe of Radnor, Brecknock, and Glamorgan. By the 1 8th of queen Elizabeth, one other jviftice-afllftant was ordained to the former juftices ; fo that now every one of the faid four circuits has two juftices, viz. one chief-juftice, and a fecond juftice-afliftant. Rkvenue.1 As to the revenues, the crown has a fmall property, in the pro. durt of the iilver and lead mines; but it is faid that the revenue accruing to the prince of Wales from his principality, does not exceed 7 or 8000I. a year. fi Is' /'•V' / / i.^pH''-f u, r /^. I /v.* (^ u < • / p i .. » ' •• / ' *f* t #1^ r i^'* U^fl* i" r \o //Vr/. / i'ttiCl /.t fi ^aet't 1 ■: il i\ -J.r>r.' 384 w s. Arms.} The arms of the p^ce of Wales differ from thofe of England, only by the additioa of a label of three points. His cap, or badge of oftrich featbera^ was occafioned by a trophy of that kind, which Edward the BUck Prince took frc«ft the king of Bohemia, when he was killed at the battk of Poiaiers, and the motto^ i&Ich ditn, I ferve. St. David, commonly called St. Ta%, is the tutelar faint <^ the Welch, and his badge is a leek, which is worn on his day, the iftof March, and for which various i«albns have been afligned. History.] The ancient hiftory of Waks is uncertain, on account of the nam- • ber of petty princes who governed it. That thev were fovereign and independent, appears from the Englifli h^ftor}^ It was formerly inhabited 'tyy three difterent tribes ot Britons ; the ^lures, the Dimetae, and the Ordovices. Thefe people cut out fo much work for the Romans, that they do not appear ever to have been entirely fub- dufid ; though part of their country, as appears from the ruins of caftles, was bridkd by garrifons. Though the Saxons, as hath been already obferved, conquered the cwmties of Monmouth and Hereford, yet they never penetrated farther, and the Welch remained an indepeudent people, governed by their own princes and their own laws. About the year 870, Roderic, king of Wales, divided his dominions among his three fbns ; and the names of thefe divifions were, Demetia, or South Wales; Povelu, or Powis-land; and Venedotia, or North Wales. This di\ifion gave a mortal blow to the independency of Wales. About the year i u 2, Henry I. of England planted a ccJony of Flemings on the frontiers of Wales, to ferve as-a bar- jier to England, none of the Welch princes being powerful enough to oppofe them. They made however many vigorous and bra\ e attempts againft the Norman kings of England to maintain their liberties ; and even the Englilh hiftorians admit the iiyuf- tice of' their claims. la 1 237. the crown of England was firft fupplied with a handki%i for the future conqueft of Wales; their old and infirm prince Llewellin, in order to be fafe from the profecutions of his undutiful fon Griflyn, havmg put himfelf under fu^edUon and homage to king Henry III. But no capitulation could fatisfy the ambition erf" Edwani I. who refolved to annex Wales to the crown of England ; and Llewellin prince of Wales, difdaining the fub- jedion to which old Llewellin had fubmitted, Edward raifed an irrefiftiUe army at a prodigious expence, with which he penetrated as far as Flint, and taking poffellcn of the ifle of Anglefcy, he drove the Welch to the mountains of Snowdcni, and obliged them to fubinit to pay a tribute. The Welch, however, made feveral eflbrts under young LleweUin; but at laft, in 1285, he wa& killed in battle. He was fuc ceeded by his brother David, the lafi independent prince of Wales, who, falling nito Edward's hands through treachery, was by him moft barbaroufly and unjuftly hanged; and Edward from that time pretended' that Wales was annexed to bis crovm of England. It was about this time, probably, that Edward perpetrated the iuhunian maflacre of the Welch bards. Perceiving that his cruelty was not fufficjent to complete his conqiieft, he fent bis queen in the year 1282, to be delivered in Caernarvon caflle, that the Wekh having a prince born anwng thenifelves, might the more readily recoguile his authority. '1 his prince wa* the unhappy Edward II. and from him the title of prince of W afes has always fmce defpcntled to the eldeft fons of the Englifh kings. The hiftory of Waks and England becomes now the fame. Ii is proper, however, to obferve, that the kings of England have always found it their iutereft to foothe the Wekh with particular marks of their regard. Their eldeft fons not only held the titular dignity, but adualiy kept a court at Ludlow ; and a regular councU, w-ith a piefuknt, was named by the crown, for the adminif- ••"•,- **" ^''^ anaTjhoi ntc j.-sius-ipiusiy- i lus was luuugiu lu iiccciiary apiece oi policy, that whea Henry ^lll. had ikj fon, his daughter Mary was created princefs X)f W ales. r'- [ 385 ] R A *^N D. 'Situation, Boundaries, and E x v f n t. TH E Ifland of Ireland is fituated on the weft fide of England, between 6 and 10 dtgreea of weft longitude, and between 51 and 55 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, or between the middle parallel of the eighth clime (where the long- eft day is i6i hours); knd the 24th parallel, or the end of the tenth clime, where the longeft day is 17^ hours. Mr. Templeman makes the length 275, and the breadth 159 miles, and gives it an area of 27,457 fquare miles. This meafurement has been difputed ; but that which comes neareft to reconciling the different accounts, makes it 285 miles from Fairhead, north, to Mifenhead, fouth; and from the eaft part of Down, to the weft part of Mayo (where the ifland ftretches moft in oppofite direflions) 160 miles, and to contain above 11,000,000 Irifh plantation acres, or about 17,900,000 acres of Englifh ftatute meafure*. This ifland is bounded on the north by the Deucaledonian Sea ; on the fouth and weft by the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the eaft by the Irifti Sea, or St. George's Chan- nel, which divides it from the weftem fhores of Great Britain f. Divisions.] By the ancient divifion of Ireland, Munfter contained 70 Comrades ; Leinfter^i; Connaught3o; Ulfter35; and Meath 18; in all 184 Contrades. A Comrade contained 3 1 town-lands, evtry townJand to pafture 300 cows, and to con- tain 8 plow-lands ; — a plow-land fuppofed to be fuch a portion of land as may give employment to one plow continually going through the year. 184 Contrades con- tained 5,520 town-lands, and 44,160 plow-lands*, 'fc :»v • The Down Survey makes the contents of Ireland to be 11,042,642 Irifli acres, and the accu- rate and ingenious Colonel Vallancey reports it to be 11,046,371. t The great intercourfe between the two Illands oi Ireland and Great Britain, and the confequence of their relative' fituation, rendering the diftances between their neareft ports of fotne importance, vre have inferted the following table thereof: From Milford Haven to Cape Clear 65 Leagues, to Kinfale 50 to Cork 49 • to Youghall 40 - - to Walerford 30 to Black Rock jo to Wexford 2j > to Wicklow to Dublin to Drogheda to Dundalk 3J S8 From Holyhead to Cape Clear 85 to Kinfale 69 to Cork 65 to Youghall 56 to Waterford 42 to Black Rock 37 From Holyhead to Wexford 33 Leagues to Wicklow 19 to Dublin 21 to Drogheda 23 to Dundalk 27 to Strangiord Bay 24 From Park-Gate to Dublin 38 to Dundalk 52 to Drogheda 47 From Liverpool to Dublin 4^ to Uundalk 49 to Strangford Bay 41 From Portpatrick to Donaghadec 5^ l On the invafion of the Englifti under Henry TI. Ireland was, in fa tlje V.n40 Caftlebar, - 324.370 Rofcommon, Sligo, - - - 241.550 2,272,915 Sligo, In all Ireland, 1 1,04 2,64 % ' t^ R E L D. .387 Namk.1 The Irilh Antiquarians generally agree, that the ancient name of Ire- land was Scotia, and that, at different periods, it has aUo been called hrnc 'Juverm, mernia, &c. Much critical learning, and national partiahty, appeared for feveial Ses between the writers of Ireland and Scotland on this fubjeft. and on the fources from whence their refpeaive countries were peopled ; but the concuinng fentiments and teftimony of the moft refpeaable authors, have decided the controverfy m fa- vour of Ireland on the former point ; and the opinion of Hume (m confirmation of our own authorities) certainly puts an end to the difcuflion of the latter, by a deck- ration in fupport of the pretenfions of this kmgdom *. r x 1 j .v, u Climate, Soil, and Facf. of the Countkv.] The climate of Ireland, though it does not generally differ much from that of England, is however found to pofiels an atmofphere more moift, with more frequent returns of ram. from the reports of various regifters it appears, that the number of days on which rain had fallen in Ireland was much greater than in the lame years in England. But without the evi- dence of legifters, it is certain, that moifture (even without ram) is not only more charaaeriftic of the climate of this illand than that of England, but is alfo one ot its worft and moft inconvenient circumftances. This 1. accounted for m obferving. that "thewefterly winds, fo favourable to other regions and fo benign even in this, by qualifying the ri^ur of the northern air, are yet hurtful m the extreme. Meeting wi^h no lands on this fide of America to break their force, and proving m the ge- neral too powerful for the counteraaion of the fhifting winds from the eaftern and African Continents, they waft hither the vapours of mi immenfe ocean. Our Iky is hereby much obfcured; and, from the nature of reft and condenfation, thefe va- pours defcend in fuch conftant rains, as threaten deftruaion to the fmits of the earth infome feafons. This unavoidable evil from natural caufes is aggravated by the in- creafe of it from others, which are abfolutely either moral or political. The hand of induftry hath been long idle in a country where almoft every advantage muft be ob- tained from its labour, and where difcouragements on the labourer muft neceiraniy produce a ftate of languor, equally hurtfol to the profpenty and manners of every nation. Ever lince the neglea of agriculture in the mnth century, the rains of fo many ages fubfiding on the lower grounds, have converted moft of our exteufive plains into moffy mSraffes. and near a tenth part of this beautiful Ifle is become a re- Witory for ftapiated waters, which, in the courfe of evaporation, impregnate our ^v with noxioui exhalations f." But, in many reii^eas, the climate of Ireland is more agreeable than that of England ; the Summers being cooler and Uie ^^ inters lefs fe- vere The piercing frofts, the deep fnows, and the dreadfiil efleas of thunder and lightning, which are fo frequently obferved in the latter kingdom, are never expe- "Th(f dampnefs above alluded to, being peculiarly favourable to the growth of grafs has been ufed as an argument why the inhabitants Ihould confine their atten- tion o the rearing of cattle, to the total defertion of tillage, and injury to the conle- nuent growth of population ; but the foil is fo infinitely various as to he capable of almoft every fpecies of cultivation fuited to fuch latitudes, with a fertility equal to its variety. This is fo confpicuous, that it has been obferved by a refpeaable tu- glilh traveller, that " Natural fertility, acre for acre, over the two kingdoms is cer- « tainly in favour of Ireland ; of this I believe there can fcarcely be a doubt^enter- '■ tained, when it is confidered, that fome of the more beautiful, and even be. tulu- • •« The Scots had firft been e(labli(hed in Ireland, had lent over a Colony to the nonh-wefl co«ft .!.:. ;n.nd r""t Brkainl. and had long been acc«ftou,ed. as well from the_,r old «s the.r new of this ifland [ feats t O'C the Roman province by their piracy and rapi onor s DifferliUions ne.'' Hume's Hifl. of tngiaHd, voi. 1. p. 1 1. '/'■■ AO{ 8''' ;J ,y /•x r ^ .^P.2 t/(- i> r A-t* U<; difficult to enumerate the many bays, havens, harbours, and creeks, which indent every pait of the coaft, and from their various fituaiions in refpedl to other countries, render this, above, all others, the nioit admirably accommodated for uuiverfal commerce ; the following are the principal: Waterford, Carlingford, and Strangford-havens, the bay of Catrickfcrgus, ontheeaft; Lough-Foyle and Lougli- Swilly, Ship-haven, Killybeg>vharbour, Donegal-haven, on the north; Galway-ha- ven, the mouth of the Shannon, Sherwick or St. Mary wick-haven, Dingle-bay, on ihe weft; Kenniare-bay or river, Bantry, Dunmanus, aud Bahiniore-bays, Caftle- haven, Glendore-liaven, Kinfale, and Cork-havens, on the Ibuih and fouth-eaft. Thefe are the principal unbarred havens. There are likewife a great many barred havens, fome of which have been much improved by Adls of parliament, particu- larly that of Dublin. The I-akes or Loughs of Ireland have fo many properties, in fome refpedls pecu- liar to themfelves, that their fingulaiiiies, their extent, or their beauiics, have long engaged the pens of the traveller, and the poet; and have atiradted the curiofity and excited the admiration of people of tafte from every part of Europe. The moft remarkable are the Lake of Killarney, Lojgh-Erne and LoUgh-Neagh. 39® N D. The Lakes of Killarney hold the firft place in the eiHmatioo of thofc who have fccn fimilar objeti'ts in other countries j who declare themfcl\«e8 incapable of convejiiig any adequate idea of the various and uncommon beauties which adorn this region, fo much favoured by the hand of nature — it cannot therefoie be expedkd, that any tolerable degree of juftice can be done to their merits, in the coLfined limits of a page — all we can promife our readers is an iniperfedl Iketch of the leading features, leaving the rpft tob^ fuppliedby their own in»agitiaiion. The Lakes are three in number. The northern or lower lake, is fix miles in length, and from three to four in breadth. — ^The Town of Killarney is fituatc on its north- em-(hore — the country on this and the eaftern boundary, is rather of a taox cha- ra£lcr, but is here and there diverfified with gentle fwclls, many of which alitttrd de- lightful profpefls of the lake, the iflands, and furrounding fcenery. The fouthem fhore is compofed of immenfe mountains, rifmg abruptly from the water, and covered with woods of the fineft timber. — From the centre of the Lake, the view of this range is aftonifhingly fublime, prefenting to the eye an extent of foreft fix miles in length, and from Kalf a mile to a mile and a half in breadth, hang- ing in a robe of rich luxuriance, on the "fides of two mountains, whofe bare tops rifing above the whole, form a perfedl contraft to the verdure of the lower region. On the fide of one of thefe mountains is O'SuUivan's Cafcade, which falls into the lake with a roar that ftrikes the timid with awe on approaching it. — Ibe view of this iheet of water is unconimonly fine, appearing as if it were defcendiug from an arch of wood, which overhangs it above feventy feet in height from the point of view. Coafting along this fhore affords an aknofi endlefs euiertaiumcnt— eveiy change of pofition prefenting a new fcene — the rocks hollowed and worn into a variety of forms by the waves ; and the trees and ftirubs, burfting from the pores of the fap- lels ftoue, forced to aifume the moft uncouth fhapes, to adapt themfelves to their fantafiick fituations. The iflands are not fo numerous in this as in the upper lake, but there is one cf fuch uncommon beauty, that it would be unpardonable to pafs it unnoticed. The ifie of Inisfallen lies nearly oppofite O'.Sullivan's Cafcade it contains eighteen Irifh acres, and, for that portion of land, can probably exhibit luore pic- turefqtie elegance than any other fpot in Europe. — The coafl is formed into a variety of bays and promontories, fkirted and crowned with arbutus, holly, and other fbrubs and trees. — 1 he interior parts are diverfified with hills and dales and genile divities, on which every tree and ihtub appears to advantage. — Views of the lake je caught through the vales, and between the flems of the trees, and from two cr ihree eminences there are profpedls of the hills of Aghadoe, the diftant iflands, and the oppofite wooded mountains. — 'I rees of tlie largeft fize incline acrofs the vales, forming natural arches, with ivy entwining in the branches, and hanging in feftoons of foliage — add to thefe advantages a foil rich even to exuberance, and the ifle of Inisfallen may be confidered as a perfeft model of rural elegance. The pixjmor.vory of Mucrufe, which at com- mandextenfiveprofpeftsof the lakes, with their Iflands, Bays, and Frcmontories— .ihefe views are wild and grand to an afloniihing degree,-but the minuter beaui.es ' are loft, as there muft be a clofer infpeaion of the Lakes of Knlarney, to dilco^ cr thofe fcenesof rural elegance, which nature feen.s to have feleded, for the double purpofeof exciting the exertions, and mocking the humble imitations of man. Loueh-Eme is the largeft lake in Ireland, being forty n.iles m length and in lome parts fifteen in breadth.— Near the middle it contrafts iifelf for a coufider^tble way, affuming the aopearance of a noble river, winding round the hills, and Iwcepir.g f 39* I. N D. through th; vales, with fuch a vaiicd proprrcfs, and fo frequently (hiftlng its courfe that conlincuous objcds, when viewed iVoin the water, appear as if under the in' flueiuc ot luchant.neiu, perpetually alieiing tlicir fonus aud changiua their pofitions — a.tcr purhuiig this fautallick couric for Jonie miles, it divides into two branches forming an illaiid in the centre, on which ftands the lowu of Inniflcillen—the to.umaiiicalion with the main land being preferved by two bridges. No town in Ireland can boaft ot fuch an advantageous fituation for inland commerce, the lake atioiding u an intertouife, by water, with feveral counties ; and this circumftance in Its avour might be further improved, by cutting a canal and building locks, from Ucllcck to Bally.Shannon, which would open a paflage into the Atlantic Ocean. 1 he upper part of the Uke towards Belturbct is perfeftly ftudded with iflands many of them fo completely covered with wood, that all appearance of land is ob- fcured, and the tiees fcem to fpring from the furface of the water. Ihere are others of a more varied charader, prefenting beautiful poHftied lawns riRng and falling to the eye, in graceful fwells, and gentle declivities, ornamented with clump* and icatteicd trees, whole dark Ihades ferve as foils to fet oft" the live- Iter verdure of the furface. Thefc illands give to the lake an amazing vaiiety of beautiful outlines—in fome parts they reiire, leaving large Ipaces of water unoccupied; in others they duller into groups forming a number of bays aud ftreij-hts, while the woods inclining down the dechvuies, call a perfeft gloom on the furface o*' the water. Near a mile below luuifkillcn lies the lOand of Deveuifti— ii contains two huu- dred acres of the richeft land hi the country, aud is remarkable for polfelling one of the completeft round towers in Ireland— 1 his tower is built of black ftone, cut into blocks, which leem united, independent of cement. There is alfo on this iflaud the rum of au ancient church, an objedt generally found to accompany thefe towers. Below Deveulh the lake begins to expand to its utmoft breadth, aud there being but few ifiands to intercept the view, the water appears in noble reaches, hounded by the dil ant coafts. and thefe backed hy mountains, gi\ iiig that ilrong maxked oui- line winch is always neceifary to complete an extenliv-e profpeft. Over the riling grounds in the vicinity of the lake, are fcattered a number of feats and farm-houfes, which give a degree of chearfulnefs to the views ;— among the for- mer is Uille Hume, appealing in the centre of beautiful woods, that fpread over the ilopcs, and hang on the ftcep declivities, in fome places approaching, in others re- tiring from the water in deep malTes of fliade. Towards the lower part of the lake there are feveral iflands, diverfifying this ex- teniive fhcet of water. Many of thele are large, allbrdiug palUire to herds of black cattle and Hieep; while others rife in fteep hUls, and are thickly covered with wood • —not a vacant fpot to be feen, and the trees preis fo clofely, one on the other, that the branches of the lower tiers are frequently compelled to take refuge in the bofom of the lake. f^nTi "r-*!^*^ ™i?^ ft I iking beauties of Lou^-Erne, are to be found in the vicinity ot Laltie Caldwell— here the water is thrown into a variety of elegant forms, by head-lauds aud promontories, ihooting far into the lake; the fteep fides of which are covered with exienlne wc-ods. deepening in their (hades as they retire from the eye while the dittant mountains, rifmg above the whole, caft an air of dignity over the lur- rounding iienery. ' Lough-Ncagh i.s of an oval figure, but confiderably indented on its fides; it is neat twenty miles in k-ngth, and about ten in. breadth ; and abounds with a variety of hih, particnlailytherullein, or, as lome call it, the frclh-water herring, greatly ad- mired for the uncommon delicacy of its flavour. -hm —nng,, is not fo much diftiiiguinicd fur thofc piciurefque beauties, which con- rJ I N I?. in ill ill 1- uh. Wv nf KiUarnev and Erne, ^ for the miocral »ucl pctritying (ju»li- trlbuteto Jccckb ty of *^;**X&opuUr partiality has, fm« a rtnuHp pcaoc) t.e, which U u "P >^^ ^« Scorbutic- virtue of i.," water,; but we do uot tind auribuwtU great merit to thp *"" "-"^ " i;J^^c^ by men of ftieacc. have appearc4 that any well *?'\^'''''^^}^^''' chvnS experiments, particularly thof/U the ^i;etl..tHepetrUying.uality>.put^^thi.Uk.c^ U. been a f.b^^a of .m.h ^-V^JI^'J '^^^^J^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^ fl^ Ihores. of dider«ur the maionm Ipea wns. wluch aie "»»"?^y fw or w'^^ich arc found to be nart5 fpccie* of wood, mther ^,»]»"y ^.^'^/.^^^^itru^ condufivc ev/denp^ in ooe ftate and partly in the other , which ^*^f" ^Z" ^ ■ .. ^^ferved that whai- of the exirtcnce of tUs petrifying P'^P^^J- . J *'' „ft heSLd fioni the foil thro' ever particular qt^htywa^r^Bu^^^^^^^^^ which u runs ;-now.UJtUne«gibo^^^^^ fpeciipeus of wood, ^"^K^ l ^ rrvAnJeanL which fall into tSlaJce. and fomettnies m fitua- thc bank* of many »* *^^",^ "'f* „. ^^^ ,ifo frequently met v^iih a variety of beau- '^^^''^^^t^'^^^^ vaUV^. whicb have long been obje6tsof curiofuy tQtbcviiiuoli. ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^jj ^^ Mo.;nta.n». 9*V^«Y *"'*. S S J^ wX^^^ fhe Jriih that exprefs wnning thwugh part of the 1^'»? ^'l'^ X^^* ^T"^ Ken^ to the eaft of Smer- Tipper'ary ; the Brandon '^^^^^'ZlZlTyroTi^^ P^ti- wick-bay; SK^^J^f^i.'^ii^^^^ I Mo'urt STd W, in the count^. of JS^ttarJTua^ott r^ve^r^l^^ w ^f IfJu .k of [r^f lead.^ccjpcr. mi- nerals, coals, quarries of ft^"**:, ^'** J' 'St^ft the neighbourhood of the Park- Abmn two miles from the cuy ot ^^^^^7' "^ ^f^ ^3^ to be equal to auv houfe of Donmore, are a J""?^'^^^ 5f ^^^I ArdiUC eCpted. The following T.*^""""of;hlm iSl^SnVag^^^ ,.e,l.all give it iS delcnption «f ^^^'arS a *«StTfcent of about one hundred feet, ibeeutranc: his own words . Alter » "™'-"*> "^ ''*,p, -„npaiance of the firft cavern is un- intothisfubterraneous y^'^'l^. " e^»»^4- /Jj^E^ '"i»«- 'I'^c commonly awtul. and gives "^^ .^^^.^^te.tlbv the gaiety of thofe fcenes that p.e- Ihlenmity of this place is not a little '^"^f^^J/J^^^ J. '^^^ floor is uneven, lent themfelves on every fide, P^^^ «^^/^ ^j'j^.S^^^ a,ui ftones of various fizcs are PJ^""^^^^."^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ in others curloullv poled of ragged work, in iomc pars ^^^^^^J"^,,^' feW^^^^^ i^^gc rocks projea Ued; and fron. the roof, ^^bich ;s a k nd^^^^^^ J.^^^, beyond each other in fucha manner, t^t hey leem to nrea ^ ^^^^^^^ circumference of this cave ,s not lels ban two hui drea teet an^ ^,.^^._^^ b^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ fifty. Here is a fmall, but conimuuay uvoppiug wa^er troni tn- ,-.• ^ J3 *^ 1 39+ R E N D. i pctrifadiions rcfembling icicles. This place is not deAitute of inhabitants ; for im^ mediately on entering into it, you arc lurprized with a wnfuled noile, which is oc-^ cafioned by a multitude of wild pidgcons. Hence there is a paffage towards the left, where, by a fmall alVcnt, a kind of hole is gained, nmch larger, but in form- greatly rcfembling the mouth of an oven, which introduces the fpedtator to a pla(o where, by the help of candles, day-light being entirely excluded, a broken and furl prizing fcene of inonltroiis Hones, heaped on each other, chequered with various colours, inequality of rocks over-head, and an infinity of ilaladtical ilones, prefents itielh Nature, one would imagine, defigned the firft cave as a preparative for whac remains to be feen ; by it the eyes are familiarized to nncoramon and awful obieas and the mind tolerably fortified againft thofe ideas which refult from a combination of appearances, unthought of, furprizing and menacing. The fpedator flatters him. felf, that he has nothing to behold more awful, nor any thing more dangerous to meet than what he finds in the firft cavern, but he i\)oa dilcovcrs his miitake; for the bare want of that light, which dreiTcs nature with gaiety, is alone fufficien't t« render the fecond far more dreadful. In the firft, he fancies ruin frowns upon hin» from fevcral parts; but in this i: is threatened from a thoufand vaft rocks rudelw piled on each other, that compofe the fides, which feem bending in, and a multitudJ of no fmaller fize are pendent from the roof in the moft extraordinary manner; add to this, that by one falfe Hep, he would be daftied from precipice to precipice r in- deed it would be matter of much difficulty, or rather impraaicable, to walk ever this apartment, had not nature, as if ftudious for the fafety of the curious, caufed branches, as it were, to fhoot from the furface of the rocks, which are remarkably fniooth, very unequal, and always damp. Thefe branches are from four to fix inches in length, and nearly as thick. They are ufeful on the funimits of the rocks to pre- vent flipping, and in the fides arc ladders, whereby to delcend and alceud with to- lerable facility. This aftonifhing anfradtuous palfage leads to a place far more curii ous than the reft. On entering into it, one is almoft induced to believe onefelf fituated in an ancient temple, decorated with all the expence of art ; yet, notwitb- ftanding the beauty and fplendor that catches the eye on ever>- fide, there is fome- thing of folemnity in the fafhion of the place, which muft be felt by the moft inat- lentive fiTeftator. The floor, in fome parts, is covered with a cryftalline fublbnce ; the fides, in many places, are incrufted with the fame, wrought in a tafte not unlike the Gothic ftile of ornament, and the top is almoft entirely covered with inverted pyramids of the fame elegantly white and lucid matter. At the points of thefe fta- laaical llreets ai-e perpetually hanging drops of pellucid water, for when one falls another lucceeds. Thefe pendent gems contribute not a little to the glory of the roof, which, when the place is properly illuminated, appears as if formed of the purelt cryftal. Here are three extraordinary and beautiful congelations, which, with- out the affiftance of a lirong imagination, may be taken for an organ, altar, and crofs. The former, except when ftridlly examined, appears to be a regular work of art, and ii! of a confidcrable fize: the fecond is of a fimple form, rather long th.nn fq'uare- and the third reaches from the floor to the roof, which muft be about twenty feet! I'nefe curious figures are owing to water that falls from the upper parts of the cave lo the ground, which coagulate into flone from time to time, till it acquired thofe torms which are now fo pleafing ; or to an exfudation or extillation of petrifying- juice? oat of the earth ; or perhaps they partake of the nature of fpar, which is a kind oi rf)ck plant. The former appears to be the moft probable fuppofiiion, as thcle i-gures, in coloiif and confifteiicc, appear cxaaly like the iticics on the top which are only feen from the wet jiarts of the caverns ; and in this place, there is a greater oozing of water, and a much larger number of petrifaaions, than in any K E N D. :j>3 ot!'.er. W'bcn you quit this curious apartment, the guides lead vo«! ibr a coiifidei- able way through winding places, until a glimmering ligLt agreeably lurpiizcs. Htic the jouracy, ot above a quarter of a mile, through ihofe parts i^ ended: but upon returning into ihc firft cavern, the entrance into other apartment^ lefs curious indeed ^ but as extenfive as ihofe we have defcribed, oflers itfelf. I'he paffagcs into Tome of thefe are fo very low, that there is a ueceffity of creeping thrqugh them ; by thefe we proceed until the noife of a fubterraneous ri\er is hcaid, but farther none have ventured." Amongft the numerous glens in Ireland diftinguilhed for particular beauty, arc- two in the county Wicklow. The Glen of the Downs is a pals between two vaft ridges of mountains covered with wood, which have a very noble efie£t ; the vale is no wider than to admit the roiid, a fniall gurgling ri\cr almoft by iis fide. and narrow Hips of rocky and fhrubby ground which part^ them : in the front all efcapc leems denied by an immenle conical mountain, which rifes out ol the glen, and feems to 611 it up. The fcenery is of a moft magnificent charadler. The Dargle is a narrow vale, formed by the fides of two oppofitc mouiitains ; the whole thickly fpread with oak at the bottom (the depth is intmenie); it is narrow- ed to the mere channel of the river, which tumbles from rock to rock. The extent of wood that hangs to the eye in every diredlion is great, the depth of the preci- pice iinmenfe, which, wuh the roar of the water, forms a fcenc truly inierefling. hi Ids than a quarter of a mile, the road palling through the wood leads to another point of view is a great projedlion of the mountain on this fide, anfwcred by a con- cave of the oppofite, lb that you command the glen both to the right and left ; it exhibits immenfe trails of forelt, that have a moft magnificent appearance. Eeyoul the wood, to the right, are (bme endofurcs hanging on the fide of a hill, crowned by a mountain. The Iblemnity of fuch an extent of wood, unbroken by any inteiv venlng objeds, and the whole hanging over declivities, is alone great ; but to this the addition of a conftant roar of falling water, either quite hid, or fo far below, as to be leen but obfcurely, unite to make thofe impreflions llronger. No contradic- tory emotions arc raifed — no ill-judged temples appear to enliven a fcene that b gloomy rather than gay. Falling or moving water is a lively objedt ,• this being oK Icure, the noife operates differently. Following the road a little further, there is another bold rocky projeftion, from which alio a double view to the right and left. In front, fo immenfe a fweep of hanging wood, that a nobler fcene can hardly be imagined : the river is at the bottom cf a precipice, fo deep, and of a depth fb great, as to be quite fearful to look down. This horrid precipice, the pointed bleak mountains in view, with the roar of the water, all confpire to raife one great emo- tion of the fublime. You advance fcarcely twenty yards before a pretty fcene opcc/' to the left, a diilant landfcape of inclofures, with a river winding between the hills to the fea. Faffing to the right, frefh views of wood appear; half way !'• the bot- tom a different one is obferved ; you are almoft inclofed in wood, and lothe example of the great landhohders, and their encouragemeut of the tenlntrv that this miprovcment is chiefly to be expefted. * VKOETABiK, AND Anima* Produc- f Thcfc are in general fimilar to thofe of TioNs, Bv Land and Sea. f Great-Britain ; the unimproved ftatc of Ire- land for ages prevented the introduaionand cuhivatron of the numerous tribes of the iioiis acres are not to II wooded. Avaft woods, groves, or .. t y '. '^•'y*' '^''l'-^'^ "'■'"y ^"y minute calculations of the exp^nce, growth, and value of nlantatlnnW -- in Jrcuria. ana am convmccd irom them, that there is no applrcanon ot the bed land in'thui kingft us!^ Our WolMogs. (once fo uM and celebrated) were per- Cs nSar to Irthnd ; but that fpecies is now nearly extinft. _ Although the coafts of SndgXu^ uginands.na5^be faVnilhed with tlie fame var etics of hfh; yet thofeof irdS hVvt th^m in much greater abundance, and of a lai-ger and more ei.cellent ^^'^METAts Minerals, an* > The mmes of Ireland, timil the deftniaion of her • MEbici^ArwATKRS. f woods, ^vere ^<'Orked to a very great extent. At Dt^feStS abundance of Jhe various fpecie. of iron, lead, filvcr, and rof^per SJ^s are w be found in every diredliou thro' the kingdom, yet the want of capital,, or OclU ?r eSle^pri^e, is fuel that few are worked to anv important extent or pro^ tt if ;e e wThe great copiier mines of the county W icklow. Which ate m the hands '^^^S'cZS;. noHequarriesof the.f.neR marble, tho^ of Kerry - of rarious colours, green, red, yeUo«r, and white ; and thofe of Kilkenny blatk and White; each of which takes tfie moft elegant polilh, and, are calculated ioi all tht ^T^;lr^:TZZ:'^Z':i;...^ bright rparknug coSThers of a grey'or a(h colour, ^-^dloaie approaching to ^Wu..-^^ ofArdbracken GarryCorris and the mountains of \\ icklow and Dublin, are par- tieukrly adSd a Id much ufed in public buildings ; but the want of inland Water iarrS prevents its being fern to the metropolis, in fuch lizes as are necefl-iry for fergJfcdumm. bcc. which induces a confiderable expcuce for. the import oi Portland ^Xious fpccies of coal, and in the greateR abundance, are to be found in different parts of he? kingdom. The pits of Kilkenny yield a coal poffeihng many pecuhar moperiies; it is very hard, burns freely, emits little or no uioak, is of a bright C and is found to be admirably adapted for malting, and vanous- purpoles of m nufefture The pits of Ballycaftle, (in the county Amrim) produce a coal Icmie- whTlike that of Whitehaven, but fwifter and of a more ardent heat ; and allho hey Trc in the greateft abundance, yet the warn of a iafe and commodious harbour o fhip them, prevents their being, worked to an extern fully equal to the iupply of the nation The collieries of Vyrone produce a very hne Ipecies, and are ot ccnhdera^ ble capacity ; they lie in th/ heart of a populous and gi-eat nianufaaonug c-ountry where other fuel is very fcarce ; bm the want of a more pertea inland water carnage Tontraas the operation of the numerous benefits which the fituation of thde colenes mefents. We fhall conclude this ftiort account by mentioning the pus. of Lough AHenas probably of moft importance, fhey are of fuch magnitude are fo happ.lv d cumftanced by fituation. are of fo fine a quality, and fo intermixed with ftrata ol the pureft iron and other ores, as promife. w«^^^"7>«" f^^V'^T f 1 S? Zif of infinite profit aud advantage to the nation-placed at the head of the bhannon whichis alnoft navigable to the fea. Were canals op.ned from- the capital and other Ins communicating with this river, they would n a few years, ^"^f ^ ^^^^ ^X^^. ?f b^gs unneccflary, fave large fums now annually lent for tore.gu coals, aud cRabUni Zufaaur..oa'diflerem parts of thefe lines of the g-a^^i't-^^f-^^;^^:, ^iu. M.MKRAL VVAtKH..] There are great lunnbers of mineral fpnngs m this k. g- dot of the va-iousdafl-cs recoumtendod for medicinal purpoles Much as the ytnohc a kalhie aud abro.43ent, faline and purgative, fulphureous, chalybeate «"d tulphu a. cMvbeate waters, of which thole of the two l.mer kinds are moft pOvverfully in - probated by the benevolent wildom of Providence, as efikacious rcmcd.cs agau.h oue'of the moft prevalent endemics of its northern and moift climate, the fcurvy ; ol m il?3 R E T. N D. befe the iimft goucrally rcfrntcd to, from their experienced good eflefts are the vaters of Swauhnbar and Drumafnave in the north weft quartef and ot Lucan fiv miles fron, the capital. There are alio fbmc tepid iprings^ he e. the ten peratu"; ot which hou ever. ,s very moderate, that of Mallow ,L the c^ntro Cork th^ ^armeftof than, not railing Farcnheit's thermometer above Se 68' but fmm it! Iblihl"^' «"f n^ec fically ight nature, and being corifideraWy in^regnatel ^Th "u abb ben earth, and^a portion of other medicinal matter, has^u ibid ferviceab^ n everal clalfes o d.lcales. It appears neceffary to memiou under this headJh t en^uiiw' fe..^^^^ ^^ ""^^^""'^^ °f ^^^^^'^d have engaged the ' SXred The i 1 '"f '• V'"' ^"^-'TJ ^l"'' ^"'^ "^"'^'^ " '^ l«id remains yet ^ifftV r The raafs of evidence which has been coUeded *, to prove the advau ,h.f? of tbe arts m this coumry, at a very remote period. ^;il?Sv facilta te f^^hfi r' •.r^''''^u ""^ '^:' antiquarian, and may at length ^flbrd I T^rU a d a oThe" pC" """" "'^''"'^ "' '"•"^''' highly^utering ^ £ pttrSm round ZvJ^^'T^'i 'l^ ^'"^^" '""^.^^"^ of antiquity in this country are the round towers of which there are at prefent fifty-one difperfed throuch diBerem parts o! the kingdom f. and in differeiu ftates of prefervaSo VaSs onhtL! have been entertamed, both as to the time when they were but ani iheii uS old'molt .^""^"'te^^ ""{"^r ^'"^^ S^"-^"y ncL^r c'nuefbd'th th^ r ^o ' old monafteries or abbeys, affords a llrong external evidence of their bein^ en p oted for fome religious purpofe. Their antiquity remains yet unafcertained ^ ^ ^ bod\'oVl:'^forXtro1,fn°SSty"L^ Mt^Fi^T' ^^.R.^«. i9)W./.. a valuable t The County ANTRIM, Antrim, Riim Ifle in Lounh- County CAVaN, Drumlane, 3 miJei from Belturbet. County CORK, BrifTooB, Cloyne, Kinnei{;li. County CLARE, Cailtree IdanJ InLouj>h- derg, Shannon, border- ing county Clare, loetFcatiery. County DUBLIN, Michael a poul, Clondalcan, In(k, Rathmichael, Swords, , ' Taptoe. County DOWN, Down r»a trick Drumboc, Mahera. following Lift will fliew their fitua County FERMANAGH, DevenKh, in Lough Erne. County GALWAY, "Killinacduagh, Melick. County JtERRY, Ardfer., Rattoo, County KILDARE, Caftle-Dermot, Kildare, Kilcnllen. County KILKENNY, Fertagh, Kilkenny. Kilree, Tulloherrin. King's COUNTY. Clonmacnois, Ferbane— — t«»o County LOU PH, Dromifkiti, Monafterboice. CoBnty MAYO, Aghagower, Ballagh, ations : Killalla, NcwcaAle near Fox- fort. Turlogh. County MEA TH, Donaghmore, Kells County MONAGHAN, CJoiinilh. Queen's COUNTY, Dyfnrt, Timahoe. County ROSCOMMON, Oran. County SLIGO, DrumclifF Sligo— here were 3 towers of which there are now no remains. County TIPPERARY, Caftel, Rofcrea. County WATERFORD, Ardmore. County VVICKl.OW, Glendalogh— two. Jhrj .lilO N 59i> U^n .*PC! Tliefe, and the remains of ancient religious buildings in the valley of Glcnda- lough, at Clonmacnois, and many other parts of the ifland, exhibit a Ipecies of ar- ' chitc6lure by uo means inelegant, yet differing exceedingly from the Gothic orders whi^h were adopted in Britain. Numerous inftruments of peace and war^ and many curious and coftly ornaments of drefs, are every day dugout of our fields and dqmfiied in the cabinets of the •curious. Thcfe aregenerally wrought with exquifite (kill, and the greater • part are originals in their' kind; unlike any thing known at prefent, and of fuch decided antiquity, that even^their ufes can rarely be inferred by- any analogy derived from things in ufe at this day. The TumuU, Moats, or high mounts of earth obfdrved in various parts of the king- dom, are generally alcribed to the Danes *. They were probably railed for diflierent purpofes, and employed occafionally as forts to retire to in times cf danger,: or fcr alfemblies of the people ou public occafions ; fome may have been raifed as memorials of battles fought, and other* as monuments for dilHnguifhv \ perfbnages flaiu in the field of battle; The natural curiofnies of Ireland have long occupied the attention of travellers and philofophers ; but the Giant's Caufeway being the molt dillinguifhed, we fhall give the following account, as the moft receut and accurate. The Caufeway itfelf is generally dcfcribed as a mole or quay, projediing from the bafe of a fteep promontory, forao hundred feet into the fea, and is formed of perpen- dicular pillars of bafaltes, which (land in contadi with each other, exhibiting an ap- pearance not much unlike a folid honeycomb. The pillars arc irregular prifms, of various denominations from four to eight fides; but the hexagonal columns are as numerous as all the others together. On a minute infpeftion, each pillar i> foinul to be feparable into feveral ioiu-;!!, whofe articulation-is neat andrompatfi lx;youd exjJretUon; the convex te-rminition of one joint, always meeting a concave focket in the next ; befides which, the angles of one frequently fhoot over thofe of the other, fo that they are compleatlv locked together; and can rarely be feparated without a fraAure of fome of their parts. The fides of each column arc unequal among themfclves, but the contiguous fides of adjoining columns are always of equal dimenfions, lo as to touch ia sll their parts. Though the angles b6 of various magnitudes, )'et the fum of the contiguous angles, of adjoining pillars, always makes up four right ones. — Hence there are no Toid fpaces among the balaUes, the furface of the Cauleway exhibi[ing to \icw a re- gular and compaft pavement of polygon lioncs. The outfide covering is foft, and of a brown colour, being the earthy parts of the ftone nearly deprived of its metallic principle by the adlion of the air, ar,d of the marine acid which it receives from the lea f. Thele are the obvious external characters of this extraordinary pile of hafahes, obferved and defcribed with wonder by every one who has fcen it. But it is not here that our admiration fhould ceaic ; — whatever the proccfs was by which nature prcKluced that beautiful and curious arrangement of pillars fo conlpicuous about ihc Giant's Caufeway ; the caufe, far irom being limited to that fjtot alone, appears to " 7 lie iiifjenious and liberal Anlhor of the Philofi'ihical Survey of iht Jouih cf hehrnl, however, iifllgns many llrong reafons in fupiicri ot' the opinion ol' thtir being anterior lo the arrival of the Danes. ■\ This coatlnp contains iron which has loft its phlogifton, and is nearly reduced to a Date of calx ; for with a very moderate heat it becomes ol" a bright red ochre colour, the a:tend:iiit tf ,ju ii uu earth. ^(00 N D. have extended througli 9. large tra6l of country, ia every diredfion, in fo n«ich that many of the comaion quarries, for feveral miles around, feem to be only abcKtive atteniptfl towards tlie produilion of a Giant's Caufeway. Fronj want of attention to this circumftance, a valt deal of time and labour h«s been idly fpent iu minute exanuiuiioas of the Caufeway itftlf ; - in tracing m courle under the ocean — purfuing its columni into tlie ground-ydeteruiining its leqgtlj and breadth and th^ number of its pillars — with oumerouft wild coujcAures concerning its original ; all ot wliicb oeafe to be of any importance, when this Ipot is cpqAdered n than Ireland. At fome remote period there are i-eafons to believe that its inhabitants were extremely numerous. In feveral parts of the ifland, (in rough or mountamous ground,) difficult of acce's, and now in a barren ftate, are evident traces of cuUiva- tion; but at what time it prevailed, tradition or hiftory does not mfijrm us. Ihele appearances, however, argue in the ftrongeft manner that the population of tjie country muft have been very confiderable during ftich extended induftry, impelled, as it certainly was, by the demand for the fruits of the earth. And it has alfo been ob- ferved, that in feveral inftances where old bogs have been cleared, the fiirrows of the plow are frequently difcovered. .„ ^ , r ,^./^ • i But without entering futtheB into fuch evidence, we will find from hiftoncal ac counts, that the ftate of population expeiienced confiderable viciflitudes. At the com- mtincement of the ptefent cetitury the numbers in Ireland were thought to be about two millions, whereas in 1672, there were, according to Sir William Petty, no more than 1,100,000. * , ., . TX'i The view of modern times however aftords a pidlure more exhilarating. V\ hoever will attend to the rapid extenfion of agriculture ; the growth of manufaaures and commerce, and the general appearance of profperity, amongft us, will naturally m- fer that population has had a proportionate increafe. We ftiall therefore endeavour to afcertain, from recent information, what our prefent numbers are. From the accounts laid before the Houfe of Commons in 1786, (as returned by the hearth-money colleaors,) the number of houfes in Ireland amounted to 474.234- Kow, adding to that the increafe fince, and alfo the numbers intentionally or unavoid- ably merlooked in luch returns, we may reafonably conclude that the prefent adual amount is 500,000. 13 3 F t See Dr. Hamilton's Letters on the County Antrim. • From the incorreanefs of moft editions of Sir William Petty's work, this number is ftated as 2,200,000, anU fo quoted by feveral writers, whereas, a little inveftigation will prove it tp be but^ halt that number. In CU-ip. 4, PoiitUai /Inatowy, he fays, in 1641 there were -,,46^000; '" '-'^ but 850,000 ; which is accounted for, on conliaering the depopulating influence of recent troubles ; and in 1672, he fuppofes tliere were i,too,ooo. 4oa R E N We are ne« to confider what average number of per'bns uc fhould allow to each Joute. In the peafants cottage.; in Ireland (perhaps the mort populous in the world) Mr. Young m forae parts found the average 6 and 6i ; others have found it in diile- rent places to be 7; and Dr. Hamilton, in his account of the illand of Raghcry, enu- merates the houfes, and difcovered the average therein to be 8. In the cities and pnncipal towns, the houfes, particularly in the nianufaauring pans, generally con- tain feveral families ; and from different accounts, the numbers in futh are from ten up lo high as levcnty*. The averages, however, of different writers ou the popu- lation of cuiesvary between 10 and 13. ^ From i'uch Jala then, it will not perhaps be erroneous, if we fix the average for the whole ifland at eight perfons to each houfe, which, multiplied by the number of houfes, makes the population of Ireland amount to four millions. Language.] The antiquarians and critics agree, that the uncorrupted native language of the Irifh is the Gaedhlic, or Scotic, the pureft and moft ancient of all the Celtic dialedls. It appears from unqueftionable teftimony, that arts, navigation and letters were firft taught in Europe by the Phanicians, who had a very early in' tcrcourfe with the Iberian Spaniards. From that nation our Gaedelian or Scottilh colony derived their original, who amongft other arts, introduced the elements of letters into the illand, at a remote period before the Chriftian iEra. This fad will eafily account for the early ufe of letters in Ireland, where great fecurity from fo- reign conqueft retained them, and where the manners of the people and the form of government rendered the cultivation of them neceffary. The origin of our letters, and the confequent prefervation of our language, being thus accounted for; we may pronounce, in the general, that this Celtic dialed not only anfwered all the commodious ends of fpeech; but afforded, in a high degree the decorations of harmony and ftrength of expreffion, which a great genius for poe- try or oratory can require, to become mafter both of his fubje/Ctand of his auditors. It was copious, with luxuriance; laconic, without obfcurity; nervous, pathetic* figurative. This is fo well known of fome writings which flill remain, that a perfon ot tafte can never too much admire the force and dignity, the falts and vivacity of their periods ; nor can a ftranger of a good ear avoid feeling the harmony of their numbers ; an eafy didion runs generally through the whole, without turgid brillian- cy, or affeded fublime ; ihofe ftilts of fome moderns, where nature and true genius fail them. The Lord's Prayer in the Jrijh Language. Olft rjpicrfi;* a. zA di;t I^Vdrh, rjramcd/t h^linm ; C15106 60 JJIojttcc ; 6eu»icc(/t 60 ., d^uy mmt iirfw d;t {i/ridcd, mu;i mdicmib-ne 6*d;t burette dm »)tjJ> ceir)j iX.^U'C fld leic 17)7) d gCdcusdd; dec f(c;t inn 6 olc. "Jl mei). Agriculture.] The agriculture of Ireland, though greatly extended and im- proved within thele twenty or thirty years paft, is IHU in a very backward ftate : for though the quantity of corn has encreafed to fuch a degree, that inltead of depend- ing, as formerly, on a precarious importation of foreign grain, for the fupply of the inhabitants ; we not only have a fufficiency for home confumption; but are enabled to export large quantities ; yet the mode of cultivation is very dcfedive, the Irifli not living yet introduced thofe improved fyftems of culture, which have long been pur- fued with fuch advantage, in England, and ibme other parts of Europe. ^" Tifds! enanierated the inhabitants of two parifiies in Dubiin in ly ji, auJ averaged the oum- ber in each lioiife at iz ,'^. The numbers varied from 10 to 70, Sec Phil. Sur. South of Ir. H N D. ioy There is a variety of caufcs, to which this imperfeft ftate of agricuhurc may be ailributed ; the moll ftrikiHg are the following :— The negledt of the landlords to en- courage and inftruft their tenantry : — The number of abfentees, who feel no plea- fure in the creation or the poffeiUon of a wealthy induftrious yeomanry :--The e.v- treme ig lorance and poverty of thofe, to whom the cultivation of the Ibil is confign- cd ; thei. property and information, being frequently much on a lev el with the common labourers. — From the preceding circumftances, ullage is looked on by thofe who are poffeffed of capital, as a lal)orious, unprodudive bufmefs, and confequcntly un- worthy their attention. . , • • The land-owners are, undoubtedly, more interefted in the fpirited cultivation of the foil, than any other order of the inhabitants, as the amount of their incomes mult ever depend on the capability of the tenantry; and their capability will always depend on the portion of in«lullry and information they poffefs.— This is fo very ob- vious, and felf-Jnterelt is found to be fuch a powerful ftimulus in the human brealt, that it is not ealy to account for the indolence of the owners of eftates in Ireland. The extenfion of tillage has been chiefly effeaed, by the ereftion of flour-mills ;-- Thefe anfwer the purpofe of daily markets, where the farmers can difpofe of their wheat at all times, at its value; and this value is kept at a reafonablc rate, by the inHueuce of the corn laws, that regulate the export and import of grain. — When the average of wheat is Z7S. or under, per barrel of 20 ftones, there is a bounty of 3s. 4d. per barrel on exportation, and the ports are clofed againft importation. — When the average rifes to 30s. the export ceafes, and the ports are throwa open, for the admiflion of foreign wheat, and lb in proportion, with other kinds of grain — The prefent Speaker is the father of this regtilatiug fyftem of corn laws ; a fyftt.n which reflefts the highelt honour on his abilities and patriotifm ; and from them, the nation derives the double blefling, of never experiencing the mifery of fcarciiy, nor the oppofite extreme of over abundance. The eBeft which thefe regulations have had upon the agriculture of the kingdom, will be felt when it is known how frequently, before they were enafted, we were in a llateof dependence on other nations for the neceffary fupply of grain ; and how much we have fince been able to export from our redundancy. At an average of three years ending 1787, we exported 62,080 barrels of wheat, 333,837 barrels of oats, and 83,7 1 1 barrels of barley, befides a proportionable quantity of flour, meal, &c. The Dublin Society, (ever indefatigable in patriotic exertions*) have not negledled an objeft of fo much importance, as the improvement of agriculture. Their pre- miums for this purpofe have been numerous and liberal ; and their frequent difcufiion of the fubjea, with publilliing the refult of their enquiries, have diffufed a degree of knowledge and a fpirit of emulation, which mull be of confiderable advantage to the kingdom : they have alfo creded an cxtenfivc range of buildings in Hawkins's-llreet, where models in various branches of mechanics and manufaftures are depofited for the iufpedionof the public ; and all kinds of machines, of the moil approved con- ftru6lion made ufe of in hulbandry, are lold at realonable prices. When it is confidered, that the exillence of mankind in Ibme degree dependson the fpirited cultivation of the foil; and that a people relying on the indullry of their neighbours for the neceffaries of life, mull be poor in the midft of wealth, it is afto- nifhing to find how much this art has beeu neglefted even by thofe nations that arc termed \vife *, A -s I F 2 • During the aJminiftration of Colbert, he turned the attention of the French fo mnch to mantt- futures niid commerce, that nsricullurc wic; totslly r.eglsfled ; the confequer.ee that eniued. ilronjirlr exemplifies the obfervation aU>ve, tor in ihe profpca oi a flouiifliing tiaJe the people were often re- ducoJ to the profpw^ of famine. 404 N D. An induftrious pcafantry arc the great finews of a ftatc ; their increafe and their happiuefs fhould therefore be the conftant obje£ls of every wife government, and thefe are moft certainly obtained by permanent protedion to the extenfion of agri- culture. In England, a yeomanry is juflly denominated " their country's pride ;" yet in Ireland the name is fcarcely known : there, the face of man gladdens every fcene here, our faircft coumies are covered with herds of cattle. He who contrafts the ftate of the people in the tillage and pafture countries, will find in the former, a re- verence for the laws, and the chearftil figns of plenty and content : — in the latter, a fquallid race of wretched herdl'men, thinly ftrewed over a land in which they have no interert, knowing little of the laws of God or man, and tonfequently refpefting iieither : in the employment of tending herds to feed the rival manufadlurers of their country, they never participate in the plenty which furrounds them, but are flint- cd to the roots of the field, and the luxury of the meager element. — What good or wife man, who thus compares the flate of his fellow-creatures, will hefitate which to prefer ? Agriculture is a permanent fource of riches : It is an employment more congenial to the nature of man than any other; and is favourable to population and to the growth and prefervationof virtue. — When commerce has depraved, and its attend- ant luxury enervated a nation, the only remains of independance and temperance will be found among thofe who have been employed in cultivating the earth. Fisheries.] Ireland has advantages in the feveral fifheries not enjoyed by any other country in Europe, particularly in fituation, and in her numerous creeks and harbours. Her Ihores are llored with all the varieties of fifh, her fifhermen a hardy and adventurous race, and the opportunity of ciiring on contiguous fhores gives them a decided fuperiority. The parliamentary bounties are upon a liberal fcale; are in general judicious, and (under regulations * by which they may be obtained with eafe and expedition by the fair claimants) will probably operate to the eftablifhment of fifheries, which inftead of being a minor objedl, will become, perhaps, the firft in the trade of Ireland. Thefe advantages will be greatly aided, when large private capitals are employed; and when the proper markets, the habits of the trade, and correfpondences fhall be better known and eftablifhed. The north-welt and weftem coafls of this kingdom abounding in a fuperior ' degree with herrings, have long atirafted the national attention and legiflative encourage* ment. The following tables will Ihew the progrefs of this filhery for, feveral years, and the influence of the bounties thereon. * Bounties for the encouraj^ement of Snieriei fliouldbe regulated in the plaineft and fimpleft man- ner, being generaUy claimed by poor men from diftant ports, unconueAed with office and without protedion ; the neceflarjr proofs ihould therefore be eafy, and the payment without delay or expence. Vexatious procraftination is fecuiiarly di&reflJn{^ to th«m« and predudtive of molt certain di£> couragements to the filheries. IRE] An Account of IUkkisob imported from Great Britain, Total of Herrings import- ed to Ireland, and Irijh Herrings exported from the Tear 1 754/0 1786. N D. 405 Vcart' eniiing ijth Mirch. Her. imi>orteJ from Or. Ur ■ AI>lttL>. «7S* •755 1756 •757 1758 '759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 "773 1774 •775 1776 •777 1778 •779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1786 Her. iniFOrced 'J'oi»l. •3.9*9 29,282 28,999 28,955 29,960 23,611 17.038 20,41 1 21,388 23.5'9 14,932 • 41587 35.552 12,094 16,640 11,2«6 22,891 • 2.952 •0.445 • 3.47' 14,824 23.194 18,947 16,651 9.778 7.29' 11,526 4.207 1,816 • .272 7.750 2,647 2,360 '5.558 31,651 30.277 31.035 3^.33<> 23.735 '7.039 20.554 22,233 25,676 2J.594 31.617 61.283 24.713 . 39.903 37^ '34 46.547 39-7 34 44,688 54,010 62, '34 46,791 43,286 76,310 30,919 23523 20,049 21,116 3.6'7 4.324 13,261 22,512 2.385* trilh Her. c>| 5.8oii 4.5'oi 11. 979 A 9,290^ io,ib8] 7.209, 12.994s 13,466 1's 16,281? •3.07 5 i '5-39 J? '5.44' 5 •8.835T t2,439i 22.6 1 7{ 16,4224? 24.5755 15.336^ 94 777 3.169 5. 80, 4,510 11,979 9.290 10.188 7 209 12.994 13.466 16.281 13^075 '5.393 15.441 18,835 12.439 22.617 16,422 24.575 '5.336 Bounty paid on tzport ui her. 212 16 10 2C6 73 131 34* 336 691 75« 1,022 1,647 1,004 2.727 2,818 3.743 883 '4 4 2 4 b '4 '4 4 '3 2 I 18 1 1 2 10 Si 10 1 9 1 4 11 o 8 2\ General Account of the Bounty Fifhing Veffels and others, that -were at the Roffes Filhery the following beajons. • 1 1782. '783- 1784. .785. 1786. tt; ; — i* „ ■ No. ot 'hips. lon- nage. 3204 1061 4265 645 SS5 430 5855 No. ot Ships. Ton- nage. 6253 772 7025 755 3027 403 ll,2tM No. ot Ships. lon- nage. 8407 766 9'73 1054 6416 1040 ho ot Shirs. ton- nage. 9116 413 9529 1952 3694 11:70 No ot Ion- Ship; nage Veflelson the bounty at Rofle*. Irifli vefTels not on the bounty - - - - i 62 1 '9 81 1 1 1 3 117 •5 184 14 196 10 206 34 75 2+ 189 •4 203 '•/ 130 xO 8809 729 9538 8.5 6565 H.i9 Total of Irilh veirels at Rolfes - - - - Englilh - ditto - at ditto Scotch - ditto - at ditt'j IQe of Man - do - at do Total of the Rolfes fifhery 132 12 SI '« 198 19 62 20 3 '9 ',11 1 1 iO 299 !i7.f'83 16.245 II yi^ i.-,7i.- 4o6 N D. ..J^Sn TJ *^ ■''?"'"' '''■? ^'■°"' the Official returns to the parliament of Ireland *.id aHord authcnuc ./«/.. to alceitain the comparative Jlate of our hfiTories at d I't^^ • Md recent periods To this may be added, that front the be^li W'or nation tot ' were refortedto by the moft diftinguifhed ranks oiKliZn^n-^lnn. J? '■ • "' '''•'* founded monafleries in various parts of Bfita^ Fra. 1'^!'^ lul^^ ht'T^' k/^ that the patron faints of fevcral nations on he cSient a e Lknn ' " 'T'^^ Inlh, as were thefirftprofefforsin the univerfuv of T .1 ?'^*',f '^"o^'edg<--d to be Alf„.d in his newly-foSnded eoli^e 0^0x3 ' ^ *"" '^°'^' ^'^'''"^ ^^ Few ot the writings of the ancient Irilh have reached the prefent times from ^J,. long continuance of c vil difcord amonffft us- fuch fZ hL. '""es from the lifhed or remain in the hands of the cuXus aim d e r riu'lor 'ol- thdr " ^^"'• and learning. The poems of Columb-cil. ( ...r.! .,.;.l n„. ^^.^ '' ?" /^* '^'' g"^!^« ^£=^oS^s:£^^«!=^?^= the learned Colonei VaU;;;;ya;JX;; btrra^rr^^^^^^^^^ quency of evil war withdrew the general attention from intelkaual m roJelm and totally eradicated every veftige of literature from amonoft , , Tn '"'J''^"' *''?^«"'' the genius of the nation, e^neourfged by peace and Lrotfy ap^^rS" 7Zl7f •'"'"' ri^^f knowledge^rpurfued with thnfavTdhywhkh might t cxpeaed from a people fo far advanced in civilization as are the hishl anH n.; ur noreV'lo^'r^'Z^ Thefocialpleafures, or thegrattficaTionof fe fenfL prdbm more favourite purluits; and if weexcept a few of The learned profeffions' (he pau! oi*^oS:i::!^:^^iit:':^:^j^i!:^ ::^/f ^i/'-,"'^-/.-.. that the nu,nber endowments, thofc oVcion-^^^cS G ndalnri. K^l^^^^^^^ " il' ' ' ,T\y'"'' ''>^ '"»" "beral their hiftory threw., ftronff I Jh ^ ),. tlrly K ol' d.^t'""'. ^'^ ""''? ^'^""^"^ iuaa be icfc and reipcOted by h.m'. ' ""' ■"" R N D. 407 cit>'of general readers is aftonifliing. The pride of literary eminence is not yet fuf- licieaily felt amon«ft us. It muft indeed be a lubjea for deep regret, that the obO.a- des to the advancement of literature in Ireland, are numerous and almoft inlur- mountablc; and it is rather to be wondered at, that (he has produced fo many, than lb few, writers of diftindlion. •• r «• It fares with nations as with individuals. There muft be fonie happy tide ot «' events to fwell one nation above the level of its neighbours, cither in arts or arms, " efpecially in the former. In a great nation, the genius of individuals will partin- " pa'e of the national greatnefs ; it will in fomc meafure be buoyed above itlelf. ♦♦ Whereas in a fuboidinate one, it will be depreffed to the low level of the national " fate. If Edmund Burke had exerted his talents to the utmoft in his native country, •' he would never have been compared to the orators of antiquity. And »f P^. • •* Johnfon had fpent his life in the fame place, we Ihould not now look up to hini, " as the Cblolfus of literature." .... The limits of our work, will not permit us to indulge the wifti of giving a nnnute detail of Irifli writers and their works, and therefore we ftiall picfent the reader with the following (ketch. Ufher was a fcholar, fecond to none thefe iftands can boatt of, unlefs we except Selden.— Berkley, bilhopof Cloyne, was a writer of very fuperior talents. He has been called the Iriih Plato. His Minute Philofopher is among the ftandaids of the Englilh language. His elTay on Vilion has extended the boundaries of fcicacc ; and If the majoriiy of the lower clalfes in this country (to which ihefc obffrv.itions principallv applr) do not exhibit thcfe a Jv.images, the deficiency fhoul J not be imputed to thenin nor iindiU.nguini- in« cenfuie exagRerate it.~Human nature is the fame every where under fimilir cii^Wnnflances : un- improved and untutored, it has appeared in forms equally ofFenfive abroad as at home, and the early hiftories of the moll polilhed nations conlirm the faft. Civilization is flow in its progreU, and t ,e concurrence of various circumftances is neccffary to its advancement; but, unfortunately tor the peace and chamber of the Irifti. numerous have been the impediments to it amongft thetii. Oomieltic w;irs. appioxiraating in quick fueccfilon, for feveral centurios, totally oppofed it ; and when the f.ene of blood and anarchy fcemed to have clofed with the Revolution, it was followed by the melunclioiy train of penal laws, which deprived the great body of the people of teachers, wh. (l it loibad theui the benefit of foreign inftruftion. " It was the fpirit of thefe laws that (hut up the doors ol educa- " tion and the trealures of knowledge— that barbaroufly forbad them to pafs the pale ot that igno- " ranee in which all the vices ftrike their deepeft roots— that left to a few who could purchafe accefs to " thofe treafures at fuch a price, t]« cruel alternative, either of firijhing for Uck of item like their "poorer brethren, or of goii 4 infearch of them, among nations, hoftile to our intercas., our vc!i- * gion and our laws"*. .,.,,, n From thefe circumftances the difpaflionatt and phtlofophical mind will make many allowances, on obferving the irregularities of conduft and of principles, which at times may fully the national cha- rafter » and when the legiflature confiders the fubjeft with equal temper and philanthropy, a reforma- tion may be e^fily effeaed. Heretofore, inftead of railing feminaries for inaruaion, and pafling wholefome regulations for promoting fobrieiy, morality and good manners: inftead of turning to va- rious purfuits of induftry the natural aptitude of the people by proteftion and tncouragement, we be. hold too often the accumulation of penal ftatutes, and the arm of the magiftrate annually nerved with newterrorsf. , . , , n u 1 1 n. It is full time that fome noble comprehenlive fyftem of national education (liould take place amon-jd us ; which once aceomplilhcd, the face of the country will affume a new form, the gtneral manners of the people will become amiable, and individual but obfcure genius will be diftinguilhed, chenllied and rewarded, which now are unnoticed or unknown.— We fliall conclude thefe ob(erv.uions with one of Dr. PrielUey's, who fays, " That there is no efFeftual method of reilrjining vice of all kinds, but by early and deeply inculcating the principles of integrity, honour and religion, on the minds of youth, in a fevere and virtuous education." See Leiftures on General Policy. • See an eloquent difcourfe on this fubjcft, hy the Rev. T. I.. 0'Bier»e, Chafhin to his Majefly. t How diftcrcm the condnft of ihe Englilh U-gifljture !«, in their backwardneftto eiiad pci.al Uwsupon every chullifion •f pciiulur mifcondua ! and it {.peculiarly worthy obfervation, that even after the ftiockirij; and difgraccful coiillagratums of 1 780 in London, no llatutet were added to that code ; yet in «hat inftance have the pcopk of Ireland fo vuUtcd the righi» ur ihc (i,>ct vi iociety '! 4'i>8 R N D. Il ho\\'ever whimfital hi^ treatife on the Principles of Hamail Knowledge tiiay Appear it IS unanrweriWe, except on the Principles of Common Sfcnfe.— King, archbilhop'of Dublin, Was a Icfe fanciful, but a mc-e confident, philofopher than Berkley. His ibock upon the Origin of Evil is a niafter-piece. He was a man of wit, and of a faf- caftic vein. — Dr. Dodwell, the famous Camden profeffor of hiftory in the univerfity of Oxford, was of thiscouutry, and bred in T. G. D. He was a man of univerfalcru- diiion, but of an ^nthufiaftic turn of mind.— Leflie of Glaflough Was a man of great reading, prodigious memoty, and vbluminous Compofitlon. His ftiort and ealy me- thod with the Deifts, is cfteemed one of the bed pieces extant on the fubjeft.— Toland was a writer of oppofite principles. A catholic prieft originally, he became a deift in religion, and a republican in polirics. His fcholarfhip has been arraigned by his antagonifts, but he is commended by Mr. Locke as a man of parts and learning — Clayton, bilhop of Glogher, wrote an effay on Spirit, an Analyfis of the Works of Lord Bolingbroke, and other books.— Mr. Molyneux * (the friend of Mr. Locke, and champion for the independence of his native country) was a philofopher and m'athe- tiiatician, and reckoned among the firft of that fcientitic age. His Dioptrics are high ly comuiendedby Dr. Hallev.-Dr. Hellham publiftied an elegant and learned coiirfe of Idduros, upon the feveral branches of phyfics and mechauics.^Dr Brian Robinfon wrote an effay upon that Ethereal Fluid to which Newton alludes iri his queries: and alfo a treatile ou the Animal CEconomy. in which he appears happily to have applied his great matlictiiatical knowledge to the extenfion of medical fcicnce.— Sir Hans Sloane, no Icfs remarkable for h?s mufeum than hig genius.— Dr. Mrtcbricle, who has fo fuccefsfully applied the theory of fixed air to praflife in the cure of the lea-fcurvy.— Dr. Young's enquiry into the principal phaenomena of Sounds, is a work of great fcien- tific knowledge. — Dr. Hamilton, whofe philofophical account of the county of Antrim and its Bafaltes, is highly efteemed.— O'Gallagher, author of an effay on the Firft Principles of Nature.— Dr. Sullivan's treatife on the Feudal Law, and Conftitution of England, is making us way in the good opinion of the world ; notwithftanding this avenue to fame had been preoccupied by Dr. Blackftone's Commentaries.— Dr. Hut. chefon is the principal Ethic writer of this country. WhiHl a teacher of an academy in Dublin, he wrote his books on the origin of our ideas of beauty, and on the pal- fions. Thefe railed his reputation fo high, that he was invited to accept the moral chair in the univerfity of Glafgow, w.iich he filled with fuch celebrity, as to lay the foundation for that fame which Glafgcw now enjoys as an Ethic fchool.— Two of the ablelt divines of this country wer< diffenters from the eflablifhed church, Mr. Aberuethy and Dr. Ixland. 1 he fermo. s of the former upon the Attributes are helcl to be one of the beft lyftems of natural .heology. He was deputed by the diffenters of Ulfier to addrels the Duke of Ormond, in a tour he made when Lord Lieutenant; and his Grace was afterwards heard to fay, that, of all the men who ever approached him on like occafions, ho \^as moft pleafed with " the young man of Antrim." And Dr. Leland's view of Dciilical Writers, and .other works, are equally knowii and ad- -mired.— Dr. Duchal wrote prcfumptive arguments in favour of Revelation, and feveral volumes of I'ermons, which have been well received. — The writers who have done the nation moll honour in the divinity line are, Synge, Story, Brown, Delany, Law- fon, Orr, Skelton, and Ryan, author of « The Effefts of I^eligion on Mankind.'— Bilhop Syuge is laid fo have been a man of great parts and learning ; he was author of the Religicni oi a Gentliman.— Story, Lilhop of Kilmore, publifhed only fome * This was the writer of that celebrated vindication of his country's rights, The Coft of IreUnJ publifhed at the cloleot the laft century, which .ilamied the Englilli govetnrtJent fo much, that it w« ordered to be burnt by the hands ot the ccramon hangman. R N C. ^09 occafional fermOQS, but in his treatife on the Pnefthood deep enidtuon and cbnftian smdeS are equals bilhop of Cork, pubh(hed fome vo- Ties S fernL^^^^ be^s however more celebrated for h s delivery than hrs compc fS— I)elanv's fermons on the Social Duties are excellent.-— -Dr. Lawfou was a Soft celebrated preacher. His Leftures upon Oratory, which he delivered m 1 nmty SkTeSb/begave to the world himfelf; they fhew a nice claincal tafte, a fine noetica' vein, and a thorough knowledge of the art of preaching. ^Thnd ha her Camden in Waie; and the Ogygia of O'Flaherty feems learned.- Dr T Leland, author of the • Life of Philip of Macedon a 1 rannation of Demoft- henec' Sermons! and a Hiftory of Ireland.' Dr. Crawford's Hiftoy of Ireland JhTa'nEpUomepoffelfes great merit; audits philofophical hberahty and fidehty have done much fervice to the caufe of truth and liberty.-O'Conor's Differiations on the Hiftorof Ireland are held in high eftimation, as a produdion of genius and lea^- "g!lX)'Halloran'8 anciem Hiftory of Ireland is a work f ^"^"d"'^" ^"^.^^^^^^^ fearch- and Curry in his Hiftory of the civil wars m Ireland, has contributed to clear up maw comroverted traSfaaions in thofe troublefome periods.-! here are other writer of feme note in the fame line; viz Lynch, author of " Cambrerjfis EverfuT" M'Mahon of the « Jus Armacanum;" Peter Lombard Mr. Harris, D.^ Ravrnond Mr Simon, Luke Wadding, Cufack, White, St^iiihurft ; feveral writer* ofdt in the "Oileaanea de Rebus Hibernicis;" the Abbe Geoghegan, who wroTe the Hiftory of Ireland in French; Walker, author of effays on the Muhc r,S Drefs of the ancient Ivlfti, and Archdall of the « Monafticon Hibernicum. - Keating is well known to every reader of Irifti Hiftory. ,, , , , Dr Johnlon has drawn the following charader of our celebiaied countryn.au, ^'^'' When Swift is confidercd as an author, it is juft to eftimate his powers by their effeas. In the reign of queen Anne he turned the ftream of popularity agaml he Whigs, and muft be confeffed to have diaated for a time the political opinions o the Er IHh nation. In the fucceeding reign he delivered Jrejand from plunder and opprellion; and fhewed that wit, confederated with truth, had fuch force as authority was unable to refift. He faid truly of himfelf, that Irdand washes debtor It was from the time when he firft began to patronize the Irilh, that they may date heir riches and profpcrity. He taught them firft to know their own intereft, their weight. and their ftmig\h, and gave them fpirit to affert that equality with their fellow fub, ieas to which they have ever fince been making vigorous advances; and to claim thofe rights which they have at laft eftablifhed. Nor can they be charged with ingra- titude to their benefaaor ; for they reverenced him as a guardian, and obeyed hini a* * « InTis works, he has given very different fpecimens both of fentiment and exprcf. fion. His iaie of a tub has litt: ^ refemblance to his other pieces. It exhibits a vehe- mence and rapidity of mind, a copioufnefs of images and vivacity of didhon fuch as he afterwards never poffelTed, or never exerted. It is of a mode fo diftiu61 and peculiar, that it muft be confidercd by itfelf ; what is true of that, is not true of any thing elfe which he has written. . ^ , u-u .1^. "In his other works is found an equable tenour of eafy language, which rather trickles than flows. His delight was in fimplicity. That he has in his works no me- taphor, as has been faid, is not true, bat his few metaphors feeni to Jejeccn-ed rather by neccffity than choice. He lludied purity ; and though perhaps all his ftnaures arc notexaa, yei 11 is not often mar lolcciim tun uciOuuU, ai.-.. vn.-- — — . -- -^ authority may generally conclude himfelf fafe. His fentences are never too much di- lated or coutiadcd ; and it will not be eafy to find any embarrafsment m the com- 13 3 G 4X0 N D. Sdons''^ Hi ''ftl?\r^ inconl^acnce :. his conneaion,, or abruptneA in l.i,, or ^.„egateci by fa.fought 1 Jru/ug. H^c ^^aJ^To ct; to t4Si^^ :TS ucither lurpnze nor ad.mration , he always underftands InmMf ..aT' 7 , «ys ,,„ci„toncls hi,u; ,l,e perkier of sift'J^T.lSp S S^'lr''"; n^i,i, r "• ?"' ^' " "'^?"'''."«' "'''' ™n">'"" words and common ,& he ; neuher reqiired to mount elevations, nor to explore DrofmiditiH, ■hi. 3 ' ■ ways on a level, along Hid ground, without aXS,„S™,o'b(t^^^^ " "'" evL ? V ''°""'' "'°;t' "f °'- ^"''■'' ■'"'« " "<" "'U':h u|K.n which the^itic can o?)v;e;';:;,,f !j^^;:rp;;??''''"-^ '- - ^^-""i'- °f • ^^^ m": .^e; ci- Ihe other principal niifcellaneous writer? of Ireland are —Rofcommon n..tl.nr ..e 0f7S'-pSl°;"h "'"""y1 ^"*' r"" "" 7«"™' -..LtZrHcr: ?s°Ar o i'oetry.--Paruell, the very Micct mufarum, of whofe poetry, above all others it may bela.d .kacs rcpeWaplacehi, Burke, on the fublin'Je, &c-rorrMd2o;t^ -Lord Onery.-tarl Nugent— Mr. and Mrs. MiUar.-Dr. Arbuckle wHter ot Hi .tTsenfe'^r ^^ST"^ '^f "^ ""^ Vr °''."' ^'^'' '" Lond:n,';:i2d'Lt moii seme, &c_Ugle who ujodernized Chaucer's Tales.— Dr. Dunkin author of a quarto collea.on or huaiorous poems, ibnie of which are in Tee CuaLs Greek. Utiu. and KnghOi.- Wood, who publifhed Ruins of Palmyra andTXc' and au tlFay on the genius and writings of Homer.-Robertfon, au'hor of ai at tempt to explatu the words reafon, Juh/ance, &c.-Sterne, bilhop'of Clogher, ot a book ngft tis.-Webb, who enquired into the berutie of paWu ng T" ~v. IT'o^'^i'^^'iv .'^"^'■"'"'^""•"^^ '^"'•^<^^«' theological and political.-pSaton who pabhfhed a l).6tionary of Painters—Cunningham, author of feveralpS pieces particularly h.s natural and delervedly admired Paftoral^-PreTon.^au ho of (everal milcellaneous poems : his " Irregulaf ode to the moon" claims a firfl rank mtnglUh poetry.— -Dr. Clancy, author of the Tewplum Veneris, h.VS^oi Soc-rates.— -Johnlton, ai-thor of Chryfal.-Brooke, of the Farmer's Letters Foo of (^ahty. Guftavus Vafa, &c.-Dr. Sheridan, (in whofe fanuTy genius feetns a hereditary as the name,) author of feveral pieces for the improven Jnt^ o the Engim hL^Z' Partietjlarly a pronouncing Diftfonary; he alfo published a Life of Swf^ His fous are not Le s celebrated ; Brindfley's genius, unconfined to the praife of h "^ ing mailed the Ciceros and Demofthenes of antiquity, has added new t'-afureso Zr h'?' '" h;s I^uenna, School for Scandal. L ^kd Charles Franc s.hsbr^ -m.r ZT'^f ^v^' "'''"/°' ^>' "'""^ «^ '^^ '^'^ Revolution of Sweden. Ulher, author of Clio, a very ingenious ElTay on Tafte. Nor fhould we forget the Sher^dr"M ^P^L'-^''^'""..r ^° '^efe we migi add a lift of female writers filrs MiT Broke^r '?^^^ ^^''c- ^"f ''°u°' ^''r ^""'^'^ ^"- ^^^'i*^^' ^rs. Griffith. a* their wr^tin!', ' "'' ^'''*'"'^ °'^" "^'"^ ^"'^^«' ^^° *^'^ not p>uNia jurn\ as tneir writings are anonymous. •' ^Im^^ we, Denham, e'er forget thy Itrain, w hijft Cooper's bill commands the neighbo-'.ring plain. R E I. Ireland now produces a catalogue of fcenic writers, ionie of v^hom fun/ clan hodie tt mi olim nominabuntur; but as u depends upon futurity to allot them their refpec live niches in the temple of fame, we ftiall only give a lift of fuch as occur to lephfon, Bickerftaff, Dobbs, Griffith, Howard, Johnfon, Murphy, Mackhn, US O'Ha'rarO'Keefie, Mc. NaUy, Weft, &c.— Of her late writers in this line are fon:c, u'hofe uames are not yet forgotten; and others whofe works Ihall laft as long as the Englifti ftage fhall hold the mirror up to nature: tarl of Orrery ;N. late ; Con- cannen; John Kelly, author of the Married Philolopher &a Dr. Madden, of The- niiftocles; Jones, of the Earl of Effex; Morgan, of Philoclea; Hartfon, of the Counters of Saliftjury, &c. A. Philips; Mrs. Centlivre; Sir R. Steele; larquhar; Southerne, Congreve, Brooke, and Kelly, .^^,,/.-u j u- It would perhaps be injurious to the memorv of Dr. Goldfmith, to draw his poeti- cal charaaer from his theatrical pieces, though they are replete with the true wi co- wica. His fame niuft be founded upon his Traveller, Dcferted Village, Vicar of Wakefield, and Citizen of the World. „ j ^u- •. i University.! Ireland contains but one univerfity, which is called IVinity-col- leKC. It was founded in 1591. '" 'he reign of Elizabeth ; but its original conftitution being found imperfea, in 1637 it received a new charter, and another fet of ftatutes, compiled by archbifhop Laud. This prelate made fevcral eflential alterations in the conftitution of the college, themoft material of which was the depriving the fellows of theeleftionof their provoft, the appointment to that important office being from thenceforth referved to the crown. To make the fellows fonie amends for the lofs of their firft privilege, it was appointed by the new charter that they fhould be tenants for life in their fellowftiips, if they remained unmarried, or unprovided with a bene- fice of more than lol. in the king's books, whereas by the firft charter they were to quit their office in feven years after they became of niafter's ftandmg. At the lame tuue tbc number of fellows was enlarged from feven to fixteen, diftinguiffied into feven fcnior fellows and nine junior, and the number of Icholars was augmented to ievcnty The government of the collei^e was placed in the provoft and major part oi the fenior fellows, from whofe decifioUs an appeal was gi^en to the vifitors, which are the chancellor of the univerfity, or his vice-chancellor, and the archbiffiop ot Dublin. The provoft has a negative voice in all the proceeding? of the board of ie- iiiors • and to him is alfo committed the extraordinary powerof nominating any can- didate to a fellowftiip (who ftiall have luftain^d the whole previous exannnation) even againft the unanimous fenfe of the other exaniiners. '1 he only reftramt upon hini from exerting this privilege is a regard to public Opinion, which is fure to take the part of his affeflbrs ; and accordingly the right has hitherto been exerted fpanngly. The number of fellowffiips fixed at prefent is twenty-two, feven fenior, and tiiteen iunior The emoluments of a fenior fellowftiip are fuppofed at prefent to exceed 6001 yearly. Theeldeft of the juniors, if no objeftion lies againft him, isek-aed by the provoft and feniors to a fenior fellowftiip within three days after a vacancy is known. But to a junior fellowftiip admiftion is obtained only by fuftaining publicly one of the fevereft trials of the human faculties, of which we have any modern ex- pcviencc or even knowledge from hiftory. The candidates for this office, who muft have taken a bachelor's degree in arts, are examined in public hall three days fuc- celllvcly, for two hours in the morning, and as many in the afternoon of each day ; the firft morning in logic and metaphyfics, tirll evening, in all branches of the mathe- matics ; fccond morning, in natural philofophy, fecond evening, m ethics; thud muvi V ituu L-hf' r\r\lr\tt%r ihirc! evenin". in the Greek, Latin, brcwlanguages : the fourth day's bufinefs is private before the fenior ledurer, being the compofition of a theme in the morning, and of Latin or Greek verfes m the even 3 G % 4IS R N D. mg. TTie examination is in Latin, and the days appointed for it are the four days immediately preceding Trinity-Sunday. The examiners who are the provoft and fe- niorfellows (orintheabfenceof anyof thefe, the next in fenjority among the ju- niors) after a fcrutiny among themfelves in the board-roc«n on Trinity Monday, pro. ceed to give their vote for the candidate or candidates whom they think fitteft to fup- ply the vacant fellowfhips, when, if the provoft docs pot choofe to bterpofe, the vote of the majority of the feniors is decifive; and the fuccefsfiil candidate is pre- lentlv after fworn into office in the college chapel. The fcholars of the houfe hold their places at the moft for four years only, being obliged to quit them when they become of the ftanding of a mafter of arts. Of the feventy fcholars, therefore, about twenty gooff every year, whofe places are filled up by eledlion of the fenior fellows on the fame day with that of the eleiaion to a feUow- Ihip. The candidates for fcholarfhips undergo an examination by the fenior fellows in the Greek and Latin claffics, for three days in the week before Wbitfuntide, four hours each day. The fcholars of the houfe, as they are called, are diftributed into two claffes ; fifty fcholars, whofe emoluments are four pounds per annum, and free commons, and twenty natives, who have twenty pounds yearly, with commons. Thefe L-jft are chofen to native places from the moft diligent of the fcholars, as vacan- cies happen. A fpirh of emulation to excel in their ftudies is fcarcely in any place of education fo well fupportcd as among the ftudents of Dublin college, owing to the excellent in- ftitution of public quarterly examinations. Three of the four terms of the year are clofed with a vacation of from three to four weeks each, and the fourth with a long vacation of four months, during which the ftudents have time to prepare themfelves for a public examination, that begins the bufinefs of the next enfuing term. Two days are allotted to this examination, four hours each day. The examiners are the fellows under the degree of doftor, and the refxdcnt mailers ; the examined are all the undergraduates, dillributtd into four claffes, and each clals into divifions of twenty or thirty peifons, accordmg to the number of ftudents and examijiers. The fubjeils of examination are all the fciences in which the examined have been inftrufled to that thne, together with the particular portbn of the Greek and Latin claflics ap* pointed to be read by each clafs durmg the term preceding the examination : a Latin theme is alfo demanded of each perfon, the fecond morning of the examiuatiou, on a fubjeft given out by the examiner the evening before. 1 he examiners are furni'fhed with lifts of the names of the perfons they are to examine, with feparate columns for every branch of the examination, in which columns they diftinguifh by technical marks the refpedtive anfwering of the ftudents, and after tne examination make a re- port of the fame to the fenior lecturer. The^ reports, which are called Judgments, being fubmitted to theinfpedtionof the board, are read publicly, a few days after the examinations in the college hall, when they operate powerfully to the credit or dil- grace of the parties concerned. Some of thefe judgments are of fo humblmg a na- ture, that the perfon who ha* deferved them is not accounted as having anfwered an. examination for that time, a certain number of which examiuations he muft fuflain be. fore he is admitted to the firft degree in arts, hi Hillary term, the beft anfwerer in each divifion receives a premium of books, ftamped with the college arms, to the value of forty fhillings: in the other three examinations, if the perfon who has be- fore obtained a premium in that year, appears to be the beft a ufwercr again, he is ho- noured with a certificate on vellum in lieu of a premium, which is then acljuaged to the fecond beft in the divifion, in order to fpread the flame of emulation more widely. I'he ettedt of this judicious diftribution of rewards and cenlures is greit, nlmoft be- yond conception : nor does any thing feem w^antillg to the perfetSiion of fucb a fy- N D. 413- fteni bcfides a provillon for augmenting the number of examiners in proportion to the daily encreafxng demand for them. The whole number of undergraduates in Dublin college fcarcely ever falls fliort of four hundred (the entire number of colle- eiates on the books being ufually above fix hundred) ; and of the undergraduates if more than twenty are thrown into a divifion, it becomes difficult it not impoffible to appreciate their merits juftly within the time allotted to the examination. It belongs to others to confider, whether this inconvenience might not be obviated by allotting annual ftipends, till they became of dodor's ftaading, to a certain number of fuch maftersof arts as had miffed of obtaining a fcUowfhip after anfwenng for it wuh Befides the two and twenty fellow(hips, there are on the foundation five royal profef- forftiips, divinity, common law, civil law, phyfic, and Greek. The ialary of the divinity profeffor (who muft have been a fenior fellow) is 500I. per annum : that of the common- law is 360I. All the other profeffors have one hundred pounds per annum each : and there are, befides the already mentioned, profeffors of mathematics, Oriental tongues, modern languages, oratory, hiitory, and natural philofophy. Incidental emoluments raife the profeiforihip of natural philofophy above moil of the others in value, except divinity and common law. The late Sir Patrick Dunn, knight, bequeathed a confider- ableeftate for the fupport of three profeffors in medicine, viz. theory and practice ot phyfic, furgery, and midwifery, pharmacy and the materia medica : but the leftures in thofe branches having been littl? attended, the wifdom of parliament has of late interpofed to carry into more eflcdlual execution in future the intentions of the public- fpirited founder . Many are the imall exhibitions for the encouragement and fupport of youth in a place of education, which being fituated in a metropolis, muft of courfe be expenfive. The ftudents are claffed under three ranks, fellow-commoneis, penfioners and fizars. The neceffary annual expence of a fellow-commoner, iloath- ing and books included, is about tool, of a penfioner about 70I. A fizar receives bis commons and inftrudion gratis: the number of thefc laft is commonly about tlurty. It is but juftice indeed to this learned body to obferve, that its difcipliue is fo good, as in a great meafure to prevent complaints of inifbehaviour againft the ftudents, not- withftandiugtheir youth and numbers, and the many temptations of a great city. And if fome inconveniencies do occafionally refult from the lituation of this college, - an impartial enquirer will hardly deny, that they are greatly overbalanced bv the op- portunity which the fame fituation affords to the youth of the kingdom for improve- ment in liberal manners, the eflea of which is vifible on a compariibii between the clergy of the eftablifhed church of Ireland, and thofe of the fame level m almoft any other country. . , , , , 1 Vacancies among the fellows of the college are made either by death, or the accept- ing of a benefice in the church to the value of lol. per annum and upwards in the king's books. The profeffors alfo of divinity and common law, muft vacate their ftllowfiiips to hold thefe two offices. The college poffeffes a patronage of about eighteen church livings, all in the province of Uifter, in value from three hundred' pounds yearly to upwards of one thoufand, for which they are chiefiy indebted to • the munificence of King James I. to whom they efchealed by the rebellion of O'Neill. The fupplying thele benefices with incumbents as they become vacant, keeps up a tolerable circulation amoi>g the leading members of ttie college ; and it is earneftly to be wifhed, for the good of the eftablifhed church of Ireland in general, as well as for the particular advantage of the univerfity, that the patronage of this, learned body may by all honeft mean* be encreafed. As tothe'ftnid\ure, it is unqueftionably one of the nobleit ol the kmd lii Europe. It extends in front above 300 feet, and in depth 600, and is divided into two neatly 414 E N D, equal fquares. J he pnncipal front, oppofite College-green, which was creaed in 1759. IS in the Corinthian order, and built of Mountain Hone, as are all ihe build ings m the fiHl Iquaie, the eaft fide of which is intended to be ornanietucd with aii elegant Jleeplc and fpire near 150 feet high. On the north fide is the refeaorv or dining hall, a ipacious room, with the front ornamented with Ionic pilafters Con neaed with this, and projeding into the fquare, there is now building a chanel" whole front as intended to corrdpond with that of the oppofite theatre. This chapel IS couueaed to tlie weft front by a regular range of buildings for the ftudents : as are • . thole on the louth fide, till joined with the theatre, which projeas into the fquare ''"'" Ihe Iront ot ihis theatre is ornamented with four columns in the Corinthian orde/iw. and pediment, and is greatly admired for its delicacy and elegance: but its connexion'""''''' with the adjoining buildings is lb imperfea, as to leilen much of the efiea It is in ' '"'^ tended for kaures, examinations, &c. 'ihe ornaments of the inner part, pariicularlv theftucco work, are much admired, andi.aten compartments therein are placed full length portraits of their prefent majefties, Qiieen Elizabeth (the foundre(s). Primate Unier, Archbilhop King. Bilhop Berkeley. D^an Swift, DoAor Baldwin, Mr. Mo^ lyneux (author of the Cafe of Ire/and) and Mr. Grattan. The inner fquare is partly compofed of plain brick buildings, containing apart- ments for the lludents. The fouth fide is entirely taken up by a fuperb library fun ported by a piazza ereaed in 1 73 2. The mfide of the library is beautiful and 'com- modious, and embelhfhed with bufts in white marble of Plato, Socrates Ariftotle Cicero Demollhenes Homer, Sbakfpeare, Milton, Bacon, Newton, Locke, Bode Swift, Ufher, iarl of Pembroke, and the doaors Delany, Lawlbn, Gilbert ind Baldwin. Few public bodies have been fo much indebted to the munificence of their nicui bers, as the univerfity of Dublin has been to the two laft mentioned gentlemen who were contemporaries for many years in the refpeaive offices of provoft and vice-pro voft. Dr. Baldwin, after go iteming the college for the fpace of two and forty ^ e ir« died in 17.58 aged upwards of ninety. By his will he bequeathed to the colie in' real and perfonal property, to the amount of near ioo,oool. out of which his execu tors fhortly after purchafed,i;or the ufe of the body, two advowfons, and founded twonewfellowlhips. Dr. Gilbert enriched the libraiy by a bequeft of his books I2000 volumes, cholen by himfelf in along courfe of years for this purpofe without regard to expence, by a valuable coUeaion of MSS. prims and medals: and laftlv by 14 marble bufts (enumerated above) of ancient and modern worthies, executed by the beft mafters at a confiderable coft. The fhelves of the library will contain bv coraputat^n, 60,000 volumes : two thirds of them are at prefent full, containing be- fidesDr. Gilberts (which IS the beft), the entire libraries of the great archblfhon Uftier, one of the original members of this univerfity, and about 5000 volumes, part ot the colleaioa of another fellow of the college, the late Right Rev Dr Pallifer archbilhop of Caihel. • '^h The printing office is a neat ftruaurc, built in the modern tafte. The anatomy houfeis worthy of mfpeaion, as among other curiofities, it contains a fct of figures m wax, reprefent.ng women in every ftage of pregnancy. They are executed from real fkeletons, and are the produa of alinoft the whole life of an ingenious French artift. They were p-irchaled by the late Karl of Shelburne, who made a prefent of them to the college. ^ Exclufive of thefe buildings we have defcribed, there are feveral others that de- ferve notice; but the limits we are confined to wjll nnf norrnn "«> >o "in-r ^nm n n. particular detail. We muft however juft obfcrve, that feveral noble additions and improvements are now. making 10 this illuftiious Jeat of learning. .) as Ui> m . . i< .... II... i>knmnii! (liO dit: lUIWOOIIt SUow V ? .1 «L.\.l wa* of opiui""' '' V D. 415 at ai, lowmrt friH,'^*^' Itiu have pu' wh..U«d bee.. W'"LtST«^ »«l>.i-'^^ . ,..,t to t«kB t.o< c« f-"^ *""^^ tVttI p»or« t«. aim iwmwi »o , ,.i.,i <»iinBi The Royal Irish Academy of Science, Polite literature, and Antiquities, wa« incorporated by letters patent in 1786, under the paironagc of his niajefty, and is compofed of fonie of the moft learned and ing€?iipiB;^en in the kingdom. They itii •lit I' . iiwniinTs, ,.,,„. «!!» »-:: ^''•'^ ' tVv.''c*l)-.i .•f'|« 'H» SUowuiin to foUo'vlln, «»'»"•>. ■• i,;. «^ were the \»j>«r«'»P"t'««;*"'"',^k thM t«i* ^,t!'HivUriuH'--^«Vx 'If/he vmtter for Wh Ue the [f;' '^'^'^f '^^r vte a. a Hi»«»"- »loo, the MottUeT »;^-;;^j,^; „o^ ,„,|.K p«"-, seut«Jic« Loinew Fair, art"' w*"'* ".* *V " i.s. nmi«rtr ,4o.l.e* Fair. »«"^,"^'";* X,v t. b« bm P-^twrtf «,herM.H;nlH««l the M '"^ ^n, r„, („„r dollar,, loukey, and '"^*Vl,,"ea ibal h»» masffr I , uirly r-rf^. '"ri^HUev. wblcb ».«.••«.; „ „ -a* Tbe- fCfei^r bad tiiiio 1 «ic-b. yiul-n'^^' V fur bim to tlf.eulp upjn » ^ ^ , .;. ,1,^ L^.„ xs,crtion on both ='^;Y;'; j^^Uhin tU.n di. a*ll»i!'tab!.!. most attacbed, • n« "''"'''„ .^,itt;U made iver, nnduut, — ^.,sniauifrtstedup<) |»«^.and ordered blm to *Uoum^ ■.V'"»,«f.„«6 ♦obisUrd illcd to bin.,'" ;:?;t.pS:n'^ventu..^ig.^^^.jSiJ r. I ue uo»" r jj^ Yiyn, tliisordor, ■ fiM,. M.iiikfV IIH'"""> .. 1 _J .....I ■.•>utli> a th« «il..r «.b«'j>'-«;-';" ""bole i^. one of UU , ^,»kl the T J»')',"i'?,t. 'for . is fa*hU>rtable fur towtearear.r.nptbK-6.U«. 1 ,,„rr..t ,|,oak,aad,«rton..'t>U «_o,j^^^^ ^_^^,.,„ ^, ,ea. Tbe U.»n J.^V" TbeSbowmaniefuied p^ll claim t.. tbe MojiUey; ^^'J« Monkey, and pediment, and is greatly admired for its delicacy with the adjoining buildings islb imperfeft, as to leU« tended for ledures, examinations, &c. I'he oruamei theftucco work, are much admired, and in ten comp. length portraits of their prefent niajefties, Q^cen El' TJflier, Archbiftiop King, Bifhop Berkeley, Dean Sv\ lyneux (author of /be Cafe of Irelatuf) and Mr. G rattan. The inner fquare is partly compol'ed of plain brick ments for the lludents. The fouth fide is entirely take ported by a piazza erected in 1 7^^ 2- The mfide of the modious, and embellifhed with bufts in white marble Cicero, Demoilhenes, Homer, Shakfpeare, Milton, E Swift, Uftier, Earl of Pembroke, and the dodors Baldwin. Few public bodies have been fo much indebted to 1 bers, as the univerfit^ of Dublin has been to the two were contemporaries for many years in the refpe(flive voft. Dr. Baldwin, after governing the college for t^ died in 1758 aged upwards of ninety. By his wi' real and perfonal property, to the amount of neai ' tors Ihortly after purchaled, for the ufe of the b ■. two newfellowfhips. Dr. Gilbert enriched the." 12000 volumes, chofen by himfelf in along cou|, "• regard to cxpence, by a valuable coUedlion of|" by 14 marble bufts (enumerated above) of ancif • by the beft mafters at a confiderable colt. The $ * computation, 60,000 volumes : two thirds of tb< - fides Dr. Gilbert's (which is the beft), the enti^ . Uftier, one of the original members of this univl of the colleAion of another fellow of the coUegf archbifhop of Caftiel. ', The printing office is a neat ftrufturc, built in houfeis worthy of infpetSlion, as among other c. in wax, reprefenting women in every ftage of pre real flieletons, and are the produ, 1 stdu)"," tlie Ktud)' ^pf «\fr tVUinvjoan;^ in Irelmid, indeed, it is impussi- DJe to overlndk it, for the Iri«l)m;ui force* liiiiiMjiron your- notice by truiu of oliHrocter kj peculiurlv itriii- ing, as tt> eitgoge thd attention cvun of the mojt un- dbserVant,. .; . Tb»r»i ii»,Ia tl>e Irith di«ract«r, • conibinnlion of qMntiUsSj; apparently so opposed to t-acli otiier, iw nii^htfMizsitt the Doundi'st cruniflln^ist : gruut leviiv and It9«di«s«ii«8ii, c;tllitfg,o| ^vit.and humour, emauHtlng from u vivimi- ty, often nitcrfuptad by periods, of (U;|ncs(iioii and uiilnHcltoly;gr(?ut afttifity of mind, witlunuciinppa. rent iodaleiicu of body : re!ii;;nution, n:ty checrful- !!«!«< u()dcr th^niOKt trying visitations of I'rovidciice, with a nrnrked'upirit of resifitancu to the rcstraitits iippost'd by hnnvm law ; feurless of death, impetuous, impalient of injury or insult, revengeful, yet gratu, ant Ims not been easily etiected, nor did he relinquisli his hospitable feelings until he had b'-en sorofy atiiicted by indulging them:— the de- structive prevalence of iPEVKn', hnd the Const'quent -J . _ dread of infection have wrought this chaTige; a com. O /ij' giouS Epidemic liaving jbr tlie liist two years, entailt more misery and diiitress upon tlie poor i|f Irulant), than any former combination of cuuscs. " Plague, . pestilence, and famine," Intve united to afflict tlie land, tind s ca{)in is scarcely to be fomurin the | island, Wliicli Has not to dephm' *• n fi\ther, f- or firstborn slaiii " N t). 4t5 >i «• Ml. uy, tlie «lu(l)- I, it is impojsi- rco« ItiiiiMjiron levuliuriv itriii- if the tno9t tin- conihinntlon of fucli otiier, as •t : gruat levity miiitll si. nee of city ; frwjUint i'ruiii u vlviiui- (li;|ircs8iuii iiitU itli imicli »|)|i3. , nny theert'ul- ol' I'roviilciice, the rcstraitits *th, impetuous, .'iul, yul gratu, ltd, ihoy will ICC or to testify I character not llections of mi lion iind urire. of tht'ir siipu- if itiiprosr'ions, ig siiicu bi'tter ' ure II pcojjlc, s iiifliori'i vix I- judicious ma- ' luiiUud gL'iitry I cuniiiini-d uf- is not yet baun tail tliepa'seiit ,' politics iiav- ig secured, and r attention. ttfibnte of the k ordefjrtje: if rthy iimong the be prized as a le coniuiunity, compense, will til the hiinjry, e .chiiVa6t«fr gf icli niah/woiilil' ispitablt; atteti. L' beggtir rc;."!- Icoine." This 1 neasunt, iioA' rus the beggar 1 tlie diarucier y eli'ciited, nor lie until he had leni : —the de- he consequent )a'fige;acon(: years, entailt tor i»f Irulaiif), js. " I'iague, I J to afiliot tlie found In the | l\ther, «•• The RoTAL Irish Academy of Science, Polite iifcratiuc, and -Antiquities, van incorporated by letters patent in 1786, under the paironagc of his niajefty, and is compofed of fonie of the moft learned and ingc?iipiB,^T?cn »" ^^c kingdom. They have publilhcd two volumes of their tranfiidiions,. w)iich confift of feveral curious and valuable papers, on various fubjedls, pseientcd by di.ierent members; which have been /eceivcd by the literary ux>rld,wilh much applaufo. This inditutioii cer- tainly forms a new aera in the Hiilory of lril"h Literature, and will doubtlefs be produc- tive of the moft diftinguilhed coiifeiiuenccs, "iu the promotion of fcience and general erudition amongft us. ^ r • Character and Mannf.ks.] Notwithllanding the baleful efledis of various poluical caufes ; though luxury enervates; though corruption diffolves and effaces j though extreme mileiy diftorts and deforms; and though a revenue is made to depend in Ireland, on what direftly tends to blaft fhe vigour of mind and body ; Hill are the great features, which have at all times charaftcrized Irilhmen, plainly difcernible by the attentive and impartial obferver. The moifture, the unparalelled temperature of the climate, the vivifying brecze.i of the weft, are here very favourable to animal as well as to vegetable growth. The Irifti are inferior to none in bodily ftrength and beauty, they are -perhaps fuperior to any in pliability and agility of limbs. Always inclined to manly and martial exercifes, they readily confront any un- dertaking ; their bodies are htted to any climate, or to any difficulty, and from the fame fourte might perhaps be derived, that fpirit of haoifm which has fo emi- nently charaderized them. Strong intelleas, warm fancies, and acute feelings, have generally earned them beyond the liiie of mediocrity ; and whether the depths of fcicncc were to be ex- plored, the heights of heroifm attained, or fympathy awakened in the inn^oft roul, Irifhmcn would be equal to the talk. In virtue too they take an uncommon range, and in the paths of vice they are not flow or backward. Even the blunders with which they have been charged by their good neighbours, may have fome foundation in truth, if by blunders we are to underftand, thofc qui-k fallies by which the re- gular concordance of words is broken and overleaped for fomeihing bold and expreflive in the thought. But what peculiarly diftinguifhes the Iiifli charatfter i^ a comprehcniion of qualities which are feldom found compatible. Sudden ardour ; unabating perfeverance ; univerfal aptitude ^ firm adherence ; impatiaicc of injury; . a long remembrance of it ; ftrength of refolution ; tendernefs of afiedtion. Thefc outlines of the Irifti charader, may be filled by the full grown lineaments, which the writers of different ages, and of different cjuntries, have affixed to it. The Irilli have been reprefented, ftrongly aduated by a thirft of glory ; prodigal of life, impetuous, vindidiivc, generous, hofpitable, curious, credulous, alive to the charms of mufic, conftant in love or hatred. Qii^aliiies fo powerful, (o various, and fo oppofite, if properly attempered, would exhibit human nature in its higheft perfeftion ; but when difcompofed, fometimes by too much internal energy, and often by external adventitious circuniftances ; they have mvariably produced a fpirit of difcord, which has uniforml)^ led this unhap- py people to mifery and ruin. The influence of this infernal fpirit, with a mul- titudinous train of evils, acceding as well as following, has here deformed the gene- . ral .view of nature; fo that we muft defcend from public to private life; from the ftatefman to the citizen ; or on the other fide, arife from the vaffal to the indepen- dent* man,^ in order to find thofe glowing lints which ftrongly mark the manners of the people. In Ionic fequeftered fpot, untainted by luxury, undifturbed by low am* bition, and not diftrafted by the agitating band of opprelTion, behold the Irifh, 4 Its I N D. and they (liall command vour eftecm and afieaion. In their fecial intercouife how open! how chcarfiil! through the circle of their acquaintance how ready to oblige! m lentunent how noble! in their general condud how dignified ' Weak- nels IS lure to meet their pity and proteflion ; iniblence never fails to roufe them to reimance. Ihe ftranger among them forgets his home; his defires are conftantly prevented and are conftantly gratified by a pleafing variety. With the ancient Romans, a Itranger and an enemy were fynonimous; with thelrifti it is otherwife the Itranger is a friend. ' Virtues fo warm and beneficent, naturally expand ; and the philanthropy of Irilhmen IS not chilled in the frigid, or wafted in the torrid zone. Their patriotifm too 18 of the raoftardemkind: but its objedUies confufed, and its progrefs muft therefore be irregular or fruitlefs. Better then to throw a veil over it! until the fious^ ^^^'^°^ *^^' ^'^^^ * ^^^"^^^ diteaion to great but mifguided paf- u^cA^^y^^' *^^"' ^'^ !"*y conclude, that their capacity is vaft, but reftrained and abuled; their manners amiable when vS^^ved in their native form; and that their vir- tues are fubhme and of the moft fplendid kind. The lofty traits which diftinguiih Irilhmen, and which may be with juftice referred to their nature, are disfigured, it niult be owned, and well nigh concealed from view, by many bafb and odious vices: vice; which ieem foreign to the nature of Iriftimen, and which can beeafily trafied to known fources,-where the policy of a Machiavcl might appear as virtue, and the cruelty of an Alva as mercy and favor ! o rr . But the time is not far diftant, we may hope, when the ardour of Irifli virtue will confume the bale alloy by which it is tarnilhed, and exhibit to the world the charader which nature herfelf has ftamped, that of a great and virtuous PEOPLK. w"u» This^charaaer, whilft it brings the national virtues forward to the fore- ground with the warm colouring of juftifiable partiality, is not inattemive to the rank which the darker Ihades ihould hold in the piaure ;— however, to enable the reader to compare it with the light in which we are viewed by the colder judgments ot foreigners we fhall prefeut the following touches lixjm the pencil of a refpeaable ■tngliln traveller.* •^ " It is but an illiberal bufmefe for a traveller, who defigns to publifh remarks upon a country, to lit down cooly in his clolet aud write a faiire on the inhabitants. Se- venty ot that fort muft be enlivened with an uncommon fhare of wit and ridicule to pleale. W here very grofs abfurdities are found, it is fair and manly to note them • but to enter into charaaer and difpofition is generally vmcandid, fiuce there are no people but might be better than they are found, and none but have virtues which de- lerve attention at Icafc as much as their failings; forthefe reafons this feaiou would not have found a place m my obfervations, had not fome peHbns, of much more flippancy than wiidom, given very grofs mifrepiefentations of the Irilh nation. It 15 with pleafure thereJorc, that I take up the pen, on the prefent occafion, as a much longer refidenre there enables me to exhibit a very different pidure; in doing ttiis, J Ihall be iree to remark, wherein I think the condua of certain claffes may have given nfe to general and tonlequcntly injurious condemnation. _ " 1 here are three races of people in Ireland, fo diftina, as to ftrike the l.-aft atten- live traveller : thefe are the Spanilh, which are found in Kerry, and a part of Lime- rick and Lorke, tall ami thin, but well made, a long vilkge, dark eyes, and long • Mr. Young, in his late Tour in Ireiunil. ! E N D, 41? Hack hair. The limc is not remote when the Spaniards had a kmd of fculcnicnt on the coaft of Kerry, which feenicd to be overloeople, their accent, and many ol then cuftoms, In a diftria, near Dublin, but more particular in the baronies c.t Bargie and Forth in the county of Wexford, the Saxon tongue is liK,keu without any mix- ture of the Irilh, and the people have a variety of cuitouis, which diftinguilh them from their neighlxjurs. The Milefian race of Inlh, which m -y be calkd mtnr, are fcattercd over the kingdom, but chiefly found in Connaught and Munller; a few confiderable families, whofe genealogy is undoubted, remain, but none of them with confiderable poiTeffions, except the O'Briens and Mr. O'Neil. O Hara and M'Dcr- mot are great names in Connaught, and O'Donnohue a conliderable one m Kerry ; but the O'Connors, and O'Drifchals in Corke, claim an origin prior m Ireland to any of the Milefian race. ^ , , 1 1 1 • i '.u^,,* « The only divifions which a traveller, who paffed through the kingdom, without any refidenee, couid make, would be into people of conf>derable fortune and mob. The intermediate divifion of the fcale, fo numerous and refpe^able m England, would hardly attradt the leaft notice in Ireland. A refidcnce in the kingdom con- vinces one, however, that there is another clafs, in general of Hnall fortune,-coun. try gentlemen and renters of land. The manners, habits and cuftoms ot people ot confiderable fortune, are much the fame every where, at leaft there is very little difiercnce between England and Iidand, it is among the common people one mult look for thofe traits by which we difcriminate a national charaaer. The circum- ftances which ftruck me moft in the common Irifti were, vivacity and a great and eloquent volubility of fpecch. They are infinitely more cheaHul and lively than any thing we commonly fee in England, having nothing of that incivility of fullen filence, with which fo many EngUfhmen feem to wrap thenifelyes up, as if retiring within their own importance, l^zy at work, but fo fpintedly adhve at />«>-, that at hurling and other manly exercifes, they fhcw the greateft feats of agility, fheir love of fociety is as remarkable as their cuiiofity is inlatiable ; and ttieir hofpitality to all comers, be their own poverty ever fo pinching, has too much ment to be tor- ffotten. Pleafed to enjoyment with a joke, or witty repartee, they will repeat it with fuch expreflion, that the laugh will be univerfal. ^ Warm friends and revenge- ful enemies: they are inviolable in their fecrecy, and inevitable in their refentment; with fuch a notion of honour, that neither threat nor reward would induce them to betray the fecret or peribn of a man, although that man were an oppreflor. Hard drinkers and quarrelfome ; but civlL fubmiffive and obedient. Dancing is fo univer- fal among them, that there are every where itinerant dancing-maftm, to whom the cotters pay fix pence a quarter for teaching their families. Belides the Irilh jig, which they can dance with a moft /uximant expreflion, minuets and country dances are taught; and I even heard of cotillons coming in.— Many ftrokes in their charac- ter are evidently to be afcribed to the extreme oppreflion under which they live. If they are as great thieves and liars as they are reported, it is moft certainly owing ^°« Bm I muft now come to another clafs of people, to whofe condud it is almoft entirely owing, that the charader of the nation has not that luflre abroad, which I dare affert, it will foon very generally merit : this is the dafs of hule country gentle- &o. AlV. tr •4X8 L N D. men tenants who dunk their claret by means of profit rents; lobljers in farms- bucks ; your icllovvs with round hats, edged with gold, who hunt in the day. cet drunk in the cvoiiuig and fight the next morning. I ihall not dwell on a fubkafo perfedtlv dilagrecable. but remark that thefe are the men among whom drinking, duellini ravifhiug *cc. &c. arc found as in their native foil; once to a degree that nude them I tic pelt ot lociety ; they are growmg better, but even now, one or two of them got by accident (where they have no bufinels) into better company are fuflBcient to deranue the plealures that relult from a liberal couverfalioii. A new fpirit ; new fafhions: new modes ot po itencls exhibited by the higher ranks are imitated by the lower, which wiil. It 18 to be hoped, put an end to this race of bemgs; and either drive their fons and coulins into the army or navy, or fink them into plain tradefmen or farmers like thole we have in England, where it is common to fee men with much greater property without pretending to be genilemen. I repeat it from the intelligence I recewecf. that even this clajs are very diHerent from what they were twenty years ago and improve fo faft that the time will foon come when the national charafler will not be degraded by any let. " Uhat charadtcr is upon the whole refpeftable: it would be unfair to attribute to the nation at large the vices and follies of only one clafs of individuals Thofe perlons from whom it is candid to take a general eflimate do credit to their country. Ihatthey are a people leanml, lively and ingenious, the admirable authors they have produced will be an eternal monument, uimefs their Sw ift, Sterne, Congreve. Boyle, Berkeley, Steele, Farquhar, Southerne, and Goldfmith. Their talent for eloquence is telt, and acknowledged in the parliaments of both the kingdoms Our own tervice both by iea and land, as well as that (unfortunately for us) of the prin- cipal monarchies of Europe fpeak their tteady and determined courage. Everf un- prejudiced traveller who vifits them will be as much pleafed with their chearfblnefs as obliged by their hofpitality; and will find them a brave, polite, and liberal people. Religion] The eftablilhed religion of Ireland is the Proteftant ; its ecclefiaftical dikiphue IS fumlar to that of England, and is under four archbiftiops and eighteen bifhops. Ihefourarchbilhoprics, are Armagh, Dublin, Cafhel and Tuam ; and the eighteen bilhoprics are Clogher, Clonfert, Cloyne. Cork. Derry, Down, Dromore, Elphm, Kildare, K^l.ala, Killaloe, Kilmore, Leighlin and Ferns, Limerick, Meath. Oilory, Raphoe, and Waterfbrd. The dilfenters are almoll as various here ?^ in England; but the moft prevailing are the Roman-Catholics, Prefbyterians, G^akcrs, Anabaptias, Moravians, and Me- tnodiits, ail of whom are tolerated by law. Constitution and Laws.] Ireland is at prefent a diftina independent king, dom, governed bvits own parliaments, and its imperul crown is iuleparably annexed by an Inlh ad ot parliament, to that of Great Britain. From the time of the accef- fionof theiovereigntyof Ireland, to the kings of England, until the tenth year of the reigaof Henry VH. the mode of enaflinglaws within the Englifh pale in the par- haments of this country, was nearly the fame as in England; the king's viceroy fura- monmg and holding parliaments at pleafure, in which were enaded fuch ftatutes as were then thought expedient or neceflary. But an ill ufe (as it was then termed) hav- ing been niadeof this power, in particular by Lord Gormanftown, deputy lieutenant m the reign of Edward the Fourth; a fet of afls were introduced by Sir Edward Foynings, lord deputy iu the reign of Henry VII. thence called Poyning's Laws, and • This exprefllon is not to be taken in a general {tn^f, God forbid F ftould give this chara^erof T .' o— ---• — _ ..I..... .... i(.„^, ,11 ,,ci,ti!a: 1 ij.tvc sijjicii been ncquaincea vrich exceptions. —1 mean only that m general they are not the moft liberal people in the kingdom. N D. 419' paffed- one of which, viz. lo Henry VIT. 04. provided. " That no parlumcnt be "hereafter fanm>oned or holden, unlefs the king's beuteuant then being, fnall pi^- « vioXcertifytothe king, under the great feal oi Ireland, the caufes and coni,. « dera ons thereof, and the article,, propofed to be paifed therein ; and that after the .. Sn his council of England, fliall have conf.dcrcd and approved, or altered fa.d « aas^ or any of them, and certified them back under the great leal ot tnglaiid, and « fhal have given licence to fummon and hold a parliament, then the '^^"'e^lhal be « fummoned and held, and the faid afts fo certihed. and none other ftia 1 be therein « inlduccd. paired or rejefted ;" in expofuion of which, by ftatute 3d and 4 h of Philip and Mary, it was afterwards enafted. « That any new caufes or confiderations "night be certified, even during the felUon of parlument." ^ut the ulage. 11 lately was, ?hat bills wercframed in either houic under the name of" heads of a bill or bills and thus wercoflercd to the lord lieutenant and privy council, who on the ufua lap- pUcat?on, traufmittedto the king fuch heads, or rejedled then, without any tranlm.l- ^'°By another of P6yning's laws, viz. 10 Henry VII. c. ilAi M-as enaaed that «« all " ftatutes before that time' paifed in England, fhould be ot force in 1;^'^"^ ' " the making of which law. ill fubfequent Englifti ftatutes were ab urdly luppofcd to have bound * Ireland, if therein named, onncluded under general words. About the beginning of the reign of George I.in confequence of its bang a qucmon whether England had a right to make laws to bind this country, which was ready to Se^SfputedTrthelrilh; L aft was paffed iu the Britifh parhamem (^-h of Geo I. rr) whereby it was declared, " That the kingdom ot Ireland ought t.. be iubordinate « to and de^ndent upon, the imperial crown of Great Britain, as being m epara- « Wy annexed and united thereto, and that the king's "lajcay, v^nh the conlent ot « the lords and commons of Great Britain in parliament affcmblcd, hath power to *• make laws to bind Ireland." ^ , , .„ • ■ \. rrii However this illiberal and unjuft ufurpationof the leginaiive rights of reland u-as of ToTt duration. For after the emancipation of the trade of this kingdom in the yea 1779. the loth ftatute of Henry VII. c. 4. .bef^ "^^'^''Ta^'^A '"'^ '"r h' iered by an a£> paffed in the Irifti parliament, m the twentv-firtt and twenty-lccond years ofVisprefentmajefty George HI. &e. namely, ftatute tfietwenty-firft and twen- Pecond Geo. III. cap-^47. By which it is enaaed, " That the lord lieutenant and "council of Ireland ftiall certify under the great feal ot the lame, to his majefty " without addition, alteration, &c. all fuch bills, and no other as the parliament ot « Ireland Ihall judge to be expedient; that all bills fo certified and returned back « again under the great feal of England, without any alteration whatever, and none « mher, (hall pafs b the Irith parliament." « And that no bill ftiall be certified into « Grea Britain, as a caufo or confideration of holding any parliament Provided « always that no parliament be fummoned or holden, until a licence be obtained lioni « hb^nlajefty, for that purpofe." And this aft of the Irifti legillature was ioUowed by a declaration of rights under the form of an add refs to the throne, »ot a little ftrengthened by the fpifited and united efforts of the whole Inlh natum, who, with onev'oice and with the very arms in their hands with which they detcnded themjehes from the enemies of the empire, when deftitute of their own eltabhfhed forces who at that time were bleeding in every quarter of the world in the lupport of the Bvuiftv 3 H a • This aft ha. been extended f.ncc to all thefe fubfequent Brilini ftatutes reh.tlve to property zvA tr.de ialr^laad. by iUc«tc3Ul and -d Gao= HI, c. 48. (Irilh). P.ia.i .a orUcr to m lt\ Wh-^^^^^he^t'^fr hand, that fenate reftored to the Irilh their legiflattrS they had before done, their commercial rights, not only repealing the 6th Geo I c ? butpalhng anaa renunciatory of their former groundlefs claim to what thev no*w de- clared to be the rights of their hitherto oppreffed and injured neighbours *. At prefent therefore, as was before mentioned, the Irilh nation is governed bv parliaments of us own, which confift of the king in his legillative capacity, the lords fpiritual (22) and lords temporal (now 165), who together with the king (or his vice.^ 'T / ?°xf Tu i^ ' ^""^^^^ commons (300) compofed of knights, citizens and bur- gelfes(ele(aedbytbepeope,) who fit m another ; and thefe in conjunaioa form the Irifh parliament, which alone is empowered with, alone exerts, and alone hath rielu to exert the privilege of making new, or altering or repealing thofe laws already made, for the government of this realm. In which the manner of proceeding from [he firft introduaion of a bill into either houfeiiU it is tranfmitted to England by the lord heutenant m order to receive the royal affent, is nearly the f-me with that of the Jtiritilh parliament. In refpea of duration, tue parliaments of the two countries differ, the parliament of Ireland is at prefent oaennial, and before the beginning of the reign of his prelent niajefty was perpetual: whereas that of Great Britain is feptennial rhe common law of England was adopted hereby the council of Lifmore, in tlie rjf», ?\°'^f-,?''1^TJ'"'^.^ ^' ^^" the common law of Ireland; between which and thai of England there is hardly any difierence, except where the alterations made in it bv the ftatute law of either country, may have produced a flight vaiiation. liut, to fpeak generally, the principles of both are the fame, and the decifions of the courts at Weftnnnfler are of high authority in guiding the determinations (in fimilar F^'5;) of 'h« ^''3% courts at Dubhn, which in number, fuperiority, and extent of jurifdiaion are fimilar to thofe at Weftminfter, fome few and trivial deviations, in the peculiar praaice of each court, excepted. Inconfequenceof the above mentioned reiteration of the conflitutional immunities !l ! ! ^Ti*^'- u""*'" °^ "/°' ?? ^°°8" ^'^^ ^"^^"^ '^^ K'"g's Bench in Ireland, to I? r Weflmmfter, and the ultimate appeal muft now be brought before the Irifh i-loulc of Peers whofe fentence is final and irreverfible. There are likewifeecclefiaftical. and admiralty courts here, as in England, alfo for the general diftnbution of juftice. The kingdom is divided into five circuits ; the nrin- cipal county towns in each of thefe are vifited twice a year by two of the twelve • 22 Geo, III. c. 53 " V/hereas, by an aft of the laft feiHon of this prefent parlmmcnt Hn- \^'rZ A r^r' -"'r^'- ^"'^l'";'^^ ''""^ y^-iof the reign of his late Majeftyf Kinrc" orge I mtjtied an a« lor better fl-curmg the dependency ot the King of Ireland upon the crown of Great ed, (hoiild be repealed.— And whereas, doubts have anlen whether the provifions of the faid aJt are ln?fl!?K '° '""f^/" '^f r°P'^"' I'-^l'ind, the rights claimed by them to be bound only by laws enaaed by his majetty and the parliament of that kingdom, in all cafes whatever, and to have all ac- tions and fuit. at aw or equ;ty. which may be inllituted in that kingdom, decided in his majeltvs courts therein final y, and without appeal from thence,— Therefore, f^r removing all doubts refpec'liL the fame, may ,t pleale your majefty, by and with, &c. &c, that the faid right claimed by the people Ot Ireland, to be bound only by laws enaaed by his majerty, and the parliament of that kingdom. in all cafes whatfoever and to have all aaions, and fuits at law or in e.juity, >vhich may be inditutcd in that kingdom, decided in h.s m^jefty's courts therein finally, and without appeal from thence, (hall he, and It i.s hereby declared .0 be cllabliflicd and .ifcertained for ever, and (hall, at no time hereafter M;; fjiif .iifsned or liUcuiOniiujc.' And then cnafts, that no appe.il to the F.ngHfti courts ihill be received afterlhe firft of June 178a. N n. 421 iudecs whofit as judges of affizc and gaol delivery, altcruatcly, for the hearing and X'ein a SSl 4v;Tgen«al vkw of many branches will not permu any enlarge "T^'lTnTnavioation.] The important confeqnences arifing from the extenfion their giants were ^^i* y „<.neral efleft and feldoni to much local advantage. "fmoTgh r Tnal'co^^^^^^^^^^ Yt'- ^"^°" ''oT^Si edfnTnCnce and extejt (and the onj^ - ^^^^^ '-^ ^ ^^"^^e^ntl ^a^ s^nrd^rtiTyCr^stind^;'^ fome years it ^as obfervxdjhat lu^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ p^^. rfXlTo^etnd^Tiho^^^^^^^^^^ were incorporated by parliamem in ^^rbllnameof tScompanyonJnderua.e^ iSS of alUhe works which\ad been previouOy done at the public expence and fnvefteTwhh ample powers for the better carrying into execution this ^n^portant ob- la Afrer conXing Tvariecy of difficulties, enlarging their capital, raifing further S bv loan Tcahe line was compleated from Dublin to Monaftereven m 1786. Thi^ncSe canal proceeds fron'i the weft end of the metropolis, paffes through Samns R^rtSown, and Rathangan, and in the neighbourhood ot feveral other fo™nd vUlag^^^^^ It croffes the Lifiy on an aquedud bridge of feven arches (con- ftrXdonthemoft ingenious and pe'rmanent princip es) P^^^ces ^^;, ^ill of Down- inasfemal hun^ yards.-runs through a great part of the Bog of Allen.-and falls imo thrRtver Barrow at Monaftereven! after a courfe of 3 14 miles. It is navigated Cboats off omjo^ 50 tons burthen ; and fupplied with water throughout the dif- ferent levels f^^^^^^ ftreams or livers, Y^-J^e Black.wood-nnll. Loughle. Snan Brockafs, and Fouraunfan ftreams on the North; and on the South by the SSS^g S-town and Donore ftreams. and the Mill-town river, which is mI?enSable four miles from the great trunk, and terminates near he Curragh ; but tharXch fS^^ with fuch abundanceofmoft excellent water IS the cSarMorreT aken in at the fifteenth lock about twelve miles from Dublin. There are ^6 locks on this navigation, (6 double and 20 fingle), the falls m which varv from 4lbet A inches, to 19 feet 7 inches. The fummit leve is 202 feet 4 mches a^rlT Jam"vftreet'harbo'nr; 82 feet 9 inches above the river Barrow at Mo- naftereven • and 26<^ feet above the tide m the Lifly at Dublin • l?efe works have been principally conduaed and effeaedby Richard Evans Efq. en4iee!whofe integrity and zeal have been rivalled only by the ingenuity and re- Ses hetlpVa^K of one of the moft arduous undertakmgs in the hiL tory of inland navigation. • The curious may be gratified w.ih lunher particular, vl th.» !i..e, ^7 co..i-c.-„ - - - , s 0U5 and accurate lurvey of it. made by Mr. Brownngg, furteyor. 422 R N D. From this canal a collateral cut to Naas is compleated by the Kildare fnmn. « j feveral others are rneditated ; particularly one to Profperous -^anothe ' to Th / '°h The completion of ihis canal has communicated the moft eflential !>r^v,n^o . hecountjythrough which it paffes. and its vicinity, and tLuX confider^^^^ ent oi the adjoining countries, reclaiming large traSs of land fnd C eS^iarmJ their value, extendmg agriculture, and manufadures, and conveying th^ tm no f? fupphes ot flour, corn, coal, turf, &c. &c. by a cheao and evSn:? ^"^P^^'a"* the metropolis; from whence it tranfports in^etm-n Le t the mtercourfe of the city and countr/ of fuch recip ocal benefit S«^Slr T"^^' tages are to be added, the many cx,nve'niencies aftbrdK trave lin^ &^^^^^^^^^^ bhflimg of commodious pacquet boats on this line which Daffino- r.nJHi ^ i-t^ *' ftages ever,^ day at ftated hours, afford one of the iTft reafonahl.^ ^ ? ■'^'^^'^''1 fodal modes o/couve^ance yet'known in any part S Lrope '' ''^''^"^""^ ^^ l''^ i R N D. 4i3 direflion of this fociety, has proved a prolific nurfery for the fine arts ; ha\ ing pro- duced a number of geniufes, the boaft and ornament of their country, and the admi- ration of foreigners. Tradje and Manufactures.] Thisfubjeft has at length become of confequeuce to the people of Ireland. Through the concuirence of various favourable circum- •ftances, the revolution in America, and the embarraffment of Great Brhain, Pro\i. dence Seconding the courage and virtue of the people, broke the chains, which trad- ing jealoufy and national injuftice, had fo long inipofed upon this country. Whilil the (iin of commerce and power in Venice, in Genoa, in Holland, the Netheiland?, and other countries rofe and fet ; the kingdom of Ireland, more fruitful in foil, more powerfiil in people, more fortunate in fituation, and more ftrong in natural reloiarces, was compelled for feveral hundred years to look on thefe events, a joylefs and indif- ferent fpedator. During that long night of mifery to Ireland, were her fields ftained with the blood of infurreflions rapidly treading on the heels of each other; raifed either by a fenfe of oppreffion, or fomented by the interefted artifices of Englifti mi- nifters and their creatures. — ^Thefe produced perpetual change and confequent infecu- rity of property ; and confifcation being often the objeft, was generally the efledl of excited diforder. In a country fo diftrafted, manufa^ures could not take root, and commerce could not flourilh. Thefe are the oflspring of peace and fettlement, which were here experienced but for (hort intervals till the revolution. The linen and woollen manufaftures feem to be indigenous in Ireland. The for- mer is fpoken of in the earliefl period of our hiftory *, and the materials of flax and yarn, were even protedled from exportation by duties laid thereon fo early as the i ith of Elizabeth ; the woollen appears not only of equal antiquity, and probably anterior to that of EnglanU f, but was encouraged and regulated by various adls of Edward III. Henry VIII. &c. However with the commencement of the feventeenth century, may be dated the firft appearance of tranquillity, and the perfedl cultivation of the arts of peace ; which arofe principally from the attention and equal favour ftiewn to this kingdom by James I. infomuch as Sir John Davis obferves, that the " ftrings of " the Iriftiharp were all in tune;" effedled fays he " by the encouragement given to " the maritime towns and cities ; as well to increafe the trade of merchandize, as to " cherifti mechanical arts." Dining this reign, and until the fatal period of 1641, xhe progrels of trade and manufaftures was fenfible, and the ihipping is faid to have increaf*^ an hundred fold ; but the diforders which arofe at that time were long felt ; manufadlures were eradicated, and the manufadurers had fled ; fo that the principal fource of the national wealth for fome time after the reftoration was the export of live cattle to England ; which national folly or perlbnal hatred to the Duke of Or.. mond, induced the Engliflito prohibit as a " common nuifance," in the year 1C66I, • The faffron-coloartd linen of the ancient Irifli was much celebrated for its beauty, and was ufed in great abundance in thedrefs of the natives. t The eftimation of the lri(h woollen ferges was fuch, that they were imported into Italy fo early as the middle of the 1 4th century, at a time when luxury and the arts had arrived at a great height ia that country. This curious circumftance has lately been afcertained in a very ingenious and fatisfac- tory difcourfe of Lord Charlemont's on the work of a Florentine author and traveller of that age. See vol. I. Tranfaftions R. I. Academy. ^ The words of Sir William Hetty (than whom none knew the (late of the kingdom letter at the time) are very ftrong, * why (hould they breed more cattle, fince it is penal to import them into Eng- • land ? why Hiould they raife more commodities, fmce there are not merchants fufficiently flocked ' to take them of them, nor provided with other more pleafing foreign commodities, to give in cs- ' change for them ? and how Oiould merchants lure deck, fince trade is prohibited and fettered b7 ' ibc (iatutes of b^ngland f 424 I R E N D. In the i2ih Charles H. the original Englifh navigation aa was paflcci, in which Ire- land had an equal participation of its benefits; but fubfequent Englifti llatutes of that reign had not only unjuftly excluded her, but impofed many fcvcre rcftiiaions ca the plantation trade, by which we experienced great commercial haidfhips, till parilv removed by the liberation ot our trade in I7"J9; much of its evils however yet re'- main, particularly in being precluded from landing Well India produce, &c. in V.ns- land from Ireland, which is one of the principal unfair inequalities of trade betwecni the two countries. Deprived of the export of caitle, which was the only fource of her wealth at the time above-mentioned, the nation driven to the utmoft diftrefs, had no relource but in working up her own commodities, to which fhe applied with the greateft aidor. They increafed their number of {beep, and purfued the woollen mauufadure with fuch fuccefs, that it amounted in value in 1687 to a confiderable fum. In that -ear there were exported 11,360 pieces of new draperies, and 1,129,716 yards of frizes; but the troubles which arofe at the revolution mortly after, gave a levere checkto the growing profperity in this line, from which however it began to recovc- in a few years, when it experienced an almoft complete annihilation, by one of the fevered ilrokes of trading defpotifm ever exercifed over a nation. T.'je commercial rejlrainls of Ireland conftdercd, aflbrded the principal materials from which this fliort fketch on our trade has been formed. That work was written at a very interefling period (n-jp) by one of the m<:.ft eminent perfonages in this countiv, for legal, conftitutional, and commercial knowledge, and is compofcd with great can- dor and impartiality from fuch public aas, records, and authorities as are of unquef- lioned authenticity ; j-et it apjiears therein, that from the latter part of the reign of William III. to the late emancipation of our trade, this unfortuiiate countiy had ex- perienced a fcries of the moft wanton and impolitic reftridlions* from England equally injurious to the intercourfT and profperity of both. * In 1698! the lords and commons of England addi^ffed King William, to employ his influence in Ireland to " fupprefs the woollen manufa£lut« therein ;" to which he anfwered the lords, « that his majefty will take care to do what their lordftiips have defired"— and to the commons he anfwered " I fhall do all that in me lies to difcou- rage the woollen trade in Ireland"— and indeed fo fuccefsfiiUy was this baneflil influ- ence employed upon our legiflature, that they paffed an aft laying heavy duties on tbe export of their woollens to England, where a law was alfo made in the following year prohibiting our exports to other countries, fo that between the two legiflatures the manufafture was as completely annihilated as it could be by law. It^ would beabfurd to pay any attention to the reafons which were afligned in jufti- fication of this proceeding; it was in fad the argument of ftrength and union over weaknefs and divifion ; and the affeftation of giving us exclufive polTeflion of the linen manufadure as a compenfation, was only the ofiering of infult in lieu of rights. We poffefTed that manufafture, as has been Ihewn, for ages before, not as the princi- pal, but as fecond to tbe woollen, which was confidered as the ftaple ; a ftaple that employed the larger portion of the nation, that clothed her people, and fupplied a great and valuable export. « The immediate confequences to Ireland fhewed tbe ** value of what (he loft; many thoufand maaufadurers were obliged to leave this * " Since the year 1740 there have been twenty-four cnobargoes in Ireland, one of which 'aflei niree years." Com. Reft, of Ir. f In this year petitions were prefented to the Englifh parliament, ftatinp a fingular grievrnce fuf" fered from Ireland, " by the IriOi catching herrings at Waterford aad We»ibrd. aud fuininir neu lionerj' mariets. ■ l.ng. Cum. Jour. vol. la. " ° R iN 1). 4:1- « kingdom for want of employment j many parts of the fouthcni and wcltern coim- « ties were lb depopulated that they have not yet recovered a rcafonablo number oi «' inhabitants; and the whole kingdom was reduced to the greateft poverty and In confideraiion of this lofs we were to get full and unrivalled pofleffion of the lin^n trade; as if one manufaaure was fufficient for the employment of a whole na- tion efpeeially where a large majority of it were totally ignorant of the procds or habits of the trade, and pdfeffing but little of the necellary material ; whilft m the oth*r the hands were formed even to enviable perfeabti, and the primum vras pol- feffed dt home in abundance.— Our women were to become fpinners for the EngliHi manufaauref«, and the richer were to become the clothiers for the poorer nation. Sevtfral years had clapfed before the promifed encouragement to the hnen was craated; and fo wretched a ftat« was it in, in the year 1700, that our exports of Hnen amovttited iiv vstlue but to 14, 1 1 zV. At length ifl 1 705, on the remonllrance of the Irifh Houfe of Commons, reprefenting the ruinous ftate of the country, the Englilh ports in Afia, Africa and America were open to our white and brown linens, though little advantage could be dirivtfd from k, as we were prohibited by an Enghfh ail of 1670 and another Of V^illiam III. frottr bringing in pTahtation goods, without firll landing *Ad paying the duties in England; bat indeed the principle of exclufive pa- tronage toour mannfadtnre was foon abandoned, " forthe encouragement of this trade « in England and Scotlwid has b*en long a principal objea to the Bruifh legillature, " and the nation that: encOur^ed as to the owdertaking is now become our rival ui The duty laid on our fail-cloth into Gieat Britain in 1 75o> violated the impofed con- traa, cut ihort that branchof the manufaaure, and fends a large fum to foreigners in- llead'of tht filler country for the fame arucle ; fuch is national faith !— linen is now the Jdaple of Scotland, and the extent of the manufaaure in England is faid to be equal to that of the Other tWofcinj^sttS together |.— 1 he bounties granted or the export of L ifii linens from England ifti 743, prolefled to be intended as a favour, yet it has proved more fpccious than fol'id; it enfures fo much of the carrying trade to her, and the extcii- lion of the fame bounties to her own linena has brought forward || her manufaihire, fo that Ihe fends them to market on better terms than the Irilh linens, which are encum- bered with double freight, commiffion, &c. amounting to fourteen per cent, which is fo much in favour of Englifti linens out of Englilh ports at a foreign market. Such was the memorable contraa (aS it was called) forced on this country in 1699. —It was not to prevent the Irilh from underfelling at foreign markets, but to prevent tlieir felling at all ; and the impolicy has proved more injurious to England than her iniuftice. The manufaaures were forced into France, Germany and Spain, {mie which, the two latter fupoly themfelves with many forts of the manufaaure; and fuch has been the progrefs of 'the Frendh that they can nOw underfell the Englifli §. '1 hus was it rooted out of a filler kingdom, and planted in foreign; and thus has the le- eillativewildom of a nianufaauring nation been proved. , ■ , , , Having thus given a Ihort detail of the remarkable occurrences which led to the commercial 11a very of Ireland, we (hall now turn from afubjea, which, howevernc- * Com. Pcft. of Irelmd. t Com. Rea. of Ir. t Lord Sheflle'd' on the trade of Ir p 63. II The Board of Trade reported in 1780, on the opcradoil of thcfe bountieE, that " they forced forwards an exrcnfive Knen manufidui-e in England." , „ & See Com. Reft, of Ir.— Dobb's Eflajr on Trade— Sir Mtithew Dicker.— Evidence on the Com. Prop.-LafTim's Political Ariihraetia— The choice of tviU— Voung's Tour, &c. 425 N D. ceffaiytobeknov^-o, has ceafed to be intercftmg— and fhall take up a view of our trade and niauufaaures when they became lefs reftrided and of more confequence It has been aheady fhewix, that the people of Ireland, deprived of the Woollen were obliged to contme their fole attention to the manufaanre of Linen. As with imliviUuals lo with nations, when the public mind is exclufively bent to one objedt K cannot avoid fucceeding in its purfuit to a coufiderable degree. An Adl of Parlia- ment having paired in Ireland in 1709, enabling the Lord Lieutenant to appoint truf- tees lor the dilpofal of the revenue granted for the encouragenieiu of the linen ma- nutatture; his Grace the Duke of Ormond accordingly appointed fuch truftees conipofed oi an equal number of the principal perfons in each of the four provinces! and alTcmbled them on the loth of Oftober 17 11, when the deed of their appoint- mcnt was read; and they proceeded to the executioa of their truft. From this. l>oard, called the Tmjlees of the linen and hempen nmnufaarires in Ireland, has the im- portant objed of their appointment received the moft zealous and unremitting at- tention; and to them we are principally indebted for the flourilhing ftateto which Je manufadure has attained, and for th& charadler k maintains m. all countries. 1. province of Ulfter was the firft wherein it was extended; here k was adtively ,\^f. °y '"^ induftnous defcendants of the hardy Scotch Ck>lonie» fettled therein and ftill rt commues the principal leat of the manufaaure. To this it is indebted lor the poffeflion of thole Weniugs, which general mduftry beftows upon a people; luperior wealth fuperior civilization, fuperior knowledge, and that independence of nund which liKh advantages natural!; infpire. This i« a leffoo^ta a. wife legillature, to Ihmulate them to the univerfal employment of the people; and mult convince them, that the profperity and kippinefs of a nation does not depend more on its numbers than its general induftry. The crkr provinces have but a fmall comparative ihare, although that of Connaught has been making confiderable advances in the coarler branches for feme years. To give the reader a more perfed idea of the progrefs and importance of this manu- taaure, we hav-e annexed a view of the quantities exported at different periods; and as the export of Linen-Yarn is in feme degree conneaed with the lUbjea, we have illo given a^fimilar view of it. E X* P O R T S. Years. Linen Cloth. Linen Yarn. Yards. Ct. qrs. lb. 1713 1,819,8164 ii,8o2' 2 17 1-7 23 4.37«,545 15,672 3 17 1733 ■4,777.076 13,357 2 21 , 1743 6,058,041 14,169 1 10 1753 10.493,853 23.238 4 1763- 16,013,105 34,468 7 1773 18,450,700^ 28,078 3 25 17S3 16,039.7051 35,812. 3 23 178+ 24,961,898 33,013 2 15 1785 26,677,647 28,84^ I 5 1786 28,168,866 31,062 20 : t-jHt 30,'728,*?2S "■ 1.049 2 N D. 4^ A view of this Table, cxtradcd from the IrifhCuftom-Houfc accounts, proves two very material points to Irifhmen; firft, that the incrcale of the mauufadture has beea fleady and progreOivc ; and fecondly, that the export of Yarn (our valuable inaterial\ has not increaled during the laft twenty-four years. To thetc oblcrv ;u iinis uc mull add another, that whilft our exports to Great-Britain have iiurealed coul'iJerably, fo have they alfo to other countries j as may be feen by contrailing the two iijUou'ing pciiods. 1783 826,737 Yards. 1787- 2,745.412 t)o- It had long been defired, that we ftiould be independent of foreign countries for our fupply of Flax Seed, and therefore the Truftecs have paid particular attention to that objc5l for many years, in the application of bounties on its growth ; the ef- feft of which will be feen by comparing the number of acres fown and claimed for bounty at two periods— premifing, that the legiflature faw it fit to difcontinue the bounty of five Ihillings per hogfhead to foreign Flax Seed imported, and enlarged the bounties for home pioduce. — The home produce ftands thus : A. R. P. 1780 126+ % 22 1^87 9765 2 00 Under this head conies properly our notice of the Lawn, Cambrick, and other finer branches of the manufadlure, moftof which are in a flouriftiing ftaie. The Woollen manufafture next claims our attention. It has already been Ihown that we have been in poffetfion of this manufadure from a very early period ; but that the relhiftions under which it had laboured for above a century, confined its ex- tent to little more than the cloathing of the peafantry ; and although the emancipa- tion of our trade was expeded to produce powerful efledls upon this nianufafture, yet the unreftrained export of our Wool and Yarn, and the home market remaining unprotedled, have cauied, and muft continue to caufe, this valuable trade to remain in a very torpid ftate. It has been urged, that there is not wool enough to fupply the kingdom ; but the fallacy of this aifertion muft be feen, when it is known that we were almoft entirely cloathed with our own wool, at the clofe of the laft century, and that in 1706 the quantity of Englifti Cloth imported did not exceed fix thoufand pounds in value, confequently it muft have been native manufafture which fupplied the market. Now when it is coiifidered, that our wealth and the number of inhabitants have greatly increaled fince that time, it muft be allowed, that from the confequent increaled con- iumptiou of mutton, the number of Iheepmuft have been multiplied in a proportion- able degree, and the quantity of wool produced, muft be much greater than at any former period. It has been obferved indeed, that the great extenllon of tiilHgc muft neceflarily have reduced the number of ftieep; but on the other hand, it ftiould be confidered, that within the laft fifty years, very confiderable trafts of land have been reclaimed and brought into profit ; and that our fleeces in the laft century, though imer, yet weighed but two pounds each ; whereas they are now averaged at five ; ib that if the number of ftieep ftiould be even no more at the prefeiu period than the former, the quantity of wool muft be much more than doubled. It is alfo to be hoped, that when the improved modes of winter-feeding now pradlifed in Eng- land, (hall be generally purfned here, the increafe will be ftill more confiderable. When therefore the wifdom of ^e legiftature ftiall proted the home market, and re- ftrain the exportation of the primum; and when W'ool-ftaplers fhall be encouraged, and Halls built and regulated in proper fituations, then we may cxpcdl to fee the Woollen maiuifacluie what nature intended it ihould be in Irclaad, Coaftdciing 3 I 2 4^ I R N D. the number of difficulties under which the mauufaflure ftruRttles it is fiirnnfi«» ♦ oblerve the excellence to which it h.s arrived.^Our beft bK-C lutL ar? t de'in fenor to the Enghlb. and our Druggits are nmch admired. Ou BuXdji and Flannels are n, high efteem, and the WorJled branches have been broS to Irelf percd.on, and may become fit articles for exieniive exportation ^ ^^"' -Another branch of our trade is in the produce of Cattle which brnmc „«^ i returns into the kingdon., although the policy of ghwXlchnZS *-^^ IS much doubted and frequcn.iy'difputed. Onr Lpo?t n thi I ine c^iM butter cheele, candles, tallow, hides (tanned and untan" ed) bu"bc?« «nH ' hogs, bacon, hogVlaid and pork.-Thelaft article is onforot „ orbcrealr^^^^^^ valuable exports, it is the principal ariiong the very few relburces of o,.r nn^^ poor peafantry, as it is alnioft the only article whSh bigs therTmonev f^TZ^""" reared without expeuce trouble or attention, the retur;7r„aftX c3e^1 ^ much clear gain to the nation. The average export for five vears IS ^J was about 40,000 barrels.-The like endiSg 1774 was TeoiiR? ?^ '^rJ' Uke ending 1782, was 87,085, and in the^ear^'^S. it^t^f^t^ to '«To^^* Jbi: IT. ""- ^'^' ^T' '""^ ^«™^ °'*^^^ articK^'though alXs SdeT ?i^; nnlT "' T"' ""^a^r^ -'"'^ ^^^'-^"^ ^b*^ <^f bullocks anrcou° * has' rifen oi late years to a moll alarming height, and is the more important inTs confe ( uenves fince we have become a nianufadurins oeonl^ « fh^ I'^^anc m its coule- fuftr;.n the moft effential injuiy. and Ihe Induftfy^^^^^^^^ P o^ iZ^'ed ^f T^ fiderabe employment. The obvious impolicy ^of this trTmight reader it alnToft unrjeceflary, and indeed the limits of the work prevent the gofng [mo a chat of rcafoning on the injury which arifes, as well to the revenue, as thi ii^duftrv of the nation, from its continuance. If revenue be of more coufeauence ir i7. r . The a-.erage export of five years, ending 1767, about 500 Head g"- 1774, r i,o8S Do " ''^l^' 2,993 I iJo 1787, 12,993 The es|5ort of hide*, tanned and untannetJ, and fund ry fpecies of fkins is confr derable but equally impohtic with the laft mentioned, as .he manufadure of »II ml tenals ihou Id be carried forward as many ftages as poflible^ T^f con plete " "T faduie of leather into Ihoes, fadlerv. &c ouoht to be ,.f ar^,^^,, • !• ►^"* knd. from the polTeflion of fuch abu^L'^ ^ pll, TiHe^^^^^ hoped, that the attention of the legiflature will foon be turned to anS of fuch national conlequence, and which of late years affoids from England bftoT/ &c an export of 500,000 lbs. "b«"", m inoes, &c. It is impolhblc to review this part of our fubjeil, without feeling the moft noi^ nant ."^^ignation To fee the materials of great manufaaures tranfbortrwithou relraint, whilft thonfends of our people warn bread and empWn riSmraTlv fu^ gells the propriety and humanity of tranfporting thefe poor Tetcl^s all? fol t IS a fad well known, that the French, AmVrican. VVeftJ^dianri^Hther markets! ' " as linens ; ^Uhough th:\:naS.„T„'t of Th^be'Tf;' hi hrfX" llW^ ''17^ ^ '""'^k''"' • "' ■■ — ■" - '« nwuj iiuuds. i-o*u buEFFiELDou the trade ofireliind. ' R N 429 are fupplicd with ihe unnumbered articles of fhoes, boots, fadlery, &c. manufac- tured in various parts of Great Britain (particularly Scotland), for which the wife Irifli cultivate, and fupply them with, all the neceliary materials. The filk nianufadurc is of great importance, but principally confined to the me- tropolis, probably from its connexion with the fafhions — Several branches have been brought to the higheft perfedtion ; our damafku and luteftrings are excellent, and our handkerchiefs are not only fuperior to Englifti, but are alfo unrivalled by any nation in Europe. The mixed goods, or tabinets and poplins, have been long celebrated ; and the beft proof of their fuperior tafte and beauty is, that they arc mot lofs admired and coveted abroad than at home ; and even by our Rival Sifter. The cotton manufadlure is of late introdudlion, but yet has arrived at great per- feftion and coufiderable extent, and proves, that there is a fund of induilry and in- genuity in this country, equal to any undertaking, when favoured by the patriot- ifm and encouragement of the legiflature. To thefe and the zeal of feveral perfons of property, are we indebted for the ♦;ftabli(hment of this new niauufadure in feve- ral parts of the kingdom.— Confiderable lums have been expended on the ereftion of noble mills and machinery. Our coarfcr articles are generally able to ftand in com- petuion with thofe imported, and the finer denominations of muflin, &c. are faft approaching to^perfeaion. Several thoufand hands are now employed, and there ii every reaibn to believe, that the manufafture has taken rcot amongft us. Its pro- grefs will be feen on infpefting the importations of the wool and yarn at ditierent periods ; on an average of three yeara GoTTON Wool, Ct. q. lb. - 2550 32- - 3236 I 18 - - 7153 2 o - Cotton Yarn. Ct. q. lb. - 2226 o o - 5+05 o o - 2:615 o o ending i773 - 1783 - J787 - The glafs manufafture has arifen to confiderable confequence within a few year? i and the degree of excellence to which it has arrived, has eftablifhed it in our ov\u, and forced it into foreign markets. Our average imports, of one article alone, may convey an idea of its general increafe, viz. that of drinking s^laffcs, which Number. For three years, ending 1773, was 209,222: Do. 1783, — 22,24* Do. 1787, — 4,648: This fhews the decreafe of importation, and the confequent increafe of the home manufaflure, which is alfo proved by our export fmce 1781, until which year we had fent none out of the kingdom. To thofe who are acquainted with the ftate of the paper manufaflure, as well as the two preceding, thefe indubitable facHs— the increafe of confumption— -the in)- provements in manufafture — and the decreafe in importation— prove more than, volumes, the policy of piotedling our native induftry. The manufafture of paper has been advancing by fileiit, but fteady fteps, to great improvement and importance ; and from the number of hands it employs, and the fmall proportion the value of the material bears to the labour, it is certainly of the firft confcqueiice to a manufafluring nation. Thefe are fome of the principal manufailures amongft us : moft of which appear, froui the beft evidence, to be daily increafing in extent and improvement. Much however rcnuiina to be done to bring into adion the numerous uucmployed bauds : ■■';^/||„ 430 R N D. in every part of the kingdom.-The nianufaaurcs of ftockings, fail-cloth, leather rMn , nufa^ures of iron, «ccl and othec metals, groceries, bops, bark, eaithc > ^are, beer, coals, and an infinite number of other articles; bef.des the produce of the Kaft and Weft Indies toaconfiderableamoun^ ;ihe table annexed ;ilUhew the comparative v"lue of thtsintercourle: bur whilft It fta.es the balance to be generally in -our favour, ,the^e luuft be throu n into the oppohte fcale, the rcn.ittances to ablLtees, intereft of m^ iieylentonlriflieftates. penfiors, freight and infurance of Ihips, remittances to re- gimeuts on our eftabhOiment, &c. A-c. amounting in aU to above a million and a half or perhaps two Uiilhons Veiling. ' The annexed tables are extracted from the Irifli Cuftom-Houfe accounts, by which u will upon the whole appear, that the balance is greatlvinour favour; but refDeft .?T i-nf^r^ «'"""& no attachment to a favourite fyftem,' oblige us to obfcrve, That the Enghlh Cuftom-Houfe accounts (fee p. 257, extrafled from Mr. Playfair) between the two kingdoms, ftate the balance generally in favour of Englaud.-This has been accounted for in various ways bydihereut writers, and endeavours made to reconcile ttie contradiction^ the diHerence however may aiife as well from the dillimilarity of • The people of Ireland continue to complain of the want of reciprocity In their tradino infer .urfe w ,th Great.Br.ta n a, well on the fubject of malt and beer as a multitude of o heJart cles ot' oi\heT^tj \\ '^"l "«•"« ^^-■''^-^ of Dut.es (cxtrafled from Lord Sheffield's Ob "'tioni Z^I:^^.!^^:^^'^"'''''''' '-'''"'' both countries is fe..aed. in o.dcr I".' courfe lei Import duties paya- ble in Uritaiu. "Import duties p.iya> ble in Ireland. *9 65 o 35 5 4 5 '5 10 10 3 '5 6 12 6t% nig 10 10 10 o 9:! • is All wfioUen or old Drnpery per yard, Stuffs of all kinJs, made or mixed with wool, or new \ .^...- v., nil niiius. IJli Drapery, per yard, (Cotton and Linen munufaftures, and Cotton miied, 1 I for every tool, value on Oath. , ■ | Linen Cloth, printed, for every lool. value, on Oath, Leather m;inuf.iflures, for eviry tool, value, on Oath, t Checks, the piece not above 10 v;irils, belldes in Bri- 1 I tain, for every I ool. value ou bath, .-. f Sugar, refined, per Cwt. ______ Starch, per Cwt. o 9 18 9 18 9 iB 'I 5jo c " 5'5 dit£ul dJtf of 5^p'ir'«nt°'''^'''^ "cJn Englifh oaoney. and to all of them, except Sugar, aa'ad- R N 431 value fixed on the articles in the account, bv each Llngdom f, as from error, in con- lequencc of the vanity of the exporters ot our principal nianufafture. — ^Thc great ulcof the table which Ihews the trade between .hp two countries, will however re- main as (proceeding on one ileady principle of value lUou^hout,) it mutt incontro- vertibly afcertain the comparative statk of the trade at ditici«nt perVoUs, wnetner the touls are perfedUy rcconcileable to thr Englifli accounts or not. Value of Goods Exported to, and Imported from, Great.Briiain, atdiJferctU periodi. Exports. Imports. C- s. / c /. d. 1700 814.745 'J u 79^.473 3 2i 1705 516.771 17 oi 497.794 « 9i 1710 7 ' ».497 2 6^ 554'»47 12 4 '7'S «.s*y-76s • 4 li 97^,683 9 "i 1720 !, 038.381 7 i| 891,678 5 61 '7*5 1,053,78* '3 M^ 819,761 >3 35 1730 992.83* 7 c-i 929,896 1 2 «73S 1,248,410 yS oi 935.849 J 9I 1740 «i»S9.'*53 6 sr b49,678 7 >"i 174S I.390.930 8 vj 949,603 - 1; 10 1750 1,069,864 1 ^i 9.'o.34P 17 ci 175s 1,312,176 2 6i 1,039,911 10 4] .760 1.450.757 8 6; 1,094,752 u ni 1765 «,693.'97 5 7 '.439.969 4 bi 1770 2,408,838 12 2i 1,8-8 599 6 II tyis 2.379,858 9 8; '.739-543 18 45 1780 a.384.«98 16 71 '.5 "6,63 5 U 5* 1781 2,187,406 15 oi 2.432.4'7 13 10 i78z 2,709,766 ■ 8 2i 2,2-7,946 10 8i 1783 1,989,290 6 9, 2,320,455 18 7i 1784 2.337.273 11 loj 2,400,456 16 4i 178J 2.764.753 I «'* 1,949,074 1 li 1786 3 039.5 3« 3 5! 2,346,024 I 6J .787 1,29q,Sar 12 •oi 2,^16.71,6 10 2i Since the opening of thelrilh trade, our intercourfc with the United States of A me* rica, the Britilh colonies, andalfo to theWett-India iflands, has been an acceflion of conhderable confcquence. To. the laticf ourcxpons are principally compofeil of pro- duce, and manufaftures of various forts, and is a trade that prondles to iucreafe to a great extent, if not reftrained by the« illiberal conftruaion of the navigation laws, which prevent our fending the redur-'^ncy of our imports into the Englilh markets. The tradeto the Britifticolonie*'. • wiM .'ed of fimilar exports as to the iflands, and •will probably rife to equal im; "nr^c- tut with the American flates it is expeaed to be much fuperior, efpecially Vh^. that country fettles and recovers the eBcdts of the late war ; and in proportion as our capitals inoeafe, and the habits and knowledge of trade convince us of the advantage and true policy offending our ujauufaaures properly Torted, merchantable, and made up with integrity. Theti Je to-Portugal is one of the moft important to the kingdom, and conftantly produces a confiderable balance in our favour: in lome years our export of butter f For example, linens from the ports < f Ireland are Talued at finm 15 to 17 pence per yard — whereas on entering the Engiilh ports they are there valued at 8 pence only per yard. Tins dilTerenr* in tlie value fet on the fame. article in the two kingdoms will, in Icrne degree, vicx-unt !or the biihttut c£ irsdc bciny diHciciiiiy flaicd I v ach. i pally con R I. N D. has \yeci\ eoca, new and old drapery and fitie linens, &«> kc. I nc trade wnh S{x*in confift* of nearly the fame articles of import and exfiort a* to rortiig.il, ami tfic capability of improvement and extenlion is luch^ frwn the nu- merous wants of the great Spanifli colonies, that an ample field prefents it/clf to luercantilc induftry and enterprizc. The late treaty of commerce with France, has not yet had fufficient operation to enable us to form a competent judgment of itsefle(n8 — Our exports generally confift orlc, hides, candles, tallow, wheat, flour, bilcuit, linens, woollens. of beef, butter, po flioes, and fundiy ot tier nianutattures; — and our imports, of wine, brandy, paper, tapers, oil, cork, filt, gloves, canibrick, &c. 'I he balance of this trade, though fluctuating, has been gcnerallv in our favour, and one obfervation on viewing the com- parative Hate of imports in the article of w iiie, is worth attention, and may fuggeft many others, not unf ouraUe to our country. Wine imported at an average of three years ending i76(> — — 4425 tons Do. 1776 33-^1 Do. Do. J 787 2061 Do. I'he trade \»ith Holland and Flanders, confirts principally of an export of beef, butter, hides, tallow, linen, new and old drapery, flannels, frizc, woollen yarn, &c.' and the imports of flax, thread, lintleed, and liutleed oil, paper, garden-feeds, Ge- neva, CnuiY, drugs, dying-ftufls, &c. The trade with the Ealt Country, includes Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Rufiia, the Baltic coufiHsof an export nearly fimilar to the preceding, and the imports, of iron, timber, deals, tar, train-oil, hemp, flax, bark, &c. It is to be obferved, that wbilft the babnce of trade is generally m favour of Ire- land with moft countries, it is the reverfe with the Ea^l: Country. We cannot clofe tlas fubjeft, without a few obfervations, which naturally arife from a review of it. It has been feeu to what malignant caufes we mull impute the long rcftiicHons on our trade and manufad^ures, and how much injury enfued to this country and to the general infereft!< of the empire therefrom; and that however they may have improved and extended fmce their liberation, we have Itill to complain of the jealoufv and want of reciprocity * in onr intcrcourle with Gneat Britain. Ireland is a fruitful fource of materials, but thefe are all laid at the feet of the Briiifh raanu- fafturers, whom we lecm more fcdu4ous to ferve than ouHclves, although they wilely referve all fimilar returns at hotne. W hoever will exaftiine the majority of articles which compofe our exports in the foregoing page*, will condude, that the fuppOrt erf foreign inclullry wae nioieinrerefting to m, than the promorjon of native ; that " otir patriotifm was a fugitive virtue which bad no home, no^ Ireland?' toengrofe it* atten- tion^ and that whiHt this continues, we maftUe a poor smd dcpeodenr people. The king of Ireland is the father of his people, and keU an equal intert'ft in the profperity of all his fubjedts ; but his reprefentatives and miniflers, fwm the waat of enlarged x)r generous conceptions, have leldom any othdr obieftsiw view, (when deputed to this country,) than the corruption and debafement of out prtiifcriptesi t<» preferve our dependence,— to check any national eflbrt which fliould interfere \rkh a petty town • In the muUitude of Inftances which raigbt be adduced, one alone mi(0 excite many unpIdafUnt ftnfations, on obfervitiff an entry of tabbijiets lor JHoJIanU, Sc. which wc dare not lend into any of the perts in our Sj. tr Kingdom ! E N D. 4 A 4 iiiBrhuui, oi riiould propofc to rcftrain .hccxpoit of a maieiial lo Iuac our maim- iailuies, or by a duiv on ilicirs to pruicd and encourage our own. 'Iheli; views aiclVcqiicutly Iccoiulcd by our own caiy credulous uatme; and by to7 2\ 393^5 iB 91 7 I',' 273764 '9 oj 6 8 162872 16 6; 8 2 305208 '5 2; 1 8 361737 16 7 7 li 408189 18 K 4 2 5539T9 '5 2 6 58.132 6 2 9 7; 88459.) 4 '4 - 1 / . — J 26996 2 61 9 '7 8 406332 '3 0} '7 3i — — 7152S 19 9 91 — — 16819 •7 3l • 3 ■« + 11 680673 5 8; 2| 527009 18 9 II s-3 82 10^6 2 6 14 K i 434 I R E N D. Loivs.] The coins of Ireland are at prefent of the faiDc cknoniinatioiis and the like tabiic \Mth iholc ot England, only an Englifli flulling pafTcs in Irdand for thir- tccn pciicc, and lo in proportion in the other coins. What the ancient coins of the Inlh were, li at prclent a matter of mere curiohty and great uncertainty. Bank Of Ikhland.] The fubfcribcr. to the national bank were incorporated by charter ni 1783, by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ire land, and proceeded to bulincCs on the 25th June in the fame year, uix.n a capital ilockol (r:o,co^l which tonlilkd of 4 percent, government debentures depofited at par. 'Ihcfe dcbentureii were cancelled by government, agreeable to a(^ of parlia ment, aacl an annuity at the rate of four per cent, granted in lieu thereof. In addition !o their capital they borrowed 6o,oool. previous to the onening of the bank for which theyiflued debentures at five per cent, and in 178-1. a further fum of 40,000!. on the like terms. In this bank are depofited, certain monies received into his majeily's treafuiy • and by an adi palled in 1784, all money lodged in the courts of chancery and exchequer are alio to be depofited in the bank. ^ The firft dividend was made in December 1783 at the rate of four per cent per annum. Since which it ha-, gradually rifen to fix per cent. The governors, diredlors, and officers are annually eledled in the month of April V^ ^5 direaors 5 mult be new. The qualificaiion of the governor, is the adlual poHeffiou of 5cocl. Hock; of the deputy governor 3C00I. and of each of the direc- tors 2Cool. tnder the direiTtion of this company, an office w\as opened in June 1787 for purchafing light guin as and half guineas, on terms fo highly advantageous to the public that it has proved of the utniofl utility. The inftitution of this bank lliould be confidered as an sera in the commercial prof- perity of this country .— The adivity, vigilance and prudence with which it has been conauaed, have produced the moil beneficial efiedls upon public credit,— have aided the honeft enterprises of the manufaauier,— have ellablifhed punduality,— given fecn- rity to legal fuitors,— a new fpring to commercial dealing,— and a ftrong auxiliary to toe circulating capital of the nation. Military Stkengxh.] Ihe military eftablilhmcnt of Ireland confijls of Four regiments of dragoon guards Eight reginients of dragoons Twenty eight regiments of foot 684 men 1416 13132 Total 15.232 To this is to be added the ordnance, which is on a diftinaedabliffiment, and is fompofed of 6 companies, of 50 men each, making in the whole 30c. Ot this_ force, Great Britain may employ ieven regiments Tor 328-?, men) on to- reign Cervice at theexpenfc of Ireland; but during the late war the principal part erf" the army was withdrawn., fo that in the year 1777 there were little more than 3000 men left for our protedtion, as appears from the military faviugs of that jear laid be- fore the Houfe of Gommona. ^ Thus deprived of the national dcfance, and in exptons ibe fajhi^covfr the Jordof the Nach-pol. " He found a greater number of Ihips on the north fitle of the Lifley, than on the « fouth fide ; and of courle, the revenues of the monarch there were much greater ** than his own. .This relation cf the trade of Dublin will be lels doubted, when we « rccolleft theeudence of Tacitus *, about a century earlier; and to thefc we fhall " add, that in the chysof St. Patrick we find it celebrated for its extent and magni- " licence, the number and riches of its inhabhants, the grandeur of its edifices, and " the greatnefs -jf its commerce, &c." The next ancient authority concerauig Dub- linf is in the preface to king Edgar's charter, dated in the year 964, wherein he men- tions Ireland, with its moll noble city Oi' Dublin. • 1, 1 At the commencement of the feventeenth century the river Liffey was cot imbank- ed by quavs on the north fide, and only a part of it on the fouth. The ground now called the "Batchelor's-walk, the two Orniond-quays, eaft and weft of Eifex-bndge, the Inn's-quay, Arran-quay, and Ellis's-quay, taking up iu the whole an extent ot ground about u mile and a half, on which is ereAed a number of handfome houles, 3 K 2 • Ireland, ns it lies juft between Britain and Spain, m»J is capable of nn eafy communication with the coall cf Gaul, would have proved of infir. te ulc in linking together thofe powertul hinus of the empire. In fi/e it is inferior to Briiain, but lurpaircs the illanJs in our feu— In ioil and climate, as alio in the temper and manners of the natives, \i v.i:ies little from Britain : its potts aiid landmgs at a better known, through the frequency of comaier.- . ,1:1.1 i.'.crrhants. Life of Julitii ^^ricela. hi; h i- 4i6 I R N jnhabucdniohly by merchants, was then covered with ooze, and ovei flowed hv the- tides, e.Ycept a inuiU pnrt about the king's-inns, which had been a jnonallery of Do- Hiiiucan tnars, wiicrc the uuended extcufivc and elegant public oHices are now ered- ing. IhecYCLnuot that p.irt of the town called Ollmautown, corruntlv (3xnian. town was then terminated to the ealt by Mary's-abbey. From thence uorih-eatl to he Sh.p.bu.!d.ng-: Abbcy-ftreet, Mary-ftreet, Britain-ftreet, SackvUlo-iireet M,d. borough-lbcn b!ii\ is conveyed. Boats can water fiomquauer flood to quarter ebb, every tide, with ealij.uid ex- pedition, free of any expence, which is the greater convenience, as boats can go only during llnit. iniefva's to the iilgher parts of the Lilley for fuch fupply. — This valuable and patriotic wo:k was el- iuiUd at t!ie individual expenic of Mr. Weekcs, i Va I E L ^ D. ertiaps uo cuy has improved fo rapidly. Ly an aapaflcd a few years a-'o, fo- Wideumgus 11 roots and aveuues, and veiling in comiuiflioners a revenue fur that'pji*- pofc, of about Scool. per annum, ariliug from a dutv- on coals, great efforts ha\e lx;ea made therein, but not with that talie or judgment which might have been cn- peaed from the perl'onages appointed to conduit them. Dame-ftrcet, which was the lirft objea, has been widened without any apparent attention to levels, to iinili-r- mity, to preconcerted phin, or principle of proceeding : the fouth fide, Irom the I'.\- ihange to College-green, (and thro' IVinity-itreet) poffefles more of ilogarth's navi'ui/ hne of beauty, than thole regular lines which in building conmiunicaie futh fine ef- iedl, and on which the harmony of arthiteaurc fo much depends. George's-ftreet continues in a mutilated imperfed ftate, and an opportunity has been paffed, by which Damcflreet, judicioufly improved, and terminated by a perfca view of 'Tif nlty-coUege, might have been made an avenue of uncommon elegance. Whilft thcle Areets remain uiituiiflved, objeas of fubordinate confequenc^* divide the funds, and the attention of the commiffioners, and the public? continue but inji^erfcaiy ac conmiodated in any. ^ Formerly this city was remarkablj- deficient in public ftatuary, poffeffing only the equeftnaa ftatue in lead of King William in College-green ; another of his late Ma- jefly George 11. in the centre of Stephen's-green, and that of George I. which for- merly ftood on Eflex-bridge, but now lies unnoticed in the Mayoraltj'-garden ; tc. which we may add the llatnes of Jufticeand Mars over the gates of the upper Cahle- yard. Latterly indeed, fculpture (amongft the other arts,) is riling into confequencc amongft us. On fininiing the Royal Exchange, an elegant Itatue'of his prefent Ma- jefty, executed in cait copper by Van Noft, was placed in the ambulatory tisercin oppofiie the north firont. He is cloathed in a Roman military habit, crowned with laurel, and holds a truncheon in his hand. But the works of our countryman Snjyth have not only beautified many of our public buildings, but have at length given a new cbaradkr to the talk of the nation, to whom it is an honour to have produced fo diilinguiftied a genius. The ftatue of Dr. Lucas placed in the well Itair cafe of the Royal Exchange, is univerlally allowed to puifefs great merit, the defign being in a mafteily llile and the fculpture critically corroa. 1 he ftatues of Juliice, VVifdom and Liberty on the pediment of the front of the Houfe of Lords, are after the fineft models of antiquity, and the execution is of the firft chara<^.cr. The four ftatues on the attic ftory over the pediment of the fouth front of the new Cuftom-Houfe allego- rical of Induftry, Commerce, Wealth and Navigation, polTefs equal merit ; but the Arms of Ireland, fupported by the Lion and Unicorn, on the four pavilions in the north and fouth fronts of that bui'ding, are in a ftile lb uncommonly bold and grace- ful, as to ftrike the mind with pecul' force ; and however eminent the merit of thofe works we have mentioned, thelc uuer muft be confidered as the Chef-d'oeuvre of Smyth's chifel. In the centre of the north front of the fame building are four fta- tues emblematic of Europe, Afia, Africa, and America, executed by Mr. Banks of London. The monumental works in fculpture though few, poffefs nieiit ; the moft diflii> guiflied in the cathedral of St. Patrick, is that ereaed to the late Dr. Smyth, Arch- bilhop of Dublin ; it is of the Ionic order, and confifts of two columns and four p?- lafters, with their pedeftals and entablature, crowned by a circular pediment, which is filled by a {hield bearing his Grace's arms ; over the top of the pediment is a mitre. In a niche between the columns is an urn of Parian marWe, highly enriched, fup- ported by a pedeftal, with abas relief of his head. Thole in the cathedral of Chrift- Church are the late Earl of Kildare's, which reprclent the relidof the deceafed, with the late Earl (afterwards Duke of Leinfter) and his lifter, mourning over the body of •'./•' I R N D. 43:5 tlieir (klier • the figures are beautifully fculptured in white marble, by H. Checrc. •1 hat of the late Chancellor Bowes is compoled of beautiful variegated aiid ftatuary marble, and reprelents Juftice, large as life, ma penfive attitude, looking ar a mc- dallion with a head of L"6rd Bowes in bas relief, on which fhe leans weeping : tlio thought is good, and well expreffed. The attitude of Juflice is exquifitely fine, and Lord Bowes's head in the medallion, is efteemed a great hkcnds The monument ereited to that real patriot Prior, has his buft raifed on a marble tablet, beneath which ftand two boys; one weeping, while the other pomts to a ^)a--- Donat alfo, befidcs the nave and wings of the cathedral, ereded from he found a- lion the chapel of St. Nicholas, on the north fide of the church. Laurence, Arch- biOiop of Dublin, Richard, fumamed Strongbow, Earl of Strigul, Robert Int/.- Stephens, arui Ra mond le Grofs, undertook to enlarge this church, and at then- own charges bulk' the choir, the fteeple, and two chapels; one dedicated to bt. Ld- There h, ii.Jeed. more elegance in any one of the fix churches in the little borough of Si::m lor ,-J. thui in iil'l the churches of this great city put together." Puil. S. of Ire'.amj ^:E ;W ■ ^":^...- 44-0 I R Xi A M I). II « n.ond, kingaiK fiaiiyr, and to St. P.Iary, called the White, and the c.ihei to Si. Y : . V ^'"^ alio anoi her chapel m this church, ia the foiith ailc, .idu-ininir 'o the choir, hrll dedicated to the Holy Gholl, but afterwards to Archbilhop Laurence ,itu;r [)ii canonization, and calJed Sr. Laurence OToolc's Chapel.— The prior of the cathedral ol Chrill-Clunch, \vl,ile it continued a regular cominuniiy, had a i'cat and iiutwvrc ui parliain(?nt, among the S,)iritual Peers; but, in the year 1^4.1, ul,ile Arclibilliop iirovvn was in poifelllon ot" the Sec of Dublin, King llcury VlII. cor, verted the priory and convent of the cathedral of the Holy I'r'inity inlcj a deanry raid chapter. 'I'his neiv found . lion confined of a Dean, Chantor, Chancellor Trea- lurcr, and ilx Viears-Choial. Robert Caille, alias Fainfuick, the lall Prio'r, was made the firlt Dean ofii; and the King confirmed to them their antient eflates and unnmnuies. Archbilhop Brown, anno [5^4, credled three Prebends in this church, VIZ. St. Michaer.s, St. Michan's, and St. John's: Lrom the time of thefe alterations', It hath generally borne the name of Chrilt-. 'church, though before called the Church of the lilolfcd JVinii)-.— Kihg Edward \ I. added fix Pricfts, and two Choriilcrs, or Singing Boys, to whom he alhgned a penfion of 45I. 6 \ 8d. per annum, Enalifli nioiicy, pciyabieoutofthe Lxehcqucr during pleafure ; Q^ceu Mary confirmed "this pension, and granted ii in perpetuity. In this foundation King James L made Jbme alterations; fo that now there is a Dean, Chantor, Chancellor, and three Preben- daries, viz. St. John's, St. Michael's, and St. Michan's, befides fix \ icais-Choral •and ioar Chonllers ; He alfo ordained, that the Archdeacon of Dublin fiiould have a Ihll in the choir, and a voice and feat in the cbaj.rer, in all capitular adts relating to the laid church.— The prefent appearance of this building, is a convincing evi- dence of its antiquit)-, as it hath undergone very few alierations fince it was firit binlt; the re-building the foutli-fide of .he nave, which fell down in the 3 ear 156^ being the only material one. ' _ Where the cathedral of St. Patrick is erected, John Comyn, Archbifliop of Dub- lin, denioliflied. an old parochial church, which Hood in that place, and was faid to have been founded by St. Patrick, and in the room of it ereded and endowed the pre- Icni building in the Ibulh fuburbs of the city, about the year 1190; in which he placed thirteen prebendaries; which, number was afierwards iacreafed to twenty-two, of whom three were added by Archbifhoi^ Ferings. -Henry de Londres, or the Loudtmer, Archbifliop Comyn's next fucceHbr, eredted this church, which was col- legiate in its iirftcoiifiitutioii, into a cathedral, and conlHtuted William Fitz-Guy the firil Dean of it, and appointed a Chantor, Chancellor, and Treafarer, to whom he allotted lands and redories, and made them conformable to the rules of the church of Saturn; fo that now the chapter of this church is compofed of twenty-fix mem- bers, viz. the Dean, Chantor, Chancellor, Treafurer, Archdeacon of Dublin, Arch- deacon of Glandelogh, Prebendaries of CuUen, Kilmatalway, Swords, Yago, St. Audeoa, Clonmethan, 'Lymothan, Cafilenotk, Malahithart, Tipper, Monnuha- nock, Howth, Rathmichael, Wicklow, Maynooth, Taflagard, Dunlavcn, Tipper- kevin, Donagbmore in Oinayle and Hagonyl. Of which number the Prebend of CuUen is united to the Archbiftioprick, and the revenues of that of Tymothan were fwallowed up, and became lay fee in the time of Archbifliop Loftus, the title ftill continuing. Fulk de Saundford, one of the fuccclTors of Archbifliop de Londres, is faid to have built St. Mary's chapel in this church, that in the year 1271, he was buried in u, and his flatue fet over his monument; yet fomc think that this chapel was crefled long before hii' days. It is now let apart for the u(e of the French Proteftants, un- der the yearU- acknowledgment of twelve pence, who have therein di\ ine fervicc according to the ufage of the church of Irelind.—'lhonus Miiiot, Archbifliop of I R E L A N P. 44-1 liihYxn rc-L..lli put of the cathedral which had beendeliroyed by an iccidtutul fire ,: he alio built the iteeplc about the year 1.370, and from thence took occar.on to iilc ill hia feal the dt.icc of a bifhop holding a fteeple in his hand ; and by a legacy be- tueathcd to Dr. Siearne, biOiop of Clogher, a lofty fpire of ftone was erc.-*ed on the ileeplein 1750. ArchbiOiop Talbot inrtituted fix petty canons and as H)any. chorillers in this church.— The monuments here, are more numerous than m the ca- thedral of Chrill-Church, but inferior in point of vvorkmannnp. In the nave is oie to the memory of Doctor Smyth, Archbiftiop of Dublin, of winch we have given a feparaedelcription; oppofitc to it i.i a neat monument for Dr. Mai ft, forinerly ArchbiOiopof this fee, who left a nobler and more ufeful memoiial ot hmifeli than marble,— a valuable library ; which, together with part of his eftate, for the mam- tenance of a librarian, he bequeathed to the public. This libraiy is always open to ■ - ' • '■ • • 1 /i-^- .,i- V.1..-.I, marble, one to to that of Mrs. ' - ' fubfciiption prir.- ! ip-iiis' r.ipporLed'by'sheridan and Faulkner.— Tliis is the wretched memento raifed to ttu) ni'ernoiy of this diftiuguiflied patriot and author, whofe gepius and whofe ler- vices •.(> tbb country cannot be too highly prized or too long remembered by Iriil:- Th'^ only modern churches in this city worthy notice, are St. Werburgh's, St. Cathe- rlac's, and St. Thomas'. The fituation of the latter at the termination of Gloucefter- ilreet'is very advantageous, but the front being unfinifhed (though principally built fince 1762) we cannot form a proper judgment of the defign or eHedl. Ihe infidc of the church is extremely well defigned, and decorated by columns of the Corinthian order, which fupport the gallery: The Communion-table is alfo enriched by columns m the fame order, which rife to the cieling, and whole cornice is continued throughout the infide: In general the ornaments are numerous though not crowded, and the llucco work is particularly admired.— The fituation of St. Werburgh's is very unfa- vourable to the exhibition of its, front. It was originally built at a very early period ; the tirll notice taken of it in the annals of Dublin, is in A. D 1301, when it was ac- cidentally burned together with a great part of the city ; it was again burned m the year I7,S4-, and was repaired iu its prefent beautiful form in the year 1759. ;lne cxternai appearance of this church forms one of the principal ornaments of the city ; ill the centre of which it is fituated.. The elevation of the front difplays both ele- gance and delicacy, and is perfect in its proportions ; the firll ftory is ornamented by fix Ionic pilafters, with their entablature, a grand entrance in the Doric orders and two fide doors; the fccond ftory is in the Corinthian order, crowned by a pedimenn a large window lights the loft, from whence an excellent feet of bells are rung, which are placed in the Attic ftory ; here the fteeple aifumes the form of a fquare, enriched at each fide by two Compofite pilafter;;, with their pedeftals and entablatures, and in the centre a clock. This entablature is crowned with pedeftal work, fijpporting an urn on each of the angles, that furround the bafe of the fpire ; the height of that fteeple and fpire is one hundred and f^xty feet; the fpire is extremely elegant, and has a light appearance ; at fomc diftance from the bafe it is formed mto an caagon, and fupportcd entirely by eight rufticated columns in the Compofite order, a gilt ball terminates the whole. The fpire was erefted in the year 1768, and the expences amounting to 913, were defrayed by a bequeft of Sir Philip Hoby, Bart. Iviinifter of St. Werburgh's parifti, who left 1083I. 6s. 8d. for that purpofe, and the remam- der to contribute towards erecting an Organ. — The interior parts are iu uo rcfredl inferior to the external appearance. H 3- t J-',"/ 4 I, 44'i I H L A N D. r* /A^£ / ' V nn^ :^ H r '"f ^"'^ "' 1709. The front is of white mountain flone in the /^y^^Ci X , ,Donc order; lour lemi-columns. with their entablature enriched by tiidyphs fun. port a noble pednnent ,n the centre; at each fide, the entablature Is continned the emirelcuva ot the front, and is fupported at each ot the extremities bytwo pilai: door 'uirh'7cT.-7 '^r*'°'"' ^'-^';^«^^" the eolumns, is a handlome Icmie a/ched and nil W ^ '^;''^"- Pednnent, and m the intermechate Ipace, between the colunuis andpiUter,-,, 1. a range ot large eucnlar headed windows, neatly ornamented and jadtciounyproport.oned; on the entablature, at each fide of the pediment, is a hand- lotne rtoite baluilrade. 1 he front evtends ninety-two feet, and in general poifelfes a inaliive and correa innphcity, e.vtreniely well calculated for the foundation if a more lofty lupcrttrudure. Having defcribed the principal buildings devoted to the purpofe of religicm, we ftiall now proceed to delcnbe the refidenee of the Viceroy. The Caflle of Dublin was ongnially built by Henry de Londres, Archbilhop of Dublin, and Lord Jnflice of Ireland, who began n m the year izo.S. and completed it Anno 121^. Jn the ' .'?^H- ., .'"^^ '. " '''Im,' ^^^'^ °^ ^''=''-'^' "'^^t^'l ''"^'i «^nl'«^d with towers ; but the djtch has been long hUcd up, and the old buildings taken down, except the Wardrobe rower: Lnmmgham Tower, at the wdfern extremity of the Galile, was leftflandmgunnlihe year 177,5, when it was taken down and le-built in ,777 and is now called Ha^Tcourt 1 ower. It was fbrmerly a place of confinement for ftaie pnioners, and is at prelem a rcpofitory for })referving the ancient records of the kmgdom. The upper CalHe-yard is an oblong Iquare, and has little to reconnncnd us external appearance m architedure or beauty; the apartments, however which are occupied by the Viceroy, the Council-Chamber, the Hall of St. Patrick tkc are worthy a \iccregal Palace. In the lower Gaflle-yard, are the Treafiwy, Ord- nance, and other offices; and near thein are the buildings for keepin^^ the Miliiarv Jtores, with an Arlenal, and Armory for 40,030 men. The foundation lloue of the Parliament- Houfe was laid in 1729, and the building completed ui 1 739. -ifter the plan of Mr. Calfel, at an expence of near 40,0001. This luperb pile deferves the greateft piuile; it may be happily imitated, but has not as yet been exceeded; and is at this day accounted one of the foremoft architedural beauties.— I he portico, in particular, is peihaps without a parallel; it is of the mo- dern Ionic order and had it been finilhed with a baluftrade, and proper figures thereon, it would have done honour to an.--nt Rome in the Auguflan age —The in- ternal parts have alfo many beauties, and u.e manner in which the building is light- ed, has been nmch admired. The Houfe of Commons is of a particular but con- vftiient form ; being an odtagon, covered with a dome, which it were to be vviffied had been railed to a greater height; as it would have added to the ma: columns fuifainino a pedi- ment, which whim it polfeifes all the lightnels and grace of that order, pi.Ttakcs of the boldnels and lublimity for which the iouth front has been lb much admired ; and the Itatucs placed on the top of the pediment give a fiiiifh, and complete the elog.iiue ol the c'.'.ea.— The additions to the Houfe of Commons now building wi'J f<-rm a tl N I). 443 \vcft front, wli.his intended to be of the Ionic ordcr.—To render \hU grc.it pile u.i'ipletc 'nothing Teems uaniing but a north trout, whofc extent uould take m or c!ui)lace the new wiiiiiS and Icrcen the irregularities whieh ceceffarily appear on that Ijde from a union of lo many diiieieut plans. And indeed, m point of_ lecunly, to a brildiiig which has coll the i-.atiou lo much, U ftiould be pcrlcdly mlulated. Were this ciie^ted, it would render the whole one (f the uoblelt combinations of architeclurd beauties in .the woild, and uonhy the dignity of a great mdependci.t legilUlure. . r l i m r i • i Under the head of Uiiivcrfuy we have gucn an account ol the buildings wliicU. cnmpoie 'Iriuiiy College. , ,. „. • n 'i he courts of Jullicc or Four-Courts and public ofliccs, next attrad ournoiicc. Their fituaiioi. (on the Inu's-quay) is highly lavourable, from the advantage of being fcen fror.i the oppolite fide of the river, but the centre protruding lo lar lorvyard diminilhesiheeHba by preventing the eye from taking in the vyhole ni one view. Ihe evient of thefe buildings when complete will be very conlidcrable, occupying the principal part of that Qiiay. The oliices or wings aie exlciirive,_ and m ad lie plain and chalte; ihofe on the welt contain l,ie great room in whiiii the lolls ot Chancery are depofited, alfo the Hanaper, King's Bench, and lUunembranccr s ol- fices; and thole on the eail arc occupied by the offices ot the Court ot Lxchemiev and others. The Courts of Juftice form the centre, and are a noble pile ot building. The fouth or principal front, is of the Corinthian order, compoled of fix colunms, with pilallers and pediment. The feveral courts within, radiate from a large circular ball or area, fixiy four feet in diameter, ornamented with Corinthian columns and femi- columus; adjoining the refpeclivc courts, are the jury rooms, Judges apartments, &c. ereaing from the ingenious defign of James Gandon, Elq. Architea, who alio lu- perintends the building. ,,.,,• r • 'Jhe New Cuilom-Houfe, from its extent, the multitude and variety ot us parts-, the inccnuiiy and comprehenfion of its defign, and the beauty and corredlnefs ot the execm^ion would require a more elaborate detail, than the limits of this work can induhrc. It is zoo feet deep by 375 feet in extent, and has the fmgular advantage of four fionrs, which poifefs as much variety as the nature of the defign would poilibly admit, 'i he principal or fouth front is fituated towards the river; is compoied ot pavillion^ at each end, joined to arcades, which are united to the centre building ; the order is Doric, and is fiuiftied with an entablature, having a bold projeamg modtl- lion cornice. In the centre is a portico fupporting a pediment, enriched, with a group of figures in alto-relievo : the fubjeft is, Hibernia and Britannia embracing, and holding in their hands the refpeaive emblems of Peace and Liberty ; they arc feated in a naval car drawn by fea-horfes, accompanied by Tritons, followed by a fleet of merchant ftiips loaded with the produce of diflerent nations, and watted by the trade winds. On the right of Britannia is Neptune with his trident dm ing away Envy and Difcord. On the Atiic-tlory over the pediment are placed four allegorical ftatucs alluding to Induflry, Commerce, Wealth, and Navigation. A magnificent dome which rifes IZ'^ feet from thcbafeof the building, finillies the centre, whereon is placed a pedellal fupporting a female ftatuc of Commerce. The pavillions at the extremities are terminated with the arms of Ireland in an elliptical fliicld, decorated witli fcltoons of fruit and Howers, and fupported by the Lion and Unicorn, forming a groupe of bold and malUvc ornament.— The principal entrances are ale ended to by llights of Heps, and the key-lloncs of the arches are deecratcd with Coloifal Heads, cmblemaiie of the produce of the principal livers of Ireland, and the country ihrongh which they flow, forming Hiiking charaders of each ; and are executed in a very bold and mallerly llilc by^Mr. Edward Smyth, a native.— Over the central :■> L i 1-tV I R 1- I, N P. columns of ihe north front, are four flames rcprcfcniiuB: t];o four (j-iaticr,s n( tlio vvorlil, in a very chalk ilile, ami ilnoly executed liy Mr, Jofeph Banks of London. ■|hc louth iiout is entirely of Portland flonc; the other three arc of while niountaiii Uoue, with their columns, cuiiiices, architraves of windows, &:c. of Portland. The Long-rooin is 6.5 feet by 70, and 50 ieet high, and has a row of (ohinms on each iide, within which the Clerks do bulincfd. 'J lie whole is conipoled of lari'e nud ftriking features, foniiiug a novel and agreeable alfeniblage of well-cont rafted' lines. The liniple arrangement of its minuter parts, and the accelVory ornaments, are judi' tioudy cholen, well adapted to the fubje^, and form that harmony which contri- butes to the general ellcct by afljiling its light and (hade. The foundations of this building were laid in 178 1, and the whole is from the defigns of Janicj Gandon, Efq. Architcrt, who alio conducted the execution. — The eltimate was 165,5051. but as numerous unforefcen incidents mult be added, with furnifhing the ofhces', &c. the total expeucc will probably amount to, or exceed, 2oo,oocl. The Royal Exchange, fituatedin the centre of the city, near the Caflle, and op- polite ParliaiiK'nt-ftreet, and Eflcx-bridge, of which it commands a pleafing view, is a moft magniiicent edifice, andjuftly claims the admiration of foreigners, being per- haps the mult elegant ftrudure of Its kind in Europe. It was begun in the year 1769, and the firft ftone was laid by his Kxcellencv George Lord Vifcount 'lownfhen(«] then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The building was defigned by Mr. Cooley, and* openc'lfor tranfa«ftingbulincfs, in the beginning of the year 1779, being ten years in erefting. The expences, amounting to about 40,000!. were defrayed by lottery fchenies, conducted by the merchants of Dublin, with an integrity, that' will do them infinite honour. . The form of this beautiful edifice, is nearly a fquare, having three fronts of Port- land Hone, in the Corinthian order, crowned by a dome in the centre of the building. 'J'he north front is the molt jwrfed : a range of fix columns, with their cor cfpondent pilafteis, and entablature, I'ultain a noble pediment, highly decorated; at each fide, in the Time range, are two pilafters. On account of the acclivity of the ground on which the Exchange Itands, the entrance is by a large flight of fteps, and Ix'fore it, is a handfome balultrade fupported by raftie work. — The weft front varies but little from the north front, except the want of a pediment : a regular range of Corinthian pilafters, with their entablature, is continued throughout the three "fronts, and fup. ports an elegant balnftrade, which is only interrupted by the pediment in the north front : in the centre of the weft fide, is a projeftion of the entablature, fupported by four columns. — The infide of this edifice, poflefles beauties that cannot be clearly ex- preffed by words, being a great curiofity to thofe who have a lafte for architeiture. The dome is fpacious, lofty, and noble, and is fupported by twelve compolite fluted columns, which rifing from the floor, form a circular walk, in the centre of the am- bulatory; the entablature over the columns, is enriched in the moft fplendid manner, and above that, are twelve elegant circular windows. The deling of the dome is decorated with ftucco ornaments, in the Mofaic tafle, divided into fniall hexagonal compartments, and in the centre is a large window that illuminates moft of the build- ing. — On each fide of the fluted columns that fupport the dome, are femi-pilafters of the Ionic order, that extend to upwards of half the height of the columns ; ever the pilafters is an entablature, and above that, in the fpace between the columns, are ele- gant feftoons of drapery, and other ornamental decorations ; with a clock over the ftatue of his Majefty, and fiireftly oppolite the entrance at ttie north front. — At each extremitv of the north Iide of the Exchange, arc oval geometrical ftalr-cales, which lead to the Coffee room, and other apartments on the Ihiiic floor : the ftaircafcs are enlightened tiy flat oval Iainern< in the (ieling, which is cinbelliftied by haudl'onic I K i-; N l). 443 ftucco ornaments : in fome of the compartments are rcprcfciucd tijjuros ft.und in the ruins of Herculaneum, svith the grounds coloured.— 1 he Cotleeioom extends Iroin one ftair-cafe to the other, almoU the vhole length of the north Inmt, and us breadth i3 from the front to the dome: in point of magnificence, it is perhaps equal to any coHee-room in Great-Britain.— Upon the whole, whether we look upon this btjildiug with lelpca to magnilicence or convenience, it is equally dclcr\ uig ot our admiration and applaufc. . , „ . , i u . • i- The LviuK-in-Mofpital isefteemed by the beft judges to be an excellent piece ot ar- chiteauro and is admired for the beauty of its proportions : the colonnade at each fide and the aceplc, are in a good llilc. The interior parts are extremely welldil. pofcd The chapel is particularly admired for the elegance of the ftncco ornaments with which it is enriched. The wards for the women are very convenient. AiU ioining to the eaft colonnade is the Rotunda, one of the noblcft and mort magnihcirnr circular rooms in the Britifh dominions: the wall infide is decorated by a number ot PutedCor 'nan pilaftcrs; between them are windows ornamented m a hue itile, and teneathau occffes between the pedeltals of the pilaUers ; at one fide a grand or- cheftra —On the eaft fide of the Rotunda and communicating with it, has lately been ereaed a very elegant building, ornamented with ruftic work ; lour columns m the i:)oric order, and a pediment. Here are feveral noble apartments, intended for card and Ibppcr rooms, &c. &c. The profits arifing from the accommodai ion of _ company therein, as well as the Rotunda, are applied in aid of this valuable iiiftuiiti<.n.— l he gardens behind the hofpital have lately been furrounded with an lum baluftradmg, let upon a low mountain-ftone wall and coping, which h.-is produced an efled uueom- nioiilv novel and beautiful, and the pavillions at the north-eaft, and north-weft angles. x\ith columns of the Doric order, arc in a ftile of fuch fimplc elegance and tafte as jvreatly contribute to the beauty of the whole; and render it one ot the molt plcaling ornamentstobemet within Europe. ' ,,.,.,,. , • i u u- r n..,.. The Blue-coat Hofpital. The tirft ftone of this building was laid by his Excellency ihe Earlof Harcourt, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, on the i6th of June 1773; the trntre contains apartments for the principal officers, and their fervants, a committee, room, record-room, av d a handfome board-room for the governors to meet in. 1 he Iront is enriched in the cemre, by four Ionic columns, fupporting a pediment; over ihis the fteeple is imended to rile one hundred and thirtv feet from the ground, en- riched by Corinthian and Compofite pilafters, in the moft elegant ftile. On one iidp of this building Hands the chapel, and on the other the fchool, forming two beanti. fully proportioned wings. The chapel, which forms the north wing, is fixty-five feet loni, thirtv.two feet fix inches broad, and thirty-t wo feet high, i he fchool (forming the Ibuih wing) is of the fame length and breadth as the chapel, and twenty feet hjgh. ^This whole front extends three hundred and fixty feet. Both the wings are united honour on the abilities of the architea, the late Mr. ihomas Ivory. The Linen and Yarn Halls form a building of confiderable extent, compofed of va- rious fuuares, built at different periods, fome of rough mafonry and others of white mountain ftone, in a plain lubftantial ftile of architeaure. The rapid increafe of the linen manufaaure and the fales at this hall, have demanded the late confiderable ad- ditions, which are with tlic other parts, admirably conflruaed to the purpoles ot their application. , „ , . , r -.rn • u Meft of the town, in a fine fituation, flands the Hofpital of Kilmamham, or Royal-Hofpital, a large commodious building, founded m 1695, for the reception IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t ^ / ^/ /. O V^ #j> ^ ^/ u. (/.^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■-IIM |5 M 2.2 1.8 U IIIIII.6 ^ <^ /] ^>^ ^>. !&.. -3 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^1^ 44^ I R L N D. 61 fupe.ana.i.t ea vetcnins, and Uiole who have been by ficknefs, or ihc chaacc of var. rendered .ncapablo ol i,n\ug their country in a tn^Htary ca wc ly --On the o pohtehdeot Che r.ver, are li.e Barracks, the largefi buiIdii,/oF he kind ikh o v andsoohoric: iheold or principal part is of rough ftone, ornanSntfd ^ith co ! Zl'i^'i- r"t.\'^'^"^^ ''^ ''' 't<>"«-^Vithinthde few years ha. b.c„ Xl he eait ot the old bmldnig., a .,cw iquare of conhderable extent, of white moun- tain ftone;us^cWter is that of exire.ne plainnefs, but yet is allowed t<^^coZ nicate much efied from the capacity and boldnefs of its parts conimu. The Military Hofpital iu the Phaniix Park is juftly admired for the merit of its defign; the fouih or prmcipal front h built of white mountain fione, coSing of a cetiter, and two mugs with pediments, finifhed with a neat cornice ^nd a cupola and ornamented with great ncatnefs and modefty. la compartments in this front are reprefented m baflo rehevo, a figure of Efcufapius, emblematic of the apnlTc tion of the building, with other ornaments of a military defign, &c. The fSon IS uncomnionly judicious, m a dry healthy foil, aod being a elmmanding en nc ice ftiews the building to much advantage. ^ ^"imcnce. The other public buildings, are the Hibernian and Marine Schools, the Foundling Stephens's Swift's, Simpfon's and the Meath Hofpitals, but as thef^ do not poH?fs Xe'n? ^^^l^^^^^^r^l beauties, we Ihall not enter into a particular defiripdon InnUf^hfl'''"'"""'?^'^ private houfes are thofe of the Duke of Leinfter, and the Lords Charlemont, lyrone, and Powerfcourt, which have each their peculiar beau ties; befides thefe there are feveral others, whofe claims to tafle Ld^S^nce are very fluking; and indeed within thefe few years, the nobility and gentry feem o vie with each other in the fplendor and convenience of their re°fidefce 7o that Dublin IS not perhaps inferior to any city on the continent in this reined ^-^rh ^ ''•1"°' '^^ i^^^^^th^ citizens in the number of charitable inllitutions which prevail m every part of the town. Each pai i(h has its charity-fthool as have don Thfr 'h r^T r°-^T-' I'berally fuppor^ed by fermons or^nnual fu£ip! S^ r r^'^^'^ff^^PJ^'l^f "P°" " ^'^^^ °^ unbounded humamty, as it always affords an afylum to deferted children, who are taken in at the tende eft age and are reared in eady habits of mduflry. in a due knowledge of morality, and edu'cated for he rank they are intended to fill in fociety.-The Blue-coat-Ho&tal was pril ciMlly intended for the fons of deceafed or reduced freemen of the city .^nd ifun der the government of us magiftrates. It pofTeffes a private eftate, which enables k mav hTIr'''^. T^'T '^.°^' T '^""^^^^ ^">'«' '^^'^'^ a"d at'tendon to whom may be eflimated by the circumftance of its having always produced fome of the moft wealthy and refpedable citizens.-The Hibernian and\Marine Schoor ar^ two eftaUilhrnents of the utmoft utility : The former is for the Ibns and daughters of foldiers, who, having b^d or grown old in the fervice of their country, ha?e a Ift claim on its genetofity for the adoption of their cbildren.-The Marine SchnJ! intended for the fons of decayed o? deceafed feamen, and is comlSrwIh 'e judgment and attention to their morals and necelfary education ; it is howevf to be regretted, that an mflitution. intended as a nurlery for feamen n a rifii gcoimier cial country, is not upon a fcale of much greater magnitude. It is from fuch f'em naries that we fhould exped to draw the fnews of otr future navies, the pro.eaor of their country, the extenders of fcience. the Rodneys and the Cooks of Irel nd i! Ihe benevolem idea of the Lying-in-Hofpital originated with the late Doflor Moffe whofe humanity being wounded at the fuflerings of poor women in the city he opened a houfe for their reception m George's- Lane, in the rear 174.; lut findii g J R E N D, 447 ihis too confined for the extended goodnefs of his heart, he took, a piece of ground in Great-Britain-ftreet in 1750, where he embarked the whole of his private Ibrtime in the commencement of a new hofpital ; here, after ftruggling unfuccefsflilly with a variety of fchemes for raifing a fiind for completing it, he at length petitioned par- liament, whofe liberality for different feflions enabled him to eSect this valuable ob- jeiX in 1756, and granted him 2000I. as a reward for his fervices. Since its open- ing in December, 1757, to the prefent time, there have been above 25,000 women delivered therein ; and its benefits would be ftill more valuable, if the women were permitted to remain longer in the Hofpital ; and would be much more extenfive, but that the funds are unfortunately frnall and precarious, ariling from cafual benefac- tions, and the proSts of entertainments in the public rooms and gardens adjoining. Simplbu's Hofpital for poor decayed blind and gouty men, was founded on a noble bequeft of the late George Simpfon, Efq. in 1780. For the better efledling which feveral refpe£table citizens were appointed truftees by his will, and incorporated by B.&. of parliament, who have built an excellent houfe and oftices on a plain modelt plan in Great-Britain-ftreet, for the reception of proper objeds. 'Ihtne are fixty blind or gouty men of different religious perfuafions, comfortably clad, liberally maintained and lodged, enjoying even fome of the rational gratifications of life, and niinillercd to in ficknefs ; and this number is expefted to be enlarged as the eftate which maintains it fhall improve. We cannot fufficiently admire the principle on which this hofpital w-as founded, as it affords an afylum whofe comforts at leaft allc- •\'iaie two of the greateft corporeal infirmities with which mankind can be afflided ; and this often at that period of life, when the unhappy fufferer may have furvived even the wreck of fortune and of friends. The manner too in which it is conduced by the truftees, reflefts the higheft honour on them; it foftens calamity, heals the wounded mind, and renders the boon of charity doubly gratefiil to thofe who enjoy No overgrown fervants here divert the facred current of its revenue into their It. own pockets, nor occupy the houfe to the exclufion of its objefls. The Houfe of Indnftry was placed under the corporation for the relief of the poor, and puniftiing of vagabonds, &c. in the year 1773. It is intended for the accom- modation of poor, aged, or infirm objefls, and for the employment and correiftion of fturdy beggars. It contains an holpital for the fick, and cells for the lunatic, and has in k^me meafure removed from the Itreets and avenues of the city, the nume- rous objeds of poverty, difeafe, or impofture, which formerly infefted them. This charity is fupported by parliamentary aids, annual chaiity fermons, and private be- nefactions. There are alfo Stephens's, Mercer's, the Charitable, the Meath, and St. Nicho- las's Hofpitals, and that for Incurables, befide feveral Difpenfaries. Thefe are under diii'erent fpecies of government, and on different foimdations ; the objed of all, however is, to admiuifter medical, or afford furgical, allidance, to the poor of the city gratis, and are, without exception, condudkd with infiuite zeal and humanity by the diticrent attendants. ' St. Patrick's Hofpital for limatics and idiots, was founded by the celebrated Dean Swift in 1745, on a bequeft of ii,oool. and is infpefted with gieat attention. 'J'he Charitable Loan Society was incorporated by parliament in 1778, tor lending out money, intercft free, to indigent tradefmen. I'his iirftituiion has f)roduced im- portant c.!k>(Rs in the promotion of induftry, and communicates cifential benefits to th.it valuable part of the community. Having given an abftraft of the hiftory of this city, and dcfcribed the piincipal external oVjeds worthy attention therein, we pioceed to give a Ihort account of iis -govcrnineiit and police. 44S N D. The municipal gorerqment of the city of Dublin is vcfted in a lord mayor, 24. aj, dermeij, 2 ilierilfs, and *^7 conunon couiicil who are deaed by the feveral corpora' nous. 1 be various departments of its police are partly in the hands of this corpoi ration, ai.d panly in feveral bo;irds inftituted for the purpofe wtthjn thefe few years. Jn the former is the tare of the water, w hich they are to fee carefully and conftantly dillributed to every part of the metropolis, from two principal fources, one from a bafon at the weit end of thecity, on the fouth fide of JamesVflreet, which aflbids a noble head of water, being chiefly fupplied by the grand canal ; and the other from the I-itfey at Ifland-bridge, w here a foicing engine is employed to raife the water to a proper level for the better fupply of the north fide of the city : front thefe fources it is fupplied, in a degree, perhaps, luperior to any other in.Eu.ope. The magiftrates of this corporation are alfo intrufted with the power of infpcdine public markets, regulating the aflize of bread, adminiftering juflice in the court of confcience, &c.— But its powers and confequence have been confiderably abridged within a kw years, by the creation of new boards to whom have been transferred a variety of thofe prerogatives which have for ages been exerciied by the citizens, and in whom they were thought to be inherent. The police or nightly guardianfliip of the city is veiled in a corporation poifcffing very extenfive powers. — It is coir.pofed of three commiflioners, and lour divifional magiftrates, appointed by government from the board of aldermen. The conmiiil fioners have a fiipreme fupet intending authority over the fuboidinate officers acting in various capacities in thecity; and the divifional magiftrates hear complaints ai d are direiSed to adminifter juftice, in certain cafes, within their refpedtive diftrifls. The nightly guard confift of about 500 men, of which 20 are horfemen, under the difciplineof a chief conftable and fundry other officers. — A certain number of theie men are employed to attend the magiftrates in the day, for the prefervation of peace for conducing offenders to prifon, for attending the execution of juftice, for guard- ing the houfe of commons, and other purpofes.—-The commiflioners have alio the ad- miniftration of the carriage duty, the regulation of carriages, and the hearing com- plaints againft the drivers, and they have a power of granting licences for the carryimr on of various trades and profeflions in the city ; in Ihort thefe conmiiflloners are iii. vefted with a regulating contioul, which pervades a very numerous dcfcription ot the citizens, and poffefs powers under the law of claiming and levying njoney to a wide extent and to a confiderable amount. The citizens have iiever been cordial to the inftitutionof this board, fince its erec- tion ; and it has certainly created more private and public murmurings than any aft or eftablifhment of parliament for many years. — Every citizen who loves order, and regards the prefervation of his perfonalfafety, his peace, and his property, mu'ft de- fire and fupport a conftitutional protedion which will efl'ea thefe purpofes j and none being more interefted in thefe than the citizens of Dublin thcmfelves, they thought the power and the means ftiould therefore be vefted in them. They confidered this citablilhment as intended for other objefts than their benefit: as planting a Itandard of corruption amongft their magiftrates : as breaking that bond of union which ihould fubfift between them and the people, of whom they were hereby rendered in- dependent, and to whofe intereftsand freedom they would become aliens; and finally" they confidered this plan as irreconcileable to the popular genius of the conftitutiou and to the prejudices of thofe k was intended to govern. Reformation, however juftifiable and neccffary, is not the work of a feafon ; and be who attempts to con- trol fuddeniy, fixed opinions, and overturn old eftablifhments, by law or by arms, is not acquainted with hunaan nature, or the hifto.y of civil fociety, and will endanger 4he peace or exiftence of the government. — The difcontent of the people rofe fo R I. N D. 449 high ill the winter of 1787, that meetings were held in all the paiiOies of the city, where rdblutious conceived in the Ihougelt language were entered into, declarator^ of their abhorrence of the inftitntioii, of its nial-adniiuiftration, of the enoriniiy of the tax, of its niifipplication, j^nd that it was eredled more for corruption than pro- ledion. — A petition was prefented to parliament figned by more than 7000 of the ti- tizens, Itating in refpedlfiil and firm terms thefe grievances ; counlel were lieard, and evidence examined ; from which it appeared, that very great enormities had been conimiited, and the " perfons and properties of the citizens rendered n,ore inlecure than heretofore." — Thefe proceedings impelled the legillature to a rcvifion and al- teration of the law, but thefe do not appear to have produced much effect, or to have IciTenedtlie evils complained of, or fileuced the complaints of the citizens. The Paving, Lighting and Cleanfing of the city are veiled in a corporation fpc- cially incorporated for thefe purpofes. — Until the year 1774 (when it was originally treated) this city in all thefe refpedts was eminently defcdlive. — The firll objed of the corporation was the removal of figns, jet-out-windows, &c. wliich obftruded the paifages and w ere diftreffing nuifances. — The city foon aflumed a ncv/ and more agreeable appearance ; and as the flagging of the ibot-ways extended, the reform_w as the more fenhbly felt.— But the funds being inadequate to perfeft thefe various pur- pofes, parliament increafed the tax, and gave 50O0I. annually of the coach-tax as a further aid, fo that their revenue now amounts to near 24,oool. per annum. — This was veiled in a new board corapofed of feven direftors, and five commiffioners, the latter of whom being paid for their attention, and being in fome degree under the controulof thediredors, execute their truft with difliuguilhed vigilance and effeft, infomuch, that it is expeded the metropolis of Ireland will beenftnently confpicuous in a lew years for the valu.able accommodation'? of well- paved, well-clcanfed, and well-light llreets. — Another objed of their atte?ition merits particular notice: until the yean 7 83 the poor of the city were greatly dillrefled, from the want of water ;. and various extortions were pra6Ufed on them for procuring it; till the humanity of Sir John BlaquJere interfering, foli^d and obtained from parliament, an appropria- tion of part of the funds of ^his c^poraiion for the eredion of conduits and foun- tains in various parts of the city, which now abundantly atlbrd to a numerous part of the community one of the greateft elemental bleffings without expenfe; and many of thefe fountains deriving great beauty from the aids of fculpture and architecture, are dillinguiflrcd as elegant and onfpicuous ornaments ; uniting the Uti'e child; and are monuments of the taite ana benevolence of the promoter. IIa\ ing defcribcd the metropolis, and every interelling ellablifhment therein, as fully as tlie nature of our work will admit, we proceed to a fketch of fome of the principal towns in the kingdom. Cork is thefecond city in the kingdom, and capital of the proviiace of Munfter, goycrncdby a mayor and other magiilrates, and fends two members to parliament. It is feated «)n an ifland in the river Lea, which branching into two arms about a mile above the fcite of the city, one runs onitsuowh and the other ou its foutli fido, over which are placed neat bridges, by which the communication with the oppolite con- tiiicuts is preferved. The ifland is interfedcd by feveral canals, either natural or ar- tificial, which being banked in, bringupfnip^ almofl to every flreet, and greatly facili- tate their trade. The fituation of the. city is partly on a rifing ground on tht- nortlt and fouth, and the middle on a level; it is three miles long autl near tno broad, antl is uncommonly populous for its extent, containing above 80,000 inhabitants. For- inerly the flrcets and lioufcs were as narrow and inelegant as thofe of equal antiquity in Ireland, but the public and private buildings of late years are in the fiilc of mo- dern elegance, and alike declare the unproved tafle, fpirit, and liches of the inhabi- Inc. XV. 3 M ?"•/. 430 I R N D. tarns, wlioln-c bccu at all times diftingiimied for their liberal hofpiiality and agree. ab c hiavity of manners. Here are feven Protcftant churches, eleven Catholic cha- pels, and tour diffenting meeting-houfes, belonging to Prelbyterians, Anabaptifts Qiiakcrs and French Proteftants. The Cuftom-houfe, Exchange, Market-houfc, County-Court-houfe and the Theatre, are handlbme buildings; and the charity fchoob and fimilar foundations are numerous and well fupported ; — upon the whole, this city very julUy ranks as the fecond in the kingdom, and is 124 miles S, W. of 'Dub- lin.— The trade of Cork is very confiderable, and its exports are in fome articles much fuperior to thofe of the metropolis. In time of war it is the great market for provifions, from whence the Bncifh navy draw an inexhauftible fupply. The other articles of export coufift of corn, wool, bay and woollen yarn, camblets, ferges, hides, butter, candles, foap, tallow, herrings, &c. — Wool-combing is carried on to fuch extent in this county, that half the wool of Ireland is faid to be combed here; the manufaaures confift of camblets, ferges, ratteens, frizes, druggets, narrow cloaths, coarfe linen, ftockings, &c. but when agriculture and manufadlures are more widely difiufed through this fruitful province, their trade will be more valuable, as being derived from the enlarged induftry and ingenuity of the people. Limerick inuft ever be diftinguilhed in a hiitory or defcription of Ireland, Its lituation on the nobleft river which any European ifland can boaft, and placed in one of the moft fertile counties of the kingdom : — the celebrity which it has derived from its memorable and eventful fiege ; and ftill more from its articles of furrender; with the many momentous circumftanccs which proceeded therefrom .s— all thele, render this city one of the mofl interefting features in this country. Limerick is a chearful and a ffourilhiug city, and is compofed of what is called the Irilh and the Englifh town. The latter ftands upon the fbuth part of a piece of ground three miles in cir- cumference, called the King's Ifland, formed by the Shannon, which divides itfelf about half a mile above the city. The Irilh town is on the fouth or oppofite fide of the liver, and both are united by an old bridge, called BaaPs. Thefe towns in their ancient ftate conlilled but of one wide well buiMreet, cut at right angles by many narrow lanes; at prefent the city is large, populous and regular; three miles in cir- cumference; is fuppofed to contain above 40,000 inhabitants, and is 92 miles S. W. by W. from Dublin, and about 60 miles from the fea. It is governed by a mayor, fheiiffs and other magiftrates; is a city and county in itfelf, and fends two members to parliament. Its trade is confiderable, particularly in the export of beef, pork, butter, hides, rape-feed, &c. &c. and the manufaflures of linen, woollen and paper are carried on to fome extent ; that of gloves is no lefs celebrated abroad than at home, for their uncommon delicacy and beauty *. Belfast, though a few years fince of inferior or fecond rate confequence, now ranks amongft the firft towns in Ireland ; to which importance it has arrived by the mofl rapid extenfion, and for which it is indebted to the enterprizing adivity of its merchants, the uncommon induftry of its people, and from its fituation, being the medium through which are conveyed the imports and exports of a populous and great manufaduring country. Belfaft is in the county of Antrim, on the river Lagan, at its jundtion with the Lough of Belfaft, is luppofed to contain at Icaft 30,000 inha- bitants, governed by a Sovereign and 1 2 BurgeHes, fends two members to par- liament, and is 80 miles north from Dublin. The ftreets are broad, the houlcs ge- ncrally modern and well built. I'he Exchange, Hall, and other public buildings • Thofe who may choofc to he more fully acquainteJ with this city, will be much gratified by con- fiiliiivT its ancient and modern hilloi y, written with great pains and fidelity by cue of its ciii/ens, Mr. rerr.ir. I R D. 451 ave fulled to the purpofes of.their creflion, and worthy the confccfftcncc of the town ; the places of entertainment are condudled with tafte and poli'.enclb, and the general manners of the people upright, independent, frank and amiable. Iheir trade has rifen, and is daily rifing, into coniiderable value ; the exports of linen, raanufadtur- ed cotton, glafs, corn, beef, pork, and fundry other articles, are great ; and their various nianufadiiires form fome of the moil importaiu in the kingdom. Wateri'Ord ftands on the Ibuth fide of the Suire, a broad and rapid river with- out any bridge, and about four miles and .1 half from its junction with the Noie and Barrow, all which united form the harbour. 1 his city is aboiit eight miles frcni the fea, aad 74 miles fouth-fouth-weft from Dublin ; it is a moft con\enient port lor fo- reign traffic, and its harbour runs alniolt 13 miles up the country, nearly in a ilrait line, all the way deep and clear. Waterford was originally built in 879, but de- ftroyed in 98 1 ; it was coufiderably enlarged by Strongbow in 1171, and ftill further in the reign of Henry VII. who granted confiderable privileges to the citizens ; and Richard II. landed and was crowned here in 1399. In 1690, James II. embarked from hence for France, after the battle of the Boyne, and King W illiam relided here twice, and confirmed its privileges- This city is capital of the county of the fame name, governed by a Mayor and other magiftrates, and fends two members to parliament ; there are a cathedral of great extent and elegance, three churches, (one of which is extremely beautiful and fpacious, and rivals any which e\en the caphal can boaft) four Catholic Chapels, and places of vvorihip for French Proteftants, Prefbyterians, Qyakers, and Anabaptifts. The Biftiop's palace is a fine building of hewn ftone, with two fronts. The Court-houfe, Exchange, Cuflom-houfe, and Bar- racks, are neat handfome buildings, and the new Theatre and Alfembly Rooms are fitted up in a very fine tafte. There are feveral charity fchools and humane founda- tions, well fupported; the private dwellings are generally modern, and with the other improvements of the city, keep pace wuh the increafe of its trade. The white glals and other raanufadures of Waterford are in a flourifhing ftate ; and its export of beef, pork, butter, hides, tallow, corn, &c. is confiderable; to which the ex ten- five inland navigation it has by means of the Nore, Suire, and Barrow greatly con- tributes ; as they alfo do to the import trade, from the demand for foreign cornmo- dities in the feveral rich counties and flourifhing towns through which thefe rivers flow. The trade it carries on with Newfoundland, and of which it enjoys the prin- cipal ihare, is of the utmoft importance, as upwards of fevemy I'ail of fhipping are employed m the fupply of the banks with provifions, &c. and return from thence and the Weft-Indies with fifh, rum, fugar, cotton, &c. Some idea of the provifion trade here may be formed by the vaft number of large hogs killed, which amount to upwards ot 3000 per week, for many weeks together, and of butter there have been exported from hence from 60, to 80,000 cafks a year. Kilkenny is one of the beft inland cities in this kingdom, pleafantly fituatcd on the river Kore, diftant 57 miles fouih-wefl from Dublin. It is governed by a Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen. — It comprizes two towns, Kilkenny, fo called, and Irifli- Town, eachof which fends two members to parliament J and, together, are comput- ed to contain about 20,000 inhabitants : This city was once of great confequence as may be feen by the number of venerable ruins yet remaining of magnificent churches, monafteries, and abbies, which even now, in their delapidated ftate, exhibit inch fpecimens of exquifite tafte in architeflure, as may vie with any modern improve- ments : The remains of its gates, towers, and walls, fliew t hat it was formerly a place of great ftrength; here too at diflerent limes parliaments were held, in which fome remarkable ftatutes were pafled. It has two churches, and feveral Catholic chapels — the cathedral Hands in a fequeftered fituation, is a venerable Gothic pile, 3 M 2 4:i I K i: LAN D. and built aT'f.vc fnc bund icU years; clofc to ii is onc,ofihofo rcmark.iLlo lornd towers, which liavc lo much uigagcd the aitemion of travellers : The Liila.p's palace )sa haiidlome hmlding, and coiiiinunicnics by a covered palfage Miih tlic church: 'I'heca!\lc waslirll built in the 12th centuj^-— but as it now ilar,ds by the anccftors of the Dukes ot Oriiiond; the fituatiou is at once bold and beautiful, on a Aeiylkephill overhanging a reach of the Norc, with every advantage that an exteniive prc^fpcrt of woods, mountains and plains can give. Here the Orniond family retided, and it 'n . now ni the polfcdion of Mr. Butler a defcendant of that illulhious race. The pre- fent polfelfor has ccnfiderably in)pro\ed it by building a noble range of ofiices: The . college originally founded bj- the Crmond iatnily, is juft rebuilt in a iH!c of elegance and convenience— -The 'Ihollel and Markei-hcule are both good buildings; o\erthc latter are aluiio of rooms, in which, during die Avinter, and at races and alhzes times, afiembhcs are held, where may be leen as much urbanity and beauty as any j.lacc of its fize can boalt. There arc two very tine bridges of cut marble over the >,orc, John's particularly, which confills of throe elliptic arches, is beautifully i)roponioi> ed, and might fcrvc as a model of lightnefs and elegance. Ihe only nianufa6;uies of coniequence in this city are coarfe woollen cloaths, blankets of extraordinary iir-c quality, and confiderable ciuantities of ftarch ; in the neighbourhood alfo are mam:- laaured thoie beautilul chimney-pieces, which are known all over the kingdom by the name of Kilkenny marble; nor mull it bo (miiitcd, that ihefe arc cut and po- lilhed by water, a mill (the only one of its kind in thefe kingdoms, or probably in Europe) having been invented by the late ingenious Mr Colics for this purpofe. On the whole, if we confider the purity of air and water, the number of mill I'ciics, the convenience of firing (the coal-pits being within nine miles), the plenty of its niar- kets, and cheapnefs of labour, Kilkenny would prove an excellent fituation for the eftablifhment of confiderable manufiiflorics. Galwav is the moft confiderable town in Conaught, and the capital of the coi:ii. ty of the fame name. It is feated on the noble bay of Galway, on the Vsefern Ocean, and is 120 miles weft from Dublin. It has but one parilli church, which is a large and beautiful GoUiic ftrudluie; an Exchange, three nunneries, three mona- fteries, three barracks, a charter- fchool, and an holpital. It is a county in itfclf, go- verned by a Mayor, or his Deputy, two Sherifls and a Recorder, and lends two members to parliament. The town is furrounded with walls, and including iis fu- burbs, contains about i5,oco inhabitant? ; the houfes are principally built of ilone in the Gothic order, iew being in the modern ilile. The falnion and hcning fifl,e- ries are carried on here with great fpirit, and employ ieveral hundred boats ; the cjuantity of kelp manufaftured and exported is confiderable, and the growth of tl;e linen nianufadture, though of late introduction, is become very imj)ortant. LoNDONDKRRY is onc of the moft confpicuous cities in Ireland, as well Ibr iis extent and trade, as for its ever-memorable fiege ; a fiege, diftinguifhed as much for the principles, fortitude, and courage of the defenders, as the ultimate confequcnce which arofe from the fteady and fuccefsful excrcife of thofe virtues. Londondcrrv is 1 15 miles north-north-weft from Dublin, in the province of Ulller, and capital of the county of the fame name ; fends two members to parliament, and is governed by a Mayor and other Magiftrates. It is feated on an eminence or declivity of an oval form, -being al moft a peninfuh at the bottom, and on a narrow part of lough Foylc, which furrounds, for a quarter of a mile broad, two thirds or more of the eminence, and by \\ hich they have an open navigation to the fea on the very north of the king- dom. -This fituation is not more advantageous than beautiful; the city is extremely well built and neat, and a general appearance of order, induftry and fobriety pre- ' vaik throughout. Its trade is confiderable; the exports confift of linen, linen-yarn, R E I. A I). 453 v\ ti.i c^-c. and their exertions in the Greenland and other fiflicrio?, have been luccef?- i'ui declare their enterprising ipirit, and merit evciy cucc)ur:ii;(.incnt. Ihe ground plot of this city is the property of the corporations ot Loiuhm, Irom which tt has compounded its former name, which was Dcrry. , ,. j i NEWRy is in the county Down, 50 ""'cs N. fiv)m Dublm, and Icated on the Ncwry Water, which is rendered navigable for large veflcls mto the bay ot Carlmg. ford; and by a noble canal which joins the Bann river, this town has a communica- tion with Lough Neagh and all the circumjacent neighbourhood. It is not many years fuue Newry was but of inferior conUderaiion cither in trade or extent, but the aaiveinduilryof its inhabitants, the advantages of its fituation, and other ocal cir- cumltanccs, have impelled its growth and refpeaabHity with unprecedented celerity. Kewry is a neat, well built and bufy town, and its export and import tr.ulc couUdcr- ablc and incrcafing. , . , , r n • r 1 i« Drooukda is ieated on the river Boyne, which is naMgable for Hups o burden to the Quay; it is 2,3 miles N. from Dublin, piincipally in the county Louth, and i.^ one of the moft diltinguiOied towns in the kingdom; being large and me luce\s gc- nerally fpacious, neat, modern and well-built ; it is governed by a Mayor, bheriils. Recorder, and Aldermen; is a county in hfclf, and fends tvso members to parlia mem. Here is an active fcene of bufinefs, excited by the wealth, euterpnzc, and mdultry of its inhabitants, whofe focial and polite manners, render a relidence heie cqtiauv asrceable to the trader or gentleman. The trade of Drogheda is coniidcrable ; and ^vould be Hill greater, if the Boyne was na\igablc to the inland towns, through tlie adioiuiiic counties ; the negled of which is equally myflenous and unpardonable : th.cir exports Vonfift of linen, linen-yarn, cotton, &c. and that ot coin is proba!) y greater than from any other port in the kingdom: thtir manufaaures are equally iiouiifhing. ^ ^ -i c r T^ vr Wkkford is capual of the county of the fame name, 67 miles S. from Dublin; coverned by a Mayor and other magiftraies, and fends two members to parliament; it is b«ik near the fea, upon the river Slancy, that empties iifelf into the ocean here ; the haven is very large, and the entrance is delended by two narrow necks ot land, • ttch tbrming an'iflhraus that ftretch forward to meet each other, leaving an opening of about half a mile. The tirtt Englifh forces that arrived in this kmgilom were hnded here; encouraged by king Dermot, and led by Robert Fitzikphens, arid Maurice Fitzgerald. '1 he town is in general well built, and the Church, Market-houle, andCuitom-houfcarehandfome modern ftruaures ; it is feated in a country peculiarly plentiful, by which their markets are uncommonly cheap and well fupplud ; and their trade confifts chiefly in corn, particularly barley and malt, ot which they export confiderable quantities. <• 1 • Sligo is a fea-port town, capital of the county of the fame name, and is ig~^ miles N. W. from Dublin. Its fituation on a great bay opening to the Atlantic Ocean, and which abounds wuh innumerable ftioals of fifh, gives it many advantages, and renders it a tilhing ftation of the firlt importante, as it is no lei^ eligible tor the trade of the welkm world. The quantity of linen and linen-yarn exportcded from Sligo is very confiderable, thole nianufaaures having fpread themlehxs tlnough this part of the kingdom with great rapidity. . Armagh, Hillsuokough, Lisburn, Coleraim, and feycral other towns m dilfeient parts of the kingdom, claim more attention than the limits of onr work can indulge. Armagh is not 'only one of the greatell markets for linens, but is_ perhaps unrivalled by any other of equal extent, for the beauty of its public buildings, tor which it is indebted to the unexampled munificence of its primate. Hilllborough claims its Ihare of praife on the fame account; and Lilburn and Coleraui, behde polfelTing a luge portion of the linen bufinels, merit equal notice lor their exticuiu; neatnefs, and the Ipirit and induftry of their inhabitants. 454 I R K D. rARTTCULARS OF THE REVENUE AND R E V E N U HcrcJItai7 Revenue . - - . , Additional duties on Cuftoms and Excife inwards and outwards Duties on flamped paper and parchment ... Revenue arifing from the Pofl Office - . , ^ Pells and Poundage received at the Treafury ... Surplus from the public coal yards .... Lottery office licences - - - - , Rent of new Geneva County Waterford Regimental Balance . ..«-.» Abfentee T\x "•«.«_. EXPENCr.S OF E. c s. if. m 262249 6i M Si66ijs 4 f>i M 39893 3 4 ■ 14171 9 4 ■ 25301 8 I - 864 16 5 •• 233 18 8 m 738 M 2J * l^OO m 6308 9 4i 867956 '3 6.4 '-*^^»>^>*9^^Vii^i ^ < Q f4iUi i The ancient revenue of the crown, payable by prefcription, or by ammon la-w. and without an* exprefs grant by aft of parliament, is compofed of crown rents comnonfmn rJ^^c „ • ■• ,°^ houfe duties, and cafnal revenue, conf.fting*^ of fine., f^zures and fXt,r« Th ' '^'"'2'' ^1^'"' euftoms inwards and outwards, inland and'import excise? h«rtSonetqT/renTs'\rd7ic^^^^^ ther fuppl.es. which being granted on articles fubjeft at theSmeWe? diTy duttHxre Id land parted a vote of credit for the fum of 50S0I to enabSis mlieft'; to nut Iht klZdlJ""- °* 'T turc of defence againft the invaf.on with wh'ich it was S threaSd"'^ t£s vSte Wediuf c'on fidered as the or.gm of a national debt in this kingdom, and as it was o be raifL hv^Ln K« • annual intereft, certain duties were afterwards grinted to defray that intereft In A WhV n" "^ f thefe duties.have increafed or deereafed from tiL to time as the'dS S r^en or fat ''L'd "^^^^^^^^ nrngutlhed m the public accounts under the title of loan duties. ' Exclufive of thefe funds, there are other additional duties granted and aoDroBriated for th,. ^n Zer^f ""' °^ '"' %"'• f'^'""^' ^°' 'k P''""°""K ""'• extending trade and fnduTj^andfor Z Sll ""T""'"'?*^ '^' """""y- ^^' P™«^«» °f '»'«'■« ArrRo^R.ATED duties'^ is not apin- rSd by"/adiame"t S-'--^"'. ^ut muft be applied to the particular ufes to which they arj£ the^Jow'er7'/„"] ^.Th^v °^aTTa "' '^^^'H^ ^^ '^' eommiflioners of curtoms and excife. under Irt P°ri f?'* authorities defcnbed in afts pafled in the reign of Charles II. and feveral fubfequent fn^o'f.,. r,^V "' '''7 *^''" PI" °f '^' quit-rents and eafnal revenue, paid by the fub eft Sftly ^ga'^Sn ^ ^^' *"''""?' '^' ^"'" «» ]»ome-madc wrought plate^ppropriated tJ inland ni^ N D. 455 IRELAND FOR ONE YEAR ENDING 25ih MARCH, 1787. I X F E N Exchequer » , • • King's Bench . . • • Chancery . « • • Common Pleas • - - State Officcri • - Incitlents - - . - Cuftom Officers . - - Perpetuities . ■ • Commiffioners of Appeal Non-conforming Minifters Commiffioners and overfeers of Barracks Court of admirahy . - - Commiffioners of Impreft AccounU Penfions -.---» French Penfions . . - - Concordatum _ . . - - Total of the Civil Li General Officers . - - - Horfe, Dragoons, and Foot Warrant Men . . . - Additional pay in Dublin . . - Allowances in lieu of ftoppages Battle-Ax« Guards - - - - Garriibns, with their incidents Military Penfions .... Half-pay Officers . - - - Widows of Officers . - - - Ordnance - - « • - Military contingencies Total of the Military Eftablifhmcnt Charges and payments by virtue of King's Letters Charges and payments purfuant to afts of parliament r Old Bounty Linen Manufafture \ Further Bounty (_ Premiums on Flax-feed r Concordatum Exceedings on 5 Military Contingencies (^ Barracks Prizage and Fees _ . « - Commiffioners of the public accounts Total of the Extraordinary Charges The Total Grofs Expence From whence deducing Lottery payments The militia expence of one year And fums repaid out of the produce of the til- lage duties _ - - c 27091 5 5722 II 6399 19 5246 2 9705 12 21736 8 4968 6 1506 16 1500 o 2700 700 4400 97366 •534 5000 E, J. 2i 84 I n 6 oi 7 o o o o e loi 9i o 9 12 33044 13 362100 10 15958 8 4669 95'3 1891 18 399 > I 6233 13 20800 17 5-569 4 21179 10 3C00 o 13336 10 7250 o 63338 16 16332 19700 4'23 14 1280 o 9 7 160000 20000 o o 4228 17 4 6 o 1 1 n 4 o 4 li o 5i o o 133450 4 9 273745 8 7i 4000 o c I 0000 o o 33 6i 81 2 o o o 'U- The Actual Expence 197727 6 li 501289 8 7i 533221 I 01 1232237 15 10 1842.48 17 Hi .1048008 T7 loi 45*^ R r h N * D. The foregoing Tables will (liew- tl.o Iicms which generally compofc ihe Acoiiiit of the Revenue and I-.vprnces of Ireland each ycar;~.thc following, Hicw the pro- grcl.s ot both, from an early pericd to the prelieat times. THE REVENUK AND EXPENCES OF IRELAND. Annual Expknce. Annual Incomf. The Mcdiuni of i6 Years ending 1725 Years 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 i7«o 1781 17B2 1783 I7«4 178,5 1786 1787 The MediuQi of 16 Years /,'40),'66 ending 1725 432.344 Years 1730 43,5.460 61(^,972 583.255 699,290 5^9.456 599.45<> 700,801 700,801 832,411 789.779 976,845 867,956 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 /.•422.727 499. ">6S 464,928 519.286 740,506 811,249 84l,5'!il 841,581 946,283 946,283 934,703 913.C91 1,082,994 1,048,008 National Debt^] The debt of Ireland is confidered as baling oriqinatetl in 1715, when a vote of credit for 5o,oool. was paffed, on a threatened iu\aiion of the kmgdom.— ti-oni that period us progrefs though irregular and Huduating was con- liderablc; and in the year 1749.it amounted to 205,1 17I.— However, through the ev- ereile oi unufual CEconomy, or an increale of revenue, this debt was extinguilhed and the nation was in credit the following years : ' CREDIT. In 175 1 1753 1755 1757 1759 X|22,370 205,173 471,404 249.422 84,39<> Again the nation engaged in debt, the rapid accumulation of m hid: will appear Iroin the annexed table. ' ' DEBT. Years 1761 1763 1765 1767 I': 69 1771 "1773 1775 /;2 23,43 8 521,161 508,874 581,964 628,883 7S9,53 1,690 D E B i". Years 1777 — /;834,o86 1779 — 1067,565 1781 — 1551.704 1783 — 1919,356 1784 — 2,123,343 1785 — 2,181,501 1786 — 2,052,766 1787 — 2,302,146 Although it appears that tl.i-^ debt has increafcd tcn-fold in twenty feven years vet 11 is ail opinion with lome, that it is no more than fufhcient, for veiling in its funds, • Extrafled t'lomthc Journals of the Hoiife of Commons. I £ N D. 45^ tltcfuwilluity of cafh not engaged in trade or niaiiufa^tircn, and which oihciviifo wouUi iw lent om of the kingdom, and veiled in foreign ftocks. It', howcvtr, tfic national mantifatnurcs were more fully pkoti.' TKn, the capital of ihe toiiutry (inHead of being turned into that un; rohiablc channel) would be inotT generally embarked in ihcm, and induHrv more afilivcly employed; but this fecuis to be a hopelefs expeaation, wliilll thcjcalouf)' of a filler kii>gdo_m ha'^ fuHi. cient ififl'.iciuc in the national couuciia to prevent the attainment of fo impouaui an objeft. Added to this, another caufe contributes to fupport the value of the funds, which is the prevailing reluctance to lend money on landed fecutity, from the dif- ficulties too often experienced in recovering the pruicipal or the interelt. In a country thus tircumllanced, it lliould ceafe then to excite wonder, if the holder of nioncv Avill not embark his property in nianufaftuies always expofed to the ciudi of rival- fhip : nor will he lend it on landed fecurity while the impediments to recovery are fo numerous; he is therefore driven to the funds, where the demand being thusconfc-- ^ touched on the coafls nLth and Wh S^Z Si^^ ' ' "^'M'" "'^^'gation. thev jOL'rned for fome t,W- rW fin n 5 ^ Medi erranean fea.. uhere they fa- IS authenticated by evidences the moft derifiv^ tL onaital biltory ; and the whole A.at^.e,,io. .u di^eo..:!i^sls■f- at: aoT^;itit:xredt f.o:a the ftudy and oen Cal of it in a nnmLtr f °\,'"^''"'«. '"'"'^"'f "^^'i^-' of the G.iMk tono,,., beabright. and remitted to Iclndr the Rio hH^^^ '" ^"^^''"^ ''V S- J"''« fro,n the colieaions I«ely made !r France v the'^ColonHh ?lf"^ ^'''^^ ' .'^^ '''^'' ^'^'"-"'^'•- •«""". with a niiaibcrot- orient UbooLthirthuV.,H!'''f''^-7/' ^'''' '^^ colhuin^ thde MSS. fo. indeed, ex abunJantit nl VindiA on of iT^^lIh^ ' mentioned, and " ^ did ^^^^^^^'i^r^'TjVtj^^ "-■ ^"- t';c fir. inhabitant. nie.in« njfK.Moni- r,,.. :_p„..;_ , ,, ..'■'1"'="!- '"tercouries VI u h Jic Plurnicuins of >>p;i n arri-rdvi'K nKans(«-h;p;en;db^;KJ>'s':^;,;;H";iI^f"^^-^^'^''''^;r ^'?"v''^^ "^^^ "- ^^^'^^ out mode, of cultivation for themSl", ^' ^ " ^''vourable conjunflurcs had gradually llr,,.ck N D. 459 (?. (or deputies from the ftates) of the kingdom, and provincial govcrncrs by their fu- bordinate chieftains, called loilachs. '1 brough the want of a pofuive law to regij- late thole eleftions, it is evident, that they nuift become the fourte of iuteftine dif- orders ; and we find, from the fragments left of this earliefl period of Milcfian go- ^. vernment, that the throne of Teamor, the uneafy but arabitioned feat of Irifh mo- w narchs, was generally the gift of a violent fadion, not of a national eledion. Some of thefe intruded uiurpers (as we may call them) became good kings, but of the greater number we have a mention only of their names and deaths, each ending his reign and life with arms in his hands. A conllitution thus fickly iu the cradle, and frequently expofed to dreadful corf- vulfions (under the twenty-one Princes who are faid to reign before OUamh-Fodhla), w^as on the verge of diffoiution, when one able and powerful Prince, of the Ultoniau line, preferved it from that fate, and eltablifhed a reform. 'Jhat Prince's name, Achay, has been long abforbed in the more dignified title of OllamhFcdhla, i. e. the Inftrudlor of Ireland. Genius, conduced by wifdom and addrefs, give him a fuperiority over the two other royal families of the Milefian blood, and with the majority of an aggrieved nation on his fide, all oppofition fell before him. Through intenfe ftudy of the principles which ihould prevail in Ibciety, he made le ters fubfervient to his purpofes. In Teamor he began, by ere'aing the Mur- OUamhan, an habitation for the Ollamhs, or Fileas, an order of men employed for promoting intelleftual knowledge, and for inftrufting the youth of the principal fa- milies of the kingdom. This admirable inftitution of the Mur-Ollamhan,, became the parent of fniiilar femiuaries of knowledge in the pro\inces, and through this mo- narch's influence, each has been endowed with an appropriated diftrift for its fu|.'- port. The extraordinary immunuies with which thefe colleges were endowed ap- peal unexampled in the hiftory of any other nation. In the fiercelt animofities of fadtions, the inhabitants of diihids, or Termons (as they w^re called) were left free and unmoleiled from depredation, as no party in the aggregate would bear the infa- my which (by a happy prejudice) was annexed to a violation of thofe afylums, till corruptions among the Fileas themfelves, expofed their order to feveie animadver- fion in dilVerent periods of time. Thefe tranfient abufes, however, were done away by regulations conformable to the firft inftitution. The order was never abolifhed. '\ he Druids had equal immunities in the long reign of fuperftition, and were fiic- ceeded by the Chriftian Clergy, whole monafterics became the feats of learning to Chriftcndom till the ninth century, when iuvafions from abroad, and corruptions at home, bad gradually produced fuch fallings oH" in church and ftate, as ended in the €xtin(^tion of the crazy monarchy of the twelfth century. Ollanih-Fodhla laid the foundations of good legiflation ; he inftitutcd the Fes of Teamor, or Convention of the States at that place, what we may well denominate the firtt parliament of the nation. It was to aflemblc' every third year at the dole of harvcft, for c^lablifhing laws and ordinances ; and in a leftion therein, the civil rights of the 'Joifachs, or Dynafts, fubordinate to provincial governors,' v\hh the rights alfo t*" the inferior Brughaidhs, or Landed Gentry, to be accuratelyafcerlaincd. A wife ixgulation, which prefcrvcu a fhare of democratical poUer to the conftitution, and ivhich became much improved in the reign of Cormac 0\ uiim. Through the reign of Ollamh-Kodhla, and the adininiftrattc n of three fons, hii fuccelTors, we have no complaint (^f bad government, or dai gtrots inhirreiftions ; that monarch, no doubt, conforincd his regulations to what was pr..t!:titable aniung a turbulent people, but at the fame time a teachsble pe?>ple. crufticd by mifiule ou the cor.unencenient of his reign. Of tlie details of his govetnment we have ft -.v left, and we muft be content with outline.", 3 >^ -^^ aV-a »■ , ,Y ^ro 460 i R N D. lu the very family fff. tills Legiflator, old tliforders commenced, and ilie two i^val faoiiiies, who a-enicd excluded by pielcription, realfumed the inonarchual power ot iheir grandfires. A new relbrm took place on the accefllon of Hugoiiy the (ireat to the throne,^ but ilid not hold long without violation. A third revolution reflored the powers of the provincial kings under Aehay Feiloch, in the tirft century of the Chrilhan Alra. Another, and the lait revolution, under the heathen oecoriomv, came about in the lecond ceutur)' : It was the nioft important revolution iu the whole IriOi liidoiy, and the molt produdive of great events and great nsen. II. The military oj)erations of diltant ages in Ireland, are not now interefting : '1 hofo which regard the himian mind, are more worthy of attention. Tne Druids had gra- dually gained an almoll unlimited authoritj- : 1 hey were doga atifls, and interefted in the dogmatifm. Some enlightened men of the firft rank, fought to reform their coUegei They were deemed uleful, as minilters of the public worftiip ; not as uncon- trolable diilators. Conla, judge of Connaught, oppoied their fuperftitions and en- croachments. Gormac O'Cuinn carried on the controverfy in favour of Theifm ; and feyeral Uleas, emulating their reforming predecelTors, propofed new fchemts of truth. 1 he Druids .tiid their followers were bigots to fuperftition, and loft ground. The philofophers were bigots feverally to Ibme favourite hypothefis, and could not gain m proportion as the others loft. What is very remarkable; domeftic warfare took little Ihare in thefe contentions j becaufe dogmatifm was not the caufe of faction ; and becaufe freedom of debate was the caufe of all. Difputes, carried on for a good end, endlefs however in their nature, fatigued mankind : But the fpirit of en- quiry had a good eftea, as it prepared for the reception of tl>e gofpel. It could find no lafting repofe in any other fcheme of truth. Nothing could flatter the human mind more, than to receive a convi^ion that the author of all being, who partly revealed his will in the works of nature, partly in a covenant with the race of an cafteru patriarch, condefcended to come down on earth, to couverfe with man, and render this revelation complete. The wifer men of the nation, finding this world a fcene of feeming inconfiJteucies and real myfteries, made no long oppofuion to the myfteries of Chriltianity. Thofe who believed the whole to be the work of One omnipotent being, were humbled by the idea, that man, who would grafp at more than is attainable, is gracioufly, as well as neceifarily, retained to what IS immediately ufeful in an intermediate Itatc. That what is concealed is part of our happinefs ; and tlut faith in what is revealed, is not the lels our duty, be- caufe a part of it is, at prefent, incomprehenfible. Thus was the Theifm of the B'ileas put into the right traf>. ^ The fourth and fifth centuries were produdlive of great revolutions in Ireland. 'it» The race of Tuathal Teachtmar wrefted the province of Connaught from the Darti- nonians, its old inhabitants. They wrefted the greater part of Ulfter from the Ru- dricians; fettled the province of Munfter, to their liking, in the pofterity of OlioU Olum, and contradled alliances with the northern nations. Such revolutions were not common : Becaufe the monarchs of Ireland were greatly limited in power , and becaufe the crime of rebellion afleded the leads of parties chiefly ; but very feldom their oflspring, or the body of the people, whofe ancient poffeflions were deemed inalienabfe. — Power, in certain conjun(aurcs, may overrule inveterate cuftom. It will recal the cuftom, when it finds no better means for its own profperity. ^jo"" ^he time that Connaught, the largeft province then in Ireland, was conquer- ed by * Muryach Tircach, the national monarchs removed their court to Cruachain. They wanted to awe and to reconcile a brave^ but fierce Dcople, newly Aibduet! ; • K. of IreliiiJ, A. D, 351. / "-h* O' ' fiiik oberf om the convidion of eternal rewards in a better If^' ^^ "PJ^g^^;^^^^^^ dndl in this muft have great influence on good government : Far from countenancirg peffccudonorildit^^^^^^ And, although Chnftians have, ui:- + This n,imonary, and hi. countryman Dccklan. after bcin,; ^f^Jl^J^^^^^ZJ^^t returned to Ireland, about li»e year 400, ana convcrlcu uOu.bti. .0 .n> -«n !_ l)cffii;s, and in Oirory. 4<>2 I R £ Jj D. When Chnftiamty was incorporated wkh the ci-vit couftitution under tl,^ a^n 5 ble admmiftration of Olioll Molt, the abettors of the dnjEuDerS. , thrown out of the proteaion of the legiflature. In thofcXi nehhe^^^^ ""'7 "T nor local, wormip, was a ftandard to detern.ine how far LnTuX^^^^^^^ fot the cui rights of civil fociety. The honefty of rdigSuref^or was-^S'Xt.cT. The cuil crime alone was punifhecl; and the clfual influence of the fiff ou the fccond v.^s deteaed, by the application of thofe tefts which governmem can never be at a lofs to provide, when there is no latent or crooked intention of oddoIw public fecunty, to that of innoxious individuals. "itcntion ot oppolnig The bilhops fees ercded here in the firft age of the church w/.r,» v^r„ „ The Monks Ipread themfelves over the whole face of the lanT^n^^,-«^'"''"'- u-here b^ the fandity of their lives. Th^y'ted Ll' abi tatioV^^ S they cultivated with their own hands, and.'in the courfe of time iLeVed Vhe 'S delightful pots in the kingdom. Thole deferts became well-policed citTes and .s remarkable enough, that to the Monks we owe fo ufeful an iXmtn in Ir'eland . bringing great numbers together in one civil community ; whaSes and extends he ulejul arts, promotes civilization, and obliges to an ^bfe vance S" tho^^ laws which the fpirit of perfecution, and party-laws wodd exduSe °''""^ In thefe cities, the Monks fet up fchools, in which they educated the youth not only of the liland, but of the neighbouring nations. They fent their miinonries fhoais into the continent, converting its heathen, and confa^rming its Ch ift an i h b - tants ; fet up fchools lu thofe parts ; and laid the foundations of the mol Lur IhirJ Umverfities in Europe They taugl)t the Saxons and Normans the ufe orieuers " d hey converted the Cruthneans, or Pidls, to Chriftianity, by the preachinrof Co lumb-KiIk, who quitted his right of fucceflion to .he throne ofKnd^ordJi over the hearts of a foreign people, enemies to his own nation. ^ When Europe groaned under the fervitude of Gothic ignorance Ireland U- came the pnnje feat of learning to all Chriftendom. Hithe^r th^riaices ibch aJ they were in thofe ages, fled for protedion ; and here their followe s and profeffors were amply fupported. For the converted Saxons, the nation ereaed. inTe weft he college of Mayo, to this day called Mayo of the Saxons; and here it wasThat he prmces A fred and Ofwald received their education. In the city of Ardn lacha (Armagh,) U is affirmed, that no fewer than feven thoufand fcholars ftudt'd 7t S fame time within its Umverfity ; although the kingdom, at that time, conu n;d feve ral other academies equally celebrated, if not equally numerous. ^""'^"^^^ ^^ve- Although this nation kept up a correfpondence with Rome, by whofe miffionaries LTtL^n'T^'f '' ^'' """^ '^"^'"^'^ '^'F '''''' 'PP^^^ '^ ^hat L for bull of S fication, provifions, or exemptions. The whole ecclefiallical jurifdiaion rcfidcd in lo'faintPrtri^^ ""''' '"' ^'"' ^°"^ ^^""^•'>' '''' "' '' " ^^ origindly glmed i^u t/i^^f^^ of Laogary, no prince had fairer prctcnfions to the throne than lioll Molt, king of Connaught. His kindred, the Ihn., .n,! „.,n,i r'" "r \ :.n' Olioll not II Ti* 1 V- — *~"6<«v' "" pi'"--*- "lu laiicr pn rcnuons to the throne than >11 Mok, king of Connaught. His kindred, the Ions and grand-fons of Ni-d yet fufficiemlyeftabli/hed in their fcverul principalities, confentcd ,o hLlaioi fer're'd''oi'fhe'hf i? • KINETH MAC ALPIN, the fira king of SCOTLAND, (as known by its modern dimenfions) was father-in-law to two of our monarchs of Ireland, AODH-FINLIATH and FJ.ANNSIONNA. From that conquering prince his prefent MAJESTY is defccnded, in the thirty- firft generation; as / appears by the following authentic table. Kineth, F. A Conftantine. Donald. Mulcolm, I. Kiueth. Malcolm, Beatrix. Donchad, Malcolm, David, R Henry, E 11. R. S. :d. R. HI. S. of Hun- & F. of Scotl. 850 862 895 946 97' 1004 1058 1125 Dav. E. of Huntin. Ilabel, Counteii of 1 Annandale. ) Robert de Bruce, Earl 1 of Carrick, and Lord > of Annandale. j Robert, L 1306 Margery. Robert Steuart, II. •370 Robeit, Steuart, III, '395 Jan^^f 1406 jaai.. «437 James. I j6o James. 1488 James. 1514 Mary. i5+i James 1565 Eli/abeih. A. D, Sophia. George, I. >7t4 George, II. 1727 Frederic, P. of W. GEORGE, 111. 1760 => -7 £> > !*• 464 "I- "r ,.-** A N n. among the Hy-Nialls difgraced it. Divided among thcmfelves, they united ciily to diiturb the neicbbouii.ig provinces, Leinfter, particularly ; over which they held a cruel hand, by^Bim-fction of the Boromean tribute. The great council of Dromkeat provided no remedy lor this injufticej and Brandubh, governor of that pioviiice re- fitted bravely, lo iiefend by the law of arms, what the iniquity of the legidature' left cxpofed too jnuch to aruiirary will. '1 he monarch himfelf, (Aodh, the fon of An- mirey) fufilered by this partiality of the ftates to his ambition and refeutments havinJ loft his life at the head of his army, in the battle of Dunbolg in Leinftcr ; a fignal vie- 1 ~? .V * r ^P^>'' g'^'o^dby Brandubh over the lly-Nialls, and a memorable event, which clofes J / . ^" . y " the fixth century. The blow given at Dunbolg to the royal family, united for fome time the north and fouth branches of that race, uuder the joint adminiftration of Colman Rivey and Aodh Slanev. They pulled that heroic prince down in the battle of Slabhry in I cinfler and thereby cftabhlhcd the Hy-Niall power over all the provinces. On conqucrinc the common danger, the Hy-^'ialls revived their old animofnies, and fatiatcd their revenge, either in the open field, or by j^rivate murder. Conall Guthbinn, loiince oi Meath, who plotted and executed the murder of the two reigning monarchy Aodh Slaney and Colman Rivey, was fot afide, as unworthy of fitting on the throne' and hispofterity were excluded from any ftiare in the fucceflioii, for the fpace of a hundred and thirty-eight years. The treachery of Conall Guthbinn gave the nation an utter diflikc to the fouth Hy-Nialls, The north Hy-Mialls obtained the throne, and did not defcrve fuch a pre- ference. Malcoba, a pious prince, was cut oft" by his fuccelfor Subnev Meanii : He' in turn, by Congal Claou, a prince of the Rudritian race of Ulad, the determined' enemy of his family. Domnall, the brother of Malcoba, and Ion of Aodh, the fon of Annurey, afcended the throne, and began his adminidration with an a'ft of ex- treme juflice ; that of taking vengeance on the murderer of his prcdeccflor. Coneal Claon he defeated in the battle of Dunkehern, and obliged him to fly into Britain • the common afylum of the domeQic mal-contents. ' Congal Claon remained nine years in exile : And as this parricide bid fair for the deftruftion of his native country, he merits particular notice in hiftorv. In power he poffeffed fome virtues, and in adverfity wore the lemblance of all. Although an out- caft m a foreign country, divided by ditiereut languages and interefts, he letained a dignity of condud which often throws a luflre about adverfity itfelf He kept up his party at home, who fupported his interefts. Among ftrangeis, he had the ini- quity of his condud to jullify, and the more cruel flights which perfecute unfortu- nate princes, to manage : He did the one w ith planfibility ; he conquered the other with patience and dignity. Able, aflive, perfeverant ; no ill fortune Could deprds his fpirit, no difappointment eradicate his ambition. He exerted every talent which could win cfteem from the great, and every art which could turn that efteem to his own advantage : At home, formidable to his enemies, popular amoiig his friends • abroad, brave, without infolence; flexible, without mcannels ; he gave the nation a' very important advantage over him ; that of guarding againft the grcatncfs of his ftciiius, and of uniting againft him, although otherwifc much di\ided within itfeU: This he balanced, by reconciling the moft oppofite interefts in Britain, when his caufe became an objeift of coniider^n. Saxons, Britons, Albanian Scots, and Pifls, flocked to his ftandard. His domeftic partizans prepared for his reception and he landed with fafety «jn the coafl of Down. ' Domnal, king of Ireland, was not unprepared. He im: lediately encamped near the enemy at Moyrath, auU began as bloody a baitic as can be found in the records of R N D. 4.^.5 that age : it continued with various fuccefs for fix whole days, until * victory declared for the nation on the fevenih. Congal Claon, the foul of the enemies army, was de- feated andflain at the head of the troops of Ulad. The foreign troops were fooa broke with great flaughter; and Domual Breac, king of the Albanian Scots, hardly efcapedto Britain, with the forry remains of a fiuc army, which ihould beeniplovtd for the defence of the people he fo wantonly attacked. This is one of the nioll im- portant events in the Scotiih hiftory ; and yet, through the deftrudion of records in the time of Edward the B'irft, the latter hiitorians of North-Britain were ftrangers In the war of Moyrath, the provincialifts of Ulad attempted the dcflruaion of their country : The Hy-Nialls faved it, and joined great popularity to gieat power. In fecurity, they quarreled among themfelves: in danger they united; but particularly againft the ill-fated people of Uladh and Leiulter, whom they perfecuted, from old animofities, and punilhed, from recent injuries. The difaffeftion of thole province? appeared in frequent inlurredions, from age to age : becaufe, by the tonfliiuiion, it was not admiflible to difarm them ; and becaufe they were frequently and wantonly provoked to infurreaion. In the feventh and eighth centuries, of which we are writing, they made many noble ftruggles for their liberties ; and whatever peace they obtained, it was moftly from the points of their fwords. At feveral limes, they brought the Britons and Saxons to their fuccour. Adamnan and Moling me- diated for their country ; the one, by his feveral embaflies to the Saxon nation ; and the other, by prevailing with the monarch, Finachta the Hofpitable, to abolilh the Boromeau tribute : but the eHbrts of thefe two great men brought only a temporary relief to the provincialifts. After the expulfion of the Saxons and Britons, Conall Kinmaghar forced them to accept of his new regulations ; and Fergall, his fuccefliir, pulhing them ftill farther, loft his life and the flower of his troops againft them, in the battle of f Almuine. Aodh Allan took fevere revenge in the battle of | Uchbadh, and the provincialifts were obliged to fubmit to the conqueror, on his own terms. The exclufion of the Slanian Hy-Nials, who difgraced the hiftory of thofe times, and of the Tirconall Hy-Nialls, who adorned it, is worthy of notice. The causes which concurred, and the means that were ufed, to eredl a new royal family, to ba- lance that of Tyrone, equally challenge attention, fhey were very inadequate ef- forts for limiting the ariftocratical power, which ftole in by degrees, ever fince the fe- queftration of Meath from the reigning monarchs. Weak as thofe eflbrts were, |j Flaherty, the fon of Longfeach, yielded to them, from an elevation of mind uncom- mon in that, or in any age. He refigned the crown to a Tirone prince, over whom he was vidlorious in the field, and faerificed the future grandeur of his familv to the profpeft of ferving his country, by leffening the number of competitors for the throne. On Flaherty's abdication, in the year feven hundred thirty-four, a new order of government took place, by alternate fucceflion in two royal families, for two hundred and fixty-eight years, in the race of the Clan-Colmans newly cftablifhed, and in that of the Kinel-Eogans newly reftored. The eftablilhmcat begau with Aodh Allan, fon 15 3 O / ■> 'f:'iA * This engagement, fo decifive for the nation, in the year 637, rondcred Moyrath, ever fince, fa- mous in the Irifli annals. It retained the name down to our own time, and was rendered memorable <>r late by giving a title to the prelei\t learned and woitlry poiielfor, Sir John kawdon, Earl of i" Moyra. ' ^» t Fought on the nth of December, 722. % Fought the iQthof Auguft, 738, in the fourth/? year of Aodh Alhm's reign. it King of Ireland, from the year 727, to 734. He died at Ard- i:.ir;h;:, v.vhcre he led a rel'giaus lif-} A. I.) r-^'S, in t!jc thirty-fii-n ysar after his abdication. i- i- . f t'.f /■ 465 R N D. of the late monarch Fcrgal Mac Malduin. This man, of courage, of genius, and gr.ofl Icnlc, accufed of inal-adminiltradon, was cut o£f in a * battle near Kells, to inake room for Donnall, his fucceffor, a very worthy prince, who governed the kiugdom happily during twenty years. To him fucceededf > 'all Froflacb, the fon of Aodh Allan, a pious man, who, unable to reprefs the fadlio^is in the provinces, reiigued, like his predeceffor I-laherty, and died in the ifland of Hy. Donchad, the' ion of the late monarch Domnall, took the fupreme government, according to the or- der of alternate fucceffion. He fubdued by arms the rebellious provinces, which his predeceffor could not reclaim by a milder admiuiftration. Aodh Ornidhc fucceeded to him. Among his many regulations, he drew up an order in the convention of the Itates, for exempting the clergy from any future military fervice ; what they were obliged to, in the reigns of his predecclfors. His other regulations had not equal good cfle(5ls. The provinces were extremely fadlious through his whole reign ; and the obedience he got was obtained from the fuperiority of his arms. During thefe civil combuftions the Normans made their firft ; 'ncurfions into this illand. It may not be improper to take a retrofpedt of the times we have palfed, from the reception of chriftianity to the end of Aodh Ordnodhe's reign. — In the beginning of this period, we have Icen the people changing their religion for the better, and their political confliiuiion for the vvodc. The tamily of Niall the Great, excluded the provincial princes from the regal faccciTion, and intended, no doubt, to ftrengthen the monarch}', by confining it to one royal houfe : but wife men faw, and the public experienced, that they only exchanged one political evil for another ; efpecially, fiiice the difniembcrmeut of the royal domain of Meath. Under the denomination of north and fouih Hy-Nialls, they fubdivided into four principal families; difturb- iug the nation by their feveral pretenfions, and deciding ibem but t(x> often, more by nnlitary eleftions, than by the rules of the conftitution. More valiant or heroic prJoccs, no hiftory can produce; were fuccefs in ambitious purpofes to imply, whatr we generally denominate, great aaions. But, fettiug alide thofe prejudices, which the vvcakuds of men has entertaiiied in all ages ; we Hiall find the adions of thofe princes ftripped of mod of their luftre, and- but too often connefted with motives which are never avowed> bccaufe they are equally fhameful and deteflablc. Wemurt, however, obferve, that the Hy-Niall' princes, with all their fiiults, were; in the general, very able and very pious monarchs. Bred up from their infancy a moiig noblemen of the fame race, whereof feveial were their rivals, and all in fomo degree their equals, they were prefepved frpni the follies, and refcued from the ^ ices, which a corrupt education, and the manners of modern courts, beget in. more mo- dern princes; vices and follies, which, when matured by fovereign authority, ope- rate To lamentably againft the happincls of mankind. — Utter Itrangers to that diftanco, wliich fo eaiily unlearns the equality of human nature, and little expofed to the adu- laiion which deifies wretchetluefs, enriches- the foil of vice, and improves every hu- man weaknefs beyond the ordinary dinieiiiions, in inferior mortals ; moll of the Hy- .Niall piinces wore the diadciu with a majefty becoming a free Hate, and with a con- fcious dignity becoming the niciit vvliich pirchafed it. VV here the genius of the civil • Fout;ht in the year 743. f He rofiirneil in the eij,'hih year of his rtign, and died at Ily ; whsio he was buried, A. D. 778, intlie toinh of the laiiigs of Irorand; t Viv!\, l,y pyiiuical invafions, A. 1). 798, on the Hebrides, and iIm coafts of Ulfter. In 807, they made iiiLiirhons into the heart of the country. In. 815, Turpes waded the kingdom with a niijihty army; and foon .ifter, (through the diflcntions among the native pi inccs) thev made fixed kttleinents in various placts near llic (ca cojilU . .About the fame lime, thev obtaiocd from the force of their anus conlideraUIc feitlemcuts in France, Etigiand, and Scotland. P //^ (-( ■^ 'if^, '/ i t f j» *. 1 .J!* V* ,■ >■< / 1 K !•: A N D. 467 conaimilou rcq.ilied ihU fort of cducalimi; ^^lu•rc arrogance w;.5*-^hy. Privatr public, religious morals, are originally grafted every where on found mSes^Cty m X w^ith foul ftreUs in their courfe: local manners, local mterefts rXSvetmte prejudices, give them a colour of their own; and eve,y compkx Seft ont TecLedihrough the medium of an arbitrary folution, until time dead s Xoueh anmher, and until new notions repeal all.-In truth the revolutions in hu- man opinion have given us hitherto no advantageous idea of the wiidom of mankind . ""la with cl.c hifn harp by hU right Cde. Keuncd.Gencalog. Stuart, p. .8.. /.Vr^'^'^ IP 468 N and perhaps we arc dill at a dilhnce from the rrifprmn ^ ...k; u i ufefal to one another in focicty. If hriLlb "S. I Jr r "'""' "". ''1'^" "* to our predecelfors in this ifland : we ft le thenrb "Ss "x^ S"'"''' f^''^^ fons which mult influence pofterity to civo ourieireX^^ and for r^a- likethem. we retain manners a. Jcuftoms wS ri^ht re.Z ^^"°"""*^'"" ' <'"^«. II r. I ,,nT,"''''"«^ '^ ''*"''>' 7^' ''"'"^ "s infancy. ' * ' i^ .U^*"'- ^^"^"Ift^'and was firftvilited by the* Normans fh*. iflnn^ . r j tented, but not weakened j and t}2^arift<^mtif mwerT.f^^ '" '"'" ''''''' ^' '''''' reaped the advantages of t. Hither forei>?n nrin/U fl»H T '^*^""'y' a"^ t"ey journed here for cultivating knowledgeTaL'dthrhe^ceftrfvairL'n^^ ? ,°'^"' '"" hive' Slithe ol"s™t I"i fS ISe'd rbt'ktd'i^fi '"""t'^f-- 4""= and monly after by aflual renlem™,'.' So riedZ^riJ;" fc^"' ^ lime, on the coafts of France, Englaud, and modern S^,?3 f r J t """'^ man, ftopped his progrefs frot/the north Fddlim If '"^" V-^T^ "'^'^ S°°^ ^;t,ote;eE%— ■ - - -;;;^ --.^^^^ — 'requcialy found in our annals. The J' ntrlilh t- HI,-,) ,1 p,^ o l^ ' '^;"j''"' • or 'i;«-S 'trtf likoviie the rirll of the Planta.^enets. ^ ' ''^'y '"^J'^ » coiiq.uft in IrcIauJ, under Henry 11. I Loch Uar, a..ir Mallingar, in the county of CJan-Coanan. R N. D. 469 rated nau\cs. Fcidlim died: the monarch Niall was unfortunately drowned In tlie river of * Callcn : and Malachy, according to the rule of alternaie lucccHion, lunuutcd ilie throne J whidihe fo well merited, by a fcrics of worthy actions, bcibrc his accefiion. Mean time, the Normans invaded the kingdom wiih a fleet of an hundred and forty fail at one lirne; not long after with an hundred and hxty, and llruck tenor thiougtj every cjiMrtcr of the kingdom. Some of the anal-content princes joined them. 1 he king of Ireland convened the ftates at Ardinacha, and th.7 broke up vviiliout coming 10 any refoluiions worthy of them. Ail vvr^ fc'liuon and'fadtiou within; from with- out, Amlali; thcfon of a Norman king, arrived in Jre'and, and all his countrymen united under his ftandard. Malachy convened the ftates, on the dcfeaion of Munfter, and brought that province to its duty, attended by the priiuaic. He con\ciied the ftates a third time at t Rath Aodh, and falutary meafures were taken. And in this ftale of things, the excellent, pious, and unfortunate Mslachy, left this kin.^dom,, having died on the thirtieth of November, eight hundred and lixiy-thrce. Malacli) , as prince of Meaih, refcucd his country from thraldom : as king of Ireland, he ci. flinguiflied himfelf by the equiiy of his adminiftralion, by his fkill in war, and by his moderation after viflory. He diilinguifhed himfelf flill more, by the mod hen.iic of all virtues, ihatpa{li\e courage under great diftreiles, which provided equally lor per- fonal, as well as national iecuriiy ; fo far as it was poOible to obtain either. The incurfions of the Normans continued now forty-eight years. In the courfe of that time, they made fettlements on the fea coafts, and began to fouify themfelves within ftrong + ftone walls, works until then unknown in Ireland. Hating and hated, betraying and betrayed ; their con (ederacies with Iridi fadions were of ffiort duration, and the Irifh monarchs had generally the advantage over them in the field. 'Ihe crazy ftate ot the government was their bcft fecurity. Thofe monarchs, chofen, by alter- nate fucceflion, out of two royal and rival families, could not alfemblc a fufficient le- giflative power ; and every attempt to doit proved inefledlual. Ihe conltitution, languifliing under internal obllruftions, and flruggling with itfelf, as well as with ex- terior danger, could only barely hold out : it could not remedy itfelf. The patriotifm of a few ferved only to prolong the dUbrder, and prevent that dii.' .lution, which, in fome cafes, is the moft defirable event that can happen; as order may rife out of con- fufion, and as true patriots may then be inverted with futBcient power. After the death of Malachy I. Hugh Finliath, prince of the north Hy-Niall, and the fon of the late monarch Niall Cailne, mounted the throne. From being a bad and turbulent fubjedl, he became a good king. PolfelTed of all thole qualities which render princes popular, he gained friends; and yet, in the general, no monarch was worfe obeyed. Flan Sionna, prince of the fouth Hy-Niall, and fon of Malachy I, fucceeded to Hugh Finliath. His reign was long, and refemblcd that of his prede- teffor. Provinces retained, too long a time, the privilege of deciding for themfelves, in certain difputes with their neighbouring provinces. The reigning monarchs wanted fufficient power ; and the authority of the ftates, partially convened, was Httle re- • garded. The king could interpofe only, by throwing his weight into the lighter fcale; and was right in fo doing, not only fiomjuftice, which lies more generally on the weaker fide, but from the pcjliey of permitting no fadion to rife high enough, 10 crulh the other, and the monarchy itfelf, in toufequence. So 1. _ • Near Ardmacha. f Nov Rntoath in Menth. + Before the Lii'IJIng of thn& for- tifications, the uie of ftone works in Ireland was confined whole!/ to ihs luiUling of cluuches j hhvL fome confiderable ruias of thofc times, lliil remain. A' R L N IX Mu .Rcrwasat tlus tune governed by as woril.y a priuce as livedin dut age.. Cor- iM.,r ..hcfonol Culmanarchh.n.opc.f Cafhcl. 'll.c day. of Co, mac's youth w.te abbot ot DMcit Dt-in.<.d. lit- u;ks a tl.croiigh mailer ol th.- lcamin« of that age. Among others hf iignalizcd hi.ulolf iu lettered kiibwlodgc. Some of his wrnks have been proloivcd, though theirs have been h>ft in the long anarchy that fuct ceded their nine;; Connac's hiltorical remains uere iuftricd iu the work, iniitled the Pfalier of l.afliel. Jlicy were in the hands of Sir James Ware, and of fe^craI other antioua. nans ol the feventeenih centmy ; and we trull that they may be lound Aill in fomc toieign oriJomertic rqiofitory. S..on after Man Sionna's accelllon to the throne, he efpoufcd Malmatia, queen of Ms pVedeccllor, and daughter ot the famous Kincih Mac Alpine, king of the Alba niaijScots; who alter conquering the Pias, enlarged his khigdom vaftly.'and cv- tended the Scotilh power louthward, to the borders of Dun-Edain. now called Edin. r'T*» ; 1!L v*? '"^'""'"- ^^>' ^^'' ^'^ •narriage, Malmaiia became tlie mother of Niall C-lundubh, Hans luccefTor, and the common father of the family of O'Neill fo ce lebratedm our annals, down to the acceflion of James the Sixth, of Scots.' to the throne ot thele knigdoms. ^ • . , ..t By his marnage with Malmaria, Man fuperiniended the education of the young nnces her loiis, and betrothed his daughter Gorinlatha (by his firft confort) to Niall Uundublv. Ihis alliance, ar,d the confanguiuity brought into the two families, through that illui fK.us I rnicels ot Scotland, ought, one Ihould think, to produce iheu proper tflci\ of concord between the north and fouth Hy-Nialls. 13ut this ef- Jeet did not lollow ; and we find, that the natural aHb^ions had as little force amon? the Prmces oi that age as iholb of our own. NiaU Glundubh, Uoydamna of the kingdom. Hew mto open hoft«ities againft his father-in-law, and was defeated Thev w-ere alterwards reconciled, and continued fo. Elan Sioniu died at 'I altion in the ihirty-feventh year ot his reign. He was a lover of iuftice, and gave frequent proofs in the adnmnilration of u. Frank, liberal, and retV)lute, be departed from no mca- lures proper to be taken with friends and enemies. He was, in fafl. an heroic riince, and a good man. Niall Glundubh fucceeded Through the happy reconciliation between him, and his predecelTor, what Oill lubfifted between him and his bn>thcr.in-law-, Conor O'Ma- t^ r /u •' '^'J^ ^°r''^ ^^'■''"^ ^'"'^ 8'"^*^ advantages. Thcfe were counterbalanced by ixeih invafions from the Normans, to aid their friends, already too powerful AJl the provinces were alarmed, and the nioft perveife faftions coalefccd in the caufe ot their country. The King marched to the relief of Munfler, and proAed vidto- rw^us jn many Ikirmitlies. He avoided a general engagement, and fent his orders to Lgary, who afled againft the enemy in Leinfter, to ftand for Ibme time on the defenfive. W hether the King was ill obeyed, or whether Sithric, the Norman com- raander, forced the Lein/lcr men to an engagement, is not known. Sithric how- ever, obtained a complete vic^tory over the pro^'incialitts at Kinfuad near llmolin fo repair the lofs at Kinfuad, the King carried on the war with great caution until his new le\ les from all the provinces were completed, and until his ally and kinfman. Conftantinc, King of the Albanian Scots, proved fo fucccfsfbl againft their common enemy, as to draw off from Munfter numbers of Normans, for the relief of their countrymen in Scotland. Ivor and Sithric, commanders of thole who re- inained in Ireland, changed their operations into a defenfne war, and retired to their capital hold in Dublin. About this town they defended themfelvcs by ftrone entrenchments, which the King attemptf:d vo force at * Killinofamog. No operation ■ f Qfmerlj- a church and f anL, v-.hia lay S. \V, cf the city. 1 R E L N D. 471 could be more utifortunaic or fatal. The King, hin nobility, hU whole army; were cut ia pieces : and thus ended the fhort reign of Niall Gluudubh, a Prince whole virtues exceeded his failings ; and who, with great advantages and great (kill ia war, was yet unfortunate. Conor O'Malaghlin, Uoydamna of Ireland, being killed in the battle of Killniofa.. mog, his brother, Uonchad, luccccded in the ihrune of Ireland. Ho was the Ion of Flan Sionna, and fignalized the iirft year of his rei^n by the defeat of the Nor- mans, in the battle of limaineagh in the 'leamorran Kianacnta. In that engage- ment he amply revenged the death of his brother-in law and predeccITor, Niall Ghin- dubh ; he, however, loon alter put to death his paternal brother, Donall, the fon ef Malmaria of Scotland. Two extraordinary charafler.s dillinguifh thefe times : their rank, their birth, and their abilities would biing them forward, and give them the lead in times of the greateft eclat : Callaghan, or Cellachan, of Cafhel, King of Munftcr; and Murker- tach, the Uoydamna : the one was artful, iniinuating, and popular ; the other gcnc- rotrd, rcfenrful, md lincere. Cellachan turned out an enemy to his country ; IVIurker- tagh fnciihccJ every ju(t rcfentment to its interells. Having taken fuch ditilerent fides, the one endeavoured to enfnare the other by negociation, and became the viftim of his own treachery. Murkertagh feized on him, in the midft of hi.s own province, and brought him a captive to Tyrone. Never did one enemy experience more gcaerofity in arkuher. Murkertachf made improvements in the art of war. His charad^cr lies entombed in the hirtory of a people hjvrdly enquired after in our own time. He had as great a genius for war a.^ any man that this ifiand has, perhaps, ever produced. The en- dowments of his heart were ftill greater. He, for fonie time, valued himfelf and his party tno much ; but, loving, hifr country more, he relented, and leconciled him- felf to nis fbvercign and brother-in-law. Thence- forward he never rcla pled into fadion. Of all enemies, he was the mofl generous; of all commanders, the niolV aflable. He never defcended from his dignity ; but reconciled familiarity to a rank, wbich^ in the ordinary courfe of things, muft be kept feparate from it. Elevatedi lienevolent, and captivating, he was unhappily taken of!" at a time when his cha- mber put him in polfeflion of a power, which probably would have relieved his country from bondage. Congalach, the fon of Malmithy, fucceeded to Donchad O'Malachlin. How this Prince, whole family was excluded from the fucceflion for two hundred and feven- teen years, could be railed to the throne before Flaherty O'Neill, v> lu^le turn it was now to. govern, by the rule of alternate fuccclTion ; we cannot othervvilc account for, than from his great popularity, his military abilities, and the condel'cenfion of thg. legal claimant, who was his clt)fe kinfman. Whalevel^ his merits were, (and he certainly exerted fome very diftinguifliablj) yet his revival of an old claim to the royal fucceflion, was as impolitic a flep a^ oould be taken. The other excluded houfe of Tirconall was at this timi; governed by ' =! able a man as any in the kingdom, and who fet up pretenfioiis which he had power to fupport, and did fupport. He indeed co-operated for fome tin.e with the King againft the Normans, and aflifted in wafting Dublin, newly repcopled. But upon fome difguft, real or pretended, he turned his arms againfl Congalach ; drove him out of his hereditary country of the Teamorian Meath ; got himj'olf, by a n)iii- tary eleftionj proclaimed King of Ireland; and received the homages of Munfler t He received the afcititious name of Muirkcrt.ich na Gcochall Croceann, from IvI.' iuventirvn tf leathern coverings. impentvr;\b!e to the arrows and javelins of the enemy. /;«sf 47» R N D. .( i 1/ and other provinces.— This extraordiiwy mau, Roderic O'Cananan, having no more to fear horn his rival, marched agaiuft the Monuaus of Dublin, aiid obtained a fignal viilory over them. 'Ihey loft lix thou^md men in the battle, without includ- ing- in cgulars, or attendants ; but Roderic himfelf was accidently ilain at the qlofe of the vidlory. And in this manner was Gongalach relieved from the ufurper of his regal dignity. On his return, he very un wifely haftened to take vengeance on the province of Munlter, before he provided for bis fecurity at home. Blacar, Governor of Du^lii:. and commander of tL. Normais, feized upon the advantage left open to him. and from his head-quarters in Kenanus*, plundered the fouth Hy-Niall, without m-'/«^ . LlriorToMalachyinoneinftanceonly, ihat of facrificmg a crown to the good ot %Tthi7great man's elevation to the throne, he was rather to be pitied than en- vied WitLut the co-operation of the Prince who refigned to h»". he would pro- bably be obliged himfelf to refign in favour of fome other P^^^^f^l-.^^S 'hv' ^ign with his faaion in the places fubibrvient to his government. 'Vrt'/of Sance he aftually governed over moft of the provinces. In the fourth year ot hb reLn,' t ob igedM except the north Hy-Niall, to recognize his title; and this Tall province he fuldued to his ambority (akhough only for a ftiort time) towards the '^TheNo'-mThe kept to their obedience, having not dared ^.^^^j^^l^ nation much difturbance during the greater part oi his reign.— 1 he north i }-^'3ii he found governed by Aodh O'Neill, the heroic grandfor ot the heroic Miirkertac^h ^?X L (poke aLve. He was an iufjexil.e enen^^o^la.!^ and^prov^ It ne loit nis me, luuugu hul mv. w^iw.^, ..• — d- Tulcha He was fucceeded by his brother Flaherty ; who, although once obliged to give hoftages for his obedience to the new governmem was never on goo^ ta;": with Brim or Malachy. Malruany O'Maldory, chict ot 1 irconall, was fome t u. n cuftody with Brian, at his royal feat at Kincoradh, and enlarged^ ^" m, T , mprudently, although gencroutly, in letting his enemy loofe ngamft him. Mulrua- n? nvaded Conaught, 'a provi/ce obedient to the King's government, and aid a confiderable part of it in afl.es. Flaherty, at the lame time, attacked Malachy ^ hereditary country in the fouth Hy-xNlall, while the latter was engaged with the Noi- mans of Dublin. 15 .^P I 474 N D. y « J^n f T ^a'^ ^"""^^'l' ^^^ ^°*^ °*" ^"^o Boromey's reign, when the whole provmce of Lemfter revolted, and called the Normans from all quarters to its afltft! ance. fues. which could never be fufficiently extinguilhed, flamed now with grea fiercenefe fr.m the acceffion of combuaibles that were long colleaing Aid S we conluler the importance of the event, the animofity of^arties. and numbers of wirf ^r PJ'^^^^^/^Pg^^ °"/"h^r fide «f the conteft ; we will find no cTvH war fi.ce that of Moyrath in any degree equal to this. Brian ended it gloriounv at hough little to the advantage of the nation, in the great battle of Clonuife nea Dublin ^ At the age ot eightv-eight he gained the viao^^, and loft his Itfe there! fn the caufe of his country. H.s death was lamented by his friends, who were xSaiL" cd bjr the attraftives which virtue annexeth to every iohle accomplifh.nent aS bv Zodtl thej "„°j;;;^^°8uued. with a relenting fenfxbility, the worth which hithert^ On the fall of Brian, Malachy II. refumed the throne, which h« filled with di^ nity and refigned at the end of a reign of twenty-threL- vears, vSth a gi^atnefs & niiad fupenor to any dignity. greacneis oi n.Jon.''H"^^"ft^ Clontarfe^dlflblved a power formidable to the monarchy and to the meWDonT'?'' hT •''"w ^''^^ '^'^ ^^"" °^ "' ^he two foDs of Bri«n Bore! of%lnrn5 ^n/"^'^ -f. °"' ^'r°S themfelves. and the difcontented princS of MmT V""* ??""^ T'^^^ themfelves of the public difturbances. The bnune of Munlterfeemed buried at once with the great prince who governed it throZ I courfeof thirty-eight years : And none, but Malachy II. alone,%ould retard he dilt folution. to which the monarchy was haflening. He began his fecond adminiftratio by improving the advantages gained in the late battle ovir the Normans and L dnie":: men. By a happy ufe of his authority, he gained upon the north Hy-Nialls, to ioin^ their forces to his. He drove the Normans of Dublin into the Dun f, and aid the reft of the town m allies. Lemfter he reduced by the terror of his arms; and he fucceeded wonderfiiUy m the more defperate undertaking of reconciling the provinces, to their own common interefts. It was, indeed, but a temporary conclrd. of whLh d^d ^nnfo^ K''"'''tr Aft^rafecond reign of eight years and fome months, he died at one of his royal feats, ,n the iftand of Cro. in Loch-hannin. in the feventy! fecond year of his age. He was a brave, wife, pious man, who faJrificed inflexibL e^ery perfonal confideration to the good of his country; and who yielded to politU cal evils which could not be remedied. Magnificent, lincere, corapaflionate ; worth mdiftrefs never found a more mquifuive or liberal patron, and he replaced by bene- fadtions all that fortune denied to the indigent. ^ 'II^IL o^ the death of Malachy 11. in the year one thoufand and twenty-two, the beft efforts of feveral great men, to bring the conllitution back to the Tuathalians, or betl ter principles, were ftuftratcd. An mter-reign of feveniy-two years enfued; in which Douchad, the Ion of Brian Boromey ; Dermod Mac MaUna-mbo, king S" Lemner ; and furlogh O'Bnan, made fome fhow of royalty, by affuming the kiLly liile; wlut none but their feveral faaions recognized. ' ^ ^ ^ "^'^ o l'\ '^^ ^fj""^"^ of the twelfth century, this kingdom was divided between two grea men Doriald O Lachlmn, and Murkertach O'Brien; the oi.e. as head oixYt roval Hy-N.all hne, claiming a prefcriptive right of fucceifion, from bis family • ,he other, clanningihat of the new conftituiion, which admitted the provincial k'iiias lo loug, and, as was pretended, fo unjuftly excluded. Iheic two princes contended or more than twenty years, and the people were ground betwc>en tliom. The fault l..y la the fadtion, not in the men. The young king of Connaught, Turlogh the '\^i\\ zj, 1014. t The CaUle of Dublin ftauds on the foundations of this Dun. N 475 dreat following the example of Bviam Borotney, fat himfelf in oppofition to ihole princes towards the end of their motley adminillration. He well uigh w vetted all power out of the hands of both; and out of the hands ot O linan, he wrelkd it elfcaually, fomc two years before that prince's death. . On the death of Doraual O'Lachlin, no other provincial governor was alone able to contend for the fucceflion, with the king of Connaught. He was acknowledged king of Ireland, by the majority of the nation, and for twenty yeais before his deaili, he was fo in fad. He met, however, with great oppofition, and the moft powerful attacked, or fervcd him, occafionally, as their paffions or luterejs, drove them into comradiaory meafures. Turloch the Great (as he was ftyled) flood fupciior to all hisenemies.--Able, determined, and indefatigable, he raifed the power of Connaught higher than any of his predeceifors, fince the time of Olioll Molt, and tempered re- fentment fo judiciouny with placability, that he drew advantages from events which quite difconcert the generality of princes, who arife to power, as he did, more by ftrength of genius, than goodnefs of title. As much as the times would permit, he reformed the civil government, and ereaed a mint at Clonmacnofe for the coinage of filver. la the ecclefiaftical matters, his great piety engaged him to acquiefce lu the reformation introduced by cardinal Paparo; a retormatiou, which fet afide the an- cient ecclefiaftical conftituiion, hitherto the freeft in all Chriltcndom, but necelfanly abridged of its immunities at this time; as the Iritti church fuflered enormous abufes m latter ages, from its loofenefs of difcipline, and variety of liturgies. Towards the end of this monarch's reign, Murkertach O'Lachlm, prmce of the north Hy-Niall, and grand-nephew to the late Domnal O'Lachlin, became a powerfiil rival to him. They attacked each other, with various fuccefs, by fea and land. Ihe latter brought the remains of the Normans, and the naval power of Scotland, to fupport his title; but was defeated. The death, however, of Turloch the Great, ended the conteft, and delivered up to Murkertach the lovereignty of the greater part of the ifland. .^ „ ^ • « • c This turn in favour of Murkertach, feemed to promife well for the reftoration oi the Hy-Niall race. But it had no fuch effea: It was fruftraied by the contumacy of OUgarchs, whofe power rofe on the ruin of that family, and whole deprellioa muft be the certain confequence of a regular monarchy. Roderic O'Conor, the Ion of Turloch the Great, oppofed the eleaion of Murkertach to the throne; but was forced to yield: And from his fubmiflion, the new king was invefted with the go- vernment of the kingdom, in as ample a manner, as any of bis predeceflors, for fe- Murkertach was not long poffeffed of his high authority, when he was fatally prevailed upon to abufe it, by very arbitrary and imprudent meafures. This tum in his adminiftration plunged him into a very unjuft invafion of the provincial rights of Ulad. Refiftance was the confequence : And, after a reigu of ten years, he fell a facrifice to the vengeance of an injured people, in the battle of Litterluiu, m the year one thoufand one hundred and fixiy-fix. The Hy-Niall intereft was buned m his grave • and a way was opened for the fucceflion of Rodeiic, king of Connaught, the fon of Turloch the Great, the laft, and the moft unfortunate, of all the Irifti raonarchs. , . , , o- r n j • u The ftates of the kingdom appeared unanimous m the eleaion of Roderic, to the throne. He convened them in Dublin, the capital of the Normans, and the chief feat of the little power they had left, in this kingdom*, but feveral of thofe ftates «ave their voices at that elefiion with great infincerity. They yielded to a powr, wnich they couiu iiui m. picivnt ivini . xmwi vj a -i — j—'i' — V ''' for, they contended who Oiouldbe moft forward in the fupport ot an eftablininicnt, which they expeaed one day to overturn. Roderic was inaugurated, and his 3 P 2 1 1 1 Wb «v 1 1 |9 9 *■■>!. -(I n n 476 R N D. ■\ u mouarchical rights were acknowledged in the moft folemn manner: But he foon ex- perienced the feeble fecurity of a recognition rather cxaded from the faftion, than won from the affeaiou, of divided provinces. Since the death of Malachy 11. this :iation was falling into a ftate of political repro- bation. Each province let up for itfelf; and the monarchy grew iudiSerent, the monarch hatefbl, to the majority of the chieftains. When Roderic mourned the ihrone, their mealure of iniquity was full. He laboured to unite all parties for com nion defence, againft a delperate provincial tyrant and his foreign allies ; but the Oligarchs of the time, were rather unanimous in rejefting their king, than the com xnon enemy: They loved their • country only in the fecond place: Domeflic animo ■ luies perfonal revenge, were uppermoft; and to the gratification of thefe paffions they lacnficed every coufideration favourable to their native country, or ufefiil to their own common iafety— What enfued was very natural; although, on a fu per facial view. It appears extremely iurprizing. The majority of thefe chieftains de- lerting the reignmg pnnce, under whofe ftandard they could eafily preferve their li berties, delivered up the nation, as a prey to its enemies; and they certainly well delerved the treatment they received from the newniafters they fet over themlelves Ihereleems to have been little intercourfe between Ireland and England pre- vious to the reign of Henry II. There is no account of any Englilh fettleinents hav- ing been made m this ifland before that period. The colonies of Norwegians and Danes chicHy luliabited the environs of Waterford and Limerick, and were in fubfe- quent times called Oftmen by the Englilh. In the reign of Henry II. an attempt on Ireland was made for the firft time, from the Enghfh coafi. Hirtorians have given to the expedition from England that then took place, the name of conqueft of Ireland: they have afcribed the honour of it to king Henry 11. and have moreover conferred upon him and his fucceflbrs from that period, a rightful claim to the dominion and obedience of Ireland and its in- habitants. The faft is, however, that only a fettlement was made on the Irifh coaft, of the lame nature as thofe which have been formed fiute on the coafts of Africa, Afia oi? /Viiierica. The firft adventurers were two private gentlemen, Fitz-Stepheus and Fitzgerald. They crolfed the Irifh channel with about three hundred men in the year 1171 ; and they were foon after followed by Earl Strongbow, with twelve hun- dred more. [f the Iri/li had been united under one king, or common leader, as the Scots were* when Edward I. attempted the conqueft of Scotland, or if the Englilh adventurers had, on their firft , landing, alarmed the whole Irifh nation, by loudly proclaiming a de.ign of untverfal indifcriminate invafion and dominion, as the fame Edward 1; did. It is not to be doubted that they would f(X)n have been overpowered by num- bers, m the fame manner as the Englifti garrilbns left by Edward I, in Scotland were overpowered, and driven out of thr country. But Ireland, at the time we arefpeaking of, was divided into a very great numbcrof independent diftrifls, that had little mote connexion with each other than what arofe from mutual neighbourhood. And thole Irifli who lived on the northern or weftera iideof the ifland, had confequently but little conneflion with thofe who inhabited/ or nude fettlemcnts, orinvalions, on the fouthcrnoreaftern coaft. The Englini adventurers, befides, found friends in the country to whom they were welcome, as hath been the cafe in all the fcttlements made by Europeans in remote jans oj^the v orld. 'Ihey even had been exprcfsly invited by an Irifh chieftain who was pol5:;it'd oi the oppolke fhorc (his name was DcimoL rviiu-Murj-ogh) : they wcr« R N D. 4':7 to affifthiin in a war in which he was then engaged : and Earl Strongbow was to "^S mUimy ope'rations of the little Englifh army, and of the Irifh ally who had invited them over, proved fuccefsful; and the adventurers were rewarded lor their affiftance by having lands allotted to them in the country. They formed a tettle- ment, or colony, in the neighbourhood of Dublin.. , t: i c The report of the advantages which Fnz-Stephens,- Fitzgerald, and Earl Strong- bow had met with, reached England. A few more adventurers loon followed, in or- der to partake of the fuccefs; and among them the next year, was no lels aperlon than King Henry II. himfelf. This prince proved ftill more welcome to the Iri{h ■ than the adventurers who had preceded him. As he had brought only five hundred men with him, he caufed no alarm. The Iriih chieftains were flattered to Ice fo itn- portant a man as the king of the great iHand that lay on the oppohtefide ot ihe chan- ■ Ml come to pay them a vifit. They leforted to him from feveral parts of the coun- try! to make alliance and treaties of amity with him. It may be obferved, that Henry II gave the Iriih chieftains the title of kings ; and this ftyle comiuued to be ufed by his fuccellbrs fo late as eighty years afterwards, if not later *^ Henrv 11 after ftaying about five months in Ireland, withdrew, well latished with his expedition, and leaving his fubjeas in poffefiion of fome diftrias on the eaftern coaft Such was the firft fettlement made by the tnghfh in Ireland, and thefirft origia of the dominion which the Englifh crown has in fubfequcnt times claimed over ' ThelhcSifors of King Henry 11. did not purfue the defign of conquering Ireland. ■ Satisfied with having their power introduced into the illand, and recognized in a cer- tain'diftria or portion of it, they made no attempt to extend it farther. 1 he colony was left to thrive by its own relburces and ftrength ; the reinforcements it received during a long feries of years, being only the fiicceffive and oecafional .yrival of new Englifti adventurers and fettlcrs. The Englifh fettlement in Ireland did not accord- ingly become extended beyond its firft limits. It was rather the reverfe. I he and or ground occupied by the Englifh colony, or the Engliih pale, as it^was called, . reached only a few miles around Dublin, at the time of King Edward III. that isj an hundred and fifty years after the firft fettUhg of the colony. , i. c ^ This ftraitening of the Englifti pale had been owing to two caulcs. In the t:rit ■ place the hoftilities committed by the fettlers againft the diftrias by which they v\ere furrounded, had in time raifed an alarm, and confederacy againft them, which the firft adventurers had not met with. ^ -,.,.« -Lt i i • In the fecond place, the fucceifors to thofe pcrfons of Englifli blood, or race, who had poffeffed themfelves of lands at fome diftance up the country, had gradually re- nounced their dependance on the primary fettlement, as they ceaied to ,want its fup. port- which has been the cafe with all the colonies, whenever they have ceaied to derive advantage from their conneaion with the mother country : and they had, even in prccefs of time, adopted the drefs, the language,, and the laws, of the native I nfh. Thefe Englifh families, now transformed into Irifli inhabitants, w-ere moreover particularly jealous to oppoie the exienfion of the pale or colonial territory, and the ferther fpreading of the Englifh government, and law. They held their lands by Irifh teaures, and by the Brehon, or Irifti law ; which, in regard to property m land, and matters of defcent, totally ditfered from the law of England, ^•ow, if the Eng- lifh law had been fuftered to prevail, thefe families muft have been. difp^llelfed, and • The foiiowlng evprciTions are to be found in a letter fer.t by Henry HI. to ore of the Irilh rhief- m tains. "' The King to Kiuj; I'Jiomoad, greeting." (Rex, Regi Thomond, ialuiem.) 478 R N b. compelled to give up their ands to other pcrfons. In order to fecure themfelves Hill far her, and more completely to difclaim any connedion with the EiigliJh laws, they had ev^n alFu.ned Inlh furnames, fuch as Mac-Yoris, MacMorice. MacCibboi S Owing to the "rcumftances above de/cribed, a new cl^fs of inhabitants had arifeu m Ireland diftuja both from the Englifh colony, and the native Iriih. It was W eUot thole tnghfh families who had at any time renounced fubjediion to the Enclilh gwermnent, either through convenience, or motives of perfonal interell. The Lr- li/h colomfts ufed to bellow upon them the appellation of degenerate Englifh nt merous tribes, or clans, Were formed of then,, however; who frequcmly proved vei-v fenous enemies, or antagonifts, to the Englifh colony. J f ^ tJon Vr^^i '"/^^ thirty-fixthyearof the reign of King Edward III. a new expedi, tion into Ireland w^s projefledm England, (A. D. I36i.)-The expedition, this finie, was m faa undertaken agamft thcjdegenerate Englifh. Lionel, Duke of Clarence, the king's fecond fon, was the leader of the enterprize. The motive which "^J.^ced the prince to engage in it, was this. He had married the daughter and only child of William Bourke, furnamed the Red Earle, who was pof- lelfed of very extenfive independent trads of land, in the country, but had contl nued to prelerve a conneaion with the colonial government. After the death of the earl, the next male heirs had claimed his eftates, in conformity to the Irifh law which being grounded on notions of warfare and defence, did not allow lands to defcend to K-'rl .[hefe heirs had accordingly put themlelves in polfeffiou of thofe lands which had been occupied by the late earl. On that occafion they afTumed Irifh fur- names, by way of farther fecurity; and in fliort, turned degenerate Endifh. Duke tionel laidclaim to thole lands, in right of his wife, grounding his claim on the Emr- hlh common law i and his coming over to Ireland, was in order to expel that Sent or Clan, of degenerate Enghfh, who had feveial years before taken polTdlion of them,^ and had aljumed the name of Mac-Williams. The duke had married the Red Tu u u 7 ?. r ^""""^!^ "' ICU4IJ15. ine auKe nad Deen induced to this match, by the proipea of recovering thofe extenfne traas of land which had been toniierly occupied by the earl. The duke's expedition was jn reality undertaken both agaiuft the Irifh law, and agynlt all thofe perfons of Englifh blood who had adopted L and were polfelfedof land by v^wme ot the I/ifh law, and in conformity to the Irifh mode . ftant ftate of warfare continued between the Englifti colony or pale, and the whole country; with fome intervals however of intermilhon as to aflual hoftilities; q-^/f'olony were at conftant war with the native- Iiifh, iu confcqiciuc of their colonial laws and proviHons, according to which the Irifti were conl-.dcicd as pcrfe- 4?o N D. tual outlaws. The courts of juflice ereaed within the pale allowed them no re- medy in cales ot trefpaffes committed againft them; nor did they adjudge punilh- ment for flaymg a native Iii(h*. The colony were in a Hate of perpetual war with the degenerate Engliih, in con- fequence of the ftatutc of Kilkenny, which, as hath been above cited, had made luch degeneracy high treafon and death. The impoteney of this ftatute, and in general the impolicy of the meafures pur- fiied by the managers of the colony aflairs, both in regard to the native Irifh, and td tlie degenerate Englifh, loon became confpicuous. An alliance and confederacy took place between thefe, of a clofer nature than formerly. And the confequence at length was, that the lettlement became to be fo ft'raitened, that thofe who were poffeiled of land on the borders, were neceflitated to buy peace from the furround- ing chieftains, having agreed to pay them an annual ftipend, which became to be a fettled tribute, known by the nameo' black rent. Notwithdandiu^ its weaknefs, the Englifh colonv contin'^ed however to exift; —partly becaule it was well known, that, had an univerfal combination taken place to cfted its final expuHion, it would have received afliftance from England to make the attempt both difficult and dangerous ; and partly, becaufe the fettlement was, in itlelf, equal in point of ftrength to any of the numerous lords, or chieftains, who iurrounded it. The colony, in fad, continued to defend itfelf by the fame means which thofe chieftains ufed to employ among themfelves: that is to fay, by making alliance at fome times with fome, and at other times with others; whether they were Irifh, or degenerate Englifti : occafioually fetting afide the provifions relative to the Irifh, or forgetting the ftatute of Kilkenny, as circumftances made it neceffary. On the other hand, there were reafons why the Englifh colony did not extend their acquifnions, nor avail themfelves of certain advantages which they might have perhaps poirefled to that elieft. In the firft place, they received no afliftance from England, whofe government was either engaged in continental and Scotifli expeditions, or was diftraded at home by rebellious infurreftions, and civil wars. In the fecond place, the Englifti colonifts began in time to quarrel among them- fclves, in their own diftrift. In the fame manner as a divifion had in former years been eflleaed between Englifti fubjedls and the degenerate Englifti, fo a divifion now took place in the colony, between the Englifti fubjct^s of race or blood, and Eng- lifti fubjefts of birth, that is, thofe who were born in England, and had lately emi- grated, or rather immigrated, into Ireland. Their diffentions went even fo far, that two oppolite parliaments were more than once to be feen fitting in different places, anathematizing each other, and promulgating oppofite contradidlory laws, to be ob- ferved by Englifti fubjefts in Ireland. It may be obler\ eel that fome of the Englifti fubje<5ls of blood were poffelfed of confiderable independent diftrids out of the limit of the pale, which enabled them to oppofe by main force the government of the colony, and even foinerimes to attempt to call diftinft conventions or parliaments. The molt confiderable among them were the E*rls of Ormond and of Defmond. * When a man had been killeJ, and the accnfed party pleaded that the man was an Irifliman, the cafe was brought loihe iiFue wheiher the man killed wits of Jrilh, or Englifli race. Sir John Davies has quoted two curious Latin records. Hjr the firll it appears that ohe Williams, who had killed one Roger, obtained his quietus, on proving that this Roger, notwitbftanding the Englifti name he had af- fumed, belonged to the Irifli Sept, or tribe, AirnanQed O'HederifcaU. The other record gives the in- (lanceof one Laurens, who was lentenccd to be hanged, for killing one G;tlfred Dovedal, who proved, cr, thetryu!, xo be of Englife race— See Davks, p. ii i, iiz. tn I R N D. 481 The inhabitants of Ireland had therefore, ia proccfs of lime, become to be divid- ed into four ditTerent claffes : I. The Iri(h. II. The degenerate Englifh. III. The Englifh fubjeds of blood, fonie of them, as hath been above, obferved^ poffeffed of coufiderable independent territories; but receiving fumnions from the lords deputies to attend the parliaments, and atteutling them occafionally, that is, when it fuited thera. This attendance in parliament was the main diflerence be- tween thofe lords, and the degenerate Englilh chieftains, to whom no fumraonfes uied to be feat, andwho would receive none. IV. The Englilh of birth, who chiefly compofed the governmeut of the colony,, and were alTifted and countenanced by the Englifli government. Such was the fituation of aflairs in Ireland at the acccflion of king Henry VIII. ( A. D. 1509.) At the time of this Prince the pale confitted of no more than lour counties. Though Munfter had been, in former days, nominally divided into counties, the people, to ufe Sir John Davies's expreflions, had become fo degenerate, that no Juftice of Affize durft execute his commilTion among them. The anfwer of Mac- Guire, Chief of Ferm^^nagh, to the Lord Deputy, who was propofing to him to ac- cept a Sheriff in his uiftrift, has been recorded : " Your Sheritl fhall be welcome " to me ; but let me know the price of his head (his Eric), in order that if my peo- " pie cut it off, I may fine them accordingly." Henry VIII. did indeed affume the title of king of Ireland, inftead of Lord,' which was the former ityle, and had caufed certain dillrifts without the pale, to be (^vided into counties. But this divifion was no more than nominal. The Black- rent, that annual tribute which has been above mentioned, continued during that prince's reign to be exaded from the inhabitants of the borders of the pale, by the furrounding chieftains. The native Irifti Chiefs, even then, continued to confider themfelves as being fo independent, that they made exprefs treaties of peace with ; the King and his Lieutenant : Treaties of alliance were more than ouce made with them, for making war on the turbulent lords of Englilh race. One of the chieftains, named MacGillapatrick, and Chief of Oifory, (in the neighbourhood of Wexford) conceiving himlelf on a certain occafion to have been aggrieved by the Earl of Or- mond, then Lord Deputy, fent a declaration of war to Henry VIII. if he did not punifh him : Which declaration, the ambaifador whom the Itifh cliieftain had made choice of, delivered in good latin to the King, as he was coming from chapel. As to the degree of obedience paid to the government by the lords and great fub- jeils of Englifh blood, it may be gueffcd not to have been very great, from the na- ture of the covenant entered into by the Earl of Defmond with Henry VIIL in the thirty-fecond year of the reign oi" that Prince ; which wa.s, that he would fufler the law of England to be executed in his country, and would permit the fubfidics grant- ed by the parliament (of Ireland) to be levied on his tenants and followers. Such was the ftate of Ireland during the reign of king Henry VIII. and even du- ring the reigns of king Edward VI.. of queen Mary, and the greater part of the reign of queen Elizabeth. The only way to form a true idea of the dominions of the Englifh crown here is by confidering the Englifh colony that had been fettled on il.c iflacd, in the lamelight as the fettlementa, or colonies, formed by Europeans in remoter parts of the. world*. N° XVI. 3 Q^ ♦ The Iriili, from their pecnliar cuftoms; their appearanca anddrefs. were, in reK'.ird to tlie En^'- lilh, a foreign, we mifiht almoft fay, a remote nation.- When the chitftain O'Ncul went upon his Vifi-. and iutervicvr with queen Elizabeth,. (A. D. iSVi.) he was accompanied, and comii.u.d to bs 4?i ]• N D. Ihc uictlioj of brcing thcjf laws aiul cuAoms upon conquered nations, was iic\cr ndoptoU biit by ludi concpcrors us aimed at deftruaion. and were Cceking pretences f b • It. llic Noru.ims lutiered the common law of England to fubfifl, after their conqueft in tholocak'^ which did not affcdl their power and government. The rcludtante nUn' by the l.ngiim lords againft having the laws of their country altered in a cafe in which not one ot ihcm perhaps was perfonally concerned, is well known.—Nolumus leces Anglife mutarc, was their unanimous declaration. It may be added that the attath- "!Tn^^ %[' ^•'! ^'''■'" '/''' was grounded upon more ferious reafons than mere pre. pollcflion— They did not feem to have annexed to the right of property, particulailv m regard to land, the lame ideas as the Englilh, The laws of England, efpecia I'v toncen.ing dclccnt, were pnhaps the ftrangeft laws, and the moft repugnant to their man- nor ot living that could be propo ed to them: They (hould not therefore ha^■e been at- tempted to be forced upon them precipitately. This is a point which writers have not perhaps fumcientjy elucidated. The laws and IJaiutes palfed againft thofe Englifh perfons who adopted the Irifh cufloms and language, and claimed the fupport of the Iriih laws, were not more judicious. Be- mg fettled through the country, and mixed with the inhabitants, they could not avoid complying with the cufloms of thofe men whofe countenance and ailiftance it behoved them to obtain, and obeying thofe laws and governnjents, to which thev muft refort for immediate proteflion. Ev en in the precinft of the pale, the Irifh language had a conftant tendeficy to become prevalent ; and ordinances were frequently made for relhainiiig the ule ot It. Coercion was added, as ufual, to enforce them, and Sir John Davies went fb lar as to recommend the maijlering the Trijh by thefivorcl, ami of breaking them by wane in onkr 1o make them capable of obedience and zoodfeede. * The kings of England would have adedVith more juftice, more glory, as well as more advantage to themfelves if they had been fatistied with the quality of arbitrators between thele Irifh Ruleis or Chiefs; an office to the difcharging of which a fmall force would have been competent, confidering the equal manner in which their itrength andrelburces wee balanced among themfelves. Inflead of this, adventurers were poured into Ireland who partly by their avidity, and partly by their ignorant laws, rendered pacification Imponibk' Ihe violent meafures that had been purfued in the reign of King Edward VI in or- der to eftabhfti the Proteilant religion and liturgy in Ireland, had given rile to a confi- derable degree of difaffeflion among all fubjeas in the country: the jealoufy had extended to the Irilh tribes; and a fpirit of combination and general oppofition to the Englifh gov-ernment was beginning to take place through the ifland, in the reign of queen Eliza- T^his difpolition of people's minds offered a favourable opportunity to Philip If Kiiu. of Spain, for promoting his hoftile defigns againfl England. Partial invafions of Ireland were attempted by the Spanifh government feveral years before the fending out of their in- vincible armada. A Spanifh colony, we may even obferve, was fupported from remote time?, on the fouth-weft part of the Irifh coaft. Spain, of all foreign countries, is the moll favourably fituated for an intercourfe with Ireland. The Spanifh coaft flretches fb far out into the Atlamic Ocean, as to lie to the weftward of nioft of the Irifh harbours. Weflerly winds, which raoRly prevail there are favourable for coming from Cape Finifterre to Cork, W'aterford, c\c. The northern .Spanifh ftiore in faft lies both eaft and weft of the Irifh coaft ; and Spain is better fituated torconftant cofnmumcation with Ireland, than France, or perhaps than any Englifh har- bour within the Britifh Channel. An army of feveral thoufand Spaniards were actually nttended in England, by a Ruard of Gallowglafes, nrined witli the battle-axe, after the mani.er of their ,, ';r;--:L ;■;;"■ u"' ""^"^.""'rHtnvmg un chcir liiouijcrs, and tlitir liiKn veils vMlh iaige ilosvts. eyed with TiffroH. He was received aud tre.aed as au independent Chief. ^ I N D. 4^3 Undcd, attended by a pope's nuntio. who gol pofleflloii of Ktufale. And Eug and tl ur found herfclf in danger of being bcfct. oneait and weft, by the power ot Spain lu formi- dabe in thofe days, and of lying in the n.iddlc between the land forces ot the Spa- niards, then centred in the Netherlands, and their naval ftrength and arn.an.ents, itation- cd in the harbours of Ireland. _ 1 hefe conf.dcrations determined the P.nglin> govcrnmcut to make uncomtjion elforis- to fecure the poirelliou of Ireland. Very conliderable lubfidies were voted by parlia- ment for that purpofo; and an army of twenty thoufand men well provided, was letu. which, alVilted by the advantages and power already poffcifed by the govcrnrnent lu the mmti-y. by fuc/effive reinforcements from England, and by other favourab e c.rcun.- ftances eHefted a complete redu^ion of all the different lords and chiefs who till then had 1 uledii'i the idaud, after a war, that lalled about leveu years. However. Qiieen Klizabetb did not live to ice Ireland entirely reduced. For, the hnal capitulation wiTli the great chieftain O'Neal, was not i.gned till a few days alter her '^^James I. is, therefore, to be named as the firft Englifh fovereign who polTeffcd the do- '"ATthi's£El.i,'"aU\iolent oppofition to the authority of the Englifti government and crown,- was put an end to. The fpirit of Irifh refiftance was braied, to ule the expreflions of Sir lohnDavies, as it were in a mortar, with the fword, famine, and peftilence, alto- aether Both the degenerate Englifli and the native Irilh were alike overcome. ^ At "the fame time the power of the judges and of the Englifh goyeinment wa«'^e?jen- fivcly fixed, the Irifh laws and cuftoms were abolifhed, and the Enghfh laws- eflablifhed- in all cafes without exception, through the whole ifland**. r r r-^ . As a further f\ep for the fettling of Ireland, numerous colonies weir feiit from Oreat Britain to occupy the lands which had been taken from thofe tribes and chieftains who had been more particularly engaged in the war to defend their rights, hbertics and laws. Ihe Englifh gnernment being now univerfally and indilputably eftabhnied by force ot arms thetc was a probability that the enmities of former parties would be m time forgot- ten,-that thofe inhabitants who had been compelled to adopt the Englifh laws and cuf- toms, would gradually accommodate themfelves to them, and that a laft.ng peace nnght iircvail i,i Ireland. But events had unfortunately taken place withm the all fifty or iixty veais, that were foon to diflurb this peace, and give rife to anunofities and contcfls as ob- fUnate and bloody as thofe which had been lately terminated. It la here meaiit to fpeak of the religious diffentions caufed by the introduaion of the reformation into Ireland. The firfl attempt to introduce the reformation into Ireland, was m the reign ot King Edward VI. In his reign orders were fent for ufing the EngMi liturgy m all the churches • of the colony, that is, of thofe diftrifts wherein the authority ot the EngliHi government was acknowledged. Diredions were alfo given for removing, felling, or deffroymg, the- ©rnaments, &c. of the churches and other places devoted to religion; and the foldiers whocompofedthegarrifonsflationedin Ireland, were employed for efleitmg thele re- movals and deflruaions, which they performed with their ufual zeal and alacrity in exe- cuting commands of this kind. In the mean time, Sir Anthony St. Leger, the Lord De- puty, was recalled, on account of his not being fufhciently afliduous in pfomoting the work of the reformation- * The power of the l:.w and of the judges, did not become, hovvever. quite fo completely eftabll^niedm Ireland, at the beRinning of the reign of fames I. as Sir John Dav.es has delcr.bed u. Several mfmr*a.ons ,o.k pace in this reign, which were raifed by Irifh chieftains exafperated « '.J^^ '««»' °^"'''^9,«, °/„' ^ \ . ^ . .^ ,, ** 1 ,,.- ..,,,„i!.j '.i,„.,. -«., -Tr»-.t riiffirnitv. as their power and refources had Uws ana ctutoms : Ihouga Incy were t^Uciliu WiiHO j» a..^{i!-~- jr -- . been fo broken by the lai,- war, ^H R E N The I-iiin liturg)- vas Proteftants were, Jiever- r«aJlal^'-''^'r'' u^'r ^^"'>'' '^"^ P'occedin., were rcverfcd. to make perfccution a pn>Si7bZ^ " ^^ """'" ""' """'^""^ *^"""8^ '" I^^'«"^. .gaJn'iSl^Ir^eiroSi:^::^:'' ' '-"^ --''^ -^ P'-^^ -^ «^c churches .ere the rehgmn of the countr/ were attemlecl with nVo^e imponant^S^^ oxtcnded to tlic whole ifiand. ^ '^'^ *^''"'''-'' "' J'^"'" ^- "ow 'i'hc principal ijicafurcs that wore adopted at the time nf tUr ,.,; ^ r -r tenants; and a great ma^uy of hen ' J 're b re a aIZucT^' V ^T''' ^' '''^- principle, had al(o been ic.u in the re gn i Cen Fli^abL t ' t I^^'Ik^V^V"^;,'"-' were taken from the Karl of IX-fmnnH f ..rK^ii"^ ^-U-'dieth, to title on the lands that were fo few u, Jrdand, in (ajjccn aLboh', ,i,„eThat .hr|Cr„m;nt o ,L .'^ '"'' could not vemure upon calHuTa parliamcm : there was .00 Iiu"e prXbilitv of „ni?"'' majority on the Proleftam fide, even with the Dower nolfXH C?(,, ^ '^ of getting a iiew counties, eo.poralio,,., and borough : tht had iSen'ote Sufe of ,L r""*^ "'?r'"» of parliaments that has been above niemioned The ™unen o? l!,^;. t • "1? '".'"''"ffi™ te fe^^&d ^forfe.J't'rL^',-'*'"'?' "~ ^P-""''^ »W^h had lent n,e ters had ij tUwS'for^tllirgX'ptSr ' ''""''" "■ "'■■'" *" "^™'' ^f" ""= «'" '^-« iS3^^;pr5;:s'dd";;:ir:rr':^^^ ...cd to ,evc:p„zc thofe new brethren that had been lent them bj- thenewcrcfted corpora." A I N D. 485 tirtni: a ftufflo even took place in the chairing of a fpeakcr; each party puttmg forth a diiR-rcnt pcvfon. But as the place of the meeting was in thecalllc,- as they were I'utiound- cd by a Proteftant garrifon, and all attendants had been difniiilcd, as well'as Iwords lei al the gate, the Catholic party were fain to fubmit. In the Houfe of [ (jrds, there were four carls, five vifcounts, and lixtcen barons : in all twenty-five: to them were added twcDty- iive Proteftant bilhops and archbifliops. Ill order to complete the fuperiority of the Proteftant party, the penal ftatutes that fiad been palfed in the reign of Qyeen Elizabeth were put in force, by virtue of thefe Ibi- tutes, no man who refufed to take the oath of fupremacy, could be inveiled with an othcc in a corporation, or be a jullice of the peace, or a niagiftratc. He was not to be a privy- rounfellor, nor to be preterrcd to any port in the government. If a lawyer, he was not to^ be admiitcd to plead at the bar, or to fill the office of judge. All the higher dignities of the church, together with church livings, and church emoluments, were allotted to the Proteftant clergy. A w cekly fine was alio to be laid upon every perfon who fliould negledt to attend the church fervice. By means of thefe nieafures and ordinances, the Proteftant became completely efta- bliflicd, to the excliifiou of the Catholic Religion. And at that period arofe thole lormi- dablo party diftindions, of Catholics, and Proteftants, into which the inhabitants of Ire- land have fince been divided. The Proteftant party was, on the one hand, formed by thofe colonies that had, of late years, been feuled in Ireland. They had on their fide the ftrength of the colonial go-ernmcnt, which was formed only ot ihemfelves, and the majority of the parliament of the ifland. On the other band, the Catholic party w^as formed of the whole mafs of the inhabi- tants of Ireland, pre\ious to the fettling of the new colonies: for, as hath been already obfervcd, there were no proteftants in Ireland before that time. At the period we are fpeakingof, the old diftindtions of native Irifti, d^rgenerate EnglilTi, Englifh of bhxxl, and Englifti of the Pale, were forgotten, and loft h. the genetal deno- luinaiion of Catholics. An union was now formed between the irifti chieftains and tribes, who, after lofing their lands and their laws, were now to bfe their icligion, and the whole of the old Englifti colony, whofe Lords and men of influence were now to be deprived of their confequence, whofe Lawyers and Priefts were thrown out of em- ployment, while the numerous commonalty had their churches taken from them, and were infulted by penalties for not conforming to the religious rites of their opponents. All were now united together under the common banner of the Catholic Faith, and turned their eyes towards the Proteftant party, as a common aggreflor and an cnemj . The relburces of the Proteftant party for maintaining their ground in the midft of fo formidable a confederacy, could not be in their number; for, though confiderable in it- fclf, it Ixjrc no proportion to thofe of their Catholic opponents. And the advantage they poficfled of forming the colonial government, and of having a majority in the parliament, was only a ftrength of an artificial kind, which, without farther fupport, could not fub. iift long. Their real effedtual refources were to be in their moderation, and in the ibp- port of the Englifti government. This moderation was not exercifed, as appears by the fiiregoing ftate to which the Catholics had been reduced — and the Englifti government- was at this period fo diftrailed, by the conteft between the king and parliament, that little attention was paid to the prefervation of order, or the fteady and equal diftribti- tion of impartial juftice in Ireland. Irritated by a combination of caules, and favoured by the circui:iftances of the time, a general infurredlion was planned, and carried into execution in the tlofe of the year 1641. An event produflive of the moft baneful and Lifting confequences to its peace, its union, and its profperity. This civil war was begun l>y the natl'.c IriiTi, on the night of the 22d Oftober; and they v/ere joined foon after by ! he old Englilh colony, the Lords of blood, very few excepted, and the Catholic iiihabi- .' ♦ « 't '» ill 436 I R N 1>. taius of the Pale: the juiK^tion had been at tiift poapoued by the nnrtarii;it(e of the -« tempt upon Dublin. ilie Catholic party in Ireland were in reality ftretching a hand to Charles I Eut this Prince was not able to fee this. W hile under the preHure of the war waged ajrainit him by the hnglifh parliament and his Scottini lubjeas, he continued tor 3ears to conilder the Inlli and their Englifli confederates as his cneniies. and to give dircc'tions accordhialv VVhen he had thoughts, al length, of employing their ailiftance in the year 164; it vv^s become too late. ' ■/ f-:» v^'ia The Irifh infurgents had on their firft onfet, as hath been above mentioned failed of leizHig the city and callle of Dublin. Annies of Scots had crolled the ftraits between their country and the north coaft of Ireland. Both the loyalifts, and the parliamentarian party ui the illand, continueu for a long time to be united againlt them and their conle derates of Englifli race. AHiftauce was fent by the Englilh parliament, as foon as thcv were able to Ipare it. Cromwell, with his generals, in time followed ; and an annv of abo\e tlnrty thoufand foot, and liftecn thou land horfe, was tranfported or/ornicd in Ire- land, by which an end was put to the war in the year 1652. 'Ihe limits of this fketch of Irifli hiftory do not admit of our entering into a detail of the fcencs of blood exhibited in this unhappy period of eleven yeai-s.—Nor indeed would u atlord any fatisfadion to the benevolent mind, to purfue the inveftigation of truth through the vaiious contradidloiy, and fometimcs exaggerated, accounts of tranihdions at winch the jeelmgs revolt, and the remembrance had better be obliterated. ' " M.nny authors have contributed to deceive the public in refjiea to this affair But ot all who hine written on the fubiea, the accounts of Sir John Temple are the moft pnriial, the moil exaggerated, and the moft abfmd. On iefle<5tion, he was not himfelf picaled with the performance, for he would not fuHcr it to pais through u fecond edition " The confequence of magnifying and painting in flrong colours the circumftances of this unhappy affair, has been, to alienate the aHedtions of Proteftants from their Roman Catholic brethren. In confequence of this, deep inipreflions to the difadvantage not merely of the^guihy, to which they fhould have been entirely confined, but of the whole ka, have been traufniitted from generation to generation. To iligmatizc indifcriminate- ly, as too many have done, the natives of Ireland, for the crimes of individuals, in which they did not participate, which they did not approve, nay which many of them labour- ed to prevent, is an ad of great injuftice to men, who have ever been diftinguifhcd for warm hearts and benevolent affedlions. " For the fake of government, whole accumulated injuries were the caufe; for the ho- nour of human nature ; for the fake of thofe f weet propenfities of the heart, which fliould bind by the tics of mutual good will, fellow citizens and fellow fubjedls, though diftin* guifhed by different religious opinions, the maffacre of fixteen hundred and forty-one Ihould be buried in everlafling oblivion. *" New colonies were tranfported into Ireland, in order to occupy thofe lands which were ether taken from the Catholic infurgents, or had become vacant by the deftrudive eflea of the war, and the calamities that attended it. All thofe nati\ e Irifh who were exiftin? m ditierent parts of the ifland, at the time of the ietilement made by Cromwell, were com' manded to retire into the province of Connaught, which had become defolatc,' and almofi dcilitute of inhabitants. They were obliged to give up their lauds and titles 'to the con- querors ; and the new lands affigned to each of them were pro})ortioned to the extent of thole they furrendercd. A certain day was alio fixed for them to retire, upon the penalty of death. The whole meafure was an evept of much the fame kind as the expullion of k J ' "u — ~~u ~* "' " "" *" ' """' ■■ "■"^» ii^^nvvvi, inat toc uation or tnc Moors isad, about eight centuries before, been invaders of Spain, and were now driven out of • Crawford's Hiftory of IrelnnJ. • It o c tl e d r } t c f t t I c } < i I E N D. 437 it to a remote countrv; whereas, the native Iiilh had b.cu luue lu.menional in po.rjiK.n of their illand, and had now about one fifth part ot it alk-tted to tlicni. Thi inSon laid on the old native lA to keep witlan the hn..is afl^gned to then,, continued to be very ftriaiy enforced till the reftoratiou ; that is d,nu,g eight year. TttZ period, fome among them recovered their lands on refunding the expeiKcs ot thofe adventurers who were in poffeflion of them : and a free intercourle was re-ellablifti- ed between them and the reft of the ifland. , At the period we are fpeaking of, the intereft and power of the old native Infli. as a dilUiSA cla^ of inhabitants, was emirely broken; their mn.bns being trom that tune much exceeded by thoie of the old and new inhabitants ot Britilh 1 ace. " It is painful \o every feeling of humanity, to view the ilate ot this coumry from the year fixteen hundred and forty-one to the leiloration. During the whole ot ^hat peraod Jhe mind is not relieved by tV intei-vention of one gleam ot public happinefs. 1 he dreadful eflfeas of ambition, of a violent party fpirit and ot religious bigotrj- a^g'•a^^tcd by the calamities of civil war, fill up the whole of the Icenc. Of thele, anibiuon. o a thirft of lawlefs domination, was the original fource ot all our nuleiies. 1 his provoked the natives to arms. Ihe hiftory of mankuid does not produce an inftance, «^^ S/^J";; mcnt founded in equitv, and adumMred by the pnncip es ot ju tice, b^^^S f J"?^^ ^' ' a confpiracy of the fu'bjeas, fimilar to the rilh infurredtion. Ihe ambition < t Chai e which kindled the flame of contention betwixt him and the parliament, extended to this country, multiplied the diltradtions of the feveral parties, and aggravated our milenes. The^evolution of the year 1689, in England, became the cau le ot a iecond cutl war in Ireland. It is not ciuite improbable, that the remarkable willmgnels ot James 11. to withdraw from England was owing to a fettled def.gn he entertained ot tr)nvg us for- Tune in that illand. The ftep taken by Charles I. of trufting hin.felf, in h,s dillrefs, to a Scmt h rmy, inftead of applying to'the Irilh, while it was yet time, had ^^ery pofhbly continued to^be looked upu'n in his family, as one of the worfl faults he had cormu tted. In the beginning of March, 1489, that is, about two months after he had left England James II. failed from Breft with feveuteen fhips of war, and landed at Kmfale on the ^"^ He found the legal government of the country on his fide. By altering the charters of the corporations, in the beginning of his reign, a majority had been procured m the parliament to the Catholic party. The Earl of Tyrconncl, who was Lord Dcpuiy, had already taken arms in his favour, and met him at Cork, where he delivered up l.is autho- "\mes"il. foon found hin.felf at the head of forty thoufand foldiers; aJid wl,l, thefc forces he marched, tirft to Dublin, then to the north of the illand, where the ^'-^'^gi '/'t the I'roteftant intereft lay. On receiving the ner.s of the revolution in Emglaiu, the Irifh Proieftants had proclaimed William and Mary. They were afterwards alhfted by an ar- my from England, which failed from Chefter in Auguft 1689, under the command c Duke Schomberg ; and Kin^ \^ iHiam followed, about eight months after (in June, 1690) wi'-h confidcrabie reinforcements. »<• lames II. was defeated on the banks of the Boyne. He foon after withdrew m a in- gate belonging to the King of France, refigning Ireland to his competitor, aner . (,av <,f about fucteen momhs fuicc his landing at Kinfale. Confidenng the almnft fure prof- pca of Tuccels he had during the firft fix nionths his mifcarriagc mufl have been in [neat nart owing to his want of abiUties : but it may be added, had he poirelfca abih us und iudgment, he never would have had any occafton to command an army in Ireland. Th,. f.,n"-c rnnumt^cl ahout a twelvemonth longer, between the Generals whom King W iiiiam had left to fupply his place, and the French and Inlh torccs. At lengiiu • Crawford's I-liftory of IrclanJ. me 48d R N D. Sef th"f ArtideTof nS?' -'i; '"^ l"" '^! ^"^l V^' ''^'^''''^ capitulation, othcruife iaued the Articles of Limerick, was figned on the third of Odober, 1601. This canitu a tion was meant to lorm the law by which the rights left to Ra PuSb cU The Hue of conduct in regard to Roman Catholics in Ireland, we have above n^cn rioned, cealed to be purfued in the reign of Queen Anne. Sevc alad of the ifh r^ * hamcnt were paired by which the Conditions of Limerick were g.adua ly lohtcd And The r^ hnl """' ^* ^'^r:? """' 1'''^'^' ^y ^-^^^^^ ^^e triumpl, of th^Pro e tant over tiic CHthohc party was finally competed, after one hundred and ten years flru^gle By hcle la^.'s, the Roman Catholics were abfolutely difarmed. 'Ihey cot Kot nur chale land, li one fon did abjure the Catholic religion, he inherited tL whole efSe" hough he was the yonngeft. If he made fuch abjurftion. and turned motcrer duriS he hietime of his father he took pofleflion of the eftate; his father remaining a penfi^re? to hnn. If a Catholic had a horie in his poffeflion, worth fifty, or an hundrcd^ounds or tnore, a Proteftant might take the fame from him, upon paying him down five pound ' it tne rent paid by any Catholic was lefs than two-thirds of the full improved value who: c.er dilcovered, of turned informer, took the benefit of the lealb, &c. &c. Various r'ehric tions vvcre la.d on their education at home, and penalties on their dbtaini.^ it abroad In the reign of King William, feveral afts were pafTed by the Fnglifh pa liaii ent in Which Ireland was bound One was ent.led Jn A Jor I rcluffZ f Zalrl tUrgy : u repealed the aft paffed by the Irifti parliament in the reiga of cSesII { d,jabhngfp:ntmperfonsfrom holding henefus in England and Ireland aUTfamtn ■ i "wal meant to enable thole perfons of the Irifli Clergy who were dri^en out of thdr coumrv by the war in 1682. to be admitted to benefices in England. Another EnS aft o^ hibited all trade wnh France both from England and Iceland. Another dSedalth; afts of parliament held at Dubhn by James IL to be void, without the prdent Lin lb gillature being confulted. And a fourth aft was,, for abrogating the oath oMrcmacy In he land, and appointing other oathf. ^ ^ ^ ■' ^ ^ ^ In the following year, the political tendenq- of the above mentioned Englim afts .nd the national dependence on England which they (bemed to eviiKc, began toeng ge ve ; tl oufiy the public attention in Ireland. This attention, as well a. theVncral dillatiStion gradually increafed. And at length in the year 1698. the famous Pamphlet wrh.c by and Ireland, fincethe beginning of this century. ^"8'a"U. It 18 oblcrved, that there was, befides Mr. Mollvneux's Dnblicnii.^n. nnn,h«-r r.ft ..f . enous nature though not very generally known at firft to'tfco public,' which'caufed th; Zltir "^^ ^K^^'t^^T^^ "^ ^^"^"""""^ '^^' ^"^h parlian.ent, dilTa.i.fied I i.h the above rccued aft. that had beenpaffcdin England; f.nce the beginning of the K u^' R E N D. 4->^y tci-Li bad tranrmitteato the King in C( iicil for his Majeflys aflent, the heads of a Uil xvhlch urder colour of giving a farihei fanftion to thofe ads, was meant as a kind ot recedcnt or decTa radon, for%xcluding afterwards the authority of the £ngh(h pail.a- et t out of Irelaud. Th; opportunity of the appearance of Mr. Molyneuic's pubhcauon wa taken a committee of the Houfe of Commons was appointed on the 2ift o May lis, to enquire into the book ; and, upon the report of the committee, the Houfe una, ''"''Tune'at'-nit the faid book was of a dangerous confequence to the crown and peo- ♦ pie of England, by denying the authority of the king and parhament of England to . bnd the kingdU^and people of Irelan'd. and the fubordination that Ireland has. and ' ought to have, upon EngLd, as being united and annexed to the imperial crown of . ^K^s realm. A^d Vhat, occafion and encouragemerit to forming the d^"g7f.P^f"^^"« ' contained in the faid book, had been given by a bill entitled an adt for the bcuer fecu- ' rity of his majefty's perfon and government, tranfmitted under the Great Seal ot lie- ' land; whereby an adl of parliament made in England was pretended to be re-cnaaed, ' alterations therein made, and divers things enaaedalfo. pretending to oblige the courts ' of iuftice, and Great Seal, of England, by the authority of an Irilh parliament. The Houfe then, in a body, prefented an addrefs to the King, in which they enlarged both on the book and its pernicious affertions, and on the dangerous tendency of die pro- ceedings of the Irifti parliament. They concluded with ' afluring his Majefty of their ' ready concurrence and alliftance, in a parhamentary way, to preferv^e and maintain the « dependence and fubordination of Ireland to the imperia crown of this realm I he aufwer of his Majefty to this addrefs, was. ' that he v.-ould take care, that, what was ' complained of, might be prevented and redreffed as the Commons defired. Thus was the poliiical war between the two countries ufhered in,-and the gauntlet thrown bj- one party, bravely taken up by the other. „^ t. .. rh^ In the year 17 19 another public important cafe of controv^erfy occurred. It was the EuRlilK Houfe of Lords, who interfered this time. A caufe relative to an eftate was tried before the Court of Exchequer ia Ireland, who gave a decree in favour o Maurice Anneny againft Hefter Sherlock. The Houfe of Lords in Ireland was appealed to : they reverfed the decree; and Hefter Sherlock was put in poffeffion of the eftate, Maurice Annefty applied to the Home of Lords in England, for relief. The Hode, Proceeding upon the prhiciple that the Peers of I; eland poffeffed no power of jurifdiaion, confirmed the decree; and an order was fent to the Barons of the Exchequer in Ireland, to caule the poffeffion of the eftates to be reftored to Maurice Annefty ; which order thej; were able, after fonie time, to eftea. Hefter Sherlock petitioned the Houle ot Peers in 1 1 eland : they ordered the three Barons of Exchequer, ]effrej Gilbert John Filkingu.n, and Sir ]ohn St. Leger, into cuftody ; and fent a reprefentation of the cafe to the King. This leprefemation was laid before the Englifh Houfe of Peers: who after addrelhng the King to delire that he would be pleafed to confer fome marks of his royal favour on the Barons of the Exchequer, framed a bill, of which the following is an abftraa : « Whereas attempts have been lately made to fhake off the fubjeaion of Ireland unto ' ihe imperial crown of this realm: And whereas the Houfe of Lords in Ireland have of < lat« aftumed, againft law, a power to examine and amend the judginents of the courts ' of iuftice in Ireland: Therefore, be itenaaed, that the faid kingdoni of Ireland is fubordi- . naieunto. and dependent upon, the imperial crown of Great Britain ; and that the ♦ Kine's Maicftv, by and with the confent of the Lords and Commons ot Great Britain, . has full power and authority to make laws and ftatutes to bind the people and the king- ' dom of Ireland. And be it farther enaaed, that the Houfe of Lords of Ireland have . notanyiurildiaion, to judge of, affirm, or reverfe. any judgment or accrcc given ui any ' court within the faid kingdom/ The bill having n.et with the concurrence of the Con.- j6 . .3 R ... ..-. 490 N D. mom and received the Kuig's affent, became an aft of parliament ; fo that the claim laid by the Bmilh Houfe of Peeis, to j.rildiaion over the kingdom of Ireland was, ia cale of future oppofition, to be backed by the whole power of cfreat Britain But foou after, a circumftance occuned, too remarkable not to be noticed and it mav ferve as an example to prefent times and to poflerity, that the united, determined and per evmng voice of a people, muft be ultimately crowned with fuccefs. This was the well-known aflair of Wood's halfpence, which happened in the year 1733. and in which Dean Swift crc^cd himielf, with fuch zeal, as efleaually to raile all ranL of peodc in this kmgdom m one general oppofition. This feenis to have been the firft occafion on which a vcr)' general Ipint of union and oppofition was manifefted in Ireland againft the th."h H^T'fT'" ,;^'J^,':-'«'»o"\that was raifed at that period was apparenfly about the badnefs of W cod s halfpence ; but it is evident the difpute was in reality a queftion of rights and independence. ^ ^u*.ii v^xi v^i The affair was as follows. A fcarcity of copper coin prevailed iu Ireland. The eo^ vernment in London, in order to remedy it, granted to Mr. Wood a patent for coining halfpence and farthings for that kingdom : the patent was to laft fourteen years ; and cop- per money was to be coined, purfuant to the patem, to the amount of io8,oool. A con- iiderable quantity of fuch copper coin was accordingly coined in England, and fent to Ireland. It did not meet with a favourable reception. It was alledged that its real value was greatly inferior to what it was made to pafs for. The parliament of Ireland addreff- ed the crown againft the meafure of fending the coin ; and during iheir following biennial reccfs great complaints continued to be made both by individuals and by public corpo- 1 he queftion continued to agitate the public mind, and to excite a very general ferment Jt was Wood verfus Ireland; and Ireland verfus Wood. The bafenefs of the halfpence was the public topic; but the manner of introducing, and the mode that had been adopt- ed of fupplying the kingdom with them, were in ha the real caufe of the contention In the mean tune the univerfal zeal againft the halfpence continued to increafe. Mofl towns addreifed againft them and their ruinous tendency. And a declaration was figned- by the country gentlemen, forbidding their tenants to receive Wood's bafe copper coin At length the Infh politicians began to venture out of thofe cautious limits which thev had hitherto prefcnbed to themfelves. Qyeftions relative to the KingV prerogative and to the fubordinatiou of the kingdom of Ireland, were publicly difcuifed. The Britifh government now began to be out of temper; or rather they had been fo a long while be ~ fore finding that the patent they had granted, and endeavoured to fupport, vvas become ufelefs, through the fettled determination of all ranks of people againft the halfpence 1 hey took the opportunity of certain writings late'y publiftied, to Ihew their refentment.' Ihcy refolved upon the profecmion of the authors ; and the new Lord Lieutenant, the Lord Carteret, who fhll commued in England, was ordered to repair to the place of his government. Inimediately after his arrival, a proclamation was iifued, ofieriug a reward of three hundred pounds for difcovering the author of a pamphlet, iutitled the Dra- piers I-ourth Letter, in which the queftion of the dependency of the kingdom of Ire- land had been examined with fome unufual degree of freedom. The author was gene- rallv undcrftood to be Dean Swift ; but there could be no proof againft him. The m- nufcript copy which was found in the Printer's houfe, was in a counterfeit hand : And It had t)ecn brought, fealed up in a paper, by an obfcure meifenger, to whom it had been delivered one evening through a window by an unknown perfon. In dcka of the au thor, the Printer and his Wife were iiuprifbned ; and a bill of indiflment was prepared againft Uic Printer.— -The Grand Jury would not find the bilh 1 he Lord Chief Juftice ot t.,e ..ing 3 ^^cntii difehargcd them in a pafTjon, A fecoud Urand Jury was empannel- led. But here matters took a turn which the Britifti government, and the officers of the crown in Ireland, had not cxpeded. The Grand Jury, iuftcad of finding the bill againft the Printer, made the following prefentmeat. 6 6 R N D. 49 1 « Whereas feveral great quantities of bafe metal coined, commonly called \^'ood'8, « halTpence have been brought into the port of Dublin, and lodged n. leveralhouies of « this cUv! with an intention to make the fame pafs among his Majefty's iub|eas of th,s « kiXm; we the Grand-Jury of the county of the city of Dublm do preient all iu h « pefonTas have attemptal, or (hall attempt, to impofe the faid haltpence upon u . « And we do wiih gratitude, acknowledge the fervices of all luch patriots as have beeir « ^ealo^s in'deteabg the fi'audulent impofitionof the faid Wood, and preventing the '« nalTmff of his bafe coin." (28 Nov. 1724-) ^ • . r * .w„ £«rs were thus brought \o a kind of a lerious fuuation. To continue to fupport the pa^nt and take farther fleps from Great-Britain for enforcing the circulation ot the halP Senee we^e now dangerous meafures. Some fteps of that kind had already been taken hy Sfeans of the leport of the Britilh privy council. The patent w;as dec ared m the report "oSwW Mgatory, anda juji and reafonabk exercife of hs Majejlyyoyai prcrosaUv^^^ all fhe officers and judges in i\,c\:m^dom v^cve ^\io commanded to counienana ^f #^ the Stent To endeavou? now to purful the fame plan any fiirther, was notunlikery to be attended wkh fome eventfhl cataftrophe. The fending a few more barrels of haUpence to Cork or Dublin might have been followed by events of the very fame nature as thofeby Sh ch ?he arrival of ?he tea at Bofton was. Matters ftood in Ireland, at the period we Tre fpeaking of, in a iituation very fimilar to that in which they were m America, m the ^^ Whether the Britilh minifters had final compulf.ve meafures in contemplation is not clear. One might imagine fo, from certain expreffions m one of Archbiftiops Boulter. Letters in which he '/ays, that in his converfations with the men of teft lenfe and eftalea hilreland, he had reprefented to them, among other confiderations. that //;. /.^/;o».«W damrZ behaviour of many mui rather tend to p-ovoke his Majejiy and hn mmjiry to fuppoH ^^'-The Britilh minifters were wifer than to proceed too far in favour of William Wood's halfpence. They confidered the great danger that might follow from a civil commotion S raifedfonear England, whin a new family had been but lately promoted to the throne and only a few years bad elapfed fince a pretender's army had made its appearance lK>th £ Scotland and inW^d, and prudemly yielding to neceffity, they therefore can- ^''^^ftKme Complaints of the people on account of other fubjegs were alfo loud, of which Dean Swift takes particular notice in his Short r,ew of the State oj Ireland; y^ coaTpares this kingdom, in which a few placemen from England enjoyed plentiful falanes, to an hofpital, in which all the houfhold officers grow rich, while the poor, for whofe fake it was built, are almoft ftarving for want of food and laiment. In the years 1751 and I753, another remarkable conteft took place. The difference was this time with the crown. The fubjea was an unappropriated fum of money, re- maining in the Iriffi treafury, after the expences of government were paid Whofe pro. perty was t^at money? who was to difpofe of it-the crown, or the Irifh parliaments That was the queftion. , . , The crown looked upon the money as being us property : and as it was not then want- ed it being time of peace, the Duke of Dorfet, then Lord Lieutenant, acquainted the Houfe of Commons, that he was commanded by hi. Majefty to inlorm them, thathis M«, ^ftv would confent that the money remaining in the treafury ftiould be applied to the dif- 1 h uee of their national debt. The Houfe pafled a bill accordingly ; but avoided faying aiw thing about the King's previous declaration. The bill was traufnutted to England, and was returned, that is, affentedto, with the additional nientior however-, of ^he Kings preparatory leave and confent : the addition was lubmitted to, this nmc, and the bill ac. ccDtcd in the liifti Parliament, ^ . 3 R 2 ^ 492 1 N D. the 1 he queftion continued ueverthclcfs to be warmly difcuffed among the politicians till thefollovvingfclhon, that ,s during two years : it ias called the quelHou about 1^' pre vmus conlent : u was in realuy about the property of the money remaining as a lurp u« lu the trealury. When the parliament again met, iu the year 1752. the Lord Lieu enS made the fame declaration he had made two years before. The Commons, in anZ priatmg the new lurplus money, again avoided taking notice of the king's nre^ io. s 11 cence : the mention of it was. as formerly, added by the Englilh privy council! 'J1,c Li h coni.nons this time rejedte. the bill. The crown then with a ftrong Hand aflbrted its ch n to the lurplus money, and the king, by his letter, took it out of the trea fury Though the parliament of Ireland acquiefced under the claims and declarations of Pi^i Tk" u'/u^^r'? acquiefcence was not of a voluntary kind. Thofe meafiucs uron which they had themfelves ventured, and their own declarations, were proofs of their c'.l eoment, and ought to be confidered as proteftsand Handing claims, refining thole of ' Uritiin parliament. ° The generality of the people alfo began in their turn to view things ■ „,e Ijcrhr and to be alfo diffatisfied with the claims averted by the Britift, parlian . rhe confe* quence of which claims was to reduce their own national parliament to the condition of a fubjea legidature, and themfelves to the fituation of a dependent kingdom, and a fuLor: dmate nation. » j « iut-ut , In the adminiftration of Lord Townfend, it became the policy of the times to exalt the influence ot the great body of the people by limiting the duration of parliaments This wasa meafure peculiarly neceifary in Ireland, where the democratic fpirit of the conftitu tion was fcarcely known or refpefted, and an ariitocratic power had reigned with uncon- iroled dominion. ^ The popularity of Dr. Lucas, which had been long highly eflimated. was further in- cieafed by his being the mover of the bill for this purpofe, in the year 1768 Before that period parliaments ufed to be continued by prorogations during a 'whole reign- the- kme members of courfe preferving their places. The privy council of Ireland confented .0 tranimit the bill to England : by which the duration of parliaments was to be limited to leven years. The bill was returned with the addition of one year, and our parliaments from that period began to be oaennial. ^ In confequence of paffing this bill into a law, the parliament was diffolved, and a new one met in the following year. In this feilion a money bill which did nor originate with the commons was prefented to the houfe; this meafure they had ever ftrenuoufly oppofed and now rejefled with equal fpirit. This gave much oflence to adminiftration. and the parliament was abruptly prorogued to 177 1 by Lord Townfend, from which much iniurv aroie to the nation, as little of the public bulinefs had been done About this period, the peace of the north of Ireland was for fonie lime difturbed by a niimerous body of the lower claffes of people denominated ftcel-boys, who, feeling them felves much aggrieved by the mode adopted by an abfentee landlord for reletting his efiate (which was very confiderable,) were in their diftrefs excited to many ads of violence and outrage, for which numbers were condemned and executed. 1 hefe examples with the exertions of the military, extinguifhed the conmiotion. But the caufe from whence it arofe produced further effefls, highly injurious to this country; as in a fhort time, many thoulandsot its inhabitants emigrated to America. ^ The queftions of the commercial reftraints of Ireland, and of the interference of the Britifti parliament m Irilh concerns, had cortii>ued to be difcuffix! only in the fpecches of politicians, orm the writings of individuals. Sir William Petty firft attempted to touch m a general manner, on thofe queftions. Mr. Molyneux came after him : though he chofe to lay but very Iitile on the fubjett of trade, and preferred to confine himfelf to the gene- ral qtiefttonof coDftitution. Dean Swift, in his Drapier's Letters, entered fully into both I N D. 493 fubieas And, hi a fublcquent time, Mr. Charles Lucas debated the two qued ions in the wriiiucs and addreffes to the people, publiflied by him io his piivaie capacity. But no Heps of a national and general kiiid were entered upon, in order to efiea the remov.!! of thofe laws by which the trade ur conftituiion of Ireland were reftranied. There was too fniall a profpeft of fuccefs. It was taken too much i«.r granted that the Bmifh le- cidature would defend wuh the utmoft degree of fcnoufnefs, both thofe ads which they had paffed, and their claim to continue to pafs finiilar aas in future. The affumed prero- cative of the crown had upon certain occafions been difputed m Ireland, vn the courle ot this century ; but afls of the whole Briiiih legidature had never been oppofed. In the year 17'8, the meafure of public diltrefs a lifing from a combination of caufes being full, united all ranks in their endeavours for procuring the removal of thofe re- ftraiuts by which the trade of Ireland was clogged. The public difcontcnt began to be ma- nifefted with fymptoms very dlrterent fiom thofe which had attended the complaints made at any former period. . ^ . , i-r r In the parliament which had met about the end of theye^r 1-777. the difadvantages un- der which the trade of Ireland lay, had been remarked upon with a confiderable degree of warmth After the rife of the parliament the fubjea was taken up by the generahtv of the people, aud engaged the attention of public meetings and corporations. Melancholy piauiesprefentedthemfelves throughout the kingdom, of the deplorable condition of the country, of the fallen price of its lands and rents, of the ruinous ftate of us manufac- tures and the ftagnation of trade and credit. All thefe circumftances of public diftrefs were' now reprefented as proceeding from thofe reftraints which had been laid on the trade of Ireland by the Britifhlegiflature. r , • r tu Many caufes of national complaint exifted at the time we are fpeaking of^The war tviih the American colonies, to which a confiderable quantity of linen ufed to be exported,, caufed that important market to be fhut up. That general Itagnation of trade and manu- faaures, which is the ufual confequence of war and national difficulties, as experienced in Ireland. . . , • r t r t The embargo which had in 1776 been laid upon the exportation of provifions from Ire- land was alfo attended with deftruaive confequences, " it was fenl as a curfe, and opera- ted as a pellilence," and excited the moft general and well-founded complaints, as it was well known that it was laid to enable Engliih provifion contraaors to amafs princely for- tunes on the ruin of thoiifands of people, who having no other market or relource were Ibrced to accept whatever price was oflered for the provifions by the agents ot thele J:,ng: lifh contraaors. . , ... j • .^ j There were other confiderations belides commercial ones, which concurred in render- ing the complaints of the people of Ireland, concerning the reftraints on their trade, fo zealous aud univerfal at the period we are mentioning, and induced them to join m common endeavours to have them repealed. Thefe reftrains had been laid by the legi- nature of another kingdom, by a parliament lefiding in a diflcrent country, and which, at the fame time, claimed a right of abfolute indefinite legiflation over them. Being go- verned for their good, is the utmoft that mankind in general can bear y they Ihould not be expeaed to ihew much patience when they find that they are governed to their de- ""■Ritional and political confiderations were blended with commercial ones, in the complaints of the people of Ireland. Ihofe prohibitions en iheir trade and navigation, which had been expreffed, modified, explained, or confirmed, in fifty, or fixty aas per- haps of the Britifli legiflaturc, were, in their opinions, but too obvious tokens ot llavilli. drpod'-iHP and of provincial fubordination on a foreign government, winch otten la- crificcd the general intereftsof this kingdom to the moit inhgnihcant town in England and rot infrequently, as in the cafe of embargoes, for the advantage of worthlefs individuals, the creatures of a Briiilli miniftcr. The parliament of that kingdom m their deahngs K^WJJJgggl 49* R E N D, wi ... Ireland had evidently availed thcinfelves of the right of the JrongeJ; they had both claimed and granted a patent to thcnifelvcs of the molt valuable branches of trade and manufaftures at our expeace, at the fame time that they made the patent perpetual. An important change had alfo, at that fame time, taken place in the circuniftanccs of Great Britain and her parliament. Great Britain, after being weakened during feveral years by violent contentions at home, had feen her colonies revolt from her. She had been foiled in. her attempt to re- cover her dominion over them. She continued to be involved in an cxpcnfive war in the fame quarters. France and Spain had joined in the conteft ; and Great Britain was now engaged in the defence of her own coaft. The defign which, at the piefeut period, was purfued by the people of Ireland, of refcuing their trade from the reftraints under which they lay, was no very cxtiaordinary inftance in the hiftory of governments. The adminiftration here, feeing the crifis to which popular indignation was fifing, re- prefented to the Britifli Miniilers, that fomeihing muft be done in order to allay the growing ferment ; and the friends of this kingdom in the Englifh parliament, feeling our Situation ftill more fenfiblj^, brought forward fome propofitions, in the feflion of 1775 for freeing our trade, which however ended in fome trivial relaxations on our inter- courfe with Africa and the ^^■eft-Indies. In the following feflion the iiibjca was revived by Lord North, and ably fupported by our Irifh friends ; but the trading jealoufy of Manchefter, Glafgow, and the other towns throughout Great Britain, rofe to luch height and was lb fuccefsfully emploj-ed, that the boon intended for Ireland, was reduced to* the kind grant, of permiflion to cultivate tobacco and hemp. This was fo glaring an in- fult over our diftreifes, and fuch an aggravation of fmarting injuries, that nothing but the rooted loyalty of the people, could have reftrained their bringing matters to that al- ternative which muft have fliook the unity of the empire ; they faw it was only on them- felves they could depend. Freeing their trade from incumbrances, was now the univeifal and avowed objeft of the people. In order to forward the attainment of it, public agreements againft the uie of Englifh manufadlures were adopted, in the fame manner as had been praftifed in Ame- rica, The meafure, it was thought, would ferve the purpofe of compuliion upon the Britilh government ; and it would alfo afford a coufpicuous proof of the firm and imani- mous detern)ination of the people. The refolutions and aflbciations againft the ufe of Englifh manufadures were . adhered to, till the repeal of the obnoxious laws of Great Britain was obtained, 'x public indignation was held forth to intimidate fuch as might be inclined to break through the general agreements ; and it became more and more evident, that the repeal of all reftraints on the national trade was abfolutely neceffary to be obtained, without excep- tion, or lofs of time. No dilatory remedies, no partial expedients, the immediate grant of a free trade alone, could retrieve the public calamities, and fave the nation from im- pending ruin. The country was fo deftitiite of military force and proteaion at the time we mention, that the Mayor of Belfaft, ha\iiig tranfmitted a memorial to the Lord Lieutenant, re-' quefting a body of the military for the defence of the coaft, received for anfwer, that no affiftance could be afibidcd him more than half a troop of difmounted horfe, and half a company of invalid''. A very eloquent Agent began in confequence to make its appearance for national pro- ledion, and in favour of the trade and liberties of Ireland; an Agent, from its nature - — -.-!„_._. ^. ..11 ia!..i..g p^jpaiRi lUi.vvnt.3 . i uc r Otux i ii.1!,k.S VF IKKLAND. 1 lie importance of this inftitution demands fome attention. We fhall therefore paufe in our narrative, to devote a few lines to this unprecedented phenomenon in the bi!- lory of antient or modern times; N D. 495 VOLUNTEERS o? IRELAND. THE pa«e of ''Wory, which in general regifters only the crimes, the follies, or the mif- fortunes of Lnk .id. is fometimes illuminated with a ^'"s!;^ Pf ^ffl^^VTE^^^^^ man charaaer, and lights up the enthufialm of the reader. 1 he VOLUN TEER ASSOCl A- TLONS of Ireland, in their rife and progrefs, their caufes and confequences, conipofe a luminous period of this interefting nature. We are impelled to give a hafty glowmg abridgment of this eventful inftitution, before it fades into hiilory, and lofes the luttre ot ^Thefeaffociations originated in the year 1778, from the acknowledged inability of an ill-regulated government to guard the ifland, then threatened with mvafion ; and from the diaaforial neceffityof felf-defence, impofed on the people by fuch (hameful dereUaion on the part of their rula-s. General government well admmiftered muft always fuperlede particular aifociations; but even when it becomes lb weak or fo worlhlefs as to abandon The people, whom it was created to proteft, there flill cxifts in thccommunitv an imperim- able principle of life, which is roufed to the exertion of powers till then latent, by the mere urgency of perilous fituation. It was the preffure of a calamitous war on a country, in which all the joints of the flate were loofened, and government itfelf had become a grievance, rendered ftill more intolerable by the ruinous ctfeas of an embargo in the fouth, and thefliiauating fortuitous demand for the ftaple manufaaure in the north, which at length roufed the public mind from a numbnefs that had locked up all its energy. Ihe oeopie, inftead of railing with lazy wickednels at providence, endeavoured to help them- felves They did not tumble over the ilatute book to know by what law they could let themCelves in array, but they aaed under the law of Nature; and the Jorm of war that feemed to feek then- ruin, was the occafion that proved them ftrong. Meccfluy made the people of Ireland take up arms, but many of the moft aaive and noble principles of hu- man nature kept them Volunteers. The poffeHion of arms is indeed the pnnie dilhnaion ot a freeman from a ilavc. He who has nothing, and belongs to another, muft be defend- ed bv that other, and needs no arms : but he who thinks he is his own mafter, or has any thine he can call his own, ought to have arms to defend himCelf, or othervvife he muft live nrecarioullv and at difcrction. Arms made Irifhmsn worthy of their weight., and necefluy became the hardy nurle of public and private virtue till then unknown. _ Common danger made all ranks of men unite in a common caufc; and every rank role m fclf-confequcncc and attained greater elevation in the fcale of fociery. Their coalefcence brought men into a clofer fphereof attraaion. Patriotifm became lefs a fpeculative fentiment, and more a principle of aaion; a paflionate prepoffeflion that moved within a Imaller circle than the empire but acquired force by the condenlation. The artificial diftmaions of rank, that, la Ireland particularly, create a great gulph between defpotic diffipation and ragged wretch- ednefs were filled up and iuioot,hed over for a time. It was fuch a time as made the higher ranks feel their dependence on the commonalty, who form the piles that iupport the arch, while ihev are but the baluftrades that adorn it— by daring to defend themfelves. the Voliin- tcers added digniiv and weight to the national charaaer, and endowed their country with that value which alone can command the facrificeof life and fortune in defending it The public mind, like that of the individual, is elevated or degraded by fituation. It fhnnks if it does not Iwell, and becomes little by being engaged about l«tle things. Pub he fpmt at this trving lime rofe to the exigence of the occafion. Ireland had hitherto little to do, and therefore did nothing. It ouly fuflered. Martial inclination became in reality an in- centive to induftry. and the plough and Ihutile fped the better, while the pealant and the *- " - , "v J ' -' f ' -c -u-,;- Vj-'MV" t-^ r'l'fh-'^''' •> rpQ"l" nrnanipnt ior their manutaCiurer wimcd oy iiic iucui ui •-.ne.i Drv--Wa tw pur^n,,... .. -1- — . — perfon^ The dignity of drefs exalted them from naked naftmefs to fome degree of felt- ef.imaiioa. There is a hoard of labour which the ftrongeft gripe of oppreflion is no: able I' '^1 Si 496 I N D. to w-nng from the hard hands of the working part of the conimunity. but uicn the heart of the public goes along w ith the work, comes forth Ipontaneous and unfolitited. The financier dries up the Ipnngs of indultry and wonders that the flreams do not flow. The mafs of the nnlcrable muhitude is laid on the an\il, while the landlord, tie merchant, the clergyman and the financier, lift up alternate and gigantic ftrokes to give the ridd tool its proper malleability; but the willing heart and hand fupply a never-failing fund of la- hour; and Irom this fund only, was produced an army of many thoulands, felf-raifed, fclf- paid, and fclf-fupported, who neither bought or fold their courage; whodifdained to'have a hireling hand in their ranks ; and whofeonly reward was, the ialvation of their country and the vindication of its conllitution. T4iey went cm in a fortunate gradation of perfevering virtue with regular yet rapid prc- grels, from Imall and (tattered companies to an union of more large and eff'edHve mili- tary bodies; collected into battalions, ftrengthened by cavalry, prolcTied by artillery and completely provided with all the cuflumary furniture of war. Ihey met in annual reviews; a nieafure which continued their atfentitm to military duty, created uniformity ni difcipln:ie, excited manly emulation, indicated the progrcfs of public fpirit, and gave the inultitude thatfurrounded them, every fweet and exery great fcnfation, that fympathy can yield to the heart of man. Inexperience in military fer\ ice, and the necclfary avoca- tions of civil life, prevented ihem from difplaying the fcrupulous regularity and mechani- cal exaaitude obfervable in thole whofe prolefLon is arms; but they always manifef^ed ardour to adopt, and alacrity to practice, all the ftii^nefs of difcipline picparatory to aftual fervice. 'ihis difcipline, though clumfy in its minuter parts, at a proper diflance appeared uniform, ftiewy and ftiining, and their general numbers,* though in reality great, were perhaps exaggerated by a prudent and patriotic oRentation. The country was not only infpired with a higher genius, but difplayed a better tallc There is a fublimity m the femblance of war, which fwells the fpirit above thofe petty barbarities that mingle e\en in our fports, in the cruelty of a cock-pit, or in the conteft of running cattle, where all daffes meet to contaminate each other, and all are aliimi- lated with the manners of the mob. The genius of Ireland made a proud compaiifon be- tween Lord Charlemont at a review of men, and the Duke of Rutland at a horlb-race If volunteering was only a diverfion, it was the diverfion of men, a fpoi t that dignified, but did not debafe them. It was better that the volunteer fhould look upon himlclf as a gentleman, than that the gentleman fliould (brink into favage vulgarity. W l.en men pur- lue their fports with inferior animals, their feelings are brutalized, and their n.iiuie be- comes unfeeling and ferocious ; but the fidiion, and even the reality of war, railcs ug ns it were in rank ; and martial manners often contribute to the civilization of certain na- tional as well as perfonal charadlers. National as well as private charader may be often colleded from minute flrokes of diflindion fo trivial as fongs and diverfious; and e\ca the mottos f on the colours that waved over the heads of the volunteers, manifefled the virtuous ambition of their hearts. In fhort, Ireland was now no longer a towed and charaaerlefs country; never daring to aft, from confcious infignificance, and always molding hcrfelf to the meannefs of her fituation; but a land, where honour, that nleti.l proxy for republican virtue, circulated as an energetic principle of life, through all, even the loweft ranks of the community. £ut ftill it may be faid, let them (hew their fears : The bloodlefs pageant has palfed along, but where are the fpoils and trophies it has left behind. We are liniircd to a mere index rerum, but even this may fufHce for an anfwer. i. The Volunteers faved their country in the time of war, and kept it in guarded quiet. If the ftandir.g arn)y bad • Probablv abo'iu eo oi^o + Ff . . . -•»-;•;«=- Ths IrifhKarp— I am new flrung and w-IIl be heard— A Cock— Ariie.tlieday iscome--UP— Expergikimini, capeOitc rempublicam— Aut cum his vivendnm, aut pro his nioriendum—Civis et miles— Ne nous fions qu' i nous— Idem fentire, deccic agerc-^faiorcs ct follerot cogitate, &c. fic. . > "\> "i" I R E N D. 497 remained in (he ifland, the iuvafion would probably have taken place : for when a met- cenary force is the fole inllrument of national defence, the nation mull fall with it : the inhabitants furrendcr with the garrifon. But when niariial fpirit was infufcd into the whole peoi)le, tlK ifland became enconipalfed as with a circle of Tire. The fidelity of Irifhnien to their country was rendered manifell, when France would have taken imn'xdiate ad\ an- tage, had it been doubtful. From the living example of Britifti invafion in America, flic felt inftinftively how great the force of refiftance is, when it is rooted in the hearts of the people. 'Ihere is an awe which furrounds a people, determined to maintain their freedom, as with the influence of a fuperior genius; and if we may be fo unfaftiionablc as to cite antiquity, defpotifm will ever partake in the feelings of the great King, wheiv he Ikt and law the gloomy refolution and ftern compofure of thofe deipairing Spartans, who were loofmg their long hair to the wind, and finging their laft focg for ^iitoly and death. 2. ITie Volunteers of Ireland promoted civil liberty in the time of peace. They did not lay down their arms when the war was over, but retained them as pledges of peace, whofe bleflings they could cultivate beft by being always prepared for war. \^ hat is peace? — It is the ftable tranquillity of undaunted freedom, fixing a fiim fooling on the rights of human nature, and leaning on the arms by which thofe rights are to be defend- ed. The peace of fer^ itude is worfe than the war of freedom. The Volunteers kept up the internal regimen of the land, and fuperfeded the neceflity of what has been called Police : a word derived from the French, whofe terras have contaminated our language, and whofe cuftoms arc often copied to corrupt our conftitution. 3. The Volunteers promoted religious liberty and liberality in Ireland. They alfocia- ted, although differing in religious opinions, becaufe they wifhed to create that union of power, and to cultivate that brotherhood of aflc^ion among all the inhabitants of the ifland, which iu the intereft as well as duty of all. '1 hey were all Iriftimcn. They re- joiced and tliey gloried in that rommon title which iound them together; and by this in- ftitution, the diflerent defcriptions of religion forgot for a time the difputation of faith, and united to fave the ftate, to do every thing that the union of their hearts and the ftrength of their hands could efieftuate ; to render the name of Irijhman honourable to themfelves, ferviceable to their beloved country, and formidable to its foes. Toleration is a term which ftill indicates much of the power, and fomewhat of the wifh, to opprefs : but it is certain, that the Volunteer inftitution, and their liberal refolutious, have accele- rated the coming of a time, which will give all Irilhmen a country to boaft of, liberties to enjoy, not merely by fufferance ; and a God to worfhip as they think beft; that God -who, while millions of worlds are circulating with never-teafing harmony in the immenfity of his prefence, looks down upon the minute creature Man, ever-janmg with his brother ; remaking his creator after his v/wn image, and attributing to v^H the weakneffes and par- tialities of miferable mortality. 4.. The Volunteers of Ireland promoted, perhaps created, national liberty. 'Jhcy ap. peared under the charaftcr of foldicrs, without any defign of relinquifl-ing for a moment, the name or nature of citizens, but with a view of adding conftiiutional energy to that facred title, by adopting a new but confiftent a]ipcllation. They united the chara6lcrs of citizen andfoldier, that the one might animate the other; and that the impetuofny in- cident to the military profelfion, might be tempered with the caution and circumfiyilion oi civil life. They therefore thought it their duty to addrefs their fciitin;cnts on fubjcdis of national concern to their countrymen, relations and friends ; and they gained that at- tention which was juflly due to the guardians of domeflic peace, and the i)rote(5lois of the common v\ eal. 1 heir alfociations were recognized by the thanks of two eftates of the le- giilaturc, and the acquielcence of the third ; by the additional fandiion of thofe moft learned in the laws, beft read in the charters of liberty, and nioft accuftomed to confult with the genius of the conftitution. Thev thought, and ib^y aifembkd in provincial iC 3 S '• y 49*5 1 R K L N D. il meetings, to affcrl arid njuntain, thit Britaia and Ireland were uniicd only by Lcl. 3f placed under one and the I'anje head ; thai each realm has ita iinpciial crown, and iis di- lUnft donjiuiou lubordinatij to no legiflativc authority upon caith. 'Ihcy impelled par- liament to follow up the alfcrtion: the irifidious and arbitrary claims of Britain were re- nounced : the legillaiive competency of Ireland recognized ; and the vague affcriic'ns of individuals acquired at length the force and notoriety of pofiiive and permanent Uvr. 5. The Volunteers endeavoured to proin(jte the internal liberty of th« legilluture as well as its external independence, by a., adequate reform in the t/prefent(Uive mfy; fuch a reform as might utterly deftroy the molt noxious of national uuifances : which makes bribery and corrupt influence a principal fpiing of governmeut, from whence it oozes down thro' all the diftindlions of rank, and all the claffea of venality, till it mixes uith and completely vitiates the mafs of the muhitude. Their endeavours were* unfuccel'sful, but by no means inglorious. Men feldom accomplifti all that they wilh, and perhaps at feldom all that they can. — But the fubjed preffes pafliouately for detail, and we have al- ready protraiSled it beyond our purpofe. It was to give a mere fkctth of a fplcndid in- ftitution, which, amid the fervility and corruption of modern times, reminds us of aiuicnt days, and prefents itlelf to our c^es, like a nolle tho' mutilated Uaiuc dilto\ercd amojig the ruins ol Rome. Having given this fhort view of that facreJ band who were the national protefiors and the afferiors of its rights, we return to the public proceedings. On the 1 2th of October, 1779, the Parliament of Ireland met. The eyes of the pub- lic were now turned towards them, in anxious expedlation of their determinations and proceedings ; the fpirit and the virtue of the people had even communicated themfclvcs to the Senate, who completely adopted the views and uolitical wiflies of their conftituents. Tbeaddrefs which was voted by the Commons, to ne delivered, as an anfwer to the fpeech from the throne by which the fcflion wa.s opened, contained the following ex- preffions : J^'« be^ kavt to rcpefent toyour Majejly, that it is not by temporary expedients, but by a free trade alone, that this nation is now to be J'avcdfroin impending ruin, llie Houfe of Lords concurred inexprcffing the fame femiments : We think it our duly to reprefent to your MitjcJIy, that a free trade is abfolutely necejfury to enable this nation tofupport your Mqjejiy at this important period with exertions fuited to its loyalty, and preferve it from utter ruin *. The Volunteers of Ireland alio had their (hare in the honour of the day. They lined the ftreets which communicate from the Parliament-houfe to the Caftle. And, ihiongh » double line formed by them, the addrelfes were carried to the Lord Lieiitenant. An event was now taking place which had not yet happened in the hillory of the two kingdoms of Great Britain, and Ireland. I'he people of Ireland were openly {landing forth in vindication of their conftitutional and commercial claims. They were boldly looking the Parliament of Great Britain in the face, and calling upon it to do away the un- juft laws, without exception, by which it had rdlrained the trade of Ireland. A general expectation of redrefs was now diflufed through the kingdom, not wholly free however from anxiety and fufpicionof being difappointed by the fpirit of tyranny and monopoly vhich had ever before diredled the councils of England refpedling the affairs of Ireland. Limiting the bill of fupplv was now generally elleemed the only fune groimdof hope to compel England to do us juftice. — When this point came to be cou- fidered in Parliament, it was carried by a majority of the Commons. A fix months' mo- ney-bill therefore paffed both houfes, and was tranfmitted to England, to which the necef- fity of the times forced the mlniftry to affent.— Such was the Itate of affairs in Ireland dur- • Th* esTsfHon of ttmt^art fxptJienfi. nfed in the addrcfs of the Commons, alluded to the informa- tion the Lord Lientenam had given them, thai a fum of money (so.ooo guineas) had been remitted from the exchequer in England for reinaburfmg the expencesof an encampment, while the combined fleets were ij) the chanacl i the Irllh exchequer being exbaufted. I R N D. 499 ■n.* the iccefs of the Briiilh parliament. It mtt in I^ecember ^r.9^ '^> """'^*^'" 'T^: dUtcl iave amice that in Ids than a week <,c would nK,vc lor a comnnttee of the whole K<»Mr^ fnfaite the affairs of Ireland into confulcration. i • » AccordTiy^^^^^^^^^ I3th of December, he brought forward his prc,pofu,ons relative to thif count^ ^he intent was to repeal the laws which prohibited the ^.'^P^J""" ^1 "^ . mnufaftu M made of or mixed with wool and wool Hocks from roland to any pa.t ot Eu^opr 'Klre^atfo^ of George II. as prohibited the 'nn-rtatum c f oUfXo IreUnd, except of Britilh manufadture, or to export gla s from hence-to ^cr. St iXd to ex^r^and import commoditicr, to and fronuhe Britifh colonies ,n Atj.enca. S thi Weft InXran^^^ on the coaft of Africa, fnbjea to fuch regulatton. and rcllriaions as Ihould be impofed by the parliament of Ireland. Bills in conformity to all thefe particulars were brought ui by ^^e then '»'">"er LorU North, and palfed into laws. When intelligence of this reached ^••^'»;^-':l^^ P^^^^^^ nevallv felt was exprelfed in the moft lively manner; but when the '«<=l'°p^ "f^"/.^" .^n in fuch a fituation fubfided, the people began to rcHefl, that the word of a BrU fti mi. II ci or an adtof the Britifh legiflature, was too precarious a tenure for their iigtits, be tt.' and trade It was confidercd. that as the Britilh parlia.nent had. n"t/rom re- ^a fo; ou a«hts bbt only from necellity. repealed the laws obnoxious to Ireland (he St not mil7renew thefe.^ut even lay more oppreffive reftriaions on our trade, when ^'Trfe^SiTtKv^^^^^^^^^^^ and infure their permanency, it was neceifary w. IhouW free our conftituticn from the ufurped claim of the Britifh parliament ol a r.gh ^olkf hw "[o Snd this country in all ifes whatfoever. The Ireedom of | l^P-j^ -- never more valuable than ^t this time: us exertions were ^"^"™'"^^"^y ^^ "^ \\'f\nA to ditfufe and invigorate th s patriotic 1 anie. Refoluiious weie entcicc uio o} inc /oft ile'outand^^^^^ corps' of Volunteer, that " ^-land was an^^^^^^^^^ « kingdom, emitled by reafon. by nature, and by compaa, to all the P'^^^'^^.S^f /^ ' « nmS^ies of a free conftitution I that no power m the umverfe. ^^J^ /^h^^;;"^?^^^^^^^^^ " and Comnons of Ireland, had or ought to have authority to «"^^«.^^;^^\"^. ™, ^.^^ « ad that in fupport of thefe inherent and inalienable rights, m oppofition to he claims - ot a w foreieif Sature. they were determined to rifque their property and lives. -- Notw t^ftSe GcCnme^^ fe^ themfelves flrongly in oppofition ^^ -';^^-/7;--; Hffhrs and a imioiiiy in parlinuent were fervilely obedient to their diaates, a number. I^ote^er of\"X/melers. glowing with patlriotifm, ufed everv conflnutional endea- vour to cratift^ the people.— Their endeavours were now inefleaual. ' HitherTo te Irifh'tvSiy had been regulated by.an Englifli aa of P-ham^^^^^^^^ ' P ^- it under the direaion of our legiflature, a mutiny bill ^as brough no he H ule o Commons, giving the army a conftitutional exiftence of no longer ^"^f ^l/^J^^^^^^" feflion to feflion; it paffed, but in England was made perpetual. The alteiaiion uas un";^- SbiiteS 'to. Tnd the bill palTedlnto a law. This ^^^^^^^^^J^^^ eale; and as it was generally efteemed highly dangerous to our hberties. it excited n.uch '^ ThifwlTmuch increafed. by two fruitlef, attempts made in the Houfe of Conn-- Ipeaing our liberties, one for obtaining an aa to modify Poymng s law ;"/ jjj ° ^eMo fecure fhe independence of the Judges. The nation, at the opening ot the lelhons, cou- rdvcd il nSVttering expeaations from the fpirited condua of parhament ; the dilho- nourable conclufion of it created uniyerfal difguft. , ,^q, ^„pre more numerous The Volunteers ftill continued to increafe-the reviews .a ^'^f^^^^^"! "'J,' ^"3k^^ than the year before-at Belfaft there were reviewed more than 5000 meti - ^ole ma ml appearance was heightened by a train oi 13 pieces of cannon, whiuhtb.,)- n.o..j,n. i-_ '^' ^'^^' : combined fleets of France and Spain appeared in the Channel, with a« autumn 3S Z E^ 500 N D. intemion as was fuppoed, to mvide Ireland. The moment this mtcHigence arrived vernment ihey did duty m fome garrilon towns, in place of the Ibldiers, who had beeii called oft to more ddlant parts of the kingdom; and there is no doubt had the ene- my landed but that they would have acquitted themfelves with diftinguifhed honour — *or their behaviour ou this occaliun, they received again the thanks of both Houfes »f rarliatnent. Lord Carlifle who came over as Lord Lieutenant on the 23d of December, 1780. had the addrefs, moft effeaually, to direft our parliament; that which met the following winter under his aufpices, did, m every fingle inftance, coincide with the. wifhes of go- vernment. All the attempts which were made by the patriotic members to obtain a re- peal of the perpetual mutby bill and Poyning's afl, every eflbrt in favour of the rights of the people were wholly ineffeauaL This imolerable treatment roufed the national refent- meut, and procured a glorious exertioa which emancipated our country. It originated with the Olhcersot the louthern battalion of the Armagh regiment of Volunteers who at a meeetingon 28th Dec 1781, entered into feveral fpirited refolutions, and particularly re- quefted a nieetmg of Delegates from eveiy Volunteer corps in the province of Ulfter to be held m Dungannon on the 15th February following, to deliberate ou the prefent alarming htuation of public aflairs.-The novelty and boldnefs of the meafure aftoniflied the public; government and its friends ufed every means to prevent the intended meet- ing.— >A' hiUt the minds ol men were thus varioully aflbaed, the important i c'h of Febru- ary, 1783, arrived. Reprefentaiives from 143 corps attended at Dungannon.— Wh.^t follows was the relult of that memorable affembly : <' Whereas it has been afferted that Volunteers, as fuch, cannot with propriety debate or pubiiOi their opinions, on political fubjedls, or on the condud of parliament, or pub- lie men : ^^ > r " Refolved unanimoully, that a citizen by learning the ufe of arms does not abandon any of his civil rights. " Refolvedunanimoufly, that a claim of any body of men, other than the king, lords and commons of Ireland, to make laws to bind this kingdom, is unconaitutional! illegal and a grievance. ° " Rf Solved, with one difleming voice only, 'hat the powers exercifed by the privy council ot both kingdoms, under, or under cole ir or pretence of the Law of Povnings. are unconltitutional and a grievance. " Refolved unanimoufly, that the ports of this :ountry, are. by right, open to all fo- reign countries not at war with the king, and tha any burden thereupon, or obftruaion thereto, lave only by the parliament of Ireland, ai«t9l3M ;->2 R £ L A N D. I and by moderation, \^cl•c univcrfally admired : Thcy^ were adopted by the Velnnteers of every province with an unaiiiniity and zeal approaching to aithufiafm ; committees of cor- relpoudence uere fcHincd in every province, and the national committee ferved lo con- temrate the feniiinents of the Volunteers from all parts of the kingdom. Immediately after the Dungannon meeting, an alfociation was formed of the nobility, freeholders, and inliabitants of the county of Arnjagh, wherein they aliened the right of this kingdom to be governed by fuch laws only as Ihould be cnaded by the King, Lords and Commons ot Ireland, pledging themfelves to each other, and to their country, to rcfifl the execu- tion of any flaiutes, but fuch as fhould derive authority from faid parliament, and to fup- port with their lives aiul fortuues, this their folemn declaration. 'J'his declaration inlpired the people with unconnnon zeal; it ran with eled^ric rapidi- ty throughoijt the whole kingdom— grand juries, cities, towns, corporations, pariflips, as with one voice, declared fuuilar fentiments. In this animated ftate of the country, an important change took place in the Englifli adniiniftration, M^hich contributed to accelerate the accompTifhment of the popular requi. litions. Lord North and his friends gave place to a new jniniftry more agreeable to the people, as being aftuated by more hberal principles of governniem. In confequence of w hich change. Lord Carlifle was recalled from the government of Ireland, and the Duke of Portland appointed in his room. lie arrived in the beginning of April, 1782; and tual fatisfadion to the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. " The commons, unaninioufly, reprefented their own fentiments and thofe of the na- tion concerning the ftate of the kingdom, in an addrefs to the throne, in which, after thanking his Majefty for his gracious meflage, and declaring their attachment to his peifou and government, they alfure him, that his fubjeds of Ireland are a free people, that the crown of Ireland is an imperial crown, infeparably ar lexcd to the crown of Great Bri- tain, on which connexion, theinterefts and happinefs of both nations effentially depend : But that the kingdom of Ireland is adiftindl kingdom, with a parliament of her own, the fole legiflature thereof; that there is no body of men competent to make laws to bind this nation, except the king, lords and commons of Ireland, nor any other parliament which hath any authority or power, of any fort whatfocver, in this coiuitry, fave only the par- liament of Ireland. They affure his Majelty, that they humbly conceive, that iu this right the very eifence of their liberties did exift, a right which they, on the part of all the people of.-Ireland, do claim as their biithright, aiid which they cannot yield but with their lives. They iflure his Majefty, that they had fecn, with concern, certain claims advanced by the parliament of Great Britain, in an aft, entitled an aft for the better fecuring the de- pendency of Ireland; an aft containing matter entirely irreconcileable to the fundamenta rights of this nation. They inform his Majefty, that they concei\e this aft and the rlaini; it_ advances lo be the great and principal caufe of the difcontcnts and jealoufies in this kingdom. They affure the King, that his Majedy's commons of Ireland do nioft fmccrdy wi(h, that all bills which become law in Ireland, fhould receive the approbation of his Majefty, under the feal of Great Britain, but that yet they coufidcr the praftife of l\;i>. preiTmg our bills in the council of Ireland, or altering the fame any where, to be aiK thcr jull caufe of difcontcnt and jealoufy. They affure his Majefty, that an aft, cntiiled an aft for the better accommodation of his Ma jefty's forces, being unlimited in duration, and cle- feftlve ill other inftanfrs bu' nalTfvl in tViqt- fh!in<» fmm tVif> naitimlar rii-rnni'linrf"' nf flit> times, is another juft caufe of difcontent and jealoufy in this kingdom. They inform his Majefty, that they had fubmittcd thefe, the principal caufcs of the prefent difcontent and jealoufy of Ireland, in humble cxpcftatibn of redrefs. They cxprel's their confidence and fatisfaftion in hh Mnjcftv's wifdoni, in the tlioice of the chief governor he had made, and R A N 1>. 5^3 in the conftitunonal councils uVich he had adopted. They conclude wuh affu.ing the Kint lirthTwere more coufident in the hope of redrels, as the people oi Ireland had Sand u^e^ot more dil poled to (hare the freedom of England than to fupport her in her dtSfad.L and to Qaare her fate. A ftmilar addreis was moved and agreed to unant- "'TScXuen- oflhl^^^^^^^ the KnglKh declaratory aa of George I. was repeal- pM • and the narliamcnt of Ireland proceeded upon and palleU " Abllt e™ «^h" chief governor or governors ar.d •1 !• u- 1 • ' iln for tho time beintf to teriify a fuch bills and none other as both Thh kingdom: No bill neceffary to be certitied into Great Br.tain as a caule or coafidera. '""^ "^^^^^Z^l^^o years and to repeal the other obnoxious parts-of '^'"^TbiU en'aiu- that, from henceforth, all erroneous judgments, orders and decrees flull t finaU ex°i?^d and reformed in the high court of parhament m this kingdom fliaU be inail} «^™;^" ,• ^he lord lieutenant, or other chief governor, or govern- only, and ^^f '/°;;,*^" PJ^'P°'^ writs of error returnable into parliament. °"« t"h:berc^?;rs7w; Cd te fo; rendering the^dges independent of the crown T^b^^^people m ^J^r.^^^^^ nr^ion'ofC h rSt r " Ihe : w re' ad^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ of which were highly necef- [r to out liberty fSof^^^^ more eminently elfential to it ; but, until this glorious pe- riod of freedom, we had coutended for them in vain. Tlie following laws wereenaaed relpeaing Roman Catholics. ^ . ,. " B J aiTa mffed Tn feventeen hundird aud feventy eight, Roman Catholics were en - powe'JK tfke'leafes, for any term of years, not --f^'YS^^^ro tcc^li ^ ■ ,. . fv,. ,1,,, K-rm of vears determinable on any number ot lues noi tALctuug uvt. TPcy veeio^Sedr;urehaL clefcent or devile anv ^;;Z"^uicmsorherediticj.su^^ :l, S't^alL rireliflt^ "-ellants. By theiame law certain ien^aaXeaing the hearing and the celebratmg of mafs, iorbidd.ng Roman Catholics okioa horfcof oVabove the^alue of five pounds, empowering grand juries to levy frcnuthenrn their efpeaive diltiias. money to the amount ot fuch . loffes as were fuf- redbv he depredations of privateers, requiring them to provide in towns, Proteftant watchniL andSdding them to inhabit the city of Limerick or fuburbs, were repealed. "sHuch of former aas as forbad them to teach fchool publicly, or to mftrua v-onth, of thekown profS" in private, was alfo repealed and a lawenaded to permit them to havp the PuardianftiiD the care and tuition of their own children. « ihufwere CianC^^^^^^^ by theequity of our legiflature to thehonor of Pro- teltan ts LTf tL Trcfent diainguinied period, reftored to thefe privileges, of which, Tr nTalong feafon of opprelVion. they had been n,oft unjuftly depriv^ed. It is nc>t rnere- Ivthe advanfaces they have now obtained, which encourage them to be pleafed with their rM',Mic^n a"Z loKward with comfort to happier days, Their ■-« flattering profpe« arifes from the fpirit of the times. This, which was chen died and d.nuicd b^- u:. Dun- gannonXlmiS operates ftrongly in their favour. The unwile policy of injuring their iiii-frTir""Ti'Tiir''Tiiffi. 504' R A N D. placed m (o confp.cuous a point of view as Mr. Oman rLLSr ^"". "?"? "a' luaiu.aiued a moll lefpeaable charafler bm fmm ,f 1 failbful fenaloi- had always 6le lor ,ibe„y. ho .icpVfoSht'lfe'lioft" ^Z taZ'^^^^^^ ?!*? "'"«; Avhich, bis great abi u es, bis eloouenrp anH n,.,.f«,.^ • '*"^""'^ ®^ ''"^ "gnts, in defence of bi.n to perfe^'cre. On the prefcnt ociafion afdrlfl! Tfl l °^ 'PP'^"*^ ^"*^ ^°""«»cd inous, he received a proof of gratitude hnn.^v.rowJ • ^V_"",r\*J"^'^^rs. Jrom the com- ftahtial. Tbey addre&d the I ng to givt him fif^ tLf^^ f'^''' '"'^ "^^^^ '""b- his fervices, for which they engaged to mkenrovJionT^^^ ^^""'^n '' ' ''^^^'"Penfe of The fatisfadiion diflnfed on ^hf paffing of ^he In'br f'' ^^"^^ ^•^/.^^'"P'ied with." abated by the occurrence of federal circnmft.nLrff-- ''''' l",-^.' '^^^°°' ''-^' "'"ch of a repeal of the declaratory adl of thelites' ?^^^^^ belief of the infufficiencj uas determined in its favour L the laftdeba^^fth^lC^^^^^^ notv^nhftanding the point nions, vith only fix dimming voices ^he Jubjed ui the Iiifh Houfe of Com- rnini^^lS;^^^::;:^;:;^^^^^^ another .ha^ge in the Britifh ad- Ireland on the vft July, 1782 The ditnfllnS.l ^^^'^^^^ ^f^d Lieutenant of peal of the deciaratoi^y L w s fufficient or Sot atitat'edThc r:^bl"'^''- 'w '^' ^""P^^ '•^• gree, and excited very ferious and alarming anprSfmnth^.f 7!!^ -^ ' ^''^' ^'' upon a very infec«re foundation. A rep dLtanofwas tSr^^' ' ^!?'^'"'' .^'^''^ «'" ment of Great Britain of the diHatisViTorwhrh2vX^^ '^ '^^ P^^'^- reuunciatory of all claim to bind tht Som bf? rn '^ "*" '^^ ^"^J^^' ^"^ «« aft. By this lau( the fuUcfl and i e 'j'^ic t feZu^n^^^^^^ judgments of OUT courts, or to n.ake Ss to h3 „ u • "^^^ **" ""^''^^^^ ^^ the ianatisfa.K,n proportionate .Jtl^l^l^^^^^:^ ^'S::^^^'^ ' ^^"^- Te^er^^^^rrS^S^^'S^ySl^ of Zarl of the principals therein. 'Ihe order of SpLvf ' .r ' ""f ^^^f '-emoval of fome caablijf„.nt\f a colony of G:neti;in't^;^^^^^^ ^^Th t'^'^" '""'''^ fidered as an honour, the other propofed as a bcncft ,0 ,!.. l' T /' ^^^« '«"- had taken place in the conflitution of Geneva bv u'fich ?h di'"^ "'' "^ .^''^^^'i<^n mr,furc excluded from the governnie:n n ' co^^co;cnc^oft TJ; h ''^' ""'"" •" • ' ^'''' Oldened between the Britilli n.iniilry and eprefcma^rve' Iknn n 1 ' '''f''''r\ ^^'^^ of that flale, in order to adjuft the neceffay proceed it .0 -^^^^^^ ''"r ""I '^' """""« country. A Urge trad of giot.nd in the ^r^^V^^^i^l^'^'^:'' "V''^ jowu was marked out, entitled ^K^v Gknlva and a fum of n ?nl '""^/f P"''P^fe. a the neceffary buildings. Thde preinratior. ^^rT • • "''-^' ^.'■^"'"' *^'' ^'"^'^^'ng ultimately uLlefs, b/lome SSST gs Tn tll.y^^^^^^^^^ -f -' .ween the parties; and the fcheme accordingly Veil to thVgroTnd ^ ^^'"'^ ''"^^ ^'- Another change havuig taken place in ihc admiiiiftr^tmn s n.^ * u • • .he «al of Karl Te„,plefand aI appoi,„„fen,t uS WhS™ !" hi;''rZ"''7'' arrived here in June, 178^ -t^uiaiujgion m ms loom, who r,rTb:fS7,^;1^rS!r;X ,f,i^;!S"4",b'-^^'-!''r^-'V- «?' '^^ ™™«io„ rep,.le„,auo., ,„e largo pomon of Ihc-;S?„,C'of'c:;Zo;s"con^Hro;'';Svll''£' roughs ; the property held ,n ihcfe boroughs by a f,„nll aiiflocracy'J l„d the goSl c^I ' |) i R N 505 ^ n rrU\.\. i.vi.rv at' miniftration was obferved to have over this aiiftocracy : thcfc ruptlunaence ^^^^^^J^J'^^.rpZ^^^^^^ People's interference, in order to obtain a confiderations fuggefted the P'^^P'Jf'X.^' ;° *^Jcordin« to the received conttitutional Sm '.Uy oFou. 8over.n«„t mou d be miu^^^^^ ^^ ,.^ The fubjca was taken ^p .'i^ ,'" J^X'f^'^j'f^^^^ The molt confiderable Hep. lumeer corps, affembled at Lilbura on the >« °' J"'^; Volunteers o! Hitter to a meeling lowed by * g-^g^-^tmel^^^^ original defignation At this meet- gannon on the 8th ot ^P^^'"?^'^' '" *T, charaAers in that province. The refolutions fng appeared ^-"^ .^^^^^^^^^^^ "redfion and' perfpicuity the principle* were "^"^jf. "^\";^°e„^^^^^^^^ Ihould be founded. One of the moll important upon which It was Yl^^?^,1„;" \,^niniittee of 6ve perfons from each county, to reprefcnt was for the chufmg by ballot a ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ feeld at Dublin on the terith of the Volunteer arm^in ^f aCrer^dTpon an addrefs to the three other provinces. November following. Th^^,,^"" *S^^^^ ^^^ on the appointed day. delegates from who Ihortly after, ^^OP f ,^"";,^^^^^^^^^ the Rotunda in Dublin.- S^S^rnl'iS."aot :^t^-7;^'?^'^ P«M«%at of re. of parliamentary reform. ^^^^^^^^^^^pU by, the convention at large. Thefe re- which were fnbniuted to and nhim^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^« l,^ ^^^^^^ folutions were in fubftance T^^^^^^^^ to vote i/the'eleaion of members for of a freehold of ^l- P^^ aj^""^' '"^"^ ^ g- jj-^d ,,f ^ leafehold intereft, which, at that city or borough, ^hat e\e y Frueltant p^^^^^ fi. teen years its original "eano" jasjo^t^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ were unexpired, ^^^^^^ '^^^^^^^ „„& be were refident in the county, city, or voteattheekaionofa^^^ 'S SpThTs r^g^^^ by a property of ^'°"^ann?m'?£fdecared boroughs fhould be enabled to return repieentatives by *^^- ^"nJZ of franchife to the neighbouring parilh or parilhes That all boroughs an e'[\^J^'°"^fi*;°'^£^V^ which did not contain a number of dehors, exclufive of Ihould be deemed to be f^^?/?^ 7^;\ d-nmftance of bdng houfekeepers, of not Icfs thofe who were entitled to futliage ^^y tne ci »»"'V^ , , j. » j^ provinces of Munftcr than two hundred for the f 'l];'"^,^ °J^^^^^^^^^^^^ That the fherift" fhould take and Conna. S^^i' «-^X ^b^^^^^^^^^ ^^ '^eir refpedive places of re- ft^ould be permuted -^^ -^p^^ f - p?rttc';iTgt^^^^ otherwife than V viousto the day ot election, xnat^vi^ ,i..n,.ri inraoable of fittina in parliament, lite, or a term oi twenty-oucycui^, .x.v.b.d .._,.----.--- --.--.^--_^ of "profi"t under the That every perfon -f^^P""« \P^^^£""„^; ^u Jjnt^^ T^^^^ e7ery ™embe? of parliament roStrrSbti^ato^rr^^^^^^ - ^-^^^ 16 3 A 5o6 R N D. given entertainment, provifions, employment, or money, with the view of obtaining tlie iuHrage of anyelciTtor ; and that he would not fufler any perfon of his relations, or ou his account, to accept of any employment, penfion, or fum of money, from the crown, ib long as he continued to ferve in i)arliament. Finally,, that the duration of parliaineat Ihould not exceed the term of three years." On the uthof Odobcrthe parliament was opened by Lord Northington with a fpeech from the throne. On the 2Sth a motion was made in the houfe of commons for retrench- ing the national exjienles, and reducing the military eftablifljment ; which was fuppoitcd with great ability bv Mr. Mood, and oppofed by Mr. Grattan. It was in the debate on ibis queftion, that the remarkable altercation between thefe diftinguilhed charaders took place, on their refpeftive nieriis in the fervice of their country : the conteft however was happily prevented from being followed by any more fatal coniequenccs by the exertions of the hcu e ; and the motion was loft by a confiderable majority. Shortly after a motion was brought forward in the houfe of commons, cenfuring the meafure of raifing fix fenfible regiments, but was negatived. Theie regiments were deno- niinated from the pro\ inces hi which they had been railed, and were avowed to be pecu, liarly intended for national defence, and to confift entirely of natives, confequently in- terefted in the prefervation of public libertv. The principle or view upon which they had been embodied, was however viewed with luicommon jealoufy, and was extremely un- popular. It was confidered as intending to operate againft the Volunteers; and fomeof the moft confpicuous perfons in that body having accepted commilTions in them, was faid to give a colour to that opinion, and certainly contributed to render the eftablilhrnent more ofleniive in the eyes of the public. On the 29th November, Mr. Flood moved the Houfe of Commons for \ea\e to bring in a Bill, for the more equal reprefentation of the people in parliament, and was lecond- ed by Mr. Brownlow. After a long debate, the motion was negatived, and adminillra- tion, confident in their ftrengtb, w'€re defirous of fixing a ftigma on the meafuresof the na- tional convention ; and therefore moved " that it was now neceffary to declare, that the Houfe would fupport the rights and privileges of parliament againft all encroachments." This refolution was carried by a large majority, as was alfo an addrefs to his Majelly (which received the concurrence of the Lords), expreflive of the bleflings they enjoyed, and their determination to fupport inviolate the prefent conftitution with their lives and fortunes. Thefe proceedings were reported by Mr. Flood to the convention, who thereupon voted an addrefs to his Majefty, expreflive of their loyalty, and imploring him to be- lieve, that their proceedings tended only to a fober and laudable defire to uphold the con- ftitution, by the removal of certain manifeft perverfions, in the parliamentary reprefen- tation of the kingdom. Having voted this addrefs, the convention adjourned 7?//« liie. Thus were the expedlations of the public upon this important occafion dilappointed ; and with fuch force, and with fo high a hand, as certainly furnifhed one of the ftrongeft arguments for the necefljtyof the reform. Before the parliament had adjourned for the Chriftmas recefs, advice was received of a change in the Britilh miniftry, and the difmiflion of the Duke of Portland. A cummu- mcation received here with much complacency, from the repugnancy that miniftry had fhewn to the popular demands of the nation. Lord Northington was recalled from the government of Ireland, in whole room the Duke of Rutland arrived at Dublin, on the 24th of February 1784. During the adjournment the queftion of parliamentary re- form univerfilly engroffed the public attention, and on the reaffembilng of the Houfe of Commons, (February i8th,) petitions in favour of this objed were prelented from every part of the kingdom. On the 13th of March, Mr. Flood renewed his motion for leave to bring iu a bill for this purpofe, which was complied with ; but on the fecond reading, it was rejetRed by a confiderable majority; as were the endeavours of Mr. Grattan for the ellablilhment of a fyftem of ceconomy, in the colleflion of the national revenue. At this period the diftrcffes of the mauufadurerc had arifen to a great height, which N D. 507 was much aggravated on obferving the large importation of goods from Kugland. The people were therefore clamorous for protedUng duties, m order to reprefs thefe imports and encourage native manufadures. Non-importation agreements were often evaded, or were Kencrally inoperative; and the nation looked to the impofmon oi fuch duties as the moft effcAual means of infuring permanent employment to their numerous ftar^mg manufaaurerf. Mr. Gardiner brought forward fome refolutions in the Houie of Com- nions for this purpofe on the 31ft of March, but they were rejeded by a very confiderablc majority, and the hopes of the people from this quarter were completely fruttrated The public indignation now rofe to the greateft pitch. Ihe mob proceeded to the moll violent expreilions of their refentment, and the public prints tecnied with the bit- tereft invedives againft the condud of individuals in parliament. 1 he e produced the celebrated bill, « for fecuring the Liberty of the Prefs," as it is called, although us con- tents are fo diametrically oppofite to its title; and in order to inHame the nunds oi the more moderate, or timid, againft the popular pmfuits and expreffions of refentment, the balelt and moft arful means were made ufe of to blacken the nations charadcr, and to excite alarming apprchenfions of affaflination ; although, no proof could be adduced of luch de. fign againft perfons taken up on affeded fufpicion, but on the contrary the informers were profecuted for perjury. .„ „ ^ , . i-r>-t.t,«.« Commerce is naturally full of fufpicion and miftruft. It lakes in every objed with the ej e of infatiable avarice, and it grafps every fpecies of commodity wiih an uncommunicative hand. The Britiih miniftry were aduated by the moft circumfped policy of this trading iealoufy, and iuftruded the Duke of Rutland's adminiftration, to, oppofe with the highelt hand and the moft determined vigour, every endeavour of the people of Ireland to ob. tain the fmalleft participation of the commercial advantages which England was re, folved to retain in the markets of this kingdom. Thefe views were too fuccefsfully le- conded by our own reprefentativcs ; and no means were faggefled to redrefs or fulpend the effervefcence of public anger or difcontent on the rejedion of the mealureot protcd. ing duties, but a hope, that the following felfion would be employed m a complete adjuft- ment of the commercial differences between the two kingdoms. . • T'he people now juftly conceived, that by obtaiping a reform in parliaiiient, they would attain The accomplifhment of all their wifties, and with their cha.-adenftic confidence and credulity, they even expeded to find Mr. Pitt favour its fuccefsm Ireland bc-.aufe he aftcded to promote a fimilar endeavour in England. Having beheld with all the bitter, nefs of indignation and abhorrence, the meafures that had been lately earned ; and am- mated by a thoufand feelings of injury endured, they renewed the purluit ot this ta- vourite objed, with unprecedented energy ; and rcfoliitions were univerfal , entered into, recommending the exercife of arms to every clafs of citizens. _ In order to intereft every part of the community in the reno^atirn of the confiitution, and give an acceflion of ftrength to the democracy, an idea of extending the eledive fran- chife to Roman Catholics was very generally entertained ; and at an aggregate meeting of the citizens of Dublin, held on the 7th ot June, amongft other reloluuons. expreffive of the public opinion, was one, which warmly recommended this idea to their country- men To build a liberal fyftem of freedom upon its genuine principles was an ambiiion worthy the friends of liberty and reform. To hold up an example to Europe and the univerfe of the abolition of thofe penalties and profcriptions, which have made lo many rebels and villains without finding them fo; and of introducmg equality and confidence among men of oppofite tenets, were motives to aniinaie the mind of every man, ieniible to fame, to general happinefs, and to virtue. ■, , r v On the 2ift of June, the citizens again affembled, and agreed upon an addrefs to the people of Iieland, and a petition to the King, praying for the diHolution of a parliament which had oppofed with fo much firmnefs, every reafonable requifition of their couftitu- ents. The proceedings in other parts of the kingdom were m general conformity wiili thofe of tie metropolis. 3 T 2 5o8 N D. The Earl of Charlemont, whofe patriotifm and fteadinefs were always in the higheffr cftimation, aniongft his countrymen, had been, fince the commencement of Volunteering^ Its principal head and leader, and was honoured for feveral futfcefl've years with the diftinguilhed office of Reviewing Geiieral. He wascalled on as ufual to review the Volun- teers of Ulfter, affembled at Belfaft, on the 1 2th of July 1784; and on that occafion their officers prefented him with an addrefs, calculated to infpire the moft elevated idea of the charafter of that nobleman. Amongft other political obfervations, fuggefted by the circumftances of the times, they cxprelled their fatisfadion at the decay of thofe pre- judices, which had fo long involved the nation in feud and difunion ;. a difunion which, by limning the rights of iuffrage, and cireumfcribing the number of their citizens, had iu a greac degree created and foJlercd the ariftocratic tyranny, the fource of every grievance, and againJt which the public voice now unanimoufly exclaimed. The anfwer of his Lordlhip was not in uuifbn with thefe fentiment?, uor tended to etx- courage the enlarged views of toleration, entertained by the Vohniteers on this occafion. Its influence was immediate; and it was employed with wide and malignant efleft by- the enemies of parliamentary reform, to foment difcord, and excite alarms in the minds of its friends. Thefe endeavours were but too fticcefsful, — a new principle was roulL ed in the public mind,—- and the ultimate mifcariiage of parliamentary reformation, i&. partly imputable to the advantage taken of this unfortunate oppofition of fentiment. On the 20th September, the Citizens of Dublin affembled at the Iholfel to choofe their reprelentatives for the approaching meeting of a congrefs. On this occalion, Mr. Sherift" Kirkpairick read a letter written to him by the Attorney General, threatening him with an official proleculion In the Court of King's Bench, if he Ihould hold or prefide at a meet- ing held for fuch a purpofe. The affcmbly accordingly broke up, but met in a few days after at the Weaver's Hall, and having placed Sir Edward Newenbam in tht chair, they chofe their reprefentati^es, and came to feveral refolutions, declaratory of their right to aifemble and deliberate for the rcdrefs of grievances. The oppofition of adminiftration to the purfuits of the people, was neither to be re- ftrained within the bounds of the law, nor repreifed from apprehenlion of their refentnicnt : It was violent, uuconftitutional and oppreffive. The High Sheriff of the County of Dublin, Mr. Reilly, was profecuted by attachment in the King's Bench, and fenteuced to line aud imprifonment (29th November 1784), for having convened his county for ele6l- ing their reprelentatives for the purptofe above mentioned; and fmiilar prcceediugs were inltituted againft magiftrates in other parts of the kingdom, for the like ofiences, as they were denominated. About this time, on occafion of infii^aing the punifhment of whip- ping on a fellow, who had been found guilty of fome unlawful exceffes, in enforcing the i:ou-importation agreement, a few ftones were thrown; upon which the military fired, and lev eral innocent perfons were killed or wounded. One of the magiftrates was much blamed lor the fanguinary orders alledged to have been given by him to the foldiery on that day. During feveral months the fervour of the public mind was unexampled ; and even the theatre became a fcene of one of its moil ardent ebullitions. The Duke of Rutland's ap- pearance there was attended with the moft clamorous execrations, and the interruptions of the drama fubfided but with the early difmilfal of the audience. — When it is confidered, in how many favourite objefts the people had been difappointed ; in how many inftances they were infulted by the brow of power, and grappled by the arm of the law .-—that the rights of juries were violated : — that the exploded dodrines of the days of tyranny were revived, aud attachments affumcd the colour of legality and obtained the acquief- ccnce of parliament : When thefe caufes of irritation are confidered in the calm hour of unruffled reHeflion, it will not excite much wonder in the difpallionate mind, if a people, nati.!ra!!v warm and full of fenfibility, fhould rulh into the moft intcHipcratc cxpreflions of their indignation and refentment *. til) Ii If aflonilhinj: \vith wIkk avidity evf ry peccadillo of the people of Ircl:ind is ma^nifiett into crmies of enormity ; and thofe tiule iluty, rank and education fhould place them above the temptations of pitty motives, arc too (iften obfervcd, giving the fanc- i!i uf then n.iiiict ti. tl.c nu.'l iiirc.libl; and unfoiiiidcd libels on the charadcr and cundud of their country. A uoble peer i ut N D. 509. On the 25th of Oaober, the congrefs of delegates met m Dublin on the fubjeft of par- liamentrry reform ; but th^ fears and jealoufies of the people had been fo artiuUy exc ed bvtheenTiffariesof governmem. that fevcral parts of the knigdom had not yet ele6tcd t6e r ^pTefentatives on this occafion ; the congrels therefore adjourned to the 20th January 178 c In the interval, the friends to reform were not madlive ; every incentive which cJuld operate on the liiind alive to the value of liberty was employed m the pubh- cations of the times, to roufe it to a fenie of its duty ; the letters ot .^"^e"^"^' ^^^reffed to the counties of Ulfter, are fonie of the moft eloquent appeals to reafon and the feelings wWchthe Englifh language can produce, and wiU be preierved wh.lft its beauties are ad- miid, orfrefdomisSfpeaed. Thefe produced the delired efledl; and at the fecond meeting of congrefs. the principal part of the kingdom was repreiented. They pro- Sd^to the cinfideration of thefubjea, and very generally, adopted the plan of the convention of 1783. with a few minute and uneffential alterations; but the iate of the bufinefs in parKament was the fame as on every former occafion. r^ii^,,.;ncr The parliament met on the 20th January 17B.5 ; and on the 7th of February followmg. Mr. Orde. fecretary to the Duke of Rutland, introduced ten propofitions for a coinmer- cialadjuftment between the two kingdoms. Thefe were dikufled ^urmg feveral days,. andmeta very general concurrence. One was added on the fuggeftion of Mr. G rattan that « to prevent the accumulation of national debt, the annual revenue ftiould always S made equal to the annual expenditure."-niefe eleven propofitions were approved of b^ Xe lords, and tranfmitted trCreat Britain, with an addrels to his Majefty from both Sufes, expreflive of their fervent hopes of the advantages that would re ult to the empire fiom their adoption. From the fyftem propofed, it became neceffary to lay on new taxes, to the annual amount of 140,000!. . , , -n • -n, r ^»„* -m,. Vr..- Whilft thefe propofitions were under confideration by the. Bntifli parliament, Mr. For- bcs brought a bill into our houfe of commons for excluding placemen and penfioneis therefrom, but it was rejeaed ;-the bill for a parliamentary reform fhared the lame fate; and a motion of Mr. Brownlow's, reprehending the late arbitrary and unconftitutional proceedings by attaclunents, as deftrudtive of the trial by jury, was alio negatived. The propofitions underwent a long and laborious inyefiigation m the parlianient ot Great Britain. The ingenuity of a powerful oppofition in both houfes ; the jea oiifies and clamours of the manufafturei ;. their luft foranonopoly, and their unaccommodatmg pre, kdices, were lb fuccefsfully employed, that the eleven propoiitions which left Ireland weJe embarraifed with fuch excep^iois and prohibitions as totally changed their original ^"AtlcnitlfXrwereTranfmrtted multiplied into twenty refolutions of the Britifh parliament, and on the I2th of Auguft, Mr. Orde moved the houfe of commons for leave to bring in a " bill for efleauating the intercourse and commerce between Great « Britain and Ireland, on permanent and equitable p- maples, for the benefit of both « kmedoms." This bill he avowed was founded on the above mentioned twenty relolu- lions, and contained every matter which could julUfy its tide, and cniu re the cordial and conllitucional union of the empne. A moft interefti.g debate arole hereon ; the j^ole force of adminiftralion was employed in its fupport ; aiid the friends of Ireland exhibited a chain of argument, an acutenefs of inveftigation, and a blaze of eloquence, m oppofi- tion to it, thafmuft have convinced the moft prejudiced mind, of »ts iatal tendency to fu^.fud ^vith the injury he d.,e,by drawing a conf.dcrable -«nue from a coumry to -h^ 1. ■-, PX»»;l,:;^^:;::;,:i."trer'had l,e owc» his title, pub!ifh.d th. following uirm.on m the year '^SS =^' " '^ " "°.^,X;; t^,^^ Uhfer/ation.x •• found its way into Ireland, tven an hue as Uft fumnur. and that ^^■""'"' .""'""'^^V'^f^i^^^^^^ • "^' f"^Z eentUman of probity on the trade ot' Ireland, p. 37S.] V/e ftv.dlnot attempt the r''°;(°l'2?J'c7\uV^^^^^ >vhl> in the kingdom will fubfcribe to the faO from the n.oll , emote ''""^'f ?« ° » ^ '^"^^^ ' ,,„„, ,„ ,l2 ,„„„i,u for informa- write. at a period when the charaaersand mot.yes of "'^"■n 'be Fclem VJlj^r^^'J^.r^T.-am .,,!"e^he work to which we-al- ,ion which have .he u,M ''h''^^-f^ ''&"''''"■ "'^^^^^^^ the illairs of Ireland, wh.ch would loUtr.tj, wc n^aj be Mt totraulmlt an antidote to tlel'tifon it cout-.ns. 510 I U K A N D. our trade and cniif:iiu;iou *. The fourth refolution which more particularly invaded rlic latter, claimed, as an " tiiciitial to this fettlemeur, that all goods and couuiiodities of the " growth, produce or niaimfadiure of Jiiiiilh or foreign colonies in America, or the Well " Indies, and the Uriiirti or foreign fettlenients on the coaft of Africa, imported into Ire- " land, ihoiild, on importation, be iubjedi to the fame duties and regulations, as the like " goods are, or from tin.e to time fliall be, fubjecft to, upon importation into Great Bii- " tain ; "or if prohibited to be imported into Great Britain, fliall be prohibited in like maii- " ner from being imported into Ireland." The other refoliuions, though communitating many advantages in trade, contained alfo futh reflridions as left it perpetually at the. nierey of Britain, and interdittcd it as well ia refpeil to place, as to circumftance and time. The contradled limits of this work will not permit us to enter into the particulars of this molt important bill, or the arguments advanced in its favour, or oppofed to it. 'J'he debate continued till nine o'clock the following morning, when on a di\iiion, there were for bringing in the bill 1 27, againft it 108. 1 his majority was fo fmall, that adminiftra- tion thought it prudent to avoid the rilque of a defeat in the progrefs of the bill, and thertlbre withdrew it ia two days after; an event which diH'ufed the molt univcifal joy throughout the kingdom, an J was fhortly after followed by the clofe of the feflion of parliament. A variety of political fuuations and topics fucceed each other with great rapidity in this period of the hiftory of Ireland. '1 he difquifitions of parliamentary teform v\cie with forae violence detruded from the minds of men by the introdudtion of the commer- cial fyftem. 1 hat fyflem bad fcarcely received its quietus from parliament before thofe fcenes of tumult, outrage and violence conmienced in the fouthern extremity, v\ hich quickly fpread themfelves over a great portion of the ifland. 1 hefe confideraiions how- ever, do not rife upon one another iu iublimity, grandeur and attradiion. Difcufllons of commerce are lefs inierefting than difcuflions of liberty ; and the fcenes of barbarifin and anarchy which we are now to notice, are rather painful and difguliing than attraa leenu-d to be iorgottea in the lieilumd aniipalhics, or pccuLiiivc iMc-judices, ot ih. clKunpions. The dilpallionate enquirer a ter truth is perplexed wuh contraduH.ons, cr feeks in vain for a generally-ackaowledged caufo ot the evil, from fuch .natenals. 1 he difad vantages that are experienced b; the inhabitants of the fouth, arenumerpu>. In the lirll place, a very great majority ol'them are catholics; and this is a fruitful irceo hLihip andWpreHion. The fouth has at leait been ftationary in improve- nent, uhile o.her parts II the kingdom have advanced with rapidity. W h.le the wages of the labouring hind have been low, frequently at the rate of four pence per cf:e>n the demands of the landlord have been prelling and enormous. !■ inding it no eafy matte to realize his rents, he has gone on to throw the peahmtry into the hands >.f a "'^ddle man, whofe rapacity is to be fatisfied in addition to the receipts ol the proprietor. This i. probably the principal and predominant grievance ot the inhabitants of MunftcT; ad Ihe contributing to two religious eftabliOiments, becomes fecondary grievances, becanle the firit is fb intolerable as to render the burden v>f the others mlupportablc. Whilft religion is necelfary to the good of fociety, the maintenance of iis minillers flio'ild be liberal and refpeaable, becoming their rank, their education, and their impor- tancc; but in the colleaion of Tythes, the Proaor, like the muldle-man, is too often the fcourge of the peafant ; and, unmoved by the inability of the cultivator tread, upon the heels of providence, and fl^crifices what the judgnicnts of hea en ..ay have left m- . perfea. to the brutality of his temper, or the infatublenefs of his avarice. 1 lie clergy- imu himfelf, fo far from receiving more than he is entitled to by law, often receives bn a twentieth, under the denomination of a tenth ; yet his claim beuig more variable and fluaualing than that of the lordlord. often affumes the appearance of intolerable calami-_ ty. In addition to this cireumftance, bj. a kind of unevampcdabfurduy, the vote of agiftment exempts the paflure lands, whlKt the oiKiation of lythes js direaed folely to agriculture. The grazier is rich, the hufbandman is poor : the grazier is generally the pro- telhnt ; the hufbandman is generally the catholic. Thus, almoft the only man, who coiv iributes to the fupport of the eccleflaftical eftablilhment, is the man who has no capital, i» lean able, and who does not, even ia appearance, derive any benefit from it. Without pretending to claim fuperior penetration, or decide in points winch have already cxcit- ed fo mu?h irafcibihty. we conceive thefe to be, at leafl. fon.e of the fources to whic-h he dilbrders of the kingdom are often imputable, W h.tcvcr they are, the fcnate has left the fubiea in a ftateof indecifion duiing three lucceflive feflions. .u .t .„. On the 2Sth January 1787, the parliament was opened with_ a Ipccch from the thioncv bv his Grace the Duke of Rutland ; in which among other points, he laments the conn- nuance of diforders in the fouth, and recommends the enaa.on of laws for their correc tion; and he informed them of a treaty of Commerce having been concluded between his maieftv and the moft chriftian King. _, . . In purfuance of his Excellency's recommendation, aas for « preventing tumultuous. rifinth houiesof parliament to his Royal Highnefs the Prince of Wales, to accept the regency of this kingdom. — ^This his E.vccllcncy declined, as contmry to his oath and to the laws. The two houfcs thereupon refoh ed on appointing delegates from each, to prefent their addrefs to the Prince : the lords appointed the Duke of Lcinfter and the Earl of Charlemont, and the commons, the Right Honourable Thomas ConoUy, Right Honourable John O'Neill, the Right Honour- able W. B. Ponibnby and James Stewart, Efa. They then proceeded to refolve, that the lords and conmionsin addrefliug his Royal Highnefs on this occafion " had exercifed " an undoubted right, and difcharged an mdifpenfable duty, to which they, and they " alone, in the prefent emergency, were competent." This was followed by a refolution of ceufure on the Lord Lieutenant from both houfes, for exprelllous contained in his ac- fwer onrefufing to tranfmit the addrefs. The delegates proceeded to London, and prefented the addrefs to his Royal Highnefs, by whom they were moft gracioufly received ; but his Majefty having, to the infiniie joy of all fubjedls, recovered from his lovcre indifpofition, the prince returned them an an- fwer, fraught with the wannell fentiments of regard for the kingdom, and of gratitude to parliament, for the generous manner in which they propofed invelling him with the re- gency, but, that the happy recovery of his joyal father had now rendered his acceptance of it unnecelfary. The profpedt of change in the adminiftration of England had induced tl)e friends of Ireland, to bring fevcral falutary laws into parliament, particularly for depriving revenue officers of the right of voting at eleiHions ; and for excluding placemen and penfioners from the houfe of commons, — but thefe, and every other law which pr<5mifed to purify the conftituti<)n,or ferve the people, were rejected, when the recovery of his Majefty had con- firmed the adminiflration ill power. The enquiry into the police eftablifbment of the metro- polis, in this as in the preceding feflion, difclofied the moft wanton profufion of public money, the groffeft abufe of power, and the mofl obvious inefficacy in its efleds ; but being infti- tuted for patronage and corruption, was juftified by the filent acquiefcence of parliament. The mofl valuable ad of this leflion, was that for diflributin^ 2oo,ocol. (to be raifed upon the tillage duties) to companies for carrying on inland navigations, at the rate of 25,0001. per annum, and in proportion to one third of the eflinwted expenfe of each particular line. Amongu other unuertakiiigs which v.ill mentediy participate in this grant, the Royal Canal, intended to go from the north fide of the metropolis to the Shannon, feems to have the ftrongefl claim, as the mofl confpicuous in extent, in advan- tage to the kingdom, and in fpirit of enterprize. ISLE OF MAN. 51J THE Mona mentioned by Tacitus was the ifle oi Anglefea, not this illand. Some think it takes its name from the Saxon word Mang (or among), becanle lying in St George's Channel, it is ahnoft at an equal diftance froni the kingdoms ol England, Scotland, and Ireland; but Mona ieems to have been a gencncal nanie with the ancients for any detached ifland. Its length from north to louth is rather more than thirty miles, its breadth from eight to fifteen; and the latitude of the mid- dle of the ifland is fifty-four degrees fixteen minutes north. It is laid, that on a clear day the three Britannic kingdoms may be feen from this ifland. '1 he air here is wholefome, and the climate, only making allowance for the fituation, pretty much the fame as that in the north of England, from which it does not difler much ui other relpeas. The hilly parts are barren, and the champaign fruitful m wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, hemp, roots, and pulfe. The ridge of mountains, which, as it were, divides the ifland, both protefts and fertilizes the vaUies, where there is good paf- turage. The better forts of inhabitants have gerty of the lings of Scotland, till it was reduced by Edward I. and the kings of England, from that time, exercifed the fuperiority over the ifland ; though we find it ftill poffeffcd by the poiterity of its Danifli princes, in the reign of Edward III. who diipoflefled the Jaft queen of the ifland, and beftowed it on his favourite Montague, earl of Sahfijur)-. His family-honours and eftate being forfeited, Henry IV. beftowed Man, and the pa- tionage of the bifliopiic, firft upon the Northumberland family, and that being for- feited, upon Sir John Stanley, whofe pofteriiy, the earls of Derby, enjoyed u, till, by failure of heirs male, it devolved upon the duke 01 Athol, who marned the lifter t.f the laft Lord Derby. Reafons of ftate rendered it neceffary for the crown of Great Britain to purchafe the cuftoms and the ifland from the Athol famil]^ ; and the bargain was completed by 70,000!. being paid to the duke in 1765. 1 he duke, however, retains his territorial property in the ifland, though the form of its government No. XVIL 5 U ';y AO' 5«+ ISLE OF WIG II T. !•; alieicd ; and the king has now the fame rights, powers, and prcrog,iti\es, as the dike formerly enjoyed. The inhabitants, alfo, retain many of their ancient confti- tutions and cuiloins. The eftabliQied religion in Man is that of the church of England. The bidiop of Sodor and Man enjoys all the ipiritual rights and pre-eminences of other bilhops, but does not fit in the liritifh houie of peers; his fee never having been ereded into an P'nglifh barony. One of the moft excellent prelates who ever adorned the epifco- pal charader, was Dr. 'Ihonias \\ ilfon, biftiop of Man, who prefided over that dio- cele upwards of fifty-feven years, and died in the year 17.5.5, aged ninety-three. He was eminently diftiuguifihed for the piety and exemplariuefs of his life, his benevolence and hofpitality, and his unremitting attention to the happinefs of the people entrul- ted to his care. He encouraged agriculture, eftablifhed fchools for the inflrudiou of the children of the inhabitants of the ifland, tranllated fome of his de\ oiional pieces into the Manks language to render them more generally ufeful to them, and founded parochial libraries in every paril"h in his diocefe. Some of his notions refpetTliug government and church difcipline were not of the molt liberal kind •■ 1 ut his failings were lb few, and his virtues fo nu. lerous and conf])iciious, that he was a great blel- fing to the Ifle of Man, and an ornament to human nature. Cardinal Fleury had fo much veneration for his charadter, that, out of legaid to him, he obtained an order from the court of France, that no privateer of that nation fhould ravage the Ifle of Man. The ecclefiaftical go\ernment is well kept uj) in this ifland, and the livings are comfortable. The language, which is called the Manks, and is fpoken by the conmion })eople, is radically Erie, or Irifh, but with a mixture of other languages. The iSew Tellauienr and Common Prayer Book have been tranflated into the Mauks language. The '.natives, who amount to above 20,000, are inoffenfive, charitable, and holpitable. The better fort live in flone houfes, and the poorer in thatched ; antl their ordinary bread is made of oatmeal. Their produds for exportation confift of wool, hides, and tallow; which they exchange with foreign ftiipping for commodi- ties they may ha\e occafion for from other parts. Before the fouth promontory of Man, is a litile illand called the Calf of Man : it is about three miles in circuit, and fepu rated from Man by a channel about two furlongs broad. This ifland aftbrds fome curiofities which may amufe an antiquary. They confift chiefly of Runic fepulchral inlcriptions and monuments, of ancient brafs daggers, and other weapons of that metal, and partly of pure gold, which are fometimes dug up, and feeni to indicate the fplendor of its ancient polfelfors. ISLE OF WIGHT. THIS ifland is fituated oppofite the coaft of Hampfliire, from which it is fepa- rated by a channel, varying in breadth from two to feven miles ; it is con- fidercd as part of the county of Southampton, and is within the diocefe of W in- chefter. Its greateft length, extending from eaft to welt, meafures nearly twenty- three nules; hs breadth from north to fouth about tiurteen. The air is m general healtiiy, particularly the fouthern part.s ; the foil is various, but fb great is its fertility, it was many years ago computed, that more \l'heat was grown herein one year, than could be confunied by the inhabitants in eight : and it is fuppoled that its prefeut pro- duce, under the great improvementH of agriculture, and the additinnn! qnav.tity of land lately brought into tillage, has more than kept pace with the increafe of popula- tion. A range of hills, which affords fine pafture for fheep, extends from eaft to weft, through the middle of the ifland. The interior parts of the ifland, as well as its ISLE OF WIGHT, SCILLY, JERSEY, GUERNSEV, c\c. 515 • • ,ff>.,-^ 3 ato^t number of beaulitul and piaurefque profpcds, noL only 'X^ttliliiZMny parilhcs: and, acceding .0 a very accume cal- -t:^^S^onTtZ:l^:c^^:^^'^^^^r.. con.fo„ab,e. having each '■'i't^;f5Ne„po„«andsn..,i^^ ^'^^trwT^nrat/rMat^t-n^^bytbLe others. a,i which arc fpaciou., '' Ta'riCot"came!''in the IQe of Wight, has k-n rendered remarkable by the con- Jnn^ofing "tries I. who taking' refuge here, was d''-^'' ■. Pf ner from November 16+7, to September 164S. After the execii.ion of the king, this ca lie was converted i, ,0 a place of confinement lor his children; and his d»"ghKr. he was <:o"™."'" "' ,. ', . ; ...t g feveral other lorts m this ifland, which l"r^^ Sedtw th:;\;^h /e'r^f X rdgn of Henry VIII when .any other ".ns andbTockhouIes were built'in diHerent parts of the coaft of England. ni ><;rTTTYlSlF<^ nncientlv the SILURKS, are a clufler of dangerous rock? ,:]^^^fl^:^;^ 4. 30 f^^z^i^ ^:l n, lim „,,ichcou,i,y they are, ^cl«,ncd^ ; r.r &1 rf?i"ill ml. a ^well iSbitecl, and have large and licure hartoors. ; the Slh cha 1^1 ate &« i"""''' '"''>« '° '■•"S'l'"' ■ ** T K^'l- Cncrnfe.v ^'Jerney and Sa. which tho th^' ^_^ winchefler. They ^^Sn'rlnt" Mo n/s^-'tdtel-fbr,-, between Cape la Hogue in Nc^mand,. 1 r!,i X-Vlle ii Biittanv. The compuicd diflance between lerfey and Sark t"lnrk!gi^ Wxo^^^ and GueriSey. feveii leagues; and between the fame "'InS^'aiiA^mly'^'sARKA, was known to the Romans; and he. rmhe« Jl KM.i, ancicmiy v ' • iiii„„,cs north In'uude, and in the Iccond Mi;hn. tlie bay, uUc,ny-nuc degrees o^^ of Normandy, and degree twonty-fix mnuicseai^^^^^ is inaccelllble through lofty . wcU planted, and abomuls -H or^^d.^ .om ^^-^^-^l^^^^::^;, iiu- iuluil-ir.uits ncgka liHagc loo nuich, bcmg latent tiiy of excellent c) der. '1 he plenty of cattle and fluvp. i: 2 RliNW 5i6 R N E. upon the culture of cyder, the improvement of commerce, and particularly the manufaaure of ftockmgs. The honey in Jerfey is remarkably fine : and the ifland IS well fupphed with filh and wild-fowl almoft of every kind, fome of both beine pecuhar to the ifland, and very delicious. * The ifland is not above twelve mUes in length; but the air is fo falubrious, that m Camden s time, it was faid there was here no bufmefs for a phyfician. The in' habitants in number are about 2o,ooo, and are divided into twelve pariihes. The capital town is St. Helier, or Hilaiy, which contains above 400 houfes, has a good harbour aud caftle, and makes a handforoe appearance. The property of this ifland belonged formerly to the Carterets, a Norman family, who have been always attach- ed to the royal intereft, and gave proteftion to Charles II. both when king and prince of Wales, at a time when no part of the Britilh dominions durft recognife him The language of the inhabitants is French, with which moft of them intermingle Enghlh words. Knit ftockmgs and caps form their ftaple commodity; but tl^v carry on a confiderable trade in fifli with Newfoundland, and difpofe of their cargoes m the Mediterranean. Ihe governor is appointed by the crown of England, but the civil adminiftration refts with a bailifli; aflifted by twelve jurats. As this ifland is the prmcii)al remain of the duchy of Normandy depending on the kings of Eng- land. It prelerves the old feudal forms, and particularly the affembly of fiates which IS as It were a miniature of the Britilh parliament, as fettled in the time of Edward I, GUERNSEY, is thirteen miles and a half from fouth-weft to north-eaft, and twelve and a halt where broadeft, eaft and weft ; has only ten pariflies, to which there are but eight niinifters, four of the pariihes being united, and Aldemey and Sark, which are appendages of Guernfey, having one a-piece. Though this is a much finer ifland than that of Jerfey, yet it is far lefs valuable ; becaiife it is not fo well cultivated, nor is it fo populous. It abounds in cyder ; and the inha- bitants fpcak French : but want of firing is the greatcft inconveniency that both iflands labour under. The only harbour here is at St. Peter le Port, which is guarded by two forts; one called the Old-Caftle, and the other Caftle-Cornet. Guernfey is likewife part of the ancient Norman patrimony. i,\^?^n^5^''''''^^^"^ ^^g^^ »"j'es in compafs, and is by much the neareft of all thefe iflands to Normandy, from which it is feparated by a narrow ftrait, called the race of Alderney, which is a dangerous pallage in ftormy weather, when the two currents meet; otherwile it is fafe, and has depth of water for the largeft ftiips. This ifland is healthy, and the ibil is remarkable for a fine breed of cows. S ARK is a fniall ifland depending upon Guernfey; the inhabitants are long. hved, and enjoy from nature all the conveniencies of life; their number is about 300. The inhabitants of the three laft-nientioned iflands together, are thought to be about 20,000. 1 he religion of all the four iflands is that of the church of England. FRANCE. H neareft to England; though part of Geruiany and Poland lies to the northward of AVING gone over the Britifli ifles, we fhall now return to the com bcgnining with the evtenfivc and mighty I.- I ILIIIJ^UUI.'I ment, of France, being the 1 'ranee. FRANCE. 517 Situation aND Extent. Miles. Degrees. Length 600) between 4 5 weft and 8 Eaft longitude. Breadth 500 f '^^^^^''142 and 5 1 North latitude. Boundaries.! It is bounded by the EngUfli channel and the Netherlands, North ; by Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, Eaft; by the Mediterranean ^id thePvrenean niountains. which divide it from Spam. South; and by the Bay of Bifcay ^f' Divisions.] This kingdom is divided, and the dimenfious of the feveral parts diftinaiy fpeciEed in the following table, by Mr. Templeman. Countries Names. France. Catholics Orleannois Guienne Gafcoigne Languedoc Lyonnois Champagne Bretagne Normandy Provence Burgundy Dauphine Ifle of France Frr...che Compie Picardy LRoufillon rArtois ., , , J 1 Hainault Netherlands^ Flanders ^ Luxemburg ^ 1 Lorrain Germany | ^Iface Square Miles n n S3 22,950 1 2, 800 8,800 »3.'7S 12,500 10,000 9,100 8,200 6,800 6,700 5,820 5,200 4,000 3,650 1,400 990 800 760 292 2,500 2,250 ca Pi Total 138,687 2^0 216 125 200 >75 140 170 '55 95 150 107 100 100 120 50 63 57 58 48 95 Chief Cities. 180 Orleans. 120 Bourdeaux. 90 Aux, or Augh. 1 15 rrhouloufe. 130 iLyons. Rheims. Rennes. Kouen. Aix. pijon. Grenoble. 1' < N. Lat. 84- fo P^"^'' 1 E. Lon. 24s Befanfon. Amiens. Perpignan. Arras. Valenciennes. Lifle. Thionville. Metz. Straiburgh. 1 10 105 as 92 86 90 85 60 87 44 32 22 22 '3 30 To thefe is to be added the ifland of Corfica ; but the city of Avignon, with the Venaiffin. was in «774. ceded to the pope. .^ .^ The following table, extrafted from u work lately executed by order of the French govern- ment, exhibits That kingdom divided in a different manner from the above, under the name of Generalities, with the population of each.!* Names of the Generalities. Aix Amiens Auch Bezan^on Bourdeaux Bourgcs Chalons Dijon Grenoble T.a P..Qchelle Lifle Limoges Population. 754,000 533«30o 762,000 678,800 850,000 51 2,500 812,800 1,087,300 664,600 479,700 734,600 Names of the ; Generalities. Lyons Metz Moiitauban Montpellier Mokns Nancy Orleans Paris Pan et Bayonne Perpignan Poitiers 646,500 I Rennes Population. 6 J 3, 600 349,300 530,200 1,699,200 564,400 834,600 709,400 1,781,700 640,000 188,900 690*500 2,276,000 Names of the Generaiiiies. Riom Boutn Caen AleiKfon Soiii'ons Siralbourg Tours Valenciennes Ifle de Corfe Population. 681,500 740,700 644,000 528,200 437,200, 626,400 1,338,700 265,400 124,000 24,000,000 • For the information contained in .hi. Tahl., a. x,cll as feveral other particular, in J^^ „=3"' *'/J";:^'d'ime"£n« thcntic. the publilhcr >• indebted to the liberal communicauoii of a Utmlcnuu ol Uu- firft coufea«cn« and inteu.gcnce in tbii kiogiiom. iMii'iiiii'"' •Vl fro.) France abounds in e«;ellentroo,s^h;ch are ''„"t,o".v SEA A.D ..andI more proper for loup, than rhoc of^^^^^^^^^ ,, , . , - - ^ . 1 r 11 .u »u^.. ^ ,.0 rpore pifntitiil. and in lome piaecs As to all kuKls ol fcufonmg and iuhau^ -.iK; .iv, more I -"--,-, .^ _v:„,q ol tier beucr than m Mn^^nli ihcy being, r.cxt to their vines, the chief object ot tteu 520 culture. A N C E. r Jl^ province of Gaftenois produces great quantities of faffron. The wmes of Champagne, Burgundy, Bourdeauv, Gafcony, and other provinces of I- ranee, arc fo well known, that they need only be mentioned. It is fufficient to obferve, that though they differ verv fenfibly in their tafte and properties, ye aU of them are excellent, particularly ihofe of Champagne, Burgundy Bourdeaux Pontacke Hermitage, and Frontiniac; and there are few conftitutions, be thev ever lo valetudinary, to which feme one or other of them is not adapted. Oak elm afh, and other timber common in England, is found in France; but it is faid' that the internal parts of the kingdom begin to feel the want of fuel. A ereat deal of fait IS made at Rhee, and about Rochfort on the coaft of Saintoign. Lanjnie. doc produces an herb called kali, which, when burnt, makes excellent pot-alSes. The French former^ were fanious for horticulture, but they are at prefent far in- fenor to the tnglifh both m the management and difpof.tion of ttieir gardens Prunes and capers are produced at Bourdeaux and near Toulon I-Tanee contains few animals, either wild or tame, that are not to be found in England excepting wolves. Then; horfes, black cattle, and fheep, are far infe- rior to t»eEiigli(h ; nor IS the wool of their fheep lb fine. The hair and fkin of the chamois, or mountain goats, are more a aluable than thofe of England We know of no diflerence between the marine procludions of France and thofe of England^ but that the former is not fo well ferved, even on the lea-coalls, with fait water filh, » « m lan. FoRKSTS.] The chief forefts of France are thofe of Orleans, which contain 14.OCO acres of wood of vanous kinds, oak, elm, afh, &c. and the foreft of Fon- tainbleau near as large; and near Morchifmoir Is a foreft of tall, ftraight timber of 4000 trees. Befides thelb, large numbers of -voods, fome of them deferving 'the nanieofforefts, he in different provinces; but too remote from fea-carriajre to be of much national uiihty. * Population, inhabitants, manners,) According to the lateft and belt CUSTOMS, AND diversions. f Calculations, France contains at pre- lent about 24,000,000 of inhabitants. It was lately luppofed, by fome fijeculative men, that the population of France had for many years been upon the decline • but, upon an accurate inveftigalion, the reverfe appeared to be fad; though this country certainly loft a great number of valuable inhabitants, by the revocation of • theediaof Is^antes*. The French, in their perfons, arc rather lower than their neighbours ; but thev .ire well proportioned and aaive, and more free than other nations in general from bodily deiormities. '1 he ladies are celebrated more for their fprighTly wit than perfonal beauty; the peaikntry in general, are remarkably coarfe, and are beft deicribed by being contrafted with thofe of the fame ranks in England. The no- bility and gentry accomplifti themfeh es in the academical exercifes of dancinjr fencing &c. &c. ; in the praftice of which they excel all their neighbours in Ikillandgracefuliiels. I hey are fond of hunting; and the gentry have n.)w left oft their heavy jack-boots, their huge war-faddle, and monftrous curb-bridle in that exertile, and accommodate themlelves to the Englifti manner. The landlords are as jealous of their game as they are in England, and equally niggardly of it to their inferiors. A few of the French princes of the blood, and nobility, are more • In the year 1598, Henry IV. who was a Proteftant. and juniy ftyled the Great, after fiehtin.T h,s way to the crown of France, paffed ,he famous ecJia of Siantes, which fecnred to the proteftlnt's the Iree eietcife of their rehgion ; but this edift was revoked bv Lewis XIV whu-h «;th th- fuc- thtv^lIttSXTn^'^'"''" c^^' P'^'l''' '? ^"B'and, Holland, and other Proteftant countries, where they cftablilhed the f.lk manufaflures, tothe great prejudice cf -he country that perfecuted them F R N yifl. macnificent in their palaces and ,quipagcs than any of the Englifh ; but the other ranks of life are defpicable, iwben compared to the riches, elegance, and opulence not only of the Englifh nobility and gentry in general, but of the middling ^The genius and manners of the French are well known, and have been thefub- jeft of many able pens. A national vanity is their predominant charaaer ; and they are perhaps the only poople ever heard of, who have derived great utility from a national weaknefe. It fupports them under misfortunes, and impels them to aitions to which true courage infpires other nations. This charaaer, however, is confpicuous only in the higher and middling ranks, where it produces excellent of- ficers ; for the common foldiers of France have few or no ideas of heroilm. Hence it has been obl'erved, with great juftice, of the French and Englifh, that the French officers will lead, if their foldiers will follow, and the Englifh foldiers will follow, if their officers will lead. This fame principle of vanity is of admirable ufe to the government, becaufe their lower ranks, when they fee their fuperiors elated, as in the time of the laft war with England, under the moft difgracetul lofTes, never thmk that they are unfortunate ; and from thence proceeds the paflive fubmiffion of the French under all their calamities. .,,„. ,,.^ jo- r r The French aflfeft freedom and wit; but fafhionable drefles and diverlions engrols too much of their converfation. Their diverfions are much the fame with thofe of the Englifh, but their gallantry is of a very different complexion. Their attention to the fair degenerates into grofs foppery in the men, and in the ladies it is kept up by admitting of indecent freedoms ; but the feeming levities of both fexes are feldom attended with that criminality which, to people not ufed to their manners, they feem to indicate; nor are the hufbands fo indifferent, as we are apt to imagine, about the condua of their wives. The French are exceffively credulous and liti- gious: but of all people in the world they bear adverfity and reduaion of circum- ftances with the beft grace ; though in profperity many of them arc apt to be info- lent, vain, arbitrary, and imperious. An old French officer is an entertaining and inftruaive companion, and indeed the moft rational <'pecies of all the French gentry. The French are eminently diftinguifhed by their politenefs, and good manners, which may be traced, though in diflierent proportions, through every rank, from the greatefl of the nobility to the lowefl mechanic : and it has been remarked as a very An- gular phsenomenou, that politenefs, which, in every other country, is confined to people of a certain rank in life, Ihould here pervade every fituation and profeffion. Indeed, the polifhed mildnefs of French manners, the gay and fociable turn of the nation, and the affable and eafy condua of mafters to their fervants, m fome degree fupply the deficiencies, and correa the errors of the government, and render the condition of the common people in France, but particularly at Paris, better than in feveral 'ther countries of Europe. The French have been much cenfured for infincerity ; but this charge has been car- ried too far, and the imputation is generally owing to their excefs of civilitv, which throws a fufpicious light upon their candour. The French, in private life, have cer- tainly many amiable charaaers, and a great number of inftances of generofity and difintereflednefs may be found amongfl them. It is doing the French no more than juflice to acknowledge, that, as they arc themfelves polite, fo they have given a polifh to the ferocious manners, and even virtues of other nations. Thev have long pofTeffed the lead in tafte, fafhion, and dref's; but it feems now to be in the watie,"and they themfelves think very favour- ably of the Englifh. This aheration of opinion has not, however entirely taken 17 3 X MHMW v^i**!aia-^- ■MMMW 5M R N C E. its rife from their wits and learned men, and ftiil lefs from their courtiers, or the middle ranks of life. The fuperior orders of men in France are of a veiy different caft from thofe below them. They fee with indignation the frivoloufuefs of their court ; and however complying they may appear in public, when retired, they keep themfelves facred from its follies. Independent by their rank and fortunes, they think and aft for themfelves. They are open to conviftion, and examine things to the bottom. They faw during the war before -he laft, the niauagement of their armies, their finances, and fleets, with fdent indignation, and their relearches were favourable to the Englifh. The conclufiou of the peace of Foritainbleau, and the vifits which they have fmce paid to England, have improved that good opinion ; the courtiers themfelves have fallen in with it ; and, what fome years ago would have been thought incredible, people of falhion in France now ftudy the Englilh language, and imitate them in their cuftoras, aniufements, drds, and buildirtgs. They both imitate and admire our writers ; the names of Bacon, Locke, Newton, Milton, Pope, Addifon, Hume, Robertfbn, Richardfon, and many others of the laft and prefent century, are facred among the French of any education ; and, to fay the truth, the writings of fuch men have equally contributed, with our military reputation, to raife the name of G-eat Britain to that degree in which it has been held of late by foreign nations, anr'. to render our language more univerfal, and even a neceffary fludy among foreign nobility. ^ But we cannot quit this article of the manners and cuftoms of the French, without giving a more minute view of fome ftriking peculiarities ob- fervable among that volatile people in private life, and this from the remarks of a late ingenious traveller, who was alfo diftinguifhed by various other productions in polite literature. " The natural levity of the French, fays he. Is reinforced by the moft prepoflerous education, and the example of a giddy people, engaged in the moft frivolous pur- fuits. A Frenchman is by fome prieft or monk taught to read his mother tongue, and to fay his prayers in a language he does not underftand. He learns to dance and to fence by the matters of thole fcienccs. He becomes a complete connoiffcur in drefling hair, and in adorning his own perfon, under the hands and inftrudlions of his barber and valet-de-chambre. If he learns to play upon the flute or the fid- dle, he is altogether irrefiftible. But he piques himfelf upon being poliflied above the natives of any other country, by his converfation with the fair fex. In the courie of this communication, with which he is indulged from his tenier years, he learns like a parrot, by rote, the whole circle of French compliments, wnich are a fet of phrafes, ridiculous even to a proverb ; and thefe he throws out indifcrimicately to all woinen without diftinftion, in the exercife of that kind of addrefs which is here diiVuiguifhed by the name of gallantry. It is an exercife, by the repetition of which he becomes very pert, very familiar, and very impertinent. A Frenchman, in couCequcnce of his .mingling with the females from his infancy, not only becomes acquainted with all their cuitoms and humours, but grows wonderfully alert in per- fonuing a thoufand little offices, which are overlooked by other men, whofe time hath been i'pcnt in making more valuable acquifitions. He enters, without cere- rnony, a lady's bedchamber while fhe is in bed, reaches her whatever flie want?, .lirs her fhift, and helps to put it on. He attends at her toilette, regulates the dl(- tribuiion of her patches, and advifes where to lay on the paint. If he vifus her when fhe is d relied, and perceives the leaft impropriety in her coifture, he infiils upon adjufting it with his own hands. If he lees a curl, or even a fingle hair amils, he produces his comb, his fciffars, and pomatum, and lets it to rights with the dexterity of a profclTcd frizcui. lie fquires her to every place flie viilts, either on bufmefs or pleafure; and, by dedicating his whole time to her, renders himfelf ne- 'It N E. 523 ccffiirv to her occafions. In (hort, of all the coxcombs, on the face of the earth, Tl'7achpctLmftre is the moft impertinent ; and they are M .eWs-ma^es^ irom the Lrqu^s who glitters in lace and embroidery, to the gnr.on Wi/.r (barber s bo> Tove^red with meal, who ftruts with his hair in a long queue, and his hat under h,s ""«'a Frenchman will fooner part with his religion than ^''^ ^,^'^- J;^^^",;.^^^'^; dier* in France wear a long queue ; and this ridiculous foppery has defcended, as I faid bSore, to the loweft clafs of people. The boy who cleans Ihoes at the corner of a ftreeT has a tail of this kind hanging down to his rump; and the beggar who drives an afs, wears his hair en queue, though, perhaps, he has neither ftnrt uor ^'"l m'iu only mention one cuftom more, which feems to carry human afiVaation to the very fartheft verge of folly and extravagance: that is, the n.ani.er m which L faces S the ladies are prime'd and painted. It is genera^ ^Mjpo ed that pa« of the fair fex, in fome other countries, make ufe oi Jard and ACimilhon for very different purpofes; namely, to help a bad or faded <^-"P^-7'.;*! ^"fS S graces, or conceal the defeds of nature, as well as the rava^s ot time 1 fhall not enquire whether it is juft and honeft to impofe in this mannc> on mankind ; if it 1* nThoLft it may be allowed to be artftil and politic, and ft.ews at leaft, a defire of S agreeX But to lay it on, as the fafhion in France prelcnbes to ad the kdiesof coSion, who indeed camiot appear without this badge of diftinaion is o Sife themfekes in fuch a manner, as to render them odious and deteftable to evei-vCaato who has the leaft relifti left for nature and propriety. As fijr the ^'57orTeS >^th which their necks and fhoulders are Pl^^^^^^^d, it may be m Ibm; meafure excufable, as their {kins are naturally brown, or fallow; bu the rome whth is daubed on their faces, from the chin up to the eyes, without he kafar^or dexterity, not only deftroys all diftinftion of features but renders the afpea really frightHil. or at leaft conveys "Othing but ideas of drfguft and aver- tton wXu ?his horrible maftc, no married lady is admitted at court, or in any poSe affably ; and it is a mark of diftinaion which none of the lower claffes dare '^The'lbove piaure of the manners of the French nation is drawn with w j and fpirit and is in fome refpeas highly charaaeriftic : but it is certainly not a flatter- S^portrait ; and the fauhs'and fafJgs of this vivacious People are perhaps by the author whom we have tranfcribed, too much magnified. M ith all their de- ^sTS^F^ch have "un^j^^ualh^ and -^o^^e^J^ ^^^1? rature which prevails among thofe m the ^tter '•«"'^%«f fp^ J^'l^'^^^^i^^^^^^^^^ have eroat influence even in the gay and diflipated city of Pans. 1 heir opinions not onirdetermine the merit of woJks of tafte and fcience but they have confideT- able weLht with refpea to the manners and femiments of people of rank, ai.d of tS public in general, and confequemly are not without effea m the meafares of go- ^''TKysl\ The French drefs of both fexes is fo well known, that it is needlefs to cxS upon them here; but, indeed, their drefs in cities and towns is fo variable, that i^ s nex" toTnipoffible to defcribe it. They certainly have more invention m ha ^aniclrthan a'ny of their neighbours, and ^bcir conftantly ch^^^^^^^^^^^ ft^ions is of infinite fervice to their manufaaures. With regard to the hngiUh, ihe> pS one "p^K^periority- which is, that the clothes of both fexes, and the.r ornaments, are at leaft one-third cheaper, 3^2 524 R N E. When a ftranger arnyes m Paris, he finds it neceffary to fend for the taylor. per- njqmer hatter fhoemakcr, and every other tradefinan concerned in the equij^n ent of the human body. He muft even change his buckles, and the form of his ruf. fles; and, though at the nfk of his life, fuit his clothes to the mode of the l^fon For example though the weather fhould be ever lb cold, ho mult wear his /v/S rtetr, oxdtm.JatfM without prefuming to put on a warm drefs before the day which fafhionhas fixed for that purpofe; and neither old age nor infirmity will excufe a "*^w'' n^n""* h.s bat upon his head, either at home or abroad. Fanalcs are if poffible, ftiU more fubjed to the caprices of faOiiou A !; d.oi, !acks and neKliffees muft be altered and new trimmed. They muft have w.w .:..;, .ew laces, new ftS and their hair new cut. 1 hey muft have their taHcti^es for the lummer, their flowered filks for the fpnng and autumn, their fattins and damalks for the winter. The men too muft providethcmlelveswithacamblet fuit trimmed with filver for fpring and autumn with fi k clothes lor fuinmer, and cloth laced with gold, or velvet for wiu- 2nV,W f ^ "'? wear his bag-wig .W«^.^.a«. Thi* variety of drefs is abfolutelv i„dii: penfable for all thole who pretend to any rank above the mere v,!..,: ail ranks rom the king downwards, ufe powder; and even the rabble, acco^rding to the ; abilities, imitate their iupenors m the fopperies of faftiion. The commo.ipeople of aie coun ry, however, ftill retain, without any material deviation, the old-fafti oued modes oi drefs the large hat, and uioft enormous jackboots, with luitable fpurs and this contraft is even perceivable a few miles from Paris. In large cities the clcr' gJ^ Iaw>'ers phyfic^ans, and merchants, generally, drefs in black; and it' has been obierved, that the French nation, tn their modes, of drefs, are in fome meafure eo- verned by commercial circumllances. ^ Religion.] The religion of France is Roman Catholic, in which their kini?s have been fo conftant, that they have obtained the title of Moft Chriftian; and the pope, m his bull gives the king of France the title of Eldeft Son of the Church. Ihe Oailican church has more than once attempted to ftiake oft' the yoke of the popes and made a very great progiefs in the attempt during the reigi of Lewis Xiy. but it was defeated by the fecrct bigotry of that prince, who, while he was Duiiying the pope, was inwardly trembling under the power of the Tefuits • a fet that IS now exterminated from that kingdom. Though the French clergy are more exempt than fome others from the papal authority, their church confining the pope's power entirely to things of an ecclefiaftical nature, yet they are in genfral Jeat enemies to any thing that looks like reformation in religion [ and polfeffed as the.' arc of immenle property, there muft be a thorough coalition in opinion betweeh the kmg and his parliaments, before any ecclefiaftical reformation can take place • a prolpea which feems at prcfent to be yet too diftant. In the fouthem parts of France, fome of the clergy and magiftrates are as intolerant as ever: and The per- iccutions of the proteftants, or, as they are called, Hugonots. who are very nu- merous in thofe proviate?, continued till very lately. Since their alliance with America, the proteftants have been more encouraged, and their aflTemblies for wor- Ihip m many places not difturbed.* In ftiort. the common people of France dif- cover no difpofition towards a reformation in religion, which, if ever it takes place muft probably be effeded by the fpirit of the parliaments. I ft.all not enter info the antiquated dilputes between the Molinifts and the Janfenifts, or the diff-erent {^t\& of t^ictilts aiid Boungnons, and others that prevail among the Roman Catholics them- Iclves, or into the difputes that prevail between tlie parliament and clergy about *^\ :* '*r- ^'^''^ f ^^^ J^'og, toleration in mattcM o£ reli^iooi &c. to 3 liberal ^vf^nr i.-, 1. FRAN a. 525 the bull UnigcnUus, which advances the pope's power above that of the crown. The ftate of religion in France is a ftrong proof ol ibc pallive Uifpoliiion ot the na- tives and the bigotry of their kings, who, in coni;4ai|imce to the pope, have de- prived their Iciugdom, as already hinted, y^ fbme of its nioft ufeful inhabitants. It mull at the lumc time be owned, that t^ Hagonots, while they lublifted in a man- ner as a fcparate Hate within France, Ihewcd ft-Ifle difpohtions not very favourable to that defpotic fyftem of government which is cdablilhed in the kingdom; and on fonie occafions they did not difplay much inocl«;r^tion in matters of religion ; but, in general, their oppofitbn to the rulers and court, proceeded from repeated attacks on their liberties, and the perfecutions they fufliered. , , . ^ ^ , Archbishoprics, bishoprics, &c.] In the whole kingdom there are 17 arch- bilhops, 113 biihops, 77oabbiesformen, 31? abbies and priories for women, be- fides a great number of lelfer convents, and 250 conimandciies, of the order ot Mai I- but many of the abbies and nunneries have been lately fupiJicifed, and the revenues feized by the king. The ecclehaftics of all Ibrts are computed at near 200 000, and their revenues at about fix millions ftcrling. The king nornmates all archbiOiops, bifhops, abbots, and priors, and can tax the clergy without a papal licence or mandate: accordingly, not many years fince, he demainled the tw^itieth peun; of the clergy, and, to afcertain that, required them to deliver in an inventory of their eftates and incomes; to avoid which, they voluntarily made an ofler of the annual fum of twelve millions of livres, over and above the ulual free gift, which they pay every five years. This demand is often rep( aied m a time The archbiftiop of Lyons is count and primate of France. The archbilhop of Sens is primate of France and Germany. The archbilhop of Paris is duke and peer of the realm ; and the archbilhop of Rheims is duke and peer, and legate of th©. holy fee. . ,_,^ ... Language.] One of the wifeft meafures of Lewis XIV. was his encourage- ment of every propofal that tended to the purity and perfeaion of the French lan- jmage. He lucceeded fo far, as to render it the molt umverial of all the living' tongues ; a circumftance that tended equallv to his greatnels and his glory, for his court and nation thereby became the fchool of arts, fciences, ar.d politenefs. The French language, at pielent, is chiefly conapofed of words radically derived from the Latin, with many German derivatives introduced by the Franks. It is now ra- ther on the decay; its corner ftones, fixed under Lewis XIV. are as it were loof- ened; and in the prefent mode of writing and exprefling themlclves, the modern French abandon that grammatical fUndard, which alone can render a. language ciaf- fical and permanent. , , „ 1 ■ r • .u As to the propiieties oS'thelangu-ct . .^ -/ »'« undoubtedly greatly inferior to the ■ Enghfh; but they are well adapted 10 f ■>.,.;;Vi void of elevation or paffion. It is well accommodated to dalliance, coi-i^.^ments, and common converfation. The. Lord's Prayer in French is as follows : Nsire Fere qui es aux cieuXy ton turn ■ rdt fantiifie. Ton regne viemie. Ta volont'e foit faite en la lerre comme au ciel. Donne nom a»iourd'hu: otre pain qmtidicn. Pardonne nous nos offences, comme nous pardon- tionshctuxnui ouso7itofferwez. Et ne nous itidui point en tentation, man ■nous dehvn du mal: car h toi ell le re^ve, la puiffance, & la gloire aux /ticks desfticles. Amtn. Learning and learned m^en.] The French, like the other nations of Eu- rope, were for many centuries immerfcd in barbarity. The firft learning they be- can to- acquire, was not of that kind which improves the underftanding, correfts fu_»„A» 1!.- _.^,l».-.o tk« nff^Amr.^ It rnnfifted in a fubtile and Quibbling logic, wWch was more adapted to pervcu than to improve the faculties. iJut tne ituay ot. ^s*. » 526 PRANCE. the Greek and Roman writers, which firft arofe in Italy, diffufcd Itfelf among the Freadi, and ga%e a ocw turu to their literary puduiis. Thia, together with the encouragement which the polite and learned traucis I. gave to all men of merit, WHS extremely beneficial to French literature. During this rcigxi, many learned men appeared in France, who greatly dillinguifhcd themfclves by their writings^ among whom were Budcus, Clement Marot, Peter du Chatel, Rabelais, and Peter Ramus. The names of Henry and Robert Stephens, arc alio mentioned by every real fcholar with refpe r .u »«» Before the immortal Newton appeared in England, DefcarteH ^.as the grea eft phSofophcr in modern times. He was the firft who applied algebr. to the folution of geometrical problems, which naturally paved the way to the analytical dilcove- ries of Newton. Many of the prefent age arc excellent "^^tl^'^'"^"^'"'?' 5 P""^" larly D'Alembcrt, who, with all the precifion ot a geometer, has united the talents °^bcTthe"Siinning of the prefent century, the French have almoft vied with the Englifh inlaturaTphilofophy. Butfon would deferve to be reckoned aniong menof Icience, were he not M more remarkable for his eloquence than for his philolbphy. He is to be regarded as a philofophical painter ot nature ; and, under this vie^v, his Natural Hiftory is the firft work of its kind. Thik painters, Pouffin, Le Brun, and above all Le Sueur, did honour to the aae of Lewis XIV. They have none at prefent to compare vath them m the more noble kinds of painting; but Mr. Greule, for portraits and converfation-pieces, never perhaps was excelled. , . « i Sculpture i3 in general better underftood in France than in moft other counries of Europe. Their treatifes on {hip-building and engineering ftand unrivalled; but in the praaice of both they are outdone by the Englifb. No genius has hi- therto equalled Vauban in the theory or pradice ot fortification. The French were longourfuperiorsinarchiteaure; tUgh we now bid fair for fnrpaflmg them m '^We mail-conclude this head with obferiing, that the French have now fihillied the Encyclopedic, or general diaionary of arts and fciences, which was drawn up bv the moft able mafters in each branch of literature in 2S volumes m folio (fix of whkh^ are copper-plates), under the direaion of Mefliears D'Alembcrt and Diderot, and is the moft complete colleaion of human knowledge we are acquamt- ^VnIversit-ies and public colleges.] Thcfe literary inftitutions have received alofs for the prelbnt by the expulfion of the Jefuits, who made the languages, arts, andfciences, their particular ftudy, and taught them all o^.•r France; but as the extii6\ion ( f this body of men will probably leffen the intluence ot luperftmon in Snce, there is reafoli to believe that the interefts of real learning and Icnence ^n, upon the whole, be promoted by that event. It is not within my plan to defcribe the different governments and conftitutions ot every unuerlity or public college in France; bat they are in number twenty-eight, as 'follow; Ai-v Anglers, A S, Avignon, Befanc^on, Bourdeaux, Bourges. Caen Cahors, Dol, Douay, f a F echo, Montauban, V.onrpelliev, Nantes, Orange, Orleans, Pans, Perpignan. Poitiers, Pont-a-Mouffan, RichUeu, Rhcinis, Soillons, Straibourg, louloule, '^T^D^iMiEsV'T^^^^^ ^'^ ^^^' academies in Paris, nanulv, three literary ones, the French Academy, that of Infcriptions, and that ot the Sciences; one of p^itinc^andfculpture, oneofarchlteanre, and three for ruling the great hoHe, and other military exercifcs. ■. •* »«»»,JMj*aHii»« yw i ffi •- 528 FRANCE. 'il Anti<^j;itm8 akd cuRiosiTigs,,) Fcw countrics, if we except Italy, can boaft NATURAL AND AH.TIFICIAI.. f of morc Valuable reaiains of jjatiquity than Fraace. Some of the French aatiqaities belong to the time of the Celts, and coiv- fequently, compared to them, thoie of Rome are modem. Father Mabillon has given us a moft curious account of the fepulchres of their kings, which have been difcovered fo far back as Pharamond ; and feme of them, when broke open, were found to contain ornaments and jewels of value At Rheims, and other parts of France, are to be fcen triumphal arches ; but the moft entire is at Orange, erected on account of the vidory obtained over the Cimbri and Teutones, by Caius Ma- rius and Ludatius Catiilus. After Gaul was reduced to a Roman province, the Romans took vaft delight m adorning it with magnificent edifices, both civil and facred; fome of which are more entire than any to be met with in Italy itfelf. The ruins of an amphitheatre are to be found in 'Chalons, and likewife at Vienne. Nifmes, however, exhibits the moft valuable remains of ancifent architefture of any place in France. The famous Pont du Garde was raifed in the Auguftan age by the Roman colony of Nifmes, to convey a ftream of water between two moun- tains for the ufeof that city, and is as frefh to this day as Weftmi after-bridge : it confifts of three bridges, or tiers of arches one above another; the height is 174 feet, and the length extends to 723. The moderns are indebted for this, and many other ftupendous aqueduds, to the ignorance of the ancients, that all ftreanis ■will rife as high as their heads. Many other ruins of antiquity are found at Nifmes; bat the chief; are the temple of Diana, whofe veftiges are ftill remaining; the am- phitheatre, which is thought to be the fineft and moft entire of the kind of any in Europe; but above a?!, the houfe eredled by the emperor Adrian, called the Maifon Qji^arree. I'he architedure and fculpture of this building are fo exquifitely beautiful, that it enchants even the moft ignorant ; and it is ftill entire, being very little afleded either by the ravages of time, or the havoc of war. At Paris, in La Rue de la Harpe, may be ieen the remains of a palace, or Thermee, fuppofed to have been built by the emperor Julian, furnanied the Apoftate, about the year 356, after the fame model as the baths of Dioclefian. The remains of this ancient edi- tice are many arches, and within them a large faloon. It is fabricated of a kind of niallic, -^ the compofitiun of which is not now known, intermixed with fmall fquare pieces of free-ftone and bricks. At Aries in Provence is to be feen an obeliflc of oriental granite, which is 5Z feet high, and feven feet diameter at the bale, and all hut one ftone. Roman temples are frequent in France. The moft particular are in Burgundy and Guienne ; and other places, Lefides the neighbourhood of Nifmes, contain magnificent ruins of aqueduds. The paflage cut through the middle of a rock near Brian^on in Dau- phiuy, is thought to be a Roman work, if not of greater antiquity. The round buckler of malTy filvcr, taken out of the Rhone in 1665, being twenty inches in diameter, and weighiiig twenty-one pounds, containing the ftory of Scipio's conti- nence, is thought to be coeval with that great general. It would be endlefs to re- count the diile/ent monuments of antiquity to be found in France, particularly in the cabinets ot the curious. I have already mentioned feveral remarkable fprings and mountains, which may he confidered as natural curiofuies. Some of the modern works of art, pariicular- 1/ the canals, h.iyc been alio bef(u-c noticed. There are lome fubterraneous paffages and holes, efpecially at St. Aubin in Brittany, and Niont in Dauphiuy, really ftu- pendous. CiTiKs AND TOWNS.] Thcfc arc numerous in France; of which we ftiall men- tion only Paris, Lidc, and their principal fea-poris, Brcft and Toulon. ' • lit FRAN C Sir 529 Lifle in Frendi Flanders, is thought to he the moft regular and ftrongeft foruf - cation inluropc and .was the mafter-piece of the iamous Va«ban. Itas genmUjr SrSed with above 10,000 regulars ; .and, for us magmficence and elegance, .it rcalkd Lhtle Paris, lis nianuf&lures of fUk, cambric, and camblets, arc ycxy S.'SderV; and its inhabitants amount to about ioo,ooo. Evey reader is ax:- wSwith the hiftory of Dunkirk, ^tich.the French were obhge"«"y ^^.^^.^^^^^^^ The houfcs are built of ftone, and are generally mean, even to ^^ retchednels, owing . One GMi, . npted dyer at Uhelms. v-..s the fi.ft .■ho fettled in ^'^'^^f ^=;,S,f .^ l^Je- cis 1. and the houlb has retained hi. rame ever f.nce 5 and here, the great Colbeit, abo.t year 1667, cllablifhed that valuable manutaftor/. ■ . 17 3 ^ ■biM^J^'.«ri4^ SMH ttm. 530 RANGE. partly to their containing a different family on every floor. The river Seine, which runs through the centre of the city, is not half fo large as the Thames at London : it is too far diftant from the fea for the purpofes of navigation, and is not furnilhed, as thelhames, with veffels or boats of any Ibrt : over it are nrany ftone and wooden bridges, which have noth'.ng to recommend them. The Areets of Paris are gene- rally crowded, particularly with coaches, which gives th^t capital the appearance of wealth and grandeur; though, in reality, there is more Ihow than fubftance. The glittering carriages that dazzle the eyes of ftrangers are moftly common hacks, hired by the day or week to the numerous foreigners who vifit that city; and in truth, the greateft part of the trade of Paris arifes from the conftant fucceffion of ftrangers that arrive daily, from every nation and quarter of the globe. This afcendanc^ over other nations, is undoubtedly owing to the reputation of their lan- guag;e, their public buildings, the Gobelines, or manufadlure of tapeftry, their li- braries, and coUedions of paintings, that are open to the public ; the cheapnefs of provifions, excellency of the French wines, and above all, the purity of the air and climate in France. With all thefe advantages, Pari«, in general, wMl not bear a comparifon with London, in the more effential circumltances of a thriving foreign and domeftic trade, the cleannefs of their ftreets, elegance of their houfes, efpecially within ; the plenty of water, and that of a better quality than the Seine, which it is faid difagrees with ftrangers, as do likewife their fniall wines. In the houfes of Paris moft of the floors are of brick, and have no other kind of cleaning than that of being fprinkled with water, and fwept once a day. Thefe brick floors, the ftone flairs, the want of wainfcotting in the rooms, and the thick party-walls of ftone, are however, good prefervatives againft fire, which ieldom does any damage in this city. Inftead of wainfcotting, the walls are covered with tapeftry oi damalk. J he beds ia general are very good, and well ornamented with tefter and curtains j but b?.-g£ are here a moft intolerable nuifance, which fre- quently oblige ftrangers to (Icep on the floor during the exceflive heat in the fum- nier. Their (hops are but poor\y ftored with goods ; nor has their government made the provilions that are ever m its power for the comfort of the inferior ranks ; its whole attention feeming to be diredled to the con\eniency and fplendour of the great. The ftiopkeepers and rradefmen, an indolent, loitering people, feldom make their appearance before dinner in any other than u morning drefe, of velvet cap, filk night-gown, and Morocco flippers; but when they intend a vifit, or going abroad, all the pundlilios of a courtier are attended to, and hardly the te- feuibiance of a man remains. There is a remarkable coutraft between thi.s cla/s of people and thofe of the fame rank in London. In Paris, the women pack up par- cels, enter the orders, and do moft of the drudgery bufmefs of the fiiop, while the huftjand loiters about, talks of the great, of falhions and diverfions, the invincible force of their armies, and the fplendour of the grand monarque. The Parifians however, as well as the natives of France in general, are remarkably temperate in their living ; and to be intoxicated with liquor is confidercd as infamous. Bread, and all manner ot butchers meat and poultry, are extremely good in Paris ; the beef is excellent ; the wine they generally drink, is a very thin kind of Burgundy. The common people, in the fummer feafon, live chiefly on bread, butter, grapes, and fmall wine. iTie Parifians fcarcely know the ufe of ten, but they have coflee in plenty. I'he police of Paiis is fo well attended to, that quarrels, accidents, or feloni««, feldom happen; and ftrangers, from all quart';rs of the globe, let their appearance be ever fo uncommon, meet with the Jiioft polite t -cattnent. The ftreets are patrolled at nighf by horfe and foot ; fo judicioufty ftationed, that no offender can cfcape t^eir vigiUoce. They likewife vifit the publicans pretifely at jV- F R N E. 531 tbe hour of tw^elrc at night, i.o fee that the company are gone ; for in Paris no liquor can be had after that time. The public roads in France are under the fame excellent regulation, which, with the torture of the rack, prevents robberies in that kingdom; but for the fame reafon, when robberies do happen, they are always attended with the death of the unfortunate traveller. The environs of Paris are very pleafant, and contain a number of fine feats, fmall towns, and villages ; fome of them being fcattered on the edges of lofty mountains tiling from the Seine, are remarkably delightful. The palace of Verfailles, which Hands twelve miles from Pans, though magmfi- cent and expenlive beyond conception, and adorned with all that art can fiirnilh, is properly a colkaion of buildings, each of exquifite arcbiteaure, bu' not forming a whole, agreeable to the grand and fublime of that art. The gardens, and water- works, (which are fupplied by means of prodigious engines acrofs the Seme at Marli, about three miles diftance), are aftonilhing proofs of the fertile genms of rnan, and highly worthy of a ftranger's attention. Trianon, Marh, St. Germam en Laye, Meudon, and other royal palaces, are laid out with taf..- and judgment; each has its peculiar beauties for the entertainment and amufement of a luxurious court ; but fome of them are in a fhamefiil condition, both as to repairs and cleanlinefs. Breft is a fmall, but very ftrong town, upon the Englilh channel, with a moft fpa- cious and fine fortified road and harbour, the beft and fafeft in all the kingdom: yet its entrance is difficult, by reafon of many rocks Ipng under water. At Breft is a court of admiralty, and academy for fea-aflairs, docks, and magazines for all kinds of naval ftores, rope-yards, ftore-houfes, &c. infomuch that it may now be termed the capital receptacle for the navy. royal of France, and is admirably well adapted for that end. Lewis XIV. rendered Toulon, from a pitifiil village, a fea-port of great impor- tance. He fortified both the town and harbour, for the reception and protedion of the navy-royal. Its old and its new harbour lie contiguous ; and by means of a canal, (hips pafs from the one to the other, both of them having an outlet into the fpacious outer harbour. Its arfenal, eftablifhed alfo by that king, has a panicular ftorehoufe for each (hip of war, its guns, cordage, &c. being feparately laid up. Here are fpacious worklhops for blackfmiths, joiners, carpenters, lockfmiths, car- vers, &c. Its rope-walk, of ftone, is 320 toifes or fathoms in length, with three arched walks. Its general magazine fupplies whatever inay be wanting in the parti- cular ftorehoufes, and contains an immenfe quantity of all kinds of ftores, difpoled in the greateft order. Ck)MMERCE AND MANUFACTURES.] Ncxt to Hcnrv IV. juftly ftylcd the Great, the famous Colbert, minifter to Lewis XIV. may be called the father of the French commerce and manufafturcs. Under him there was a great appearance that France would make as illuftrious a figure as a trading, as Ihe did then as a warlike people ; but the truth is, the French do not naturally poffefs that undaunted perfeverancc which is neceffary for commerce and colonization, though no people, in theory, un- derttand them better. It is to be confidered at the fame time, that France, bjr her fituation, by the turn of her inhabitants for certain manufadurcs, and the happinels of her foil, muft be always poffeffed of great inland and neighbouring trade, which enriches her, and makes her the moft rellpe£lable power upon the continent of Eu-. rope. I have already enumerated her natural commodities ; to which may be added, her manufaiiiurcs ot falt-pctre, iilk, embrodiery, filver, ftuFs, tapeftr>% cambrick?, hvras, fine laces, fine forges and ftuffs, velvets, brocades, paper, brandy, which is diftilled from wine, a prodigious variety of toys, and other articles ; many of which are Imugglcd into Great Bjitain, for which they are paid in ready money. 3 Y 2 ' 11 . . i .■yjJiMilBOWliir"" 532 R N E. The filk maaufa^lure was introduced into France fo late as the reign of Henry XY. aiid in the age of his grandibn Lewis XIV. the city of Tours abni^ employed £000 loonis, ajid 800 mills. The city of Lyons then employed 18,000 looms; but after the impolitic and uujuft revocation of the edi^t of Mantes, the cxpuiion of the Proteftants, and the ruinous wars maintained by France, they decreal'cd to 4000 ; and their filk Hiauuiafture is now rivalled by that of England, where the French Proteftants took refuge, and were happily encouraged. On the other band, the French woollen cloths and ftufls, more efpccially at Abbeville, are faid to be now little inferior to thole of England and Holland, aflifted by the clandelUne importa- tion of Englifti and Irilh wool, and workmen from this country. Befides the infinite advantage arifing to her inland commerce, from her rivers, and navigaUe canr.ls, her foreign trade may be faid to cxterwl iifelf all over the gjobe. It is a doubtful point whether the crown of France was a bfer by its cefliou of Ca" nada and part of Louifiana at the late peace. But the moft valuable part of Hif- paniola in the Weft Indies which ftie poffeifes )y the partia,lity and indolence of Spain, is a moft improveable acquifition, and the moft valuable of all her foreig^n colonies. In the Weft Indies Ihe likewife poftefles the moft important fugar iflands of Martinico, Guudaloupe, St. Lucia, Tobago, St- Bartholomew, Deleada, and Marigalante. Her polfellLons in North America, are only a fmall trad ujwn the MiHiffippi. The French poffeflions in the Eaft Indies, are not very confider- able; though had their genius been more turned for commerce than war, they might have engrofled more territory and revenues than are now in poffeihon of the Englifh. At prefent (fays Mr. Auderfon), ' her land trade to Switzerland and Italy is by way of Lj^ous — ^To Germany, through Metz and Straft)urgh — To the Netherlands, through Lifle — To Spain (a moft profitable one), through Bayonnc and Perpignan. As for the naval commerce, her ports in the channel, and on the weftern ocean, are frequented by all the trading nations in Europe, to the great ad- vantage of France, more efpetiaUy relpe£ling what is carried on uith England, Hol- land, and Italy. The trade from her Mediterranean ports (more particularly from Marfeilles) with Tnrky and Africa has long been very confidcrable.' The Weft India iflands produce annually, on an average, Sugar, 224,000,000 lbs,— • Coffee, 62,000,000 lbs — Cotton, 7,7oo,ooolbs — 'Indigo, 2,2oo,ooolbs, with many other articles. 'I'otal value of Weft-India produds, 190,000^00 livres, or 8,636,oC'Ol. SterUng, on which there is a duty received of 9,000,0 lirres, or 400,000!. Sterling. France exports 10 the amount of 102,000,000 livres, which dcduded from 190,000,000 livres, (the whole value) leaves 88,000,000 livres, or 400,000!. fterling for home tonfumption. The Newfoundland Fiftieries employ annually 264 fliips, containing 27,439 tons, and 9403 men. Total value of the Fiftiery, 6,000,000 livres, or 270,000!. Sterling. Tilt Eaft-India importation is valued at i8,ooo,oco livres, or 8oo,oool. Sterling. Total Exports of France Imports 332,000,000 Kvrcs, or /. 15,000,000 Sterling 256,000,000 livres, or /,. 1 1,640,000 Balance in favor of France - ' C- 3)36o,ooo Sterling. * One great difadvantage to the commerce of France is, that the profHTion of a mer- cliant is not fo honourable as in England and fome other countries, fo that the French nobility think it below them ; which is the reafon that the church, the law, and" the army, are fo full of that order. A great number of the cities of Franct: have the privilege of coinage, and each of them a particular mark ro diflinguifli ifeeir refpefttve pieces ; which muft be very embarrafling, efpccially to ft rangers. • TheCe articles of inforniaflon arc extracted frem the account* to which the Publi.'her of this Edition hzs fo frequentlgr acknowUdgcd himfclf iudcbtcU. R N £. 53^ PtTBUc xRADiKO fcoMPAWK.] Th* bftitudoiis of pubUc tradmg companies to Can^a or New France, aaidthe' Eaft and Weft Indies formerly coft the H-ench crowa iinmenfe fums; but we know none of them now fubfiftmg, though no doubt their Weft India trade, which is ftiU very confiderable, efpecially m fngar, is undei proper regulaLions, pcefcribetl by their councils of conunerce. ■„ r . ^al CoN«T»,tiTros AND GovEKiMKNT.] !> conftitutiou of i rance, la feudal timea. was very unfavourable to monarchy; but the opprciT.ons of the g.rcf J«nd^ l«ddeW by de^s. grew ta irkfome to the liibjeas, that they Fefe"^d ^"7- «Sch£l to. t2Trift«Sr»tical government. Ariftocracy, hawever ftill ^"bfifted m ?ome degree to the beginning of the laft century, chiefly through the ne^fTuy which the HuiLota or proteftants were under to have princes of the blood and men of awat quality for their leaders; but Richlieu in the time of Lewis XIII. gave it rniortS^blo5l.rand all the civil difputes in France fince have been ^niong great men for poirer and places, and between the. kings and their parliaments ; but the latter were fddom or never attended with any fangumary eiledts. ITie prefent parliament of Frar^e has no analogy with that of Great Britain It was onginally inftituted toferve as a kind of law afliftant to ''^e^ff^'"^ y of the ftates which was compofed of the great peers and landholders of the kingdom ; ^d ;v7r fince it continued to be a law, and at laft a money court ; and the mem- S hZ had the courage of late to claim a kind of a negative power to the royal eSas which they pretend can be of no validity till.iegiftered by them. His ^ft Crriftian Majefty has often tried to invalidate their adls, and to intimidate Sperfona; but, defpotic as he is, he has never ventured to infi.a any farther punijhment than a llighrbaniftnnent, or imprifonment, for their moft provokmg ads ''^Thb^fd'kulous fituation between power and privilege, fhevvs the '"^Jp^'^y ^^, ^|;^ French conftitution, as the king dares not punifti, and his pajhanient wiU not obey but it difcovers at the fame time, that the nation in general thinks the parliament us ■ natural gLurdian againft the court. r ,,.\,;nh Tlie kingdom of France is divided imo thirty governments, over each of which is appointed a king's lieutei>ant-general, a fuperintendant, who pretty much re- •embkrthe lord-lieutenants in England, but heir executive . powers are far more menfive r^ftributive juftice i:i Fiance is adminiftered by parliaments, chamber ^accounts, courts of aid, prelidial courts, generaluK-s eleaionv _«"'l^«^her courts. The parliaments were in number fifteen; thoie of Paris, louloufe, Rouen Grenoble, Bouideaux, Dijon, Aix, Rheims, Pan, Met., Befan^on,: Douay, Per- ■ pigTan Colmar, and Arras.' Several of thefe parliaments, howe-^V-TuT mfied in one. The parliament of Pans is the chief and takes the lead in all na- - onal bufinefs. It is"^ divided into ten chambers. The grand chamber is appro- Wed chiefly for the trial of peei«. The Tournelle Civile judges in all "patters of property above the value of 1000 livres. The Tournelle Cnnunelle receives and ■ deckies^appeals from inferior courts in criminal cafes. Beiide thefe three capital ch^mbers,\here are five of rcqueft*. for receiving the depofitions of ^/neffes and • Sluing caufes, pretty much in the fame manner as our bills and aniwers in '^Thriexfc^urt o^^^^^^^ in France is the chamber of accounts ; where all matters of public finances are examined, treaties of peace and grants ^egiftered and t^e valTalaaec du • from -ae royal fiefs are received. The chambers are m iiumber the vallalage. du.^rcm .^^ > ^ Montv^eher, Greno- ^1! ; i twelve, and held in the cities ( ble, Aix, Fau, Bk>'s, Lifle, Aire, and Dole. •\Ii'>Ts-)'»*'-.' ^^H^SSJ 15J*M81S«'Eaa5«fa-|«»BfcW ^■4 L. ':^v»^/ 534 R K £. ' .( *l: The ihiid court of judicature is the court of aid, where all matters that relate to the royal revenue, and the raJfmg of money, are determined. The fourth are the preiidial courts, which are compofed of judges for determining matters in appeal from magiftrates of little towns and villages. The next court are the generalities, who proportion the taxes to be raifed in tVjeir diftrifts, according to the fum that is appointed to be levied. They likevvife take cognifance of matters relating tc the crown-lands, and certain branches of the re- venue. Tbefe courts are in number twenty three, each conlilting of twenty-three jierfons ; and they are diltributed over the kingdom for the more x:onvenient dif- patch of bufmels. Subjed to thcfe generalities, are »he courts of deftions, which fettle the fmaller proportions of taxes that are to be paid by pariihes and inferior diftri€b, and how much each individual in the faiae is to pay. This isdone by a coUeftor, who re- turns the afTeflmems to the court of generalities. Bcfides the above courts, the French have intendant« of jufticCj police, and finances, whofe power?, when pro- perly executed, are of great fervsce to the peace of the community. They have likcwife provoftq, fenefcals, baihft's, and other officers, whom we have no room to €aumm-ate. After the -readei- has been told of the excellency of the climate, and fertility of the foil ill France ; her numerous maimfaAures and extenfive commerce; her great cities, numerous towns, fea-ports, rivers and canals; ihe cheapnefs of provinons, wines and liquors ; the formidable armies and fleets fhe has fent forth, to the ter- ror of Europe ; and the natural character of her inhabitants, their fprightlinefs and gaiety; he will undoubtedly conclude, that France is the molt powerful nation, and her people the moft opulent and happy in Europe, llie reverie, however, appears to be the ftate of that nation at prefent ^ and we 5v> not find that in any former pe- riod they were more rich or inare happy. True it is, that in a country ,fo extenfive and fruitful, lier government finds ini- menfe refources in men and money ; but, as if the French councils were diredled by an evil genius, thefe refources, great .as they arc, by a wrong application have proved the ruin of the people. The moft obvious caufes of this national poverty took their rife from the ambition and vanity of their kings and leading men, whicn led them into fcbemes of univerfal dominion, the aggrandizentent of their name, and the enfla\4ng of Cbriftendom. Their wars, which thev fometimes carried on flgainft one half of Europe, and in which *hey were generally unfortunate, led them into difficulties to which t'le ordinary revenues were inadequate ; and hence pro- ceeded the arbitrary demands lupon the fubje£t, under various pretences, in the name of loans, free-gifts, &c. When thefe failed, other methods, more defpotic and unwarrantable, i'uch as raifmg and reducing the value of money as it fuited their own purpofes, -nationa! bankruptcies, and other grievous oppreffions, were adopted, which gave the fioifhing blow to public credit, and fhook the foundations of trade, commerce, and induftry, the fruits of which no man could call his own. "When we confider the motives of thefe wars, a defire to enflave and render mi- ferable the nations around them, tliat man muft be devoid of humanity whofe breaft is not raifed with indignation upon the bait mention of the blood that has been fplit. the niiferics and dcfolations that have happened, and the numerous places that hav^j follen a facrifice to their anjbition. It appears too plain, from their late attack upon Corfica, that their own misfoi^tunes have not taught them w:ifdpni or humanity ; ibr while they thus grafp after foreign conqiiefl, their own .country exhibits a pidure of mifery and beggirj'.. Their towns, a very few excepted, .lajke a moft difmal and folitaty appearance. The ffiops are mean Seyond dcfcrip- i' i ^iM FRAN E. 535 1 1 I tion ; and the paflengers, who faunter through a labyrinth of narrow dirty ftreets, appear to be chiefly compofed of priefts and devotees paflhig to or from mafs, hair- dreflers, and beggars. I'hat this is the appearance of their towns, and many of their cities, we may appeal to the obfervation of any one who has been in that kmg- dom. Were it poHlble to mention a people more mdigent than thefe citizens, we naght defcribe the farmers and peafantry. We have in another place mentioned the natural advantages of France, where the hills ate covered with grapes, and moft extenfive plains produce excellent csops of corn, r^e, and barley. Amidft thia proftifion of plenty, the farmer and his family barely exift upon the gleanings, and his cattle, which are feldom numerous, pick a fubhftence, in the fummer months, from the fkirts of his fields. Here the farmer, meagre, difpirited, and depreffed, exhibits a fpe6lacle of indigence hardly credible : and to fee him plowing the ground with a lean cow, afs, and a goat yoked together, excites in an Englifli traveller that pity to whicb human nature is entitled. He forgets the country while he feeb for the man. Many of the taxes and revenues in France are let out for a time to the beft bidder, or, as it is there called, farmed; and thefe harries, the farmers gene- ral,, aad their undeclings, make no fcruple of fleecing the people moft unmerci- fully; and the refidue, if any do remain, goes to fatisfy the cravings of a numer- ous clergy, who in their turn are obliged, as well as the laity, to advance the go- vernment immenfe fums, under the names of tenths and free-gifts, exclufive of which, theyarenow taxed with a certainfuffly to be paid annually. Revenues.] In 17 16, the whole fpecie of France, in gold andfilver, was com- puted to be about feventeen millions fterling; and though the crown was then doubly a bankrupt, beingindebt about 100 millions fterling, or 2000 millions of livres, yet by laying hold of almoft all the curcenfe money in the kingdom, and by arbitrarily raifmg or lowering the value of coins, in four years time the duke regent of France publiftied a general ftate of the public debts, by which it appeared>that the king fcarcely owed 340 raillions of livres. This- being done by a national robbery, we can form no idea but that of defpotifm, of the means by which fo great a reduftion was efle£led. The French court has not fmce that time blufhed to own, as towards the conclufion of the former wars and alfo in 1769, that their king was bankrupt ; and his miniftershave purfued mealiires pretty much fimilar to thoie pra6lifed by the regent, to recruit the royal- finances.. The following flate of the revenues and expences of France for 1787 is extracted. from an account printed Uy order of the king. R E V E N U E. EXPENCES OF GOVERN 'WENT. Livrei. Livres. General 574,000,000 , Intcreft t* N.uional Debt 2 1 1 (COO.OOO Particular »«. 32iOOO,OCO Army and Ordnance — 105,000,000 Iflands - Navy — — 415,200,000 Dominique — 6*940,030 Fe ntions — 26,000,000 Martinique — 1,100,000 ' Sundries, viz. encouragement Guadeloupe — 900,000 of Commerce, Agriculture, Cayenne — 60,000 &c. &c. 3.^7,800,000 Total 615,000,000 Total 735,000,00© Or; jC 28,000,000 Sterling. Or, ;£ 33,400,000 Sterling. . From this account it appears, that the revenue of France amounted in the year [787, to 28,000,0001. fterling, (allowing 22 livres to the pound fterling) and the ex- |)ences were 33,400,000!. fterling, of which 9,590,000!. is the intereli of national iebt, fo that the expences exceeded the national income by 5,454,000!. The co!lec» kion of this revenue coft 2,700,000!. which is at the rate of about i ot per cent. t> 5.3<5 FRAN E. m MiiiTAnnr atid 'marfme stkingth.] Thca is mo nation in Europe where the art of War, particularly that part Of :it )reUtiQg to gunnety and fbrtiticatioii, is 'bet- ter underftood than in Prance. J3efidcs other methods for cuhivaiiog it, theieisa royal military academy eilablilhed purpofely for trdning up scio young gentlemen at a time, in the feveral branches of thisgreat art. In time of peace the crown of France maintains 228,497 men, but at a veryfmall comparati\'e expence, the pay of the common men being little more than two-pence halfpenny per day. In a time of War 400,000 bare been brought < into the field; -but thofe that are laifcdfromtfae militia are very indifferent troops. In the reign of Lewis JXIV.the'Fronchihad at one time loolhips of the line, which was almoft equal to the raarinefbrce of all Eu- rope befides. The French have, however, at fea been generally defeated iiy the Eng- lifh. The engagement at La Hogue, which happened in .1692, gave a blow to the French marine which it was long before it recovered. The late. klng^ Lewis XV. has more than once made prodigious efforts towards re-eftablilhing his navy; but his of- ficers and leameu were fo much inferior to thofe of England, that he feemed during the war of 1756, to have built Ihips of force for the fervice of Great Britain, ^fo fre- qneut were the captures made by the Englilh. However, after the commencement of .5-j.V.lities between Great Britain and France, on account of the coududl of the latter '.a utfifting the revolted American colonies, it has appeared that the French navy is bc- (<;»>iie more formidable than at any preceding period, their miniftry having exerted * heir utmoft cflbrts to ertablilh a powerful marine. According to tlje account printed I y order of the king, the navy of France in the year 17S7, confiftedof 72'lhips of the line, of which 2 are of 120 guns, — 4 of no, — 7 of 80,-^44 of 74, — 10 of 64, — and 5 of 50. There are 63 frigates, 36 corvettes, 18 cutters, 10 luggers, 4 che- b. cs, 4 bomb-ketches, and 54 itore-fhips. RovAX TITLES, ARMS, NOBILITY ) The title affumoJ by the Fjench king is, AND ORDKRs. J (imply, king of France and Navarre; and by way of compliment he is called his Moft Ghriftian Majdty. His arms are three fleurs-de-lis, or, in a field argent, fupported by two angels in the habits of Le- viies, having each of them a banner in his hand, with the fame arms. The motto is Lil'ia non laborant ne/jue ncnt. About the year 1349, Hubert, the laft count of Dauphiny, being accidentally the occafion of his fon's death, annexed that «. anty to the crown of France, upon condition that the eldeft fon of France fhould be, for the time to come, ftyled Dauphin. The French nobility are of four kinds; firll, the princes of the blood; fecondly, dukes and counts, peers of France ; thirdly, the ordinary nobility ; fourthly, the nobility lately niaile, or thofe made in the prefent reign. Ihe firlt prince of the blood IS the perfon who flands next to the crown after the king's fons. The knights of the Holy Ghoft are ranked among the higher nobility ; as are the governors and lieutenants-general of provinces. In France there are three orders ; ^r^, that " of Si. Michael," inftituted in 1469 by Louis XI. and though originally compofed only of thirty-fix knights, was af- terwards enlarged to a hundred. It is fallen into difrepute, being conferred on a r- tifts, phyfitians, niagiilrates, &c. they wear a black watered ribband fafh-ways over the right fhoulder, to which is pendant a medallion of the fame figure, with thatdefcribed in the order of the Holy Ghoft, enamelled green. Their badge is a golden oval medallion, in which is St. Michael trampling the dragon under his feet. A per(bn muft be a knight of this order belbre he can enter into the ficonci, " of the Holy Choji," which was founded in 1579 by Henry III. and is compofed of a hundred pcrfous, exclufive of the Ibvereign, and conferred only on piinc cs of the F R N E. 537 blood and perfons of the higheft rank. All are to be Catholics, and, except the 14 commanders, which confift of Cardinals, Prehtes, and the officers of the order, are all to prove the nobility of their defcent for above 100 years. The Dauphin is re- ceived into both orders on the day of his birth. The badge is a filver liar or ciols of eight points, with a fieur de lis at each angle, and a dove, the emblem ot the Holy Ghoft, in the centre, embroidered on the left fide of the outer garment as the Itar of our knights of the Garter is, and a fky-blue watered riband fafti-ways, oyer the right (boulder, to which is pendent a medallion of the figure of the ftar, euamellett white, with fleurs de lis, or, at the great angles, having a dove on one fide, and t>t. Mt- chael with the dragon on the other. 7hird, the order « of St. Lews, \yhich was inftitutedintheyear 1693 by Lewis XIV. merely for military merit, and is yorn by almoft every officer, and even fubalterns. The fir ft clafs confifts of +0 knights who are ftyled aemliers Gratid Croix, and they wear a ftar, with the badge on the left fide of their garment : the fecond clafs are 80. in number, ftyled tbevalrers ton:- mandrms, &c. but have no ftar : the third clafs is unlimited, and who \year the badge at the button-hole of their coat; the badge is the image of St. Louis in ar- mour, holding in his left hand a crown of thorns, and m his right a crown ot laurel with the infciiption Ludovims Magnus hiptitU atim 1693; on the reverie, a fword erea, the point through a chaplet of laurel, bound with a whue riband, en- amelled with this motto, Bellica inrtutis prammn. The knights of the hrft two claffes have penfions, and the order gives them the privileges of the Noblefe, but doth not ennoble the family. As of this order all muft be Catholics, Lewis XV . inni- tutcd the order of M////fl/7 Merit in the year 1759, in favour of the proteftant of- ficers of foreign regiments in the fervice of France. In all other lefpefts the fla- tutes are the fame with thofe of the order of St. Lewis. There are two Chevaliers Grand Croix, four of the fecond clafs, and an unlimited number of ordinary knights. The badge of the order is a crofs of eight points, enamelled white, on the one fide a fword in pale, v^th the motto. Pro virlute bellica, and on the le^■er^e a chaplet of laurel within this infcription, Ludvincus XV. inftituit anm \1S9- Jhe otdkvoi St. Uzare, revived by Henry IV. in 1607, and united to that of ^otre Dame de Mont Carmel, hath fallen into difrepute, but ftill continues, and conliits of 100 knights under a Grand Mafter: the badge is a crofs of eight points, m the an. files four fleurs de lis, with the Virgin Mary and her child Jefus m the centre of it. History.] The hiftory of no country is better authenticated than that of trance, and it is particularly interefting to a Britilh reader. This kingdom, which was by the Romans called Tranfalpine Gaul, or Gaul beyond the Alps, to diftmguifti it from Cifalpine Gaul, on the Italian fide of the Alps, was probably peopled from Italy, to which it lies contiguous. Like other European nations, itfoon became a defirable obiedl to the ambitious Romans ; and, after a brave refiftance, was ' annexed to their empire by the invincible arms of Julius Cafar, about forty-eight years before Chrift. Gaul continued in the poflefl'on of the Romans till the domi- fal of that empire in the fifth century, when it became a prey to the Goths, the Burgundiam,' and the Franks, who fubdued, but did not extirpate the ancient natives. The Franks themfelves, who gave it the name of France, or Frankenland, were' .1 colleaion of feveral people inhabiting Germany, and particularly the bahi, who lived on the banks of the river Sale, and who cultivated the principles of junfpru- dence better than their neighbours. Thefe Salii had a rule, which the reft of the Franks are faid to have adopted, and has been by the modern Franks applied to the lucceflion of the throne, excluding all females from the inheritance oi lovcreignty, and is well known by the name of the Salic Law. 17 3 '/' WJH I 'I •v '' 5a^ R N E. Tbe Franks aud Burgundiaa% after cftablifhing their i)ower, and reducing the origtoal natives tc a ttatc of flaveiy, parcelled out the lands among their prUTcipal eadersi and fucceeding kings found it ueceffary to confirm their privikRcs al- lowing tbcm to cxcrcilc fovercign authority in their refpeaivc governnieutj. untU ttjcy at leogtU aOuraed an independcjocy, only acknowledging the king as, their A u ^*^* '^® to thofe numerous principalities that were formerly in IVaiuc and to the fevcral parliauiem*; foe every proviuce became, in its policy and ffo- vemniem, an epitooie of the whole kingdom ; and uo laws were made, or taxc* railed, witboui the concurrcacc of the grand council, confiiUny of tbe clerjiv and of the nobility, " '^ ^^ Thus, as in other £uropcau nations, immediately after the diffolution of the Roman empire, thefirft government iu France feeras to have been a kind of mixed monarchy and the power of their kings extremely circunifcribed and limited bv trie feudal barons. ■' The firft ChriOian monarch of the Franks (according to Daniel, ome of the beft French hiltonans) was ClovLs, who began his reign anno 481, and was baptized, and introduced Cbriaunity m the year 496: from which jwiod the French hiftorv exhibits a ienes of great events; and we find them generally engaged in domellic broils or in foreign wars. The firft race of their kings, prior to Charleniagiic, lound a cruel enemy m the Saracens, who then over-ran Europe, and retaliated the barbarities of the Goths and Vandals upon their pofterity. In the year 8cc Char- lemagne, king of France, Avhom we ha\e often lucniioued as the glory of ihofc dark ages became mafterof Germany, Sjjaiu, and part of Italy, and was crow^ncd kingot the Romans by the pope; he divided his empire by will among his Ibns winch proved fatal to his family and pofterity. Soon after this, the Mornians, a lierce warlike people from Norway, Deiunark, and other parts of Scandinavia, a- vaged the kingdom of France, and, about the year 900, obliged the French to yield up Normandy and Bretagne to Rollo, their leader, who married the king's claughter, and was j)erfuaded to profefs himfelf a Chriftian. 'Ihis laid the fouutla- lion of the Norman power in France; which afterwards gave a king to England in the perion of William duke of Normandy, who fubdued Harold, the laft Saxon kmg, in the year 1066. This event proved unfortunate and ruinous to France as It engaged that nation in almoft perpetual wars with England, for whom they were not an equal match, notwilhftanding their numbers, and the afliftance they received from Scotland. ^ The rage of crufading, which broke out at this time, was of infinite fervice to the French crown m two rcfpeds : in the firft place, it carried off hundreds of Jhoulauds of Its turbulent fubjeds, and their leaders, who were almoft independent of the king : m the next, the kiug fucceeded to the cftates of numbers of the no- D^hty, who died abroad without heirs. But pairing over the dark ages of the crufedes, their expeditions to the Hoi* i^nd, and wars with England, which have already been niemioned, w,§ ftiall pro- feed to that period when the French began to extend their influence over Europe: •and this brings us to the reign of Francis I. contemporary with Henry VIIl. of Jt,ngland. 'J bis prince, though he was brave to excels in his own perfon, and had defeated the Swifs, who till then were deemed invincible, was an unfortunate war- rion He had great abilities and great defb^s. He was a candidate for the empire of Gernuny, but loft the imperial crown : Charles V. of the houfe of Auftria, and kmg of Spam, being chofen. Francis made fome dazzling expeditions agaiuft ^P'V"' ^"' \'].^^]^^ his mother, of whom he was very fond, to abufe his power ; by' v/hirch he difobhged the conftable of Bourbon, the gieateft of his l\ibje IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V. /. ^1 1.0 I.I I^ i^ ill 22 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► 7 '/] ^3 "^ 'V -.^. /(S Photographic Sciences Corporation d V 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ V)- a"-" X^"* "% '^^ w WJ'.- 6^ / ■^5^ .540 N C E. Religion at that time fupplied to the informed nobility of France the feudal powers they had loft. The heads of the Proteftants could raife armies of Hiigo> nots. The governors of provinces behaved in them as if they had been indepeud* ent of the crown; and the parties were fo equally balanced, that the name of the king alone turned the fcale. A My league was formed for the defence of the ca- tholic religion, at the head of which was the duke of Guife. The Proteftants under the prince of Ck>nde, and the duke of Aleu^on, the king's brother, called in the German princes to their affiftance; and a fixth civil war broke out in 1577, in which the king of Spain took the part of the league, in revenge of the duke of Alengon declaring himfelf lord of the Netherlands. This civil war was finifhed within the year, by another iham peace. The king, ever fince his acceflion to the crown, had plunged himfelf into a courfe of in&mous debauchery and religious ex- travagance. He was entirely governed by his profligate favourites, but he polfelfed natural good fenfe. He began to fui]pe£l that the profcrif tions of the Proteftants, and the fetting aftde i'rom the fucc^on the king of Navarre, on account of his re- ligion, which was aimed at by the holy league, was with a view to place the duke of Guife, the idol of the Roman Catholics, on the throne, to which that duke had fome diftant pretenfions. To fecure himfelf on the throne, a feventh civil war broke out in 1579, and another in the year 1585, both of them to the difadvan- tage of the Proteftants, through the abilities of the duke of Guile. The king thought him now fo dangerous, that after inviting him in a friendly manner to court, both he, and his brother the cardinal were, by his majefty's orders, and in a man- ner under his eye, bafely alfaftiuated in 1588. The leaguers, upon this, declared that Henry had forfeitea his crown, and was an enemy to religion. This obliged him to throw himfelf into the arms of the Proteftants ; but while he was befieging Paris, where the leaguers had their greateft force, he was in his turn aflaflinated by one Clement, a young enthufiaftic monk, in 1589. In Henry III. ended the Ime of Valois. The readers of hiftory are well acquainted with the difficulties, on account of hi* religion, which Henry IV. king of Navarre* head of the houfe of Bourbon, aixl the next heir by the Salic law, had to encounter before he mounted the throne. The leaguers were headed by the duke of Main, brother to the late duke of Guife ; and they drew from the cell the decrepit popifh cardinal of Bourbon, uncle to the king of Navarre, to proclaim him king of France. Being ftrongly fupported by the power of Spain and Rome, all the glorious aftions performed by Henry, his courage and magnanimity, feenied only to make him more illuftrioufly unfortunate ; for he and his little court were fometimes without common necelfaries. He was, however, perfonally beloved ; and no objeftion lay againft him but that of his religion. The leaguers, on the other hand, were divided among themfelves ; and the French na- tion in general, being jealous of the Spaniards, who availed themfelves of the public diftradlions, Henry, after experiencing a variety of good and bad fortune, came fecretly to a refolution of declaring himfelf a Roman Catholic. This was called a jaealiire of prudence if not of neceffity, as the king of Spain had ofiered his daughter Ifabella Clara Eugenia to be queen, of France, and would have married her to the young duke of Guife. In t593 Henry went publicly to mafs, as a mark of his converfion. This com- plaifance wrought wonders in his favour ; and having with great difficulty obtained • A Navarre, ij^e year 1513 fmall kingdom lying upon the Pyrenean mountaini, of the greateft part of which, Upper e, Henry's prcdeceflors had been unjuftly difpoffefled, by Ferdinand, king of Spaio« about R N E. 541 abfolution from the pope, all France fubmitted to his authority, and he had only the crown of Spain to contend with, which he did for fcveral years with various for- tune In 1598 he publilh«d the famous edidt of Nantes, which fecured to his old friends the l»roteltauts the free exercife of their religion; and next year the treaty of Vervins was concluded with Spain. Henty next chaltifed the duke of Savoy, who had taken advantage of the late troubles in his kingdom ; and applied himielf with . wonderfiil attention and faccefs (allifted in all his undertakings by his minifter, the great Sully), to cultivate the happinels of his people, by encouraging manufaftures, particularly that of filk, the benefit of which France feds at this day. Having re- eltaWilhed the tranquillity, and, in a great meafure, fecured the happinels oi his people, he fotmed connexions with the neighbouring powers for reducing the aiiibi- tion of the houfe of AUftria; for which purpofe, it is faid, he had formed great fchemes, and coUefted a formidable army ; others fay (for his intention does not clearly appear), that he defignedto have formed Chriftendom into a great republic, ot which France was to be the head, and to drive the Turks out of Europe ; while others attribute his preparations to more ignoble motives, that of a criminal paffion for a favourite princels, whofehufband had carried her for proteaion into the Auftrian do- minions. Whatever may be in thefe conjeftures, it is certain, that while he was making preparations for the coronation of his queen, Mary of Medicis, and was^ ready to enter upon his grand expedition, he was affaflinated m his coach in the ftreets of Paris, by one Ravilliac, like Clement, another young enthufiaft, m 16 10. Lewis XIII. fon to Henry IV. defervedly named the Great, was but. nine years of age at the time of his father's death. As he grew wp, he difcarded his mother and her favourites, and chofe for his minifter the famous cardinal Riehlieu, who put a ■ period, by his refolute and bloody meaiiires, to the remaining liberties of France and to the religious eftabliftiments of the proteftants there, by taking from them Rochelle, though Charles I. of Enghnd, who had married the French king's filler, made fome weak eilbrts by his fleet and arms, to prevent it. 1 his put an end to the civil wars, on account of religion, in France. Hiftorians fay, that la thefe wars above a million of men loft their liyes ;. that 150,000,000 livres were fpent in carry. ing them- on; and that nine citiesj four hundred villages, two thoufand churches, two thoufand monafteries, and ten thoufand houfes, w«re. burnt, . orotherwife- deftroyed, during their continuance. , ,.ri^ Riehlieu, by a mafteily train of polmcsi though himfelf was next to an en- thufiaft for popery, fupported the proteftants of Germany, and Guftavus Adolphus, againft the houfe of Auftria; and after quelling all the rebeUions and confpiracies which had been formed againft hiin in France, he died fome months before Lewis XIIL who, in 1643, left his fon, afterwards the famous Lewis XIV. to inherit his kingdom. , . , , 1 • • During that prmce's non-agcy the kingdom was torn m pieces under the aUnnni- ftration of his mother Anne of Auftria, by the faaions of the great, and the divj- fions between the court and parliament, for the moft trifling caufes, and upon the moft defpieable principles. The prince of Coode flamed like a blazing ftar ; lonie- times a patriot, fometimes a courtier, and fometimes a rebel. He was oppofed by the celebrated Turenne, who from a proteftant had turned Roman Catholic, rhe nation of France was involved at once in civil and donieftic wars ; but the queen- • mother having made choice of cardinal Mazarine for her firft minifter, he found means to turn the arms even of Cromwell againft the Spaniards, and to divide the do- • meftic enemies of the court fo effeaually among themfelves, that when Lewis allumed the reins of government in his own hands, he found himfelf the moft abfolute mo- narch that had ever fat upon the throne of France. He had the good fortune, on ^^ PRANCE. the 4eMh of Mazarine, to iput i-hedotnefttc ftdmiMftr«tk)a (tf bis afiaira into the Ihaads of Colbert, iwrliom 1 have •more tbca oace imeiuioAedt who "formed new fyftenu for 1^ glorv, commerce, wcuX mMUifa^ufes of Ftasce, til wbicfa be oacried to a funrif- inrhcight. ^ To write the faiftory of tUw nip, vrmW Ibe to Twiie iiat of aU Euro«e. I«oo. irtnce ood ambition were the oaly «Bemicsi9f iLewisc cfatough the fbraiKr, beiZ$ blind to thep»t rade of guarding the royal perfon than any real military Ic lyite. \ycw fupported, at a Kteat expence, without an adequate ret,^?^ o,f,feen«6t to the ftate. But ene of the moft remarkable circuinlt,*ac€6 whith, ^tendeel thw prefeut; oeign, was the placing of Mr. Necker, a Proteftanj> apd *> native of 5v«it»ej»Uud'» a* the head of the French finances, in 1776. Voc*er t^ diwaioa of thi& gebttesMfU, a general reform took place in France, throu^^uti ^very 0'0^1- B^^ ^^« meafures of Mr. Netkfr were not calculated, to procure him friends, a court j the vain, the laterefted, amd the ambitious,, natttrally became his enemies; and. the king appears not to have poffelTed fufficwntfiwwefe of mxE. '. r >, fupport an upright and able minifter. He wa& therefore difplaced, and is faid to have been particularly oppofed by the queen s party. His removal, hovnever pernicious to France, is probably a favourable circumftance for Great Britain, as national oeconomy, and wife counfels, muft naturally render the former a more dangerous enemy to the latter. .,,.,, a j r In the various war» of France with England, particularly m the laft and prefent centuries, noobjea appears, of mora confequence to her naval operations ihau the obtaining a port in the channel With a view of obviating this want, the king and. miniftry of Ft^cr have take-up thi^ important objea with the greateft zcaJ and vi- gour- audbaviu enaployeidtheablefteQgineer&ia that kingdom, have proceeded by the moaaiaonilhiog and, ftupendous works to render, the port of Cherbutg capable of receiving and pro.teai»g a royal navy. Si«ce the laft peace they have profecuted this- ■WQrk,lSaniawMial;expeweof upwaiid»af aao.oool; and expeaauon is fo fanguia«, that it is thought a. year. or. two wore will effeathia arduous and unporqant unde^- ** The policy of the French gm-ernment which has led it to the ftandafds of Uberty in America andHullaad, has exci^ediafpirUamong^thepeo^eof that nation, which does not coalefce with the continuance of arbitrary power at home ; and the allembly of the Notables has beeafo flattering to the prevailing ideasof liberty amonglt that acute and fenfible people, tbit their requifitiqns for the complete reftorauon of the ancient coaftitution may become highly alarming to the ruling power. Their iuccefs in fuch a puriiiit fliouldbe an objea to every eitizen of the world, who wijhes lor an equal diftribution of the rights of civil fociety,- buthow ax the prefem diforders ini that kingdom tend to fuch a revolution is difficult to afceriain, from the Imuted mate^- rialshere to fcnm fuch a judgment on. AAd, FRANCE. Lewis 3^1. king of France and Navarre, was bom in 1754, fucceeded bis grand- ftther I^wis XV. in 1774, married, 1770, to Maria Antonietta, filler of tbc emperor of Germamr, born 1755. Tiieir iffue arc Madame Maria Thercfa Charlotte, born on the 19th of December 1778 j and Lewis-Jofeph-Xavier-Francis, dauphin of France, bom O&ober 22> 1781. His majefty's brothers and fillers are, I. L. Stan. Xavier, count de Povence, bom 1755. %. Charles Philip, count d'Artois, born 1757. 3. Maria Adelaide Clotilda Xaveria, bocn 1750. 4. Elizabeth Philippa Mauii ^lelena, bom 17^. Iffue of Lewis XV. now livinv, are, I. Maria Adelaide, duchefs of Lorrain and Bar, born 1732, 2- Viftoria Louifa Maria Therefa, bom 1733. 3. Sophia Philippina Elizabeth Jullina, bom 1734. 4. Louifa Maria, bora 1737, who went into a convent of Carmelite^ and took the veil in 1770. NETHERLANDS. 'TpHE feventeen provinces, which are known by the name of the Netherlands, ■ were formerly part of Gallia Belgica, and afterwards of the circle of Belgium orBurgundy, in the German empire. They obtained the general name of Nether- lands, Pais-Bas, or Low Countries, from their fituation in refpeft of Germany. Extent, situation, and bounoakizs of thk Seventskn Provinces, Length 360 )v( 49 and 54 Ncrfh lat. Breadth zeof**^^"! 2 and 7 Eaft Ion. They are bounded by the German fea on the North ; by Germany, Eaft j by Lor- rain and France, South ; and by the Britifh channel. Weft. I ft;all, for the fake of pedpicuity, and to avoid repetition, treat of the feven- teen provinces under two great divifions : firft, the Northern^ which contains the fc- ven United Provinces, ufudly known by the name of Holland : fecondly, the South- ' em, containing the Auftrian, and French Netherlands. The. United Provinces are, properly fpeakihg, eight, viz. HolUnd, Overyffel, Zeland, Friefiand, Utrecht, GroniA- gen, Gelderland, and Zutphen ; but the two latter forming only one fovereignty, they generally go by the name of the Seven United Provinces. Situation and extent o» the United Peovincxi- fiSt^h nearly I between J ^i and 54 North lat. the fame > 7 3 and 7 Eaft Ion. The following is the nioft fatisfaAory account we meet with of their geographical divifion including the Texel, and other iflands. NETHERLANDS. 545 t tB Counties Names Square s Chief Cities. Miles. F- 0. United Provinces. »* "Overy(rel 1,900 66 50 Jeventer Holland 1,800 84 J2 Vmsterdam Uelderland 986 •JO 40 Mimcguen . Beveland Ouyveland {Middleburg Flulhing Tertreer Ranamekins iZurickfee Brewerfhaven Tolan Cats Tergoe* a B rt ; W Odergoe Weftergoe Sevenwolden iLiCwarden Dockum ( Franker \ Harlingen Sloot t- " 1. m N {OaTcnteer Zwoll ( Covardak \ Otmarfes • ■•a 82: -c Groningea The Oinlands ( Groningen \Winfchoten Dam 7. UTRECHT in Subdivifions. On the old chanael of the Rhine North of the Old Rhine South of the Old Rhine I Anheim < Loo palace ( Haidewiclr* . Nimeguen 3 Skenkenf- 1 chans *■ Booimel f Zutphen < Doefljurgh ( GroU Gelder Venio ■ The town of Gelder is fubjeft t* Pruflla, & hath been iincc 1713. the Middle. Chief Towns. I Utrecht Amerfort Dueftardwyck- a. N ? i:c/3 o Velew Bettwe, olini, Biuavia Zutphen Oclder quarter No. XVIII. 4 A '1 I I i 54i6 Air, NETHERLANDS. , ) U'hefe provinces lie oppofite to England, at jTthe diftance of go miles, upon the call lide ot* SEASONS, SOIL, AND FACE OK THE COUNTRY. ,^ ..„ , ^ __ __ . the Englifh channel, and are ohly a nawow flip of low Iwanipy land, lying between the mouths of feveral great rivets, and what the induftry of the inhabitants have gained from the fea by means of dykes, which they have raifed and ftill lupport with incredible labour and expencc. The air of the United Provinces is therefore foggy and grofs, until ic is purifled by the frofl: in winter, when the eaft wind ufualFy fcts in for about four months, and their harbours are frozen up. The moifture of the air caules metals to ruft, and wood to mould, more than in any other countr}', which is the reafon of their perpetually rubbing and fcouring, and the brightnels and cleanlinefs in their houi'es fo much taken notice of. The hil is unfavourable to vegetation, but, by the induUry of the inhabitants in making canals, it is rendered fit for pafture, and in many places for tillage. Holland, with all its commercial advantages, is not a defirable country to live in, efpecially to foreigners. Here are no mountains nor riling grounds, no plantations, purling Areanis, or catara«li$. The whole face of the country, when viewed from a tower or fteeple, has the ap- pearance of a continued marfh or bog, drained at certain difiances by innumerable ditches ; and many of the canals, which in that country ferve as high-roads, are hi the fummer months no b,;tter than offenfive ftagnated waters. Rivers and harbours.] The rivers are an important confideration to the United Provinces ; the chief of which are the Rhine, one of the largelt and fined rivers in Europe ; the Maefe, the Scheld, and the Vecht. There are many fmall rivers that join thefe, and a prodigious number of canaJs ; but there are (ew good harbours in the United Provinces ; the beft, are thofe of Rotterdam, Helvoetlluys, and Flufhing ; that of Amfterdam, though one of the largeft and fafelt in Europe, has a bar at the entrance of it, over which large veffels cannot pafs without being lightened. Vegetable AND animal pRO-7 The quantity of grain produced here is not DucrioNs BY SEA AND LAND. ) fufficicnt for houic confumption ; but by drain- ing their bogs and marfhes they have many excellent meadows, which fatten lean German and Danilh cattle to a vaft iizc ; and they make prodigious quantities of the beft butter and cheefe in Eunope. Tneir coimtry produces turf, madder, tobacco, fome fruit and iron ; but all the pit-coal and timber uled there, and indeed moft of the comforts, and even the neceflaries of life, are imported. Ibey have a good breed of fheep, whofe \Xool is highly valued ; and their horfes and horned cattle are of a larger fize than in any other nation in Europe. It is faid there are fome wild bears and wolves here. Storks build and hatch on their chimnies ; but, being birds of palfage, they leave the country about the middle of Auguft, with their young, and return the February following. The river-filh is much the fame as ours, but their I'ca-fifh is generally large, owing perhaps to their fifliing in deeper water.' No iierrings vifit their coatts ; but they have many excellent oyfter-bcds about the illands of the Texel, producing very large and well-tafted oyfters. Notwithftanding all thele inconvcniencies, the induftry of the Hollanders fiirnilhes as great a plenty of the neceflaries and commodities of life, and upon as eafy terms (ex- cept to travellers and ftrangers) as they are to be met with in any part of Europe. Population, inhabitants, man- 7 The Seven United Provinces are per- NERs, customs, AND DIVISIONS. ) haps the beft peopled of any fpot of the fame extent in the world. They contain, according to the beft accounts, 113 cities and towns, 1400 villages and about two millions of inhabitants ; befides the twenty-tivc towns, and the people in what is called the Lands- of the Generality, or NETHERLANDS. •547 conquered countries and towns of other parts of the Netherlands*. Ihc maniicrs, habits and even the minds of the Dutch (for fo the inhabitants of the United Pro- vinces' arc called in general) fcem to be formed by their fituation, and to arilc fiom their natural wants. Their country which is pi^ferved by mounds and dykes, is a nerpeiual incentive to labour; and the artificial drains with which it is every where interleded, muft be kept in i^rpetual repair. Even what may be called their natural commodities, their butter and cheefe, are produced by a conftant at- tention to laborious parts of life. Their principal food they earn out ot the fca by their herring-fiflieries ; for they difpofe of moft of their valuable fifties to the Eng- lifh, and other nations, for the fake of gain. The air and temperature of their cli- mate incline them to phlegmatic, flow difpofitions, both of b(xly and mind , and vet they are irafcible, efpecially if heated with liquor. Even their virtues are ow- ine to their coldnefs, with regard to every objea that does not immediately con- cern their own intercfts; for in all other refpefts they are quiet neighbotirs and peaceable fubjeas. Their attention to the conftitution and independency of their country is owing to the fame principle ; for they were never known to eflea a change of government but when they thought themfelves on the brink ot i>er- "tSc vadour of the Dutch becomes warm and aaive when they find their intercll at ftake ; witncfs their fea wars with England and France. Their boors, though flow of undcrftanding, are manageable by fair means. Their feamen are plain, Hunt but rough, furly, and ill-mannered fort of people, and appear to be inlen- fible of public fpirit, and affeaion for each other. Jheir tradeimen m general arc reckoned honeft in their dealings, and very fparing of their words. Smoking to- bacco is praaifed by old and young of both fexes ; and as they are generally plod- ding upon ways and means of getting money, no people are fo unfociable. A Dutchman of low rank, when drunk, is guilty of every fpecies of brutahty. The Dutch have alfo been known to exercife the moft dreadful inhumanities for mtercft abroad, where they thought themfelves free from difcoyery ; but they are m general Quiet and inoffenftve in their own country, which exhibits but few inftances ot mur- der, rapine, or violence. As to the habitual tippling and drinking charged upon both fexes, it is owing in a great meafure to the nature of their foil and climate. In general, all appetites and pafllons feem to run lower and cooler here than in moft other countries, that of avarice excepted. Their tempers are not airy enough for ioy, or any unufual ftrains of pleafant humour, nor warm enough for love; fo that the Ibfter paffions feem no natives of this country; and love itfelf is little better than a mechanical affeaion, arifnig from intereft, conveniency, or habit; it is talked of fometimes among the young men, but as a thmg they have heard of rather than felt, and as a difcourfe that becomes them rather .han aflects In whatever relates to the management of pecuniary affairs, the Dutch are cci- lalnly the moft expert of any people; as to the knowledge of acquiring wealth they unite the no lefs necelfary fcience of preferving it. It is a kind of general rule for every man to fpend kfs than his income, be that what it will ; nor does it often enter into the heads of this fagacious people, that the common courfe ol 4 A 2 « • Monf. dc Wit, at the beginning of this century, computed the people of Holland at a.joo ooo, but Mr. f empleman (fftimates them only 2,000,000, which in proportion to the populoufners ot Eng- land, is more than fix to one. conf.dering the «%tent of the country. Holland is alfo reckoned to have as many fouls as the other fix provinces, which if true the people of the feven provinces with their appendages muft be very numerous. 548 NETHERLANDS. < I expcnces (hould equal the revenue; and when this happens, they think at lead thejr have lived that year to no purpofe; and the report of it ufed to difcredit a man among them, as much as any vicious or prodigal extravagance docs in oihcr coun- tries. But this rigid frugality is not (6 univerfal among the Dutch as it was for- merly; for a greater degree of luxury and extravagance has been introduced among them, as well as the other nations of Europe. Gaming is likewife pradiled by many of their faihionable ladies, .md fome of them diltovcr more j)iopenfity lb jjallantry than was known here in former times. No country can vie with Holland m the number of thofe inhabitants, whofe lot, if not riches, is at leaft a comfort- able fuificicncy; and where fewer failures or bankruptcies occur. Hence, in the midll of a world of taxes and contributions, fuch as no other country does expe- rience, they llourifh and grow rich. From this fyftematic l^irit of regularity and moderation, joined to the molt obilinate perfeverance, they iucceeded in the Itupen- dous works of draining their country of thofe immenfe deluges of water that had overflowed fo large a part of it during many ages, while at the fame time they brought under their fubjedtion and command the rivers and feas that furround them, by dykes of incredible thicknefs and ftrength, and made them the principal bulwarks on which they rely for the protedtion and lafety of their territories againft the danger of an ene- my. '1 his they have jdonc by covering their frontiers and cities w ith iiniumerable fluices ; by means of which, at the Ihorteft notice, the moil rapid inundations are let in, and they become in a lew hours inaccellible. From that frugality and perfeve- rance by which they have been fo much charadlerifed, they were enabled, though la- bouring under the greateft difficulties, not only to throw off the Spanilh yoke, but to attack that powerful nation in the moll tender parts, by feizing her rich galleons, and forming new eftablilhments in Africa, and the Eaft and W eft Indies, at the ex^ pence of Spain, and thereby becoming, from a defpicable province, a moft power- ful and formidable enemy. Equally wonderful was the rife of their military and ma- rine eftablilhments, maintaining, during their celebrated contention with Lewis XIV. and Charles II. of England, not lefs than 150,000 men, and upwards of 80 Ihips of the line. But a fpirit of frugality being now lefs univerfal among them, the rich traders and mechanics begin, to approximate to the luxuries of Englilh and French dreffing and living ; and their nobility and high magiftrates, who have retired from trade, rival thofe of any other part of Europe in their table, buildings, furniture and equipages. The diverfions of the Dutch differ not much from thofe of the Englifh, who fecm- ed to have borrowed from them the neatnefs of their drinking-booths, (kittle and other grounds, and fmall pieces of water, which form the amufements of the mid- dling ranks, not to mention their hand-organs, and other mufical inventions. They are the beft (katers upon the ice in the world. It is amazing to fee the crowds in a hard froft upon the ice, and the great dexterity both of men and women in darting along, or rather flying, with inconceivable velocity. Dress.] Iheir drefs formerly was noted for the large breeches of the men; and the Jerkins, plain mobs, fliort petticoats, and other oddities of the women ; all which, added to the natural thicknefs and clumfinefs of their perfons, gave them a very grotefque appearance. Thefe dreffes now prevail only among the lower ranks, and more particularly amongft the fea-faring people. Rkligiqk.] Theeftabliftied religion here is the Prefbyterian and Calvinifni; none but Prelbyterians are admitted into any office or poft in the government, excepting the army ; yet all religions and fe61s are tolerated, and have their refpeJtive meetings or ^emblies for public worlhip, among which the Catholics and Jews are very uume« NETHERLANDS. 549 rous. And, indeed, this eountry may be confidercd as a ftriking inftance of the benefits arifing to a nation from univcrfal toleration. As every man is allowed to vvoi-lhip God according to the didlatcs of his conCcience, perions of the moft op- pofite opinions live together in the greatcft harmony and peace. No man in this re- public has any reafon to complain of being opprelfed on account of hia religious prin- ciples, nor any hopes, by advancing hi» religion, to form u party, or to break in ujxjn the government ; and tlierefore, in Holland, men live together as citizens of the world ; their ditferences in opinion nwke none in affeftion, and they areaflbciated to- gether by the common ties of humanity and bonds of peace, under the proteftion of the laws of the ftate, with equal encountgcment to arts and induftry, and ecju^I ^ freedom of fpeculation and enquiry. I.ANOUAoit.") The natural language of the United Provinces is Low Dutch, which • is a corrupt dialed of the German ; but the people of fafhion fpeak Englifti and French. Their Lord's Prayer runs thus Onfe Vader, die in de hemclin zyn uwen naam ivords gelnylight: uw'koM/igkryk kome: uwe wide gefclmde gelyck in den hmel zoo ook op den ardin, ons dageJicks hoot geef ons heeden ende vergetjt onfe Jchuldiu gelyk ook -u Thc prodigious dykes, fome of which are NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ) laid to be 1 7 clIs in thickncfs ; mounds, and ca- nals, conftru£\ed by the Dutch, to preferve their country from thofe dreadful inunda- tions by which it formerly fufiered fo much, areftupendousand hardly to be equalled. A ftonc quarry near Maellricht, under a hill, is worked into a kind of fubterrancous palace, fupported by pillars twenty teet high. The Itadihoufc of Amllcrdam is per- haps the beft building of that kind in the world: it ftands upon 13,659 large piles, driven into the ground ; and the infide is equally convenient and magnificent. Several mufeums, containing antiquities and curiolities, artificial and natural, are to be found in Holland and the other pioxinccs, particularly in the imiverfity of Leyden; fuch as the effigies of a peafant of RuiVia, who fwallowed a knife ten inches in length, and is faid to have lived eight years after it was cut out of his ftomach ; but the truth of this feems to be doubtful. A fhirt made of the entrails of a man. Two Egyptian mum- mies, being the bodies of two princes of great antiquity. All the mufcles and ten- dons of the human body curioufly fct up, by profetfor Stalpert Vander-Weil. Cities, towns, and othkr epi- ^ Amfterdam, which is built upon piles of ncES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. )' wood, is thought to contain 241,000 people, and to be, next to London, the raoft commercial city in the world. Its conveniencies for commerce, and the grandeur of its public works, are almoft beyond defcription. In this, and all other cities of the United Provinces, the beauty of the canals, and w^Ucs under trees planted on thejr l»rders, are ad- NtTllERLANDS. 551 mirablc • but above all, we are llruck with the ncatncft and clcanlmefs that la cverv where obicrved within doora. This city, however, labours under two great diritlvautaiMS ; bad air, and the want of tVefti whole(i)nie water, which obliges the inhabitants to prelerve the rain water in rdcrvoiri?. Rotterdam is next to Amjler- dam for commerce and wealth: its inhabitants are computed at 56.000. Ihc iiaKue, though but a village, is the feat of government m the Lnucd Provniccs. and is celebrated for the magnihcence and beauty ot us buildings, the rclort ot lo- reign ambalfadors aud llrangcrs of all dillindtions who livem u, the abundance and chcapncls of U« proviiions, and the politencfs of its mhabuauts, ^^ho arc computed labe about 40,000 : it is n<, place of trade, but it has been lor many yeais noted as an emporium of pleafure anil politics. Leyden and Lirecht are fine cities, as well as famous for their univcrliiies. Saaitlam, though a wealthy trading place is mentioned here as the workfliop where Peter the Great ot Mulcovy, m perlon, ferved his apprenticeftiip to ftiip-building, and laboured as a common handicraft. The upper part of Gelderlaudis fubjed to PrulVia, and tlie capital city Gelde . Inland navigation, canals, and ) The uibal ^^ay ot palhr.g Irom town to MANNta 09 TRAVKLI.1NG. ftown is by covered boats, called tieck- fcuits. which arc dragged along the canals by horfes. on a low umlorin trot, lo that paffengers reach the diHerent towns where they are to Hop, prccifely at the appointed inftant of time. This method of travelling, though to Urargers rather dulTis extremely convenient to the inhabitants, and very cheap, hy mc:iv>^ oi thefe canals, an extenfive inland commerce is not only earned on through ttie whole country but as they communicate with the Rhine and other large rivers, the pro- dudions of the whole earth arc conveyed at a fmall expence irr, various parts of Germany, aud the Auftrian and French Netherlands.- A trccklcuit is divided mto two diftcrent apartments, called the roof and the ruim; the hrft or gentlemen, and the other for coimnou people, who may read, fmoke, eat, drink or converte with people of various nations, drclfes, and languages. Near Amfterdam and other lanre cities, a traveller is attonithcd when he beholds the efteas ot an extenfive and flourithing commerce. Here the canals are lined for miles together with e.e- gant, neat count r>'-houfes. feated in the midll of gardens and plealure-grounds in- Termixed with Sgures, bulls, ftatues, temples, &c. to ihe very ™ %,"'*?"• Having no objedts of amulemcnt beyond the limits of their own gaidens the ta- milies in fine weathe* fpend much of their time in thefe little temples, inoking, reading, or viewing the pafTengcrs, to whom they appear coniplailant and polite. Commerce and manufactures.] An account of the Dutch commerce would comprehend that of almoft all Europe. ■ There is icarcely a manulaaure that they do not carry on, or a ftate to which they do not trade. In this, thc-y are allilkd by thepopuloulnelsof their country, the cheapnefs of their labour and above aU, by the water-carriage, which by means of their canals, gives them advantages be- yood all other nations. The United Provinces are the grand magazme of Europe ; and goods may be purchafed here Ibmeiimes cheaper than in the countries where they grow. Their Eaft India company have had the monopoly of the hne f pices for more than a hundred years, and till the late war with England was estremely opu- lent and powerful. Their capital city in India is Batavia, which is laid to exceed la magnificence, opulence, and commerce all the cities of Afia. Here the viceroys ap- pear in greater fplendor than the ftadtholdcr ; and fome of the Dutch fubjeds m Ba- [avia Icarcely acknowledge any independence on the mother-country. lheyha.vc other fcttlemems in India, but none more plealant, healthful, or ufeful, than that oa the Cape of Good Hope, the grand rendezvous of the fhips of all nations outward or homeward bound. When Lewis XTV. invaded Holland with an army of 80,000 men^ 55* NETHER LANDS. I the Dutch made fome difpofuions to fhlp themfclves off" to their fcttleihents in India ; ib great was their averfion lO the } rcnch government. Not to mentivjn their her- ring and whale fifheries, which they have carried off from the native proprietors, they excel at home in nuniberkfs brmches of trade; fuch as iheir pottery, tobacco- pipes, delft-ware, finely refined fait; rheir Ml-niilU, and ftarch-manufadlures; their iinprovc'nents of the raw linen thread of Germany ; their hemp, and fine paper nianufadlutes, their fine linen and table da nialks; their faw-niills for timber, either tor Ihippiijg or houfcs, in inmienfe quantities; their great i'upar- baking; their vaft woollen, cotton, and filk raanufadures; wax-bleaching; leal her- drefling; th; great quantity of tbnr coin and fpecic, ..flilled by their banks, efpcciaily by that of Amderdam ; their Eaft India trade ; and their general induftry and frugality^ It is greatly doitbted, however, whether their commerce, navigation, manufadures, and fifheries, are in the Hime flourifhing ftate now as they were in the beginning of this century; nnd wiieibci the riches and luxury of individuals have not damped the general induftry of the inlubiumt.s. Their conrntice hath greatly fuffered fincc the rupture wiUi K'-^land. Public trading companies.] Of thefe, the caphal is the Eaft India, incor- porated in 1.602, by whlih formerly the Dutch acquired immenfe wealth, having divided forty pcrc-nt. and fometimes fixty, about the year 1660; atprefent the divi- dends are niach reduced; but in a nundied and twenty-four years, the proprietors, on an average, one year with another, dindcd foraevvhat above twenty-four per cent. Solatf asthe year 1760, they divided fifteen per cent, but the Dutch Weft India company, the fane year, di\idecl no more than two and a half per cent. This company was incorporated in 162 1. The bank of Amftc-dani is thought to be inexhauitibly rich, and is under an cxfillent direftion : it is faid by Sir William Temple, to contain the greateft treafme, .ithei real or imaginary, that is known any where in the world What may ,^em a paradox is, that this bank is fo far from paying any intereft, that the money in it is worth foniewbit more than current calh is, in common payments. IVT:. Anderfon fuppofes, that the cafti, bullion, and pawned jewels in this bank, wliich are kept in the vaults of the ftadthoufe, a- niount to thirty-lix (thougti others fay only to thirty) millions fterling. CoNSTiTUTioK AND goVkrnmknt.] This is a very intricate article; for though the United Provinces fubfift in a common confederacy, vet each province has an internal government or coiiftitutio:?. independent of the others: this government is called the j^>v'w of that province; and the delegates from them form the Jaks ge- nera/, in whom the fovereignty of the whole confederacy is vefted ; buc though a province Ihouid fend two, or more delegates, yet fuch province has no more than one voice in every refolution; and before that reiblution can have the force of a lav/, it muft be appro\ ed of by every province, and by every city and republic in that province. This formaiity, in times of great danger and emergency, has been let aiide. Every refolution cf the ftatcs of a particular province muft be carried unauimoufly. Jhe council of ftate confifts likewife of deputies from the feveral provinces: but its couftitutiou is ditferent from that of the ftates-general : it is compofed of twelve perfons, whereof Gelderland fends two; Holland, three; Zealand, two; Ufrecht, two ; Frlcfland, one ; Overyllcl, one ; ai:d Groningen, one. Thefe deputies, however, do not i ote provinci.dlv, but perfonalty. 'Iheir bufmefs Is to prepare eftimates, and ways and means ibr raifmg the revenue, as well as other matters that are to be laid before the ftatcs-seneral. I'he ftates of the provinces are ftiled " Noble and Mighty Ixirds," but thofe of Holland, " Noble 'and Moll Mighty Lords," and the ft.:tci-general, " High and Mighty Lords," or, " the Lords the > ll 4^' f M ■■ 6? 'cco (kieldcJland "/O.ocg 0\eryl!tl . r>o,c^'^ Of the 4^^,000 ducais paid by the Province of Holland, ihe city ot Aiuittr- u f a>n liin.ilht-'s upwards of 320,000. The ince taxes m I >■- ^ aii^i c ;;t. iS u f t Vi^ VB thcli." 1 provuHcs arc 10 f.cavv ^ * 7^t>cVi- y^^W i"i^1 ly-' V /. M.H5r*t*#*"; 554 NETHERLANDS. i I and fo many, that it is not without reafon a certain author afferts, that the only thing -which laaa efcapcd taxation there, is the air they breathe. But for the encourage- ment of trade, the duties on goods and merchandile are exceedingly low. Holland before the breach with England, was in a very flourifhing condition, aud at this very time, they lend large fums tomoftof the powers in Europe. The immenle funw in the Britifh funds have givoi reafon for fome people to imagine that Holland labours under heavy debts ; but the chief reafon is, the ftates only pay two and a half per cent, intereft for money. "• ' MiiiTARY AND MARINE STRENGTH.] The number of land foices in the United Provinces in time of peace, commonly amount to about 40,000 ; 25,000 of whom ferve in garrifons ; many of them are Scots and Swifs ; and, in time of war, they hire whole regiments of Germans. The chief command of the army is vefled in the ftadtholder, under whom is the field-marihal general. The marine force of the United Provinces ufed to be very great, and they formerly fitted out very formidable fleets : but their navy has of late been much neglefted. Their late war with Great Britain; obliged them to increafe it ; and they have great refources for that purpofe. Ac- cording to the laft accoimts, theic navy confilts of one Ihip of 76 guns, three of 7c, four of 68, five of 60, eight of 56, four of 50, five of 44, nine of 40, and ten of 36, beCdes veffels of inferior force. But they have many Ihips upon the ftockji, and their fleet will probably be much s'lgmented, and in future be kept in better order. Order of Teutonic Knights.] This was one of the moft powerful as well as ancient orders in Europe, now divided into two branches ; the firft for Catholics, and the fecond branch for Proteftants. This branch have a houfe at Utrecht, where they tranfadl their bufinefs. The nobles of Holland, if they propofe a Ion to be a knight, enter his name in the regifter, and pay a large fum of money to the ui'e of the poor maintained by the cwrder, and the candidate fucceeds in rotation, if he brings with him proof of his nobility for four generations on the father's and mother's fide. The enfign is a crofs pattie, enamelled white, furmounted with another, black; above the crofs is a ball twifted, white and black. It is worn pendent to a broad black watered riband, which is worn about the neck. The fame CKofs is embroidered on the left breaft of the upper garment of each knight. Arms.] The enfigns armorial of the Seven United Provinces, or the States df Holland, are. Or, a lion, gules, holding with one paw a cutlafs, and with the other a bundle of feven arrows clofe bound together, in allufion to the feven confe- derate provinces, with the following motto, Concordid res farvoe crefctint. History.] See the Auftrian Netherlands. "William V. prince of Orange and Naffau, Hereditary Stadtholder, Captain- General and Admiral of the Seven United Pnwinces, was born in 1748, married in 1767 the princefs Frederica of Pruffia, born 1751. Their children are, Fre- derics Louifa, born 1770 — William Frederic, Hereditary Prince, born 1772— William George, bora 1774.— —-The Stadtholder hath one filter, Wilhelmina Ca- rolina, born 1743, and mariied to the prince of Naifau Wielburgh. — ^^^ .•A < • >r-j f »■ NETHERLANDS. AUSTRIAN AND FRENCH NETHERLANDS. Situation and extbnt. Miles. Degrees. Length 200 > i^„„,,„ f 49 and 52 Mtih latitude. Breadtii 200 f "^^^^^^ 'X 2 and 7 calt longitude. 555 BoUMDAaiES. > T^OUNDEDbnT th6 United Provinces on the North; by V LJ Germany, Eaft; by Lorrain, Champaign, and Picardy, in France, South ; and by another part of Picardy, and the Engli(h fea> Weft. Ap this country belongs to three diSerent powers, the Auftrians, French, and Dutch, we fhall be more particular in diftinguiftiing the provinces and towns ho- longing to each ftate. 1. Provmce of BRABANT. Sabdiviilons. I. Dutch Brabant Ckkf Town*. [Boifleduc Breda Bergen-op-Zoom , Grave, N. E. Lillo h J l,Steenbergen | I f Bniflels, E. Ion. + deg. 6 min. N. lat. so-jo* a. Auftrian Brabant [ \ Louvain 7 Vilvorden > m the middle. J [.Landen J 2. ANTWERP ; and, 3. MALINES, are provinces independ- ent of Brabant, though furrounded by it, and fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria. 4. Province of LIMBURG, S.E. (Limburg, E. Ion. 6-5. N. lat. 50-37 fubjeft to Auftria. MaedrichC 1 Dalem Ifubjefttolhe I Fauquemont, or . LValkenburg 5. Province of LUXEMBURa Sulidivifion'. Chief Towns. Auftrian Luxemburg Luxemburg, E. Ibn, 6-8. N. lat. 49-4^ Trench Luxemburg } [ ^^ntmedj }^- ^• 6. Province of NAMUR, in the middle, fubjea to Auftria. f Namur, on tie Stcmbre and Maefej E. k». 4-50. < N. lat. 50-30. ^ Charleroy on the Sambre. ^. Province of HAINAULT. fTubdivifions. Auttrian Hainauit j \ ^'^"'h .5. N. lat. 50-3 }rubjeA to t; Dutch. Chief towns Chief Town*. % I Mnnt p. Inn. «.»»- W 1»K rO-7«. ) . .« !■'!!- " \ 'l'~Z" ~tV"" r JJ--- — J- J- l.ia- UlC WiuU'c* Engtiien 4 B 2 V li ;?q J56 NETHERLANDS. Subdivifioni. French Hainaulc Chief Towns. HValencicnne* Landrecy JS. W. Bouchain Cond£ 8. Province of CAMBRESIS. Subjc« to France } {atc"i;;,l: of cSa^'°" ^•'^- ''• '? ^-S- Snbje^l to France 9. Province of A R T O I S. f Arra», S. W. on the Scrape, E Jon. a-« . N. hfjt I St. Omer, E. of Boulogne "^ ' ^» ' J Aire, S. of St. Omer jm J S. Venant, E. of Aire W I Betri«ne,'S. E. of Aire . C » " iTeriuen, S. of St. Oiper 0-20. 10. Provinci'^f F L AN. W. near the fea. Newport ^ Aullrian Flanders I j ^^urtrfV" '"" ^'^''''" I ID^xmude}°°»'»«L''• Ypres, N. of Lifle I I Tournay on the ScbcIJ J LMcnin on the Lis v I FreiichJPland<'r$ II Lifle, W. of Tournay Dunkirk, on the coalt E. of Calais Douay, W, of Arras • >* ^ Mardikf, W. of^ Dur^Wrk ' St.^fc^d. N/of Valenciennes Graveli3k%. of Calais /" Air, soil, and produce.] The air of Brabant, and upon the coaft of Flan^ ?^^V\ C'- .''^ ^^* interior parts is more heakhfbl, and the feafons more lettled, both m winter and fummer, than they are in England. The foil and its pipduce are rich, efpecially in corn and fruits. They have abundance of pafture : and t landers itfelf has been reckoned the granary of France and Germany, and ^^?u/fl° England. The moft barren parts for com rear far more profitable Crop^bt Hax which IS here cultivated to great perfeaion. Upon the whole, the ^ultrian Netherlands, by the culture, commerce, and induftry of the inhabitants, Was iormerly the richeft and moft beautiful fpot in Europe, whether we regard the variety of its manufaftures, the magnificence and riches of its cities, the pleafant- nefs of Its roads and villages, or the fertility of its land. If it lias fallen ofl' in later times. It IS owing partly to the negleft of its government, but chiefly to its vicinity to England and Holland j but it is ftill a moft definable and agreeable country. There are few or no mountains in the Netherlands : Flanders is a flat country, fcarce- lyafingle hill in i% Brabant, and the reft of the provinces, toafift of little hills and vallies, woods, inclofed grounds, aud champaign fields. Rivers and canals.] 1 he chief rivers are the Maefe, Sambrc, Demer^ Dyle, Nethe, Geet, Sanne, Ruppel, Scheld, Lis, Scarpq, Deule, and Eender. The princi- ^»t cauats arc tnoie of i^x uiTcis, Uheut, and Olleud. .^„aiM***» M ETHERLANDS. 557 Metals and minerals.] Mines of iron, copper, lead and brimftonc, are found in Luxeoiburgh, and Limburg, as are Tome marble quarries ; and in the province of Na- inur there are coal-pits, and a fpecies of bituminous fat earth proper for fuel, with creat plenty of foliile nitre. «. ,^ • l l- c ' Inhabitants, I'Opulation, man-) The Flemings (for fo the inhabitants ot NKRS, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. VFlandcrs and the Aufliian Low Countries are generally called) are thought to be a heavy, blunt, honelt people ; but then- manners are fomewhat indelicate. Formerly they were known to fight defperately in defence of their country; at prefent they make no great figure. The Auftnan Netherlands are extremely populous ; but authors differ as to their nMnibers. Per- haps we may fix them at a medium at a million and a half. They are ignorant, and fond of religious exhibitions and pageants. Their other diveifions aie the fame with thofe of the peafants of the neighbouring countries. Dress and lanoimge.] The inhabitants of French Flanders are mere French- men ancl women in both ihefe particulars. The Flemings on the frontiers of Hol- land drefs like the Dutch boors, and their language is the fame ; but the better fort of people fpeak French, and drels in the fame tafte. Religion.] The eftabliftied religion here is the Roman Catholic j but Proteitants„ and other feds, are not molefted. .^.„ . r. v n/r r Archbishoprics and bishoprics^ The archbiftiopncs arc Cambray, Mahnes or Mechlin; the bifhoprics, Ghent, Brv^es, Antwerp, Arras, Ypres, Tournay, St. Omer, Namur, and Rnremonde. , . ^ , , , i Learning, Learned men,? The fociety of Jefuits formerly produced the AND ARTISTS.. ymoft learned men in the AullriaB Low Countries, in which they had many comfortable fettlements. Works of theology, and the ci\ il and canon law, Latin poems and pkys, were their chief produdions. Strada is an elegant hiftorian and poet. Th^Flemilh painters and fculptors have great meiit, and form a fchoolby themfelves. ThX^'orks of Ruhens and Vandyke cannot be fuffiticnt- ly admired. Flamingo, or the Fleinings models for heads, particularly thofe of chi!- clren, have never yet been equalled ; and the, KietfinigS formerly engroffed tapeftry- weaving to themfeives. , ^ ^ rr^x c ^ r , Universities.] Louvain, Douay, Tournay, and St. Omer. The lirU was iound- ed in 1426, by John IV. duke of Brabant, and enjoys great privileges. Bv a grant of pope Sixtus IV. this univerfity has the privilege of prefenting to all the livings in the Netherlands, which right they enjoy, except in Holland. ANTiquiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES,) Souic Romau monuments of temples and NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ) Other buildiugs are to be found in thefe pro- vincts. Many curious bells, churches, and the like, ancient and modern, are alfo. found here ; and the magnificent old edifices of every kind, feen through all their cities, give evidences of their former grandeur. In 1607, fonie labourers found 1600' gold coins, and ancient medals of Antoninus Pius, Aurelius, and Lucius Vcrus. 4» CiTiEsI^ This article has employed feveral large volumes publifhed by diifcrent authors, but in times when the Auftrian Netherlands were far more fiourifhing than. now. The wafls of Ghent, formerly the capital of Flanders, and celebrated for its linen and woollen manufaaures, contain the circuit of ten miles ; Lut now un- occupied, and great fart of it in a manner avoid.. Bruges, formerly fo i.oted for its trade and manufadnres, but above all for its fine canals, is cow dwindled to an in- confiderable pla.' Oftend is a tolerably convenient harbour for traders; and foon after the late n;,)turc between Great Britain and Holland, became niore opu- lent and populous. lu 17? i it was vifited by the emperor, who grrxted to ii many H ^„«ii»**M»*- >->ri,!»»i»»»'>iBJ7, 558 NETHERLANDS. II privileges and franchifes, and the free exercife of the proteftant religion. As to Y]jres, it is only a ftroug garrifon town. The fame may be faid of Charleroy and Nainur, which lie in the Auftrian Hainault. Louvaiu, the capital of the Auftrian Brabant, inftead of its flourifliing manu- fa dories and places of trade, now contains pretty gardens, walks, and arbours. Bruffels retains fomewhat of its ancient manufaftures ; and being the refidence of the governor or \iceroy of the Auftrian Netherlands, it is a populous, lively place. Antwerp, once the emporium of the EurojJean continent, is now reduced to be a tapeftry and thread lace-fliop, with the houfcs of fome bankers, jewellers, and painters adjoining. One of the firft exploits of the Dutch, foon after they threw oft' the Spanifti yoke, was to ruin at once the commerce of Antwerp, by finking veflels, lo.ided with ftone, in the mouth of the Scheld ; thus ihutting up the en- trance of that river to fhips of large burden. This was the more cruel, as the people of Antwerp had been their friends and fellow-fufferers in the caufe of liberty, but they forefaw that the profperity of their own commerce was at ftake. It may be obfcrved here, that every gentleman's houle is a caftle or chdteofi ; and that there are more ftroug towns in the Netherlands than in all the reft of Eu- rope ; but fmce the decline of their trade, by the rife of the JInglifh and Dutch, thefe towns are confidcrably diminifhed in fize, and whole ftreets, particularly in Antwerp, are in 3p|»carance uninhabited. In the Netherlands, provilions are ex- tremely good and cheap A ftranger may dine in Bruffels, on feven or eight diilics (>f meat, for lefs than a (hilling Englilh. Travelling is fafe, reafonable, and de- lightful in this luxurious country. 1 he roads are generally a broad caufeway, and run for fome miles in a ftraight Inie, till they terminate with the view of fome noble biiildings. At Calfcl, in the French Netherlands, may be feen thirty-two towns, itfelf being on a hill. CoMAfERCR AMD M ANUFA cTURFS.] The chicf Hianufadures of the French and Auftrian Netherlands, arc their beautiflil linens and laces; in which, notwith- ftanding the boafted improvements of their neighbours, they are yet unrivalled- particularly in that fpecies called cambrics, from Cambray, the chief place of it& niauufafture. Thefe manufadlures form the principal article of their commerce. Constitution and government.] The Auftrian Netherlands are ftill con- fidered as a circle of the empire, of which the archducal houfe, as being fovereign of the whole, is the fole dire4ftor and fummoning prince. ITiis circle contributes its ftiare to the impofts of the empire, and fends an envoy to the diet, but is not fubjcd to the judicatories of the empire. It is under a governor-general, ap- pointed by the court of Vienna, who, at prefent, is his ferene highnefs prince Charles of Lorrain, brother to the late, and uncle to the prefent emperor. The face of an affeujbiy, or parliament, for each province is ftill kept up, and confifb of the clergy, nobility, and deputies of towns, who meet at Bruflels. Each pro- vince claims particular privileges, but they are of \ery little efted; and the governor feldom or never finds any refiftance to the wUl of his court. Every province has a particular go\'ernor, fubjed to the regent : and caufcs are here decided according to the civil and canon law. Revknuks.] Thefe rife from the demefne lands and cuftoms; but fo much is the trade of the Auftrian Flanders now reduced, that they are faid not to defray the.expence of their government; but by the late redudlion of the garrifbns, this is now altered. The French Netherlands Bring i. \ a confiderable revenue to the crown. Military Strength^] 'llie troops maintained here by the emperor are chiefly employcJ in the frontier garrifons. Though, hy ihe barrier treaty, the Auftrians were obliged to maintain three-fifths of thofe garrifons, and the Dutch two; yet NETHERLANDS. 559 both of them were iniferably deficient in their quotas, the whole requiring at leaft ^o coo men, and in time of war above 10,000 more. But the prefent emperor hath deniolilhed the fortifications of moll of the places, and rendered the garrilons I* 1 I* " Arms.1 l^earms of Flanders are, or, a lion fable, and langued gules. HisTORY.l The feventeen prox inces, and that part of Germany which lies weft of the Rhine, was called Belgicu; Gallia, by the Romans. About a century before theChriftian a:ra, the Baltic removed from Heffe to the niarfhy country bounded bv the Rhine and the Maeie. Ihey gave the name of Batavia to their new coun- trv. Generous and brave, the Batavians were treated by the Romans with great reipeft, being exempted from tribute, governed by their own laws, ana obliged only to perform military ferviccs. Upon the decline oi that empire the Goths, and' other northern people, poffeifed themfelves of thefe provinces firft, as they palled through them in their way to France; and other parts of the Roman empire; and after beincr creftcd into fmall governments, the heads of which were dcfpouc witJ^in: their owa dominions. Batavia and Holland became independent on Germany, to which it had been united under one of the grandfons of Charlemagne, in the begui- 'iing of the loth century, when the fupreme authority was lodged m the three united powers, of a Count, the Nobles, and the Towns. At laft they were fwallowed up by !he houfe of Burgundy, anno 1433. The emperor Charles V. the heir of that family transferred them in the year 1+77 to the houfe of Auftria, and ranked them as part of the empire, under the title of the Circle of Burgundy. The tyranny of his loii Philip,, who fuccecded to the throne of Spain, made the inhabitants attempt to throw ott his yoke which occafioned a general infurreaion. The counts Hoorn, and Egmont, and the' prince of Orange, appearing at the head of it, and Luther s reformation cainine ground about the fame time in the Netherlands, his dikiples were forced by perfecution to join the male-contents. Whereupou king Philip introduced a kind ot inquifition, in order to fuppreis them;. and many thoulands were put to death by that court, befides thofe that periled by the fword. Count Hoorn and count Eg.. mont were taken and beheaded ; but the prince of Orange, whom they elecled to be their ftadtholder, retiring imo Holland, that and the atljacent pnmiices entered ^to a treaty for their mutual defence, at Utrecht, in the year 1.579- And though thele revolters at firft were thought fo defpicable as to be termed Beggars by ihe.ntyT?Ms their perfeverance and courage were fuch, under the prince of Orange, and the al- fiftance afibrded them by queen Elizabeth, both in troops and money, that they fore ed the crown of Spain to declare them a free people, in the year 1609; anc after- wards they were acknowledged by all Europe to be an independent ftatc, under the title of The UnitedProvinces. By their fea wars with England, under the Common- wealth, Cromwell and Charles II. they juftly acquired the reputation oi a formidable naval power. When the houfe of Auftria, which for fome ages ruled over Germany, Spain, and part of Italy, with which they afterwards continued to carr>' on bloody wars, was become no lunger formidable; and when the public jealouiy was direfted acainft that of Bourbon, which was favoured by the government ot Holland, who had difpoffeffed the prince of Orange of the ftadtholderftiip; the Ipint of the people was fuch that they revived it in the perfon of the prince, who was alterwards VVil- liam III 'kin'r of Great Britain; and during his leign, and that of queen Anne, they were princip.ils iu the grand confederacy againft Leu is XIV. king ot France. Their condua towards England in the wars of 1742 and 1756 hath been difcuikd in the hiftory of that country, as alio the occurrences winch led to a rupture between them and the Englilh in the year 1780. As it was urgetl, that thev refufed to fulfil the treaties which fublillcd between them and Great Bniam, lo all the treanes w;nich bound Great Britain to them were declared null and void, a? if none had ever eMlted. $6o NETHERLANDS. By the war, ihcir trade I'uHcred couilderably, but Ncgapatnaui, in :Lc Eafl Inuics, is the oulv place uot leftored to them by the late peace. At this time the influence of France through mod of the pro\ iuces, produced a treaty of alliance with that nation, in oppofition to that fubfiftirg v\iih Creat Bri- tain, their connedtionwitli whom they now openly abandoned, though their longed and mod itcad}' ally. — '1 his treaty with France was believed to be uufinithed rather in form than in fubftancc. Probably, tothcirlcparalion from Great Britain may be attributed the claims of the tniiKror of Germany en the navigation of the Scheldt. — ^'J he fe claims weic fupport- rd for a lime with e\ery appearance that could indicate the determination of the em- I'cror to maintain them : large bodies of Inipeiialids marched towards the Ncther- hnds, fomc fmall (kirmiflies took place, and in November 1784, the commanding oHlccr atLillooidercd the fluices to be opened, by which federal miles of flat couii- 1 ly around the forts on the Scheldt were laid under water. — 1 he mediation of France ;'.ud her hoflile preparations in fa\Qiir of her new ally at length produced a reconci- liation, in which the emperor with as much facility relinquiftied, as he had a fliort .time before purfucd, his claims upon the Dutch. The ill luccefs of the lad war with Great Britain, being generally attributed to the ciimiual fupinencfs of the Piincc of Orange, and his fecret attachn.cntto that nation, produced ihc mod bitter imcdives againd him throughout the provinces, and alfo .igaind Louis, prince of BrunlWick, the general of their forces; whofe influence o\er the dadi holder was faid to be employed againd the true intereds of the republic. — '1 hcle were the fentiments of a large portion of the mercantile body, particularly in ihc province of Holland, but the great mafs of the people feemed to be in fa\our of the prince. — The proceedings, however, againd the Kiince of Brunfwick were fo di- rcd and untemporifing, that he thought proper to retire, being in effcd difmiffed Ircm all his employments under the dates. '1 he objed of the French fa6lion (as it was called) did not dop here : they pro- ceeded to the abolition of the office of dadtholder, or the dripping it of many of thofe prerogativ es which were formerly thought to be infeparably annexed to the office. The court of Great Britaiii was alarmed at their progrcfs ; and the interference of the king of Pruflia was roufed by the influence of the Princefs of Orange (his fider), but more, perhaps, by a fenfe of the balance of power which would be thrown into the hands of France, by theacceflion of Holland to her intereds and her views. 'Ihe juterpjofiiion of that power was now arrefled by the vigour and promptitude of the Britifh court, feconded by the King of Pniflia, w ho marched a numerous army into the Netherlands under the command of the Duke of Brunfwick, which foon over-iuu the country, w ith little effeflual oppofition, to the gates of Aniderdr.m. The cele- lity and detifion of this movement, druck uni\erfal panic k an:ongft the opponents of the dadtholder. 'Lhe Orange party co operating with the Pruflians fuppiei.ed all im- pediments \(j the redoratioft of his power ; the boading menaces of the French fac- tion w.ere fileticed, and many of its leaders fled, from r.n apptchcnfion of pcrfecu- tion from the prevailing party. The court of France was applied to in vain fur prc- mifed fuccouts, and filently looked on, an indiSeient fpe(^ator, to the dedrudtion of thofe plans which die had formed in th.1t country >^probabIy her own internal dif- fenfions (as much as other caufes) obliged her to h/ok nearer home, and delcri tlie <;jufe of her new ally. How long the prefent quiet may prevail in IlcUand is dilfcult to determine, efpc- cially as the animofity of the oppofite fadUons i? ihousjl t to he r;;;!.cr fikn'.cHl ihau piadjcated. »«B^»«**»««-"- ' t O i R M A J? V, Situation and kxti»t. lit Length 600 7 , .^._ J 5 and 19 Eaft long. } g g Breadth 520 r ^^^^° 1 45 and 55 N(mh lat. f ' ^ , . , ,.^ BouNDARiEsO'TpHE empireof Germany, properly fo called, " ^"'^^^d^^^y ^J* 1 German ocean. Denmark, and the Baltic, on the North; Ijr Poland and Hul^ary, including. Bohemia, on the Eaft; by Switzerland ai^ the Alps. ;vhichdivide it^from Italy? on the South; and, by the do«if ons of France and the Low Countries, on the Weft, from which U is feparated by the Rhine, Mofclle, and the Maefe. , . . , u„ ^«^^,„ Gka^d divisions.] The divifions of Germany, as laid down even by modern writers, are various and uncertain. I ftiall therefore adhere to thofe that are rnoft generally received. Germany formerly was divided into the Upper, or Southein. Ldthe^ Lower, or NortherL The emperor MaximUian,. predeceffor and grand- father to the emperor Charles V. divided it into ten great circles; ^^^ ^e dmhoii was confirmed in the diet of Nuremberg, in 1552; but the circle f f'^'J^^^/'^ the fevcnteen provinces of the Low Countries, being now detached fro'" the em- pire, we are to confine ourfelves to nine of thofe diyifions. as they «<>* fubf, t Whereof three are in the north, three in th^ middle, and three in the louth. The northern circles The cireles in the middle The fouthera circles f Upper Saxony \ Lower Saxony (■ Weftphalia , Upper Rhine -j Lower Rhine * Franconi* J Auftria i Bavaria t' Swabia I. Upper SAXONY Circle. DiviAons. Subdivifions. . . . -• Pruffia Pomerimia, N. E. Potneranta, in the t North. I swedift Pomerania, N. W. Brandenburg in the f Ahmark. weft ^,AA^. f..h tn ,ts \ Middlemark "••) Newark, eaft. middle, fub. to its_ own eleflor the of Pruflia. Saxony, Proper the fouth, fub its own elcftor, ', inX Dutchy of Sas b. io -l Drefdcn, E. Ion. 1 3-36 I I N. lat. 51. J (.'^eiOen, F.rfurt Meinungen Zeitz Aitenburg Weimar Gotha Eifnach .Saalfeldt. Schwartlburg } } 1 Sq.M. 4820 3991 1091a 7500 3620 240 1500 \ Belchingen, N. \ theirrefpec-i Belchingen 1 Mansfeldt, N. t tive counts, t Mansfeldt. f Hiill, middle, fubjeft to Pruflia ^ , Hall — 4 S-iic Naiimburg, fubjedl to its > |Nau.nburp- t own duke ■ •~ 4 C c,0 « 110 in Cx.r- ^i'' 562 GERMANY. DiviAont. The countiei of Principality of Bifliopric of Duchy of Subdivifioni. __ i Stolbcrr, north-weft \ Hohenftcis, weft — Aohalt, north — — — Saxe Hall weft •— Voietland, fouth, fubied to the ( pi,„.» efeftor of Saxony ^ jPlawen. ( Merfi>urg, middle, fubicA to J w„n.,„„ — i the ele«or of Saiony t M«"'»'-8- 2. Low«R SAXONY CiRciK. Chief towni. if Stolbcrg \ Northhaisfca DeflUu. Zerbft Bcmberg, Kotbea. Hall Sq.M. } 966 Holftein Proper, N. u m • _L r Ditmarfti, weft ""'^^iH'X'*'' "^ -{Stormaria. fouth the bibe. j Hamburg, a fove- reign ftai [ a Wageriandt eaft Kiel, fub. to Holftein■^ Goitorp. f Meldorp I fubjefl to V ► Glucftat J Denmark. J Hamburg, E. L. 10-35. N. L. 54. an imperial city. Lnbec, an imperial city. Laueaburg Duchy, north of the Elbe, fubjeft '° \ Lauenburir Hanover CD. Brunfwic , :§ Subjefl to the duke I Proper. i-g of Brunfwic WolVD.Wolfenbultle J§ fenbuttle. f C. Rheinftein, fouth (.C. Blanckenburg 8ubje(!l to the eleAor f D. Caleuberg of Hanover, K. of < D. Grubenhagen G. Britain. I Gottingen Luneburg D. fub. to I D. of Laneburg Proper Hai-over. I D. Zell Bremen D. and Verden D. Hanover, north H Brunfwic, E. L. 10-30.' N. Lat. 52-30. Wolfenbiittle Rheinftein Blanckenburg H Hanover Grubenhagen Gottingen H Luneburg Zell, E. Ion. lo. N. lat. 52 52. fub. to ^ f Bremen, E. Ion. 9. N. lat 53-30 an im- .. — > i perial city. i J I Verden. J ). Schwerin, north, fubjefttoT fSchwerin, E. Ion. 11-30. -j its duke — (^ N. lat. )4. > . Guftroiw, north, fubjed tor ' Guftrow. ^ ^ its duke — j , Hilderlheim biftiopric, in the middle, fubje£l to itsf Hilderflieim, an impe- bifliop — — J _ rial city. Magdeburg duchy, fouth-eaft, fubjeS to the king of 1 f Magdeburg. Haiberftadt duchy, fubjeA to Pruflla, fouth-eaft Halberftadt. 3. WESTPHALIA Circle. 'Embden, C. or Eaft Friefland,~) fEmbden, an intperial 1 fubjefl to the king of Pruflia | [ city. y Oldenburg, C. 1 fub. to the K. ! I Oldeoburgh Delmenhurft j of Den. | | Delmenhurft Hoye 1 fubjeft to Han- I } Hoye ^Diephnlt^ | over _ J LDiephole Mecklenburg D. North Diviftoii. Weftern Divifion. 'Munfter B. fub. to its bifbop Paderbom B. fub. to its bifliop Ofnaburg B. fub. to its bilhop Lippe C fub. to its count. Minden D. 7 1- u . n /• RavenlbergC. jfu^. toPruf. Weftphalia D. fob. to the eiec- , tor of CologD r Munfter, E. ton. N. lat. s». I Paderbom I Ofnaburg i J Lippe, Pyrmont Minden Raven Iberg Artniburg 7-10. 696 iSjo 45° 860 8024 2040 693 4400 1302 '535 45° 720 624 220 3600 800 870 400 S9S s»s »444 M N Y. 5<>3 Divifioni. Weftern DWifioa. Middle Divirion. Subdivifionf. Tecklenburg C. •^ fub. to their Ritberg C. > refpedlive Schawenburg C ' counti. 'Clevei D. tub. to the king of PruflTia Berg.D. Ifub. to the eleftor • Julieri D. 5 Palatine. Marie C. fubjefl to Pruflia Liege B. fub. to its own bifliop }{ Dentheim C. fub. io Hanover l^Steinfort C. fub. to iu count. 4. Upper RHINE HelFeCaflel, iandg. N. W v.niei lowni. Tecklenburg 01 840 Ritberg lao Schawenburff 'Cleveti E. ^n. lat. CI -40. Duffel dorf 5.36. N.j 630 Juliers, Aii Ham 1300 980 Liege, E. Ion. lat. urg, Manheim, and Frankemdal 3 C on the Rhine. 4 G S 5^ GERMANY. DiTifloni. Arehbiflioprici and LlcAoratei of Sobdivifloni. Cologn - Mtou .Trier* JO t, *t Clut{ tow'ui Cologn*. oa thf Rhint, K. Ioa> 6-40. N. l4t. JO-JO, Bonn, on ib« Rnine, A4cntz, on the Rbioe, Afclufl'eubui-jp on the Maine. .Trieri, oa the Mo(cUe, £<}. M. 1964 140,- 1765 } Rifliopric of Worms, a fovarcign ftate Vformi, on the Rhine, wi imperial ciiy. 1 cx Oiichy of Simmeren, fub. to m own duke , Rhinegrarcftein Counties of Biiomcren. ^i»..iM»B..i.i..i..ii. ^ Rhinegraveflein I Meiiri, fubjeft to Prufli.i I \ Meurs 1 Veldf »t», fubjert to the Elec- ( f VelJentx 'Stor Palatine f ") ISpanheim I ICreutznach ^Leyningen •* *-Leyningen. 6. FRANCONIA Circli. Bifltoprict of Mirqtitfates of DiriGons J Wuritburg. W. Chief towu, , ouiuHwr^. »».-. f ottcyeci <0| f Wurjfbnrg I Bamberg, N. \\ their refp. } \ Bamberg 'Aichftat, S. ^ t bifhops. ^ I Aicbftat J Cullenback, ^ , Sub. to their •. , Cullenback ■J north-eaft > I refpeflive \ \ ^Anfpach, S. ' *- margraves. ■* l- Subdivifioni. PrincipsHtf of Htnneberp^, N^ — — Duchy of Coburg, N. fubje^ to iti dvke Ouchy of Hilburghaufen,.fubjeA to its duke Burgravate of Nturemberg, S. £. an independent (late Snbyeft tO' i«4S 1700 5'3 900 1000 lepeni Teifitory of the great mader of the Teutonic order. (». ," AnTpach Chief tawns. Hennebergh. Coburg 406 Hilburghaufen Nuremberg, aa imperial city. 640 Mergentheim^ S. W Counties of rV cim. 56 eineck 'Reineck, W. Bareitki. E. fub. to its own mar. Papenjlcini, 8- f. to its own C. Wertbeinj, W. CaOel. middle Schwartzburg, fubjcA to its own count LHolacl»,.S. W. J 7. AUSTRIA CiRciK. The whole circle belongs to the emperor, as head of the Houfe of Auftria. Divifions. Archduchy of Auftria Proper Bareith i8d Papenbeiin Wertbci/n Caffel tld Schwartzburg middle 9« Holach. MO Chief towns.' Y'Vienna B. loa. 16-20. N. lat. 48-20 / Lints, Ens, yiti\. rStiria and Cilley, C") f Grata, CiJley, S. E, yCarinthiA of Italy and ' Switzerland. Duchies of County of Tyrol Sifhoprics of Subdivifions. chief towns. Duchy of B.ivaria Pro-") ^"^^^ '•* '^e r Munich, E. Ion. 1 1-32. N. lat. 4»-5. Land- pir on :he Danube I *'-^"'" pa'atine I Ihw, Ingoldftat, N. W. Donawert (Ra- 1 ■ '^ IS fucceflbr to < tiflion, N. nn imperial city.) b ■ i.!v5or I Amberg (Sultzbach), N. of the Da- j.'.v>ria. (. nube. •J 7160 ■|4S7 5000 3000 6 ^. B Infpruck^S. W HBrixen ^ fines Trent A V A R. I A CiacLE 1 Ji;«'0 ^atinate of Bavaria \th: 4*f 8500 K. H. We Iia ■»*«.,;««»«»»#*'»' - , naMM£x, mr.4». /♦^/r / oi' pccuniur' \Vr h«ve rceciirrd fronn l**!-!*, ander the datt of ihc liof Novembfr, llie f»lh»wifig TaWi- of tli'- diitribution ihc l I'vntH, A a t'tovlioii | I aj,5l7,7tf8 frann. | H.,50.),<).Ti 0,804,-746 6,«04,74a ■i,*r>-j.96IS,I77 r7o,iis 4'^,.'i2!l £ R M A N Y, Chl«f tuwni. 5» Nmuu AOOO )lriintwirk - a.900 ll.init 'I'nwni • a,M» RiUC OoUia 8.ilD0 SNHt W«iiii«r i.COO Aniult l.'iCO OMmibur^^b l,00f :■:*». rUliiirg l>» ! .p|>e 1,300 'll'llss •iOU Mc«kl '^iiirg Sircliti HOO tliKu C'uburg 800 Waldcck 80>) Frmik fort 7il» Kjiv Mi-'iiiungtn (iOO .Sticlltlillnirnhliuiwn 40J Hi)hi'n2i>lli.'ti\ KiKiKHiiiiKen 3Pif Iluhi'mKllurn Im'liiiiQvn I'.H LichtciinU'iii llli) op Prelfllngni. — •0 id own bifliop. PbITbu, £. on the l)»ru1>«. I the ElcAor PaUtinc NeuberR. W. on the Dmuhs. bjcifl to it* own archbifiK>p iiitUxburg, S. V.. lUlkii 8q.M. 340 »5V J, S W A B I A I ClRCLI. Chief town*. 9. N •J Srotgardv B. Ion. 8*" 'J- J Hailbfon. ^ On or near the Ncckar. } 3364 #en kirUch their ten drn Dnrliich 1 On or ncnr J the Rhine. > fub. to > own rtfpec ■J live marg. »(i to its 1 AogflturfT, an imperiiil city, HockfleT, Bleii — 3 hcim, OB or near the Uaniibe. ign ftate Dhn, on the Dairabe, an imprial city )\e(k tc it* own bifhop ( Conftance on the lake of Ton- ^Iria \ (Vancei Subject to their (.Mtndelheim. ^. of Augfbar^, } v} refpeftive princes Urg 2.1 1,130 men 10vl,(K)0,000 fraiio*. K. H. We Ii.ivc not i:iviiuAhu,£almuu - nt '- "" _ ■ - - - / -• — - ■ ' ^ r y CO °^.^'^^' ^- "' '" (f..f »hl*b*rt (IwannMH l»blr.) Thli offlciH ^i^M**.! hfiy. :«w^r^!,";hrM«l- o* Iwi/n eiv.n ill, lb» Hr...id..,,i ,„o,,o«i. ll.uirnSTl.liuU 'd- ' ' <" ■ )^ 1 U lukoii ii» ibp h4«i« raciiw ycfiM al«viii ayjxNalcil in lime, ti> flgaw ]«> down ihe' |4>inctpie» «f » dejlniiive .'miiiVUoiation, to' bit I w, on the Rhine introduCnl nt llfp i>xj(iralion Of tboilf Ave yearj. ~ foWit* iM-tiiic Kraarairy acceded to, liic OB) ' JTbe prq- .Saxoa Ai«baMAd»r nr, and man 7 more. RhineBeld and Lauflcnburg. Burgiiw, eaft. Friburg and Brafec. 4S0 6-50 3H0 "nly ^•n.trkiiij;, thni on aecuunt urtlir rilranrdiai^rj popu' I'i'in'rfnr iheiliitlnlnillttabr hi • RKSObUTIO.V. ..I. Tbe papiilatioa K«inn i.< |)roviuuiwlly awuoitd for lbe«axt Iv* ywo, a« Itip iMoirii'iiiaiipu 4t iJieCiia/i-dfiaii^, accordinic '" ">' P"'* tiinyall) fXiHtilUf prdet.QjC, »(Ulu({ Ip p\eui), wilb IIm rtMrV« of an iill«rii>r daUrtnlniilTfi^ far HraM'-Hniiibouric. i. TI<&W*l'Tn|i»and uf ^ohey, Vti)b •lii' wU i|;ic>-|il jmi 01' llie txi)i.,t»-ii of ib« Obaqoefjr bf the Courcdfruhou, wfclcli or* |>mtv|r1iid:f^>r in^UtlWra^it ii«iinnpi>. :.'. TiiR liriaeiiilM-oii wUicU; lh»^ itrfiniliTe' luurrfcnlulion 10 be lulrMlitceil aflHr flv* year* *hall I* rniiiidod, will lir rv tM)rled by h cuinnii({«A li> bi> aftpuiirtitd ft>r lb* MiiriiMW. Tlie . iP'V' .^^iK<4't'^W«'< tU'tarvthewxpiruliiiii nf Dm ftir« year*, xMd *!;n>«iB lh« n««(mM'i^<'iilolion byaii nIK'rior rti^liltiuii. ^iuiria,....,-,.,v..,9,4S«,#'«;AiibaH«Dr«iiau..v"W.i<,9rl Bsvwti. .a.". ,'. ... iS^SllO.tMVH-- — - Coetlien. .Hit,-|.54 IPJ^ '^^ .«atnfly ...... . . t;20!»,0&.')Sckw«««Wurg 8oiidrT»- "."MT'f : .. (..Wl,.! Jl bau»uB ;. . . .4i,H 7 . wuU»i«bi»rs..,.,,..i;3»>,«e;l["— Kudoldaai . . . .Ja,l)Jt ttid#». . . .^^. .> t,ii)N»,^lotHo^Mixollera Ileihin- Fletmrate «rf Mti*fl....«4(),t)uOJ jen ... H,»0 it'V"* *''""-*'» "f U**^ . .ZM^ VriUdPckt .^■^wa to the full b>' culture-; and therefore in fioughin others it is furpiifnigly fioiicful.' Agri- 'jng, which muft ncceifarily thange the moft p their advantage. Ihe feaff ns vary as much as parts, they are more regtilar than thfife that lie lakes, and rivers. The north wind and the cai- ia.\e.Wlii«/ir, v-'*'i«": oiAi^l F?' .JI,MI ltl#iihjjr((^tJ»WBriUi»>*,(WO •■'- 'llti4,tU7 -n-r , .-, .HOOtJ^ehnuiibfrK-Lippe^ . . . :y4,(M)0 , Kldrf braooh.., ii.US Yuuvger, do..,, ii.itii l.i|>.M. nrimold ()!t,08« .IS.i,tl!<4 fla,HU Uatr» Humboartc- Ji . . . ^ ..M,«}UjLnliei'!i aiiiea,. .ap.tpWtaakfBri. Merkywwyy-f^ffllij!. .ti^7^tt;i;im o . . .-4U,«Ut) t -'VI, ''III "I'd; '.v> T2E 4SA Archb Eledlorat Riftopr Duch. Counties of ^ Rhinegraveftein I Menrj.fubjcft to Pruflia IVeldenU, fubjeft to the Elec I tor Palatine f Spanheicn ^Lcyningen 6. F R A N C O N I A J I RhinegraveQeip, Meurs VelJentz CrrJtznacii Leyningen. Ctrclk,. Biflioprics of Marqulfates of Chief tov(-|i||h , Wurifburj. W, -. , Subjeft to ^ j Wuriftnig \ Bamberg, N. > \ their refp. \ i Bamberg tAichltat, S. J »- bilhops. ^ «-Aichftat J Cullenback, ■) j Sub. to their ^ j Culhnback \ north-eaft >• < refpeaivc > < Anfpach. S. ' *- margraves. ■*■ *• SubJivifions. Divifions jWurifburg. W. PrincipaKty of Httinebe:?, N^ — — Duchy of Coburg, N. iubjeft to it» dake — DucSy of Hilburghaufen,.fubjeft to Us duke — • Burgiavate of Nuremberg, S. E. an mdependent ftate •n :<..^... nF ,Ii« n>-«!ir m-tdrr nf tha T«itnnic orde Territory of the great mafter of the Teutonic order. ( j^^^jj^i^j Anfpach Chief tavrns. Hennebergh. Coburg Hilburghaufen Ntiremberg, sax imperial city. 640 Mcrgentheim, S. W Counties of fReineck, W. 1 Bareich, £• fub> to its ovm mar. Papenheira» S. f. to its own C. Wertheini, W. CaOel. middle Schwartzbarg, fubjcA to its own count ,Holach,.S. W. fReineck Bareith r I V c S. ■ • 'j^ Lh. 7. AUSTRIA Ci) The whole circle belongs to the emperor, as heai Divifions. Archduchy of Auftria Proper Puchies of County of Tyrol Biflioprics of rStiria and Cil)ey» yCarinthia »"""■■■ •""'•^:^-lS%^5?^Si':tS l: , ■,««l*l-'»rUru'»'' "Ofb] """rS^^ .... 'Is.,,, '•♦••r:?;/' '"■Tf/e s^ .'^" mcniijr- ■ f ,1,, Klo* GERMANY, SuliJiviHoni. Chief town?. FrJiTngen, fuhjeft to its bifljop Freiflingen. — liidiopiic of Pamui, fuhjca to its own bifliop. Ptffiiu, E. on the Dwu^e. Du^hy of Neub«rg, fub|e ''"^» °^ I Hohenzollern i J Oeting Coaniies of i Konigfeck ^ Hohenrichburg Br \ Waldburc aronies of^Limburg^ f Kempten I Buchaw . Lindaw L refpeftive I Furftenbcrg, S. princes *• Hohtnzollem, 3.- — , Oeting, eflft. — i Konigfeck, fonth eaft. «• Gemuml, north. Abbies of C Waldb'irg, fomh-eaft. \ Limburg, north. n r liempten, on the IWer; I I Buchaw, S. of ihe Danube. [ 1 Lindaw, on the lake of Conftance, ina- j L petial cities, , Nordlinj;en, N. of the Danube. Imperial cities, or fovereign dates < Memmingen, eaft. *• Rotwcil, on the Neckar, and many more. „ , . „ . . ,• / Black foreft, N. W. Rhinedeld C, Rhinefield and Lauffcnburg. Sul^e.^to the houle ( ^,,,,,i,if,.e of Burgaw Burgaw. eaft. ot Aultna. l.'lerritoi y of Brifgaw, on the Rhine Friburg and Brafac. 258 490 76; 28 60 216 '.so 580 379 12& 480 650 3«'> \ Name.] Great part of niodc.-n Germany lay in ancient Gaul, as I have already meationed ; and the word Germany is ot itfelf but modern, Pclany fanciful deri-' vations have been given of the word ; the noft probable is, that it is compounded of Gcr, or Gar, and iV<7« ; which, in the ancient Cehic, fignifies a warlike niarK- The Germans went by various other names, fuch as Allemanni, Teutones ; which laft is faid to have been their moil ancient dcfigoation ; and the Germans therafelves call their country Teutchland. Climate, skasons, and soil.] The climate of Germany, as in all large trafts of country, diftcrs greatly, .lot only on account of the fituation, north, eatt, fouth, andwefl, but according to the improvement of the foil, which has a vaft efledl on the climate. The moll mild and fettled weather is found in the middle of the countrj", at an equal diftance from the fea and the Alps. In the north it is Iharp ; towaras the fouth it is more temperate. The foil of Germany is not improved to the full by cuhurc; and therefore in many places it is bare and fterilc, though in others it is furprifmgly fmitful. Agri- culture, however, is daily improving, which muft necelfarily change the moft V.'rren parts of Germany greatly to their advantage. 'Ihe fcaff ns vary as much as 'he fr il. In the fouth and weiiern parts, they are more regular than thofe that lie -•.rthrjfca, or that abound \viib lakes and rivers. The ccrth wind anu tie eaf- h . 566 O R M N y. tern blafts are unfavourable to vegetation. Upon the whole, there Is no great dif- fereuce between the leafons of Germany and thole of Great Britain. .. i Mountains.] The chief mountains of Germany are the Alps, which divide it from Italy, and thofe which feparate Saxony, Bavaria, and Moravia from Bohe- mia. But many other large trails of mountains are found in different parts of the empire. . , ., ■■ Forests.] The vaft paflion which the Germans have for hunting the wild boar, is the reafon why perhaps there are more woods and chafes yet ftanding in Germany than in moft other countries. The Hercynian foreft, which in Csefar's time was nine days journey in length, and fix in breadth, is now cut down in many places, or parcelled out into woods, which go by particular names. Moft of the woods are pine, fir, oak, and beech. There is a vaft number of forefts of lefs note in every part oi' this countrj^; almoft every count, baron, or gentleman, having a chace or park adorned with pleaiiire-houfes, and well-ftocked with game, viz. deer, of which there are feven or eight forts, as roebucks, flags, &c. of all fizes and colours, and many of a vaft growth ; plenty of hares, conies, foxes, and boars. They abound lb much alfo with wild fowl, that in many places the peafants have them, as well as venifon, for their ordinary food. Rivers and lakes,] No country can boaft a greater variety of noble large riveis than Germany. At their head ftands the Danube or Donaw, fo called from the fwiftnefs of the current, and which fome pretend to fee naturally the fineft river in the world. From Vienna to Belgrade in Hungary, it is fo broad, that in the wars" between the Turks and Ghriftians, Ihips of war have been engaged on it; and its conveniency for carriage to all the countries through which it palfes is incon- ceivable. The Danube, however, contains a vaft number of cataradls and whirl- pools; hs ftreani is rapid, and its courle, without reckoning turnings and windings, is computed to be 1620 miles. .The other principal rivers are the Rhine,. Elbe, Oder, Wefer, and Mofelle. The chief lakes of Germanv, not to mention many inferior ones, are thofe of Conftance and Bregentz. Behdes thefe, are the Chiemfee, or the^ake of Bavaria ; and the Zirnitzer-fee in the duchy of Carniola, whofe waters often run off and re- turn again in an extraordinary manner. Befides thofe lakes and rivers, in fonie of which are found pearls, Germany con- tains large noxious bodies of ftanding water, which are next to peftilential, and aftlift the neighbouring natives with many deplorable diforders. Mineral WATER AND BATHS.] Germany is faid to contain more of thofe than all Europe befides. All Europe has heard of the Spa waters, and thofe of Pyrniont. 'I'hole of Aix la Chapelle are ftill more noted. They are divided into the Empe- ror's Bath, and the Little Bath, and the fprings of both are fo hot, that they let them cool ten or twelve hours before they ufe them. Each of thofe, and many other waters have their partizans in the medical faculty; and if we are to believe all they lay, they cure dil'eafes internal and cutaneous, either by drinking or bathing, 'ibe baths and medicinal waters of Enibs, W'ilbaden, Schwalbach, and Wildun- gen, are l-kewile reported to perform their wonders in alnioft all difeafes. The mineral fprings at the laft-nieuiioued place are faid to intoxicate as foon as wine, and therefore they are indofed. Carlfbad and Baden baths have been dcfcribed and recommended by many great phylicians, and ufed with great fuccefs by many rpyal perfonages. After all, many are of opinion, that great part of the falutsry virtues afcribed to tncic waiCTo io uvv ujj^ u; mu caciwucb unu amUiviiitui.3 ^i luv j/ni',^ u«.i. ..i i^ tue jatereft of the proprietors to provide for both ; and many of the German princes .. ■.rf.«iK;>.S«!*'i"*«****''' GERMANY. 5^7 feel the benefit of the many elegant and polite inftituiions for the divcrfion of the public^ The neatnefs, cleanlinefs, and conveniency of the places of public refort are inconceivable ; and though at firft they are attended with expence, yet they more than pay themfelves in a few years by the company which crowd to them from all parts of the world ; many of whom do not repair thither for health, but for amufement and couverfation. Metals and minerals.] Germany abounds in both. Many places in the circle of Auftria, and other parts of Germany, contain mines of filver, quick- fUver, copper, tin, iron, lead, fujjphur, nitre, and vitriol. Salt-petre, falt- mines, and lalt-pits are found in y^mlria, Bavaria, Silefia, and the Lower Saxony ;^ as are carbuncles, amethyfts, jafper, fapphire, agate, alabafler, feveral forts of pearls, turquois ftones, and the fincft of rubies, which aj^orn the cabinets of the greateft princes and virtuofi. In Bavaria, Tirol, and Liege, are quarries of curious marble, flate, chalk, ochre, red lead, allum and bitumen; befides other foflils. In feveral places are dug up ftones, which to a flrong fancy reprefent different ani- mals and fometimes trees of the human form. Many of the German circles fur- nifh coal-pits, and the terra ftgillata of Mentz, with white, yellow, and red veins, IS thought to be an antidote againft poifon. Vegetable and animal productions.] Thefe differ in Germany very little, if at all, from the countries already defcribed : but naturalifts are of opinion, that had the Germans, even before the middle of this- century, been acquainted with agriculture, their country would have been the moft fruitful of any in Europe. Even in its prefent, what we may call rude ftate, provifions are more cheap and plentiful in Germany than in any other country perhaps in the world ; witnefs the prodigious armies which the moft uncultivated part of it maintained during the late war, while many of the richeft and moft fertile provinces remained untouched. The Rhenifti and the Mofelle wines, differ from thofe of other countries in a peculiar lightnefs and deterfive qualities, more fovereign in fome diieafes than any medicine. The German wild boar differs in colour from our common hogs, and is four times as large. Their fiefh, and the hams made of it are preferred by many, even to thofe of Weftmorcland, for flavour and grain. The glutton of Germany is faid to be the moft voracious of all animals. Its prey is almoft every th'"g that has life, which it can matter, efpecially birds, hares, ratfbits, goats, and fawns; whom they furprife artfiilly, and devour greedily. On thei'e the glutton feeds fo ravenoudy, that it falls into a kind of a torpid ftate, andi, not being able to move, is killed by the huntfmen ; but though both- boars and wolves will kill him in that condition, they will not eat him. His colour is a beautiful brown, with a faint tinge of red. ^_ • , c Germany yields abundance of excellent heavy horfes ; but their horfes, oxen and fheep, are not comparable to thofe of England, probably owing to the want of fkill in feeding and reaving them. Some parts of Germany are remarkable for fine larks, and great variety of hnglng-blrds, which are fent to all parts of Europe. Population, inhabitants, manners,) As the empire of Germany is a col- CUSTOMS, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS, f Icftiou of fcparatc ftates, each haying a diflercnt government and police, it hath been diiiicult to fpeak with preciiion as to the number of its inhabitants; but lately the following eftiraate hath been foi mcd of them ; Moravia — •— i,ioo,o':)0 A-.ftrian Silefia _ — 2oo,oco High and Low Lulkiia — — ' p ■ 568 E R M N } Circle of Auftria — Bavaria — Archbifhopiic of Saltzburgh Wurtcinbuigh ' — Badcu Augfburgh Dauibcrg and Wunfbourgh Nuremberg — — Juliers and Borg — — Muuftcr — — Oliiaburg — — The PrulTian Eftates in the Circle of Weftphalia — Maffau, DiUeubeag, Siegeu, Dictz, and Hadanian — Oldeubo'irg — — Miycncc — — Palatinate of Rhine — — Helfe Caffel and Darnilladt — — Fulda — Frankfort on the IMain — High Saxony, and Circle of Francouia — Swedifh Ponicrania —— — Prufliau Pomerania — Brandenburgh — — — Gotha • — Schwartzburgh, Magdeburg, and Mansfield — Halberttadt and Hoheulleia — - Hanover -— Brunfwick ■ — Holftein — Mecklenburgh - ■ — Mulhaufen • . > — Hamburgh — 4,i5o,oco 250,000 565,890 200,bco 40,C00 400,000 7o,cco 260,000 130,000 1 16,664 550,000 74,699 79,071 2891,014 700,000 7,000 42,6co 1,326,041 100,549 462,970 1,007,232 77,898 271,461 130,671 750,000 i66,34:> 300,000 220,000 13,000 100,000 17,166,868 »■■ ■■-!■■■■ I II I This calculation extends only to the principal parts of Germany ; the kingdom of Bohemia will be noticed in the proper place, and when the inferior parts are add- ed, the number in all is now computed at twenty-one millions; and when the landholders become better acquainted with agriculture and cultivation, population muft naturally incrcafe among them. The Germans in their perfons are tall, fair, and ftrong built. The ladies have generally fine complexions ; and fome of them, efpecially in Saxony, have all the delicacy of features and Ihapethat arefo bewitching in fome other countries. Both men and women afleft rich dreifes, which, in faftiion, are the i'ame as in France and England ; but the better fort of men are excelfively fond of gold and filver lace, efpecially if they are in the army. The ladies at the principal courts differ not much in their drefs from tbe French and Englifh, only they are not fo ex- ceflively fond of paint as the former. At fome courts they appear in rich furs ; and all of them are loaded with jewels, if they can obtain them. The female part, of the burghers families, Lu many of the Gerniau towns, drefs in ;i \cry dilcrcut Sfc«StV»»W"~'- GERMANY. 5^9 inaniwr, and fome of them inconceivably fantaftic, as may be feen in many prints publiflied in books of travels : but in this refpea they are gradually reforming, and many of them make quite a different appearance in their drefs from what they did thirty or forty years ago : As to the peafantry and labourers, they drefs as in other parts of Europe, according to their employments, conveniency, and circum- ftances. The ftoves made ufe of in Germany are the fame with thofe already men- tioned in the northern nations, and are fometimes made portable, fo that the ladies carry them to church. In Wcftphalia, and many other parts of Germany, they lleep between two feather-beds, with (heets Hitched to them, which by ufe becomes a very comfortable pradlice. The moft unhappy part of the Germans are the te- nants of little needy princes, who fqueeze them to keep up their own grandeur ; but in general, the circumftances of the common people are far preferable to thofe of the French. The Germans arc naturally a frank, honeft, hofpitable people, free from arti- fice and difguife. The higher orders are ridiculoufly proud of titles, anceftry, and fhew. The Germans in general, are thought to want animation, as their perfons promife more vigour and a£livity than they commonly exert, even in the tield of battle. But when commanded by able generals, elpecially the Italians, fuch as Montecuculi and prince Eugene, they have done great things both agaiuft the Turks and the French. The imperial arms ha^e feldom made any remarkable tigure againft either of thofe two nations, or againft the Swedes or Spaniards, when commanded by German generals. This poflibly might be owing to the arbitrary obftinacy of the court of Vienna ; for in the two laft wars, the Auftrians exhibited prodigies of military valour and genius. Induftry, appHcation, and perlieverance, are the great charaileriftics of the German nation, efpecially the mechanical part of it. Their works of art would ' be incredible, were they not vifible, efpecially in watch and clock making, jewelry, turnery, fculpture, drawing, painting, and certain kinds of architeflure, fome of which I ftiall have occafion to mention. The Germans ha\'e been charged with intemperance in eating and drinking, and perhaps not unjuftly, owing to the yaft plenty of their country in wine and provifions of every kind. But thofe praftices feem now to be wearing out. At the greateft tables, though the guefts drink pretty freely at dinner, yet the repaft is conmionly finifhed by coffee, after three or four public toalts ha^e been given. But no people have more feafting at marriages, fix- nerals, and on birth-days. , ^ The German nobility are generally men of fo much honour, that a fliarper in other countries, efpecially in England, meets with more credit if he pretends to be a German, rather than any other nation. All the fons of noblemen inherit their fathers titles, which greatly perplexes the heralds and genealogifts of that country'. The German hufbands are not quite fo complaifant as thofe of fome other countries to their ladies, who are not entitled to any pre-eminence at the table; nor ijideed do they feem to affed it, being far from either ambition or loquacity, though they are laid to be fome what too fond of gaming. From what has been prcmifed, it may eafily be conceived, that many of the German nobility, having no other he- reditary eftate than a high-founding title, eafily enter into their armies, and thofe of other fovereigns. Their fondnefs for title is attended with many other inconvc- jnencies. Iheir princes think that the cultivation of their lands, though it might treble their revenue, is below their attention ; atid that, as they are a fpccies of beings fuperior to labourers of every kind, they would demean themlelves in being concerned in the improvement of their grounds. 18 4 » ,jm*vmK^" 570 E R M A N Y. I Ihe domeftic diverfjonsofihe Germans are the fame a« in England; billiards cards, dice, fcncing, dancing, and the like. In lummer, people of fhfhion repair lo places of public refort, and drink the waters. As to their field di^crfion? bc- lides their favourite one of hunting, they ha^e bull and bear baiting, and the 'like, ibe inhabitants of Vienna live luxurioully, a great part of their time being fpent m tealting and caroufing; and in winter when the feveral branches of the Danube are frozen over, and the ground covered with fnow, the ladies take their recrea- tion in fledges of different niapes, fuch as griffins, tygers, fwans, fcollop-fticlls, &c Here the lady fits, dreffed in velvet lined with rich furs, and adorned with laces and jcweJs having on her head a veh et cap ; and the fledge is drawn by one horlb ftag, or other creature, let off with plumes of feathers, ribands, and bells. As thil diverlion is taken chiefly in the night-time, fervants ride before the fledjre with torches, and a gentleman ftanding on the fledge behind guides the horle Rklioion..] This ia a copious article, but I Ihall confine myfelf to what is molt neceffary to be known. Before the reformation introduced by Luther the Oerman bifhops were poffelfcd (as indeed many of them are to this day) of p'rodi gious ])ower and revenues, and were the tyrants of the emperors as well as the people. J heir ignorance was only equalled by their fuperftiiion. The Bohemi- ans were the fii^ who had an idea of reformation, and made fo glorious a ftand for many yeai^ agamft the church of Rome, that they were indulged in the liberty of takmg the jacrament m both kinds, and other freedoms not tolerated in that church i bis was m a great meafure owing to the celebrated Engliftiman John Wicklifl' who went much farther in the work of reformation than Luther himlelf. thousli he lived about a cemury and a half before him. Wickliffwas feconded by John Huis and Jerome of Prague, who, notwiihftauding the emperor's fafe-condud, were inf^' moufly burnt at the council of Conftance. The Reformation introduced afterwards by Luther*, of which we have fpoken in the Introdiiftion, though it flruck at the chief abufes in the church of Rome wasthought m fome poims (particularly that of coufubftantiation, by which the real body of Chrdt, as well as. the elements of bread and wine, is fuppofed to be taken m the facrament) to be impeded.. Calvmifuif, therefore, or the religion of Geneva (as now pradlifed in the church of Scotland), was introduced into Ger- many, and is the religion profeffed in the territories of the king of Pruflia the landgrave of Heffe, and fome other princes, who maintain a parity of orders in the church. Some go io far as to fay, that the numbers of Proteftants and Catholics m the empire are now almoft equal. Gerinany, particularly Moravia and the Palati- nate,a8 alio Bohenna, is over-run with feftarics of all kinds i and Jews abound in the empire. At prefent, the modes of worftiip and forms of church government are bv the proteftant German princes confidexed in a civil rather than a religious light Archbishop and bishop-seks.] Thefe are difieremly reprefbnted by authors • fome of whom reprefent Vienna as being a fuffragan to the archiepifcopal fee of Saltl burgh ; and others as bemg an archbifliopric, but depending immediately upon the pope. The others are the archbifhop of Mentz, wlio has under him twelve fuflra- die*d ^rcA6"inX"lvi" ''" >7r..'4S3. began to difpute the doftrincs of the Romifh church ic '7. and aiea, 1 546, m the 63d ye.ir of hts age. ■' ' «t,y fr^n ^R^"? "'^' u°'?- '" J**' P' ovince of F.cardy, in the north of France, anno . 506. Being ' «f rth^"/- ^•°'" '^^^i'^Sdotp, he fettled at Geneva, in ,539. ^vhere he ellabliflied a new forn^ nlmlnJri P r^ "''• ""'^'^^ Vr '^"^ ''^'" embraced by feverHl nations and ftatcs. ^vho are now de- yZiTiflt,Tr ""''■■ '"'* f'r^^''' ''°"^'''"''' ""'^'«' QM^\R^- He died it Geneva, i^ ha year 1 564 j and hu writings make aint volumes in folio. R M N Y. 57X gans ; but one of them, the biftiop of Bamberg, is faid to be exempted from bis jurildidlion ;— Triers has three fuffragans ; — Cologne has four ;— Magdeburgh has five; — Saltzburg has nine, befides Vienna ; — and Bremen three. At different periods fince the Reformation, it has been found expedient, to fatisfy the claims of temporal princes, to fecularife the following bifhop-fees, Bremen, Ver- den, Magdeburg, Halberftadt, Minden, Lubec and Ofnaburg, which laft goes alter- nately to the houfcs of Bavaria and Hanover, and is at prefent held by his Britannic majefty's fecond fou. Such of thofe fees as were archbilhoprics are now confidered as duchies, and the bilhoprics as principalities. Language.] The Teutonic part of the German tongue is an original language, and has no relation to the Celtic. It is called High Dutch, and is the mother tongue of all Germany ; but varies fo niuch in its dialed, that the people of one province fcarcely underftand thofe of another. Latin and French are the moft ufefiil langua- ges in Germany, when a traveller is ignorant of High Dutch. The German Pater-Nofter is as follows: Unfer Vater, der du lift m himtml. Gehe'iliget werd dein mine. Zuhomme dcin rekh. Dein mile gefchche, wie im himv:c! alfo auch atif erdm. Unfer tdglkh hrodt gih uns heule. Und vergih wis uufcr jhhuld, tl>en unfern fchuldigern. Undefuhre uns nkkt in verfuchuug. H^oudern er- Den dein is das reich, und die krafft, und die hcniichkeif, en als wir vergeb Mfe uns von dein ho/en eivigheit. Amen. Learning, learned men, 7 No country has produced a greater variety of AND UNIVERSITIES. Vauthors than Germany, and there is no where a more general taile for reading, efpecially in the proteftant countries. Printing is encouraged to a fault ; almolt every man of letters is an author ; they multipH- books without number; thoufands of thefes and difputations are annually pub- lifhed ; for no man can be a graduate in iheir univerfities, who has not publilhed one difputation at lead. In this country there are 36 univerfities, of which 1 7 are proteftant, 17 Roman catholic, and two mixed; befides a vaft number of colleges, gymnafia, pedagogies, and Latin fchools. There are alfo many academics and locieties for promoting the ftudy of natural philofophy, the belles lettres, anti- quities, painting, fculpture, architeflure, &c. as the Imperial Leopoldiiie academy of the natum curio ft \ the academy of Iciences at Vienna, at Berlin, at Gotiingeu, at Erfurth, at I^ipfic, at Diulburgh, at Giefen, and at Hamburg. At Drdden and Nuremburg are academies for painting ; at Berlin a royal military academy ; and at Augfburg is the Imjierial Francifcau academy of fine arts; to which wc may add the Latin fociety at Jena. Of the public libraries the moft celebrated arc thofe of Vienna, Berlin, Halle, \A'olfenbuttle, Hanover, Gottingen, Weymar, and Lcipfic. Many of the Germans have greatly diftinguiftied themfelves in various branches of learning and fcience. They have written largely upon the Roman and canon hnvs. Siahl, Van Swieten, Siorck, HoHnian, and Ilaller, have contributed greatly to the improvement of phyfic; Ruvinus and Dillenius of botany ; Helftcr of anatomy and lurgcry; and Newman, Zimmerman, Pott, and iVlargraft; of chymiftry. In aftrononiy, Kepler defervedly obtained a great reputation; and PuH'endorf is one of the firft writers on the law of nature and nations, and has alfo intnit as an hiftorian. But at the end of the laft century, and the beginning of the prelent, Gernianv, by her divines, and by her religious ict\s, was fo much involved 111 tlifpuies about fyftematical theology, that few comparatively paid any attention other parts of learning, or to pcjlite literature. The language alio, and the ftyle U) writlnsi in Germ.m books, which at the time of the Relbrmation, was pure 4 D S lUt L ff y If r 572 MANY. original, became ridiculous, by a continual intermixture of Latin and French words; and though they were not uuderftood by the people in general, were thought to give an air of fuperiority to the writers, and were thereiore much af- fedled. For an opinion prevailed among the learned in Germany, and niany have not yet diverted themfelves of it, that compiling huge volumes, and larding them with numberlcfs quotations from all forts of authors, and from all languages, was the true teft of great erudition. Their produdtions, tlierefore, became heavy and pedantical, and were in confequence difregarded by other nations. It was about the year 1 730, that the profpedb of literature in Germany began to brighten. Leibnitz and VV oUius opened the way to a better philofophy than had llitherto prevailed. Gottfched, an author and profeffor at Leipfic, who has been greatly honoured by the prelent king of Pruflia, introduced a better tafte of writing, by publifhing a German ,^rammar, and by inftituting a literary fociety, for polifb- iug and refloring to its purity the German language, and by promoting the lludy of the belles Icltres. We may coufider this as t!-^ epocha, from which the Germans began to write with elegance in their own language, upon learned ibbjedls, and to free themfelves, in a confiderable degree, from that verbofenefs and )wdantry by which they had been charadlerized. • About this time feveral young men in the uni- verlity of Leipfic, and other parts of Lower Germany, imited in publiftiiiig Ibme periodical works, calculated for the general entertainment of perions of a literary talk. Some of thefe gentlemen afterwards became eminent authors; and then- works are held in Gernuuy in high ellimation. The Ityle of preaching among the German divines alfo now underwent a con- fiderable change. They began to tranllatc the beft Englifli and French fernions, particularly thofe of Tillotfon, Sherlock, Saurin, Bourdaloue, and others. Ihey improved by thefe models: and Molheim, Jerufalem, Spalding, Zollikofer, and others, have publiftied lermons which would do credit to any country ; though they flill retain too much of that prolixity, for which German divines and commenta- tors have been fo much cenfured. Nor can it be denied, that great numbers of the German preachers, even in large and opulent towns, are flill too much diftinguiOicd by vulgar language, abfurd opinions, and an inattention to the didlates of reaibn and good fenfe. Some of the Englifh periodical writings, fuch as the Spectator, Tatler, and Guardian being tranflated into the German language, excited great emulation among the writers of that country, and a number of periodical papers appeared, of various merit. One of the firft and beft was publiftied at Hamburg, under the title of " The Patriot ;" in which Dr. Thomas, the late biftiop of Salilbury, was concerned ; he being at that time chaplain to the Britifli fhaory at Hamburg, and a confiderable maf- ter of the German language. The late profeffor Gellert, who is one of the moft elegant of the German authors, and one of the moit eftecmed, has greatly contribut- ed to the improvement of their tafte. His way of writing is particularly adapted to touch the heart, and to infpire lent imcnts of morality and piety. His fables and narrations, written in German verfe, his letters, and his moral romances, are fo much read in Germany, that even many of the ladies have them almoft by heart. His comedies are alfo very popular; though they are rather too fentimental, and better adapted for the clofet than for the ftage. Haller, the famous phyfician, Hagedorn, Uz, Cronegh, Lefling, Glcim, Geftenberger, Kleift, KloplVock, Ramler, Zacaviae, Wieland, and others, have excelled in poetry. Schlegel, Cronegh, Lefling, Wieland and W iele, have ac- quired fame by their dramatic writings. Rabener has, by his fatirical works, immortalized his name among the Germans; though fonie of his pieces are of too ■,8,Si,j,J.^)«l«»««**- M N Y. 573 local a nature, and too much confined to German cuftoms, manners, and charac ters to be read with any high degree of pleafure byperfons of other nations. Gelner, whofe Idylls and Death of Abel have been tranflated into the Englilh lan- truage, is known among us in a more favourable light. Ill chymiftry, and in medicine, the merit of the Germans is very confpicuous : and Reimarus, Zimmerman, Abt, Kaeftner, Segner, Lanibert, Mayer, Kruger, and Suker, have acquired fame by their philofophical writings. Bulchmg is an excellent geographical writer; and Mafcou, Bunau, Putter, Gatterer, and Gebaur, have excelled in hiftorical works. But it cannot be denied that the Germans, in their romances, are a century behind us. Moft of their publications of this kind are imitations of ours, or ellb very dry or uninterefting; which perhaps is owing to education, to falle delicacy, or to a certain tafte of kmght-errantry, which is iUll predominant among Ibme of their novel-writers. . lu works relating to antiquity, and the arts known among the ancients, the names of Wiuckelman, Klog, and Lefling, are familiar vyiih thoie who are fkilled in this branch of literature. In ectlefiaftical, philofophical, and literary hdtory, the names of Albertus, Fabricius, Monicim, Semler, and Brucker, are well known among us. Raphelius, Michaelis, and Walch, are famous m facred hterature. Cellir! Burman, Taubman, Reilkc, Ernefti, Reimarus, Havercampt, and Heyne, have publilhed fome of the bed editions of Greek and Latin claflics. It is an unfavourable circumftance for German hterature, that the French Ian- ffuage fhould be fo falhionable in the German courts inftead of the German, and that lb many of their princes niould give it fo decided a preference.^ La en the late king of Prullia had ordered the Philofophical Tranfaftions of his royal lociety at BerUn, from the beginning of its inflitution, to be publilhed m the French tongue : by which, fome of the Germans think, his majefty has cart a very undeferved re- proach upon his native language. . , , r i i ui With lefpea to the fine arts, the Germans have acquitted themfelves tolerably well. Germany has produced fome good painters, architeds, fculptors, and en- gravers. They even pretend to have been the firll inventors ot engraving, etching,, and mezzotinto. Priming, if firll invented in Holland, was foon alter greatly improved in Germany. The Germans are generally allowed to be the farft inven- tors of great guns; as alfo of gunpowder in Europe, about the year 1320. Ger- many has likewife produced fome excellent muficians ; Handel, Bach, and Helle, of whom Handel Hands at the head; and it is acknowledged, that he arrived at the fublime of mufic, but he had not the fmalleft idea between nmfic and fentiniental ^Ti^TiX TOWNS, FORTS, AND OTHER KDiFicES, . This is a copious head ill all PUBLrc AND private; with cccafional efti- [-coumries, but more particularly mates of hevenues and popi'latiok. ^ fo in Germany, on account of the numerous independent ftates it contains. The reader therefore muft be comented with the mention of the moft capital places, and their peculiarities. . . Though Berlin is accounted the capital of all his Prufllan majefty s dominions, and exhibits perhaps the moft illuftrious example of fudden improvement that this age can boalt of; yet during the late war, it was found a place of no Itrengtli, and fell twice, almoft without refiftance, into the hands of the Auflrians, who, had it not been for the politenefs of tl.eir generals, and their love ot the fine arts, which always preferves mankind fiom barbarity and inhumanity, would have levelled it to the ground. , , , .i„ r Berlin lies on the river Spree, and, befides a royal palace, has many other lu- perb palaces ; it contains fourteen Lutheran, and eleven Calvinift churches, fcelides- 57+ R M N Y- :i Roman Catholic one. Its fticets and fquares are fpacious, and built in a vcij re. gular manner. But the houres, though neat without, are ill-furnilhcd aiul ill-tiinniod uithin, and very indirteicnlly provided with inhabitants. '1 he king's palace heie, and that o^ prince Henry, are very magnificent builiiings. '1 he opcra-houle is alio a bc.uitilul llruiture: ajsd the arienal, which is handfoniely built in the form of a icju.irc, contains arms foi- 200,000 men. There are fundry manufadurcs in Ber- lin, and ievt'al fchools, libraries, and charitable foundations. 'Ihc number of its inhabitants, according to Bufching, in 1755, was 126,661, including the gar- J ifon. In the iame year, and according to the fame author, there were no fewer ■than 44,3 lilk-looms, 14.9 of half-filks, 2858 for woollen fluffs, 45J for cot- ton, 2 4-S for linen, 454 for lace- work, 39 frames for filk ilockings, and 310 for .woiftcd ones. They ha\ e here njanufadtures of tapcftr}', gold and iilver lace, and mirrors. The decorate of Saxony is, by nature, the richeft country in Germany, if wot in Europe: it contains 210 walled towns, 61 market-towns, and about 3000 vil- lages, according to the latefl accounts of the Germans themfclves (to which, how- .cver, we are not 10 give an implicit belief); and the revenue, eflimating each rix- doUar at four ft>ilUngs and fixpence, .imouiiis to 1,350,0001 This liim is fo mo- derate, when compared to the richnefs of the foil, which, if we are to believe Dr, Bufching, produces even diamonds, and alnioft all the precious flones to be found in the halt Indies and elfe where, and the variety of fpleiidid nianufadlures, that 1 am apt to believe the Saxon i)rinces to have been the molt moderate and patriotic of any in Germany^ We can lay little more of Drefdcn, the elc<5ior of Saxony's capital, than hath been already laid of all tine cities, that its fortifications, palaces, public buildings, i.hurches, and charitable fbundatioiw, and, above all, its fuburbs, are magni- ficent beyond all exprellion, that it is beautiliilly fituated on both fides the Elbe ; .ind that it is the fchool of Germany for Jlatuaay, paintiiig, enamelling, and carA- ing ; not to mention its mirrors, and founderies for liells and cannon, and its fb- reign connnerce carried on by means of the Elbe. The mhabitants of Drefden, by the lateft accounts, amount to 1 10,000. The city of Leipfic in Upper Saxony, 46 miles diftant from IXrefden, is fituated in a pleafant and fertile plain on the PleiiTe, and the mhabitants are faid to amount to about 40,000. There are alio large and well-built fuburbs, with handlbine gardens. Between thefe fuburbs and the town is a fine walk of lime-trees, which was laid out in the year 1702, and encompaffes the city. Mulberry-trees are alfo planted in the town-ditches ; but the fortifications feem rather calculated for the ufe of the inhabitants to walk on, than for defence. The ftreets are clean, commo- dious, and agreeable, and are lighted in the night with fevcn hundred lamps. They reckon 436 merchants houfes, and 192 manufaiRujes of different articles, as bro- cades, paper, cards, &c. Leipfic has long been difiingiilflicd fur the liberty of confcience allowed here to perlbns of different fentinieuts in religious matters. Here is an univerfity, which is f^ill very confiderable, with fix churches for the Ijitherans, theirs being the eftablifhed religion, one for the Calvinifls, and a chapel in the caille for thofe of the Romifh church. The univerfity-libraiy confifis of aboiu 26,000 volumes, 6000 of which are folios. Here is alio a library for the magiftrates, which confifts of about 36,000 volumes and near 2coo nianufcripis, and contains cabinets of urns, antiques, and medals, with many curiofiiics of art und nature. The Exchange is an elegant building. The city of Hanover, the capital nf that cteAorate, Hands on the river I.eine, and is a neat, thriving, and agreeable city. It contains about iwche liundicd R M N Y. 575 houfics, amoTvg which there is an eleftoral palace. It earlier ou Tome iiianufiduses j, and iu its ueighbourhood he the palace and elegant gardens of Heienhaufeii. 'Jlic domiiuons of the clcdioracc of Hanover contain about I'evea hundred and fSiy thoufand people, wlio live in fifty-eight cities, and ilxty niarket-towus, bcfides \illage^. 'J he city and fuburbs of Bremen, belonging by purchafe to the faid elcdor, contain about fifty thoufand inhabitants, and lia\e a confiderable trade by the Wcfer. '1 he other towns belonging to this eledorate have trade and nianu- ladures ; but in general, it mull be remarked, that the elcdloratc has fuflered greaih' by the accelhoa of the Hanover family to the crown of Great Britain. I fliall herejult mention, ou account of its relation to our royal family, the fecularifed bifliopric of Olhaburg, lying between the rivers W efer and Ems. Ihe chief city, Ofnaburg, has been long famous all over Europe for the njanufaflure knowa by the name of the dutchy, and for the inanufafture of the belt Weftphalia hams,- The wliole revenue of tb-e bifliopric amounts to about 3o,ooqL Brcflau, the capital of Silelia, which formerly belonged to the kingdom of Bo. hernia, lies on the river Oder, and is a fine city,, where all fefts of Chriftians and. Jews are tolerated, but the magiftracy is Lutheran. Since Silefia fell under the 'ruflian dominion, its trade is greatly improved, being very inconfidcrable before. 'Ihc manufadlurcs of Silefia, which principally centre at Breflau, are numerous. I'he revenue of the whole is by fome faid to bring his PrufTian majefty in near a million llerliiig; but this fum feems to be exaggerated; if, as other authors of good note write, it ne\er brought iu to the houfe of Auftria above 500,000!. yearly. Frankfort is fituated in an healthful,, fertile, and delightful ceuntrj- along the Maine, by which it is divided into two parts, diftinguilhed by the names of Frank- fort and Saxenhanfen. The former of thefe, being the largeft, is divided into twelve wards, and the latter into two ; and both arc computed to contain about three thoufand houles. The fortifications, which are both regular and folid, form n decagon, or figure confilling of ten baftions, faced with hewn ftone; the ditches are deep, and filled with frefh water ; and all the outworks are placed before the gates. Frankfort is the ufual place of the eleftion and coronation of the kings of the Romans, and is alfo a free and imperial city. It is of a circular form, without any fuburbs ; but the ftreets are generally narrow, and the houfes are mofllv built of timber and plaifter, and covered with Hate; though there arc fome hancf- fome private llrudlures, of a kind of red marble, that delerve the name of palaces ; as the buildings called the Conipcftel and Fronhof, tha Trierfhof, the Cuilenhof, the German-houfe, an augull edifice, fituated near the bridge over the Maine, the Heffe-Darmftadthof, the palace of the prince de la Tours, and the houfes of the counts of Solnis, Schaucnburg, and Schonborn ; and there are three principal Iquares. Vienna is the capital of the circle of Auftria, and, being the refidence of the emperor, is fuppofed to be the capital of Germany. It is a noble and a ftrong city, and the princes of the houfe of Auftria have omitted nothing that could contribute to its grandeur and riches. Vienna contains an excellent univerfity, a- bank, which is in the management of her own magiftrates, and a court of conmierce im- mediately fubjefl to the aulic council. Its religious buildings, with the walks and gardens, occupy a fixth part of the town; but the fuburbs are larger than the city.' It would he endlefs to enumerate the many palaces of this capital, two of vvliich are imperial ; its Iquarcs, academies, and libraries ; and, among others, the fine, one oi" prince Eugene, with his and the imperial cabinets of curiofities. Among; lis rich convents is one for the Scotch nation, built in honour of their countrvmau 11 ill 7 ,«r,i^^f«e««i«6»».'- 576 GERM N Y. II i St Colman, the patron of Auftria ; and one of the fix gates of this city is called the Scots Rate, in remembrance of fome notable exploit performed there by the troops of that nation. Ihe inhabitants of Vienna, nicluding the fuburbs, are computed at about three hundred thoufand ; and the encouragement given them by their fovereigns, has rendered this city the rendezvous ot all the nations After all that has been faid of this magnificent city, the moft candid and fenfible of thofe who have vifited it, are far from being lavifh in its praifc. The ftreets, excepting thofc in the fuburbs, are narrow and dirty; the houfes and furnuure of the citizens arc greatly difproportioned to the magnificence of the palaces, fquares, and other public buildings ; but above all, the exceflive imports laid by the houfe of Auftria upon every commodity in its dominions, muft always keep the manu- fafturing part of their fubjefls poor. His prefent imperial majefty fecras to lie fenfible of truths which were plain to all the world but his predecelfors and their counfellors: he examines things A\-ith his own eyes, and has defcended from that haughtinefs of demeanour which rendered the imperial court lb long difagreeable, and indeed ridiculous, to the relt of Europe. In general, the condition of the Auftriau fubieds has been greatly meliorated fince his acceflion to the imperial throne ; great encouragement hath been given to the proteftants, and many of the Catholic religious houles, convcms, &c.'arefuppreired by him. , r ■ Anticvuiiies and cuRiosniJES, ) In dekribmg the mineral and other Ipnngs, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. fl anticipated grcat part of this article, which is of itfelf verv copious. Every couit of Germany produces a cabinet of cu- riofuies, artificial and natural, ancient and modern. The tun at Heidclburgh holds 800 hogfheads, and is generally full of the bed Rhenifh wine, from which ftrangers are feldcmi fuHered to retire fober. Vienna itlelf is a curiofity ; for here vou fee the greatcft variety of inhabitants that is to be met with any where^ as Greeks, Tranfylvanians, Sclavonians, Turks, Tartars, Hungarians, Croats, Ger- mans Poles, Spaniards, French, and Italians, in their proper habits. Ihe Impe- rial library at Vienna is a great literary rarity, on account of us ancient manu- fcripts. It contains upwards of 80,000 volumes, among which are many valuable manufcripts in Hebrew, Svriac, Arabic, Turkifti, Armenian, Coptic and Un- nefe- but the antiquity of lome of them is qucftionable, particularly a New lelta- nient in Greek, faid to have been written 1500 years ago, in gold letters, upon purple. Here are likewife many thoufand Greek, Roman, and Gothic coins and medals • with a vaft colleaion of other curiofities in art and nature. The valt Go- thic palaces, cathedrals, caltles, and, above all, town-houfes, in Germany, are very curious : they ftrike the beholder with an idea of rude magnificence ; and fometimes thev have an efleft that is preferable even to Greek architefture. Ihe chief hoafes in great cities and villages have the fame appearance probably, as they had 400 years ago; and their fortifications generally confift of a bnck-wall, trenches filled with water, and baftions or half-moons. Next to the lakes and waters, the caves and rocks are the chief natural curio- fuies of Germany. Mention is made of a cave near Blackenburg m Hartz-torelt, of which none have yet found the end, though many have advanced into u lor 20 miles- but the moft remarkable curiofity of that kind is near Hammelen, about .0 miles from Hanover, where at the inomh of a cave ftands a monumem which commemorates the lofs of 130 children, who were there [wallowed up m 1284. Though this faa is very ftrongly attefted, it has been difputed by fome critics. Frequent imeniion is made of two xocks near Blackenburg, cxaftly reprefemmg ..i^,l;;»««k«W'=- MANY. 577 two mouks in their proper habits ; and of many (lones which fccm to be pctrifac tions of fiflics, frogs, tree*, and leave?. CoMMEKCK AND MANUPAC'ii/REs.] Gcruiany has vail advantages in point of commerce, from its fituation in the heart of Europe, and perforated as it were with great rivers, lis native materials for conmierce (befidcs ilie mines and minerals I have alrlady mentioned) are hemp, hops, flax, anife, cummin, tobacco, faflron, madder, truffles, variety of excellent roots and pot-herbs, and fine fruits, equal to thofe of France and Italy. Germany exports to other countries corn, tobacco, horfes, lean cattle, butter, cheefe, honey, wax, wines, linen and woollen yarn, ribands, fdk and cotton ftuHs, toys, turnery wares in wood, meials, and ivoiy, goat- (kins, wool, timlx:r both for fliip-building and houfes, cannon, and bullets, bombs and bomb-fhells, iron plates and ftoves, tinned plates, ftecl work, copper, brafs-wire, porcelain the finelt upon earth, earthen-ware, glalfes, mirrors, hogs bridles, mum, beer, tartar, fmalts, zaflcr, Pruflian blue, printer's ink, and many other things. Some think that the balance of trade between England and Ger« many is to the difadvantage of the former ; but others are of a ditierent opinion, as they cannot import coarfe woollen manufaAures, and feveral other commodi- ties, lb cheap from any other country. The revocation of the edift of Nantes, by Lewis XIV. which obliged the French proteftants to fettle in difierent parts of Europe, was of infinite fervice to the Ger- man nianufaAures. They now make velvets, filks, fluffs of all kinds, fine and coarfe ; linen and thread, and every thing neceflary for wear, to great perfeftion. The porcelain of Meiflcn, in the eledorate of Saxony, and its paintings, exceed that of all the world. Trading companiks.] The Afiatic company of Embden, eQabliflicd by his prefent Pruflian majefly, was, exclulive of the Hanfeatic league, the only com- mercial company in Germany; but no fhips have been fcnt out fincc the year 1760. The heavy taxes that his majefty laid on the company, have been the caufe of Its total annihilation. In the great cities of Germany very large and exv.enfive partner- fhips in trade fublift. Constitution and governmknt.] Almoft every prince in Germany (and there are about 300 of them) is arbitrary with regard to the government of his own eftates ; but the whole of them form a great confederacy, governed by political laws, at tlic head of which is the emperor, and whofe power in the collediive body, or the diet, is not diredlorial, but executive : but even that gives him vaft influ- ence. The fupreme power in Germany is the diet, which is compofed of the em- peror, or, in his abience, of his commiflary, and of the three colleges of the em- pire. The firft of thefe is the eleAoral college ; the fecond is the college of princes ; and the third, the college of Imperial towns. The empire was hereditary under the race of Charlemagne, but after this, be- came cle6\i\e; and in the beginning, all the princes, nobility and deputies of ci- ties enjoyed the privilege of voting. In the reign of Henry V. the chief officers of the empire altered the mode of eledlion in their own favour. In the year 1239 the number of eledors was reduced to feven. One eleftor was added in 1649, and ano- ther in 1692. •:• The dignity of the empire, though eledive, has for fome centuries belonged to the houfe of Auftria, as being the moft powerful of the German princes; but by French management, upon the death of Charles VI. grandfather by the mother s fide, to the prefent emperor, the eledlor of Bavaria was chofen to that dignity, and died, as is fuppofed, heart-broken, after a fhort imcomfortable reign. The power of the emperor is regulated bv the capitulation he figns at his eledlion ; and the No. XJX. ' 4 E IP 578 R M N Y. m m perfon, who in his life-time is chofen king of the Romans, fucceeds without a new eleftion to the empire. He can confer titles and enfranchifements upon cities and towns ; but as emperor he can levy no taxes, nor make war nor peace without the confent of the diet. When that confent is obtained, every prince muft contribute his quota of men and money, as valued in the matriculation roll, though jierhaps, as an eledor or prince, he may efpoufe a different fide from that of the diet. This forms the intricacy of the German conftitutiou; for George II. of England was obliged to flirnifli his quota againft the houfe of Auftria, and alfo agaiuft the king of Pruffia, while he was fighting for them both. The emperor claims a precedency for his ambafladors in all chrillian courts. The nine electors of the empire have each a particular office in the Imperial court, and *hey have the fole eledlion of the emperor. They are in order, Firft, The archbilhop of Mentz, who is high chancellor of the empire when Germany. Second, The archbifhop of Treves, who is high chancellor of the empire France. Third, The archbifhop of Cologne, who is the fame in Italy. The king, or rather eledlor of Bohemia, who is cup-bearer. The eledor of Bavaria, who is grand fewer, or officer who ferves out the feafls. The eledlor of Saxony, who is great marfhal of the empire. The eledorof Brandenburg (now king of Pruffia), who is great chamberlain. The eledlor Palatine, who is great fleward ; and. The eledlor of Hanover (king of Great Britain), who claims the pofl of arch- trcafurer. It is neceffary for the emperor, before he calls a diet, to have the ad\ ice of thofe members ; and during the vacancy of the Imperial throne, the eledlors of Saxony and Bavaria have jurifdidlion, the former over the northern, and the latter over the fouthern circles. The ecclefiaftical princes are as abfolute as the temporal ones in their feveral dominions. The chief of thefci befides the three ecclefiaftical eledlors already mentioned, are the archbifhop of Saltzburgh, the bifhops of Liege, Munfler, Spiie, Worms, Wirtfburg, Strafburg, Ofnaburg, Bamberg, and Paderbom. Befide thefe, are many other ecclefiaflical princes. Germany abounds with many abbots and abbefTes, whofe jurifdidlions are likewife abfolute ; and fome of them very confi- derable, and all of them are chofen by their feveral chapters. The chief of the fe- cnlar princes are the Landgrave of Heife, the dukes of Brunfwic, Wolfenbuttel, Wirtemberg, Mecklenburgh, Saxe-Gotha, the marquiifes of Baden and Culm- bach, with the princes of Naffau, Anhalt, Furflenburg, and many others, who have all high titles, and are fovereigns in their own dominions. The free cities are likewife foveieignflates; thofe which ?re Imperial, or compofe a part of the diet, bear the Imperial eagle in their arras ; thofe which arc Hanfe-towns, of which we havefpoken in the Introdudlion, have flill great privileges and immunities, but they fubfift no longer as a political body. The Imperial chamber, and that of Vienna, which is better known by the name of the Aulic-council, are the two fupreme courts for determining the great caiifes of the empire, arifing between us refpedlive members. The Imperial council con- fifts of .50 judges or alfeifors. The prefident and four of theiti are appointed by the emperor, and each of the eledlors chufes one, and the other princes and flates the reft, 'iiiis court is at prefent held at Wetzlar, but ibrmerly it reiidcd at Spire; and caufes may be brought before it by appeal. The aulic-council was originally no better than a revenue court of the dominions of the houfe of Auflria. As that .ii|«Ss-M«»WW»lW»<' M N 579 fanulv's power increafed, the jurifdiaion of the aulic-council was extended ; and atlalt to the great difgull of the princes of the empire, it ufurped upon the powers of the Imperial chamber, and even of the diet. It confiits of a piefident, a vice- chancellor, a vice-prefident, and a certain number oi auliccouniellors, of whom fix are proteftauts, befides other officers, but the emperor m fad is malter of the court. Thele courts follow the ancient laws _ of the empire for their guides, the colden bull, the pacification of Paffau, and the civil law. _ Befides thele courts of juftice, each of the nine circles I have already menti ned has a direaor to take care of the peace and order of the circle. Thefe direaors are commonly as follow. For Weilphalia, the biftiop of Munfter, or duke of Neuburg. For Lower Saxony, the ekaor of Hanover or Erandenburg. I- or Upper Saxony, the ekaor of Saxony, For the Lower Rhme, the aichbilhop ot Mentz. For the Upper Rhine, the ekaor Palatine, or biftiop of Worms. lor Franconia, the biOiop of Hamburg, or marquis of Culmbach. For Suabia, the dake of Wirtemburg, or biihop of Conftance. For Bavaria, the ekaor of Bava- ria, or archbifhop of Saltzburg ; and for Auftria, the archduke of Auftria, his im- ^'^Upon any great emergency, after the votes of the diet are colkaed, and fen- tence pronounced ; the emperor by his prerogative commits the execution of it to a particular prince or princels, whofe troops live at free quarter upon the eftates of the delinquent party, and he is obliged to make good all expences : upon the whole the conttitutiou of the Germank body is of itfelf a ftudy of no fmall diffi- culty ' But however plaufibly invented the feveral checks upon the inipenal power may be, it is certain that the houfe of Auftria has more than once endangered the liberties of the empire, and that they have been faved by France. Lately, mdeed, the houfe of Auftria has met with a powerful oppofition from the houlc of Branden- burg in confequcnce of the aaivity and abilities of the preient king of Pniffia. Before I clofe this head, it may be neceffaiy to inform the reader of the ipeanmg of a term which has of late frequently appeared in the German hiftory, I mean that of the Fraomatic Samlion. I'his is no other than a provifion made by the emperor Charles VL^for preferving the iiidivifibility of the Auftrian dominions in the perfon of the next defcendant of the laft polfeffor, whether male or female. This provi- fion has been often difputed by other branches of the houfe of Auftria, who have been occafionally fupported by France from politkal views, though the pragmatic ianaion is ftrongly guarantied by almoft all the powers of Europe. The late eni- peior, ekaor of Bavaria, and the late king of Poland attempted to overthrow it as be'ing defcended from the daughters of the emperor Jofcph, elder brother to Chuks VL It has likewife been again and again oppofed by the court of Spain. Few of the territories of the German princes are fo large as to be afiigied to viceroys, to be opprefled and fleeced at pkafure ; nor are they entirely without re- drefs when they fuffer any grievance ; they may appeal to the general diet or great councilof the empire for relief; whereas in France the lives and fortunes of the fubjea are eniia-ly at the difpolal of the grand monarch. Tlie iubjeas of the petty princes in Germany are generally the moft unhappy: for thefc princes, af- kaing the grandeur and Ipkndor of the more powerful, in the number and ap- peiranceof their officers and donieftks, in their palaces, gardens, piaures, curio- fities, guards, bands of nmfic, tabks, drefs, and furniture, are obliged to fupport all this vain pomp and parade at the expence of their vaffals and dependants. \N ith j-eiwa to the burghers and peafants of Gernianv, the former in many places enjoy great privileges; the latter alio, in fonie parts,' as in Franconia, Swabia, and on the Rliine, are generally a free people, or perform only certain krvices to their 4 E i 580 E R M N T. fuperiors, and pay the taxes; whereas in the marquifate of Brandenburg, Pomera- nia, Lufatia, Moravia, Bohemia, Auftria, &c. they may juftly be denominated flaves, though in different degrees. Revenuks.] The only revenue falling under this head is that of the emperor, who, as fuch, hath an annual income of about 5 or 6000 pounds fterling, arilingfroni fome inconfiderable fiefs in the Black Foreft. The Auftrian revenues are imn-icnfe, and are thought to amount to 7,000,000 fterling in Germany and Italy ; a fum that goes far in thofe countries. The late king of Pruffia, whofe revenues were not near fo extenfive as thofe of his prefent maiefty, though he niamtained a large army, was fo good an ceconomilt that he left 7,000,000 fterling iu his coffers ; and fome have thought that Silefia alone brings half a million fterling every year to this king. To behold the magnificence of many of the German courts, a ftranger is apt to conceive very high ideas of the incomes of their princes ; which is owing to the high price of money in that country, and confequently the low price of provi- fions and manufaftures. In fadl, though it is plain that fome princes have much larger revenues than others, yet we cannot fpeak with any tolerable precifion on a fubjeft of fuch variety and uncertainty, and which comprehends lb many indepen- dent ftates. Military strength.] During the two laft wars, very little regard was paid in carrying ihem on, to the ancient German conftitutions, the whole management being engroffed by the head of the houfe of Auftria. The eleftor of Mentz keeps what is called a matriculation book or regifter, which, among other letters, contains the affeffments of men and money, which every prince and ftate, who are members of the empire, is to advance when the army of the empire takes the field. The contributions in money are called Roman months, on account of the monthly alfelf- ments paid to the emperors when they vifited Rome. Thofe affeffments, however, are fubjeft to great mutability. It is fufficient here to lay, that upon a moderate computation the fecular princes of the empire can bring to the field 379,000 men, and the ecclefiaftical 74.5^''^. in all 453,500 ; of thofe the emperor, as head of the' houfe of Auftria, is I'uppoied to furnifh 90,000. a <» "■*" The eleflor of Mentz may maintain » . ' 6000 The ele keep the German and other European powers eafy, had before his death, gi\ea his eldeft daughter, the late emprefs-queen, in marriage to the duke of Lorrain, a piiuce who could bring no acccffioa of power to the Auftrian ianiily. Charles died iu 1740. He was no fboner iu the grave, than all he had fo long laboured for muft have K'eu overthrown, had it not been for the firmneis of George II. The pragmatic f.indtiou was attacked on all hands. The young king of rruiha, with a powerful army, entered, and conquered Silefia, which he faid had been wrongfully difniemtered from his family. The king of Spain and the eledor of Eavaria let up claims direftly incompatible with the pragmatic fandtion, and in this they were joined by France ; though all thofe powers had lolenmly guaranteed it. The imperial throne after a con- lidetable vacancy, was tilled up by the eledwr of Bavaria, who took the title of Charles VII. in January 1742. 'Ihe French poured their armies into Bohemia, where they took Prague '; and the queen of Hungary, to take otf the weight of Pruf- fiH, was forced to cede to that prince the moft valuable part of the dutchy of Silefla bv a formal treaty. ■ Her youth, her'be.iutv, and futleriiigs, and ilie noble fortuude with which fhe bore them, ifmcheJ the'hc;uts of the Hungarians, into whole arms Ihe thre\y her- Iclf and her little Ion ; and though they had been always remarkable for their dif- aiieaion to the houle of Auftria, they declared unanimoufly in her favour. Her oouerals drove the Frouth out of BcJheiuia ; and George II. at the head of :\i Kiiglilh and Hanoverhui ar:nv. gained the battle of Dettingen, in 1743. Charles Vli was at this time niiler.ihiiV.u the iuiperi J throne, and driven out of his elec- tural doiiiiuious, as had beeu hi.s anccftor in (jueen Anne's reign,, for fiding with iiauie, and u odd h.r. e give; ::c queen of Hungary almoft lic^- r '.vii 'x: bit /,• 388 R M A N Y. Ihe haughtily and impoliticly rejeaed all accommodation, though advifed to ii by his Bntannic majefty, her beft, and indeed only friend. This obftinacy gave a co- loiar for the king of Pruffia to invade Bohemia, under pretence of I'upporting the imperial dignity : but though he took Prague, and fubdued the greateft part of the kmgdom, he was not fupported by the French ; upon which he abandoned all his conquefts, and retired to Silefia. This event confirmed the obltiuacy of the queen of Hungary, who came to an accommodation with the emperor, that fhe might re- cover Sileha. Soon after, his imperial majefty, in the beginning of the year 1745, died; and the duke of Lorrain, then grand duke of Tulcany, confort to her Hun- garian majefty, after furmounting fome difficulties, was chofen emperor, by the title of Francis I. The bad fuccefs of the allies againft the French and Bavarians in the Low Coun- tries, and the lofs of the battle of Fontenoy, retarded the operations of the empreis- queen againft his PrulUan majefty. The latter beat the emperor's brother, prince Charles of Lorrain, who had before driven the Prufiians out of Bohemia ; and the condua of the emprefs-queen was fuch, that his Britannic majefty thought proper to guarantee to him the poifellion of Silefia, as ceded by treaty. Soon after, his Pruflian majefty pretended that he had diicovered a fecret convention which had been entered into between the emprefs-queen, the emprefs of Rulfia, and the kinjr of Poland, as eleaor of Saxony, to ftrip him of his dominions, and to divide then'i among themfelves. Upon this his Prulfian majefty, all of a fudden, drove the king of Poland out of Saxony, defeated his troops, and took poffeliion of DicC den; which he held till a treaty was made under the mediation of his Britannic majefty, by which the king of Pruflia acknowledged the duke of Lorrain, noiv become great duke of Tufcany, for Emperor. 1 he war continued in the Low Countries, not only to thedifadvantage, but to the difcredit of the Auftrians and Dutch, till it was finifhed by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in April 1748. By that treaty, Silefia was once more guaranteed to the king of Pruflia. It was not long before that monarch's jealoufies were renewed and verified ; and the empreis of Ruflia's views failing in with thofe of the emprefs-queen, and the king of Po- land, who were unnaturally fupported by France in their new fchemes, a frefh war was kindled in the empire, m the year 1756. The king of Pruflia declared againft tbe admiflion of the Ruflians into Germany, and his Britannic majefty againft that of the French. Upon thofe two principles all former differences between thefe mo- narchs were forgotten, and the Britifti parliament agreed to pay an annual fubfidy of 670,0001. to his Pruflian majefty during the continuance of the war, the flames of which were now rekindled with more fury than ever. His Pruflian majefty once more broke into Saxony, defeated the Imperial general Bcown at the battle of Lowofitz, forced the Saxons to lay down their arms, though almoft impregnably fortified at Pirna, and the eleaor of Saxony again fled to his re- gal dominions in Poland. After this, his Pruflian majefty was put to the ban of the empire; and the French poured, by one quarter, their armies, as the Ruflians did by another, into the empire. The condua of his Pruflian majefty on this occafion is the moft amazing that is to be met with in hiftory. He broke once more into Bohemia with inconceivable rapidity, and defeated an army of 100,000 Auftrians, under general Brown, who was killed, as the brave marfhal Schwerin was on the fide of the Pruflians. He then befieged Prague, and plied it with a moft tremen- dous artillery ; but juft as he was beginning to imagine that his troops were invin- cible, they were defeated at Colin, by the Auftrian general Daun, obliged to raife the ilege, and to iall back upon Eifenach. The operations of the war now multi- plied every day. The Impeiialifts, under count Daun, were formed into ejtcellcnt JR M N Y. 5S9 troops: but they were beaten at the battle of I-ifla, ard the FiLfiiars ;rok Brcflau, and obtained many other great advantages. 'Ihe Rulllais, aiur cutciing Germany, gave a new turn to the aipeit of the war; and the cautious, yet cmcrpiifu-g gcniis of count Daun, laid l.is Frullian majefly under infinite difficuhieR, notwithitanding all his amazing vieorits. At firfl he defeated the Ruflians at ZorndoriV; but an at- tack nude upon his army, in the night-lime, by count Daun, at Hockkirchen, had almolt proved fatal 'o his affairs, though he retrie^cd them with adnuiable prclcme of mind. He was obliged, however, to facrifice Saxony, for the falety of Silefia ; and it has been obierved, that lew periods of hillory afiord fuch room ior refledtic 11 as this campaign did; fix fieges were railed almolt at the fame lime; that of Col- berg, by the Ruliians; that of Lcipfic, by the duke of DeuxPonts, who coni- mandcd the army of the empire; that of Drefden, by Daun; and thofe of Neilk, Cofel, and Torgau, alfo by the Auftrians. Brevhy obliges me to omit many capital fcenes which palfed at the fame time in Germany, between the Frentli, who were driven out of Hanover, and the Knglifti, or their allies. The operations on both ftdcs are of little importance to hiltory, })eeaule nothing was done that was decilive, though extremely burdenfome and bloody to Great Britain. Great was the ingratitude of the emprefs-queen to his Britannic majefty, and his allies, who were now daily threatened w iih the ban of the empire. The RulHans had taken poifefliou of all the kingdom of Pniffa, aiid laid fiege to Colberg, the only nort of his Pruffian majefty in the Baiiic. Till then, he had entertained too mean an opinion of the Ruflians ; but he fcon found them by far the moft formidable enennes he had, advancing under count Soltikoff, in a body of 100,000 men, to SHefia. In this diftrefs he adted with a courage and refolution that bordered upon defpair ; but was, at laft, totally defeated by the Ruf- fians, with the lofs of 20,000 of his beft men, in a battle near Frankfort. He be- came now the tennis-ball of fortune. Succeeding defeats feemed to arnounce his ruin, and all avenues towards peace were fhut up. He had loft, fince the firft of Oaober 1756, the great marfhal Keith, and 40 brave generals, befides thofe who were wounded and made prifoners. At Landfhut, the Imperial general, Laudohn, defeated his army under Fouquet, on which he had great dependence, and thereby- opened to the Auftrians a ready gate into Silefia. None but his Pruflian majefty would have thought of continuing the war under fuch repeated loffes ; but every defeat he received feemed to give him frefti fpirits. It is not perhaps very eafy to account for the inafiivity of his enemies after his defeat near Frankfort, but by the iealoufy which the Imperial generals entertained of their Ruifian allies. They had "taken Berlin, and laid the inhabitants under pecuniary contributions; but towards the end of the campaign, he defeated the Imrerialifts in the battle of Torgau, in which count Daun was wounded. This was the belt fought^ a£lion the king of Pruflia had ever been engaged in, but it coft him 10,000 of his beft troops, and was attended with no great confequenees in his favour. New reinforcernents which arrived every day from Ruflia, the taking of Colberg by the Ruftians, and of Schweidnitz by the Auftrians, feemed almoft to have completed his ruin, when hia moft formidable enemy, the emprefs of Ruflia, died, January 5, 1762 ^ George II. had died on the 25th of Odober, 1760.. The deaths of thofe illuftrious perfbnages were foilowed by great confequenees. The Britiftt miniftry of George III. were folicitous to put an end to the war, and the rew emperor of Ruflia recalled his armies. His Pruflian raajeUy was, notwith- ftanding, fo very much reduced by his lofles, that the emprefs-queen, probably, would liave completed his deftruflion, had it not bcrn for the wife backwardnefs of the other German princes, not to annihilate the houfe of Brandenburg. At fixft !f 11 V I I, i^i '^1 mt i f) .* I 590 M N Y. »hcc.iij>ior"»j'iCou rcjfiftcd all terms propofcd to her, and ordered ,^o,oco men to Lh; added toher ariiiiteafant.s and common peopie laboured. He is a prince of great penetration, of a philoli)- phical turn of mind, and mixes with his fubjefla with an cafe and aflability that arc \cry uncommon in peilons of his rank. He loves the coiiverfatioii of ingenious men, and appears folicitous to cultivate that extenfive knowledge, which euuobles thofe who adorn the elevated llation to whieh he has been railed. Jofeph-Benedidl-Augullus, emperor of Germany, was born in 1741, crowned king of the Romans in 1764, fucceeded his lather as emperor in 1765, married the fame year the princefs Jofephina-Maria, of Bavaria, who died in 1767. He had by his firft wife (the princefs of Parma) a daughter, I'herefa-tlijijabeth, born in 1763, but (lie is dead, and the emperor had no iifue by his Lift conibrt. The kingdom of PRUSSIA, DUCAL PRUSSIA. r o :< M £ ji L Y .Situation, bolndaries, ) ^ ■ ^HIS country is bounded to the North by part AND KXTENT. ^ J| of Samogitia ; to the South, by I'cjJand Pro- per and Mafovia ; to the Eaft, by part of l.ithuania; and to the VVcft, by P\.li(h Pruflia and the Baltic. Its greatell length is uboat 100 miles, and Lre;idih >ibout 112. M, AIS, son,, PRCDUCK, AND KIVrKS. TU,. f iiic iian-c of Prull-a is pr'--)>;ny dc.ivu! fi<;iji J the iJoiudi, the ;.u-.ieiit ia'.'a' i.,a is < f ihe louu- PRUSSIA. 591 tiv. The air, upon ihc whole, is wholcfoinc, nnd the foil fruiitul iu corn and other commodiiies, and affords plenty of pit-coal ftnd fuel. Its animal produtilions arc horfc^ fticcp, deer, and game, wild boari, and foxcfl. Ita rivers and lakes aie well ftored wiih tiOicfl; and amber, which is thought to l)C fornied of an oil coagu- lated with vitriol, is ft)und on its coalls towards the iiahic. The woods luinilh the iahabiiants with wax, honey, and pitch, belides quantities of pot alhcs. The ri- ver.'; here foinoii.ncs do damage by inundations; and the principal are, the Viftula, the Frcgcl, the Memel or Mammcl, the PaHarge, and the Elbe. Population, inhabitants, mannkrs, ) As Pruflia, fnice the beginniiig of CUSTOMS, and DivifRSioNs. jTthe prefent century, has become a moll refpedable power upon tlie continent of Europe, I fhall, for the information of my rcadeis, deviate from my ufual plan, thu I may bring before their eyes the whole of his PruHian majelly's territories, which lie fcattered in other diviiions of Ger- many, Poland, Switzerland, and the ndrthecn kingdoms, with their names j all which they will find in the following table. t'roteftniui. Countric* Natnet. Poland. Up. Saxonjr. Lo. Saxony. Bohemia. Wedphalia. Netherlands. Switzerland. ( Uucal PrutTia \ Royal PruOla c BranJenbarg < Ponier.inia / Swediili Pomerania f Magdeburg I HalberlUi I Gleiz t Sllefia Mindcn rR.ivenfburg \ Lingen ^Cleves I Nfeurs I Mark Eaft Friefland Lippe Gulich Tecklenburg Gelder Neufcbatel Total — Miles. D 0^ 9 9SO 6,400 10,91c 4,82c 2.99 •.535 450 ssf 10,000 63' 35 9»c 69< 52^ 3( 36c 31c 51,28 00 a. Chief Cities. i6u 118 lis 150 90 63 4^ 196 4» 38 '5 43 io| 52 46 8 44 12 34 32 1 12 104 1 10 6? 4^ 5' 17 23 9^ 26 34 1 1 21 6 43 3' 4 24 ( 2j 20 KnNiosBKRe Elbing >lerlin Bamin Stetin Vhgdeburij Halbcrlhit Glatz iVliaden Ravenlburg I-.ingen Jieves Mcurs Ham Emden Lipdadc Gulich Tecklenburg Gelders Neufchatei 54-43 N. Ut. 21-35 E. Lon. Beridos a r reat part of Silefia, which the prefent king of Prunij, under various pre tcnces, hath wrefted from Auftria ; availing liimfelf alfo of the internal troubles in Po- land, he has, by virtue of no right than that which a powerful army confers on every tyrant, fcized upon Thorn, with the countries on the Villula. the Neiller, and other terri- tories coniiguous to his own dominions, clofe to the walls of Dantzic. Thefc acqulfitions nay he traced in \hc. map. I ihall here confine myfelf to FrulTia as a kingdom, becaufe his Pruflian majefty's other dominions fall under the defcription. of the countries where they. lie. The inhabitants of this kingdom alone, were, by Dr. Bufching, computed to amount to 635,998 perfons capable of bearing arms : and if fo (for I greatly doubt that this co!nr»utation is exasceratcdV. it mull then be more nonijlou?' than 1? o'ene- rally imagined- Since the year 1719, it is computed that about 34,000 coloniib. I A. have reniovccl thither from France, Switzerland, and Germany ; of which number 17,000 were Sahzburghers. Thefe emigrants have built 400 Imall villages, 1 1 towns, H6 feats, and 50 new churches ; and have founded 1000 village fchools, chiefly in that part of the country named Little Lithuania. 'I'hc manners )f the inhabitants differ but little from thofe of the other inhabi- tants of Germany. The fame may be faid of their cuftoms and diverfions. Religion, schools,) The religion of Pruflia is, through his prefent majefty's AND ACA DEMI Ks. fwifdom, vetji tolcrant. The eftablifhed religions are thole of the Lutherans and Calvinifts, but chiefly the former; but Catholics, antipoedo- baptifts, and almoft all other feds, are here tolerated. The country, as well as the towns, abounds in fchools. An univerfity was founded at Koningibeig in 1544; but we know of no very remarkably learned men that it has produced. Cities.] The kingdom of Pruflia is divided into the German and Lithuanian departments ; the former of which contains 280 parifties, and the latter 105. Koninglberg, the capital of the whole kingdom, feated on the river Pregel, over \vhich it has feven brii'jcs, is about 84 miles from Dantzic. According to Dr. Bufchiug, this city is feven miles in circumference, and contains 3,800 houfes, and about 60,000' inhabitants. This computation, I doubt, is a little exaggerated likewife, becaufe it fuppofes, at an average, near fixteen perfons in every houfe. Koningfberg has ever made- a confiderable figure in commerce and fliipping, its river being navigable tor ftiips; of which 493 foreign ones --rrived herein the year 1752, befides 29S coafters ; and 373 floats of timber were, in the compafs of that year, brought down the Pregel. I'his city, befides its college or univerfity which coutains 38 protclfors, bfjafls of magnificent palaces, a town-houfe, and exchange; not to mention gardens and other embellifhments. It has a good harbour and ci- tadel, which is called Fredericlburg, and is a regular iquare. ANTiqyiTiES, AND curiosities,) Sce Germany. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ) ^ toMMERCK AND MANUFACTURES.] The prcfcnt king of Pruflia has endea- voured to increafe the commerce ot his kingdom ; but the defpotic riature of his government is not favourable to trade and manufadtures. The Pruflian nianufac- nires, however, are not incon'iderable : they confift of glafs, iron-work, paper, gunpowder, copper, and brafs mills ; manufaftiires of cloth, camblet, linen, lilk, Itockings and other articles. The inhabitants export variety of naval ftores, amber, Hnfced, and hempfeed, > -at meal, fifh, mead, tallow, and caviar; and it is faid that 500 fliips are loaded v>very year with thofe commodities., chiefly from Koninglberg. Constitution and government.] His Pruflian majefty is abfolute through all his dominions, and he avails himfelf to the full of his power. The govern- ment of this kingdom is by a regency of four chancellors of Itate viz. i. The great niafter; 2. The great burgrave; 3. The great chancellor; and, 4- The <'reat marlhal. 'Ihere are alfo fome other councils, and 17 bailiwicks. The fiatcs confift. I. Of counfellors of ftate; 2. Of deputies from the nobility ; and, 3. From the commons. Befides thefe inftitutions, his majelty has eredled a board for com- merce and navigation. Revenues.] His Pruflian majefly, by means of the happy fituation of his coun- try, its inland navigation, and his own fldlfiil ^"litit'al regulation?, derives au amazing revenue from this country, which, about a century and a half ago, was the leat of boors and barbariim. It is faid, that aiiiber alone brings him in 26,cgc dollars annually. His othe. revenues arife from bi^ demcfnes, his duties of cuftoms <\ tolls, and the fubfidics vearlv granted by the f;:vcral ftaics; but the c\ait lum m ■'-^^■mm' p R U S i I 5^3 is not known; though we may conclude that it is very confiderable, from the im- nienie charges of the late war. His revenues now, hnce the acceffion of Polifh or Royal Prullia, niuft be greatly increafed : exclufive of its fertility, commerce, and population, its local fituation was of vaft importance, as it lay between his German dominions and his kingdom of Pruffia. By this acquifition, his dominions are compaa, and his troops may march from Berlin to Koninglberg without mterrup- ^^MiLiTARY STRENGTH.] The Pruffiau army, even in time of peace, coniifts of about 180,000 of the beft difciplined troops in the world; and, during the laft war, that force was augmented to 300,000 men. But this great military force, however it may aggrandize the power and importance of the king, is utterly incon- fillent with the interefts of the people. The army is chiefly compofed of provincial regiments ; the whole Pruflian dominions being divided into circles or cantons ; in each of which, one or more regiments, in proportion to the fize and populoufnds of the divifion, have been originally railed, and from it the recruits continue to be taken- and each particular regiment is always quartered, in the time of peace, near the canton from which its recruits are drawn. Whatever number of Ions a pealant may have, the>- are all liable to be taken into the fervice except one, who is left to affift in the management of the farm. The reft wear badges from their cliildhood, to mark that they are deftined to be foldiers, and obliged to enter into the fervice whenever they are called upon. But the mamtaining fo large an army, in a country naturally lo little equal to it, has occafioned fuch a drain from popu- lation, and fuch a withdrawing of ftrength from the labours of the earth, that the pieft-nt king has endeavoured in fonie degree to fave his own peafantr)', by diaw- ms as many recruits as he could from other countries. Ihcfe foreign recruits re- main continually with the regiments in which they are placed ; but the name Pruf- tiaus have cveiy }'ear fome months of a flulough, during which they return to the :.oules of their fathers or brothers, and work at the bufinefs of the farm, or in any other way ihev plcafe. r t, n- Arms, and orders of knighthood.] The royal arms of Pruflia are argent, -in eai>le difplayed fable, crowned, or, for Pruffia. Azure, the inipenal Iceptre, Or for Courland. Argent, .in eagle difplayed, gules, with lenucircular wreaths, for'the niarquifate of Brandenburg. To thele are added the reipedive arms of the fcveral provinces lubjca to the Pruffian crown. ,„ . „. , , There are four orders of knighthood, The " Order of Omcord, inilnutcd by Chrittian Krnelt, margrave of Brandenburg, in the year i66c, to dilhnguini the part he had aded in reftoring peace to many of the princes ot Europe. '1 lie badge is a gold crols of eight points, enamelled white; in tlie centre a medal bearmg two olive branches paffing faltier wife through two crowns, and tircunifcnbed with the word " toHcordamr The crols is furmounted with an electoral crown, and is worn pendant to an orange riband. Frederic 111. ekaor of Braridenburgh, and after- wards king of Pruflia, inltiiuted in 1685, the " Order of Ge,teroftty:\ Ihe knights wear a crofs of eight points enamelled blue, ha^^ng m the centre this motto, " La Oiw/ro/?//" pendant to a blue riband. „,,.-,» i i r The lame prince inftituted the " Order of the Black hag/c on the day of his coronation at Koningfberg, in the year 1700; the iovereigms always grand mafler, and tiie number of knights, exclufive of the royal family, is limited \o thirty, who muflallbe admitted into the « Ord?r of Generofityr previous to their receiving this, unlefs the>- be fovoreign princes. The enfign ot the order is a gold ciuls, of eight points, enamelled blue, having at each angle a Ipread eagle, eiia- lucllcd black, being the arms of Pruflia, and charged in the centre wuh a cypher 19 4- G ■ '^- IB ;■''- 594 P R tJ S A. of the Icticrs F. /?. Each knight commonly wears this pendant to a broad orange riband (out of rcfpcd to the orange family) worn fafh-ways over the left fhouldcr, and a lilver ftar embroidered on the left fide of the coat, whereon is an efcutchcon, containinr a fpread eagle, holding in one claw a chaplet of laurel, and in the other a thunderbolt, with this motto in gold letters rountl " 6'mm aiique." On days of ceremony, the knights wear the badge pendant to a collar, compofcd of lound pieces of gold, each enamelled with four cyphers of the letters K R. in the centre of the piece is let a diamond, and over each cypher a regal crown, intermixed alter- nately with eagles difplavcd, enamelled black, and holding in their claws thunder- bolts of gold. The knights ca^js arc of black velvet with white plumes. The " Order of Merit" was mltituted by the lute king in the year 1 740 to ro- ward the merit of perlbns either in arms or arts, without diftindbon of birth, reli- gion, or country; the king is fovereign, and the number of knights unlimited. The cnlign is a crol's of eight points, enamelled blue, and edged with gold, having in the centre a cypher of the letters F. R. and in each angle an eagle dilplayed black, on the two ujipcr points the regal crown of Pruffia ; on the i-everfc, the motto " Four Ic Mcthe." The badge is worn round the neck, pendent to a bhu k riband, edged with filver. History.] The ancient hiilory of Prufiia, like that of other kingdoms, is loft in the clouds of H*.Hion and romance. The inhabitants appear to have been a bra\ c and warlike people, defcended from the Sclavonians, and refufed to lubniit to the neighbouring princes, who, on pretence of converting them to chriftianity, wanted to fubjed them to flavery. They made a noble ftand againft the king of Poland ; one of whom, Bolellaus IV. was by them defeated and killed in 1163. They con- tinued independent, and pagans, till the time of the crufades, when the German knights of the Teutonic order, about the year 1227, undertook their tonverfion by the edge of the fvvord, but upon condition of having, as a reward, the property (if the country when coiKjuered. A Ion , ferios of wars followed, in which the inhabi- tants of PruHia were almoft extirpated by the religious knights, who in the thir- teenth century, alter coinniitiing the moll incredible barbarities, peopled the coun- try with Germans. After a vaft waftc of blood, in 1466, a peace was concluded between the knights of the 'I'eutonie order, and Cafimir IV. king of Poland, who Iwd undertaken the caufe of the opprelfed people, by which it was agreed, that the part now called Polifti Pruftia fliould continue a free province, under the king's pro- tection ; and that the knights and the grand niafter fhould polfefs the other part, but were to acknowledge themfelves valfals of Poland. This gave rife to frefti wars, in whidi the knights endeavoured, but unfuccefsfuUy, to throw oft" their vallHlage to Poland. In 1525, Albert, margrave of Brandenburg, and the laft grand mafter of the Teutonic order, laid afide the habit of his order, embraced Lu- therauifm, and concluded a peace at Cracow, by which the margrave was acknow- ledged duke of the eaft part of Pruflia (formerly called, for that reafon, Ducal Pniifia), but to be held as a fief of Poland, and to defceiul to his male heirs; and ii}'on failure of his male ilfuc, to his brothers and their male heirs. Thus ended the fovercignty of :he Teutonic order in Prullia, after it had fubfiftcd near 300 years. In iC^SIj the decolor Frederic-William of Brandenburg, defervedly called the Great, had Ducal Pruftia confirmed to him; and by the conventions of Welau and Bromberg, it was freed, by John Cafmiir, king of Poland, from vaftalage; and he and his defcendants were declared inde}>cndent and fovereign lords of this part ur FrLiilia. As the proteftant religion had been introduced into this country by the margrave Albert, and the eledors of Brandenburg were now of that perfualion, the proteftant Li^^»*fc- (.j«^.^W»r'.< BOH M I A. 595 intcrcft favoured them fo much, that Frederic, the fon of Frederic-William the Great, was railed to the dignity of king of Prulha, in a folemn alfembly of the Hates, and proclaimed January x8, 1701. and loon after acknowledged as fuch by all the powers of Chriilendom. His grandfon, the late king of Prulha, in the memoirs of his family, gives us no high idea of this firtt king's talents for govern- ment, but expaiiaies on thofe of his own father, Frederic-William, who fucceeded in 17 13. He ceiiaiuly was a prince of ftrong natural parts, and performed prodi- gious iervices to his country, but too often at the expence of hijnjanity, and the magnanimity which ought to adorn a king. At his death, which happened in 1740, he is faid to have left lieven millions fterling in his treafury, which enabled liis fou, by his wonderful vidlories, and the more wonderful relourtes by which he repaired his defeats, to become the admiration of the prefent age. He improv- ed the arts of peace, as well as of war, and diftinguifhed himfclf as a poet, philoibpher, and legiflaior. Some of the principal tranfadUons of his reign have already been related in our account of the hiftoryof Germany. In the year 178.^ he publiftied a rcfcript, fignifying his pleafure that no kneeling in future ftiould be pradifed in honour of his perlbn, afligning for his reafon, that this a6l of humilia- tion was not due but to the divinity : And near 2,000,000 of crowns were expend- ed by him in 1782 in draining marfhes, cttablifhing fadlorics, fettling colonies, re- lieving dilhefs, and in other purpofes of philanthropy and policy. I'ledcric ML king of Pruflia, and elcdior of Brandenburg was born 25ih Septem- ber, 1744, and married 1765 to the princcfs Elizabeth-Ulrica, of Brunfwic. His majedy's fifter, Frcdcrica-Sophia-Wilhclmina, born in 1 751, and married in 1767 to the prmce of Orange. / / J' r) u The KINGDOM of BOHEMIA. Situation and extent. Miles. Degrees, length 478 > i„.^^-„ J 48 and 52 north latitude. Breadth ^22 f '^^^'^"^ \ I2 and 19 eaft longitude. BouNDARiES.]T36UNDED bv Saxony and Brandenburg, on the North; Jj by Poland and Hungary, on the Eaft ; by Auftna and Ba- varia, on the South ; and by the palatinate of Bavaria, on the Weft j formerly comprehending, i. Bohemia Proper; 2. Silefia ; and, 3. Moravia. Divifions. . Bohemia Pro per, W. moftly fubjea to ihe Houl'e of Au flria. Chief Towns. ■Prapue, K. Ion. 14-20. N. " 1 .• E. ■J rPrapjue, K. Ion. / \ Koningijrratz, E >7/"-. Revenues.] The revenues of Bohemia are whatever the lovereign is pleafed to <;xaa from the ftates of the kingdom, when they are annually affembled at i'rague. Thev mav perhaps amount to 500,000!. a year. , , ., ^ 1 Arms.^ The arms of Bohemia are, argent, a lion gules, the tail moved, and naifed in faltier, crowned, langued, and armed, Or. _ 1 u ^ History f The Bohemian nobility ufed to cka their own princes, though the emperors of Germany fometimes impofed a king upon them and at length ufurpJthat throne themfelves. In the year 1438. Albert II. of Auftria, received- three crowns, Hungary, the Empire, and Bohemia. ^ , ^ „ _ , ^^ In '414 John Hufs and Jerome of Prague, two of the firft reformers and Bo- hemians, were burnt at the council of Conftance, though the emperor of Germany ndXenThemhisproteaion. This occafioned an infurreaion in Bohemia: the eopTeof Prague threw the e.nperor's officers out of the wmdows of the council- chamber; and%he famous Zifca, affembling an army ^f40,ooo Bohemians de- feated the emperor's forces in feveral engagements, and drove the Impenalills out of the kingdom. Ihe divifions of the HuHites among themfelves enabled the em- perors to keep poffeilion of Bohemia, though an attempt was made to throw oft he Imperial yoke, by ekaing in the year 1618 a proteftant king m the perfon of the prince Pllatine, fon-in-law to Jaiiies I. of England. The misfortunes of this p inceare well known. He was driven from Bohemia by, the emperor s generals md being ftripped of his other dominions, was forced to depend on the court ot England for a ftlbfiftence. After a war of 50 years duration, whic^ f ^^^f ^ the whole empire, the Bohemians, fince that time, have remained fubjea to the houie of Auftria. HUNGARY. Situation and extent.. Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles. Length 300 1 between 4 '^ and 23 eaft longitude. > ^ ^^^ Breadth 200 r ^'^^^ 1 45 and 49 north latitude, r -^ ' . ... Boundaries.] "T^HAT part of Hungary which belongs to the houfe of Auftria: X (for it formerly included Tranfylvania, Sclavonia, Croatia, Morlachia, Servia, Walachia, and other countries), is bounded by Poland, on the 598 HUN R Y. 1 North; byTranfylvaniaand Walachia, Eaft; by Sclavonia. South; and by Auftria and Moravia. Weft. ^ The kmgdom of Hungary is ufually divided into the Upper and Lower Hungary. OF THE J Lower OP THE HUNGARY, South Danube. Chief Towns. Buda, on the Danube, E. Ion. 19-20. N. lat. 47-40. Gran, on the Danube, above Buda. Comorra, on the Danube, in the iflacd of Schut. Raab, on the Danube, oppofite to the ifland of Schut. Atlenburg, W. oppofite to the ifland of Schut. WeifTenburg, or Alba Regalis, fuuated E. of the lake, called the Flatten fea. Kanilba, S. W. of the Flatten fea. Five Churches, N. of the river Drave. Upper HUNGARY, North Danube. Chief Towns. Freiburg, fituate on the Danube, E. Ion 17-30- N. lat. 4S-20. Newhaufel, N. W. Leopolftadt. N. W. Chremnits, N. W. Schemnits, in the middle. Efperies, N. Chafchaw, N. Tokay, N. E. Zotmar, N. E. Unguar, N. E. Mongats, N. E. Waradiu Great, E. Segedin, S. E. Agria, in the middle. Pelt, on the Danube, oppofite to Buda. To which may be added Temefwar, which has been confidered as diftina from Hungary, becaule it was formerly governed by an independent king; and it has leveral times been in poffeflion of the Turks ; but the Auftrians gaining polfeffion ot It, u was incorporated into the kingdom of Hungary in 1778. The province pt lemefwar is 94 miles long, and 67 broad, containing about 3850 fquare miles: u has been divided mto four diftrifts, Cfadat, Temefwar, Werfchez, and Lugos. iemelwar, the principal town, is fituated E. Ion. 22-15. N. lat. 45-54. Air, soil, and produce.] The air, and confequently the climate of the outheru parts of Hungary, is found to be unhealthful, owing to its numerous lakes, itagnated waters, and marflies; but the northern parts being mountainous and barren, the air is fweet and wholefonie. No coumry in the world can boaft a richer loiI, than that plain which extends 300 miles from Prefburg to Belgrade and produces corn, grafs, efculent plants, tobacco, fatfron, alparagus, melons, hops, pulle, millet, buck-wheat, delicious wine, fruits of various kinds, peaches, mulberry, trees, chefnuts, and wood : corn is in fuch plenty, that it fells for one fixth part ot Its price m England. - Rivers ] Thefe are the Danube, Drave, Save, Teyffe, Merifh, and the Temes. Water.] Hungary contains feveral lakes, particularly four among the Carpa- thian mountains of confiderable extent, and abounding with filh. The Hungarian baths and mineral waters are efteemed the moft fovereign of any in Europe • but their magnificent buildings, raifed by the Turks when in poffeffion of the country, particularly thofe of Buda, are futfered to go to decay. Mountains] Tlie Carpathian mountains which divide Hungary from Po- land on the north, are the chief in Hungary, though many detached mountains are tound in the country. Their tops are generally covered with wood, and on their tides grow the richeft grapes in the world. — j"~" ""°, minikraImS.j nungary is reniavkably well flocked with both. It iibounds not only with gold and filver mines, but with plenty of excellent copper, H U N G A Y. 599 vitriol, iron, orpiment, quickfilver, cryfocolla, and terra figillata. Before Hungary became the feat of deft mdlive wars between the Turks and Chriftians, or fell under the power of the houfe of Auftria, thofe mines were furnifhed with proper works and workmen, and produced vaft revenues to the native princes. The Hungarian gold and filver employed mint-houfes, not only in Hungary, but in Germany, and the continent of Europe ; but all thofe mines are now greatly dimiuifhed in their value, their works being deftroyed or demolilhed j fome of them however ftill fubfift, to the great emolument of the natives. Vboetable and animal productions.] Hungary is remarkable for a fine breed of horfes, generally moufe-coloured, and highly efteemed by military officers, fo that great numbers of them are exported. There is a remarkable breed of large rams in the neighbourhood of Prelburg. Its other vegetable and animal produc- tions are in general the Hime with thofe of Germany, and the neighbouring countries. The Hungarian wines, however, particularly Tokay, are preferable to thofe of any other country, at leaft in Europe. Population, inhabitants, man- 7 It was late before the northern barba- NERs, customs, and DIVERSIONS. ) riaus drove the Romans out of Hungary; and fome of the defcendants of their legionary forces are ftill to be diftinguifhed in the inland parts, by their fpeaking Latin. Be that as it will, before the Turks got polfefliou of Conftantinople, we have reafon to think, that Hungary was one of the moft populous and powerful kingdoms in Europe; and if the houfe of Au- ftria fhould give the proper encouragement to the inhabitants to repair their works, and clear their fens, it might become fo again in about a century hence. Both Hungaries at prefent, cxclufive of Tranfylvania and Croatia, are thought to con- tain about two millions and a half of inhabitants. The Hungarians have manners peculiar to themfelves. They pique thcmfelves on being defcended from thofe lieroes, who formed the bulwark of Chriftendom againft the infidels. In their perfons they are well made. Their fur caps, their clofe-bodied coats, girded by a fafh, and their cloak or mantle, which is fo contrived as to buckle under the arm, fo that the right hand may be always at liberty, give them an air of military tlignity. The men fhave their beards, but preferve their whiikers on their upper lips. Their ulual arms are a broad (word, and a kind of pole-ax, befides their fire-arms. The ladies are reckoned handfomer than thofe of Auftria, and their fable drefs wath fleevcs ftrait to their arms, and their ft i faftened before with gold, pearl, or diamond little buttons, are well known to the French and Englifti ladies. Both men and women, in what they call the mine towns, v.ear fur and even ftieep-{kin dreffes. The inns upon the roads are- moft miferable hovels, and even thofe feldom to be met with. The hogs, which yield the chief animal food for their peafants, and their poultr}', li^ e in the fame apartment with their owners. . The gout and the fever, owing to the unwholefonicnel's of the air, are the predo- minant difeafes in Hungary. The natives in general are indolent, and leave trade and manufaftures to the Greeks and other ft rangers fettled in their country, the flatnefs of which renders travelling commodious, either by land or water. The di- verfions of the inhabitants are of the warlike and athletic kind. They are in gene- ral a brave and magnanimous people. Their anceftors, even fince the beginning of the prefent centurj-, were fo jealous of their liberties, that rather than be tyrannifed over by the houfe of Auftria, they often put themfelves under the protedlion . of the Ottoman court ; but their fidelity to the late emprefs-queen, notwithftand- ing the provncatious they received from her houfe, will be always remeuibered to their honour. 6od M N G R The inhabitants of Temefwar, a province lately incorporated into the kingiioiu of Hungary, are computed at about 450,000. There are in this country many faraons, or gypfies, liippofcd to be real defceudants of the ancient Kgyptians. They are laid to relemble the ancient Egyptians in their features, in their propenfity to melancholy, and in many of their manners and cuftoms ; and it is aflerted, that the laf- civioiis dances of Ifis, the worlhip of onions, many famous Egyptian fuperftitions and i'pecifics, and the Egyptian method of hatchmg eggs by means of dung, are IHII in ufe among the female gypfies in Temefwar. Rejligios.] The ellablilhed religion of the Hungarians is the Roman-catholic, though th-^ major part of the inhabitants are proteftants, or Greeks ; and they now €njoy the full excrtile of their religious liberties. Archbishoprics and bishoprics.] The archbifhopiics are Prefburg, Gran, and Colocza. The bidioprics are. Great Waradiu, Agria, Vefprin, Raab, and live Churches. Language.] As the Hungarians are mixed with Germans, Sclavonians, and Walachians, they have a variety of dialedls, and one of them is laid to approach near the Hebrew. The better and the middlemoft rank fpeak German, and almoft all even of the common people fpeak Latin, either pure or barbarous, lb that the Latin may be laid to be here ftill a living language. Univkrsitiks.] In the univerfities (if they can properly be fo called) of Fir- nan, Buda, Raab, and Cafchaw, are profeffors of the feveral arts and fcieuccs, who ufed generally to be Jefuits ; fo that the Lutherans and Calvinifts, who arc more numerous than the Roman Catholics in Hungary, go to the German and other uni- verfities. Antiquities and curiosities, 7 The artificial cunofuies of this country NATUXAL AND ARTIFICIAL. f confift of its bridges, baths, and mines. 'Ihe bridge of Effeck built over the Danube, and Drave, is properly fpeaking, a con- tinuation of bridges, live miles in length, fortified with towers at certain diftances. It was an important pafs during the wars between the Turks and Hungarians. A bridge of boats runs over the Danube, half a mile long, between Buda and Peft ; and about twenty Hungarian miles dillant from Belgrade, are the remains of a bridge, ercfledby the Romans, judged to be the mod magnificent of any in the Avorld. The baths and mines here have nothing to diltinguilh them from the like works in other countries. One of the molt remarkable natural curiofities of Hungary, is a cavern in a mountain near Szelitze; the aperture of this cavern, which fronts the \hmh, is eighteen fathoms high, and eight broad; its fubtcrraneous paffages tonfirt entirely of folid rock, flretching away farther fouth than has been yet difcovered ; as far as it is pradlicable to go, the height is found to be 50 fathoms, and the breadth 26. Many other wonderful particulars are related of this cavern, wiiich is an article in natural philofophy. Aftonifhing rocks are common in Hungary, and fome of ii? churches are of admirable architedure. Cities, towns, korts, and other) Thefe arc greatly decayed from their FDiFicES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. ) ancicut magiiificeuce, but many of the fortifications are ftill very ftrong, and kept in good order. I'rcnjiirg is iortifiecl In it the Hungarian regalia were kept, but were lately removed 10 Vienna. The crown was lent in the year 1000 by pope Sylvefter II. to Stephen, king of Hun- gary, and was made after that of the Greek emperors; it is of folid gold, weighing nine marks and three ounces, ornamented with 5.3 taphiiet, 50 nibies, one large emerald, and 338 pearls. Befides thefe Hones are the images of the .?poiHes and the patriarchs. The pope added to this crown a filvcr patriarchal crois, which was 111 »«Bsfe«'6H* H "U N Y. 60 1 afterwards inferted in the arms of Hungaiy. At the ceremony of the coronation a bifhop carries it before the king. From the crofs is derived the title of apoltolic king • the ufe of which was renewed under the reign of the emprefs-qucen Maria Therefa. The fceptre and the globe of the kingdom are Arabian gold ; the man- tle, which is of fine litien, is the work of Gifele, fpouie of St. Stephen, who em- broidered in gold the image of Jefui Chrift crucified, and many other images oi the patriarchs and apoftles, with a number of infcriptions. The fword is two-edged, and rounded at the point. Buda, formerly the capital of Hungary, retams little ot its ancient magnificence, but its ftrength and fortifications; and the fame may be faid of Peft, which lies on the oppofite fide of the Danube. Raab is likcwile a ftrong city, as are Gran and Coniorra. Tokay has been already mentioned tor the excellency of its wines. . j u 1 Commerce and manufactures.] After having mentioned the natural pro- duce of the country, it is fufficient to fay, that the chief nianufaaures and exports of the natives conlift of metals, drugs and fait. „., , r r^ Constitution and government.] The Hungarians diflike the term ot Oueen, and even called their late fovereign king Therefa. Their government pre- ferves the remains of many checks upon the regal power. Ihey have a diet or parliament, a Hungary-office, which refembles our chancery, and which relides at Vienna; as the Itadtholder's council, which comes pretty near the Britiai privy- council, but has a municipal jurifdiaion,. does at Prelburg. Every royal town has its fenate ; and the Gefpan chafts refemble our juftices of the peace. Belides this, they have an exchequer and nine chambers, and other fubordmate courts. Military stkkngth.] The emperor can bring to the field, at any time, 5o,o:)o Hungarians in their own country, but feldom draws out of it above 10,000: thefe are generally light-horfe, and well known to modern times by the name ot Hulfars. They are not near fo large as the German horfe ; and therefore the Hul- fars ftand upon their fhort ftirrups when they ftrike. Their expedition and alert- ncfs have been found fo ferviceable in war, that the greateft powers m luirope have troops that go by the fame name. Their foot are called Heydukes, and ^vear lea- thers in their caps, according to the number of enemies they pretend to have killed; both horfe and foot are an excellent militia, very good at a purluit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to regular troops in a pitched battle. Coins.] Hungary was formerly remarkable for its ioinage, and there are ItiU extant, in the cabinets of the curious, a complete feries of coins of their former kings. More Greek and Roman medals have been difcovered m this country, than perhaps in any other in Europe. . , r i. Arms.] The emix:ror, as king of Jmngary, for armorial enfigns, bears quar- terly, barwife argent, and gules of eight pieces. ^ r u u- J History.] The Huns, after fubduiug this country in the middle of the third ceniurx', communicated their name to it, being then part of the ancient Pannonia. They were luccecded by the furious.Goths; the Goths were expelled by the Lom- bards; thev by the Avari, and the Sclavi were planted in then- ftead in the tcgiu- ning of the oth centui-y. At the clolb of it, the Anigours emigrated from the banks of the Volga, and too'k polfelhon of the country. Hungary was formerly an al- fcmblau'C of different ftates, and the firll who affumed the mle ot kmg, was Ste- phen, ill the )-car 907, when he embraced Chriftianiiy. In his reign, the torni oi government was cftaljlifticd, and the crown to be ekaive. About the year 13 10, king Cliarlcs Robert aiceudod the throne, and fubdued Bulgaria, S Ddlniatla, Stlavonia, and many other provinces; but m.iny ot thole were aftcrw.-irds reduced by the \'enetians, Turks, and other powers. In 1^ 4 H ervia, v^roatia. conquers the 15.!) <»02 TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &c. Ill ccnturj', Huniades, who was guardian to the infant king Ladiflaius, bravely re- pulled the Turks, when they invaded Hungary; and upon the death of Ladiflauj, the Hungarians, in 14.58, raifed Matthias Corvinus, fon of Huuiaclcs, to their throne. Lewis, king of Hungary, in 1526, was killed in a battle, fighting againft Solyinan, emperor of the Turks. This battle had ibnoft proved fatal to Hungary; but the archduke Ferdinand, brother to the emperor Charles V. hav- ing married the fiftcr of Lewis, he claimed the title of Hungary, in which lie (uc- ceeded, with fome difficulty, and that kingdom has ever lince belonged to the houle of Auftria, though by its conftitution its crown ought to he. eledive. For the rell of the. Hungarian hiftory, fee Germany. TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA, and HUNGARIAN DALMATIA. 1H A V E thrown thofe countries under one divifion, for feveral reafons, and par- ticularly becaufe we have no account fufficicntly exadl of their extent and boiui- daries. The beft account of them is as follows: Transylvania belongs to the houfeof Auftria, and is bounded on the North by the Carpathian mountains, which divide ii from Poland ; on the Eaft by Moldavia and Walachia ; on the South by \Valachia; and on the Weft by Upper and Lower Hungary. It lies between 2 i and 25 degrees of eaft longitude, and 45 and 48 of north latitude. Its length is extended about 180, and its breadth 120 miles; and contains nearly 14,400 i'quarc miles, but it is furrounded on all fides by high mountains. Its produce, vegeta- bles and animals, are alniolt the fame witn thofe of Hungar}-. The air is whole- fome and temperate ; but their wine, though good, is not equal to the Hungarian. Its chief city is Hermanltadt, and its interior government ftill partakes greatly of the ancient feudal fyftem, being compofed of many independent ftates and princes. They owe not much more than a nominal fubjeftion to the Auftrians, who leave them in poffeflionof molt of their privileges. Catholics, Lutherans, Cahinifts, So- cinians, Arians, Greeks, Mahometans, and other fedarics, here enjoy their leveral religions. Tranfylvauia is thought to add but little to the Auftrian revenue, though it exports fome metals and fait to Hungary. The other large places are Sagefvvar, Millenback, and Newmark. All forts of provifions are very cheap, and excellent iu their kinds. Hernianftadt is a large, ftrong, and well built city, as arc Claulcn- burgand Weilfenburg. The feat of government is at Hermanftadt, and the go- vernor is aflifted by a council made up of Roman Catholics, Calvinifts, and Luthe- rans. The diet, or parliament, meets by funmions, and recei\ cTthe coinn)ands of the fovereign. to whom of late they have been more devoted than formerl)-. They have a liberty of making remonftrances and reprelentations iu cafe of grievances. Tranfylvania is part of the ancient Dacia, the inhabitants of which long employ- ed the Roman arms, before they could be fubdued. It was over-run by the Goifis on the decline of the Roman empire, and then by the Huns. Their defcendams retain the fame military charader. The population of the country is not afccrtain- cd ; but if the Tranfylvanians can bring to the field, as has been alferted, 30,000 troops, the whole number of inhabitants muft be confiderable. At prefent its mi- litary force is reduced to fix regiments of 1500 n:eu each; but it is well Uiown, that during the laft two wars, iu which the houfe of Auftria was engaged, the I'ran- fylvanians did great fervices. iieirnaiiftadi is its ouiy biftiopric ; and the Tranfyl- vanians -at prefent feem to trouble thcnjlelves little either about learning or relisjion, though the Roman catholic is the eftablifhed church. Stephen I. king of Ilun- TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &c. 6«3. ffarv tntrtKhiced ChriRianitv there about the year looo, and it was afterwards go- verned by an Hungarian vai'vod, or viceroy. The vanoua revolutions m their go- vernment prove their impatience under flavery; and though the treaty of Carlowitz in i6go, gave the Ibvereignty of Tranfylvania, as alio ot Sclavonia, to the houle of Auitria, vet the natives enjoy what we may call a loyal ariftocracy, which their fovereigns do not think proper to invade. In Odlober 1784, on account ot the real or feigned oppreflions of the nobility, near 16.000 affembled and commuted great de- predations on thofe whofe condua had been refented. Several had their palaces burm, and were glad to efcape with their lives. The revolters were difappointed in their at- tempt on Claulenburg; and afterwards offered to feparatc and go homo m peace, on the terms of a general pardon, better treatment from the nubility, and a f reedoni from vaffalage. Little is known of the termination of this revolt, further than the account of feveral of the leaders having been taken and executed, and the application of fome lenient meafures, by which tranquillity was reftored. Sclavonia lies between the i6th and Z^d degrees of eaft longitude, and the 45th and 47th of north latitude. It is thought to be about 200 miles m length, and 60 in breadth, and contains about 10,000 fquare nnles. It is bounded by the Drave on the North, by the Danube on the Eaft, by the Save on the South, and by Kiria in Auftria on the Weft. The reafon why Hungary, Tranfylvania, Sclavo- nia and the other nations, fubjea to ihe houfe ot Auftria in thofe parts, contain a furprifmg variety of people, diflering in name, language, and manners, is becaule liberty here made its laft Hand againft the Roman arms, which by degrees ^rced the remains of the diftereni nations they had conquered into thole quarters. The thick- nefs of the woods, the rapidity of the rivers, and the ftrength of the country, la voured their rcfiftance ; and their dcfccndants, notwithftanding the power of the Turks, the \uftrians, the Hungarians, and the Poles, ftill retain the lame fpirit ot indepen. dency. Witliout minding the arrangements made by the lovereigns ot Lutope, they are quiet under the government that leaves them moft at liberty. I hat they are oencrous, as well as brave, appears from their attachment to the houie of Auftria, which, till the laft two wars, never was fenfible of their value and valour; info- much that it is well known, that they preferved the pragmatic landion, and kept the imperial crown in that family, ihe Sclavonians formerly gave lo much work to the Roman anus, that it is thought the vfotd JJave took us original fro:n vhem, on account of the great numbers of them who were carried into bondage, lo late as the reign of Charlemagne. Though Sclavonia yields neither m beauty nor fer- tility to Hungary and Tranfylvania, yet the ravages of war are ftil vifible m the face of the country, which lies in a great nieaCure unimproved. 'Ihe Sclavonians are zealous Roman Catholics, though Greeks and Jews arc tolerated. Here we meet with two bifhoprics ; that of Pofega, which is the capital ot the c-ountry, and Zr.grab, vv liich lies on the Drave ; but we know of no univerfitie?. Effek is a large and ftrong town, remukable, as before noticed, for a wooden bridge over the Dra^e, and adjoining niai flies live miles long, and fifteen paces broad, built by the lurks, Waradin and Pcterwaraclin aie places noted ui the wars between the Auf- trians and Turks. 'Ihe inhabitants are compoled of Servu^ns, Radzians, Croats. Walathians, Germans, Hungarians, and a vaft number ot other people, whofe names were never known e\en lo the Auftrians themlelves, but from the miliary inuller-roUs, when they poured their troops into the field during the two laft war>s 1 1 1746, Scla\ouia was uuiied to Hungary, and the ftates lend leprelcntaiives to tic diet of Huugiry. r a 1 • 1 i i Croatia lies betv.ccu ihc i^tU and I -tb degrees of eaft longituue, and tl c- 4Sih and 47th of north latitude It is Ho miles in length, and 70 m bieadtli, and 4 H 3 6o4 POLAND iRctuDiNO LITHUANIA. about 2,500 fquare niiks. The manners, pivemmcnt, religion, lanj^iage and cuftoms of the Croats, are finiilar to thole of the Sdavouiaiig and Traufylvanians, who arc their neighbours. They are excellent irregular troops, and m Inch arc tamed in modern hiftory, uinler the name of I'andoui^, and various other de- lignations. 'I he truth is, the houle of Aulirit finds its intcreil in fuHering thcni, and the neighbouring nations, to live in their owu manner. 'I'heir towns are blendl cd with each other, there /carcely being any didiiidiion of boundaries. Carolltadt is a place of fome note, but Zagrab (already mentioned), is the capital of Croatia. All the fovereignty exerciled over them by the Aultrians fecnis to confift in the \m'. litary arrangements for bringing them occafionally into the licld. A viceroy prc- liiles over Croatia, jointly with Sclavonia, and r Hungarian Dalmatia : this lies in theupfjcr part of the Adriatic fea, and confifts of five diftri^ts, in which the mofl remarkable places are the two following: Scgnn, which is a royal free town, fortified both by nature and art, and is fituated near the leai in a bleak, mountainous, and barren foil. The biftiop of this place is a iuflragan to the archbilhop of Spalatro. Here are twelve churches, and two convents. The governor refides in the old palace, called the Royal Caftle. 2. Ottofchatz, a frontier Ibrtification on the river Gatzka. That part of the fortrefs where the governor, and the greatclt part of the garrifon refide, is furrounded with a wall, and fome towers : but the reft of the buildings, which are mean, are ereftcd on piles in the water; lb that one neighbour cannot viiit another without a boat. Mear Segna dwell the Ufcocs, a people, who being galled by opjireifion, efcaped out of Dalmatia, from whence they obtained the name of Ufcocs, from the word Scoco, which fignifies a deferUr. They are alfo called fpringers, or leapers, from the agility with which they leap, rather than walk, along this rugged and moun- tainous country. Some of them live in fcattered houles, and others in large vil- lages. They are a rough, favage j->eople, large bodied, courageous, and given to rapine ; but their vilible employment is grazing. They ufe the W alachian language, and in their religious leniiments and mode of worfhip approach neareft to the Greek church ; but fome of them are Roman Catholics. A part of Walachia belongs alfo to the emperor, as well as to the Turks, which lies to the call of Traniylvauia, and its prjncipal towns are Tregonitz, Buchareft, and Scverin. III! m POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. SitUATION AND E-XTENT. Miles. Length 700 > Breadth 680 f between Degrees. ( 16 and 34. eaft longitude. { 46 and 57 north latitude. Boundaries.} ir>£ FORE th« late extraordinary partiiion of this country, the iv kingdom of Poland, with the great duchy of Lithuania annex- ed (anciently called Sarmatia) was bounded on the North by Livonia, Mufcovy,, and the Baltic fea; on the Laft by Mufcovy; on the South by Hungary, 'J'urkey)^ and Little Tartary; on the Weft by Germany: and had the form of its govern^ ment been as perfcft as its fituation was compaft, it might have l)ecn one of the luoft powerful kingdoms in. the univerfc: Its ffrand divifions were ■ t I POLAND iKCiupiKO LITHUANIA, 605 Poland. CrotelUntf. 'atholics. Coiirlitnd, fub- \eii to Rullia. Liihuanlii Podoi;.., Volhiaiai Great Piland, Red RiuTii, Little Poliind, Polelia, M.ifovia SamojTuia, Pruflia Royal, or PoIilTi PfulFia, ,Polachia, Square MilM. S" 4.4>4 64,800 49,000 »74 333 36* 1} it 9- 15,000 305 19,100 25,100 1 8,000 i4,oof 8,400 zoi> 232 230 186 Chief Citiei. 8,oool 155 6,400 118 4,000 '33 8c 310 12c 1501 I be 18s 130 9: 90 98 Vlittaw A^ilna Great part of thii diftrlfl now poffclfid b) f Great pa \ it nc / RulFia iCarainieck Lucko Jnefa [.emburgj Now chiefly fubjeft tr Cracow i AiiQria. lircfTici f E.lon. 21-j. \N. lat. 52 15 Rufiem vV A R » A w • 104 4* Elbing Bielh 1^ ow fubjehe King ot Prulfia, and moft ol the privileqes ofjJi^firfK ^^ Name.I It is generally thought that Poland lakes its name from Polu, or Pole, a Sclavonion word fignifying a country fit for hunting, for which none was former. ly more proper, on account of its plains, woods, wild beafts, and game of evciy "climate.I The air of Poland is fuch as mav be expeaed from fo extenfivc but level a climate. In the north parts it is cold, but healthy. The Carpathian moun^ tains, which leparaie Poland from Hungary, are covered with everlaftmg Inow, which has been known to fall in the midft of fummer. Upon the whole, however, the climate of Poland is temperate, and far from being fo unfettled, cither m winter or fummer. as might be fuppofed from fo northerly a lituation, but the air is raihei infalubrious by rcafon of the numerous woods and moraifes. Sou, PRODUCE AND WATKKS.] Polaud is in general a level country, and the foil is fertile in corn, as appears from the vaft quantities that are lent from thence down the Viftula, to Dantzic, and which are bought up by the Dutch, and other nations. The paftures of Poland, cfpecially in Podolia, are rich beyond exprel- fion : and it is faid one can hardly fee the cattle that graze in the meadows. Here are mines of filver, copper, iron, fait and coals; lithuania abounds in iron ochre, black auate, feveral fpecies of copper and iron pyrites, and red and grey granite ; falfe precious ftones, and marine petrefaaions. The inferior parts ot Po and con. tain forefts, which furnilb timber in luch great quantities, that it is employed m houle building, inftead of biicks, ftone, and tiles. Various kinds of fruits aud herbs, and foine grapes, are produced in Poland, and are excellent when they meet witlv cukure, biit their wine Ibldoin or never comes to pcribaion. Poland produces va- rious kinds of clays f.t for pipes and earthen ware. The water ot many fprings I6 boiled into nUt. ') he virtucr. of a fpring, in the palatinate of Cracow, which in^ , rcalcs aud dccrcafcs with the moon, are faid be wonderful for the prelervation of life- and ii is reported, that the neighbouring inhabuants co-nmocly lue t£> 100, 'PI ii i' 606 POLAND INCLUDING LITHUANIA. and fonic of iheni to i.^o years of age. This fpriug is inflammable, and by apply- ing a torch to it, it Hanies like the fubtleft Ipirit of wine. Ihe flame however danc-cs on the furface, without heating the water; and if negledled to be extingiiifti- ed, which it may eafdy be, it communicates itfelf, by fubterraneous conduits, to the roots of trees, in a neighbouring wood, which it confumes; and about 35 years ago, the Hames are faid to have lafted for three years, before they could be entirely cxtinguifhed. RivBRs.] 'Ihe chief rivers of Poland are, the Viflula or Weyfel, the Neifler, Neiper or Borifthenes, the Bog, and the Dwina. Lakes.] The chief of the few lakes contained in Poland, is Gopto, in the palati- nate of Byzefty; and Birals, or the White Lake, which is laid to dye thofc who wafli in it of a fwarthy complexion. Vt GET ABLE AND ANIMAL) The Vegetable produdlions of Poland have been PRODuciioNf. ) already mentioned under the article of Sou., though Ibme arc peculiar to itfelf, particularly a kind of manna (if it can be called a \c- getable), which in May and June the inhabitants fvc... into fieves with the dew, and it ferves for foo;.' Jrelfed various ways. A greai quantity of yellow amber is frequently dug up in Lithuania, in pieces large as a man's lift, fuppolod to be the produ«flions of a refinous pine. The forells of Warfovia or Mafovia contain plenty of uri, or bullaloos, whofo Jlelh the poles powder, and efteeni it an excellent dilh. Horfos, wolves, boars, the glopton, lynx, elks, and deer, all of them wild, are common in the Polifh lb! refts; and there is a fpecics of wild horfes and afles, and uild oxen, that the nobi- lity of the Ukraine, as well as natives, are fond of. A kind of wolf, relembliiv a hart, with fj)ois on his bell^ and legs, is found here, and atlbrds the belt furs in the country; but the elk which is common in Poland, as well as in fonie other iiortheiu countries, is a very extraordinary animal. The flefh of the Polifh elk forms the mol^ delicious part of their greateft feafts. His body is of the deer make, but much thicker and longer ; the legs high, the feet broad and cloven, the horns large, rough and broad, like a wild goat's. Naturaliftshave obferved, that up- on dilfefling an elk, there was found in its head fome large flies, with its brains al- moft eaten a\vay; and it is an obfervation fufficiently attefted, that in the large woods, and wildernefles of the North, this poor animal is attacked, towaids the win- ter chiefly, by a larger ibrt of flies, that, through its ears, attempt to take up their winter quarters in its head. This pcrfecution is thought to afleft the elk with the falling-fickuefs, by which means it is taken, which would otherwiie prove no ealy matter. Poland produces a creature called bohac : it refembles a guinea-pig, but feems to be of the beaver kind. They are noted for digging holes in the ground, which they enter in Odober, and do not come out, except occafionally for food, till April: they have feparate apartments for their pro\ ifions, lodgings, and their dead; they live together by 10 or I2 in a herd. We do not perceive that Poland contains any fpecies of birds peculiar to itielf ; only we are told that the quails there have green legs, and that their flefli is reckoned to be unwholelbme. Lithuania is rich in ornithology; among the birds of prey are the eagle and vulture. 'Jhe rrm/z, or little fpecies of titmoufe, is frequently found in thcfe parts, famou'; for the wondrous ftrufture of its pendent ncft, formed in the fliape of a long purfe with amazing art. Population, inhabitants, mannkrs, ) From uhat has been faid of the ex- CL'STOMS AND DiviKsioNs. ) iciU of Pobud, it is impoflibic to f<.« two and ibmetimes three years ; the latter is fummoned by the king, upon criti- - tal emergencies; but one diffenting voice renders all their deliberations mettec "The ftarofts properly are governors and judges in particular ftarofties or diftrias, though fome enjoy this title without arly jurifdiaion at all. The Palatines and Caftellants, befides being lenators, are lord-Ueutenants and deputy-Ueutenants m ' Previous to "a general diet, either ordinary or extraordinary, which can fit but fix weeks, there are dietiues, or provincial diets, held in different diftrias. The king 614- I'OLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. fciids them letters coutaiuing the heads of the bufinefs that is to be treated of in the gcaeral diet. The gentry of each palatinate may fit in the dieiinc, and chuib nun- uos or deputies, to carry their refolutions to the grand diet. I'he great diet con- Ms of the king, ienators, and thofe deputies from provinces and towns, viz. 178 tor Poland and Lithuania, and feventy for Prnflia ; and it meets twice at Warfaw and once at Grodno, by turns, for the convenicncy of the Lithuanians, who made U one of the articles of their union with Poland. The king may nominate the great officers of ftatc, but they are accountable only to the lenate; neither can he difplacc them when once appointed. When he is ab- Jem from Poland, his place is fupplied by the archbilhop of Gnefna,.and if that lee is vacant, by the bidiop of Plolko. The tea great officers of Hate in Poland, who are fcnators, are, ihc two great mirfhals, one of Poland, the other of Lithuania ; the chancellor of the kingdom and the ch.-uicellor of the dutchy; the vice-chancellor of the kingdom, and the vice- chancellor ot the dutchy; the great general, the great treafurer of the kingdom, .ind Ihc trcalurcr ot the dutchy; the fub-marfhal, or marftial of the court of the king- dom, and the lubmarflial, or marflial of the court of the dutchy. Such arc the omlines of this motley conftitution, which was new modelled with jUmoft every new king, according to the pac'hi convmla which he is obliged to fign • lo that nothing can be iaul of it with certainty, there being lately a total diffoluiion of all c.rdcr m Poland, through the influence of fome of the neighbouring powers, in- tcrcUcd to foment anarchy and confufion in the PoliOi councils : and many of the hrlt nobility do not blufh to receive jjcnfions from foreign courts. Tt muft however fx: acknowledired, that in the imperfed Iketch I have exhibited, wc can difcern the great outlines of a noble and free government. The piecautions taken to limit Vie kings power, and yet inveft him with an ample prerogative, are worthy of a AMfe people. The mftitutions of the diet and dietiiies are favourable to public li- bcrty, as arc many other provifions in the republic : but it laboured, even in its befl (late, under incu.able diforders. The exercile of the re/o, or the tribunitial ncga- tive, that is veiled in every member of a diet or dietinc, muft always be deftruc- tive of order and government. It is founded, however, upon Gothic principles, ard that unlinnted jurifdiaion which the great lords, in former ages, ufed to enjoy all oyer Europe. According to Mr. Coxe, the privilege in queltion is not to be found in any period of the Polifli hiftory antecedent to the reign of John Cafimir. it was under his adminiftration, that in the year 1652, when the diet of Warfaw was debating upon tranfa^ions of the utmoft importance which required a f ifedy determination, that Sicinfki, Nuncio of Upita in Lithuania, cried out, "I flop the proceedings." Haring uttered thefe words, he quitted the aifembly, and repair- ing immediately to the chancellor, proteiled, that as many adls had been propofed and earned contrary- .to the conftitution of the republic, if the diet conlhmed to fit, he fhould confider it as an infringement of the laws. The members were thunder- ttruck at a proteft of this nature, hitherto unknown. Warm debates took place about the propriety of continuing or diffolving the diet : at length, however, the venal and difcontented fadion, who fupported the proteft, obtained the majority ; and the aifembly broke up in great confufion. The want of fubordination'in the executive parts of the conftitution,, and the rendering noblemen independent ard unacountable for their conduff, is a blemifti wliich perhaps may be impracticable to remove, as n can be done only by their own confcnt. After all, when we ex- amine the beft accounts of the prefent conftitution of Poland, and compare them Uith the anejent hiftory of Great Britain, and other European kingdoms, wc may jpercejve a wonderfijl fimilarity between what thefe were formerly, and what PoUnU POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA- 615 is at prefent. This naturally leads us to infer, that the government of rolaml can- not beotherwife improved than by the introduftion of arts, nianufadlures, ami com- merce, which would render the common people independent on the nobility, and prevent tlie latter lioni having it in their power to annoy their fovcidgn, and to maintain thofc uucqiul privileges which are fo hurtful 10 the coinumnity. If a no- bleman of great abilities, and who happened to poH'efs an cxtenfivc territory w ithin the kingdom, ftiould be elcdled fovereign, he might perhaps, by a proper ule o\' the prerogatives of difpofuig of all places of truft and proiit, and of ennobling the l)lebeians, which arc already veiled in the crown, eilablini tlie fucccflion in his own family, and deliver the Poles from thofe perpetual convulfions which generally at- tend eledtive kingdoms. Indeed the partitioning powers, befide difmembering the bed pio\inces of Po- land, pit)ceedcd to change and fix the conllitulion and governmtnt, under pretence of amending it ; confirumig all its defedts, and endeavouring 10 perpetuate the ])rinciples of anarchy and confulion. They iniifted upon four cardinal laws to be ratified, which was at laft obtained. D)- the frji " that the crown of Poland fhalh be for ever eledlive, and all order of fuccelfion profcribed," thus the cxclufion of a king's fon and grandfon, removes the profpedt of an hereditary fovereignty, and entails upon the kingdom all the evils infeparable from an eledtive monarchy. By the ftcom/, " that foreign candidates to the throne Ihall be excluded, and for the future, no perlbn can be chofen king of Poland, excepting a native Pole of noble origin and poflelling land in the kingdom," the houle of Saxony and all foreign princes who might be likely to give weight to Poland by their hereditaiy dominion?, and reflorc its provinces and liberties, are fet afide. By the i/:hJ, " the government of Poland fhall be for ever free, independent, and of a republican form," the /ikrum veto, and all- the exorbitant privileges of the equeftrian order are confirmed in their utmoft lati- tude. And by the fourth, " a permanent council Ihall be eftablilhed, in which the executive power fhall be veiled; and in this Council the equeftrian order, hither- to cxcliided from the adminillration of affairs in the interval of diets, Ihall be ad- mitted, fo that the prerogatives of the crown are flill farther diminilhed_: but this change of the conlUtution was intended by the partitioning powers to ferve their own purpofes, and give a large fcope to influence and fadion over that part of the kingdom they had notfeized. RKvtNUKs.j Though the king of Poland is ftinted in the political cxcrcife of his prerogative, yet his revenue is fufficient to maintain him and his houfeholcj^ with great fplendor, as he pays no troops, or officers of ftate, nor even his body-guards. The piefent kiijg had 1,000,000 and a half of florins fettled upon him by the com- million of ftate ; and the income of his predecelibrs generally amounted to 140,0001. ftcrlin<^. The public revenues arofe chiefly from the crowii-lands, the falt-mincs in the "palatinate of Cracow, now in Auftrian Poland, which alone amounted to nearly loo.oool. fterling; ancient tolls and cuftoms, particularly thofe of lUbing and Dantzic, the rents of Marienburg, Dirfhau, and Rogenhus, and of the go- vernment of Cracow and diftridl of Niepoliomicz. Weftern Pruffia was the greateft lofsto Poland, as by the difmembcrment of that province, the navigation of the Viftula depends entirely upon the king of Pruffia- This was a fatal blow to the trade of Poland, for Prufiia has laid fuch hca\y clutier,' on the merchandife palling to Dantzic, as greatly to diniinifh the trade of that town, and to transfer a confidcrable part of it to Memcl and Koningftjurgh. 6itf POLAND, iMctuotMo LITHUANIA. By the difmembcrmcnt, Poland loft near half her an- nual income. To fifpply this deficiency, it became neceiTary to new-model and increafe the taxes. In 1775, all the imports amounted to The neat revenue of the king is - - - Out of which he only pays hi» houfehold expences, and menial fervants. It arifes fron 1 .. . y.^; iicmefnes, ftarofties, and 74,0741. out of 'lie tiealury. Whole revenue - , - Deduft the king's revenue for privy purfe Fox. army, ftate officers, and all other charges £• M 323.012 194,500 443.938 194.500 o o o o o o o o 349,438 o o MitiTARY STRENGTH.] The innate pride of the Polilh nobility is fuch, that they always appear in the field on horCeback ; and it is ^■'>c i Poland can raife 100,000, and Lithuania 70,000 cavalry, and that wuii eafe; but it muft be under- ftood that fervants are included. As to their infantry, theyarcgencrally hired from Germany, but are foon dirniiffed, becaufe they muft be maintained by extraordinary taxes, of which the Folifli grandees are by no means fond. As to the ordinary army of the Poles, it coiififted in 1778, ot 1 23 10 men in Poland, and 7,465 in Lithuania, cantoned inttj crown-lands. The emprcfs of RuHia maintains in the country 10,000 fold'ers, and every garrifon is compofed of Ruffians and natives : 1 000 of the former are ftationed .it Wariaw. Thefe hold the nobles in fubjedlion, and the king himfelf is little more than a viceroy, while the Ruflian ambalVador re- gulates the aifairs of the kingdom under the diredion of his court. The pofpo- lite coufifts of all the nobility of the kingdom and their followers, excepting the chancellor, and the ftarofts of frontier places ; and they may be called by the king into the field upon extraordinary occafious ; but he cannot keep them above fix weeks inarms, neither are they ooliged to march above three leagues out of the kingdom. The Polifli huffars are the fineft and moft Ihewy body of ca\ 4lry in Europe ; next to them are the pancerns ; and both thofe bodies wear defeufive armour of coats of mail and iron caps. The reft of their cavalry are armed with mufltets and heavy Icymetars. After all that has been faid, the Polifti cavalry are extremely inefficient in the^eld; for though the men are brave, and their horfes excellent, they are flrangers to all difcipline ; and when drawn out, notwithftanding all the authority their crown-general, their other officers, and even the king himfelf, have over them, they are oppreffive and deftruftive to the court. It is certain, notwithftand- ing, that the Poles may be rendered excellent troops by difcipline, and that on va- rious occafions, particularly under John Sobieflti, they made as great a fi-^ 're in arms as any people in Europe, and proved the bulwark of Chriftendom againft the infidels. It did not fuit the Saxon princes, who fucceeded that hero, to encourage a martial fpirit in the Poles, whom they perpetually overawed with their ele-. — .1 — o_ — » ,,r d.,(I;^ CUUICIICU j,lnj »-•:; lUc Vial xtLci itit. -w-rcaL vri iiuiiaa. TV..- r*r\v%'\%'\r\i^ ■^oni r^A ot eagles difplayed, and annulets linked together, having pendent to it the badge, which is a crofs of eight points enamelled, gold, bordered white and cantonetl with POLAND, tKCLUDiMC LITHUANIA. 617 a fmallcr crofs, having a bead on each point charged on 011c fide with an eagle, white difplayed, having over its head an i.npcrial crown, and im the rcverCe the king's cypher with this motto, " Profile, ^ege, el kqe." The knights commonly wear the badge pendent to a broad blue riband, worn falli-ways from the right fliouldcr and under the left arm, and a (tar of eight points embroidered in gold and filvcr alternately on the left fide of the', coat. The prefcnt king inftituted the " order of AV. Sta/ii/kr/s,'" foon after his clertion to the croun in 1765. The badge is ;i gold crols enamelled red, and on the centre of it is a medallion with the image of St. Staniflaus enanjellcd in proper colours. It is worn pendent to a red riband edged with white. The ftar of the order is filver, and in the centre, is a c\ plicr of S. A. R. (Staniflaus Auguftus Rex) encircled with the motto " Frcviiando incihit.'^ History.] Poland of old, was polfeffed by the Vandals, wh" were aftcruardi partly expelled by the Rufs and '1 irtars. It was divided into many fmall flaics or printi))alilics, eacn almolt independent of another, thougli they generally had fome prince who was paramount over the relt. In the year 700, the people through the opprcllion of their jxnty chiefs, gave the i'upreme comnvind, under the litlcof duke to Cracus, the founder of the city of Cracow. His pofterity failing, in the year S.'^o, a*peafant, one Piaftus, was eledled to the ducal dignity. He li\ed to the age of ' iu years, and his reign was fo long and aufpicious, that every native Pole who has oeen fince ele£led king is called a Piaft. From this period, for fome centtnie.s, we have no very certain records of the hirtory of Poland. Ihe title of duke was retained, till the year 999, when Boleflaus affumed the tii!e of king, and conquered Moravia, PruUia, and Bohemia, making them tributary to Poland. Boleflaus II. added Red Ruflia to Poland, by marrying the heirefs of thai dutchy, anno. 1059. Ja- gcUo, who in I,'i84, mounted the throne, was grand duke of Lithuania,, and a Pagan; but on his being eleif^ed king of Poland, he not only became a Chriflian, but was at pains to bring over his fubje(^s to that religion. He united his hereditarj domi- nions to thoic of Poland, which gave fuch influence to his pofterity over the hearts of the Poles, that the crown was prcferved in his faniily until the male line became extina in Sigifmund Augullus, in 1.572- At this time two powerful competitors appeared for the crown of Poland. Thefe were Henry, duke of Anjou, brother to CharlesIX. king of France, and Maximilian of Auftria. The French intereft pre- vailed ; but Henry had not been four months on the throne of Poland, when his bro- ther died, and he returned privately to France, which kingdom he governed by the name of Henry III. The party wno had efpoufed Maximilian's intereft endeavoured once more to revive his pretenfions ; but the majoiity of the Poles being defirous to ehufe a prince who might refide among them, made choice of Stephen Batori prince of Tranfvlvania ; who, in th-: beginning of his leign, meeting with fome oppofi- tion froin the Auftrian f-;uo 1., X'-.. >k the wifell method to eftablifli himfelf on the throne, by marrying Ivn • • . fiftcr of Sigifmui^d Auguftus, and of the royal houle of the Jagcllons. i.cphen produced a great change in the military affairs of the Poles, by eftablifhing a new militia, compolc-d f f the Coffacs, a rough and barbarous race of men, on whom he beftow^ed the Ukraine, or frontiers of his kin dom. Upon his death, in 1586, the Poles chole Sigifmund, fon of John king of ^aweden, by Catharine filter of Sigifmund II. for their king. Sigifmund was crowned king of Sweden after his father's death; but being ex- pelled, as we have already feen in the hiftory of Sweden, by the Swedes, a long war enfued between them and the Poles, but terminated in favour of the latter. Sigifmund being lecured in the throne of Poland, afpired to that of Ruflia as well .IS Owedcn ; uuc aitcr icjiig wars, nc war ucicatcu in tj\ji.ii -iftn-, xiC vra.^ n^icr- wards engaged in a variety of unfucccfsful wars w ith the Turks and the Swedes. JO 4 K . CiS POLAND, iNCLUDiKO LITHUANIA, At la ft a truce was concluded under the mediation of France and England ; bur the Poles were forced to agree that the Swedes fhould keep Klbing, Mcinci, IJia- nu (berg and Pillau, together vviih all they had taken iu Livonij. In the vear 162^, Sigirmund died, and Uladiflaus his Ion luccccdcd. 'lliis prince was luc- cel'sful lioth agauill the Turks and the Kulhans, and obli^^ed the Svvcdes lo reftoro all the I'olilli dominions they had taken in PruUia. Ilia reign, however, was un- fortunate, by his being inlligated, through the avarice of his great men, to en- croach upon the pi ivileges of the Coffats in the Ukraine. As the war which fol- lowed, was tarried on againft the CoHats upon ambitious and perfidious principles, the Colfacs, who are natuially a brave people, became delperate; and upon the luccelllon of John U. brother to Uladilluus, the Coffac general Sehmielinfki de- feated the Poles in two great battles, and at lalt forced tliem to a diflionourable peace. It appears that, during the conrfe of this war, the Polilh nobility behave d as the worit of ruHians, and their condue^ was highly condennied by John; but his nobility difapnroved of the peace he had concluded with them. While the jcaloufy hereby occafioued continued, the Rullians came to a rupture w ith tlie Poles ; and being joined by nianv of the Coifacs, they, in the year 1654, took Sniolenlko. This was followed with the taking of Wilna, and other places; and they conunittcd nioft horrid ravages in Lithuania. Next year, Charles X. of Sweden, after over- running Great and Little Poland, entered into Polilh Pruflia, all the towns of w hich received him, except Dantzic. The refinance made by that city gave the Poles time to re-aflemble, and their king, Johir Cafimir, who had fled into Silelia, w as joined by the 'I'artars, as well as Poles ; fo that the Swedes, who were dilperfed through the country, were every where cut iu pieces. The Lithuanians, at the fame time, dilbwned the allegiance they had been forced to pay to Charles, who re- turned to Sweden with no more than a handful of his army. It was during this ex- pedition, that the Dutch and Englifli protefted Dantzie, and the ele£lor of Bran- denburg acquired the Ibvereignty of Ducal Pruflia, which had fubmitted to Charles. Thus the latter hift Poland, of which he had made an almoin complete contjuert. The treaty of Oliva was begun after the Swedes had been driven out of Cracow and Thorn, by which Royal Pruflia was reftored to the Poles. Thej' were, however, forced to quit all pretenfions to Livonia, and to cede Sniolenlko, Kiow, and the duchy of Siveria, to the Ruifians. During thofetranfadions, the Polifli nobility grew very uneafy with their king. Some of them were diffatisfied with the conccflious he had made to the Coffacs, maiiy of whom had thrown oil" the Polifh yoke; others taxed him with want of ca- pacity; and fome, with an intention to rule by a mercenary army of Germans. Cafimir, who very poflibly had no fuch intentions, and was fond of retiremciu and ftijtly, finding that cabals and faftions increafed every day, and that he himfelf might fall a facrifice to the public difcontent, abdicated his throne, and died abbot of St. Gernxains in France, employing the remainder of his days in Latin poetical compofitions, which are far from being defpicable. The mofl remote defcendants of the ancient kings ending in John Cafimir, many foreign candidate? prefented themfelves for the crown of Poland ; but the Poles chofe for their king a private gentleman of little intereft, and lefs capacity, one Michael ^Vief^owi(ki, becaufe he was defcended from a Piaft. His reign was dil- graceful to Poland. Large bodies of the Coifacs had put themfelves under the pro- tedion of the Turks, who conquered all the provinces of Podolia, and took Kami- nieck, t ill thenjhought impregnable. The greateft part of Poland was then rava- VPtl. arul t>M» Pol t^C ^ir*aT-*> \.\J j-'~y ail aiittua> iiiuu! .\. S.\J 111%. luiiaii. XT. :.L ftandijQg thole difgraceful events, the c«dit of the Polilh arms was in fome meai'ure POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 619 maintained by John Sobipflci, ilie crown general, a brave and adlive commander, who had given the Turks Icvcral defeats. Michael dying in 1673, Sobiefki was cholcn king ; and in 1676, lie was lb luccefsful againft the infidels, that he forced ihcni 10 remit the tribute they had inipofcd upon Poland ; but they kept polfclUon of Kaniiuieck. Li 1683, Sobiolki, though he had not been well treated by the houfe of Auftria, was lb public-fpirited, as to enter into iiie league that was formed for the defence of Chriilendom againft the infidels, and acquired immortal honour, by obliging die Turks to raifc the liege of Vienna, and making a terrible flaughter of the enemy ; for all whicli glorious fervices, and driving the Turks out of Hun- gary, he was ungratefully requitedby the emperor Leopold. Sobielki returning to Poland, continued the war againft the Turks, but unfor- tunately quarrelled w ith the fcnate, who fufpefted that he wanted to make the crown hereditary in his faniilj'. Ho died, after a glorious reign, in 1696. Poland fell into great diftradlions upon SobieQci's death. Many confedera'.ies were formed, but all parties lieemed inclined to exclude the Sobielki family. In the mean while, Poland was infulted by the Tartars, and her crow, was in a manner put up to fale. The prince of Couti, of the blood royal of France, v as the moll liberal bidder; but while he thought the eledion almoft lure, he v.as difap- ptiinted by the intrigues of the queen-dowager, in favour of her younger Ion prince Alexander Sobielki, for which Ihe was driven from Warl'aw to Dantzic. All of a Hidden, Auguftus, cled^or of Saxony, ftarted up as a candidate, and after a Iham eleaion, being proclaimed by the bilhop of Cujavia, betook poUellion of (>racow with a Saxon army, and aftually was crowned in that city in iCyv- The prince of Conti made fevcral uufuccefsful eflbrts to re-eftablilli his interell, and pretended that he had been aftually chofen ; but he was afterwards obliged to return to France, and the other powers of Europe teemed to acquiefcc in the eledion of Auguftus. The manner in which he was driven from the throne, by Charles XII. of Sweden, (who procured the advancement of Stanillaus) and afterwards reftored by the Czar, Peter tlie Groat, has Ix'en already related in the hiftory of Sweden. It was not till the year 171 2 that Auguftus was fully confirmed on the throne, which he held upon precarious and difagreeable terms. The Poles were naturally attached to Staniflaus, and were perpetually forming coufpiracies and plots againft Auguftus, who was obliged to maintain his authority by means of his Saxon guards and regiments. In 1725, his natural Ion prince Maurice, afterwards the famous count Saxe, was cho- fen duke of Courland ; but Auguftus was not able to maintain him in that dignity, againft the power of Ruflia and the jealoufy of the Poles. Auguftus died, after an unquiet reign, in 1733, having done all he could to infure the fucceflion of Poland to his fon Auguftus II. (or, as he is called by Ibme, III.). This occafion- cd a war, in which the French king maintained the intereft of his father-in-law Sta- nillaus, who was adtually re-eleaed to the throne by a confiderable party, of which theprinceprimate was the head. But Auguftus, entering Poland with a powerful army of Saxons and Rullians, compelled his rival to retreat into Dantzic, from whence he efcapcd with great ditiiculty into France. I ha\e, in the hiftoiy of Cerinauy, mentioned the war between Auguftus II. as eledtor of Saxony,^ or rather as the ally of Rulfia and Auftr'a, and his prefent Pruflian myjefty. It is lufticiont to fav, that though Auguftus was a mild, moderate prince, and did every thmg to latisly the Pole-, he never couldgain their hearts; and all ho obtained from them was merc-ly fheltcr, when his Pruilian niajefty dio\c him from his capual and clefto- ratc. Auguftus died at Drcfden, in 1763, upon which count Stauilbus Ponniow- Ikln :i3 chofeu kinq, by the r-asiic .->f StniiiOaiip Auguftus; though u is i.-.id vhriMJic eledtiou was couduaeU irroguUirly, and that he obtained il.o crov n chiciiy through 4 K -i ri I tljj: 620 POLAND INCLUDING LITHUANIA. the influence of the emprefs of Rufiia. He is a man of abilities and addiefs ; hut, from various concurring caufes, he has had the unhappi-iefs to fee Poland, during his reign, a fcene of defolation and calamity. In 1766, two Polifh gentlemen pre- lented a petition to the king, in the name of all the proteftant nobilitj', and in be- half alfo of the niembers of the Greek church, wherein they demanded to be re-in- Itated in their ancient rights and privileges, and to be placed upon the fame footing in every refpect with the Roman catholic lubjedts of the kingdom. " The dii'ierente of fentuncnts upon fome points of religion among Ghrillians," laid they in their peii- lion, " ought not to enter into any confideration with regard to tlie eiiiployments of the Ihte. I'he ttiiierent feds of ChrilUans, although they ditler in opinion among themlelyes ^^ ith refpe(5t to fome points of dodlrinc, agree all in one point, that of being iliirhlul to their fovereign, and obedient to his orders: all the Ghriiliau courts are convlacetl of this truth ; and thereforej having always this principle in view, and without having any regard to the religion they profels, Ghriftian princes ought only to leek alter thole whofe merit and talents make them capable of ferv ing their country properly." Tlie king ga\e no anfwer at this lime to the petition of the dillideuts; but the matter was referred to the diet which was held the following year, when the minifters of the courts of Rurtia, of London, of Berlin, and of Go- penhagen, lupported their pretenfions. The diet appeared to treat the complaints of the dillideuts with great moderation, which gave fome flattering expectations that the aHair would be happily terminated. But the intrigues of the king of Pruffia ap})ear to have presented this : for that prince, though he openly proleiled to be a zealous defender of the caufe of the diflidents, yet it was mauifelt from the event, that his gieat aim was to promote the ^iews of his own ambition. The in- tervention of the Ruflians in the affairs of F'oland alfo gave great dilguft to all par- ties in the kingdom. The whole nation run into confederacies formed in tliflind provinces ; the catholic clergy were active in oppofing the caufe of the dilhdenis ; and this unfortunate country became the theatre of the molt cruel and complicated ol all_ wars; partly civil, partly religious, and partly foreign. The confufion, dc- vaftation, and civil war, continued in Poland durit'ig the years 1769, 1770, and 1 77 1, whereby the whole face of the country was almoft dcflroyed ; many of the principal Polilh families retired into foreign flates with their effefts ; and had it not been for a body of Ruffian troops which adcd as guards to the king at Warfaw, tliat city had likcwile exhibited a fcene of plunder and maffacre. To ihefe compli- cated evils, were added, in the year 1770, that molt dreadful fcourge the peftilence, which fpread from the frontiers of Turkey to the adjoining provinces of Pfjdolia, ^■olhiuia, and the Ukraine; and in thefe provinces it is laid to have fwcpt oti' 2V^,oco of the people. Meanwhile, fome of the Polifh confederates interceded uu h the 'J'urks to ailiit them againft their powerful opprcilbrs; and a war enliied be- !wceii the Rulhans and the Turks on account of Poland. But it has been obfervcd, that the conduct of the Grand Signior and of the Ottoman Porte towards the dillrel- led Poles, were ilrictly jult and honourable, and the \ery reverfeof that of their Ghrif- lim, Gaiholic, and Apollolic neighbours*. ♦ [11 1764, the emprefs of RuHia tranfmitteil to thecourt of Warfaw an afl of renunciation, fi^iicd with her own hanj, and fcaled with the feal of tlic empire, wherein ihs declares, " J'hat flie Jul l>y .10 meat'.s arrogate either to herlelf, her heirs and fuccelfors, or to her empire, any right or claim u> rhc dillrifl-; or teiritorics, which w.-ie ai5lnally in pollvtrion, or fiibjcfl to the aifhority of the kinjr- dom ot Poland, or j^rtat duchy of Liihuani;'.; but that, on the contrary, her fiid majell', -.votiid Kiurantee to th- laid kiiijrdom of Fol.md and duchy of Lithuanit, all the iiomunities, lands, terriio- iics_, and diltriCts, which the faid kingdom and duchy ougiit by right to politls, or did now aiTtually poll-Is J uiid would at all limes, and for ever, maintain them in full and free enjoyment liieieol, >.^;,..nll the attcmpti of all aad every one who Ihould ac any time, or on aa^' pretext, endeavour to dif- m-hm i I POLAND INCLUDING LrniUANIA. 621 Chi September 3d, 1771, an attempt was made by Kbziiifki, an officer among the Polifti confederates, and feveral others, to affaffinate the king of Poland, in the Itreets of Warfaw. His majefty received two wounds on his head, one from a ball, and the other from a fabre ; notwithftanding which he liad the good fortune tocfcape with life, by Kozinflci's relenting, lor which his own life was faved, and lie now re- fides in the papal territories, witL an annual penfion from the king. _ Pulafki, an- other of the confpirators, diltinguifi'ed himfelf in the American fervice, and was killed in attacking the Briti(h lines at Savannah, in 1779. The following year, 1772, it appeared, that the king of Pruflia, the emperor and emprefs-queen, and the emprefs of Ruflia, had entered into an alliance to divide and difmember the kingdom of Poland : though Pruflia was formerly in a ftate of vaflalage to Poland, and the title of king of Pruflia was never acknowledged by the Poles till 1764. Ruflia in the beginning of the 17th century faw its capital and throne polfelfod by the Poles, while Auflria in 1683 was indebted to a king of Pu- land for the prefer\ation of its metropolis, and almoil for its very exiitence. '1 he tlu-ec allied powers, adiug in concert, let up their formal pretenfions to the refpec- rive diilrias which they had allotted f.)r and guaranteed to each other : Polifli or Weftern Pruflia, and fome diftrias bordering upon Brandenburgh, for the kmg of Pruflia ; almoit all the fouth call parts of the kingdom bordering upon Hungary, together with the rich falt-works of the crown, for the emprefs queen of Hungary and Bohemia f ; and a large diflria of country about Mohilow, upon the banks of the Dnieper, for tlie emprefs ot Ruflia t- But though each of the powers pre- tended to h:r.e a legal title to the territories which were allotted them refpedively, and publifhed manifeflos in juflification of the nieafures which they had taken, yet as the}- were confcious that the fillacles by which they fupported their preten- fions were too grols to impoie upon mankind, they forced the Poles to call a new . diet, and threatened them, that if they did not conlcnt unanimoufly to fign a treaty for the ceding (jf thofe provinces to them refpeaivel}-, the whole kingdom would he laid under a military execution, and treated as a conquered Hate. In this extre- mity of diflrels, feveral of the Polifli nobility protefled againft this violent acH of tyranny, and retired into foreign Hates, chuling rather to live in exile, and to have potTefs them of the fame. " In the fame veui- did the king of Prufiia fign, with his own hand, an aff, wherein he declared, that he had no claims, formed no pretenfions on Poland, or any part thereof : that he renounced all claims on that kingdom, cither as king of I'ruUia, elcftor of Brandenburg, or duke of I'om.rania." In the fame inrtrument he guarantees, in the moll lolemn manner, the territo- ries and rights of Poland againd every power whatever. The emprefsiiueen ot Hungary, fo late as the month of January 1771', wrote a letter with her own hand ro the kuig of Pcl.ind, in which flie gave him the llrongell alluranccs " That her friendlhip for him and the republic was firm and unal- ttrablc: that the motion of lier troops ought not to alarm him : that (lie had never entertained a thought of feizing any part of his dominions, nor would even fuller any other power to do it." — rrom which, according to the political creed oi' princes, we may infer, that to guarantee the rights, hberpics, and revenu-s of a (late, means to annihilate thofp liberties, fei/.e upon thofe rights, and appropriate thofe revenues to their own ufe. Such is the faith of princes, the i.illability ot hum;^n politics, and of h.. "iin affairs I ,.,,-■-, ,t-/i 1 ■]■ The dlilria claimed by Auftria, was " all that traft of land lying on the right lide ot the Viltula, fro;n Silefia above S.mJomir to the mouth of the San, and Irom thence by F, anepole, Zamoifc, and Kubieffow, to the Hog : from the Hog along the frontiers of Red Ruifia to Zabras, on the borders ot Volhinia and I'udoliaraiid from Z ibra.s in a (Iraighi line to the Nieper, where it receives the Sbrytz, taking in a part of Podolia, and theu along the boundaries feparatin?, Podolia Irom Moldavia. This cuuntry is now incorporated with Aulliia, under the appellation of the kingdoms ot Galicui an J Lodomeiia. r n 1 n u n. c I The Rulfian claims compnfe Polilli Livonia, that pirt of the palatinate of 1 olotlk to the eatt ot the Duna— the palatinates of Vitcplk, X-licillaw and two portions of the palatin..te ot Minlk. This tr.ia ot land (Polilh Livonia excepted) islituated in White Rullii, and includes fuli on-; ihir.l c! Lith- uania. It is now divided into the govcrumcuts of rolotft aud Mohilcf. I ^iZ POLAND lacLUDiNG LITHUANIA. f all ihcir lauded property confifcated, than be the inftruments of biiegbg their coun- try to utter ruui j but the king of Poland was prevailed upon to fign this sd, and his CYampIc was followed by many of hi« fubjedls. As to the klug of PrulTia, his toiulud in Poland was the nioft tyra;inical and opprefllve that can be conceived. It was in the year I7*?i that his troops entered iiuo Grc.ii Poiand, and during the fpace of that jear he csnied off lioin that pro- •\uice, and its neighbourhood, at a moderate computation, i2,cco families. On tbc :9th of Odober, in the lan:e year, an edid was publiHicd by his Prulhaii ma- jclly, commandmg every perlon, under the ievcrell penalties, and even corporal pucillimerir, to take in payuient for forage, pro\lfions, corn, horfes, &c. the money otlcred by his troops and commiffaries. I his money was either fiher bear- mg the miprenion of Poland, and e.vadtly wortli one-third of its nominal value, or ducats llruck in imiiation of Dutch ducats, fevcntcen per cent, inferior to the real ducats of Holland. With this bale money he bought up corn and forage enough not oniy_ to lupply his ami)' for two whole years, but to Hock magazines in the counuy itfelf, wheic the uihabitant? were forced to come and re-purchale corn for tlieir daiJy lubliftcnce at an advanced price, and \^ith good money, his conmiiffi-. nes rofufuig to take the fame coin they had paid. At the loweft calculation he gaiucih by tbis maaerly and honeft mananivre, Icven millions of dollars. Having Ih-ipped the country of u.oney and provifions, his next altenipt was to thin it itill more ot us nihabitants. lo people his own dominions, at the expence of Poland, had been his great aim; for this purpofe he hit upon a new contribution; every town and village was obliged to flirnilh a certain number of marriageable tirls • the parents to give as a portion, a feather-bed, four pillows, a co^v, two hogs' aud three ducats m gold. Some were bound hand and foot, and carried off as cri- minals. His cxaaiOMs from the abbeys, convents, cathedrals, and nobles, were fb heavy, aiiu' exceeded h;. laft their abilities to much, that the priefls abandoned their churches, and the uobles their lands. Thefe exacHions continued with unabated ri- gour, from the year 1771, to the time the treaty of partition was declared, and pof- lefliou taken of :he provinces ufurped. From 'thefe proceedings it would appear that his Prulhan luajeny knew no rights but his own; no pretentions but thofe or the houle of Brandenburgh ; no other rule of jufiice but his own piide and ambition. Xhe violent dlfmemberment and partition of Poland has juftly been confldered as ihe firfl great breach in the modern political fyflem of Eunjpe. Ihe iurprile of a town, the mvafion of an inligniticant province, or the elec^fion of a prince who had neither abilities to be feared, nor virtues to be lov ed, would fome years ago * have armed one half of Europe, and called forth all the attention of ihe oth^r. But the doftrudiou of a great kingdou), with the confequent difarrangt'ment of jxiwer, dominion, and commerce, has been beheld by the other nations of Europe with the nioft aftonifliing indifference and unconcern. J he courts of Lomlt.n, Pans, Stockholm, and Copenhagen, remontlrated againft the ufurpations, out that was all. Poland was forced to fubmit, and the partition was ratified bv th'.ir diet held under the bribes and threats of the three pcnvers. In the fcnatc there was a majority of six, but in the lower houfe, the aifembly of nuncios, there was but one vote in favour of the meafure, 54 againft 53. Ihis is a very alarming circumllance, and Ihews that a molt important, though not happy change, has taken place in that general fyftem cjt policy, and arrangement of power and dominion, which had been for !ome ages an objc('t of unremitting attentior witli molt of the flates of Europe. Our aaceftors might, perhaps, on fome occafions, diitover rather more anxiety about prelervmo the balance of power hi Europe than was neceflary : but it has been well nni-.rkcd, tha' ihe idea of cvnfulering Europe .is a vail commoDr JS^ SWITZERLAND. 623 weiAth of the leveral parts being diftina and feparate, though politicjjlly and com- nierciaily united, of keeping them independent, though unequal in power, and of nreventiii^ any one, by any means, from becoming too powerful for the reft, was ureit and" liberal, and, though the refult of barbarifm, was iounded upon the nioft enlarged principles of the wilell policy. It appears to be owing to tais fyltem, that this Iniall part of the weftern world has acquired fo aftonifhing a (upenority over the reft of the globe. The fortune and glory of Greece proceeded from a hmilar fyf. teni of policy, though formed upon a fmaller fcale. Both her fortune and glory ex- pired with that fyftem. . Staiiillaus Auguftus (late count Poniatowfki) was born m 1732, and crowned king of Poland in i'/64. This prince, while a private nobieman, refided feme time m London, and is a fellow of the Royal Society. S W I T Z E R L A N D. Situation and extent. Miles- Degrees- Length "260 7 r^.^^^^ J 6 and 1 1 eaft longitude.. Breadth 100 jT '^'^^^^^ { 46 and 48 north latitude. Boundaries.] > TT is bounded by Alface and Suabia in Germany, on the North;: f Iby the lake of Conftance, Tirol, and Trent, on the Eaft ; by- Italy, OR the South ; and by France, on the Weft. ,.,«,• • n Divisions J Switzerland is divided into thirteen cantons, which Itand m point oi precedency as follows: i. Zurich; 2. Berne; 3. Lucerne; 4. Uri; 5- Schweitz; 6. Underwalden ; 7. Zug; 8. Glaris; 9. Bafil ; 10. Fnbourg ; n.Soleure; 12. Schaff^ haufen ; 13- Appenzel. , . . , ^ , The beft account we have of the dimenfions and principal towns ot each canton, is as follows : Countiies Names. Square 3 CO i n Chief Cities. Switzerland. f Miles. It ' Berne 1,346 III 87 Berne 1 I Zurich 728 H 31 Zurich Calvinifts. < j Scaffhsiufen 140 23 9 Schaffhaufen bafil 240 21 18 "Lucerne 460 33 .35 Lucerne Wnderwaldcn 270 23 16 Stantz Uri 612 4« 21 Altorf Catholics. ■( SuHFe 250 27 '3 Suiffe Fribourg 370 24 21 Fnbourg Zug ,Solrure 1 12 253 IC 24 Zug Soleure, or Soiothure Calvlnirts and Catholics. i Appen/el [ Glaris 'Baden 1 270 257 23 24 21 18 \ppenzel Glaris Baden Bremgarten > .».i6 26 12 Bremgarten The fubjeas Meilingen Meilingen of the Swit- Rheinihal 40 2C s Kheineck /.crs, Calvl- ■ Thurgau 119 lb II Frowanfielii nifts and Ca- Lugano 1 Lugano tholics. Locarno I Mendiis 1 850 52 3c Locarno Mendria LMaggia J Magia . ]')^} 624 SWITZERLAND. Allies of the Switzers. Countries Names. Square Miles. -alvinifts Grilbns lubjeas of the f Chiavanna Grifons, Calvi-^ Bormio and nills and Cath. ( Valteline. f Tockcnburg Cawinifts Catholics ■} Geneva ^ Ncufchatel f Vahiis \ Balle I St. Gall 2,270 47-5 360 1 68 160 ^20 1.287 270 '4+ T.nall rz.8S4 42 2- 27 3' 8c 62 34 '9 b 1 1 zo 3c 16 Chief Cities. -oire hiavanna Sondrio Liechtenfteg Geneva Meufehatel lion Delfperg St. Gall Vlulhaufen, in Alface is alfo united to theii!. Air CLIMATE, SOIL. ANDP,vcE) This being a monntainoue country Ivina mg covered . ith Inow ro.netin.s all the yj loul. "n [bl^V th ' intu i l o? the lo.l renders the ume provnice very unequal iu "its feafons; on one Ef C mountains the inhabuants are often reaping, uhile they are foxing on another The valhes however are warm and fruitful, and well cultivated, and muhit c.u be more dehghtlul than the lunhner n.onths in this charnn-ng country" I i bbS m rams and tempefiy fc,i- which reafou public granaries are e^ cry where ereled olbn ply the failure of then- crops. The xvater of Suit^erland 'is genera K excellent" Hghtfu?:S^a '^" """'"" "' '"'S' "■ '■"^'" ^^"'-^^^^ -hie/, h'e a de- There is, perhaps, no country in the world wherein the advantageous effe£is r.f unvveaned and perle^enng mdullry are more ren.arkably confpicuouf thant Tw . zerland. In palhng o^er the mountainous parts thereof' the tiaveller is t uck ui h ad.tnrat.on, to obie.ve n.cks that we.-e forme.ly barren,' now l.Iantcd\ th vine aboundmg with nch paftme; and to mark the' traces of the plough mgt c'lde of precpjces io deep, that a horle could not even afcet.d them withou V- 't d f! hculty. In iliort the mhabuants lee.n u have lurmountcd eve.y obfhuaion h ch foil, funation an.] clnnate had thrown n. their waj , and to l^ave ^ Vm ty over various Ipots of the country, which nature fceined to have confm.Kxl to e e7 laftmg barrenneis. he feet of the mountains, and fo.nctinies alio the vey fur nuts are covered w,th M.,eyards. co.nfields, meadows, and pafhn-e.g,ounds. ^Otler pa t. of this count,y a.-e .iiore dreary, confifting ahn..ll e.uh'ly of barren and in c celhble rocks, ionie of which are continually anered uiih luow or ice. T le val hes between thefe icy and l.iowy mountains appear like in many fniooth ttozc. lake " ;•"! h y r" r^ '■'^""''"' u* ''' ^'''^''''"^y ^^" ''"^^-'^ '"to the more rui fui po s beneath, la fouie pans, the.-e is a .vgular gradati.m from ext.en.e wi di d to high cuUu-ation; iti others the tranf.tions a.e very abrupt, and ^■e.•y hS Soinetmies a continued Cham of cultivated mounrain.:, richly clothed with wo d" and Ituddcd all o^er with han.krs, c<.rrages above the clouds, 'paflures which a npe ,' lulpended m the a.r, exhibit the molt delightful landfcapo that can be conce e • a.Kl in other places appear ruuged rocks, cata.-a.'ts, and n.oumains of a p.-odigI , ,s height, covered u.th .ce a.id htow. In fhort, Switzerland abounds with' the ,0 ptaurefquelcenes; a.id he.e are to be found fome of the moll fubliuu.^ cxhibi iZ of n,itu.-e, m her moll axviul h.kI tre.neadouG fbrms, cxniDuuntf SWITZERLAND. HS UiviRR AND LAKF.S.] The chicf rivers are the Rhine, which rifes in the chain of mountains bordering on St. Gothard, the Aar, the Reufs, the Tefin, the Oglio, and the Rhone. The lakes are thofe of Geneva, Conftance, Thun, Lucerne, Zu- rich, Biel, aud Brien. Mf.tals and minerals.] The mountains contain mines of iron, cryftal, vir- gin fiilphur, and fpriugs of mineral waters. Vegetable and animal pfoductions.] Switzerland produces fheep and rattle, wine, wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, and hemp ; plenty of apples, pears, nuts, cherries, plums, and chefnuts ; the parts towards Italy abound in peaches, almoads, figs, citrons, and pomegranates; and moft of the cantons abound in tim- ber. Befides game, fifh, and fowl, are alfo found, in fome of the higher and more inaccellible parts of the Alps, the bouquetin and the ctiamois; whofe adiyiiy in fcouring along the fteep and craggy rocks, and in leaping over the precipices, is hardly conceivable. '1 he blood of both thcfe animals is of lb hot a nature, that the inhabitants of fonic of thefe mountains, who are nmch fubjeft to pleurific?, take a few drops of it, mixed with water, as a remedy for that diforder. The ficfii of the chamois is efteenied very delicious. Among the Alps is likewife found a fpecies of hares, which in fummer is faid to perfectly refemble other hares, but in winter becomes all over white, fo that they are fcarcely difUnguifhable among the fnow. But this idea hath been lately exploded, nor is it certain whether the two fpecies ever couple together. The white hare feldoin quits his rocky refidence. Here are alio yellow aud white foxes, which in winter fometimes come down into the vallies. Population, inhabitants, manners,) According to the beft accounts, the CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. ) cautous of Switzerland contain about 2,ooo,oco of inhabitants, wko are a brave, haidy, iuduftrious people, remarkable for their fidelity, and their zealous attachment to the liberties of their country. Like the old Romans, they are equally inured to arms and agriculture. A ge- iieral fim])licity of manners, an open and unatle£led fraiiknefs, together with an invincible fpiiit of freedom, are the moil tlilliiiguilhing charadleriftics of the inha- bitants of Switzerland. They are ui general a \©ry enlightened nation; their com- mon people are far more intelligent than the fame rank of men in inoft other countries; a talte for literature is very prevalent among thofe who are in better circumilaiices, and even amongft many of the loweft rank; and a genuine and un- artful good breeding is extremely confpicuous in the Swifs gentry. On the firft en- trance into this country, the traveller cannot but obferve the air of content and fa^ ti?fadtion which appears in the countenances of the inhabitants. The deanlinefi lefs of the houfes, an J of the people, is peculiarly ftriking; and in all their manners, Ijehavioir, and drcis, funic firong outlines may be traced, which diftinguifh this hapi^y people from ilie neighbouring nations, who lalxjur under the opprcflions of defpotic govcrnnic'ir. Kvcn the Swifs cottages convey the livelieft image of clean- lineis, eale, am! fnnplicit\-, and cannot but ftrongly imprefs upon the obiervcr a moft pleafmg convii^lion of t!ic pcaTant's happinefs. In fome of t' e cantons eacli cottage has its little tcrritop-, ccniifttng generally of a field or two of fine paftme gruimil, and frciincnil}' Ikin'ed with trees, and well ilipplied with water. Sunip- uiary laws afL' in force in moft parts of Switzerland ; and no dancing is allowed, ex- cept upo)i i.auicular occarion*. Silk, lace, aud fevcral other articles of luxury, ait- Kiially priiiibiicd in fome c/f tlic caii.ons ; and even the ^^ead-dicflcs of the ladies are I'tt^ulatcd. All game-, of hnzird arc alfo ftrii'tly ]Jioiiibiied; and in other pamcs, the party who lofi- a' (i-.c iix florins, which is about nine I'iiillings of our inonev, incurs a (onfidtral-ic i.iK. Their (Uvcrfious, ihcicibie, arc cbiciiv of .ih«; 4 L . ' il 6.i6 SWITZERLAND. a£live and warlike kiud; and as tlieir time is not wafted in games of chance, many of tliem employ part of their leifure hours in reading, to the great improvement of their underUaiidiiigs. The youth are diligently trained to all the martial cx- ercill's, fuch as luuniiig, wrellhng, throwing the hammer, and Ihooiing both with the crufs-bow aud niulkct. RiiLiGioNS.] '1 hough all the Swifs cantons form but one poliiical republic, yet they are not united in religion, as the loader, in the table prefixed, may percei\e. 'I'liofe diHerences in religion formerly created many public ccininotions, whicli feeni now to have fuhfided. Zuinglius was the apoflle of prottltautirni iu Switzer- land. He was a nujderate reformer, and diilercd from Luther and Calvin only in a lew fpeculative points; lb that Calvinifm is faid to be the religion (jf the protcltaut Swiifes. But this mult be uuderllood chiefly with rclpedt to the mode of church government ; for in fome doctrinal points they are far I'Vom being uuiverlally Cal- % iniftical. '1 here is, however, too niuch religious bigotry pre\alent among them ; and though they are ardently attachetl to the inlcreils of civil liberty, their leiui- nients on the fubjccH of religious toleration are in general much left' liberal. Language.] Several languages prevail in Switzerland; but the mod common is German. The Swiifes who border upon trance fpeak a bailard French, as thole near Italy do a corrupted Latin or Italian. Learning and lkarned mkn.] Cah in, whofe name is fo well knovvn in all pioteftant countries, inflituted laws for !:!:e cit}^ of Geneva, which are held in high efteem b)- the molt learned of that couutry, The ingenious and eloquent J.J. Rouifcau too, whofe works the prefcut age have reeei\ed with fo much approbation, was a citizen of Geneva. Rouifeau gave a force to the French, language, which it was thought incapable of receiving. In Kugland he is generally known as a prole- writer only, but tlio French admire iuni as a poet. His opera of the iJcvin du Village in particular is much elleemed. M. Bonnet, and Mell. de Saulfure, De Luc and Ue Lolme alio del'erve to be mentioned with applaufe, and will be remembered till the Alps {lull be no more. Univjlksitiks.] The univcrfity of Bafil, which was founded in I4,S9, has a very curious phyfie-garden, which contains the choiceft exotics ; and adjoining to the library, which contains fome valuable manufcripts, is a mufeum well furnilhed with natural and artificial curiofities, and with a great number of medals rr paint- ings. In »he cabinets of Erafmus and Amerbach, which alfo belong to this uni- vcrfity, there are no lefs than twenty original pieces of Holbein; for one of which, reprefenting a dead Chrilt, a thoufand ducats have been offered. The other uni- verfities, which indeed are conmionly only {tiled colleges, are ihofe of Bern, Lau- fanne, and Zurich. ANTiquiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES, T^ Every diftridt of a canton in this monntaiu- NATURAL and artificial. ) ous coiuitry prefents the traveller with a natural curioilty; fometimes in the fhape of wild but beautiful profpeiJis, intcrlperlcd with lofty buildings, and wonderful hermitages, ei'pecially one, two leagues from Fri- burg. This was formed by the hands of a fingle hermit, who laboured on it for 25 years, and was living in 1707. It is the greatelt curiofity of the kiud perhaps in the world, as it contains a chapel, a parlour 28 paces in length, 1 2 in breadth, and 20 feet in heigiit, a cabinet, a kitchen, a cellar, and other apartments, with the altar, benches, flooring, cieling, all cut out of the rock. At the famous pais of Pur re Pcr/uis, the road is carried through a Iblid rock near 50 feet thick, the height of the arch i6, and its breadth 2,v The marcafiles, ialie diamond.^, and other ilones, found in thofe mount: ins, are juftly ranked among the natuial curiofities of the couatry. The ruins of Catfar's wall, which extended 18 miles in length, fronx SWITZERLAND. 6ZJ M<>unt Jvita to tlic banks of Lake Leiiian, are flill difcernible. Many monuments oi antiquity have been dilVovercd near the baths of Baden, which were known to the Romans in the time of Tacitus. Switzerland boafts of many rblc religious buildings, particularly a college of jefuits; and many cabinets of valuable manu- i'cripts, antiques, and curiofuies of all kinds. Near Rofniiere, is a famous ipring which riles in the midft of a natural bafon of 1 2 fquare feet — the force that a£ts upon it mud be prodigious; after a great fhowcr of rain, it carries up a column of water as thick as a man's thigh, nearly a foot above its furface. Its temperature ne- ver varies, its furface is clear as cryftal, and its depth unfathomable ; probably the cud of fome fubterraneouslake, that hath here found an iffue for its waters. Cities.] Of thei'e the molt confiderable is the city of Bern, Handing on the river Aar. This city and canton, it is faid, forms almoft a third of the Helvetic confederacy, and can, upon occafion, fit out 100,000 armed men. All the other cities in Switzerland are excellently well provided with arfenals, bridges, and pub- lic edifices. Bafil is accounted by fome the capital of all Switzerland. It is fituat- cd in a fertile and delightful country, on the banks of the Rhine, and the confines of Alface and the empire. It contains two* hundred and twenty Itreets, and fix market-places. The town-houfe, which ftands on the river Birfec, is fupportcd by very large pillars, and its great hall is finely painted by the celebrated Hans Hol- bein, who was a native of this city. The fituation of Bafil is pleafing : the Rhine divides it into the upper and lower town, and it is confidered as one of the keys of Switzerland. Baden is famous for its antiquity and baths. Zurich is far lefs confi- derable than Bern, but in the arfenal is fhewn the bow of the famous William Tell, and in the library is a nianufcript of excellent letters written by the unfortunate Lady- Jane Grey,- to the judicious reformer Bullinger, in elegant Latin and German. To prevent a repetition, I fhall here mention ithc city of Geneva, which is an affociate of Switzerland, and is under the protedion of the Helvetic body, but within itfclf is an independent ftate, and republic. The city is well built, and well fortified, and contains 24.,oco inhabitants, mofl: of whom are Cah inifts, It is fituated upon the afflux of the Rhone from the large fine lake of Geneva. It is celebrated for the learning of the profeflbrs of its univerfity, and the good govcrn- jnent of its colleges, the purity of its air, and the politenefs of its inhabitants. By its fituation, it is a thoroughfare from Germany, France, and Italy. It contains a number of fine manufadturcs andartifls; fo that the proteitants, efpcciallv ffch as are of a liberal turn, clleem it a. moft delightful place. But the fermentation of their politics, and particularly the nfurpalion of the Senate, hath divided the citi- zens into parties, and the late ftruggle of Patricians and rieheians had nearly ruin- ed all. 1 he city is now under t lit protection of France, or rather its magiftraies, and council, the partisans of aiiilovr^cy ; many of its valuable citizens have ac- cordingly left the place, and fought refuge and protedion in Ireland and elfe- where. CoMMKRCE AND M ANiF A CTUREn.] Thc produ(Rions of the loom, linen, dimiiv, lace, itockings, hindkerchief?, ribands, filk and painted cottons, and gloves, air ( onnnon in Switzerland, and the inhabiiants are now beginning, notwithfianding their iinnptnary laws, to fabricate filks, veKets, and uooilen manuia(?lure:«. Their great progrefs iT» thofe manutat^urcs, and in agriculture, gives them a pror]H\H oT ijciiig able ibou 10 makecoafiderablf; exports. CoNSTiTtTioN AND GOV ER NMt.M .] Tliefe arc vcrv c oiiiplicaifd liead.«, iliough belonging to the lame body, benig partlv arifiocratical. and partly lU niocraiiral, I'Aery canion is abfol'.ue in its own jurifdic^tion, but tlicie (,f Juni. Ziiiicli. mihI Lucerne, Aviih other dcpc.tU'nrics, are aiiilocrantal. viih j ccifain it.i\une fiT , c. 4 L 2 i «28 S W I T Z E R L A 21 D. mocracy, Bern excepted. Thofe of Uri, Schweitz, Underwald, Zcj;, Glares and Appenzel, arc dcinocratical. Bafil, though it lias the appearance of an arilto- cracy, rather iucliues to a democracy. But even thole ariitocracici aiui domocTa- cics diHcr iu ilicir particular luodts of gcveniiiieut. However, in all dt" ihciu ihi real intcreils of the people appear t© be much attended to, and thcv enjoy a degiec of happinel's not to be expcdted in defpotic gov erumetits. Kach'cantoii hath pru- deuthy reconciled itfelf to the errors of its neighbour, and cemented, oa the bafis of afledtion, a fyfleni of mutual defence. The confederacy, confidered as a republic, comprehends three div ifions. '1 he firft are the Swilfes, properly lb called. The fecoud are the Giilbns, or the ftates, confederated with the Swilfes, for their common protedbn. The third arc iholb jirefedures, which, though I'ubjeft to the other two, by purchafe or otherwile, prel'erve each its own particular niagiftrates. Every canton forms within itielf a little republic ; but when any controverly ariles that may ailed the wlx)le contede- racy, it is referred to the general diet, which fits at Baden, where each canton hav- ing a vote, every queflion is decided by the majority. The general diet confift» of two deputies from each canton, befides a deputy from the abbot of St. Gall, and the cities of St. Gall and Bien. It is obJerved Dy Mr. Coxe, to whom the public have been indebted for the bell account of Switzerland that has appeared, that there is no country in which happinefs and content more univerfally prevail among the people. For whether the government be ariftocratical, democratical, or mixed, a general fpirit of liberty pervades and aduates the feveral conltitutions ; fo that even the oligarchical ftates (which, of all others, are ufually the moft tyrannical) arc here peculiarly mild ; and the property of the fubjed is fecurely guarded againft every kind of violation. A harmony is maintained by the concurrence of their mutual felicity; and their fumpttiary laws, and equal divifion of their fortunes among their children, feemtoenfure its continuance. There is no part of Europe which contains, within the fame extent of region, lo many independent conmion- wealths, and fuch a variety of diflerent governments, as are coUeded together in this remarkable and delightful country ; and yet, with iuch wifdom was the Helve- tic union compofed, and fo little have the Swifs, of late years, been aduated by the fpirit of conqueft, that fince the firm and complete eftablifhment of their gci.e- ral confederacy, they have fcarcely «^ver had occafion to employ their arms aganift a foreign enemy; and have had no i.oftile commotions among themlelves, that were not very loon happily terminated. Rev£nues and taxks.] The variety of cantons that conflitute the Swifs confe- deracy, renders it diflBcuh to give a precife account of their revenues. Thofe of the canton of Bern are faid to amount annually to 300,000 crowns, and thofe of Zurich to 150,000; the other cantons in proportion to their produce and nanu- fadures. Whatever is faved, after defraying the neceftary expences of gov ernmer.t, is laid up as a common ftock ; and it has been faid, that the Swiiles are pofleiTed of 500,0001. fterling in the Englilh funds, befides thofe in other banks. The revenues arile, i. From the profits of the demefne lands ; 2. The tenth of the produce of all the lands in thecotmtry; 3. Cuftoms and duties on merchandife; 4. The revenues arifing from the fale of fait, and fome cafual taxe?. Military strength.] The internal fliength of the Swifs cantons, indepen- dent of the militia, confifts of 13,400 men, railed according to the population aiitl abilities of each.. Theocconomy and wifdom with which this force is raifed and employed, are truly admirable, as are the arrangements vvhith are made by the general diet, lor keeping up that great body of niiliiia, from which foreign ftates iitki princes are fupplied, fo as to benefit the ftatc, without any prejiulice to its po- SWITZERLAND. 629 pulaiion. Ivvciv burgher, peafant, and fubjefl, is obliged to (^xercife I'^f^lf • . The ule of arms' appear on the Itated days for niootmg at a mark; fijrniai bnnfelt with proper cloiliiiig, accoutre.nenis, powder, and ball; and to te always ready lor the defence of his country. Ihc Swifs engage in the fervice ot ioreign pruicc.s and Itates, either merely as guards, or as marching regiments. In the latter calc, the government permits the cnlifting volunteers, though only for fuch dates as they are in alliance with, or widi whom they have entered into a previous agreement on that article. But no iubjedt is to be forced into foreigu fervice, or even to be en- lifted without the contunence of the magiitracy. . History! Ihe ptefcut SwHTes and Crifous, as has been already mentioned, arc the defccndams of the ancient Helvetii, lubdued by Julius CKlar. 'Ibeir mountainous, uninviting Ikuation, formed a better iecurity for their liberties than their forts or armies; and the fame is the cafe at prefent. I hey continued long under little better than a nominal fubjeaion to the Burgundians ami Germans, till about the year 1300, when the emperor Albert I. treated them wuh lo much ri. gour, that they petitioned him againft the cruelty of his governors. Ihis Icrved only to double the hardfhips of the people; and one of Alberts Auftnan gover- nors. Greller, in the wantonnefs of tyranny, fet up a hat upon a pole, to which he ordered the natives to pay as much relped as to himfelf. One \Villiam lell, bein|^ obfcrved to pafs frequently without taking notice of the hat, anc^ being an cxcelleiu marklman, the tyrant condemned bim to be hanged, unlefs he deit an apple upon his Ion's head, at a certain diftancc, with an arrow, lell cleft the apple ; and Grefier aiking him the meaning of another arrow he law Uuck in his be t he bluntly anfvvered, that it was intended to his [Greller s] heart, if he had killed liis Ion. lell was condemned to prifon upon this; but makmg his cicapc, he watched his opportunity, and iliot the tyrant, and thereby laid the foundations of the Helvetic liberty. ^ c \. c -tr r ^u It appears however, that before this event, the revolt of the Swiifes fi-oin the AuftriairtA-numv had been jilanned by foine noble patriots among them 'Ihcir meafurcs were lo jufl, and their courle fo intrepid, that they loon efledted a union of fcveral cantons. , , . „ ,,• • 1 t t- ; c uf^ Zurich, driven by oppreinon, fought firft an alliance with Lucerne, Ui, Suiife and Undernald, on the principles of mutual defence; and the frequent fuccetes ot their arms asainll Albert, duke of Auftria, infeniibly formed the grand He vetie- union Ihcv firft conciuercd Claris and Zug, and admitted them to an equal par- ticipation of 'their rights. Berne united itfelf in 13.S.3; fnburg and Soleure 130 years after; Bafil and ScalThaufen in 1501 ; and Appenzel in 1513 completed the confederacy, which repeatedly defeated the united powers cjf Prance and Germany; till by the 'treaty of Wofiphalia in 1648, their confederacy was declared to be a, free and independent ftate. .... ,- 1. 1 ■ r Neufchatel, fince the year 1-707, hath been under the donmnon o the king of Pruflia but the inhabitants are free to feive any prince whatever, and by no means bounds take an adive part in his wars. The king hath the power of rccrniting amongthem. and of naming a governor, but the revenue he derives is not above coorl yearly, great part uf which is laid out on the roads and other public works of the oimtry. With regard to the military charaaer, and great, adlions ot thr SwlUcs, 1 mult refer the reader to the hiftoiics of Europe. 6jo N. )ITUAriON AND ItXTF.Nr. li''- Miles. U'tigth 7CG IJicaUth .500 Ik)L'\DARIKS.] p between •] D, egrccs. loaiicl 3 cifl loiiginulc. 36 and 44 north latitude It IS now divided uito fourteen dilhia*. bef.des iHands in the Mediterranean. by the Counti its Names, Spain. •St/ Ollile, New AiiJaliifia ^'•rtilc, Old Arragon I'll lemad lira Galicia j Catalonia ! Valencia iUilcay and Ipufcoa Aiiilria Mnrcia iL'pper Navarre Majorca I. Yvica 1. Minorca Total The town ami i'nr Square ^Jlle!> 27,840 16,500 14,400 T 5 , h I S 1 1, to II.OOC I l,20i 9COO ijioo 680c 4760 460c jfiao 3000 1400 625 520 cs — 1 50,763 trels nf (;ibralr:ir. 220 ^73 lye 18' .65 167 172 20c 180 14c 124 87 9' 58 37 41 '35 '4 lOV 125 120 9< I IC 45 75 5' 5^ 6' 45 Chief Cities, VI A D R I D 1 f!f; 'r^'- 4°-Jo- , JW. Lon. 415. lUirgns ■iiuagolFa ^adajos Compolldia Leon 'Barcelona Granada V^alencia Bilboa Ovicdo Vlurcia 'ampeluna Majorca if y vica itadella ry\h'\e& to Great Britain. Spain has alfo been fubdivided in the Title. Prov. Subdivifion. Title. foil ownig manner : E o -a bt a rCompoftflla • 3 I VIondonedo O I Ortenfe iTujr Archbidiopric Bifhopric Bidiopric Hifliopric Territory II Chief town. Compoftella Mondonedo Lujfo Ortenfe Tiiv I Confidcr.ible towns. n N i. -3 g .« ^ 2=Q C^ u c Afturia Alhiria de Oviedo de Santillana Oviedo Santillana C8 a Biit ay ■! Guipilcoa I - • • Ala' Proper u Bilboa Thohfa Vitcoria " « 4,^ u :^ E o c z f Parapeluna \Olita ^Tudela / Elleila (.t>angu:fa Majorfliip Majorfliip Majorfliip ivlajorfliip -Vlajorlhip Pampeluna Olita Tudcia Eftella b'anguela V5 -o . s I N. 631 Ttilc. Prov. SubJivifloni. Title. Chief town. CunriJci able towni. u 8 a. ' Burgos Diftriti Biirgos r, h Riox;i Diaria Logronno •S'§ -^ Calahorra Diftrid Calahorra ^a Soria Uillrift Soria ^ " Ofma Diftria Olma 1^ T3 ValaduliJ Dillrift ValadoliJ CI Hejfovia Diftrift Segovia Avila Dillria Avila Q-Q tQ ^Sifluenfa Dillridl Siguenfa u •a U fN.of theTajo Upon the Tajo E. of Toledo On the Guadiana E. of Madrid Frontiers of Valencia N. W. of Madrid N. F. of Madrid N. E. of Madrid La Muncha S. La Sierra C. Oi» the Guadiana [.Frontiers of Valencia Madrid Toledo Cuenfn Cividad Real Alcaia de Henare// Almanza Efcurial Gtiadaiaxani Hrihuega Calatrava Villena Requena r Snragolfa Archbilhopric Saragofla laca Dilhopric Jaca Huefca 6 fl Huefca Bifhopric 3 ■§ B U Balbaftro Bifliopric Balbaftro c3 " a Taraconi Dilhopric Taracona UJ < Albaratia Bilhopric Albarafin TerucI Bifhopric Teruel ,Sobarbe Bilhopric Ainfa " Barcelona Di(tri« Barcelona Urgcl Dillrift Urgel Balaguer Diftrift Balaguer Leriiia Dittria Lerida .2 Tortofa Diftrift Tortofa , ■< Millaros I Scgura Diftria Diftria tnofa Origula \ii-tJ- 1 w ■ /Leon I Palencia, or PI tcenia u North of the Douro < 1 1'oro u (3 g ^Zamora '> :5 Aftorgo Salamanca Pi South of the Douro Alva 1 *. ^Cividad Rodri 50 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A ■^j ^/ ^^ % M 1.0 I.I If: ilM '^ m ^ 1^ 2.5 L25 1 1.4 6" 2.0 16 m .% "-}}. e. ^ ew y^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) S72-4503 y^S'' if w '^3t Tiile. Prov. Subdivifions. On the GuaJiana Title. u u o ;3 North of the Tiyd Between Tajo and GiUdinha is mill of the CJuadiatix On the 'I'^jo L On the Gii.idiana N. Chief town ( Merid4 ( Badajok r PUcentia < Coria Triijiilki J-eoera, or Ellenert Alcantara Mcdelin ConfideraWe towns. .S o s r Murcia < Lore a ( Carthsgena Ditlria Proper Dillridl Murcia Lorca Carthagena u 0S e i4 c 2 o i Griinada Malaga Almsria Guadix Archbilhopric Hiftiopric Bifhopric Bilhopric Granadii Malaga Almeria Guadix a r Seville \ Jaen < Corduba I Medi. Sidonia Archbilhopric Bifhopric Bifliopri'c Ducljj Seville Jaen Corduba Medi. Sidonia Ancient »iam<« and divisions.] Spam formerly included Portugal, and was known to the ancients by the name of Iberia, and Hefperia, as well as Hifpania. It was about the time of the Funic war«, divided into Citerior and Ulterior; the Citerior contained the provinces lying north of the river Ebro ; and the Ulterior, which was the largeft part, comprehended all that lay beyond that river. Innume- rable are the changes that it afterwards undt^rwent ; but there is no country of whofe ancient hiftory, at leaft the interior part of it, we know^ lefs than that of Spain. Climatk, soil,, AND WATER.] Exxcpting during the equinoxial rains, the air of Spain is dry and Icrene, but exceifively hot in the fouthern provinces in June, July, and Auguft. '1 he vaft mountains tnat run through Spain are, however, veiy beneficial to the inhabitants, by the refrefhing breexes that come from them in the fouthermoft parts ; though thole towards the north and north-eaft are in the winter very cold, and in the night make a traveller fhiver. The foil of Spain was formerly very fruitful in corn, but the natives have lately found Ibme fcarcity of it, by their difufe of tillage, through their indolence ; the caufes of which I fhall explain afterwards. It produces, in many places, almoft fpontaneoully, the ricbeft and molt delicious fruits that are to be found in France and Italy, oranges, lemons, prunes, citrons, almonds, raifins, and figs. Her wines, efpecially her lack and fherry, are in high requeft among foreigners ; and Dr. Buf- ching fays, that the inhabitants of Malaga, and the neighbouring country, export yearly wines and raifins to the amount of 268,7591. fterling. Spain indeed offers to the traveller large trails of unpromifing, becaufe uncultivated ground ; but no country perhaps maintains fuch a number of inhabitants, who nither toil nor work for their food ; fuch are the generous qualities of its foil. Even ibgar-canes thrive in Spain : and it yields faflron, honey, and filk, in great abundance. A late wri- ter, Uftariz, a Spaniard, computes tne number of fhepherds in Spain to be 40,000 ; and has given us a moft curious detail of their oeeonomy, their changes of paiUire at certain times of the year, and many other particulars unknown till lately to the Public. Thofe Iheep-walks afford the fined of wool, and are a treafure in themfelves. Some of the mountains in Spain are clothed with rich trees, fruits, and I N. ^3 herbage, to the tops ; and Seville oranges are noted all over the world. No countrv produces a greater variety of aromatic herbs, which renders theTafte of tMikS whh?r.X f'''^"''^'^^ ^u"""^"^- T^^ ^^"g^°™ «f Murcia abounds ft* 7 6/ ')"//> A /a '-2.U 636' S P N. It being fddom found that a SpauUh nobleman, gentleman, or even trader U guilty ot a mean adlion. During the moft embittered wars they have had wnh tngland for near 70 years paft, we know of no iniUnce of their ukW ^dt^ (as they nnght cafiiy f,ave done) of confilcating the BdtiS proir v on^old H^*" galleonsand Plate feet, which was equally fecure in tinTofTr i pe °;^ js the more furprihng. as Philip V. Ls often needy, and his mSrs were lar frombcng Icrupulousof breaking their good faith witH Great Brhain By the belt and molt credible accounts of the late wars, it appears that thi. fepamards m Amenca gave the moft humane and noble reliefTo all Britift wit nJ^^^^'^'i^ '^'^''^' '°'^? - '?''^^"- ^^"^«' "«' only by fuVvLg S AMh neccffanes, but money; and twating them in the molt ho^itK Lnne, while they remained among them. "uipnaote maniiei Having faid thus much, we are carefully to diltineuidi between thp ^,..^\{\. briny, gentn.. and traders, and their government, which s to 4 put onTe fa^S footing wuh the lower ranks of Spaniards, who are as mean and r^apacbu as thoS of any other country. The kings of Spain of the houfe of Bourbo^S fe Idom ventured to employ native^Spaniards of great families, as their mbift^s Thdl are generally Prench or Italians, but moft commonly the latter, who rife huo powe!- bv the moft infamous arts, and of late times from (he moft abjea ftation Hen^e itt t J^ • 'h-^^ ^Tr ^^ Spain fince their acceffion to tiat monarchy, have b^en bu. very indifferentlv ferved m the cabinet. Alberoni, who bad the greaS^Ln^no among them, embroifed hs mafter with all Europe, till he was driven imoe.ikard difgracc; andGnmaldi, the laft of their Italian minifters, hazarded a rebS ion i? the capital, by his opprefllve and unpopular meafures. '^^^'oea a rebellion m Ihc common people who live on the coafts, partake of all the bad qualities that are to be found in other nations. They are an alTemblage of Jews, ?Ve ch Ruf fians, Infh adventurers, and Engliftifmugglers; who beiifg una&le to livx in the ^ own country, mingle wuh the Spaniards. In time of war! they follow piLa Jdn ' wuh greatluccefsj and when peace returns, they engage in airillicit praaSrand often enter mto the Infh and Walloon guards^n the Spanifl^ fbrvice^ The 4 a •« about 40,coo gypftes, and.who befides their fortune telling, are inn-keepers n the fmall towns and villages. The charader of the Spaniards^ is thus drawn by m' ih^morM-' 'a-^-' ^T 'T^' '^?"8h the country: « The Catalans appear to iS inTi"" xf'l^^""-^'^"' the beft calculat/d for bufinefs, travelHng and manufaaures The \ alenc.ans a more fullen. fedate race, better adapted o the oc cupations of hu&andmen. Ids eager to change place, and of a much more tfm^d' ufpicious caft of mmd than the former. The Andalufians feem to beThe arrteft alkers and rhodomontadoes of Spain. The Caftilians have a manly frankneir and lefs appearance of cunning and deceit. The new Caftilians are perhaps the leaft .ndnftrious of the whole nation ; the old Caftilians are laborious, and retafn more of ancient f.mphcuy of nianner ; both are^of a firm determined fpirit. TheTrrtonefe are a mixture of the Caftilian and Catalan, rather inclining^o the former The Bifcayners are acute and diligent, fiery and impatient of control, more refembline a colony of republicans than a province of an abolute monarchy; and Z gS! Clans are a plodding pa.us-taking race of mortals, that roam over S^ain in fearch of an hardly earned fubfiftence." ^ , " ^^ The beauty of the Spanifh ladies reigns moftly in their novds and romances • for though u muit be acknow edged that Spain produces as fine women as any countrJ m the world, yet beauty is far from forming their general charader. In [heir ner fons they are conimonly fmall and flender; but they are laid to employ vaft aifi 1 fupplying the defeas of nature. If we are to hazard a conjeaure, we might re lb N. 637 ably lu|)|3ofe that thofe artifices rather diminifh than incrcafe tl,cir heauty, efpccially wlwa they are turned of 25. Their indifcriminate ufe of paint, rot only upon their faces, but their necks, arms, and hands, undoubtedly disfiguies their com- plexions, and ihrivels their fkiii. It is at the lame time uiaveif'ally allowed, th.-.t they have great wit and vivatitj'. After all I have laid, it is more than probable that the vaft pains taken by the government of Spain, may at lad eradicate thofe cuftoms and habits among the Spaniards that feem fo ridiculous ;to foreigners They aie univerfally known to have relined notions and excellent fenfe; and this, if improved by ftudy and travel- ing, which they now ftand in great need of, would render them fuperior to the French tbemfelves. Their flow, deliberate manner of proceeding, either in coun- cil or war, has of late years worn ofi' to fnch a degree, that during the two laft wars, they were found to be as quick both in refolving and executing, if not more fo than their enemies. Their fecrecy, conftancy, and patience, have always been deemed exemplary; and in leveral of their provinces, particularly Galicia, Grana- da, and Andaluha, the common people have^ for Ibme time, afliduoufly applied themfelves to agriculture and labour. Among the many good qualities poffeffed by tbe Spaniards, their fobriety in eat- ing and drinking is remarkable. I'hey frequently breakfaft, as well as iup in bed ; their breakfaft is ufually chocolate, tea being very feldom drank. Their dinner is generally beef, mutton, veaJ, pork, and bacon, greens, &c. all boiled together. They live much upon garlic, chives, fallad, and radifties ; which, according to one of their proverbs, are food for a gentleman. Ihe men drink very little winej and the women ufe water or chocolate. Eoth fexes ufually lleep after dinner, and take the air in the cool of the evenings. Dancing is fo much their favourite en- tertainment, that you may fee a grandmother, mother, and daughter, all in the fame country-dance. Many of their theatrical exhibitions are infipid and ridiculous bombaft. The prompter's head fometimes appears through a trap-dooi;, above the level of the ftage, and he reads the play loud enough to be heard by the' audience. Gallantry is a ruling pallion in Spain. Jealoufy, fince the acceflion of the houfe of Eourbon, has flept in peace. Ihe nightly mufical ferenades of miftrefles by their lovers are ftill in ufe. The fights of the cavaliers, or bull-feafls, are almoft pe- culiar to this country, and make a capital figure in painting the genius and manner.^ ot the Spaniards. On thefe occafions, young gentlemen have an opportunity of fliewing tlieir courage and a^ivity before their miftrclfes ; and the valour of the cavalier is proclaimed, honoured, and rewarded, according to the number and tierceuers of the bulls he has killed in thefe encounters. Great pains are ufed ia fettling the forms and weapons of the combat, fo as to gi\ e Ci iclief to the gallantry of thecavalier. The diverfion itfelf, which is attended with tircumftanccs of great barbaiity, is undoubtedly of Mooriih origuial, and was adopted by the Spaniards when upon good terms with that nation, partly through complaifance, and partW through rivaHhip. ~ There is not a town in Spain but what has a large fquare for the purpofe of ex- hibiting bull-fights; and it is faid that even the pooreil inhabitants of tlie fmalleft villages will often club together in order to procure a cow or an ox, and tight them riding upon affes, for want of horfes. Rkiigiok.] The Roman Catholic is the exclufive religion of Spain, and it is in thofe countries of the moft intolerant charafler. All other denominations of chrif- tians, as well as the Jews, are frequently expbfed to perfecution, but much more in lornier times than at prefent, the leart deviation from what was eflecnied the Ortho- dox faith, being liable to be pnniflicd with lofs of hberty, and in fome inftnnc« 1 I ^ Ui^tO 638 A N. h , , ! Jh«^P«'V"of theCourtof Inquifuiol,. eftabliflicci in Spain iu U78 ha however becu d.nmumed iii many relperts by the interference of the dv nowe7 Behdcsthe ..pren.e Court of Inquiluion at Madrid, there are 18 inferior trbu^^^ n the leveral provinces ot the monarchy who are fubordinate to i The uSe of he canon aw ,s here m force, and the power of the pope is Hill very extenfne It n K^S" fd nm/^ ' dl^Y !""""^ ^^ ^"''°^ '" Zoo/oo'"perfons. hXoTwh c'h a iiionKs aua nuns, diitnbuted in 3000 convents. The noHefliniK. of »»,« ^k i! very ample, that of the archbifhop of Toledo alone ^tTl^kttu^"''^ "' There are 8 arc;hbin,op« and 46 biSiops; in in ISca 6 archbttf LrTw^ Ihops; m the PhiUppine Illands. one arch bifhop and % biftoDs AM fhlr! J- • • are m the gift of the king. Hfty two inferior Si^es aSXes'lilf the'S'S ARCHBrSHOPRICS AND BISIIOHRICS.l In Snain t^or^ o..» «: U* UL-n and forty-fix biiboprics. The archbijp „f l^ Tiled'h t n^e^ofe he is great chancellor of Call le, and hath a revenue of irVnrrS n v ^ ' num. but the Spanifh court hath now nL^ u^sTf ?effS^^^^^^^^ aSmre ^^if^^^KK^"^"""^ ^" '^"'P"^^^' ^'' ^"^ premiuVifto he oc el't^^ >w;.. Lf / archbilhopnc pays annually 15,000 ducats to the monks of the liaTn h \ h ^'k'? °^h" P*="fi°««|. ««d it is alferted. that there is not a SftopHc in &tve^ tr ^^"^^^y^^-'^^^Hn-^^^red upon it, and the lecond raVebSces are believed to be m the fame predicament. Out of the rich canonries and prebends are taken the penfions of the new order of knights of Carlos Tercero The rS. of the Spanilh churches and conveius are the unvarying objeds of admiration to al Sr ^^'fK''/^" "" T'^^'V ^"' '^''"^ '' ^ 'amenefs^n then, all, excep n^ThatThev differ m the degrees of treafure and jewels they contain ^ ^ ^ Language.] The ground-work of the Spanifh language, like that of .he T„ ban. IS Latin; and it might be called a ba (lard Latin, Lf it not fo^the temii a" ions, and the exotic words introduced into it by the Moors and (^^ hs e Sc a iJ 1 fT'-.K^'f' '.'^''^^'^i ^ '"Oft «'ajcftic and expreflive langtia^: and h is e^ «.arkable, that foreigners who underftand it the bcft prize it the moft It n!ke^ but a poor hgure even in the belt tranflators; and drvantes fpLk al moft as^,^^^^ •arc Lnsl.lh. as Shakclpeare does French. It may, however, be confidered afa ulard cngue, having nearly retained its purity for upwards ^f 2co years Thdr v^anuefirnsdcudores, no nos dexes cair en la Lfacion, mas libra nos dell plrZ'e K/oes le reyno ; y la potemm ; y la gloria per losjiglos. Amen. ^ ^ Lkarmnc AND LEARNED MEN.] Spain has not produced learned men in oro. portion to the excellent capacities of its natives. Ihis defed may. i„ f^ml met u e. be owmg to the.r mdolence and bigotry, which prevents them from maE that progrefs in the pohte arts which they otherwile would : but the ereafeft nf l>ed.me„t to literature in Spain, is the defpotic nature of its governmen? Severai old lathers of the church were Spaniards; and learning owes alrea S to iSore hiHiop of Seville, and cardinal Ximenes. Spain has likevvife^rrdured fome ex' ccllent phyficians. Such was the gloom of the Aultrian governmm that tcS; place wnh the emperor Charles V. that the inimitable CervanL, he author of D^ QlLixote, b<,rn at Alcala, in 1549. lifted in a llation little fupcHor to thit oil common oldier, and died neglefled, after fighting bravely for^hi cointry nt the battle of Upanto, in which he loft his left hand. His (alire upon kZhSrrantry Li; o'fhr,7^J^f ""r-^'""'-"' ^^ «^ "»^^^ ^"^"'^^^ ^^ his^oum,?^bycmS ibum o. that uduulous Ip.nt, as u ^o^v does honour to his own n;cnK,ry. He vva' f I «7 ': i s 1 N. 639 in prifon for debt, when he compofed the firft part of his hiftory, aud is perhaps to be placed at the head of moral and humorous fatirifts. 'I'he \ ifions of C^evedo, and ^ome other of his humorous and fatirical pieces, ha\ ing been trauflaied into the Englilh language, have rendered that author well known in this country. He was born at Madrid in the year 1570, and was one of the bed writers of his age, excelling equally in verfe and in prole. Befides his merit as a poet, he was well verled in the oriental languages, and poifeifed great erudiiion. His works are comprifed in three volumes, 410, two of which coniift of j)oetry, and the third of pieces in profc. As a poet he excelled both in the ferious and burlefque ftyle, and was happy in a turn of humour limilar to that which we ad- mire in Butler aud Swift. Poetry was cultivated in Spain at an early period. After the Saracens had fettled themfelves in this kingdom, they introduced into it their own language, religion, and literature ; and the oriental ftyle of poetry very generally prevailed. Before this period, the Spaniards had addidled themfelves much to Roman literatiu-e : but . ^ Alvaro of Cordova coniplains, that, in his time, the Spaniards had fo totally for- ) gotten the Latin tongue, and given the preference to Arabic, that it was difficult, even amongft a thoufand people, to find one who could- write a Latin letter. Ihe attachment of many of the inhabitants of Spain to oriental li.erature was then fa great, that th^ could write Arabic with remarkable purity, and compofe verfes with as much fluency and elegance as the Arabians themfelves. Abom this time the Spanifh Jews made a confidenible figure in literature, which was promoted by niaf- ters from Bab)'lon, where they had academies fupported by themfelves. In the year 967 Rabbi Mofes, and his Ion Rabbi Enoch, having been taken by pirates^ were Ibid as flaves at Cordova, and redeemed by their brethren, who eftablilhed a fchool in that city, of which Rabbi Mofes was appointed the head : that learned Jew was, however, defirous of jetuming back to his own country ^ but the Moorilh king of Cordova would not give his confent, rejoicing that his Hebrew fubjcils had malteri of their own religion at home, without being under the ucceflity of receiving ihera from a foreign univerfity, and every indulgence was granted them with refpeiSt to their worlhip. In 1039, Rabbi Ezechias was put to death at Babylon, and the college over which he had prefided was transferred to Cordova, from whence a num- ber of Hebrew poets iffued forth, who have been noticed by various I'^arned wri- ters. The Spanifh Jews had alfo fiourilhing fchools at Seville, Granada, and To- ledo, and from thence arofe the numerous Hebrew proverbs, and modes of fpcecb, that have crept into the Caftilian language, and form a confpicuous part of its phrafeology. To thefe Jews the Spanifh language is indebted for a curious verfion of the Hebrew books of the old Teftamcnt, which was afterwards primed at Fer- rara, in 1553, in a GothicSpanifh letter. The Spanifh writers alfo boaft of their Trobadeurs as high as the twelfth or thir- teenth centuries, the Provengal and Galician dialefts being then very prevalent. The marquis of Villena, who died in 1434, was the author of a famous work the Arte de la Gaya Scieficia, which comprehends a fyftem of poetry, rhetoric, and oratory, befides defcribing all the ceremonies of the Trobadours at their public ex- hibitions. That nobleman was alfo the author of a tranflation of the ilineid of Virgil into Spapifh verfe. Juan de Mena, of Cordova, was alfo much celebrated as a poet in his own time : his ix)ems have palfed through a variety of editions, the firft of which was printed at Saragofla in 1515. Juan de la Encina was alfo a poet of confiderable merit ; he tranflated fonie of the Latin poems into Spanifh, and publiflied a piece on the art of poetry, and other works, which were printed at Sa- ragoITa in 15 16. Eofcan, Ercilla, ViUcgas, and othci Spanifh poets, alfo obtained ■'*■.( /fO ). P-Uv /i^f i > ». \A> », ^l^ r • .^ 6y/ \ 1 u 640 I N. 4 /-' S"ua7o:'±i:;,;!:fdrVerT£' ^' "^ "■"ftlW-.gum.cU denude poet of their tendency ^""^''l^^'able note, but many of his plays are very licentious in Fraacilco Perez Batxr ThrtT^vV- '" ^''"'' '"'"'"^''' 8vo Don Phenician knguat' . na^^ nbr^^Mn ?^'fi"i' r "'^ f L^^'" '^*" ^ 'I'fl^tation on the «oulU be quite a ptenomeuo" ^ '^ ' "'°"''' '"" ""''"I"""' '■■■^k. he pa,u,r„gwa.ve,^fS:t:h^„^?^^,S't"'„eft'' •^'""'"° ^■"''"- «"<"= «>'««*• '^Tki^k'ciaI ''^n "''^'''^'^'=^' I '^^^ f^^^"'" Of thefe confift chiefly of Ro- the pillars of li^Kules Scar he d fof 's l"', ^"'^^^^^^y; --8^; to be one of v-ituies. j>car tlie city of Saluiiaoca are the remains of a Roman u. /'" ^i/yt/k,.f-(.^ fi I N. <94i Seville. At loledo are the remains of an old Ronun theatre, which is now ton. verted intaa church, iaul' to be one of the grvateft curiodtiesoF antiquity Ti, 600 ° ?^k'J'''' .'? ^^'»^*^' '''^ °^ » proportionable height, the ro!^f. "h ch is amazingly bold and lofty, is fupported bv 350 pillars of fine n.arble. in ten row forming clev en a.le,. ,n which art, 366 altars, and 2+ gates ; every part b^LTn.' nched and adoriied with the moft noble and coftly ornaments. ATMartoS a^lar^e town where much black lace is manufaa«ted. is% very hirt bridge bulun iZ Sinnbi^Ttht^o^r^a"*-^"^ '^«' yefr, ?Sits ereSon'b? tlannibal. At the north end is a triumphal arch or gateway, faid to h*ve been rail- 5oni M. li '^ •^L.'^"^"' ^7 ^1-".*^ ^^ ornament, except a rim or two of hewn' Hone. Neat Murvtedro once the faithful .Saguntum) deftroyed by Hannibal are Ju^tThibirnViitttSt^^^^^ -''' -' ^-° i-^^- -^«^^ of;ss^;^^ Soab ^'"f 1 1 'y^^f^'^l «f -V "^ ^•'^ ^ifices which th^ M^or, e eaJin bpam. It was bmlt in 1280, by the fecond Moorifh king of Granada- and v t.fl'A '" ^^•t.'if'g"^^ their eight'eenth king, was taken by tL Spirrd, ' h t f tuated on a hill, which is afcended by- a road bordered' with hedges of double or bTlhi XerVctr^ V t" ^ ^'" ^'"', ""'^^^ '"^^ wl^flh^Al W finihied Sr h?^Lf y- ^^'"•* "r .Pl^*^ '"^ ^5 containing precious ftones, iScI ixJ ' '' ''"'•' ^'''■^^' ^"' the colleaion of birds and beafts at pre/nit 4 N 642 N. f' is not large, though it may be expe^cd to improve apace, if care be taken to get the protluftions of the Spanifli American colonies. Here is alfo a curious colledion of vafes, balbns, ewers, cups, plates, and ornamental pieces of the fineft agates, amethyfts, rock cryftala, &;c. mounted in gold, and enamel, fet with cameos, in^ taglios, &c. in an elegant tafte, and of \cxy fine workmanlhip, (aid to have been brought from France by Philip V. The cabinet alio contains fpecimcns of Mexican and Peruvian valies and utenfils. In blowing up the rock of Gibraltar, many pieces of bones and teeth have been found incorporated with the ftone, fonie of which have been brought to England, and depofiled in the Britifh Mufeum. On the weft fide of the mountain is the cave called St. Michael's, eleven hundred and ten feet above the horizon. Many pillara of various fizes, fome of them two feet in diameter, have been formed in it by the droppings of water, which have petrified in falling. The water perpetually drips from the roof, and forms an infinite number of ftalaftitse, of a whitilh colour, com. pofed of feveral coats or crufts, and which, as well as the pillars, continually in- crcafe in bulk, and may probably in time fill the whole cavern. From the fun^- mit of the rock, in clear weather, not only the town of Gibraltar may be feen, but the bay, the ftraits, the towns of St. Roque and Algcfiras, and the Alpuzara moun- tabs, mount Abyla on the African (hore, with its fuowy top, the cities of Ceuu, Tan- gier, and great part of the Barba.y coaft. CHiKf CITIES, &c.] Madrid, though unfortified, it being only furroiinded by a mud wall, is the capital of Spain, and contains about 300,000 inhabitants. It is furrounded w ith very lofty mountains, whofe funnnits are frequently covered with fnow. It is well paved and lighted, and fome of the ftreets are fpacious and hand- fome. The houfes of Madrid are of brick, and are laid out chieHy for ftiew, con- veniency being little confidered : thus you will pals through ufually two or three large apartments of no ufe, in order to come at a fmall room at the end where the family fit. The houfes in general look more like prifons than the habitations of people at their liberty ; the windows, befides having a balcony, being grated with iron bars, particularly the lower range, and fometimes all the reft. Separate familiej? generally inhabit the fame houfe, as in Paris and Edinburgh. Foreigners are very much diftreffed for lodgings at Madrid, as the Spaniards are not fond of taking ftrangers into their houfes, efpecially if they are not catholics. Its greateft excel- lency is the cheapnefs of its provilionsj but neither tavern, coffee-houfe, nor news- paper, excepting the Madrid Gazette, are to be found in the whole city. The royal palace ftands on an eminence, on the weft fide of the city ; it is a fpacious mag- nificent ftrufture, confifting of three courts, and commands a very fine profpedt. Each of the fronts is 470 feet in length and 100 high, and there is no palace in Eu- rope fitted up with greater magnificence ; the great audience chamber efpecially, virhich is 120 feet long, and hung with crimfon velvet richly embroidered with gold. Ornamented alfo with 1 2 lookin^-glaffes made at St. Ildefonfo, each 10 feet high, with 12 tables of the fineft Spanifli marbles. The other royal palaces round it are defigned for hunting-feats, or houJes of retirement for their kings. Some of them contain fine paintings and good ftatues. The chief of thofe palaces are the Buen Ketiro (now ftripped of all its beft pidlures and furniture), Caffa del Campo, Aran^ jaez, and St. Ildefonfo. A late traveller has reprefented the palace of Aranjuez, and its gardens, as ex- tremely delightful. Here is alfo a park many leagues round, cut acrofs in dif- ferent parts, by allies of two, three, and even four miles extent. Each of thofe alleys is formed by two double rows of elm trees ; one double row on the right and one on the left, which rentiers the Ihade thicker. The alleys are wide enough* 1 r .f i ■^ =->,, N. 64i to admit of four coaches abreaft, and betwixt each double row thcfe is a narrow channel, through which runs a ftrcam of water. Between tbofc alleys there are thick groves of fnialler trees of various kinds, and thoufands of deer and wild- boars wander there at large befides numberlefs hare«. rabbits, pheafants, partridges, and feveral other kinds of buds. The river Tagus runs through thi8 place, and di- vides It uito two unequal parts. The central point of this great park i. the king's palace, which is part y lurroundcd by the garden, 'jnd is exceedingly pleafant, adorn- ed with fountains and ftatues, and it alfo contains a vaft variety of the nioft beautiful flowers, both American and European. As to the paUcc of Aranjuez itfelf, it is ra- ther an elegant than a magnificent building, j . <» n.J^f fk K- 1" "^*'^°"'° » ^'It of brick, plaiftered. and pauitcd, but no LlrW ^^^^".^^"re is agreeable. It is two ftories high and the garden-front has thirty-one windows, and twelve rooms in a fuite. The gardens are on a flopc, ou rtie op of which IS a great refervoir of water, called here El Mnr, the fea, which upphes the fountains : this refervoir is fumifhed from the torrents which pour down tjie mountains. The water-works are excellent, and far furpafs thofe at Verfailles Ihe great entry of the palace is fomewhat finiilar to that of Verfailles. and with a large iron pallifade. In the gardens are twenty-feven fountains; the bafons are ot white marble, and the ftatues, many of which are excellent, are of lead, bronz- ed and gilt. I hefe gardens are in the formal French ftyle, but ornamented wi»h fixty- one very fine marble ftatues as large as the life, with twenty-eight marble vafes. and twenty leaden vales gilt. Ihe upper part of the palace contains many . Juablc pamtmgs, and the lower part antique ftatues, bufts, and baffo rdievos. . istheEfcurial; and the natives fay. perhaps with julhce hat the building of it coft more than that of any other paWe in Kuro^ ihi^in h"T"''^'^"/''T^°™' ^ fizeable quarto volume, and it is faid. that i'hilip IL who was Its founder, expended upon it fix miUbns of ducats. It con- tains a prodigious number of windows. 200 in the weft from, and in the eaft -,66 and the apartments are decorated with an aftonilhing variety of paintings, fculpture. Z}:\ ornaments of gold and filver, marble, jafper. gems, 'and other curious ones furpafling all imagination. The Spaniards fay, that this building, befides 1 r^n ^'^l ''""^''u' * ''^"!i'^^' \^l^^ ^°^ "^^'^y ornamented, a maulbleum. cloifters, a convent, a college, and a library, containing about thirty thoufand volumes, be Ides large apartments for all kinds of artifts and mechanics, noble walks, with extenlive parks and gardens, beautified with fountains and coftly ornaments. Th.- tathers that hve m the convent are 200. and they have an annual revenue of i2oooL Ihe maufoteum. or burymg-place of the kings and queens of Spain, is called the S rL^'*'^" -^ " •' ^H!'' "P^^^^^ P'^" of '^'^^ temple at Rome, as the church to with fiie martSs'' "^""^ ^' ^""''* ^' '' ^^ ^'^^ '° '''^"'''^' MicvxUd Allowing to the Spaniards their fuU eftimate of the incredible funis beftcw- iikr°llo ^- ' f^""'' "' furniture ftatues, paintings, columns, vafes, and i!,e Ike decorations, which are moft amazingly rich and beautiful, yet we hazard no- thing ,n faying that the fabric itfelf difcovers a bad tafte up^u the whole. The conceit of building ,t in the form of a gridiron, becaufe St. Lawrence, to whom it dedicated was broiled on fuch a iitenfil, and multiplying the fame figure through us principal ornaments, could have been formed only in tie brain of a taftelefs bi- got. luch as Philip II whoereaed it to commemorate the viftory he obtained over the French (but by the alT.ftance of the Englilh forces) at St. Qja^ntin, on St. Lau' rencesday m the year 1,557. The apartmem wher« the king^ refides forms the handle of the gridiron. The building % a long fquare of 640 feet by 580 The 4 N 2 ;•/> 6-14 I N. !i I height to the roof is 60 feet. It ha« Heer enriched and adorned bj, his fuccv Tors > but itsoutfide has a gloomy appearance, and 'M mfide is compofed of different {hu«ures, foir.^ of which are mafter-piecc« of architecture, but forming a difagree- ablc whole It nmtt however be confellcd, that the piaures aud Itati^s that have found adu.ilTion here, are excellent in their kind, and fome of them not to be eoLial- led even in Italy itfdf. ^ Cadiz is the great emporium of Spanifc commerce. It ftands on an ifland fbpa- rated f'om the continent of Andalufia, without the ftraits of Gibr-^iiar, by a very narrow arm of the fea, over vrhich a fortified brids^ is thrown, and joins it to ihi mam land. The entrance into the bay is about 500 fathoms wide, and guarded by two forts called the Puntals. The entrance has never been of iate years attempted by the Englifli, in their wars with Spain, becaufe of the vaft intereft our merchants have m the treafures there, which they could aot reclaim from the captors The jtreet3 are narrow, ill paved, and althy, and full of rats iu the right. The houfes lofty wuh flat roofs, and few aie 'vithout a turret for a view of the fea. The popu- latjonis reckoaed at 140,000 iuiiubitants, of which 12,000 are French, and as many ?*,r ^'"'.n ^^^ <^athedral hath K-ren already 50 vears building, and the roof is not half hniflied. The environs are beautifully rural. Cordova is now an iuconliderable place ; ftreets c:ooked and dirty, and but few of tho public or private buildings conlpicuous for their architedure. The palaces of the inquifinon and of the bifhops a-e extenf ve and well fituated. The cathedr.;l was forinerly a raofque, divided mto feventeeii ailes by rows of columns of various marbles, and is very rich in plate ; four of the filver candlefticks coft 850I. a piece The revenue of the fee amounts to 3500I. per am. but as the biftiops cannot devifc* by will, all they die pdleiTed of, efcheates to tr king. Seville, the Julia of the Romans, is next t ^ ^/ladrid, the largeft city in Spain but is greatly decayed both in riches and popaiatbn. The fhape is circular, and the walls feem of Moonfti comt'-uaion; its r:rcumference is five miles and a half. The fuburb of Triana, is as large as manv towns, and remaikable for its gloomy Gothic caftle, where in 148 1, the inqui»ition was firft eftablifhed in Spain. Its n:..nutaaures in wool and filk which formerly amounted to 16,000, are now re- duced to 400, and its great office of commerce to Spanifh America is removed to Cadiz. The cathedral of Seville is a fine Gothic building, with a curious Heeple or tower, having a moveorble figure of a ..oman at top, caUed La Giralda, which turns round with the wind; and which is referred to in Don %ixote. This flef-ole is reckoned one of tt gre^teft curiofuies in Spain, and is higher than St. Paul's' in London, but the cathet^ral.. ia Mr. Swmbume's opinion, is by no means equal to York mmfter for lightnefs, elegance, or Gothic d-Iicacy. The firft clock made in • believing that for every chefnut ihey fwal- 4ow, with pWper faith and unftion, th6y fhall delix-tr a foul out of purgatory. Valeniin is tt k*ge arid almoll circular city, Mith lofty walls. Ihe ftreels are crooked aiid ttatfbw, and not pavfed, the houfes ill built and filthy, ritrd nioft of the churches tawdry. Priefts, nuns, and friars, of every drefs fwarm in this city, whofc iiihabitinVs ate computed at 80,000. Its archbifhopric is one of the beft m Spain, to the amount of 4o,-oool. fterling a year. Cafthag6ha I* a lafg6 city, but vCry few good ftrCets, and fewer remarkable bbild- ifigs. Tht pbft is vttf complete, formed by nature in t"he figure of a heart, and the arl'eMl is it fpaCious (quare fouth-weft of the town, with 40 pieces of cannon to de- fend it tbWailds the fea^ When Mr. Swinburne vifited it, in 1775, there were 800 Spanifh criminals, and 600 Barbary fkves working at the pumps to keep the docks dry, &c. and treated with great inhumanity. The crimes for which the Spaniards were ferit there, dderved indeed exemplary punilhments. Oraili da ftands on two hills, and the auc'ent palace of the Alhambra crowns the double I'ummit between two rivers, the Dauro, and the Xenil. The former glories of this city are paffed away with its old inhabitants ; the ftreets are now filthy and the aqueduds crumbled to duft, and its trade loft. Of 50,000 inhabttants, only 18,000 are reckoned ufeful, the furplus is made up of clergy, lawyers, children, and beggars. The amphitheatre, for bull feaft«, is built of ftone, and one of the beft in Spain, and the environs of the city are ftill pleafing and healthful. Bilboa is fituated on the banks of the river Ybaizabal, and is about two leagues from the fe.i. It contains about eight hundred houfes, with a large fquard by the water fide, well ftiaded with pleafant walks, which extend to the outlets, on the banks of the river ; where there are great numbers of houfes and gardens, which form a njoft pleafing profpeft, particularly ia failing up the river : for, befides the beautiful verdure, numerous objefts open gradually to the eye, and the town ap- pears as an amphitheatre, which enlivens the landfcape, and completes the fcenery. The houfes are folid and lofty, and the ftreets well paved and level; and the water- is lb conveyed into the ftreets, that they may be walhed at pleafure ; which renders Bilboa one of the neateft towns in Europe. Malaga is an ancient city, and not lefs remarkable for its opulence and extenfivc commerce than for the luxuriance of its loil, yielditxg in great abundance' the moft delicious fruits; whilft its rugged mountains afford thofe lufcious grapes, which give fuch reputation to the Malaga wine, known in England by the name of Moun- tain. The city is large and populous, and of a circular form, furroundcd with a double wall, ftrengthened by ftately towers, and has nine gates. A Mooiifti caftle on the point of a rock commands every part of it. The ftreets are narrow, and the moft remarkable building in it is a ftupendous cathedral, begun by Philip II. faid to be as large as that of St. Paul's in London. The billiop's income is i6,cool, fteil- ing- TI* city of Salamanca is of a circular form, but on three hills and tv.o vallies, and ». 1 every fide furroundcd with profpefts of fine houfes, noble icats, gardens, orchards, fields, and diftnnt villiges ; and is ancient, large, rich, and populous. There are ten gates to this city, and it contains twenty- five churche«, twenty-five convents of friars, and the fame number of nunneries. The moft beautiful p?.rt of this city is the great fquare, built about forty years ago. The houfes are of three ftories, and all of equal height and exacfl fymmetry, with iron balconies, and a ftone baluftrade on the top of tlicnj : the lower part is ftrchcd, which forms a piazxa all round the fquare, one of two hundred and ninety-three feet on each llcfe. Over fonie of the arches are medallions, ^vitb bufts of the kings of Spain, and of feverat 646 N. eminent men, in ftone baffo-relievo, among which are thofe of Ferdinand© Cortcz, Francis Pizarro, Davila, and Cid Ruv. In this fquare the bull-fights are exhi- bited for three daj^s only, in the montn of June. The river Tormes runs by this city, and has a bridge over it of twenty-five arches, built by the Romans, and yet entire. Toledo is one of the moft ancient cities in Spain, and during feveral centuries it held the rank of its metropolis. But the neighbourhood of Madrid has by degrees ftripped it of its numerous inhabitants, and it would have been almoft entirely de- ferted but for its cathedral, the income of which being in great part fpent here, contributes chiefly to the maintenance of the few thoufands that are left, and affifts, in foine degree, thofe fraall manufadures of fword-blades and filk-ftuffs that arc cftablilhed in this city. It is now exceedingly ill built, poor and mean, and the ftreets very fteep. Burgos was the ancient capital of the Mngdom of Caftile, but now in obfcurity. The cathedral is one of the moft magnificent ftrudures of the Gothic kind, now m Europe: its form is exadly the lame ae that of York minfter, and on the eaftend is an oflagon building ej:a£lly like the chapter houfe at York. Gibraltar, once a celebrated town and fortrefs of Andalufia.is at prefent in thepof- feflion of Great Britain. It was taken from the Spaniards by a combined fleet of Englifhand Dutch Ihips, under the command of Sir George Rooke, in 1704; and after many fruitlefs attempts to recover it, was confirmed to the Englifli by the treaty of Dtrecht, in 17 13. Repeated attempts have been fmce made to wreft it from England, but without fuccels : the laft war hath made it more famous thaa ever, when it underwent a long fiege againft the united forces of Spain and France by land and fea, and was gallantly defended by general Elliot and his garrifon, to the great lofs and difgrace of the aflhilants : though it muft be granted, the place is by nature almoft impregnable. Near 300 pieces of cannon of difl'erent bores, and chiefly brafs, which were funk before the port in the floating batteries, have been raifed, and fold, to bediftributed among thegarrilbn. It is a commodious port, and formed naturally for commanding the paflage of the Straits, or, in other words, the entrance into the Mediterranean and Levant leas. But the road is neither fafe agaioft an enemy nor ftorms: the bay is about twenty leagues in circumference. ITie ftraits are 24 miles long, and 15 broad, through which liets a current from the Atlantic ocean into the Mediterranean, and for the ftemming of it a brifk gale is required. The town was neither large nor beautiful, and in the laft fiege was to- tally deftroyed by the enemies bombs, but on account of its fortifications, is eiteem- cd the key of Spain, and is always furnilhed with a garrifon wdl provided for its de- fence. The harbour is formed oy a mole, which is well fortified and planted with guns. Gibraltar is acceflible on the land fide only by a narrow paffage between the rock and the Tea, but that is walled and fortified both by art and nature, and i'o inclofed by high fteep hills, as to be almoft inaccelfible that way. It has buc two gates on that fide, and as many towards the fea. Acrofs this ifthmus the Spaniards hive drawn a fortified line, chiefly with a view to hinder the garrifon of Gibraltar from having any intercourfe with the country behind them: notvvith- ftanding which they carry on a claudeftine trade, particularly in tobacco, of which the Spaniards are exceedingly fond. The garrifon is, however, confined withip. very narrow limits ; and, as the ground produces fea rcely any thing, all their pro- vifions are brought them either from England, or from Ceuta, on the oppofite coaft of Barbary. Fornicil) ^Gibraltar was entirely under military government ; but that power producing thole :Abules which are naturally aiienUam on ii, the parliameni I SPAIN. 647 thought proper to erea it into a body corporate, and the civil power is now lodged in its magiftrates. The chief iflands belonging to Spain in Europe, are thofe of Majorca and Yvica of which we have nothing part-cular to fay. Minorca, which was taken by the Englilhin 1708, was retaken by the Spaniards the laft war, and is now become a Spanifti illand again, containing about 27,000 inhabitants. Notwithftanding the pride and oftentation of the Spaniards, their penury is eafily difcernible, but their wants are lew, and their appetites eafily latisfied. The in- ferior orders, even in the greateft cities, are miferably lodged, and thofe lodgings wretchedly furnifhed. Many of the poorer fort, both men and women, wear nei- ther fhoes nor Itockings, and coarl'e bread lleeped in oil and occafionally feafoned vidth vinegar, is the common food of the country people through fe\ eral provinces. A traveller in Spain muft carry provifions and bedduig with him, and if perchance he meets with the appearance of an inn, he muft even cook his viftuals, it being beneath the dignity of a Spaniard to perform ihefe offices to ftrangers ; but lately fome tolerable inns have been opened by Irifti and Frenchmen in cities, and upon the high roads. The pride, indolence, and lazinefs of the Spaniards, are powerful in- ducements to their more induftrious neighbours the French, who are to be found in all parts of the kingdom ; and here a wonderful contraft diflinguifhes the charadter of two neighbouring nations. The Spaniard feldom flirs from home, or puts his hand to work of any kind. He fleeps, goes to mafs, takes his evening walk. While the induftrious Frenchman becomes a thorough domeftic ; he is butcherj cook, and taylor, all in the fame family; he powders the hair, cuts the cornsi wipes the fhoes, and after making himfelf*^ ufeful in a thoufand different fhapes, he returns to his native country loaded with dollars, and laughs out the remainder of his days at the expence of his proud benefador. GoMMBRCE AND MANUFACTURES.] The Spaniards, unhappily for themfelves make gold and filver the chief branches both of their exports and imports. They importit from America, from whence they export it toother countries of Europe. Cadiz is the chief emporium of this commerce. " Hither (fays Mr. Anderfon, in his Hiftory of Commerce) other European nations fend their r^erchandife, to be fliipped off in Spaniih bottoms for America, fheltered (or, as our old Englifh phrafe has it, coloured) under the names of Spanifh fadors. Thofe foreiga na- tions have here their agents and correfpondents, and the confuls of thofe nations make a confiderable figure, Cadiz has been faid to have the finefl ftorehoufes and magazines for commerce of any city in Europe ^ and to it the flota and galleons re- gularly import the treafures of Spanifh America. The proper Spanifh merchandife ejcported from Cadiz to America are of no great value; but the duty on the foreign merchandife fent thither would yield a great revenue, (and confequently the profits of merchants and their agents would fmk), were it not for the many fraudulent pradlices for eluding thofe duties." The nianufaiSlures of Spain are chiefly of filk, wool, copper, and hard- ware. Great efforts have been mad6 by the government to prevent the other European nations from reaping the chief advantage of the American commerce;, but thefe never can be fuccefsful, till a fpirit of induftry is awakened, among the natives, fo as to enable them to fupply their American pofTeflions with their own commodities and merchandife. Meanwhile, the good faith and facility with which the Englifh, French, Dutch, and other nations, cairy on this contraband trade, render them greater gainers by it thai the Spaniards themfelves are, the clear profits feldom, amounting to lei's than 30 per cent. This evidently makes it an important concern, that thofe immenfe riches fhould belong to the Spaniards, rather than to anv adlivc tff. 648 SPAIN. Euiopeau uatiou : but I (ImU have occafion to touch oh this lubjcrt in tho account oF America. Constitution and govrrnmkmt.] Spain, froni being the moft free, is now ihc niofl defpotic kingdom ia Jiurope; and the poverty which is (o vilible iu nioft l)ait,s of the country is in a great degree the refult of its governujcnt, in the aduii- nillration of which no pro})er attention is paid to the iiuerefts and welfare of tlie people. '1 he monarchy is liereditary, and females are capable of fucceflion. It has even been queftioned, whether his catholic majefty may not bequeath his crown, upon his deniife, to any branch of the royal iamily he })leafes. It is at leaft certaiu, that the houfe of Bourbon mounted the throne of Spain in virtue of the laft will of Charles II. Thecortesor parliaments of the kingdom, which formerly, efpecially in Caftile, had greater power and privileges tlian that of England, are now abolilhed ; but ibme faint remains of their conllitution are ftill difcernible in the government, though all of them are iuefleaual, and under the control of ilie king. The privy-counciJ, which is coiupofed of a number of noblemen or grandees, nominated by the king, fits only to prepare matters, and to digeft papers for the cabinet-council or junta, which confifts of the firit fecretary of lUte, and three or four more named by the king, and m them refides the diredion of all the executive part of government. The council of war takes cognifance of military atfairs only. The council of Caftile is the higheft law tribunal of the kingdom. The ioveral courts of the royal audiences, are thole of Galicia, Seville, Majorca, the Canaries, Saragofla, Valencia, and Barcelona. Thefe judge ])riniarily in all caufcs within 15 niiles of their refpe6tive cities or capitals, and receive appeals from iiu ferior juriididtions. Bcfides thefe there are many fubordiuate tribunals, for tho po- lice, the finances, and other branches of bufiuefs. The government of SpaniOi America forms a fvftem of itfelf, and is delegated to viceroys, and other magiftrates, who are in their refpedive diltrids almoli abfo- lute. A council for the Indies is eftablilhed in Old Spain, and confifts of a gover- nor, four fecretaries, and twenty-two counfellors, befides officers. Their decifion is final in matters relating to America The members are generally cholen from the viceroys and magiftrates who have ferved in that country. The two great viceroyalties of Peru and Mexico are fo confiderable, that they are feldom trufted to one perfon for more than three }ears; but they are thought fufiicient to make his fortune in that time. The foreign poffeflions of the crown of Sj)ain, befides thofe in America, are the towns of Ceuta, dan, and Mafulquivir, on the coaft of Barbary in Africa; and the iflands of St. I^zaro, the Philippbes, and Ladrones, in Afia. Revenues.] The revenues arUing to the king from Old Spain, yearly amount to 5,ooo,cool. fterling, though fome fay eight ; and they form the fureit lupport of his government. His American income, it is true, is immenfe, but it is generally in a manner emljezzled or anticipated before it arrives in Old Spain. The king has a fifth of all the filver mines that are worked ; but little of it comes into his cof- fers. He falls upon means, however, in cafe of a war, or any public emergency, to fequefter into his own hands great part of the American treafures belonging to his fubjefts, who never complain, becaufe they are always punflually repaid with iiuereft. The finances of his prefent catholic majefty are in excellent order, and on a better footing, both for himfelf and his people, than thofe of any of his prede» ceffors. As to the taxes from whence the internal revenues arife, they are varjoiis, arbi- trary, and lo much Itijted to conveniency, that we cannot fix them at any certainty. s. N. 649 1 hey fall upon all kind of ^oods, houfes, lands, timber and provifions ; the clergy aud military orders are likewifc taxed. Military and marine strength.] The land forces of the crown of Spain, in time of peace, are never fewer than 70,000 ; but in cafe of war, they amount, without prejudice to the kingdom, to 1 10,000. The great dependance of the king, however, is upon his Walloon or foreign- guards. His prefent catholic nlajefty has been at great care and expence to raife a powerful marine ; and his fleet in Europe and America at prefent exceeds 70 fliips of the line. All along the coafts of Spain are watch-towers from mile to mile, with lights and guards at night, fo that from Cadiz to Barcelona, aud from Bilboa to Ferrol, the whole kbgdom may be foou alarmed in cafe of an invaiion. Royal ARMS, titles, no-) Spain formerly comprehended twelve kingdoms, BiLiTY, AND ORDERS. J* all which, with feveral others, were by name en- tered into the royal titles, fo that they amounted in all to about 32. This abfurd cuftom is Hill occafionally continued, but the king is now generally contented with the title of His Catholic Majefty. The kings of Spain are inaugurated by the de- livery of a fword, without being crowned. Their fignature never mentions their name, but I the king. Their eldeft fon is called prince of Afturias, and their younger children, of both fexes, are by way of diftindion called infants or infanta?, that is children. The armorial bearings of the kings of Spain, like their title, is loaded with th« arms of all their kingdoms. It is now a Ihicld, divided into four quarters, of which the uppc-moit on the right hand and the loweft on the left contain a caftle, or, with three towers, for Caftile : -and in the uppermoft on the left, and the lowefl on the right, are three lions gules for Leon; with three lilies in the centre for An The general name for thofe Spanifh nobility and gentry, who are unn;ixed witk the Mooiifti blood, is Hidalgo. They are divided into princes, dukes, marquiffes, counts, vifcounts, aud other inferior titles. Such as are created grandees, may (land covered before the king, and are treated with princely diftindlions. A gran- dee cannot be apprehended without the king's order; and cardinals, archbiihops, ambaffadors, knights of the Golden Fleece, and certain other great dignitaries, both in church aud ftaie, have the privilege, as well as the grandees, to appear covered before the king. The " Order of the Golden Fleece" particularly defcribed before in the orders of Germany, is generally conferred on princes and fovereign dukes ; but the Spanifh branch of it, hath many French and Italian nobility : there are no commanderies or revenues annexed to it. The " Order of St. James" or S/. Ja^o de Compojlella, is the richeft of all the orders of Spain. Some attribute its inuitution to Roniira, king of Leon, in the year 8,37, and others to latter priuCcs, as an encouragement to valour in the long wars between the Chriftians and Moors. They were divided into two branches, cadi under a grand-ni:ifter, but the olfice of both was given by pope Alexander IV. to the kings of Spain and Portugal, as grand-maUer in their refpedti\e donunions. 'ihe badge is a cnifs of gold enamelled crinifon, edged with gold, and worn round the neck, pendent to a broad liband, it is charged on the centre with an cfcallop-fliell white, 'ihe order is highlj- cftceuied in Spain, and only conferred on performs of no- ble families. '1 he fame may b- faid of the " Order of Calnirava" firfl inftitutcd by Sancho, king of Toledo : i i ok its name from the caftie of Calatrava, which was taken from the Moors, and here tegan the order, uliich Lctauic a cry poucrfuh 'Ihcir number, influence, r.r.d poffefl'ons were lb ccnfidorublc ns to excite the jcaloufy 21 4 O 650 S 1 K. of the crown, to which, at length their revenues and the office of grand-mafter were annexed by pope Innocent VIII. Their badge is, a crofs, flcur)% red, worn at the breaft, pendent to a broad riband, the whole differing only in colour from the badge of Alcantara : the ceremonial mantle is of white filk, tied with a cordon and taffels, like thofe of the Garter, and on the left arm a crofs fleury embroidered, gules. The celebrated " Order of Alcantara" derived its origin from the order of St. Julian, or of the Pear-tree ; but after Alcantara was taken from the Moors, and made the chief leat of the order, they affumcd the name of knights of the order of Alcantara, and laid afide the old device of a pear-tree. They were fub- jeft to the order of Calatrava, till the year : 4^ 1 1, when, by the fan£lion of the pope, they became independent. They chofe their own grand-mafter, and acquired valt pofleflions; but, in 1495, pope Alexander VI. conferred the office on kme Ferdi- nand oi^ Arragon, and annexed it unalieiubly to the Spaniih crown. Since that time the. kings of Spain have enjoyed the revenues of the grand-mafter, and the com- manderies, belonging to the order. The badge is a gold crof"*, fleury, enamelled green, and worn pendent to a broad riband on the breaft. On days of ceremony, they wear a mantle of red filk, on the left fide of which, is embroidered in filver, a ftar of five points. This order is highly efteemed, and .:x)nferred only on perfons of ancient and illuftrious families. The " Order of the Lady of Mercy" is faid to have been inftituted by James I. king of Arragon, about the year 1218, on account of a vow made hv him to the Virgin Mary, during his captivity in France, and was defigned for the redemption of captives from the Moors, in which they expended large fums of money. It was At frrft confined to men, but a lady of Barcelona afterwards got women included in it : the badge, which is common to both, is a fhield per fefs, red and gold ; in chief a crofs pattee, white in bafee four pallets red, for Arragon, and the Ihield crowned with a ducal coronet. This order poffeffes confiderable revenues in Spain. The " Or- der of Montefa" was inftituted at Valencia, at the clofe of the thirteenth century, in the place of the Templars, and enjoyed their pofleffions. Their chief feat being the town of Montefa, the order from thence derived its name, and chofe St. George for patron. About a century afterwards, it was united to the order of St. George of Alfama, by pope Benedift XIII. and fo hath continued ever fince. The badge is a plain red crofs enamelled on gold, worn pendent to a broad red riband, falh wife, and a plain red crofs embroidered on the left breaft of the outer garment. In the year 1771, the prefent kbg inftituted after his own name, ihe " Order of Charles III", in commemoration of the birth of the infant. The badge is, a ftar of eight points enamelled white, and edged with gold : in the centre of the crofs is the image of the Virgin Mary, veftments white and blue. On the reverfe, the let- ters C. C. with the number III. in the centre, and this motto, VHrfuti £jf Merito. The order is compofed of four clalTes, the firft clafs are ftyled Grand Croffes, and wear the badge pendent to a riband ftriped blue and white over the right ftioulder, and have a ftar of filver with the badge embroidered on the left fide of the coat. The knights of the fecond clafs wear the badge and riband like the firft, but have no ftar. The third and fourth claffes wear the badge at the button hole of the coat, pendent to a narrow ftriped riband. The knights of the third clafs have penfions on the revenues of the order, but the fourth have none. None but perfons of noble de- fcent can belong to this order. History of Spain.] Spain was probably firft ; copied by the Celtse from Gaul, to which it lies contiguous, or from Africa, from which it is only feparateu hy the narrow uraii of Gibraltar. The Fhccniciacs fcnt colonies thuher, and built Cadiz and Malaga. Afterwards, upon the rile of Rome and Carthage, the poffef- N. 65 1 fion of this kingdom becar /I. i*i* *n objeft of contention between thofe powerful re- publics ; but at length the Roman arms prevailed, and Spain remained in their poffelfion until the fall of that empire, when it became a prey to the Goths. In the beginning of the fifth century the Sucvi, the Vandals, and the Alani, divided this kingdom between them, but in the year 584, the Goths again became the mailers. Thefe, in their turn, were invaded by the Saracens, who, about the end of the / , -~/ ,'}/ ' . feventh century, had poffeffed themfelves of the fineft kingdoms of Afia and Africa ; / */ l^ -t ^and not content with the immenfe regions that formerly compofed great part of the' AJBTyrian, Greek, and Roman empires, they crofs the Mediterranean, ravage Spain, and eftablilh themfelves in the foutherly provinces of that kingdom. Don Pelagio is mentioned as the firft Old Spanifh prince who diftinguiftied himfelf ' '^^'■•Againft thefe infidels (who were afterwards known by the name of Moors, the greater part of them having come from Mauritania), and" he took the title of king of Alluria about the 720. His fucceffes animated othei Chriftian princes to take arms likewife, and the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal for many ages were perpetually embroil- ed in bloody wars. The Moors in Spain were fuperior to all their co-temporaries in arts and arms, and the Abdoulrahman line kept polfelfion of the throne near 300 years. Learn- ing flouriihed in Spain, while the reft of Europe was buried in ignorance and bar- barity. But the Moorifh princes by degrees grew weak and effeminate, and their chief minifters proud and infolent. A feries of civil wars continued, which at laft over-turned the throne of Cordova, and the race of Abdoulrahman, Several petty principalities were formed on the ruins of this empire, and many cities of Spain had each an independent fovereign. Now, every adventurer was entitled to the con- qucfts he made upon the Moors, till Spain at laft was divided into 1 2 or 14 king- doms; and about the year 1095, Henry of Burgundy was declared by the king of Leon, cdunt of Portugal ; but his fon Alphonfo, threw off his dependence on Le- on, and declared himfelf kmg. A feries of brave princes gave the Moors repeated overthrows in Spain, till about the year 1492, when all the kingdoms in Spain, Portugal excepted, were united by the marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and Ifabella the heirefs, and afterwards queen of Caftile, who took Granada, ard expelled out of Spain the Moors and Jews, who would rot be converts to the Chriftian faith, to the number of 170,000 families. I fhall, in their proper places, mention the vaft acquifitions made at this lime to Spain by the difcoveiy of America! and the firft expeditions of the Portuguefe to the taft-Indies, by the diicovery of the Cape of Good Hope ; but the fucceffes of both nations were attended with difa- greeable confequeuces. The expulfion of the Moors and Jews in a manner depopulated Spain of artifts, labourers, and manufacturers; and the difcovery of America not only added to that calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniards moft deplorably indolent. 'iq complete their misfortunes, Ferdinand and Ifabella introduced the Catholic inquifir tioD, with all its horrors, into their dominions, as a fafeguard agaiuft the return of , the Moors and Jews. ' Charles V. of the houfe of Auftria, and emperor of Germany, (iicceeded to the throne of Spain, in right of his mother, who was the daughter of Ferdinand and Ifabella, in the year 1516. The extenfive poffeflions of the houle of Aufttia in Eu- rope, Africa, and, above all, America, from whence he drew immenfe treafures, bc- ganj:o alarm the jealouly of neighbouring princes, but could not fatisfy the ambiiion of Charles ; and we find hira conftanily engaged In foreign wars, or with his own pio- leftant fubjedls, whom he in vain attempted to bring back to the catjhclic churdv 4 O 3 (St N» He alfo reduced the power of the nobles in Spaiu, abridged the privileges of the commons, aud greatly extended the regal prerogative. At laft, after a loug and turbulent reign, he came to a refolution that filled all Europe with allonifhment, the withdrawing himfelf entirely from any concern in the affairs of this world, in or- der that he might fpend the remainder of his days in retirement and folitude^. Agreeably to this refolution, he refigned Spain and the Netherlands, w ith great formality, hi the prefence of his principal nobility, to his fon Philip II. but could not prevail on the princes of Germany to eledt him emperor, which UiCy conferred on Ferdinand, Charles's brother, thereby dividing the dangerous power of the. houfe of Auftria into two branches ; Spain, with all its polfeffions in Africa and the New World, alfo the Netherlands, and fome Italian ftates, remained with the elder branch, whilft the Empire, Hungary, and Bohemia, fell to the lot of the yoimger, which they ftill poffel's. Philip II. inherited all his father's vices, with few of his good qualities. He waa audere, haughty, immoderately ambitious, and through his whole life a cruel bigot in the caufe of the church. His marriage with queen Mary of England, an unfeehng • Charles, of all his vaft pofieflions, referved nothing for himfelf but an annual penfion of 100,000 crowns : and rhofc for the place of his retreat, a vale in Spain, of no great extent, watered h7 a fmall brook, and furrounded by rifing grounds, covered with lofty trees. He gave drift orders, that the ftyle of the building which he ersQed there, flionld be fuch as fuitrd liis prefent fitUution, rather than his former dignity. It confided only of fix rooms, four of them in the form of friars cells, with naked walls ; and the other two, each twenty feet fquare, were hung with brown cloth, and furniflicd in the moft fimple manner : they were all level with the ground, with a door on one fide into a garden, of which Charles himfelf had given the plan, and had filled it with various plants, which he propofed to cultivate with his own huids. After fpending fome time in the city ef Ghent in Flanders, the place of his nativity, he fet out for Zealand in Holland, where he prepared to embark for Spain, accompanied by his fon, and a numerous retinue of princes and nobility ; and taking an atfeilionate and laft farewel of Philip and his attendants, he fet out. on the 17th of September 1556, under a convoy of a large fleet of Spaniih, Flemilh, and Englilh Ships. As foon as he landed in Spain, he fell proftrate on the ground : and confidering himfelf now as dead to the world, he killed the earth, and faid, " Naked came 1 out of my mother's womb, and naked I now return to thee, thou common mother of mankind." Some of the Spaniih nobility paid their court to him as he pnffed along to the place of his retreat ; but they were fo few in number, and their attendance was fo negligent that Charles ob&rved it, and felt, for t^e firll timei that he was no longer a monarch. Bui he was more deeply aflPeiled with his fon's ingratitude ; who, forgetting already how much he nwed to his father's bounty, obliged him to remain fome weeks on the road, before he paid him the firft moiety of that fmall portion, which was all that he had referved of fo many kingdoms. At laft the money was paid J and Charles, having difmifled a great number of his domcllics, whofe attendance he thought would be fuperfluous, entered into his humble retreat with twelve do- meftics only. Here he buried in folitude, and filence, his grandeur, his ambition, together with all thofe vaft projeAs which, during half a century, had alarmed and agitated Euinpe; filling every kingdom in it, by turns, with the terror of his arms, and the dread of being fubje^ed to his power. Here he enjoyed, perhaps, more complete fatisfa and having fimud, after repeated trials, -that he could not bring any two of them co go exactly alike, he refieffed, it is faid, with a mixture of furprife and regret, on his own folly, in having bellowed fo much time and labour on the more vain attempt of bringing mankind to a precifc uniformity of fentiment concerning the in« ...■- -J n :-..- J».a.:» — ,.e ..■:_:__ »--* l— - -c ....- ..- _,.: ~._» k- r.: 1 witb a fever, which carried him off, in the ^6th year of his age. s N. ^5H bigot like bimfeir, Iiij uiifucccfsful addrclfes to her fiAer Elizabeth, his refeutment and unruccefsful wars with that priucefs, his tyranny and perfecutions in the Low Coun- tries, the revolt and lofs of the United Provinces, with other particulars of his reign, have been already mentioned, in the hiftory of thofe countries. In Portugal he was more fuccei'sful. That kingdom, after being governed by a race of wile and brave princes, fell to Sebaftian, about the year J 557. - Scballiau loft his life and a fine army, in a headltrong, unjuft, and ill-concerted expeditioii. againll the Moors in Africa; and in the year 1580, Philip united Portugal to his owu dominions, though the Braganza family of Portugal aiferted a prior right. By this acqailition Spain became polfeffed of the Portuguefe feitlenients iu India, fome of which Ihe Itill holds. The defcendants of Philip proved to be very weak princes; but Philip and his father had fo totally ruined the ancient liberties of Spain, that they reigned almoft unmolefted in their own dominions. Their viceroys, however, were at once fo tyrannical and infolent over the Portuguefe, that in the reign of Philip IV. in the year 1640, the nobility of that nation, by a well-condiifled coufpiracy, expelled' their tyrants, and placed the duke of Braganza, by the title of John IV, upon their throne, and ever fince, Portugal has been a diftindl kingdom from Spain. The kings of Spain, of the Auftrian line, failing in the perfon of Charles II.. who left no iffue, Philip duke of Anjou, fecond Ton to the J^auphin of France,, and grandfon to Lewis XIV. mounted that throne, by virtue of his predeceffor's will, ill the name of Philip V. anno 1701. After a long and bloody itruggle with the German branch of the houfe of Auftria, fupported by England, he wa» con- firmed in his dignity, at the couclufion of the war by the Ihameful peace of Utrecht, 1713. Andthus Lewis XIV. through a mafterly train of politics (for in liis wars to fupport his grandfon, as we have already obferved, he was almoft ruined), ac- complifhed his favourite projeft of transferring the kingdom of Spain, with all its rich poireflions in America and the Indies, from the houfe of Auftria, to that of his, own family of Bourbon. In 1734., Philip invaded Naples, and got that kingdom, for his fon Don Carlos, the Sicilians readily acknowledging him. for their fovereign,- through the oppreffion of the Imperialifts. Afceralong and turbulent reign, which was difturbed by the ambition of his wife^ Elizabeth of Parma, Philip died in 17+6, and was fiicceeded byhisfon, Fer- dinand VI. a mild and peaceable prince,, who reformed rtiany abufes, and wanted to promote the commerce and prosperity of his kingdom. In 1759, he died with- out iffue, through melancholy lor the lofs of his wife. Ferdinand was fucceeded by his brother, Charles III. then king of Naples and the two Sicilies, now the prefent king of Spain, fon to Philip V. by his wife, "ae priucefs of Parma; He was fo warmly attached to the family compadl of the houfe of Bourbon, that two years after his acceflion, he even hazarded his American do. ninions to fupport it. War being declared between him and England, the ktter took fromhim the fa- mous port and city of Havannah, in.theiflandof Cuba, and thereby rendered herfelf entirely miftrefs of the navigation of the- Spanifti plate fleets. Notwithftanding the iuccefsof the Englifh, their miniftry thought proper haftily to conclude a peace, in confequence of which Havannah was reftored to Spain. In 1775, an expedition was concerted againft Algiers by theSpanifti miniitry, which had a nioft unfuccefsful ter- mination. The troops, which amounted to upwards of 24*000, and who wxre coni- rnaudcd by lieutenant-general Conde de O'Reilly^ landed about a league and a half to theeaftwardof the city of Algiers; but were dil^racefully beaten back, and obliged tn takp fheltrr nn linarrl their- Oiin^ Viovi"«y "" '>ffi^'..-«> tJll^rl -.»,J ..^. ,.., j_j. ,„,i 501 rank and file killed, and 3088 wounded. In the years 17H3, and 1784, they <5S4 6 N. alio renewed ihiir attacks by fea to deftroy it, but after fpending much ammunition, anil loling many li\es, were forced to retire without doing it much injury. When the war between Great Britain and her American colonies had fubfifted for fome time, and France had taicen part vtiihthe latter, the court of Spain was alio prevailed upon to commence hoftilities againft Great Britain. In particular, the Spaniards clolely befieged Gibraltar, both by fea and land ; it having been always a great mortification to them, that this fortrefs Ihould be polfeffed by the Engliui. Other military and naval operations alfo took place between Spain and Great Bri- tain, which have been noticed in the Hiftory of England, but peace hath fince been concluded, and we hope happily, between the two nations. His j)refent catholic inajefty does all he can to oblige his fubjefls to defift from their ancient drefs and manners, and carried his endeavours fo far, that it occafioned fo dangerous an iufurredion at Madrid, as obliged him to part with his minifter, the marquis of Squillace ; thereby affording an inftance of the neceflity that even deipotic princes are under of paying fome attention to the inclinations of their fub- jcdls. Charles III. king of Spain, was born in 1716, fucceeded to the throne in 1759; and has iifue by his late queen : , 1. Maria-Jofcpha, born 1744. 2. Maria-Louifa, born 1745, married 1765, to the archduke Leopold of Au- ftria, great duke of Tul'cany, afbd brother to the prefent emperor of Germany. 3. Philip-Anthony, duke of Calabria, born 1747, declared incapable of fucceed- ing to the throne, on account of an invincible weaknefs of underftanding. 4. Charles-Anthony, prince of Aftuiias, born in 174B, nurried 1765, to I^ouifa- Maria-Therefa, princefs of Parma. 5. Ferdinand-Anthony, king of Naples, bora in 175 1, married 1768', to the archduchefs Mary-Cardire-Louila, fifter to the emperor of Germany. 6. Gabriel- Anthony, born in 1752, grand-prior of the kingdom of Spain. 7. Anthony- Pafcal, born 1755. 8. Francis-Xavier, born 1757. 'J he king's brother Eon Lewis, is a cardinal and archbilhop of Toledo. PORTUGAL. Situation and extent. Miles. Degrees. Length 300 ) i^fw«>n S 37 and 42 north lat. Breadth 100 f ^^"^^ 1 7 and 10 weft long. BouNDARiEs.]TT is bounded by Spain on the North and Eaft, and on the J[ South and Weft by the Atlantic Ocean, being the moft wefterly kingdom on the continent of Europe. Ancient names and > This kingdom was, in the time of the Romans, called DIVISIONS. jTLuliiania. The etymology of the modern name is un- certain. It moft probably is derived from feme noted harbour or port, to which the Gauls (for fo ftrangers are called in the Celtic) lelortcd. By the form of the ^.,5,,5^f{.y jt \a natijrallv divldcd into three parts ; the north, middle, and fouth provinces. P O R T U GAL. Cljief towns. 'ibc North Divifidu contains The Middle Divifion contains The South Divifion contains Province?. ( Ktitre Minho ^ < Braga «] Douro and U J Oporto and Viana ( '1 ralos Montcs ) ( Miranda and Villa Real £cira \ EAremadura ( Entre Tajo J Guadiana "1 Alentejo ( Algarva . ^ Coimbra / \ Guarda Caflel Rodrigo H LISBON P^f fv'f t I ) 8-53 ^V . Ion. ^ ^ St. XJbcti and lieira. '\ ( Ebora, or Evora fj Portalegre., Elvas, Beja n Lagos 'aro, Tavora, and Silves. } According to the beft calculation, Por- NER8, AND CUSTOMS. ) ^"8*^ coutaiDS near two millions of inhabi- tants. By a furvey made in the year 1732, there were in that kingdom 3,344 pari- • The port-wines are made in the diftridl round Oporto, which does not produce one h;ilf ihc qti.io- tity thnt is confumed under that name in ihe Britifli dominions only. The merchants in this city have very^fpacinus wine vaults, capable of holding 6or 7000 pipes, aiul it h faidthat 20,000 are yearJv cxportcd irom Oporto, 656 P O R T U G A I.. |he», and l,742.2jo lay pcifons (which is but 521 laity tucaih naiini on a medium), bclulcs about ,300.000 cctlefiaflics of both kxcn, 'I'hc modern Portuguefe retain nothing of that adventurous cnterprifing fnjrit that rendered their forelathers lb illuArious 300 years ago. They have, ever lince the houlc of Braganza mounted the throne, degcneratctl in all their virtues; though though lb little Their renders h Ionic u<)l)lc exceptions arc dill remaining among them, and no people arc obligetl as the Portuguefe arc to the rejwrts of hidorians and travellers degeneracj,' is cv idenily owing to the weaknefs of their monarchy, which them ma(5tive, tbr (car of difobliging their powerful neighbours; and that inadtiviiy has proved the Iqurce of pride, and oiher unnunly v ttcjt. 'Ireachery has been laid to their charge, as well as ingratitude, and above all, an intemperate palfion for re- venge. They are, if pollible, more fuperdiiious, and, both in high and common hie, affei\ more date than the Spaniards themfelves. Among the lower pcop'e thicyiug is commonly pradifed ; and all ranks are accufed of being unfair in their dealings:, efpetially with drangers. It is haid, however, 10 fav .what alteration may bo made m the charader of the Portuguefe, by the expulfion of the Jefuits, and the diminution of the papal influence among them, but above all, by that Ipirit of independency, with rej[ard to commercial aHairs, upon Great Britain, which, not much to the honour of their gratitude, though to the intered of their own countri-, .13 now lb much encouraged by their court and minidry. The Portuguefe are neither fo tall nor lb well made as the Spaniards, whofe ha- bits and cudoms they imitate, only the quality afliea to be more gaily and richly drefled. The Portugele ladies are thin and fmall of dature. Their complexion u -olive, their eyes black and expreflive, and their features generally regular. Ibcy jire edeemed to be generous, moded, and witty. They drefs like the Spanifli ladies, with much awkwardnefs, and afleded gravity, but in general more magni- ficently ; and they are taught by their hudjands to exaft from their fervants an ho- mage, that in other countries is paid only to royal perfonages. The furniture of the hollies, efpecially of their grandees, is rich and fuperb to excefs ; and they maintain an incredible number of domedics, as they never difcharge any who furvive, after ferying their ancedors. The poorer fort have fcarcely any furniture at all, for they, in imitation of the Moons, fit always crofs legged on the ground. Rfer.iGioN.] The edablilhed religion of Portugal is Roman Catholic in the dric- ted fenfe. 'ihe Portuguefe have a patriarch, but formerly he depended entirely upon the pope, unlels when a quarrel fubfided between the courts of Rome and Lift)on. The power of his holinefs in Portugal has been of late fo much curtailed, that it is difficult to defcribe the religious date of that country : all we know is, that the royal revenues are greatly increafed at the expence of the religious indituiions in the kingdom. The ptJwer of the inquifition is now taken out of the hands of the ecclefiadics, and converted to a date engine for the benefit of the crown. Archbishoprics and bishoprics.] The archbiftioprics are thofe of Braga, Evora, and Lift)on. The fird of thele has ten fuffragan biftiop-^ ; the fecond two ; and the lad ten, including thofe of the Portuguefe iettlements abroad. The patriarch of Lift)on is generally a cardinal, and a perlbn of the highed birth. Language.] The Portuguefe languge differs but little from that of Spain, and that provjncially. Their Paternoder runs thus : Pac/re imjfo que ejlas nos Ceos, fanaif- ■cado feio tu noine ; venha a ms iua reyno, feia feita a iua votade, a/fi nos ceos, comma na terra. paontjfa de cadadia, dano l> oei neftro dia. Eperdoa nos ferikor, as mjfas divi- das, ajfi como nos perdoamos a nos nop, a:-'\-/i'res. E nao nosdtxts cahir om ientatio, mas Mbra nos do mal. A men. PORTUGAL. Lka»niko awo LiARNED MEN.] Thcfc art fo few, that thev CSI Avuh ludiguation. even by thofe ot the Portuguefe themfdvcs, who have the fnull- cft tioaure of hterature. Some cflorts, though very weak, have of late been made by a few, to draw ihcir counirvmeu from rhii deplorable ftate of igtmrantc. It is uuivcrlally allowed that the defcdi is not owing to the warn of genius, but of a pro- per education The anceftors of the prefcnt Portuguefe were certainly poflifed lr,n .r*" T&f' "^'^^ '"^."^ '? anron^nny. geography, and navigation, ?^ A the w^rld behdes about the middle of the i6th ceutiry, and fo? ion.e time after. Camoens, whohimfelf waa a great adventurer and voyager, was noflbffcd of a true, but neglefted poetical genius. / b . «-" I'oiicuai »y?'ri'cr"'^ Thelb are Coimbra, founded in 1291 by king Dennis; and which had fifty profeffors; but it has been lately put under fo.ne n?w reg^, la ions Evora, founded m 1559 ; and the college of the nobles at Lilkni. where tL youU nobiLry are educated in every branch of polite learning and the ftienccs. All th? hook- tK.t did belong to the Unifhedjcfuits are kept here, which compofe a vc.r large library. The tnghfh language fs likewife taught in this college Here U a t^» a college where young gentlemen are educated in the fciencc of cnginecriue. and when qualifaed get commdhons in that corps. ^ Curiosities.] The lakes and fountains which have been already mentioned torm the chief of thefe. I he remains of Ibmc cafllcs in the Moorifli talte are ftill landing, ihe Roman bridge and aquedua at Coimbra are almoft entire, and dc- lervcdlyadmired. The walls of Santarecn are faid to be of Roman work like- wUe. The church and monaftery near Lifbon. where the kings of Portugal are -buried, are inexpreffibly magnificent, and fevcral monaftciies in Portugal are due out of the hard rock. The chapel of St. Roch. is probably one of thi fined and ncbeft m the world ; the paintings are raofaic work, fo curiouOy wrought with ftones of all colours, as to aftonifti the beholders. To tliefe curiofities we may add that thekmgispoffeffed of the largcrt diamond (which was found in Brafil) tbat ever was perhaps feen in the world. '' Chief CITIES.] Lifbon is the Capital of Portugal, and is thought to contaia 200,000 inhabitants. Great part of it was ruined by an earthquake, which alfo fet the remamder on fire, upon All-Saints-day, 1755. It ftill contains many mag- nificent palaces, churches, and public buildings. Its fuuation (rifing from the iagus m the form of a crefcent) renders its appearance at once delightful and fuperb, and it w deferycdly accounted the greateft port in Europe, next to Lon- don and Amfterdam. The harbour is fpacfous and fecure, and the dtv itfelf is guarded from any iudden attack towards the fea by forts, though thex- would make but a poor defence aga.nft fhips of war. All that part of the city that was de! inohfhed by the earthquake, is planned out in the moft regular and commodious torm. Some large Iquares and many ftreets are already built. The ftrcets form right angles and are broad and fpacious. The houfes are lofty, elegant, and uni- icrm ; a^d being built of white ftone, make a beautiful appearance. Ihe fecond ?? "I- f ^."^S^'o"^ '« O)yono, which is computed to contain 30,000 inhabitants. 4 he chief article of commerce in this city is wine; and the inhabitai.ts of half the mops ill this city are coopers. The merchants aflemble daily in the chief ftreet to tranfaa bufinds; and are protefted from tl.e fun by fail-cloths hung acrofs from'tlic oppofite houfes. About thirty Englifti families refide here, who arc chiclly conceal- ed in the wme trade. •' ""^''*" CoMMKRcE AND.,/ANCFACTt;RHs.] The cxports of Portuijal nre not inconfj. aeraDie; but they are greatly exceeded bv the imnnns, '\\e foil r i 21 !5CCS n-aiC * I • ,> ';^,- «S8 PORTUGAL. I1f I 1:1: I com annually than whnt is hardy fuH^cicnt for three monihs confunipttou ; corn therefore is the luoft confidcrable artick of importation from abroad- As no nia- nufadturcs of any imoortance are in a thriving, ftale, the Portugueie are iupphcd by liie imludry of other i«atii)ns chiefly the-Englifli, with almoft evcrv aitidu ci drds, and with mMrao.- iudullry have hitherto been ineffedu.il. Ihe late mMuI>er of Hate M de Pombai, found it impradiicablc to raile a glafs manufaair.c niic confequence, notwithftauding he laid out 8o,ooc trufades, or 54,ooo crowrs upon this Icheme, and doubled the duties of foreign glafs, in order to encourage the manu- fadture (See Taube.) A iinea manufadlurecllablifhed at Oporto caiviot eahly be expedcd to thrive, while the materials ufed m it mult be imported iroui the Baliie. ' To the above-meniJoned difadvantages we muft add the want of filherres which obliEcs this country to buy by far ihe greatcft part of the fifh it conlumes from other nations Its commerce is almoft entirely in the hands ot Grangers. It has tmpofed very heavy iuties upon the necelfailes cf life, a meafure which is very unfavourable to induRry. In the year 1784, the Poituguefe government, m order to dnconrage the fkdghiinff trade, lowered the duties on all goods imported and exported m lor- tuguefe bottoms by 10 per cent, which it is hoped will be of great ule to com- lu nS^ the goods imported from Great Britain and Ireland into Portugal, con- fifting of woollens, corn, fi(h, w^od, and hardware, amounted to upwards of 060,0001. fterling. The Englilh took in i^turn of the produce of Portugal and Bra- ill to the amount of 728,oool. fterling. (See the State ot Trade between the Bin tiih dominions and Portugal, from the Accounts of the Britim I-aftory, laid before the Houfo of Commons, 1787.) To fupport a trade which is, upon the whole, much againlt Portugal, this kingdom has the refource of ready money drawn from Brafil • if thcfe fupplies fliould ever fail, it would be ibon entirely ruined, it it had nothaig to relv upon but its prefent induftry. Only 15 millions of livres in ready money arc fuppofed to circulate in a country which draws annuallv upwards ot l,:ioo.oool. fterling, or 36 millions of livres, from the mines or Bralil. Sin.e the di'Lvery of thefe mines, that is, within the laft fixty years Portugal has bn-ight frf .a Brafil about 2400 millions of livres, or ioo,ooo,oool. fterling. (See Dift. Enrvclop.) Beiides thefe large fums of money, Portugal imports from Brafil large quantities of cacao, fugar, rice, trai^i-oil, whalebone, coffee, and medicinal drugs. No commercial companies have hitherto been eftabliftied. The principal trading places are, the towns of Liftion, Oporto, and Setuva). In former times, when the Portuguefe had an extenfive commerce and fettlemenis in the Eaft-Indies; their trade to Cnina was important, but it has greatly decrealed of late. , r w. u. . Constitution and covernment.] The crown of Portugal is abfolute ; but the nation ftill pveferves an appearance of its ancient free conftitution, in the meet- iuc of the cortes or ftates, confitting, like our parliaments, of clergy, nobility, and commons. 'Jhev pretend to a right of being confulted upon the nnpohtion of new taxes but the only real power they have is. that their aifcm is neceflary lu every new regulation, with regard to the fucceflion. In this they are indulged, to prevent all future difputes on that account. ,.r r 1 r • u All K>eat preferments, both fpiritual and temporal, are difpofed of in the conn- til of ftatc, which is compofed of an equal number of the clergy and nolility, with the fee retarv of ftate. A council of war regulates all military atiairs, as the trealury courts do the finances. The council of the palace Is the higheft tribunal that c.in re ceivc appeals, but the Calk da SuppUca^ao is a iribuu:\l from, which no appeal can PORTUGAL. 65? be brought. The laws of Portugal are contained in three ciuodeciuio volumes, and have the civil law for their foundation. Revenues and taxes.] The revenues of the crovn amount to above 3,000,000 aud a half ftcrliiig, annually. Ihe cuftonis and duties on goods exported and im- ported are exceiiive, and farmed out ; but if the Portuguefe miuiftry fhould fuc- ceed in all their projcfls, and in eftablifliing exclufive conipanies, to the prejudice of the Briiifli trade, the inhabuants will be able to bear thefe taxes without murnmr- ing. Foreign nierchandife pays 23 per cent, on* importation, and fifh from New- foundland 25 per cent. Fifli taken in the neighbouring feas and rivers pay 27 per cent, and the tax rpon lands and cattle that are fold is 10 per cent. The king draws a confiderable revenue from the feveral orders of knighthood, of which he is grand-mafter. The pope, in confideration of the large fums he draws out of Por- tugal, gives the king 'he money arifmg from inJnlgtnces and licences to eat flefh at times prohibited, &c. The king's revenue is now greatly increafed by the luppref- fion of the Jefuits and other religious orders and inftitutions. Military and marine strknoth.] The Portuguefe government ufed to depend chieHy for proteftion on England ; and therefore for many years they greatly neglefted their army and fleet; but the fame friendly connexion between Great Britain and Portugal does not at prefent fubfift. In the late reign, though they re- ceived the mod ette6lual ailillancc from England, whp.n invaded by the French and Spaniards, his Moil -Faithful Ma jefty judged it exp«^dient to raife a confiderable body of troops, who were chiefly difciplincd by foreign ofhters ; but fince that period the army has been again neglected, no proper encouragement being given to foreign officers, and little attention paid to the difcipline of the troops, (6 that the military force of Portugal is now agiin iuconfiderable. The naval force of this kingdom is about feventeen fhips of war, including fix frigates. Royal titlks and arms.] The king's titles are, king of Portugal and the Algarves, lord of Guinea, and of the navigation, conqueft, and commerce of Ethi- opia, Arabia, Perfia, and Brafil. The laft king was complimented by the pope, w ith the title of His Moft Faithful Majclly. That of his elded ion is Prince of Brafil. The arms of Portugal are, argent, .ive efcutcheons, azure, placed crofs-wife, each charged with as many beiants as the fird, placed falter-wife, and poimed, fable, for Portugal. I'he fhield bordered, gules, charged ,\ith feven towers, or, three ia chief, and two in each flanch. The fupporters are two winged dragons, and the crcft a dragon, or, under the two fianches, and the bale of the fliield appears at the end of it; two crolfes, the fird flower-de-luce, .vert, whicii is fur the order of Aviz, and the iecond petee, gules, lor the order of Chrid; the inotio is changeable, each king afluming a new one ; but it is frequentl)' thele words, Vro Rc^c ci Crege, " For the King and the People." Mobility and orders.] The title and didindions of their nobility are much the fame with thofe of Spain. 'Iheir orders of knighthood are three; r. That of Avis, or Aviez, fird indituted by Alphonfiis Heniiqiiez, king of Portugal in the year 1 147, as a military and religious order, on account of his taking Evoia from the Moors. In 1213, it was fubjeft to the order of Calatrava in Spain, but when Don John of Portugal leizcd the crown he made it again independent. Tlie badge is a croi's rteury, enamelled green, and between each angle a fleur-de-lis, gold: It iv worn pendent to a green riband round the neck. 2. 1 he " Order of St. y^iwci,"' iiidltuicd by Dennis I. king of Portugal, in the year 1510, fupp:)ring t!;at lauhT that faint's protection he becatne vidorious over the IVloors, and he endowed it with great pii\ileges. Tlie knights profefs ehadity, hori)iralirv. und obedience, and noue 4 P « 66b PORTUGAL. are adraif°d till they prove the gentility of their blood. Their enlign is a red fword, the habit white, and their principal convent fs at Dalmela. 3. The " Order of Chtijiy was inftituted in 1317, by Dennis I. of Portugal, to engage the nobility to affift him more powerfully againll the Moors. 'I he knights obtained great poffelfions, ami eledled their grand-mafter till 1522, when pope Adrian VI. conlcncd that oftice on John III. and his fucccffors to the crown of Portugal. Ihis order is under the lame regulations, and enjoys the fame privileges as that of Calatrava in Spain: the badge is a crofs pattee, red, charged Aviih a crols, white, worn pemlent to a broad fcarlet riband round the neck, and on days of ceremony to a collar conipofed of three chains of gold. By the Itatutes, the knights Ihould prove the nobility of their defcent for four generations, but the order is now indifcrimiuately given to all kinds of peo- ple who profefs the Roman Catholic religion, and is very little regarded. Thefe orders have fmall commanderies and revenues annexed to -hem, but are in fniall efteein. The " Order of Malta" hath likewife 13 commanderies in Portugal. History of Portugal.] This kingdom comprehends the greateit part of the ancient Lufitania, and fhared the fame fate with the other Spanilh provinces in the contefts between the Carthaginians and Romans, and in the decline and fall of the Roman empire, and was fucceflively in fubjeftion to the Suevi, Alans, Viligoths, and Moors. In the iithcenturv, AlphonfusVI. king of Caftile and Leon, reward- ed Henry, grandfon of Robert king of France, for his bravery and afiiftance againft the Moors, with his daughter, and that part of Portugal then ia the bands of the Chriflians. Henry was liicceeded by his fon Alphonfus Henry, in the year icps, who gained a decifive victory over five Moorilh kings, in July 1 139. This vidlory proved the origin of the monarchy of Portugal, for Alphonfus was then proclaimed king by his Ibldiers. He reigned 46 years, and was efteemed for his courage and love of learning. His defendants mamtained themfelves on the throne for fonie centuries ; indeed Sancho II. was expelled from his dominions for cowardice in the year 1240. Dennis I. or DionyCus, was called the Father of his Country ; he built and rebuilt 44 cities and towns in Portugal, founded the military order of Chrift, and was a very fortunate prince. He reigned 46 years. Under his fucceffor Alphonfus IV, happened feveral earthquakes at Lilbon, which threw down part of the city and de- Itroyed many lives. John I. was illuftrious for his courage, prudence, and con- quefts in Africa ; under him Madeira was firft discovered in 1420, and the Ca- naries; he took Ceuta, and after a reign of 49 years, died in the year 1433. In the reign of Alphonfo V. about 1480, the Portuguefe dil'covered the coaft of Guinea ; and in the reign of his fucceffor John II. they difcoveredthc Cape of Good Hope, and the kingdom of Moni-Congo, and fettled colonies and built forts in Africa, (Juinea, and the Eaft Indies. Emanuel, fumamed the Great, fucceeded him in 1495, and adopted the plan of his predeceifors, fitting out fleets for new dif- eoveries. Vafco de Gama under him, cruifed along the coaft of Africa and Ethio- pia, and landed in Indoftan : and in the year 1500 Alvarez difcovered Brafil. John III. fucceeded in 152 1» and while he loft fome of his African fettlements, made new acquifitions in the Indies. He fent the famous Xavier, as a miflionary to Japan, and in the height of his zeal, eftabliftied that infernal tribunal the inquifi- tion in Portugal, anno 1526, againft the entreaties and remonftrances of his peo- ple. Sebaftian his grandfon fucceeded him in 1557, and undertook a crufade againft the IV^jorsin Africa. In 1578, in a battle with the king of Fez and Mo- A^fp^l ed. Henry, a cardinal, and uncle to the unfortunate Sebaftian, being the fon of Emanuel, fucceeded, but died without iffue in the year 1580; on which, Anthony PORTUGAL. €6 1 Prior of Crato was chofen kin^, by the ftatcs of the kixigdom, but Philip II. of Spain, as hath been obferved m our hiilory of that country, pretended that the xrovvn belonged to him, becaul'e his mother was the eldeft daughter of EraanueJ, and lent the duke of Alva with a powerful force, who fubdued the country and pro- claimed his mailer king of Portugal, the I2th Sept. 1580. The viceroys under Philip and his two fuccellbrs, Philip III. and Philip IV. be- haved towards the Portuguefe with great rapacity and violence. The Spanifli mi- nifters treated theui as vaflals of Spain, and by their repeated afils of oppreflion and tyranny, they fo kindled the hatred and courage of the Portuguefe, as to produce a revolt at Lifbon, the ift of December 1640. The people obliged John duke of Braganza, the legitimate heir to the crown to accept it, and he fucceeded to the throne by the title of John IV. almoft without bloodlhed, and the foreign fettle- ments alio acknowledged him a& their fovercign. A fierce v/ar fubfifted for many years between the two kingdoms, and all the efforts of the Spaniards to reunite them, proved vain, fo that a treaty was concluded ia February 1668, by which Portugal was declaced to be free ami independents The Portuguefe could not have fupported themfelves under their revolt from Spain, had not the latter power been engaged in wars with England, and Holland ; and upon the reftoration of Charles U. of England, that prince having married a- princefs of Portugal, prevailed with the crown of Spain, to give up all pretenfions io that kingdom. Aiphonfo, Ibqto John IV. was then king of Portugal. He had the misfortune to difagree at once with his wife and his brother Peter; and they uniting their interefts, not only forced Aiphonfo to refign his crown, but obtained a difpenfation from the pope for their marriage, which was aftually coufuniinated. They had a daughter; but Peter, by a fecond marriage, had Ions, the eldeft of whom was John, his fuccelfor, and father to the late king of Portugal. John, like his father, joined the grand confederacy formed by king William; but neither of them- were of much fervice in humbling the power of Fratice. On the contrarvj he almoft ruined the allies, by occafioning the lofs of the great battle of Almanza, in 1707. John died in 1750, and was fucceeded by hisfou Jofeph, whofe reign was neither happy to hinifelf, nor fortunate for his people^ The fatal earthquake in 1755, overwhelmed his capital, and (hook his kingdom to the centre. His fucceeding ad- miniftration was not di(lino[uiflied by the aftbdion that it acquired at home, or the reputation which it fuftaiued abroad,. It was deeply ftained with domeftic blood; and rendered odious by exceflive and horrible cruelty. In 1760, the king was at- ticked by affailins, and narrowly efcaped with- his life in a folitary place near his country palace of Belem; Some of the firft families of the kingdom were hereupon ruined, tortured, and nearly cut off from the face of the earth, in confequence of an accufaiion being exhibited againft them of having confpired' againft the king's lite. But they were condenmcd without any proper evidence, and their innocence has been fince publicly and authentically declared- Froir, this fupnofed conl'piracy is dated the expulfionof the Jefuits (who were conjectured. to havebeen at the bottom of the plot) from all parts of the Portuguefe dominions. The marquis de Prmbal, who was at this time the prime minifter of Portugal, governed the kingdom for many years with a iimft unbounded authority, and which appears to have been Ibmetiuies tlirefted to the moft cruel and arbitrary purpofes. Ia 1762,. when a war broke out betv.reen Spain and' England, the Spaniaids, and their allies the French, preteuded to force his Faithful Majefty into their slliancr. and to garrifou his fca-towns .-gainft the Englifh with ths ruups. 'Ihek mg Purtug.il rejedled this propofal; and declared war againft the Spaniards, who, with- ciit TeiilhiiKe, entercul Portugal with a confiderable army, while a bodycf Frenth 662 Y. I threatened it from another quarter. Some have doubted whether any of thefe courts were in earneft upon this occafion, and whether the whole of the pretended war was not concerted to force England into a peace wirl> France and Spain, in confi- dcratiou of Portugal's apparent danger. It is certain, that both the French and Spaniards carried on the war in a very dilatory manner, and that had they been in earneft, they might have been matters of Lifbon long before the arrival of the Eng- lifh troops to the aiiiftance of the Portuguefe. Be that as it will, a few Englilh battalions put an efleftual flop, by their courage and manoeuvres, to the progrefs of the invafion. Portugal was faved, and a peace was concluded at Fontainbleau in 1763. Notwithftanding this eminent fervice per- formed by the Englifii to the Portuguefe, who had been often faved before in the like manner, the latter, ever fince that period, cannot be faid to have beheld their deliverers with a friendly eye. The moft captious diftinflions and fri\ olous pre- tences have been invented by the Portuguele minifters for cramping the Englilh trade, and depriving them of their privileges. His Portuguefe majefty having no fon, his eldeft daughter was married, by dif- pcnfaiion from the pope, to Don Pedro, her ovra unde, to prevent the crown from •falling into a foreign family. The late king died on the 24-th of February, 1777, and was lucceeded by his daughter tl« i^rcfent queen. One of the firft adls of her ma- jefty's reign was the removal from power of the marquis de Pombal, an event which excited general joy throughout the kingdom, as might naturally be expelled from the arb'trary and opprellivn; nature of his adminiftration ; though it has been alleged in his favour, that he adopted fimdry public mealiires, which were calculated to promote the real interefts of Portugal Maria-Frances-Ifabdla, 9 IC Mirandola Pope's dominions 14.348 235 '43 ROMElif%L«-4'-54. (b, Lon. 12 45. w u ( Tufifany 6640 "5 94 Florence To their \ !^»'^' 82 16 II MaOa ■5 C ^efpeftivc < [?T* 1225 1560 100 22 37 39 i& Parma Modena Piombino I Monaco ^4 12 4 Monaco- r Lucca ^ 286 28 15 Lucca. Republics < St. Marino 8 • St. Marino t Genoa 2400 160 2^ Genoa 1 To France Corfica I. 2520 ■ 9<: 38 Qaftia f Venice 8434 '75 95 Venice Totherepub- llftriaP. 1245 6 32 Capo d'Iftria \ lie of Venice ) Dalmatia P. 1400 '3f 20 Zara (.Ifle.sof Dalmatia 1364 ^Cephalonia . ^28 4c 18 Cephalonia Iflands in the \S°'"'""' ".£ Corcyra 194 3' 10 Co.fu Venetian do- J Zam, oj;j?acynthus 120 23 12 Zant minions. J ^V "^'"'■* 56 12 7 St. Maura. f Little Cephalonia >4 7 3 Ithaca olim Total- t 75.056 . SUBDIVISIONS. The King of S A R DI N I A polfeffes Piedmont, Savoy, Montserrat, the Island of Sardinia, part of the Milanese, and of Genoa. The I'ubdivifions in thcfe territories are^. O Subdivifions. ' I'iedmont Verceil MaflTeran Ivrea Atti Siifa Saluzzo Vaudois Nice Tende Aoufte Titles. Chief towns. Proper Turin, Pignerol, Carlgnan Lordlliip Verceil Principality Maffcran Marquilate Ivrea County Afti Marquifate Sufa Murquifate Saluzzo, Coni Vullics Pragclas, or Ciufon Teiriiory Nice County Tende County AoulU li m CO r J i 14 O 8 o 8ub Without a knowledge of thefe, neither the PROMONTORIES, AND STRAITS, ) apcicnt Roman authors, nor the hiftory nor geography of Italy, can be underltood. The feas of Italy are, the gulfs of Ve- nice, or the Adriatic fea ; iIkj feas of Naples, Tufcany, and Genoa ; the bays or harbours of Nice, Villa Franca, Oneglia, Final, Savona, Vado, Spezzia, Lucca, Pifa, Leghorn, Piombino, Civita Vecchia, Gacta, Naples, Salerno, Policaftro, Rhegio, Quilace, Tarento, Manfredonia, Ravenna, Venice, Triefte, Iftria, and Fiunie; Cape Spartavento del Alice, Otranto, and Ancona; and the Itrait of Mcffina, between Italy and Sicily. The gulfs and bays in the Italian iflands are thofe of Fiorenzo, Baftia, Talada, Porto Novo, Cape Corfb, Bonifacio, and Ferro, in Corfica ; and the ftrait of Bo- nifacio, between Corfica and Sardinia. The bays of Cagliari and Oriftagni ; Cape de Sardis, Cavello, Monte Santo, and Polo, in Sardinia. 1 he gulfs of Meffina, Me- lazzo, Palermo, Mazara, Syracufe, and Satania ; cape Faro, Melazzo, Orlando, Gallo, Trapano, PaHaro, and Aleffia, in Sicily ; and the bays of Porto Feraio, and Porto Longone, in the iftand of P:iba. Metals and minerals,] Many places of Italy abound in mineral fprings; fome hot, fome warm, and many of fulphureous, thalybeat, and medicinal quali- Y. 667 •ties. Many of its mountains abound in mines that produce great quantities of enic- I'ftlds, jafpcr, agate, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and other vaUiable Hones. Iron and copper-mines are found in a few places; and a mill for forging and fabricating thefe metals is eredted near livoli, in Naples. Sardinia is faid to contain nmies of gold, fdver, lead, iron, fulphur, and alum, though they arc now negledlcd ; and curious cryltals and coral are found on the coaft of Corfica. Beautiful marble oi all kinds is one of the chief produAions of Italy. Vkoktable and animal pro-) Befides the rich vegetable produdions men- DUCTioNS, BY SKA AND LAND, jtioncd undcr the article of foil, Italy produces citrons, and fuch quantities of chefnuts, cherries, plums, and other fruits, that they are of little value to the proprietors. There is little ditieieuce between the animal produftions of Italy, either by land or lea, and thofe of France and Germany already mentioned. PoHULATioN, INHABITANTS, MAN-) Authors are gicatly divided on the head NBRs, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS, j of Italian population. This may be ow- ing, in a great meafure, to the partiality which every Italian has for the honour of his own province. The number of the king of Sardinia's fubjedls in Italy is about 2,300,000. The ■ .y of Milan hfelf, by the beft accounts, contains 300,000, and the duchy is proportionably populous. As to the other provinces of Italy, geo- graphers and travellers have paid very little attention to the numbers of natives that live in the country, and inform us by conje£ture only of thofe who inhal-it the great cities. Some doubts have arilen whether Italy is as populous now as It was in .the time of Pliny, when it contained 14,000,000 of inhabitants. I am apt to be- lieve that the prefent inhabitants exceed that number. The Campagna di Roma, and fonie other of the moft beautiful parts of Italy, are at prefent in a manner de- folate; but we are to confider that the modern Italians arc in a great nieufurc free from the unremitting wars, not to mention the tranfmigration of colonies, which formerly, even down to the i6th century, depopulated their country. Add to this, that the princes and Hates of Italy now encourage agriculture and niauufadurcs of all kinds, which undoubtedly promotes population ; fo that it may not per- haps be extravagant, if we aflign to Italy 2o,ooo,coo of inhabitants ; but fomc calculations greatly exceed that number*. The Italians are generally well propor- tioned, and have fuch meaning in their looks, that they have greatly aflliled the ideas of their painters. Their women are well fhaped, and very ainoious. ITie marriage ties, efpccially of the better foit, are laid to be of very little value in Italy. Every wife has been reprefented to have her gallant or cicilbeo, with whom fixe keeps company, and fomctimes cohabits, with very little ceremony, and no of- fence on either fide. But this praftice is chiefly remarkable at Venice; and indeed the repreleutations which haAC been made of this kind by travellers, appear to have been much exaggerated. With regard to the modes of life, the bell quality of a modern Italian is fobriety, and they fubmit very patiently to the public go- vernment. With great taciturnity tiiey dilcover but little refedion. They are rather vindiftive than brave, and more fuperftitious than devout. The middling ranks are attached to their native culloms, and^feem to have no ideas of improve- ment. Their fondncfs for greens, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, contributes to their contentinent and faMsfafiicni ; and an Italian gentleman or peafant can be luxurious at a very I'mall expence. Though perhaps all Italy docs not contain many 4 0^2 • Mr. S-.vinV.urnc i.i'v.h tli^it in i77g, tlic number of inlinbicants ir. the kirgdom of NajJcs, aincunt- ed to 4,249,430, cxclulive of t)ic iiriny and n.ival e(l.il)liil;meni. 66S I k'ii m dcfcendants of ihc ancient Romans, yet the prefent inhabitants fpeak of thcnifelves as lucceliors to the conquerors of the world, and look upou the reft of mankind with contempt.' The (heh of the Italians is little different from that of the neighbouring coun- tries, and they affed a medium between the French volatility and the fblemnity of the Spaniards. The Neapolitans are commonly drelfed in black, in compliment to the Spaniards. It cauuot be denied that the Italians excel in the fine arts ; though thev make at prefent but a very inconfiderable figure in the fciences. They cuhivate and enjoy vocal mulic at a very dear rate, by emafculating their males when youi g • to w^hich their mercenary parents agree without remorfe. * The Italians, the Venetians efjiecially, have very little or no notion of the hru propriety of many cuftoms that are confidered as criminal in other countiie?. Pa- rents, rather than their fons fhould throw ihemfeUes away by unfuitable marriage, or coinraft dileafes by promifcuous amours, hire miareHes for them, for a month* or a year, or lome determined time; and concubinage, in many places of Italy is an avowed licenced trade. The Italian courtezans, or lona robas, as they are • called, make a kind of profefllon in all their cities. Malquerading and gaminff horle-races without riders, and converfations or aifemblies, are the chief diverfious oi the Italians, excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are pompous beyond all other nations. ^ A modern writer, defcribing his journey through Italy, gives us a very unfi- vourable pidure of the Italians, and their manner of living. Give what fcope you pleife to )our Ikncy, fays he, you will never imagine half the difagreeablenefs that Itahan beds, Italian cooks, and Italian naftinefs, ofler to an Englilhman. At Tu- rin, Milan, Venice, Rome, and perhaps two or three other towns, you meet with good accommodations ; but no words canexprefs the wretchednefs of the other inns. No other beds than thole of ftraw, with a matrafs of ftraw, and next to that a dirty fheet, fprinkled with water, and conlequeutly damp ; for a covering, you have an- other Iheet as coarfe as the firft, like one of our kitchen jack-towels, with a dirty coverlet. 'I'he bcditead confifts of four wooden forms or benches : an Englifh peer and peerefs mult lie in this manner, unlefs they carry an upholfterer's Ihop with them. There are, by the bye, no fuch things as curtains; and in all their inns the walls are bare, and the floor has never once been wafhcd iince it was firll laid. One of the moft indelicate cuftoms here is, that men, and not women, make the ladies beds, and would do every office of a maid fervant, if fuffered. They never fcour their pewter ; their knives are of the fame colour. In ihefe inns they make you pay largely, and feud up ten times as much as you can eat. The foupi like wa(h, with pieces of liver fwimming in it ; a plate full of brains, fried in the fhape of fritters ; a diOi of livers and gizzards ; a couple of fowls, (always killed after your arrival) boiled to rags, without any the leait kind of fauce or herbage ; another fowl, jaft killed, Hewed as they call it; then two more fowls, or a turkey roifled to rags. All over Italy, on the roads, the chickens and fowls are fo !lring)% you may divide the breaft into as many filaments as you can a halfpenny-v\orth°o'f thread. Now and then we get a little piece of mutton or veal ; and, generally fpeakiiig, it is the only eatable morfel that falls in our way. The broad all the way IS exceediiigly bad ; and the butter fo rancid, that it cannot be touched, <-r even boms withia the reach of your fmcll. But what is a greater evil to traAellers than any of the above reared, are the infinite numbers of gnats, bugs, fleas, and iice, which infed us by day and night. We beg leave to add a ftill more modern defirlption of the national chara 4erny of Agriculture, " Confidering the mildnefs of the climate, ih* uncommon fertility of the foil, the fituation of moft towns and boroughs on hills, the excel, lent fpring-water from the Alps and the Apennines, the number of mineral wait-rs andbaihs, the fpacioufnefs of .the Greets and houfcs, the delightful \icws, the fre- q^uent rcfidence of the Italians on their villas, the fragrancy and hcalthiuefs of the air, the temperate diet, the facility of getting cured of difcafcs in the hofpitals, one is inclined to think that the corporeal frame ot' an Italian, if not enervated in early youth, cannot but bo Itrong, healthy, and beautiful. The handliiuieft perfons of either fex, arc found in Tulcany. The Italians, in general, are alio endowed with good fenfc and difcernmcnt; apt to delpifo mere theoretical fpeculations, and to judge by their own feeling* and experience : but education i» rather negleiited. The chief part of their religion conlifts m an external obfervance and pradice of cc« clefiaftical rites, ceremonies, and injumftions. An Italian, not enlightened by re- tlexion and experieiice, will fooner commit adultery than eat any flefh-mcat on a Friday ; but a foreigner, who wilhes to pals for a Roman catholic, needs only to ftick to his window an atteltation, by a jAyfician, that his ftate of health requires a ttefh- meat diet; and he may, without any riOc, eat llefh-meat in lent. Such at- tellitions may be purchafed in coiTce-houfes, at Florence. The Italians arc very llnifual; exceedingly fond of mufic; little addidkd todrunkennefs and coarfe jokes ; impatient of delay in their pallion for the fair lex; jealous of the French, but fond of the national charanil I'rom the prpo, ni-.r.o i c ". ■ tiUiJ j' .x.'.y.xi ci ;.ii'.li, id '.0 rupj-i;l-i\\h;.t devoted to him, to deterininr tipon ctr- ;al 10 term the KilU'j; lit; t'.x^ tu die church. T T. 671 mother of God, and of other faints, ought to be had and rctaiDcd, aud that due bonuur and veneration ought to be given unto them. " I do likewife afhrni, that the power of indulgences waa left by Chrift to ihf church, and that the ufe of them is very benclicial 10 chiifliau people. •♦ I do acknowledge the holy, catholic, and apollolical Roniijn church to be the mother and niillrefs of all churches; and I do proniifeand fwear true obedience to the bifliop of Route, the fuccelior of St. Peter, the prince of the apoltles, and vicar of Jcfus Chrift. " I do undoubtedly receive and profefs all other things which have been deli- v«red, defiiieti, and declared by the facrt*d canons and tiicunicnical councils, and e^cially by the holy fynod of Trent. And all other things contrary thereto, and all hereues condemned, rejefted, aud auathcraatifcd by the church, I do likewife, condemn, rejedi, and anathematile." Archbishopkics.] There are thirty-eight archbifhoprica in Italy, but tht fuf- fragans annexed to them are too indctinitc and arbitrary for the reader to dvpcncl, upon, the pope creating or fupprefling them as be pleaies. Languagk.] The Italian language is remarkable for its fmoothnefs, and the facility with which it enters into niufical compofitions. '1 he ground-work of it is Latiu, and it is cafily mallered by a good cUHical febolar. Alnioft evqry ftate in, Italy has a different dialed; and the prodigious pains takeu by the literary ft)cietiea there, may at laft fix the Italian into a Itaudard language. At preleiu, tne Tufcan ftyle and writing is moft in requeit. 'I"he Lord's Prayer runs thus : Padre mjro, che fei ml ciclo, fta fmBijkaio il tuo Home; il tuo regno venga ; in tuavolunta ftajatta, Jtc wttn in delo cofi anche in terra ^ tlaai oggi il nojho pane co/itlmio; e rimettici i nojiri dehita, Jie come not ^ncora rirtiet' tiamo (C nojiri delitori ; e non inducici in ieitlatione, ma lil>eraci d In the Introdudlion, we have Tisis. ) particularifed fonie of the great Learning and learned v£N, va statuarirs, architects, and artl men which ancient Italy has produced. In modern times, that is, fince the re^ vival of learning, fome Italians have Ihone in controverfial learning, but they are chiefly celebrated by thofe of their own pcrfuafion- The mathematics and natural pnilofophy owe much to Galileo, Toricelli, Malpighi, Borelli, arid feveral other Italians. Strada is aii excellent hiftorian ; and the hiftory of the council of Tr^t, by the celebrated father Paul, is a ftandard vfpxk. Guicciardini, Bentivc glio, and Davila, have been much commended as hiftotians by their feveral ad- mirers. Machiavel is equally famous as an hiftorian, and a$ a political writer. His comedies have much merit; and the liberality of his fentimeiits, for the age in which he lived, is ainazing. Among the profe visiters in the Italian laiguage, Boccace has been thought one of the moft pure and corred in point of ftylc: he was a very natural paiutc; of life and manners, but his produdions are too licen- tious. Petrarch, who wiotc both in Latin and Italian, revived among the moderns the fpirit and genius of ancient literature: but among the Italian poets, Dante, Ariofto, and Tuifo, are the moft dilHnguiflieii. There are faid to l)e upwards of a thouiiiud comedies in the Italian language, though not many that are excel- lent: but Metaflaiio has acquired a great reputation by -writing dramatic pieces fet to mufic. Sannazaiius, Fracalloiius, Benibo, Vida, and other natives of Ital\, have diiHnguifhcd themfelves by the elegance, corrednels, and Ipiiit of their La- tin poetry, many of their compoliiions not yielding to the dafllcs themichcs. Sociiiup who was (b much difliiicuiftscd bv his oiinolition to the dotitrine of the Trinity, was a native of Italy. (S-jt T y. The Italian pHintcrs, fcdptors, architeas, and muficiam, are unrivalled not only m thejr uun.bcrs but their excellencies. The revival of learn ng.S^^ fa k of Conitantinople by the Turks, revived tafle likewife, and gave mankind a iff ^1.' '^'"k •" '""^ ^'n ^" ^"^'^^ ^•^^ <^°^"""&- Raphael, from ^L own Seas a hfied by the ancients, ftruck out anew creation with his pencil, andTu" S at the head of the painting art. Michael Angelo Buonaroti united in hi. own per Ion paiQtmg fculpture and architedure. The colouring of Titian has Sm «ever yet been equalled. Bramante, Bernini, and m^y other Italian 3d S±" v'""^ archueaure to an amazing height. Julio Romano, Correyo, CV xaccio. Veroneie, andothers, are, as painters, unequllled in their feveral Sne^ Hie fame may be faid of Corelli, and other Italics, in mufic At prefem Ita^t cannot jullly boaft of any paramount genius in ibc fin^ arts ^ UKiv*jRsiTiEs.]Thofc of Italy are, Rome, Venice, Florence, Mantua Padua. Parnja^ Verona, Malan, Pa^ia, Bologna, Fmara. Pifa% Naples, Skrilotd ANTiqtJiTiEs AKD cuKiosixrEs, 7 Italy IS tlie native comitiy of all that is nati;r AL AND ARTIFICIAL, f ftupcndous, great, or beaut&l, either in an cient or modern times. A library might be filled by defcriptioTand idbeatioS of all that IS rare and curious in the arts ; ix,r do the bounds of this work adn iTof cidai^ing upon thi. fubjea We can give but a very brief .account of thofeob- >'as that arc moft diftmgmfhed either for antiquity <.r excellence Ihe amphitheatres claim the fixlt rank, as a fpecics cxf the moft ftrikins macmi ficence: there are at Ron>e confiderable remains of that whicT wasTeaS^^^ Vefpaiian, and finnhed by Domitian, called the Coliffeo. Twelve thoufand kwil captn^s w^re emploj-ed by Vefpafian i« this building; and it is faid to have beea caj^abk o contammg eighty-feven thouiand Ipeaators feated, and twaS t£ fand ftand.og. Ihe arclnteaure of this amphitheatre is perfeaiy lighT Ld iu |.roport.ous are fo jufl, that it does not appear near fo large a^Lefllv is Bm « has been Ikippcd of all its magmticeiit pil'ai.s and omamen t^ at vario^ -times, and by various enemies. The Goth., ard other barbarians? began Tde ruaion, a«d popes and cardinals have endeavoured to complete its Sn. Car- dinal Farnefe, m particular, aobbed it of fome fine remaine of its marble comics Inezes &c. and, with infinite pains and labour, got away w^hat w^s wakSe of the outfide cahng of marble, which he employed' in buifdiT^g Ihe £t of F^^^^^ ncfe. The amphitheatre of Yemm, er^aed by the conful llaminins is thnuah; to be the motl entire of a.iy in Italy. There ai^e forty-five ots™^^^ .ound, formed of fine blocks of marble about a fo^t and a haH" S each and Mlx)ve two feet broad. Twenty-two thoufand jx^rfons may be feated here af' the" r Srfea .ndT T^? T^ ' half for, each perfon. This amphitheatre i^ quite mhabitants Ihev frequently give public fpeaades in it, fuch as horfe-races l^mJl r^"^ l^'^^' ^t ''-^' ?'f ''^ '^''''^ «»d amphitheatres are af?o »nH ro i -"■ f^""n ^^ "'n-?^&^ ^^'^''^ «f Vdpafian, Septimius Severtis! and Conf antine the Great, are ftiU fl^nding, though decayed. The ruins of the bathH, pa aces, and temples anfwer all the ideas we' can foLi of the Roman grn! dear. Ihe Pantheon, which is at prcfent converted into a modern churcli, and which from us circular hgureis commonly called the Rotunda, is more entire than any other Roman temple which is now remaininir. There are Hill left feveral of tic niches w.uch anciently contained the ftatues of the Heathen deitiea. Ihe nut. • rJfahatL46P«3feiror» Y. 673 fide of the building is of Tivoli free-ftone, and within it is incruAed with marble. The roof of the Pantheon is a round dome, without pillars, the diameter of which is a hundred and forty-four feet ; and though it has no windows, but only a round aperture in the centre of this dome, it is very light in every part. The pavement confifts of large fquare ftones and porphyry, floping round towards the centre, where the rain water, falling down through Che aperture on the top of the dome, is convej^ed away by a proper drain covered with a Hone full of holes. The colon- nade in the front, whidi confifts of fixteen columns of granite, thirty-fevcn feet high, exclulive of the pedeflals and capitals, each cut out of afinglc block, and which are of the Cc^rinthian order, can hardly be viewed without aftonilhment. The en- trance of the church is adorned with columns forty-eight feet high, and the architrave is formed of a fingle piece of granite. On the left hand, on entering tlie portico, is a large anti(jue vafe of Numidian marble; and in the area before the church is a fountain, with an antique bafon of porphyry. The pillars of Trajan and An- tonine, the former 175 feet high, and the latter covered with inftruaive fculptures, are ftill remaining. A traveller forgets the devaftations of the northern barbarians, when he fees the roftrated column erefted by Duillius, in commemoration of the firft naval viftory the Romans gained over the Carthaginians ; the ftatue of the wolf giving fuck to Romulus and Remus, with vifible marks of the ftroke of lights ning, mentioned by Cicero ; the very original brafs plates containing the laws of the twelve tables; and a thoufand other identical antiquities, fome of them tranfmirted Vmhurt to the prefent times; not to mention medals and the infinite variety of leals and engraved Hones which abound in the cabinets of the curious. Many palaces, all oyer Italy, are furnilhed with bufts andftatues fabricated in the times of the re- public and the higher empire. The Appian,^ Flaminian, and /Emilian roads, the firft 200 miles, the fecondi 130, and the third 50 miles in length, are in many places ftill entire; and magni- ficent ruins of villas, refervoirs, bridges, and th? like, prefent themfelves all over the country of Italy, The fubterraneous conftiu£iion are not Co numerous as its -artificial. Mount Veluvius, which is five Italian miles dillant fiom the city of Naples, and Mount JEim, in Sicily, are remarkable for emitting fire from their tops. The declivity of . [ount Veluvius towards the lea, is every where planted with vines and fruit-trees, and it is equally fertile towards the bottom. Ihe cir- cumjacent plain atfords a delightful profpedt, and the air is clear and wholefonie. The South and Weft fides of the niountain form very diflereut views, being, like the top, covered with black cinders and ftones. The height of IV'iount Veluvius has been computed to be 3900 feet above the furface of the iea. It hath been a vol- cano, beyond the reach of hiftory or tradition. An animated defcription of its ravages in the year 79, is given by the younger Pliny, who was a witnefs to what he wrote. From that time to the year 1631, its eruptions were but fmall and moderate, how- ever then it broke out with accumulated fury and defolated miles around. In 1694, was a great eruption, which continued near a month, when burning matter was thrown out with fo much force, that fome of it fell at thirty miles diltance, and a ■ vaft quantity of melted minerals, mixed with other matter, ran. down like a liver for three nnles, carrying e\ery thing before it which lay in its way. In 1707, when there was another eruption, fuch quantities of cinders and alhes were trvown out, that it was dark at Naples at noon-day. In 1767, a violent eruption happened, which is reckoned to be the '27th from that which deftroyed Herculaneum in the time of Titus. In this laft eruption the afhes, or rather fmall cinders, fiiowered down fo faft at Naples, that the people in the ftreets were obliged to ule umbrel- las, or adopt fome other expedient, to guard themfelves againft thcni. The tops of the houles, and the balconies, were covered with thefe cinders, and ftilps at fea, twenty leagues from Naples, were covered with them, to the great aftonifhment of the failors. An eruption happened alfo in 1766, and another in 1779, which ha« been particularly defcribed by Sir William Hamilton, in the Philolbphical Tranf- a£lions. It has been obferved by a modern traveller, that though Mount Veluvius of- ten fills the neighbouiing country with terror, yet as few thing in nature are fo ab- folulely noxious as not to prod-ice fome good; even this raging volcano, by its ful- phureous and nitrous manure, and the heat of its fubterraneous fires, contributes not a little to the uncommon fertility of the country about it, and to the profufioH of fruits and herbage with which it is every where covered, Befides, it is fiip- pofed that open and adlive, the niount is lefs hoftile to Naples, that it would be, if its eruptions were to ceafe, and its ftruggles confined to its own-bowel-, for then might enfue the mofi fatal ihocks to the uniUble foundation of ilie whole diftrid of Terra di Lavora*. Mount ALtna is io,9.')4 feet in height, anrd has been computed to be 6c n;ilcs in circumference. It ftands feparate IVoni all other n'ountains, its figure is circu- lar, and it terminates in a cone. The lower parts of it are very fruitful vi corn and fugar-caucs; the middle abounds with woods, oli\e.trces, and vines; and 4 R 2 • Sir William Hamilton, in his account of the earthquakes in Calabria Utira, and Sicily, from February 5th, to May 1783, gives feveral reafoiis for believing that they wcic occil'.oncd by the ope- ration of a volcano, the fe^it of which lay deep cither under ihe bottom of the fea, between Strom- boli, and the coall of Calabria, or under the parts of the plain towards Oppido and Terra Nuova. He plainly obferved a gradation in the damage done to the buildings, as «lfo in the degree of mortali- ty, in propoitiou as the countries were more or lefs dillant from this fuppoftd centre of the evil. One clicuiildante he poh uiariy rimaiked ; ii two towns were fituatcd at an ei|u.ii diiiancc from this cfu- tre, the one on a hill, the other on the plain, or in a bottom, the latrer h;id always fiiffered greatly more by the fliocks of the carthtpiakes than the former j a fufTicicnt proof to hiu) of tlie caui'c comiiiiif fioBi beneath, as this mull naturallj ji4ve bwu pr«du(.'l-iYe of fuch.aa cffefl. €-]6 I Y. the upper part 15 almoft the whole year covered with fnow. Its fiery eruptions nave always rendered u famous: in one of thefe, which happened iu 1660, four- teen towns and villages were deftroyed, and there have been feveral terrible cnip- tions fmce that tune. There is generally an earthquake before any great eruption, m 1693, thepurt-towu of Catania was overturned, and 18,000 people perilhed Between the lakes Agnano and Pozzuoli, there is a valley called Solfatara, becaufe vait quantities of lulphur are continually forced out of the clifts by fubterraueau hres. I he grotto del Cane is remarkable for its poilbnous fteams, and is fo called from their killing dogs that enter it, if forced to remain there. Scorpions, vipers and lerpents, are faid to be common in Apulia. r > t y Among the natural curiofities of Italy, thofe vaft bodies of fnow and ice which are called the Glaciers of Savoy, deferve to be particularly mentioned. I'here arc fave glaciers, which extend almoft to the plain of the vale of Chomouny. and are leparaicM by wild forefts, corn-fields, and rich meadows; fo that imnienfe trafts of ice are blended with the higheft cultivation, and perpetually fucceed to each other lu themoft fingularand Itriking viciffitude. All thefe feveral vail ies of ice. which le chieHy in the hollows of the mountains, and are fome leagues in length, unite together at the foot of Mont Blanc; the higheft mountain in Europe, and probably ot the ancient world. According to the calculations of Mr. de Luc, the height of this mountain above the level of the fea, is 239i« French toifes, or 15,303 £ne^ I *f' I " '.*"' ^on^ »°ced,'> fays Mr. Coxe, " from the fituation of Mont Blanc troni the heights of the mountains around it, from its fuperior elevation above them' and Its being leen at a great diftance from all fides, that it is higher than any nioun* tarn in Switzerland: which, beyond a doubt, is, next to Mont Blanc, the hiaheft ground m Europe. "'B""i States o. Italy, constitu-7 Thus far, of Italy in general; but as the TioN AND CHIEF CITIES, f Italian ttates are not, like the republics of Hol- land, or Switzerland, or the empire of Germany, cemented by a political confe- deracy, to which every member is accountable, for every Italian ftatc has diftinft forms of government, trade, and interefts, I (hall be obliged to take a feparatc view of each, to aflift the reader in forming an idea of the whok. The duke of SAVOY or. as he is now ftyled, king of SARDINIA, taking his royal title rom that ifland. is a powerful priice in Italy, of which he is called tnc Janus, or keeper agamft the French. His capital, Turin, is ftrongly fortified and one of the hneft cities m Europe; bur the country of Savoy is mountainous and barren, and Its natives are forced to feck their bread all over the world. Thexf are efteemed a fimple but very honeft people. The king is fo abfolute, that hil revenues confift of what he pleafes to raife upon his fubjeds. His ordinary in! come befides his own family provinces, cannot be lefs than 5oo,ocol. fterliiiij, out of which he niaintains 15,000 men in time of peace. During a war, when affifted by foreign fubfidies he can bring to the field 40,000 men. 1 he aggrandizemm of his prefent Sardinian majefty is chiefly owing to England, to whom, by his fi. in Euro e^ "^'^ ^ ^ "^'"'"^ '"^' ^""^ ^^^ prefervation of the balance of power The MILANESE, belonging to the houfe of Auftria. is a moft formidable ftatc and formerly gave law to all Italy, when under the government of its own dukes.' Ihe fertility and beauty of the country are almoft incredible. Milan, the capital and "s cuadel, is very ftrong and furniftied with a magnilicent cathedral in the Go- thic talte, which contains a very rich trealbrv. confiftino- ch\^ti.r ,^^ ^/^HefwOJ-l iurnuure. compofed of gold, lilver, and precious "ftonel "The' revenue of 'the duchy la above 300,0001. annually, which is fuppofed to maintain an army of I Y. Cm 30,000 men. The natives are fond of literary and political affeniblies, where they converfe alnioft on all fubjeds, With all its "natural and acquired advantages, the natives of Milan make but few exports ; fo that its revenue, unlefs the court of \ i- ^nna fhould purfue fonie other lyfteni of improvement, cannot be much bettered. I'he duchy of Mantua, being now incorporated with it, the province is to take the name of Auftrian Lombardy. The republic of GENOA is vaftly degenerated from its ancient power and opn« lence, though the fpirit of trade ftill continues among its nobility and citizens. Genoa is a moft fuperb city, and contains Tome very magnificent palaces, particu- larly thofe of Dvru% and Durazzo. The inhabitants of diltinaion drefs in black, in a plain, if not an uncouth manner, perhaps to fave expcnces. Iheir chief ma- nufaftures are velvets, damaflcs, gold and filver tiifucs, aiad paper. The city of Genoa contains about 150,000 inhabitants (but fome writers greatly diminifh that number), among whom are many rich trading individuals. Its maritime power is dwindled down to fix gallies. The chief I'afety of this republic confifts in the jealoufv of other European powers, becaufc to any one of them it would be a moft valuable acquifition. Ihe common people are wretched beyond expreifion, as is the foil of its territory. Near the fea fome parts are tolerably' well cultivated. The government of Genoa is ariftocratical, being veiled in the nobility : the f hief per- Ion is called the Doge, or Duke ; to which dignity no perfon is promoted till he is fifty years of age. Every two years a new doge is chofen, and the former is in- capable during five years of holdmg the lame poll: again. The doge gives audience to ambaffadors, all orders of government arc iffued in his name, and he is allowed a body-guard of two hundred Germans. VENICE is one of the moft celebrated republics in the world, on account loth of its conftitutibu and former power. It is compofed of feveral fine provinces on the continent of Italy, fome iilands in the Adriatic, and part of Dalmatia. The tity of Venice is fcated on 72 iilands at the bottom of the north end of the Adri- atic fea, and is feparated, from the continent by a marfliy lake of five Italian miles in breadth, too Ihallow for large ftiips to navigate, which forms its priniipal ftrengtb. Venice preferves the vcftiges of its ancient magnificence, but is in every refpea degenerated, except in the paflion which its inhabitants ftill retain for mu- iic and mummery during their carnivals. Ihey feem to have loft their ancient tafte for painting and architefture, and to be returnmg to Gothicifm. They have had however lately fome fpirited differences with the court of Rome, and leem to be difpofed to throw off their obedience to its head. As to the conftitution of the republic, it was originally democratical, the magiftrates being chofen by a general aflembly of the people, and fo continued for one hundred and fifty years ; but va- rious changes afterwards took place ; doges, or dukes, were appointed, who were invcfted vNrith great power, which they often grofsly abufed, and fome of them were affaffinated b^ the people. By degrees a body of hereditary legiflative nobility was formed, continued, and progreffive encroachments were made on the rights of the people, and a complete ariftocracy was at length cftabliflied upon the ruins of the ancient popular government. The nobility are divided into fix clafles, amounting in the whole ta 2500, each of whom, when twenty-five years of age, has a right to be a member of the grand council. Thefe elcrt a doge or chief magiftrate, in a pe- culiar manner by ballot, which is managed by gold and filver balls. The doge is • Andrew Doili, ihc head of this family, famous for his military exploits, and the deliverer of Genoa, w.s bnrn in the lenitory of Genoa, in the year 1468 : he was offered the fovereignty of th» flate, but refiifcd it. and gave to the people that reputilican form of govercmeBt vihkh Ml fubfiftt : h« lived to the Age of t>j, the refuge and fntnd of the unfortunat*. *■ •o^s Y. T iavclled \vith great (late, and with emblems of fupreme authority, but has vw» litilo power, and is not permitted to 11 ir from the city without the pcrmillion o{ the grand eomicil. The government and laws are managed by ditl'ercnt councils of the nobles. The college, oihcrwife called the feiguiory, is the fupreme cabinet council of the Hate, and alio t c reprefentative of the republic. This court gives audience, and tlelixcrs, anfwcr^, in the name of the repuolic, to foreign aiubalfadors, to the de- -putics of towns and provinces, and to the generals of the army. It alio receives all iciiueHs and nicnioiials on Hate aflairs, fununons the fenate at pleafure, and arranges the bufincfs to be difeulfed in that affembly. The council 'of ten takes cognizance oi' ftatc crimes, .and has the power of feiaing accufcd perfons, <:xamining them in jirllbn, and taking their anfwers in writing, with the«evideuce againft then). But the tribunal of Itate inquifitors, which conlifts only of three • ' "rv, and which is iu the highcft degree defpotic -in its manner of proceeding, . x)wer of de- ciding without appeal, on the lives of every citizen belonging tc . Venetian Hate; the higheft of the nobility, even the doge himieUi not being excepted. To chefc three inqnilitors is given the right of employing fpies, conlideriug fecret iutelli* .gence, ilfuing orders to feize all perfons whole words w aiiion they think reprehcn- liHe, and afterward}? trying them, and orderii^ them to be executed, when they •think pr(»per. They have keys to every apartment of the ducal palace, and can, •whenever they pleal'e, penetrate into the very bed-chamber of the doge, open his x'abinet, and examine his papers ; and of courfe, they may command accels to the houl'e of every individual iu the ltat«. I'hey continue in olHce -only one year, but are not rcfponlible afterwards for their eouduc'l whilU they were in authorit)-. So jnuch dillruft and jealoufy are difplayed by this government, that the noble Ve- aietians are afraid of luving any iuiercourfe with foreign ambafladors, or with fo- reigners of any kind, and are even cautious of viliting at each other's houles. All the orders of Venetian nobility are drelfed in black gowns, large wigs, and caps which they hold in their hands. The ceremony x)f tlie doges marrying the Adriatic once a year, by dropping into it a ring, from his buceutaur or llate-barge, attended by thole t)f all the nobility, is the molt fuperb exhibition in Venice, but aiot comparable for magnificence to a lord mayor's Ihew. The inhabitants of Ve- nice are laid to amount to 200,000. The grandeur and convenience of the city, j)articularly the public palaces, the treafury, and the arfenal, are beyoking-glalfes, all which bring in a conlider- able revenue to the owners; that of the Hate annuaHy is faid to amount to H,ooc,ooo of Italian ducats, each valued at twenty pence of our money. Out of this ai-e de- frayed the expeuces of the Itate and the pay of the army, which in the time of })cace conlifts of 16,000 regular troops (alway.'? commaiuied by a foreign general), and 10,000 militia. They keep up a fmall lieet for curbing the iiilblencies of the pi- ratical ftates of Barbary, and they have among them ibme orders of knighthood, the chief of which arc thofc of the Sfo/a duro, In called from the I'obe tlxy wear, Avhich is conferred only on the iirft quality, and the military «rder of St Ma-ik, of whieh in the proper place. In eeclifiaftiral matters the Venetians ha\'C two patriarchs; the Jiithoiiry of one reaches o\cv all the provinces, but neither f)f them have much jjower ; and both of them arc chofen by the fenate: and all religi^jus lefts, even the IVahoihetan and Pagan, cxceptir.g pro:cftants, are here tolerated in the free excrcile of their rc- Ji^ion. L Y. 67<> The Venetians are a lively, ingenious people, extravagantly fond of pijblic tmufcments, with an uucommon relifh for humour. They arc in general tall and well made ; and many fine manly countenances arc met with in the flreets of Ve- nice, refenibling tliofe tranfmitted to us by the pencils of Paul Veroncfo and 'Jiiian. The women are of a fine ftyle of countenance, with expreiiive features, and arc of an eafy addrefs. ^ 'Ihe coninion people are remarkably fober, obliging to ftrangers, and genfle in their intercouric with each other. As it is very much the cuftoni to go about in niaflcs at Venice, and great liberties arc taken during the time of ilic carnival, an idea has prevailed, that there is much more liccntiouiiiefs oi' manners here than in other places; but this opinion feems to have been carried too far. Cicat numbers of ftrangers vifit Venice during the time of the carnival, and there are eight orninc theatres here, including the opera-houfcs. The dominions of Venice confift of a confiderablc part of Dalmatia, of four towns in Greece, and of tlic iJlands of Coifu, Pachlu, Antipachl'u, Santa Maura, Curzolari, Val di Compare, Cephalouia, and Zante. The Venetian territories in Italy contain tbf? duchy of Venice, the Paduanefe, the pcninfula of Romo, Cremafco, and the Marca Trevigiana, with part ©f the country of Friuli. The fubjedls of the Venetian republic are not opprefled : the fenate has found that mild treatment, and good ufage, are the bell policy, and mote efieftual than armies, in preventing revolts. The principal city of TUSCANY is Florence, which is now poffefled by a younger branc noufe of Medi ch|^the(toufc of Auftria, after being long held by the illnftrioua il^PWio niader their capital the cabinet of all that is valuable, rich,, and mafterly in architedlure, literature, and the arts, efpccially thofc of painting and fculpture. It is thought to contain above 70,000 inhabitants. Ihe lx;autie» and riches of the grand duke's palates have been often dcftribcd ; but all defcrip- tion falls rtiort of their contents, fo that in every refpcdt it is reckoned, after Rome, the fccond city in Italy, 1 he celebrated Venus of Medici, which, take it all in all, is thought to be the ftandard of tafte in female beauty and proportion, flanda in a room called the Tribunal. The iufcription on its bafc mentions its being made by Cleomenes an Athenian, the fon of Apollodorus. . It is of white marble, and Airrounded by other mafter-pieces of fculpture, fome of which arc laid to be the works of Praxiteles, and other Greek mafters. Every corner of this beautiful city, which ftands between mountains covered with olive-trees, vineyards, and delightful \illas, and divided by the Arno, is full of wonders in the arts of painting, ftatuary, and architedlure. It is a place of ff)me ftrength, and contains an archbiihop's fee, and an univerfity.. The inhabitants boaft of the improvements they have made in the Italian tongue, by means of their Academia delia Crulca ; and feveral other aca- demies arc now eflabliflicd at Florence, 'i'hough the Florentines aflcft great ftate,, yet their nobility and gentry drive a retail trade in wine, which they fell from their cellar-windows, anil fometimes they even hang out a broken tlaik, as a (ign where it may be bought. They deal, bcfides wine and fnjits, in gold and filver ftufls. Since the acccllion of the archduke Peter Leopold, brother to the prcfent emperor,, to this duchy, a great reformation has been introduced, both into the government and mannfaiitures, to the great benefit of the finances. It is thought that the great duchy of Tufcany could bring to the field, upon occafion, 30,000 fight- ing men, and that its prcfent revenues are above 500,000!. a year. The other principal towns of Tufcany arc V'lh, Leghorn, and Sienna ; the firft and laft arc much decaj-ed ; but Leghorn is a very handliune city, built in the modern taflc and wuh ftich remdaritv, that both fates are iccn from the market- nlacc^ It i? well fortified, having two forts towards the fea, befides the citadel. The ramparts^ aflbr.d a very agreeable profped of the fea, and of many -villas on the land fide;. N \ 6^9 Y. Here all nations, and even i'm Mahometans, have free acccfs, and may fettle.' 'I'he number of inhabitants is comixitcd at 40,000, among whooi arc faid to be 20,000 Jews, who live in a particular quarter of the city, have a haudi'ome fyna- gogue, aud though fubjedl to very lieavy injpofts, are m a thriving condition, the grcateft part of the commerce of this city going through their hands. The inhabiunts of LUCCA, which is a fmall free commonwealth, lying on the Tufcan fca, in a moft delightful plain, are the mod induftrious of all the Italians. They have improved their country into a beautiful garden, fo that though they do not exceed 120,000, their annual revenue amounts to 8o,oool. fterling. Their ca- pital is Lucca, which contains about 40,000 inhabitants, who deal in mercery goods, wines, and fruits, clpecially olives. This republic is imder the protedlion of the emperor. The vicinity of the grand duchy of Tufcany keeps the people of Luc- ca conllantly on their guard, in order to preferve their freedom ; for in fuch a fi- tuAtion, an uHiverf'al concord and harmony can alone enable them to tranfmit to pof- terity the blelfmgs of their darling Liberty, whofe name they bear on their arms, and whofe image is not only imprelfed on their coin, but alfo on the city gates, and all their public buildings- It is alfo obfervabk, that the inhabitants of this lit- tle republic, being in poflieflion of freedom, appear with an air of cheerful- nefs and plenty, feldom to be found among thofe of the neighbouring countries. The republic of St. MARINO is liere mentioned as a geographical curiofity. It« territories confift of a high, craggy mountain, with a few eminences at the bot- tom, aud the inhabitants boaft of having preferved their liberties, as a republic, for 1300 years. It is under the protedlion of the pope; and the inoffenfiive manners of the inhabitants, who are not above 5000 in all, with the fmall value of their tcr« ritory, have pi-eferved its conftitution- The duchy and city of PARMA, together with the duchiei of Placentia and Gua- ilalla, now form one of the moft flouriftiing ftates in Italy of its extent. The foils of Parma and Placentia, are/ertile, and produce the richeft fruits and paftu- ragcs, and contain confiderable manufactures of filk. It is the feat of a bifhop's fee, and an univerfity ; and fome of its magnificent churches are painted by the famous •Correggio. The prelient duke of Parma is a prince of the houfe of Bourbon, and fou to the late Don Philip, the king of Spain's younger brother. This country was, fome years paft, the feat of a bloody war between the Auftrians, Spaniards iid Ne- apolitans. The cities of Parma and Placentia are enriched with magnificei, ''1- ing5 ; but his catholic majefty, oji his acceliion to the throne of Naples, is 1. , have carried with him thither the moft remarkable pidiures and moveable cuno ties. The duke's court is thought to be the politeft of any in Italy, and it is faiu that his revenues exceed ioo,oocl. fterling a year, a fum rather exaggerated. Ihc city of Parma is fuppofed to contain 50,000 inhabitants- MANTUA, formerly a rich duchy, bringing to its own dukes 500,000 crowns a year, is now much decayed. The goveriunent of it is annexed to that of the Milaneiie, in [xiifeflion of the houfe of Auflria. The capital is one of the ftrongeft fortreffes in Europe, and contains about 16,000 inhabitants, who boaU that Virgil was a native of their country. By an order of the emperor in 17S5, this duchy is incorporated with that of Milan into one province, and is now to be called Auftriau Lombardy. The duchy of MODENA (formerly Mutina) is flill governed by its own duke, the head oi the houfe of Efte, fiom whom the family of Brunfwic defcended. The duke is abfulute within his own dominions, which are fruitful. The duke is uiider the prQtediion of the houfe of Auftria, and is a vaifal of the empire. His dominions are far from beiug flouriftiing, though very iinproveable, they having hcen aheruately wafted by the late belligerent powers in Italy. V. <58i Tlie ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, wliich contains Rome, formerly tlie cele- brated capital ot the world, lies about the middle of Italy. Thofe fpots, vhich Mnder tlic niancrs ot the world were formed into fo many terrcftrial paradifes lurroundm^ their magnificent villas, and enriched with all the luxuries that art and nature could produce, arc now converted into noxious pedilential marfhes and quag- inires ; and the Campagna di Roma, that ibrmerly contained a million of inhabi- tants would aflord at prefent of itfelf, but a miferable fubfiftencc to about five hun- dred. Notwithllanding this, the pope is a confiderablc temporal prince, and fome luppole that his annual revenue amounts to above a million llerline, other au- thors calculate them to be much higher. When we fpealc comparatively, the liim of a million fterhng is too high a revenue to arife from his territorial noffef. fions; his accidental income, which formerly far exceeded that fum, is now di- niimftiedbythelupprelhonof the order of the Jefuits, from whom he drew vaft lupplies, and the mcalure? taken by the catholic powers, for preventing the tircat ec clehaftical ilfues of money to Rome. According to the beft and lateft accounts the taxes upon the provifions and lodgings,' furnilhed to foreigners, who fpend im' menlelums in vifitmghis dominions, form now the greateft part of his accidental revenues. From what has happened, within thefe thirty years paft, there is reafon to believe that the pope's territories will be reduced to the limits which the houfes of Auftna and Bourbon fliall pleafe to prefcribe. Some late popes have aimed at the improvement of their territories, but their labours have had no great effea 1 he difcouragement of induftry and agricuhure feems to be inter^voveu in the confliiu- tion of the papal government, which is vefted in proud, lazy ecclefiallicy Their mdolence, and the fanaticifm of their worihip, infed their inieriors, who prefcv begging, and impofmg upon ftrangers, to induflry and agriculture, efpecially as they muft hold their properties by the precarious tenure of the will of their fupe- riots. Inftiort the inhabitants of many parts of the ecdefiailical ftale muft perilh through their Iloth, did not the fertility of their foil fpontaneouily afford them lubiiltence. However, n may be proper to make one general remark on Italv which IS, Lhat the poverty and floth of the lower ranks do not take their rife from their natural diipofitions. IJis obfervation is not confined to the papal dominions. The Italian prince* afledled to be the patrons of all the curious and coftly arts, and each vied wath the other to make his court the repohtory of tafte and magnificence. This paffion dif- abled theni from laying out money upon works of public utility, or from encou- raging the induftry, or relieving the wants of their fubjeas ; and its miferable effe^s arc leen m many parts of Italy. The fplendour and flirniture of churches in the papal dominions are inexpreflible, and p&vlly account for the mifeiy of the fubjefls But this cenkire admits of exceptions, even in a manner at the gates of Rone Modern Rome contains, within its circuit, a vaft number of gardens and vine- yards. I have already touched upon its curioliiies and antiquities. It ftands upon the Tjber, an inconfidcratle river when compared to the Thames, and navigated by fmall boats barges, and lighters. The caftle of St. Angelo, though its chief fortrels, would be found to be a place of fmall ftrength, were it regularly tefieued The city ftandmg upon the rums of ancient Rome lies much higher, fo that it i» difficult to diftmguifti the levcn hills on which it was originally built. \\ hen we ' confider Rome as u now ftar.ds, there is the ftrongeft realbn to believe that it cV cecds ancient Poire itfelf in the n.agnifitence of its ftiuaures; nothino- in the old . r/'-/.^ city, when miftrtfs of the world, could come in competition wih St- iV-cV Vr,r^ . ^ ^ church; and perhaps many otl.er churches in Rome exceed in beauty of arcLitec ;^«^/?'^^w" 682 Y. ture, and value of materials, utenfils, and furniture, her ancient temples ; though it niuft be acknowIedgcH that the Pantheon muft have been an amazing ftrufturc. The inhabitants of Rome, in 17 14, amounted to 143,000. If we coufider that the fpirit of travelling is much increafed fincc that time, we cannot realbnably fuppofe them to be diminilhedat.prcfent. There is nothing veiy particular in the pope's temporal government at Rome. Like other princes, he has his guards, or Ibirri, who take care of the peace of the city, under proper magiftrates, both ecclcfiaftical and civil. The Campagna di Roma, which contains Rome, is under the mfpedion of his holinefs. In the other Ijrov iuces he governs by legates and vice legates. He monopolifes all the corn in lis territories, and has always a fufficient number of troops on foot, under proper officers, to keep the provinces in awe. Pope Clement XIV. wifely diiclaimed all intention of oppofing any arms to the neighbouring princes, but thofe of prayers and liipplicatious. I have under the head of religion mentioned the ecclefiaftical government of the papacy. As to the rota, and other fubordinate chambers of this^ complicated juriiV didion, they are too numerous to be even named, and do not fall properly under my plan. Under a government fo eonftituted, it cannot be fappofed that the commer- cial exports of the ecclefiaftical ftate are of much value. Next to Rome, Bologna, the capital of the Bdognefe, is the nioft conliderable city in the eccleliafttcal ftate, and an exception to the indolence of its other inhar bitants. The government is under a legate a latere, who is always a cardinal, and changed every three years. The people here live more fociably and comfortably than the other fubjeds of the pope j and perhaps their diftance from Rome, which is 195 miles north-weft, has contributed to their eafe. The reft of the ecclefiaftical ftate contains many towns celebrated in ancient hiftory, and even now exhibiting the nioft ftriking veftiges of their flouriftiing ftate about the beginning of the i6th cen- tury; but they are at prefent little better than defolate, though here and there a luxurious magnificent church and convent may be found, which is fupported by the toil and fweat of the neighbouring peafants. The grandeur of Ferrara, Ravenna, Rimini, Urbino (the native city of the celebrated painter Raphael), An con a, and many other ftates and cities, illuf- trious in former times, are now to be feen only in their ruins and ancient hiftory. LoRKTTO, on the other hand, an obfcure fpot never thought or heard of in times of antiquity, is now the admiration of the world, for the riches it contains, and the prodigious refort to it of pilgrims, and other devotees, from a notion induftri- oufly propagated by the Romilh clergy, that the houfe in which the Virgin Mary is faid to have dwelt at Nazareth, was carried thither through the air hy angels, at- tended with many other miraculous circumftances, fuch as that all the trees, on the arrival of the facred nunfioo, bowed with the profoundeft reverence; and great care is taken to prevent any bits of the materials of this houfe from being carried to other places, and expofed as relics to the prejudice of Loretto. The image of the Virgin Mary, and of the divine infant, are of cedar, placed in a fmall apartment, feparated from the others by a filver balluftrade, which has a gate of the fame metal. It is impoflible to defcrilie the gold chains, the rings and jewels, emeralds, pearls, and rubies, wherewith this image is or was loaded; and the angels of folid gold, who are here placed on every fide, are equally enriched with the moft precious dia- monds. To the fuperftition of Roman catholic princes, Loretto is indebted for this mafs of treafure. It has been matter of furprife, that no attempt has yet been Ac \w thf Ttirks or Barbara ft nt#>s unnn LoiCttO-. efneciallv as it is badlv fortified. - . J . - .J Y. 69s and ftands near the fea; but it is now generally fuppofed, that the real treafure is withdrawn, and metals and ftoncs of lefs value lubrtituted in its place. I'h'e king of NAPLES and SICILY, or, as he is more properly called, the King of the Two Sicilies (the name of Sicily being conmion to both), is poffeflcd of the largeft dominions of any prince in Italy, as they comprehend the ancient countries of Samnium, Campania, Apulia, Magna Gracia, and the illand of Sicily, containing in all about 32,000 fquare miles. They are bounded pn all fides by the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, except on the north-eaft, where Naples terminates on the ecclefiaftical ftate. The Appennine runs through it from North to South, and its furface is eftimated at 3,500 fquare leagues. The air is hot, and its foil fruitfiil of every thing produced in Italy. The wines called Vino Greco, and La- chrymac Chrifti, are excellent. The city of Naples, its capital, which is extremely fuperb, and adorned with all the profiihon of art and riches, and its neighbourhood, would be one of the moft delightful places in Europe to live in, were it not for their vicinity to the volcano of Vefuvius, which fometimes threatens the city withde- llrudlion, and the foil being peftered with infefts and reptiles, fome of which are venomous. The houfes in Naples are inadequate to the population, but in gene- ral, are five or fix ftories in height, and flat at the top; on which are placed num- bers of flower vafes, or fruit-trees, in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agreeable effeft. Some of the ftreets are very handfome : no ftreet in Rome equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; and ftill lefs can any of them be com- pared" with thofe beautiful ftreets that lie open to the bay. The richeft and moft commodious convents in Europe, both for male and female votaries, are in this city; the moft fertile and beautiful hills of the environs are covered with them; and a fmall part of their revenue is fpent in feeding the poor, the monks diflribut- ing bread and foup to a certain number every day before the doors of the convents. Though above two-thirds of the property of the kingdom are in the hands of the ecclefiaftics, the proteftants live here with great freedom; and though his Neapo- litan majefty prefents to his holinefs every year a palfi«y, as an acknowledgment that his kingdom is a fief of the pontificate, yet no inquifition is eftablifhed in Naples. The prefent revenues of that king amount to above 750,0001. fterliug a year ; but it is more than probable that, by the new eftabliftied police purfued by the princes of the houfe of Bourbon, of abridging the influence and revenues of the clergjr, his Neapolitan majefty's annual income will confiderably exceed a mil. lion fterhng. The exports of the kingdom are legumes, hemp, anifeeds, wool, oil, Wiiie, cheefe, fifh, honey, wax, manna, faffron, gums, capers, macaroni, fait* potalh, flax, cotton, filk, and divers manufadlures. Th - king has a numerous but generally poor nobility, confifting of princes, dukes, marquifles, and other high-founding titles ; and his capital, hy far the moft populous in Italy, contains, atleail, 350,000 inhabitants. Among thefe are about 30,000 lazaroni, or black- guards, the greater part of which have no dwelling-houfes, but fleep e\'ery night in lummer under porticos, piazzas, or any kind of ftielter they can find, and in the winter or rainy time of the year, which lafts feveral weeks, the rain falling by pail, fills, they refort to the caves under Capodi Monte, where they fleep in crowds like flieep in a pinfold. Thofe of them who have wives and children, live in the fuburbs of Naples near Paufilippo, in huts, or in caverns or chambers dug out of that mountain. Some gain a livelihood by fifliing, others by carrying burthens to and from the fliipping; many walk about the ftreets ready to run on errands, or to per- form any labour in their power for a very fmall recompence. As they do not meet with conftant employment, their wages are not fufficient for their maintenance; but 4 S ? li^'J r, 634 Y. the deliticncy is in fomc degree fupplied by the foup and bread which arc dillributcd at the d.e ravggw, fir Willijin Hamilton, who furvcyed it, gi^C3 the Ibllowinfj; defciiptioii : " If on a map of Italy, and with your compaflea on the I'calc of Italian niile.i, you were to mcafurc oft' 22,' and then fixing your central point in the city of Oppido (which appeared to me to be the foot on which the earthquake had exerted its grcateU foric) form a tirde (the radii of which will be, as I juil faid, 22 miles) yoit will then include all the towns aiid villajifes that have been utterly ruined, and llic lpoi<« where- ihc f»reatcll ni; r. tality has happened, and where there have been ihc molt vifible alterauons on tlte face of the oaith. Then extend your compafs on the fame fcale to 72 miles, pic- ferviug the fame centre, and form another circle, you will include the whole of the. country that has any mark of having been aBcited by the earthquake." The ifland of .SICILY, once the granary of the world lor corn, flill continues to hi pply Naples, and other parts, with that commodity; but its cultivation, and xonfequeutly fertility, is greatly diminifhed. Its vegetable, mineral, and ai'iimal produdlions, are pretty nmch the fame with thofe of Italy. Both the ancients and modernb have maintained, that Sicily was originally joineil to the continent of Italy, but gradually feparated from it by the encroachments of the fea, and the fhocks of earthquakes, fo as to become a pcrfedt ifland. '1 he tli- mate of Sicily is fo hot. that even the beginning of January the fhade is rerrelhinff • and chillmg winds arc only felt a few days in March, and then a f:naU fire is fufHti.' ent to banilh the cold. 1 he only appearance of winter is found towards the fum- mit of Mount Mim, where fnovv falls, which the inhabitants have a contrivance for preferving. Churches, convents, and religious foundaiif.ns arc extremely nu- meroushere: the buildings are handfome, and the revenues confiderable. If this ifland were better cultivated, and its government more equitable, it would in many refpeds be a delightful place of refidcnce. There are a great number of line re- mains of aniit^uity here. Some parts of this ifland are remarkaLle for the beauty of the female inhabitants. Palermo, the capital of Sicily, is computed to contain 120,000 inhabitants. The two principal fticets, and which ciofs each other, are very fine. This is faid to be the only town in all Italy which is lighted at night at the public expence. It carries on a confiderable trade ; as alfo did Mcflhia, « hich before the earthquake in 17?,, was a large and well-built titv, containing many churches and convents, generally elegant ttruauies. By that earthquake a great part of the lower dillria of the city and of the port was deflroycd, and confider- able damage done to the lofty unifornj buildhigs called the Tahiz-cala, in the fliapc of a crefcent ; but the force of the earthquake, though violent, w as nothing at Mcf- fina or Reggio, to what it was in the plain, for of 30,000, the fuppofed population of the city, only 700 are faid to have periflied, " The greateft mortality fell upon thofe towns and countries fituated in the plain of Calabria f Itra, on the weftem fide of the mountains l)cjo, Sacro, and Caulone. At Cafal Nuovo, the princef-s Geracc, and upwards of 4000 of the inhabitants, loft their lives; at Bngnara, the numh-r of dead amounts to5oi7 ; Radicina and Palmi count their lofs at about 3000 each: Terra Nuova about 1400 ; Seminari flill more. '1 he fum total of the \\\ox ality in both Calabnas and in Sicily, by the earthquakes alone, according to the returns in, the lecretary of ftate's office at Naples, is 32,367;" but fir William Hamilton laith he has good rcafon to believe, that, including flrangers, the number ot li\es loft muft have been conliderably greater : 40,ccb at leaft may be allowed, be believes without exaggeration. ' The ifland of Sardinia, which gives a royal title to the duke of Savoy, lies about 150 miles weft of Leghorn, and hath leven cities or towns. Its capital,' Cagliari is an umverfity, an archbiftiopric, and the feat of the viceroy, containing about I'iia ' 1 .686 I T ■ inhabitants. It is thought his Sardinian maiefty's revenues, from this illand, do not ^''*^Tci°°° ^^"^^'"^ * y^*""' ^^""^^ " y^^"^^^ P'^^^y °' *^°''" »"^ wi^ie, and has a coral filhery. Its air is bad, from its marfties and high mountains on the North and therefore was a place of exile for the Romans. Jt was formerly annexed to the crown of Spam, but at he peace of Utrecht it was given to the emperor, and in 1 7 19 to the hoi|fe of Savoy, The illand of Corsica lies oppofite to the Genoefe continent, between the gulf, of Genoa and theifland of Sardinia, and is better known by the noble ftand which the inhabitants made for their liberty againft their Genoefe tyrants, and afterwards agamft the bafe and ungenerous eflbrts of the French to euilave them, than from any advantages they enjoy, from nature or lituation. Though mountainous and woody. It produces corn, wine, figs, almonds, chefnuts, olives, and other fruits. It has alfo fome cattle and horfes, and is plentifully fupplied, both by fea and rivers, with fiOi. The inhabitants are faid to amount to 1 30 000. Baftia, the capi- tal, IS a place of fome ftrength ; though other towns of the illand, that were in polfef- lion of the malecontents, appear d have been but|^oorly fortified. Capri, the ancient Cafrea, is an ifland to which Auguftus Cxfar often came for his health and recreation, and which Tiberius made a fcene of the' moft infamous pleafures. It hes three Italian miles from that part of the main land which projefts fartheft mto the fea. It extends four miles in length from Eaft to Weft, ^nd about one m breadth. The weftern pan is, for about two miles, a continued rock vallly high, and inacceflible next the iea; yet Ano Capri, the largeft town of the ifland is fituated here ; and in this part are feveral places covered with a very fruitful foil! - The eartern end of the illand aUb rifes up in precipices that are nearly as high* tliough not quite fo long as the weftern. Between the rocky mountain^, ,at each end, is a flip of lower ground that runs acrofs the ifland, and is one o( the plea- fanteft fpots that can eafily be conceived. It is covered with myrtles, olives, al- monds, oranges, figs, vineyards, and corn-fields, which look extremely frefh 'and beautiful, and aflord a moft delightfhl little landfcape, when viewed from the tops of the neighbouring mountains. Here is fituated the town of Caprea, two or three convents, and the biftiop's palace. In the midft of this fertile tradl rifes a hill which in the«eigu of Tiberius was pn>bably covered with buildings, fome remains ot which are ftiU to beibea. But the noft confiderable rjuins are at the very extre- imiy of the eaftern promontory. From this place there is a very noble ,-»rofpea : on one fide of it the fea extends farther than the eye can reach ; juft oppe^ite is the green promontory of Sarentum and on the other lide the bay of Naples. ' Ischia, aud fome other iflands on the coafts of Naples aud Italy, have nothing to diihnguini them but the ruims of their antiquities, and their being now beautifiil fummer retreats for their owners. Flba hath been renowned for its mines from a period beyond the reach of hiftory. VirgU and Ariftotle mention it. Its fituation is about ten milts S. W. from Tufcany, and 80 miles in circumference, containing near 7000 mhabitant.s; it is divided between the king of Naples, to whom Porto Longone belongs, and the great duke of Tufcany, who is mafter of Forto Ferraio, and the prince of Pioinbmo. The fruits and wine of the ifland are very good, and the tun- nery, fiflicry, and fait, produce a good revenue. I fliall here mention the ifle of Malta, though it is not properly ranked wnh the Italian iflands. It was formerly called Melita^ and isjituated in 15 degrees rces N. lar. 60 iliilcs louth of (Jane Faiiarn in Sirih? o«/4~;. „r Ion. anu dcgrc iuuth uf Cape Faiiaro in Sicily, and is of an oval hgure, 20 miles long, and a broad. Its air is clear> but cxceifively hot • ths whole iflaad feems to be a white rock covered with a thin furface of earth Y. m^ which is however amazingly prodiiaive of excellent fruits and ixgctables, and gar- den-ftuft" of all kinds. This ifland, or rather rock, was given to the knights of St. John of Jerufalem, in 1530, by the emperor Charles V. when the Turks drove them out of Rhodes ; under the tender of one falcon yearly to the viceroy of Sicily, and to acknowledge the kings of Spain and Sicily tor their proteftors : they are' now known by the diftinftion of the Knights of Malta. They are under vows of celibacy and chalHty ; but they keep the former much better than the latter. They have confiderable poffeffions in the Roman catholic countries on the continent, and are under the government of a grand-mafter, who is eleded for life. The 'lord- prior of the order, was formerly accounted the prime baron in England. The knights are in number 1000 : 500 are to refide on the ifland, the remainder are in their feminaries in other countries, but at any fummons are to make a perfonal ap- Eearance. They had a feminary in England, till it was fuppreffed by Henry VIII. ut they now give to one, the title of Grand Prior of England. They are confider- ed as the bulwark of Chriftendom againll the Turks on that fide.- They wear the badge of the order, a gold crofs of eight points enamelled white, pendent to a black watered riband at the bread, and the badge is decorated fo as to diftinguifh the coun- try of the knight. They are generailv of noMe families, or. fiich as cati prove their gentility for fix dcfcents, and are ranked according to their nations. There are 16 called the great croffes, out of whom the officers of the order, as the marfhal, admiral, chancellor, &c. are chofen. When the great matter dies-, they fufter no veffel to go out of the ifland till another is chofen, to prevent the pope from interfering in the cleftion. -Out of the 16 great croffes, the great-mafter is eleftcd, whofe title, is *' The moft illuftrious, and nioft reverend prince, the lord-friar A. B. great-mafter of the hofpital of St. John of Jerufalen^ prince of Malta and Gaza." All the knights are fworn to defend the church, to obey their fuperiors, •and to live on the reven- ues of their order only. Not only their chief town Valetta, or Malta, and its har- bour, but their whole ifland is fo well fortified, as to be deemed impregnable. On the 8thof Sepc. there is an annual proceflion at Malta, in memory of the Turks raifing the fiege on that day 1663, after four* months affault, leaving their artillery &c. behind. ^' Arm«, and orders.] The chief armorial bearings in Italy are as follow : The pope, as fovereign prince over the land of the church, bears for his efcutcheon, gules, confiftmg of a long headcape, or, furmounted with a crofs, pearled and garnifhed with three royal crowns, together with the two keys of St Peter, placed in Ihltier. The arms of Tufcany, or, five roundles, gules, two, two, and one, and one ii) chief azure, charged with three flower-de-luces, or. Thole of Venice, azure, a lion wing- ed, fejant, or, holding under one of his paws a book covered, argent. Thofe of Genoa, argent, a crols, gules, with a crown clofed for the ifland of Corfica ; and for fupporters, two griffins, or. The arms of Naples, are, azure, femee of fleui-de- luces, or, with a label of fine points, gules. " The « Order of St. Jamiarius," was iuftituted by the prefent king of Spain when king of Naples, in July 1738. The number of knights is limited to 30, and after the prefent fove.eign, thai office of the order is to be poifeffed by the kings of: Naples. All the knig' ts muft prove the nobility of their defcent for four centuries, and are to be addreffed by the title of excellency. The badge of the order, is a crols of eight points enamelled white, edged , with gold, and in the centre' is a . biftiop^ holding in his left hand a book and crofier, and below his waift is this mot- to, " 7« pngumc fbcdu3 ;" on the icvcife is a book; on which are two red pillars furmounted with palms, enamelled in their proper colours. The knights wear the badge of the order pendent to a broad red riband worn fcarfuifc, and a gold ftar «88 Y. of Vight pciuLs With fleuis de \is at the angles embroidered on their outer garment. St. Jaijuarius the celebrated patron of Naples, is the patron of the order. The " prder of Annunciation," was inflituted in the year 1 355, by Amadeus V, count of Savoy, in memory of Amadeus I. who bravely defended Rhodes againft the 'l\uks, and with thole arms which are now borne by the dukes of Savoy, " Gu- les, a crofs argent." It at firft confifled of 15 knights, but afterwards the number was enlarged. At prcfent the number is fmall, limited by the will of the prince, fu\ creign of the order. It is counted among the moft refpe^able orders in Europe, the knight mull not only be of a noble family, but alfo a Catholic. The collar of the order is compofcd of golden rofes, enamelled red and white, with lovers knots of the fame. To the end of the middle rofe is pendent the badge, which confifts of three chains of gold encircling an oval, and difpofed in knots. On the oval is repre- fented the falutation, as defcribed by St. Luke, enamelled in proper colours. In the year 1572, Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, inlHtuted the order of St. Jji- uirm, and revived and united the obfolete order of St. Maurice to it; which was con- firmed by the pope on the condition of maintaining two gallies againil the Turks. The badge of the order is a crofs pomette, wlsite, npoo a crofs of eight pointc^ green, and is worn pendent to a green riband. In the year 828, it is pretended, that the body of St. Mark was removed from Alexandria in Egypt, to Venice. Accordingly this faint hath been taken for their tutelar faint and guardian, and his picture was formerly painted on their enfigns, and banners. When the " Order of iS/. M^ri," was firft inftituted is uncertain, but it is an honour conferred by the doge, or duke of Venice, and the fenate, on perfona of eminent quality, or who have done fonie fignal lervice 10 the republic. • The knights when made, if prefent, are dubbed with a fword on their Ihoulders, th« duke laying, " Efto fiiiles f delist' (be a faithfiil ibldier) ; abfent perfons are invefted by letters patent ; but their title, " Knights of St. Mark," is merely honorary : they have no re\cuue, nor are they under ai y obligations by vows as other orders. The "badge is a medal of gold, pendent to a gold chain : on one fide is the emblem of St. Mark, a winged lion fejaat with elevated wings, holding in his finifter paw a ilrawn fword ereiS, and in his right an open book with the words, " hix tibi. Marc* Evnngelijli mem-" on the reverfe, the portrait of the reigning doge, with the image - of St. Mark, delivering a ftandard to him. About the year 1460, Frederic III. emperor of Germany inftituted the " Order of iSt. George" and dedi'^ated it to St. George, tutelar laint and patron of Ge- noa. The doge is per}x;tual grand-mafter. 'Ihe badge, a plain crofs enamelled, gules, pendent to a gold chain, and wore about their necks. The crof« is alfo embroidered on their cloaks. In the year 1561, Cofmo of Medicis, frft grand- , 1716; married, April 12, 1750, to Mari.1 Antonictta FerdinHnda, IniaiiU of Spaiu j aftenJed the thione on the deatli ot his lather, February 20, 1773. Their ilfue arc, 1. Charles-Emanuel-Ferdinand-Maria, prince nf Piedmont, born May 24, 17^1. 2. Maria-Jofepha-Louila, boi n Septem'uer 2, 1753, married to the count dcriovence. 3. Maria-Therefa, born January 31, 1756; married to the count D'Artois. 4. AnnaMaria-Carolina, born December 17, 1757. ;; Viair Fm^niiclCajetiin due d'At.iie, 'u-oni July 24, 17,9. 6 Maurice joffpli Maria, due de Montferrat, born beptuuibgr 12, i;fii. 7. Maria L'iKirlntta, born J.iiuiiiry 17, 1764. 8. Cliarles-JuU-()h, due de Gciicvois, born April 6, 1765. 9. Jofcpli-li(;ntdiL% ci^mtt; dc .Vluurienuc, born Oftcbcr 5, 1-66. 6^ t. feemed ftill to exift. The Medici, particularly Ckjfmo, who was defervedly called the Father of his Country, being in the fecret, Ihared with the Venetians in the im- menfe profits of the Eaft-India trade, before the diCcoveries made by the Portu- guefe. His revenue, in ready money, which excteded that of any fovereign prince in Europe, enabled his fuccefibrs to rife to Ibvereign power; and pope Pius V. give one of his defcendants, Cofmo (the great patron of the arts), the title of Great Duke of Tufcany in 1570, which continued in his family to the death of Gallon de Medicis in 1737, without iffue. The great duchy was then claimed by the emperor Charles VI. as a fief to the empire, and given to his fon-in-law, the duke of Lorrain, and late emperor, in lieu of the duchy of Lorrain, which was ceded to France by tieaty. Leopold, his fecond fon, brother to the prefent empe- ror, is now grand-duke, and Tufcany alfumes a new face. Leghorn, which be- longs to him, carries on a great trade : and fcveral fhips of very confiderable force are now Rationed on the Tufcan coafts, to prevent the depredations of the Bar- bary rovers and pirates. No country has undergone greater viciflitudes of government than Naples or Sicily, chiefly owing to the inconilancy of the natives which feems to be incorpo- rated with ?,heir air. Chriftians and Saracens by turns conquered it. The Normans under Tancred drove out the Saracens, and by their connedions with the Greeks eftabliftied there, while the reft of Europe was plunged in monkilh igno- rance, a moft refpeftable monarchy flourifhing in arts and arms. About the year 1 166, the popes being then all-powerful in Europe, their intrigues broke into the fucceffion of Tancred's line, and Naples and Sicily at lait came into the poffefliou of the French ; and the houfe of Anjou, with fome interruptions and tragical re- x'olutions, held it till the Spaniards dJrove them out in 1504, and it was then an- nexed to the crown of Spain. The government of the Spaniards under the Auftrian line, was Co oppreflive, that it gave rife to the famous revolt, headed by Malfaniello, a young fifhennan, without Aoesor ftockings, in the year 1647. His I'uccefs was io furprifmg, that he obliged the haughty Spaniards to aboliOi the oppreflive taxes, and to confirm the liberties of the people. Before thefe could be re-eftablilhed perfedlly, he turned delirious, through his continual agitations of body and mind, and he was put to death at the head of hb own mob. Naples and Sicily continued with the Spaniards till the year 1 700, when the extinftion of the Auftrian line opened a new fource of litiga- tion. In 1706, the archduke Charles, afterwards emperor, took pofieflion of the kingdom. By virtue of various treaties, which had introduced D„n Carlos, the king of Spain's fon, to the poffeflion of Parma and Placentia, a new war broke out in 1733, between the houfes of Auftria and Bourbon, about the poffeflion of Na- ples ; and Don Carlos was received into the capital, where he was proclaimed king of both Sicilies : this was followed by a very bloody campaign, but the farther ef- fufion of blood was Itopt by a peace between France and the emperor, to whkh the courts of Madrid and Naples at firft demurred, but afterwards acceded in 1736, and Don Carlos remained king of Naples. Upon his acceflion to the crown of Spain, in 1759, it being found, by the infpedion of phyficians, and other trials, that his eldert ion was by nature incapacitated for reigning, and his fecond being heir apparent to the Spanifli monarchy, he refigncd the crown of Naples to his third fon, Ferdinand IV. who married an archduchefs of Auftria*. and married, 1 768, to the archduchefs Maria-Carolinc-Louira, filler to the emperor of Gernaany, born in 1752 : by whom he hath iffue, i Mari i-Therela-Caroline, born June 6, 177 J. 2, Louifi-Mari*- Amelia, born July 28, 1773, L Y. 691 The Milanefe, the faireft portion in Italy, went through feveral hands; the Vifcontis were fucceeded by the Galeazzosand the Sforzas, but fell at h& into the hands of the emperor Charles V. about the year 1525, who gave it to his fon Phi- lip II. king of Spain. It remained with that crown till the French were driven out of Italy, in 1706, by the Imperialifts. They were difpoifeffed of it in 1743; but by the emperor's cellion of Naples and Sicily to the prefent king of Spain, it re- turned to the houfe of Auftria, who governs it by a viceroy. The duchy of Mantua was formerly governed by the family of Gonzaga, who adhering to France, the territory was forfeited, as a fief of the empire to the houfe of Auftria, which now poffeffes it, the laft duke dying without male iffue ; but Gua- ftalla was feparated from it in 1748, and made part of the duchy of Parma. The firft duke of Parma was natural fon to pope Paul III. the duchy haviug been annexed to the holy fee, in 1545, by pope Julius II. The defcendants of the houfe of Farnefe terminated in the late queen dowager of Spain, whofe fon, his pre- fent catholic majefty, obtained that duchy, and his nephew now holds it with the duchy of Placentia. The Venetians were formerly the moft formidable maritime power in Europe. In 1 194, they conquered Gonftantinople itfelf, and held it for fome time, together with great part of the continent of Europe and Afia. They were more than once brought to the brink of deftrudlion, by the confederacies formed againft them among the other powers of Europe, efpecially by the league of Cambray, in 1509, but were as often faved by the difunion of the confederates. The difcovery of a paffage to India, by the Gape of Good Hope, gave the firft blow to their greatnefs, as it loft them the Indian trade, By degrees the Turks took from them their moft valuable poffeilions on the continent; and fo late as the year 17 15, they loft the Morea. The Genoefe, for fome time, difputed the empire of the Mediterranean fea with the Venetians, but were feldom or never able to maintain their own independency by land, being generally protedled, and fometimes fubjeaed, by the French and Imperialifts. Their doge, or firft magiftrate, ufed to be crowned king of Corfica, though it does not clearly appear by what title : that ifland is now ceded to the French by the Genoefe. The fuccefsfiil eftbrt they made in^ driving the viftorious Auftrians out of their capital, during the war which was terminated by tl/c peace of Aix-la-Chapellein 1748, has few parallels in hiftory, and ferves to Ihcw the ef- feds of defpair under oppreflSon. At pi«fent they are poffeffed of revenue barely fufficient to preferve the appearance of a fovereign ftate. The hiftory of the Papacy is connefted with that of Chriftendom itfelf. The moft folid foundations for its temporal power were laid by the famous Matilda, countefs of Tufcany, and heirefs to the greateft part of Italy, who bequeathed a large portion of her dominions to the famous pope Gregory VII. (who, before his acceflion in 1073, was fo well known by the name of Hildebrand). It is not to be expelled that I am here to enter into a detail of the ignorance of the laity, and the other caufes that operated to the aggrandizement of the papacy, previous to the Reformation, Even fmce that aera the ftate of Europe has been fuch, that the popes have had more than once great weight in its public affairs, chiefly through the weaknefs and bigotry of temporal princes, who feem now to be recovering from their religious delufions. The papal power is evidently now at a low ebb. The order of Jefus^ who were 3. Mary-Anne-Jofepha, born 1775. 4. Francis- Janvier, born 1777. 5. Miuy-Chriftina, 1779, 4 T 2 U R K E not improperly called its Janizaries, has been extermintted out of France, Spain, Naples, and Portugal; and is but juft tolerated in other catholic countries. The pope himfelf is treated by Roman catholic princes with very little more ceremony than is due to him as biihop oi' Rome, and poffeffed of a temporal principality* This humiliation, it is reafonable to believe, will terminate in a total reparation from the holy iiee of all its fiLweign emoluments, which, even fiuce the beginning of • the prefent century, were immenle, and to the reducing his hoUuefs to the excreife of his ecclefiaflical fundions as &rit biftiop of Chriitendom. John Angelo Brafchi, born in 17 17, was eleAed pope in 1775, and took upon.: him the name of Pius VI. TURKEY. The Grand Signior's Dominions are divided into Sq. M. I. TURKEY IN EUROPE. ) 3. TURKEY IN ASIA. Wg(h,o6o ' 3. TURKEY IN AFRICA. ) TURKEY IN EUROPE. Situation and sxtsnt. Miles. Degrees. Sq. M. Ungth 1000 > i^,„„_ J 17 and 40 eaft longitude. > , ^^ ,„ Breadth 900; ^^'^^'^ i36aud49nprtblautude. r58,ioo BotrNnARiEs.]T3 OUNDED by Ruffia, Poland, and Sclavonia, on the X3 North J hy Gircaffia, the Black Sea, the Propontis, Helfe- Jpont, and Archipelago, on the Eaft j by the Mediterranean, on the South; ly the- fame fea, and the Venetian and Auftrian territories, on the VV^eft. Dividons. SutxiWifions. rCrim and Little Taitarr*. and On the north coaft of the \ ■ the ancUat Taurica Cherfo- Bl«ick Sea areihe proviace8< nefui* «f . - - / LBudziac Tartarf rBel&tabia II Chief towns, f Precop Brachif^ia Kaffa North of the Danube are the provipeei of — MoIdaTia, oldn DaciA Walachia, another part of the ancient Dacia Oczakow f Bender Beigorotl Sq. M. > 26,200 I a,ooo UiOoo H Jazy Choczim. Fakzin Tergorifc 000 }26,, Io,j^3o 1 on the Crimea, the principal part of this divifion, and by a treaty figned January 9th with the iile of Taman, and (hat part of Cuban which is boundeif by the river of that • The Ruffians in 1783, feized < 1784, the Turks ceded it to them with t name. The Turks have now only the Tartar nations beyond the river Cuban, and from the Black Sea. So that the pre-> fcnt hnnndafieg >i«lw«en the Tur kifh anid tt uflian Ern nir». ar# fnrm{i| hy the viver Botr in Europe and the flVer CphaA 10 itiSa. TURKEY IN EUROPE. IKvifions. leuth of the Danube are On the Bofphorus and Hellef- {wnc South of Mount Rhodope or Argentum, the north part of the ancient Greece Subdivifions. a Bulgaria, the ea(l part of the ancient Myfta Servia, tJte we'll part of Myfia Bofnia, part of the ancient '. lllyricum Romania, olim Thrace 'Macedonia Chief towns. •Widin Nicapoli SiliAra Scopia Belgrade Semeiidria Niifa Seraio ' } Sq.M. 1 7,000 ■^ /- Conftantinople^ \ ?N. L.41.E.L. 29. ■5 t Adrianople '"Strymon . » CouteiTa On the Adriatic- Sea or Gulf of Venice, th? ancient lUy- , ricuito Theflaly, now Janua Achaia and Baotia, now Li- vadia Epiruf <• Albania Dalmatia > • \ ^Ragufa republic f 'Corinthia Argos . Sparta •• Salonichi LariflU Athens Thebes J ULepanttv "* ''Chimsera Burtinto Scodra Durazzo Duicigno Zara Narenza _Ragufa "Corinth In the Morea, the ancient Peloponnefus, being the fouth * diviuon of Greece, are Olympia, where the Games were held Arcadia eiis ^ >\ } ".57» 8,64<» \ 2I,20O 1 8,98(> 4,65a } 3.4«o 7.9SS 6.375 430 Argos Napoh' de Romania Lacedxmon, now Mid- tra, on the river Eu- rotas Olympia, or Lo nica, on the river Alpheus 7»c> Modon Coron LPatras Ells, or Belvidferfr, on the river Peneus. t The republic of Ragnfa, though reckoned by geograpRera part of Turkey in Europe, it not under the Tnrkifll eo- vemment. It is an anftocratical Rate, formed neatly after the model of that of Venice. The government is In the hands of the nobility ; and the chief of the republic, who i« ftyled reftor, i« changed every month, andekaed by fcrutiny or lot During; his fiiort adnuniftration, he lives in the palace, and wears a ducal habit. As the jlagufans are unable to prote«a was fituated not far from this city. The Ragufans profeft the Ronvilh religion, but Creeks, Armenians, and Turks are tolerated. Almoft all the cituens are traders, and they keep fo watchful an eye over their freedom, that the gates of the city of Ragufa are allowed to be open only a few hours in the day. The lanmjafr^ rhi^fl v in ntr atncs" the K->~u£in: U «hc Sclavonian, but the grcateft part of them (peak the Italian. 'They have many trading veffels, andare carriersin the Mel ditetranean, like the Dutch, being conflantly at peace with the piratical ftates of fcrbary. The city of Oravofa, and Stagno, 30 miles N. E. of RWa, are witWa the taritwiw gf tkurepobli*, ami Uwrc »rf alfo five foiailillADdt belonging to it, the principal o£ which uMohda, • -» • e >*?.?<•> V, . 6^4 TURKEY lit EUROPE. Son AIR, SEASONS AND WATER.] Naturc has lavifticd upon the inhabitants of Turkey, all her blelfings in thofe four particdlars. The foil, though S. proved, IS luxuriant beyond defcription. The air is falubrious, and friendly to the imagination, unlefs when it is corrupted from the neighbouring countries or through the indolence and uncleannefs of the Turkifh manner of livine. The fea- fons are here regular and pleafant, and have been celebrated from the remoteft times of antiquity The Turks are invited to frequent bathbgs, by the purity and wholefomeneis of the water all over their dominions. 8 . ;' "^ purity ana Mountains.] Thefe are the nioft celebrated of any in the world, and at the fame time often moft fruitful. Mount Athos lies on a peninfula, running into the f^^J?\ ^^5 *'^'^"°^ Pindusand01;^mpus, celebrated in Grecian fables, fepa- rate I-heffaly irom Epirus. Parnalfus, m Achaia, fo famous for being confecrafed to the Mufes, is wel known. Mount Haemus is likewife often mentioned by the poetsj out moft of the other mountains have changed their names j witnefs the niountains Shua, Witolka, Staras, Plamina, and many others. Even the moft ce- lebrated mountams above mentioned have had modern names impofcd upon thembv the lurks, their new mafters, and others in their neighbourhood. Seas.] The Euxme or Black Sea; the Palus Maotis, or Sea of Afoph ; the fea ot Marmora, which feparates Europe from A fia ; the Archipelago; the Ionian fea and the Levant, are fo many evidences that Turkey in Europe, particularly that part ■a J^^he^e Conftantmople ftands, of all other countries, had the beft claim to be nnltrefs of the world. Straits.] Thofe of the Hellefpont and Bofphorus are joined to the fea of Mar- mora, and are remarkable in raoderu as well as ancient hiftory. Rivers.] The Daiiube, the Save, the Neifter, the Neiper, and the Don, are the nd hilt*^-^ -"^^'"^ "^ country ; though many others have been celebrated by poets Lakes.] Thefe are not extremely remarkable, nor are they mentioned with any great applaufe, either by the ancients or moderns. The Lago di Sentari, lies in Albania. It communicates with the Lago di Plave and the Lago di Holti. The .Vyraphalus, fo famous for its harpies and ravenous birds, lies in the Morea; and Peneus, from its qualities, is thought to be the lake from which the Styx iffues, con- ceived by the ancients to he the palfage into hell. -^ * . Metals and MraERAXs.] Turkey in Europe contains a variety of all forts of mines, and its marbles are efteemed the fineft in the world. Vegetables AND PRODUCTIONS.] Thefe are cxcdleut all over the European Turkey efpecially when affifted bv the fmalleft degree of induftry. Befides pot and garden herbs of almoft every kind, this country produces in great abundance aud pertedtion, oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, grapes of an uncommon Iweetnels, excellent hgs, almonds, olives, and cotton. Befides thefe, many drugs, not common m other parts of Europe, are produced here. Animals.] The Theffalian or Turkifti horfes are excellent both for their beauty and lervice. The black cattle are large, efpecially in Greece. The goats are a moft valuable part of the ammal creation to the inhabitants, for the nutrition they aflbrd. both of milk and flefh. The large eagles which abound in the oeigbourhood of Badadagi, furnifti the beft feathers for arrows for the Turyfti ^chers, and they fell at an uncommon price. Partridges are very plentiful in Greece; as are all other kinds of foH^ls and quadrupeds all over Turkey In Europe ; but the Turks and Ma- hometans m general are not very fond of animal food. ANTiquniEs and curiosities) Almolt every fpot of ground, every river WATURAi- AKD ARTIFICIAL. ^and cvcry fountain in Greece prefents the tra- tURKEt iM EUROPE. «95 veller with the ni'ms of a celebrated antiquity. On the Ifthmus of Corinth, the ruins of Neptune's temple, and the theatre where the Ifthmean games were cele- brated, are ftill vifible. Athens, which contains at prefent above 10,000 inha- bitants, is a fruitful fource of the moft magnificent and celebrated antiquities in the world, a minute account. of which would exceed the limits of thia work : but it will be proper to mention fome of the moft coiifiderable. Among the antiquities of this once fuperb city, are the remains of the temple of Minerva, built of white marble, and encompalled with forty-fix fluted columns of the Doric order, forty-two feet high, and feven feet and a half in circumference : the architrave is adorned with baffo-relievos, admirably executed, reprefenting the wars of the Athenians. - To the fouth-eaft of the Acropolis, a citadel which defends the town, are feventeeu beautiful columns of the Corinthian order, thought to be the remains of the em- peror Adrian's palace. They are of fine white marble, about fifty feet high, in- cluding the capitals and bafes. Juft without thecity ftands the temple of Thefcus, furrounded with fluted columns of the Doric order : the portioo at the weft end is adorned with the baule of Centaurs, ia . balfo-relievo ; .that at the eaft end appears to be a continuation of the. fame hiftory ;.,and on the outfide of the porticos, in the fpaccs between the trigliphs, are reprefented the exploits of Thefeus. On the fouth- weft of Athens is a beautifiil ftrufture, commonly called ' the Lantern of Demof- thenes : this is a fmall round edifice of white marble^ the roof of which is fupported by fix fluted columns of the. Corinthian order, nine feet and an half high ; in the fpace between the columns are pannels of marble; and the whole is covered with a cupola, carved with the refemblance of fcales 5 and on the frieze are beautifully re- prefented in relievo the labours of Hercules. Here are alfo to be feen the temple of Winds 5 the remains of the theatre of Bacchus ; of the magnificent aqueduft of the emperor Adrian ; and of the temples of Jupiter Olympius, and Auguftus. The remains of the temple of the oracle of Apollo are ftill vifible at Caftri, on the fouth lide of mount Parnaffus, and the marble fteps that defcend to a pleafant running wa- ter, fuppofed to be the renowned Caftalian fpring, with the Liches for flatues in the rock, are ftill difcemible. The famous cave of Trophonius is ftill a natural cuiiofity in Livadiffi, the old Boeotia. Mount Aihos, which has been already mentioned, and which is' commonlv called Monto Santo, lies on a penini'ula which extends into the ..ligean fea, and is indeed a chain of mountains, reaching the whole length of the peninfula, feven Turkifti miles in length, and three in breadth: but it is only a.luigle mountain that is properly called Athos. This is fo lofty, that on the top, as the ancients relate, the lun-rifing was beheld four hours fooner "^^han by the inhabitants of the coaft; and, at the lolftice, its ftiade reached into the- Agora or market-place of Myrina, a town in.Lemnos, which ifland was diftant eigbty-feven miles eaftward. There are twenty-two convents on. mount Athos, befides a great number of cells and grottos, with the habitations of no lefs than -fix thoufaiid monks and hermits; . though the proper hermits, who live in grottos, are not above twenty ; the other ■ monks are anchorites or fuch as live- in . cells. Thefe Greek monks, who call themfelves the inhabitants of the holy mountain, are fo far from being a fet of flothfiil people, that, befides their daily offices of religion, they cultivate the clive and vineyards, are carpenters, mafons, ftone-cutters, cloth-workers, taylors, &c. They alio live a very auftere life ; their uCual food, ,iuftead of flefh, being \'ege- tables, dried olives, figs, and other fruit ; .onions, cheel'e, and on certain days. Lent evcepted, fifti. 'iheir fafts are many and fevere; which, with the healthful- ncls of the air, renders longevity fo common there, that many of them live abo\c an hundred years. It appears from Mha, that anciently the mountain in general, 696 TURKEY tN lUROPE. and particularly the fumniit, was accounted very healthy, and conducive to long« life : whence the inhabitants were called Macrobii, or long-lived. V/e are ^ijrther informed by Philoftratus, in the life of Apollonius, that numbers of philofophcrs ufcd to retire to this mountain, for the better conteniplation of the heavens, and of nature ; and after thtir example the monks doubtlcfs built their cells. CiTiKs.] Conilantinople, the capital of this great empire, is fituated on the European tide of the Bofphorus. It was built upon the ruins of the ancient By- eantium, by the Roman emperor Coitilantine the Great, as a more inviting litua- tion than Rome for the Icat of enipife. It became afterwards the capital of the Greek empire, and having efcaped th«; deftrudtlve rage of the barbarous nations, it was the greateft as well as the moft beautiful city in Europe, and the only one during the Gothic ages, in which there remained any image of the ancient elegance in manners and arts. \\ hile it remained in the poffeflion of the Greek emperora; it was the only mart in Europe for the commodities of the Eaft Indies. It de- rived great advantages from its being the rendezvous of the crufaders, and being then in the meridian of its glory, the European writei-s, in the ages of the crufades, fpeak of it with allonilhment. " O what a vaft city is Conilantinople (exclaims one when he tirft beheld it), and how beautiful? How many monafteries are tliere in it, and how many palaces built with wonderfiil art ! How many raanufucT.urcrs are there in the city amazing to behold ! It would be aftonifhing to relate how it abounds with all the good things, with gold, filver, and ftufls of various kinds ; for every hour fhips arrive in the port with all things ncceflary for the ide of man.'* Conftautinople is at this day one of the fixieft cities m the world by its fituation and its port. The profjieft from it is noble, 'i'he moft regular p;ut, is the Befeftin inclofed with walls and gates where the merchants have their fliops excellently ranged. In another part of the city is the Hippodrome, an oblong Icjuare of 400 paces by 200, where they exercife on horfeback. The Meidan, or parade, is a large fpacious Iquare, the general rdbrt of all ranks. On the oppofite fide of the port are four towns, but conlidered as a part of the fiiburbs, their diltance being lb fmall, a perfbn may eafily be heard on the other fide. They are named Pera, Galata, Pacha, and Topbana. In Pera, the foreign anibalfadors and all the Franks or ftraugers refide, not being permitted to live in the city ; Galata alio is moftly inhabited by Franks and Jews, and is a place of great trade. The city abounds with antiquities: the tomb of Conllantine the Great is ftill preferved. The mofque of St. Sophia, CHice a Chrillian church, is thought in fome reCpedls to exceed in gran- deur and architedture St. Peter's at Rome. The city is built in a triangular form, with the Seraglio ilanding on a point of one of the angles, from whence there is a prol'ped of the delightful coaft of the Leffer Afia, which is not to be equalled. When we fpeak of the Icraglio, we do not mean the apartments in which the grand fignior's women are confined, as is commonly imagined, but the whole inclofure of the Ottoman palace, which might well fuffice for a moderate town. The wall which furrounds the feraglio is thirty feet high, having battlements, embrafures, and towers, in the ftyle of ancient fortifications. There are in it nine gates, but only two of them magnificent ; and from one of thele the Ottoman court takes the nime of the Porie, or the Sublime Porte, in all public tranfadions and records. Both the magnitude and population of Conilantinople have been greatly exji^qerated by credulous travellers. It is furrounded by a high and thick wall with battlements after the oriental manner, and towers, '.'cfendcd by a lined but fhallow ditch, the works of which are double on the land iide. The belt authors think tl;at it does jiot couiaiu above Soo,ooo iuhablcanls, three-iburrtis * lane; and the Turks, conquerors on every fide, took polfeliion of the middle regions of Afia, which they fliU enjoy. Befides the countries poffeffed by the L ,^ . Rullians, Afia contams at prefent three large empires, the Chinefe the Mogul, and the Perfian, upon which the leffer kingdoms and fovereignties of Alia generally depend. The prevailing form of government in this divifion of the globe IS abfolute monarchy. If any of them can be faid to enjoy fome fliare of liberty, it is the wandering tribes, as the Tartars and Arabs. Many of the Afi- atic natiOM, when the Dutch firft came among the ,, could not conceive how it was poflible for any people to live under any other form of government than that of a defpotic monarchy. Turkey Arabia, Perfia, part of Tartary, and part of India, profefs Mahometanifm. The Perfian and Indian Mahometans are of the led of Hah, and the others of that of Omar ; but both own Mahomet for their law-giver and the Koran for theii- rule of faith and life. In the other parts of lartary India, Ghma, Japan, and the Afiatic iflands, they are generally heathens and idolaters. Jews are to be found every where in Afia. Ghriftianity, though planted here with wonderful rapidity by the apoftles and primitive fathers fufibred an alnioft total eclipfe by the conquefts of the Saracens, and afterwards of the lurks. Incredible indeed have been the hazards, perils, and fulTerings of catholic Buflionaries,^ to propagate their dodrines in the moft diftant regions! and amonc the groffeft idolaters ; but their labours have hitherto failed of fuccefs, owing in 9. great meafure to their own avarice, and the avarice and profligacy of the Euro peans, who refort thither in fearch of wealth and dominion. The principal languages fpoken in Afia are, the modern Greek, the Turkiib, the RuOian, the lartarian, the Perfian, the Arabic, the Malayan, the Chinefe, and the Japanele. The European languages are alfo fpoken upon the coall^ of India and China. The continent of Afia is fituated between 25 and 180 degrees of eaft loneitude and between the equator and 80 degrees of north latitude. It is about 4740 miles ill length, from the Dardanelles on the weft, to the eaftern ftiore of Tartary • and about 4380 miles m breadth, from the moft fouthcrn part of Malacca, to the moft northern cape o^Kova Zembla. It is bounded by the Frozen Ocean on the north • on the weft it is feparated from Africa by the Red Sea, and from Europe by the Levant or Mediterraiiean, the Archipelago, the Hellelpont, the fea of Marmora the Borphorus. the Black Sea, the river Don, and a line drawn from it to the river lobol, and from thence 10 ti.e river Oby, which fails into the Frozen Ocean - ...., -. 1.. J .aonv •vc.in, ui ouutn-cca, wnicn leparates it from America ; and onthe louth, by the Indian Ocean; fo that u isalmolt furround- ed by the iea. 1 he principal regions which divide this country are as follow : 'iyjU^H 1o 27,6011 50,400 55,00c 3i,6oc 23,900 Mecca Aleppo tiuvia or bmyrn^ Diarbeck Bagdad Erzerum reflis jcheraaer 2460 S. E. 6 44 bef. Reiigioas. Pagans Pagans Pagans Pagans Mah, and Pag 3 20 bef 2640 S. E, K6o}>. E, 2 52 bef 2 30 hdi Chrift. & Mah. 1910 S. E.I2 24 bef Chnft &Mah 1440 S. E 2060 S. E 2240 1860 S. £, 1920 E. 2220 E. I 48 bef 56 bef 2 44 bef Mah. & Pag. Mahometans Mahometans Mahometans Mahome- tans, with ' fome few ChriAians 3 10 bef 3 00 befJMahometans All the iflands of Afia (except Cyprus, already defcribed, in the Levant, belong- ing to the Turks) lie in the Pacific or Ealtcrn Ocean, and the Indian Seas, of which the principal, where the Europeans trade or have fcttlements, are Iflands. The Japanefe ifles — ~ The Ladrones -r- Forroofa — — .\nian — . ~ The Philippines — — The Molucca, or Clove ifles — The Banda, or Nutmeg ifles — .\mboyna j furrounding the ^ -'elebes -j Molucca and > 3ilo!o, &c. ^ Banda ifles. ^ , Borneo — The Sunda ifles < Sumatra — *^Jiiva, &c. The Andaman and Nicobar rfle° -eyion The Maldives Bombay Towns. Jeddo, Meaco ^ Guam — — Pai-ouan-fou — Kionteheow Minilla — ViAoria FortjTernatt Lantor —— Amboyna — Macafler — — Gilolo — — Borneo, Caytongee Achen, Bencoolen Katavia, Bantam — Andaman, Nicobar Candy — — Caridon -— — Sq. M | Trade with or belong to. 1 38,0c© Dutch ppain 17,000 China 11,900 I '•33.7'00,Sp»'n Dutch . [Dutch 400 Dutch 68,4ooDutch 1 0.400 Dutch zzS.oooAll nations 29,oaoEnglifli and Dutch 38,25oDutch [All nations 27,730 Dutch 'All nations Englilh liombay — — fhe Kurilc ifles, and thofe in the fea of Kamtfchaik'i, lately! difcovered by the Kuflians ~ — — — Ruflia. • Georgia h»th lately claimed independence, and put ufclf under ihc proteaion of Ruffia. C 70:, ] TURKEY I M ASIA. Situation and Extent- ^egrees. Sq. Miles. between i «7 and 46 eaft longitude. ) ^„ . 1 28 and 45 north latitude, f 52o,820. '•^ R^P^^^^ ^l the Black Sea and Circaflia, on the north : hy Miles. Length 1000 > Breadth 800 JT Boundaries Divilicms. The eaftern provinces are NatoHa, or the Leffer Afia, . on the weft. I. 2. 3. 4. 5 Subdivifions. Ejraca Arabic or Chaldea Diarbec or Mefopotamia Curdiftan or Affyria Turcomania or Armenia Georgia, mcluding Mengre- lia and Imaretta, and part of Circaflia 1. Natolia Proper 2. Amafia 3. Aladnlia } .4- Caraniania Bali of the Le- 1 Syria, with Paleftme, or the vanr Sea. yria. Holy Land. Chief towns. Baffora and Bagdad, diarbec, Orfa, ard MoufuL Nineveh and Beilis. Erzerum and Van. r -j TeflK, Aniarchia, and Gonie, HBurfa, Nici, Smyrna, and Ephefus. H Amafia, Trapefond, and Si- nope. Ajazzo and Marat, Satalia and Tareflb, > f Aleppo, Antioch, Damafcus, > < Tyre, Sidon, Tripoli, Scan- J I deroon, and Jerufalem. 704 tURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. in fuch jJenty, that they coft the inhabitants a mere trifle, and it is faid, in fonie places nothing. Their afparagus is often as large as a man's leg, and their giapes far exceed thofe of other countries in largenefs. In fliort, nature has brought all her produ£lions here to the higheft perfection. Animal productions by ) Ihe fame may be faid of their animals, Tlie RKA AND LAND. fbrccd of the 'i urkiih and Arabian horfcs, the latter efpecially, are valuable beyond any in the world, and have confiderably improved that of the Englilh. We know of no quadrupeds that are peculiar to thefe countries, but they contain all that are necelfary for the ufe of mankind. Camels are here in much requeft, from their Itrength, their agility, and above all, their moderation in eating and drinking, which is greater than that of any other known animal. Their manufafture, known by the name of camlets, was originally mad<; by a mixture of camels hair and filk, though it is now often made with wool and lilk. Theii- kids and iheep are exquifite eating, and are faid to furpafs, in flavour and tafte, thofe of Euiopc;; but their other butchers meat, beef particularly, is not fo fine. As to birds, they have wild fowl in vaft perfeilion ; their oftriches ar-^ well >'iown by their tallnefs, fwiftnefs in -unning, and llupidity. The Roman epi. cures prized no fifh, except lanipreys, mullets, and oyftcrs, but thofe that were found in Afia. Mktals akv MINERALS.] Thls coutttry contains all the metals that are to be found in the richelt kingdoms and provinces in Europe,; and its medicinal fpriugi .and baihs exceed thofe.of any in the known world. Oir THE TURK.S in ETROPE and ASIA, Poi'tLATiON, iNHA.RiTANTs, MAN-7 'T^HE population of this great country NKRs, CUSTOMS, AND Div KRsioNS. ) _£ is by no lueaus equal either to its ex- tent or fertility, aiorh.i ye the beft geographers been able to afcertain it, tecaufe of the uncertainty of its limits. It certainly is not fo great as it -was Jjefore the Chrif- tian a:ra, or even under the Roman emperors; owing to various caufes, and above all, to the tyranny under which .the natives Uv^ and their polygamy, which is undoubtedly an enemy to pouulaiion, as may he evinced from many reafons, and particularly bccaufe the Greeks and Armenians, among whom it is not pradlifed, are incomparably more prolific than the Turks, nolwithftanding the rigid fubjec- tion in which they are kept by the latter. 'I he plague is another caufe of depopu- lation. The Turkifli emperor, however, has more I'ubjects than auy two Euro- pean princes. As to the inhabitants, they are generally well made and ivbuft nKn : when young, their ttmiplexions are fair, and their faces handlbme ; their hair and eyes are black or dark biown. The woiuen, when }oung, are oonimcmly handfome, but they generally look old at thirty. J a their demeanour, ihe 'I'lwks are rather hypochondriac, grav£, fedate, and palii\.e; but \\hej3 agitated by pallion, furious, raging, ungovernable.; big with diliiniulatiou, jealous, fufpicious, and \indi(Rive Jbeyond conception : in matter* oi' eligion, tenacious, lupejUitious, aiid niorofe. Though the generality feem hardly capable of much heue\ olento, or e\tn hunia- idiy with regard to Jevv«, Cliritliaus, f>r auy wIkj tlifler from them in icligious matters, )et they are far from being de\oid of Ibcial allcc^lions for thf-fe of their own religion. But intereft is their fupreme good, and when that tojues in compe- lition, ail lies of religiqu, conianguiiiiiy, or fjiendfnip, tiic wiiii liie gcueialiiy fjieedily diffoh ed. The morals of the Afiaiic 'links arc far preferable to thoie of rXitKEr ,M tVKOPE A«i5 ASIA. >,^ • the European. They are hofpitable to ftraneers • and tl,i. v\r^^ r.e «, • humanity reign chiel^. among their great men^ ThW te liSc r.l?^'? ritaHe to one another, and punftual in their d^MlfnL VJ • u ■ '°.^*^ ^''''*- fpiritis mod conlpicu^as in theh bui d ng caravtS" or n^^^ and public on roads that are deftitute of accommodati^onrfr he ;eftcft^^^ of IT'^T'"''' or travellers With the fame laudable view They LrchS^^^^^^^ djg M.11S, which in thofe countries are a torj^o Jety"^ vd^^ 'SVf fit crofs-legged upon urnts, not only at their meals but in comDan?" tI.? •? ' except what they acquire from oninm -.,.« r.., «i j '-ompany. Their ideas, without the walls ^ thd owX.fo wheY^.t^r/'''^ '"^r""'^' .'^J^°"' '"''^'^^S drinking coffee, fmokir ^toLcco or rL.- ^ ^o^-verhng with their u omen. o% to be informed of hVS?e of their n?"'^ °P'""'' J^'^ ^^^'^ ^'"^^ <^^^'^' ba4w, or other officer, t tJ^edt^;; EgS Tevtv 0^7' '' V''^'' cafion, than that there will be a new vifipr «? !. ^ r Y_, "^^^'^ '^^ ^^e oc- reafonof .hediftrac. onhelLTmMft ."1^™'™^™ '".•° ""= agreeable converi'ation. Thev have few nrmtf-Ah^L Pf ^^"/rangers to wit aud than theKoran, and the comL'nTs^'^'r'l'^^^^^ ^ "-'f^' out prefents ; and here juftice may coiJimonly be bougCnd fbld ^'^'^ ''''^" The Turks dme about eleven o'clock in the forenoon and Xv r n . winter, and frc in the fummer and rhi. h ;>,!.?/ i^ '• , 7 ^"P *^ ^^'^ i" t'le people, their diihes areTe^ed up one by o^e b^tTv^tv?' ' K^^r^-^ ^^^ g-« and they a.i^ not permitted by their reliXn to nfe 1% Jf her knife nor fork, viaua/are always high-feafoned S??s t^^ coL^fo^d .ST. f^"""^; '^^^^^ fometimes it is boiled up with gravv • but th^ir mJ^J^o,- m ^^^ ^T^^' ^°"' and and fowl lulled to r.^^^lar^X^'t^fat^, if^h^ft^llVTr foned, and poured upon it. Thev drink «t, JT 5- k»» ^' j i.'P ^'' ^'g^-fea- only debauch they know is in opium^ whTch ZT.%^'^'c^'^ "'?'"' ^"^ the of Intoxication. ^GuefS of hiXr/ank fompE. K ^^".'^"""^^e^e'nbling thofe female flave of the family Sare f^mn? i^^^^ '^t"" ^^^'^' perfbmed by a religion, which forbidsS theut of S thon'.h Z""^-' *^°"^ ' P™"^'^ ^^ ^^l^ir themfelves in the ufe of ITonThnlnL ^V • ^ '"^ P*^?^^ ""^^^ of them indulge nation of the head and layiL X L H Jht^^^^^^^^^ ^' ^ «" ini- linen waiftcoats and drawm upon ma feffeJ^nH '^^''^'''^: The;, fleep i„ Few or none of the conhderabL^ khrbi ants Af Sfis^^^^^^^^^ '^"^^t"'' ^"^ ^ ^^'J^- walking or riding either for health or dterfiL The 3 find however, fufficient exercife whenter'nform t^e^^^^^^ ablutions, prayers, and rites prefcribed them by Mahomet '^' ^''"^"^"^ whlchTh^'^L^ t;t^^^^^^^^ --^-' or tilting it with darts, at take the Lid witC^mlus Zpates "hic^l"- T/°"1 ?f .hunting, ^nd this is often done forpolitica pXfo tW W ^T"^ ^^u^'i' ^"^^^^^^ ' ^"^ dependants. Within d(2.rsKhefs or Hr^ Tl "f"^ the ftrength of their ments; and if they pLTchancee^^^^ ?h.. '"^ i ''^ '""^ '¥' "^"^I «">"fe- bitedbytheKoran. ^ ^ ' they never bet money,.that bemgprohi- the?r'SL ling. They^'^^erltir^het's ^Th "^ ' l"' °" i^^ '''^' ^^^ --- when thev fleen Tjlf ^nf- . .^°^ ^"h a. turban, and never put it off 1^ - thr^waTonrv^^^l^^^^^^ or wriftband. and o^Sthenf they .y.v,. f^.^.°.i: r^^'^^^^^hS^^^'.^^unafafh, and over the veft thev w^,. „ i^X ftockingr;TnrWfterof fiLTth'r '"' °; ''"^^"' "^ -f -p'^ce-with ;Sr cuter a%;mpre o houfe t£v futfer^'n'o cK^'"' ^''^^^ ^^^^ P"^ ^«" ^J^^" ^^ey No. XXIII. "^^- "'y ^"^"'^ no Chnltians, or other people, to we^ 7o6 TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. white turbans. The drefs of the women diilers little from that of the men, onJy ihey wear fti:ieued caps upon theft heads with horns fomething like a mitre, and wear their hair down. W hen they appear abroad, they are fo muffled up as not to be known by their neareft reUtioni. Such of the women as are virtuous make no ufe of paint to heighten their beauty, or to difguife their couij^lexion ; but they often tinge their hands and feet with henna, which gives them a deep yellow. The men make ufe of the fame expedient to colour their beards. Marriages.] Marriages in this country are chiefly negociatcd by the ladies. When the terms are agreed upon, the bridegroom pays down a fum of money, a licence is taken out from the cadi, or proper magiftrate, and the parties are mar- ried. The bargain is celebrated, as in other nations, with mirth and jollity j and the money is generally employed in furnilhing the houfe of the yomig couple. They are not allowed by their law more than four wives, but they may have as many concubines as they can maintain. Accordingly, befides their wives, the wealth" Turks keep a kmd of Seraglio of women ; but all thefe indulgences are foinetimes infufficient to gratify their unnatural defires. Funerals.] The burials of the Turks are decent. The coipfe is attended by the relations, chanting paffages from the Koran ; and after being depofited in a mofque (for fo they call their temples), they are buried in a field by the inian or prieft, who pronounces a funeral fermon at the time of the interment. The male relations exprefs their forrow by alma and prayers ; the women, by decking the tomb on certain days with flowers and green leaves ; and in mourning for a hu&and they wear a particular head-drefs, and leave off all finery for twelvemonths. Religion.] The eftablifhed religion is \hv. Mahometan, fo called from Ma- homet, the author of it ; forae account of which the reader v. ill find in the fol- lowing hiltory of Arabia, the native country of that impoftor. The Turks profefa to be of the fedl of Omar ; but thefe are fplit into as many f'edlaries as their neigh- bours the Chriftians. There is no ordination among their clergy ; any perfon may be a prieft that pleafes to take the habit, and perform the fundlions of his order,, and may lay down his office when he pleafes.. Their chief prieft, or mufti, feems to have great power in the ftate» Ecclesiastical institutions) The Turkifh government having formed OF christians. y thefe into part of its finances, they are tole- rated where they are inoft profitable; but the hardfhips impofed upon the Greek church are fuch, as muft always difpofe that people to favour any revolution of go- vernment. Gonftantinople, Jerufalem, Alexandria,, and Autioch, are patriarch- ates ; and their heads are indulged, according as they pay for their privilege, with a civil as well as an ecclefiaftical authority over their votaries. The fame may be faid of the Ncitorlan and Armenian patriarchs ; and every great city that can pay for the privilege has its archbiftiop or biftiop. All male Chriftians pay alfo a capita- tion tax from feventeen years old to fixty, according to their ftations. Language.] The radical languages of this empire are the Sdavonian, which feems to have been the mother-tongue of the ancient Turks ; the Greek modern- ized, butftill bearing a relation to the old language; the Arabic and the Syriac, a dialed of which is ftill fpoken, A fpecimcn of the modern Greek follows in their Patemofter. Pater hemas, o^ios ifo ees tos ouranous : hagia Jthito to onoma four na ciii he haftlia fou : to thelema Pm na gmeiez iizon en te ge, os is ton ouranon : to ptfond hemas dozn hemas femoren : he fi choraje hemos ia critnata hemnn itzone, kce hemas fchorafomeu ekinous opou : mai admunm. men urnes mmais i: to ^trafnio, alia fofiri hanus ap. rj kaxo. Amen.. TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 707 Learning and learned men.] The Turks till of late profefled a fovereign contempt for our learning. Greece, which was the native country of genius, arts, and fciences, produces at prefent, befides Turks, numerous bands of Chiiftian bilhops, prieits, and monks, who in general are as ignorant as the Turks themfelves, and are divided into various abfurd feds of what they call Chriftianity. The edu- cation of the Turks feldom extends farther than reading the Turkiih language and the Koran, and writing a common letter. Some of them underlland aftronomy, fo far as to calculate the time of an eclipfe ; but the number of thefe being very Imall, they are looked upon as extraordinary perfons. - Antic^uities and curiosities, ) Thefe are fo various, that they have fur- natural and artificial. ) nifhed matter for many voluminous publica- tions, and others are appearing every day. Thefe countries contained all that was rich and magnificent in architedure and fculpture; and neither the barbarity of the Turks, nor the depredations they have fuflered from the Europeans, feem to have diminilhed their number. They are more or lefs pcrfeft, according to the air, foil, or climate, in which they ftand, and all of them bear deplorable marks of neglea. Many of the fineft temples are converted into Turkifh mofqucs, or Greek churches, and are more disfigured thanthofe which remain in ruins. Amidft fuch a plenitude of curiofities, all that can be done here is to felcft fome of the nioft ftriking; and I Ihall begin with Balbec and Palmvra, which form the pride of all antiquity. Balbec is fituated on a rifing plain, between Tripoli in Syria and Damafcus, at the foot of Mount Libanus, and is the Heliopolis of Cale Syria. Its remains of antiquity difplay, according to the beft judges, the boldeft plan that ever was at- tempted in architeaure. The portico of the temple of Heliopolis is inexpreflibly luperb, though disfigured by two Turkifh towers. The hexagonal court be- hind It is now known only by the magnificence of its ruins. 'J "heir walls were adorned with Corinthian pilafters and ftatues, and it opens into a quadrangu- lar court of the fame talte and grandeur. The great temple to which this leads is now fo ruined, that it is known only hy an entablature, fupported by nine lofty columns, each confifting of three pieces joined together, by iron pins, without ce- ment. Some of thofe pins are a foot long, and a foot in diameter ; and the fordid Turks are daily at work to deftroy the columns, for the fake of the iron. A fmall temple is Itill (landing, with a pedeftal of eight columns in front, and fifteen in flank, and every where richly ornamented with figures in alto relief, exprefling the heads of gods, heroes, and emperors, and part of the ancient mythology. To the weft of this temple is another, of a circular form, of the Corinthian and Ionic order, but disfigured with Turkifti mofques and houfes. The other parts of this ancient city are proportionably beautiful and flupendous. Various have been the coujeaures concerning the founders of thefe immenfe buildings. The inhabitants of Afia afcribe them to Solomon, but fome make them fo modern as the time of Antoninus Pius. Perhaps they are of diflerent seras; and though that prince and his fucceffors may have rebuilt fome part of them, yet the boldncfs of their architeaure, the beauty of their ornaments, and the ftupendous execution of the whole, feem to fix their foundation to a period before the Chriftian aera, but without mounting to the ancient times of the Jews or the Phoenicians, who probably knew little of the Creek ftvle in buildintj and ornamenting. Balbec is at prefent a little city, eucompaffed with a wall. The inhabitants, -who are about 50CO in number, chiefly Greeks, li\e in or near the circular temple, in houfes built out of the ancient ruins. ' A frec-ftone quarry, m the neighbourhood, furniflied the ftones for the body of the temnle • 4X3 ^ ' 7oJ» TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. and one of the ftones not quite detached from the bottom of the quarry fs ^a imamemai ptrts ' '""^' *^""'''^' '' ' S'"""" ^"^^^^' f"'^i«^«d the Palmyra, or, as it was called by the ancients, Tadtnor in the Defert is fnn»ttsi in the wdds of Arabia Petr^a, aUt 33 deg. N. lat. and 200 mUes to the fou^ eait of Aleppo. It is approached thrc.gh a narrow plain, lined as it were with the remams of antiquity ; and, opening all at once, the eye is prefented with Soft ilnkmg objeas that are to be found in the world. The temple of the Sun lies in rums ; but the accefs to ,t is through a vaft number of beautiful Gorinthi^ cS lumns of white marble, the grandeur and beauty of which can only S k^owt by the plates of n, wh ch have been drawn and publiftied by Mr Wo^d who with hi, friends, paid it a vifit fome j^ars ago, purpofely to pr^lerve fome rS membrance of fuch a curiofuy. As thole drawings,'^or'«>p{es from them, Tre now common we muft refer the reader to them, efpecially as he can form no ve^ Z quate ideas of ruinsHfrom a printed relation. Superb arches, amazing coTunms. a colonade extending 4000 feet m length, terminated by a noble maufoleum, tenZ? £,Vhff ftT' P,^"W"' "«^r«^>lr°^^^ions and enta'blatures, all of them hthe h gheft ftvle. and fin,mcd with the m'.' ^"^ "^ n^oft fuperb buildings ar^ hougHo be of the lower empire, about the time of GalHenus. Odrnathus, the lafl king 6f Palmyra was highly t-areifed by that emperor, and even declared Augufhis. His widow Zenobia reigned in great glory for fome time, and Longinus, thi celebrated critic, was her fecretary. Not being able to brook the Roman tyranny ihede?! at ed waragamft the emperor Aurdian, who took herprifoner, W her in triumph to Rome, and butchered her principal nobility, and among others the excellent Lon- ginus. He afterwards def^royed her city, and malfacred its inhabitants, but ex- pended large fums out of Zenobia's treafures in repairing the temple of the sSn the majeftic rums of which have been mentioned. This, it muft be acknowledeed is but a very lame account of that celebrated city ; nor do any of the Palmyrene inl icnptions reach above the Chriftian a:ra, though there can be no doubt that the citv nielf is of much higher antiquitj-. The emperor Juftinian made fome efforts to re ftore It to us ancient fplendor, but without effea, for it dwindled by degrees to Its prcfcnt wretched ftate. It has been obferved very juftly, that its architec orBilbec P'°P'^'^'°"=' "^ "^ columns, are by no means equal in purity to thofe Nothing can be more futile than the boafted antinnitips fheum Ur *h^ /^„., and Armemaa pnelts in and near Jerjfalem, which is' well known to have"been TURKEt IN EUROPE A K D ASIA. 709 fo often razed to the ground, and rebuilt anew, that no Iccne of our Saviour'a life and lufienngs can be afccrtained ; and yet thofe ccclefiaAics fubfift by their for- genes, and pretending to guide travellers to every fpot mentioned in the Old and New Teftament. They are, it is true, under fevere contributions to the Turks, but the trade ftill goes on, though much diminifhed in its profits. The church of the Holy fepulchre, as it is called, faid to be built by Helena, mother to Conftan- tine the Great, is ihll Handing, and of tolerable good architedure ; but its dif- ferent divifions, and the difpofitions made round it, are chiefly calculated to fup- port the forgeries of its keepers. Other churches, built by the fame lady, arc found in Paleftme ; but the country is fo altered in its appearance and qualities, that It IS one of the moft defpicable of any in Afia, and it is in vain for a modern Uraveller to attempt to trace in it any veRiges of the kingdom of David and Solomon. But let a fertile country be under the frowns of heaven, and abandoned to tyranny and wild Arabs, it will m time become a defert. Thus oppreffion foon thinned the delicious plains of Italy, and the noted countries of Greece, and Afia the Lefs, once the glory of the world, are now nearly deftitute of learning, arts, and people. Mecca and Medina are curiofities only through the fuperllition of the Mahome- tans. Their buildings are mean, when compared to European houfes or churches ; and even the temple of Mecca, in point of architeaure, makes but a forry appear- ance, though eredted on the fpot where the great prophet is faid to have been born. The fame may be faid of the mofque at Medina, where that impoflor was buried ; fo that the vaft fums i'pent yearly by Mahometan pilgrims, in vifiting thofe places, are undoubtedly converted to temporal ufes. I Jhall not amufe the reader with any accounts of the fpot which is faid to have formed Paradife, and to have been fituated between the river Euphrates and Tigris, where there are fome trails which undoubtedly deferve that name. The diilerent ruins, fome of them inexpreffibly magnificent, that are to be found in thofe immenfe regions cannot be appropriated with any certainty to their original founders ; fo great is the ignorance in which they have been buried for thefe thoufand years paft. It is indeed eaf^ to pronounce whe- ther the ftyle of their buildings be Greek, Roman, or Saracen; but all other infor- mation mull come from their infcriptions. The neighbourhood of Smyrna (now called Ifmir) contains many valuable anti- timties. The fame may be faid of Aleppo, and a number of other places celebrated m antiquity, and now known only by geographical obfervations. 1 he feat of Old Troy cannot be diftmguifhed by the fmalleft veftige, and is known only by its be- ing oppofite to the ille of Tenedos, and the name of a brook, which the poets mag- nified into a wonderfiil river. A temple of marble built in honour of Auguftus Ceefar, at Milalfo in Caria, and a few ftruftures of the fame kind, in the neighbourhood,' are among the antiquities that are flill entire. Three theatres of white marble, and a noble circus near Laodicea, now Latichea, have fuffered very little from lime or barbarifm ; and fome travellers think that they dilcem the. ruins of the celebrateil temple of Diana, near Ephcfus. Chief cities, MOsqj;Es, and > Thefe are very numerous, and at the fame OTHER BUILDINGS. j'tinic vcry infignificaut, becaufe, they have little or no trade, and are greatly decayed from their ancient grandeur. Scanderoon ftands upon the fite of Old Alexandria, but it is now alnioft depopulated. Superh- remains of antiquity are found in its neighbourhood. Aleppo, however, prcfervcs a refpeaable rank among the cities of the Afiatic Turkey. It is ftill the capital of Syria, and is fuperior in its buildings and conveniences to moft of the lurkifli e-iues. Its houfes, as ufual in the Eaft, coufift of a large court, with a dead wall to the ftreet, an arcade or piazza running round it, paved with marble, and an '10 TURKEY IN EUROPE akb ASIA. 11 i B I elegant fountain of the fame in the middle. Aleppo and its fuburbs arc fcven m\i%- m compals, ftanduig on eight fmall hills, on the highcft top of which the citadel or caitle is erefled, but of no great ftrength. An old wall and a broad ditch, now m many places turned into gardens, furround the city, which contains 235,00ft in- habitants, ot whom .30,000 are Ghriftians, and 5000 are Jews. It is' furniflicd -wuh nwit of the conveniencies of life, excepting good water, within the walls, and even that is fupplicd by an aquedii6l, diftaut ab«ut four miles, faid to have been crtfted by the cmprels Helena. The Iheets are , ,;vr(nr, by; viell paved with large Iquare ftones, and are kept very clean. Their j. irdeL : •« pleafant, being laid out in vineyards, olive, fig, and piftachio tree* ; hut the country round it rough and barren. Foreign merchants are numerous here, and tranfac^t their biifinefs in ca- lavanferas, or large fquare buildings, containing their ware-houfes, lodging-rooms and compting houfes. The eit^abounds in neat, and foine of them magnificent mofque^, pubhc bagnios, which are very refrefhing, and bazars, or market-places, which are formed into long, narrow, arched or covered ftreets, with llitic fhops, as in other parts of the Eaft. Their cofleeas excellent, and conlidcred by the Turks as a high luxury- ; and their fweet meats and fniits are delicious. European mer- ^.-hants live here in greater fplendor and fafety than in any other city of the Turkilh empire, which is owing to particular capitulations with the Porte. Coaches or car- nages are not uJed here, but perfons of quality ride on horfe-back with a number •of fervant« before them according lo their rank. 'J lie Englifli, French and Dutch, .Jiave coiiluls, who are much rcfpefted, and appear abroad, the Englifh efpecially. with marks of dilnnction. ' The heat of the country makes it convenient for the inhabitants to fleep ia •the open air, here, over all Arabia, and many other parts of the Eaft, for which realon their houfes are flat on the top. This praftice accounts for the early ac quaintance thofe nations had with aftrontmiy, and the motions of the hea\ enly bo- dies, and explams lome parts of the holy icripture. As the 'Jurks are very uniform 111 their way of living, this account of Aleppo may give the reader an idea of the •other Turkifh cities. Bagdad, built upon the Tigris, not far, it is fuppofed, from the fite of ancient Ba- bylon, IS the capital of the ancient Chaldea, and was the metropolis of the ca- liphate, under the Saracens in the twelfth century. This city retains but few marks ot us ancient grandeur. It is in the form of an irregular ftjuare, and ludely forti- hed, but the .conveniency of its fitaation renders it one of the feats of the Turkilh government, and it has ftiU a confiderable trade, being annually vifited by the Smyrna, Aleppo, and weftern caravans. The boufes of Bagdad are generally large built of brick and cement, and arched over to admit the freer circulation of the air: many ot their windows are made of elegant Venetian glafs, and the ceilinc oriianieiited with chequered work. Moft of the houlbs have alfo a court-yard before ihem, in the middle of which is a fmall plantation of orange trees. The number of houfes is computed at 8o,ooo, each of which pays an annual tribute to the Bafhaw, which is calculated to produce .^oo.oool. fterhng- Their bazars in which the tradefmen have their fhops, are tolerably handfome, largeand extenfive' filled with fliops of all kinds of .raerchandiee, to the number of 1 2,000. I'hcfe were «reaed by the Perfians, when -thev were in poifcilion of the place, as were alio their bagnios, and alinoft every thing here worthy blie notice of a traveller. In this city are fave nK)lques, two of which are well built, and have handloine domes, covered with varndhed tiles of different colours. Two chajiels are permitted for thole of 4he Romifh and Greek pcii'uafions. On the north- weflconier of ,hs Avho feidom calls for the head or the eltate of a fubjedt, who is not an inunediatf fervant of the court. The nioft tm- happy fubjefts of the Turkifli government,, are thofe who approach the higheft dignities of ftate, and whofe fortunes are cf.jjilanily expofed to ludden alterations, and depend on the breat'i of their mafter. There is a gradation of great officers in Turkey, of whom the grand vizir, or piime nvtnifter ; the chiaya, fecond in power to the vizir; the reis etfendi, or fecretary of ftate, and the aga of the janizaries, are vhe nioft conliderable. 'Ihefe as well as the mufti, or high, prieft, the bafliaws, or go- vernors of provinces, the civil judges, and many others, are commonly raifed by . their application and afiiduity, from tbe meaneft ftations in life, and are often the children of Tartar, or Chrirtian Oaves taken in war. Tutored in the fchool of adverfity, and arriving at pre-eminence through a thoufend difficulties and dangers, thele men are generally as diitinguifhed for abilities, as deficient in virtue. They poffefs all the diflimulation, intrigue, and corruption, which often accompanies am- bition in an humble rank, and they have a fatther reafon for plnndering the people, becaufe they are uncertain how long they may poffefs the dignities to which they are ariived. The adnutilft-uiion of juftice, therefoire, is extremely corrupt over the whole empire; but this proceeds from the manness of the judges, and not from the laws of the kingdom, which are foidaded upon very equitable principles. Revenues.} The riches drawn from the van: us provinces of this empire muft be immenfe. According to Baron de Tott, the jevenues eftimated on the records amount to 25,400,oool. but produce efledlively unly 3,200,000 to the pub- lic treafury. The revenues arife from the cuftoms, and a variety of taxes which fall chiefly on the Ghriftians, and other fubjedis, not of the Mahometan religion; the rich pay a capitation tar. of .30 Ihillings a year; tradefmen 15 fliillings, and common labourers 6 fliillings, and 10 pence-halfpenny. Another branch of the re- venue arifes from the annual tribute paid by the Tartars, and other nations border- ing upon Turkey, but governed by their own princes and laws. All thefe, how- ever, are trifling, when compared with the vaft fun.s extorted from the governors of provinces, and officers of ftate, un-ie;- the name o{ prefenU. Thefe lu'.rpits, to indemnify themfelves, as we have already obfetved, exercifc every fpecies of op- preflion that their avarice can fuggeft, till,' brcrming wealthy from the yit.ils of the countries a^d people they are fent to go\ cm, rheir riches frequently give rile to a TURRET I* EUROPE and ASIA. 715 pretended fufpicion of difloyalty or mifcondua, and the whole fortune of the of- tender devolves to the crown. The devoted viaim is fcldom acquainted with the nature of the offence, or the names of his accufers; but, without civ iuj? him the leaft opportunity of making a defence, ^r. officer is difpatcbed. with an imperial decree, to take oft his head. The unhappy bafhaw receives it with the hishell re- fpea, putting It on his head, and after he n.-s read it, fays, Ike -will of G^ and the emperor be (hne, or fome fuch expreflion, teftifying his entire refignation to the will ot his prince. Then he takes the filken cord, which the officer has ready in his bo- lom, and having tied it about his own neck, and faid a fhort prayer, the officer's Icrvants throw him on the floor, and, drawing the cord Itrait, foon difpatchhim; atter which his head is cut off, and carried to court. Forces.] The militia of tba Turkifh empire is of two forts: the firft have certam lands appointed for their maintenance, and the othe.' is paid out of the trea- lury. Ihoie that have certain lands, amount to about 268,000 troopers, efibaivc men. lieiides thofe, there are alfo certain auxiliary forces raifed by the tribute -v countries of this empire; as the Tartars, Walachians, Moldaviaiis, and, till c'.f r u f. Georgians, who are commanded by their refpeaive princes. The Kan ot the Crim ^lartars, before his country was fubjeaed to Ruflia, was obliged to turnifti 100,000 men and ferve in perfon, when the grand-fignior took the field la every war, befides the above forces, there are great numbers of volunteers who live at their own charge, in expeaation of fucceeding their officers. Thefe ad- venturers not only promife themjblves an eftate if they fuivive, but are taught that if they die in the wars againft the Chriftians, they fliall go immediately to pa- radile. Ihe forces which receive their pay from the treafury, are called The Spahis, or horfe-guards and are in number atxjut 12,000; and the janilTaries. or foot-guards, who are efteemed the beft foldiers in the Turkifh armies, and on them they principally depend m an engagement, thefe amount to about 25,oco men ^n^ 'y^!JT A ? r'"? "?' Conftantinople. They frequently grow mutinous; and have proceeded fo far lometunes as to depofe the Ibltan. They are edul cated in the ieraglio and trained up to the exercife of arms from their infancy and there are not lels than too,ooo foot-foldiers, fcattered over every province of the empire, who procure thcmfehes to be regiftered in this body, to enjoy tlie Kfe •^'"'''"l-'r"'^'"^ "' '"y great, being fubjea to no jurifdia on but that of their aga, or chief commander. Arms and titles.] Ihe emperor's titles are fwellcd with all the pomp of Ecrlh Brother to ihe !,un and Mom, Difpofer of all earthly Crowm, &c. The grand fig-uorsarmsare vert acrefcemargeni, crefted with a turban, charged with three black plumes of heron's quills, with this motto, Do»ec ioium impkat orhe^v Court AND SERAGLIO.] Great care is taken in the education of the youth, ,,^., „„^ g^-.v-iuuia ui umaut proviuccs, tne niade, and fpnghtly children that can be met with, and are always reviewed and :..pproved of by the grai.d-hgnior, before they are lent to the colleges or ibminarks where they are educated for employments according to their genius and abilitie" Ihe ladies ot the Ieraglio are a colleaion of beautiful young women, chicflr font ns prefents from the prov-inces and the Greek illands, moll of t],em the children of ChriHia,, par.,,., 'ihe brave p,^,,ce-Hc7a*s: "S '^' ^i^^'Z^ln':^:^ '-..ii^irea v>i uotn tx^x-s, winch utorgia foroierly paid every the infamous 4 Y a T 7i6 TURKEY IN EUROPE and AStA. li year to the POrte. The number of women ia the harem, depends on the tafte of the reigning monarch or fuhan. Selim had 2ooo, Achmet had but 300, and the prel'ent fulun hath nearly 1600. On their admiffion they are committed to the care of old ladies, taught to few and embroider, mulic, dancing, and other ac- complifhments, and furnilhed with the richeft clothes and ornaments. They all lleep in feparate beds, and between every fifth there is a preceptrels. Their chief governefs is called Kiitoii Kiaga, or governefs of the noble young ladies. There is not one fervant among them, for they are obliged to wait on one another by rota- tion ; the laft that is entered ferves her who preceded her, and herfelf. Thefe ladies are fcarceW ever fufifered to go abroad, except when the grand-fignior removes from one place to another, when a troop of black eunuchs conveys them to the boats, which are inclofed wiih lattices and linen curtains ; and when they go by land they are put into clofe chariots, and fignals are made at certain diftances, to give notice that none approach the roads through which they march. The boats of the Harem, which carry the Grand Signior's wives, are manned with 24 rowers, and have white covered tilts, Ihut alternately by Venetian blinds. Among the emperor's at- tendants are a number of mutes, who ad and converfe by figns with great quicknels, and fome dwarfs who are exhibited for the divcrfion of his majefty. When he permits the women to walk in the gardens of the feraglio, all people are ordered to retire, and on every fide there is a guard of black eunuchs, with fa- bres in their hands, while others go their rounds in order to hinder any perfon from feeing them. If unfortunately any one is found in the garden, even through igno- rance or inadvertence, he is undoubtedly killed, and his head brought to the feet of the grand-fignior, who gives a great reward to the guard for their vigilance. Sometimes the grand-fignior palfes into the gardens to amufe himielf, when the wo- men are there : and v k then that they make ufe of their utmoft eflbrts, by danc- ing, finging, feducing geft;ircs, and amorous blandilhments, to enfnare the affec- tions of the monarch. It is not permitted that the monarch fhould take a virgin to his bed except during the folemn feftivals, and on occafion of fome extraordinary rejoicings, or the arrival of fome good news. Upon fuch occafions, if the ful- tan choofes a new companion tc his bed, he enters into the apartment of the women, who are ranged in files by the governeffes, to whom he fpcaks, and intimates the perfon he likes belt : the teiemony of the handkerchief, which the grand-fignior is faid to throw to the girl that he eleds, is an idle tale, without any foundation, As foon as the grand-fignior has chofen the girl that he has deftined to be the partner of his bed, all the others follow her to the bath, wafliing and perfuming her, and drefling her fuperbly, conducing her finging, dancing, and rejoicing to the bed-chamber of the grand-fignior, who is generally, on fuch an occafion, al- ready in bed. Scarcely has the new-eledled favourite entered the chamber, intro- duced by the grand eunuch who is upon guard, than fhe kneels down, and when the fuhan calls her, Ihe creeps into bed to him at the foot of theijed, if thefultan does not order her, by efpecial grace, to approach by the fide : after a certain time, upon it fignal given by the fultan, the governefs of the girls, with all her fuite, enter the apartment, and take her back again, conducing her lyith the Came ceremony to the women's apartments ; and if by good fortune fhe becomes preg- nant, and is delivered of a boy, fhe is called afaki fultaneis, that is to fay, fuiia- nefs-mother ; for the firrt fon, fhe has the honour to be crowned, and fhe has the liberty of forming her court, as before mentioned. Eunuchs are alfo affigned for her guard, and for her particular fervice. No other ladies, »hough delivered of boys, are either crowned, or maintained with fuch coftly dillinflion as the tirfl : however, they have their fervice apart, and handfome appoinxments. After the TURKE^-TN EUROPE and ASIA. 717 death of the fuhan, the mothers of the male children are ftiut up in the old fera- gho, from whence they can never come out any more, unlefs any of their fons afceud the throne. Baron dc Tott informs us, that the female flave/who becomes the mother of a Sultan, and lives long enough to fee her ion mount the throne, i the only woman who at that period alone acquires the diftiuaiou of Sultami Ma- ther: Ihe IS till then m the interior of her prifon,.wiih her fon. The title of Ba- Che Kadm, prmcipal woman, is the firft- dignity of the grand-fignior's harefri, and Ihe hath a larger allowance than thofe who have the title of lecond, third, and fourth woman, which are the four free women the Koran allows. Oaigin and progress of the Turks.] It has been the fate of the more fouthernand fertile parts of Alia, at different periods, to be conquered by that war- like and hardy race of men, who inhabit the vaft country, known to the ancients by the name of Scythia, and among the moderns by that of Tartary. One tribe oi thele people, called Turks or Turcomans, which name fignifies Wanderers, ex- tended us conquefts under various leaders, and during feveral centuries, from the Ihore-ot the Caipian to the Itraits of the Dardanelles. Being long refident in the capacity ot body-guards, about the courts of the Saracens, they embraced the doc trmeot Mahomet, and aaed for a" long time as mercenaries in the armies of con- tendmg princes. Their chief refidence was in the neighbourhood of mount Cau- cafus, from whence they removed to Armenia Major, and after being employed as mercenaries by the iultans of Perfia, they feized that kingdom, about the year 10,37, and fpread their ravages over all the neighbouring countries. Bound by their religion to make converts to Mahometanifm, they never were without a pretence for invadingandravagmg the dominions of the Greek emperors, and were fonietimes commanded by very able geaerals. Upon th& declenfion of the caliphate or em- pire of the Saracens, they made themfelves mailers of Palciline ; and the vifiting the HolyCityofJerufalem,. being then part of the Chiiftian exercilbs, in which they had been tolerated by the Saracens, the Turks laid the European pilgrims under luch heavy contributions, and exercifed fuch horrible cruellies upon the Chiittian inhabitants of the country, as gave rife to the famous Crufades, which we have men- tioned more fully m the Introduftion. It unfortunately happened, that the Greek emperors were generally more lealous of theprogrelsof the Ghriftians than of the Turks; and ihougli, after oceans of blood were fpilt, a Chriftran kingdom was eredled at Jeruialem under Godfrey of Bou logne.^neitherhenorhiiifucceflbrs were poifeffed of any- real power ibr maintaining "■ ^^r" ' ^^°'^^ ^^'^ y^^'" ^299> bad extended their dominions on every fide and poffelfcd themlelves, under Othman, of Ibme of the fincft pro\ inces in Afia of Nice, and Prufa in Bithynia, which Othman made his capital, and, as it were, Jirft embodied them into a nation ; hence they took the name of Othmans from that leader; the appellation of Turks, as it fignifies in the original, wanderers, or ba- niihed men, being confidered by them as a term of reproach. Othman is to be llilecl the founder of the Turkifh empire, and was fucceeded by a race of the moll warlike princes that are mentioned m hiftory. About the year 1357 they paffed the Hellefpont, and got a footing in Europe, and Amurath fettled the feat of his empire at Ad rianople, which he took in the year 1360: under him the order of Ja- nizaries was eftablifhed. Such were their conquefts, that Bajazct I. after conquer- ing Bulgaria, and defeating the Greek emperor Sigifmund, laid fiego to Gonftantin- ople, in hopes of lubjedling all the Greek empii-^. His greatncfs and infolence provoked Tamer)ane, a Tartarian prince, who was juft then returned from his eaftern conquefts, ro declare war againft. him. A decifive battle was fought be- tween thofe rival conquerors, in Natolia, in the plain where Pompey defeated Mi- Vi3 TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. thridates, when Bajazct s army was cut in laid to have been fliut up in an iron cage The fiicceflTors of TanierlRtie, by declat pieces, and he himfelf taken prifoner, and where he ended his life. againft „ „ e another, left the Turks more powerful than ever; and though their career was checked by the va- lour of the Venetians, Hungarians, and the famous Scanderbeg, a prince of Epirus, they gradually rcclueed the dominions of the Greek emperors; and, after along fiege, Mahomet 11. took Conftantinople in 145.'^. Thus, after an exigence of ten centuries, fi-om ':s firll commencenient under Conftantine the Great, ended the Greek empire; an c^'ent which had been long forefcen, and was owing to many caufes; the chief was the total ■degcneracv of the -Greek emperors thenrielves, their courts and families; the diflike their fubjcds had to the popes, and the weftera church, one of their patriarchs declaring publicly to a Romilh legate, " rhat he would rather fee a turban than the pope's tiara upon the gieat altar of Conftaiitin- ople." But as the Turks, when they extended their conquefts, did not extenni- nate, but reduced the nations to fubjcdion, the remains of the ancient Greeks ftill exift, as we have already obferved, particularly in Conftantinople, and the neigh- bouring illands, tthere, though uixler grievous oppreflions, they profefs Chriftia- nity under their ov/n patriarchs of Conttantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- falem, tor the Greeks ; and the Arnieirians have three patriarchs, who are richer thanthofeof the Greek church, on account of their people being richer and more converfant in trade. It is laid that the modern Greeks, though pining under the tyrannical yoke of the Turkilh government, ftill prelerve fomewhat of the exterior appearaucL, though nothing of the internal principles which diftiuguiihed their an- ceftors. '1 he conqueft of Gonflantinople was followed by the fubmifllon -;s, entered the Morea, commanded by Seralkier, Bafha of Bofuia. This Turkifti general recovered all the northern part of the peninfula, as foon as he appeared in it ; and all the Greeks that were found in arms, or out of their villages, were initantlv put to death. Ihe Ruflians were now driven back to their ffiips ; but about the fame time another Ruliiau fauadron, conuuanded by admiral Elphinfton, arrived from England, to reinforce count Orlow's armament. Ihe Turkilh fleet alfo appeared, and an oMmate en- ^acrement was fought in the channel of Scio, which divides that ifland from Na- Toiia or the Lcffer Afia. The Turkiffi fleet was conflderably fuperior in force, con- fiftin'g of fifteen fliips ot the line, from fixty to ninety guns, befides a ntamber of thebeques and gallies, amounting in the whole to near thirty iail ; the Ruflians had onlv ten ftiips of the line, and five frigates. Some ot the Ihips engaged with great rcfolution, whilft others on both fides found various caules for not approaching fuf- ficiently near. But Spiritof, a Ruflian admiral, encountered the captain pacha, m tlie Siiltane of ninety gun.s, yard-arm and yard-arm ; they both fougot with the eicateft fury, and at length run lb clofe, that they locked themfelves together with l^ranpling-irons and other tackling. In ttiis fituation, the Ruflians, by throwmg h,nd-granades from the tops, let the Turkifli ftnp on fire, and as they could not now be dileniangled, both lliips were in a little time equally m flames. Thus dreadfully circumftanced, without a poffibility of fuccour, they both at length blew up with a moft terrible explofion. Tic commanders and principal oflficers on both fides were nioftlv favcd ; but the crews were almoil totally loft. The dreadful fate of thde {hips' as well as the danger to thole that were near them, produced a kind of pauie on b^th fides ; after which the aaicni was renewcil, and contmued till nighr without any material advamage on either fide, \\ hen u became dark, the Jlurkiffi fleet cut their cables, and run into a bay on the coaft of Natolia : the Ruflmns lurrounded them thus clofely pent up, and in the night forae fire-fhips were fuccefsfully con- TURKETiw EUROPE akd ASIA. 721 v«ycd among the Turkifh fleet, hy the intrepid behaviour of lieutenant Dugdale, an Englifliman in the Ruffian fervice, who, though abandoned by his crew, hinifeh' diredted the operations of the fire-fhips. The tire took place fo cffedually, thac in five hours the whole fleet, except one man of war and a few gallies that were towed ofif by the Ruffians, was totally deflroyed ; after which they entered the har- bour, and bombarded and cannonaded the town, and a caitle that protefted it, with fuch fuccefs, that a fhot having blown up the powder magazine in the latter, both were reduced to a heap of rubbifh. Thus was there fcarcely a veflige left at nine o'clock, of a town, a caftle, and a fine fleet, which had been all in exiftence at one the fame morning. Some of the principal military tranfaftions by land, in the war between Ruflia and Turkey, having been already noticed in our account of the former empire, we Ihall here only add, that, after a mofl unfortunate war on the fide of the Turks, peace was at length concluded between them and the Ruflians, on the 2ift of July 1774, a few months after the acceffion of the prefent grand-fignior Achmet IV. The late emperor, Muftapha III. left a fon, then only in his 13th year ; but as he was too young to manage the reins of government in the then critical lituation of the Turkifli affairs, Muftapha appointed his brother, the prefent emperor, to fucceed him in the throne : and to this prince, under the flrongcfl terms of recommendation, he «fontided the care of his infant fon. The perfeverance of the Turks, fupplied by their numerous Afiatic armies, and . their implicit fubmiflion to their officers, rather than any excellency in military difcipline or courage in war, have l)een the great fprings of thofe fucceffes which have rendered their empire fo formidable. The extenfion, as well as duration of their empire, may indeed be in fome meafure owing to the military inftitution of the janizaries, a corps originally compofed of the children of fuch Chriftian parents as could not pay their taxes. Thefe being colledled together, were formed to the exercife of arms under the eyes of their officers in the Seraglio. They were generally in number about 40,000 ; and fo excellent v,as their difcipline, that they were deemed to be invincible : and they ftill continue; the flower of the Turkifh ar- mies ; but the Ottoman power is in a declining ftate. The political ftate of Europe, and the jealoufies that fubfifl among its princes, is now the fureft bafis of this em- pire, and the principal reafon why the fineft provinces in the world are fufiered to x-emain any longer in the poffeflion of th&fe once haughty infidels. Abdul Hamed, or Achmet IV. grand-fignior born 17 10, fucceeded to the throrc of Turkey, 21ft January 1774, on the death of his brother ; he hath three fbns and three daughters. M TARTARY in ASIA. Situation and Extent. Miles. Degrees. Length 4000 ) x...^...^ J 50 and 150 eafl long. Breadth 2400 f °"^^^" t 30 and 72 north lat. Boundaries. TT would be deceiving the reader to defire him to depend upon the X accounts given us by geographers, of the extent, limit?, and fitua- ilon of thefe vafl regions. Even the emprefs cf Ruflia and her miniflry are igno- ♦•J 4 ^ m'' 1 A R T A R Y I N A S I A. i tant of her precifc Kmits with the Chinefe, the Perfians, and other nations. Tar* tary, taken in irs tulleft extent, is bounded by the Frozen Ocean, on the North ; by the Pacific OciMn, on the Eaft ; by China, India, Perfia, and the Cafpian Sea, on the the South ; and by Mulcovy, on the Weft. Grand divifions, Subdivifions.. ■».T .u a. y T ^ Kanufchatka Tartar* North-eaft divtfion. «J j^rt^^ij^^i Tartars fBrailki Thibet and Mogul Tar- Chief towns.. Sq. M. tars Samoieda V J Kamtfchatka i* 4 Jakutfkoi Bratfki Thibet Polon Kudak J Mangafia, ' ( Korttkoi H North' weft divifipn 'j Qj^^^k e .V. a Ai.,tr,^^ (Circaffian and Aftrachan > J Terki South-weft divifion j Tartary f 1 Aftrachan. (Siberia \ fTobolflc 985,380 ididdle divifion. •j Kahnuc Tartary, (.Uftjeck Tartary ] \ Bokharia LSaniaacand.. 850,000 339,84Q Kamtfchatka is a great peninfula, which extends from North to South about leven degrees thirty minutes. It is divided into four diftrids, Bolcherefk, Tigilr Ikaia Krepoft, Verchnei or Upper Kamtfcbatkoi, Oltrog, and Nilhnei or Lower Kamtfchatkoi Oftrog. Mountains.] Ihe prmcipal tnGuntain.s are Caucafus in Circaffia, and the mountains of Taurus and Ararat fo contiguous to it, that they appear like a conti- nuation of the fame mountain, which cioffes all. Alia from Mougrclia, , to the Indies; and the mountains of Stolp, in the North,. Seas.] Thefe ace the Frozen Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Cafpian Sea. Rivers.] The principal rivers are, the Wolga, which runs a courfe of two ihoufand miles: the Obey^ which divides Afia from Europe; the Tabol, Irtis, Ge- uefa or Jenfka ; the Burrurapooicr, the Lena and the Argun, which divides the Ruf- fian and Chinefe empires. Air, climate, soil, > The air of this country is very, difierent, by reafon of AND. PRODUCE. JT its vaft cxteut from north to fouth;, the northern parts reaching beyond the arftic polar circle, and the fouthem being in the fame latitudes •with Spain, France, Italy, and part of Turkey. Nova Zembla and the Ruflia Lapland are moft uncomfortable regions ; the earth, which is covered with fnow niiie months in the year, being extremely barren, and every where incumbered with unwholefome marfhes, uninhabited mountains, and im- penetrable thicknelTes. The climate of Siberia is cold, but the air pure and whole- fome; and Mr. Tooke obferves, that its inhabitants in all probability would live to an extreme old age, if they were not fo much addifted to an immoderate ufc of in- toxicating liquors. Sil)eria produces rye, oats, and barley, alnioft to the 60th de- gree of northern latitude. Cabbages, radilhes, tuniips, and cucumbers, thii\e bere tolerably well : but fcarcely any other greens. All experinieuts to bring fruit trees to bear, have hitherto been in vain : but there is reafon to believe that induftry and patience may at length overcome, the rudenefs of the climate. CuiVdnts and ftrawberries of leveral forts are faid to grow here in as great perfe£lion as in the flnglilh, gardens. Herbs, as well medicinal as common, together with vaiious edi- TARTARY im ASIA. ^33 Me roots arc found very generally here : but there are no bees in all Siberia. Aftra- ^iTn"'-''! V Tk '" P'"l°^ ^''"^"y* are extremely ^rtile, owing more to nature ban mdunry. Ihe parts that are cultivated produce excellent fruits of almoft aU tJ'llti. u'' ^T^r' *='P^^'^"7 g'-aP«^ which are reckoned the largeft and fined m the u-orU fhcr fummers are very dry ; and from the end of July to the beg^nnmg of Oaobcr, the air is peftered. aid tlie foil fometimes ruined, b/ incre! dible quantu.es of locuRs. M.-. Bell, who travelled with the Ruffian anibaLor to Cbma, reprefcnts fome parts of Tartarv as defirable and fertile countries, the graf, grgwrng fpontaneouny to an amazing fceight. The country of Thibet is the high- Tnd rh£' 'nH 117"; ci'^-^' ^'7"'*^^ '""^ ^^^*^^ g^^^« "'■« ^° '^^ "vers of India and Lhma, and thofe of Siberia and other parts of Tartary. Mbtals and minerals.] It is faid that Siberia contains mines of gold, fdver copper, iron, jalper, lapis lazuli, and loadftones ; a fort of large teeth found here* creates fome difpute among the naturalifts, whether they belong to elephants, or are a marine produOion; their appearance is certainly whimfical and curious, when pohlhed with art and (kill. ^ . "icn, l^n^**'"^'"^!,'?^^^ ^'^ ?T''' tlromedaries. bears, wolves, and all the other land and aniphibiour, animals that are common in the north parts of Europe. Their horfes are of a good fize for the faddle, and very hardy: as they run wild till they are five or fix- years old. they are generally headftrong. Near Aftrachan there U a bird called by the Ruflians haba, of a grey colour, and fomething larger than , fwan ; he has a broad bill, under which hangs a bag that may contain a quart or niore ; he wades near the edge of a river, and on ieeing a fhoal, or fry of fmaU fiflies, fpreads his wings and drives them to a ftialfow, where he gobbles as many of them as he can mto his bag. and then going afhore. eats them, or carries them to the young. Some travellers take this bird to be the pelican. The forells of Siberia arc well Ifocked with a variety of animals, fome of which are not to be found in other countries. Thefe fupply the inhabitants with food and cfothes ; and, at the fame time, furniih them with commodities for an advan- tageous trade. Siberia may be confidered as the native country of black foxes fables, and ermines, the fkins of which are fuperior to thofe of any part of the wo.ld. Horfes and cattle are in great plenty, and fold at low prices. Population, inhabitants, manners,) We can form no probable guefs as CUSTOMS, DivKRsioNs. AND DRESS, fto the nu.nbcr of inhabitants m Tar. tary; but from many circumftantcs we muft conclude, that they are far from beint? proportioned to the extent of their country. They are in general ftrong niade^ ftoutmen; their faces broad, their nofcs flattifh. their eyes fmall and black but very quick; their beards are fcarcely vifible, as they continually ihin them by pul- ling up the hairs by the roots. M. le Clerc's account of the Tartars (or Tatars ashecallsthem)jultpubh(hedis curious. He obtained the information on which It is founded, from two princes and feveral Mour::as of that nation. Their ori gin IS the lame with that of the ancient Turks; and Tprk was the general denol mination of this people until the time that Ziugis.Kan made himfelf mafter of the North of Aha; na|y, they ihll retain this title among themfelves. though, after the ne- nod now mentioned, the neighbouring nations give to »11 their tribes the general appellation of Tartars. The term horde, according to him. does not fionitV pro- perly a tube; it denotes a tribe affembJed. either to march againft the enenivf or for other political realons. , . "t The beauty of the Circaffian women is a kind of llaple commodity in that country; for parents there make no fcruple of felling their daughters to recruit the. feraghos, or rather h^nm, of the great men of Turkey and Perfia. 'J Iiev are 4^5 i ^ 7U TARTARY in ASIA. purchal'fd, when young, by merchants, and taught fuch accompliftiments as lUit their capacities, to render them more valuable agaiuft the day of (ale. According to Mr. Bruce, the Circaflian women are extremely well Ihapcd, with exceeding fine features, linooth clear complexions, and bcautilul black eyes, which with their black hair hanging in two treifes, one on each fide the face, give thent a moft lovely appearance : they wear a black coif on their heads, covered with a fin-' white cloth tied under the chin. During the fummer they all wear only a jmo.k of divers colours, and that open fo low before, that one may fee below their navels : this, with their beautiful laces always uncovered, (contrary to the cuftoni of moft of the other provinces in thcfe parts), their good humour and lively free- dom in converfation, altogether render them very delirable : nolwithftanding which they have the reputation of being very chafte, though they feldoni want oppor- tunity ; for it is an eftiblifhed point of good manners among them, that as loon as any perfon comes in to fpeak to the wife, the hulband goes out of the houfe : but whether this continency of theirs proceeds from their own generofity, to rccom- pence their huibands for the confidence they put in them, or has its foundation on- ly in fame, I pretend not to determine. Their language they have in common with the other neighbouring Tartars, although the chief people among them are alio not ignorant of the Ruflian : the apparel of the men of Circallia is nmch the fame witli that of the Nagayans, only their caps are fbmething larger, and their cloaks be- ing likewife of coarie cloth or ftieep-fkins, are fafteued only at the neck with a ftring, and as they are not large enough to cover the whole body, they turn them round according to the wind and weather. The Tartars are in general a wandering fort of people ; in their peregrinations they let out in the fpring, their number in one body being frequent^y 10,000, pre- ceded by their flocks and herds. When they come to an inviting Ipot, thej live upon it till all its grafs and verdure is eaten up. They have little money, except what they get from their neighbours the Ruflians, Perfians, or Turks, in exchange for cattle ; with this they purchafe cloth, filks, ftufls, and other apparel for their women. They have few mechanics, except thofe who make arms. They avoid all labour as the greateft (lavery ; their only employment is tending their flocks, hunt- ing, and managing their horfes. If they are angry with a perfon, they wifh he may live in one fixed place, and work like a Ruilian. Among theml'eh es they are very hoTpitable, and wonderfully lb to ftrangers and travellers, who confidentially put themfelves under their protcdlion. They are naturally of an eafy, cheerful temper, always difpofed to laughter, and feldorn deprefl'ed by care or melan- choly. There is a ftrong refemblance between the northern and independent Tar- tars and fome nations of Canada in North America ; particularly, when any of their people are infirm ihrough great age, or feizcd with diftempers reckoned mcurable, they make a fmall hut for the patient near Ibme river, in which thev leave him with fome proviilons, and feldom or never return to vifit him. On fuch occafions they fay they do their parents a good office, in fending them to a better world. Not- withftanding this behaviour, many nations of the Tartars, efpecially towards the fouth, are tradlable, humane, and are fufceptible of pious and virtuous ferti- Tbeir afleftion for their fathers, and their fubmiirion to their authority. nients. cannot be exceeded ; and this noble quality of filial love has diftinguifhed them in all ages. Hiftory tells us, th?.t Darius, king of Perfia; having invaded them with all the forces of his empire, and the Scythians retiring by little and little, Darius fent an anibaffador to demand where it was they propofed to conclude their retreat, and when they intended to begin fighting. They returned for anfwer, with a fpirit io peculiar to ibat people, " That they had no cities or cultivated fields, for the de- TARTARY im ASIA. Its ftoceof which ihcy fliould give him battle ; but when cmc-e he was conic to th« place ot their fathers njonuments, he Ihouldthcu underftand in what manner the Scv- thians ufed to fight." ^ The Tartars are inured to horfemaufhip from their infancy ; they rddom appear on foot. They are dexterous in fliooting at a mark, inloiimch that a Tartar, while at full gallop, will fplit a pole with an arrow, though at a confiderablc d'lnance. The drels of the men is very fimple and fit for a^ion ; it generally confills of a Ihort jacket, with narrow tteeves made of dcers fkin, having the fur outward- trowlers and hole of the fanw kind of Ikui, both of one piece, and light to the Imibg. The Tartars live in huts half funk under ground ; they have a fire in the middle, with a hole w the top to let out the fmoke, and benches round the fire to fit or he upon. This ieenw to be the comtnon method of living among all the northern nations, from Lapland caftward,. to the Japar efe ocean, . In the extreme northern provinces, during the. wiater, every family burrows itfclf as it were under gromid; and wea. old, that, fo fociable are they in their difpofitions, that they make lubterraiieous conununications with each other,- fo that they may be ,faid to live in an mvifible city.. The Tartars are immoderately fond of horle-flefii efpe- cially if It be young, and a little tainted^ which makes their cabbins extremely nauleous. Though horfe-flelh be preferred raw by fome northern tribes the gene- ral way of eating it is after it has been fmoked and dried.. The Tartars purchafe their wives with cattle. In their marriages they are not very delicate. Little or no diHerence is made between the child of a concubine or (lave, and that of the wife • but among the, heads of tribes the wife's Ibn is always preferred to the lucceflion.' After a wile is turned of forty, flie is employed in nrenial duties as another fervant' and as fuch muft attend the young wives who fucceed to their places; nor is it un- common, in lome of the more barbarous tribes, for . a father . lo marry his own. daughter. . / The dclcendants of the old inhabitants of Siberia are ftill moft of them idolaters They conhft ot many nations, entirely diflering from each other in their manner of living, rehgion, language, and 'Countenances. But in this they agiee, that, none of them follow agriculture, which is carried on by fome Tartars, and fuch as are converted to Ghnitianity. A few of them breed cattle, and others follow hunting. 1 ho population of Siberia has been much increafed fiuce it became a Ruflian pro- \ince; for the Rulfaans have founded therein a number of towns, fortreife'! and villages. Notwuhftaudiug which it prefents but a void and delert v iew • finee by Its extent, it is capable of fupporting feveral millions more than it at prefent con- tarns, for the manners and cuftoms of the other Tartars belonging to the Ruf- fian empire, we refer to our account of that country. . Rehgion.] The religion of the Tartars fomewhat refembles their civil govern- ment, and 13 commonly accommodated to that of their neighbours; for it partakes of the Mahometan, the Gentoo, the Greek, and even the Catholic religions. Some of them are the groffeft idolaters, and worlhip little rude images drelTed up in rag« tach has his own deity, with whom they make very free when matters do not go accoiximg to their own mind. The Gircaflian religion is Paganifm, for notwithflanding they ufe circumcifion among them, they have neither prieff, alcoran, or mofque, like other Mahome- tans. Every body here oflers his own facrifice at pleafure, for which, however they have certain days, efta billed rather by cuftom than any pofitive command • their moll lolemn facrifice is oTered at the death of their neareft friends, upon which occahon both men and women meet in the field to be prefent at the offering, which is a he-goat; and having killed, they flay it, and ftretch the Ikin with the .ki IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 U 11.6 ^ W m /A / 'n. ■CM' #: oi^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^^

T A H T A R y IN ASIA. headand horus on, upon a crofaat the top of a long pole, placed commonty »n % /luickfet -hedge ^to keep the cattle fioiu it), and ucar the place the facrifice is ofc leicdby boiling and roalling the flefli, which tlicy afterwards eat. Wheii the feait is over, the lucn rife, and having paid their adoration to the ficiu, and muttered over fonic certain prayers, the women withdraw, and the men conclude the cere- mony with drinking a 4;reat quantity of aqua vitse, and this generally vends in a quarrel before they part. But the religion and government «rif the kingdom of Thibet, and Laffa, a large trad of Tartary, bordering upon China, arc the nioft remarkable, and the moil \vorthy of attention. The Thibetians are governed bji the Gsand Lama, or Delai J^ama, who ill not only fubmitted to, and adored by them, but is alfo the great ob- ;ied of adoration for the various tribes. of Heathen Tartars, who rf>am through the vafltradt of continent which ftretches from the banks of theWolga, to Korea on the fea of Japan. He isjiot onlyjthe fovereign, pontiff, the vicegerent of the Deiiy <)n earth; but, as fuperftition is ever the ftrongeft, where k is moft removed from its obj.-a, the more remote Tartars .abfolutely regard him as the Deity Wmfelf. 'I'hey believe bioi to be he Supreme Being has divided the governmeut of the world, and the deliiuv of men, among a great number of fubalteni divinities, under his command and con- trol, but who ncverthclds genei^aiyv aft according to their own fancies : and there tore mankind cannot difpeale with ufmg all the means in their power lor obtaiiiini/ their favour. They likewife fuppofe, that, for the moft part, thele inferior deiiiel abominate and pumih premeditated viilanjF, fraud, and cruelty. Thev are all firmly 1>erfuadedot a future exiftence; but they have many fuperftitious notions and pracl nces. Among all the Schamanes, women are confidered as beings vaftly inferior ta men, and are thought to have been created only for their fenfiijd pleafure, to people the world, and to look after houfehold aflarrs: and in coalbquence of thefe prin'cii- plcs, they are ti-eated with much feverrty and contempt. Learning.] The reader may be furprifed to. find this article among a nation of lartars; yet nothing is more certain, than that under Zingis Khan and.Tamerlane; and their early delcendants, Aftrachan and the neighbouring countries were the Ifeats- ot learnuig and pditenefe, as well as empire ind magnificence. Modern luxury belt ever lo Iplendid, falls Ihort of that of thofe princes; and-fonm remains of their tafte m architeaurc are ItiU extant, but in fpots fo def61ate, that they are almoft in. accefiible. 1 he cultivation of learning was the firft care of the prince, and generally ct)mmitted to the care ot his own relations or principal grandees. They wrote in the Perfian and. Afabic tongues: and their hillories, many of which are ftill extant m manufcript, carry with them the ftrongelt marks of authenticity, CuKiosiTiKs.] Thefe are comprehended m the remains of the buildmes left hy the above mentioned great conquerors and their fuccoflbrs. Remains of ditches and ramparts are frequently met with, which heretofore either furrounded fmall town-i now quite demoiifhed, or were deligned for the defence of camps, forts, or. caftles theveftiees of which are often, to. be difcovered u]X)n tlic fpot, as well as other traces of decayed importance. Many of them are in tolerable prefervation and make lome figure even at prclent. Ihe flabode, or Tartarian fuburb of Kafimo<; on the Oha, leems to have been the rclidence. of fome khan. In the midft of the rums of that city is around and elevated tower, called in their language Mifauir a fort of temple or building dedipated to devotion.. Here are alfo the remains of the walls oi a palace;, and in one of the mafirets, or burial pkces, is a very confix derablemaufoleum: all which edifices are buUt of hewn ftone and bricks. From an Arabic infcription we learn, th.>t the khan of Schagali was buried there in the 96 2d year of the hegira, or the 1520th of the Chriftian ara. Near mount Cau-- calus are Ml very confiderable remains- of Madfchar^ a celebrated city of former times. Near Derbent are numerous tombs covered with cylindrical ftones exceed mg the ufual ftature of men. with Arabic infcriptions. In the environs of Aftrachaa the rums ot ancient Aftrachan are very vifibk; and ihe rubbifh and ramparts of .-mother refpeaable town ItUlexift near Tzaritzin, on the left ihore of the Wolea A little below the mouth of the Kama, which empties itfclf into the above men^ tjoned river, are many luperb monuments of the ancient city Bulgaria, confiftine ot towers, molques, houfcs, and fepukhres, all built of ftone or brick. The old eft epitaphs have been there more than eleven centuries, and the moft modern at lealt lour iHindreil years. Not far from hence, on the Tfcheremtfcham, a little ri- ver that runs into the VN olga, are found ruins fomewhat more injured by the de predations ot time : they are thole of Boulymer, an ancient and veiy confiderable cit J- ui the liulgarwii,?. The 'I'artars ha^c eroded upon its niins the fmall town of Bilyairlk In the fortreis of Kafan i.s a monument of the ancient Tartarian kingdom of that name. Its lofty walls are fo broad, that tliey ferve at prefent for ramparts.: the tiir^ 723 T A R T A R Y i k ASIA rets of wliich, as well as the old palace of the khan, are built of hewn flonC. Af- ceudin^ the river Kafanha, we meet with epitaphs, and the ftroug ramparts of the old Kaian Near the Oufa are cemeteries full of innumerable infcriptions, and fe- \eral fepulchral vaults. The ramparts of Sibir, the ancient capital of Tartary, are ftill feen about Tobolfk upon the Irtil'ch. 'I'he lofty walls of Tontoura appear yet in the Baraba, a little gulf in the river Om ; and near the mouth of the Oural are the ditches of the city Saratfchik. Not to mention a great number of other cities and ruins of Siberia; and efpecially all thofe that are to be met with in the defert of Kirgais, which abounds in the relics of opulent cities. Some gold and filver coins have likewile been found, with feveral manul'cripts neatly written, which have been carried to Peterlburg. In 1720, fays M. Voltaire, in his hiftory of Peter the Great, there were found in Kalmuc Tartary a fubterraneous houfe of ftoue, fomc urns, lamps, and ear-rings, an equellrian ftatue, an oriental prince with a diadem on his head, two women feated on thrones, and a roll of manufcripts, which was fent by Peter the Great to the Academy of Infcriptions at Paris, and proved to be in the language of Thibet. About 80 miles from Laffa is the lake Palte, or Jang* fo; of that extent, the natives fay it requires 18 days to walk round it. In the mid- dle of it are iflauds, one of which is the feat of the iMviiffa Tunepama, or the great regenerate, in whom the Thibetians think a divine fpirit inhabits as in the Great Lama. CiTias AKD TOWN!?,] Of thcfe we know little but the names, and that they are in general no better than fixed hordes. They may be faid to be places of abode ra- ther than towns or cities, for we do.not find that they are under any regular govern- ment, or that they can make a defence againft any enemy. The few places, how- ever, that are mentioned in the preceding divifions of this country, merit notice. Tobolfk and Allrachan are confiderable cities, the firft containing 15,000, and the latter 70,000 inhabitants. _ Forts, villages, and towns have alio lately been ereded in diflerent parts of Siberia, for civilizing the inhabitants, and rendering them obe- dient to the Ruilian government. Terki, the capital of Circaflian Tartar}', is feated in a fpacious plain on an illand formed by the rivers Terki and Buftrow, and is garrifoned by 2000 regulars, and looo Coffacks. It is well fortified with ramparts and baflions in the modern ftyle,^ well ftoi ed with cannon, and has always a confiderable garrifon in it, under the command of a governor. The Circalfian prince who refides here, is allowed five hundred Rulfians for his guard, but none of his own fubje£ls are permitted to dwell within any part of the fortifications. Evfir fince the redu£lion of thofe parts to the obedience of Ruflia, they have put in all places of ftrengtb, not only Ruflian garrifons and governors, but niagiltrates, and priefts for the exercife of the Chriftian religion ; yet the Circaflian Tartars are governed by their own princes, lords, and judges, but thefe adminifter julKce in the name of the emperor, and in matters of importance, not without the prefence of the Ruflian governors, being all obliged to take the oath of allegiance to hisimperiail majefly. Tarku is the capitad of Dageftan, and contains .•^000 houfes, two ftories high, platformed at top for walking. The Tartars of this province are numerous, and Mahometans, governed by a fhefkel, whofe office is eledive. The city of Der- bent is fituated on the Cafpian Ihore, and called the frontier of Perfia. It is faid to have Deen iirft built by Alexandria the Great, and that he here received the vifit from the Amazonian queen Thaleftris. It is now incloi'ed with a broad ftrong wall, built with large fquare (tones, hard as marble, from the quarries in Giucafus, Laf- fa is a finall city, but the houfes are of ilone, and are fpacious and lofty. TARTART iw ASIA. 729 Commerce and MANufAcxuRK?.] This head makes no figure in the hiftory of Tartaiy, their chief traffic confifting in cattle, (kins, beavers, rhubarb, mufk^ and fifh. The Aftrachans, notwithftanding their interruptions by the wild I'artars, carry on a confiderable traffic into Perfia, to which they export leather, woollen and linen cloth, and fome European manufaftures. History.] Though it is certain that Tartary, formerly known by the name of Scythia, peopled the northern parts of Europe, and furnifhed thofe l uuzing num- bers who, under various names, dellroyed the Roman empire, yet it is now but very thinly inhabited ; and thole fine provinces, where learning and the arts refided, are now fcenes of horror and barbarity. This muft have been owing to the dreadful maffacres made among the nations by the two above mentioned conquerors and their defcendants ; for nothing is more common in their hiftories than their putting to the fword three or four hundred thoufand people in a few days. The country of Ulbec Tartary was once the feat of a more powerful empire than that of Rome or Greece. It was not only the native country, but the favou- rite refidence of Zingis, or Jenghis Khan and I'amerlane, who enriched it with the fpoils of India and the eaftern world. But fome authors have abfurdly quellioncd the veracity of the hiftorians of thefe great conquerors, though it be better eftablifhed than that of the Greek or Roman writers. The former, about the year 1200 made himlelf mailer of thofe regions, which form at this day the Afiatic part of the Ruffian empire ; and his Ion Baton Sagin made himfelf mafter of Southern Ruffia, and peopled it with Tartar colonies, which are now confounded or blended with the Ruffians. Long and heavily did the Tartar yoke gall the neck of Ruflia, till al- leviated by the divifions among themfelves. But not till Ivan III. who afcended the Ruffian throne in 1462, were they delivered i r jm thele warlike invaders. He repeatedly defeated them, fnbtlued the kingdom of Kafan and other provinces, and made his name rel^^iled in all that quarter. Tamerlane's memory hath been more permanent than that of Zingis Khan, his defeat of the Turkiffi emperor Bahzet hath been before noticed in the hiftory of that nation, and great were his conquefts, and his name, far beyond the limits of his proper dominions. His defcent is claimed not only by all the Khans and petty • princes of Tartary, but by the emperor of Indoftan himfelf. The capital of this country is Bokharia, which was k own to the ancients by the nanje of Bucharia; fjtuated in the latitude cf 39 degices 15 minutes, and 13 miles diftant from the once famous city of Saniafcand, the birth-place of- Tamerlane the Great, and who died intheyear 1405. The preient inhabitants of this immenfe common, compofe innumerable tribes, who range at pleafure with their flocks and their herds, in the old patriarchal man- ner. Their tribes ar6 commanded by leparate Khans or leaders, that, upon particu- lar emergencies, -eled a great Khan, who claims a paramount power over ttraugcra as well as natives, and — *-^ can bring into the field from 20 to ioo,oco horfemen. Their chief refidence is a kind of military ftation, which is moved and fhifted ac- cording to the chance of war and other occafions. Befides what may be learned from their hiftory and traditions, the ftandard or co- lours of the refpedive tribes form a diftindlive mark, whereby each Tartar knows the tribe to which he belongs. Thefe marks of diftintflion confift of a piece of Chinele linen, or other coloured ftuft", fuipended on a lance, twelve feet in length, among the Pagan Tartars. The Mahometan Tartars write upon their ftandards the name of 6V, in the Arabic language. The Kalmucs and the Mogul Tartars, diftiiiguifli theirs by the name of fome animal ; and, as all the branches or divifions of a tribe prcferve always the figure drawn upon the ftandard of that uibe, adding only the par- 23 5 A 730 H N A. licular denominaiion of each branch, thofe ftandards anfwcr the purpofe of a genea- logical table or tree, by which each individual know? his origin and delcent. They are bounded on every fide by the Ruflian, the Chinefc, the Mogul, the Per- rian,and the Turkiflb empires ; each of whom are pulhing on tlieir conquelts in thisex- tenfive, and in fomc places fertile country. The Khans pay a tribute, or acknow- ledgment of their dependency upon one or other of their powerful neighbours, who treat them with caution and lenity; as the friendftiip of thefe barbarians is of the utmolt confequence to the powers with whom they are allied. Some tribes, however, affedl independency ; and when united they form a powerful body, and of late have been very formidable to their neighbours, particularly to the Chinefe, as we fliall mention in our account of that empire. The method of carrying on war, by wafting the country, is very ancient among the Tartars, and pradlifed by all of them from the Danube eaftward. This circumltance renders them a dreadl'ul enemy to regular troops, who niuft thereby be deprived of all fubfiftence, while the Tar- tars, having always many fpare horfes to kill and eat, are at no lofs for provifions. Thb empire of china. Situation and extent. Miles. Length 1450? between Breadth i26of ^^^ecn to which Ihould be added Chinefc Tartary Degrees. ( 20 and 42 north latitude. I 98 and 1 23 eaft longitude. Sq. Miles. 1,105,00a 644,000 BouNDARiKs.] TT is bounded by the Cbiaefe Tartary, and an amazing flone X wall, on the North; by the Pacific Ocean, which divides it from North America, on the Eaft; by the Chinefian Sea, South; and by Ton- quiu, and the Tartarian countries and mountains of Thibet and Ruftia, on the Weft. Divisions.] The great divifion of this empire, according to the authors of the Univerfal Hiftory, is into fifteen provinces (exclufive of that of Lyau-tong, which is fituat^d without the Great Wall, though under the fame dominion); each of which might, for their largenefs, fertility, populoufnefs, and opulence, pafs for fo many diftinft kingdo«ns- But It is neceifary to acquaint the reader, that the informations contained in Du Halde's voluminous account of Chiaa, are drawn from the ppers of Jefuits, and other religious fent thither by the pope, whofe miffions have been at an end for above half a century. . Some of thofe Others were men of penetration and judg- ment, and had great opportunities of being informed about a century ago ; but even their accounts of this empire arejuftly to be fufpedted. They bad powerful enemies at the court of Rome, where they maintained their footing only by magni- fying their own labours and fuccefies, aft well as the importance of the Chinefe em- pire. Name.] It is probably owing to a Clvinefe word, fignifying Mi^di^t from a no» tion the natives had that their country lay lu the middle of tlie world. Mountains.] China, excepting to the north, is a plain country, and contains ao remarkable mountains. H N A. 731 Rivers AND water.] The chief are the Yamour and the Argun, which are the boundary between the RuHian and Chiaefe Tartary; the Crocceus, or Whambo or the Yellow River; the Kiam, or the Bhie River, and the Tay. Common wa' ter in Chuia is very indiflerent, and is in fome places boiled to make it fit for ule. Bays.] The chief are tbofe of Nanking and Canton. ^Canals.] Thefe are llifficient to entitle the ancient Chinefe to the character of being the wifeft and moft induftrious peopk in the world. The conmiodioufnefs and length of their canals are incredible. Ibe chief of them are lined with hewn itone on the fides, and th^ are fo deep, that they carry large vclfel*, and fonietinics the>; extend above looo miles in length. Thofe velfels are fitted up for all the con- veniencies of life; and it has been thought by fome, that in China the water con- tains as nunj. inhabitants as the land. They are furnifhed with Hone quays, and fometimes with bridges of an amazing conftruaion. The navigation is flow, and the veflels fometimes drawn by men. No precautions are wanting, that could be fonjed by art or perieverance, for the fafety of the palfengers, in calb a car.al is croffed by a rapid riv^er or expoled to torrents from the mountains. Ihcfc cai.als, and the variety that is feen upon their borders, render China the moft delight ul to the eye, of any country in the world, as well as fertile, in places that arc not fo bv nature. ■> Forests.] Such is the induftry of the Chinefe, that they are rot encumbered with torelts or wootl though iio country is better fined for prodrcing timber of all kinds. Ihey lufler, however, none to grow but for ornament and ufe, or on the lides of mountains, from whence the trees, when cut down, can be conveved to any place by water. - ^ ^<;^Z'^Zl: ^ x'' "*^7^'^^^-l The air of this empire is according to the fuuation f . Vu ?-i .^^'^'^d* ti'enorthitislharp, in the middle mild, and in the fouth hot. Ihe foil is, either b3ri>ature or art, fruitful of every thing that can minifter to the necefluies conv^eniencies, or luxuries of life. The culture of the cot- ton, and the rice helds, from which the bulk of the inhabitants are clothed and fed IS ingenious almo ft beyond defcription. The rare trees, and aromatic produaions,' eiihcr ornamental or medicinal, that abound in other parts of the world, are to b^ found m Chma, and fon^ are peculiar to itfelf ; but even a catalogue of them would ioriu a little volume. Some» howevef, muft be mentioned. 'lhe/.///»«-/r..has a (hort trunk, a fmooth bark, crooked branches, red leaves, fliaped like a heart and is about the height of a common cherry-tree. Ihe frui It produces have all the qualities of our tallow, and when man.'f.aured v^ith oil ierve the natives as candles; but they fmell ftixsng, nor is their light clear. Of the other trees peculiar to China, are Ibme which yield a kind of fiJur; Ibme partake of the nature of pepper. The gum of Ibme is poilbnous, but aflbrds the fineft var- mfh in the ^v^'l^^- After all th..t c..n be fa id of thefe, and many other beautiful and nleful trees^ the Chlnele, notwitbftandii:g their induftr)-, are fo wedded to their ancient <-uftoms that they are very little, if at all, meliorated by cultivation. The fame may be faid of their richeft fruits, which, in general, are far fmm being fb delicious as thofe of hu rope, and mdeed of America. This is owing to the Chinefe never praaihng grafting, or inoculation of trees, arid kno^^iDg nothing of evperi- mental gardening. ° ° * It would be unpardonable here not to mention the raw-filk, which fo much abounds in China, and aliove all, the tea-plant, or fhrub. It is planted in ro«« and pruned to prevent its luxuriancy. Notwithftandirg cur lone intercourfc with 5 A 2 ■! in 732 H N A. China, writers are flill divided atout the dificrert fpeciea and culture of this plant*. It is generally thought that the green and bohca grow on the ianie ftirub, but that the latter admits of fonie kind of preparation, which takes away its raking quali- ties, and gives it a deeper colour, 'ihe other kinds, which go by the names of imperial, congo, finglo, and the like, arc occafioncd probably by the nature of the foils, and from the provinces in which they grow. The culture of this plant feems to be very fimple ; and it is certain that iome kinds are of a niutli higher and delicious flavour than others. It is thought that the fincll, which is called the flower of the tea, is imported over-land to Fullia; but we know of little diflerence in their cflefts on the human body. The grcatelt is between the bohea and the green. It is fuppofed, that the Poituguefe had the ufe of tea long before the Englifti, but it was introduced among the latter before the Reftoration, as mention of it is made in the firft adl of parliament, that fettled the excife on the king for life in 1660. Catharine of Lilbon, wife to Charles II. rendered the ufe of it common at court. The ginfeng, fo famous among the Chinefe as the univerfal remedy, and monopo- lized even by their emperors, is now found to be but a common lOot, and is plen- tiful in Britim America. "When brought to Europe, it is little diilinguifhed for its liealiug qualities ; and this inftance alone ought to teach us with what caution the former accounts of China are to be read. Ihe ginfeng, however, is a native of the Chinefe Tartar}". MKTAI.S AND MiNEKAis.] Chiua (if we are to believe naturalifts) produces all mcials and minerals that are known in the world. White copper is peculiar to it- felf, but we know of no extraordinary quality it poffelTes. One of the fundamental maxims of the Chinefe government is, tliat of not introducing a fuperabundancy of gold and filver, for feai of hurting induftr)'. The gold mines, therefbn;, are but llightly worked, and the currency of that metal is fupplied by the grains the people pick up in the fand of rivers and mountains. The filver fpecie is furnifhed from the mines of Honaa. Population and inhabitants.] According to fome accounts, there are fifty-eight millions of inhabitants, in China, a^d all between twenty and fixty years of age pay an annual tax. Notwithtianding the induftry of the people, their amazing population frequently occafions a dearth. Parents, who cannot fupport their female children, are allowed to call them into the river ; but they faften a gourct to the child, that it may float on the water; and there are often companionate people of fortune, who are moved by the cries of the chiN dren to fave them from death. The Chinefe, in their perfons, are middle-fi»- ed, their faces bioad, their eyes black and fmall, their nofes rather Ihort. The Chinefe have particular ideas of beauty. They pluck up the hairs of the lower part of their faces by the roots with tweezers, leaving a few ftraggling ones by way of beard. Their Tartar princes compel them to cut oft' the hair of their heads, and, like Mahometans, to wear only a lock on the crown. Their complexion to- wards the north is fair, towards the fouth fwarthy, and the fatter a man is, they think him the handfomer. Men of quality and learning, who are not much ex- IJofed to the fun, are delicately complexioned, and they who are bred to letters let the nails of their fingers grow to an enoimous kngth, to (hew that they are not em- ployed in manual labour. 'ihe women have little eyes, plump rofy lips, bhck hair, regular features, and a delicate though floiid complexion. The fmallnefs of their feet is reckoned a prin- cipal part of their beauty, and no fwathing is omitted, when they ate young, to give ihcm that accomplilhment, fo that when they grow up, they may be faid to tottei: H N A. 733 father than to walk. This faaciful piece of beauty v as probably invcmed by the ancient Chiuefe, to palliate their jealoufy. To enter into all the flarch ridiculous formalities of the Chinefe, efpecially of their men of quality, when paying or receiving vifit ;, would give little iufornjation, and lefs araufement, and very probably come loo Irte, as the luaiiuers of the Chi- nefe, fince they fell under the power of the Tartais, are jjreatlv altered, and daily vary. It is fufficient to oblei-ve, that the legiflators of China,' looking upon fub- million and lubordination as the' coitier-flones of ; 11 fotiety, deviled thole outward marks of refpca, ridiculous as they appear to us as the teft of duly and rei'pcdt from inferiors to fuperiors ; and their capital inaxin was, that the man who was de- ficient in civility was \ oid of good; feufe. The Chinefe in general have been reprefanted as the moft difhoneft, low, thiev- ing fet in the world, employing their natural quicknefs only to improve the arts of cheating the nations they deal with, efpecially thf Europeans, whom they cheat with great eale, particularly the Englirti ;. buti they oblerve that none but a Chinefe can cheat a Chinefe. They are fond of law difputes bojond any people in the world. Their hypocrify is without bounds.; and the men of property among them praftife the moft avowed bribery, and the low<;ft meanneffes to obtain preferment. Il ftiould, however, be remembered, that fome of the late accounts of China ha\ e been drawn up by thofe who. were little acqujinted with any parts of that empire but the fea-port towns; in which they probabb met with many knavilb and defign- ing people. But it feems n(Jt ju.1 to attempt t<» charaaerife a great nation by a few inltancesof this kind, though well attefted ; and we appear not to be fufticiently acquainted with the interior parts of China to fonn an accurate judgment of the manners and oha^adlers of the inhabitants. By fome of the Jeluit mifliouaries the Chinefe Iccai to have becff. too much extolled, and hy later, writers too much degraded. Dress.] This varies according to the degrees among them. TEe men wear caps on iheir heads of the fadiion of a bell ; thole of qualuy are ornamented. with jewels. The reft of their drefs is ealv and loofe, confilling of a veft and a fafti, n> c«at or gown thiown over them, filk boots quilted with cotton, and a pair of drawers. The ladies towards the fouth wear nothing on tteir head. Sometimes their hair is drawn up in a net, and lometimes it is difhevelled. Their drefs diflera but little from that of the men, only their gown or upper garment has a ery large open fleevcs. The drefs, both of. men and women, varies, however, according to the temperature of the climate. Marriagks.} The pasties never fte eacK other iii China till the bargain is con- eluded by the parents; and that is generally when the parties are perfeft children. Next to being barren, the greateft icandal \s to bring females into the world ; and if a woman of a poor family happens to have thre^ or four girls fucceflively, it not nnfrequently happens that fhe willexpofe ibeni on 'the high roads; or caft them into a river. . Funerals.] People of note caufe theii- coffins to be made, and their tombs to- be built in their life- time. No perfons are buried within the walls of a city, nor is a dead corpie fuffered to be brought into a town, if a perfon died in the country. Every Chinefe keeps in his houfe a table, upon which are writ- ten the names of his father^ grandfather, and great grandfather, before which they freotiently bum incenfe, and proftrate themfelves ; and when the father of a fami- ly dies, the name of the great grandfather is takfn away, and that of the deccai:. cd is added: 73+ H N A. LANGtiAGK.] The Chincfc language contains only three hundred and thUty words, all of one fy liable- but then each word is pronounced with fuch various modulations, and each with a ditferent meaiiing, that it becomes more copious ttian could be cafily imagiued, and enables them to exprefs ihomfelves very well on the common occalions ot life. The miHionaries, who adapt the European charac- ters, as well as they can, to the exprellion of Chinefc words, have devifed eleven di>ierent, and fome of them very compounded, marks and al'pirations, to fignifv the various modulations, elevations, and deprellions of the voice, which diftinguilh the feveral meanings of the fame monofyllablc. The Chinefe oral language being thus barren and contraaed, is unfit for literature; ajid, therefore, their literature is all comprized in arbitrary charadlers, which are amazingly complicated and nu- merous : according to fome of their writers they amount to twenty-five thoufand ; to thirty or forty thoufand, accordir^ to others ; but the later writers fay they t» mount to ei'^hty thoufand, though he is reckoned a very learned man, who is matter of fifteen or twenty thoufand. Ihis language being wholly addreffed to the eye, and having no affinity with their tongue, as fpokeu, the latter hath flill continued in its original rude, uncultivated Hate, while the former has received all poflibic improvements. The Chinefe chara£lers Mr. Aftle obferves, which are by length of time be- come fymbolic, weq; originally imhalive; they ftill partake fo much of their original hieroglyphic nature, that they do not combine into words like letters or marks for founds; but we find one mark for a man, another for a horfe, a third for a dog, and in ftiort a feparate and diftinft mark for each thing which hath a corporeal form. The Chinefe alio ufe a great number of marks entire- ly of a lymbolic nature, to imprefs on the eye the conceptions of the mind, -which have no corporeal forms, though they do not combine thele laft marks into words, like marks for founds or letters ; but a feparate mark is made to reprefent or Ihnd for each idea, and they ufe them in the fame manner as they do their a- bridged pidure-charailers, which were originally imitative or hieroglyphic. The Chincle books begin from the right hand ; their letters are placed in per- pendirular columns, of which there are generally ten in a page. They are read downwards, beginning from the right-hand fide of the paper. Sometimes a title is placed horizontally, and this is likewife read from the right hand. Genius and learning.] The genius of the Chinele is peculiar to themfelves. They have no conception of what is beautifiil in writing, regular in architedure, or natural in painting ; and yet in their gardening, and planning their grounds, they hit upon rhe true fublime and beautifiil. They perform all the operations of arith- metic with prodigious quicknefs, but diflerently from the tuiopeans. 'lill the latter came among them, they were ignorant of mathematical learning, and all its depending arts. TTiey had no proper apparatus for aftronoraical obfervations ; and the metaphyfical learning, which cxiftcd among tliem, was only known to their philofophers ; but even the arts introduced by the Jefuits were of very fhort dura- lion among them, and lafted very HtUe longer tlian the reign of CaDg-hi, who was contemporary with our Charies II. j:or is it very probable they e\er will be re- vived. It has been generally faid, thtt they umlerikxxl printing before the Euro- peans ; but that can be only applied t'r"V^^ '."°^' '" ^^' lothTdith cen uri s'^t Chrift, that the Chmefe philofophers formed hypothefes concerning the natural lyftem of the un.verfe and entered into dilcuflions of a fcholaAic kind in confe quence. perhaps, of the intercourfe they had long kept ud ui.h iTp Ar.K;in« L ftudied withardpur the works of Ariftol-. And'fince' th? Chinefe ha'e Cn" to ^i'n:iTs:i:::^::^^'^'^'^ '''- ^-^^^^ - " ^- been mte.^ it 'f!'f;nr7fT-°^T^^"P°'''f^n'~' J","'y ""^'""^^ by the Chinefe who made ufe of rt againft Zingh.s Khao^and Tamerlane. 'Ihey feem to have known nothing of fmall fire-arms, and to have been acquainted onlv with the cannon" Xh ?h^ call the fire-pan. Their induftry in their manu4^ures of fluffs, poSne ,? their labours m the field,, in making canals, levelling mountains,\aifing gaSenT and navigatingihcirjuuks and boats. " «"' , ««tmng garaens,. ANTiqyiTiKs AND cuRiosiTiKs.] Fcw natural curiofitics prefent themfelves Sno. nd ''.^''*,ri^%° comprehended under foreign articles Some vol ^fT •^"'^ ."^ '^^ ^"^ J^e* of P,^«'.^tilar qualhies, a.^ to be found in diflcrent plrt« of Ae en.p>re The vo^ano of Linefung is faid fomctimes to make fo fuHous a difcharge of fire and afties, as to occafion a tempeft in the air- and fonie of their lakes are laid to petrify filhes when put imo them. The a tific'ri cu^^^^^^^^ of China are Itupendous. The great wall, feparating China fi-om irury S prevent the incurfions of the Tartars, is fuppofed to extend from 1200 "o^i^o^ «iles. It IS earned over mountains acd valleys, and reaches from the proxinJ M' 73<5 H N A. Xenfi to tlic Kang fen, between the Provinces of Peking and Laenoium. It is In moll places built of brick and mortar, whicW is fo well tempered, that though it has ftood for 1800 year8,*it is but 1 ttlc decayed. The beginning of this wall is a Urge bulwark of Hone railed in the fca, in the province of Pctchcli, to the eaft of Pe- king and almolt in the farac latitude : it is buih like the walls of the capital tity of the empire, but much wider, being terralfed and tafed with bricks, and is from twenty to twenty-five feet high. P. Kcgis, and the other gentleman, who took a map of thefe provinces, oilen ilretched a line on the top, to mcafure the bafi» of triangles, and to take dillant points with an inllrunicnt. Ihey alw.iys found it pavetl wide enough foi five or lix horfcmen to travel abreafl with eafe. Mention has been already made of the prodigious canals and roads that arc cut through this empire. The artificial mountahis prefent on their tops, temples, nionaftcilcs, and other edifices. Some part, however, of what we arc told concerning the cavities in thefe mountains, ieems to be fabulous. The Chincfe bridges cannot be fufticient- ly admired. 'Ihey are built fometimcs upon barges lirongly chained together, yet fo as to be parted, and to let the veifc^s pafs that fail up and down the river. Some of them run from mountain to mountain, and confift only of one arch ; that over the river SaftVany is 400 cubits long, and 500 high, though a fingle arch, and joins two mountains ; and fome in the interior parts of the empire are faid to be lUll more ftupcndous. The triumphal arches of this country form the next fpecies of artificial curiofitics. Though they are not built in the Greek or Roman ftylc of architedure, yet they are fupetb and beautiful, and ereded to the memories of their great men, with vaft labour and expence. They arc laid in the whole to be eleven hundred, two hundred of which are particularly magnificent. Their fepulchral mo- numents make likcwife a great figure. Their towers, the models of which arc now fo common in Eui-ope under the name of pagodas, are vallembelliftiments to the face of their country. They leem to be conftruded by a regular order, and all of theisr are finiflied with exquifite carvings and gildings, and other ornaments. That at Nanking, which is 2co teet high, and 40 in diameter, is the moll admired. It is called the Porcel a ne Tower, becaufe it is lined with Chinefe tiles. Their temples are chiefly reniaikabic for the dilagreeable talle in which they are built, fi r their P^K^e « niore than three miles in circunference andthatthefront of the bta.ldmgs (hines with gilding, paint, and varnifh wh^S themhdejsfetofi and fornilhed with every thin'g that is moft beautitb and pr^ cious m China the Indie, and Europe, llie gardens of this palace are la^rT^ traas of ground m which are railed, at proper diftances. artificial mountaiifs rom 20 to 60 feet high, which form a numlir of fmall v'allies, plenSv wa' tered by canals, which tmuing, form lakes and meres. Eeautiful and n agnL^n barks iati on thele pieces of water, and the banks are ornamented with ranges "f buildings, not any tvi-o of which are laid to have any refemblance to each other pleafure. large enough to lodge one of our greateft lords in Europe withallh^a retmue: many ot thefe houfes are built with%edar brought at a^-aft eVpeic^ the diltapce of 500 leagues Of thefe palaces, or houfes of pleafure there are more than 200 m this vaft encloftire. In the middle of a lake, which is near half a league m diameter every way, is a rocky illand, on which is built a palace con taming more than a hundred apartments. It has four fronts, and is a veri ele" gant and magnificent ftrufture. The mountains and hills are covered with^trees' particularly luch as produce beautiful and aromatic flowers ; and the canals are wX^s of ni!"re'""^ °' '^'' '"^°'^' ""^ ^"^*^ '''' - ^^^^'^ ^« -^-^le Z The city of Peking is computed to contain two millions of inhabitant?, thoudi Nanking is laitl to exceed it both in extent and population. But Canton is 'he greateft port in China, and the only port that has been much frequented by u o- pcans. Ihe city wall is about five miles in circumference, with very pleafam ""'no.Sv."" °"' '" '°^ °^^°'"' ''^J"'""' ^'"'' ''''''^'''^ Tort? ale biil,; ** 111 f# :m 'H^^fk^ It h ^■m Hfr' 7:3 C 11 N A. you have a fine profpeA of the country. Ii U 'jcautiAilly interfperfetl with moun- 'ains, little hills, and vallies, all green; and thci'e aga'ni ple?lantly diverfified with Iinali towns, villages, high towers, temples, t.hc leats of mandarins and other gifeat men, which a;e watered with delightful lakes, c.:uals, and Imall branches i'lom the rivei- '/rt; on which are numberlcfs boats and junks, failing diflerent ways through the nioft ft.-riile paits of the country. The city is entered by feveu iron gates, and within-fide of each ihere is 4 guard-houfe. 'I he llrecis of Camon art; very ftranrht, but generally narrow, and paved with (lag-ftonec. There are nian\' pretty buildings in this city, great numbers of triumphal arches, and temples well flocked with images. The ftreets of Canton are fo crowded, that it is difficult to walk in them ; yet a woman of any falhion is feldom to be feen, unlefs by chance vyheu coming out of theii chairs. I'here are great numbers of market-places for lilh, tlelli, poultry, veg«?abies, and ill kinds of provifions, which are fold very cheap. There are many privpte walks about the fkirts of the town, where thole of the better Ibrt have theii- \onfe?, which are very little frequented by Europeans, whole bufmefs lies chiePy in the trading parts of the city, where tliere are Qiily (hops and warehoufes. Few of the Chinefe traders of any fubftance keep their families in the hoifc where they do bufmefs, but either in the ciiy, in the more remote fubnrbs, or farther up in the country.. They have all fuch a r-^gard to privacy, tlut no windows are made towards the ftreets, but in fhops and places of publu bufmefs, nor do any of their windows look towards thole of their neighbours. The fhops of t!io(e that deal in filk are very neat, make a fine fliow, aad are all in one place ; for tradefmen, or dealers in one kind of goods, herd togL>ther in the fame ftreet. It is computed iha» there are in this city, and its luburbi, i, 200,000 people ; and there are often .;ooo trading velfels lying be- fore the city. I'aadu and MANUFACTURis.] China is fo hapjrily fituated, and produ^ps fuch 9. variety of materials for nunnfadures, that it nr.y be laid to be the native land t>f indullry; but it is an induftry without tafte oi' elegance, though carried on with vait art and neatuefs. They make paper of the bark of bamboo, and other trees, as well as of cotton, but not comparable for records^ or printing, to the European. 'Iheir ink, foi- the ufe of drawing, is well known in England, and is laid to be mide of oi. and lamp-black. I have alreadv mentioned the antiquity of their printing, which they It'll do by cutting their charafters on blocks of wood. The manufaaure of that earthen ware, generally known by the name of China, was long a fecret in Europe, and brought immenfe funis to that countiy. The ancients knew and cltecmed it highly under the name of porcelain, but it was of a much better fabric than the modern. Though the Chinefe uie£i to keep thj»t manufac- ture ftill a fecret, yet it is well known that the principal materials is a prepared pulverized e;'rth, and that feveral European countries far exceed the Chinefe in maaufacluriiig this commodity*. The Chinefe filks are generally plair, and flowered gaules, and they are laid to have been originally fabricated in that coun- tr}', vyhtre tire art of rearing filk-worms was firft difcovcred. They manufaaure hlks likewife of a more durable kind, and their cotton, and other cloths, are fa- mous for furnifhing a light warm wear. Their trade, it is well known, is open to all the European nations, with ivhom they deal for ready money; for fuch is the pride and avarice of the Chinefe, that * The Englllh in particular have carried this branch to a his^h degree of perfcAion. as ajtptars from the commiiTions which have i)e?n received oi' late from levcial princes of Europe; and we hope that a manntiiaurc fo generally ufeful, will ojcet with encourageiacut from every true patriot amoaa ourfelves. ^ "^vmM u I N 739 tTiey think no njanufaaur^s equal to their own. But it is certain, that fince the tlikovery of the i^rcelaue manufaaures, and the vaft improvcnicnts the Euro^ peaus have made in the weaving branches, the Chlnefe commerce has been on the decline. Constitution and govkrnmknt.] This was a vcrjr in{Iru(Siive entertaiuinjr article, before the conqucft of China by the Tartars; for though their princes re- tarn many fundamental maxims of the old Chiuefe, they have obliged the inha- bitants to deviate from the ancient didipline in many refpe^s. Perhaps their ac- quaintance with the Europeans may have contributed to their degeneracy. Ihe ongmal plan of the Chi ncfe government was patriarchal, almoft in the f»riaeft fenieot the word. Duty and obedience to the father of each family was iccom- mended and enforced m the nioft rigorous manner; but, at the fame time, the emperor was confidercd as the father of the whole. His mandaiins, or great of. fleers of ftate were looked upon as his fubftitutes, and the degrees of iubniilhon which were duo from the inferior ranks to the fu]>.-rior, were fettled and obfcrvcd with the moftfcrapulousprecifion and in a manner that to us fecms highly lidi- cutois. This fimple claim of obedience required great addret"s and knowledge of human nature to render it effeftual; and the Chinefe legiflators, ConfUcijs particularly, appear to have been men of wonderful abilities. 'J hey cnvelop'-d thetrdiaates ma number of mymcal appearances, fo as to ftrike the people ;nth aw-e and veneration. The mandarins had modes of fpeaking and writing diflbr- «nt from thofeof other fubjeds, and the people were taught to believe that their princes partook of divinity, fo that they were feldom leen, and more feldom an-' proached. ^ Though this fyftcm preferved the public tranquillity for an incredible number ot years, vet it "had a fundamental defea that often convulfed, and at laft proved iata to the ftate, becaufe the fame attention was not paid to the military as to the civil duties. The Chiuefe had palHons Uke other men, and fomamies a weak or wicked adminiftralion drove them into arms, and a revolution eafily fucceeded. which they jufhfied by laying, that their fovercign had ceafed to be their father. During thole commotions, one of the parties naturally invited their neighbours the Jartarsto their afliftance, and it was thus thofe barbarians, who had great fa- gacitv, became acquainted with the weak iide of their conftituiion, and they availed themJelves accordingly, hy invading and conquering the empire. Befides the great (Joanne of patriarchal obedience, the Chinefe had fumptuarv law's and regulations for the expcnces of all degrees of fubjeas, which were very uiefui m prelervmg the public tranquillity, amd pre\-enting the eflcas of ambi- tion. Jjy their mftitutions likewife the mandarins might remouftrate to the em- peror, but m the moft fubniifiive manner, upon the errors of his government, and when he w^s a virtuous prince, this freedom was often attended with the moft Jalutary cfieas. No country in the world k fo well provided with magiftrate* forthedifcha -eof juftice, both m civ'' n.nd criminal matters, as China; but they are otten lueaeaiial through want of public virtue in the execution. The em- peror IS ftyled, " Ho/y Son of Hcinvn, Sole Govermr of the Earth, Great Father of " his People. • Religion.] This article is nearly conneaed with the preceding. Though the ancient Chinefe worniipped idols, yet their philofophers and legiflators had jufter lentinicnts of the Deity, and indulged the people in the worfhip of fenfible ob, ,p, e o.„.,. ..-. ,„.!-= tK,.,„ ,,,,-,..^ 'ubmiffive to kovernmont. '"Jiie Jduits made gov< and iu tiered httle oppohiion to this when they attempted to convert the Chinefe, iuiu ,ui.cjcu their profelytes to worfhip Tien, pretending that it was uo other than ihc nioie' 5. li 4 .-,|'?S w\ Mi f% 740 H I N A. of God. 1 he truth is, Confucius, and the Chinefe legidators, introduced a moft excellent fyftem of morals among the people, and endeavoured to fupply the want of jiift ide*s of a future ftate, by prefcribing to them the wor- Jhip of inferior deities. Their morality approximates to that of Chriftianity but as we know little of their religion, only through the Jefuits, we cannot adopt tor truth the numerous inftances which they tell us of the conformity of the Chinefe with the Chriftian religion. Thole fathers, it muft be owned, were men of great •Tibilities, and made a wonderful progreft about a century ago in their converfions; but they miftook the true charafter of the emperor who was their patron ; for he no looner found that they were in faft afpiring to the civil direftion of the govern- ment, than he expelled them, levelled their churches with the ground, and pro- hibited the exercife of their religion; fince which time Chriftianity has made no figure in China. Revenues.] Thefe are faid by fome to amount to twenty millions ftcrling a year; but this cannot be meant in money, which does not at all abound in China. The taxes collected for the ufe of government in rice, and other commodities, are cer- tainly very great, and may be eafily impoied, as an account of every man's family and fabftance is annually enrolled, and very poffibly may amount to that fum. MiiiTARY AND MARINE STRENGTH.] China is, at tWs time, a far more power- fill empire than it was before its conqueft by the eaftem Tartars in 1644. This IS owing to the confummate policy of Chun-tchi, the firft Tartarian emperor of China, who obliged his hereditary fubjedts to conform thcmfelves to the Chinefe manners and policy, and the Chinefe to wear the Tartar drefs and arms. The two nations were thereby incorporated. The Chinefe were appointed to all the civil offices of the empire. The emperor made Peking the feat of his government, and the Tartars quietly fubraitted to a change of their country and condition which was To much in their favour. This fecurity, however, of the Chinefe from the Tartars, takes from them all military objeds ; the Tartar power alone being formidable to that empire. The only danger that threatens it at prefent is the difufe of arms. The Chmefe land army is faid to confift of five millions of men ; but in thefe are comprehended all who are employed in the colkaioh of the revenue, and the prefervation of the canals, the great roads, and the public peace. The imperial guards amount to about 30.000. As to the marine force, it is compofed chiefly of the junks, wc have already mentioned, and other fmall fhips, that trade coaft-ways, or to the neighbouring countries, or to prevent fudden delcents. A treatife on the military art, tranflated from the Chinefe into the French lan- guage, was publifhed at Paris in 1772, from which it appears that the Chinefe are well verfed in the theory of the art of war: but caution, and care, and circui"- fpeaion, are much recommended to their generals; and one of their maxims is, never to figut with enemies either more numerous or better armed than themfelves. History.] The Chinefe pretend as a nation to an antiquity beyond all meafure of credibility ; and their annals have been carried beyond the period to which the fcripture chronology afligns the creation of the world. Poan-Kou is laid by them to have been the firfl man, and the interval of time betwixt him and the death of the celebrated Confucius, which was in the year belbrc Chrift, 479, hath been reckoned from 276,000 to 96,961,740 years. But upon an accurate invefligation of this fubjedl it appears, that all the Chinefe hiftorical relations of events prior to ihc reign of the emperor Yao, who lived 2057 years before Chiiit, are entirely fa- bulous, compofed in modern limes, iinfupported by avuhentic records, a^d full of H N A. 741 h?Xrl^''T" ^' ^PP^«"«1^«' that the origin Of the Chinefe empire! cannot be placed ?.v L W^''''P'"'"1."V°^ ^^""'y' «ft^bli(hed in China for tranfrnmTn Jo pofte^ fr«,rS?t;r„^ t' V J' r^ , .^^'^ ^^'^^'' "'h^'^h concern the monarchy fmce its foundation, have been depofited in this department, and from acre to reeWe been arranged accordmg to the order of time, under the infpeaion of aovernment anS with all the precautions againft iUufion or partiality tha° could he iuS^ The^ precamions have been carried fo far. that the hiftory of the reiVn of each imneri!? family, has only been publiihed after the extinftion of that frmflv and was ken i profoundlecret dunng thedynafty, that neither fear nor flat erm ghraihera^rthe uth It IS afferted, that many of the Chinefe hiftorians cx-pofed themfelvLs Jo ex lie, and even to death, rather than difguife the defefts and vine, nfX r^ • But the emperor Ghi-hoangtr, at whole^ommandThe great waT wLbu^^^^^^^ year 213 before the Chriilian xra, ordered all the hiftoricaT bonU .ni ' f which contained the fiindamental laws and nr InrinL ^^S • ^"""^ '^''''"^'' with the medals, /"fcriptions.Tnd m^nutn'^^^^^^^ rati were burnt with their books; yet this blSL^fi/edi'rd'nofrfureS T veral books were concealed, and efcaped the general ruin. After thLoerfodfl^ fearch was made for the ancient books and records that yet rcmiiS b r /h^^^ frJeroHhT Sre^Kft- ''^ P^^P?'^' ''l'^''' '^"^ Se 'ruthemi'^hiS lourceo ot the Chinele, for he times anterior to the year 200 before Chrift are vP«r few and that they are ftil in fmaller number for more remote periods But no7 w hftanding the depredations that have been made upon the ChSbhiftofv i^ ," ft 11 immenfely voluminous, and has been judged by fome writers fuDeLrtnVf,,. f n volumes, 4to. Some of whleh have bein pr ntecl and , |3 i„? • '" '" But the limits to wl;ich our work is rnnfin»»r? 1. nr «,^^ ^ npon fo copious a fubjea as that oTt ChSc" Z S' indeS ^vS be verv unmtereftmg to the generality of European readers tfcenfsTs f t e original form of government, was monaixhical; and a fuccefiion ofeSknt ^r nc :^ and a duration of domeftie tranquillity, united lesillation ^vif^ nSk i^ .' produced thier Fo-hi, whofe hiftory is wrapped upirn XrlrtJ.^ 1 'j''^^^^ '''-'"' all, tnv c^utUiucu rtars for icvcral ccDtuncs between the Chinefe arrl T.,^, * the internal revolutions of the empire, produced the moft eadfu 'ePlSs n' mf portion as us conftuution was pacific, and they were attended Sd! the tofl bUd; ■74 1 TNDOSTAN, or India on this side thk Gangks. cxteniiinations in fonie provinces; fo that though the Chinefe empire is here- ditary, the imperial fucceflion was often broken into, and ahered. Vpward* of twenty dyuaftics, or difterent lines and, families of fucceflion, are exmmeiated m their annals. Neither the great Zinghis Khan, nor Tamerlane, though they often defeated the Chiucle, could'fubdue their empire, and neither of them could keep the couquell* nliey ui de there. Their celebrated wall proved, however, but a feeble barrier a- gainft tie arras of thofe famous Tartars. After their invafions were over, the C^hinefe went to war with the Manchew Tartars, while an indolent worthlefs em- peror, Tibnching, v\as upon the tlirone. In the mean time a bold rebel, named Li-cong-tfe, in the province of Se-tchucn, dethix>ued the emperor, who hanged himfelf, as did nioft of his courtiers and women. Ou-fannjuey, the Chinefe ge- jicral, on the frontiers of Tartary, refufcd to rccognife the ufurper, and made a peace with ITongate, or Chmitchi, the Mancliew prince, who drove the uliirper Irom the throne, and took poffelUon of it Wmfelfi about the year 1644. The I'artar niaiutaiacd himfelf in his authority, and, ^s has been already mentioned, wifely in- corporated bis hereditary fubjedls with the Chinefe, fo that in eSJciX Tartary Ijecame an acquifuion to China. He was fucceeded by a prince of great na- tural and acqnued abilities, who was the patron of the Jcfuits, but knew how to check them when he found them internieddling with tli« afiairs of his go- vernment. About tlie year i66r, the Chinefe, under this Tattar family, drove the Dutch out of the illand of Fonuofa, which the latter had taken from the Portuguefe, In the year 1771, all the Tartars which compofcd the nation of the Tour- gouths, left the iettlements which they had under the Ruflian government on the banks of the Wolge, and the laick, at a fmall diflance from the Cafpian fca, and in a vaft body of fifty tboufand families, they paffed tkough the country of the Hafacks: after a march of eight montlu,, in which they furmounted innumerable difficulties and dangers, they arrived in the plains that lie on the frontier of Carapeu, not far from the banks of the river Ily, and oflered them- felves as fubjeds to Kien-long, emperor of China, who was then in the thirty-fixth year of his reigu. He received them gracioufly, furuifhed them with provifiou^ cloths, and money, and allotted to each family a portion of land for agriculture and palturage. The year followiug there- was a fccond emigration of about thirty thoufand other Tartar families, who alio qoitted the fettlements which they enjoy- ed under the Ruflian government, and fubmitted to the Chmefe fceptre. The em- peror caufed the hiftory of thefe emigrations to be engraven upon flwue, in four dillerent languages- INDOSTAN, HINDOOSTAN, ox India on this fide the Gangis. Situation AND )np^HIS fine country, one of the nioft celebrated in the BouNDARiKS. V X world for its antiquity, population and opulence, is fl- .luaied between 66" and 92" 30' of eaftern longitude, and between the Sth and 36jth Degrees of northern latitude, and is confequently, partly in the torrid, and partly in the northern temperate Zone. It is wafhed on the South weft by that part of the Indian Ocean, called the Ara- bian fea. on the foulh-eail by another large inlet of the lame ocean called the Bay vf Bengal, and bounded on all other tides by Perfia, Independent Tartary, Thibet, jtndjudia beyond the Ganges. INDOSfAN, OR India oji rma bide tkb Ganges. .^^ .w?r;:~iu'SST,.''S. tins '-"*" '"'^- - *^ --^^ Of thefe Soubahs Indoftaa Proper comained thirteen, viz. Soubahsor Provinces chief Towns, &c. Cabulf (Cabul 1 Gazna ( Lahore on the Rauvcc I.W or ,hoJ A.»c. on .h. Wu, he. eaW .he R. of A„ocl. h„ o„e of ,h. 1 nr^geft .wSs-iT,.%;-5re.bSMoT«u'n;";v:;i:f t Moultan, MM Taita, Prt/«/«. on the Indus, here calfedthe R. of Mehran Ddhi or Gehan-abad on the Jumna J Agra "«ii the Jumna 7 Canoge on the Ganges Penjab Moultan Sindy Delhi Agra§ Azmercor Agi.J Azmere on the Puddar was a royal refidence mere ( Chuore Oude.Audiaor j ^udeor Audia on the Dewah or Gogra was the ancient caritaT Ahored i Fyzabad on the lame R. is the prdefit capital ^ C Lucknow ( Patna on the Ganges iBakar : Rums of Gour or Lucknouti, Gange-regia, of immenfe extent, fituate- r formerly on the Ganges though the main channel of that "ver IS now 5 miles from u, it was the capital of Bengal 2270 years • the feat of government was in 1540 removed to ' ^ ' 1 anda on the Ganges, now in ruins Rajemal Ahored Bahar Bengal «{ Dacca j ^*^5 fucceeded to Tanda and become fucccffivelv Moorftiedabad J ^^^ capitals of Bengal ^ . Hoogly on the river of Hoogly • Tlw Dividons of InJoftan beincj very erroneoiiflv ftatrri \n mnft n.^ i.- 1 linied, ihe publilher of this Duijlin Edition h .sw! !, .h! n^^ c ^«°8/''^P'»'" lieretofore pub- an.l pill.^.ea the city of Ifpa'han. ^ ^ '''" ^""' ''"P"^*= '^ **^ ^^^^^ «»«. having taken The country of Cafhmire was a circnr n( Cn\ • . i'.:- — 1 u ^ ^ by moumain, and watered b^th R Behat or h'.J. i ter;ifn/.°r'"l'' ^'^'T'^ °" =»" "'I" been oriKinall, a larire l.ke. Lrll .„ .anha °'^. ^4^^ ' -,^! »^ ^'^- = '' " ^"PP"'"''^ '° ^»''« for the waters to flow off: the finenefs of the cHmarr^nH^nTl^'' r°u^" l"^ ««rrounding mountains fo beautiful that it is callei uX^^ftrial'p^lX^ri' S^^^^ '' 744 INDOSTAN, on India 9m this kiox thb Gancii. Provinces Chief Towns, &c. Ati u t. J f Allahabad Hellabas at the conflux of the Ganges and Jumna Allahabad j fiennares on the Ganges Malcva * Amedabad Cuzzerat < Cambay or Cambaia tSurat on the Tapee The Dkccan.] This name, which llgnifies the fouth, in the moft extenfive fig- nification includes the whole peninfula Ibuth of Indoilan proper, but in its more limited fenl'e it only comprehends the provinces of Candeifh, Bcrar, Golconda, Amednagur, and Vinapour ; thus excluding the provinces of Oriffa, the Carnatic, and the Malabar ftates, which comprehend that long narrow traft between the Gauts and the wefteru coaft, a confiderable part of which was never fubjcdled by the Mo- gul emperors. Provinces •Chief Towns, &c Candeifh Burhanpour Berar Shawpour, ancient capital, Nagpour, prcfent capital Golconda § Hydrabad or Bagnagar, Golconda, Malulipatam Amednagur, f f Amednagur Ballagate or < Aurungabad Dowlatabad LDovlatabad, a flrongfbrtrefs Vifiapour or Bejapour Oriffa Caraatic A Vifiapour J Cattac on the Mahanada *! Balaforc i Biinagar, Chandeghere •K Aredl, ^I'richinapoli ( Seringapatam,- Gingee co„.pr.hend|c„„caa 1 Sr„,aIo. . . Prksjint Division.] Such was the general divifion of Indoftan under the Mogul emperors, but tlie celebrated Perfian ufurper Thamas Kouli Khan, having in the year 1738 defeated the emperor Mahomed Shaw, plundered Delhi, and pillaged the em- pire of treafure to the amount of more than 70 millions fterling, reftored the unhappy prince his dominions, but annexed to Perfia all the countries weflward of the Indus. This dreadful incurfion fo weakened the authority of the emperor that the Viceroys of the diflerent provinces cither threw off their allegiance or acknowledged a very precarious dependence; and engaging in wars with each other, called in as allies the Eall India companies of France and England, who had been originally permitted, as traders, to form cftablifliments on the coafts : thefc, from the great fuperiority of European difcipline, from allies became in a fhort time principals inanoblHnate con- teft, that at length terminated in the expulfion of the French from Indoflan ; aud thus a company of Britifh merchants have acquired, paitly by ceffions from the S That part of Golconda beiw*p the Godivery and Kridina was formerly called Teliingaua, and jis capital was W'aringgole or Oringal, a fortrefs of vaft extent. I The weftcrn pari of this couutry is called Daglana. 745 lies equal in extenr. INDOSTAN, OR India on this sids the Ganges ccuntiy pouTrs, and partly by iryuflice and ufuipatiqn, icrriio...,-, cuua. Jind upcnor m wealthand population to moil of the kingdoms of Europe. i he Mahraltas originally poffeffed lev eral provinces, of IndoHan, fmin whence thcv were driven by the arms ot the-Mogal conquerors 5 tl^vy wcrencvc-r wholly Tabk^aeT but reunng to the northern part of the Gaut,, niade ffequent irruptions" fiWthefc maeeemble maintains; taking advantage of tlie anarcy\f the empire, the? have dSlt long i;~;ide' ''' " ''-'-''' '''''''' °^' -^ «^ ---V loJoti! Hyder Alley, a foldier oj fortune, who had learned the art of war from the Eu- ropeans, having polfeffed hinifelf of that part of the ancient Carnatie, called The kingdom of Myfore, has within a few years acquired by continual conqueflr a con! tlfefM'of>%P°''TK?^ '^' fouthern part of the Pcninfula f this .ble and S'p ice the moft formidable enemy that the Englifh ever experienced in IndoUan dvn e^u eJt^eit 'S^t£^^^.:^ ^-^"^ P^^^^-- °^ '^^ domiUt'ru& S lutely neceflTary, m order to underftand its modern hiftory. ^ ^ ' PRESENT DIVISION OF INDOSTAN. Such is the inftability of human greatnefs, that the prefcnt Great Moaul Shaw Alum, the defcendant of the Great Tamerlane, is merely a nonn.al prhfcc, of no importance m the politics of Indoftan: he is permitted fo refide at Delhi wJiX uIJJT^^ adjacent Territory, is all that reniaiL ^o him of that vaft empire, wh ch his anceftors governed more than 350 years. The principal Divifions of this country, as they ftood in 1-787 n,-^ « i;^n<. V.K. The Britifh poffeflions; States in alliLe witlfSn T ppo% &s So' ries; Mahralta ftates and their tributaries; and the Territodes of the Subah of tS BR.Tisir PossKssioNS.] The Britilh poffeffions contain about 150,000 fquare Brit.fh miles (which is about 18,000 more than is contained in Great B^hain and Ireland,) and about 10 millions of inhabitants. They confifl of thfee dSlind governments, ■""^ •' tuicc ummct VIZ. Government of Calcutta or Bengal Government of Madrafs Covcinracnt of Bombay ( Bengal Subah A Bahar Subah ( Bcuaies Zemindar)' ^ Northern Circars \ The Jaghirc •A 1 f 1 erritory of Cuddalore of Dcvicotta ■of Ncga])ataiii f On tlie Ganges. On the coaft of OrifTa. On the coaft of Coro- • niandcl. On the Gulf of Camha}'. iJ^ .V T'^^'J °' Bengal ;] This government was rich, fiouriflnng, and pomilou^ Ix^fore the late ufurpat.ons m Indoflan ; it is finely watered by , he o"L."s ffi'r' rampooter wuh_ their numerous navigable channels, and the Leral na^YiHe d ^" they receive ; it is fe, tilued by their periodical inunda. ions : and by irs nat'S t '.on s wed fccurcd againit foreign enemies: on the call and .orth it is defauU;! I J fin e^ tlmis nioumams, large nvers, and extenfive waflcs ; on the forth hv a Tea cc^^'lf Zr " .dUlhallows and impenet.able woods, ^vhore it is acccJSl^onlv l^t^Rgi"'} 74^ INDOSTAN, OR Indta on tmt8 stde tH* Ganoe^. Hoogltfy ; artd on the weft, though more expofed, the natural barrier is flrong. The capital and feat of government is CALctrrtA on the River of Hooglev, naviga- ble by fhips of the line ; it is a modern city, and though in an ilittheulthy lituntion, it is at prefent one of the moft rieh, fltmriftiing, a!nd commercial cities in Indoftan. Oovkrnmkmt oy Matrass.] The great defeats of this govcrnraetii', are not only the want of connexion between its parts, which are feattercd along an extcnfive coaft, and feparated from each other by flfattes frequently hoflile, but bemg totally devoid of good harbours : hopes however have been entertained of removing this laft defeft, by removing the bar at the mouth of that branch of the Caveri called C'de- roon, which falls into the fea at Devicoilta. The capital and feat of govcrnmefit is Ma DK ASS ill the Jaghire, called aHo Fort St. George; it h illfituate, without a har- bour, and badly fortified, jret (Contains upvafds of 200,000 inhabitants.— Port Sf. David in the Territory ot Cuddalorc is rich, flourifhiug, and contains 60,000 in- habitants. — MAstjtii>ATAs« in the northeni Ckears, at one of the nntoiiths of the Krifhna, was formerly the moll flouiifhing and conmiercial city oat this Coaft, and though much declined, is ftill confiderable. The northern Circars, which itt denominated from the towns of Cicacole, Raja- mundry, Elore, and Condapily, ate defended inland by a llrong barrier of moun- tains and extenfive forefts, tisyond which the country is totally unknown for a cour liderable fpace. GovKRNMKNT OF BoMBAY.] This govemmeut is watered by the Tapee and Nerbudda. Its capital and feat of goverHftient is Bombay, in a fmall ifland in an unhealthy fituation, but well foftified and on a fine harbour. — Surat on the Tapee which forms an indifferent port, is one of the moft rich and commercial cities in Indoftau. — I'lLticHKRfeY, on the Malabar coaft, is dependent on Bombay. ALLIES ot »HE BRITISH. i.i" Dominions of the Nabob of J Fyzabad Oude ( Lucknow Dominions of the Nabob of Arcot, comprehend the eaft- crn part only of the ancient ' Carnatic. I Arcot on the Paliar is the capital, though the Nabo"b ufually refides at Madrafs. Gingee, the ftrongeft Indian fortrefs in the Carnatic Trichinapoli near the Caveri well fortified in the Indian manner, was rich and populous, contain- ing near 400,000 inhabitants, now almoft ruined by the numerous fieges it has fuftained. Seringham Pagoda, in an ifland of the Caveri, is famous throughout Indoftan for its fandlity, and has no lefs than 40,000 priefts who conftantly re- fide here in voluptuous indolence. Chandegeri, the ancient capital of the empire of Narz- zingua, formerly rich, powerfiil, and populous: near it is the famous Pagoda of Tripetti, the Loretto of Indoftan, the offerings of the numerous pilgrims who refort hither bring in an immenfe revenue. Tanjore, Madura, and Tinivelly are the capitals of iniaii ftatvs of the laine name, vvhich with Mara- war, are dependent on the Nabob of Arcot. INDOSTAN, ox Injju on this «ipe t>ie .Cano»i. Terfitory of Futty Sing Guick- ( . ^ , ^ cr in the Soutah of Cu.4^"^?**=^' zerat. JiCjiinbay. Territory of the Rajah of ,| ^ ,. Chod *j Gwahor a celebrated fortrcls. y » TIPP O S AIB's Territories. Seringapatam on the Cavcri • Bednore or Hyder Nuggar Mangalore Calicut 74^ Kingdom of Myfore Bednore Canara . . Part of Malabar proper MAHRATTA STATES and their TRIBUTARIES wa, are naturally ftrong J Poonah The Concan or traft between the Gauts and the fea is fomeiimes caDed th*. PJm.. Berar Mahrattas, their country is very little known to £u- < ropeans. rNagpouria the cap'-al Balafore ha.; rnnfiH^^roVi Baiafore ha3 conliderable trade Cuttack on the Mahanada, an important poft, which renders this nation a formidable enemy to the Bri- , tiih, as it cuts off the communication between the Northern Vnnr^.h lu v I governments of Bengal and Madrafs. -Nortnern Foonah Mahrattas ( Ougein, the refidence of Sindia goverued at pre ent by Sin-j Indoor, the refidence of Holkar S; .nn/f"' t?'^ ^''•"'^ °'^^0 ^^^Py' '^^ refidence of Gungdar Punt Jciritory of the Soubah of f „ , , . ^ the Dcccan* T Hydrabad is the capital • Adcni is dependant on iLe Soubiih 5 C t 748 INDOSTAN, OR India on this side tub Ganois. Country of the Abdalli. This government, which includes the Soubah of Cabul, and the neighboiiritig parts of Perfia, was formed by Abdalla, one of the generals of Thaniae Kouli Kan, when on the death of that ujurpcr his empire was difmenv- bered : its capital is Caudahar in Perfia. Country of the Seiks: they arc faid toconfift of a number of fmall dates indcpen- dant of each other, but united by a federal union. Country of the Jats or Getcs, very little known to Europeans. Country oi" Zabeda Cawn, an Afghan Rohilla. Territory of Agra on the Junma. Furrukabad, or country of the Patau RohiUa's, on the Ganges, furrounded by the dominions of Oude. Bundelcund Travan9ore near C. Commorin. , , j Air and sbasons.] The winds in this climate gtfneraUy blow for fix montha from the fouth, and fix from the north. April, May, and the beginning of June, are exceflivcly hot, but refrefhed by fea breezes ; and in Ibnie dry feafons, the hur- ricanes, which tear up the fands, and let them fall in dry fhowers, are exceflively difagreeabfe. The Englifh, and confequently the Europeans in general, who ar- rive at Indoftan, are commonly feized with fome illneis, fuch as flux or fever, in their different appearances; but when properly treated, cfpecially if the patients aie abftemious, they recover, and aftcrwa>rds prove healthy. About the end of June, a fouth-wefl wind begins to blow from the fea, on the coaft of Malabar, which, with continual rains, laft four months, during which time all is ferene upon the coaft of Coromandel (the weftern and ea,fterq, coafts being fo denominated.) Towards the end of Odober, the rainy feafon, and the change of the monfoon begins on the Coromandel coaft, which being deftitute of good harbours, renders it extremely dangerous for fliips to remain there, during that time; and to this is owing the periodi- cal returns of the Englifh fhipping to Bombay, upon the Malabar coaft. The aii is naturally hot in this peninfula, but is refrefhed by breezes, the wind altering every twelve hours ; that is, from midnight to noon it blows off the land, when it is intolera- bly hot, and during the other twelve hours from the fea, which laft proves a great re- frefhment to the inhabitants of the coaft. The produce of the foil is the fame with that of the other 'part of the Eaft Indies. The like may be faid of their quadru- peds, fiih, fowl, and noxious creatures and infcds. Mountains.] At C. Camorin commences a range of fteep and lofty mountains, called the Gauts or Gettes, which nun parallel to the weftern coaft, and affumes various names as it advances northward : thefe mountains rife abruptly from the low Country on the weft. Me a ftupendous wall, that fupports a vaft extent of fertile and populous plains, which are fo much elevated as to render the air, tho' in the torrid Zone, cool and pleafant. Indoftan is feparated from the countries that envi- ron it to the northward by feveral ranges of ftupendous mountains that have no ge- neral appellation, but are diftinguifhed by various names, in different parts : of thcfc the moft remarkable are the mountains Hindoo-Koh, the ancient Paropamifiis nnd Indian Caucafus, on the confines of Perfia and Independent Tartary. The mountains of Thibet, on the confines of that country are very lofty, and conned- ed with others farther north, of fuch great height, that they are fuppofed the higheft in Afia. , • , i Rivers.] Of the rivers of Indoftan, three far exceed the reft in niaptnitude and utility: the Indus, the Ganges, and the Burranipooter. The Indus, called Sindch Native?, ifTues from the niountains of Hindoo-Koh, and foon becoming na. '11 vigable is called the River of Attock; in the upper part of its courfe it receives INDOSTAN, OR India on this side the Ganoes. 74S> fcvcral fine navigable rivers, but none in the lower, where it croffes a flat open country, and falls into the Arabian lea, by levcral channels, the chief of which is called the River of Mchran. Thefe channels form and interfca a large triangular iflaud which they fertilize by their periodical inundations. The principal rivers it receives are the Bchat, or Hydafpes, and the Hyphafis, which formed the eaftern boundary of the conquefts of Alexander. The Ganges, one of the finelt rivers in the world, ilfues from Kentaiffe, one of the vaft mountains of Thibet, and after a courle of "bout 750 miles, through moun- tainous regions little known, enters Indoftan at the D»file of Kupele, luppofed hy the natives to be its fource ; from hence this fine river (which is re\ered by the Hindoos as a deity that is to wafhaway all their fta^ns) flows through delightful plains, with a fmooth navigable Itream, from one to three miles wide, during the remain- Ufer of its courfe, which is about 13.50 miles to the bay of Bengal, into which it falls by two larger and a multitude of lelfer channels, that form and intcrfeft a large triangular ifland, wliofe bale at the fea is near 200 miles in extent. The entire courfe of the Ganges is 2100 miles, and is to that of the Thames as 9^ to i. The navigation of the eaftern branch being dangerous is littlfc frequented. The wef^era branch, called the little Ganges, or R. of Hoogly, is navigable by large fliips, and molt generally reforted. The Ganges receives 11 rivers, fome of which are equal'i to the Rhine, and none inferior to the Thames. The Burrampooter, called Sanpoo in the upper part' of its courfe: This rival "' filter of the Gauges iflues from the fame mountains that give birth to that river ; but taking a contrary diredlion through Thibet, winds to the fouth welt through Affam, and entering Indoftan flows to the fouth, alfumes the name of Megna, and joins the weltern branch of the Ganges with an innneufe body of water, equal if not fupe- rior to the Ganges itfelf. Thefe two noble Rivers when they approach the fea, divide- into filch a multitude of channels and receive fuch a number of navigable ftreams, that a tra6t of coun- try, nearly equal to Great Britain in extent, enjoys by their means the fineft iirland navigation that can l)e conceived, and which gives conftant employment to 30,000 boatmen : thefe channels are fo numerous that very fevr places in this trad are even in the dry feafon 25 miles from a navigable- ftream ; and in the feafbn of the peiiodical rains, they overflow their banks to the depth of 30 feet, and form an . inundation that fertilizes the foil to the extent of "more than 100 miles. Population, inhabitants,) The Mahometans (fays Mr. Orme), whoarecalled BELiGioN AND GOVERNMENT, y Moors, of Indoftan, are computed to be about ten millions, and the Indians about an hundred millions. The original inhabitants of India are called Gentoos; or, as others call them, Hindoos, and the country Hindooftan. They pretend that L'rumma, who was their legiflator both in politics and religion, was inferior only to God, and that he ex- ifted many thoufand years l)efore our account of the creation. This Brumma, pro- bably, was fome great and good genius, whofe beneficence, like that of the pagan legiflators, led his people and their pofterity to pay him divine honours. Ihe Bra- mins (for fo the Gentoo priefts are called) pretend that he bequeathed to them a . book called the Vidam, containing his doftrines and inflitulions ; and that though the original is loft, ttiey are ftill poffeficd of a facred commentary upon it, called the Shahftah, which is written in the Shanfcrita language, now a dead language, and known only to the Bramins, who ftudy it, even as our facred feriptures are written in Greek and Hebrew. But whether that language was originallv different from that of the country, or whetb.cr it Las only now become unintelligible to the 750 INDOSTAN, OA India on tjus side t4i« Camgi*. feople, through that tbaiigc wliich is uicident to all living languagCK, is not well iiowu. 1 he foundation of Biumuu's doftrinc confifted in the beliaf of a Supreme Being, who created a regular gradation ot beings, foiue linperior, and fonic inferior tt> man ; in the iinniortality of the foul, and a future ftate of rewards and punifh- nients, which is to confift of a tranfmigration into diflerent bodies, according to the lives they have led in their prc-exiAent ftate. From thia it appears more than probable, that the Pythagorean mctempfychofis totik its xife iu India. The need"- fity of inculcating this fublirae, but otherwife complicated doftrinc, into the lower ranks, induced the Bramins, who are by no means unanimous in their dodlrincs, to have retourle to fenfible rcprefetHations of the Deity and his attributes ; fo that the original doarines of Brumma have degenerated to rank ridiculous idolatry, in the worihip of difleratt animals, and various images, and of the moft hideous figures, delineated pr carved. Wooden images are placed in all their temples, and oncer- tain fcftivals arc exhibited in the high-roads and in the ftreets of towns. The hu- man figures with elephants heads which arc the objedls of their devotion, iiave many hands aud arc tuoniKiufly corpulent. The Hindoos have, from time immemorial, been divided into four great tr'ilvs. The firft and nioft noble tribe are the Braniind, who alone can otiicjate in the priefthood, like the Jewilh tribe of Levi. They are not, however, excluded from government, trade, or agriculture, though they arc ftriftly prohibited from all menial offices by their laws. The fecond in order is the Sittri tribe, who, according to their original iaftitution, ought to be all military men ; but they fre- quently follow other profeffions. The third is the tribe of Beife, who are chiefly merchants, bankers, and baniaa or fliopkecpers. 'J he fourth tribe is that of Sud- der, who ought to be menial fervants ; and they are incapable of railing themfelves to ally luperior rank. If any one of them fhould be excommunicated from any of the four tribes, he and his pofterity are for ever fliut out from the focicty of every body iu the nation, excepimg that of the Harri caft, w ho are held in utter detefta- tion by all the other tribes, and are employed only in the meaneft and vileft offices. This circumftance renders exconmnmicatiou fo dreadful, that any Hindoo will furter the torture, and even death itielf, rather than deviate from one article of his faith. Befides this divifion iuto tribes, the Gentoos are alfo fubdivided into a^s, or fiualler clalfes and tribes; and it has been computed that there are eighty-four of li.de cafts, though fonie have fuppofed there was a greater number. The order of prc-smiuence of all the cafts, in a particular <:ity or province, is generally indil- putably decided. The Indian of an inferior would think hinifelf honoured by adopting the cuftoms of a liiperidr caft ; but this laft would give battle fooner than not vindicate its |)rcrogatives : the inferior receives the vidluals prepared by a fupe- rior caft w ith rclpedt, but the fujierior will not partake of a meal which has been prepared by the hands of an inferior caft. Their marriages are cir micribed by the fame barriers as the reft of their intercourfes ; and hence, befides the national phy- fiognomy, the members of each caft preferve an .air of ftill greater refemblance to one ar.otlier. There are fome cafts remarkjible for their beauty, and others as re- mark.ible for their uglinefs. 'I he moft ftriking features in the charadler of the Hin- iloos, are their fuperftition, and veiv-ration for the inftitutiona and tenets of their ibrefathei-s. In India, the dominion of religion ':.vv.',ds to a thoufand particulars, which in other countries are governed eithr; • j. the cnil laws, or by tafte, cuftoni, or .aL.ion. -Jre.% lOod, tiiC consinoii ifitci.iUilws of life, uMiriagcf, proieftions. INDOSTAN, OR India on this bid. the Gakoi*. 75, all are under the inrifdiftion of i-eliiilnn TJ.^r, • r ? regulated by luperUition It P cfc C; ulesot ^on^^^^^^^ '""J '*^'"« '^''' " ""' a matter of indirtaenccVF^^o'rigV,^^^ ^*^ '-"^^^^^d as aw hierarchy; for among ih.tt rcHe oui Cn r^hl fj V n"'"l^^^ ''^^ '° '■"'"X by the prielLod. or the Bramin c^ S^-/ ^t fj";"'^^«";) v.'«« Poffelfefl a relbniblance bctwc^ni the natives of India and h^ N f ' 1 """'''' '\'' "'*= *^"^ ment, of both nations hierarchical, but i lith ho e was "A ?ri T '^' ^'■''" obfervanccs and ceremonies cxtendincr m m^ « • ? ^a« v.iriet - of religious are nwtrets of choice or oHnd SbrenL ZlYih ? '"' "T^lf^ '" ^'^^' ^"-""^« pea and veneration for thX "nccftTr Al^^^ entertained the moft profound ref. priefts. and from therivder rthl Slicf „ • h.^ "ji'^'^^^l^^ge the Bra.uins for their !hem to affii<'i thcmfelv« e 'n a h^elh of a 175;^'"^ ' ""^''^ I'f' '"^"^ ^^ tence Bul th ^rcater mimber of cart .r^ 1 r ?' '^''^""8^ occaiioned by inadvcr- fpar..,ly, Knh ot ' fift anSTiS^ but^t e et. Zoft ^ ^?S ^j^hiugh very food of th. Hindoos is finiple confiftiW chS, "5'^"^*" '^•"s of Bengal, Ear and Ori^l /n . , J^' "' ''"'' •'" '^'^""^■'^"' ''""^h". cund. Agra, Delhi, ^.nd Lahore.^ Thf CI fl'"HT„-r: ""l'^?,"??" Pfov.nces of Oude, Rohil-' through the Vifiaporc into the interior parts of the Decan AnA Xl'fZ'" Y°'° ^r'^^^^^^^U and run* . vinces, feparates Indoaanfron, the dominions of Pcrfia °'^'" bound.ng the Gu.aratpro- ' i-''*K ■^^ ' kv 752 INDOSTA^, OR India on this side the Gangps. who will pay them ; but when their leader falls in battle, they think that the!, en- gagements to him are finiflied, aucl they un ofl' the fif.ld without any Ibiinupoxi thcii- reputation. The cuftom of women burning themfelves, upon the death of their In (bands, fiill continues to be jiraftiled an>ong fonic of high caft and condition, though juufh lefs frcjuently than formerly, and it is faid, that the Braniins now do not en- courage it. One pariicalai clafs ot women arc allowed to be openly proftituted: thefe ;ue tho famous dancing girls. Their attitudes and movements are very ealy, and not uu- glMccliil. Their perfons arc delicately ibrm^, gaudily decorated, and highly per- fumed. By :hc continuation of wantou attitudes, they acquire, as they grow warm m the dance, a frantic lafcivioufnels themlelvei,, md conununicate, bj; a natural con- tagion, i!ic niofl \oluptuous deiirc5 to the beholders. 1 he Gentcos are as careli.l of the ;.ultivation -of their lands, and their public works and coin ciiienccg, as the Chinefe; and i-cu)arkably honeft and humane: there Icarccly is an inibuico of a robber)-- in all Indoltan, though the diamond mer- chants travel without dcfeniive weapons. According to a late writer, the Hindoos, as weli as the Perfians, 'I'aitars, and adjoining nations, who have inhabited Indof- tan f:nce it was iiuaded by Tamerlane, though of diflerent nations, religions, laws, and cuitoms, poiiefs neverthelefs, in equal degrees, hofpitality, politenefs, and addrcls. In refinement and e.i!e they are ibpcrior to any people to the weft- ward of them. In jjolitenefs and addrefs, in gracefulnefs of deportment, and ipec'-h, an Indian i^ as much fuperior to a Frenchman of falbion, as a French courtier is to a Dutcii burgo-nudter of Dor:. A Frenchman's eafe is mixed with forward familiarity, with contidence, and felf-couceit : but the Hindoos, efpecially thofe of the higher calls, are in their demeanour eaiy and unconltrained ftill more than even a French courtier, and their eafe and freedom is referved, modeft, and ref})cftful. Iheir perfnns are ilraight and elegant, their limbs finely proportioned, tl^ir fin- eers hnig and tapering, their countenances open and plealant, and their feature^ ex- hibit the moft delicate lines of beauty in the fenialcs, and in the males a kind of nianlv foftncfs. Ihcir walk and gait, as well as their whole dtponment. is in the high oil degree graceful. I'he drcCs of the men is a kind of clole-bodied gown, like c\n women's gowns and wiile trowfcrs, refembling petticoats, reaching down to their flip;;crs. Sucli of the women as appear in public, have fliawls over their htads and fhouldcrs, fliort dole jackets, and the tight drawers which conic df^wn to tlicir ancles. Houcc tlic dicis of the men gives them i'l the eyes of Europeans, an appe.irance of elleminacj- ; whereas that ot'the women will appear rather nialVul'ine: fuch is the inlliieoce of habit and cuftom on human fcntiments ; an influence which extends to mancrs of tade, and to objc<5ls of higher importance. Their liouics coyer in-ich ground, and have fpr.cious galleries and accommod.i- tions of various kinds. The aparluicms arc fniall, and the furniture not \cry clc- g.int, it' we except the ricli IVrliau carpets. The grandeur of their p.ilaces con- Ms in b.iijis, )-KTian:<.s. loaiplos, gods,, and harams. 'I he harams or zenanas, that ly tlio refidenic; oi the women, aic removed from tiie iVoiit of the houfe, and lighted only h'^^^« ^^ ^S^' thirfy, and the beauty of the Imen is^on decav ^'^ i! '" '^' ^''^'""^ °^' "^^ «' have all the marks of old age. We are not rh.rti T'^'^^V '' ^^^'^^^ ^'^'^T Grangers to all perfonal exS ion and viZ of S^ I'd^'^ f '^"^"^ ^'°^ ^°°^ ter which a wife mm arpir™ U fs t£r fav "Sf S' 5 ' "'"' '^r 'l''' "''= "f" under their proteaion all that profclTcd th^lame Slo^l^n!? ?'" k'"'' '"^"""^ aaive people, counterbalanced the nuXs ofThe S Thev'" r "h^ ' ''f ^'"' Mitroduced the divifion of provinces over wSchtW;nn-? Tr^ ^"^'^ Great Mogul upon their paying him an annual tribuT Vhe\a I refort o fT^^^^^^^ and lartartnbes has likewife ftrengthened the Mahometan goverin^nt buff U oblervable, that m two or three generations the oroLvenv nf ,11 tK^r V out it is who bj^ugh. „o.hh,g „i.h .hem L thd. holfe aff,fc7 rlt'Set™rimo' a'l ealtcrn nidoleuce and fcMifuality "cgcuciaita mto n,olt ** ' tl.lIS.'td 'tl ZnV"'' ■I" E.ea.ca figure. Thcv co,„ iicudtK, ^na, wticn upII commanded, thev h gne Jaw even to the court of Delhi. 'Jhough they 2+ 5 t) ey have been known to are oilginallv C*'ntnus, \'et 754 INDOSTAN, OR India on this sidi thi Gamgis. they are of bold aftive fpints and pay no great refpea to the principles of theij rehgion. At. Scrafton fays, that the Mahometans or Moors are of fo deteftable a !m.'r I"v. ^^* ""T^ ^r^^"^ ^^''^ ^"'^ ""' ^^'""^ exceptions, and thofe were among the Tartar and Perfian officers of the army. Thefe are void, we are Sd of «very prmcjple even of their own religion; and if they have a virtue, it is an appearance of hofpitahty, but it is an appearance only; for while they are drink jng with, and embracing a friend, they will ftab him to the heart. But it is proL of 'truth r^P'elentations of their moral depravity are carried beyond the bounds t.7v-'"^r^' 1? drinking among the Gentoos is remarkable. They religioufly avoid touching the velfel that contains the liquor with their lips, and pour it into the^ mouths, holding the bottle or other veffel, at leaft at a foot's diftance. Their idea i that they would be polluted by ftagnating water. They will drink from a pump, or' of any running ftreani, but not out of a pool. f f» wr Mr. Dalrymple pbferves, according to the Gentoo conftitution, land (houfes and gardens excepted) is not private property, but belongs to the community, in the leveral villages; each of which are fupplied with their refpedive public officers as the headman, to execute jufjice; the conicopoly, to keep the accomits of the village; the corn-meter, fnnth, barber, dodor, aftrologer, &c. The grounds are cultivated by the community and the produce fhared out in certain proportions to all One is allotted to the Pagodas and Bramins, one to the government, another to tlie public officers one to the repair of tanks, or refervoirs of water, and the reft dilhibuted among the community : but we underftand that the Mahometan go-' vernment, and the mtrufion of Europeans, have introduced fome innovations in thisanciemconltitution, particularly, ty farming the circar, or government Ihares. Such are the outlines of the government by which this great empire long fub- fifted without alnioft the femblance of virtue amoug its great office^ either civif or military. It was Ihaken, however, after the overthrow of Mahomet Shah, by rifv U,^?L'''^'^ r' ^'/«"<^«' byj« great a diminution of the imperial authi my, tha the foubahs and nabobs became abfolute in their own governmems. i hough they could not alter the fundamentallaws of property, yet they invented new taxes, which beggared the people, to pay their armies'^ and fupport their EXUh K llT^ ''^ /^' P'"^^"' " ^"^ >'^^" «g^' ^f^" ^i"S unmercifully plundered by coHedors and tax-mafters, were left to periffi through want. To ium up the mifeiy of the inhabitants, thole foubahs and nabobs, and other Mahometan governors employ the Gentoos themfelves, and fome e^'en of the Bramins, as the mimftcrsof their rapacioufnefs and cruelties. Upon the whole, ever fmce the in- valion of Kouli Khan, Indoftan, from being a well regulated government, is be- comeafceneof mere anarchv or llratocracy; every great man protedls himfelf ia his tyranny by his lold.ers, vvfiofe pay far exceeds the natural riches of his govern- inent. As private affallmations and other murders are here committed with impu- nity, he people who know they can be in no worfe Hate, concern themfelves very little m the revolutions of government. To the above caufes are owing the late fucceffcs of the Lnghffi m Indoitan. The reader, from this reprefentatio ^n ay Sl'^ifn'^'; '" '^'/'Y^' ^'''' '^^^"■"•'-^^ '" P^'"^ «^' '^^-torv, has' been gamed f.omulurpersand robbers; and their poffeflion of it being guarantied by the prelent lawful emperor, is fa.d to be founded upon the laus and conditutimis of that country. \Ve are, however, forry to be obliged to .einark, that the condurt vlneZ t '-^iT'"''!'^ 1^', ^^'-\ ^"^"^ ^^'"P*-^")^ ^"^^-^'-^^ ^he natives, and nor pi -per.y ^di.n..<^(^ 04 checked, either by the directors or the Briiiili Itgiilature, has : IKDOSTAN, o» I„„ c, ,„„ „„, „,, ^^^^^^ _^^ •nerUne and his great geneSs refemblmg that of their conqueror Ta- &• ^ro-:etoa£f .K^^ FS&rr^, ^.e phants. When the fon^e U hnrnt ^'^/''^»/erfia, and Tartary; and 500 ele. cafe, thefe horfes are ^^10 be feS inL^^^^ as is often the andin theevenbg with rice n„^k /^opSly^^^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^-^'J' butter, and fugar, ^^^^^^^^^"^^ t^ ^^^/^ i« ^aid that a plague which cotton. It is ftill famous for tL^Zf!^' c ? manufaaurcrs in filk and canopied couches, on wh"h [he gtt m^n ifo" rlSi 'T"'' "'"' ''' ' ^^"^ -^" tives. repofe when they appear aLmdV^«^'-i"';°P^^°' ^^ ^^H as na- trotaionk -orning an^d rvSrlo miIe?alv-\oTi:^ by four men. Mho will the palanquin by turns, four aV a ttme Thoul' . r,.^ ^ V'"^"y hired, who carry yet the porters may be hired for nine mr^nS P"'^"?'^'» ^^ dear at firft col .ainuin,^^^^^^^^^^ fians and Tartars yearly for above^o nnn K r ' ^J^H.'^"^^^^ ^" 'd^^^ ^'^h the Per- 800 miles. bytheUrJLS-\t;i:-e?rmtSta ''' "^^^' '^^ ^^^^"' ^^out cefllrwr^emer?d!^rapi.^^^^^^ fef 'h?"^ "r^^^^'' ^« ^'ffi-^' -^ - tain 100,000 villages, to iL E with r tl^ '.'^''^ °^ '^^ ^"^^^- ^^ '« ^^^^ to con- The capital (Calm'ere) ftands by ^?;g^rktnn5b:;L'^' '"^k'^^^^ ^^ P^^'^ ' hilW.rdTmirll^thllSa'r^^^^^^^ ^-^ «^- - ^^e Indian thebeftfugars of any h ZorZ^^ c.^uJ''''''''''' '\'^" ^"^'^«' P^°ducing but is now much decayer \\^knol iT Tl """"^ ^^'^^ "'"« ""^^^ '^^^l Bekar, and Hallabas, thit s not it ^on^l^wi h the^^r'""^ ?^ ^>'"^' ^'-^^ fcceptu^g that they are inhabited by a haZ race of tin '^^7''""^^^^^" ^"^f ^"' been conquered anH fh/^Mr,i, ru r i .> V "t nren, \\ho leeni never ♦o have den. fta>e.''^";Lr„;'ro& Pr^nntrn^forr'^ ""' '" ?"-=">' "'*P»- flowers, thrive, as in their native fl'i" ^ "^ toop:an fruns, piams. and JSengal of all the Indian provinces, is porhap, ,he moft i„,r- m r ■- «•." -„„-es. on fhe nLhS"fl f ph'-no'^JJc'^l^hLtiVb 756 INDOSTAN, OR India on thts side the Ganoks. moreover a formidable barrier of mountains, rivers, or extenfive waftes towards thofe quarters, (hould an enemy ftart up. On the fouth is a fea coaft guarded by fhallows and impenetrable woods, and with only one port, which is of difficult acccfs in an extent of 300 miles. Only on the weft, can an enemy be apprehended, but there the natural barrier is ftrong, and with its population and refources, and the ufual proportion of Britilh troops, Bengal might bid defiance to any part of Indoftan which was inclined to become its enemy. It is eftimated to be the ftorehoufe of the £aft Indies. Its fertility exceeds that of Egypt after being overflowed by the Nile; and the produce of its foil confifts of rice, fugar-canes, corn, fefamum, fmall mulberry, and other trees. Its callicoes, filks, falt-petre, lakka, opium, wax, and civet, go all over the world ; and provifions here are in vaft plenty, and incre- dibly cheap, efpecially pullets, ducks, and geefc. The country is interfeiled by canals cur. out of the Ganges for the benefit of commerce; aad extends near 100 leagues on both fides the Ganges, full of cities, towns, villages, andcallles. In Bengal, the worlhip ot the Gentoos is pradlifed in its g^-catefl: purity ; and their facrcd river (Ganges) is in a manner lined with their magnificent pagodas or temples. The women, notwithftanding their religion, are faid by fome to be lafci- vious and enticing. The principal Englifti faftory in Bengal is at Calcutta, and is called Fort William : k is fituated on the river Hugly, the moll wefterly branch of the Ganges. The fort itfelf is laid to be irregular, and untenable againlt difciplined troops ; but the fer- vants of the Company have provided themfelves with an excellent houfe, and moft con\'enieut apartments for their own accommodation. As the town itfelf has been in faft for fome time in poffeffion of the Company, an Englifh civil government, by a mayor and aldermen, was introduced into it. I'his was immediately imder the authority of the Company. But in 1773, '^^ a6l of parliament, wa^ paffed to regulate the afiairs of the Eaft-India Company, as well in India as in Europe. By this a£t the governor-general and four counfellors were appointed, and chofen by the par- liament, with whoni was veiled the whole civil and military government of the prefi- dency of Fort William ; and the ordering, management, and government, of all the territorial acquifitions and revenues in the kingdom of Bengal, Bahar, and Orifla, ib long as the company (hould remain poffeffed of them. The governor-general and council fo appointed, are iuvefted with the power of fuperintendbg and controlling the government and management of the prefidencies of Madras, Bombay, and Ben- coolen. The governor-general and council to pay obedience to the orders of the court of dire£iors, and to correfpond with them. The governor-general and counfellors were likewife empowered to eftablifli a court of judicature at Fort William; to confift of a chief juttice, and three other judges, to be named from time to time by his majefty : thefe are to exercife all criminal, admiralty, and ecclefiaflical ju- rifdi(flion ; to be a court of record, and a court of oyer and terminci- for the town of Calcutta, and fadlory of Fort William, and its limits ; and the fadories fubor- dinate thereto. But the eftablilbment of this fupreme court does not appear to have promoted either the interells of the Eaft India Company, or the felicity of the people of the country. No proper attention has been paid to the manners and cuUonis of the people ; ads of great opprefllon and injuftice have been committed ; and the fupreme court has been a fource of great diifatisfadlion, diforder, and con- fufion, For the fubfequcnt regulations rcfpeding the Eaft India teriitories and company, we refer to our account in the Hiitory of England. In 1756, an unhappy event took place at Calcutta, which is too remarkable to be omit cd. The India nabob, or Juabah, quarrelled with the company, and in- verted Calcutta with a large body of black troops. The governor, and fonje of INDOSTAN, OK India on this side th« Gangic*. ,57 the principal perfons of the place, threw themfelvM ,„«h ♦k • 1 -^ ,r « board the ftiips in the river; th^y wL rSTained for ^A J J '^'J=^^ ^^(^h on the place; hit their anununition liinreZtded tSrf. "'i ^';fvely defended The foubah. a capricious. unfeclin7?yVnMnS l^-^oS"'^'*"^ "P°" !'""^' forced Mr. Holwei^ the governor" cffifeWrm?,,? ^^^^^V^g'^e capitulation, little but fecure prifon,caSX Black hS^^^^^^ 'H ^""'-'^ '"^J^'^^^' '"^° «• and fhut up.fro'm aLft afi ct^n^ScS of fci?"""^^^^^ ^^"T mght were mexpreffible, and before mornine no mom .j^""^,"'^"'" during the found alive, the rell dying of fuffocat on wfirh , ., twenty-three were horrible phrenzy. Among^th^L fav^dl^^s'Mr SolSl,-^^^^ ^T'^'^ ^"^ * moft affedliug account of thrcatSrlhP TK 7 r^^^^^ ^'•^ ^""^n * capital, after plundering hf Place ima^il A ul""^'^^^ ""^'^ ^^'"^"^'i ^° hi« dominions ; but the leffoi^ble a^^i Tl of 1 ? 1 xv r"^'"^ '^^ ^"^"^ ^"^ °f ^is lord) Oive: put them^mte^ wifh wT^^^^^ .^^^I^-} f --"^s and the war was foon concluded by the battle of pffi, ^ mfhonoi the place ; the death of the nabob Suraja Dowfa, n whofe pl^ce^^^ '^' ^°' Black. Ihc white Towa is fortified, and contains an Englifh corpora- non . a mayor and aldermen. Nothing has been omitted to mend the natural baduefs of us fuuation which feems originally to bcowing to the neighbourhood of the diamond mines that are but a week's purncy diftant. Thefb mines are un* tier the dir^aion of a Mogul officer, who lets them out by admeafurement, en- clofing the contents by palliladoes; all diamonds above a certain weight originally belonged to the emperor. The diftria belonging to Madras, doth not extend much more than 40 miles round, and is of little value for its produ^. Eighty thoufand inhabitants of Acinous nations are faid to be dependant upon Madras ; but its Ikfetv c.>nf,fb »p,the fuperiority of the Englifh by fea. It carries on a confiderable trade wuh Chuia. Perha, and Mocha. The reader needs not be informed of the inmienfe ibrtmies acquired by the Englifh. upon this coaft, within thefe thirty years ; but Ibme of thefe fbrtunes an- pear to have been obtamed by the mofl iniquitous pradices. There feems to have -t u —c.! .. ^..n,, ,ti tnc toziuiuuiui! <;i mc nait inaia t-.ompaiiy. Ihe iUixxtors confidcrcd the riches acquired by their jguvcrnors and other fervants as be- INDOSTAN. OR India om thm sivt the Ganois. 755 ulltfXtTa;?d%r^;^^^^^ ^"Perintendants to co. tl^eir governors and members^f X cTun \hcre As!ull7Vl "r.'^^"»"' ell importance that ever Derhaos om.Zj ;„ ik i a lubjed of the great- try tfe reader will i^aZ^^'t'o:^^^^^^^^^ «^ ^ — rcial La- pirl'^he'Cor^o ?uf ^orS; Me ^nd ''""/^T f ^^^ ^^«"^ - of their nulhary officers/ have "caS ^"' ^?"""^^« <""<■'«««' in Indoltan. that it i^ fuperiorTo'^V™^^^^^ ^"^ fomc of their own fervants pretend h J! 1? n i, '-'"^ *^'°'^"*^^ ^^''^^^ = ^"^ clear revenue amounts to nia'two miUiol ? r '^''' ""'r'"'/^^ "^^ P^''*' ^^eir pay 400.000I. annually o trioTernme t wh I^^^ T °^ ""^^'^fi^Y were to How that revenue is /olleded or iS a whence h rfles is bef/T '^''' T"'""^'^' therefore the Englifh n.ia ttrv and d^ ^"""^^ company, and. order to regulate ^the aTa of the Sm "' ^V r^-'.^'^'^^y '"tcrtbred : iu at leagth eftablilhed It has alfo L, n jf '"^i \^'''^ ^^ "'"'^«* «^ home is tcrference of the governaientuchn.. -''"'' '^'' 1" ^^^"'^^^"^^"^e "f this ia. princes and poteatatras'ryWnd^^^^ ofMf" "'' ^'^ '^^"^'^ and naiioaal. acqunuions ot the company permanent. r.ri.o::t::?.ZZt^^^^^^^^^ ^^^'r'^' -^-\»-fi'^- l. diamonds, is- are ripe in January ^GolcoilTS^^^ to ^'^''•"'^'^'"g ,^' '"e wine of grapes that the Deccan. who is n\^h ^nd cln S? / ' ^""'^'^' "''^^ ^'^^'» ««• ^""^ah of Kaolconda is" a th s p o;ia e The L td'Th"".' ' '^^ ^^"""^ ?'""«"^ ""-■' or Hyderabad, but the kiagdom takes it'S 1 f J^f .tT'^^'rV" ,""'-^1^ ^^'^"'^^'' prifes the eafteru part of DowleS S c ^u ^^ccuy of Golconda, and com- tam, where the Endifh and S ot Golconda lies Mafulipa- at Ganjamaad Viflg pamm on thrco!? "'^^^^ ^ ^'c, ^"gltlh have alfo ftaories provinciof Orix-a, S whence the F^^ll' ' '^' ?"''*!• '' ^^'^'Po^'^- '^he venues, lies to the nor h of Sconda c^^^t^'^T "^'uZ ^"""'^ P^" «^ '^'''' '^^■ 550 miles,, and in Cm Zut 2^0^^^^^^^^^ to weft about Boonflah, ;,kI his brSVa^".e''riiies o"tirM?t '^'"'Z ^Z ^""'^^^'^ ftands the idolatrous temple of lagarv^nt w^^ .^"/^'^ P^°^'"*-<^ The idol is an irregular^ram diS bS ftone 0^/'^. '' attended by 500 priefts. two rich diamonds nearThe top to reurefem et.f Ti '^ ""r '^''^ ^' ^'^^S^^' ^"^' with vermiUi^n. ^ reprelent eyes, and the nofe and mouth painted . Bei^^S^oi^tE' :S ^i^^^d^ti^^l?-^ ?^"^^° ^^^ ^r- ^^- «^ and 250 in breadth, and thaHt L"o likl Ti mf^ ^^"J /'"^'^ '" ''^"S'^'' takes place in Europeaa pol tics Ta Tad 1 O^ t^nlels a great change extead only 70 miles bv land .^ll ,1 ? ' P^^^^^'^^tis ni the northera circars l6o INDOSTAN, OR India ok thts side the Ganoi«. nnfac^urcs, i. is faid, that the few fpecimcns of the niifciable inhabitants of this tradt who have appeared in the circars, ule no covering but a wifp of ftraw. This wild country extends about i6o miles, and the firft civilized people beyond them are the Barar Marattas. The country of the Deccan coniprehends f.ncral large provinces, and fome king- doms ; particularly thofe of Baglana, Balagate, Telcuga, and the kingdom of Vifiapour. The truth is, the names, dependencies, and governments of thofe provinces, arc extrenielj^ unfettled ; and fince their redudUon by Aurengzebe, or his father, have ^en lubjed to almoft annual revolutions and alterations. Modern geographers are not agreed upon their exaft fituation and extent, but by the afliftance of major Rcnnell's late menjoirs of a map of Indoitan, and his new drawings, we have gratified our readers. with a wvr map of the country, which we hope will be found clear and accurate. The principal towns are Aurungabad, and Doltabad, or Dowlatabad : the latter is the ftrongeft place in all Indoftan Near it lies the famous pagod ot Elora, in a plain of about two leagues fquare. The tombs, chapels, tem- ples, pillars, and many thoufand figures that furround it, are faid to be cut out of the natural rock, and to furpafs all the other eflbrts of human art. Telenga lies on the eaft of Golconda, and its capital, Beder, contains a garrilbn of 3000 men. Ihe inhabitants of this province fpeak a language peculiar to themfelves. Guzerat is a maritime province on the gulf of Cambaya, and one of the fincft in A u i"^^^"^*^ ^y ^ fi^f*^*-* lapacious people. It is faid to contain 3;} cities. Amedabad is the capital of the province, where there is an Engliih fafloiy, and is faid, m wealth, to vie with the richeft towns in Europe, About 43 French leagues diftant lies Surat, where the Engliih have a fiourifhing fador}'. Viliapour is a large province, the weftern part is called Konhan, which is inter- mingled with the Portuguefe iiolfcHions. The rajah of Vifiapour is faid to have had a yearly revenue of fix millions llerling, and to bring to the field 150,000 fol- diers. The capital is of the fame name, and the country very frnitfiil. The prin- cipal places on this roaft are. Daman, Baffaim Tropor, or Tarapor, Chawl, Dandi- Rajahpur, Dabul- Rajahpur, Gheriah, and Vingorla. The Portuguefe have loft feveral vatluable poifeflious on this coaft, and thole which remain are on the decline. Among the iflands lying upon the fame coaft is that of Bombay, belonging to the Enghfh Eaft-India companv. Its harbour can conveniently hold 1000 fliips at anchor. The ifland itfelf is about feven miles in length, and twenty in circumfe- rence ; but its fituation and harbour are its chief recommendations, being deftitute of almoft all the conveniencies of life. The town is about a mile long, and poorly bmlt ; and the climate was fatal to Englifh conftitutions, till experience, caution, and temperance taught them prefervatives againft its unwholefomenefs. The bcft water there is preferved in tanks, which receive it in the rainy feafons. The fort is a regular quadrangle, and well built of ftone. Many black merchants refide here. Ihis ifland wa" part of the portion paid with the infanta of Portugal to Charles II. who gave it to the Eaft-India company ; and the ifland is ftill divided into three Roman-catholic parifties, inhabited by Portuguefe, and what are called catholic Meftizos and Cauarins ; the former being a mixed breed of the n.?tives and Portu- guefe, and the other the Aborigines of the country. The Englifti have fallen upon methods to render this iflaid and town, under all their dlfadvantagcs, a fafe, if not an agreeable rcfidence. The reader fcarcely needs to be informed, that the governor and council of Bombay have lucrative pofts, as well as the officers under them. The troops on the ifland are commanded by Englifti officers ; and the natives, when form- ed into regular companies, and difciplincd, arc here, and all over the Eaft-Indie,s, called Sea-poys. The inhabitants of the ifland amount to near 60,000 of different ijaiions; each of whom enjoys the prad^icc of his itligion uunioleftcd. Here, be- INDOSTAN, OK iKDtA OK rnu sm. x„k Gakcks. ,,, outcafts from the Gcutc« relLion £ anH if •'* ^'T '^^ P«""guefe. and the tribe. The Turks thai^eforS?hU nl.,^ captives that are flaves to every other countryiHen. ftately. g ave' and refoved" TTi' °^n''^^^'' t'^ ^i^^^^herdl if their merchauts. The I^rfiLs are ^Lf^^^^^^^ '\t'\^''^}T' '^^"^^^ matters of trade, than the faturnTne & ?l ^ ^on^^fible but lefs honeft in when they treat with you ora„y fub^ wif^^^^^^^^ "^^ numbers, and a mufical cadence k.^hl ^'" ™'*'^e )'«"» fine oration in flouing menians are generaUy handfome in rL f^ "^ '^^ .'^^^ '^'^''''^^ °^ «"• l^he Ar- nature kind^nd SeLm Th^'^'^^ l^^^^^^^^^ and in their fca. beyond numbers that go fr^m^Engla„d ^^''^'''''' '"^ '" ^°"°"^ '° '^'' tai^sThe^fc.^^^^ o- of whicl, called Elephanta, con- pham, of the naturarf zrcut X felv^Tn So^'' '^" T'^^"- A ^^'^ ^'^ «" *^J«- place. near the bottom of a moS^ An . f '/'"'^r f "^ "" ^^^ '^^^^^^g- temple hewn out of the 'lid roTdUtt nr ^- "°P%^h^" ^^^^s to a ftupendous The roof, which is cut flat is fupDoSed hv ''T^ ^'" ^°°#' ?'^'' forty broad, feet high, with capitals, refembling^S IS '' 'T ""^A^"'' ^^^"^ ^^» of the incumbent mountain. A ?he TrThr ^ ' ^l '^ ^ •*'*^^*^. ^7 '^'^ ^"ght have been multiplied by the blind ztl of the Po ^''' f'^ff^'^^ figures, w4h various images Ld gropes on^ach" Ld'.''^ faTeTone • one o" it IT'^C'^ of the Gentoo wort ' ' '^' ''^°'" ^"^ °° '"^°°^^ <>f refemblance to ant f^^^^^ '^^^^^^ in the , or beauty by few of the^Eurrean cfdes ItTf A 1 T ^"'^'"^^ ""^^^ '" ^^^^ upon this illand, equalled thofe of t?; rll f ^^' ^^^ "-e^^nues of the Jefuits, reft of the Portu^efe Poffeffions on thW^^ ""^ ^.^''^^al, Goa, as well as the up the remains of the SX^^^^^^ '' "'^^^'^ ^ ^'^^TJ'' ^^o fti» J^eeps Salvett is dependent on SoL Sunda Hes t^utHrr^' ^^"'^ Peninfulaof is governed by a rajah, tributary to the MoSl clno' ^r^^.!? '?'"^°"^^^' ^^^ the fouthpf Goa, and reaches t^o Calicut ?^' foHk fl ' '^"' ^ony miles to that fupplies many parts of Europe, and fome of th^ TnH? tJ ^'^^^'^'PS "ce, faid generaUy to be governed bv VL5? ur r ^^ ,^^- ^^^ Canorines are fubjeL are accounteT^Lv^eft andU^^^^^^^ ^'^ '^'' f ^^>h ' -^ her remarkably given to commerce ^'^ ""^ ^"^ '^ that peninfula, and wi;f wht' tS sit.'^y;. X? eiToife'd zr [Ti^ r- ^ p--' ^- irruption into the Carnatic, took marofT Itf i T'^° ^'f ^^ "^''^^ ^ ^^^^'^"^ over thecompany'stroops, and brou2 hitr? f ^t""^'' ''^''f'"^ ^reat advantages fore the conclufion of the wTisrZtot!.T '"^ it^^^' of Madras, but died be- weft of the Carnatic ; and fc Ch fft an,?f Sr "[3^'*-;' u^^^*^^^ ^''' ^° ^^e fouth- of the Gatti mountains. The donii^^s of ll J. S 'K r ^^T'^ "^'^ '' '^' ^'^' prehend generally the provincerof Mvfol^S? /''^' l"*" *"/ ">'^^'^ ^^^X' <^^"^- Bindigan^belidesL acUtC;f,e^.^tS' l^tSSsfX^^' ^"^ . f' .fW.I 5 E "v are at il 7^2 INDOSTAN, OR India o» this side the Oakoes. f n /'•I/ ry leaft 400 miles in length, and in the breadth from 290 to l^o, fo that he hath the largeft ihare in the Peninfula. Thi)ugh Malabar gives name to the whole fouth-weft coalt of the peninfula, yet it is confined at prefent to the country fo called, lying on the weft of Cape Como- rin, and called the Dominions of the Samorin. 'ihe Malabar language, however, is common in the CamatiL ; and the country itfelf is rich and fertile, but peftered with green adders, whofe poifon is incurable. It was formerly a large kingdom of itfelf. The moft remarkable places in Malabar are Cranganore, containing a Dutch factory and fort ; Tellichery, where the Englifh have a fmall fettlement, keeping a conftant garrifon of thirty or forty foldiers. Calicut, where the French and Portuguefe have fmall faftoncs, befides various other diftinA territories and cities. Cape Comorin, which is the fdufthenimoft part of this peninfula, though not above three leagues in extfcnt, is famous for uniting in the fame garden the two feafons of the year ; the trees being loaded with blolfoms and fkrit on the one fide, while on the other fide they are Gripped of all their leaves. This furprifing phe- nomenon is owing to the ridge of mountains fo often mentioned, which traverfe the whole peninfula from fouth to north. On the oppofite fides of the Cape, the winds are conftantly at variance, blowing from the weft on the weft fide, and from the caft on the eaftem fide. Before I take my leave of India, it may be proper to obferve, that in the diftrift of Cochin, within Malabar, are to be found fome thoufands of Jews, who pretend to be of the tribe of Manaffeh, and to have records engraven on copper plates in Hebrew charadlers. They are faid to be fo poor, that many of them embrace the Gentoo religion. The like difcoveries of the Jews and their records have been made in China, and other places of Afia, which have occafioned various fpecula- tions among the learned. History.] The firft invader of this extenfive and fruitful country, worthy to be noticed, was the famous Alexander of Macedon, and where the fortrefs of Rotas now ftands on the banks of theBehat,he is fuppofed to have put in execution his ftratagem for croffing the river, whilft the oppofite Ihore was polfeffed by Porus. Zinghis Khan alfo diredlcd his force there in the year I22i, and made the emperor to for- fake his capital. The feat of government was, indeed, often changed, fometimes by ncceflity and at others by choice, as from Gazna to Delhi, to Lahore, to Agra, and to Canage. This laft place was, in the reign of Porus, and for ages, the ca- pital of Indoftan, but is now reduced to a middling town, though the ruins are of great extent *. The next conqueror is Tamerlane, who croffed the Indus nearly at the fame place with Alexander, but long before Tamerlane, Mahometan princes had entered, made conquefts, and eftabliftied themfelves in India. Valid, the Sixth of the caliphs, named Ommiades, who afcended the throne in the 708th year of the Chriftian aera, and in the 90th of the Hegira, made conquefts in India : fo that the Koran was introduced very early into this country. Mahmoud, ion of Sebegtechin, prince of Gazna, the capital of a province feparated by mountains from the north-weft parts of India, and fituated near Kandahar, carried the Koran with the fword into Indoftan in the year 1000 or 1002 of the Chriftian sera. He treated the Indian* with all the rigour of a conqueror, and all the fury of a zealot, plundering treafures, demoliftiing temples, and murdering idolaters throughout his route. The wealth found by him in Indoftan is reprefented to be inimcnfe. The fucceffors of this • Suppofed tn be the Palibrothn^f the nncients. In the Clh century it contained 30,000 fhops in which beetel nut was fold, and there were ;iIfo 60,000 bunds of roulkians and fingers, who paid a tax !o govern meat. INDOSTAN, OR India on this ,,ide the Gance... -53 Mahmoud are called the dpafty of the Gaznavidc, and niaimained thcmfelv. ' -^ a great part of the countnes which he had conquered ia lid a . S /C ^''^'''-« '" or 11,57, when Kofrou Schah, the i -.th and IiKnro nf 7k r- ^? ^'^^^ depofedby Kuffain Gauri. who founded the d/nv of ho ""'' niftied five priuces, who DoffelTed nelXthl r^ V^ -■ ^^""J^'s. which lur- th<5 Gaznavides. ScCb£dln the fou^^^ ame donunions as their prcdecoffors been rendered delperate by the polludons and iiS, ^^ V^t t ."'''^".• ^^" *'^^' temples expofed. made a^vow °o aSnl?. sli U / '"^^^ a^/a cmvcnta, when they admitted the Mogul family, took the facldagamft the two brothers; but the latter were viftorious, Ld Shah Tehan was put in tranquil poffeHion of the empire, but died in 1719. He was fucceed ed by another prince of the Mogul race, who took the name of Mahommed Shah and entered into private meafures with his great rajahs lor deftroying the Seyds who were declared enennes to hi.zam al Muluck, one of Auingzebe's favourite generals. Nizam u is fa.d. was privately encouraged by the cnTperor to declare himfelf againft the brothers, and to proclaim himfelf foubah of Decan which be longed to one of the Seyds who was affaflinated by the emperor's orde'r, and who immediatelv advanced to belhitodeilroy the other brother; but he no fooner un^ derftood what had happened, than he proclaimed the fultan Ibrahim, another of the Mogul princes, empeior. A battle enfued in 1720, in which the emperor was viaorious, and is laid to have ufed his conqneft with great moderation, for he re- muted Ibrahim to the prifon from whence he had been taken; and Seyd, being like wife a pnfoner, was condemned to perpetual conHnement, but the emperor took poffeflion of his vail riches. Seyd did not long furvive his confinement; and upon hisdeath the emperor abandoned himfelf to the fame courle of pleafures that had been fo fatal to his predecefftrs. As to Nizam, he became now the great imperial general, and was ofte\i employed againft the Marattas, whom he defeated, when they had almoftmade themlelves mafters of Agra and Delhi. He was confirmed in his foubahfhip, and was confidered as the firft fubjeft in the empire. Author^ however, are divided as to his motives for inviting Nadir Shah, otherwife Kouli Khan, the Perfian monarch, to invade Indoftan. It is thought that he had intel ligenceof a ftrong party formed againft him at court ; but the truth perhaps is tlat Nizarn did not think that Nadir Shah could have fuccefs, and at fi.ft wanted to make himfelf ufeful by oppofing him. Ihe fuccefs of Nadir Shah is well kiiown and the immcnfe treafure which he carried from Indoftan in 17^0 Be fides thole treafures, he obliged the Mogul to furrender to him all the landsto the weit ot the rivers Attock and Sjnd, comprehending the provinces of Peylhor Ca, bill, and Gagna, with many other rich and populous principalities, the whole of 'them almoft equal in value to the crown of Perfia iticlf j.™V"',^^'°"^°^^^^^^°^o°-^ 2oo,oco lives. As to the plunder made by Na- dir Shah, fome accounts, and thofe too ftrongly authenticated, make it amount to tne incredible fum of two hundred and thirty-one millions fterling, as mentioned bv the London Gazette of thofe times. The moft moderate fay that Nadir's own fhare amoumed confiderably above feventy millions. Be that as it will, the invalion ot Nadir Shah may be confidered as putting a period to the greatnefs of the Mogul empire m the honfe of Tamerlane. Hovvc^ er, when Nadir had raifed all the money he could m Delhi, he re-inftated the Mogul, Mahommed Shah, in the fo- vereignty, and returned into his own country. A general defedtion of the provinces toon after enfued ; none being willing to yield obedience to a prince deprived of ihe power 10 eniorce u. The provinces to the north-weft of the Indus had been INDOSTAN, OR India on this side thk Canoes, ceded to Nad'r Shah, who being airaflinatcd 7«5 in re; an ^m^n^lpl^^n^^:^"^^;;'::^—^^^ |-^ general coufufion occahoncd by the tyrant's death, to carry oft" three I.und.cd cV mels loaded wuh wealth, whereby he was enabled to p„t hhufelf at !L head of ,u army and .narch againft Delhi with fifty thouland horfe. Thus was the health drawn front Delhi, made the means of continuing thofe miferies of « ar Aich irh.d at firrt brought upon them. Prince Ahmed Shah, the Mogul's eldeft fon and the vuicr. with other leading men. in this extremity took the fidd, uith eighty thoufand KlLKrr';rr'"-- ''^' ^'^'- "^'^^ ^^'-''^^ - -ith various' fu'ccefsnd Mahommed Shah died before its ternnnation. His fon, Ahmed Shah then mounted the imperial throne at Delhi; but the empire fell eveiy day more in 'o decay Ab foSff ''• a" «ndependent kingdom, o? which the^InduVis the genera b^^ndtry to theeaft, and Candahar is the capital. ^^uunudry dia^^'half 'S !\jf'^f "'"r^'ii ^'fi^^ '^^ fouth-weflern pcninfula of In. dia , had, befoie the nivafion of Madir Shah, exafted a chout, or tribute from the empire, arif.ng out of the revenues of the province of Bengal which beiL with morons. The enipirc began to totter to its foundation ; every petty chief bv coun erfeitmg grants from Delhi, laying claim to jaghires and to di ?ias 1 he couS-' try was torn to pieces by civil wars, and groaned under every fpecies of donX confufion Ahmed Shah reigned only feven years, after which^,fuch niorc d^ ord^r and confufion prevailed in this country, and the people fuffered greTt calami S At prefent. the imperial dignity of Indo'flan is veneS in'^Shah AlU m'or Zadah who , univer ally acknowledged to be the true heir of the lamerlane race- but his nolr IS feeble: the city of Delhi, and a fmall territory round it, is aU 'tha" i lif" re maining to the houfe and heir of Tamerlane, who depends tipon the prmea on of Tn? \ ^"^^^^'"'the intereft of the Eaft India Company, that their governments in ■ India mould interfere as httle as poffible in the domeltic or national quarrds of the country powers and that they fttould always endeavour to be in a ftati of pea^e and tranquillity with their neighbours. But thefe maxims of found policy they have nnr adhered to ; the governors and fervants of the Eaft India Company haTeunneceVtrHv and fometimes very iniquitoully, embroiled themfelves with the country powers and engaged in wars o| a very pernicious and indefenfible nature. The wars into whkh they have entered with the Marattas, and witfx that enterprizing prince Hyder A ly. now dead, but fucceeded bv a warlike fon, Tippo Saib, have been attended v^ith an enormous cxpence. and Seen extremely prejudicial to the interefts of the company and the nation at home. By temporar/ plans of violence ndnjuftic^' ^nd lome imes difregarding their own treaties, the^ have forfeited the good opinion of the natives and by exciting the indignation of the country princes againlt them greatly leffened the fecunty of the pofleflions of the company ^ ' The emperor of Indoftan, or Great Mogul (fo called from being defccnded from ' Tamerlane the Mongul. or Mogul Tartar), on his advancement to the throne, affur^e fome grand title; as, 7"/,, Co.^uaor oj /^e World; f/:c Onmnenl of t/:e TproTt'c but he IS never crowned. j ' -^ -^'-june, q^<, . This cvte Xe r-^^^^^^^ "^ " '' "^""' '°°° """'" '""8' ""^ ' .r h" ,r!!'l',^7.,.'"_".."'.^L': '''!"^."' "™'"S. ^ "">n''^>" of chiefs, whofe obedience to the PsWwLh ' «r H-., 7 "'• ->—.i.y.-. uiviucti among a number of ch m y^kM 4 ,'(4.1 ,* •f (1 t. m [ 7Stf ] The Pen INSULA of INDIA Farther beyond the Canoes, Pkninsujla. called the Situation and extent. Miles. Length «o»o 7 , ^ Bijiadth looo f ^^*^^^'«^ Boundaries.]' Degrees. Sq. M. J I and 30 north latitude. } i 92 and 109 eaft longitude, f 7+ 1,500 ■'T Nii^'l!'" %• '' ^T^^^ .^y '^^' ^°d China, on the 4- r , y. n*. ^°""; by China and the Chinefe fea. on the Eaft- bv tho lame fea and the ftraits of Malacca, on the South: and bv the barof Rene.. f ,nH t e Huhcr India on the Weft. The fpace betweenl.nja and C^hina i^no^w call cchhe provnice of Mecklus, and other diflrias, fubjea to the king of Ava or Bur, Grand divifions. Subdivifions. Chief towns. t)u the north- weft c] Ava ' ' ■ * Anacan p A Ava ,Pcgii Jniliefouai-weftjjf''"^^^^^ Sq. M. >• 180,000 50,000 i Siani Malacca lonquin On the north-eaft 4 ^Laos nwu r u ^ ( ?*^^"^ C^"^'* ^ fThoanoa On the fouth^eaflJ Cambodia I J Cambodia ^Chiampa > M lat. 21-30. ' * Lanchang. r 1 2,000 59,400 61,900 h 60,200 »-I^h^a'J "^^^ name of India is taken from the river Indus, which of all other? coumrv Crilinf '"" [T ^^"f *" South almoft the whole length of the Son7' "^"^ '^' ^'' "'" '^^' ^""^ ^°«"^"y overflowed in the rainy andk\':;;^;?rth?gVafrteTNorCr ^^^P^--' ^--> ^-on. Menan. ftra^t7of^M^1,rr"^''^c;- ^^^ ^^^ "^ bengal, Siam, and Cochin-Cbina. The Banlkc '"'^ Smcapora. The promontories of Siam, Romana, and ^° DiPF?HK^r."" °' ''"' I V'^ ^°'^ ^^ ^^^'^ P^"*"'""^^ '« f'-"«ful in general, . , '''"'^J^'^NT NATIONS. fand nroduces all the Hrlirmu^ fruJ- th- "4 f-,mH m oui^r countries contiguous to the Ganges, as welfa7roots and ;egetabley,^and in INDIA BSYOND TH« Ganges. 757 wild, that are common m the fouthern kinedoms of AiL 'rh„ ,, °°"ieuic ana g.^ trade in. gold diamonds, rubies,^o;Te^a.14S; an'/ X^reTi^u: t^of .ll^r"'" -P??""" T '"i^^" °'' T '^^"^ ^^ ^""^^ but i the moft heal hfu Icoun bInL Li P« jnfula. In fome places, efpecially towards the north the "ha bitants have lu^elhngs m their throats, faid to be owing to the badnefs of thdi wa" ^''and ni;KK'sior"'''K ?' To^qninefe are excellent n^echanics and fair are fond of Eiiglifh broad-clolh, red or grem and other, w^.*^. '^ l, "^ T^"l inhabitants prefer dogs-flefti to a 1 other animal fr^f^A ti,^ .. "uumcs m /\i]a, tiie pay no taxes: becaufe^the king is fole propSo of all th?.olS3 fif '^" w^^^^ metals, found in his kingdom. They hve however .!?< /' ''u? '''^'' • molt every houfe-keeper h^as an elephTnt fo^ the comaS L ufr"-^"''^'^H ^^• men, polygamy being pradifed all over India "^^^'^^'^'^ °^ ^'' ^'^'^^ ^"^ wo- It is unquelhonable that thofc Indians, as well a.* th^ ri.,v»c, 1,11. r r Arracanareeqnallyin'delica.. in Aeir'amonr, forThey W e D„th andS^:! or bealts ot prey. Notwithftanding the great antiquity of moft Indian nations it faid, on the veracity of fome who have Iben them, that on tS cSes of Xr. 'n »i,L , ,t ^r"n " ""'y.P-^opl^ ■" 'h= kuown world that go ahfo ule v inkeS fit on tbctr hatns, »,th thctr legs and arms difpofed in the manner of monkevi^ 768 INDIA BEYOND THt G THK GaNOSS. ^^j which trade with th^ CWutr,. a r ^^^S^^^^ of Chianipa, the inhabitants of thaathe/rneiXu^s "'^'' '"^ leem therefore to be fomewhat more civilized ro^i jLtirS'F- ^^--^^ » -fen this kingdom, howLr is Mrd°"t tie permiffioo of the cemJ?o?rUngdo"'"ml!?s'^ ">••"' ^'t°a *i'^'' "^ «'-«« ""' ">« difciplined weaknefs of L fuw " ^''l '^^']^' "^'>"' ^*^^" ^« ^^"fider the ui:- .™rea.do..ua.e„.s/a. whS^h'T^^^e t^^^c.Sfl?"a^e.?;r .LlTn:^;; After all. it n.X}^^X"^ti'Sli^^^^^^^ fomeumes occalioned bloody wars, thofe kingdorns'nra; be vet thT. k & ""r'-l" '''''' "'" '''°""'« "'« ^ave of ^leuieiy ncii m all the tiealures of nature; but that tholb advantages are attended 5*3 Ilk 772 R I A. with many natural calamities, fuch as floods, volcanos, earthquakes, tempefts, and above all, rapacious and poilbnous animals, which render the poffellionof life, even tor an hour, precarious and uncertain. I m PERSIA. Situation and extent. Miles. Length 1300 Breadth i 100 Boundaries.] f Degrees. between ( 44 and 70 eaft longitude. ( 25 and 44 north latitude. I Sq. Miles. MODERN Perfia is bounded by the mountairi. of Ararat, vt Daghtftan, which divide it from Circalhan Tartary, on the JNorth-Weft ; by the Cafpian fea, which divides it from Ruffia, on the North • by the river Oxus, which divides it from Ufbec Tartary, on the North-Eaft: by India on the Eafl ; and by the Indian ocean, and the gulfs of Perfia and Ormus, on the booth; and by Arabia and Turkey, on the Weft. This kingdom is divided into the following provinces : on the frontiers of India are Choralan part of the ancient Hyrcania, including Herat and Efterabad ; Sa- bleuftan, including the ancient Badriana and Candahor; and Sigiftan the ancient Draugiana. The fouthern divifion contains Makeran, Kerman, the ancient Ge- droflia, and Farfiftan, the ancient Perfia. The fouth-weft divifion, on the fron- tiers of Turkey, contains the provinces of Chuliftan the ancient Suliana, and Irac Agem the ancient Parthia. The north-weft divifion, lying between the Cafpian fea and the frontiers of Turkey in AGa, contains the provinces of Ader- beiizen the ancient Media; Gangea, Daghiftan, part of the ancient Iberia and Colchis ; Ghilan part of the ancient Hyrcania ; Shirvan, and Mazanderan. Name.] Perfia, according to the poets, derived its name from Perfeus, the fon of Jupiter and Danae. Lefs fabulous authors fuppofe it derived from Paras whichfignifiesahorfeman; the Pcrfians, or Parthians, being always celebrated for their (kill in horfenianlhip. Air.] In fo extenfive an empire this is very different. Thofe parts which bor- der upon Caucafu^ and Daghiftan, and the mountains near the Cafpian fea, are cold, as lying in the neighbourhood of thofe mountains which are commonly covered with fnow. The air m the midland provinces of Perlia is ferene, pure, and exhila- rating, but in the louthern provinces it is hot, and fomeiimes communicates noxi- ous blafts to the midland parts, which are fo often mortal, that the inhabitants for- tify their heads with very thick turbans. Soil and productions.] Thefe vary like the air. The foil is far from bch)e luxuriant towards 'i'artary and the Cafpian fea, but with cukivaiion it might pr(> duce abundance of corn and fruits. South of Mount Taurus, the fertility of the country in corn, fruits, wine, and other luxuries of life, is equalled by few countries. It produces wine and oil in plenty, fenna, rhubarb, and the fiueft of drugs. The fruits are delicious, efpccially their dates, oranges, piftachio nuts, melons, cucumbers, and garden-ftuff, not to mention vaft quantities of excellent filk; and the gulf of Baflbra formerly flirnifhed gieat part of Europe and Alia with very fine pearl>. Some parts, near Ifpah.-.n efpeciall)', produce almoft all the flowers that are valued in Europe; and from fome of them, the roles efpccially A. 77.i mCr^L flavour a„^ had Lr?' ""^T^^' '?i "°«" "'' ''"«»> " ^ » they „ould add skU TtW'na ° ft^^^^^^ engraftrng, and o.her n,eIio,a.ion,, fetidaHo«.sfron.aS4lW™m, nH^ ?*^ "" '™""^'- '"'^ P"l«n atfa: and Ibme black ; buuhe fom« i^fi ni.^h turns into a gj.,n. Some of i, is „hire, fauces of i,, and romel« eat it as a "arhy!" "''' "" "" ''""^' ™'= "'^ -': few nav'iile^i«^'^"p:?,t"1v'''" 1? '^-'""T. of & g-at an extent, has fa .w';,r .ut;uorrrerihS:teT:ri""cU/rar sZ^^^^^ ';?."• -" fond of Georgian aSScl^n " «re generally handfome; the men being. are fomewbat Tar?hy ThfZnT"''' J^''l ^on^Ple^ions towards the foutb lock of hairtogTowo^a ealhfdTan^r. t'\^"f\ ^"' u^^" >'°""^ '"^^ ^"ff^'" * temples; but religious neoJ;. v. i t'"i °^ ?.'''' '■^'" to reach up to. their very magniLnt turban ' ^^^^^ wear long beards. Men of rank and quality wear nin^^tC Theytv^aS 'l?- ^T^'fi^'^ P"""^^' ^"^ ^^^^v^^^der pull otf their caps or ^heir m K ^^eP their heads very warm, fb that they never ?ery fimple Next to the i^h/ Z °^ ''^P'^r^^.'^ the king. Their^drefs is reaches below t£k , eel rt wh.%X'' jlhco ihirts over them a veft, which ftiorter. The matcS of heT rln^h I "^ °''^' '^" * ^°"^^ ^^-""^^"^ fomewhat conf.fting of the r- heft forsfiIU%-°'^^ "'^ commonlv ven^ expcnfivej richly embroidered wi^hgoMndfilve^'S^ 'r !h%\'^%vajuablc ftufls legs/and flippers on thei. t.. ^^ "^^ey "-^r a kmd of loofe boots on their thei; equipajis Th vw /"all iSTd ^""^l ^V^-'^'"/' -^^ very e.penfive in The collars of their Stl and do h", ^ '''^^'V" their faOi, and linen trowfers. is far better ad.o.ed 1>. .1 r ^l"" ^^""'''^ ^"^ '^^' '^^'' ^'^^'^ "PO" the whole flov;4rrX.otieTuk^^ K^^ '"' "'"'^■' ^'"" ^^^ '""'^ wea. as well as that l^t J^l^l^. ^^t ^^Sv .^ ^""^ difterent ; their ten their beauty by art, colour., and waflics.""'' ' " ^ ^^ "' '° ^"^"' T74 S I A. The Perfian« tccuftom themfelves to frequent waduiigs »nd ablution*, which arc the more neceflary, as they feUlom change their linen. In the njorning early they drink coflee, about eleven go to dinner, upon fruits, fweetmeats, and milk. Their chief n»eal is at night. I'hey eat at their repails cakes of rite, and others of wheat flour; and as they eftcem it an abomination to cut either bread, or any kind of meat, after it is dreffed, thefe cakes are made thin, that they may be eafily broken with the hand ; and their meat, which is generally mutton, or fowls, is 16 prepared, that they divide it with their fingers. When e\ery thing is fet in order before them, they eat faft, and without any ceremony. But it is obferved by a late traveller, that when the oldeft man in the company fpeaks, though he be poor and fet at the lower end of the room, they all give a Uridt attention to his words. They are temperate, biit ufe opium, though not in fuch abundance as the Turks; nor are they very delicate in their entertainments of eating and drink- ing. They are great mafters of ceremony towards their fuperiors, and fo polite, that they accommodate Europeans who vifit them, with ftools, that they may not be forced to fit crofs-legged. They are fo immoderately fond of tobacco, which they fmoke through a tube fixed in water, fo as to be cool in the mouth, that when it has been prohibited by their princes, they have been known to leave their coun- try rather than be debarred from that enjoyment. The Perfians are naturally fond ot poetry, moral fentences, and hyperbole. Their long wars, and their national re- volutions, have mingled the native Perfians with barbarous nations, and are faid to have taught them dillimulation; but they are ftill pleafing and plaufible in their be- haviour, and in all ages have been remarkable for hofpitality. The Perfians write like the Hebrews, from the right to the left ; are neat in their feals and materials for writing, and wonderfully expeditious in the art. The number of people employed on their manufcripts (for no printing is allowed there) is incredible. Their great foible feems to be oftentation in their equipages and dreffes ; nor are they lefs jealous of their women than the Turks, and other eaftern nations. They are fond of mufic, and take a pleafiire in converfing in large companies ; but their chief diverfions are thofe of the field, hunting, hawk- ing, horlcmanihip, and the exercife of arms, in all which they are very dexterous. They excel, as their anceftors the Parthians did, in archery. They are foi of rope-dancers, jugglers, and fighting of wild beafts ; and privately playing at gauj of chance. Men may many for life, or for any determined time, in Perfia, as well as through all Tartary ; and travellers or merchants, who intend to ftay fome time in any city, commonly apply to the cadee, or judge, for a wife during the time ihey propofe to ftay. The cad?e, for a Itated gratuity, produces a number of girls, whom he declares to be honeft, and free from difeaies ; and he becomes furety for them. A gentleman who lately attended the Ruffian embaffy to Perfia declares, that, amongft thoufands, there has not been one inftance of their difhonefty during the time agreed upon. Religion.] The Perfians are Mahometans of the feft of Ali; for which reafon the Turks, who follow the fucceffion of Omar and Abu Bekr, call them heretics. Their religion is, if poflible, in fome things more fantaftical and fenfual than that of the Turks ; but in many points it is mingled with fome bramin fuperftitions. When they are taxed by the Chriftians with drinking ftrong liquors, as many of them do, they anfwer very fenfibly, "You Chriftians whore and get drunk, though you know you are committing fins, which is the very cafe with us." Having men- tioned the bramins, the coniparifon between them and the Perfian guehres or savrs, who prctcad to be the difciplcs and fucceffois of the ancient magi. The followers of facred flame of the univerfal fire wh h %.7f ^he j/«.^m pretend to preferve the fluck in the ground ref^nblin' itlh ' "" '^\^'''^' ""^ ^ ^^'^^ ^^"ovv cane hometans are tL Zkred 3s o[ 2 Z7ir^ ^'7 ^-T 'P^"^^' ^^'^^^ ^«- Shah Abbas. Their fbasfaS LhJT ' "" T'^ ^/"''^"^ °"' «f P^^fia by places. " '' ^""^ ^° ^^ numerous, though tolerated in very few th^a'nd^nTcrftiarLTo tIfZ the' nShf '"^"^ '''''' ^'^^'^ ^° '^-^ ^-- clay, many lefls are found thaevLentlvhaveftn?"^. ' f""'?' " ^^'^^ ^^ ^^is their religion. Some of them calkd S Li? ^^'^'^""y f"/ the ground-work of fice their>ions to God, and'p" S the" t 'l d" "s^Vhe Sat ""'rt'^^'"' ^^"'- m their religion, a mixture of ludiifin In M h ./heSabeanChnltians have, lureof A,abi? wlrdsin the PeS Lale Id fh^^ ""r ' «™' ■°'"'*'^- vourof ihe AraK. Tk. "^"'"n laugiiage, and ^he decifion feems lo be in f, thT cffpt ItVpelk^XranTf •:' aT^"^ ^Tl^'^ ^^^ fouthern coaSs o? Perlia under the calfpha e Xn letnt/fl '"a, T • '^^^ ^^ introduced into ^f the learned Perfiai^^Ta^e wrftten 7^^ a""k^''^ '", '''^'^, '°""^"^«- ^«"V adopted it as the modi^ lan^age as^Je do th/t'' l""^ If^^" ^^ ^"^^'^ ^^^'^ to be fpoken in the fouther^ mrts oT th. .. ft Tt n ^'l- ^"'"^ ^^'^'^ '' ^^id jLEARNINO AND LKARMpn vii-Ai 1 TU^ D r . , forboA; and., heir p:''r:zL^s „';;'';'£ i"a,r'Xr ' r ' ^"-f-- 'iheinJ:;t':„X;tbi;,:;rp'i^.c*^„"f.:f'^^^^^^^ ployed him for near ihirtvveir. 3„H „hSk / J'^l °*^.!P"^ P°«"'=' "^'^t e,ii- who 'iourimed in the m ddle of f^. "if T' "" "'°^ ^"""'^^^' ^"^ ^^--"'^ P^«> «.ion... o„ a grea. v^rie^lir^t t^Jl^rer^'S SlTiTtt":;!;!.-"- V76 E R ir^'i-.r "■" ^-'^'"''"''-•'i V''' "^^ *^''-'gant, and flowery ftyle, ., n,oral work in bky diirertatu.,is. on the changes of fortune, and the various conditions of hum hks^niterlp.rlcd \vt h a number of agreeable adventures, and feveral fine pieces of At prelenl, learning is at a very low ebb among the Perfians. 'I'hcir boallcd Ikill in i^ "^^">' "^^'^ build- are inhabited. -"u inconvenient, and not above 4000 of its houfes countries. < ^ P"^^"/ '""*^" ^n<^ lame all -over the Mahometan round it, whole roof is llnnnw^H i^ "^ ^^^ ^^"^ '"^'ble, and low galleries purees of ablunon befor^r M^ltrt t^ih '''^'? '""'^'^ ^^^' mofque there are fix hi^h towers rJn!i -^ '" '^'^ niofque. About every open galleries, one abSve anoThe ' ThefeTr^^' "'"'^ ?,^ "'"^'^ '^^^ "^^^^ ^i -^^ covered with lead, and ado''^^ with tidier n^^^^^ " ''"' "'°^^"^«' «^^' thence mftcad of a bell, the people TrecXd,- - 1 '''"'"''"''' ^"^ ^''"'^ pointed for that purpofe. No woman fs al lol J . ^ '^'' ^^ ""^^'^^ ^^^'^ ap- mau with his fhoes Sr ftockings on Neai S ml?^'"'- '^' '""^^"^ '^°^ "«^ ' mcntforftrangersduring three divs.a^iHfKT rt"^? ''. "^ pace of entertain- endesfor reading the /oran and'pr'ayTng " '°"^^ °' ^^^ ^°""^^^' ^^'^ convent the^u^'olTb^^^^^ -nderfully well conftruaed fo. white well fx>li(hed ftone or marSe vZh u '^"^'^' ^"^ ^^'^"^^^ "^^^'^r. built of: for dreiling and undrSiin. the Ln , .^^ ^°"'^'"« ^hree rooms^. the firft a^l of themVved with b& Ind whfte Sle" tL""^"' -^"^ V^^ ?^^^ ^^<^ ^^^^b , . curious, but wholefome; though trthofenn; ^j^^ °Pf «»on of the ba^h is ver^ waiter rubs the patiem v\^ith gS v Inr ti? ^^^"5?"^^^ to it, it is painful. Th- ^f he was difiocating eve" bo"e n ^rb^dv" M wh "h ""^ ^i^^^^es^his limbs as' warm countries, very conducive to heaUh In n ,hl- 'T'''' ""''l in thofe ine.c fVom mormng to four in the afternoo^ t-L„ ^T'°'' ^^'^ "^<^" b^'^he 35 "caioie ^accounts, they are contrived acccrdinp to '■ii: it' Ji 77« R A, the taftc and convenicnrjr of the ow ncr, and divided, into a certain number of apart- ments, which are fcldom or never entered by Itraugcrs; and therein no country where women arc lb ftrii'tly guarded and confined as among the great men ia Pcvfia. Manufacturvs and (ommerck.] The Pcrfiana equal, if not exceed, all the manufactures in the world in !;lk, woollen, mohair, carpets, and l(>ather. '1 heir works in thifc jdin fancy, tafte, and elegance, to richnefs, neatnela, and fliew; and yet they are ignorant of ))ainiing, and their drawings are very rude. Their dying excels th.tl of Kuiope. Their lilver and gold laces, and threads, are admir- able for prelcrxiiig their luftre. Their embroideries and horfe furniture are not to be e(jualled ; nor are they ignorant of the pottery and window-glafs manufac- tures. On the other hand, their carpenters are very indifferent artifts, which is faid to bo owing to the fcarcity of timber all over Perfia. Their jewellers and goldiinithsareclamfey workmen; and they are ignorant of lock-making, and the manufadture (»r lookiiig-glalfcs. Ujxw the whole, they lie under inexpreflible dif- advaniages from the f;? wo nf i hd'bc'fi/e b '•■>'" "^^'7,«"'y '?'-°tl«r to be cut out. and he'.libc^rt from a elty were imu ,» r i,le helL;; I"/' ^^""^"^ "^^ "'"'^" °f ^hah Abbas. The inftances of hh cru- throne of J'eriU in ,666, ad w^ b n r,! ^ '' "','"' ''""' ?'"^'.' °'" ^''""^'"' '•'^° '"«"^'"1 ''"^ oflcn ordered ,h. lu.u s^' ,e ^ ' ^^ L" ' ' '1'""^ ^''=^ ^'= -as ,nto.c=ucd ci, her with wlu. ,:r a.,cr, plucked out, or their 1 tiunds, leet, ears, and nofes. of thofe near him to be vcs to be facrificcd, as if it 5 G 2 were his pailinie. cut off, their eves tc he i If 78o R B I A. mentioned in the defcrintinn nf\i. amazing booty he made there, has been • brought back an incttere pit of W^^^^ upon his return by the Marr.ataLnd vaLs a/cid^^^^^ ^''^' P"^ ""^ ^ Tartary ; but was\ot fo fuccefsful agabrthe Dag^^^^^^^ ""^^ he found to be inacceffible. He beat the TnrU S, r tartars, whofe country KcnmKhan, who was crowned al TauriTinl^i!^ j fortanate candidate was . counta, ftill keeps poffeffiourfThe thronJ" ■" ''''^ and, according to the lateftjc^- I'M ■f :,-.^ '■ \\ . 4 ' I'-li'- *: Ml 1 T ' mti R A B I A. SiTUAXIOK AND ExTENX. Miles. Degrees. B^ea^^h ; 200 f ^t^-een i 35 and 60 eaft longitude, ureaatn 1 300 j ^ i j and 30 north latitude. Sq. Miles^C ■r 700,000' ■ KOAKiHs.]riOUNDED by Turkey on the North; by the gulfs ofPerfiaorBaf .. Tn^- /P '^'c' ^i''^ ^™"^' «'hich feparaie it from Perfia '""^°'^^^^- le Indian Ocean. South: and fh^ r«^ c.„ ':.,u:„i- j:.::T. • ."'^' Bo UN by the Indian Ocean; siuTh" andThe LTl '"^Tl i- 'T'-^f'^'^' ^° '^^ ^^^i Weft. • ' ^^^ ''^^ ^^^ ^*^^' ^^'ch divides it from Africa, on the Divifions. Subdivifions. 1. Arabia Petrgea, N. f W. «{ 2. Arabia Deferta, in thej ""''''" "^""^^^^ middle. "^ ( Tehama 'Mocha 3. Arabia Felix, S. £. Hadramut Calfeeu Segur Oman or Mufcat Jamama Bahara Chief towns. HSuEz, E. Ion. 33-27 R lat. 29-50. 'Mecca, E. Ion. 43.30. lat. 21-26. Siden,— Medina Dhafar MocHA, E. Ion. 44.4 N sibh- "■''■ Hadramut > • Cafleea Segur Mufcat Jamama Elcalf Name.] It is remarkable that this couhtrv h.« .Iwat^ prefervc' -- ' name. Ihe word JraO. it is generally faid, fignifics a"robUor frSix^m^" The A R A B I A. 78f it. It is ahnoft Sounded whh fefs f Ih^S ""'o '^ the north-eaft 'linms of of Perfia and Ormus. The cTief r^n.' Indian Ocean, the Red-Sea, the gulfs Mudedon. ^'^^ "^"P"' •''' Promontories are thofe of Rolalgate and ^-sZ::i:to:Tz:^^^ p-^ of this c^ntry the air is exceffively dry and' hot anS !^T ^'"rl' P'^" °^^^ ^'^^'^ ^'^^l like thofe on the oWite 010^ of PerL K'^k'' ^^^'^ ^° ^""^ P°^^°"«"« ^^^^s ftrangers. The foilf b fomfpitf i! ^^^^^^^ ^^^ P'"^^" ^^'^'' ^O'^"^"/ to when agitated by he w^ds ^'oU liL th. ? k?^ '^'" ''"'"""^^ ^^"^s. ;,bicb. ^ountaiLby wlJchwh:iet;a:l tvetVbT^^^ 1^^?/" ^"^ caravans, having no tracks, are jmider{ a« oV r i! ^^"^ ^oit. Inthefe deferts, the for they travel chiefly in the nTght H^e favs D^ 4' '°"'P'^'' ^^^^ ^^^ «"«' with flocks, nor vallies ftandiT hick whh cor^ ' h ' "' "° P'""^" ^^o^^ed yards ; but the whole is a iSome drfoLrwil'H. 'r''" '''' r^'y^'^' ""' °"^^- than by plains covered with S^^nd mounSins hat'at ""V'^'^'T' f^'''^'^'^ and precipices. Neither is this conZ^^v^? 1 r / "'?'^^ "P ""^ "^''^^ rocks refrelhed with rain,- a^d the n^eSSy ?h^^",H^^^ fometimes at the equinoxes, that of the heat in the Tv-thne rI,^ ^t r 1. '" '^^ "'^ht is almoft equal to called the Happy, -s WelTed San eidtn^ -f^^^ °^ ^^^^^^' ^^^^^^^^ly There the cultivated lands? Xirh are S fS^^ '" &^"^^^'' is very fertile^ produce balm of Gilead, mamia mvrrh rV '^^ . ^?. "^"'" '^^ '"^^-^'oaft, and other valuable gums ; c^onTn ' r f '', ' °''' f^ankincenfe, fpikenard nates,figs,andothcr^rait;;Zey a'nrSb and wine. This countiv h f^m^nc ft f in pienty, with a fmaU quantity of corn fcarcely any where Tnfochp^rfSn'h^'^^'V-^ i' ?^'^' ^^^^^ laft arc founS fit for L^r in Arabt and'lSf wood^f ^^^^^^^^^ '''''^' ^^"^ ^^ ^-^ trees of [his country, for they arTfrfo nS tht f ""^ '^' ^'^ f '^. P^^'^^d deferts ftomach into t^heir throa^t, bV whTh fneans the^^^^^^^^ '^'-^T""/ ^^°"' ^^^'^• water. The camels ufuallv Znv SoSh^ ^Zh? V ^' °u ^'.^^^ ^^'^^ ^^'"^out taken oflT daring the who e journev for rhr^ . upon their backs, which is not due time rife lith thdr loai S dmmeJarv ?rl^rm",f '"T" J° ''^' «"^ "' many miles a day. It is an obfeJvation mong^h; Arls thruhl'^'' "'i ''''''^ trees, the water is not far off- and when X5 a ' ^^^frever there are fbell it at a diflance, and f°t up "hei™t tmT H iTh"'"" ' ^''"'''- '^''' ""^^'^ ^i« horfes are well kno^;n in Europe and^h,vV.^ ^-u I "''"'' '" "" '^^e Arabian thofe in England. They are X fi" for the fS" 5 '° T^'""' '^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^u R B plexion, with black hair and black eyes. They are fwift of foot, excellent horfe- men, and arc laid to be m general a brave people, expert at the bow and lance and, hnce they became acquainted with fire-arms, good markfmen. The iuhabi tants of the inland country live in tents, and remove fiom place to place with their flocks and herds, as they have ever done fince they became a nation. 1 }^^- ^""^^^^"^ '" general are fuch thieves, that travellers and pilgrims, who are led thither from all nations through motives of devotion or curiofity are ftruck with terror on their approaches towards the deferts. Thole robbers,' headed bv a captain, traverfe the country in confiderable troops on horfeback, and affault and plunder the caravans; and we are told, that fo late as the year 1750, a bodv of 50,coo Arabians attacked a caravan of merchants and pilgrims returning from Mecca, killed about 60,000 perfong, and plundered it of every thing valuable though efcorted by a Turkifla army. On the fea-coaft they are mere pirates, and make prize ot every velfel they can mailer, of whatever nation. The habit of the roving Arabs is a kind of blue Ihirt, tied about them with a white afli or girdle; and lome of them have a veil of furs or Iheep-fkins over it- thcyaUo wear drawers, and fometimes flippers, but no llockings; and have a cap or turban on their head. Many of them go almofl naked; but, as in the eallern countries the women are fo wrapped up, that nothing can be difcerned but their eyes. Like other Mahometans, the Arabs eat all manner of Helh, except that of hogs ; and prefer the flelh of camels, as we prefer veniibn, to other meat. Thev take care to dram the blood from the llelh, as the Jews do, and like them refule luch filh as have no Icales. Cofiee and tea, water, and fherbet made of oranees water and iugar, is their nfual drink : they have no ftrong liquors. ' Rehgion.] Of this the reader will find an account in the following hiftoiv of Mahomet their countryman. Many of the wild Arabs are llUl Pagans, but the people in general profefs Mahometanifm. Learning and language.] Though the Arabians in former ages were fa- mous for their learning and fkiU in all the liberal arts, there is fcaicely a countiv at prelent where the people are fo univerlklly ignorant. The vulgar language ufcd m the three Arabias is the Arabefk. or corrupt Arabian, which is likewifefpokeu with fome vanatioa of dialed, over great part of the Eafl, from Egypt To the '"'!1^", ""I c ^'■^f MoguJ- The pure old grammatical Arabic, which is laid to be a dialea of the Hebrew, and by the people of the Eaft accounted the richeft, moft energetic, and copious language in the world, is taught in their fchools, as Greek and Latin is among Europeans, and ufed by Mahometans in their worlhip; for as the Ko-an was written in this language, they will not fufler it to be read in any other : they look upon it to have been the language of Paradilb, and think no man can be inailcr of ir without a miracle, as confifting of feveral millions of xvords Ihc books which treat of it hy, they have no fewer than a thoufand term^ to ex- prcls the word came/, and fi\ e hundred for that of a //o». In the Temple of IMecca, or Ibfpendcd on its walls and gates, are feven Arabian pc.cms called the Moalakat, a fine fpecimcn of Oriental poetry, as to the dramatic palloral, which have been iatel)- tranlkted into Englilh by fir William Jones: the lollowing ftauzas of one of the poems are tranfcribed, as they ferve to gratify the c«no!ity and alio difplay a lively and entertaining view of the Arabian cuiloms and modes ot hv iiig. I. '-• Defol.ite are the man^ons of the fair, the ftations in Minia, where they reHed, and ifiofe where they fixed their abodes ! Wild arc the hills of Goui and dc'iovted 13 the fiimmit of Rijaam. ' A R A B I 783 8. their yomrby S;fofV^ ^!fl'= here the antelopes bring forth gazingoii their young. '*'■ °' ''"' "« °^ ^"=8"^' '^derlj- Ch,kp ";-./^--"-, I What is calfed .he DefeH of Siaai. is a beau. a.en,a„v chapels and cells. poMed by Ae G,t"an'd U,i„ ""„ut ™"""""' rel adlioj? ^ ._3 di jt^n....!eh,, picicuu 10 fucw the very ipot where iior recorded in Icripture happened. ^ ^ like the every miracle or tranf- T Id 784 R B I A. n i I rJJ^l M ? • ' '°n u'm^'^^'^ ^°^^^' Aden, Mufchat, Suez, and Tuddah or Gedda. Mocha rs well built, the houfes very lofty, and are with the walls and forts covered wuhachinam or flucco that gives a dazzling whitenefs to JnT The LnnZ/ '?"'■'•''';: '^" "rcuitof the wall is two mUes, and the°e a,e fevira! .h. d°r" ^ 3" k'° '^^^''^i ^?f ' '^^ A'-^^"^ °f the ancients, is fu'rounded bv he defert, and but a fhabby ill-built place. The ftiips are forced to anchor ? Tn'frK •°';i'^'/''^'"'r'? ^''""^ '^' '^^^'"g ^h«°"^l has only abSnL fee watei Juddah ,s the place of the greateft trade in the Red Sea, for fhere the commerce b? d3 cof ' "l^ ^"'.T '"'?^ '"'' '^ interchanged, the former fendingTr gums' fhe wavt^ Cako 'tV"""™ ^"'°i1.^°T '^^S^' •^°"' ^^^^ ^"^ other' articles by tne wa> ot Cairo. The revenues of thefe, with the profits of the port are fhared Sea the ri?vf ' ° V^fir^ ^'^''T ^' Medina, about fifty miles from the Red S;. . I ° ^'hich Mahomet fled when he was driven oit of Mecca and the Sitd wrth%o7fiL^ " \'T'^ ""^^"'^' ^"PP-'^^'^ l^y 400 X; and fur! ?5-/ K .u -^r , f*^'^""?^' which are continually burninff. It is called thp Mn/I vertl vii h' W^'^'^'r ^'?f ^' '." " is placed the coffin of theif prophet Mahomet cc! Ty o^d^Sf tt .1^^^^^ Hnderacanopyof filver tiffue, whi?htL bafhaw ofSypt rives a fort of St v^r*"' ^^"^^^ ^^^^7 X^^^^. '^'he camel which carries itTl Oler the fooro/ the coin";, "' ' • 1'' "7." '° ^- ""^'^ '" ^"^ '^''^^^'^y afterwards. ^MrUS , -.K • . '^ ^ "^h golden crelcent, fo curiouHy w rought and rS-..,\fMlP"'^'J" he fame manner a^ the califs of the Saracen- the fuc hifto V ILV ? ^/^"y.-'^"^ ubjeaion of other nations make a great part of their The Ar.b .fe l^^rabs is entirely con.polbd of their conquefts or independJ.ee .1,,?, n 1 , L ^^^^''■.^"ded from Ifhmael, of whofe pofterify it was foretold h^ bSs a'g7i ft ttilv^tll:; " '^7 ''''I '^^'^ft'^' cveryUn:!4d ety m n' v.ucn.g proof of the d.vmity if this predidio. " Toward ^^o"S^rth; and ' the 'Z £ •'ft •'. coaftsof Arabia, the inhabitants are, indeed t,^n» ;, u , wandering tribes in the fouthernand Sn^ '^ ' ^"^f ^^ ^^^ Turks; but thcr fubjeas of no foreign power and do not fa^ to Cr'^'^r^'^'^'^Se thenafdves for come into their countrv. fhe cononeft, ^ • lu if ^""^ ^""°>' ^^ Grangers wh^v their hiftory. as the independence a d^fr^do^ t'^tu"ll^' 'r''''^'^^-^ ' I^'^-f to enjoy. Thefe. as well as their reS>n^e^,^. w i h '^'^ ''"''" '"^^ ^•^'"''"""t forms a very fingular phenomenon in^h^'vA^ ^."^ °"^ "'^"' ^^ofe charader moas IVfahonV a^natiCof XccV , ^v of ^^^ ?i'T^'''?\ '^'"^ ^^^ ^^e £ the luxuriancy of its foil, and happy ^:;Tpefat„^^^^ ^^"'^h. foe :pSt^H'a;7;f-^ peS^cra:^^^^^^^^^^ Mahomet was endowed with a Jubtil/a ^ ,-,'"''1° parentage, illiterate and poor ppffeffed a degree of enterpSze and aXl^^^^ l'^^^""^' u^^ '^'' ^^'"^ country,Cd hts condition. He had bee^n empIoveT 1^^^^^^ ^"'^ "^"^^ beyond Abateleb. as a faftor, and had Son in ^hjf/ ^ ^f ' °^ ^' "^^' ^^ ^" ""^le. leftme, and Egypt. He was afterS: !\ • ^^Pf^^X' ^o t^vel into Syria, Pal uponwhofedelffhemard\lfX^^^^ -^ -rchant feflTed of great wealth and of a numerous fami?; n ^ her means came to be pof- igypt and the Eaft, he had obferveT th. v.S ^' '^""''i ^' peregrinations into hatred againft each other was llt^g and inveLatri^h^ ^f I '^ ^^'^S^''"' ^^^^^ wye many particular, in which the greater D^^^^^^^ at the fame time there fuUylaid hold of thefe particulars b?ml,n? J l^t"^ "^^'^ ^S*"^^^- He care- to the love of power vkhTTd\tlr,^^ cii;:S^^^^ ^^'^^'"^^ g^^^e LV therl mighty, during which hbwTsinftm^.H^ t^ "^-u ""':^.c"lo"fiy thrown by God Al- publimtothe^Lld Bv%hi?ira"^^^^^^^ ?'? ^'^ was comrJandcd to and auaere life, he eafilV acqu e7a ctSfle, fi^f ''"*• "^-^ L^''''^' abftemious, s^;. cod into the woSr\^ ^^i^zx t '^^^^t:^:;^^:^^ nar'^L'LtfyttSS^^^^^^ TJ^^ ^^'^ ^"""^'^^'^ °f ^^'« ^^^em fo rude and enthufiartiH^s en Id b^ own country. His mind,^hough and religion he had made a pecuHar ZZ t'^ '"^° ?^^^°' ''^\d«' ^'hofe manners bhOied niould extend nv..,.r.''':^h^^^^ . "^ P">Pofed that the fyftem he effa- judices he had taken cue^'^oadamir^M^nrVlf'"'!' L- ^'^^^'^ ^°^'^""^« ''^"d pre- - were at this thne much aS ^^J^:;^t^:^;l^^Z^ * Sf' jiff / •J86 K B A. ehrift was co-equal with God the Father, as is declared in the Athanafian creed Egypt and Arabia were filled with Jews, who had fled into thefe corners of the world from the perfecution of the emperor Adrian, who threatened the rotal extindlion of that people. Theother inhabitants of thefe countries were pagans. Thefe, h followers, he had given the fpoils and iX)ffeffionsof all the earth, as a reward in this life, and had provided for them hereafter a paradife of all fenfiial enjoyments, efpecially thofe of love; that the pleafures of fuch as died in propagating the faith, would be peculiarly intenfe, and yaltly tranfcend thofe of the reft. Thefe, together with the prohibition of drink- ing ftrong liquors (a reftraint not very feycrc in warm climates), and the doflrine ot prede.lination, were the capital articles of Mahomet's creed. They were no fooner pubhlhed than a vaft many of his countrymen embraced them with im- plicit faith. They were written by the pricft we formerly mentioned, and compofe a book called the Kuran, or Alkoran, by way of eminence, as we fay the Bible which means the Book. The perfon of Mahomet, however, was familiar to the inhabitants of Mecca; fo that the greater part of them were fufficiently convinced of the deceit. 1 he more enlightened and leading men entered into a delign to cut him oft ; but Mahomet getting notice of their intention, fled from his native city to Medina Tahmachi, or the city of the Prophet. The fame of his miracles *''f n?"?""^ ^'^•'' ^^c«"^'"g f<> cuftom, greateft at a diftance, and the inhabitants nt Medina received bun with open arms. From this fliglit, which happened in the 62Zd year of Chrift, the fifty-fourth year of Mahomet's age, and the tenth of Ins umnftry, his followers, the Mahon.etans, compute their ume, and the sera is called in Arabic, Hegiia, " the Flight." Mahomet, by the alliftance of the inhabitants of Medina, and of others whom his inhuuation and addrefs daily attached to him, brought over all his country, men to a beliel, or at leaft to an acquiefcence ui his do^rines. The fpeedy propagation of his fyftem among the Arabians, was a new argument in its behalf among the inhabitants of Egypt, and the Eaff, who were previoufly difpofed to it. Ariaus, Jews, and Gentiles, all forfook their ancient faith, and became Maho- "'^S^nT u " ^ ^^^'''^' ^^^ contagion fpread over Arabia, Syria. Egypt, and Perfia • and Mahomet, from a deceitful hypocrite, became the moft powerful monarch in ins time. He was proclaimed king at Medina in the year 627, and after fubduing partot Arabia and Syna, he died in 632, leaving two branches of his race, both «Keenied duuie ariionfr their fuhif>A>o Thefe \"»«» ♦K*»^oi:j,u..„f n-_<: j _r t? » uader the laft of which Arabia w^s included, '^hc former of thefe turned their arms Indian and Oriental IstANos. ^g- to the Eaft, and made conqnells of many countries. The calmhs of Kav,.f , n^ a bia direded the r ravaff-s towir^. p„;v.«« J ^"e caiipnsot ±,gypt and Aia- The INDIAN and ORIENTAL ISLANDS. degree of north latitude, and from iLl.oth ^^ the il.Th T 'a'^^°'^ 'Z '^'^'^ chief ..n is Jeddo, in the ..« degieJStlT l^ifut l^lh^lirof J.?^ na- a^dlL'ifihfitre?'^^^^^^^^^ much the fame with thofe of Chi- pan. Theiflands theSL Te Te^'^iatc^^^^^^^^ ZodT^'^n^' "^^ °^ J- pcftuous feas; they arc fubjea to earfhmS i u f ^^'^'' ^S*' '°''^' ^"'^ ^era- IJady mentioned ^thecirSimf^^^^^^^^^^ I have al- gainful trade. The JapTnefrthemfelves arefhe JroJilf f ^^ ^^?^*"«"^^^ ^^^"^ ^^^^^ ly women, are ahnoft vSile^ TheTr n ^^"^-^^^ y^"°^'«?. /although fome few, chief- of the Ghinefe and TarS and the , n r""^ '^S' ""'^ ^'t T'^'^'''' ''^ ^''^^ ^^ofe verfaliy black; and S a Ce^,e^ o^ ?^^^^ ^^'" ^''' '' ""^■ that the head-drefs i tL W fmm H "^ ''^'S"^ throughout this whole empire, their clothes has alfo remained the7.,rtf ^™^'°' i!" ,'^" P"'/""'- ^'^^^ f^«^i«" of one or more loofe gowns Ted aLu^^^^^ ^"^ ^l^ 'r'^''^^' ^hey conlift of themmadeoffilk,^but helled cars o^^^^^^^^^ ^nV" ^'?iV ^^^ple of rank have a greater number ^f them than men fdLchT ? Women generally wear mentecl often with gcjd ort^^^^^^^^^ ^'-- -e orna- plJfte^'dtt^Uhomt^^^^^ T-^^' "/f ^^f ^^'^"^^^ -^h bamboo, Sories; but the upperrnoft i^ low and n ! ''• t1- j^ey generally have two ed with pantiles lar^ and h JT K . '^°"' inhabited. The roofs are cover- feet from^heg;ound an^cSvc^^^^^^^^^ ^];^^"°" ''' ^'^^'^^^d two have no nnnituic in hel^mo^ n J. .Pw"'''' ^"" ^^^ich mats are laid. They or even beds. The r cufto." '^^ ^^^^^^ ^'^ '^ '"'^^''' cupboards, always foft and clean TMr S„ . r'V" ')''' ^"'''u"^^"" '^'' ^"^^^' ^^^'^ «^« ^ut a .w inches from the^-^^t;::^!^::!;;'^:? ;^r " ^1-^-^ S^ 5 '^ -^ 788 Inoiak and Orientai Islands. but never fix them up in their houfes as ornamental furniture : they are made, of 3 compound metal, and ufed only at their toilets. Notwithftanding the fevertty »f their winters, which obliges them to warm their houfes from November to March, they have neither fire-places nor Itoves : inflead of thefe they ufe large copper pots Handing ujjon legs. Thefe are lined on the infide with loam, on which alhes arc laid to fome depth, and charcoal lighted upon them, which fecms to be prepared iu fonie manner which renders the fumes of it not at all dangerous. The firft compliment offered to a ftranger, in their houfes, is a difh of tea, and a pipe of tob?:cco. Fans are ufed by both fexes equally; and are, within or without doors, tbeii infeparable companions. The whole nation are naturally cleanly : every houfe, whether public or private, has a bath, of which conftant and daily ufe is made by the whole family. Obedience to parents, and refpeft to fuperiors, are the cha- radleriftics of this nation. Their falutations and converfations between equals a- bound alfo with civility and politeuefs : to this children are early accuftomed by the example of their parents. Their penal laws are very fevere ; but punilhments" are feldom inflidled. Perhaps there is no country where fewer crimes againft fociety are committed. Commerce and manufaftures flourifli here, though, as thefe peo-' pie have few wants, they are not carried to the extent which we fee in Europe. Agriculture is fo well underftood, that the whole country, even to the tops of the hills, is cultivated. They trade with no foreigners but the Dutch and Chinefe, and in both cafes with companies of privileged merchants. Befides the fugars, Ipices, and manufaaured goods, which the Dutch fend to Japan, they carry thither annually upwards of 200,000 deer Ikins, and more than 100,000 hides, tho greateft part of which they get from Siam, where they pay for them in money. The mer- chandife they export from thefe iflands, both for Bengal and Europe, confift in 9000 cheftsof copper, each weighing 120 pounds, and from 25 to 30,000 weight of camphor. Their profits on imports and exports are valued at 40 or 45 per cent. As the Dutch company do not pay duty in Japan, either on their exporfs or im- ports, they fend an annual prefent to the emperor, confifting of cloth, chintz, fuc- cotas, cottons, ftufl's, and trinkets. The La DRONE Islands, of which the chief town is faid to be Guam, eaft longitude 140, north latitude 14: they are about twelve in number. The people took their name from their pilfering qualities. We know nothing of them worth a particular mention, except that lord Anfon landed upon one of them (Tiniau), where he found great refrefliment for himfelf and his crew. Formosa is likewiie an Oriental Ifland. It is fituated to the eaft of China, near the province of Fo-kien, and is divided into two parts by a chain of mountains, which runs through the middle, beginning at the fouth coaft, and ending at the north. This is a very fine ilknd, and abounds with all the neceffaries of life. That part of the ifland which lies to the weft of the mountains, belongs to the Chinefe, who confider the inhabitants o( the eaftern parts as favages, though they are faid to be a very inoffenfive people. The inhabitants erf" the cultivated parts are the fame with the Chinefe, already defcribed. The Chinefe have likewife made themfelves matters of feveral other iflands in thefe feas, of which we fcarcely knov» the names; that of Ainan is between lixty and feventy leagues long, and oetween fifty and fixty in breadth, and but twelve miles from the province of Canton. The original inhabitants are a fliy, cowardly people, and live in the moft unwhole- fome part of the ifland, the coaft an^ cultivated parts, which are very valuable, be- ing pohefled by the Chitiefe. The Philippinks, are faid to be iioo in number, lying in the Chinefe fea (part of the Pacific Ocean), 300 mil«s fouth eaft of China" of which Manilb, INDIAN AND ORIKNTAt IsiANDS. ^^^. ^^'^S^'^^^J:^^ fe"f^ ^- broad The inhabitant, confift people, and Mcftes, a mxtureo^^^^^^ ?i«tudos, or painted to the king of Spain thev hav?L tl!n 5^^ The property of the illands telonfrs conquered^j^th^S^S btte^etnof^^^^^^^^^ -^ -ft-ward's name. Their fituation is fuch Lfwel tl,. 3 T '^°"' '^"^ ^^^^ their- the inhabitants trade with mSco and P?„, u'" «^1 ^.f «rn continents, that of the Eaft Indies. T "o ftipsZm IL^,!. "^'"n/' ^''^ '" '^' •"""''« ^"^ places for thfe Spaniards, -ho rialfe IriTem 'm^^^^^^ on this comS.erce . thi^neceflaries of life, and beautifSl t^ tv.? ^ \'r l^^ ''I?"°^''y >=> ^''""^"1 '" all hogs, fheep, goats, anfa SulL W ?^? J'?'^°" f ^" *''"^«' buffaloes, great plenty. The neft of thV K?^ r r^ '^'^ ^'^ monkeys, ate found here in- fo vo&ptuL a rari y t Lt'ln'S.'^T '""v ''"°^^'"^ J^">^' ^^^^^'^ S thrive furprifingly in thofe K I? 1 r. • T ^"'°P^'" ^'"""^ ^^^ flowers planted there, i? becomes with n the vea^- ^ fS ?K '° ""'""S." ^-^ ^^'"^^ ^ree is and luxuriancy of the f^S rifl oUnc edibl "' iT tfef^ ""r '^^^ '^t "^^^"^^ jvuh water ; and there is alfo a kind of cane which If cnt vTeM '^' "^"^'^^ for a draught, of which there is plenty "n\ri^mJL"^ If ^^'' "^^^^ wanted. ^^ ^ '" t"^' mountains, where water is moft • nient is fettled the'e ^bm the Indi^n^ k'k^'" ""P'^^' '^^'^^ ^panift govern, other iilands particu^rl;" Mtdan^^hr^ '- '^hc ning/andthlfoi^i SUd wkh manv "L?^^^^^^^^ ^^""^^'■' ''''"' ^"^ ''^f"- herbs and flowers, whofepoifon kiKXS ^'^"^'"ous creatures, and even tains are volcanos. ■ ^ ^ '"°^ mftantaneoully. Some of their moim. »o^o\^ot%hroreXr/^an"\i' 1^^ ^^^^^ ^^— There are to the fouth of the Philippfne; L .?lr "" ?^ aT^^^' "^ '^^"'V five leagues degree fouth, and twaZrth' 1 dtudt tS '•" ^^"gf ^e, and between Ine Machian, Motyr, Ternate and Tvdor/ % >, r -n T^' ^""' ^^^- ^^^''i^"- nor rice, fo that the Sbitams iJj t^^ Z"'""^' P''^^"^^ "^«her corn produce 'confift of cLes, r^Lce and nutmV, in''^ T'^' ^•^.'"^^oe. Their chief nopolized by the Dutch ^Sh f^ ""^^egs, in yaft quantities; which are nio- the natives CuW feU the Wrtr'^^^'J^-'^^^'' '^''^^y ^'^'^y ^^e pL.„ts tn after beiiigfubjeatc^^varbuln^wr^^'^P'"' to- other -nations,' The£ ill:.„d to the Dulch. ^ilnate treTSoTthTr'^^^^^^^ inbordina t' niiles in cirgumference The S K t '"^°r'' '^"'"^^ "^ "'^^'^ tf^'^n thir.v called Fort OranSTn Ma?hL ^^^^^^^^'^ ^^ ""ed Vidoria, and anothn- Amboyna. This ifland, taken in a lame [r^r^ ;^ ^,,. -„^ ^J-^ -. n - , . , of toe Moluccas, which in fa.^ u ^^,„^" 1--1-, .s o.i., ana the muft comideialje ■ 790 Inoiak avd Okikntal Islands* to the eaftward of Batavia. Amboyna is about feventy miles in circumference, and defended by a Dutch garrifon of 7 or 800 men, bcfides fmall forts, which protcdt their clove plantations. It is well known that when the Portuguefe were driven off "this illand, the trade of it was carried on by the Euglifh and Dutch, and the barba- rities of the bttcr in firft torturing and then murdering the Englifti, and thereby en- grofling the whole trade, and that of Banda, can never be forgotten ; but niuft be tranfmittcd as a memorial of Dutch inCimy at that period, to all pofterity. This tra- gical event happened in 1622. The Banda, or Nutmeo Islands, are iituated between 127 and 128 degrees caft longitude, and between four and five Ibuth latitude, comprehending the illands of Lantor, (the chief town of which is Lautor, Poleron), Rofinging, Poolo- way, and Gonapi. The chief forts belonging to the Dutch on thefe iflands, are thole of Revenge and Naffau. The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows on thefc iflands only, and they are entirely fubjedl to the Dutch. In feveral iflands that lie near BaiYia, and Amboyna, the nutmeg and clove would grow, becaufe, as na- turalifts tell us, birds, el'pecially doves and pigeons, fwallow the nutmeg and clove whole, and void them in the ikme ftate ; which is one of the reafons why the Dutch declare war againft both birds in their wild plantations. The great nutmeg harveft is in June and Augufl^. The iiland of Cklebes, or Macassar, is fituated under the equator, between the ifland of Borneo and the Spice iflands, at the dillance of 160 leagues from Batavia, and is 500 miles long, and 200 broad. This ifland, notwithftanding its heat, is rendered habitable by breezes from the north, and periodical rains. Its chief product is pepper and opium ; and the natives are expert in the ftudy of poil'ons, with a variety of which nature has furuifhed them. The Dutch have a fortification on this ifland ; but the internal part of it is governed by three kings, the chief of whom refides in the town of Macaflar. In this, and indeed in almoft all the Oriental iflands, the inhabiiants live in houfes built on large ports, which are acceflible only by ladders, which they pull up in the night-time, for their fecurity againft venomous animals. They are faid to be hofpitaWe and faithful, if not provoked. 'Ihey cany on a large trade with the Chinel'e ; and if their chiefs were not perpetually at war with each other, they might ealily drive the Dutch from their iflaud. Their pojt of Jampodeu is the moil capacious of any in that part of the world. The Dutch have likewile fortified Gilolo and Ceram, two other fpice iflands lying under the equato, and will fink any (hips that attempt to traffic in tbofe leas. The SuNDA Islands. Thele are fituated in the Indian Ocean, between 93 and 12") degrees of eaft longitude, and between eight degrees north and eight degrees foiith latitude, comprehending the iflands of Borneo, Sumatra, Java Bally, Lam- boe, Banca, 6(c. The three firft, from iheir great extent and importance, require to be feparately defcribed. Borneo is laid to be 800 miles long, and 700 broad, and is therefore thought to be the largeft ifland in the world. 'Ihe inland part of the country is niarfhy and unhealthy ; and the inhabitants live in towns built upon floats in the middle of the rivers. Thp foil produces rice, cotton, canes, pepper, camphor, the tropical Imits, gold, and excellent dianionds. The famous ouran-outang, one of which \\-as dii- feded by Dr. Tyfon at Oxford, is a native of this country, and is thought, of all irrational beings, to refemble a man the moft. The original inhabitants arc faid to live in the nio:nitains, and make ufe of •^oi.'bned 'dart' •. but the fea-coaft is governed Indian and ORriNtAt Isiands*. 7^1 o^ f^otSS ShE'^H'.X'-K. "' "* "^"'' " ^'"i"-^-. «■"' cam.. SiTMATXA has Malacca on the north, Borneo on the eaft and fava on the- fnmh ZrUTr^'"^'"''^'''^^-^ '^"^ ftraitsof Sunda; it "' Se^o tuo ^af me on thetouth-caft; and is 1000 miles long, and 100 broad This iffanrf hm duces fo much gold, that h is thought by fom? to be the Oph inentTr S fnTe" r,«n. ^°^"?^!: ^« ^^Kheft mountam m Sumatra, is called Opb/r hv the Euro t^heSarofxeSh^r ^J^ '«^tf ^ ^a is ^sMZ feet, ex7eech?g in ha-^'t tiers but It wifh^f ^ .^^^ ?•• ^ ''^ ''^'•t^g^'^fe were the firrf difcoverL and fet- tW ^ i •. ^ ^'^^^^ '° '^^"' a«empts againft Acheen.. The firft Enalifh fleet me cTSt w^XeXfe thJ''f ^^ "' '^ T^"' ^"^ ^^''^ ^^^ foundation of a com! .TrlT I * / ^ ^"^* of every other European ftate, vifited Acheen in the vear of tL pte'^^TT Endt%t? T''"" ' ^"^^ ^^^"^ ^"^- i^lizaSto the ffng • coolen ind FnJw f°«^>«^^,^«ftJndia^ company have two fcttlement. here, Ben- coolen and Fort-Marlborough; from whence they bring their chief cargoes of pep- lTcn2 Tk! -^ ^'^'''' " '*^^ "^'"^ °^ ^^^ Mahometan princes whi poffefs^the fea-coafts. The mterior parts are governed by Pagan princes, whofe govemments are all independent, and their language and manners are ver^ diHerenr ?he nl Sutenafd if furoSb V^'^ "^^^^^ ^^"'■^"^ ^''"^ ^^^^^ '' the 'ad acent m nd ; . M nduSe of Sr,!^e \ ^^ V" "^%P^PP^^' ^"^ "'"P^or. and i'n the bounti. Europff Deduced T^^ r ^'°'" '^'' '°""i:''>' '^'' "^^^ «f the caflia fent to iiurope is pioduced. The caffia tree grows to fifty or fixtv feet with a ftem of about two feet diameter, amd a beautifiTl and regular^fpreadiug head The auantitv TLrtS-^Sthtch'thf ^^"■'"'" --P->"« diffrid^s ors^n^ra^taru li noatons, of which the greater part comes to Europe, and the reft is fent to wifhlLndIr7nfSnV''''v''T"r ^^^ ^"^ ^''^^^ «I^vaj-s attended uitn tnunder and lightning. Earthquakes aie not uncommon, and there are f-ve ^'L''°K-fK"°'f "" V^' ^"'''."^- ^^'^' P^^Pl^ who inhabit the coaft are Sav^ who came hither from the pemnfula of Malacca: but the. interior parts are iS ted by a very different people, and who have hitherto had no connexion with tL Euro' peans. Their language and charafter difler much from thofe of the Malays X- latter ufing the Arabic charaaer, as do the Acheenefe. ■ Theprincml SternaVlan S£t from tch She''' IT' ^°f t'""'' ^^^S ^^^^^'^^^^ chara^s^dfemiX Slr.1 oni T r c u ^^ P^ P^°P^^ '^'wee" ^he diftrias of the Englifh torn- panv, and thofe of the Dutch at Palembang, on the other fide the ifland wrhe Ti^'lf "'°^ ^r °^ '^^ ^^'^ ""^ ^ ^r^^' ^"h a piece of bamboo S hJZ ot£ ^afteT „"Lr ThT • \^ 'f ^^"'^ l\'''' "S»^^' ^-^-^3^ ^^ the cuLnfof other eal em nations Thefe inhabitants of the interior parts of Sumatra are a free people, and live in fmall villages, called Doofons independent of each o he^ wMcr^v ounir^o? 7' ''"^J ^".°' ^^^" ^^^^ ^^-^'^^'^^ written one'by which they punim offenders, and terminate d fputes. They have almoft all of ImT^'rhTd" b^{-''"°"T \'-^' ^^-^"^"^^ in their throat^fome near? a^^ a mans head but 'n general as big as an oftrich's egg, like the goitres of the Alps Innl^' n'^J t '"'"1 ^■^^'^ '' "^"^^ ^he Caffia ^country, isLll inhab ted W a people called Battas who differ from all the other inhabiSnts of Sumatra in L- ^,51."!^".°""'. ^"^ ^"ft""^^- They have no king, but live in villaL inde- K r"v1lJp\"i^!; T^'' i'""^ ^^^'?\ ^' ''""^^^^ ^"h «"e another. They'foniiV their villages verj' ftrongly with double fences of camphor plank pointed, and •795 Indian and Oriektal Islands. •r. * ■ '■..{», O i placed with ilieu- pojuts projcaiug outwards; and between thefe fences thcv place jMcccs of bamboo, hardened by fire, and likewife pointed, which are concealed by ihegrad but which will run quite through a man's foot. Such of their enemici whom they take pi.loucrs, tbey put to death and cat, and their fkulls they hauR up as trophies, in the houles where the unmarried men and boys eat and flecp Ihev allow of polygamy: a man may purchafe as many wives as he pleafcs but Mr . Waifdcn obrcr^es, it is extremely rare, that an inftancc occurs of their having mor.- than one, and that only among a (cw of their chiefs : but this continence is attribut- ed to thou povcrt}-. The original clothing of the Sumatraus is the fame with that • « .r I 'f^Y^T "* a-^'' South.Sea flands. generally ftyled Otaheitean cloth. The ^;^!^!?^T- i}-^^^^^ P"' of their iood, ai^d is the only animal employed ux their doiuenic labours. The Sumatran phealknt is a bird of uncom' mun wiuty. «"wv.ii» Within about ninety miles of Sumatra is the ifland of Enoanho, which is very iitic known, on acc(>unt of the terrible rocks and breakers that euiiiely furround i It IS inhabited by naked lav.iges, uho are tall and well made, and who geuerally appear armed with lances and clubs, and fpeak a different language liom thi inhabj. tant« of any of the ncit;hbouring iflands. The grcatcfl part of Java belongs to the Dutch, who have here ercfled a kind cLTir'f r'!''-''^y the capital of which is Batavia, a noble and populous cuy, lying in the latitude othx degrees Ibuth, at the mouth of the riveJ Jucata. and furndhed with one of the Hneft harbours in the world. The town itiblf s budtm the manner ot thoie in HolLind. and is about a league ..nd a half n ci ! cumference, wuh five gales, and furrounded bv regular fortifications; but its fuburbs are f ud to be ten times more populous than itlelf. The government here IS a mixture ot ialjcrn magnihcence and European police, and held bv the Dutch go^ernor-general of the Indies When he appears abroad, he is attended by his guards and oif.ccrs, and with a fplendor fuperior to that of any European poten- tate except on fomc lolemn occafions. The city is as beautiful as it is ftrong, and us fine canals, budges, and avenues, rcndei it a nioft agreeable refidence. The deferiptum ot It us government, and public edifices, have employed whole vo- umes. Ihe citadel, where the governor ha« his palace, commands the town and he luburbs. wbchare inhabited by natives of almoft every amion in the world; the Chinele refiding in this ifland are computed at 100,000; but about -,ooco of th-at nation %\erc barbaroudy maffacred, without the fmallell offence ever proved upon iliem, in 1740. 'Ihis maflacre was too unprovoked and deteflable to be de- fended even by the Dutch, who. when the governor arrived in Europe, feat him back to be tried at Latavia; but he never has been heard of fiuce. A Dutch car- rilon of ,3000 men conrtantly refides at Batavia ; and about 15.C00 troops are quar- tered m the Ifland and the neighbourhood of the city. Their government is admirably wen calculated to prevent the independency either of the eivil or military power. The Andaman and Nicobar iflands.-J Thefe iHands lie at the entrance of the bay «f I^ngal and furnifh provifions, conCfting of tropical fruits and other necef- fanes, for ite fh.ps that touch there. They are otherwife too inconfiderable to be mentioned. They are inhabited by a harmlefs, inoflenfive, but idolatrous people .C1.YX0N OR Ski.kn.divk.] This ifland, though not the largeft, is thought to 'be by nature the nchefl, and fineft ifland in the world; and is cefebr:.ted for being the only place which produces the true Cinnamon. It is feparatcd by the Gulf of Ma nora, from the continent of Indoflan, to which it is:fuppofed to have been joined \ill torn from it by the force of the waves, or earthquakes; and the fhallownefs of the mtervernng channel feems to favour .hi, opinion, for a fand-hank. called Adam's bridge, (on which only a few feet water runs.) interrupts all navigation except bv Indian akd Ohisntai, I,tAND«, •^- long, and 2^0 broad the n^fJi 11^ ^'^.'^^^''^ ^''^ it is about 250 mile, paradile; and it fL^ ' ^ dTs ex 4.^1 uS":^,"."^' T^^ '^^' ''-^^^^^^ cotton, u-ory. fifk, tobacco. eSn^ „iT crvft,! fh '^""'% ''"« P^PP". fiue fteel. copper; belides cinnan ou «uid a k r.k ^ 'T' nP^''^.' '" P^"""' ^^^'J' ^'^n, except diamonds. All kiiidrnV^^l^ i ^ i^'' .*"'* ^" '''"^^ "^ precious ftoncs inand is well wooded and V tercJtd'bJfiSS f'""""' *^"" ^^"Z P^' ^^"S ureli, u has iJlenty of cows bufr/lo!:, ' ^:'^^l'°"'e ^'^"ou.s aninufs peculiar to quadrupeds. Thc^CeyloreUan ^rSred t.T,.'^^^^^ ^''?' '?"^^' ^°^ "'b" but feveral noxious aniu,als fuX\! f-'^^^'"'''^ ^« all others, elpecially if fpotted • The chief commodity of the Tn.n. -'"-P^"'? '"'* ''""' "^ KkewifeVound here' inall Afia. ThouTwJ: ^'"•'^ '' us cinnamon, which is by far the S ndghbourhoodoTl^VrbTafaLg^^ ^^ '^^ ^^« - ^^-^Intle whirS:^ XfresZt 'a7ot'J:.^£ r ^^^^^ " •« «" ^"-^-s. amongH v'lible, (it is faid), at the diftance of rn^e t^ '"P^"°V° 'S^ """^ '" ^l*=-»"on, and the Mowil-ganga, the largeFdver inTe fl!";°\"?'l"^?•:°"^ ^^^^ "'«"'"ain iffues capual, falls after a courfeVfeS miles into Jh^r'^ ^^"^^ '^^^ ^"^i^nt only m Ceylon, but in all Indoftan i L dnab t . /^ of Tnnconomale, the fined not flups in perfedl fecurity. Cevlon 'thouth fori / 'TZ'J- '°°° ^^" ^^ ^ ^e largeft ^ doms. has now but one pri'irwho A.^ ^ ^ 1."'^"* '"'° ^^^'^"^ P^tty kL- andrefides at Dedi^e but T. V^Ti.^ P? ^5^' «"'y '^e mternal parts of the ifland which having fulrfd much n fhi '^' tl"^ °^ ^^°*' ^'^"^ '^e ancient caS"al ce.^ed tobefhe royal reWence " """'' ^'^^^" '^* ^°«"g«^f- ^"^ natives,^^ coaft.'iTo;^';; l^tafaH olr3:\otLP^^^^^^ ^'^'"'■'^^-^ °f ^he entire fpice, however, is cultivated onlvJnT.r ff""^ ^^e cinnamon trade: this valuable nioncoaft, in which the priced places ^^^^ '°'"' 'V '""^ ""«" ^^^eCinnt lettlements in the iiland, rSfiv foS/ ' ^olumbo the capital of the Dutch confiderable, but much decC^^^J^^^jf ' °" ^«^^"r. formerly ^ery bour, IS fortified, and become th^ centre of Th^n^l""'.*'^ ^ f'"^" indiHerem haf. It may be here proper to obftv? fk u ^"^'^ """^^ »" ^^^^ '"and. thisifland, has two!7not thtf baks^'lit'h'? ""'^'"'^ ''' ' "^'ive of of a niiddling growth and age affb d the £i "h 'I' T. "^'"^on, the trees when ftripped is white. ferveTfor buil^L^n. ".K '^^^^Yof the tree, which were invited by the nat ves nfthi^fv-^-n'''^, ^^'^^'" "^^'s- I" 1656, the Dutch tuguefe, whom^hey Sed and h!v"°"' '' '^ ^'^'"'^ '^'"' ^^^'"" ^^^ P^'^ Indeed, in January^787 Trinconomlfe T°f -'fr^ " "^'^^/'"^^ to themfelve . by the Englifti, bm foon aftema^rrl^' 1, chief fea^port of the iiland w.s taken Dujch by the laft treaty of peacT ' ^"^ ^^ '^^ ^'^""^' ^^^ ^eft°'ed to the abive^h^^t^I;in^l^w:SlAh?'^. '^^^'^ °I ^^^f '^^^^^ ^^ l^^^e rocks juft Cape Gomorin. S are Si ^f, ^T'""" f ^ t'^ht degrees north latitude S fitable trade with tS ^dvef^/f" ' '° .^^'^^. ^''''^' ^^'^° ^^"^'^ "" a pr^ ther formerly went for rn;;%ton rSaL^dn^ " "/"t' "'^^' ^^.' "^ - ' 2r^'' * --"informed author) t% build Vffeh oTtwemrc^'S^^ 794 Indian and Orientai, Isiandb. tons; their hulla^ mails, fails, rigging, anchors, cables, provifions, and firing, are all from this ufeful tree. We have already mentioned Bombay on the Malabar coaft, in fpeaking of India. With regard to the language of all the Oriental iflands, nothing certain can be faid. Each ifland has a particular tongue ; but the Malayan, Chinefe, Portuguefe, Dutch, and Indian words, are fo frequent among them, that it is difficult for an European, who is not very expert in thofe matters, to know the radical language. The fame may be almoft faid of their religion ; for though its original is certainly Pagan, yet it is intermixed with many Mahometan, Jewifli, Chriftian, and other foreign fuperltitions. The fea which feparates the fouthern point of the peninfula of Kamtfchatka from Japan contains a number of iflands in a pofition from north-north-eaft to fouth- fouth-eafl, which are called the Kurile Islands. They are upwards of twenty in number, are all mountainous, and in feveral of them are volcanoes and hot fprmgs. The principal of thefe iflands are inhabited; but fomc of tb< 'ittle ones are en- tirely defert and unpeopled, .'hey differ much from each otuer in refpeft both to their fituation and natural conftitution. The forefts in the more northern ones are compofed of laryx and pines; thofe to the fouthward produce canes, bamboos, vines, &c. In fome of them are bears and foxes. The fea-otter appears on the coafts of all thefe iflands, as well as whales, fea-horfes, feats, and other amphibious auimils. Some of the inhabitants of thefe iflands have a great likenefs to the Japa- nefe in their manners, language, and perfonal appearance ; others very much refem- ble the Kamtfchadales. The northern iflands acknowledge the fovereignty of the empire of RuHia ; but thofe to the fouth pay homage to Japan. The Kurilians dif- cover miioh humanity and probity in their condu£l, and are courteous and hofpita- ble; but advei^ity renders them timid, and prompts them to fuicide. They have a particular v<;neration for old age. They reverence an old man whoever he be, but have an efpecial affedlion for thole of tlieir refpedive families. Their language is a- greeable to the ear, and they fpeak and pronounce it flowly. The men are employ- ed in hunting, fifliing for fea animals and whales, and catching fowl. Their canoes are made of wood that their forefts produce, or that the fea cafls upon their fhores. The women have charge of the kitchen, and make clothes. In the northern iflands they few, and make different cloths of the thread of nettles. The fouthern iflanders are more refined and polifhed than the northern, and carry on a fort of commerce with Japan, whither they export whale-oil, furs, and eagles feathers to fledge ar- rows with. In return, they bring Japanefe utenfils of metal and vami^ed wood, fkillets, fabres, different fluffs, ornaments of luxury and parade, tobacco, all forts of trinkets, and fmall wares. d ? > .' m R AF R I C A, the third grand divifion of the globe, is generally reprefented as bearing fome refemblance to the form of a pyramid, the bale being the •northern part of it, which runs along the fhores of the Mediterranean, and the point or top of the pyramid, the Cape of Good Hope. Africa is a peninfula of a prodigious extent, joined to Afia only by a neck of land, about fixty miles over. -~^rTvv^ itK ivvU Kn,a auu iiic iricuiiciraucaii, uiuaUy caiicu uic luiiiiius ui ouCi:, and its utmoft length from north to Ijuuib, from Cape Bona in the Mediterranean, A. 795 in 37 degrees north, to the Cape of Good Hope in -^^ t fontli l.tJf,,^ • miles; and the broadeft part f^m Cape VeVd^^n ivS^dSr^s t^U^^^^^^^ fill, near the ftraits of Babel-Mandel in cr 7n ^of\ LtrrU a- <^Pe ^"rda- eaft to weft. It is bounded on the nortS ^yte Sed terr ean fea 'Sc^'f" ^^""^ it from Europe; on the eaft by the IfthmusVf SuerthTRed S^a ^ a^ ocean, which divides it fromAfia; on the fouth b^tLTuthem ocean 1^^^^^^^ the weft b;. the great Atlantic ocean, which feparates it from Amedca ' Is ,h^ equator divides this extenfiye country almoft in the middle, and the far area rft part of it IS withm the tropics, the heat is in many places almoft inSppoitabL In an Euvopean ; « bang there increafed by the rays of the fun frL Taft^defer s of burmng fands The coafts. however, and banks of rivers, fuch as the N le .?J .ofci, «„ah,. be arreted b, Ae c„M?rJSV.^r£X'X"fS^ H. rbe Gambia and Senegal are only branches of this river. Tlie NiirwhirN dividing Egypt into two parts, difeharges itfelf into the Mediterranean afler I prodigious courfe from its tonrce in Abvffinia The mnft ^^^. ij ' ■ " in Afnea are the Atlas, a ridge extend^ ftom'Jhe ^Ir '^^n' loThleh'h gives the name of Atlantic Ocean as far as Eovm ,nH Kn,i V. ' r . '^ of Mauritania a great lover of TftrS^omy \fh^^fe^d1o 'oten^"^^^^^^^^^ fummit; on which account the poets reprefent him as bearing the hSvcnso^ hh Ihoulders. The mountains of the Moon, extending themfelvis befut^n Ih • and Monomopata, and are ftiU higher than thofe of A las Thofe of or the mountains of the Lions, which divide Ni^ritC ^^m r- • J^ ^^''°^' far as Ethiopia. Thefe were ft;ied by fhe ancit? he Zun?ai;roV p'^ T"'"^ "" count of their being fubjeft (o thuJder '"^'15^; if Th^ "pe^k o? Ten" 'T which the Dutch make their firft meridian, isaboJt two^miles high h the firm of ^ fugar-loaf. and is fituated on an idand of the fame name near the coar The moft noted capes, or promontories, in this countn- irr r=.n^ vUTf n /'^^ "^"'^ the land is aWayfeoveredwith green' .r'?nd"lff7gr' nd's.'" tt'lh^^t wefterly point of the continent of Africa The Can/nf rlr.A tr J."<^ ^f"oft minated by the Portuguefe, when they firft went round it in i.oS .Z"'J? ^'"^I the paffage to Afia. , It is the fouth extremity of A?rkV n The'comurv of^^^:* tcntots; at prefent in the poffeffion of the Ltch ; and the genS Ldc^^^^^^^^ Ihips of every nation who trade to India, being about half way from Europe There tLtdTa: o^^r ^'""* "''^' '' ""^' Bal^l-Mandel, and^oins theTi'dVw'h The fituation of Africa for commerce is extremelu favr»ir,K?^ a j- L'fel '.^rt«,"'*H ^'i\^' *-- ""■'oniy 'he .±o;ironheriar;e' The hT]; V°.^''* V"^ <^ f™?h, who have fetilemems on the coa°rf) Aftiea but that of the moll authentic hiftoriatls. It is however the niMortune of Aftlca; 5 ' • ^ll* ^ 796 A. that, though it has 10,000 miles of fea-coaft, with noble, large, deep, rivers cene traung uuo the very centre of the country, it ihould have no navfgatLn, l^o^re cave any benefit from them; that it Ihould be inhabited by an innumerable people. Ignorant of commerce, and of each other. At the mouths of thefrr ve ! are the moft exce lent harbours, deep, fafe, calm, and fheltered from the wind a^id capable of being made perfeftly fecure by fortifications; but quite defSttTte of Jippmg trade, and merchants, even where there is plenty of merchandife In tt;;'/^"? ^^Tf'^ ' f' ^"^"^^ 9' ^^^ g'-be, ifored'^with "n Sa'^ftib " reafure, and capable, under proper improvements, of producing fo many things dehghtful as well as convement, within itfelf, feems to bJ almoft Ltirely nLSd not only by the natures, who are quire unfolicitous of reaping the benefits which Nature has provided for them but alfo by the more civiliz^ ELpeans who are fettled m it, particularly the Portuguefe. ^ Africa once contained feveral kingdoms and ftates, eminent for the liberal arts tTit^ '"'^ ^''''"''■' -'"f '^'^ "^^^^ "^\^°^^''^ commerce. The kingdoms of Egypt and Ethiopia m particular, were much celebrated; and the rich and powlrfu! ftate of Carthage, that once formidable rival to Rome itielf. extended her com- mei^e to every part of tne then known world ; even the Britifh fhores were vifited by b,^r fleets, ti 1 Juba, who was king of Mauritania, but tributary to the repubHc ritanians fubdued Carthage, and by degrees all the neighbouring kingdoms and ^•S K f; '^''' '^' ''T^\ ''"'^''''^y Pl""dered, and confeajiently impov^- rilhed, by the governors fent from Rome, negleaed their trade, Jad ciivated no more of their lands than might ferve for their fubfiftence. Upon the decline of the Roman empire, in the fifth centurj', the north of Africa was over-run by the Vandals, who contributed ftill more to the deftruaion of arts and fciences • and to add tothis countiy's calamity, the Saracens made a fudden conqueft of all the coaftsof Egj'pt and Larbary, m the feventh century. Thefe were fucceeded by the lurks; and both being of the Mahometan religion, whofe profelfors carried defc iation with them wherever they came, the ruin of that once flourilhing part of the world was thereby completed. Theinhabitantsof this continent, with refpeft to religion, may be divided into three Ions; namely. Pagans, Mahometans, and Chiiftians. The firft are the moft numerous, polfelfing the greateft part of the country, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, and they are generally black. The Mahometans w-lio are of a tawny complexion, poffels Egypt, and almolt all the northern ihorcs ot Africa, or what is called the Barbary coaft. The people of Abyffinia, or the Upper Ethiopia, are denominated Chriftians, but retain many Pagan and Tcwifh ntes. There are alfo fome Jews, on the north of Africa, who manage all the little trade that part of the country is poffeffed of. ^ There are fcarccly any two nations, or indeed any two of the learned, that agree m the modern divifions of Africa; and for this very reafon, that fcarcely any tra- veller has penetrated into the heart of the country; and confequently we muft ac- knowledge our Ignorance of the bounds, and even the names of fcveral of the inland nations, which may be ftill reckoned among the unknown and undifcovered parts ot thcAvorld ; but according to the beft accouiUs and eonjC(flures, Africa may ix divided according to the following Tabic. "^ APR T X G A. VJorocco, Tafilet, Sec \Igiers Tunij Tripoli Barcii ^. and I Diff. cf~ bear, froinltime from j I'Ondon. o 24 aft. o 13 bef. 39 bef 056 bef 1 26 bef 19% Religions, Mahom, Mahom. Mahotn. Mahom. Mahom. 2 2 ' bef j Mahom. o 32 afr. IPagans [Pagans. [Pagans, 2 20 bef. 2 36 bef I I 2 bef. [Paga ns. El 2 1 2 bef Ma. & Pa? Chriftian. !!!!!!!^!:!5i:.^=5^?ls^^ [Loanj^o ,.are compute d at 1.200.000 fn iwrp mib.. -'affraria or Hottentot. Lzji ^^°h°°'H%°;Hsz°os" No Towns 4600 S.E.I I ,8 b ef. fc^il 4tef Molt itupid Pa?. -/ "^ wh^ri"tif f if'"-' -If ^"'" ''' '^ *^^ ^"^^^" f^^« «nd Atlantic Ocean • of which the folbwmg belong to, or trade with, the Europeans, and ferv; to re relh their ihipping to and from India. ^ ' ^ ^^'^'' ^° 1^ Iflands. ,Sq. Mil Babel iViandel, at the entrance of thd Towns. Red Sea Zocotra, in the Indian Ocean The Comora Jfles, ditto , Madagafcar, ditto Mauriiius, ditto Bourbon, ditto ^t. Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean VfcenfioD, ditto — ic. Matthew, ditto — _ _J It. Thomas, Anaboa, Princes- "I ,. | ifland, Ferdinandopo f "'"0 -ape Verd Iflands, ditto — -, Goree, ditto it-— , Janaries, ditto , ... _ . Vlaikiras, ditto , fhe Azores, or Weaern Ifles lie , nearly at an equal diftance from {• do Kiirope. Africa and America. ' 1 5.600 Babe. Mandel Caiaufia ,000 Joanna »68,ooo^St. Anrtin 1,840 Mauritius 2, 1 00 Bourbon 6t. Helena St. Thomas, Anaboa 2,000 St. Domingo — Fort St. Michael — • lp.,(- — c^ r>i T. I [l itlETia, ou. \_iirinopacr5 1,500 Santa Cruz, Funchal 2,c<» Angra, St. Michael jTrade with or belong tc jAU Nations " ■ ' [Oitio Ditto Ditto French Ditto Englifti Uninhabited Ditto Portuguefc Ditto French Spanifn Portuguef* Ditto I 798 AFRICA. Having given the reader fome idea of Africa, in general, with the princioal kingdoms and their fuppofed dimenfions. we (hall nSw confider it under ti?^ £'?> J':; '*2r!J,-*^'^' ^«yPV ^"'°°^^3^ '^^ «^^^« °f Barbary. Itretching alon^ tS anf ifftll t?^f '"''"rAV^'°'"u^«5'P^ ^" '^' ''^' ^° the^Atlantic O^cean wefti and laftly, that part of Africa, between the tropic of Cancer and the Cape of SMI "'' .^'"^»l"/°f}'a^s, are fo little knownf and fo barbarous, and. Tike" aU barbarous nations fo fimilar in moft refpedb to one another, that they ma/Uth- out impropriety, be thrown under one geneS head. ^ ^' ri ii' lillilii Miles. i G Y P T. Situation and Extent. Degrees. Kh SS {• l«'w«- { '° '"^ 3' ■"""■ '""""=• 28 and 36 eaft longitude. Sq. Miles, I* 140,700. BouNDARi«.]TT is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, North; by the Red Sea. K »u J f f ,, " ' ''^ '^Dyffin'a. or the Upper Ethiopia, on the the South • and by the defert of Barca, and the unknown parts Jf Africa. Weft. ' Divifions. Northen divifion coatains j5ubdivifions. Lower Egypt Chief towns. T f Grand Cairo, E. Ion. I 32 N. Lat. 30. , J Buiac [Alexandria Rofetto Damiietta HSayd or l^ebes Colliar Southern divifion contains i Upper Egypt mftrul N '' "'^tST^^u^^'u^- ^^^".^J^' '^^^ ^""°« ^'gbt months, of the year, (from March to November,) the heat is almoft infupportable by an European « DurW he whole of this feafon, the air is inflamed, the Iky fparWing. and the heat oppet live to a 1 unaccuftomed to it "-The other months are'^more temperate The fouTh nXZ'tf ""^f ?rr"' ^'r. '" ^'^P'' ^' ^y 'he natives called Mo»ous ^^'ds .niml^hTr ^^ t/^^r'- Thev are of fuch extreme heat and aridity that no animated body expoled to it can wlthftand its fatal influence. During the three davs which It generally lafts the ftreets are defe^l^ ; and woe to the travdler whom this wind furpn.es remote from ftelter: when it exceeds three day« it is infupportaSe th^Z TS r?,'?""'^^ ^Whoever is in the leaft acquainted with literature, knows L A !k '" "^ ^I ^?>P' ** "^' «^'°g «> rain (little falling in that country) ^r l^n F.k"°"'' overflowing of the Nile. It begins\o rife when the fun Tver- ucal m Ethiopia, and the annual rains fall in Abyffinia and the adjacent iar of Africa, in Mav. Time an'' t,,i,. a. .u- i._r l?i/-r» •. „ . . '»"J'J'-«^"5 part Egypt, nothing is to be feen in the plains, but the tope of forefo and fVuit-tree" T. 799 iheir towns and villages being bmlt upon eminences either natural or artifickl When the river is at its proper height the inhabitants celebrate a kind of a jubili S fh ^rTv^ ^'^^'''"'!- When the banks are cut, the water is let in to whit t W W J -^ . ' "J S^^^'l,*^?"*'' ,w^»cj» runs through Cairo, from whence it is diftrY buted into cuts, for fupplymg their fields and gardens. This being done, and the waters begmmng to retire fuch is the fertility of the foil, that the labour of he in o'SriJIf '^ ''h"m' '° r^'"^ ."' '^?^' ^'' ^^^^' ^"d barley into the ground iv w2.t """t ^'^' Sl^ '"'"' ^'' "?"^^ °"' ^^ g^^^^ ^" Noven/ber, and in about fix weeks, nothing can be more charmmg than the prolpeft, which the face of the coumry prefents, in rifmg corn, vegetables, and verdure of every fort. Oranges lemons, and fruits perfume the air. The culture of pulfe, melons,^fugar.canes S SrH^^nH^'^f^^'^'^'T^T^"'^^' '' f'^PPli^dby fmall but regular^uts Tom df. terns and refervoirs. Dates, plantations, grapes, figs and palm.tree?, from which wine Z^A ' 1 ^''^ P^"""^"^' r^'''^^ ^"^ AP"^ ^'^ the harvell months, and They produce three crops; one of lettuces and cucumbers (the latter being the chirf ^od of the inhabitams). one of corn, and one of melons. The Egyptian pafturage fouXmLTyS '"^^^f^^^^^d'^P^ds producing two at a tin^and theSp Animals.] Egypt abounds ih black cattle ; audit is faid, that the inhabitants employ every day 2oooo oxen in raifing water for their grounds. They have fafi?JT.^''^'J°l'^'''-!!P''^^^^'^'^ Chriftians ride, thefe people nothing fafieied by the Turks to nde on any other beaft. The Egyptian horfes are ver| fine; they never trot, but walk well, and gallop with freat fpeed, turn IhorT. flop in a moment, and are extremely tradable. The hippopitam^s, or ive": horfe, .n ampnibmus ammal, relembl.ng an ox in it^ hinder parts, with the head aoes ^?.hV' ^''T?? '° ^^^P'' >F'- '^>'S?rs, hyenas,^ camels, antelopes, F™ Ti, f^ ^^^•^ ,'^''^'. ^""^ 'h^ rat,, called Ichneumon, are natives^ of iigypt. The camelion, a hiiie animal fometliing ■ refembliug a lizard, that changes colour as you (land to look upon him, is found'here as wflf as in other count rS i he crocodile was formerly thought pecuhar to this country; but there does not feem to be any material difference between it and the alligators of India . and America. They are both amphibious animals, in the form of a lizard^ w/T/ 7 "l*^"' '"^'"7 ^^^' '" ^^"^^^ and have four fhort legs, with iZw r'["''1-r^ '^'^'' '^? '^^'' ^^"^^^ are covered with a kind of impe- netrable fcales, like armour. The crocodile waits for his pfeyintne fedge and other cover, on the fides of rivers ; and, pretty much refembling die trunk of ^an old waSwroZ.lft^T ^^r't^'^'' ""'"H' of eagles, hawk^, pelicans, and: water-lowls of all kinds. The ibis, a creature fsiccording to Mr. Norden) fome- - fc?nem! S °^T d"^'^'.^!, d^'fi^d by the ancient ^ptians for its del roying. ferpents and peftiferous inkas. They were thought ?i be peculiar to Egypt but a fpecies of them is faid to have been lately difcovercd in other parts of Afrka* thdrtTcks^'^ ''°"'"'"'' ' ^""^ ""'^ ^"^ ^'°"^ '^'^ ^^^ ^'^^' fometimes ride upon PovutATiON, MANNERS, cds- ) As the population of Egypt is almoft con- .», .rT' .^'?V'^\^''?*''; ■» ^"*^d to the banks of the Nile, and the reft of the country mhabned by Arabs, and other nations, we can fay little upon this head with precifion. It feems to be certain, that Eevot is at nrefent not xf^r fc n^nnlous Dref?m"tn^;'^n"'''''^^"^r'''?\ ^."'.""J'' '^'. "'^'"^^ ^^ inhabitants m"ay amount at preleut to 2,300,000, oi which Cairo contains about 250,000. f ill iti. 1, '4 fM I I 1 /' Hoo £ T. either over or undeth I'hSiftan, J A K ''"en w«h a long cloth coat, .hemr-ves with a liuen or »tfa » app:r '^„^^^^^^ Icind content their uody. The lews wear Nii^ UMtl.^i ""'™ >"<7foW. Hanket-lite, round ay wear red and the fi.rti^ rk 'o^ ''??"' *=o'li«"- ""tivea of their coun. tawdry Ldm,W„l„rMhe1rt?hL'^''n'L "^ ^'^' °^ ">= *™" '* fuch oV them as are not e vDofed ,o ?h^ fi "t filk, when they can afford it, and tures. The Cop.rare geneSlf CKel' ,t; , ''''""5 """Pk™"' »"<• fea- teachiu. the oiher nativeT,^ Lh^^^' ■ J^^^^^ '"^ many of then, live by much tiftmet hrraad:ufc ofinS J^V"^^''-""i ■"!>"'"'"■« "^ fiEi^„r-™" -''^ -^^>-'°--s!;;' rnn-iLkfrdtriirnTnigt' the jurifdiaion of the pa ar L of AS'^J^^^^^^^^ """^ "' ""'" purchafes a pro.eflion at the Ouomru coJJt ^ " ""'"'^ «'"'""'' cee^d^^l^tteLcl;' a'S'uuh: I.W aT*"h '"TA^^ "' ^'- ™s was fuc- Coptic and nmdern Greek cUinL to Lf^okl^^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^ '""S"'^"' ^"^ ^^^ their Mahomcun nate t?herel k„r„^'"? 'S' bigotry and ignorance of Id nlr„ ° Ton :',r ™r'^";-'"«^«'°'" ■>'■ ^^hontetSe ^t^fl cSS iiu. Other iiiagniticent Egyptian libraries. Th,. , ,-;r. of fK« r„^-nH --<. -,--.- ,*^ of taile ami Icirnino- K.',»" -^r v n~T ," "' '-v^-au ij».e were ti\cn VI laitc ana .icAriiing, but -of a peculiar ftraiiL They bought up all the in?m.v t T. 80 r own ccHirts and colleges, wiSut eveS'n. I, "T^> ""'* ^""^"^^ '« '^eir race of calift, cipecially thole who clfLd .1 ^r "'"^' ^"•''^ '" ^^J'l^^- '^'^e lower n;an nature ; and the /uis have rive ted ihe'ch: ^ Z;'^^^ ,"' ''^^P^' ^'^^"^'^^ ^- they inipoicd. "vetteu the chains of barbarous ignorance which nott,u„,s i„ ,„„|iri„,, , J fot tnowletel^ AtS''" '"' "f ""°»'. ^ lew rehgiou. unowiecige ot Atabckjuc ov die Malionieiau hap^a^liyXTplnVf th"ToH?^ts^r^ '"^^T"^ r^' -"^ ^^^^^ than per- antiquitf is beyond he refea Ses o Borttc 1?"' ^^l ^^^^".defcribed, 'I'heir unkno^vn. The bafis of the largeft coverf Ifl'^ ' '"'^ V^"''" °"S'"^^ "''^« ^''e 'liU dicular height h 500 feet, bmff meaS otr ,'''"' f ^'■°""''' ^"^ "« P^''Pen. feet.t It contains a room thirty-four St lon^Tn^ T '^' ''"t^'^^S point, Vo a marble chcft, but without either cover n^J^ ? Seventeen broad, in which is figned for the tomb of the founder In fhor^ ?!."''' ^'-T^f ^« ^^""^ ^een de- Itupendous, and, to appearance the moft uSr >'P^'- river, by canals and ditches which ftiU fuhfift fJ-i • , '^o"^''">""»cate with that as grandeur of the work. WoUe ful e^^^^^^^ abound in Egypt. The whole country toward Grand S'""-'' '"""'^ "^^^"^'' of antiquities, of which the oldeft are them^ft n ^ "■°' is a contmued fcene dern the moft beautiful. aeTaLrnidle .!.H TTT'' ^"^ ^''" "^^^^ »"«- ^ Pompey's pillar is a fine regular colunm>.hrr- ? ^'"''^' "^ admirable, /^j^. yi? /^ Which is one ftone, being ^ighfyXhrfernfllU"^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^ ^i (^^^d ,,L^f of the column; the whole height is „ "T^- ^1 "J^ ^^'g^t, or ten diameters ^ ^ pedeilal. The Sphynx, as it is called i no n? ' '""f"^'''^ L^" '^1'"^^ ^"^ the fhoulders of a /omen hewn out of the ock aTd'^abont t' ^'f ?.^P^" "^ ^^e of the pyramids. ^ '^°^^' ^"^ ^^out thirty feet high, near one The papyrus is one of the natural curiofities of F*,.«. a r ^ , to write upon, but we know not The m.n ^rnf n ^^ '""* ^V.""^ "^^ ^"'^•e'"* nourifhing food. The manner of hatchh^ SckensT""^ "' • ^^' ^"^ °^ " ^« ^ " and now praftiibd in fome parts of Se Th. '^ ^T' '«/r'"°" ^" ^?>Pt curious. ' Jiurope. The conftruaion of the oven is very ■ I. curious No. XXVI 5 K dii !!^\^"'"7'. ^''>'^. H'^t a late menfnrattcn .m.ns tn -,ch '".-^ r T, r- drea feet J and ,ts perpendicular heigJK, lour hundred and dglu'y feet. ' ^'''"' ^'-'^"^'^^ ^^ ^"'''- 8o2 T. illt-' ' > E\en a flight review of thefe would amount to a large ) volume. In many places, not only temples, but the walls ClTIIS, 'lOWNS, AND PURMC KDIFICiS. of cities, built before the time of Alexander the Great', are Hill entire and many of their ornaments, particularly the colours of their paintings, are as frelh and vnid as when firft laid on. Alexandria, which lies on the Levant coaft, was once the emporium of all the world, and by means of the Red Sea ftirnilhed Europe and great part of Afia, with the nchcs of India. It owes its name to its founder, Alexander the Great. It itands forty miles weft from the Nile, and a hundred and twenty north- weft of Cairo. It rofe upon the ruins of Tyre and Carthage, and is famous for the light- houfe crcacd on the oppoiite ifland of Pharos, for the direction of marineis, de- lervcdly cfteemed one ot the wonders of the world. The mole which was built to iorra a conmiunication with the ifland of Pharos is looo yards in length, and though near 3000 years old, luch were its excellent materials as to refift in a great meafure the violence ot winds and waves ever lince. All the parts of the city were mag- nihccat in proportion, as aypcars from their ruins, particularly the cifterns and aqnedudls. Many of the materials of the old city, however, have been employed in buildi.ig New Alexandna, which at nreP.-nt is a very ordinary fea-port, known by the name of Scanderoon. Notwithftanding the poverty, ignorance, and indo- lence of the inhabitants, their mofques, bagnios, and the like buildings, ereded wnhin thefe ruins, preferve an inexprcflible air of majefty. Some think that Old Alexandria was built from the materials of the ancient Memphis. Rofotta, or Rafchid, (lands twenty-five miles to the noith-well of Alexandria and is recommended for its beautiful fituation, and delightful proCpeds, which com- mand the fine country, or ifland of Delta, formed by the Nile, near its mouth. It i> hkewije a place of great trade. The length of the city is two miles, but only half a mile broad. In the environs are many country houfes belonging to Chrii:. tian merchants, with fine gardens, producing the choiceft fruits of the Eaft. The Mahoaictau inhabitants are here alfo particularly civil and polite. Cairo, now Malr, the prelent capital of Egypt, is a large and populous, but a dif- agreeable rchdence, on account of its peftilential air, and narrow ftreets. It is divid- ed into two towns, the Old and the New, and defended by an old caftle, the works of which are faid to be three miles in circumference. I'his caftle is faid to have been bailt by Saladine: at the weft end are the remains of very noble apartments, fome of which are covered with domes, and adorned with piftures in Mofaic work ; but thefe apartments are now only ufed for weaving embroidery, and preparing the hangings and coverings annually fent to Mecca^ The well, called Jofeph's well, IS a curious piece of mechamfm, about 30c feet deep. The memory of that patriarch is ftill revered in Egypt, where they fliew granaries, and many other works of public utility, that go under his name. 'Ihey are certainly of vaft antiquity; but it is very queftionable whether they were ereded by him. One of his granaries is ihewn in Old Cairo, but Captain Norden fufpeas it is a Saracen work, nor does he give us any high idea of the buildings of the city itfelf. On the bank of the Nile, facing Cairo, lies the village of Gize, which is thought to be the ancient Memphis. Two miles weft, is Bulac, called the port of Cairo. The Chriftians of Cairo pradife a holy cheat, during the Eailer holida}s, by pretending that the limbs and bodies of the dead arife from their graves, to w hich they return peceably. The ftreets of Cairo are peftered with the'jugglers and fortune-tellers already mentioned. One of their favourite exhibitions is their dancing camels, which, when young, they place upon a large heated floor : tUe ijitcnfFheat makes T. 80 ' the Red sl irg^e'feX Siceof' ft°^ and Cofliar. on the weft coaflof Janizary, whole autCty con ,n^n^^^^^ tholb places, i, to hire a natives. Suez, former /^aplaroT.rr? ''•"" ^'"""VK '"^''^'' °^ ^^e other tothelfthmus, that joius^fS JthE Th' '\°?7 ' ^'"/' •"^>' ^"^ ^'^'^^ "^'"- have marched near tHsciVj^. when thefieftL'm ''" ^^PP"^*^^ '^ • Sea : ahnoft every obiea and viMo,!« -^ .? ^P^' '" V^"' ^^^ '^^^''ds the Red antiquity. The d^SLTn^Sfg "areycTZo 'thfrthe'^"' ^""^'"^ ''''' '' pend upon are but few. nordo they flwa "a| :?t'og:ther """"'' ^" ''° '" titiesof uamanufaauredaswSsoriarelfSv fP^^^^ "'^'P''" ^'^^^''^^^^^ 9"^"- forts. callicoes. yellow wax SmSr Aff ' r ^^'1-' '°"°"' ^"^ '^^^^^^ of ^11 with the Arablforcole drH^^^^^^^ They trade are landed at Suez, from UenS\her/i'nH ^'^ '"'L ^^'^^^^ "^^^^^handifes, which ftateskiveconfulsrefidentTnEg't hLt th. T *° Europe. Several European are managed by Jews. The"rTdeof .h^Vn f-o, "TI-"'^ '^^ ^"'"•'"'^ government ted, as the French areab e to uSerfdl tS^w^"^ this country is almoft annihila- cularly in light cloths of LanSI caS P'^^"" good profit. ""gueaoc called fit ft and fecond Londrws, which 3 icld a unSTeTiu^r thtp^fSrorbXw -Jf ^''^^ ^^^ ^°-^^-t ^-'» ^^- p-^^^ of the Ottoman empire It is ctnlrTll ^' ^u'^ '^ """^ ''^ '^''^ ^'^^'^^ o'fi^^ers he provokes the 1 e prLes ^or be!.^ Tt' '^'^ '''''^nP^^'^ is very careful how Iclves, a.,d whom he gove ns chieflv ^;' oTavin^' ^''''"l °"^ ^gyP^ an.ong them- times happened, that thofe dX-L,? P^'^'^^ ""t -^^'"^ ^"^'^^'■- ^' ^'^^^ ^me- and thefare often diSaced bv tff/7 ^^"'^ '^'" '""', ^^^"^^ ^'^^'^ '"^ft^'^; princes. Thofe circumftances,i..v ?^' uP°" ^°'"P^«"« from tholb pett^ loaded with taxes C^trC^^^^^ ^^ %ypt is not Ll indeed a very favourabKcoum of thofe n;.f-' ^'''t ^'""" "'* ^^^ ^-' «"d orSheiks of fhe Bedouins, or wa„dernflf.h? ^T"'' ^''^^ ""if '^'""'^ ^^^ ^'^''^' receive laws from the Turkic govetm^^^^ ' ''" generally too powerful to nionarVhical is exec' tedrih paftfTnd th'^ "^^JT^'?' -^ republican. ^The giacfi. The palha is appoimed bv'^rh. t ^ r .'^P"*'^'^^'^ .^7 the manialukes or fau- or rather thearifSc ^ n..f .r P'""^ '^^'"°'" '' ^'^ '^'^''^y- '^^e republican, compofed of thefe t^v^ "^ '^ government of Egypt, confifts of a divar ed the fheik b^ le^ wES^ofe^ .*^'^"' "' ^^% ''^' ^''^ ^^ ^^em is cat oneof the fangiacksl arbi^rarlfn 7 '^^^«"'.^"'* confirmed by the pafha. Every tbemajor partof t^rn'refi^ 2 Cah^^Tf T^^'^T^ •'^"^"^ ^°^^^^'g" P^^'^"-^ tion to the fenfe of the dTvan or J . ^ ^^^' ^'^"'^ ??"'"'' ' P^^^ «<^t« '" oPPofi- futt-erhim to cont nue in hu'poft tLeT t " "hr^'^^^'r ^t'^'^''' '^'y ^'^'^ ""^ an authentic grant of privileis ^b^^ » I ^ ^^^^ '° -^""^ '"°''^^'"' '^"'^^^ ''^™ conquered E^gypt f^r^the £uhl^. '" ^^' >''''' '^'^' "^ ^'^^'^^ ^^^ fahan'selim notin^'oSiSn'tdeS cording to the nioftTroV.hl! n • I '^^ ^'"""""^ °^ ''^^ ^"^^'^""^ «f this country ; nc gto molt probable conjeaiire, it exceeds two millions annualiv at pre leu. 8C4 U\ If 1»i ^i)^" m G MaiTA&v STRENGTH.] Authors are greatly dUided on thb article. Captain N<.rdcn tells us, that it ,s divided into two corps of janizaries, and allafs ww"h are the chief; the former aniouiuit.g to about fix or eight thor.fend, and he lauer to between three and lour thoufand. The other troops%re oHittle account. Afte° ail, It does not appear, that the paftia ever ventures to employ thofe troops a^ainft the Arab or Egypuaa beys already n.euiioned, and who have feparate arn.ies of the.r own: fo that, m faft. their dependaace uno. ... ^.^e is little more Than nominal, and amounts at molt to feudal fervices * HrsTOKY.] It is generally agreed, that th-. prince, oj he line of the Pharoahs Ut on the throne ot Kkvypt, m an uninternipted fueceffion, till Cambyfes 11. king pt Perfia, conquered the i-.gyptians 520 years before the binh of Chrift ; and tha? in the reigo of thefe princes, thofe wonderful ftrufturcs the pyramids were nifed which caunot be viewed without aftonilliment. Egypt continued a part of the Perlian empire, till Alexander the Great vanquifhcd Darius, whr^ r r H under tie dominion of that prince, who foon after built the celebrai.J cuy of Alcxan- dria. The conque Is of Alexander, who died in the prime of life, bein While Selim was fettling the government of Egypt, great numbers of the an- cient mhabitants withdrew into the deferts and plains, i nder one Zinganeus, from whence they attacked the cities and villages of the Nile, and plundered whatever .v'm"?'"''!"^ '^r'^''' ^''''"'>'' f'^''- principal military flrength of the country is noxv in the hands of S'fSon ' "' ' ''"^' ''""'"* °^ '^' ''^' '^ J^"'*^""' ^^- ^^'"^^' i-ormcri; tic Egypt G r. 805 they dicf in great Sm,nl,ers. Ti I hriXo e t s l-^^ T""'' "'^ ^"""^'T' ^'"^^ by the name of Gipfics Ot' Jat^ ho,£. . ^ ^ '?-''? '"*" "'■^' ^""'P'- and Afia, and adopted the nrj. S'J^^:^:Z;'2>:^,;^-^Jr '''^'' '''''''' ^'''' J^r^'ZXy^t M Lrb"TV^' ^ep -t^tl^l^ito-nan Pone of its Ali turned Mahommn and bci ^ f^^''^"- ^^^a. PnoU of the Greek church. to the grand figufoi- irhead wL^ord.i I 'i^^f^''"" havtng been n.ade againfl him. pri.edlf the Sef.g ,Tc Wu' d^^^^^^^^^^^ S^ '?" '^' ^«"*^^"'"'op'>^ but being ap: and was f, on enabled to p h n.Sf t he if. H r ' '"^"'"'"i''^':. "^'P ^^^ought the o?der, diftrefsful and dangerous' uation o W^ch r'h^ T Ta"'^'' ■ ^'^'"^ ''^"'''''^' °<' '^^ qucnce of the v^r with Sk he h^l , "^ f ^!"'"'''" ^''•'* ^^'^"^•'^^' '" ^""'■^- of Kgypt. But norco uem wk th^ ^^ nounted the throne of the ancient Sull4n« PaleS, and that par'of A/abil wW^^^^^^^^ ^' f"" ^^♦•^' ^'^"" ^" S^^'^' marched at the head . Li. Xs tc^fumooi? th^ ""^''"^ '? ^'" '^'>''" ^"^^^"■^- ^« fome of the neighbounng p Sees th of f')^^^^^^^^ and aftually fubci.ed that he was engaged in the bTroa cnte-nri.. 1."" " '""* ^V ' '• ^^ ^^"' ''^'"^ ^i""-' blifhing of a regu'lar fo^.u .Fgov .^^aft ^^ ^/. ^'f; T ' ^'^ ^T""^" ^^' '^^ ^'^- that had been long the leat of -in rZlnM "//"^'^^"^'"g. order into a ountuy tended to commerce; fo which rpfe he rvf"^'"' ""^ ""''''' ^^^^ ^'^""")' ^^- tian traders, atid took ottTonTe Cell nJ •^^'''''^'"'''K^ ^^ the Chrif- werefubjeaed in that barbarous c^ntn'HT"a^V.?^'"'^^ 'I "'^'^"^ ^'^"^-^ Venice, with the greated alfuranre, o?k: "/• ^"'V^'^f*^ '"^ '^-'^t^''' to the republic of fhould meet with ever dl^ree Tn n^J^ f'iendm.p, and that their nlerchants to be, to nukehiSmXof tKriefl '^'^^^^ , "'^ great defign was faid tions, but particularly to the Eurone^n, If? ' " TV^''' P'"' '^* ^'''''' ''' "l' ^^• centre of connnerce^ The coS '/ • '"^ "''>'"' ^'^y^' ""^'^ ">°''^ the great thought and abHitrthat indicated nn'r '?\"V^'i ^'y ^>^"'«' ••»" ^^^^^''t of equal to thefounLg of anenuie t^^ ''^'"'V/' ^"^* '^^'i^'''«^ =» """'• however, for Ibn.e time extrenTe ffortun te he'' I,""' '/''l'^' '\'"^'''^''"'- ^^^ ^^'^''' ancient fultans of Earpt ind wf, Si ? ' ''^'^'^f'^. '^"^ '''^^' •'>"^' '^^tc of the Arabian princes, wh^o '^l^^nX efpoufe^l "^f ^^^^ ^''^'''' •^•'^' ^""'e other allhisenlerpriz^sagainfttheLiahbo^^^^^^ "' '"^'^^ ''^'^^*^"'^" '" ^I"'^'^ repeatedly defeated" bu he uSfc "i f'''' ?^-J"'«^\->^» l>an,as, whom he the bafe and ungrateful condua of h^K •• •' ,' "^ '^"^ '''"S^''^"^ oi' Ecrvpt by his troops beingto^allySSlttn ''''"'' 'I^ ^^'^^^'"^"^ ^^>' ^'"^^"''-^'^ and taken prifoner: h^ li?Uf h s wonnr ' ^^'^'^^ ^77,3 and himfelf wounded boudaab afterwards gove ne 1 F^^^^^ Grand Ca mo. A- tofubdue SheikDahe^ " r S tin, wk'h 'f' '"f ''''''Y ""'^ ^^•'-'«'"^' the places he took, he as found S^- T\^''f ^ ""'^'>' '" ^*^^ inhabitants of to be l^rangled. SheHc ,Hher .ccttf.b^ ^ l^cione morning at Acre, fuppolcd alfurances,'embraced the carnl Tnfnit ?"^^^ ^"" f-'""'^'^>'' ^'^^ ^^"'^''^^^ ^« '^Jr the captain produced h LX'a d b^ T 'Tu'' "^''^r ?" ^''''''^ '"'^ ^^^'1'' ^^^en cut oft- in the 8.th year o? his ;ge '" ^'^''' ^'^ ^'"'^''^ '"^''y' ^^^ ^is head Pacha, confined aJdwatch'edirh;Jll^3^"clo'!^ '^^'^ '^^^^•- »^"^ ^^''^ lo •dtis, than the leprcicut taiivcof thcfultan. fiJ ^ ^^'^ fi^^ (j IS rather the pvironcr of ihe I\Tr Ui mm If* ■( 806 ) Thb States of BARBARY. UN D E R this head I (hall rank the count lies of, i. Morocco and Fez- 2 Algiers ; 3. Tuuw ; 4. 'I'ripoli and IJarca. ' *' Ihc cmp.rc of Morocco, including Fez, h bounded on the Noiih by the Me- duerrancau lea; on .he South, by Tafilct ; and on the Kaft. by SegelnJa and the knigdon. at Algiers, beu.g .500 n.llcs in Jength, and 480 in breadth. >cz. which IS now united to Morocco, is about 125 miles in length, aiul much the lame in breadth. It hcs between the kingdom of Algiers to the Eatt, and Mo- rocco on the louth, and is furromided inother parts by the fi.«a ....if'Z'' '^'■.""""l?' *,>';.'«^«"'' '« t^oujided on the Kaft by the kingdom of Tuni^ on the North by the Mediterranean, on the South by Mount Atlas, and on the W eft by the kingdoms of M( rocco and Tafilet. According to Dr. Shaw, who refided 1 2 years at Algiers in .quality of chaplain to the Britilh fadory, and has corredlecl .11.1 1> errors ot ancient aud modern geographers refpeaing the ftates of Barbary, s be «""n"^o'^'"r'' '" ''';^'^ "1° "J''*^^ ^^°°« '^' '""''^ °f ^he Mediterranean, and IS Detv\cen 40 and 100 miles in brcadtn. Tuuis is bounded by the Mediterranean on the North and Eaft ; by the kingdom . 1 Algiers on the \V eft; and by Tripoli, with part of IJiledulgerid, on the South ; VVelf "' '" "^ "^"^ ^""''^ '° ^°"'^' ^"^ -^70 in breadth from Eaft to Tripoli, inclujing Barca, is bounded on the North by the Mediterranean fca • r\u\? n"!"^ 1^ -,^ ''''T'y ""■ '^^ I^'-'benes; on the Weft by the kingdom of iuni. Biledulgcnd, and a territory of the Gadamis; and on the Eaft bvEjrvpf .extending about iico miles along the fea-coaft,; aud the breadth is from i to 300 Each eapital bears ihe name of the ft.ue or kingdom to which it belongs, but the capital of Biledulgerid (the ancient Numidia) is Dara. b . "^ « 1 his being preniiled I ftiall coufider the B'arbary Hates as forming (which they really do) a great political confederacy, however independent each may be as to t he exercife of us internal policy; nor is there a greater diflerence than happens in ditierent pro\mccsof the fame kingdom, in the cufton.s and manners of the inha- •Oiiauts. A,iK AND SEASONS.] The air of Morocco is mild, as is that of Algiers, and in- deed all the other ftates, except in the months of July and Auguft, Soil, vkoetable and animal) 'Ihefe ftates, under the Roman empire PRODUCTIONS, BY SEA AND LAND, f wcrc juftly denominated the garden of the .world ; and to ha\ e a lehdence there, was coufidered as the higheft ftate of luxun- Ihc produce of their foil formed thofc magazines, which furnifhed all Italy, and great part ot the Roman empire, with corn, wine, and oil. Though the lands are now uucultivated, through the oppreflion and barbarity of their conftituiion, vet tUey are Itill (eiule, not only in the above mentioned commodities, but in dates, hgs, raifine, almonds, apples, pears, cherries, plums, citrons, lemons, oranges, pomegranates, with plenty of roots aud herbs in their kitchen-gardens. Excellent hemp and flax grow on their plains; and by the report of Europeans who have lived there for fomc time, the country abouiids with all that can add to tlieplealures^of h:e; for their great people tind means to evade the fobriety pre- Icribed by the Mahometan law, and make free with excellent wines, and fpirits of Iheir ou-u grow th and manufaaurc. Algiers produces falt-petre, aud great quan- i^^ fc*-^ Th. Sr«TU oi BARBARY. j juw cr««iic„. f„„ .„a ,„<, ,„, i,„„ „,, ^^„ fo.„di„;..„,p,.„, „f Though ,l,err breed i^owllir.; VS;^'"5, ^^^f "t' ?-' '° '•" A"^'- onally imported nto EndanH r-,r«j ^; ■ ^ , " ^^'X ""^ o»es are occafi- Their cows are but fmaU aad K of S ThT T ^'"^'5 ^?"« of burden. fleeces, b- are very large/ a, arcSgo^sLrsporct^^^^^^ ^"' '"^'^"^"^ rabbits, ferrets, weafels, .nole,«. canieleonT ^n.jln i -^^ P "'•f*'-^'''''' ^P^"'' hares, Befides vermin, fays Dr. Shaw, (Sz?« of hU r i ? ' u 'T^? ''' ^"""^ here prehenfions we were under, in fon'Sm t^^^ ''"^^ ^^'^''y^' '^^ ^P" ftuug by the fcorpion, the r'ir " r £ ' t '^'"'^ °^ "^'^ ^°""»'-y. <>( being bitten or ourrep'ofe; areLfhrneutTveVg^^^^^^^^^^^ rarely faUed to' interrupt veller. Partridges and quails eadfs hli'i,! , W^. "^'^e^ary to a weary tra- on this coaft; and of tXe mafle? blr^ ^t Tao(t fn^'"'' °^- ^''^■^°"'' ^^^ ^""^d beauty, and the fweetnefs of its note which i^rh^L'''^ " renyarkable for its bird, but it cannot ifve out of its o^rcHmate °"^h^ T '""''f'^^' "^ a"y other ^ ^'^^'ir::^^::::::},^^^ f^r more fay. Its capital contained 100.00Q houfes whe^al ,. " r • '^.' '\ *' travellers contain above 25.000 inhabilantsrnt^ carTe th h kThaTth" V^""""^^' "^' ^" country are more populous, if it is tr,,e rhlt .jt: T '^*^ other parts of the and foot, of foreign negroes; in his armtea ^"'^ °'''"P^'"^ ^^ «^'°^o horfe 4 al^£,tft-J-^^^^^^ ^5,000 Jews, and territory. Some travellers repor that it h Jnh,h . 'f u '^' P°P"'°"'nefs of its P^;e.^;j.oa. very ^^^^nf in\i;S ^i ^^^ ^.(^/-^ taiS^Z^Jl^rltr^^r^'^^^^lta^,,^^^^ nates The capital con. from their manners. Their diSion are we7?e"t'r"T"^ ""^'^ ""P^- paid to the military, mercantile, and learned profeLns^' Vl P'°']" ""^^^^ '^ rtup xvith the European ftates; arts and manu&£?:f ^ /^^^/""vate friend- ammigthem; and the inhabit;nts are Sd TpreSr o t'' ^^ ''^^^>^ introd.cd yanous labours of the loom. Ihe SiL unln ^" f,5q"amted with the their pcrfons; and though the men areibn burm .V, ^T'""'-^' ^^^^^^•^•<^ i" very delicate ,u.r are they lefs ne" and^etgant in' thelTr "l" "1^^^ >^'^« '* the beauty of their ev-es by art nartin.I.r ! ^i ! -^''' b"^ they improve mem. acc'ordiug to th'e opiU Xh^Sed Drst'"" V^^^'^ ^ ^'^' P^l when me is faid(z Kings.^hap. Jx. vei^?To1 m h ' • ^'^ i*^'^' "'^'^^ ^^''^ of of the original being, tia't ihefet off her ey^^ u^h lie ^nowd' ^"/?'^' '^' ^^^^'^ gentlemen m general are Ibber, orderly and c ean 5 n Mf ° r*"^ ^''^■^'■^- '^^^ our genteel and coiiiplaiJaut, and a wonderfi f ^ ^" J^"^""'' ^''^'^ be!..r.i- flreeis and city. ^ ' ^"^ * wonderful reg-nlanty rtigns through -,11 ,hc J^^Jf :i Mi'^.i'iM- SoS The States of B A R B A R T. Tiipoli u;t> once the richcft, niofl. populous, and opulent of all the flates on the foall; but u is now much reduced, and theinhabicants who are faid to aniount to between 4 and .^00,000, have all the vices of the Algerines. 'J'hcir manners arc much of a piece with tjjole of the Egyptians already defcrib- ed, TheJ'ubjeasof the Barbary ilates, in general fubfifting by piracy, are allow- ed to bo lx)ld intrepid mariners, and will fight del'perately when ihey meet with a prize at fea. They are uotwithlUndirig far inferior to the Englifh, and other Euro« pean ftaies, both in the coulhudiou and management of their velfels. They ' are, ir'vve cKcept tlie Tunifnies, void of all arts and literature. 'J'he mifery and poverty o " the inhabitants of Morocco, who are not immediately in the emperor's fervice, are beyond all deleriptiou; but thole who inhabit the inland parts erf" the country are au holpitable, inoSenfive people; and indeed it is a general obfervatiou, that the more dilhmt the inhabiunts of thole Hates are from the feats of their govern- ment, their manners are the more pure. Notwithftanding their poverty, they have a livelinefs about them, efpecially thofe who are of the Arabic defcent, that gives them an ,iir of contentment ; and having nothing to lole, they are peaceable among the-nfelves. The Moors are fuppoled to be the original inhabitants, but are now blended with the Arabs, and both are cnieliy oppreifed by a handful of iufolent .do.nineering Turks, the refufe of the ftreets of Couilautinople. Drkss.] The drels of thefe people is a linen fliirt, over which they tie a filk or doth \eilmeut with a fafh, and over that a loofe coat. Their drawers are made of linen. The arms and legs of the wearer are bare, but they have. flip, pcrs on then- feet.; and pertons of condition ibmetimes wear bulkins. They never inove their turbans, bat pull ofl' theij- flippers when they attend religious du- ties, or the perlbn of their fovereign. . They are fond of Itriped and fanciec! filks. The drefs of the women is not very dirterent from that of the men, bur their •ir.iwers are longer, and they wear a fort of cawl on their heads inltead of a lurban. Ihe chief furniture of their houfes confills of carpets and mattraffes on which they lit and lie. In eating, their flovenlinefs is fhocking. They are prohibited gold and filver veifcls ; and their meat, which they fwallow by hand- luls, is boilvid or voalled to rags. Rkligion.] Ail foreigners are here allowed the open profeflion of their i.ligioM, but the inhabitants of thefe Itates are Mahometans; and many fubiedls of Morocco follow the tenets of one Hamed, a njodcrn ibaarift, and an enemy fo the ancient dodrine of the califs. All of them are very fond of idiots ; and in fome cafes their protcaion fcreens oflenders from punifhment, for the moil noto ' rious crimes. In the main, however, the Moors of Barbary, as the inhabitants of thele ilaiesarenow proniiicuouhy called, (becaufe the Saracens lirft entered Europe from MHuritania,_ the country of the ?»Ioors,) have adopted the very worft pans of the Mahometan religion, and leem to have retained only as much of it as countenances their vices. Adultery in the women is puniflied \\iih death: but though the men are indulged with a plurality of wives and concubines, they commit the mofl un- natural crimes with impunity. Languagk.] As the dates of Barbary poflefs thofe countries that formerly went by the name of Mauritania and .Numidia, ihe ancient African language is Hill I'poken in fomc of the inland countries, and ^ ^"^ bar- other public buildings wh ch ren^Iin ftirin yn?.^W 7"^' .^"'Phnheatres, and of clallical antiquity, many slracen monnm.n. t f^fervation. Befides thofe ficence, are likewise fou 2 i n thU ^TZT^y^r '^' "'o^ ft"Pendous magni- of Bagdad, and the ancient king, of tL To^t.^ tf'''''-''^*^'^.""^*^^ ^^^^^^l'^' Turks, or reduced to its prefent lorm of gorn^^n^ lU^ ^^f, ^f^^'^ by the cipal fortifications in the country both !nS ^ •"' '^*"' ^°''"» t^e prin- or no natural curiofities iSoSg i^ this coir r1 """"' •'^- • ^" *'°°^- «f ^w in fome places take up an ar^ of f^x ^0/5^'^""^ "' ^^>P"«' ^^^ich here^Ja. are fo hot a? to bod a lar^ ^S'of ttSn^^rdrr l^t^^ ^^^"^Zu^ ^^^^ -de of Morocco, common people live in a dirt? flovl^f; ma^e/ ' "' ^^ '^ ^^ ^"^"'^^^ ^he puStoTonfain^£^•^^^^^^^^^^^^ circuit, though it is con. public baths are large, a'nd hatfomr Their country and fea from Algiers is very l,eaSul blt^K 'f ^'?e P'-oO'e« of the mountain; but the city, though for l^veS aees it iS^h '/? '^ ^/"'^""^^ ^^ » powers in Chriftendom, it is laid, could ma kfhu Tf • T? ^""^^ ^^ '^"^ S^^^^^^ fiege. and that three Englifh fiffy.gunXDs^H.h^ I ^^ °' ^v^"'" ^^^'^^ ^ ^ular habita-.ts from the harLir Ifl-n hi'^L^^S^'"^' the ears of its isi. either in courage or condua Thel Irfe -f • "'"^ '^"^^ ^^^" ^^'"y '^^ficie^ fea, but were repulfedwrth great lolT fho^.Jl." ' V"f ^'''' ^77.5. by land and ^ horfe, and 47 icing's ftipsofS/ent rat \nd{i'f "r" '°'°°? *^°^ «"^ ^oS and 84, thfy nlfo^enew^ their aTacL by C^^^ J^^j'-y?;" ^83 ^^^^^^?^;^^^^ ta: ttS^;Sh^u; ~g .om theco.inent to ^^i^l^'l^Zr iT: S t^^^ th^tnulnftTni^jfSel^ ^5<^^?^1^ ^^^^J!^« ^' «" ^^efe ilates. contains pital, about 30 miLTufhTjld Sanh 'Jr. ^f '". ^°-°^ ^«'^^"'«"- ^he cal miles in circumference The hn, ?;., ^ ' ^'' %,"fi'^ations. and is about three dious; as is the public excha.?r Sr mer."h-' r^'^'^'T^ ^^' "^'at and commS giers. if K ,i;ft..(r..i xu" „ , "^*= i®"^ "^ercham aad then- eoodB. hut "k- M ■ ".. ~ "■"'-" iwf Want or heili water. "' "'' " ' " 8io The States of B A R B A R Y. II w The city of Tiipoli confifts of an old and new town, the laucr Lciiig the moll fiou'iiftnng; but never can nuke any con(iderable figure, on account of the incon- veniences attending its litnaiion, particularly the want of iWeet water. I'he city of Orau, lying upon this coaft, is about a mile in citcuuifercnce, and is fortified both by art and laturc. It was a plact; of conhderable trade, and, the objed of many bloody difputes between the Sjianiards and the Moors. Conltantina was the ancient Cirta, and one of the ftrongeil cities of Numidia, being inacceflible on all lides, excepting the fouth-welt. Beiides the above towns and cities, many others, formerly of great renown, lie Jcattcred up and down this inimeufe tradl of country. The city of Fez, at preVent the capital of the kingdom fo called, is laid to contain near 300,000' inhabitants, befides merchants and foreigners. Its mofques amount to 500; one of them mag- nificent beyond delcrijxion, and alwut a mile and a half in circutnference. Me- qiiiucv. is eileemed the great emporium of all Barbary. Sallee was formerly famous for the piracy of its inhabitants. Tangier, lituated about two miles \\ithin the ftraits of Gibraltar, was given by the crown of Portugal as part of the dowry of ijueeu Catharine, confort of Charles II. of England. It was intended to be to the Englilli what Gibraltar is now; and it muft have been a moft noble acquifiiiou, had not the mii'underllandings between the king and his jiarliament occafioned him to blovy up its fortifications and demolilli its harbour; ib that from being one of the fined cities in Africa, it is now little better than a fiddng town. Ceuta, upon the lame ftrait, almoft oppofue to Gibraltar, is ftill in the hands of the Spaniards, but often, if not always, befiegcd or blocked up by the Moors. Tetuan, which lies within twent)^ miles ol Ceuta, is now but an ordinary town, containing about 800 houfes; but the inhabitants arc faid to be rich, and tolerably civilized in their manneis. 'Ihe provinces of Suz, Tafilot, and Gefula, form no part of the dates of Bar- bary, though the king of Morocco pretends to be their fovereign ; nor do they coatain any thing that is particularly curious. Zaara, is a deiert country, thinly peopled and nearly deilitute of both water and provilions. Manufactures and commerce.] The lower fubjefls of thefe dates know vciy few imaginary wants, and depend partly upon their piracies to be fuppli«d with ueceifary utenlils and manufaaures ; ib that their exports confift chiefly of leather, fine mats, embroidered handkerchiefs, fword-knots, and carpets, which are cheaper and fofter than thole of Turkey, though not fo go^\^ ^^'^^^'^ "-- chief reprefemariveof Mahomr Wh! 1 ^ Pays him ad.ftai.t allegiance a, fhc VhisfemLifuCas toHnLhoAv H ^^"''''■' ''" ™y ''"l'^ "gard is paid b'U thir is lilHr.,, r <• f "°eyf.«- It IS true, he niuft be coniirmcd by the Porte • 'it noJer of rT^'''-'S''^? '^'^ ^^^'''" '' "« itrangerto the difpofitions o/t e peopk' tTL,« .!,« o/i • V ^'' "letters ot importance, the de^ is e\oe<^<' By the beft accounts we have received, the kins of AT SKA AND LAND. ) Morocco Can bring to the field loopoo men: but the itrength of this army confifts of cavalry mounted by his negro (laves. Thofe wretches arc brought young to Morocco, know no other ftatc but fervitude, and no other mafter but that king, and prove the firmeft fupport of his tyrany. About the year 1727, all the naval force of Morocco confided only of three fmall Ihios which lay at Sallec, and being full of men, fometimes brought in prizes Ihe Algermes maintain about 6500 foot, confifting of Turks, and cologliesfor the fons ot loldiers. Part of them ierve as marines on board their veffels. About 1000 of theni do garnfon duty, and part are employed in fomenting differences among the neighbouring Arab princes. Befides thefe, the dey can bring 2000 Moorifh horfe into the held; hut as they are enemies to. the Turks, they are little trufted Thofe troops are under excellent difcipline, and the deys of all the other Barbary ftates keep up a force m proportion to their abilities; fothat a few years agiD they refjfed to lend any tribute to the Turkifh emperor, who feems to be Iktisfied with the fha- dow of obedience wnich they pay him. It is very-^reniarkable that though the Cartliagini ^s, who inhabited this very country of Barbary had greater fleets and a more -xtenfive commerce than anv other nation, or than all the people upon the face of the earth, when that ftati flounlhed, the prcfent inhabitants have fcarcely any merchant fhips belonging to them, or indeed any other than whni Sallee, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli fit out lor piracy; which, though increafed fince the laft attack of the Spaniards, are now but few and fmall, and fome years ago did not exceed fix Ihips from thirty-fix to fifty guns. The admiral s Ihip belongs to the government ; the other captains are aii pointed by private owners but fubjeft to military law. With fuch a contemptible fleet, thele mfideis not only harafs the nations of Europe, but oblige them to pay a kind of tribute by way of prefents. ^ ^ History ] There perhaps is no problem in hiftory fo unaccountable as the deca- dence or fall of the fplendor, power, aud glory of the ftates of Barbary ; which, when Rome was nuftrefs of the world, formed the faireft jewels in the imperial diadem. It was not till the fcv^nth century that, after thele ftates had been by turns in pof- feffion of tlie Vandals and the Greek emperors, the califs or Saracens of Bacxlad conquered them, and from thence became mafters of almoft all Spain, fro.n whence their pofterity was totally driven about the year 1492, when the exiles fettled among their friends and countrymen on the Barbary coaft. This naturally begot a perpttual var between them and the Spaiijaids. who nrcffed then\ fo hard that " .1 :y Calicu to Ok THE SLAVE COAST, &c. 813 tbeir afliftance the two famous brother Rar^.arr^ft^ ,1- fleet, and who, after breakbg thfsp^niS yokf inTr^^^^^^ "^"'-^'^^ thole ftates (excepting Moroceo) their own Snm^f "P°" '^^ inhabitants of all peror Charles V. to ?eduee' Allrr^nri ,nis bm .'h '""P^' were made by the em, already obferved. the inhabitarEvefn fad Lken o^^^^ ^"^' ^« The emperors or kings of Morocco are fhetcefflofTSJ^- ^^ country who were all called TprJrtc ,„«^ ur '"'^^"°^s ot thofe lovereigns of that of theLacer"TL;ttra^„"glre^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^'^^ ^^^' °f the califat^ have had among them'^fome able princ^ pardcuTarW M^,^f ^ 2't'"' ^ though they and killed Don Sebaftian, king of PoTu ' 1 Thev hav^^^^^^ f^?^"'', '"*^° ^"^*^^^^'^ nued ftate of warfare with the kings SsplaS?th ''^ -"^'"^^ ^ ^°""- nor does the crown of Great Britain IbmSl dffd. n ^l'" P""^^' ^^" ^'^*^e; chafe their friendlhip with prefei ts '"'"''""^^ '^'^'^^^"' «« "^ ^he year 1769, to pur! Of A F R I C A, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good-Hope ' >!iee the Table and Map. . P^"^ ' T" na3::!^rCK^^:SiSe^ fbe.kir^,very.little known: there are ignorant not only of the bounSrhut even of 2 ""'T/ P'''' ' ^° '^at we tries. In many material circumfta^ces the nh.^. T"f t- ^'^''''^ "''^"^^ '^°"°- agree with each other.. If we except the oLnt^ 'a W ^.^'^"^^e continent profefs a mixture of ChriltianitrfudliL^ an] pf/-^^^^ ^ho are tawny, and complexion: in their religion/L-eirortSe /^""a'"' V^'^u t'^ ^» of a black and fettled by ftrangers. ^hey ar^Taeans- and rt'"*? ' ""'^-'^ ^^'''^ ^^^^ ^^^"^d where monarchical. Fe^ princirhoS; rf.lr '"' °' government is every as the natives, of thi. part of Afrk; are Slv^f ' "'"'^ if 'f'^^'"" jurifdiaion ; for finement, they are little acqu^n^ed ^^hf^'^T^"^' '" '" '^"^ '"'"« «f ""l«y o; re- ibcicties,' eac^ governed "^^0^""^"^ "l^A^ and generally united i'n fmaU Congo. LoangofandAngoi we areSof ini/^'" "^^leed, as well as ix, nation, it is found that thi .Jth^rity of Sefe^^^ monarchs ; but on exami- each tribe or fepa rate body o^thdi VS^/k • ^'^'^^ « Precarious footing, chieftain of their own, ftyU NeSs T whnf "^' ""^", '^l "^""^"^^ «*' ^ P«ty thofe of the iV.^.//.. iV^.^./i.T'of kfn^^ ^ ^"^•'^^'" ^omrar^ to This indeed muft always be the cafe In^it S'e '.7 "'" ^J^'^ys I'eady to fubnut. ing. like all others, is In a very fmlple ndlmpe fS ftTe "l^'^he'? ''' f ^"^■'^^^- throne, force generally prevails o-ver ri^ht 3 1 1^ , lucceffion to the teral relational on thVacc^nt comutlV p efe"rre^^^^^^ ^'h^'^'^r"' ? '''^''- ^^"- male or female. v.oiumomy preferred to the. defcendants, whether The fertility of a country fo prodijrioufly extenfive u,\crhy \^ r r ^ nous than we find it isj in f,Vl there X no ^1,^' ""g^^ ?« %Pofcd more va- regard to the advantages o. 'c. it I either ne^^Jh K "" '^"' P"' ^^ Africa with this arifcs from the inteale. hca ' of the fun u^ fr^^^K ''"' ""' '""''^^^y '"^'"^ = moiilure, produces the tum..a L-"incy "J -f /hot f " "^'''^ ^''^ ^""ffi^^^'nt few ri^'ers, reduces the furfacc of the e^i'th to . l! ^""^"es where there are Be ? Jff'' tlilW'jfl-.j M i 814 Of the slave COAST, &c. cularly where the rivers overflow the land, part of the year, as in Abyfl'mia, the produdlious of nature, both of the animal and vegetable kindf, arc found iu the hij^heft perfedtion and greatcft abundance. The countries of Mandingo, Ethio- pia, Congo, Angola, Batua, 'JVuticui, Monomotapa, Cafati, and Mchenenuigi, are extremely rich in gold and lilver. The baler metals likewilc are found in thelc and many other parts of Africa> But the perlbns of the natives make the mod conlider- able article in the produce and traffic of this miferable quarter of the globe. On ihc Guinea or wcftern coad, the Pngiilh trade to James Fort, and other fettle- itients near nnd up the river Gambia, whcie they exchange their woollen and linen manufactures, their hard ware and fpirituous liquors, for the perlbns of the natives. By the treaty of peace in 1783, the river of Senegal with its dependencies were given up to France. Among the Negroes, a man's wealth confifts in the number of his family, whom he fells like fo many cattle, and often at an inferior price. Gold and ivorv, next to the Have trade, form the principal branches of African commerce. Thefe are carvicd on from the fame coaft, where the Dutch and French, as well as Euglifh, ha\e their fettlements for this purpofe. According to a late fenlible writer, Mr. Ramfay, the annual Britifti exports to Africa are eitimated at 500,000!. including a confiderable quantity that is annually exchanged with American and other foreign traders en the coaft, about 5o,oool. of this is returned iu i\orv, gold .duft, gum, &:c. The greateft part of the profits of the flaA e trade is railed on the fugar planutions. If by eftabliftiing fadories, and encouraging civilization on the coaft of Africa, and returning fome of our Weft Indian Haves to their original country, we tried to make up for our paft treachery to the natives, and inftruded the inhabitants m fhe culture of tobacco, indigo, cot- ton, rice, &c. to barter with us for our njanufaduKcr", and fupply ug with thofe articles, our demand for which has been fo advantageous to America, great would be our profits. Were Africa civilized, and could we prc-occupy the afteftions of the natives and introduce gradually our religion, manners, and language aniong them, we ftiould open a market, that would fully employ our manufadurers and feamcn, morally fpcaking, till the end of time. And while we enriched ourlHves, we fhould contribute to their hajjplnefs. For Africa, in its higheft probable ftate of culture, could not poiiibly interfere with the ftaple of Britain, fo as to hinder an cxtenfn e and niutually advantageous trade from being carried on between the countries. The great dift'erence of climate and foil mult dways diftinguilh the fupplies and wants of each. The Portuguefe are in polfcflion of the eaft and weft coaft of Africa, from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Equator; which iumienfe trad they became mafters of by their fucceiiive attempts and happy difcovcry and navigation of the Cape of Good Hope. From the coaft of Zanguebar, on the eailern fide, they trade not only for the articles above mentioned, but likewilc for feveral others, as fena, aloes, civet, ambcrgrile, and frankincenfe. The Dutch have i'cttlements towards the fouthcrn part of the continent, in the country called Caftraria, or the land of the Hottentots, particularly Cape Town, 'vhich is well fettled, and forti- fied ; where their fliips bound for India uluaily put in, and trade with the natives for their cattle, in exchange for which they give tlaf: fpiritous liquors. We are informed b\' a lat .■ learned trav cller, tliat ihe Hottentots live much in the fame manner as the ancient Gauls, mentioned in Csefur's Commeniaries ; re- fidlng in difl'erent hords or tribes, on the banks of rivers, and near the forefts; where they form fo many diftindl villages at^d independent republics. By means of the rivers, the country about them is fertile in the produdion of thofe roots and \Si id iruils uu \vhtcb the i.-vUeutui.T jQ a grcai ixic: Jliit j and the iurefts yiclii Oif TiiK S L A V i: COAST, &( ges though thefeonly rcCcmble our flirubbcric?, th 81. them the like advantr being feldcn n.o.e than iixo^^varScIlifgirill^^l^etZ^^^iil^'S ^Tl/dr cular ; the cabbtna ol which they are con.polcd bc«ing co J d h" ki > d 'o very ow, that a inau muft either Itoop very natch, or crawl or" is iu cS to J t tntothem Ihey lerve. indeed, chiefly to'comain pro^illons a d tS' irni ments oi hulbandry ; the owner hintlelt never occupying theni ui Ic' vhen it 1" at other ttntes he palles his leilbre hottrs in fkepit^^t the d^r of hif h^' n^^^^^^^^^ Ihe entploynient of the Hottentots is purely paaoral; their principal and almoft «i ly oec-upation being the care of their herds of fteep and kinc. Onhe!e e.ch v U kge hath one coma.ou herd; every inhabitant taking it in his turn .0 be licSn U,r .->,.,. V. ic u ,V ^. i"^^""^'"'-^-':. \ciy uinercnt irom tno e w tiich are taken ■ ^n m t S Ar ' y^'.-\P'<^y b<^i^'^: muchVtore nunterous and fierce in the font i tt r^n ! I 'T 'l}"^'^^' l^i^ns. ii^deed, are not very comn.on there b t mo e denradlvc than ours, together with many other ibrious animals that .bomid tan c^d! 't"1."""^""'''^,^ '"^'^ exeurfioz/ towards the Cape, nd de 1 -oy^e tame cattle. lo prevent tnele nns.'ortunes, it is the bulinefs of the herdfman to go or fend, every day round hts diftridt, in order to difcover if any be rtof nrev be urkatg m that quarter. In which caie, he affentbles the whol^ v 1 ge tooeLr art t makes his report; when a party of the Itoutelt among them arnt themle les wuh javelrns and potloned arrows, and f.ilow the perfon vv^io ntay ha^e dip j cS he beait to the cavx> or covert where he is lodged. Here they arrange the H es LTl fT ' r' ^'"^^'T T'^''"^ '^'' '''''> '•'"^l endeavouring to^^ro'^kf iS hv U h? H ^7 °"'' f'''' ^' '' '^^^'^^^bly delh-oyed. Uui^.J a'n>ong thanlll es y he bonds of fraterital concord, the inhabitants of the lame village lie con llan peace. But they take cruel ^.ngeance on the neighL^ourin^ viZ on e f ft jnfalt that ts o^iered the.n. The fubject of theic nuttuaf con.plainu; s ge.^ a IW he ilealing of a fteep or cow, atu! fometimes only a lufpicion of it ; the LZmLes nr.lTAl'''^'^'^^^'''^^""^'^' when they 'deterniine on revenue ; as hev le al poifible means, after having made this determination, to make the aa^reiW nppofe the uyury forgotten; but m. looner do they find their ciillin'ltion L^h t^ken eaedl, m the ecunty of the enen.y, than they fall fuddeniy upon then i h potloned weapoits, fparing tieither age n<.r fex, huf rootittg o>,t at once le who e community : Inch is the method of going to war in this .ountry inc care of houftiold atiairs among the Hottentots belongs to the department of the females. Ihe men, indeed, are the butchers, and prepare the S r dreff ing; bt. the care ot providing the vegetables concerns only the w^men hus ^e able to folio l"^^' '"'^ "'' '" '' T''^''^^ ^"^"'^^^^ ^^ ^"'^' -'' ^'^^' chUdren a e able to follow her, and carrying the relt in hor arms or on her back. In this manner fhe learches the woods and ri-er fides, for roots, pulfe, or fruit; of wl having got en a lufiicent quantity, fhe returns, lights a fire ^n a large Uoi^e be fore the cabbm, and when the viduals are dreffed, wakes her hufband, who f S do.n to his meal wuh the reft of the family. The wotiien are clothed w th fhee, ! 1km as well as the men ; wearing the wool out. aids in f.nnn.er, and ilards du mg the winter. 1 hey wear one fkin over their Ihoulders, the aids of t toW each other before, and lea^ ing their neck bare ; another fkin is fiiflened rc^ u d thS "p£k/'plr'''%'r" ^» /heir knees. Thofe of them who are ambitt" to pkak, adoin Lncniielves wuh necklaces of llieiis; for even m this country ihc i,i fTJ-4 8i6 Of THE SLAVE COAST, &c. ' ^ Si l4 .1 rimi m th^mVw 7 ' "^ '!'•' *^''>' endeavour to heighten by fuch arts as are peculiar to themfclves, and would meet with liiile fucccfs ellewhere. To this eid thev grcale their faces, necks, and ail the naked parts of their bodies with mutton fuef m order to make them ftiue. They braid alfo or plait their hair To givTSfelves "tsif Koil r^nd h''" "°"T' ''X thus'bedizened. ha'th exSed all ^h arts ot her toilet ; and however unfavourable nature may have been to her with re- gard to fhape and ftatuni, her pride is wonderfully flattered, while the folendor of her appearance gives her the highett degree of fatisfadion. ^ ' °^ JHisxoRY.J The hiftory of this continent is little known. We learn from the bthe ?;J^° aY a coufiderable way round the coafts. that the inhab an s were n the fame rude fituation near 2000 years ago in which they are at prefem thatis they had lutlc ot humanity about them but the forn,. This may eithe^S^LccountS for by luppofing. that nature has placed fome infuperable barri'eJ Sween tSZi « of th , diviHon of Africa and the mhabitants of Europe; or that the former, Sing lo long accuftomed to a lavage manner of life, and degeneratiuir from oiie a^ m oce itil I'T' ''""', '"t t^P^"^ «^ "•^'^^"^ anjfprogrelf in cl^ ^ Jfct ">uth at the SL of Cn h'h'^^ '^U ^'T^^i '^' ^^^P^'^^' particularity of the V nr^(^ Tr r °"'' ""J'^ ^^''^ ^^"^ hitherto ineflfedual for making the leaft iJ^^t l?'!^^""-^ *'^ foyereigns of the grcateft part of the coaft, and have a num- ber of black princes their tributaries. There ale fome independent princes who h^ye extenfne dominions, particularly the kings of Dahome and Widah the moft noted of any for the infamous (lave trade. Upwards of 200 years have the EuroSan '.ations traded with Africa in human flelh, aid encouraged hi the Negro countries wars rapine delolation, and murder, that the Weft fndia idands m ght TS plied with that commodny. The annual exportation of poor creatures from AfZ tor flaves hath exceeded 100,000, numbers of whom are driven do^^ h£ ft^p perhaps loo.^ miles from the fea coaft, who are generally inhabitants of village "^S ^raciei^'" "^""^ "' '^' "'^^^ ^>^ ""^^^ ^■^''^' and carried ofl" to be fold t'o ouj &im/Ap^felfi;i5"'^ K- V- ' '^'^'?^ '^ ^^^^^^ '" °"^ fettlements. from SSi mmSt «r, 1 . • ^ '^ ""'^"^ 'i ^P"?''^^ °' ^-^^ '""^«' ^"^ f°"nJ the police and punilhment of a 1 crimes fupported by the flave trade. 'Jhofe who commit crimes or trefpaffes againft their laws, are, a( the decifion of twelve eldm! fold for Xes for the ufe of their governmem. and the fupport of their chiefs. iS. adtdtert and murder, are the h.gheft crimes, and, whenever they are detefter/uS tS whole family to flavery But any individual condemned^to l.avery for the Sie of h« relation, may redeem his own perfon, by furniftiing two llave/in his room Or Avhen a man commits one of the above cardinal crimes, all the male mrt This fa- Th^r. rti ■•"' '"^'"'" ° '^'' ^""^ ''^ ^'"^y ^^"^J' «« "«de my very bofom bleed Ihs traffic in crimes makes the chi^s vigilant. Nor do our j^laiuerTwho Pur chaletheim ufe^auy pains to inftrud them in religion, to make them amends for to^^erS. ih.r?"^''^^ °">'"'- l'"" ^°">'''^ '^y '^^y -^ uunatui^Hy averfe rK.fr f2l^ Y '^'>f«. ^«.«; yet the Portuguefe, French, and Spaniards, in their fettleinei^s, fucceed m iheir attempts to inftruft them, as much to tl^ X vantage of the Commerce, as of .religion. It is for the fake of Cbriftiamty? and the advantages accompanying it, that Knglilh Haves embrace every occafion of deferi Hjg to the fettlements of thefc nations." « ^ «y Ottawa 01 ueieri- mm' AFRICAN ISLA N D S. 817 of our conttitutioiu Let the nLVocs X^H I ^ 'o.r^Pugnant to the principles made free, and encou^Uient S to .S^^ " ?"• '"""^' ^ P'-^P^''^^ ^reaied, bersto cultivate the fagar^pELfons wU^^ '^^ ^''^ ^"^"^"^ ^0^: bea.oreprofitabletotiptrrrs::S;rtL\^;"^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^-^ -"^^ AFRICAN ISLANDS. O ' he wS or t uSr; "^v^ 1^^, ^^«- or Indian Ocean, and fo.e in the chief of which are Zocotra RabeIm.nH^ Vf ^ r°^" "^ the Indian Ocean; Bourbon, and Mauritius. Te£ M^ '"''"'' Madagafcar, the Comora Iflands, eaftTJaVe (^^^^^^^^r^f'^-- ^^'.^-^ l-' ^^> thirty leagues fifty-four broad, and has two goJi harbours IT/ ^ " ts e.ghty n^iles fong, and taerly to put in when they lofffir pa£ toTnflf '^1 ^•"'"'P""'^ ^'P« "'^^ f"'* couritry, yielding n.oft of the fruits and plants th.t^'.r. r' n P?P"^«"«' P'^^if"! tropics, together with frankincenfe ^im. I ^"^^ "^"^lly found within the are Mahometans, of Arab eS Jn^^^^^^"^^ t"^ ^^''''- '^^^ inhabitants Sheik who is probably tribuS^To S Porte '' "' '^' S^^^^^'"^"^ «f « P"uce or four miles both from the A U Lr^ 'S 'ZS V°";. ^^"^°^?r ^ '^^- ^2, about thiopians, and the Arabians. for.Sy contnidS?^^^^ r ^'^f/M^nians or E. of this idand, as it connmnds th^ent anS inm th^'?' ^ ^''" P°"°« a communication with the ocean iZ.T v ^^''^^^"^h Sea, and preibrves through which the commodiu-es of Ind^l f^'''^ T ^""'"^^'^y '^^ "^^'Z P^^^&^ the difcovery of the Caj^ of Good Hone IhTf i'^T '"1^ 'r? ^^^^Pe ^ but fine, importance/ The ifland^is oS X tii". ' h^ the Red Sea is of little not five miles round. ^' ^^^ * ^^^^n^ f^ndy fpot of earth, r^-^^^^e^:f:7^^t;/^^ «"^' >-ia, and Co. equal diftance from Madaeafcar .nent, they were, driven out in 1 65 1; lintc which the natives have had the fole polfeflion of the ifland, 'under a number of petty princes, who make war upon one another for flave* and plunder. Macritius, or Maurice, was fo called by the Dutch, who firft touched here in 1598, ill honour of prince Maurice their Padtholder ; but the French have given it the name of the islko? France. It is fituated in eaft Ion. 56, iouth lat. 20, about 4C0 miles eaft of Madagafcar. It is of an oval form, about 150 miles in circumierence, with a fine harbour, capable of holding fifty large fhips, fecuru agaiuft any wind that blows, and 100 fathoms deep at the entrance. The cli- mate is extremely healthy and pleafant. The mountains, of which there are many, and fome fo high that their tops are covered with fnow, produce the bell ebony in the world, belides various other kinds of valuable wood, two of which greatly refemble ebony in quality ; one red, the other yellow as wax. The ifland is watered with feveral pleafant rivers well flocked with fifh; and though the foil is none of the nioft fruirful, yields plenty of tobacco, rice, fruit, and feeds a great number of cattle, deer, goats, and Iheep. It wa.s formerly fubjeft. to the Dutch*, but is now in ]x»fleirion of the French. Bourbon. The Ifie of Bourbon is fituated in easft Ion. 54, fouth lat. 21, about 300 miles eaft of Madagafcar, and is about 90 miles round. There are many good roads for fhipping round Bourbon, particularly on the north and fouth fides;, but hardly a fingle harbour where fhips can ride fecure againft thofe hurricanes •which blow during the monfoons. Indeed the coaft is fo furrounded with blind rocks, funk a few feet below the water, that coafting along fhore is at all times dangerous. On the fouthern extremity is a volcano, which continually throws out flames, fnjoke, and fulphur, with a hideous roaring noife, terrible in the nif^ht to mariners. The climate here, though extremely hot, is healthy, being refrefhed with cooling gales, that blow morning and evening from the fca and land : fome- times, however, terrible hurricanes (hake the whole ifland almoft to its founda- tion ; but generally without r;aL;li£^^s^t thcl-wa/hone b t heVlland i' fo fm.n ' '."l""''- ^"'i/-'h P-vifions here n ward bo'und, th;t then then ver^.i^domlbVlt "'"' '" '""'^ ^°^'"^^ ^'-"' ^"^■ floret:;:rlrhaveft:,[:i,^^^ ^ ? g?--^'^' clcpvty-,ove„K,r, and table well furuifhedoSn^^^^^^ H '^'' '^'T''y^ ^' '^'^'^ « P '^'^'-^ fengers are welcome. '' '^''^ '^^^ ^^"^"^^"^^''•^''. niafters oi ft.ps, and pincipal paf. 5 M 2 'i^r Mi «>rv. #. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // '^S . /#.4 &< (/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 !f ilM IIIIIM ■^ li^ III 2.2 ii^ lis IIIIIM 111= 1.4 II 1.6 vQ <^ /^ 7 ^ ^ % t.y # .X^^ .<^. ■ 'T^ °w Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. ;4580 (7)6) 872-4503 4^" % C/^ 820 AFRICAN ISLANDS. A8CEN8IOK. Thia ifland is lituated in 7 deg. 40 min. fouth lat. 6co miles north weft of St. Helena : k received its name from its being difcovered by the Poitu- guefe on Afcenfion-day ; and is a mountainous, barren ifland, about 20 miles round, and uninhabited; but has a fafe, convenient harbour, where the Eaft- India fhips generally touch to furnifh tUemfelves with turtles or torloifes, which are very plentiful here, a»id vaftly large, fonie of then* weighiug above an hun- dred pounds each. The failors going alhore in the night-time, frequently turn two or three hundred of them on their backs before morning; and are fomc- times fo cruel, as to turn many more than they ufe, leaving them to die on the Ihoi^e. St. Matthbw. This is a fmall ifland Ijiug in 6-1 weft Ion. and 1-30 fouth lat. 300 miles to the north-eaft of Afeenfion, and was alfo difcovered by the Portuguefe^ who planted and kept poffelfion of it for fome time; but afterwards defcrted it* this ifland now remains uninhaWted, having little to invite other nations to fettle there except a fmall lake of frefh water. The four following iflands, via. St. Thomas, Princes UtAUD, Annaboa, and Fernandopo, are fituatedin thegulf of Guinea, between Congo and Benin; all of them were firft difcovered by the Portuguefe, and belong ftiil to them ; they fiirnifh. fhippjpg with frefti water and provifions as they pafs by. And to the honour of the Portuguefe government, and difgrace of our Weft-India legiflatures, there are 15,000 Negro Chriitians in St. Thomas', inftruded to read and write, who daily attend divine worfliip, clean and well clothed. Cape Verd Islands. Thefe iflands are fo called from a cape of that name on the African coaft, near the river Gambia, over againft which they lie, at the di- ftance of 300 miles, between 23 and 26 degrees weft Ion. and 14 and 18 deg. north lat. They were difcovered in the year 1460, . by the Portuguefe, and are about 20 in number; but fome of them, being only barren, uninhabited rocks, are not worth notice. St. Jago, Bravo, Fogo, Mayo,. Bonavifta, Sal, St. Nicholas, St. Vincent, Santa Cruz, and St. Antonio, are the moft confiderable, and arc fubjed to the Portuguefe. The air, generally fpeaking, is very hot, and in fome of them ver)' unwholelbme. They are inhabited by Europeans, or the defcendants of Euro- peans, and negroes. St. Jago, where the Portuguefe viceroy rcfides, is the moft fruitful, beft inhabited, and 'argeft of them all, being 150 miles in circumference, yet it is mountainous^ and hai much barren land in it. Its produce b fugar, cotton, fome wine, Indian corn, cocoa-nuts, oranges, and other tropical fruits ; but the plant of moft confe- quence is niadder, which grows in abundance among the clifls. Here is plenty of roots, gardcu-ftufts, hogs, and poultiy, and fome of the prettieft green monki^, with black faces, that are to be met with any where. Baya, or Praya (famous for an aaion between an Englilhand French fquadron the laft war), fituatedon theeaft fide, has a good port, and is feldom without Ihips, thole outward bound to Guinea or the Eaft-Indies, from England, Holland, and France, often touching here for water and refreftiments. In the ifland of Mayo, or May, immenfe quantities of fait are made by the heat of the fun from the fea- water, which at fpring-tides, is received into a fort of pan, formed by a fand-bank, which runs along the coaft for two or three miles. Here the Englifti drive a confiderable trade for fait, and have commonly a man of war to guard the veffels that come to load with it, which in fome years amount to a hundred or more. The fait cofts nothing, except for raking it together, wheeling it ouf of the pond, and carrying it on affes.to the boats, which is done at a very cheap rate. Several of our Ihips come hither for a freight of affes, which they carry to AFRICAN ISLANDS. g,^ Barbadoes and other Britifh Dlantatinns t»,- - u u- governor and priefts, are^lfneg ^s \.nl% K^^^^^^^^ j"-'^' -- '^e negro governor expeas a finall nfe-frnf W , '^ Portuguefe language. The is pleafbd to be inv.^ abotd theh ft^^ comraander that loads fait, and that an Englifli failor, who dropped hTwati J "^^'J ■' ^" '^^'' ^'^ '»"« ^°«ft> - ^/^-p,andhadU«>^;^te^^^^^^ ^:^^!z^, ^£:^J:j^z: ::^s^^t '-'^^^ -^ and was fo called byXDutcrfrotan^^ ^?^' ^- ^'c'' J^'^^^' ^- '«"• ^7-2o, land. It is a fmal/fpot no" ex^eedW ?! ^/"'^ '"^" °^ ].^^ ^'"^^ "^"'^ '" "ol- ance arifes from iis fiLtirfoSefb n.^r r v T'^'f'.'"'''^' ^"' "« '^port- bone of contention between Euro^L "f^' ?^l^^^^ ''^'' ^^° therefore a from whom, ia ,663, it was ta3^v thipn rS^'^K ^-^ Pj'^"^^'' ^3' the Dutch, the Dutch, and in 1^677 fuWued by tt p'^K^i^ff fr' " ^^^ ^P^- V the year 1759, when the Britifh arms werrev;r,! , u Poffelfion u remamed till • ducedby commodore Keppel, batTefCrt^S^. ^ K """^P^"'^^' and it was re- ^63.^ Jt was retaken by Z Engl^it^t t^^S^^^^S ^^'^J^ 29 degrees north lat. about i-.o mies fS,,?'^ /t r It ' ^'^'^ between 27 and names are, Palma, Hiero, GonrZ. TcnlSl r ^°'^°"'°-- ^^^^ P^"''^"^-^ and Langarote. Thefe iilands enfov' a nuS tn,n '■'';'^ ^'"''"'*' Fuertuventura. moft delicious fruits, efneciallv ut 100 miles north of the Canaries, and as many weft of SaHee in Morocco. The largcft, from which the reft derive the general name of Madeiras, or rather Mattera, on account of its being formerly almoft covered with wood, is about 7.5 miles long, 60 broad, and 180 in ciroumfcreuce. It is compofed of one continued hill, of a conuderable height, extending from eaft to weft ; the declivity of which, on the fouth lide, is cultivated and inter- fperfed with vineyards ; and in the midft of this Hope the merchants have fixed their country-feats, which form a very agreeable profpedt lliere is but one confiderable town in the whole iiland, which is named Fonchial, feated on the fouth part of the ifland, at the bottom of a large bay ; towards the fea, it is de- fended by a high wall, with a battery of cannon, and is the only place where it is poflible for a boat to land ; and even here the beach is covered with large ftoncs, and a violent furf continually beats upon it. Though this ifland fecms to hure been known to the ancients, yet it lay con- cealed for many generations, and was at length difcovered by the Portuguefe in 15 19; but others affert that it was firft difcovered by an Englifhman, in the year 1344. Be that as it may, tht Portuguefe took poffeflion of it, and are fti 1 almoft the only people who inhabit it. The Portuguefe, at iheir firft landing, finding it little better than a thick fbrcft, rendered the ground capable of cultivation by let- ting fire to this wood ; and it is now very fertile, producing in great abundance the richeft wine, fugar, the moft delicate fruits, cfpecially oranges, lemons, and ])omegranates ; together with corn, honey, and wax : it aoounds alfo with boars and other wild beafts, and with all forts of fowb, befides numerous groves of cedar trees, and thofe that yield dragons blood, maftic, and other gums. The inhabitants of this ille make the beft fwcet-meats in the world, and fucceed won- derfully in preferving citrons and oranges, and in making marnKilade and perfiimed paftes, which exceed thofe of Genoa. The fugar they make is extremely beamifiil, and fmells naturally of violets. This indeed is faid to be the firft place in the Wert where that manufadlure was fet on foot, and from thence it was carried to the Brafils in America. The Portuguefe not finding it fo profitable as at firft, have palled up the greateft part of their fugar canes, and planted vineyards in their ftead, which produce feveral forts of excellent wine, particularly that which bears the name of the ifland, malmfey, and tent ; of all which the inhabitants make and fell prodigious qaantities. No lefs than 20,000 hogllieads of Madeira, it is faid, are yearly exported, the greateft part to the Weft-Indies, efpecially to Barbadoes, the Madeira wine not only enduring a hot climate better than any other, but even being improved when expofed to the fun in barrels after the bung is taken out. It is faid no venomous animal can live here. Of the two other iflands, one is called Port Santo, which lies at a fmall diftance from Madeira, is about eight miles in compafs, and extremely fertile. It has very good harbours, where fhips may ride with fafety againft all winds, except the fouih-weft; and is frequented by Indiamen outward and homeward bound. The other ifland is an inconfiderable barren rock. Azores. Leaving the Madeiras, with wliich we clofe the account of Africa, we continue oar courfo weftward through this immenfe ocean, which brings us to the Azores, or, as they are called, the Weftern Iflands, that are fituated between «?5 aud 32 degree^ weft Ion. and between 37 and 4.0 north latitude, 900 miles weft A M E R I A, 833 Maria, St. Miguel or IrShael TeJcera I/°r ""''^'V'"'' •'':? "'""^^ ^auta Flores, and cSrvo. 1 hey were difcover«?^.^^ mT 9'""°^*' *'^P'' ^'i^". lifbon, was by ftrefs of' wJSfJr 1 • f^- 'P^^'anders, who iu a voyage to poffeffion of them, to whom^hev im S""^"^'^/^' ^^'^ immediately, aud took Azores, from the great number of tLu^^A 'r"f "^^'l """"^ '" S^'^^'"^! ^^^ there iflands enjoy TverySear and fe«ne t ^"^"T cT^^- ^"'""« '^''^' ^» pofed to violent eLhquZsfrLwhfrSf. I?'' ""r^ ^ Salubrious air; but are ex- mundations of furroSw 'wavS Thei 'Jl^'^" ^'"^"'"^'^ ^"^^^ > «°^ ^^^^ ^^e wine, and a variety of S alfob Jttl? fi Si T^S"' ?'^'";^'y ?""^ '° ^°"^. OU8 or noxious animals bi^d onZ III^ ' f""^ ^^' ^^ '* ^^'^ ^^^^ °° Vorfon- pire in a few hours ^' """^ ''^^ '* ^"'^^ '^"^er they will ex. J;aing"fo"^TntLl;^Ja?:!J^^^^^^^^ ^? f""f ^ circumference, and the .eig^ 'of queen EHzaa.'e^era s the m^^ ^'""'f '^ ^/ u'^^ •^"g^^'^ « account of its harbour, which is fnadous ,nrf v, '^P^rtant o{ thefe iflands, on M. R A. Its Discovbry and CoNctpssx. inwtwt owed7hif%'^^^ "^^'^^'^^^^ Genoa, were the only powers men. and md,g„a.,on. Col„„,b„. ,et,r.d from hU c™„,„, laid wScl SS b:,4 AMERICA. court of France, where his reception was ftill more mortifying, and where, ac» cordiug to the pradicc of that people, he was laughed at and ridiculed. Henry VII. of England was his next rclort ; but the cautious politics of that prince were the moft o)>pofue imaginable to a great but uncertain defign. In Portugal, where the fpirit of adventure and diicovery about this time began to operate, he had reafon to expecSl better I'uccefs. But the Portuguefe contented themfelves with creeping along the coaft of Alrica, and difcovering one cape after another : they had no notion of venturing boldly into the open fea, and of rilking the whole at once. Such repeated difappointments would have broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition required expence, and he had nothing to defray it. His mind, however, itill remained firm ; he became the more enamoured of his defign, the more difficulty he found in accomplifhing it, and he was infpired with that noble enthufiafm which always animates an adventurous and original genius. Spain was now his only refource, and there, after eight years attendance, he at length fucceeded, and chiefly through the intereft of queen Ifabella. Columbus fet fail in the year 1492, with a fleet of three {hips, upon the moft adventurous attempt ever undertaken by man, and in the fate of which the inhabitants of two worlds were interefted*. In this voyage he had a thoufand difficulties to con- tend with; the moft ftriking was the variation of the compafs, then firft obferved, and which ieemcd to threaten that the laws of Nature were altered on an un- known ocean, and the only guide he had left was ready to forfake him. His failors, always difcontented, now broke out into open mutmy, threatening to throw him overboard, and infitted on their return. But the firmnefs and addrefs of the commander, and much more the difcovery of land, after a voyage of 33 days, put an end to the commotion. It was on the morning of the 12th of 0£lober, that Columbus defcried an ifland, whole flat and verdant fields, well ftored with wood, and watered with many rivulets, prefented the afpeft of a delightful coun- try. The crew of the Pinta iuftantly began the Te Deum, as a hymn of thankf- giving to God, and were joined by thole of the other Ihips, with tears of joy, and tranfports of congratulation. This office of gratitude to Heaven was followed by an adt of juftice to their commander. They threw themfelves at the feet of Co- lumbus, with feelings iof felf-condemnation mingled with revesfptce, and implored him to pardon their ignorance, incredulity, and infolence. After this the boats were all manned and armed, and they rowed towards the ifland with their colours difplayed, with warlike muflc, and other martial pomp, ^s they approached the coaft, they faw it covered with a multitude of people, whom the novelty of the fpediacle had drawn together, and w'hole attitudes and geftureo exprefled wonder and aftoniftiment at the ftrange objeds which prefented themfelves to their view. Columbus was the firlt European who fet foot in the new world which he had dif- covered. He landed in a rich drei's, and ^vith a naked fword in his hand. His • Dr. Robertfon obferves, that the armament of Columbus was not fuitable cither to the dignity of the nation by which it w.is equipped, or to the importance of the fervice for which it was deftined. It confided of thrc« velfsls. The largeft, a (hip of no confidcrable burJen, was commanded by Co- lumbus, as admiral, who gave it the name of Santa Maria, out of refpeft for the Blelfed Virgin, whom he honoured with fmgular devotion. Of the fecond, called the Pinta, Martin Pinzon was cap- tain, and his brother Francis pilot. The third, named the Nigna, was under the command of Vin- cent Yariez Pinz.on. Thefe two were light veflels, hardly fuperior in burden or force to large boats. This fqnadron. if it merits that name, was vidlualled for twelve months, and had on board ninety men, moftly failors, together wiih a few adventurers who followed the fortune of Columbus, and fome gentlemen of Il'abella^s court, whom ftie appointed to .xcompany him. Though the expence of the undertaking was one of the circumttances which chiefly alarmed the court of Spain, and retarded fo long the negociation with Columbus, the fum employed in fitting out this fquadroa did not exceed four tbo'ufand poundG, ^ America. 835 men followed, and kneeling down, thev all kJin-ri tK« a x- ^ , longdefired to fee; and thev tS SufLflH !■ 1'°""'^ ""^"^'^ ^^^^^ ^^d fo- Galtile and Leon. The natives oF .hi '^ °" °^ '^^ ^"""'^ f^'' tbe crown of foon became i^rn^i^rlT^: sln^^^^^^ % 'through fear, bu of the Bahama idands on whirSun/bu, firft fand^^^^ T"^ t^T' ^' ^^« °"« irom the poverty of the inhabLm, ?K,f .i, r ^f'*' H"^ ^"^ ^°°" difcovered. quell o'-. fn fteerix^g fomhwa d howeve hi' ^^'"h T ^,^>^!^°dies he was iii Ola, abounding in all the S'faries of lif. J ^w '}l '"^"^ '''"^'* "^'"P**"- lable people, and what l^s of ftHl ?L ' " r'^"^"* ^^ ''"'"^"^ ^"^ ^Wi- VDurable Veception Tt W pronSnf ^17'"'^''^^'",' "l" '"^"^^^^ ^^^ f^' derable quantities of S ^ThL i^ndTh T \™P'^ H '"^^"^^d* *^«°fi- centre of his difcoverief : akd hav n,r left nlon'' v'' r^ ^T^^'^ '° "^^^^ '^ the ground-work of a colony. Sed toTn»;. .' ^^"^ «f his companions a* inforcements. ^' ^'"'^°*^ ^^ Spam to procure the neceffary re. anJdft traccCtlo':: oltt'ptl' ^^^f'r^ n^-^"^^ ^^«^^ f-- Seville, gold, the arms, uteS, and on^aSts' of t£e In^ ^T f I^-^^^^"^"^''' ^^^^ entry into Barcelona ^as a fSrci^rof ?riumnh Z^^ )^ >^^ difcovered. This querors, more uncommon, and^ore t^S T^f-S^^^^"' ^t^^^hat of con- a general knowledge of all the iflands iTtwL. ? r ' \oyage he had acquired: South America; bSt he had L ide^;hat therr^/^^ ""^''^ *^t'^'' ^°''h and Ghiaa. Thus were the WeftJndies dilboveid h^r/ t^ ""^^'^ i*'^^"" ^'"^ «"cl and even after the difcovovftmcLtived^Jv.^ ^'"r^u* P'^««^ '"^ "^^ E«ft; The prefent fuccefs of SumlLX fofm" ^J? ^ ^*""''^ hemifphere! tending fo unexpedted ^^^y,lnSrJ^^^^ ^"^ ^^^ ^i?^ «^- his defigns now, as it had been Sory S A flL Pc"^ '" ^"^'/.J° ^^''^^^'^ mediately prepared; all tS^e«Slr2Lf„ ^ ,f ^et of feventeen fail was im- and i5oo^4nramoW whom weff^LfoH^^^^^ ^'^^^ ^"^^^^^«^^ accompany Columbus, now aTt^inSHnvJri? ^t u""^ ^°^^^^' P^P^'^i to It is inipofrible to deterS. S^thl^S^ ^f'^'^" "'"'^ ^"P^^ ^"^^"^y. ceivingtheideaof thefedifcov^iern. Ef ?^ • °^ **>'T ^^te** "»»« i° firft con- he had%onceived, Tft d^S°ve"?r a2^^^^^ «^ the plan fea, and from one iiland to^otL wS t^rfj^*^ f ^"'5''°« *^°"» ^^» »<> aaion among mankind, was nSlJ\o bll'x^ftS A°? ^k ordinaiy^ motives ta beforehim. unable toTura on dtWlln?;^!^^^^^^^ '^"'^ '"^^ a field fey and his pride, d^e^ined ratL^ furT^S^ ^t^ "'^ ?\^^* ^^ ^'« <^"rio. the difcoveries he hadXady mSS Thlrt^ ^^ '?''^t-*'^/?^'°"^- -^^ Spain applaufe of vifning TnumW of u5..Z, ^'^^'''^f^'- h^'^felf the unavailing ofher benefit but tlfeplS7offLin«^^^^^ W^r^K'^'^"? ""^^ ^" ^"P^^ nS paniola» whem He eltebliflied VSkL !L ll\ f^ ^"^ ^'^ "^*^« ^^ Hif- grounds for fecurinrtKiSi^S' fS ^'^ • •* ^^'^L^'* .^^ ™^ft «iv^^^^^ able rime in thrimplo4^r^^d^»iS f "T 5™» ^P^"* » «^o°fider. with as much «ai "nd Sky w iS^^^/^jS" eftablifting of this colony proceeded to afcertaTtt ^ i^^^^*!^ ^^tTsTher^ ,^^^^^^^ he nexl what^ advantages wen. moft liSy The de 1v?d W t^"^^^ H \'!. "^^^^^^ toucl«d at Cuba, which, fnJm fenur Leim^^ fe^j !^^^^^^ ^H'^X whether it was an idand or a nart of rnmV^T^' ^^'^'t a nch fllifcovery; but certain. To afcertSfthir^iSlt tte^L^^obi^S^S^^ waH altogetge; un- ing along the fouthem ftore of^uba^S^fe,^"^ ^'' attention. In coaft. iflimds, of which he reckon^ 160 1 oS^S^ Srrt"^ ma multitude of u^habi.^ and abo««^ ia aU the n<^» lif^^ve^^^Sn^ V^otStT^^ *' •if ill I ^ 816 AMERICA. reflecting on thh feiiillty of nature where the world cxpc(5^ed nothnig but tFie bar- ren ocean ; he called them 'Jarclin de la Reina, or the Qiiyen's Garden, in gratitude to his royal beneHidtrel's, who was always uppermolt in his memory. In the lame voyage Janiaict was difcovered. But to fo many ditficuUics was Columbus ex- poied, on an unknown lea, annng rocks, fhelves, and lands, that he returned to Hil'paniola, without learning any thing more certain with regard to Cuba, the main objeft of this enterprize. By the firlt fuccefs of this great man, the public diffidence was turned into admiration; but by a continuance of the fame fuccefs, their admiration degene- rated into envy. His enemies in Spain let every fpring in motion againft him ; and there is no difficulty in finding fpecious grounds of accufation againft fuch as arc employed in the execution of an extenfive and complicated plan. Au officer was dilpatched from Spain, fitted by his charadler to adl the part of a J'py and informer, and whole preicnce plainly demonltraied to Columbus the ne- celfity of returning to Europe, for obviating the objeftions or calumny of his enemies. It was not without great difficulty that he was enabled to fet out on a third expedition, dill more famous than any he had hitherto undertaken. He defigned to ftand to the fouthward from the Canaries until he came under the equinodlial line, and then to proceed diredlly weftward, that he might diicover what opening that might aftbrd to India, or what new iflands, or what continent might reward, his labour. In this navigation, after being long buried in a thick fog, and lufler- ing numberlefs inconveniences from the exceflive heats and rains between the tro- pics, they were at length favoured by a fmart gale, and went before it feven- teen days to the wellward. At the end of this time, a feaman faw land, which was an ifland on the coaft of Guiana, now called Trinidad. Having palfed this illand, and two others which lie in the mouth of the great river Oronoque, the admiral was furprifed with an appearance he had never feen before : this was the frightful tumult of the waves, occafioned by a conflidl betwixt the tide of the fea and. the rapid current of that immenfe river. But failing forward, he plainly dif- covered that they were in frelh water ; and judging rightly that it was improbable any ifland Ihould fupply fo vaft a river, he began to fufpeft he had difcovered the continent ; but when he left the river, and found that the land continued on to the ■weftward for a great way, he was convinced of k. Satisfied with this difcovery he yielded to the uneafinefs and diftrelfes of his crew, and bore away for Hifpa- niola. In the courfe of this difcovery, Columbus landed at feveral places, where, in a friendly manner, he traded with the inhabitants, and found gold and pearl ia tolerable plenty. About this time the fpirit of difcovery fpread itfelf widely, and many adven- turers all over Europe wilhed to acquire the reputation of Columbus, without poffeffmg his abilities. The Portuguefe difcovered Brafil, which makes at pre- fent the moft valuable part of their poffeffions : Cabot, a native of Briftol, difco- vered the north-eaft coafts, which now compofe the Britilh empire in North- America ; and Americus Vefpufms, a merchant of Florence, failed to the fouthern continent of America ; and being a man of addrefs, had the honour of giving his name to half the globe. But no one is now impoifed on by the name ; all the world knows that Columbus was the firft difcovcrer. The bemg deprived of the honour of giving name to the new world, was one of the fnaalleft mortifications ito which this great man was compelled to fubmit. For fuch were the clamours of his enemies, and the ingratitude of the court of Spain, that after difcovering the continent, and making fettlementb in the iflands of America, he was treated 1 i t t 1 t b c n ii f( t< ■o AMERICA. «37 like a criminal, and carried over to Europe in irons. Wlieuhe arrived in «;n.J« the court began to be alhan.ed of their ungenerous treatn^^eit of tWs leL S' and orders ^.^reinljaml;. ilfued to fet him at liberty, if vindicated hif^ intheprerenceof thel/ng and queen, in the moft^atisfaaory manner and^t^^^^ ample evidence of the malevolehce of his enemies. Ferdinand and Ifabeiifi? Sfd inT '"T' '?' "^^'^ ^'"^ ^^PP^"^^' difavow^dthetrovvledgeonf and a Kpf r 1^^ ^^2 tlgues; andrauruing to Spai,,. ended his life a, V.IUdolid on the 20 h^Mf^ tainted by cel.y or' ^L .t^ ZC'^ it^^^^SZiJi 'XlZ atter hmi, and accomphftied the execution of hU r,lor, 'in, r j- ot^f CuU and Hir^aniola endeavor tol-'j^hat he Lt Sfage^ UX was more improbable and romantic than that of this war Tl^r ™;2' e^ ^ ' rrit:ir-tedre^^^ ri;*o?'3V5t "''The! "f"" """"'" '". ^' -"'"S, t"Vho t f^on'S" bafisof laws co„,bi J w.^^h S? "rfeerd'rbfd Sr^'o'Zel'e"" CO the capital 01 the empire iituated in the middle of Tntackr Ink c «a^ -h .Wnl'""""."'™' °* Antericaninduftry: it communicated S °L .t„;,i"e', 't immenle caulcways, which were carrieii thrrt..^!, .f,„ 1 1 '1 l ■ *"'""^"" °v «« columns oi japer. ,™d containing*^ whatever was tnoft™ ciio^rot'etf 5 N 3 '•■hi ; A •838 A M E R I C .A. Bat all the grandeur of this empire could not defend u againft the Spaniards. Cor- tez, in bis inarch, met with feeble oppolition from the nations along the coaft of Mex- ico, who were terrified at their firft appearance: the warlike animals on which the Spanilh officers were mounted, the artificial thunder which iffued from tlien- hands, the wooden caltles which had waited them over the ocean, ftruck a panic into the natives, from which they did not recover till it was too late. Wherever the Span- iards nurched, they fpared no age or lex, nothing lacrcd or profane. At laft, the inhabitants of Tlalca, and fome other itates on the coaft, defpairiug of being able to oppofe then), entered into their alliance, and joined armies with thole terrible, and, as they believed, invincible conquerors. Cortez, thus reinforced, marched onward to Mexico ; and in his progrefs difcovers a volcano of fulphur and faltpetre, whence he fhould fupply himfelf with powder. Montezuma heard of his progrefs, without daring to oppofe it. This fovereign is reported by the boafting Spaniards, to have commaudixi 30 vaffals, of whom each could appear at the head of 100,000 combatants, arrj»ed with bows and arrows, and yet he dares not relift a handful of Spaniards aided by a few Americans, whole allegiance would be Ihaken by the firft reverfe of fortune. Such was the difl'erence between the inhabitants of the two worlds, and the feme of the Spanilh victories, which always marched be- fore theni. By feeding a rich prefent of gold, which only whetted the Spanifh avarice, Montezuma haftened the approach of the enemy. No oppofiiion is made to their entry into his capital. A palace is fet apart for Cortez and his companions, who are already treated as the mafters of the new world. He had good reafon, how- ever, to diltruft the affeded politenefs of this emperor, under which he fufpedled fome plot for his deftruftion was concealed ; but he had no pretence for violence ; Montezmna loaded him with kiudnefs, and with gold in greater quantities than he demanded, and his palace was furrounded with artillery, the moft frightful of all engines to the Americans. At laft a circuraftance fell out which afforded Cortez a pretext for begiiming hoftilities. In order to fecure a communication by fea to receiva the necelfary reinforcements, he had eredcd a fort, and left a fmall gar- rifon behind him at Vera Cruz, which has liqce become an emporium of commerce between Europe and America. He underftood that the Americans in the neigh- bourhood had attacked this garrifon in his abfence, and that a Spaniard was killed in the adlion ; that Montezuma himfelf was privy to this violence, and had iffued orders that the head of the llain Spaniard fhould be carried through his provinces, to deftroy a belief, which then prevailed among them, that the Europeans were immortal. Upon receiving this intelligence, Cortez went in perfon to the em- peror, attended by a few of his moft experienced officer?. Montezuma pleaded in- nocence, in which Cortez feemed extremely ready to believe him ; though at the fame time he alleged that the Spaniards in general would never be perfuaded of it, railefs he returned along with them to thiir refidence, w hich would remove all jea- loufy between the two nations. I'he fuccefs of this interview fhowed the fuperio- rity of the European addrefs. A powerful monarch, in the middle of hie own pa- lace, and furrounded by his guards, gave himfelf up a prifoner, to be difpofed of according to the indignation of a few gentlemen who came to demand him. Cor- tez had now got into his hands an engine, by which every thing might be accom- pliftied. The Americans had the higheft refpedl, or rather a fuperftitious venera- tion for their emperor. Cortez, therefore, by keeping him in his power, allowing, him to enjoy every mark of royalty but his freedom, and at the fame time, from a thorough kno^wledge of his charafter, being able to flatter all his talks and paf- fions, maintamed the ealy fovereignty of Mexico, by governing its prince. Did 1 AMERICA. 829 the Mexicans, grown fanuliar with the SpanUrds, begin to abate of their refpcft? Momezuma was the firll to teach them more politencls. \Va^ there a tumult tx- cued through the cmehy or avarice of the Spaniards ? Montezuma afcendcd the battlements of his pnlon, and harangued his Mexicans into order and fubmiflion rhjs farce contumcd a long while: but on one of thcfe occafions, when Montezu- ma was (hameluUy dilgraciog his charader by jullifying the enemies of his country. a Jtone, from an unknown hand, ftruck him on the temple, which in a few days oc- calioned his death. The Mexicans, now delivered from this emperor, who co-ope- rated fo ft,ongly w.th the Spaniards, eledt a new prince, the famous G^iatimozin, Who from the beginning dilcovered an implacable animofity againft the Spanifh name. Under hu condua the unhappy Mexicans rufl.ed agaiaft thofe very men whom a little betore they had otfered to worlhip. The Spaniards, however, L the dexterous management of Cortcz. were too firmly eltablifhed to be expelled from Mexico, rijeimmcnfe tribute which the grandees of this coumry had agreed to pay to the crown of Spam, amounted to 600,000 marks of pure gold, befides an amwmg quantity of precious ftones, a fifth part of which was diftributed among the St?!i, "* ''^'^ their avarice and their courage, and made them willing toperilh. l^Z r ^'!i ^"V'^P^'k^"' t,*^°.'y- ^^"^ Mexicans, however, made no fmal eaorts for independence; but all their valour, and defpair itfelf, gave way before what they called the Spamfh thunder. Guatimozin and the emprefs were caLn prU loners. This was the prmcc who, when he lay ftretched on burning coals, by or- fnL^ItT I w ^f'.^5^^«'^«.of 'he king of Spain's exchequer, who infliaed the Jo I- K- K™* -^ a'"' diicover in what part of the lake he had fhrown his riches, faid to his high-prieft, condemned to the fame punifhmeut. and who loudly expreffed his fenfe of the pains that he endured, "Do you take me to lie on a beet of rofes?" The high.prieft remained filcnt, and died in an aft of obedience to his fovereign. Cortez, by getting a fecund emperor into his hands, made a complete conqueft of Mexico; with which the Gaftille D'Or, Darien, and other provinces, fell Sto the hands of the Spaniards. -^ While Cortez and his foldiers were empfoyed in reducing Mexico, thay got in. telhgence of another great empire, fituated towards the equinodial line, and the tropic of Capncorn, which was faid to abound in gold and filver, and precious ftoness and to be governed b;. a prince more magnificent than Montezuma. Thia was the empire of Peru, which extended in length near thirty degrees, and was the only other country m America which deferved the name if a civilized king- dom. Whether It happened that the Spanifh government had not received certain rl^iZf?!, '^'''i"^'"'"^ l''r' ""' '^'' being, engaged in a multiplicity of other concerns, they did not chufe to adventure on new enterprUes , certain it is, that this extenhve country, more important than Mexico itfelf, was reduced by the- endeavours. and at the expence of three private perfons. Ihe names of thefc were Francis Pizarro, Almagro, and Lucques, a prieft, but a man of confidt ZTJl^'^^'i -^ two former were natives of Panama, men of doubtful birth, mid of row education. Pizarro, the foul of the enterprize, could neither read 00^ ™w;>, 5? f. ''''^' into Spam, and without difficulty obtained a grant of what they fhould conquer. Pizarro then fet out for the conqueft of Peru, with 250 foot, 60 horfe, and 12 hnall pieces of cannon, drawn by flaves from the con- queredcoumrjes. If we refiea that the Peruvians naturally entertained the fame prejudices with the Mexicans, in favour of the Spanifh nation, and were hcMcZ f-.id nffh? '"T ^fj'''^ umvarlike, it need not furp^ife us,,after what has been aid of the conqueft of Mexico, that with this mconfiderable force Pizarro fhould iiKike a deep impreftion on the Peruvian empire. There were particular circuir- 9y> AMERICA. ftances likewifc which coufpircd to alfift him, and which as tlKjy difcovci fomcwhat of the hiitory, religion, and ftate of the human mind in thw unmenic counuent, u may not be improper to relate. , it ra r iVlaniro Capac was the founder of the Peruvian empire. He was one of hofc uncommon men who, calm and dilpalVion-ite themlelvcs, can obierve the paihon. of their fellow-creatut^s, and turn them to their own proht or glory. He obierved that the people of i'cru were naturally fupcrllitioius, and had a particular vencra- tion for the fun. He preteiKled theretore to be delcended from that uminary, whofe worflnp he was fcnt to eftablifli, and whofe authority he was entitled to bear. By this ftory, romantic as it appears, he eatily deceived a credulous people and Sought a large extent of territory under his jurildidlion ; a larger he ttiU ubrince of that country ; and of this marriage was fprung Atabalipa. His dde b other, named Huefc4r, of -a diflerent mother, had clatmed the lucceflion ^o the whole of his father's dominions, not excepting Quito, which devolved on he younger by a double conneaion. A civil war hadl)een kindled on this ac- count which, after various turns of fortune, and greatly weakemng the kingdom, ended in fav ,ur of Atabalipa, who detained Huefcar as a priloner, in the tower of Cufco, tiie capital of the Peruvian empire. In tins feeble and disjointed ftate ^^is the kingdom of Peru, when Pizarro advanced to it. 'I he onimous predic- dons of relkicni, too, as in moft other cafes, joined their force to human calann- e Prophtcie; we;e recorded, dreams were recoUeaed, which foretold the fub- eaion of the empire by unknown perfons, whofe dclcnption was luppofed to cor- Sond o the appearance of the Spaniards. In thele circumftances, Atabalipa. iXad of oppofing the Spaniards, fct himfelf to procure their favour. Pizarro. however! whofe tempe.- partook of the meannefs of his education, had no concep. ^oHf dellinK gently w ith thofe he called Barbarians ; but who, however, though r acquainted with ^he cruel art of deftroying their fellow-creatures. were more civilized than himfelf. While he was engaged in conference therefore vv«h Ata- b\l ipa hi i^n, as they had been previoully inflruaed, furioudy attacked the ouar^ds of that prince, and having butchered 5000 of them, as they were preflmg forward without regard to their particular fafety, u, defend the iacredperion of tS mona ch, feizSd Atabalipa himielf, wIkmu they earned ofl to the Spanifti marter Piz^^^^^ ^vith the fovereign in his hands, might already be deenied the mfterof Peru for the inhabitants of this country were as ftrongly attached to their en pero™ as the Mexicans then.felves. Atabalipa was not long m their hands before Kn to treat of his ranfom. On this occafion the ancient ornament. atnSd by a long line of magnificent kings, the hallowed trealurcs of the mofl n Seem temples, were biought out to fave him, who ^yas the lupport of the k nldoni and o? the religion. While Pizarro was engaged in this ncgocuition, by wS he propofed, without releafing the emperor, to get into h,s poffelhon an unmenfe quati ty o his beloved gold, tbe arrival of Aln.agro cauied feme embar- AMERICA. 8JI raffnicnt in his affairs The friendfliip, or raUicr the exteinal fliew of Aict.dfiiip, Ijctweca thefe uicn, was Iblely fimnUeU on ihe principle of avarift-, and a bold cu- terprifing fpirir, to which nothing ap|)earcd too daiigt'inus that might gratify their ruling pallion. When tlicir intercfls thcrtlore happened lo iuiertere, it was jiot to be thought that any ineafures could be kept between them. Pizarro cx|iedtcd to enjoy the moll confidcrable fliare of the treafure arifnig from the emperor's ran- Ibni, becanfe he had the chief hand in acqiiiriiig ir. Abnagro iniiflcd on being iipou an equal footing; and at length, led the conunon caule might futler by any rupture between them, this difpoliiion was agreed to. 'Ihe ranfom is paid in with- out delay, a fum exceeding their conception, but not capable to graiiiy their ava- rice. It exceeded i.^oo.oool. ilerling, and, confideriug the value of money at that time, was prodigious: on the dividend, after dedudling a fifth for the king of Spain, and the fhares of the chief commanders and oflicers, each private foldier had above 2000I. Englilh money. With fuch fortunes, it was not to be expefted that a mercenary, army would incline to be lubjcdled to the rigours of military dif- cipline. They infilled on being dilbanded, that they might enjoy the fruits of their labour in quiet. Pizarro complied with this demand ; feulible that avarice would Hill detain a number in his family, and that thofe who returned with fuch magnificent foitunts, would induce new adventurers to purfue the fame plan for acquiring gold. Thefe wile retledlions were abundantly verified; it was impoflible to fend out better recruiting-officers than thofe who had themfelves fo much profited by the field; new foldiers conllantly arrived, and the American armies never want- ed reinforcements. This innnciife ranfom was only a farther reafon for detaining Atabalipa in con- finement, until they difcovercd whether he had another treafure to gratify their avarice. But whether they believed he had no more to give, and were unwilling 10 employ their troops in guarding a prince, from whom they expedlcd no farther advantage, or that Pizarro had conceived an averfion againll the Peruvian empe- ror, on account of fome inllances of craft and policy, which he obferved in his charadler, and which he conceived might prove dangerous to his affairs, it is certain, that by his command Atabalipa was put to death. To jullify this cruel proceeding, a fham charge was exhibited againll the imhappy prince, in which he was acculed of idolatry, of having many concubines, and other circumftances of equal impertinence. The only juil ground of accufation againft him was, that his brother Huefcar had been put to death by his command; and even this was con- fiderably palliated, becaufe Huefcar bad been plotting his deflrudlion, that he might eftablifh himfelf on tlie throne. Upon the death of the Ynca, a number of candidates appeared for the throne. The principal nobility let up the full bro- ther of Huefcar; Pizarro fet up a fon of Atabalipa; and two generals of the Pe- ruvians endeavoured to eftablilh themfelves by the affiftancc of the army. Thefe diftradlions, which in another empire would have been extremely hurtful, and even here at another time, were at prefent rather advantageous to the Peruvian affairs. The candidates fought againft one another; their battles accullomed thefe harm- lefs people to blood ; and inch is the preference of a fpirit of any kind raifed in a nation to a total lethargy, that in the courfe of thofe quarrels among themfelves, the inhabitants of Peru aflllmed fome courage againft the Spaniards,, whom they regarded as the ultimate caufe of all their calamities. The loffes which the Spa- niards met with in thefe quarrels, thovigh inconfiderable in themfelves, were ren- dered dangerous, by leffening the opinion of their invincibility, which they were careful to preferve among the inhabitants of the new world. This confideraiion engaged Pizarro to conclude a truce ; and this interval he employed in laying, the 832 AMERICA. •V !,' ^':"K: foundatk lis of the famous city Lima, and in fettling the Spaniards in the country. But as foou as a favourable opportunity of?crcd, he renewed the war againft the T'ldians, and after many difticullies made himfeit maitcr of Cufco, the capital of the empire While he was engaged in tht'fe conquefts, new grants and fup- pUes arrived from Spain Pizarro obtained 200 leagues along the fea-cortft, to the fouthward of what had been before granted, and Almagro 200 leagues to the ifouthward of Hzano's govern man. This divilion orcaf.oued a warm difpute be- tween them, each reckoned Cuf o within his own diltiiil. But the dexterity of Pizarro brought about a recojiciliation. He pe^fuaded his rival, that the coun- iry which really belouged to him, lay to the Ibuthward cf Cjtfcoi and that it was no way inferior in riches, and might be as eafily conquered as Peru. He offered him his afliftance in the expedition, the fuccevs of which he did not even call id- *queftion. Almagro, that he might hive the honour of fubduing a kingdom for himfelf,. liftened «o his advice ; and joining as anny of Pizarro's troops to his owti as he judged neceffary, penetrated, with grea^ .anger and difficulty;, into CJhili ; lofing: Miany of his men as he pafled over momtains of an immenle height, and always covered with fnow. He reduced, however, a very confiderable part of ihi* country. But the Peruvians were now become too much acquainted with war, not to take advantage of the divifion of the Spanifti troops. They made an effort for regaining their capital, in which, Pizarro being indifpofed, and Almagro re- moved at a great diftance, they were well nigh (viccers!"ul. The latter, however^ no fooner got notice of the fiege of C^fco, than, relinquifhing all views of diftant conquefts, he returned, to fecure the grand obje^ of their former labours. He raifed the iiege with infinite flaughter of the affailants ; bn' having obtained poffef- fion of this city, he was unwilling to give it up to Pi?., rro, wfco now approached with an army, and knew of no other enemy but the P \ivians. This difpute oc- ^afioned a long and bloody ftruggie betvsen them, in which the turns of fortime were various, and the relcntment fierce on both fides, becaufe the fate of the van- quiftied was certain death. This was the lot of Almagro, who> in an sdvanced age, fell a "idlim to the fecurity of a rival, in whofe dangers and triumphs lie had long lliared, and with whom, fron. the beginning of the enterprize, he had been intimately conncfted. During the courfe of this civil war, many Peruvians ferved in the Spanifti urniies, and learned, from he praiHice of Chriftians, to butcher one another. That, blinded nation, however, &t length opened their eyes, and took a very remarkable refblution. They faw the ferocity of the Europeans, their uncx- tinguiftiable refentment and avarice, and' they conje£lured that thefe paflions vwuld never permit their contcfts to fubfide. Let us retire, faid they, from among them, lerus fiy to our mountains; they will fpeedily defttoy OuC another, and then we may return in peace to our former habitatibns. This refolution was inlhmtijr put in praaice; the Peruvians difperfed, and left the Spaniai-ds in' their capitali. Had the fc:-oe on each fide been ex^ftl^ equal, this fmgular policy of the natives of Peru might have been attended with' fuccefs. Blit the viftorj' of Pizarro put an end to AlmagTo's life, and to the hop*« of the Peruvians, who have never fince ventuied to make bead agailift" the Spaniards. Pizarro, now fole matter of the field, ancl of t^ richeft empire in the wonJj was ftill urged on, by his' ambition, to undertake new enterprizes. The fourhf.m countries of America, into which he had fome . inie before difpatched Aimagi^o, ofTored the lichdi conqucit. Towards ibis quarter, ihe mountains c-: i otOii, com- pofedalmcftof entiir filver, had been difcovered, the ihell of which only remains atpivfeur. Hb therefore foUowed the tracjc of Alinagto iavo Ghili, and tcdwcd i\ M E R I C A. Sj;; another part of that countiy. Ordlana, one of his commanders, paflbd the Aude. and failed down to the mouth of the river of Amazons : an immenfe navigation; whichdilcoveredanchanddehghtfulcoumiy; but as it h moftiy flat, and thtre- Jore not aboiinding m nnuerals, the Spaniards then, and ever iince, negledled i- Iizarro, mectmg with repeated fuccefs, and having no fuperior to control, nov rival to keep hnn withm bounds, now gave looib reins to the natural ferocity of his temper, and behaved with the bafeft tyranny and cruelty againll all who had no- concurred m his dehgns. Tins coixduct railed a confpiiVagainlt him, to which founded, rhe partifans of old Almagro declared his fon, of the fame name, their Yfr7' .^'^^^he greater part of the nation, though extremely well faiisfied ui,h the fate of J-izarro did not concur with i!iis declaration. They wailed the orders 6 the emperor Chadcs V. then king of Spain, who fent oL Vaca di Calt o i LdroKIlT'" 5'' ?'T' ^y. ^'' """g'">' ^"'^ "•'^''°'"' «'''^' admirably well J ted to heal the wounds ut the colony, and to place every thing on the moft ad- vantageous footing, loth for it and for the mother-couutry. By his pruden ina- uagement the mmes of La Plata and Potof, which were formerly T maTter of private plunder became an objed of public utility to the court of Spain. Tl?e parties were filenced or crufhed; young Almagro, who would hearken to no terms of accommodation, was put to death ; and a tranquillity, fmce the arrival of the Spaniards unknown was reltored to Peru. It feems. however, that Di Cailro had m,t been fufficieutly fkiUed,n gaining the favour of the Spanifti mi niflrj-, by pro per bribes or pronnfes, which a mmirtry would always expeft from the governor of io r,ch a country. By their advice, a council was lent over to control DiCaftro and the colony was again unfettled. The parties but juft extinguifhed, began to' blaze anew; and Gonzalo the brother of the famous Pizarro, L him blf ft the head of his brother's partifans. with whom many new malecontents had un ed It was now no longer a dilpute between governors about the bounds of their jurif- diaion Gonzalo Pizarro only paid a nominal fubmiflion to the king. "^ He ftrcngthened daily ; and even went fo far as to behead a governor who was fen^ over to curb him. He gained the confidence of the adnnral of tlie Spanf^ fiee n the South Seas, by w;hofe means he propofed to hinder the landL of any roops from Spain; and he had a view of nmting the inhabitants of Melo in S t.L^rr^nTfV^f- ^''"'"°"a ""^ ^^""■'' ''^^'' '^^ ^'^'^^ "f Spain, fcnfible of their mif- aU in not lending into An.e„ca men whofe charaaer and virtue onlv, .ud not Z7fZ^r']^""^'^' P'?^-''? '" 'Y'' ''^^'^^' ^'i^'P^^^-hed with unlimited pow"r . etcr ue la Gaiga, a man diflermg only from Caftro by being of a more mild and nfimu,,..g Dehavionr, but wjth the fame love of iflice.^ the fame gre tnefs f Znlri ^ ^■>"»-^,^'fi"terelk-d fpirit. All tholb wl^o had not joined in Pizarro'. v!ou ;.f r.f' } ? ^ '"^"y «^^'^ <'"^"^«' ^harmid with the beha- viour of Gafga, forfook their old connedions; the admiral was gained over bv in- finuation o return o his duty; and Pizarro ' mfelf was oUered a full indeuuii ■ provided he Ihould .eturn to the allegiance of the Spanifti crown. But To intoxi catingaretheideasof royalty that Pizarro was inclined to nm every haza d r- ther than fubmit to an officer of Spain. With thofe of his partifans, therefore, ^vh- e w ?/r ^^"^^f^^^« h,s mterell, he determined to venture a battle, in uhich e w^s conquered and taken pnloner. His execution followed foon after ; and thu.s e fi-o.'l'irv n?',i;""Q """"^ ^^"S"^'-^^ P^"-" for the crown of Spain, fell a iaciifuc ior ihe^fccu ity of the Spani/h dominion over that country. Ho. XX\ If. 50 !; <'"{ ' .-11 834 AMERICA. The conqueft of the great empires of Mexico aad Peru, is the only part of the American Wftory which ueferves to be treated under the prefent head. What re- lates to the reduaion of the other parts of the comment, or of the iflands, if it containseitherinftruaion or entertainment, (hall be handled under thefc particuUr countries. We now proceed to treat of the manners, governments, religion, and whatever compofes the charaaer of the natives of America; and as thefe are ex- tremely fimilar all over this part of the globe, we ftiall fpealc of them m general, in order to fave continual repetitions; noticing, at the fame time, when we enter upon the defcription of the particular countries, whatever is peculiar or lemarkablfr in the inhabitants. Of the Original Inhabitants ofAM ERICA TH E difcovcry of America has not only opened a new fource of weaUh to the bufy and commercial part of Europe, but an extenfive field of fpeculation to the philofopher, who would trace the charaaer of man under various degrees of refinement, and obferve the movements of the human heart, or the operations of the human underftanding, when untutored by fcience, and untamtedi wtth cor- ruption. So ftriking feemed the difparity between the inhabitants of Rirope^and . the natives of America, that feme fpeculative men have yentuml to affirm, that it is impoffible they Ihould be of the fame fpecies, or derived, from one common fource. This conclulion, however, is extremely ill founded.. 1 he charaaers of mankind may be infinitely varied according to the driierent degrees of improve- ment at which they are arrived, the manner m wbich they acquire the neceffanes of life, the force of cuftom and habit, and a multiplicity of other circumftances too particular to be mentioned, and too various to be reduced under any general head But the great outlines of humanity are to be dilcovered among them all, notwithftanding the various (hades which charaaerilc nations, and diftmguifh them ^"When t£ thirft of gold carried the inhabitants of Europe beyond the Atlantic, thev found the inhabitants of the New World iramerfed in what they reckoned barbarity, but which, however, was aftateof honett independence and noble fim- nlicitv Except the inhabitants of the great empires of Peru and Mexico, who, Comparatively fpeaking, were refined nations, the natives of America were unac- quainted with almoft every European art: even agriculture "felf, the moft ulcfiil of them all, was hardly known, or cultivated very fparingly. The only method on which they depended for acquiring the neceiraries of hie, was by hunting the wild aninuls/which their mountains and forefts fupphed in great abundance. This excrcife which among them is a moft ferious occupation, gives a ftrength and asilitv to their limbs, unknown among otLer nations. The fame cauie perhaps renders their bodies in general, where the rays of the fun are not too violent, un- commonly ftraight and weU proportioned. Their luufcles are farm and ftrong; their bodfes and heads flattif!.. which is the efieft. of art ; their features are regular, but their countenances fierce, their hair long, black lank, and as ftrong as that of ahorfe. The colour of their fkin k a -eddifti brown, adnnred among them, " , . . . , v _ n ^ ..r- ~r i^..^o fa* anrl nainr. The charaaer of the and hcijiinienca by mc Lumuuu utc wi v^-^aj- •" - r— -- Indians is altogether founded upon their circumftances and way of life. A people who are couftaiitly employed in procuring the means of a precarious fubfiUence, AMERICA. 8J5 who live by hunting the wild animals, and who are generally engaged in war with their neighbours, cannot be fuppofed to enjoy much gaiety of temper, or a high flow of Ipirito. The Indians therefore are in general grave even to fadnefs ; they ^*y*: °°^''^°8 «f that giddy vivacity peculiar to fome nations of Europe, and they defpife it. Their behaviour to thole about them is regular, modeft, and refpedt- fol. Ignorant of the arts of amufement, of which that of faying trifles agreeably IS one of the moft confiderable, they never fpeak but when they have fomething im- portant to obferve; and all their aaions, words, and even looks, arc attended with feme meaning. This is extremely natural to men who are almoft continually engaged mpurfuits, which to them are of the higheft importance. Their fubfiff- ence depends entirely on what they procure with their hands ; and their lives, their honour, and every thing dear to them, may be loft by the fmalkft inattention to the deljgBS of their enemies. As they have no particular obje£t to attach them to ^'fl-r'- ^^^^^^ ^^*° another, they fly wherever they exped to find the neceffaries u ,^ greateft abundance. Cities, which are the effeas of agriculture and arts;, they have none. The different tribes or nations are for the fame reafon extremely Imall, when compared with civilifed focieties, in which induftry, arts, agriculture, and commerce, have united a vaft number of individuals, whom a complicated luxury renders ufefiil to one another, Thefe fmall tribes live at an immenfc diftance; they are feparated by a defert frontier, and hid in the bofom of impene- trable and almoft boundlefs fbrefts. There is eftablifked in each fociety a certain fpecies of government, which over the whole continent of America prevails with exceeding little variation; becaufe over the whole of this continent the manners and way of life are nearly fimilar and uniform. Without arts, riches, or luxury, the great inftruments of fubje^ion in pohlhedfoaeties, an American has no method by which he can render himfelf con- jideraWe among his companions, but by a fuperiority in perfonal qualities of body or mind. But as Nature has not been very lavifti in her perfonal diftinaions, where all enjoythe fame education, all are pretty much equal, and will defire to remain fo. Liberty, therefore, is the prevailing paflion of the Americans; and their government, under the influence of this ientiment, is better fecured th^n by the wileft political regulations. They are very far, however, from defpifing all lort of authority; they are attentive to the voice of wifdom, which experience has conferred on the aged, and they inlift under the banners of the chief, in whofe valour and military addrefs they have learned to repofe their confidence. In every foaety, therefore, there is to be confidered the power of the chief and of the elders ; a^d according as the government inclines, mote to the one or to the other, it may be regarded as monarchical, or as a fpecies of ariftocracy. Among thofe tribes, which are moft engaged in war, the power of the chief is naturally predominant ; becaule the idea of having a military leader was the firft fource of his fuperiority, and the continual exigencies of the Itate requiring fuch a leader, will continue to lupport, and even to enhance it. His power, however, is rather perfuafive than coercive ; he is reverenced as a father, rather than feared as a monarch. He has no guards, no prifons, no officers of juftice, and one aft of ill-judged violence would pull him from the throne. The elders, in the other form of government, which may be confidered as an ariftocracy, have no more power. In fome tribes, indeed, there are a kind of hereditary nobility, whofe influence being conftantly augmented^ by time, is more confiderable. But this fource of power, which de- p-entiS CuiCiiy on the iniagination, by vhich we annex to lije merit of our contem- poraries that of their forefathers, is too refined to be very common among the na- tives of America. In moft countries, therefore, age alone is fuflicient for acquir- 5 O 2 83« AMERICA. ing refpe£t, iofiuence, and authority. It is age which teaches experience, and eX' perience is the only Iburce of knowledge ong a barbarous people. Among thofe perfons bufinefs is conducted with the utmoft fimplicity, and which may recall to thofe who are acquainted with antiquity, a pifture of the moft early ages. The heads of families meet together in a houfe or cabin appointed for the pur- pole. Here the bufinefs is difcufled; and here thofe of the nation, diftin- guithed for their eloquence or wifdom, have an opportunity of difpkving thofe talents. Their orators, like thofe of Homer, exprefs themfelves in a bold, fi. gurative ftyle, ftronger than refined, or rather fofiened nations can well liar, and with geilures equally violent, but often extremely natural and expreffive. "When the bufinefs is over, and they happen to be well provided with foodj they appoint a feaft upon the occafion, of which almoft the whole nation par* takes. The feaft is accompanied with a fong, in which the real or fabulous ex- ploits of their forefathers arc celebrated. Ihey have dances too, though, like ihole of the Greeks and Romans, chiefly of the military kind; and their mu- fic and dancing accompany every feaft. It often happens, that thofe different tribes or nations, fcattered as they are at an immenfe diftance from one another, meet in their excurfions after prey. If there fubfifts na animofity between them, which feldom is the cafe, they behave in the mc^ friendly and courteous manner; but if they happen to be in a ftate of war, or if there has been no previous intercourfe between them, all who are not friends are deemed enemiesj and they fight with the moft favage fury. War, if we except hunting, is the only employment of the men ; as to every other concern, and even the little agriculture they enjoy, it is left: to the women. Their moft common motive for entering into war, when it docs not arife from an accidental rencounter or interference, is either to revenge themfelves for the deatli of Ibme loft friends, or to acquire prifoners, who may aflift them in their hunt- ing, and w hom they adopt into their fociety. Thel'e wars are either undertaken by fome private adventurers, or at the inftance of the whole community. In the latter cafe, all the young men, who are difpofed to go out to battle (for no one is compelled contrary to his inclination), give a bit of wood to the chief, as a token of their defign to accompany him ; for every thing among thefe people is tranfaded with a great deal of ceremony and many forms. The chief, who is to condudt them, fafts feveral days, during which he converfes with no one, and is particu* larly careful to obferve his dreams, which the prefumption natural to favages gene- rally renders as favourable she could defire. A variety of other fuperftitions and ceremonies are obferved. One of the moft hideous is fetting the war-kettle on the fire, as an emblem that they are going out to devour their enemies ; which among Ibme nations muft formerly have been the cafe, fince they ftill continue to exprefs it in clear terms and ufe an emblem fignificant of the ancieut ufage. Then they difpatch a porcelane, or large ftiell to their allies, inviting them to come along, and drink the bloqd of their enemies. For with, the Americans;, as with the Greeks of old, " A generous friendftiip no cold medium knows, " But with one love, with one refentment glows." They think that thofe in their alliance muft not only adopt their enmities, but have ihcir fciciiifneru woiiiid up to the fame pitch vvUu iuemieivcs. And i^d^ed no people carry tht-ir friendftiips, or their refentment, fo far as they do ; and this is what fhould be expefted from their peculiar circumftacccs; that priricii)le in AMERICA. 837 human nature, which is the fpring of the fecial affeaions, afls with fo much the greater force, the nrore it is reftrained. The Americans, who live in finall foci- eties, who fee few objefts and few perfons, become wonderfiilly attached to thefe objedls and perfons, and caunot be deprived of them without feeling themfelves miJerabie. fheir ideas are too confined to enable them to entertain jull fentiments ot humanity, or univerfal benevolence. But this very circuniftance, while it inakes them cruel and favage to an incredible degree, towards thofe with whom they are at war, adds a new force to their particular friendftiips, and to the com- mon tie which umtes the members of the fame tribe, or of thofe difterent tribes Which are in alliance with one another. Without attending to this refleflion, fomc Jadts we are going to relate, would excite our wonder without iiiforming our rea- Ion, and we (hould be bewildered in a number of particulars, feeniingly oppofite to one another, without being fenfible of the general caufe from which they pro- Having finilhed all the ceremonies previous to the war, they iffue forth with their laces blackened with charcoal, intermixed with ftreaks of vermillion which give them a moft horrid appearance. Then they exchange their clothes with their triend3, and difpofe of all their finery to the women, who accompany them to a con- Iiderable diftance to receive thofe laft tokens of eternal friendlhip. The great qualities in an Indian war are vigilance and attention, to give and to avoid a lurpnfe; and indeed in thefe they are fuperior to all nations in the world Accuftomed to continual wandering ia the forefts, having their perceptions Iharpened by keen neceffitj and living in every refped according to nature, their external fenfes have a degree of acutenefs which at firft view appears incredible They can trace out their enemies, at an immenle diftance, by the fmoke of their fires, which they fmell, and by the tracks of their feet on the ground, impercep^ tible to an European eye, but which they can count and diftinguilh v,ith the utmoft taciUty. They can even diihnguifh the different nations with whom they are ac quainted, and can determine the precife time when they paffed, where an European could not, with all his glaffes, diftinguilh footfteps at all. Thefe circumftances however, are of f mall importance, becaufe their enemies are no lefs acquaimed with them. When they go out, therefore, they take care to avoid making ufe of any thing by which they might run the danger of a difcovery. They li^ht no fire to warm themfelves, or to prepare their viduals: they lie clofe to the ground all < day, and travel only in the night; and ' marching along in files, he that clofes the rear diligently covers with leaves the tracks of his own feet, and of theirs who pre- ceded him. When they halt to refrefti themfelves, feouts are fent out to recon- noitre the country, and beat up every place where they fufpeft an enemy to lie concealed. In this manner they enter unawares the, villages of their foes • ar.d while the flower of the nation are engaged in hunting, malfacre all the children women, and helplefs old men, or make prifoners of as many as they can manaer' or have ftrengtb enough to be ufefnl to their nation. But when the enemy is an- ' prifed of their defign, and coming on in arms againft them,. they throw themfelves flat on the ground among the withered herbs and leaves, which their faces arc painted to refemhle. Then they allow a part ta pafs unmolefted, when all at once with a tremendous Ihout, lifing up from their ambulh, they pour a ftorm of mulket-bullets on their foes. The party adacked returns, the fame cry. Every one flieltershimfelf with a tree, and return' ''.- iire of the adverfc party, as foou as they_ raiic ihe.uieives irom the ground to g.ve a fecond fire. Thus does the baitJc contuiue until the one party is fo much weakened as to be incapable of farther re- fiftance. But if the force on-cach fide continues nearly equal, the fierce fi:irits I'i ik3 .J f 838 AMERICA. the favagcs, inflamed by the lofs of their friends, can no longer be rellrained. They abandon their diftant war, they rufh upon one another with clubs and hat- chets m their hands, magnifying their own courage, and infuUing their enemies with the bittereft reproaches. A cruel combat enfues, death appears in a thoufand hideous forms, which would congeal the blood of civilized nations to behold, but which roufe the furious favages. They trample, they infult over the dead bodies, tearing the fcalp from the head, wallowing in their blood like wild beads, and lometimes devouring their flefh. The flame rages on till it meets with no refin- ance ; then the prifoners are fecured, thofe unhappy men, whofe fate is a thoufand times more dreadful than theirs who have died in the field. The conquerors fet up a hideous howling to lament the iHends they have loll. They approach in a melancholy and fevere gloom to their own village; a meffenger is lent to announce their arrival, and the women, with frightful Ihrieks, come out to mourn their dead brothers, or their hufbands. When they are arrived, the chief relates in a low voice to the elders, a circuraflantial account of every particular of the expedi- tion. The orator proclaims aloud this account to the people and as he meutions the names of thofe who have fallen, the fhrieks of the women are redoubled. The men too join in thefe cries, according as each is moft connedled with the deceafed by blood or friendfliip. The laft ceremony is the proclamation of the viftory ; each individual then forgets his private misfortunes, and joins in the triumph of his nation ; all tears are wiped from their eyes, and by an unaccountable tranfition, they pafs in a moment from the bitternefs of forrow to an extravagance of joy. But the treatment of the priff^ners, whofe fate all this time remains undecided, is what chiefly charadlerifes the favages. We have already mentioned the flrength of their affeftions or uefentments. United as they are in fmall focietics, connefted within themfelves by the firmeft ties, their friendly aflcftions, which glow with the moft intenfe warmth within the walls of their own village, feldora extend beyond them. They feel nothing for the -enemies of their nation; and their rcfeutment is eafily extended from the individual who has injured them to all others of the fame tribe. The prifoners who have themfelves the fame feelings, know the intentions of their conquerors, and are pre- pared lor them. The perfon who has taken the captive att«nds him to the cottage, where, according to the diftribution made by the elders, he is to be delivered to fupply the lofs of a citizen. If thel'e who receive him have their family weakened by war or other accidents, they adopt the captive into the family, of which he be- comes a member. But if they have no occalion for him, or their rellentment for the lofs of their friends be too high to endure the fight of any conneded with thofe who were concerned in it, they fentencc him to death. All thofe who have met with the lame fevere fentence being colledled, the whole nation is aflcmbled at the execution, as for fome great foleninity. A fcaffold is ere£led, and the prifoners are tied to the ftake, where they commence their death-fong, and prepare for the en- fuiug fcene of cruelty with the moft undaunted coui-age. Their enemies, on the other fide, are determined to put it- to the proof, by the moft refined and exquifite tortures. They begin at the extremity of his body, and gradually approach the more vital parts. One plucks out his nails by the roots, one by one; another takes a finger into his mouth, and tears ofif the flefti with his teeth ; a third thrufts the finger, mangled as it is, into the bowl of a pipe made red hot, which he fmokes like tobacco ; tlien tlicy pound his toes and fingers to piece- between two ftones ; they pull of!' the flefh from the teeth, and cut circles about his joints, and gafhes in the flefliy parts of his limbs, which they fear> immediately with red hot irons, mitring, burnujg, and pinching them alternately ; they pull off this flelh, thus AMERICA. 839 mangled and roalled, bit by bit, devouring it with greedinefs, and fmearing their feces with the blood in an enthufiafm of horror and fiiry. When they have thus torn off the flelh, they twill the bare nerves and tendons about an iron, tearing and fiiapping them, whilft others are employed in pulling and extending their limbs in every way that can increafe the torpient. This continues often five or fix hours ; and fometiines, fuch is the ftrength of the favages, days together. Then they fre* quentlv unbind him, to give a breathing to their fury, to think what new torments they (hall inflift, and to refrefh the ftrength of the fufferer, who, wearied out with fuch a variety of unheard-of torments, often falls into fo profound a fleep, that they are obliged to applv the fire to awake him, and renew his fufferings. He is again faftened to the ftake, and again they renew their cruelty ; they flick him all over with fmall matches of wood, that eafily takes fire, but burns flowly; they continually run Ihatp reed* into every part of his body ; they drag out his teeth with pincers, and thruft out his eyes ;. and laftly, after having burned his flefh from the bones with flow fires j after having fo mangled the body that it is all but one wound ; after having mutilated his face in, fiich a manner as to carry nothing hu- man in it, after having peeled the (kin from the head, and pourfed' a heap of red hot coals or boiling water on the naked (kull, they once more unbind the wretch, who, blind, and fta^ering with pain and weaknels, aflaulted and pelted upon eveiy fide with clubs and (tones, now up, now down, falling into their fires at every ftep, runs hither and thither, until one of the chiefs, whether out of com- paflTion, OB weary of cruelty, puts an end to his Kfe with a club or dagger. The body is then put into a kettle, and this barbarous employment is fucceeded by a feaft as barbarous. The women, forgetting the human as well as the female nature, and transformed into fomething worfe than fiiries, even outdo the men in this fcene of horror; while the principal perfnns of the country fit round the ftake, fmoking and look- ing on without the leaft emotion. What is moft extraordinary,, the fufferer him- felf, in the little intervals of his torments, fmokes too, appears unconcerned, and converfes with his torturers about indiflerent matters.. Indeed, during the whole time of his execution, there feenis a conteft which (hall exceed, they in iuflidling the moft horrid pains, or he in enduring them, with a firmuefs. and conftancy aU moft above human : not a groan, not a figh, not a diftortion of countenance efcapes hhn ,- he polfelfes his mind entirely in the midft of his torments ; he re- counts his own exploits ; he informs them, what crueliies^ he has iufiifted upon their countrymen, and threatens them with the revenge that will attend his death ; and, though his reproaches exafperate them to a perfe", '""•■e than that eager diligence and attention with which they difcharge this melancholy duty of their tendernefs; gathering up carefully even the fmalleft bones; handling the carcalfes, difguftfbl as they are with evcrv thing loathfome, cleanfing them from the worms, and carrying them upon their ihoulders through tirefome journeys of feveral days, without being difcouraged from he offenfivenefs of the fmcll, and without fuflering any other emotions to arife than thole of regret, for having loft perfons who were fo dear to them in their lives, and lo lamented in their death. ,i,7if'li^''i.°^-'''^"'i'?'? *u^':' cottages, where they prepare a feaft iu honour of the dead; during which the r great anions are celebrated, and all the tender in- tercourfes which took place between them and their friends are pioufly called td mmd. The ftrangers, who have come fometimes many hundred miles to be prelent on the occafion, join in the tender condolence; and the women, by fright- hilftneks, demonftrate that they are pierced with the fharpeft forrow. Then the dead bodies are carried from the cabins for the general reinterment. A great pit is dug m the ground, and thither, at a certain time, each perfon, attended by his family and friends, marches in folemn filence, bearing the dead body of a fon a father, or a brother. When they are all convened, the dead bodies, or the duft of thole which were quite corrupted, are depofited in the pit: then the torrent u ^AA^t °n^ *°^^" Whatever they poffefs moft valuable is interred with the dead. The ftfangers are not wanting in their generofity, and confer thofe prefents which they have brought along with them for the purpofe. Then all prefent go down into the pit, and every one takes a little of the earth, which thev afterwards prcierve with the moft religious care. The bodies, ranged in ordef ' are covered with entire new furs, and over theie with bark, on which tiiev throw ftones, wood, and earth. Then taking their laft farewel, they return each to hi«s own cabin, ^ We have mentioned, that in this ceremony the favagcs offer, as prcfcnt^ dead, whatever they value moft highly. This cuflom, which is uuiverfal them, anfes from a rude notion of the immortality ^: the foul. They this doftrine moft firmly, and it is the principal tenet of their religion. *> „c,i the foul 19 feparated ftom the body of their friends, they conceive that it liill continues to hover around it, and to reqdire and take delight in the fame things with which it formerly was pleafed. After a certain time, houever, it foriakes this dreary manfion, and departs far weftward into the land of fpirits rhey have even gone fo far as to make a diftinflion between the inhabitants of the other world; fome, they imagine, particularly thofe who in their life-time have been fortunate m war, poffefs a high degree of happinefs, have a place for huniin<^ atid hftiing, which never fails, and enjoy all fenfual deliehts, without labourinc^ hard in order to proctire them. The fouls of thofe, on the contran-, who happen to be con- quered or flam in war, are extremely miferable after death.' Their tafte for war, which forms the chief ingredient in their charadier, gives a ftrong bias to their religion. Arefkoui, or the god of battle, is revered as the 27 5 p »■• to tl;e among bflie\e W hen 842 A f*'^ F " T :. A. great goJ of the ludians. Hi.u i .y invoke bcfrire iliey go into the field; and according as his difpoliiion is more or \ds favourable to them, they conclude they will be more or lefs fuccefsful. Soaje nations wor/hip the fun and mooa; among others there are a number of traditioiis, relative to the creation of the world, and the hiftory of the gods : traditious which refemble the Grecian fables, but which ai« ftill mow; abfurd and inconfiftent. But religion is not the pre- vailing charaftcr of the Indians; and except when they have fomc immediate occafioq for the affiftance of their gods, they pay them no fort of worlhip. Like all rude nations, however, they are ftrongly addifted to fuperftition. 'Ihey be- lieve in the exiftence of a number of good and bad genii or fpirits, who inter- fere in th2 affairs of mortals, and produce all our happinefs or milery. It is from the evil genii, in particular, that our difeafes proceed; and it is to" the good genii we ai« indebted for a cure. The minifters of the genii are the jug- glers, who are alfo the only phyficians among the favages. Thefe jugglers are fuppofed to be infpired by the good genii, moll commonly in their dreams, with the knowledge of future events ; they are called in to the affiftance of the fick, and are fuppofed to be informed by the genii whether they will get over the dif- cafe, and in what way they muft be treated. But thefe fjpirits are •xtremely fimple in their fyllera of phyfic, and, in almoft every difeafe, direft the juggler to the fame remedy. The patient is inclofed in a narrovjr cabin, in the midft of ■which is a ftone red hot; on this they throw water,- until he is well foaked with the warm vapour and his own fweat. Then they hurry him from the bagnio, and plunge him fuddenly into the next river. This coarfs method, which cotts many their lives, often performs very extraordinary cures. Ihe jugglers have likcwife the ufe of fome fpecifics of wonderftil efficacy ; and all the favages are dextrous in curing wounds by the application of herbs. But the power of thefe remedies is always attributed to the magical ceremonies with which they are admi- niftcred, , . , , • « t. It Ihould be obferved by the reader, that the particulars whurh have juft been mentioned concerning the manners of the Americans, chiefly relate to the inha- bitants of North America. The manners and general chara£leriftics of great part of the original inhabitants of South America, were very diflerent. On the iiift appearance of the inhabitants of the New World, their difcoverers found ihem to be in many particulars very unlike the generality of the people of the ancient hemifphere. They were different in their features and complexions; they were not only averfe to toil» but feemed incapable of it ; and when roufed hy force from their native indolence, and compelled to work, they funk under talks which the inhabitants of the other continent would have performed with eafe. This feeblenefs of conftitution feemed almoft univerfal among the inhabitants of .South America. The Spaniards were alfo ftruck with the fmallnefs of their appe- tite for food. The conftitutional temperance of the natives far exceeded, in their opinion, the abftinence of the moft mortified hermits; while, on the other hand, the appetite of the Spaniards appeared to the Americans infatiably vora- cious; and they affirmed, that one Spaniard devoured more food in a day than was fufficient for ten Americans. But though the demands of the native Ame- ricans for food were very fparing, fo limited was their agriculture, that they liardly raifed what was fufficient for their own confumption. Many of the in- habitants of South America confined their induftry to rearing a few plants, which, in a rich and warm climate, were eafily trained to maturity ; but if a • • G^^tloH ^M an" 'ISAmA f,ynh a fmall addition of fuoemumerarv r e.^ : 1- riwvtths foon exbauftcd their fcanty ftores, and brought on a famme. Ihe loha- AMERICA. 84. bitants of South America, compared with thofe of North America, are gene, rally more feeble in their frame, left vigorous iii the eflbrts of their mind.*, of a gentle, but daflardly Ipirit, more enllaved by pleai'ure, and funk in in- dolence. ,11, A general Defcription of AMERICA. ''T^ HIS great weftcrn continent, frequently denorrinated the New World; X extends from the 8oth degree North, to the 56th dv-gree South ktitudc; and where its breadth is known, from the 35th to the 13611.' degree Weft lon- gitude from London ; ftretching between 8 and 9000 miles in length, and in us grcateft breadth 3690. It fees both hemifpheres, has two fummers, and a double winter, and enjoys all the variety of climates which the earih aflbrde. It IS walhed by the two great oceans. To the eaftward it has the Atlantic, which divides it from Europe and Africa. To the weft it has the Pacific, or great South-Sea, by which it is feparated from Afia. By thefe feas it may, and does, carry on a direft commerce with the other three parts of the world. It is com- pofed of two great continents, one on the North, the other on the South, which are joined by the kingdom of Mexico, which forms a fort of Ifthmus 1500 mile* long, and m one part, at Darien, fo extremely narrow, as to make the com- munication between the two oceans by no means difficult, being only 60 miles , ^ ^/) >:. over. In the great gulf, which is for.med between the Ifthmus and the northern " ^ // . and fouthern continents, lie a multitude of iflands, many of them large, mott <>>^ ^ V^^^'t/ of them fertile, and denominated the Weft Indies, in contradiilindion to the/* //t« »i*'''^ countries and iflands of Afia, beyond the Cape of Good Hope, which are called the u. /Aa ^'/^S* ' Eaft Indies. ^^^^ , /^^^ /<> Before we begin to treat of feparate countries in their order, we muft, accord- /.V^'*-^ ing to juft method, take notice of thole mountains and rivers, which difdaiu, ' as it were, to be confined within the limits of particular provinces, and extend over a great part of the continent. For though America in general be not a njountainous country, it has the greateft mountains in the world*, in South America, the Andes, or Cordilleras, run from north to fouth along the coaft of the Pacific ocean. 1 hey exceed in length any chain of mountains in the other parts of the globe ; extending from the Ifthmus of Darien to the Straits of Magellan, they divide the whole fouthern parts of America, and run a length of 4300 miles. Their height is as remarkable as their length, for though in part within the torrid zone, they are conftantly covered with fnowf. In Isorth America> which is chiefly conipofed of gentle afcents, or level plains, we know of no confiderable mountains, except thofe towards the pole, and that long lidge which lies on the back of the American ftatcs, feparating tbeni from Canada and • Dr. Rohertfon obfervcs, that " the mountains of America arc much fiiperior in height to thofe in the other divifions of the globe. Even the plain ol" (^tito, which may be coniidered as the bule of the Andes, is elevated farther above the fea than the top of the Pyrenees. This Uupendous ridge of ' .• ttic Andes, no Itfs remarkable for extent than elevation, rifes in different places more than one third ab«)ve the Pike of Teneriffe, the highell land in the ancie?it hemifphere. The Andes niny literally be fciul to hide their heads in the clouds, the «orms often roll, and the thunder burfts below their (um- mits, which, though expofed to the rays of the fun in'the centreof the; torrid zone, are covered wiJi evcilaliing fnows." ' t Chim" -always cov kct hiirh ' f. -f 1, mows. ihorazo the higbeft of the Andes is 20,600 feetj of this abotit 2400 feet from the fummit are vered with fnow, C'arazon was afcenJed by the Epsnch afttonotr.ers, Rnd is faiJ to be « -.So© ^ ^/lA^ ^/^ /^ /^^e^ whicl fertilize and enrich its northern and weftern boundaries, as well as the interior parts. In delcribiag the fituation, extent, and boundaries of the numerous colonies which now compofj that great empire, we have totally reje^.ed the accounts given us by partial French writers, as well as thofe of Silmon and other Englifh geographers, if men deferve that name, who have wandered fo widely from the truth, and v/ho feem either unacquainted whh the fubjed, or have been at no pains to conlult the lateft and mod authentic materials. This we thought necelfary to preniife, that the reader may be prepared for the following Table, which he will find to differ widely from any book of geography hitherto publiftied, beiog cc .ipoled from the lateft treaties, and partitions, and the Deft maps and draw- ings ; the fureft guides in giving the geography of thete important provinces. The multitude of iflands, which lie between the two continents of North and South America; are divided among the Spaniards, Englilh, and French. The Dutch indeed poflefs three or four fmall illands, which, in any other hands would be of no confequencc ; and the Danes have one or two, but they hardly deiierve to be named among the proprietors of America. France is faid to have lately ced- ed the fmall ifland of St. Bartholomew to Sweden. We fhall now proceed to the particular provinces, beginning, according to our method, with the north. AMERICA. Hf The Grand Divifions of NORTH-AMERICA. Colonies. Length 650 600 Bread. •>q. Miles Chief Towns. 1 Oilt. ana bear, from London. Belongs to New Untiin 750 ? 18.7 50 Great Britain Province i)J Quebec 200 1 oc.ooo (Quebec Ditto New Scotland 1 New Brnnfw. J 350 250 S7»ooo Halifax Shelburne Ditto New Eneland 5S0 200 87,000 BoUon 2760 W. UniteJ hiates New York 300 150 24,000 New York " Ditto New Jcifcy . 160 . 60 . 240 10,000 Perth Amboy bit<:D Ditto Ponnfylvania —322. 140 IJ.OOO Philadelphia Maryland '35 li.ooo Annapolis Ditto Virginia 750 240 80,000 Williamfcur. Ditto North Ca:oJinal South Carolina .. Georgia ) 700 380 110,000 S^denton Charles-town Savannah Ditto Ditto Ditto Lad Florida. I' V/e.l Florida J 500 440 1 00,000 St. Auguftine Henfacola Spain Dittc Louitiana I200 645 5 1 6,000 New Orleans [080 a. VV.jDIno New Mf.xico and 1 California J 2000 1000 600,000 St. Fee St. Juan U20 S. W. Ditto Ditto Mexico, or New 1 Spain ) iOOO 600 3 1 8,000 Mexico ^9oo s. w Ditto '4. Grand Divilions of S O UT H - A M E R I C A: Guiana Nations. jLengtb Bread. Sq. MiJts Terr.i Firnna Pern 14CO • 800 700 600 Ainaaonia, a very lar^re counriy- but 7C0.000 970,000 Uilt. and Chief Cities. |t .ar. from London. Panama Lima 4650 S.W SS20S.W Belongs tc Spain Ditto' 780 480 Hf-t*'! I 2500 ~ 700 Parag. or La Plata I 1 aoo 35.500 4,000 Placentia 1 Great Britain Ditto 1 10 80 LouifourK -St John's 6o 30 $00 Chariot. Town St. George ' NalFau Ditto ^ The Bermuda ifle» 2o,ooo acr s 40 Ditto L The Bahama ditto very numerous Ditto "Jamaica 140 60 6.000 Kingston \ Ditto Barbadoes ai •„^ '^ 140 Bridgetown Ditto Sc. Chriflopher's ao 20 ao 80 B.iffe-terre Ditto Antiixua 100 St. John's Ditto Nevis and Mont- 1 ferral J .lachofthefeis 18 circum. Charleifjown Plymouth Ditto .Ditto Sarbuda ao ■ al 60 Ditto Aivruilia 10 18 69 ;Ditto Dominica 150 Ditto .St. Vincent *4 KO Kingltun Ditto Granada .?o 90 150 St. Gisorges Ditto Cuba 700 38,500 Havannah Spain Hiipaniola 450 150 36,300 St. Domingo Do. tt France Porto Rico 'rrinidad 100 A9 3,200 Port Rico Spain 90 60 2,897 St. joJcph Ditto Marj^arica 40 H , 624 Ditto Mnrtinico 60 4«i 30 38 300 |St. I'ctcr's France Guadaloupe 250 |B«ffe terre Ditto St. Lucia aj ii 12 9 90 1 Ditto TobaRO 80 Ditto St. Barthnlooiew -i Drfcada, and > Marigaianta ^ .til of them in- confiderable. _ Ditto* Ditto Ditto St. Euftatia 29 circum. The Bay Dutch Cura(fou ■JO 1 10 .148 Ditto St. Thoma* LSt. CroiT i<; circum. ■ Denmark 30 19 _ »— Baffe End Ditto * lAttty ccUcd to Sirtden by France. C 849 ] ■ NEW BRITAIN. N^'Y^^.^^'^'^^^' °/ *^^^?"?^'*y 'y>°g round Hudfon's Bay, and commonly <; .u w 1 ^?\*^^"";'"J; of »^«, E'quimaiisr, comprehending Labrador, now North ana* South Wales is bounded by unknown lands, and frozen feas, about the pole, on the North; by the Atlantic ocean on the Eaftj-bythe Bay and river of St. Uurence and Canada, on the South, and by unknown lands on the Weft. Its length is computed at 850 miles, and 750 broad. * ^ Mountains.] The tremendous high mountains in this country towards the north their being covered with eternal fnow, and the winds blowing from thence three quarteis of the year occafion a degree of cold in the winter, over all this country, which is not expenenced in any other part of the world in the fame latitude. RivKRs, BAYS, STRAITS, ) Thcfe are numerous in this country and take their nances «.l,nm .C^.VJ'''Ta A-c ^ ^T'^i'^ from the Englilh navigators and commanders by whom they were firftdifcovered; the principal bay is that of Hudfon, which includes feveral others; the principal ftraits are thofe of Hudfon, Davies. and Belleifle : and the chief nvers are the Moofe, Severn, Rupert, Nelfon, and Black River Soil and producr.] This countryjs extremely barren ; to the northward of Hudfon's Bay, even the hardy pine-tree is feen no longer, and the cold womb of the earth is inca- pable of any better produftion than fome miferable fhrubs. Every kind of European feed which we have committed to the earth, in this inhofpitable climate, has hitherto pe. nfhed ; but in all probability we have not tried the feed of com from the northern pans of Sweden and Norway; in fuch cafes, the place from whence the feed comes is of creat moment. All this feveritv, and long continuance of winter, and the barrcnnefs of the earth which comes from thence, is experienced in the latitude of fifty-one : in the tern, perate latitude oi Cambridge. . Animals.] Thefe are the moofe deer, ftags, rein deer, bears, tygers, buffaloes wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martins, fquirrels, ermins, uild cats, and hares! Of he feathered kinds they have geefe, buftards, ducks, partridges, and all manner of wild fowls. Of filh, there are whales, morfes, feals, cod-fifh. and a white fifh preferable to hernngs; and m their rivers and frefh waters, pike, perch, carp, and trout. There hayebeentaken at Port Nelfon. m one feafon, ninety thoufand partridges, which are here as large as hens, and twenty-five ihoufand hares. All the animals of thefe countries are clothed with a clofe, foft, warm fur. In fummor there IS here, as m other places, a variety in the colours of the feveral animals ; when that feafon is over, which holds only for three months, they all affume the livery of win- ter, and every fort of beafts, and moft of their fowls, are of the colour of 'the fnow every thing animate and inanimate is white. This is a furprifing pha:nomenon But what IS yet more furprifmg, and what is indeed one of the mod ftriking things, that dra\v the moft inattentive to an admiration of the wifdom and goodnefs of Providence is that the dogs and cats from England that have been carried into Hudfon's Bay on the an proach of winter, have entirely changed their appearance, and acquired a much longer fotfcr, and thicker coat of hair, than they had originally. Before we advance fhrther in the defcription of America, it may be proper to obfervc m general, that all the quadrupeds of this new world are lefs than thole of the old • even iuch as are carried from hence to breed there, are often found to degenerate, but .I're ne- vcr feen to improve. If vvith rcfped to fize, we fliould compare the animals of the ncu- and the old world we fhall find the one to bear no manner of proportion to the other. Ihe AliatlC elephant, for inltanrr- oft^n rrroi.^o ..-. «v> cr.. r-_. \ : \ 1 •! I f. • - --It--—-, ,...-.. ^!. J „., ,., nixrvt uiictii icci High, vvniic tnc ta- pure te, which is the largeft native of America, is not bigger than a calf of a year old. Ihe lama, which fome alfo call the American camel, is ftili lefs. Their beafl/of prey are quite diveftcd of that courage, which is fo often fatal to man in Africa or Alia 27 ^ Q. 850 BRITISH AMERICA. They have no lions, nor, properly fpeakiug, cither leopard, or tyger. Travellers, how- ever, have affixed thofe names to luch ravenous animals, as are there found molt to re- femble thofe of the ancient continent. The conjar, the taquar, and the taquaretti among them, are defpicable in comparifon of the tyger, the leopard, and the panther of Afia. The tyger of Bengal has been known to mealure fix feet in length, without including the tail ; while the congar, or American tyger, as fome affe fix, and fome- times more. The wifdom of Providence in making formidable animals unprolific is ob- had the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the lion, the fame degree of fecundity with vious ; the rabbit, or the rat, all the arts of man would foon be unequal to the conteft, and we fhould foon perceive th^m become the tyrants of thofe who call themfelves the maflers of the creation. Persons and habits.] The m«i of this country fhew great ingemiity in their man- ner of kindling a fire, in dothii^ themfelves, and in preferving their eyes from the ill elfefts of that glaring white which every where furrounds them, for the greateft part of the year ; in orher reipeds they are very favage- Thejj^ are of a tawny complexion, and lead a vagrant life, moving from place to place, fpending their time in hunting and fifh- ing. In their ihapes and faces they do not refemble the Americans who live to the fouthward; they are much more like the Laplanders and the Samoeids of Europe already delcribed, from whom they are probably defcended. Thefe on the coaft appear to be peaceable and inoffenfive, and axe dexterous in managing their kiacks or boats. The other Americans feem to be of a Tartar originaL Discovery and commerce.] The knowledge of thefe northern feas and countries was owing to a projeft ftarted in England for the difcovery of a north-weft paffage to China and the Eaft Indies, as earlv as the year 1576. Since then it has been frequently dropped, and as often revived, out never yet completed ; and from the late voyages of difcovery it feems manifeft, that no prafticable paffage ever can be found. Frobiftier only difcovered the main of New Britain, or Terra de Labrador, and thofe ftraits to which he has given his name. In 1585, John Davis failed from Porifmouth and viewed that and the more northern coafts, but he feems never to have entered the bay. Hudfon made three voyages on the fame adventure, the firft in 1607, the fecond in 1608, and his third and laft m 16 10. This bold and judicious navigator entered the ftraits that lead into this new Mediterranean, the bay known by his name, coafted a great part of it, and pene- trated to eighty degrees and a half, into the heart of the frozen zone. His ardour for the difcovery not being abated by the difficulties he ftruggled with in this empire of \yinter, au^ world of froft and fnow, he ftaid here until the enfuing fpring, and prepared, in the beginning of 161 1, to purfue his difcoveries; but his crew, who fuflered equal hardlhips, without the fame fnirit to fupuort them, mutinied, feized upon him and feven of thofe who were moft faithful to himi and committed them to the fury of the icy feas, in an •pen boat. Hudfon and his companions wc re either fyvallowed up by the waves, or, gainmg BRITISH AMERICA. 851 the inhofpitable coaft, were deflroyed by the favagesj but the fhip and the reft of the men returned home. Other attempts towards a difcovery were made in 161 i and 1667; and a patent for plantmg the country, with a charter for a company, was obtained in the year 1670 In 1746 captam Ellis wintered as far north as 57 degrees and a half, and captain Chrif- topher attempted farther dilcoveries in 1761. But bcfides thefe voyages, which fatisfy us that we muft not look for a palfage on this fide of the latitude 67 degrees North, we are indebted to the Hudfon's Bay Company for a journey by land; which throws much ad- ditional light on this matter, by aftbrdin^ what may be called demonftration, how much ferther North, at leaft in fome parts of their voyage, ftiips muft go, before they can pais from one fide of America to the other. The northern Indians, who came down to the Company s faftories to trade, had brought to the knowledge of our people a river, which on account of much copper being found near it, had obtained the name of the Copper^ !?*°1"J^ ir ^°™P^°y' ^'«g defirous of examining into this matter with precifion, diredtcd Mr. Hearne, a young gentleman in their fervice, and who havmg been brought up for the navy and lerved in it the war before laft, was extremely well qualified for the purpofe, to proceed over land, under the convoy of thofe Indians, for that river; which he had orders to furvey, if poffible, quite down to its exit into the fea ; to make obferva- tions for fixing the latitudes and longitudes; and to bring home maps and drawings, both of it and the countries through which he fhould pafs. Accordingly Mr. Hearne fet out from Prince of Wales's Fort, op Churchill river latitude 58» 47i' North, and longitude 94» 7i' Weft from Greenwich, on the 7th of December, 1770. Mr. Hearne on the 13th of June reached the Copper-mine ri- Ver, and found it all the way, even 10 its exit into the fea, incumbered with Ihoals and falls, and emptying itfelf into it over a dry flat of the ftiore, the tide being then out, which fecmed, by the edges of the ice, to rife about 12 or 14 feet. This rife on account of the falls, will carry it but a very fmall way within the river's mouth! fo that the water m it had not the leaft brackifti tafte. Mr. Hearne is, neverthelefs fure of the place it emptied itfelf into being the fea, or a branch of it, by the quan- tity of whalebone and feal Ikins which the Efquimaux had at their tents; and alfo X r^n"*^"" . «*^'^^^^^'**^*^"P°"'*^^^^- The fea, at the river's mouth, was tullot illands and fhoals, as far as he could fee, by the affiftance of a pocket telefcope- and the ice was not yet (July 17th) broken up, but thawed away only for about three quarters of a mile from the fhore, and for a little way round the ifland and ftioals which lay off the river's mouth. But he had the moft extenfive view of the fea when he was about eight miles up the river, from which ftation the extreme parts of it bore N. W. b. W. and ^ By the titne Mr. Hearne had finifhed his furvey of the river, which was about one o'clock in the morning on the i8th, there came on a very thick fog and drizzling rain; and as he had found the river and fea, in every refpea unlikely to be of any utility, he thought it un- neccffarytc wait for fair weather, to determine the latitude more exaaiy by obfervation ; but by the extraordinary care he took inobfeivirig the courfes and diftances, walked from Ujngecaihawhncbai^a, where he had two very good obfervations, he thinks the latitude may be depended on withm 20' at the utmoft. It appears from the n ap which Mr. Hearne con- Itrudted oi this fingular journey, that the mouth of the Copper-mine river lies in latitude 72" N. and longitude 25" W. from Churchill river; that is, about 119° W. of Greenwich Mr. Hearne s journey back from the Copper-mine river to Churchill lafted till June 30th 1772 ; lo that he was abfent almoft a year and feven months. The unparalleled hardfliips heiuffered,^^andtheefl"ential fervice he perform.ed, have met with a fuitable reward from his leraor of Pi ince of Wai&« gOV( ver, where he was taken prifoner by the French in 1782 •"ort, on Churchill r: 852 BRITISH AMERICA. The confequences refulting from this extenfive difcovery are obvious. We now fee that the continent of North America ftretches from Hudfon's Bay, fo far to the North-Weft, that Mr. Hearne travelled near 1300 miles before he arrived at the fea; and that the vvrholc of his track to the northward of 61° of North latitude, lay near 600 miles due Weft of the weftern coaft of Hudfon's Bay, at the fame time that his Indian guides were well aware of avaft trad of land, ftretching farther, in thefame diredlion. Futile therefore are the arguments of thofe, who, about 40 years ago, ftickled fo much for a North-weft paflagc through Hudfon's Bay. Though the adventurers failed in the original purpofe for which they navigated this bay, their projeft, even in its failure, has been of great advantage to England The vaft coun- tries which furround Hudfon's Bay, as we have already obfervcd, aboimd with animals, whofe fur and fkins are excellent. In 1670, a charter was granted to a company, which does not confift of above nine or ten perfons, for the exclufive trade to this bay, and they have aded under it ever fmce with great benefit to the private men, who compofe the com- pany, though comparatively with little advantage to Great Britain. The fur and peltry trade might be carried on to a much greater extent, were it not entirely in the hands of this exclufive company, whofe interefted, not to fay iniquitous fpirit, has been the fubjeft of long and juft complaint. The company employ four ftiips, and 130 feamen. They have feveral forts, viz. Prince of Wales's fort, Churchill river, Nelfon, New Severn, and Albany, which ftand on the weft fide of the bay, and are garrifoned by 186 men. The French in May 1782, took and deftroyed thcfe forts, and the fettlements, &c. faid to amount to near 500,000 1. They export commodities to the value of 16,000 Land bring home returns to the value of 29,340 1. which yield to the revenue 3,734 1. This includes the fiftiery in Hudfon's Bay. This commerce, fmall as it is, affords immenfe profits to the company, and even fome advantages to Great Britain in general ; for the commodities we exchange with the Indians for their Ikins and furs, are all manufaflured in Britain; and as the Indians are not very nice in their choice, fuch things arefent, of which we have the greateft plenty, and which, in the mercantile phrafe, are drugs with us. Though the workmanftiip too happens to be in many refpedls fo deficient, that no civilized people would take it off our hands, it may be admired among the Indians. On the other hand, the Ikins and furs we bring from Hudfon's Bay, enter largely into our manufadures, and afford us materials for trading with many nations of Europe, to great advantage. Thefe circuni- ftances tend to prove inconteftibly the immenfe benefit that would redound to Great Britain, by throwing open the trade to Hudfon's Bay, fince even in its prefent reftrained ftate it is fo advantageous. This company, it is prolsable, do not find their trade fo advantageous now as it was before we got potfeffion of Canada. The only attempt made to trade with Labrador, hn been direded towards the fifhery. Great Britain has no fettlement here, though the aunual produce of the filhery, amounting to upwards of 49,0001. and the na- tural advantages of the country, Ihould encourage us to fet about this defign. CANADA, or the Province of G^ e b e c. Situation and extent. Degrees, between J 61 and 81 weft longitude. (45 and 52 north latitude. Sq. Miles. W 100,000. Miles. Length 6co } Breadth 200 ) Boundaries.] npHE French comprehended under the name_ of Canada, a very X ^^^%^ territory, taking into their claun part of Nova Scoiia, Now England, and New York, on the Eaft : and, to the Weft, extending it as far as the Pacific Ocean. 1 hat part, however, which they had been able to cultivate, and which bore the ^RITISHAMERICA. &5* face of a colony, lay chiefly upon the banks of the river St. Laurence, and the numerous fmall rivers falling into that ftreara. This being reduced by the Britilh arms in the war of 1756 was formed into a Britilh colony, called the Province of Quebec. In the year 1774, an aft was pafled by the parliament of Great Britain, for making more effeftual provifion for the government of the province of Quebec. By this it was enafted, that all the territories, iflands, and countries in North America, belonging to the riowu of Great Britain, bounded on the fouth by a line from the bay Chaleurs, along the Ijigh lands which divide the rivers that empty themfelves into the river St. Laurence from thofe which fall into the fea, to a point in fohy-five degrees of northern latitude, on the eaftern bank of the river Gonnefticut, keeping the fame latitude direftly weft, through the lake Ghamplain, imtil, in the fame latitudci it meets the River St. Laurence ; from thence up the eaftern bank of the fame>iver to the lake Ontario ; thence through the lake Ontario, and the river commonly called Niagara; and thence along by the eaftern and fouth-eaftcrn bank of lake Erie, following the laid bank, until the fame fhall be interfered by the north- ern boundary, granted by the charter of the province of Pennfylvania, in cafe the fame fhall be fo interfered; and from thence along the faid northern and wefterri boundaries of the faid province, until the faid weftern boundary ftrike the Ohio; but in cafe the faid bank of the faid lake fhall not be found to be fo mterfeaed, then following the faid bank until it fhall arrive at that point of it which fhall be the near-ft to the north-weftem angle of the pro- vince of Pennfylvania ; and thence, by a right liue, to the north-weftem angle of the faid province ; and thence along the weftern boundary of that province, until it ftrike the river Ohio; and along the bank of that river, weftward, to the banks of the Miffifippi, and northward to the fouthern boundary of the territory granted to the Hudfon's Bay Com- pany; and alfo all fuch territories, iflands, and countries, which had, fince the loth of Fe- bruary 1763, been made part of the government of Newfoundland, be annexed to, and made part of, the province of G^iiebec: but by the peace of 1783, the boundaries were greatly contraaed. It is now bounded by New Britain and Hudfon's Bay on the North andEaft; by Nova Scotia, New England, and New York on the South, and by unknown lands on the Weft. Air and climate.] The climate of this extenfive province is not very diiferent from the colonies mentioned above; but as it is much farther from the fea, and more northerly than a great part of thefe provinces, it has a much feverer winter, though the air is gene, rally clear ; but like moft of thofe American trads, that do not lie too far to the northward,, the fummers are very hot and exceedingly pleafant. Soil and produce.] Though the climate be cold, and the winter long and tedious, the foil is in general verv good, and in many parts both pleafant and fertile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with many other forts of grains, fruits and vegetables; tobacco, in particular, thrives well and is much cultivated. The ifle of Orieans near Quebec, and the lands upon the River St. Laurence and other rivers, are remarkable for the richnefs of their foil. The meadow grounds in Ganada, which are well watered, yield excellent grafs, and breed vart numbers of great and fmall cattle. As we are now entering upon the cultivated- provinces of Britifli America, and as Canada is upon the back of the United States, and contains almoft all the diflerent fpecies of wood and animals that are found in thefe colo- nies, we fhall, to avoid repetitions, fpeak of them here at feme length. Timber and plants.] The uncultivated parts of North America contain the greateft forefts in the world. They are a continued wood, not planted by the hands of men, and in all appearance as old as the world iifelf. Nothing is more magnificent to the fight ; the trees lofe themfelves in the clouds ; and there is fuch a prodigious variety of fpecies, that even among thofe perfons who have taken moft pains to know them, there is not one per- haps that knows half the number. The province we are defcribing produces, amongft others, two fo-rts of pines, the white and the red ; four forts of firs ; two forts of cedar, an(t V |64 BRITISH AMERICA. oak, the white and the red ; the male and female maple , three forts of afh-trees, the frc^, the muQgrd, aud the bailard; three forts of walnut-tiees, the bard, the loft, and the fmouth; valt numbers of beech-trees, and white wood; white and red elms, and poplars. The Indians hollow the red elms into canoes, fome of which, made out of one piece, will Contain twenty perfons; others are made of the bark, the diflerent pieces of which thejr few together with the inner rind, and daub over the teams with pitch, or rather a bitumi- nous matter vefembling pitch, to prevent their leaking ; and the ribs of thefe canoes are nude of boughs of trees. About November the bears and wild cats take up their habita- tions in the hollow elms, and remain there till Apiril. Here are alo found cherry-trees, plum-trees, the vinegar-tree, the fruit of which, infufed in water, produces vinegar; an aquatic plant, called alaco, the fruit of which may be made into a confe^ion ; the white thorn ; the cotton tree, on the top of which grow feveral tufts of flowers, which, when fhakcn in the morning, before the dew falls oR', produce honey, that may be boiled up into lugar, the i'eed being a pod, containing a very fine kind of cotton ; the iun-plant, which re- lembles a marigold, and grows to the height of fevcn or eight feet ; Turkey corn ; French beans ; gourds, melons, capillaire, a,nd the hop-plant. Metals and minkrals.] Near Qjiebec is a fine lead mine, and in fome of the moun- tains, we arc told, filver has been found, though we have not heard any great advantage made of it as yet. This country alfo abounds with coals. Rivers.] The rivers branching through this country are very numerous, and many of them large, bold, and deep. I'he principal are, the Outtauais, St. John's, Seguinay, De- Iprairies, and Troii Rivieres, but they are all fwallowed up by the river St. Laurence. This river iffues from the lake Ontario, and taking its courfe uorth-eafl;, wafhes Montreal, where it receives the Outtauais, and forms many fertile iflands. It continues the fame couife, and meets the tide upwards of +00 miles from the fea, where it is navigable for large veffels; and below Quebec, 340 miles from the fea, it becomes broad, and fo deep, that (hips of the linecontnSuted, in thelail war, to reduce that capital. After receiving in its progreis innumerable ftrearas, this great river falls into the ocean at Cape Rofieres, where it is 90 miles broad, and where the cold is intenfe, and the fea boifterous. In its progrefs it forms a vaiiety of bays, harbours, and iflauds, many of tbem fruitful, and ex- tremely pleafant. Lakes.] The great river St. Laurence i'> that only upon which the French (now fubjedls of Great Britain) have I'ettlements of any note ; but if we look forward into fiiturity it is not improbable that Canada, and thofe vaft re^ons to the weft, will be enabled of tnemfelves to carry on a confiderable trade upon the great lakes of frefti water, which thefe countries environ. Here are five lakes, thefmalleft of which is a piece of fweet water, greater than any in the other parts of the world ; this is the lake Ontario, which is not lefs than 200 leagues in circumference ; Erie, or Ofwego, longer but not fo broad, is about the fame ex- tent. That of the Huron fpreads greatly in width, and is in circumference not lefs than 300, as is that of Michigan, though, like the lake Erie, it is rather long and comparatively narrow. But the lake Superior, which contains feveral large iflands, is 500 leagues in the circuit. All of thefe are navigable by any veffels, and they all comnaunicate with one ano- ther, except that the paffage between Erie and Ontario is interrupted by a ftuiiendous fall or cataradl, which is called the Falls of Niagara. The water here is about haif a mile wide, where the rock crotfcs it, not in a diraJt line, but in the form of a half moon. When it comes to the perpendicular fall, wlrichis 150 feet, no words can exprefs the confternation of travellers at feeing fo great a body of water falling, or rather violently thrown, from fo great an height, .upon the rocks below ; from which it again rebounds to a very great height, appearing as white as fnow, being all converted into foam, through thofe violent agitations. Th«i noile of ibis lall is oftcu heard at th« diitaiicc of i.^ miles, and fomclinics much farther. The vapour arifing from the fall may foraetimes be leen at a great diftance. BRITISH AMEklCA. 855 appearing lue a cloud, or pillar of fiiioke, and in the appearance of a rainbow, whenever the iun and the pohtion ©f the travellw favours. Many beaHs and fowls here bfe their lives, bj^ attenvpting to fwira, or crofs the ftream in the rapids above the fall, and are found dafhed in pietes below; and fonietimes the Indians through carelcffnefs or drunkennefs, have met with the lame fate ; and pei-haps no place in the world is frequented by fuch a number of eagles as are invited hither by the carnage of deer, elks, bears, &c. on which they feed. The river St. Laurence, as we have already obferved, is the outlet of thefc iakesj by this thevdifcharge ihemfelves into the ocean. The French, when in poffelfion of the province, built forts at the feveral Itraits, by which thefe lakes communicate with each other, as well as where the laft of them communicates with the river. By thefe they effeaually iecured to themfelves the trade of the lakes, and an influence upon all the nations of America which lay near them. Animals.] Thefe make the moil curious, and hitherto the moft intereftrng part of the natural hiftonr of Canada. It id to the fpoils of thefe that we owe the materials of many of our manufadlures, and moft of the commerce as yet carried on between us and the coun- try we have been defcribing. The animals that find Ihelter and nourilhment in the im- menfe forefts of Canada, and which indeed traverfe the uncultivated parts of all this con- tinent, are flags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martins, wild cats, ferrets, weafels, fquirrels of a large fize and greyilh hue, hare?, ind rabbits. The fouthem parts ia particular breed great numbers of wild bulls, deer of a fmall fize, divers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, &c. The marihes, lakes, and pools, which in this country are very numerous, fwarm with otters, beavers or caftors, of which the white are highly valued, being fcarce, as well as the right black kind. The American beaver, though refembling the creature known in Europe by that name, has many particulars which render it the moil curious animal we are acqiiainted with. It is near four feet in length, and weighs fixty or feventy pounds ; they live from fifteen to twenty years, and the females generally bring forth four young ones at a time. It is an amphibious quadruped, that continues not long at a time in the water, but yet cannot live without frecjuently bathing in it. 1 he favagc", who waged a continual war with this animal, believed it to be a rational creature, that it lived in fociety, and was go- verned by a leader, refembling their own fachero or prince. It juuft indeed be allowed, that the curious accounts given of this animal by ingenious travellers, the manner in which it contrives its habitation, provides food to ferveduimg the winter, and always in propor- tion to the contiouance and feverity of it, are fufficient to Ihew the near approaches of in- ftinatoreafon. afld eveti in fome inftances the fuperiority of the former. Their colours are different; black, brown, white, yellow, and ftraw-colour ; but it is obferved, that the ligbifer their colour, the lefs quantity of fur they are clothed with, and live in warmer cli- mates. The furs of the beaver are of two kinds^ the dry and the green ; the dry fur is the Ikin before it IS applied to any ufe; the green are the fiirs that are worn, after being fewed to one another, by the Indians, who befmear them with unduous fubftances, which not only render them more pliable, but give the fine down, that is manufaftured into hats, that oily quality which renders it proper to be worked up with the dry fur. Both the Ehitch and Enghfh have of latefound thefecret of makmg excellent cloths, gloves, and ftock- ings, as well as hats, from the beaver ftr. Befides the fur, this ufeful animal produces the true cafloreum, which is contained in bags in the lower part of the belly, different from the tefticles : the value of this drug is well known. The flefti of the beaver is a moft delici- ous food, but when boiled it has a difagreeable relifh. The mufk rat is a diminutive kind of beaver (weighing about five or fix pounds), which it refembles m every thing but its tail ; and it affords a very ftrong mufk. The elk i& of the fize of a horfe or mule. Many extraordinary medicinal qualities, particularly for curing the faiiing-hcknefs, are afcribed to the hoof of the left loot of this- aaiinal. Its ffe(h is very agreeable and nourilhing, and its colour a mixture of light-grey 856 BRITISH AMERICA. and dark-red. They love the cold countries ; and when the winter afTords them no grafs, they gnaw the bark of trees. It is dangerous to approach very near this animal when he is hunted, as he fometimes fprings Ririoufly on his purfuers, and tramples them to pieces. To prevent this, the hunter throws his clothes to him, and while the deluded animal fpends his fury on thefe, he takes proper meafures to diipatch him. There is a carnivorous animal here, called the carcajou, of the feline or cat kind, with a tail fo long, that Charlc oix fays he twifted it fevcral times round his body. Its body is about two feet in length, from the end of the fnout to the tail. It is faid, that this animal, winding himfelf about a tree, will dart from thence upon the elk, twift his ftrong tail round his body, and cut his throat in a moment. The buflaloe, a kind of wild ox, has much the fame appearance with thofe of Europe : his body is covered with a black wool, which is highly efteemed. The flelh of the fe- male is very good ; and the buffaloe hides are foft ancl pliable as chamois leather, but fo very ftrong, that the bucklers which the Indians make ui'e of are hardly penetrable by a niuflcet ball. The Canadian roebuck is a domeftic animal, but differs in no other refpeft from thofe of Europe. Wolves are fcarce in Canada, but they aflbrd the fineft furs in all the count i-y : their flc{h is white and good to eat ; and they purlue their prey to the tops of the talleil trees. The black foxes are greatly efteemed, and very fcarce; but thofe of other colours arc more common ; and lome on the Upper Miflilippi arc of a filver colour, and very beautiful They live upon water-fowls, which they decoy within their clutches by a thoufand antic ivicks, and then fpring upon, and devour them. The Canadian pole-cat has a moll beautiful white fur, except the tip of his tail, which is as black as jet. ^lature has given this animal no defence but its urine, the fmell of which is naufeous and intolerable ; this, when attacked, it fprinkles plentifully on its tail, and throws it on the alTailant- The Canadian wood-rat is of a beautiful filver colour, with a buihy tail, and twice as big as the European : the female carries under hei belly a bag, which fhe opens and fhuts at pleafure ; and in that Ihe places her young when purfued. Here are three forts of fquirrels ; that called the flying-fquirrel will leap forty paces and more, from one tre^ to another. This little anima is eafily tamed, and is very lively, ex<;ept when aflcep, which is often the cafe ; and he puts up wherever he can find a place, in one's fleeve, pocket or niufi"^ he firfl pitches on his mafter, whom he will diflinguifh among 20 peribus. The Canadian porcupine is lei's than a middling dog ; when rcafted, he eats full as well as a fucking pig. The hares and rabbits differ little from thole in Europe, only they turn ■grey in winter. There are two forts of bears here, one of a reddifh, and the other of a black colour ; but the former is the inoft dangerous. The bear is oiaturaliy fierce, unlefs when wounded, or opprefTed with hunger. They run themfelves very poor in the month of July, when it is. fomewhat jdangerous to meet them ; and they are faid to fupport themfelves during the winter, when the fnow lies from four to fix feet deep, hy lucking their paws. Scarcely any thing among the Indians is undertaken with greater folemnity than hunting the bear; and an alliance with a noted bear-hunter, who has killed feveral in one day, is more eagerly fought after, than that of one who has rendered himfelf famous in war. I'he reafon is, becaufe the chace fupplics the family with both food and raiment. Of the feathered creation, they have eagles, falcons, gofhawks, tercols, partridges grey, red, and black, with long tails, which they I'pread out as a fan, and make a very beau- tiful appearance ; woodcocks are fcarce in Canada, but fnipes, and other water-game, are plentiful. A Canadian raven is faid by Ibnie writers to eat as well as a pullet, and an owl better. Here are black-birds, fwallows, and larks ; no lefs than twenty-two'dif- ferent fpecies of ducks, and a great number of fwans, turkeys, geefe, buftards, teal, ur-at-Ai.-kanu franpe and other !ar"s water-fcjwl * bui always at a J.iftance from noufes. I'he Canadian wood-pecker is a beautiful bird. Thrufhes and goldfinches are found BRITISH AMERICA. ^51 here ; but the chief Canadian bird of melody is the white-bird, which is a kind of or- tolan, very fhcvvy, and remarkable for announciug the return of fpring. The fly-bird is thought to be tne niofl beautiful of any in nature; with all bis plumage, he is no big- ger than a cock-hai'er, and he makes a uoife with bis wings like the humming of a large fly. Among the reptiles of this country, the rattle-fnake only dcferves attention. Some of thefe are as big as a uian's leg, and they are long in proportion. What is moft remark- able iu this animal is the tail, which is fcaly like a coat of mall, and on which it is laid there grows every year one ring, or row of fcales ; lb that they know iis age by its tail, as we do that of a horfe by his teeth. Iu moving, it makes a rattling noile, from which it has its came. The bite of this ferpent is mortal, if a remedy is not ap- plied immediately. In all places where this dangerous reptile is bred, there grows a plant which is called rattle-fnake herb, the root of which (fuch is the gooduefs of Providence) is a certain antidote againll the venom of this ferpent, anrl that with the moft llmple preparation, for it requires only to be pounded or chewed, and applied likt; a plafler to the wound. 'Ihe rattle-fnake feldom bites paffengers, unlefs it is provoked; and never darts itlelf at any perfon without firft rattling three times with its tail. W heu purfued, if it has but a little time to recover, it folds itfelf round, with the head in the middle, and then darts itfelf with great fury and violence againft its purfuers ; neverthc- lefs, the lavages chace it, and find its flelh very good ; and being alio of a medicinal quality, it is uled by the American apothecaries iu particular cafes. Some writers are of opinion that the tifheries in Canada, if properly improved^ would be more likely to enrich that country than even the fur trade. The river St. Laurence contains perhaps the grcateft variety of any in the world, and thefe in the greateft plenty and of the befl forts. Befides a great variety of other fifh in the rivers and lakes, are fea-wolvcs, fea-cows, por- poifes, the lencornet, the goberque, the fea-plaife, falmon, trout, turtle, lobflers, the chaourafou, fturgeon, theachigau; the gilthead, tunny, fbad, lamprey, fmelt, conger-eels, mackrel, foals, herrings, anchovies, and pilchards. Ihe fea-wolf, fo called from its how- ling, is an amphibious creature ; the largefl are faid to weigh two thoufand pounds ; their flefh is good eating ; but the profit of it lies in the oil, which is proper for burning, and currying of leather ; their Ikins make excellent coverings for trunks, and though not fo fine as Morocco leather, they preferve their frefhnefs better, and are lefs liable to cracks. The fhoes and boots made of thofe fkius let in no water, and, when properly tanned, make excellent and lafting covers for feats. Ihe Canadian fea-cow is larger than the fea-wolf, but refembles it in figure : it has two teeth of the thicknefs and lengthof a maifs arm, that, when grown, look like horns, and are very fine ivory, as well as its other teeth. Some of theporpoifes of the river St. Laurence are i'aid to yield a hogftiead of oil ; and of their fkins waiflcoats are made, which are exceffively flrong, and mulket proof. The lencornet is a kind of cuttle-fifh, quite round, or rather oval : there are three forts of tliem, which difier only in fize ; fome being as large as a hogftiead, and others but a foot long ; tliey catch only the lafl, and that with a torch ; they are excellent eating. The gober- 1 Lreadth 250 f ^''^'''" { Degrees. 43 and 49 north latitude. 60 and 67 call longitude. Sq. Miles. h 57,oco. Boundaries.] r>OUNDED by the River St. Laurence on the North; by the gulf of c .u J u JP ?^" ^"'■^"ce, and the Atlantic ocean, Lad ; by the fame ocean, South ; and by Canada and New England, Weft. In the year 1 784, this province was divided into /a'o ^oifrww«/j. / / t, , , «« Lakes.] The lakes are very numerous, but have not yet received particular names. . Climate.] 'I he climate of this country, though within the Temperate Zone, has been v lound rather unfavourable to European conftitutions. They are wrapt up in the glbom of a fog during great part of the year, and for four or five months it is intenfely cold. But though the cold in winter and the heat in fummcr are great, they come on. gradually fo as to prepare the body for enduring both. » / Soil and produce.] From fiich an unfavourable climate little can be cxpedled ' Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, is almoft a continued foreft; and agriculture, though at- tempted by the Englifti feitlers, has hitherto made little progrefs. la nioft parts the foil is thin ard barren, the corn it produces, of a ftirivelled kind like rye, and the grafs intermixed with a cold fpungy mofs. However, it is not uniformlv bad; there are tiads in the. penmfula to the fouthward, which do not yield to the beft land in New England ; and,* in general, the foilis adapted to the produce of henm and flax. The tinibcr is cxtt'cmel'- pi-oper for ftiip-building, and produces jiitch and'^ar. Flattering accounts' have been gi\ en of the luiprovcmeuts making in the new fcttlemcnis and the bay of Fuudy. A great III ill lil 96% BRITISH AMERICA. .quantity of laud hath been cleared which abounds in timber, and fhip-loads of excellent mafts and fpars have been fhipped for England. Animals 1 This country is not deficient in the animal produajons of the neighbour- ing provinces, particularly deer, beavers, and otters. Wild fowl, and all manner of game, and many kinds of European fowl, and quadrupeds, have, from time to time, been brought into it,^ and thrive well. At the clofe of March, the fifti begm to fpawn, when they enter the rivers in fuch Ihoals as are incredible. Herrings come up m April, and the fturgeon and falmon in May. But the mod valuable appendage of New Scotland, is the Cape Sable coaft, along which is one continued range of cod-fiftiing banks, and ex- cellent harbours. . . „ ,. , /• l-j .• _j: History, settlement, chief? Notwithftaiiding the forbidding appearance of TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. ^his coumry. It was here that fome of the firft Euro- pean fettlements were made. The hril grant of lands in it was given by James I. to his fecretary Sir William Alexander, fro a whom it had the name of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. Since then it has frequenil)- changed hands, from one private proprietor to another, and from the French to the laglifh nation backward and forward.^ It was not confirmed to the Englifti, till the peace of Utrecht, and their defign in acquiring it, does not feem to have fo much arifen from any prolpea of direa profit to be obtained by it. as from an apprehcnfion that the French, by polfeffing this province, might have had it ill their power to annoy our other ietilements. Upon this principle, 3000 families w-ere traufported in 17.V9. at the charge of the government, into this country. I he town they erected is called Hallifax, from the earl of that name, to whofe wifdom and care we owe this fetdemeut. The town of Halifax ftands upon Chebufto Bay, very commodioufly fituated for the filherv, and has a communication with moft parts of the province, either by land carriage, the fea, or navigable rivers, with a fin.- harbour, where a finall fquadron of fhips of war lies during the winter, and in fummcr puts to fea, under the conimand of a commodore, for the proteaion of the fifhery. and to fee that the articles of the peace, relating thereto, are duly obfcrved by the French. The tov.n has an entrenchment, and is ftrengthened with forts of timber. Three regiments ot men are ftationed in it to pro- tea the inh.vbitants fro u the Indians, whoft refentmcnt, however excited or fomented, has been found implacable againft the Kngliih. The number ot inhabitants is laid to be IS or 1 6 CO- who live very comfortably by the trade they carry on in furs and naval ll'ores, by their fifherics, and it being the refidencc of the governor and the garnion al- ^ ^^ The other towns of lefs note are Annapolis Royal, which ftands on the'eaft fidetof th^ ' ^^ bay of Fundy, and though but a Imall wretched place, vvas formerly the capital of the province It his one of the fineft harbours in America, capable ot containing a thoufand velfcls at anchor, in the utmoit fecurity. This place is alio proteaed by a tort and gar- rifoM Sr John's is a new fcttlement at the mouth of the river of that name, that falls into the bay of Fundy on the weft hdc. Siure the conclufion of the American war the emigration of lovalifts to this province, from the United States hath been very gre^t. By them new town^'have been raifed, but particularly at Port Rofeway, where is now a city named Shtlburne, which extends two miles on the water fide, and one mile back, with wide ftrcets crofting each other at right angles. It is faid to have above 9000 inhabitants, cxdufive of what is ftilcd the Blocjt Tmat (containing i2cofree blacks, wholcrved on the royal fide during the war), which ftands about a mile from Shelburne, and feparated from 4t by a fmall frelh water rjver. The h;irbour here is deep, capacious, apd fecure, and the iide hath a great rile and fall. Such of the loyaiifts as apply lor lands have in pro- portion to the property they poiichca ociurc luc uuyuic.T in_ .-..iKr.- - ,011,.!., .u,... ...i-.„ ing for fuch as have large families to provide for. And it is faid that the new appointed -overuor of New BrunlWick has it in his inftruaions to " grant, without fee or reward, to fuch r and 11 expira Nova every thouia the na Th( cloth, of oui %6,so(. fifherj inhabi the W which and tb prefen the N( I iilrilirnble that! our niut I fitti The' batanre iA liitixclusive ul ttie mn liinbteighc hundred and |tifi{nveut.y-tvfu dollars I tdpUiututheTreasui-y I I i.|Se|i'enil>er last, so fa I litaitlie basis uf an est! Iiiiliuiidr'ed and thirty-l I ({liU dulUrs aDd ttvent IllJptigrthe present qua I Mreilu'id sixty-one t Itilite iliillars and 'forty |«ipli (luriui; the year o Ifiirihuujaiid eigt4t but Ijiiiyievcu cents. The Ibibly amount to tweni |;^!iy-s«ven tliouaand ii^ l^itvthrecceuts; and li 1 jMuary next the sum u Ititut)' ii'<^ t'"""""' '>' I JwttKii c«niber fur the IjNr, vThkch with the al 1 liojdit deficiencies, was wiii uf twentjf-two n Noliin. Mad ihes* only tu )as wotthl iiav* bee I ((Ihne twenty -lour m I Jttotihave becu nfyii ;«n«S'»ti loureitof « I itlMiai; ttte barcten of i I k) the iMMitt of more t 1 41 KNViit of inttftrt di |4|li«**fiioii*>,tm( I iW^'liciretit, M^e wl>" |4liHtsr Jauu«ry Pei I jiilionslhree hundred a I «uittiirt>.6y« dollars ^1 HmtlKcavaoue oftl Ili4t teceived iu the out nhicbcaii scarcely pri uniform experience of (lie tariff ot duties um been, the amount of average valUfi nearly thougli occaslonaHy »' lieinj more "wd soine US r BRITISH AMERICA. 863 fuch reduced officers as f'erved in provincial corps during the late war in North America, and ftiall perfonally apply for the fame, the ioUowing quantities of lands, fubjedl at the expiration of ten years to the fame quit rents as other lands are fuojrft in the province of Nova Scotia, as alio fubjedl to the fame conditions of cultivation and improvement. To every perlbn having the rank of a field ofiicer, three thoufand acres ; to every capiain twa thouland acres; and to every fubalterri one thoufand acres." The reduced officers of the navy are entitled to land in the iame proportion. The experts" from Great Britain to this country confift chiefly of woollen and linen cloth, and other neceffaries for wear, of filhing tackle, and rigging for fhijjs. The amount of our exports, at an average of three years, before the new fettlements, was about l6,^oo\. The only articles we can get in exchange are timber, and the produce of the fifhery, which, at a like average, amounts to 38,000!. But from the late increafe of inhabitants, it is fuppofed that they will now eredl faw mills, and endeavour to fupply the Weft India ifl?aids with lumber of every kind, as well as the produce of the fiftiery, which will be a profitable article to both countries. The whole population of Nova Scotia and the iflands adjoining is eflimated at 50,000. Recent accounts of thefe fettlements re- prefentthem at prefent in a declining State, having great numbers of the houfes built in the New Towns uninhabited, and confiderably reduced in value. iii -5 4\ llVMrable tliati our muM ^ )iKa The' balance ift the 'I rcoo iifcuclusive ul tlie moiries received l tfUih NtiVdqiMr. 1820, «i(^. GrMi Britain, '. . , jiibtcight hundred atiii sixty-une thousand niu» iiuffnn ilittviiuXy-t^lo dollars and eighly-threo cents. The rc- «l|iUi6tu the TVeasui-y from the Ut of January to the 30th ((Stpiemher la»t, so far a^ they have beei» ascertained to linjillie basis of an estimate, arouunttu eighteen millians liiliiiiidreJ and thirty-lhree thousanU nine hundred and irliU dollars and twenty-seven cenrB, nbich, with the re- Kipli'uf the present quarter, tstlriiat^dat five mitlioos four Wred BTid sixty-one thousand two hundred aod eighty. ttite didlars and forty cents, form an aggiegnu of re- «ipU (luriuc the year of twehty-four millioiis and ninety fntthuusand eight huhdred aiid si^ty-three dollar* and oiiUKveu ceiit-i. The expenditure of the year may pro- Ubly amount' to twenty-five millions six hundred and ;jirtj-seven thousand five huWI'red and eleven dollars and ^itv-threc cents ; and leavfc in the Treasury on the 1st of Jjn'uarv next the sum of five millions one hundred and tuiiily five thousand six hundred afld thirty-eight dollars Mrtt'tn cents. iK.€^m .. j . The receipts of the pr Aflit yfaFfiave amounted to near »o milliiiuB more than was anticipated at tht commeuce- anitot tlie last Se»ion of Cnngiesi. ttii. amoitat of duties-secured on importations, from the liUf January to the :«thof September, was about twenty- .tuomilliensBihe huudred and ninety-seven thousand, and All of the estimated accruing revenue is five niiUion*, iHviii' an afgfe^ate for the year of near tweoty-aight aUliiiia Tliis t»one roilliuu more than the estimate made U tecember for the accruing revenue of th« prewol Hir lihleh with the allowances for drawbacks artd •on- Knt deficiencies, was expected to produce an actual Te- ntii of twenty-two millions three hundred thousand MhT*. Had these only been realised, the expendtturejof 4,,wrwoBlilhavebeen also proportionally rea«ice«; for i\Ut twenty four millioos received, upward* of rtoe Vtshave l«*n ap^ed to the extinction of public debt, IflHMr.n taUr«itof«4x per «e»t. a war, aod of coarse ^tag tbe kwOen of InUrert aonudly payable io future, hie «<«»« of more than half ■ aaUliop . The PVOBBd Z Kcowit of int«tt* duriof the current year Mceedftiw jilWnslhreehundred and »lxty-«wo Hi2w^_ Notwithftanding the forbidding appearance of TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. Y ihls couutry, it was here that fome of the firft Euro- pean fettlements were made. The tiill grant of lands in it was given by James I. to his fecretarv Sir William Alexander, from whom it had the name of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. Since then it has frequeatlv changed hands, from one private proprietor to another, and from the French to the liigliOi nation backward and forward. It was not confirmed to the Englifh, till the peace of Utrecht, and their defign m acquiring it, does not feem to have fo much arifen from any profpeft of direa profit to be obtained by it, as from an apprehenfion that the Freach, by polfeffing this province, might have had it in their power to annoy our other fetilements. Upon this principle, 3000 families were tranfported ia 1749, at .he charge of the government, into this country. The toxt--'-^«« •HjUv.J. a TotMII, aiil 'cif ill •ense of by land carriage, the fea, or navigable rivers, with a fine harbof, __^ ^^_ of fhips of war lies during the winter, and in fummcr puts to fjie.. ^ai-d a commodore, for the proteAion of the fifhery, and to fee thairUhma.." relating thereto, are duly obferved by the French. The tov/n '^'';~ is ftrengtheued with forts of timber. Tliree regiments ot men Sur ,„d tea the inhabitants fro n the Indians, wiioie refentmcnt, hnw^J^^^';^^ has been found implacable againft the Engliih. The "uniber .,^e.tiuu 1 5 or i6ooD, who live very comtortably by ihe trade they ',e , -an .,r ftores, by their fifheries, and it being the refidencc of the go;|';; b-»' ready mentioued. /."nattl'p The other towns of lefs note are Annapolis Royal, w hich 1^ to sta",i bay of Fundy, and though but a fmall wretclicd place, ^vas 'w«yjiti. province. It has one of the fined harbours in America, capalfuiey l^t veffels at anchor, in the utmoft fecurity. This place is alio f[.i2,7c rifon. St. John's is a new fcttlement at the mouth of the npedien'cy into the bay of Fundy on the weft lide. Since the conchifiol|",'^"'ynu.' emigration of loyalifts to this province, from the United Stai^" -('"uu them new towns'have been raifed, but particularly at Port Pr. stf.elb, named Shelburne, which extends two miles on the water fif,X4"^ wide ftreets croHing each other at right angles. It is iaid to^ ^ exclufive of what is ftiled the Bhcjt fw;; (containing i2co^ """' joyal fide during the war), which ftands about a mile from ?i.i,k„„„^ i4t by a fmall frelh water rjver. The harbour here is deey^wuuwa^ the lide hath a great rife and fall. Such of the loyalifts pfirliou to the property they poifelfed bef<)re the troubles ing for fuch as have large families to provide for. And 'governor of New Brunfwick has it in his inftruaious to «' Gra .. at Market today were amall. B„e , lower ",''•"=''"" "f Tue,day , Oaw. exre,,- IvT V o'/'^"'' ""■ 0»'roeal iliere Is ,„ MS to 16s i Barley, 21, to 23s wasi^J'rr^'r''"'''"^"'"'"''' "eckJibsb 31 iiioniibj. jcaru fori c»s. Wheat, Barley, ai..l Oats, Mouday> nri Ll/F.,,POOL COHN-EXCHANOR. n.l ■ lisli, white, per 70lb», I I Is 3d ; Iriili, white, lOs ! , — ...,,j , |jrices. ,. 6.XCHANOE, Oec M _ wlnte. per /-Olh,, u, ,a\^, ' ^• Oats. English 451hs 4s to Aid 'm "hi ' .On the 27th ult. at LiS. C 'oUDty Hon. Mrs. 8tuart, ol a _ d^.u,jhtero.M,orR;eha^Jtjrn^- At Do,.„de« Church, ot. the 29tl, ..It Ksi|., only sou "f "I"' •' • ° '•"" lit Idare, El., to 23s. *NOB, l>l!CKJIBStt31 "lis iiiuniibjj «caru tactDrs demand, Wi t«, Mouday> prices. CHANGE, Oec. 30 - lis tu !!>,, ,)i„„ I i!'d ti» I Is (ditto red, to , Ambruse Ujito/i ( » 1, Meau., £,-,,„ ,„ j; ,., ird HofniUje, o| Tul I <« the 29tli uit „ A.vliuer. ol Cuuiiow •t. 'iBugi.tar of il,e '•■i Hare. James'i Church, I,, '."" "<"■»/ i>l the fl. rhler of the Rev, |(, ilt^la tb» prima of Moleiwortb, Ku^. A £f^,f«d officers as ferved in provincial corps during the late war in North America, and fhall perfonally apply for the fame, the ioUowing quantities of lands, fubjea at the expiration of ten years to the fame quit rents as other lands are fuojrd^ in the province of I«iova Scotia, as alio fubjed to the fame conditions of cultivation and improvement To every perion having the rank of afield o^cer, three thoufand acres; to every captain two thouland acres; and to every fubaltern one thoufand acres." The reduced officers of the navy are entitled to land in the fame proportion. The exports from Great Britain to this country confift chiefly of woollen and linen cloth, and other neceffaiies for wear, of fifhing tackle, and rigging for ftii])s. The amount ot our exports, at an average of three years, before the new fettlements, was about 36,5001. The only articles we can get in exchange are timber, and the p-oduce of the hlhery, which, at a like average, amounts to 38,000!. But from the late increafe of inhabitants, it is fuppofed that they will now ereft faw mills, and endeavour to fupply the Weft India ifiands with lumber of every kind, as well as the produce of the filhery which will be a profitable article to both countries. I'he whole population of Nova Scotia and the illands adjoming is eftimated at 50,000, Recent accounts of thefe fettlements re- prefent them at prefent in a declining State, having great numbers of the houfes built in the New Towns uninhabited, and confiderably reduced in value. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, OF the rife, progrefs, and moft remarkable events of that war, between Great Bri- tain and her American colonies, which at length terminated in the- eltabliihment of the « United States of America," we have already given an account, in our view of the principal tranfadions in the hillory of Great Britain. It was on the 4th of July, 1776, that the congrefs publiOied a folemn declaration, in which they afligned their reafons for withdrawing their allegiance from the king of Great Britain. In the name, and by Uie authority, of the inhabitants of the united colonies of New Hamplhire,: Maffachufet's-- Bay, Rhode Ifland, and Providence Plantations, Conneaicut, New York, New jerfey, Pcnnfylvauia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, Suuth-Carolina, and Georgia, they declared, that they then were, and of right ought to be. Free and Inde-- pendent States ; and that, as luch, they had full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- traa alliances, eftablifh commerce, and do all other ads and things, which independent ftates may of right do. They alfo publifhed adls of confederation, and perpetual union, . between the united colonies, in which they affumed th© title of " The United States of America;" and by which each of the colonies contraded a reciprocal treaty of alliance and friendfhip for their common defence, for the maintenance of .their liberties, and for • their general an^ mutual advantage ; obliging themlelves to aflift each other againft all violence that might threaten all, or any one of them, and to repel, in common, all the. attacks that might be levelled againft all, or any one of them, on account of religion, fo- vereignty, commerce, or under any other pretext whatfoever. Each of the colonies re- - ferved to themfelves aloi:e the exclufive right of regulating their internal government, and of framing laws in all matters not included in the articles of confederation. But for the more convenient- management of the general inteiefts of the United States, it was determined, that delegates ihould be annually appointed in firch manner • aE the legiflature of each ftate fhould dire^, to meet in congrefs on the fiill Monday, of November of every j^^ear, with a power refened to each ftate to recall its delegates, or any ot them-, at any time within the ■"ear p.v.d to fend others in their ftead fo" the remainder of the year. No ftate is to be reprefented in congrefs by lei's than two, nor more thau^^^ven nienibere j and no perfon is capable of being a delegate, for more thaa ,Utr - 1- ■.iii'lT''"'"^'' ■""4 "'" •>• perni.uni] 864- UNITED STATES of AMERICA. threo years, in any term of fix years ; nor is any perfon being a delegate, capable of hr>lding any office under the United Stales, lor which he, or any other I'or his benefit, fliall receive any lalary, fees, or eniohnnent of any kind. In determining quellions in the United States, in congrefs affenibled, each flate is to have one vote. Every flate is to abide by the determinations of the United States in congrefs affembled, on all questions which arc fubmitted to them 'y the confederation. The articles of confederation are to be inviolably obfcrved by every laie, and the union is to be perpetual ; nor is any alteration, at anytime hereafter, to be made in any of them, unlefs fuch alteration be agreed to in a congrefs of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legiilatures of every ftate*. • Atthecommencemcnt of ilielate ravoluiionin Anjc- ricn, one of the firll objefts of the people, w;is, a form of Rovcrnmen', which, by giving eflkicncy to the \v;iii:ke operations of the times, and uniting in one Ujilllitive and executive body tlie Iciiding charatlers of the different provinces, promifed to infpire coafidence and, unauiiBity thronghout tUe continent. A congrefs, coinpoftd of reprefenta- tivcs from tlie thirteen United States, was, we have feei), the fuggellion of the time; and the event has proved, that jio body of men could have aihed wiih more fteadinefs, virtue, and fuccefs, againd fuch i\n accumulation cf power, tempta- Ition, and dillrefs, as they had to contend with for leverai years. During the tu.iiult of war, the ac Guicfcence vf the iiUyeiTt, gave vigour and efFeifl to t\s hand and tlie head, which direrted the machine of!^ government } but the laclions wiiich peace ge- nerally produces in Iree dates, (and ,w hich prob.iWy contribute to pqtfervc thtir exiltcnce) pointed out_ . tlie incompetency and debility of tlie powers cf congrefs, by a gener;*! difregard of its ricoinmtn.ta- /.'iw.— America then appeared as a cumbrous dif- oi-dcred body, without a head to direft its mo- tions. — Various evils naturally flowed from fuch a date: public credit and private confidence univer- fiiily depiccisted, and didrefs and dillr.ii^lion per- vaded the wholi continent, whild the national con- fequence was without refpecT in foreign courts. Congrefs law and lamented thefe infirmities in the flitc, but h, id not ilic /'O'Ufr to remove them; till at length the dormant virtue of the peopI>; was roufed, and a convention was appointed, conipofed of mod of thole charaiffcrs whole courage and wif- dom had fafely deercd ihe Hate vcflel in more boil- terous times. In this alfembly (whereof ilieimmortal Walliington was prefidentja new form of foederal government was dctermineil on, which, as it pro- miles in its execution to produce the mod falutary efit\^s on that country, and to have confiderable influence on her relative connefl:0n with foreign nations, wc think it our duty to inlert in lull, (iVom an authentic copy,) in THIS Edition of the Geography. WE, the people r.i flic Vnitcct wtatea, in order to form a more pcrfedl union, clhiblilh.Jii(licr, iiiliixc dumtlUc tranquillity, pro- Tiile forlhc common di It :uc, proir.oti; iho general welfare, iiiii iVciire the ble^in^■5 of liberty 1.1 ourftlvcs and our poiltiity, do ordain and cftublilh thin conUitutiou for the U^iited ntutcs ut .\- mcrici. ARTICLE I. .gffiS, I. AH Icgiflativo powers herein (jrantcd (hall bo vcfted in a Congrefs of the United V-u\-', yAAdi fhall conUft of a Sc- nsto nnJlIoufe of Kepreleiitativci,. Sc(ft. X. The Houfe of Rcprcfcntatives (hail be coinpofcd of Members chofen every fccondyear, by the people of the feveral States, and the eleiSors in each State fliall have the qualifications requifite for eledors of the nioft numurous branch of the State Icgiflaturc. No perfon Hiall be a re prcfeiitative, who (h,. 'ained the ajre of twenty-five years, and been fever. ;en of the ijiiited .'^t,4tes, and who (hallnur, \\Iien elec . in inha- bitant of that State in which he, Ihall be chofen. Reprefentatives and dircil taxes (hall be apportioned among the feveral States which may be included within this Union, ac- cording to tl'.eir rc/peitive numbers, w.tich (hall be determincl by adJin;;to the whole number of free perfons, including tliofe bound to ferviic for a term of years, and exd.uHne Indians not taxed, three-lifths of all other perfons Ihe a6lual enumeration (hall be made within th(;ee years after the firft meeting of the Congrefs of the United States, and within every fubfequent term of ten years, in fuch manner as tliey (hall by law dircift. Thtf jiuniber of Reprefentatives (hall not exceed one for every thirt/ thouiiiud, but each State (hall have at leart one reprcfcntati« ; and uiuil fuch enumeration (hall he made, the State of KeW Hampfhire (hall be entitled to choofc three, MalTachufctts eight, Rhode llland and I'rovidence Plantations one, ConneiSicut five. New York Cx, New Jerfey four. Pennfylvania eight, Dehiwarc one, M,aryland fix, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South Carolina hve, and Cieorgia three. When vacancies happen to the rcprefcntation from any State, the executive authtriiy thereof (hall iffue writs of eleiJlion toiiil fuch vacancies. 'Ihe Houfe of Reprefentatives jljall dioofo their Speaker and other oHicers; and (hall have ih.: Cole power of impeachment. Self. 3. 'Ihe Senate of the United States (hall b; coinpole 1 of two !-cnatorsfrom each State, chofen by the legiil.iture thereof, for fix years ; and evch fenator (liall have one vot- Immediately after they (hall be alTembled in ernfe'iuonce of the fiift ele(5lion, they Ihall be divided, asnearly asthey 11 ly He, into three clalVes. T he f -its of the Sciiators of the firlt cl..fs .Tiall he vacated at the expiration of the fecond year; of the fccond clafs at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third elafs ut ch'j expiration of the fixth year; fo that one third may be chofeii every fecond year; and if vacancies happen by refigiiatioi or othti wile, during the recefs of the Ltgiflature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until tb'i next meeting of the llegifiature, which Ihall then fill fuch vacan- cies. No perfon ihall be a .Seuatorwho (hall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United ftatcs, and who Ihall not, when ejedled, be an inhabitant of tfwt State for which he (lull be ehofen. The vice Prefideii" of the United States (ha'Uie I'rcfi.lent of t)ie Senate, but fiiall have no vote, Wilefs they he equally dividetl. The ;ienate Ihall ehufe their other officers and alfo a I'refi ■ dent pro tempore, ill ihcabfence of the Vice Prefidcnt, or when he (liallexeicifethe ofiice of I'rtfident of the United States. 1 he Senate (hall have the fole power to try all i;iipeachmcntj. When fitting for that nurpofe, they (hall be on oath or alfirmation. .Whc)ithe I'lefident ot the United States is tried, the Chief Jidice fiiall preCJe; and no perfon fiiall be conviiiled without the con- currence of two-tHrdsof the members prefent. Jnclgmeiit in cafes of impeacl-.nient (hall not extend further ihaij t" rfmoval from office, an:! I'.il'qnalificatien to hj-IJ and en- joy any ofiice of honour, trnfi, or profit, under the Unit«.l ."jtare?; but the party cunvided (liall nevertlielefs be liable and fnbjeel to indidnicnt, trial, jnlacc< of ch The Con| fuch nieetir they fliall by Sed. 5. J and qualifica ihall confiitu may adjourr the attendan fuch penahie liach houli its members of two-third _ iiach houl time to time judgment rec of either Ho thofc prefent, Neither Hi the coiifent ol to any other iittinr. SeS. «. 1 penfation for out of the Tr except treafoi from arreft dui tive Houfcs, a for^any fpecch tioned in any No Senator he was elcifted rity of the Vn rniolument) m and no perbn I member of ek Scd. 7. A\ Houfe of Repr with amendnie I'.very bill \\\ and the Senat the Prefident ol it, but if not, I in whicft it Ihal at large on thei fuchrcconfidera the bill, it flial other Houfe, bj approved by v liut in all fuch c; by yeas and nayi againft the bill ( ipeelivcly. If a ^.ithin ten days ffiited to him, tl f'Cned it, unlefs 'cturn, in which 1-very order, i t'le Senate and I ' .pt on a queftio fident of the Un f'Cl, (iiall be app fiiall be re-paficd lircfentatives, ace the nk. of a hill. f^'&.H. The( f-'es duties, inif fir (he common d. ^o. XXV UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 865 It was on the 30th of January, 1778, that the French king conduded a treatv of amitr and commerce wuh the thuteen United Colonies of Americf. as independm Jtes. S land acknowledged them as fuch April 19th, 1782 ; and on the 30th of i^ovember, 1782, Sea, 4. The timti, placet, and manner of holdiiiff e\e&iat\t ZteT'll' ^'"'^•('"■•''•""'ivc. A.ll be prefcribe^ in each ..Sute by the l.egifluture thereof; but the Congrcf. may at any ZLIt Z r!" ' "' '"" *"='' f^g"l«iona, except a, to thu |ilace» oJ cBooliiig ijcnators. The Congref, (hall animble at k-aft once in every year, and they (hall by Uw appoint a different day. r.Jl'n^Jk ^.- ''' "?"'^' "'*" "^ ">- J"''K'= "f ^^^ cleflions, returns, ft.llTnnft-^"'""'"^ "» "*''' '"""•'er.T and a majority of each fliallconftituieaquorumtodobunnef.: but a fmalleJ nun.be" inch penalties, as each Houlc may provide hachhoule may determine the rules of its proccedinirs nuni(h 0/ tw.Mh?rd °"^"7''"'^ ^''"'^''"^' »"''' «"hthe con u?re"ce 01 two-thirds, expel a member. ,;^*^^ .^""^^ ?l'i' "J^JP * J""fB»l°f it» proceeding,, and from time to time pubhfti the fame, excepting fuclfi parts a, n,ay in h°^ judgraent require lecrecy ; and the yeaa and .lay, of the n. nbei of either Houfe oi. any quettion (hall at the dcdre of one-fifth of thofc prelent, be entered on the journal. Ne.therHoufc, during the fdlionsof Congrcfs, fhall, without the confent of the other, adjourn for more tLn tl.ree day,, nor to any other place than that iu which the two Houfes (hail be .,„f r .•■ *■ f '^''u ?«""'" ""1 Reprcfcntatives (hall receive a com- pcnfat.on for the.r fervices, to be afcertained by law, and paid out of the Trealury of the United States. They n.all .. "ll caf« except treafon. felony, and breach of the peace, be privUeged t rw:;^'/' '■""H*? ">''?■ »"^'"l»»«»l "'= f^mon if .heir refp^ee. t.ve Houfes, and .n eo.n^ to and returning from the fame ; and for any pecch or dcUeIn either Houfe.lhey (hall not be quet tioned ... any other place. ^ h.t" '"ena'^ror R'.-p'-eftntative (hall, during the time for which ritvof t^.''«r'^^^'?'•l""""'''.'V">■ "^'^ "'«« under the awhj! r.ty of the Vn.ted .States, which (hall have been created, or tli^ emolument, whereof fliallhave been increafed during fu h time- and 1,0 perfoi, hold.iig any office under the United State, (hall bi a' member of ™her Houfe during hi, continuance in office Ho,,r.:,f p e •'^"'" "',''"« '■"'^"""= ''">" originate in the Houfc of Reprelemat.vcs ; but the Senate may propofe or concur w.thamendmenteas on other hill, ' 1 "« or concur -.nd'thJ Senrt^'lj,"?r"w''-" ^'f^ '^' ^°"^' °^ Reprefen.ativc. ,\ B r . '?• /'"'"■ '"''"'■' " Ix-'co'ucs a law, be prefe.ited to t but'Tf n"„',"l '^' u"""^ '!^"" ' "■ ^' "J'Prove, h^e ffi^l (^^ ..'wh c/ it (i'.n'K""""-"'" " r"\^'" °>'J'--'i'i''ns to that HouCe a brpe on t^- ^ "fg-nated, who ffiall enter the objeflion, ?, i 5 ""'heir journal, a.,d -Proceed to reco.didcr it. ff, after [^e b II T,"17m "V'^'"-''^'^'''. "^ "'"' "-'' 'h'" agree to pf olherH.mrc. by wh.ch it (hall likcwife be reconfidered and if U^il ^''^ '"l^ .'""" °^ •'"''' "0"'« 'hall be determined hyyea, and nays, and the name, of the perfons votii.rfor and ■tb r.?; . J J ' ""■'" ""' ''' returned hy (he Prefidct fl , . . •''"^'\^'^"'"'''>'y"I"'''') ^f" it (hall have l,ee:. pre. t'ijned .t, uiilefs the Congrefs by their adjournn.u.t preven s it, 'cturn, in wh.ch cafe it (l.all not be a law prevents its J.yery order rdolution, „r vote, to which the concurrence of 'eScatcandHoufeof Keprefent.tiv.s may be nece(n,ry (ex- ,q>t on a queft.on of ad ournmen.) (hall be prefented to the ^re fta ll! r ''%^.1'r™'^'' ''y '""'• "^' •«i"? Jifapproved by him halllc re-pafledhy two-ihird, of the .Senate and Houfe of R 1' •1^^* of '^^'biu""''""'^ '" "" """""" ii">"-"^"n,^-I^.t^i;; ,J,-f\^:- '^■'' ^""S^"^' ">»" have power to lay and collrel but ill duties, impofts, andercifes, Ihill be uniform throughout the United States. " To borrow money on the credit of the United States. io regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the feveral .states, and with the Indian tribes. To eftabhih an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform lawsonthefubjeftof bankruptcies throughout the United State, ,„ Jf '?;," T"7' f T'"'^ V" ""'"^ 'hereof and of foreign coin.' and fix the ftandard of %veights and nieafures. To provide for the punifhment of coimterfeiting the fecurities and current com of the United States. »'<■"""« 'I'o cftabli(h poft offices and poft reads. ToproiTiotetheprogrefsof fcience and ufefui arts, hr fecurine Jor limited t.me« to authors and inventors the exdufive riirlit to their refpeaive writings and difcoveries. To coiiftitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court 1 o dcline and punifh piracies and felonies committed on the high feas, and offences againft the law of nations. 1 o declare war, grant letter* of marque and reprifal. and make rules concerning capture, on land and water that ure'Lirhi'7''°'f ""■"""• """no appropriation of money to tnat ule (hall he for a longer tern, than two years. To provide and mainta.n a navy anInavuUorc«! '"' '"" government and regulation of the land the''un'^'„?'t ^°' 'r'"T^"'i- "'="^i'"i- 'o execute the lawso) the Un.on, fupprcfs inlurrcdt.on,, and repel invaiioiis. tia, and for governinp fuch part of them as may be employed m li.t.r' °^ •" Unfted States, referving to L State"! rd L ,1 C -l^P"'"""':.'? °' the officers, anithe au.ho.ityoftra u- ing the miht.a, according to the difcipline prefcribed by Congrcls. f, I°/a"«"? "''"five legination in all cafe, whatfoever,^.wcT fuch diftrijS (not exceeding ten miles Iquare) as may, by ceffion of part.cul.r States, and the acceptance of Congrefs, becon.e L feat of the government of the United States, and to exercifc 1 ke authority over all pUce» purchafed by the confent of the l,c«na- tureof the State, /n which the fanAall be, for the ere>;i io noi forts, niagaziues, anenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- I'oiiiake all laws which (hall be neceffary and rrocerfor cir v''i>"^H'l?"'.K"^"*T"'? f""^°''"e powers, and allotLr pow". ve(ledby.h.,Conft.tution, in the Government of the Unitei States, orin any department or office thereof. .Sea. 9. The migration or importation of fuch perfons as anv of the States now exift.ngffii 11 think proper to admit, (lull v2 be prohibited by the CongrilV. prier to the year one th. fa eight hundred and eight; but a tax or .lu.y nuy be impof d ". fuch importation, not exceeding ten dollar, for eJch perfon 1 he pr.v.lego of the writ of Habeas Corpus (h.ill not ho r.f. pended. unlefs when ,n cafe, of rebellion or iavifoi. the pubic lafety may require it. pu out No bill of attainder, or ex poft faflo law, (hall 1-e palTed ' Nocapit-ut.on, orotherdiiea tux (l.all be bid, unlefs m pro- >ortion to the ceiifus, or enumeration herein before direfled to No tax or duty (haU be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference Oiall be ,;iven, by u:,y regulation of commerce or i^n'Tn I 1 '■''!'"' '^^"""■' "^'"^ -■■^^•1"""« of anotht.: nor 1(1.111 venels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter clear 01 j.ay dutk s In another. ^ ■ "• No money II. ill be drawn fn,m the treaAiry, but in confeqrence of approprintionsmadeby hav ; and a regt.l'.'r Ita.ement ami "c! onntot thereecptsand expenditures of all public monJl fh I be piihhlhed from time to time ' No title of nobility (hall be granted by the United State, : and H". l"'^:'",''"'^'"? ""y f'^' "'■ P^°'" -'■ 'ru.t umkr then, (lull, ..i.i.oi., f.i ■ .-onuiit oi Cuncrcis, .icoqir. „|' ,.,„■ prefeiit cnio. 1 rincf , or roreijTn State. Sea 1 0. No State (hall enter Into any treaty, alliance, or con- Werafion; gr,nt letters of marque and rcjnifal , coin aio. cy ; i: 866 UNITED STATES o» AMERICA. provifional ariiilcs ^^cre figned at Paris, by the Briiifh and American commiflioners, in which his Britannic niajei\y acknowledged the thirteen colonies to be Free, Sovereign, aud Independent States; and thefe articles were afterwards ratified by a definitive treaty. rjnit bills of crfdif ; make any thing but gold and filver coin, a tender in p^iynunt of debts ; paf» iiiiy bill of attainder, ex poll fidlo law, or l»w impairing the obligation of contra(5t8, or grant any title of nolility. No State ihall. ^vithout the confcnt of Congrefs, lay im- pollior duties on imports or exports, except what may be abl'o- lutely neiillary for executing its inl'pcdion laws ; and the net pro- duce of all iluticsandimpoUs, laid by any State on import|i>r ex- ports, (IkiII be for the ufe of the 'Ireafury of the Unit -d States; luid all luch laws Ihall be fubjcift to the rcvilion and controul of Conj;rcis. No State fliall, without the confent of Congrels, Ijy any duty of tonnage, keep troops or fhips of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or eompad with another State, or with a Foreign I'ower, or engage in war, unlrl'saduallr in- Tai'.ed, or in fucTi imminent danger, as will not admit of dclajr, ARTICLE II. Se&. I . The executive power fliall be veiled in a Prcfident of the United States of America, lie fliall hold hisofiice during the term of lour years; and together with the Vice Preiident, chofcn for the lan>e term, be eleiiled as follows : I atli Senate fliall appoint, in fuch manner as the legiflature thereof may diivd, a number of cleiflors, equal to the whole runiler of ^enalor)l and Keprcfentatives to which the State may be cniitlcd in C'.mgrcfs : but no Senator or Reprefentative, or perlbn holiiinj; an oflicc of truft or profit under the United .states, Ihall be appointed an Kledor. The iledors fliall meet in their refpeiSlive .States, and vote by ballot for two pcrfons, of whom one at leafl fhall not be an inha- bitant of the lame State with theinfelves. And they fliall make H lift of all the perfons voted for, and of the numl'er of votes for each, which lift they fhall fign and certify, and tranfmit fealed, to the feat of the Government of the United States, diredied to the Prefident of tlie Senate. The'Prefidcnt of the Senate fhall, in the prefence of the Senate and Houfe of Keprefentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes fhall then be counted. The per- fon having the greattll number of votes fliall be the Prefident, if luch number be a majority of the whole number of eleiitors ap- pointed ; and if there be more than one who have fuch majo- rity, and have an equal number of votes, then the Houfe of Re- preleiitaiives Ihull immediately choot'e by ballot one of them for I'refldent ; and if no perfon have a majority, then from the five liighefl on the lilt the faid Houfe fhall in like manner choofe a I'refldent. But in choofing the Preiident, the votes fhall be taken by States, the reprefentation from each State having one vote; a (;uoruni for this purpofe Ihall confift of a member or members Ironi two-thirds of the State.«, and a majority of all the States Ihall be ncceflary to a choice. In every cafe, after the choice of the Prefident, the perfon having the grcateft number of votes of the ekdlors fliall be Vice-Prefident. But if there fliould re- main two or more who have equal votes, the Senate fhall choofe from them by ballot the Vice-Prefident. The Congrefsmay determine the time of choofing theeleiSors, itnd the day on which they Ihall give their votes; which day Ihall be the fame throughout the United States. No perfon, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Conftitution, ll.a',1 be eligible to the office of Prefident ; neither Ihall any per- fon be eligible to that oflice, who Ihall not have attained to the ai;c of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a refident within tli» United States. In cafe of the removal of a Prefident from office, or of his death, refignation, or inability todilcharge the powers and du- ties of the laid oflicc, the fame Ihall devolve on the Vice-Prefident, and the C'ongrefs may by law provide for the cafe of removal, death, refignation, or inability, both of the Prefident and Vice- I'rtlic'ent, declaring what ofllccr fliall then ail as Prefident, and fuch oflicer Ihall aii> accordingly, until the difabihty be removed, cr a Fr-fidcnt !b?l! b'? eln^fd, 'I'he Pnfident fliall, at ftated times, receive for his fervices a c.ompenfation, which fliall neither be increafed or diminiflied during the period for which he fliall have been eleSed, and he Ihall not recti ve within that period any other emolument from •lie United States, or any of them, Before he enter on the execution of his office, he fliall take the following oath or affirmation : " I do folemnly I'wear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the oflice of Prcfidi nt of the United States, and will to the bell of my ability prel'erve, proteCl and defend the Conftitution of the United States." Sett. 1. The Prefident fliall be Commander in Chief of ths army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the fe- veral States, when called iJlto the atlual fervice of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any fubjeft re- lating to the duties of their ref|>«iSlive offices, and he Ihall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for ofTences againft the United States, except in cafes of impeachment. He fhall have power, by and with the advice and confent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators prel'eiit concur ; and ho Ihall nominate, and by and with the ad- vice and confent of the Senate fliall appoint Ambafladors, other public Minillers and Confuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whofe appointments are not herein otherwife provided for, and which fhall be eftabliflied by law. But the Congrefs may by law vcft the appointment of fuch inferior officers as they may think proper, in the Prefident alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The Prcfident Ihall havepovser to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recefs of the Senate, by granting commiflioiM which Ihall expire at the end of their next felfion. SeA. 3. He Oiall from time to time give to the Congrefs in- formation of the ftate of the Union, and recommend to their con- fideration fuch meafurei as he fliall judge necefl'ary and expedient : lie may, on extraordinary occafions, convene both houl'es, or ei- ther of them, and in cafe of difagreement between them, with refped to the time of adjournment, he iray adjourn them to fuch time as he fliall think proper ; he fliall receive Ambafladors and other public Minifters : he fliall take care that the laws be faith* fully executed, and Ihall coniiniffion all the officers of the United Sutes. SeiS. 4. The Prefident, Vice-Prefident, and all civil officers of the United States, fhall be removed from office on impeach- ment for, and convii5lion of, trealbn, bribery, or other high crimes and mifdenicanours. ARTICLE III. Seft. 1 . The judicial power of the United f tites fliall be vf fl- ed in one Supreme Court, and in fuch inferior Courtsas the C grefs may from time to time ordain and eflablilh. The Judgi both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, Ihall hold their ofncei during good bcnaviour, and Ihall, at ftated times, receive for their fervices a compenfation, which Ihall not be diminiflied during their continuance in office. Sed. 1. 'i'he judicial power Ihall extend to all cafes in law and equity, arifing under this Conftitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which fhall be made, under their authority : to all cafes affeiiUug Ambafladors, other public Mi- niftcrsand Confuls ; to all cafeaof admiralty and maritime jurif- diiflion ; to controverfies to which the United States fliall be a party ; to controverfies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of dilTerent States, between citizens of the fame State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or fubjefls. In all cafes afli-ding Ambafladors, other public Minifters, and Confuls, and thofc in which a State fliall be a party, the Supreme Court fliall have original jurifdii9ion. In all other cafes be- fore mentioned, the hunreme Court fliall have appellate jurifdic- tion, both as to law and fael, with fuch exceptions, and under fuch regulations as the Congrefs fliall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cafes of impeachment, fliall be by Jury ; and fuch trial fliall be held in the State where the faid crime « fliall have been committed ; but when not committed' within any State, the trial fliall be at fuch place or places as the Congrefs may by law have direifted. Seift. 3 . Treafon againft the United States fliall confift only it> levying war againft them, or in adhering to their enemies, giv- iag thtm aid and comfort. No perfon Ihall be tonviflcdottrca- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 86'7 Sweden acknowledged them as fuch February, 5th, 178 V Denmark the oct\. v-k Spam, m March, and Ruflia, in July 1783 iJenniark, the 25th February; to 9,+50.o84l. llcrling, the imcreft of which at ^6 /J.^S i, 5! 00 ? B^t the'coTo the war to Great Britain is moderately computed atTiVfi^i or^^ on/S ,^-^ °f annual burthen hv u^^ ce*? f^H «o'ciy tuuiputea at n5A5+.9Hl- and the additional unErppy war the S ati'of Am;^^^^^^^ -^'""."^ '^^^' u^V° ^*?" ^""^^ ^^ "'«^ during the NEW ENGLAND. Situation and extent. Miles. Length 550 J Breadth 2og ( Degrees. between J 41 and 49 north latitude.) „ (67 and 74 eaft longitude. y°7,' Sq. Miles. --- ». (."/ rtuu 74. can longitude.) " — BoOND«,Es.]pOUNDED on the North-Eaft by Nova Scotia • on the Weft V r.„ A JtJ on the fouth, by New York; Ld on the Sii ^ Ihe A.Unl''"'"''" fon unlefs on the teftimony of two witneffcs to the fame overt a<9 or on confeiFiun in open Court. ' rcafon. but no attainder of treafon (hall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the lif« of the pcrfon attainted A R T I C L E IV. .., Ki' ■ S"" ^"''^''"d <=«'!'' «>='ll l-c given in each State to the public l&s, records, and judicial proceeding, of every other State. And the Congreft may by general laws prefcribe the manner m winch fuch ads, records, and proceedings /hall be proved, and the effea thereof. " .Se(ft. 1. The citizens of each State (hall be entitled to all pri- vilcges and immunities of citizens in the feveral States. A pcrf.n charged in any State with treafon, felony, or other rrime, who fhall flee from juftice, and be found in another State. .?■ 'k°^" aT^ .' r ''"= """«''"= authority of the State from ■ "fy^- r" 'j.'-''l«')vercdup,tobercmovcdto the State having jurifdiflum of the crime. "»»'i'b No perfon held to fervice or labour in one State, under the laws thereof, efcajJing into another, (hall, in confequence of M.y law or regu atiofi therein, be difcharged from fuch fervice or labour, but Qiall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom luch fervice or labour may be due. Se« 3. New States may be admitted by the Congref. into °A°a: ''"'r"" ""V State (hall be formed or ereded within -... juriWiaionof any other State; norany State be formed by the junflion of two or more States, or parts of .nates, without the confent of the Lcgillaturc of the States concerned, as well as ol the Congrefs The Congrefs (hall have power to difpofc and make all needful rulesand regulations refpcaing the terriioiy or oilier property be- ni..jmg to tlie United States; and nothing in this Conftitutioi, ihallbcroconflrucdas to prejudice any claims of the United .■States, or of anypartituhr State. .l.■''^"^■• '*■ V^^ V"''*"* ■''"'"'' "'='" SWSfantee to every Slate in this Union a Republican form of government, and (hall proteA <-adi ot them agamll mvaiion ; or on the applir aiiun of the I.e- jillatiires, or of the executive (when the U'gilla'w< ca-n-o- I- •.uiivei.ea)agamii dumcUic violence. 5 S ARTICI. EV. . ^"' Congrefs, whenever two thirds of both Houfe« (h»II .t,.« It necelTary, (haUpropofe amendments to this conllitutW, or o^ theapplication of the Lepi/latures of two-third, of he Veviral States, ihall caUa Convention for propofing amendment! whfeh in either cafe, (hall be valid to all intents and pSs al part thereof, when ratified by the Legiflatures Xh;ee fourth, of the feveral State, or bV Conventfon. in Sre^fou h", thereof, a, the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- pofedby the Congrefs : provided that no amendment which mav be made prior to tTie year one thoufand eight hundred and eiX n,all in any manner affea the firft and foSrth clalTes in the nffi InT "J "■•" "f" ,"."''«= i ""d that "o State, without its coS (hall be deprived of its equal fuffrage in the Senate '^''"'""> *ii J ., A R T I C L E VI. All debt, contradled, and engagements entered into be- fore the adoption of this Conflitution. (l.all be as val d againft th^ •i'hfs Conftr,''" thisConllitution, a. under tUe Coi^eSon. hisConftitu ion, and the laws of the United State, which which Lir'lf' '"■ P"'-f"?""u""^"''f = ^"'' =•" "-"ti" " ad^. or l,l\U '^.'" '«='"»''=. ""'J" the authority of the United State. ? . r'?fuT""'='^"'°'^"''l»'"l: and the Judges in everv' State ftiall be bound thereby, any thing in the ConftitutioTor lawsof any State to the contrary notwTthftanding. """""°" "' The Senators and Reprefentative, befof* mentioned, and tlie Members of the leveral State I.egiflatures, and all executive and Cer'ihfiri"'.'""^"'"'^ """T «''"- and ofTe'ftveal Mates, (ha 1 be bound by oath or afTnmation tofupport this Con- fl.tution ; but no religious left (hall ever be requi"id as a quaUfi- cation to any ofliceor public truft under the United Spates TV, c ■ ARTICLE VII. 1 he ratihcatipn of the Convention of nine States (hall be fiif ficent lor the e«abli(hment of this Ccnftitution betv^een tie States fo ratifying the fame. ^'"tcii me Done in Convention, by the unanimous confent of the States prefent. the feventeemh day of September, in the year of our Lord one thoufand feven hundred ant] clrluy-lVvcn. ard of the independence of the Ui,i;..,J ;;fir- of America the fl .f >*!i'*J \fi 868 UNITEDSTATES 6f AMERICA. Divifions. The northern divifion, or government The middle divifiou — The fouth divillon The weft divifion Provinces. [•New Hampfhirc [• Maflachufet's Colony Rhode Ifland, &c. «j Connedicut Chief towns. J [»Portfmouth. HEosTON, N. Lat. 42-25- "W. Lon. lo-^n. j I Lon. 70-37. Newport. HNew Londoa. Hertford. Rivers.] Their rivers are, i. Conne6licut ; 2. Thames; 3. Patuxcnt; 4. Merimac; 5. Pifcataway ; 6. Saco; 7. Cafco ; 8. Kinebeque ; and 9. Penobfcot, or Pentagonct Bays and capks.] The moft remarkable bays and harbours arc thole formed by Ply- mouth, Rhode Ifland, and Providence Plantations; Monument-Bay; Weft-Harbour,, formed by the bending of Cape-Cod; Bofton-harbour ; Pifcataway; and Cafco-Bay. The chief capes are, Cape-Cod, Marble-Head, Cape-Anne, Cape-Netic, Cape-Porpus, Cape-Elizabeth, and Capc-Small-Poiut. Air and climate.] New England, though fituated almoft ten degrees nearer the fun than the mother-country, has an earlier winter, which continues louger, and is moie i'evere than with us. '1 he funuuer again is extremely hot, and much beyond any thing known in Europe, in the fame latitude. The clear and ferene temperature of the fky, however, makes amends for the extremity of heat and cold, and renders the climate of this country fo heahhy, that it is reported to agree better with Britifh conftitutions, than any other of the American provinces. The winds are very boifterous in the winter fca- fon, and naturalifts afcribe the early approach, the length and I'everity of the winter, to the large frelh water lakes lying on the north-weft of New England, which being frozen over leveral months, occafion thofe piercing winds, which prove fo fatal to mariners on this coaft. The fun rifes at Eofton, on the lougcft day, at 26 minutes after four in the morning, and fets at 34 minutes after feven in the evening ; and on the (horteft day, it rifes at 55- minutes after feven in the morning, and fets at 27 minutes after four in the afternoon : thus their longeft day is about fifteen hours, and the Ihorteft about nine. Soil and produce.] We have already obierved, that the lands lying on the eaftern iliore of America are low, and hi fome parts fwanipy, but farther back they rife into hills. In New England, towards the north-eaft, the lands become rocky and mountainous. ' The foil here is various, but beft as you approach the fouthward. Round Malfachufet's bay the foil is black, and rich as in any part of England ; and here the firit planters found the grafs above a yard high. The uplands are lefs fruitful, being for the moft part a mixture of fand and gravel, inclining to clay. The low grounds abound in meadows and pafture land. The European grains have not been cuhivated here with much fuccefs ; the wheat is fut^ed to be blafted ; the barley is an hungry grain, and the oats are lean and chaffy. But the Indian corn flourilTies in high perfeftion, and makes the general food of the lower fort of people. They likewife malt and brew it into a beer, which is not contemptible. However, the common table drink is cyder and fpruce beer : the latter is made of the tops of the fpruce fir, with the addition of a fmall quantity of melalfes. They likewife raife in New England a large quantity of hemp and flax. The fruits of Old England come to great perfedlion here, particularly peaches and apples. Seven or eight hundred fine peaches may be found on one tree, and a fingle apple-tiee has produced feven barrels oi cyder m one Icsion. But New England is chiefly diftinguiflied for the variety and value of us timber; as, oak, aflij pine, fir, cedar, elm, cyprefs, beech, walnut, chcfuut, hazel, faffafras, fumacb, and UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 869 other woods ufed in dying or tanning leather, carpenters work, and fhip-building. Tb« oaks here are laid to be inferior to thole of EngUnd ; but the firs are of an amazing bulk, and ufecl to furnifh the royal navy of England with marts and yards. 'J'hey draw from their trees confiderable quauiulca ut pitch, tar, relin, turpentine, gums, and balm; and the foil produces hemp and flax. A fhip may here be built and rigged out with the' produce of their forefts, and indeed fliip-buildiog forms a conliderable branch of their trade. ^ Mktals.] Rich iron mines, of a moft excellent kind and temper, have been difcovered' in New England, which, if improved, may become very beneficial 10 the inhabitants. Animals.] The animals of this country furnifli many articles of New England com- merce. All kinds of European cattle thrive here, and multiply eicecdingly ; the horfeS' ©f New England are hardy, mettlcfome, and lerviceable, but fmaller than ours, though larger than the Welch. They have few fheep;and the woo}, though of a ftaple fuffi- ciently long, is not near fo fine as that of England. Here are alfo elks, deer, hares, rab- bits, Iquirrels, beavers, otters, monkies, minks, martens, racoons, fabbs, bears, Mvblvi:s, whieh are only a kiiid of wild dogs, foxes, ounces, and a variety of other tame and wild quadrupeds. But one of the moll Angular animals, of this and the neighbouring countries, . IS the niofe or moofe deer, of which there are two forts; the common light grey moole, which refembles the ordinary deer ; thele herd fometimes thirty together : and the large- black moofe, whofe body is about the fize of a bull ; his neck refembles a Hag's, and his flefh is extremely grateful. The honis, when full grown, are about four or five feet from the head to the dp, and have Ihoots or branches to each horn, which generally fpread about fix feet. When this animal goes through a thicket, or under the boughs of a tree, he lays his horns back on his neck, to place them out of his way : and thefe prodi- • gious horns are fhed every year. 'Ihis animal docs not fpring or rife in going, like a deer; but a large one, in his conmion walk, has been feen to ftep over a gate five feet high. When unharbourcd, he will run a cou.ie of twenty or thirty miles before he takes to a bay ; but when chafed, he generally takes to the water. There is hardly any where greater plenty of ibwls, as turkeys, geefe, partridges, ducks, widgeons, dappers, 1 wans, hcathcocks, herons, ftorks, blackbirds, all forts of barn-door fowl, vaft flights of pigeons, which come and go at certain iealbns of the year, cormo- rants, ravens, crows, c\'c. The reptiles are laitlefnakes, frogs, and toads, which fwami m the uncleared pans of thefe countries, wheie, with the owls, they mnke a moil hideous none in the furraner evenings. The feas round New England, as well as its rivers, abound with fil!i, and even whales of leveral kinds, fuch as the whalebone whale, the fpermaceii whale, which yields amber- • gris, the fin-b?cked whale, the fcrag whale, and the bunch whale, of which they take in great numbers, and fend belides lome Ihips every year to fiih for whales in Greenland, and as far as Falkland ifland^. A terrible creature, called the whale-killer, from 20 to 30 feet long, wit,h ftrong teeth and jaws, perfecutes the whale in thefe leas; but, afraid of his monftrous flrength, they feldom attack a full grown whale, or indeed a yotmg one; but m companies of ten or twelve. At the mouth of the river Penobfcot, there is a mackarel filhery ; they likewife filh for cod in- winter, which they dry in the froft. Population, inhabitants, and | There is not one of the colonics which can be FACE OF THE co-UNTKY. f Compared in the abundance of people, the rum- berof confiderable and trading towns, and the manufadlures that are carried onin them, to New England. • The moll populous and Hourilhing p^rts of the-mother-countiy hardly make a better appearance than the cultivated parts of this province, which reach above 60 miles back. There are here many gentlemen of confiderable landed eftates* but the- greatelt part of the people is compofed of a fubftantial yeomanry, who cultivate their own freeholds, .without a dependence upon any but providence, and their own iuduftry. t?T w 870 UNITED STATES oi AMERICA. Thefe freeholds generally pafs to their children in the way of sravelkind; which keeps thcin from being hardly ever able to emerge out of their original happy mediocrity, in. no part of the world are the ordmary fort lb indejicmient, or polfels more of the conve- niences of life; they arc ufed from ilicir infancy to the excrciie of arms; and before the conteft with the mother-country, they had a militia, which was by no means contempti- ble; but their military flrength is now much more confiderable. 'Ihe population of the four provinces, of wnich New England is comprized, was proportioned by Douglas, fome years paft, as follows : But in 1783. 350.300 ao6,ooo 50,400 82,200 Maflachufet's bay - » - 200,000 — Coune£\icut -, -., - « 100,000 — Rhode Ifland • - ' - . 30,000 — New Hampihire • - - 24,000 — Thus the number fmce his time is fo greatly inereafcd, that the four provinces now contain nearly 700,000 fouls, including a linall number of negroes and Indians. Connefticut is faid, in proportion to its extent, to exceed every other colony of Britilh America, as well in the abundance of people, as cultivation of foil. The men, in gene- ral, throughout the province, are robult, and ftout, and tall. The greateft care is taken of the limbs and bodies of infants, which a,re kept ftraight by means of a board ; a prac- tice learnt of the Indian women, who abhor all crooked people; fo that deformi- ty is here a rarity. The women are fair, handfome, and genteel, and modeft and referved in their manners and behaviour. They cannot converfe much about whift, quadrille, or operas ; but it is faid that they will talk freely upon fubjedts of hiftoi-y, geography, and other literary fubjedls. The inhabitants of Connedlicut are extremely hofpitable to Grangers. Rkligion.] The church of England, in this part of America, is far from being in a flourifhing condition; in feveral places, the number of auditors do not amount to twelve perfons. In the year 1768, the four provinces contained upwards of 7.00 religious af- lemblies; of which 36 only obferved the forms of the church of England. Every parti- cular fociety among them is independent of all other ecclefiallical jurildidion ; nor does there lie any appeal from their punilhments or cenl'ures. The miuillexs of Bofton depend entirely on the generofity of their hearers for fupport; a voluntary contribution being made for them, by the congregation, every time divine lerviceis celebrated. It is not long fmce they fuffered any member of the church of England to have a fhare in the magiilracy, or to be eledled a member of the commons, or Houfe of Reprefentatives. Their laws againlt quakers were formerly very fevere, that fc6t giving the firft fettlers and government there great uneafinefs and difturbance. To bring one in was a forfeiture of lool. to con- ceal one 40s. an hour ; to go to a quaker's meeting, los. to preach there 5s- If a quakcr was not an inhabitant, he was fubjed to baniftiment, and if he returned, death; but thefe, and fome other fevere ecclefiaftical laws are now repealed, in confequence of the diffufion of more humane and equitgble princ'iples. Calvinifni from the principles of the firft fet- tlers, hath been very prevalent in New England, many of the inhabitants alio formerly obferved the fabbath with a kind of Jewifh rigour ; but th'^'r bigotry of late hath been much diminifhed. Since their lindependence, there is no eftablimed religion in the pro- vince, but every fedl is allowed the free exerclie of their religion, and is equally under the proteAion of the ,1a yvs. ,l"he Connefticut province hath alfo provided . a biihop for the Epifcopalians among -t lie ni, bv fending one of their number to Scotland to be ordain- ed by the Nonjuring billiops of the Epifcopal church in that kingdom, which ceremony was performed at Aberdeen. Ceiief TpwNs.] Bofton, the capital of New England, Hands on a peninfula at the i^ottom of Matfachulct's bay, about nine miles from its mouth. At the entrance of ibis UNITED STATES or AMERICA. 871 bay are feveral rocks, which appear above water, and upwards of a dozen frrall iflands, fonic of which are uihabited. 'I'here is but one iafe ch.innel to approach ihc harbour, and that fo narrow, that two fhips can fcarcely fail through abrcaft ; but within the har- bour there is room for 500 fail to lie at anchor, in a good depth of water. On one of the dlands of the bay, Itands Fort William, the nioft regular fortrcis in all the plantations. This caftle 18 defended bv 100 guns, twenty of which lie on a platform level with the W'aier, fo that it is fcarcely polTibJe for an enemy to pafs the caftle. '1 o prevent furpiife, thev have a guard placed on one of the i-ocks, at two leagues diftance, from whence they make fignals to the caftle, when any lliips come near it. There is alfo a battery of guns at each end of the town. At the bottom of the bay is a noble pier, near 2coo feet in length ; along which, on the north fide, extends a row of warehouies for the merchants, and to this pier Ihips of the fi[reateft burthen may come and unload, without the help of boats. The gieatcft part of the town lies round the harbour, in the ftiape of a half moon • the country bevond it rifing gradually, and aflbrding a delightful profpeA from the le.i. Ihe head of the pier joins the principal ftreet of the town, which is, like moft of the others, Ipaciousand well built. Bofton contains at prefent about 18,000 inhabitants- 50 years ago they were more numerous. The furpriliug increafe of Newbury porr! balem Marblchead, Cape Anne, Plymouth, Dartmouth, and the ifland of Nantucket hath checked the growth and trade of the capital. The trade of Bofton was, however' Jo very conliderable, that, in the year 1768, 1200 fail entered or cleared at the Cuftom! houle there. Both the town and trade of Bofton greatly fiiffered during the war with Great Britain ; but lince, the trade of Bofton has again confiderably increafed. Cambridge, in the fame province, four milts from Bofton, has an univerfity, containiuz two fpacious colleges, called by the names of Havard college, and Stoughton Hall with a welUfurniftied library. It confifts of a prefident, five fellows, a trtaiurer, three pro. teliors, tour tutors, and a librarian The college charter was firft granted in 16^0, and renewed m 1692, and is held under the colony feal. The other towns in New-England, the chief of which have already been mentioned are ^nerally neat, well buift, and commodioufly fituated upon fine rivers^ with capacious Commerce and manufactures.] The trade of New-England is great, as it fupplies a large quantity of goods from within itfelf ; \m it is yet greater, as the people of this w"a7 j^'^ '" ** "'^""^'* ^^^ carriers for all t' c colonies of North America, and to the VVelt Indies, and even for fome parts of Europe. The commodities which the country yields are principally pig and bar iron, ^^■hich were imported to Great Britain duty-free- alio niafts and yards, pitch, tar, and turpentine, for which they contra^ed largely with the royal navy; pot and pearl afhes, ftaves, lumber, boards; all forts of provilions, which they fent to the French and Dutch fugar iflands, and formeriy to Barbadoes, and the other Britilh illes, as grain, bifcuit, meal, beef, pork, butter, cbeefe, apples, cvder, onions, mackarel, and cod-fiili dried. They likewife fent thither cattle borles, planks, hoop», ftiingles, pipe-ftaves, oil, tallow, turpentine, bark, calf-fkins and tobacco. Their peltry trade is not very confiderable. They have a moft valuable filhery upon their coafts m mackarel and cod, which employs vaft numbers of their people - with the produce of which they trade to Spain, Italy, the Mediterranean, and Weft- Indies, to a confiderable amount. Their whale-fifhery has been already mentioned, lliearts moft neceffary to- fubfiftence, are thofe which the inhabitants of New-Endprd have been at ihe greateit pains to cultivate. They manufadure coarfe linen aid woolleu cloth tor their own ufe; hats are made here, which find a good vent in all the other co- tomes. ^Sugar-baking, diftilling, paper-making, and falt-works, are upon the improving-, ^anu iue uuiincis 01 fnip-buildiug is one of the moft confiderable, which Bofton; .■>ew.bury, and the other fea-port towns in New-England carry on. Ships are fometimes 4i,^4^!f 87Z UNITED STATES of AMERICA. built here upon conimiflion ; but frcquentlv, the merchants of New England have them conftrudled upon their own account ; and loading them with the produce of the colony, naval ftores, tifh, and fifh oil principally, they lend them out upon a trading voyage to Spain, Portugal, or the Mediterranean; where, having difpofed of their cargo, they make what advantage they can by freight, until fuch lime as they can fell the velfel her- lelf to advantage, which they feldom fail to do in a reafouable lime. It was ciMnputed, that, before the late unhappy dirtbrences arofe, the anjount of En- glilh nianufac^lures, and India goods fcnt into this colony from Great Britahi, was not lels, at an average of three years, than 393,000!. -Our miports from the fame were cal- culated at 370,5001. ^ History and government.] New-England is at prefent divided into the four pro- viuces of New-Hampftiire, Maflachufct's, Rhode Ifland, and Connedlicut. As early as 1606, King James I. had by letters patent eredlcd two companies, with a power toOnid colonies into thofe parts, then comprehended under th 3 general name of Virginia, as all the north-eaft coail of America was fome lime called. No feitlements, however] were made in New-England by virtue of this authority. The companies contented them' felves with fending out a ihip or two, to trade with the Indians for their furs, and to fifli upon their coaft. This continued to be the only fort of correfpondence between Great Britain and this part of America, till the year 1630. By this time the religious diifen- fions, by which England was torn to pieces, had become warm and furious. Archbifhop Laud perfecuted all forts of non-conformifts with an unrelenting feverlty. T>ofe men, on the other hand, were ready to fubniit to all the rigour of perfecution rather than give up their rfiligiouc opinions, and conform to the ceremonies of the church of England, which they confidered as abufes of the moft dangerous tendency. There was no part of the world into which they would not Hy, in order to obtain liberty of coufcience. Ame- rica opened an extenfive field. There they might traniport themfelves, and eftabhlh whatever iort of religious policy they were inclined to. The defign, befides, had fome- thing in it noble, and admirably fuited to the enterprifmg fpirit of reformers in religion. With this view, having purchafed the territory, which was within the jurildi<^ion of the Plymouth Company, and having obtained from the king the privilege of fettling it in what- ever way they bad a mind, 150 perfons embarked for New-England, and built a city, which, becaufethey had failed from Plymouth, they called by that name. Notwithfland- iug the feverity ot the climate, the unwholfomene. s of the an-, and the difeafes to which, after a long fca voyage, and in a country which \ ^tis new to them, they were expoled ; iiotwithftandiiig the want of all forts of convenie ices, and even of many of the ne- ceflaries of life, thofe who had conflitutions fit to endure fuch hardlhips, not difpirited or broken by the death of their companions, and fupported by the vigour then peculiar to Eugliflimen, and the fatisfaction of finding themfelves beyond the reach of the fi-iritual arm, fet themfelves to cultivate this country, and to take the bcft fteps for the advance- ment of their infant colony. New adventurers, encouraged by their examjjle, and find- ing themlelve', for the fame reafons, uneafy at home, paifed over into this land of reli- ■^iousand civil liberty. By the clofe of the year 1630, they had built four towns, Salem, Dorchefter, Charles Town, and Bofton, which laft has fince become the capital of New- Fuglar.d. But as necelhty is the natural fource of that adtive and frugal induftry, which produces every thing great among mankind, I'o an uniaterrupted How of profperity and iacccfs occafions thole dilfenfions, which are the bane of human affairs, and often fubveit the bed founded eltablifhmeuts. The inhabitant.s of New-England, who had fled from perfecution, became in a fhort time flitnigly laiuied wllli this illiberal vice, and were eager to ii.Lroduce an uniformitv Ki religion, among all who entered their territories. The minds of men were not in this .^ije fiiperior to manj- pn j;idiccs ; they hiid not that open and generous way oi' thinking, •UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. c-, %hlch at prefent diftinguiflies the natives of Great Britain • anH tli*. r?«X)r?n» «p .. • r -, jotedon which^o §; honour of .he m faUmTZlerica, t^anlo™;^/ "a™;' them, had few abettors^ and many opponents. Many of them w,.«. «««»;«/?- i •a ^ and though they had felt the weight S perfecutionXmfdvt, Th^ fco^har^; thofe who profeffed fentintents different from their own. It was not the general ^nL^f [n^t^'^Vl'^T"'^''"-""^""^^?*''^^^^^"^^^^" '"^^ famefLtTy/witCtl;'^^^^^^^^ Xtt fSstrrTr^'''/"^ ^^^^T ^^^^^ were at variance, the meS of ditferfent fta» kept at a diftance from each other, and eftablilhed feparate governn.ent? <^ni IfTi^T !.7"fi?™»he original government of New-EnglLd by ?eS" v" o' t5^ 'J^ ' ;S themfelves ma new foil, and fpread over the country. Such wrL^of kh^nf Jil'P .''"'k^^'^T""""' '° '^' ^^y ^ feparate jurifdiaion ;\ch tc^ was ha o[ Rhode inand, whofe mhabitants were driven out from the Maffachufet colony Tfor that t the name by which the govertiment firft erefled in New-England wS Sngu fhedrfor ST^^t^^^'^T?^ religious fentiments. and maintaining thrt the S S Ll^e Rhode KUnd, though foiall, became extremely populous and flouri(l,in„ A,,„S i ny dnven out by tKe fame perfecuting fpirit^ fSd''"4 tht rbe^S'uealr^'nd"' :' '^^o^^'^Sk^t^^t^^:^- '''-' - -«<««i.i=fi«' either- ^hth; r4^s?;;a^?prwrth^zte'^= ssxf.fr f rXunVxri ^niL'rST '"""?" «'»f P'-M'll'ed, prohibiting any perfon from fSgSe^' «*hou" an exprefs hcence from the government. For want of this Mcmce if i= &;h .k . Ai" fXd";ff •h?^'"W''/J'''1°f "'" P"" ^XS^n^m^SLVb'o^N^^^^^ Jingland, after bemg a-fhipboard for that purpofe. ' Thefefour provinces, though always confederates for their mutual defence were at firft and ftill contmue, under feparate jurifdiftions. They wer- aH of the^X thTrrSlr.^ origmally free, and in a great meifure independent ^f G^eaT BriSfn fhe nhaWtan had the choice or their own magiftrates, the governor, the council, X affembirand the power of makmg fuch laws as they thought proper, ;ithout fend ng th^uo &^ea^^^^^^ tain for the approbation of the crown. Their ikws, however were noT o be onL^V; to thofe of Great Britain. Towards the latter end'of the r Jgn of ile^ II Jl^Z and his mmifters wanted to deftroy all charter, and liberties, the MaffacS s cdr ™ accnfed of violating then- charter, in like manner as was the city of tSmi and^v \ .ladgment m the King's Bench of England was deprived of it. ^'rom ha^in e to the Revolution they remained without any charter, si-on after that period they ecdved a new one, which though very favourable, was much infe. ior to the extenfive ^i^^^^^ the former, fhe appointment of a governor, lieutenant-governor, fecretai and aU tln^^"^"".u^ u^' ^'"^T^^^'y^ ^'' ^^^^^ ^" the crown ;thl power ofTeiilitS was u-holly in the hands of the governor, as captain-general ; all judges, iufticeT a d IherHlt o whom the execution of the law was entrufted,' were nominated by The goVe 1^^^ the advice of tne council; the governor had a negative on the choice ot'cnuSo; per emptory and unlimited ; and he was not obliged to give a reafon fo what he did ia bv'tfkooln"' ""' refrained ,o any number ; authentic copies of the feveral aSs paffed by this colony as well as others, ^vere to be tianlmitted to the court of England fhrth^ royal approbation; but if the laws of this colonv were not IZX^JZ'Jl^l'JV^^^^ after ihcy were prelented. they were not repealable by the crown^'afteT'that'time- no aws' Sve":;; tnfc f ■ ""^'""^' '''/''' °^ T~ whatloever.tre ^lid wittut' tbe governor s tonfent m writing; and appeals for fums above 300I. were admitted to the 2b 5 T hi;; *- -5., |!,' Ul 874 XJNITE.D STATES riie, of entering into an original, explicit, and folemn compadl with each other ; and of Ibrniing a new conilitution of civil government, for themfelves raid their pofterity. They declared that it was the right, as well as the duty, of all men in fociety, publicly, and at ftated fealbns, to worftiip the Supreme Being ; and that no fubjed Ihould be hurt, raolefted or retrained, in his perlbn, libcri) ,, or ellate, for worftiipping God in the manner and feafon moll agreeable to the didatcs of his own confcience ; or for his religious profeflion or lentimeuts ; provided he did rot difturb the public peace, or obftrudl others in their religious worfhip. It was alio enadled, that the feveral towns, parifties, precinds, and other bodies po- litic, or religious focieties, {hould, at all times, have the extlufive right of eleding their public teachers, and of contradling with them for their fupport and maintenance. 1 hat all monies paid by the fubjeft to the fupport of public worfliip, and of the public teachers Ihoirld, if he required it, be uniformly applied to the fppport of the public teacher or teachers of his own religious led or denomination, provided there were any on whofc inttrudions be attended ; otherwife it might be paid towards the fupport of the teacher or teachers of the parifh or precind in which the laid monies ihould be raifed. 1 hat every denomination of Chrillians, demeaning themfelves peaceably, and as good fubjefls of the coniraonwealth, fliould be ccjually under the protedion of the law : and that no fubordi- nation of any fed or denommation to another, fliould ever be, eilabliihed by law. It was likewile declared, that as alU power refided originally in the people, and was de- rived from them, the feveral magiftrates and officers of government, veiled with authority, whether legiflative, executive, oi- judicial, are their fubllituies and agents, and are at all times accountable to them. That no fubjed fliould be arrefted, imprifoned, defpoiled, or deprived of his property, innnunities, or privileges, put out of the protedion of the' law, exileil or deprived of his Kfe, liberty, or eftate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. That the legiflature fliould not make any law, that fliould fubjedt any perfon to a capital or infamous puniftimeut, excepting for the governnjent of the army or navy, without trial by jury. That the liberty of the prefs is effential to the fecurity of freedom in a ftate ; and that it ought not, therefore, to be reflrained in that commonwealth- That the people have a right to keep, and to bear arms, for the common defence ; but that as in time of peace armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the confent of the legiflature; -and that the military power fliould always be held in an exad fubordinaiion to the civil authority, and be governed by it. It was likewile enaded, that the department of legiflation fliould be formed by two branches, a fenate, and a houfe of reprelentatives ; each of which fliould have a negative on the otljer. That the fenalors, and the members of the houle of reprefentatives, fliould be eledted annually ; and tha, every male perlbn, being twenty-one years of age, or up- wards, who had refided in any particular town in the commonwealth for the fpace of one year, and having a freehold eftate within thefaid town, of the annual income of three pounds, or any eftate of the value of fixty pounds, have a right to vote for fcnaiors and leprefeiitatlvcs of the diftrid of which he was an inhabitant. 1 he lenators are 40, chofen in this proportion; county of Suffolk 6, Elfex 6, Middleiex 5, Hampfliire 4, Phniouth v Baruftablc i,Briftol3, York 2, Duke's and Nantucket i, Worcefter 5. Cnmberlaml i, Lin. 5T3 V ■mi' i( 876 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. coin I, Berkfhire 2- The houfe of reprefentatives is chofen alio in certain proportions, and paid by the conftituent body. It was likfewife enafted, that there fliould be a fupremc e^iiecutive niagiftrate, who ftiould be ftyled, the governor of the commonw^ealth of Maffa- chufets, and aifo a lieutenant-governor, both of whom Ihould be chofen annually, by the whole body of eltdlors in the commonwealth, and aflifted by nine counfellors, chofen by ballot, out of the fenate. The fecretary, treafurer, receiver-general, notaries public, and naval officers, are chofen annually by the fen^tors and reprefentatives. The judiciary power to be feptennial, and the delegates to congrefs Ihall be annually eledled by ar d out of the fenate and houfe of reprefentatives, or general court. The governor has a negative on bills fent to him for affent from the general court, but has no control in their choice of officers. ' ' ■ The Hate of Rhode Ifland continue to admit their original charter as the rule of their government, it containing an ample grant of all powers legiflative, executive, and judi- cial. New Hampfhire and Cbnnefticut have not yet finally eftablifhed their forms of go- vernment, but have chiefly adopted that of Maffachufets Bay. It is worthy of notice that fince the conimencement of the war between Great Britain and the colonies, and even while that war was carried on with great animofity on both fides, an aft was paffed, on the 4th of May 1780, by the council and houfe of re* prefentatives of Maflacliufets Bay, for incorporating and eftablifhing a fociety for the cultivation and promotion of the arts and fcieUces. It is entitled, " The American Aca^ demy of Arts and Sciences;" the firft members were named in the aiSl, and they were never to be more than two hundred, nor lefs thaa forty. It was declared in the a£l, that the end and defign of theinflitutionOf the faid academy, was to promote and encourage the knowledge of the antiquities of America, and of the natural hiftory of the country ; and to determine the ufes to which its various natural produftions might be applied ; to pror mote and encourage medicinal difcoveries; mathematical difquifitions ; philofophical inr quiries and experiments ; aftronomical, meteorological', geographical obfervations ; and improvements in agriculture, arts, manufaftures, and commerce : and, in fhort, to culti- vate every art and fcience, which might tend to advance the intereft, honour, dignit}% and happinefs, of a free, independent, and virtuous- people. N W Y O K. Situation^ and Extent. Miles. Degrees. Sq. Mile-. Length 300 ) , (40 and 46 north latitude. ) „ ^ ^ Breaddiisof ^'^"'^ 1 7Z and 76 weft longitude, f *^°°°' Boundaries.] TV TEW YORK is bounded on the South and Southwell, by Hud- J_\( fon's and Delaware rivers, which divide it from New jerfey and Pennfylvania ; on the Eaft and North-Eaft, bj' New- England and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the North- weft, by Canada-. This province, including the Illand of New York, Long Ifland, and Staten Ifland, is divided into the ten following counties :. Counties. New York AlU xiiuauy Ulfter Duchefs _-_-}_ Chief Towns. New York } 40-40 N. lat. 74-00 W. Ion.. None UNITED STATES of AMERICA. OVange Weft-Cheller King's G^iieen's Sutlblk Richmond 877 Orange Weft-Chefter None Jamaica Southampton Richmond. [» Long liland. with'oSL harbru'r?„dt *"t, r ^1^'?^'' ""^ "".Mohawk ; ,he former abounds Mcs Ts low fla • .nc. n/ fJ "" , '*"' country reftmbling that of tL other American colonies, is low. Hat, and marfhy towards the fea;- As you recede from the coaft th,^ eye IS entertained with the gradual fwelling of hifls, which Vcome large b proportL as you advance into the country. The foil is extremely fertile, producing Xat rye In diaii corn, oats, barley, flax, and fruits, in great abundance and perfedion The tim Cixir^^p' ^''"' ^"^'^^^ "^ ^'^^ ^°g^ '^'^- ^ gr^«^ deatof i?oni found here. weft ei'k York iZd' ^^^ .' '""n'"^-, '^l'" "'^ "^ ^'^ ^ork ftands on the South- weit end ot York-llland, which is twelve miles long, and near three in breadih *-vtr^ml ly well lituated for trade, at the mouth of Hudfon's river, whereTt tSee milef Zad clTa"d\hTlakV'T^^^^^ -'""i ^^'.^°Z: ^"^ "^-V «^^^- Hand town towa^^^^^ l-anada, a^d the lakes 1 he city is m length above a mile, and its mean breadth a quarter of a mile. The city and harbour are defended by a fort and battery : in the fort is Sous TfT r^" t'- ^heule of the governor. Wy of the houfes arrve^y ele^^^^^^^^^^ the city, though irregularly built, affords a fine profpea. In the year 776 when the ^.rf nfTT'"'';,^ "' ?"'" incendiaries attempted to deftroy it by7re, and 01^ four^ . ?5cof e defcJ;rd W^h D TJ ^^^ "' ^ "^^^^"'"^^' ^^ --P-"^ S>o lyf^J XT fu 1 J f'°"\the Dutch families, who remained here after the furrender of .00 ^no t'k 'li'°'^'r'° '^^ .\"«""^' «"^ ^he whole province is fuppofed to con tah 200,000. The better fort are rich and hofpitable, and the lower ranks are eafy io^thX dr cunJtances; at leaft this vyas the cafe before the commencement of the cfviK Jar a^d ■ both claiTes are endowed with a generous and liberal turn of mind, which renders their focie ^T^ernZr^'""? ^ ^^^ ^g^'^^^ble ^han in moft countries either of EuroTo America ThltrSl itHeylradT arf XM'^'t T ^'^^^fe^ ^^^^' kinds of animal food. Th'ei:'S^a;kl^r:Thetr wiSo^ ^^^l Wim .nd ? ^^\^%«^^'-^^^he log-wood trade, and that which t c^ried o« itr^S^ enjoyed equal privi eges here as there is no eftablilhed church, unlefs\re Sth S of capitulation made on the furrender of the place («' The Dutch Ihall enjoy the Hbe'vtf heir confciences in divine worfhip and church dilcipline"), may be terTeV'n Ht/hk'f mew.. J^«;jx(m u .IS tolerated but Roman Catholics were not. The inhabitants of the pro- TnrZkL ban'tms T""' ?"f '^' "l' '^"^^ P-fbyterians, German SlvLms LuTel rans, quakers, baptifts, &c. who have their refpeftive houfes of worlhip. Ihe Dutch t ' 1 T J 'i'-' I li 1 'J * if «7B UNITED STATES or AMERICA. piefbyterians being in' fubordinaiion to the Claflis of Amfterdam, ufed to fend all their youth, who are intended for the niiniftry, to Holland for ordination, as the epilcopalians do theirs to England*. But by the late conftitution of New York fince its ind. jjendence, it is ordained, that the free exercife and eiijoymeut of religious profellion and worlhip, without dilcrimiuation or preference, fhall for ever be allowed withm that flate to all mankind. „ ,. it i A college was erefted in New York, by aft of parliament, about the year 1755 ; but as theaffembly was at that time divided into parties, it -was formed on a contraded plan, and has for that reafon never met with the encouragement -which might naturally be ex- peded for a public feminary in lb populous a city. , ^ „ ^ History a»d goveknment.] 1 he Swedes and Dutch were the firft Europeans who formed fettlements on this part of the American coaft. The traft claimed by the two na- tions, extended from the^Sth to the 4ilt degree of latitude, and was called the New Nc- therlands. It continued in their hands till the time of Charles II. who obtamed it fiom them by right of conqueft in 1664, and it was confirmed to the Englifh by the treaty of Breda, 1667. The New Netherlands w«re not long in our poffdlion, before they were di- videdinto diflerent provinces. New York took that name from the king's brother, James, duke of York, to whom the king granted it, with full powers of government, by letters patent, dated March 20, 1664. On James's acceflion to the throne, the right to New York became veiled in the crown, fmce which time it became a royal government. The king ap- pointed the governor and council ; and the people, once in feven years, eleded their re- ■ prefentatives to ierve in general affemblies. Thefe three branches of the legillature (an- 5 Iwering to thofeof Great Britain), had (lower to make any laws not repugnant to thole of fugland ; but, in order to their being valid, the royal affent to them was firft to be obtained. By the conftitution of theftateof New York, eftabliftied in 1777, the fupreme legifta- tive power was vefted in two feparate and diftina bodies of men; the one to be called, « The Affembly of the States of New York," toconfift of 70 members annually chofen by ballot; and the other, " Tlic Senate of the State of New York;" to confift of 24 for four years, who together are to form the legiflature, acU to meet once, at leaft, in every year, for the difpatch of bufinels. 'J'he fupreme executive power is to be vefted in a go- vernor, who is to continue in office three years, alfiftcd by four counfellors chofen by and from the lenate. Every male inhabitant ot fiiU age, who ftiall poflels a freehold of the va- lue of twenty pounds, or have rented a tenement of the yearly value of forty fhillmgs, and been rated and have paid taxes to the ftate for fix months preceding the day of eleftion, is entitled to vote for members of the alfembly ; but thofe who vote for the governor, and the members of the fenate, are to be poffelfcd of freeholds of the value of one hundred pounds. The delegates to the mongrels, the judges, &c are to be chofeu by ballot of the fenate and affembly. In the year 1740, the number «f places for ptibKc worfhip in the city of New Vork ftood as fo llows Dutch Prcfljyterjans Englifli ditto Scotch ditto Epifcopalians French refugees Quakers Daptilh Moravians German Calvinifts Lutherans Methodifts Jews ■ -» '. 74 and 76 weft longuudc > Sq. Mile*. 10,000 Boundaries.] XJE W JERSEY is bounded on the Weft and South-w^ft by De- ■ i'N laware river and Bay; on the South-eaft and Eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean; and by the Sound which feparates Staten Iftand from the continent, and Hudfon's nver, on the North. Divifious. Eaft Divifion contains W^eft Divifion contains Counties. fMiddlefcx Monmouth Elfcx Sonierfet , Bergen f Burlington I v.loucefter Salem Cumberland Cape May Hunterdon Morris Suffex j None ' •• Chief Towns, f Pei'th- Amboy and New-Brunfwick M Elizabeth and Newark None , Bergen "Burlington J 40-8N. lat. Gloucefter { 75-0 W. Ion. Salem Hopewell None Trenton . Morris (.None Rivers.] Thefe are the Delaware, Raritan, and Paffaick, on the latter of which is a reniarkablc'cataraa; the height of the rock from which the water falls is faid to be about 70 feet perpendicular, and the river there 80 yards broad. CuMATK, SOIL, AND I'RopucK.] The cHmaic is much the fame with that of New- York ; the loil is various, at leaft one-fourth part of the province is barren faiidy land, pro- ducing pines and cedars ; the other parts in general are good, and produce wheat, barley rye, Indian corn, &c. in great perfeflion. History, government, population, > New Jerfey is part of thatvaft trad of land, cHiKF TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. f which we have obferved was given by kin Charjes 11. to his brother, James duke of Y'ork : he fold it, for a valuable confideratioii, to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret (from which it received its prefent name, becaufe Sir George had eftatesinthe iftand of Jerfey), and they again to others, who in the year 1702 made a furrender of the powers of government to queen Anne, which ftie accepted : after which it became a royal government. By an account publiftied in 1 765, the number of inhabitants appears to have been about 100,000, but the number is fuppofed to have in- creafed fmce to 130,000. Perth-Amboy and Burlington were the feats of government ; the governor generally refided in the latter, which is pleafantly lituated on the fine river Delaware, within twenty miles of Philadelphia. The former is as good a port as moft on the continent ; and the harbour is fafe, and capacious enough to contain many large ftiips. Both have been lately made free ports for 25 years. This province has no foreign trade worth mentioning, owing to its vicinity to the large trading cities of New York and Phila- delphia, by which it is fuppliedwith merchandifes of all kinds, and makes returns to tliem m lumber, wheat, floup, Ike. In Bergen county is a very valuable copper mine. By the new charter of rights eftabliftied by the provincial congrefs, July 2. 17-6. thepo. vermnent of New Jerfey is now vefted in a governor, legiflati\"e council, and general °ail fembly. The members of the Icgiftative council are to be freeholders, and worth at leaft 1. 1 m i^ I ! 880 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. one thoufand pounds real add perfonal eftate; and the rtienibers of the general aflembly to be worth five hundred pounds. All inhabitants worth fifty pounds are entitled to vote for reprefentatives in council and affenibly, and for all other public officers. The eleftions of the governor, ■ legiGative council, and general aflembly, are to be annual ; the governor and heutenant-governor to be chofen out and by the general affenibly and council. The judges of the fupreme court are chofen for feven years, and the officers of the executive power for five years. Rklioion AMD learning.] The ftate of religion here formerly may be feen by the fol- lov^mg M of the houfes for public worfhip throughout the province, which was made in 1 765 by A member of the council for the province *. According to the prefent conftitutiou of this province, all perfons are allowed to worlhip God in that manner that is moft agree- able to their ownconfciences ; nor is any perfon obliged to pay tithes, taxeo, or any other rates, for the purpofe of building or repairing any other church or churches, or for the maintenance of any minifter or miniftry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately or voluntarily engaged himfelf to perform. There is to be no eftaWifhment of any one rehgious fea in this province, in preference to another; and no proteftant inhabi- unts are to be denied the enjoyment of any civil right, nierely on account of their religi- ous principles. A college was eftabliftied at the town of Princeton, by governor Belcher, in 1746, and has a power of conferring the fame degrees as Oxford or Cambridge. There were generally, before the war between Great Britain and the colonies, between 80 and 100 ftudents here, who came from all parts of the comment, Ibme even from the extremities of it. The da' mages it. fuftained during the late war, are computed at 5000 1. PENNSYLVANIA and DELAWARE. Situation akd extent. Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles. Length 300 I i^.^_-_ J 74- and 81 weft longitude. ) . ^^^ Breadth 240 f "^^^^^^ 1 39 and 44 north ladtude. f '^.ooo Boundaries.] TJOUNDED by the country of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, on J[j the North ; by Delaware river, which divides it from the Jerfeys, on the Eaft J and by Maryland, on the South and Weit ; and contains the following coun- ties. Counties. Philadelphia — — Chefter — — Bucks _ Berks — — Northampton — Lancafter — — York ^ — Cumberland — • * Englifh and Scotch Prelbyterlans Qjiakers ■ — _ Dutch Prefbyterians > !?_:/• >:- 1 Baptifts I Lutherans » 1 ^ Chief Towns. Philadelphia, h^ Chefter Newtown Reading Eafton Lancafter York Carlifle S7 Moravians 39 Scparatift 22 Rogercens 2i, 22 7 N. lat. 40. Ion. 75-80. In all 172 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 88t Bedford, a country weft ward of the mountains upon the Ohio, purchafed from the Indians m 1768, by Mr. Penn, and eftablifhed, in 177 1. Befides the preceding there are the three following Counties. Chief Towns. Newcaftlel ' (Newcaftle Kent and ton Delaware*] Dover . Suffex ) (Lewes; which formed mfomemeafure a diftindl government, having an affembly of their own *u ".! nL, *«'"^|""^""«r with the proA inceof Pcnniylvania : but is now diftin^, and called the Delaware State, havnig a prefident, council, and houfe of affembly. The nrefidcnt IS chofen out of the general affembly by ballot, and the executive power lodged in him and a pnvy.council of two of the legiflative coimcil of nine, and two of the houfe of affem- b^, which confifls of 21 reprefentatives, feven for each county. The judges and other oltcers of ftate, civil and military, are chofen by the prefident and general affembly. Rivers.] 1 he rivers are Delaware, which is navigable for veffels of one Ibrt or other more than 200 nnles above Philadelphia. Sufquehanna and Schuylkill are alfo navigable a confiderable way up the countr>'. Thefe rivers, with the numerous bays and creeks in De- aware bay, capable of containing the largeft fleets, render this province admirably fuiied to carry on an inland and foreign trade. ^ Climate, air, soil, and > The face of the country, air, foil, and produce do FACE OK THK COUNTRY, f not materially differ from thofe of New Yo/k. If there t)e any difference, it is in favour of this province. The air is fweet and clear. 1 he win- ters continue from December till March, and are fo extremely cold and fbvere, that the rn-er Delaware, though very broad, is often frozen over. The months of July, Aueuft and September, are almoft intolerably hot, but the country is refrcfhed by frequent cold breezes. It may be remarked in general, that in all parts of the Britifh plantations, from New York to the fouthern extrennty, the woods are full of wild vines of three or four fpe- cies, all different from thofe we have in Europe. But, whether from fome fault in their na- ture, or in thechmate, or the foil where they grow, or, what is much more probable, from 1 u I" 'h^,.P''"]^e'"«' i^'ey have yx-t produced no wine that deferves to be mentioned, though the Indians Irom them make a fort of wine, with which they regale themiblves. It may alfo be oblerved of the timber of thefe colonies, that towards the fouth it is not fo good for flupping, as that of the more northern provinces. The farther fouthward vou go the vimber becomes lefsoompaft, and rives eafily; which property, as it renders itlcfs fer- vic«;ablek>rftnps, »makesit moreufefiilfor ftaves. '^ ^ ^ History, governmknt, settlfment, po- i This rountr % under the name of the vuLATiON, c^iiEKTowNs, AND COMMERCE, f Ncw NcthcrlaAc., was Originally poffcf- V i^u : I vf ^r^'f. ^^ ^^" '^^^^ "^"°"^' however, were expelled from New ,K -n^i r i"^ ^^'' '/'"T' f^""' ^■^''' '" conjuiidlion with Venables. had conquered the ifland of Jamaica (under the aufpices of Cronm^ll), being in favour with Charles II, obtained a promife of a grant of this countiy from that monarch. Upon the admiral's death his ion, the celebrated quakcr, availed himiclf of this promife, and, after much Tr%lfTT: f'"'''"i '^' performance of it. Though as an author and a divine, Mr Penn be htte known but to thole of his own perfualion, his reputation in a charafter no lels rdpeaableis uuiverlal among all civilized nations. Ihe circumftances of the times engaged vail numbers to follow him imo his new fettlement, to avoid the perlbcmions to which the quakers like other feftaries, were then expofed; but it was to his own wilUom and ability they are indebted for that charter of privileges, which placed this colony on o reipedable a footing Civil and religious liberty, in the utmoft latitude, ^v,•,s Idd down by that great man, as the great and only foundation of all his inftitutions. C:h,J{i;,n. ,,f all denonun.uions might not onlv live unmoleffed. 2i 5 U have a iliare iu the goveiumcnt of i 88z UNITED STATES of AMERICA. the colon)'. No laws can be made but by the confent of the inhabitants. Even matter* of benevolence, to which the laws of few nations have extended, were by Penn fubjcdted to regulations. The affairs of widows and orphans were to be inquired into by a court conftituted for that purpofe. I'he caufes between man and man were not to be fubjefted to tlic delay and chicanery of the law, but decided by wife and honeft arbitrators. His be- nevolence and generofity extended aUo to the Indian nations : inftead of taking immediate advantage of his patent, he purchafed of ihefe people the lands he had obtained by his grant, judging that the origiual property, and eldeft right, was veiled in them. William I^'nn, had he been a native of Greece, would have had his ftatue placed next to thofe of Solon and I.ycurgus. His laws, founded on the folid bafis of equity, flill maintain their ibrcc ; and as a proof of their effeds, it is only neceffary to mention that land was lately gianted at twelve pounds an hundred acres, with a quit-rent of four ftiillings referved ; whereas the terms on which it was formerly granted, were at twenty pounds the thoufand acres, with one llrilling quit-rent for every hundred. Near Philadelphia, before the com- mencement of the war with the mother-country, land rented at twenty Ihillings the acre, and even at feveral miles diftance from that city, fold at twenty years purchale. In fome years, more people tranfported themfelves into Pennfylvania than into all the other fettlements together. In Ihort, this province has increafed greatly from the time of its firft eftablilhment. Upon the principal rivers, fettlements are made, and the country has been cultivated 150 miles above Philadelphia. The prefent number of inhabitants are eft i mated at 320,000. The people are hardy, induftrious, and moft of them fubftau- tial, though but few of the landed people can be confidered as rich; but before the com- mencement of the civil war, they were all well lodged, well fed, and, for their condition, \\cll clad : and this at the more cafy rate, as the inferior people mauufai^ured moft of their own wear, both linens and woollens. This province contains many very confiderable towns, fuch as German-Town, Cheftcr, Oxford, Radnor, all which, in any other colony, would deferve being taken notice of more particularly. But here the city of Philadelphia, containing upwards of 30,000 in- habitants, beautiful beyond any city in America, and in regularity unequalled by any m Kiirope, totally edipfes the reft, and defervcs all our attention. It was built after the plan of the famous Penn, the founder and legiflatorof this colony. It is fituated 100 miles from the fea, between two navigable rivers, the Delaware, where it is above a mile in breadth on the north, and the Schuylkill, on the louth, which it unites, as it were, by run- ning in a line of two miles between them. I'he whole town, when the original plan can be fully executed, is in this manner : every quarter of the city forms a fquare of eight acres, and almoft in the centre of it is a fquare of ten acres, furrounded by the town-houfe, and other public buildings. The high ftreet is 100 feet wide, and runs the whole breadth of the town : parallel to it run nineteen other ftreets, which are croffed by eight more at right angles, all of them 30 feet wide, and communicating with canals, from the two rivers, which add not only to the oeauty, but to the wholefomenefs of the city. Accord- ing to the original plan, every man in poffeftion of 1000 acres in the province, had his iioafe erither in one of the fronts, facing the rivers, or in the High Street, running from vlie middle of one front to the middle of the other. Every owner of 5000 acres, befides the above meniioned privilege, was entitled to have an acre of ground in the front of the iioufe, and all others might have half an acre for gardens and court yards. The propiic- lor's feat, which is the ufual place of the governor's refidence, and is about a mile above the town, is the firll private building, both for magnificence, and fituation, in all Britilh America. The barracks for the troops, the market and other public buildings, arc pro- po.tionnbly grand. The quays are fpacious and fine; and the principal quay is 200 {eet wid<*- UNITED S T A T K S OF AMERICA. 81^3 ral himdrtjl waggon,, dra«n each by fom hnrfo, i„ brinrinVlL n-Xlof^r ?7f " r.«;. produced from th?fi S of mS nr'a'TT/ f n''^ °'k'^ ^^^ ^""^ "^^ '^'^'^ fuppoling that their value was not under a^^^^^ no In f ^r'^'^c '^pool.; which their valSe correfpond to i^lesXcl IkrUng ' ^ ^'''"^^''"^ ^° ^'"^ '^"^ ^^^^'^ "'^^''^•^ foU-es maflers of ,h,. ci,y, „„ ,he ,ffS SeptmC', ",' tela CeT, ■"ll! ""S"'" joy ,hl right of an deZranT ShrionrrfSSo d^^ tT,"^ •^' ""'^' "'""''' "" the CUV or county for which he (hould'be chofen two years Sr^theel^^^^^^ h"^.'" no member wl^e l,e continued fueh, fhould hold any Wr office excent in i^ '"^r'-'' That no perfon ftiou d be capable of b<'ina eln/WJ o I if r ^^S^P^''^ the militia. iff i: 884 UNITED STATES or AMERICA. commonwealth. That delegates to repiefent Pennfylvania iii congrefs fliould be annually c^ofcn by ballot, in the general affenibly of reprcfcntativea. That the iuprcnie executive council of this Itatc fliould confift of twelve perfona, to be chofcn by the free-men of Philadelphia, and the feveral counties of Pemifyjvania. That a prefident, and v icc-prefident, of this council, fhould be chofen annually. That the pre- fident, and in his ablcncc the vice-prcfident, with the council, five of whom are to be a ciuorum, Jhoiild have power to appoint and conmiillionate judges, naval officers, judge of thf admiralty, attorney-general, and other officers civil and military. That the prelidcut fliall be commander in chief of the forces of the Hate, but (hall not connnand in perlim, except adviled thereto by the council, and then only fo long as they fhall approve. 1 hat all trials ftiall be by jury; and that freedom of Ipccch, and of the prels, fliall not be rc- ftrained. That all perlons in public offices fhould declare their belief in one God, the creator, and governor of the univerfe, the rewarder of the good, and the puuilher of the wicked; and alfo acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Tellament to be given by divine infijiration. A variety of other particulars were alfo contained iu this plan of government ; wherein it was likewife determined, that the freemen of this commonwealth, and their Ions, fhould be trained and armed for its defence, under iucli regulations, reftric- tions, and exceptions, as the general alfcmbly fliould by law diie»H, prelerving always to the people the right of choofing their colonel, and all comnnnioned officers under that rank, in fuch manner and as often as by the laid laws fhould be diredied. Two perlons alfo arc to be chofen bj^ ballot every year for each county and city by the freemen to be called " the Council of Ceufors," who are to examine into the condudt of the legiflativc and executive powers. M R N D. Situation and k.xient. Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles. Length 140 ) !,„„..„„„ ( 75 and 80 weft longitude. ) Breadth 135 f ^'^""^ 1 37 and 40 north latitude. [ ^^,000 Boundaries. TJOUNDED by Pennfylvania, on the North ; by another part of Penn- J3 fylvania, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the Eaft ; by Virginia, on the South; and by the Apalachian nioimtains, on the W eft. Maryland is divided into two parts by the bay of Chefapeak, viz. i.The eaftern; and " The weitern divifion. Counties. Chief towns. Divifions. The eaft divifion contains the counties of Anne's — — J I The weft divifion contains Worcefter •— Somerfet — Dorfet — Talbot — — Cecil — — Qljeen .Kent St. Mary's — Charles Prince George — — Calvert — — ■ — Arundel — — . — Harford — — — Baltimore — — — Frederic — — — Princefs Anne Snow Hill Dorfet, or Dorchefler Oxford ~1 i Qy^eeu's Town LCheftcr 'St. Mary's Briftol Mafterkout Abington Annapolis, W. Ion. 76-50. N. fat. 39. Baltimore. UNITED STATES Of AMERICA. ig^ Tk^"!- V'^ I^" '^^"'"''y " ^'^^^»«'l with a vaft number of naviaablf creeks and rivor* Ihechici arePatowmac. Pocon.oac, Patuvent. ChentOT,k, Scvernf anS sSa " 1.AC. OF THE couNTKY. AiK, > In thcfe panUr3 thi. provhKcTs . othinK re- already defcri£e°d "?L"mii • ,K ^•"T^'^f^'*^ ^'^ ''^'''^ " ""^ ^' ^ifli^gv^ift.ed IrZLfc already delcnbcd. Ihe hills ,n the inland cotnury an- of io eaCy aftcnt, that thev raiher fcem an anihml than a natural production. Ti,/ ^ ail nun.ber of Ss Su cs'ieni L throtigh the fo.i that is admirably adapted to the rearing of tobacco w ich ,s the n o in/'rf" i^"""? .^'^.^ coMMKRCK.] The Humbcr of inhabitants has of late years creitlv increafed and is luppofed to be about 220,700. The conm.ercc of Ma 2nrd?pe ds on the lame principles with that of Virginia, and is fo clofely cn,„.caed wi{h it thTa v uLerthTtheaf " ""'' "'"'^ ^"^"'^ ^'^" '""^'^•^- ^' ^'^ '^ confidered thereli;^ History AND oovkrnmint.] It feems as if all the provinces of North Americ;* were planted Iron, motives of religion. Maryland, like thoL we have fonSv defcTbed owes It Icttlement to religious confiderations. ' As they however were pTpled bv DrcS' ants, and even feaaries. Maryland was originally pinted by RomaSholics ^ Th t led. towards the clolb of Charles the Firlt's rei^n was the o^rtrr^l />.;:. u bulk of the Knglifh nation; and the laws in fo'ragliiy tLltal^h^^^^ cuted with great feventy, This in part aroie from afi opinion, that the cou t was 00 ff vourably dilpofed towards this form of religion It is certain th.rmVnJ Jl I r r vour were conferred on the Ronian-c-atholics.' Lord B^U^ ";4'lro7thrmr „t nent one '» greateft lavour with the court, and on that account moll od o,^ to the ^e' neraluy of Engl.lhmen. This nobleman, in ,632. obtained a grant from Chales^of that country, which h>rmerly was confidered as a part of Virginia h>r «« nrf n J M.iry and u^ honour of queei Henrietta Mary. dL'gl^ert H^^^lV'^d" ;^^^^^^ Charles. The year following, about 200 catholic families, fome of conf.dSe mH r^ non. embarked with Lord Baltimore, to enter into poffelli^i of thrsn^^Sy ' heib letlers, who had that liberality and good breeding which diftinguilhes gentlemen of evx'rv rehgion, bought their land at an eafy price from the native IndLis ; th^even lived S hem for fome time in the fa.ne city ; and the fame harmony continued trfuS/l Ween tl e two nations, umil the Indians were impofed on by the malicious inf Latiom of S p anters in yirginia, who envied the piofperity of thil catholic cZyaZnSnd the i^ZJK '^"" \ il -grounded reports, 'but fuch as were fufficie^nt to fli upThe re rZr'l '"^'" "^^""-^"y J^=^I""«> and who from experience had-reafon to be fo. '^ Ihe colony, howevei-, was not wanting to its own fafetv on this orrifmn ^h 1 they continued their friendly intercourfe with the nXl,tLrtookc";\'rL and to u(e every other precaution for their defence againft fudden hoftilit es the dcL of this attempt gave new fprmg to the adlivity of this'plantation ; which wLlikewfe re ceiving frequent remforcemems from England of thole who found themfblves t dat..ei" by the approaching revolution. But during the protedorfhip of Cromwell e cry thW was overturned m Maryland. Baltimore was deprived of his ri.hts; and a newCver nor, appointed by the Proteflor, fubftituted in his room. At thtRelloratio, however" he property of this provmce reverted to its natural polfelfor. BahS ore w ^ iSnftat'd m his rights, and fully difcovered how well he deferved to be fo. Hreftab ifhed a ner fea toleration m all religious matters: the colony increafed and flou rifted aXlHlen^rs" ot all denominations, allured by the profped of gain, flocked into Maryland B " the tyrannica government of James II. again deprived this noble family of their' po&ffion acquired by royal bounty-, and improved by much care and cxpcnce. ^ ^ ' At the Rex olution I^rd Baltimore was again reftored to all the profits of the ^o- m •UNITED STATES of AMERICA. vemment, though not to the right of governing, which could not confinently be conferred on a Romau-catholic.^ But after the family changed their religion, they obtained the power as well as the miereft. The government of this country exadly refembled that ia\irginia, except that the governor was appointed by the proprietors, and only con- farmed by the crown. The cuftoms too were referved to the crown, and the officers be- longing to them were independent of the government of the province. At length, as the proleftants became far more numerous, they excluded the catholics from all offices of tiull and power and even adopted the penal laws of England againft them. The church «.t England was by law eftabliftied here, and the clergy were paid in tobacco : a tax for this purpofe was annually levied, and every male white perfon above the age of i6 was obliged to pay 40 lb. of tobacco, (or if he raifed no tobacco, he muft take an oatn that he did not, and pay the value in ca(h); diffeniing clergy were not exempted. But fince the civil war, by the declaration of rights and the conftuution agreed to in their conven- V?" °^ /i^l*^gates at Annapolis, Auguft 14, 1776. the legiflature is now to confift of two diilina branches, the fenate and the houle of delegates; the latter to be annually chofen ^.'nnvoce, by the freeholders in each county, viz. St. Mary's, Char'-", Calvert, Prince- 'r lu^^' T^^''^"^"i'"""?.^'' Baltimo , Frederick, Harford, Cecil, x.ent, Queen-Anne, Jalbot, Dorlet, Caroline, Somerfet, and Worcefter, four delegates each, and the city ot Annapolis and Baltimore-town two each, delegates for the fenate to be eleaed in Iik-e manner every five years, two for each county, out of whom are to be chofen fifteen benators, hy ballot, ;, e. nine for the Weftern fhore and fix for the Eaftern. The execu- tive power is vefted in a council, chofen annuaUy by the joint ballot of the general affeni- bly, who may appoint the chancellor, judges, field-officers, &c. but the fherifis and iuf- tices of the peace are chofen by the freeholders in each county. All freemen above twenty- one years ot age, having a freehold of fifty acres, or property to the value of thirty pounds, have a right of luHVage iu the ekaion of delegates, which is, 'viva voce. All peifons appointed to any office of profit or truit, are to fubfcribe a declaration of their belief in the ChrilH:in religion. In 1782, a college was founded at Chefter-town in this province, under the name of VV ASHiNGxoN College, in honour of General VVafliington. VIRGINIA. Situation and extent. Miles Degrees. Sq. Miles. Length 750 } v .^,.^^„ S 75 and 90 weft longitude. ( o Breadth 240 r ^"^^^'^"^736 and 40 north latitude. 1 ^°'°°°- Boundaries.] TIOUNDED by the river Potowmac, which divides it from Mary. D land, ontheNorth-eaft; by the Atlantic ocean, on the Eaft; by Carohna, on the South; and the river Miffifippi, on the Weft. -? f / ."^ / f ^ > /-V It may be divided into four parts, viz. The North; the Middle ; the South'; and the Eaftern divihon. Divifions. The north divifiou con- tains Counties. 1. Northumberland — 2. Lancafhire — " 3. Weftmoreland — A P irVini^n*-! 5. Stafford — Parifhes. *\ C Wincomoca I Chiift-Church J [st. Paul's Diviiions. UNITED STATES of AMERICA. The middle divifion con- tains The_ fouth divifion con- tains "^ Counties. f6. Effex — i 7. Middlefex 8. Gloucefter 9- King and Queen 10. King William 11. New Kent Elizabeth' — Warwick York _ Princefs Anne Norfolk -_ Naufamund Ifle of Wight , Surry — 20. Prince George 31. Charles ^ 22. Henrico 23. James^ 887 12 13 14. (.15. 16. 17- 18. 19 I Parilhes. ' Farnham Chrift-Church Abingdon Stratton / St. John's ' St. Peter's Elizabeth • Denby York LLynnhaven. " Elizabeth Chutakuk Newport Southwark Wayanoke Weftover Briftol James Town WlLLlAMSBCRG, ^7-i2N. lat. 7G-48 J L ^^ eft. long. h A Acomac. The eaftern divifion be- ( tween Cheikpeak bay J 24. Acomac — and the ocean ( b.y of Chefapeak, one of the l.rgeft and ffeL^K'h f"'^ r^r' " ^'^^'^^ '"'« »he try near 300 n.iles from the fouth To the no 'h Ts .hn^^ «' ''Y'^l ^""^ " ''''''' ^^e coun- wa^^ and feven where it is narrowcft the w;ter in mnft^ T^"' t-^^ ^^' ' confiderablc This bay, through its whole extent rccdL Tlla ""^^^ P'"*^^^ ^'"g "'"^ fathoms deep, fides of both Maryland and Virg ia. F oin L llj^'T V, °^ T'^'^^' "^'^^« f^°">'l'- ccives James Riv/r, York River! the Rapp h,„Lek ; 'f f,^'^%°^h^'-« ^^ ^^^^ note, it re onlynavigable for large fhipsimo the he\Totr,n;,'^^^^ u ^'°T^^ ^ ^hefe are uo, receive fuch a number of fmalkr navi^S .ims T-'v^ ■'-' '^'u"^'">' '''''^'' -"'' doubt the country in the world of the mcft rnn, / ' 'S"."* '' """h*^"^ ^'1 banner of and the obfervation is not exaLe .ted ThlT ?' "^Vb^'^"""- It has been obferved weftward of the province Is thf O^o' a la ''fP ^'^^'u^^' ' "''' '' ^'^ ^oor. lo 'he Miflifippi. ^ '''''' ''^"^' ^ ^^'S-^ "^-^^r which after a long courfe falls into the the fea,\hrt you^.S'vcT^near th^fl,ore''b5bt^^ the country is foextremely low towards ■ head The lofty trees, vvhich cover th^fon^^^^^^^ ^^^'^"^^^'^ ^i?"^ f'-^"> ^he maft- afford an enchanting proiped. You trwe rlo S ^- ^ "1" ^"'^ ^^°'" '^^ ^^'^^'n' ^'^f with a hill, which is^UlLgunconnnon on tWs^^^^^^^^^^ the country, without meeting Air and climate.] In fumnie" the hen 1 ? ''^ '^""J^ °^ ^"^^"^^- iVcrt'.ing breezes from the lb T fe^^t,tter s X "■"^T^^^T' i^^^^^gh not without re- violem. Their winter fiofls conie orwihout th^^^^^^^^ ' -? ''^'"^'^ '"'^'^^'" ^"'^ fonietimesfucceeds fuch an intenle cold b the cve^^^^^^ ' ''u'"' '''''>^ ^'^^'" i he air nn,] o-oC,,,,. u..^„ ...,,_,. , " "^^ evening, as to freeze over tV larrr^,} rJ. pre andmoifturrin:int;;;^^S:^X^g;r":!?7"'^^r^^^^^"^'^ ll>eir.fpring is about a inon h earlier ban in Enln I ^'"^'.^^^^^h j^n^^rs it veryplcalant. man in Lngland ; m Apnl they have frequent laijis ; , '!« b I [ij' 8«8 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. in May and June, the heat increafes ; and tlie funinier is much like ours, being reficflied with gentle breezes from the ica, that rife about nine o'clock, anddecrcafe and incrcafe as the fun rills or falls. In July and Augult thele breezes cealc, and the air becomes flagnant, and violcnily hot ; in September the weather generally changes, when theyiiavc heavy and frecjuent rains, which occafion all the train of difeafes incident to a moid climate, particu- larly agacs and intermitting fevers. They have frequent thunder and lightning, but it rarely does any mifchief. Son. AND PkODWCE.j Towards the fea-(hore, aud the banks of the rivers, the foil of Virginia confills of a dark rich mould, which, without manure, returns plentifully what- ever is commiited to it. At a dillance from the water there is a lightnefs and fandinefs in the foil, which, however, is of a generous nature, and, helped by a kindly fun, yields corn and tobacco exueujely well. From what has been laid of the foil and climate, it is eafy to infer the variety and pcr- feftion of the vegetable prod>i6li(>ns of this country. The forelts are covered with all forts of lofty trees ; and no underwood or bruflies grow beneath ; i^o that people travel with cafe through the forefts on hoifcback, under a fine ihade to defend them from the fun ; the plains arc enamelled with flowers and flowering ihrubs of the richeft colours and moll fragrant fccnt. Silk grows fpoutaneous in many places, tlie fibres of which are as ftrong as hemp. Medicinal herbs and roott numburs, a fort of panther or tvger, bears, wolves, foxes, and racoons. Here is likcwife that fiiii,'ul.ir :mim.il, called the Opolfum, which feems to be the wood-rat, mentioned by Ch:irlev<.'ix, in his liillory of Canada. It is about the fize .of' a cat ; and be- fides the belly common to it with other animals, it has another peculiar to iifclf, and which hangs beneath the former. This belly has a large aperture, towards the hinder legs, which difcovers a large number of teats vm the uliial parts of the common belly. Tpon thcfe, when the female of this creature conceives, the j'oung are formed, and there they hang like fruit upon the ihilk, until they grow in btilk, aoiid weight to their appoinied hze ; when they drop., if, and arc rcLvi'-ed into the falfe belly, from wliich they go out at plea hire, and in which thev take refuge when ?nv danger threatens them. In Virginia there are all forts of tame and 'wild lowl. They have the\ughting:de, called from the count.ry, whole plu- mage is crimfon aud blue; the mockingbird, thought K. excel all others in his own note, and including that of e\ery one ; the humming bird, the fmallefl of all the winged creation, _.,,5r\ U,. f;{>- tl,',. ■,,(,(> boaiitiiul. all arravcd in Icarlet, green and gold. It fips the dew from he flowers, which is all iii' uouriihmcnt, and is too°delicate to be brought alive into F.ng- nd. i UNITED STATES o» AMERICA. 889 • ) This is the nrft country which the Englifti plant- ) ed in America. We derived our right, not only History, government, popula- tion, TOWNS, AND COMMGRCF Of f b' r r& 7'''- ^"^^^^'^ ^"^ ;^r;Kady7bSve7 fZ;r z::^ kJ^!^U?:^^jI'^'''fi'' f'^J' ^^f '"^'^ '''' r"^^'" cont..em of Anierica, in S lervice of Henry VII of England. No attempts, however, were made to fettle it till the reiga of queen Elizabeth. It was then that Sir Walter Raleigh, the moft ex raord nlrv «•- nms of the age m which he lived, perhaps in any age, applied to co^, a?d got to Jth^r a company, which was compofed of feveral perfons of diflinftion, and feve?a emSen nierchants who agreed to open a trade, and Ibitle a colony, in that pa 'of the wor7d which, m honour of queen Elizabeth, he called Virginia. Towards th^e c ofe of thTfil' Sul '"^a ^^T^"^"'?'^ ^^^t ""'^'^''^ ^^"'^"g '^^' ^^J^^'^y' before „y ;,Ued fuc- cefsful. The three firft companies who failed into Virginia, perilhed through hunger and difeafes, or were cut off by the Indians. The fourth was educed to almoft^the fan?e fuua- tion; and being dwindled to a feeble remainder, had let fail for England bdefpa"S inZ '11 '? cTc'^'Ti '°"^/^' '""^'^''^ ^y f"^h honile and wariike favage? But m the mouth of Chefapeak bay, they were met by lord Delawar. with a Iquadron oaded with provifions, and with every thing neceffary for their relief and defence^ Ths per- menZf 2'''r"'''= by hxs advice, his prudence, and winning behavTour, the govern ment of the colony was fettled within itfelf. and put on a refpelable footing with regard to Its enemies This nobleman, who had accepted the government of the iinpromffing K?uIf'^^^''^"'' ^5>'"/he"obleft motives, was compelled, by the decayedZe ™ hi^ health, torenim into England. He left behind him, h^ever, his fon. as^deputv with Sir Ihomas Gates, Sir George Summers, the honourable Geo;ge Piercy, and Mn ^^ew- The colony continued to flourifh, and the trjc fources of its wealth began to be difco- vered and improved The firft feitlers, like thofeof Maryland, were geneSlV perfons of confideration and diftin^ion. It remained a fteady ally to the royal partyX nrthe nT^il .?'"'' ^'"'•"' ¥^^y °f '^' ^^^^^'^^^^ '" danger at home, ?o2refSge he^ and under the government of Sir William Berkeley, held (^it for the crown, undlfhe mrl Lament, rather by ftratagem than force, reduced them. After the Reftr^tb^ there^ [ Sern^n^ rj;?^'^'"^ '"i^^^ ^^^^^^^ °^ ^^'« P^^^''"^^' S°°" ^^^'^ this time a young gen tleman, named Bacon, a lawyer, availing himfclf of fomc difcontents in the c-olonv ou accountofreftramtson trade, became very popular, and fet every thing in c2fior c^eSrlty 'tfrS;. '''''-' ''-' ^"^ ^^^'^^^ -^ ^^^ -^'-^^"^ of Virgi Ja The government of this province was not at firft adapted to the principles of the Ene- h?.r h Ir ?"' 'f i^ '^^ enjoyment of that liberty toVhich a fubjeft of Great Bri^"h, thinks himfelf entitled m every part of the globe. l[ was governed by a governor an v^nT" ' %^Tf ^n^' ^'°^"^" ^'''' ^"^^^"- '^' ^he inL.bitants inieafld, d e incon ven^ncv of this form became more grievous ; and a new branch was added to the conftl Zr;e.Zr±'. ^ V^P'^'k^^^ ^'^ r^^^^'y "« confideration, were allowed to e ed ^^Xl7Se"^\r'^"""^r''''''^'^' into which this country is divided, with privilege, rdcmbhng thole of the reprefentatives of the commons of England. Thus two houfe«= Jl JSf;.r^ '7'" ^""^',°^ '^'"'^^y ""'''' *"^^"'^d- 'I'he uppfr houfe, whichTas befS Sm? h r ' ^•^"'=^"^^'i°"'f«i^""er footing; its members were appointed, duriiS pleaftire, by thecrown; they were ftyled Honourable, and anfwered infome meafu^e tot 5 houfe of peers m the Brii.m conftitution. The lower houie was ,he guardian of the p^o pie's liberties. And thas. with nj — •- j-'viviinug TFic Rijii^, ail uppci" and jower mhJl TT^u^' '^", government boi^ a ftriking i^fenfblance to our own. When any bill had paired the two houles, n came before the governor, who gave his alfent or ne.^aiive ^^ 5 X ■ if J' 111 890 UNITED STATES or AMERICA. as he thought proper. It now acquired the force of a law, until it was tranfmitted to Eng- land, and his Majcfty's pleafurc known on that fubjeft. The upper houfe of aifenibly a^ed not ouly as a part of the legiflature, but alfo as a privy council to the governor, without whofe concurrence he could do nothing of moment : it fometimcs adled as a court of Chaucery. The prefent government of this province as fettled in conventional Williamlburg, July 5th, 1776, is that the Icgillative, execuiive, andjufticiary departments be feparate and di- Itind. Hie houfe of delegates to be cholen annually by the ireeholders, two for each county, and for the diftrid of Weil Augufta ; and one reprefentative for the city of Wil- liamlburg and town of Norfolk. The lenate to confdt of 24 members, who are alfo chofen by the freeholders of the ftate, divided into 20 diftiifts. The executive is a governor and privy-council of eight members, chofen annually by the joint ballot of the general alfembly of the ftate, who alfo choole the delegates to congrefs, the judges and other law officers, prelident, treafurer, lecretary, &c. juftices, fheritl's, and coroners, commillioned by the governor and council. The number of white people in Virginia, which is daily encreafing, is fuppofed to amount to above 300,000. The negroes, of whom Ibme thoufands were annually import- ed into Virginia and Maryland, are numerous ; they thrive, too, much better here than in the Wett Indies. The inhabitants of Virginia are a cheerful, hofpitable, and in general a genteel fort of people : ibme of them are accufed of vanity and oftentation; which accu^ Nation is not without fome ground. Here are only two towns which deferve that name ; the largeft of which, and the capital of the province, is Williamlburg, containing about fixty houfes, and fome fpacious public buildings. It is about 40 miles from the mouth of James's River, and feven from James Town, which was formerly the capital, and before the prefent war, contained many uverns and public houfes, for the entertainment of mari- ners. York-Town and Gloceftei will ever be famous for the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his army. In the following account of the commerce of Virginia, is alfo included that of Mary- land. Thefe provinces were fuppofed to export, of tobacco alone, to the annual value of 768,000 1, into Great Britain. This, at eight pounds per hogftiead, makes the number of hogiheads amount to 96,000. Of thefe, it is computed, that about 13,500 hoglheads were coufumed at home, the duty on which, at 26 1. 1 s. per hogftiead, came to 351,6751. the remaining 82,500 hogftieads were exported by our merchants to the other countries of Eu- rope, and their value returned to Great Britam. The advantages of this trade appear by the bare mention of it. It may not be improper to add, that this fingle branch employed 330 fail of ihips, and 7960 ieamen. Not only our wealth therefore, but the very finews of our national ftrength, were powerfully braced by it. The other commodities of thefe colonies, of which naval ftores, wheat, Indian corn, iron in pigs and bars, are the nioft confiderable, made the whole exportation, at an average of three years, amount to 1,040,0001. The exports of Great Britain, the fame as to our other colonies, at a like average, came to 865,0001. Though an entire toleration was allowed to all religions in this country, there were, be- iore the commencement of the civil war, few dilfenters from the church of England. The bifhop of London uled to fend over a fuperintendent to infpedl the charader of the clergy: who lived comfoi;tably here (aprieft to each oariih), with about 100 1. per annum, paid in tobacco. Here is alfo a college, founded by king William, called William and Mary college, who gave 2000 1. towards it, and 20,000 acres of land, with power to purchaie and hold lands to the value of 2000 1, a year, and a duty of one penny per pound on all tobacco exported -_ — >..^. J- i,.,i..- J. liciv Ifc a picuucul, iiA piviciiwia, aUu'-."-!;-. i •..•luvt-ia, itiiv? rflC named bv the governors or vifitors. The honourable Mr. Boyle made a very large donation to the college for the education of Indian children. [ 891 ] NORTH ASD SOUTH CAROLINA wrrn GEORGIA. Situation and extent. Miles. length 700 > , Breadth 380 f ''^'w^' Degrees. :en S "^^ ^"'^ 91 weft longitude. Sq. Miles J 7" ana 91 welt longitude. . ■» ( 30 and 37 north latitude. |* 1 10,000 Bo„...K™0gOUNDED|j,yirgi„U „a .he Nonh, ,^ .he A„a„ic Ocean on .he oaAeSomh; and by .^ Miffi^Un' .t fe ^1»* ^Para.es Gec^ia from Florida, Divifions. Noun Carolina contains the counties of Counties. Towns S R l^if ""^''^ ^, > f Newburn * H Bath, and Clarendon in H Edenton part i 7 Wilmington (Clarendon in part ' Craven Berkeley ties of Colleton The South divifion contains only Georgia St James Chrift-Church •1 ' } Charles-town, W. Ion, 79- 1 2. N.lat. 32-45. Port-Royal, f Savannah, N. lat. 31-55. VV. long. 80-20. H Sunbury Frederica Purilburgh. - Granville Richmond Effingham — Chatham Camden -*_ Milkes Glynn -. Burke Liberty __ ^r^'^^r^^ln^^^.r?^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ' Neus : Cape Fear, Mary's, which divide GeLiafror;, Sh^ ^^^Tt^'^ ""' ^''''^^ river, and St. nioumains, and running earfdlinto^ J AM^^ which nvers rile in the Apalachian the Cherokces. Yafou ?& ASachkoh ^^ ^\^''^ P^"^ ''"' '^'''^'^ ^y which fall into the Miflifippi c;rT gulf ^Mexico "''"' '°^ '"'"^ °'^^^ ^^^^^ ^'''^' Pamtico, and Cape Fear In Sr« fh r f ^^^^f ^''e, at the mouth of Albemarle River, .^3-:7AidS?S^-'-^^^^^^ • ^r-ln;;ie^^,r"eLit:.rL^r■tl"!:11■'f'^- ^-^ ■-^cHn.a.eor thefe countries. In general it aVrees^wiVh' tZTZ'v"'''' '^^°^';^"^*^ ^^tween the climate ol" Ivanta'ge of CVoC TlVltntrTaS 'aTe ^f'"' ''''''' ''«7' ^^ ^^ a, but the winters are n.il.l.. TnTf^' .1". '^Wl^^?-^ * more intcnle heat inuchto thead „, „._,,. ,„^ ^, than in Virginia, but the winters are milder .nH 0.....« .^^u^ .,•,._ . 7>-""- '-."• all American weather, is iubied to hidden trinfi't?r.no'"f " u ^""'•Y'^ "^ Carolina, like bu. no. .„ ,-., vi„,e„. »rei.i.ic:ifi;- ;r "r j;r :;:xt .-t-ii '^X' If Siji UNITED STATES of AMERICA. freeze anj^ confiderable water, afleftiug ©ply the moruings and evenings ; the fiolts have never fufficient ftrength to reaft the noon-day I'uu; fo that many tender plants, which do not ftand the winter of Virginia, flouriih in Carolina, for they have oranges in great plenty near Charles-Town, and excellent in their kinds, both fweet and lour. Sou., PRODUCE, AND FACJi: > In this reipeil, too, there is a confutable coincidence OF THK COUNTRY. jTbetwcen thefe countries and Virginia: the Carolinas, however, in the fertility of nature, have the advance ; but Georgia hath not fo good a foil as the other provinces. The whole country is m a manner one foreft, where our planters have not cleared it. The trees are almoft the lame in every refpedl with thofe produced b Virginia ; and by the diflerem ipecies of thefe, the quality of the foil is eafily known. The land in Carolina is eafily clearedix as there ia little or no underwood, and the forefts inoilly confift of tall trees at a confiderable diftance. Thofe grouuds which bear the oak, the walnut, and the hickory, are extremely fertile ; they are of a dark fand intermixed with loam ; and as alt their land abounds with nitre, it is a long time before it is exhaufted ; for here they never ufe any manure. The piue barren is the worft of all ; this is an Inioft perfeft white fand : yet it bears the pine tree, and fome other ufeful plants, naturally, yielding good profit in pitch, tar, and turpentine. VV^hen this fpecies of land is cleared, for two or three years together it produces very good crops of Indian corn and peale ; and, when it lies low, and is flooded, it even anfwers for rice. But what is moft fortunate for this province is, that this worft part of its land is favourable to a fpecies of the moft valuable of all its prodiids, to one of the kinds of indigo. The low, rich, fwampy grounds bear their great ftaple, rice. The country near the fea is much the worft, in many parts little better than an unhealthy fait marlh ; for Carolina is all an even plain for 80 miles from the fea, not a hill, not a roc.',, nor fcarcely even a pebble to be met with. But the country, as you advance in it, iiaproves continually; and at 100 miles diftance from Charles-Town, where it begins to grow hilly, the foil is of a prodigious fer- tility, fitted for every purpole of human life ; nor can any thing be in)agined more plea- lant to the eye than the variegated difpofilion of this back country. Here the air is pure and wholefome, and the fummer heat much more temperate than in the flat faudy coaft. In Carolina, the vegetation of every kind of plant is incredibly quick. The climate and foU have fomething in them fo kindly, that the latter, when left to itfelf, naturally throws out an immenfe quantity of flowers and flowering fhrubs. All the European plants arrive at perfedion here beyond that in which their native country affords them. \Mth proper culture and encouragement, filk, wine, and oil might be produced in thefe colonies : of the firft we have feen famples equal to what is brought to us from Italy. Wheat grows extremely well in the back parts, and yields a prodigious increafe. From what we have obferved of thefe valuable provinces, their produftions appear to be, vines, wheat, rice, Indian corn, barley, oats, peafe, beans, hemp, flax, cotton, to- baceo, indigo, olives, oranges, citron, cyprefs, faffafras, oak, walnut, caifia, and pine trees ; white mulberry-trees for feeding filk-worms; farfaparilla, and pines which yield turpen- tine, rofin, tar, and pitch. There ia a kind of tree from which runs an oil of extraordi- imry virtue for curing wounds; and auother, which yields a balm, thought to be little in- erior to that of Mecca. There arc other trees befide thele, that yield gums. The Caro- linas produce prodigious quantities of honey, of which they make excellent fpirits, and mead as good as Malaga fack. Of all thefe, the three great ftajile commodities at prcfeut are, indigo, rice, and the produce of the pine. Nothing furprifes an European more at hrft fight, than the fue of the trees here, as well as in Virginia and other American coun- tries. Their trunks are often from 50 to 70 feet high, without a branch or limb; and fre- quently above 36 feet in circumference. Of thd'e trunks when hollowed, the peopleot C^harles-Town as well as the Inclii^nR- make canoes, wliich lcr\e to tranfport provilio'i'-' aud other goods from place to place ; and fume of tb..--m are lb large, that they wiil c.iny govern me UNITED STATE S opAMERICA. 893 Animals.] The original animals of this country do not differ much from thofe of Virgmia; but m Carolina they have ftill a g,^«ter\^arrety of beauS foS All the ammals of Europe are here in plenty ; black cattle a«. multiplied prXiouflv- to have 2 or 300 cows IS very common, but fome have iooo orup.^a?ds Scramble all Z doneia this waMUUhe .^^r 1663 in I^'eUSThX- Tl'^t'^v '""^'^'"j "^« Englim-noblemeiti. and othL of grtt diftbS obS^^ f"' 'T ^'""'"'^ ottt^of r^''^^ ^;r^"^ -^J-Satrfll^s^o^Tr^^/They^^ fXm n? \-^u' u''"'^ "" ''"S to go over into the new lettlenient and to fuCk o a fyftem of laws, whrch they employed the famous Locke to compole fo them trift h^e. ^^'" ^'"'' firft.lett ement at a point of I,nd towards the fbuthward'of their dif Ch^H., ?'"''' T f ^'g^^K "^^"- Here they laid the foundation of a cL called vent the fatal coniequence^ of thelb inteftiL ciSn and tVSaZ's In .TnVlT "^TlTor^^''' which put this colony under the innnedir^^^^oTeabn of u- c^ou n" rhe ords proprietors accepted a recompence of about 24 oool for bo^h 1.1^ adminiftration of affairs, too, Carolma was Sod ntotw^'dii^Sts^ a^^^^^ ^jvernments. This happened in 1728, and from that ttn^rpe ce Sng tei^red |n ^h! mternal government, as well as with the Chcrokees and other Indian X thJ exDC&ed rhaf fh^ ;V,l!,w ? r Georgia, removed as they were at a great diftan c from tS benJl^d ors and ^ check and control of iholb who had a natural influence ove the luSl fubn, . t magillrates appointed to govern them. Many of the regulations,^"; Ww iSi thev " ■ e m\ <'m 4'H 891 UNITED STATES or AMERICA. the bad humours which tore to pieces this conftitution of government. Diffenfious of all kiiuis fprung up, aud the colony was on the brink of deftru6liou, when, in 1752, the j,'overnnient took it under their immediate care, removed their particular grievances,' and placed Georgia on the lame footiug with the Carolinas. I he method of fetding in Caiolina, and indeed in other provinces of Briiilh America, was to pitch upon a void fpace of ground, and either to purchafe it at the rate of 20 1! for 1000 acres, and one fliilling quit-rent for every 100 acres; or oiuerwife, to pay a jicnny an acre quit-rent yearl)' to the proprietors, without purchale-money : the former method is the moft conunon, and the tenure a freehold. The people of Carolina live in the fame eafy, plentiful, and luxurious manner with the Virginians already defcribed. Poverty is here almofl an entire ftxanger; and the planters are the molt hofpitable people that are to be met with to all ftrangers, and elpeciaUy to fuch as by accident or misfortunes are rendered incapable to pro\ide far themfelves. The only place in either of the Carolinas worthy of notice is Charles-Town, the metro- polis, in South Carolina, which for fize, beauty, and trade, may be confidered as one of the firft in America. It is admirably fituated at the confluence of two navigable rivers, one of which is navigable for ftiips 20 miles above the town, and for boats and large canoes near 40. The h,irboiu- is good in every jefped, but that of a bar, which hinders veffels of niure than 200 tons burtheji, loaded, from entering. The town is regularly and pretty ftro.igly fortified by nature aud art ; the itreets aae well cut ; the houfes are large aiui well built ; lome of them are of brick, and others of w^ood, but all of them handfome and elegantj and rent is extreniely high. '1 he ftreets are wide and ftraight, interfefting each other at right angles ; thofe running eaft anjd welt extend about a mile from one ri- ver to the othei;. it contains about loco houJes, and was the feat of the governor, and the place of uieetijiig of the affenibly. Its neighbourhood is b>eautiful beyond defcription. Several h^ndfonvj -equipages are kept here. The planters and merchants are rich and well bred; and before the wv between Great Britain and the colojiies, the people were ilxGwy and expenfive in their .drcfs and w:ay of living ; fo that every thing confpired to make this by much the livelicft, the lovelieft.and pqlitell place, as it is one of the richeft too, in all America. It ought alfo to be obfprved, ibr the honour of the people of Carolina, that vvhen, in common with the other colonies, they refolvcd againlt the ufe -of certain luxuries, and even neceffaries of lile; thofe articles which improve the mind, enlarge the underftanding, and corred the tafte, were excepted : the impoxtation of books was permitted as formerly. North and South -Carolina joined -with the other colonies in their revolt againft Great Britain; and in 1780, Charles-Town being biefieged by the king's troops, fur rendered on capitulation, with 6qoo men inarms prifone;rs, on the i ith of May in that year, after the liege had continued lt:\ en weeks. As South-Carolina has met with infinitely more attention than the other provinces, the conmierce of this country alone employed 140 fhips, while that of the other two did not employ 60. Its exports to Gre^t Britain of native counnoditics, on an average of three years, amounted 10 njore than 395,000!, ginuual value ; and its imports to 365,000!. The exports of North-Carolina were computed at about 70,0001. and its i.iiporis to 1 8,000 1. The trade of Georgia is likewife in its infancy; the export amounted to little more than 74,000 1. and the imports to 49,000 1. The trade between Carolina and the Welt-Indies was the fame in all refpciSs with that of the reft of the colonies, and was very large ; their trade with the Indians was in a very flourilhing couditlo;ij and they formerly carried Englilh goods on pack-horfes 5 or 600 miles int(j the country weft of Chajles-Town- The mouths of the rivers in North-Carolina form but ordinary harbours, and do not admit, except one at Cape Fear, veifels of above 70 or 80 tons. This lays a weight upon UNITEDSTATES or AMERICA. 895 Georgia has two towus already known in trade Sivann^K ,v,« •. 1 • oufly fuuated for an iuland and Le^n traSe a£ut ten S f.^n ZT} '' '""""^k/- river of the fan.e name, which is navigable for 2^ miles fe^^^^^^^^^^ upon a noble lecond town, called Aagufta. which Hands in a counTrfof the" ^^^^^ ? '^" ries on a conliderable trade with the Indians. Fron, the town o? Savann h S, f T whole courie of the river towards the iea • and on the nthpr ho. . ^^"^""V '^ 7°". '<^e the about 60. Ues up into the countl^^ ^^Her^lheX'! Sr.^Getge K Seld^X'u^d t":Tl;^di.teruT^^^"'" '^-'^ ^'^"^'^^'^ ^^ orphan.houfe,l.htlhltlt l^et' In Odlober 1779, the town Savannah being in poffellion of the Kine's tronn« «a K evacuated and reftored to the Americans '^'^ provnices, were afterwards in SthSlt^f S^^ IJ'S^:;;^ "^^"°" ^ ^^^'-° ^" ^-^ ^-o"- ^ ^70,000 ,,^1 government of North Carolina iettled in convention at Hallifax December tR.H The conftitution eftablilhed by the council and affemblv Marches in^R r^ c; u proportions; the former of 23 and the latter of 202 members. The exS"Dowei i^ by ballot, m each county, viz. Wilkes, Richmond Burke FffinJl^m rK .^ ^' members each; Liberty fourteen- Glvnn anrl rVm,? ^^^^^\^^^i^^"^^ Chatham, ten It 'm* ¥i1 n U2-' ") [ 89' ^^^^'-^- Thev;rSety of . canal, the land above, leveled croJncdJ^^^^^^ f.desof a deep trench or ticular places that thi; river en b^ Se< L nr^'^^^r -^ ''^ "l^'""' ^' ^^^^'^ '' P^^' great road large enough for waiiofis ml ^:^^^^^^ W'Woithy of admiration. A • eafv defcent from the top toSo om of.' J 'f'\}}}'^- by buflaloes, ffoping wi. h at ^ the Miffifippi and Ohio? re i£ kevs1oIh7ri''i; ^'^^' '"'"' ^^e river abmelJ^^Tawn.- . The ufnal rout to Kentucke isfromPhlLdpht or R ll:'' P^"^,,"^;^^*. xvefterneon.iuent. From the mouth of the Ohio to New oSn ?. ^ ""''^' ^>' '^^ ^^^ °^- P^^e.fburgh.) -.. ftraight line) is 856 by water. The^^h^^^^^ exceeding 460 miles il L • of Mexico. °^'i*^P'?®'^ •;• vera! channels imo the gulph . ing''a«tt";:Cb;rt;Lt1ri£t^'""r-^ to ,«. country, front the follow- - the Mulkingum. . ^ -^ ' °' '''= """P" «a"oned at Fort Harrier at the mou.h of " .onfiderable number ■ hat palfld .,r Jhe nigh, l3f Z, "'' ^"'' ^^'"^' **'""'« » ^ "' hUm^^ne^w empirestoriv^i. ;;V^rh5 ^uS 898 UNITED STATES oi AMERICA, £ M a T. TH E ftate of Vennoat is a vaft country, fiiuated eaftward of New Hamplhire, fouth of Maffachufeits, and weft of New-York. It w 155 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. The capital of the ftate is Beuiiiiigton. The Aliens are the chiels or head men of ilie country. It is governed by its own law«« independent of Congrefs and the States. Hitherto it has been a a objedt of contention be- tween the ftatcsof New-Y »i .t and New Hampfhire. The people had, for a long time, oo other name than Green Mountain Boys, which they frcnchifyed into Verdmont, and fince corrupted into the eafier pronunciation of Vernxuit. Thefe antique forefts, into which the arm of man is juft carrying the deftrud^ive ax, every where afford the moll ^rand and I'ubiime profpe£ls. Lktle of the land of this ftate is yet cleared, but the emigrations to it from other ftates are f2:rcat, and it will fooa become well cultivated, and equal in feitility to the Hates it appr-^Jtimates. Ita popuUtion is fuii already to amount to 150,00c. ■~.....» »»M>»» » 5B«1a i T '"^ ""^ '^*''" ^^^» ^^^"t ,3? if»Sikl be intolerable fX radTS L^rJ"^^;'* n° '^' ^1''""' "^ «" '^^'^ ^^hich nmbkminuponth<^rn fS^ti ib i.d J^^^^^^ as the fun gathers ftrength, did them to attend their concern, etenlinder thl^ nf V" '"."' \n^«nner, as to enable .ught advances, a breeze begins to i^^rcdv^d f^!ich H ^? '\ "'J''^ ^V"^' '' '^^ it were from the wnt.^, towards the fc, to^l?« • ^ r u""^' ^""^"'y ^'"""^ ^^"^ J«r^ «« Bv th. fame .*mark;birPt;viience Jn the dTofinf oA'.""^''? '^ °T' fun has made a gtt-at progrefs towaSs the ront'^^Fr^ of things u is, that when the lonnjought, which^ommoni;' ^^ t^l^L-I^Z^ J^^^S;; ^^^^ fo rser is w!^ T J:fh:irreJ tit rx 'd" ^'^ ^'' '""''''i -- ^ - --- ther floods of water, poured from theXn, VK ' ,^o"^Paratively. They are ra, rife in a n«,ment; neV rivers a^dtke«^^ with a prodigious nnpetuofity ; tL rivers country is under w;ter» Se h is ,1m th^ formed, ami m a fhort time all the low tropics, fwcll and overftow thS bl ukA^^^ have their fource withia the cients in their idea of l^o rid zone th.^.^-'^ ^'^ff •" ^"'/° '"'"•''''^" ^'^''^ »he nn- with a continual and fJmt heat and tAZTff'' ^.^.l^^d «"<* f^^rched up ality, forae of the largeft riverrof the worM W .1 ' °" ""'"habitable ; when, in rc- moLre is one of the^g-Sntirn^^^^ a"^ the the^whr/eaTrt;';- 'l^yt^^'iTj, '"''7^ ^^ 7'' ^^^'-f ''e^- a. green the ftorms If haira^,'hcr^Urve^^l"° ^[^"^'^ ^r"''' ^"'^ ^"^ rarely fome hail; heatitfelf, comributes to make t?e cHmate ^ \he W^ Perhaps as much as the to an Em-opean conftitution ^^ ^''''**'' unfriendly and unpleafant •• See Wafer's JouriKf aerofs the inhmuj of Darien. *HS 'I 900 WEST INDIES. and often juft at the moment when he thinks himfelf out of the reach of fortune. It is a fuddcn and violent ftorm of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, attended with a furi- ous fwelliug of the feas, and fometimes with an earthquake; in fhort, with every circura- ftance, which the elements can alfemble, that is terrible and deftrudlive. Firft, they fee aa the prelude to the enfuing havock, whole rieldsof fugar- canes whirled into the air and fcattered over the face of the country. I lie ftrongeft trees of the foreft are torn up by the roots, and driven about like ftubble ; their windmills are fwept away in a moment; their utenfils, the fixtures, the ponderous copper boilers, and ftills of leveral hundred weight, are wrenched from the ground, and battered to pieces ; their houfes are no pro- tedlion ; the roofs are torn ofi' at one blaft ; whilft the rain, which in an hour fifes five feet, rufties in upon them with an irrefiftible violence: The hurricanes come on either in the quarters, or at the foil change of the -moon. If it comes at the full moon, obferve thefe figns. That daj^ you will fee the flcy very tur- bulent ; you will obferve the fun more red than at other times ; you will perceive a dead calm, and the hills clear of all thofe clouds and-mifts which ufually hover about them. In the clefts of the earth, ^nd in the wells, you hear a hollow rumbling found, like the rufhing of a great wind. .At qight thcftars feem much larger than ufual, and furrounded with a fort of burs ; the north-weft fi:y has a black and menacing locik ; the fea emits a ftrong fmell, and riles into vaft waves, often without any wind ; the wind itfelf now for- fakes its ufual fteady eailerly ftream, and fliifts about to the weft ; from whence it Ibme- timcs blows with lutermiHions violently and irregularly for about two hours at a time. The moon herfelf is furrounded with a great bur, : and Ibmetiraes the fun has the fame ip. pea ranee. Thefe are figns which the Indians of thefe iflauds tayght our planters, by which they can prognofticate tbeapproach of a hurricane. The grand ftaple commodity of the Weft Indies is lugar ; the commodity was not at all know n to the Greeks and Romans, though it was made in China, in very early times, frotii whence we had the firft knowledge of it ; but the Portuguefe were the firft who cultivated it in America, and brought it into rcqueft, as one of the materials of a very univerfal luxury in Eurppe. It is not fettled whether the cane, from which this fubftance isextraded, be a native of Ameiica, or brought thither to their colony of Brafil, hy the Portuguefe, from India and the coaft of Africa ; but, however that mattter may be, in the beginning tliey made the moft, as the)r ftill do the beft, fugars which come to market iu this part of the world. The juice within the fugar-cane is the moft lively, elegant, aac; Icaft cloying iWcet iu nature ; and which, fucked raw, has proved extremely nutritive and wholefome. From the molaffes rum is diftilled, and from the fcummings of the fugar a meaner fpirit is procured. Rum finds its market in North-America, where it is confumed by the inhabitants, or employed in the African trade, or diihibuted from thence to the fifhery of Newfoundland, and otlier parts, befides what comes to Great Bri- tain and Ireland. However, a very great quantity.ofmolaifes is taken oft' ra,w, and car- ried to New England to be diftilled there. The tops. of the canes, and the leaves which grow upon the joints, make very good provender for their cattle, and the refufe cS the cane, after giindiug, fcrves for tire ; (6 tliat no part of this excellent plant is without its ule. They compute that, when things are well managed, the rum and molaffes pay the charges of the plantation, and the lugars are dear gain. However, by the particulars we have feen, and by others which we may eafiiy imagine, the expences of a plantation in the Weft Indies are very great, and the profits at the firft view precarious ; for the charge- able articles of the wind-mill, the boiling, cooling, ajod diftilling houfes, and the buying and fubfifting a fuitable number of flaves and cattle, will nut fufier any man to begin a fugar f)lantalion of any confequence, not to mention the puichafe of the land, which is \cry ligh, tmder a capital -of at leaft 5000!. Neiiljer is the life o{ a planter, if lie means to WEST r N D I E S. foi heats of the climate; and^omanvL^^^^^^^ day and mgbt in the extreme united eart^uakes, the bad l^fZ^Z L^ coS^r when thl^'^''' '^' ^^""^1 ^^ l^""-"*^^""' quits the hazaiTl of a planter to enaSe^n .hi K ^ t ^"S*"^ f'^ '" ^^« "*' tb'-it he duce at his own rilk Thrfe corrSS^ andfhipshis pro- aafwer tp engage in thisIufinef^fLtrn^^^^^^^ that it cSuld ne'ver world, in which great eftates are made i^fo W,^l f *' u ^'^ ""'^ °° P"^^ ^f the as in the Weft Indies. The PiSuce of ^ I a r P ^'""^ ^^^ P^^^^^^^e of the earth, ill effefts of the worft, as ThcpUn^ ijfure of f fl-?^''^^ ^'T'& ^'""''^'^ ^g^"^" th^ duce. which has a readier fale ^n UrW LfJ^^ '"** profitable market fo? his pro- Large plantations are geSv un^er tC ^ J^' ^^^"'odity in the w6rld. ^ t^mmonly a falary or!5d a veL wiTh t^^^^^^^ a manager, or chief overfeer, who ha. nef, of the plantation, one to^lu>u7t nZ^s^li'l fT '" f^ "'^^ ^° ^^^ g'-^'' tations too have a furgeon at a fixed fa°a^^ ITnln 5 '''■'^ ''^^ ''^"^ ^°^' ^^ch plan- belong to it. But theTourfe S is thPleaTrWf'^ ''^^ l'""^ ^*" ^^^ ^^S'-^^^ ^^ich to let the land, with all the works and thile^^^ 1°^^^^°"'' ^*" ^^^ ^««^^ '«' gives fecunty for the payment of the rent and the kJn? "'''^'' '° ^ '"^^'^t, who eftate is generally eftimated to fuch a tenant «t h^lf .vf ^ "^ 'T'" "^^ «o^*^- The fuch tenants, if Induftrious and fi^gal men foon miL °f at produce of the beft years j The negroes in the Dlantationr.r. Sa T ^^ ^"^^ ^^^^es for themfelves. allotting tS each famfly^o? thTni a maU ptrtfon o? I'T '^^' ^.f'" • '^^'^ ^« 8^°"^"^ l>y the week, Saturday and Sunday to cuiC^^^^^ and allowing them two days i, others find their negroes a cerSi^por ton of Cube o'^'t i-^^^^^^ ^ this manner, but herx.ng, or a fmall portion of bacoifo ?a?t poS a dav An?h.'°''i "J^u^" ^"^ ' ^'^' fifts in a cap, a fhirt, a pair of breeches and. Ki T j^ '^^ ""^ the charge con- yields 10 or i2l. annually^ The p^e of men „- ' - ' -^'°^' °^ t^ir labour to 361. women and grown boys%os lefs bm fi,S "' T" •,^"" ^'^ ^"^'^ ^^« ^o™ 30 the bufinefs of the ifLds gSraHy brtg aW 1^^^^^ as are acquainted widi and there are initauces of a fingle neero man r:v^i • kT ^''u^'^^^g^ °°^ ^"f^ another ; the wealth of a planter is Sallv comnm./ f ^ ',!' ^"^""f^' *'""g'"g ^5° g"">eas ; and To particulari^ .he conToSfc5:rfo^tr^^^^^^ merate all the neceffaries. conveniences, and luxurierofl I f>?^^^^^^^^^ ^^^'^ "^"- theirov^^but cotton, coffee, topical fruits, ^pi^^'^'t ::^:^^^^J^ I^'^^::S:i:^^ the num.ousn.ip' of whom carrf out mofe or lefs as ^W^ture X W^^^^^^ °V"'^' «?-"turers, each Itocked: money muft be raifed annUw? V ■ ^^^^^ "larket is frequently over- thofe who can Iffbrd to%Tre th et'grdf and ':TCl Sn '' ^"T ^°^ °'""'^- «- equal to any of the planters. All kinds of Un? r / ^"^'. "'^'^^' ^''1''''^ ^^mn^s layers, braziers, and^oopes, ge v^fgrea^cntu^^^^^^^ efpeciallj. carp^enters, brick- the Welt Indies, that phyfician! and iwirons X'^f^T" ,^"' " ^' '^^ misfortune of cumulating riches. ^ ^^"""^ ^'^-*' ^'titdo the planter and merchant, in ac ^^^'TlTuTo:^^^^^^^ ^^ -; Weft Indies at leaft 230,000 negn. fouls. This c&proportirbet^t^r ' f emt'^^f " ^ " 't T """"" ^° ^^^°- every day, fouie writers have endeavoured m?.. ^^ 1!' "^i"'''^ ^'''''' '"^^'•*-' ^i^ble fins fpirit, which th. no^Lf^r .' } "^o to account ior, by alleging, that the entPmrJ. " ' ' - ^ ""' ^-^-k-'^^, and various concurrent ca^.fes. had produced 11 '61 ill t 6-ff'fnl !•* 'I 90t BRITISHAMERICAN ISLANDS. in the laft century, has decayed very much. That the dirpofition of the Weft Indians theniielves, who for cheapnefs choole to do every thing by negroes which can poUibly be done by them, contributes greatly to the fmall number of whites of the lower ftations. Such indeed is the powerful irrfluence of avarice, that though the whites are kept in con- ilant terror of infunc£tions and plots, many families employ 25 or 30 negroes as menial fervants, who are infinitely the moft dangerous of the ilaves, and in cafe of any infur- reftion, they have it more in their power to ftrikc a fudden and fatal blow : and the cni- elty with which the negroes are often treated, gives the white inhabitants too much reafoa for their apprehenfions, that the negroes may endeavour to revenge themfelves upon their mafters. The firft obfervation that has been mentioned, in order to account for the prcfent dif- proportion between the freemen and the negroes in the Weft-Indies, we think it not well founded j that enterprifing fpirit which firft led Britons out to difcovery, and cotonization, ftill animates in a very confiderable degree the people of this nation ; but the field has been lately more ample and enlarged, and emigrants have had greater fcope whereon to range. Befides the vaft continent of North America, which takes in fuch a variety ©f cli- mates, and difcovers fuch a richnefs of foil; the Eaft Indies, an inerhauftible mine of riches, have in fome degree drawn the attention of mankind from that of the Weft. Countries, as well as individuals, attain a name and reputation for fomething extrordinarj', and have their day. Many of the beft families of this nation are ambitious of procuring places for their fons in the Eaft Indies, Here is an ample field for all adventurous fpirits, who, difdainiiig an idle life at home, and ambitious of becoming ufefial to themfelves, their conneftions, or the community, boldly venture into the immeafe regions of this Eaftera world. Others, full as remote from an indolent difpofitiot!, but with lefs conduft and in- ferior abiiitics, fet out with the moft fanguine hopes. Tfaefe are your fiery reftlefs tem- pers, willing to undertake the fevereft labour, provided it promifes but a fhort continu- ance ; who love rifk &ik\ liazaid, whofc fchenies are always vaft, and who put no aiedium between being great and being undone. THE iflands of the Weft Indies lie in the form of a bow, or femkirclle, ftretching al- moft from the coaft of Florida north, to the River Oronoquc, in the main continent of South America. Some call thtni the Caribbees, from the firft inhabitants ; though this is & term that moft geographcia confine to the Leeward Iftands. Sailors diftinguifli them into the Windward and Leeward lilands, with regard tc the ufual courfes of fhips, from OM Spain, or the Canaries, to Carthagcna, or New Spain and Portobello. The geographical tables and maps diftinguifli them into the Great and Little Antilles. JAMAICA.] The firft that we tome to belonging to Great Britain, and alfo the moft important, after leaving Florida, is Jamaica, which lies between the '/5th and 79th degrees of weft longitude from London, and between 17 and 18 north latitude. From the eaft and weft it is in length about 140 miles, and in the middle about 60 in breadth, grow Jng lefs towards each end, in the form of an egg. It lies near 450Q miles fouth-weft of England. This Ifland is interfered with a ridge of fteep rocks tumblsd by the frequent earlrhquakes in a ftupendous manner upon one another. Thele rocks, though containing no foil on their furface, are covered with a great variety of beautiful trees, fiouriftiing in a perpetual fpring; they are nourifhed by the rains, which often fall, or the mifts which continually brood on the mountains, and which, their roots penetrating the crannies of the rockcs induftrioufly feek out for tlieir ow r liipport. From the rocks iffue a vajl number of i'mall livers of pure whofefonie water, which tumble down in catarads, atid togetlier with the ftupendoui height of the mountains, and tlie bright verdure of the 'recs through which they how, form a moft delightful landfcape. On each fide of this chain of mountains »re ridge* of lower ones, which dJoiiuilh as. they > cmovc from it. On thcic coffee grows BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 9^3 IS or- in great plenty. The valhesor plains between thefe ridges are level beyond w dinary n moft other countries, and the foil is prodigiounf fertile ^ Ihe longeft day m fununer is about thirteen hours, «,d the 'fhorteft in winter abon^ eleven; but tlie moft ufual divifious of the feafous in the Weft TmS« »1^ ; I !k ^ and wet feafons. The air of this ifland i^ in' moftX^^tlivdrhr anTul'votr' ^nJrJr^'J' '""f'^'^'i but the cool fea breWes which fet iVeverv mo^nea; rt„ 1^^ ■ 'f ° """ T «"?™')', r'""'. a"^ palma affording oil, much efteemed by the favages Ztr n food Ld n,^^- ° ' '^ aSrr^'tal^" ^f,-^-r a"P»Usof Sling th'mttrc^.:'^ aletul o tanners ; the fuftic and redwood to the dyers: and lately the loswnnd Thl- digo plant was formerly much cultivated ; and thLotmn-tree ffft fl fa N?^brt o^^^ ropean gram grows here; they have only maize, or Indian corn GuLa co n n/., ^ various kmds, but none of them refembling ours, with variety of ro^rpn?.^' ^ t ^rff?fSr."aro^rpo^-^^^ tiefti IS exceedingly Iweet and delicate. Their horles are fniall mettlefomr^nH h f and when well made generally fell for 30 or 40 1. fterlin/ laZ ca Hkei^rr.T r ^' .pot ecary .ithguaiacum, faVaparilla? china', caffia a^d tinTSl.''X^ongte -re the land and lea turtle, and the alligator. Here are all forts of fowl S and Z^e and m particular moi^ parrots than in any of the other iflands; befule Wrrnqum ndi' can. (nipes teal, Guinea hens, geefe, ducks, andmrkies; thekimming-Srnrd a a^-..: variety of others. The rivers and bays abound with n(h. The n.oumafns Sedli^nfl^^^ It ItT^"' °^her noxious animals; as the fens and marfhes do the guan ^HeS^^^ m h. J' ''' r ^T'"^"'- ^"'°"S '^^ '"^^-^^ ^^« ^he ciror, or chegoe! wWch e^t i ' to the nervous and membranous parts of thefleOi of the negroes and th^^h^ZT T lometimes plagued with then:. Thele infcft. get into any part of the bod; b fr Iwf T £dl th.?"'?". ^""^' '^'"\ ^^^''^•^ "°^ ^'^'^' "^^ ^ ^■^'^'^''^ they^have been in tt body, theypick them out with a needle, or the point of a penknife, taking care to deftroy 41 $04 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. the bag entirely, that none of the breed, which are like nits, may be left behind. Th«r fometimesgetinto the toes, and eat the llefh to the very bone. ^ This iflaud was origimlly a part of the Spanilh empire in America. Several defcents had been madeupon it by the Englifh, p.ior to 1656; but it wac not till this year that la niaica was reduced under our dominion. Cromwell had fitted out a fquadron; under Peim and Veoables, to reduce the Spanifh ifland of Hifpaniola, but there this fquadron was u^ fuccefsful. The commanders, of their own accord, to atone for this misfortune, made a defceut on Jamaica, and having carried the capital, St. Jago, foon compelled the whole jQand to lurrender ^ver fince it has been fubjeft to the Enilifh, and the^governm^? of It is one of the richeft places, next to that of Ireland, in the difpofal of the crown, the ftanding falary being 2,500 1. per annum, and the affembly commonly votmg th« eov^or as much more; which, with the other perquifites, make it on the whole httle iiSeriwta lo.oooKper annum. *"».iivi lu. We have already obferved, that the government of all the American ifiands is the fame namely, that kind which we have formerly defcribed under the name of a royal govern ment. Their religion too is univerfally of the church of England ; though they have no bifliop, the biftiop ot London's commilfary being the chief religious magiftrate ia tbofe ptlriSt About thcbegioningof this century, it was computed, that the number of whites in Ta- maica amounted to 60 000, and that of the negroes to 120,000. It appears at prefent that Jamaica 's rather on the decline, as is the number of inhabitants, the whites not exeeedine 25,000 and the blacks 90,000. Belides thelb, a number of fugitive negroes have formed a iortof colony aniong the Blue Mountams, independent of the whitesT with whom thev make treaties, and are in fome refpeas ufeful to the inhabitants of the ifland, particularlv m lendmg bacK run-away flaves. ^ Indigo was once very greatly cuhivated in Jamaica, and it enriched the ifland to fo great a degree, that in thepanih of Vere, where this drug was chiefly cultivated, thev are faid to h ive had no lefs than 300 gentlemen's coaches ; a number perhaps the whole ifland ex-, ceeds not at this day ; and there is great reafon to believe, that there were mai^y more per- lons of property 111 Jamaica formerly than are now, though they had not thofe vaft fortunes which dazzle us m fuch a manner at prefent.. However, the Jamaicans were undoubtedly very numerous until reduced by earthquakes, and by terrible epidemical difeafes, which treading wi the heels of the former calamities, fwept away vaft multitudes. The decreafe ot mhabitants, as well as the decline of their con>merce, ifes from the difficulties to which their trade isexpofed, of which they do not fail to complain to the court of Great iJritain; as that they are of late deprived of the raoft beneficial part of their trade the carmngof iiegroes and dry goods to the Spanilh coaft; the low value of their produce which they afcnbe to the great improvements the French make in their fugar colonies, who areeaabled tounderfell them by the lownefs of their duties, the trade carried on from Ire- land and the northern colonies to the French and Dutch iflands, where they pay no duties and are iupphed with goods at an eafier rate. Some of thefe complaints, which equally afl , n- . other iflands, have been heard, and fome remedies applied ; others remain unrc- drelled. Both the logwood trade, and this coniraband, have been the fubjeas of much contention, and the caufe of a war between Great Brhain and the Spanifti nation. The ifxrmer we always avowed, and claimed as our right, and at the peace of 1763, it was con- hrmed tons the latter was permitted ; becaule we thought, and %ery juflly, that if the Spa- niards iound themfclvcs aggrieved by any contraband trade, it lay upon them, and nor upon us to put a flop to it, by their guarda coftas, which cruife in thefe leas, purpofcly to kize and confalcate Inch vclfels and cargoes as are found in this trade. In this manner did the Bimih court argue, till the politics of this nation, in compliance with ihc court of SpaxD, thought proper to fend Englilh cruifers to the American coall, eHedually to ciufli I BRI-TISH AMERICAN ISLANDS, that lucrative trade, of which the whole bodvof Rru;n. r k- xi • * • plained, as it putaftopto the prindpal clSmid l^n^^ u^^'^' m America loudly com- largely to Great Britain. P"""P«^ ^^"^el which hitherto enabled them to remit fo Port Royal was fornierly the capital of Tamaica T^ ft.^ i i • neckot laud, which. towLds the^ Lncd Tarl ot theT T^^ '''"^^' us owu name. The conveuiency of this harbour whirh ' ""^ 'i^''^' ^"^ *^"^°"^ ^f thoufand fail of large fhips, and oHhch depth as to d/ '^?'^' of containing a greateft eale, weighed fb much with he inXbiunts h J^^ .^''/^"^ ^"^ ""'°^^ ^^ ^he on this fpot, though the place was a hot dv find nHn H ^ f ^'^ '^ ^"'''^ ^^"^ "P«al life, not even frefh water But the advann te of Sh ^ ,^ "'^"^ T"f °^ ^^"^ neceffaries of mdeita place of great confideratiouS^rrLes^ '^' ''^'''' "^ P^^^^^s, with,anmconfiderate bravery, and thenibeut tEr S ^ • u^-"^ Buccaneers; they fought rate difliiution. About the bcgixu ing o^^^^^ vtar i6ornn" f' 'T""^.^''^ '' ''^'°^^^^^' compared to this town for trade, wedth and an emit"" P^'"^' ^°^"« ^^^^ co"ld be xnomh of June, in this year an earthnn. U u\^ , '^°^''"P"o" of manners. In the - tion. totaV overwhehShk .Sy.lt Vw tlf "'°'^ ^"^°' ^° ^'^^ f-"^- vcllige remaining. In two minutes: the earth opened ?ndrL1l"'";' "°'-^^"" ^^^ ^•"^"^ft ' houfes, and two thoufand people. The vvatei So^.H Vr ""'f'^ "P "ine-tenths of the and tumbled the people on heaps; bu W of^K^'^^d ,^"^ ^^^f^Pemngs of the earth, beams and rafters of houfbs. and were afterward; it /t u ^""""^ ^"""°^ ^° "^'^h hold of . away in the harbour; and the Swan Sga e" wf f4 fav fn ^h o f^'l '^^'"^I'^^i- were cait. over the tops of finking houfes, and dki m ovS L^^^^^^^^^^^ "'''"' ^''' ''"''"^ dreds of people, who laved their lives upon Lr An officer h " '"'■'V'' ^'^"'^ ^""- time, lays, the earth opened and flmt ve v ouirk Jn r , ' '^^"^ "^'^^ '" '^^^ ^^wn at this link down to the middk, and ofhrn aj^i.^d 'i h tSJe^^'^^ '^^ ^^^'^^^^ P^-P^^ fqueezed to death. At Savannah, above a tho find .^ J"ft above ground, and were people in them; the place appearing frrfonLTiSre? ^ ^""'^' T'*^ '^"^^"^" ^"^^ but nohoules were feeu. In ibme parts nm-nn^ n rv' "'a^ afterwards dried up, . tion was removed to the dilhnce oH n7ii They IS^rSdi^ -f^t one^place a plant^ : cond time, ten years after, ddhoyed by a^rreatS^-rL ^*'.-''"^' ^" "^"^^ ^ fe- the harbour tempted them to build h once more ^^ml ? ^'"'^o^f^^^ary 'ouvenientc of rubbilh by a hurricane, the moil terrilJe on Record S "''"'■"' 'T '?2' ""''' " ^^^^ in nvark out this place as a devoted fpo the i, h .K , . T '^^^^^'"'^ calamities feemed to ever, and to refide at the oppX bay,' w le e he^ bu It k"1;" ^"^^^/.ved to forfake it lir the capital of the illand. It^conlilb, of upv arS f ot ^."^ "^"'^ "^^'"'^ '' ^'""^y ^^'"•^"'^^ handfomely built, and in the tafce o- hefe iilandf . u^'^^^u'^ Louies, many of them oneftory high, with porticoes, a Xvevcon^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^^e neighbouring continent, . climate. Not far from Kingiton 1.^75^^ 2 |^'-^/^"^«"«J^l- habitation intha .S):^l^t:-UI^^^^^ —.led the The whole produd of the ifland niay brreduced^ o hfr. h' ^'v a r they exported in 1 753, twenty thoufand three hundred ancrfir"^'' . ^1^' ^''^'''' ^^ ^'^'^^ great, even to a tun weight, ihkh . m. hc\.ouhf^^^^^^ ^me vaflly of this goes to Loudon. Briftol, ia.d^JS^^^t^^''^r^ iban, 4 24,725!. T'oi return for the beer; pork. cheeV, roX v^^^^^^ h have from thence. Second, rum of I 'hiKhL e^^^^^^^^^^ ^f^' ^"'^ '''' "'^'^I^ they The ru.n^f this illand is generally c«ceS tft^S ^S^J iS[titS'^rS^S UL go6 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. Third, niolaffes, in which they made a great part of their returns for New England, where there are vaft diililleries. All thefe are the produce of the grand ftaple the fugar cane. According to the late teiUmonyof a refpedlaole planter in Jamaica, that illand hath 280,000 acres in canes, of which 210,000 are annually cut, and make from 68 to 70,000 tons offu- gar, snd 4,200,000 gallons of rum. Fourth, cotton, of which they fend out two thoufand Ixagf,. The indigo, tbrmerly much cultivated, is now inconfiderable ; but fonie cocoa and coliee are exported, with a confiderable quantity of pepper, ginger, drugs for dyers and apothecaries, fweetmeats, mahogany, and manchineel planks. But foiue of the molt con- fiderable articles of their trade are with the Spauilh continent of New Spain and Terra Fir- ma ; fur ill the former they cut great quantities of logwood, and both in the former and lat- ter they carry on a vail and profitable trade in negroes, and all kinds of European goods. And even in ti(ue of war with Spain, this trade between Jamaica and the Spanilh Main goes on, wliich it will be impoflible for Spain to Itop, while it is fo profitable to the Britifh merchant, and while the Spanifh officers, from the highcfi to the loweft, fliew fo great a re- fped to prefents properly made. Upon the whole, many of the people of Jamaica, whilft the}' appear to live in fuch a Hate of luxury, as in nioft other places leads to beggary, ae- quiic great fortunes, in a manuer, iiiftautly. Their equipages, their clothes, their furniture, tfictr tables, all bear the tokens of the gteateft wealth and profufion imaginable. This ctbliges all the trealure they receive to make but a very fhort flay, being hardly more than fulficicnt to ani'wer the calls of their necelHtyand luxury on Europe and North America. Oii Sundays, or court time, gentlemen wear wigs, and ippear very gay in coats of filk, and veits trimmed with filver. At other times they geueraiiy wear only thread ftockings, linen drawers, a vefl, a Holland cap, and a hat upon it. Menlbrvants wear acoarfe linen truck, with buttons at the neck and hamis, long trowfers of the fame, and a check fhirt. The negroes, except thole who attend gentlemen, who have them drefled in their OAvn li- very, have once a year Ofnaburghs, and a blanker I>: clothing, with a cap or handkerchief for the head. The morning halnt of the ladie.« is a loofe night-gown, carelefsly wrapped about them: before dinner they put off their difliabilie, and appear with a good grace in ill! the advantage of a rich and becoming drefs. The common drink of perfous in affluent circumftanccs is Madeira wiae mixed with water. Ale and claret are extravagantly dear ; and London porter fells for a Ihilling per bottle, liut the general drink, efpecially among thofe of inferior rank, is rum-punch, w^iich they call Kill-Devil, becaufe, being frequently drank to excefs, it heate the blood, and brings on fevers, which in a few hours fend them to the grave, efpecially thofe whoare juft come to the illand, which is the reafbn that fb many die here upon their firft arrival. Englifh money is feldom (cen here, the current coin being entirely Spanilh. There is no place where filver is fo plentiful, or has a quicker circulation. You cannot dine for lefs than a piece of eight, and the common rate of boarding is three pounds per week; though in the markets beef, pork, fowl, and fifli, may be bought as cheap as in London ; but mut- ton fells at nine pence per pound. Learning is here at a very low ebb ; there are indeed fome gentlemen well verfed in lite- rature, and who lend their children to Great Britain, where they have the advantage of a polite and liberal education; but the bulk of the people take little care to improve their minds, being generally engaged in trade or riotous diflipation. Thcmifery andhardihips of the negroes are truly aioving ; and though great care is taken to make them propagate, the ill treatment they receive fo fhortens their lives, that iaftead of increafing by the courfe of nature, many thoufands are annually imported to the Weft Indies, to fupply the place of thofe who pine and die by the hardfhi])* they receive. Itisfaid, that they are ftubborn and untradtable, for the moft part, and that they muft be ruled with a rod of iron ; but they ought not lO be crufhed with it, or to be thought a fort of beads, without fouls, as Ibnie of their matters or overfeers do at prtlisnt, though fome IN BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 507 fimpleand innocent creatures, but theribon becom^^ '^T P"^':^"^ ^«=^ to be whipped, excufe their faults ^y tL exampfc of hf white ^tL'^J.^'" '^*^^'°"'" gro returns to his native country after death Th,? t ho , T . • i- ^ ^^'^\^ ^''^'"^ °*^' the poor creatures, and rendeZthe burthen of SLV ^ v • f '" ^g';^^'*^!^' 'hat it cheers of them, bequite mtoleraSle TheXk o^^^^^^^ would otherwife to many 4- :^a ioi aS'n^"tes:.J^i:r"^^.l^^^-^- r^^^^' ^^fi--d in 59 i.? England, anWd tl. ■ «; ' " t^^ T" -^T which foo?*„de„d th^n ""renlt^vvelt'^'-V '""= '^fr.*'?- '"'"i"™"^ '"S-' weit uDout ,,50,0001. and their circulating call at home was 2coogo1 ^uch u-,- th^ ncreafe of population, trade, and wealth? in the courfe of 50 ^an B^ W ^"owti of the'r" \^",--h on the decline, which is to be aSutecT pa ly to'hc growth of the Preach !ugar-coIomes, and partly to our own efl.lbliftm«Hs^in the 5^3 9o8 BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. neighbouring idcs. Their numbers at prefent are faid to be 20,000 white?, and 100,000 1 aves. 1 heir commerce couOits in the lame articles as formerly, though they deal iu them to lels extent. 'I'heir capital is Bridgetown, where the governor refides, whole employment is laid to be worth 5C00I. per annum. 'Ihcy have a college, founded and well endowed by colonel Codrington, who was a native of this illand. Barbadoes, as well as Jamaica, has fuflered much by hurricanes, tires, and the plague. On the loth ot Ortober 1780, a dreadful hurricane occafioned vaft devaftaiion in Barbadoes, great numbers of the hoiifes were deilro)'cd, not one houfe iu the illand was wholly free from damage, many perlbns were buried in the ruins of the buildings, and treat numbers were driven into the fca, and there perifhcd. _ St. Christopher's.] This iiland, commonly called by the favors St. Kitt's, is fituated m 62 degrees weft Ion. and 17 degrees north lat. about 14 leagues from Antigua, and is twenty miles long, and Icven broad. It has its name from the famous Chriftopher Co- lumbus, who difcoveied it for the Spaniards. That nation, however, abandoned it, as unworthy of their attention; and in 1626, it was fetiled by the French and Englilh con- junftly; but entirely ceded to us by the peace of Utrecht. Befides cotton, ginger, and the tropical fruits, it generally produces near as much fugar as Barbadoes, and fome- tnues quite as much. It is c(miputed that this ifiand contains 6000 whites, and 36,000 .?p.-roes. In February 1782, it was taken by the French, but rellored to England bv i.Me i.te treaty of peace. Antigua.] Situated iu 61 degiees weft Ion. and 17 degrees north lat. is of a circular If. nil, near 20 miles over every way. This ifland, which was founerly thought ufelefs, his now got the ftart of the reft. It has one of the bcft haibours in the V^ eft Indies, f.id us capital St. John's, which, before the fire in 1769, was large and wealthy, is the tndinary leat of the governor of the Leeward Iftands. Antigua is fuppofed to contain abrut 70C0 whites, and 30,000 ikves. Granada and the Gkanadinks.] Granada is fituated in 12 deg. north lat. and 62 deg. weft Ion about 30 leagues fouth-weft of Barbadoes, and alinoft the lame diftanre north of New Andalufia, or the Spanilh Main. This illand is faid to be 30 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. Exjjerience lias proAcd, that the foil of this i'fluid is -ex- tremely proper for produchig fugar, coflce, "tobacco, and indigo; and upon the whole It cariics with u all the appearance of becoming as flourifliing a colony as anv iu the Weft Indies, of us dinienlions. A lake on the top of a hill, in the middle of the ifland, fup- plies It plentifully with line rivers, which adorn anv .ertilize it. Several bays and harbours lie round the ifland, fome of which may be fortified with great advantage, which ren- ders It very convenient for fhipping; and has the happinefs of not being fubjca to hurricanes. St. George's bay has a landy bottom, and is extremely capacious, but open. 'rk"^-n ' °'' ^^'■'^^""'g P^^^^' 100 large veffels may be moored with perfedl fafety. Ihis ifland was long the theatre of bloody wars between the native Indians and the t reiK-h, during which thcfe handful of Caribbees defended tliemfelves with the moft relolute br.ivery. In the laft war but one, when Granada was attacked by the Englifh, the I< rench inhabitants who were not very numerous, were fo amazed at the redut^iion of Guadaluiie and Mariinico, that they loft all fpirit, and furrendered without making the Jeaft oppofition ; and the full property of this ifland, together with the fniall iflands on the North, called the Granadines, which yield the fame produce, were confirmed to the crown.of Gjeat Britain by the treaty of Paris in 1763. But in July, 1779, the French made themftlws jnaftcrs of this ifland, though it was retbored to Great Britain by the late treaty of peace. Dominica.] Situated in 16 deg. N. lat. and in 62 W. Ion. lies about half way between Guadalupe and Martinico. It is near 28 miles in length, and thirteen m breadth: it got Its name from being diftovered by Columbus on a Sunday. The foil of this ifland is fiRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 9 lived little adv.;«aKe fromL mnnlft ^ f k '•"' '"l,^^ *'"«''"'' ^'^^ ^^'« ^aCc dtv hour for the nrive^cf he mberSrHb^^^^^^ h""^' "'^ ^^l^lX'.^P better than a hat - h.ive taken refuge here. Bm o"a^c^;m oM. r? "^ k^^^'""^ ^'^'^^ "^^'" '■^^tlements, iflands. and Prince Rn pert' Bay S one c f tS ft" "^''" .the principal French lia.8 been judged evpcdieot to fLm ifn.?. ; • °'^ "pacious m the Weft Indies, it it a free porl It W taken bv the ?W "' '"'*' ^.8^'""'"" °^ "'^•'*' '^"^ ^^ ^leclare Britain by the late peace! ^ "''^ '" '"^^^ ' ^"' " ^'^^ ^^^"^"l «g«i" to Great BafbVoer.o'LSi^^^^^ ^- ^^^ ^"'^ ^^ ^fS' >^ 'o- 5o miles north-weft of It is extremely fru tful bebi^ « h l.t , ^^ ^^ ""i^' '" ^^"S^^'' ^"^^ ^^ in breadth the railing of ^r Lii^th^Jvll 1 "'""''^ "pon a ftrong loam, the moft proper f<^- vated tha?. formfrl^hrt Lu'rWc" i;^^^^^^ beans, and many here alfo fugitive from V,T f' 7 u '^f '"habitants are Carri- beans were treated with fo mucriniulUce at hf h' v""^ 'c' °f,^«^"^"ds. The Carri- feinon of the Engli.h. toThor^t'^L^c'edey bT^^the^'^^^^^^^^^ greatly contributed towards enablincr th^ Vr^^^u . ?r r,^ ' ° ^^^^^' that thcv bu. itU reltored .oGre« BAd^t Katy of p/acf"'"" °' " '«""■ » '^'^^ .sooo whites, aoJ 10,000 L«rSronr„fMlrr-S*7^^^^^^ ""•■ "= '"'^ '" •^"""i" fandy, but notwiihi,ndi» Stile tai„ Jilt, 1 ' '"''".^' fP'"'?' """^'' "'"'«■ "sl" »-d rived front the fu^a ean? Rmt, ,h r -n^ , ''«''''^' "V^ thetr principal «pom are de. werereftoredat tSlpS" '*■* ■"""'l^ were taken by the Fretteh in 1,82, but no°hTA;^guf:t"'?n'>ilefiK«? n,i„ north ,„. 6, deg 50 n.in. wefllong, 3, utiles is aC 50 iiles lol and' o Kd ""ff '^li '',""'" '■?"'""'=« "' ^'- a.riftophet's. ..early the fame with ?« o? latn, "a The ! 1,°'' " ''"t'^'>' '^^■^'' ''"■ "-= '^l^''»'= .he„,,elvestohufta„d,■;^°dS"g;feaule '"'"'■ "''° ''" "' "''"''™"^' 'VPly eomi^sTiZiJa. clfSi'tl' d ]^?:V""" '■'?"■ ■^"'* '>-"S between the two ..f r..m= thoul-and mites from eleh odte uiftf "'^n''-'^^' "" ^'^""^ »" »"^ '«"""'='-• being -.so miles long, and 2ooCad '^e 1,^7 ' ^T '• l.^^>' ^^" ^^- ^-^^^enc, with almoft continua ftorms of Tow and H. w' T 7^r^"'^lV '"bjea to fogs, attended foil of this ifland we are far Son reapino- a ' 'n n ^^" ^'"'■'^ "*"f "^ ^^■'-''•"^^- 1^'-"' 'he long-comiuued and fevere aS the 2" » !' ^f great advantage, for the cold is toproduceanythingvXwe fo, the?oU .^ .though violent, war.ns it not ctiough we are acquainted, is rocky and bareni'u " " ^ • "^' '"'"'."f '^'- '"'''"^ ^^''f' ^^hich and hath many large and good hSr; ' 'n ""' '/ '' T '"'^'"* t>' ^^^^'^'-^l R^'*^^' "^'■^'•»- to foil of timtr. Lveni^^tt tS^t^n ' Mef ;;;;\i: ^ .Tf^^ '-"'"•" '^^'^ ^^"'^ -e p.o.pcCt;, n . foul w.U aflbn. a 1.,.' fnpp^ ^:^^!:K::^t^:u}^;. ^^iZ in. \:W '. fl| I^K) BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. bet for the Weft India trade. But what at prefent it is chiefly valuable for, is the great filhery of cod, carried on upon thole flioals which are called the Banks of Newfoundland. Great Britain and North America, at the lowell computation, annually cn)|i!oyed 3000 fail of fuiall craft in this filhery ; on board of whit%, and ou ftiorc to cure iind pack the fifh, are upwards of 10,000 hands ; lb that this fifhery is not only a very valuable branch of trade to the merchant, but a lource of livelihood to lb many thoufanJs of poor j)eo- ple, and a moll excellent nurfery to the royal navy. This fifhery is computed to increafe the national Itock 300,000!. a year in gold and filver, remitted to us for the cod we fell in the North, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Levant. The plenty of cod, both on the great bank and the leffer ones, which lie to the eaft and fouth-caft of this ifland, is iu- couceivable ; and not only cod, but feveral other fpecies of fifli, are caught there in abun- dance ; all of which are nearly in an equal plenty along the ftiores of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Kngland, and the ille of Cape Breton ; and very profitable fiflierics are carried on upon all their coafts ; from which we may obferve, that where our colonies are thinly peopled, or lb, barren as not to produce any thing from their Ibil, their coalls make us ample .-iniends, and pour in upon us a wealth of another kind, and no way in- ferior to that ariling from the mod fertile foil. This ifland, after various difputes about the property, w^1s entirely ceded to England by "the treaty of Utrecht, in 17 13; but the French were left at liberty to dry their nets on the northern fhores of the ifland ; and by the treaty of 1763, they were pcrnaited to fifli in the gulf ot" St. Laurence, but with this limitation, that they ftiouUl not approach within three leagues of any of the coafts belonging to England. The fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquclon, fituated to the fouthward of Newfoundland, were alio ceded to the French, who flipulated to ereft no fortifications on thefe iflands, nor to keep more than 50 Ibldiers to enforce the police. By the laft treaty of peace, the French are to enjoy the fiflierieson the north and the well coafts of the ifland ; and the Americans are allowed the fame privileges in fifliing as before their independence. Ihe chief towns in New- foundland are Piacentia, Bonavifta, and St. John : but not above icoo families remain fiere in winter. A fmall fquadronof men of war are lent out every fpring to proteft the fiflieries and inhabitants, the commander of which is governor of the ifland. Cape Breton.] This ifland, feated between Newfoundland and Nova-S..otia, is in length about 1 10 miles. The Ibil is barren, but it has good harbours, particularly that at Louilburgh, which is near four leagues in circumference, and has every where fix or leven fathoms water. The French began a fettlemcut in this ifland in 1 7 14, which they continued to increafe, and fortified it in 1720. They were however difpofleifed in 1745, by the bravery of the inhabitants of New England, with little aflittance from Great Britain; but it was again, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ceded to the French, who fpared no expcnce to fortify and ftrengthen it. Notwithftanding which, it was again reduced, in 1758, by the Britifli troops under general Aniherft and admiral Bofcawen, together with a large body or New England men, who found in that place two hundred and twenty-one pieces of cannon, and eighteen mortars, together with a large quantity of ammunition and ftores ; and it w.;s ceded to the crown of Great Britain by the peace of 1763, fince which the for- tifications ha\e been blown up, and the town of Ix>uifl3urgh difmantled. St. John's.] Situated in the gulf of St. Laurence, is about 60 miles in length, Pud 30 or 40 broad, has many fine rivers, and though lying near Ga{>e Breton and Nova Scotia, has greatly the advantage of both in plealaiunels and fertility of ibil- Upon the reduc- tion of Cap J iireuv.i, the iahabit.'>nts of this ifland, amounting to 4000, fubmitiedqtiietly to the Briiifli arms; and, to the dilj^race of the French governor, there were found in his houfc Icveral iir.glift! fcalps, which were brought there to market by the favagcs of Nova Stotia ; this being the place where they weie encouraged to carry on that bar- BRITISH AM1.RICAN ISLANDS. barous 1 near 1500 leagues, from the Maciciras about 1200, and from Carolina 300, The Bcrn.u- da8 are but fuuU not containing in all above 20.000 acres ; and are very diUicult of ac- "'^,: ^'".?V" Waller the poet, who rcfided Ibme time there, expreffes it. « Sled uith rocks." The air of thefe iflauds. which Waller telebnntes in one of his poems as b^a d^Z "^""'''"\'T"l'^y u^t'l'^^^'^l and ,he beauty and richncfs of thevx^ able ^° fn^Z'iir !l*^'-^'=%/^^>»ghtful. Though the foil o'f thefe iUands is admiraWy adapted to the cullivation of the vine, the chief and only bufincfs of the inhabitants wL confift of about ,0 000, ,8 the buildi^ md navigating of light Hoops and brigantines, whicrthev employ chiefly m the trade between North America' and the Weft In^dies. mfe veS ^nVSletualiy'^'^ "'' " ^'^ "'"' °' ^^''^' '''^ "^ '""^' '^ ^' ^ ^»^ in ?nY VT ?^ ®'' '^^°''*^' ^^^^ i' ^^^ ^''l'''*'' '' f*^at<^d at tbe bottom of a Iwven in the . illand of the fame name, and is defended with feven or eight forts and ffeventv pieces of Sings. ' '°"''^"' '^°'' looohoufes. ahandfomechuTch. and othereCmTubl^ LccAv's. or Bahama Islands ] The Bahamas are fituated to the fouth of Carolina. Ween 22 and 27 degrees north lat. and 73 and 81 degrees weft lon^. They extend along the coaft of norida quite down to the ifte of Cuba; and are &d to be TcoZ mimber. fome of the.u onlv mere rocks ; but twelve of them are large Sle and in no thing different from the foif of Carolina: all are. however, uninhabi eTexcep^Providei^^^^^ ^uirof R,h.i p7 plantations. Between them and the continent of Florida is the lurope. ' '' '^'°"^^ ''^''' "^^ ^P'"'^ «*1«^"« ^«» 5n their paffagc to to'Jht'MSf'tirTr'^!,^" i'^ ^'""' of Columbus's dlfc^veries; but they were not known to the hngliQi till 1667, when captain Seyle, being driven among them in his paffage to Carohna, gave his name to one of them; and being a fecond time driven upon it fave iLnd^f""'!: Providence. The Englifh, obferving^ the advantageous fituatfon of t'hefe reign of Charles II. Some unlucky accidents prevented this fettlement from being of any advantage ; the Ifle of Providence became an harbour for the buccaneers, or pirates S for a long time mfefted the American navigation. This obliged the government, in 1718 to fend out captain Woodes Rogers with a fleet to diflodgo the pi?ates, and for making a fettlement. Tbis the captain erteaed; a fort was creded, and an independent compan| rovff^T L\V' '"r^- ^f^'^'^ '^'' ^^" ^"^^^•"^^t, thefe iflands have been^m^- proving, though they advance but flowly. In time of war, people gain confiderably bv he pri.es condemned there ; and at all times by the wrecks" which are frequent in thi^ labyrinth o rocks and ftielves. The Spaniards and Americans captured thefe ifland ?rf783 '^"■' '^ """'" '''''''" ^y ^ detachment from St. Augufline. April r.J/''f''''^X ^'r''''^^'\ ^f "'-« ^^'"^ ^'' ^'^"'^ ^"'l ^'eft India iflands, we fliall now pro- ceed along the louth-eaft coaft of America, as far as the 52d degree of Ibuth lat. where the reader, by looking into the map, will perceive the Falkland iflands, fltuated «eiT. ,^, 'i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /, .O #, :/. f/. 1.0 I.I |M 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 11^ ■^ 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. KSSO (/16) 8724503 ^ ^i'- g^ 6^ '^'-:.^'«* ^1^ <^ 9U BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. Straus of Magellan, at the utmoft extremity of fouth America. King Charles II. of Er.g- land considered the difcovery of this coaft of luch confequence, that Sir John Narbo- rough was purpofely fitted out to furvey the Straits of Magellan, the neighbouring coaft of Patagonia, and the Spanifh ports in that frontier ; with dircdlions, if poUible, to procure fonie iutercourfe with the Chilian Indians, who are generally at war, or at leait on ill terms with the Spaniards; and to eftablifh a commerce and a lalting correfpoidence with them. Though Sir John, through accidental caufes, failed m this attempt, which, in ap- pearance, promifed fo many advantages to England, bis tranfadlions upon that coalV, t)erides the many valuable improvements he furniftied to geography and navigation, are rather an encouragement for farther trials of this kind, than any objeftion againft them. It appeared by the precautions and fears of the Spaniards, that they wcfe fully convinced of the pradicability of the fcheme he was feut to execute, and extremely alarmed with the appreheufion of its confequences. It is faid, that his majefty Charles II. was fo far pre, poffeiTed with the belief of the «moluments which might redound to the public from this expedition, and was fo eager to be informed of the event of it, that, having intelli- gence of Sir John Narborough's paffing through the Downs, on his return, he had not patience to attend his arrival at court, but went hinifelf in his barge to Gravefend to meet him. " As therefore it appears (fays the author of Anfon's Voyage) that all our future expe- ditions to the South Seas muft run a confiderable rilk of proving abortive, w hilft in our pal- I'age thither we are under the neceffity of touching at the Portuguefe fettlement of Brafil (where we may certainly depend on having our Itrength, condition, and defigns betrayed to the Spaniards), the difcovery of fome place more to the fouthward, where ftiips might rc- frefh, and fupply themfelves with the necelfar}' fea-ftock for their voyage round Cape Horn, would be an expedient that would relieve us from thefe embarralfments, and would furely be a matter worthy the attention of the public. Nor does this feem difficult to be eSeAed ; for we have already the imperfed knowledge of two places, which might, perhaps, on examination, prove extremely convenient for this purpole; one of them is Pepys' Ifland, in the latitude of 47, fouth, and laid down by Dr. HalW, about 80 leagues to the eaft- ward of Cape Blanco, on the coaft of Patagonia ; the other is Falkland's IJles, in the lati- tude of 5 1 and a half, lying nearly fouth of Pepys' Ifland. The laft of thefe have been feen by many ftiips, both French and Englifti. Woodes Rogers, who ran along the north-eaft coaft of thefe ifles in the year 1708, tells us that thev extended about two de- grees in length, and appeared with gentle defcents from hill to hill, and feenied to be good ground, interfperled with woods, and not deftitute of harbours. Either of thefe places, as they are iflands at a confiderable diftance from the continent, may be fuppofcd, from their latitude, to lie in a climate fufficiently temperate. This even in time of peace, might be of great confequence to England ; and, in time of war, . would make us matters of thofe feas. Falkland iflands were firft difcovered by Sir Richard Hawkins in 1594 ; the principal of which he named Hawkins Maidenland, in honour of queen Elizabeth. The prefent Eng- iifli name Falkland was probably given them by captain Strong, in 1689, andbebg adopt- ed by Halley, it has from that time been received into our maps. In the year 1764, the late lord Egmont, then firft lord of the admiralty, revived the fcheme of a fettlement in the South-Seas, and commodore Byron wasfent to take pofleflion of Falkland iflands in the name of his Britannic majefty, and in his journal reprefents them as a valuable acquiUtion. On the other hand, they are reprefented by captain M'Bride, who in 1766 fucceeded that gentleman, as the outcafts of nature. " We found, fays he, a mafs of iflands and broken lands, of which the foil was nothing but a bog, with no better prof. peft than that of barren mountains, beaten by ftorms almoft perpetual. Yet this is fum- roerj and if the winds of winter hold their natural proportion, thofe who lie but two ca. EAST ANO WEST FLORIDA. nW J3^ ^TJ^^ ^? u' """^ .P*^' "^^^^^ ^"^^"^ ^°y communication with it.» The plants and vegetables which were planted by Mr. Bvron's people, and the fir-trees a native of rugged and cold climates, had withered away ; Lt goits.Veep, and hogrihat were earned thither were found to thrive and increafe as in^th^r places g2' of a fiftiv 2Sh.17''' 5^' ^-^^T' P«'^g"'°«'Pl«'^ty°fg°"d water, and, in the rrmmer^^^^^^^ wiU celery and forrel. are the natural luxuries of thefe iflands! ' But though the loil be barren, and the fea tempeftuous, an Englifh fettlement was made here, of which we were difpoffeffed by the Spaniards in 1 770. That violence Jas W oFGre: T: •'^ \ '^^Tf" ^'"bakdor.'and fome conceffions were made to th^ couTt bg^Xa^grtTtih^ ^'^^> in order to avoid gh" SPANISH DOMINIONS in NORTH AMERICA EAST AND We'st FLORIDA. Miles. Situation and extent. T L X Degrees Sq. Miles. 100,000 25 and 32 north latitude, f Boundaries.] npHIS country, which was ceded by Great Britain to Spain by the . Georgia on rh. nIh ^X'TVi.J!'l?'''V^ K'i'}^.^'^ ^ P^" °f Louifiana, is bounded K„ n^^ • L XT*- t — ^'-"--v "' h^rttc, aim luciuaes a part or i-ouinana, is bounded Z ?K ^'!1 T '^u ^u'u^ '^y^^ ^"^^*'PP' «'^ ^he Weft ; by the gulf of Mexico on the South; and by the Bahama ftraits on the Eaft ^ g i ui mexico on tne nas it istnnn^H w '"'""''*' f T" ^^^'^^ l^'-g^^"; for including.its turnings and;ind- ffinT aS^,cr .?M- 'kT^L^ deny accefs to veffels of any confiderable. burthen ; theve feveLenrif hi n? • f'^'P' ^"^-^ '^^^^^ feet water over the bar (captain Pitman fays diam ell^^^ev^^^^^^^ """'Tl^ ^ "'^^^ '^' ^" ^^"^ ''' ^°° ^^^hom water, and the the?Se irove^rflow an/t '""^ 'b«^»rrent gentle, except at a certain feafon, when, like mentioned eve vX' ? *^J^"^;^^^'remely rapid. It is, except at the entrance already dfritgetnf^^^^^^ ''"^^^^"^' the Apalacbicoia, and St. John's rivers, are cola^DauDhin^liti '^]^^ ^"'^"P^l ¥7^ are, St. Bernard's, Afcenfion, Mobille, Penfa- Th/rS ' -^ P ' J^^'^^^^y' ^P'"^" ^=*"<^0' and Charles Bay. atTheVxtLit^^r^SS^^^^^^ ''"'^"' ^"^^"^' St. Aug^fliue,andCape.Floiida, cou1ll^'''Th';''i!?on'lf "^ K ^'1'°^^ f'°"°'' have been given Of thefe particulars in this 3a^dwIedST r^'°'/,F.'"^^^^'^"^^^ ^hen belonging to Eng- SrAu^ftTn/^k ^^^^^^^ -f^ "^ ^u"^ir""^' reprefented the whole country as a cLaan, and mte of^teda i^.n !i "L'- 'f '^' I^^'^Pelier of America: they told us. that th; cli- Sc and he D^rhiVr ??f''V"^i^' '^'^'?^^" "'^^'""^ ^^^^^^ 'he Rorching h;at of the tro- CLr but iH, . r!, "^ ""^ the northern latitudes ; that there is indeed^ change of the l"ita io™^^ L '" November a.d December, many trees lofe their leaves, fmrth^e-^^d?he tn^' a"V^' '"l^'l''' perceived, but fo mild, that fnow is never S- ree the ban^n^^^^^^^^ the W ell Indies, fuch as the plaintain, thealli^^ator pear-tree the banana, the pmc-apple. the fugar-cane. &c. remain uXarL during the vviutsr ■n 91+ EAST AHD W^EST FLORIDA. in the gardens of St. Auguftifie; that the fogs aniMark gloomjr weather, fo common in ?-nglanil, are unknown ia this country ; and thoug|r at the equinoxes, efpecially the au- tumnal, the rains fall very heavy every day fbrfome weeks together ; yet, when the Ihower is over, the Iky immediately clears up, and all is calm and lerene. Others liave repreicuted this very coaft as the grave and burying-place of all ftraiigers who arc fo unhappy as to go there, affirming as a truth, the well-known ftory propagated foon after thelaft peace. That upon the landing of our troops to take poffeffion of Florida, the Spaniards afked them, " What crimes have you been guilty of at home?" We {hall take the liberty to obferve on this head, that though the air 'here is very warm, the heats are much allayed by cool breezes from the feas which environ and wafti a coniiderable part of this country. The inland countries towards the north feel a little of the roughnefs of the north-weft wind, which, more or lefs, diftlifes its chilling breath over the whole conti- nent of North America, carrying froft and fnow many degrees more to the fouthward in thefe regions, than the north-ealt wind does in Europe. That the air of Florida is pure and wholcfome, appears from the fize, vigour, and longevity of the Floridian Indians, who iii thefe refpedls far exceed their more fouthcrn neighbours, theMMiicans; and when the Spaniards quitted St. Auguftine, many of them were of great age, Ibme above 90. Soil, productions, and) Many of the difadvantages indifcriminately, and with FACE OF THK couNTKY. ) vcry lutlc fouudatiou in truth, imputed to the foil of the whole country, Ihould be conhned to Eaft-Florida, which indeed, near the fea, and 40 miles back, is fkt and fandy. But even the country round St. Auguftine, in all appearance the worft in the province, is far from being unfruitful ; it produces two crops of Indian 'corn a year ; the garden vegetables are in great perfedlion ; the orange and lemon trees grow here, without cuhivation, to a larger fize, and produce better fruit, than in Spain or Por- tugal. The inland country towards the hills is extremely rich and fertile, producing fpon- taneoufly the fruits, vegetables, and gums, that are common to Geoi^gia and the Carolinas; and is likewife favourable to the rearing of European produdlions. There is not, on the whole continent of America, any place better qualified by nature toaftbrd not only all the jiecelfaries of life, but alfo all the pleafures of habitation, than that part of this country which lies upon the banks of the MiHifippi. From the climate of Florida, and fome fpecimens fent to England, there is reafon tocx- peft, that cotton, fugar, wine, and filk, will grow here as well as in Perlia, India, and China, which aie in the fame latitudes. This country alfo produces lice, indigo, amber- gris, cochineal, amethyfts, turquoifes, lapis lazuli, and other precious ftones; copper, quick.filver, pu-coal, and iron ore: pears arefoimd ingieat abundance on the coaft of Flo- rida : mahogany grows on the fouthern parts of the peninfula, but infeciar in fize and qua- lity to that of Jamaica. The animal creation are here fo numerous, that you may purchafe a good faddle-horfe in exchange for goods of five (hillings value prime coft ; and there are inttances pf horfea being exchanged for a hatchet per head. Naval ftores might be produ- ced in great quantities in Florida ; and Weft Florida has already fupplied Spain with con- fiderable quantities. It is faid, that no province can fo profitably furnifh Madeira with torn and pipe-ltavesas Weft-Florida, and in return iupply itfelfand other provinces with wines. The filheries might likewife be rendered here very proi.table, as might alfo the trade for furs, and various other branches. Population, commerce,) Notwithftanding theluxuviancy of the foil, the falubrity AND CHIKF TOWNS. f of the air, thecheapnefs and plentyof provifions, and the encouragement of the Britifti government, the number of Englifti inhabitants here was never very confiderable. Indeed the affairs of the colony appear to have been injiidiciouily ma- naged; and the reduaion of Penfacolr.by the arms of the king of Spain in 17S1, deprived us of thole flattering profpeds of great advantages t© England, which were cxpefted to have been derived from.the poireffiou of Florida. SPANISH AMERICA. 9^5 The chief town in Weft Florida is Penfacola, N. lat. 30-22. W. Ion. 87-20, which is feated- within the bay of the fame name, on a Tandy fhore that can only be approached by fmall veffels. The road is, however, one of the beft in all the gulf of Mexico, in which veffels may lie in (afety againft every kind of wind, being furrounded by land on every fide. This place fent in fkins, logwood, dying ftufi; and lilver in dollars, to the annual value of 63,0001. and received of our manufaftures, at an average of three years, to the value of 9.7,000 1. St. Auguftiae, the capital of Eaft Florida, N. lat. 29-45. W. Ion. 81-12, runs along the ftiore, and is of an oblong forni, divided by four regular ftreets, crofling each other at right angles. The town is fortified with baftions, and euclofed with a ditch. It is likewife defended bji a caftle, which is called Fort St. John; and the whole is well furniftied with cannon. At the entrance into the harbour are the north and fouth breakers, which form two channels, whofe bars, at low tides, have eight feet water. NEW MEXICO INCLUDING CALIFORNIA. Situation akd extent. Miles. Degrees^ Sq. Miles. Length 2000 ) i„,„,_„ S 94 and 126 weft longitude. ) ^ Breadth 1600 f '^^^^^^^ 1 23 and 43 north latitude, f ^°'°°° Boundaries.] "[JGUNDED by unknown lands on the North ; by Louifiana, on the Jj Eaft ; by Old Mexico, and the Pacific ocean, on the Southland by the fame ocean on the Weft. Divifions. North-eaft divifion South-eaft divifion South divifion Weft divifion Subdivifions. 'J New Mexico Proper U «j Chief Towns. Santa Fe, W. Ion. , ^ N. lat. 36. Apacheira — St. Antonio. . Sonora — Tuape. California, apeiiinfula. St. Juan.- 104. Soil and climate.] Thefe coMutiics lying for the moftpart within the temperate zone, have a climate in many places ext uiely agreeable, and a foil produ(5live of every thing-, either for profit or delight. In California, however, they experience great heats in the lum- mer, particularly towarils the fea-coaft ; but in the inland country, the climate is more tem- perate, and in winter even cold. Face and produce of the country.] The natural hiftory of thefe countries is as yet in its infancy. The Spaniards themfelves know little of the matter, and the little they^ know they are unwilling to communicate. Their authority being on a precarious footing with the Indians, who here at leaft ftill preferve their independence; they aic jealous of difcovering .nc natural advantages of thefe countries, which might be an in- ducement to the other nations of Europe to fiDrm. fettlements there. It is certain, how- ever, that in general the provinces of New Mexico and California are extremely beauti- ful and pleafant ; the face of the country is agreeably varied with plains, interfeaed by rivers, and adorned with gentle eminences covered With various kinds of trees, fome producing excellent fruit. With refpeft to the value of the gold mines in thofe countries, nothing pofitive can be afferted. They have undoubtedly enough of natural produdtions, to render them advantageous colonies to any but the Spaniards. In California there falls in the morning a great quantity of dew, which, fettling on the rofc-leaves, candies, and 6 A 2 ji T 916 SPANISH AMERICA. becomes hard like manna, having all the fweetnefa of refined fugar, without its whitenel"!* There is alfo another very fingular natural produftion ; in the heart of the country there are plains of fait, quite firm and clear as cryftal, which, confidering the vaft quantities of fifh found on its coafts, might render it an invaluable acquifition to any induftrious nation. Inhabitants, history, government,") The Spanifti fettlements here are compa- REUGiON, AND COMMERCE. ) ratively weak; though they are increafing every day in proportion as new mines are difcovercd. The inhabitants are chiefly In- dians, whom the Spanilh miffionaries have in many places brought over to ChriftiMiity to a civilized life and to raife corn and wine, which they now export pretty largely to Old Mexico. California was difcovered by Cortez, the great conqueror of Mexico • our famous navigator, Sir Francis Drake, took poffeflion of it in 1578, and Tiis right was confirmed by the principal king, or chief in the whole country. This title, however, the government of Great Britain have not hitherto attempted to vindicate, though California is admirably fituated for trade, and on its coaft has a pearl fiftiery of great value. The inhabitants and government here do not materially diifer from thofe of Old Mexico. * OLD MEXICO OR NEW SPAIN. Situation and extent. Miles. I^ength 2000) 1 , ( Breadth 6co f ^^«'*=^" { I>€grees. Sq. Miles. 83 and 1 10 weft longitude. > 8 and 30 north latitude, f 31 8,000 BotTND ARIES.] "QOUNDED by New Mexico, or Granada, on the North; by the gulf fj of Mexico, on the North-eaft; by Terra Firma, on the South-eaft; and by the Pacific Ocean, on the South-weft, containing three audiences. Audiences. Provinces. Chief towns. I. G A L I C I A. 1. 2. 3. 5- 6. L7- Guadalajarra Zacatecas New Bifcay Ciuolea Culiacan Charmetlan Xalifco Guadalajarra. Zacatecas. St. Barbara. Cinolea Culiacan. Charmetlan. Xalifco. II. M E X I C O. 1. Mexico 2. Mechoacan 3. Panuco 4. Tlafcala 5. Guaxaca 6. Tobafco 7. Jucatan 8. Chiapa .9. Soconufco. Mexico, W. Ion. 100-5. N. lat. 19-54. Acapulco. Mochoacan. Tampice. Tlafcala. Vera Cru«» Guaxaca. Tobafco. Campeachy. Chiapa. Soconufco. SPANISH AMERICA. Audiences. 917 Provincts. Chief towns. m. GUATIMALA. Verapaz. Guatimala*. Valladolid. Leon. Nicoya. Santa Fe. Verapaz Guatimala Honduras Nicaragua Cofta Rica Vcragua Says.] On the ndrth fea are the gulfs of bays of Mexico, Campeachv Vera Crus' Capes.] Thefe are cai)e Sardo, cape St. Martin, cape Corducedo caoe Catoch.- cape Honduras, cape Cameron, and cape Gracias Dios, in \he North Sa! ^ ' Cape Marques, cape Spinto Sanfto, cape Co.ientes, cape Gal lero, cape Blanco cane Burica, cape Prucreos, and cape Mala, in The South-Sea. ^ ' ^ f o^''l ^" ^^,^.^1^ of Mexico, and the adjacent feas. there are ftrong north winds from Oaober to March, about the full and change of th^ moon. Trade^wS pTevall ZJ^r^^T "' ' "^'h-"'," ^-^T ^''^^' ^'"*^'" ^^^ Wics. Near the coaft, Tn the South Sea hey have periodical winds, viz. Monfoon., and fea and land breezes, as in Afid Soil and CLiMAtE.] Mexico, lying for the moft part within the torrid zone isex^ ceflively hot and on the eallern coaft, where the land is low, is marftiy, and conftamW flooded m the ramy ^afons ; « is likewife extremely unwholef^me. The inland counm^ fidflS' 1 T" " ^r'\ '^'^'^' '°? '^'^'' '' ^f * '"^'^^^ temperament ; on the weS tln'o. ru'^A TiS '-"^ '' ^'^ the eaftera, much better in ^ality, and fbll of p lan^ tatlons The foil of Mexico in general is of a good variety, and would not refufe any advantagSr"' "^"^ ^ ^ ^^ "^ '^' inhabitants to correfpond with their natural Produce.] Mexico, like all the tropical countries, is rather more abundant in fruit« than m gram. Pme-apples pomegranates, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, and cocoa- nuts are here m the greateft plenty and peifeaion. Mexico produce; alfo a prodidous -quantity of fugar, efpecially towards the gulf of Mexico, and\he province of Guaxaca and Guatimala. lo that here are niore fugar mills than in any other part of Spanifh Ame- rica. <-edar trees, and logwood flourifli much about the bays of Campeachv and Hon- T\^l ^ ^ L / "^ * ''^^' "^^'^^ '' ""^'^ light-wood, being as light as a cork, of which they make floats to carry their merchandife on the fea coafts But what IS confidered as the chief glory of the country, and what firft induced the Spamards to form fettlements upon it, are the mines of gold and uKti , The chief mines of gold are m Veragua and New Granada, bordering upon Darien and Terra Hrma. Thofe of filver, which are murh more rich, as well as numerous, are found in feveral parts but in none fo much as in the province of Mexico. The mines of both kinds are alwa>;s found in the nioft barren and mountainous part of the country; nature making, amends in one refped for her defefts in another. The working of the gold and f,lv« mines depends on the fame principles. When the oreis dug out. compounded of feveral heterog;eneous fubftances mixed with the precious metals, it is broken into fmall pieces by a mill, and afterwards wailied, by which means it is difengaged from the earth, and other foft bodies which clung to it. Then it is mixed with mercury, which, of all fub- • This city was fwallowed up by an earthquake on the 7th of June 1773, when eight thoufand families mftantly penftcd. New Guatimala is built at fome diAance, and is well inhabited. ^'^°^''"'' 'a°i'"« I nil i' h| Ill < fii 9i8 SPANISH AMERICA. ftances, has the ftrongeft attraflion for gold, and likewife a ftronger attrad^ioa for fiher than the other fubftances which are united with it in the ore. By means of the mcrcuiy, therefore, the gold and filver arefirft leparated from the heterogeneous matter, and then by ftraining and evaporation, they are difunited from the mercury itfclf Of the gold and filver, which the mines of Mexico aflord, great things have been faid. Thofe who have enquired moft into this fiibjeft, compute the revenues of Mexico at twcnty-four millions of our money ; and it is well known that this, with the other provinces of Spanifti Ame- rica, fupply the whole world with filver. The other articles next in importance to gold and filver are the cochineal and cocoa. After much difputc concerning the nature of the former, it feems at laft agreed, that it is of the animal kind, and of the fpecies of the gall infefts. It adheres to the plant called opuntia, and fucks the juice of the fruit, which is of a crimfon colour. It is from this juice that the cochineal derives its value, which confifts in dying all forts of the fineft fcarlet, crimfon, and purple. It is alfo ufed in medicine as a fudorific, and as a coVdial; and it is computed that the Spaniards annually export no lefs than nine hundred thoufand pounds weight of this commodity to anfwer the purpofcs of medicine and dy- ing. The cocoa, of which chocolate is made, is the next conf:derable article in the na- tural hiftory and commerce of Mexico. It grows on a tree of a middling fize, which bears a pod about the iize and ftiape of a cucumber, containing the cocoa. The Spanifh commerce in this article is immenfe ; and fuch is the internal confumpiion, as well as the external call for it, that a fmall garden of cocoas is laid to produce to the owner twenty thoufand crowns a year. At home it makes a principal part of their diet, and is found wholefome, nutritious, and fuitable to the climate. This country likewife pro- duces filk, but not in fuch abundance as to make an^ remarkable part of their export. Cotton is here in great abundance, and on account of its lightuefs is the common wear of the inhabitants. Population, inhabitants, ) We Ihall place thefe heads under one point of view, GOVERNMENT AND MANNERS, f bccaufc the reader will foon be fenfible they are very nearly connefted We have already defcribed the original inhabitants of Mexico, and the conqueft of that country by the' Spaniards. The prefent inhabitants may be divided into Whites, Indians, and Negroes. The Whites are either born in Old Spain, or they are Creoles, i. e. natives of Spanilh America. The former are chiefly employed in go- vernment or trade, and have neariy the fame charadler with the Spaniards in Europe ; only a ftill more confiderable portion of pride ; for they confider themfelves as entitled to every high diftinftion as natives of Europe, and look upon the other inhabitants as many degrees beneath them. The Creoles have all the bad qualities of the Spaniards, from whom they are defcended, without that courage, firmnefs, and patience, which make the praife-worthy part of the Spanilh charader. Naturally weak and effeminate, they dedi- cate the greateft part of their lives to loitering, and inadive pleafures. Luxurious with- out variety or elegance, and expenfive with great parade, and little convenience^ their general charafler is no more than a grave and fpecious infignificance. Frorn idlenefs and conftitution their whole bufinefs is amour and intrigue ; and their ladies of confequence are not at all diftinguiihed for their chaftity or domellic virtues. The Indians, who, not- withftanding the devailations of the firft invaders, remain in great numbers, are become, by continual oppreflion and indignity, a dejeded, timorous, and miferable race of mor- tals. The blacks here, like all thofe in other parts of the world, are ftubborn, hardy, and as well adapted for the grofs flavery they endure as any human creatures can be. Such is the general charafter of the mhabitants, not only in Mexico, but the greatett part of Spanifli America. The civil government is adminiftered by tribunals, called Au- diences, which bear a refemblance to the pariiaments in France. In thefe courts the vice- M)y of the king of Spain preiides. His employment is the greatclt truft and power which SPANISH AMERICA. ,4i: ,| If ; ' 91:? his Catholic niajedv lias in his difpofal, and is perhaps the richeft government cntruftcd to any iiibjodt in the world. The greatnefs of tlie viceroy's office is diniinifhed by the ftiortnelis of its duration. For, as jealoufy is tlic leading feature of Spanilh politics, in whatever regards America, no officer is allowed to maintain his power for more than three years, which no doubt may have a good efledt in fecuring the authority of the crown of Spain, but is attended with unhappy confcquences to the miferable inhabitants, who become a prey to every new governor. 'I'he clergy are extremely numerous in Mexico, and it has been computed, that priefts, monks, and nuns of all orders, make upwards of a fifth of all the white inhabitants, both here and in the other parts of Spa- iiifh America. It is impofiible indeed to find a richer field, or one more peculiarly adapted to the eccleiiaftics, in any part of the world. 'I'he people are fuperftitious, ignorant, rich, lazy, and licentious : with fuch materials to work upon, it is not remarkable, that the church Ihould enjoy one fourth of the revenues of the whole kingdonj. It is more lur- prifmg^ that it has not one half. Commerce, cities, and shipping.] The trade of Mexico confifts of three great branches, which extend over the whole known world. It carries on a traffic with Eu- rope, by La Vera Cruz, fituated on the gulf of Mexico, or North-Sea ; with the Eaft In- dies, by Acapulco on the South-Sea ; and with South-America, by the fame port, 'l^befe two fea-ports, Vera Cruz and Acapulco, are wonderfully well ntuated for the commer- cial purpofes to which they were applied. It ifi by means of the former that Mexico pours her wealth over the whole world ; and receives in return the numberlefs luxuries and ncceffaries, which Europe afibrds to her, and which the indolence of her inhabi- tants will never permit them to acquire for themfelvcs. To this port the fleet from Ca- diz, called the Flota, confifting of three men of war, as a convoy, and 14 large merchant ftiips, annually arrives about the beginning of November. Its cargo confilTs of every commodity and manufadiure of Europe, and there are few nations but have more con- cern in it than the Spaniards, who fend out little more than wine and oil. The profit of thele, with the freight and comuiiflion to the merchants, and duty to the king, is all the advantage which Spain derives from her American commerce. When all the goods are landed and difpofed t)f at La Vera Cruz, the fleet takes in the plate, precious flones, and other commodities for Europe. Some time in May they are ready to depart. From La Vera Cruz they fail to the Havanna, in the ifle of Cuba, which is the rendezvous where they meet the galleons, another fleet which carries on the trade of Terra Firma, by Carthagena, and of Peru by Panama and Porto Bello. When all are colle<5led and provided with a convoy neceflary for their fafety, they fteer for Old Spain. Acapulco is the fea-port, by which the communication is kept up between the difi'erent parts of the Spanifh empire in America, and the Eall Indies. About the month of De- cember, the great galeon, attended by a large fhip as a convoy, which make the only communication between the Philippine^ and Mexico, annually arrive here. I'he cargoes of thefe ihips, for the convoy, though in an under-hand manner, likewife carries goi^ds, coiifill of all the rich commodities and manufadlures of the Eaft. At the fame time the annual ftiip froDi Lima, the capital of Peru, comes in, and is not computed to bring Icls than two millions of pieces of eight in filver, bcfides quickfilvcr and other valuable com- modities ti> be laid out in the purchafe of the gallons cargoes. Several other fliips, from difl'erent parts of Chili and Peru, meet upon the fame occafion. A great tair, in which the coumiodities of all parts of the world are bartered for one another, lafts thirty days. Tiie galeon then prepares for her voyage, loaded with filver and fuch European goods as have been thought neceflary. Tlic Spaniards, though this trade be carried on entirely througli their hands, and in the very heart of their dominions, are comparatively but. fmall gainers by it. For as they allow the Dutch, Great Britain, and other conmierciai ftatosj to fi.rnifli the greater part of the carg-o of the flota. fo the Spanlfli inhahitauts of tiiJ '!?. SiJii 910 SPANISH AMERICA. the Philippines, tainted with the fame indolence which ruined their European anceflors permit the Chincfe merchants to furnini the greater part of the cargo of the galeoii. Not- withftanding what has been faid of Vera Cruz, and Acapulco, the city of Mexico, the ca- pual ot the empire, ought to be confidcred as the centre of commerce in this part of the world ; for here the principal merchants refide, and the greateft part of thebufuiefs is ne- gociatcd. The Eaft India goods from Acapulco, and the European from VeraCiuz alto pafe through this city. Hither all the gold and filver come to be coined, here the king's fifth is depofited, and here are wrought all thofe utenfils and ornaments in plate which are every year fent into Europe. The city itfelf breathes the air of the highcll magnificence and according to the beft acounts contains about 80,000 inhabitants. SPANISH DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA. TERRA FIRMA, or CASTILE DEL O R O. Siti;ation and extent. ^^^'fes. Degrees. Sq. Miles. Length 1400 ) u . J 60 and 82 weft longitude. ) Breadth 700 | ""''^" *[ the equator, and u north latitude, f ^00,000 BouNi>ARifi3.]OOUNDED by the North Sea (part of the Atlantic ocean), on the , . O North ; bv the fame fea and Surinam, on the Eaft ; by the country of *u T.i^r""^ *"^ ^^'^' °" "^^ ^^^^i ^"'l ^y the Pacific Ocean and New Spain, on the weft. ^ '^ Divifions. The north divifion con tains the provinces of < SubdiviiionSk I. Terra Firma Proper, Darien — The fouth divifion con- ( i tains the provinces of ( 2. Popayan Carthagena — St. Martha Rio de la Hacha Venezuela Comana New Andalufia, or Paria — New Granada Chief Towns. orl r Porto Bello Panama, W. Ion. 8c-2J.- N. lat. 8-47. Carthagena St. Martha Rio de la Hacha Venezuela Comana St. Thomas H Santa F6 de Bagota Popayan > < Rivers, bays, capes, &c.] The Ifthmus of Darien, or Terra Firma Proper, joins Worth and South America. A line drawn from Porto Bello in the North, to Panama m the South Sea, or rather a little weft of thefe two towns, is the proper limit between North and South America, and here the Ifthmus, or neck of land, is only 60 miles over. 1 he principal rivers are the Rio Grande, Darien, Chagie, and the Oronoque. The principal bays in Terra Firma are, the bay of Panama, and the bay of St. Michael's m the South-Sea ; the bay of Porto Bello, the gulf of Darien, Sino bay, Carthagena bay and harbour, the gulf of Venezuela, the bay of Maracaibo, the gulf of 'iVieft, the %u u'.'^r^' ^^^ ^^y ^^ Curiaco, and the gulf of Paria, or Andalufia, in the North-Sea. 1 he chief capes are, Sarablas poiiit. Point Canoa, Cape del Agua, Swart point, Cape SPANISH AMERICA. 921 de Vela. Cape Conquibacoa, Cape Cabelo, Cape Blanco, Cape Galcra, Cape thfee Points, and Cape Naflau ; all on the north Ihore of 'i'crra Firina. CuMATK.] The climate here, particularly in the northern divifions, is extremely hot: and It was found by UUoa, that the heat of the warmed day in Paris is continual at Car' thagcna; the exceljive heats raile the vapour of the fea, which is precipitated in fuch Z?;n ' f "i 'L 7"'^"/ E^"^**'^ ^.^'"^e: Great part of the country, therefore, is almolt continually flooded ; and this, together with thccxceffive heat, fo impregnates the air with vapours, that in many provinces, particularly about Popayan and Porto Bello, it is ex- tremely unwholefome. Am^-ii/r "°°"^,f -^ . P^ ^f, ^f ih» <^0"nt7' ''•'« that of the greater part of South rte Sntr, r h" ""^' • V'^ and fruitful. It is Impoflible to view, without admiration, i- r r y^'''^"!;f,/?^ the woods, the luxuriancy of the plains, and the towering height ot the mountains 1 his, however, only applies to the inland country, for the coafts are SnT/rl C'r'Iy, " ^'- ''"^•""P^''^^ 0/ tearing any fpecies of grain. 1 he trees, moil Th?m nij/ l^"^""'"^-°"f ' r '^' '^^^^^ the cedar, the fnaria, and ballan. tree. Sfr nn . fj- T IS particularly remarkable. It bears a fruit refembling an apple, but which, under this fpecious appearance, contains the mod fubtle poifon, agamft which com- mon oil 18 found to be the beft antidote. The malignity of this tree is fuch, that if a perlbn only neeps under it, he hnds his body all fwelled, and^acked with the levereft toLres" 1 he bealts from inftma alone, avoid it. The Habella de Carthagena is the fruit of a fpe- cies of willow, and contains a kernel refembling an almond, but lefs white, and extremely bitter. This kernel is found to be an excellent and never-failing remedy for the bite of the nioft venomous vipers and ierpents, which are very frequent all over this country. There were formerly rich mines of gold in this country, which are now in a great meafure ex- « "1 J}^ rl- "■''"' *?"* ''yP^' "'^"" ''^^ *^n fin'-c oj>ened ; and the inhabitants hnd emeralds, fapphues. and other precious ftones. Animals.] In treating of North America wehavetakennoticeof many of the animals that are found m the fouthern parts; it is therefore unnecdfary to repeat them. Amon* thefe peculiar to this countiy. the mod remarkable is the doth. or. as it is called by way of derihon the Swift Peter. It bears a refemWahce to an ordinary monkey in ftape and Le, but IS of a mod wretched appearance, with its bare hams and feet, and its fkin all over cor- rugated. He dandsm no need of either chain oc hutch, never dirring unlefs compelled by hunger ; and he is faid to be feveral minutes in moving one of his legs, nor will blows Th ^^i."'r"^ • ' pace. When he moves, every eflbrt is attended with fuch a plaintive, andattheiatnetime fo difagreeable a cry, as at once produces pity and difgud. In this cry confids the whole defence of this wretched animal For on the fird hodile approach it is natural tor hiin to be in motion, which is always accompanied with dilguftful howling, fo that his purfuer flies much more fpeedily in his turn, to be beyond the r§ach of this horrid node. \V hen this auiinal finds no wild fruits on the ground, he looks out with a great deal of pains for a tree well loaded, which he afcends with a world of uneafinefs, moving, and crying, and doppmg by turns. At length having mounted, he plucks ofi" all the fruit, and throws It on the ground, to fave himfelf fuch another troubleibmc journey ; and rather than be fatigued with coming dowa the tree, be gathers himfelf in a bunch, and with a dinek droj)s to the ground. The monkeys in thefe corimtries are very numerous ; they keep together 20 or 30 in com- pany, rambhng over the woods, leaping from tree to tree, and if they meet with a fingle perfon, he IS mdangei- of bemgtornto pieces by them ; at lead they 'chatter, and mak?a fnghtful nolle throwmg things at him; they hang themfelves by the tail, on the bought anu icem to threaten lum all tlie way he paffes ; but where two or three peopU ' they ulually fcamper away. 2!^ <6 L I !K \' are t(^gcther. nm lift.-i^H0 99% SPANISH AMERICA. Natives.] Befides the Indians in this country, who fall underour general dcfcription of the Auiericaiis, there is another Ipecies of a fair complexion, delicate habit, and of a finallcr fl-jiure than the ordinary Indians. Their difpofitious too are more foft and eHenii- natc; bjt what principally diftinguilhes them is their large weak blue eyes, which, unable to bear the light of the fun, feebeft by moon-light, and from which they arc therefore called Moon-eyed Indians. Inhabitants, commerch, ) We have already mentioned how this country lell inta AND cHiKF TOWNS. J* the hands of the Spaniards. The inhabitants therefore da not materially difler from thofe of Mexico. To what we have obferved, therefore, witii regard to this count y, it is only neceffary to add, that tho original inhabitants of Spain are varioufly intermixed with the negroes and Indians. Thefe intermixtures form various gradations, which are carefully diftinguiihed from each other, becaufe every perfon expefts to be regarded, in proportion as a greater ftiare of the Spanifh blood runs in his veins. The tirftdiitinaion, arifuig from the intermarriage of the whites with the negroes, is that of the nmlattoes, which is well known. Next to thefe are the Tercerones, produced from a white and mulatto. From the intermarriage with thefe and the whites, arife the Quarte- Tones, who, though Itill nearer the former, are difgraced with a tint of the negro blood. But the produce of thefe and the whites are the Qyinterones, who, which is very remark, able, are not to be diftinguiihed from the real Spaniards, but by being of a ftill fairer com- plexion. The fame gradations are formed in a contrary order, by the intermixture of the muiattoes and the negroes, and befides thefe, there are a thoufaud others, hardly diftin- ouifhable by the natives themfelves. The commerce of this country is chieflv earned on from the ports of Panama, Carthagena, and Porto Bello; which are three of the mod con- liderable cities in Spanilh America ; and each containing feveral thoufand inhabitants. Here there are annual fairs for American, Indian, and European commodities. Among the natural merchandife of Terra Firma, the pearls found on the coa ft, particularly in the bay of Panama, arc not the leaft confiderable. An immenfe number of negro (laves are eniployed in filhing for thefe, and who have arrived at wonderful dexterity m thisoccupa, tion They are ibmetimes however devoured by fifti, particularly the {harks, while they dive to the bottom, or are cruftied againft the (helves of the rocks. The government ot Terra Firma is cm. the fame footing with that of Mexico. R v.. Miles. Situation and extent. Degrees. _ Sq. Miles. Length "iBoor between J t^e equator and 25 fotith latitude. ) Breadth 600 r ^^^"" 7 60 and 8 1 weft longitude. \ ■" ' Boundaries.! T^OUNDED by Terra Firma, on the North; bv the mountains, or J3 Cordeleirias dcs Andes, Eaftj by Chili, South j and by the Pacib* Ocean, Weft. Divifions. Provinces. iuito — The North divifion •] Qjiit The Middle divifion ^ Lima, or Los Reyes The South divifion 4 I-os Charcos — Chief Towns. MQliito y 7 Payta HLiMA, 76-49. W. Icn. 12-11 Sv lat. Cufco, andCalko } CPotofi 3 ( Porco. SPANISH AMERICA. 933 Seas, bays, and harbours.] The only fea which borders on Pcni in the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. The principal hays and harbours are Payta, Malabrigo, (Juanchaco, Cofma, Vermcio, Guara, Callao the port town to Lima, \lo, and Arica. RivKKS.] There is a river whofc waters areas red aa blood. The rivers Granada, or Cagdalena, Oronoquc, Amazon, and Plate, rife in the Andes. Many other rivers rife alio in the Andes, and fall into the Pacific Ocean, between the equator and eight degrees S, Petrified waters.] There are fome waters, which, in their courfe, turn whati-rr they touch or pafsover, into ftone ; and here are fountains of liquid niatter called Coppc- refembhng pitch and tar, and ufed by the feamen for the fame purpofc. Sott AND CLIMATE.] Though Pctu Hcs within the torrid zone, yet having? on one ilile the South-Sea, and on the other the great ridge of the Andes, it is not fo IHHed with hcjf. as the other tropical countries. The (ky too, which is generally cloudy, ihields them frcui' the direa rays of the fun; but what is extremely fuigulir, it never rains in Peru. This dc- m, however, is fufficiently fupplied by a foft kindly dew, which falls gradually cverv night ou the ground, and fo rcfreOies the plants and grafs, as to produce in many place'i the greateft fertility. Along the fea-coaft, Peru is generally a dry barren fand, except bv the banki of rivers, where it is extremely fertile, as are all the low lands in the inland country. ANiMAt, VEGETABLE, AND ) Thcrc are many gold mines in the northern Dart, not MINERAL PRODUCTIONS, j far from Lima. Silver too is produced in great abuu- dance in various provinces ; but the old mines are conftantly decaying, and new c j daily opened. The towns ITiift with the mines. That of Potofi, when the lilver there was folmcl ai the caficft expence, tor now having gone fo deep, it is not fo eafily brought up, contaio- ed 90,000 fouls, Spaniards and Indians, of which the latter were fix to one. The north ern part of Peru produces wine in great plenty. Wool is another article of its produce and IS no lefs remarkable for us finenefs than for the animals on which it grows • thefe ther call Lamas and Vicunnas. The Lama has a fmall head, in fome meafure refemblinj? that of a horfe and a Iheep at the fame time. It is about the fize of a flag, its upper lip is cleft like that of a hare, through which, when enraged, it fpits a kind of venomous juice, which in- flames the part it falls on. The flelh of the Lama is agreeable and falutary,'and the animal is not only ufeful m aftoiding wool and food, but alfo as a beaft of burden. It can endure amazing fatigue, and will travel over the fteepeft mountains with a burden of 60 or -o pounds. It feeds very fparingly, and never drinks. The Vicunna is fmallcr and fwifter than the Lama, and produces wool ilill finer in quality. In the Vicunna too is found the Bezoar ftoncs, regarded as a fpecific againll poifons. The next groat article in their pro- duce and commerce is the Peruvian bark, known better by the name of Jefuits bark 'J hr tree which produces this invaluable drug, grows principally in the mountainous p.-. rt of Peru, and particularly m the province of Qi^ito. The beft bark is always produced i:i M e high and rocky grounds : thetree which bears it, is about the fizeof a cherrvtree and pro duces a kind of fruit, refembling the almond. But it is only the bark, which has thofc c v cellent qualities that render it fo ufefol in intermitting fevers, and other diforders 10 uhicii daily experience extends the application of it. Guinea pepper, or Cayenne pepper as wr call It, is produced in the greateft abundance in the vale of Arica, a diftria in the foutheiii parts of Peru, from whence they export it annually, to the vdlue of 6oo,oco cro.vu« Peru jslikewife the only part of South America which produces quiekfilver; an article of immenle value, confidermg the various purpofes to which it is applied, and efpccially tlic purification ot gold and filyer. The principal mine of this Angular metal is at a place called Guancavelica, difcovered m 1.567, where it is found in a whitifli mafs refembling brick ill bnrocd. This fubftance is volatilifed by fire, and received in fteani by a combination ol 6 B 2 924 SP.AKISH AMERICA. glafs veffels, where it condeufes by ine»^ns of a little waiter at the bottom of each veffe^ and forms a pure heavy liquid. Manukac-^urks, trade, and cities j Wejointhefeariicles here becaufe of their in- tiiiiote connediou; *br, except iu the cities ve fhall «iefcribe, there is uo comnjerce worth mentioiiirj, 'J he city of Lima is the capital of FciU, and of the whole Spauifh empire i ity lituation, ijuhe middle of a fpacious and delightful valley, was fixed upon by »he fa- mous Pizarro, asil-.c nicil proper for a f.ity, which hcexpedted would prefcr\e his memo- ry. It is fo well watered by ihe river Rimac,, that the inhabitants, HI e thofe of London, < oiiirrand a flrcam, each lor his own ufe. Iheie are many very niagi.ificent (Iruftures paiticulsrly churches, in this city; though the uoules in general are built of fl^ht materials,, the equality of the climate, and want of rain, rendering ftonehoufes unnecefi'ary; and be- lidcs n is found, that thcfe are more apt to fuH'er bv fhocks of the earth, which are frequent and dreadful all over this province. Lima is acout two leagues from the fea, extends in.' Icn^Tth two miles, and in breadth jne and a quarter. It contains about 6o,coo inhabitants,, of v\honj tbe whites amount ro a lixth part. One remarkable la's is fufficient todemon- ilrate the wealth of the city. '. . hen the viceroy, the duke de la Pa.'ada, made his entry in- to Lima in 1682, the inhaSitaT-is, to do him honour, caufed the ftreets to be paved witn in- gots of filver, amounting to feventecn millions llerlir.g. All travellers fpeak with amaze- ment of the decorations of the churches with gold, filver, and precious-ftones, which load, and ornament c en the walls. The only thing that could jufiify thefe accounts, is the im- meufe richi ofs andextenfive commerce of the inhabitants. The merchants of Lima may be faid to deal with all the quarters of the wor d, and that both on their own accounts, and as faflors for others. Here all the produdls of the fouthern provinces are conveyed, in order to be exchanged at the harbour of Upia, for fuch articles as the inhabitants of Peru ftand in need of; the fleet from Europe, and thr Eaft Indies, land at the. fame harbour, and the commodities of Af?a, Europe,, and Ameri , ^ Breadth 500 f °"^«^° ^65 and 85 weftlongitude. f ^°^'°°° BbUNnAKiKs.] ROUNDED by Peru on the North; by La Plata, on the Eaft; by JJ Patagonia, on the South ; and by the Pacific Ocean, on the Weft. Divifions Provinces. On the weft fide of the \ ^. .,. „ Andes °i ^t^'" Proper — On the eaii fide of the Andes •j Cuyo, Chief towns. ^ r.St. Jago, W.lon. 77. S. lat. r H Baldivia or Cutio J (imperial — M St- Johu de Frontiers Lakks.] The principal lakes are thofe of Tagatagua near St. Jago, and that of Paren Befides wWh they have feveral falt-water lakes, that have a comn unicadon with th^' lea, part of the year. In ftorniy weather the fea forces » wav thm.crh t».-l Jd L S a foot"thil.'''' '"' " '^' ^"^ ^'^'^ '^ ^'*^^^ congeals, ieaVingVcTuft of fi^ethi'ft" f ftl VL-i'fl ' .' 1^!H vfl 9i6 SPANISH AMERI C A. Seas, hivers, bays, and harbours.] The only fea that borders upon Chih, is that of the Pacific Ocean on the weft. The principal rivers are, the Salado, or Salt River, Ouafco, Caquimbo, Bohio, and the Baldivia, fcarcely navigable but at their mouths, and fall into the Pacific Ocean. _ ^ • , /^ j in -r The principal bays, or harbours, are, Copiapo, Coquimbo, Govanadore, Valpanfo, lata. Conception, Santa Maria, La Moucha, Baldivia, Brewer's^haven, and Caftro. Climatk, soil, and produce.] Thefe are not remarkably diflerent from the fame m Peru ; and if there be any difference, it is in favour of Chili. There is indeed no part of the world more favoured than this is, with refped to the gifts of Nature. For here, not only the tropical fruits, but all fpecies of grain, of which a confiderabie part is export- ed, come to great perfeaion. Their animal produaions are the fame with thofe of Peru; and they have gold almoft in every river, fuppofed to be walhed down from the hills. Inhabitants.] This country is very thinly inhabited. The original natives arc ft^ll m a great meafure unconquered and uncivilized ; and leading a wandering life, attentive to no obi^a but their prefervAtion from the Spanilh yoke, are in a very unfavourable condition with regard to population. The Spaniards do not amount to above 20,ooo; and the In- dians, negroes, and mulattoes, are not fuppofed to be thrice that number. However, there have lately been fome formidable infurreaions againft the Spaniards, by the natives of Chili, which' greatly alarmed the Spanifh court. ^ , t. t. P* Commerce.] The foreign commerce ot Chili is entirely confined to Peru, Panama, and forae parts of Mexico. To the former they export annually corn fufficient for 60,00.0 men. Their other exports are hemp, which is railed in no other part of the South-Seas ; hides, tallow, and falttjd provifions ; and receive in return the commodities of Europe and the Eaft Indies, which are brought to the port of Callao. PARAGUAY, OR LA PLATA. Situation and extent. Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles. Length 1500) be^^^„ 4 H and 37 fouth latitude. K q^ooo. Breadth 1000 f *^^ween -^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^.^^ longitude. ) ' ' Boundaries.] T5OUNDED by Amazonia, ^ the North; by Brafil, Eaft ; by Patago- J3 nia, on the South; and by .Peru and Chili, Weft. Provinces. Chief Towns. — \ ( Affumption — f_j St. Anne — ri Cividad Real — ) ( Los Royes — 1 fSt. Jago — UA RuENos Ayres.W. bn. 57-54- y t S.lat. 34-35- Divifiqns. Eaft divifion contains ( Paraguay J Parana j Guaira ' Uragua Tucuman South divifion — j ^^^ ^i^ Plata Bays and takes.] The principal bay is that at the mouth of the river U Plata, on which ftands thr ranital citv of Buenos Avres; and Cape St. Antonio, at the entrance of that bay, is the only promontory. This country abounds with lakes, cuie ut wbica Caracoroes, is 100 mUes long. SPANISH AMERICA. 927 ftiviRS.] This country, befides an infinite number of linall rivers, is watered by three principal ones, the Paragua, Uragua, and Parana, which, united near the fea, form the fa- mous Rio de la Plata, or Plate River, and which annually overflow their banks ; and, on their recefs, leave them enriched with a flime, that produces the greateft plenty of what-- ever is committed to it. Air, soil, and produce.] This vaft traft is far from being wholly fubdued or plant- ed by the Spaniards. There are many parts in a great degree unknown to them, or to ' any other people of Europe. The principal province of which we have any knowledge, is that which is called Rio de la Plata, towards the mouth of the above mentioned rivers. This province, with all the adjacent parts, is one continued level, iwt interrupted by the lead hill for feveral hundred miles every way ; extremely fertile, and producing cotton in great quantities ; tobacco, and the valuable herb called Paraguay, with a variety of fruits, and prodigious rich paftures, in which are bred fuch herds of cattle, that it is faid the hides of the beafts are all that is properly bought, the carcafe being in a manner given into the bargain. A horfe fome time sgo might he. bought for a dollar ; and the ufual price for a beaft, chofen out of a herd of two or three hundred, was only four rials. But, con- trary to the general nature of America, this country is deftitute of woods. The air is re- uurkably fweet and ferene, and the waters of La Plata are equally pure and wholefome. First settlement, chief) The Spaniards firft difcovered this country, by failing TiTY, AND COMMERCE, ^up the livcr La Plata in 15 15, and founded the town of Buenoes Ayres, fo called on account of the excellence of the air, on the fouth fide of the river, fifty leagues within the mouth of it, where the river is feven leagues broad. This is one of the moft confiderable towns in South America, and the only place of traffic trt the fouthward of Brafil. Here we meet with the merchants of Europe and Peru, but no regular fleet comes here, as to the other parts of Spanifli America; two, or at moft three, regifter fhips make the whole of their regular iutcrcoufe with Europe. Their ■ returns are very valuable, confifting chiefly of the gold and filver of Chili and Peru, fu- gar, and hides. Thole who have now and then carried on a contraband trade to this city, have found it more advantageous than any other whatever. The benefit of this contra- band is now wholly in the hands of the Portuguefe, who keep magazines for that purpofe; in fuch parts of Brafil as lie near this country. Tlie trade of Paraguay, and the manners of the people, are fo much the fame with thole of the reft of the Spanifh ?olonies in Souill America, that nothing farther can be faid on thofe articles. But we cannot quit this country without faying Ibnicthiug of that extraordinary fpecies of commonwealth, which the Jelliits erefted in the iutcrior parts, and of which they have endeavoured to keep all ftrangers in the dark. About the middle of the laft century, thofe fathers reprefeuted to the court of Spain, that their want of fuccefs in their miflions were owing to the fcandal which the immorality of the Spaniards never failed to give, and to the hatred which their infolent behaviour caufed in the Indians, wherever they came. They infinuatcd, that, if it were not for that im- pediment, the empire of the golpel miglit, by their labours, have been extended into the moft unknown parts of America; and that all thofe countries might be fubdued to his Catholic majefty's obedience, without expence, and without force. This remonftrance met with fuccefs; the fphere of their labours was marked out; an uncontrolled liberty was given to the Jefuits within thcle limits; and the governors of the adjacent provinces had orders not to interfere, nor to fuller any Spaniards to enter into this pale, without licences from the fathers. They, on their part, agreed to pay a certain capitatitm tax, in proportion to their flock; and to feud a certain number to the king's works whenever they ihould be demanded, and the miflions Ihould become populous enough to fupply them, ^,-ii ili:i\. iviiiii iiic jcluii; i;t;tuiy cii.cicu upuu iiic itc:ic ui aciiuii, aiiCl OpcFicu il.cir fpiritual campaign. They began by gathering together about 50 wandeiing faniilie», 923 SPANISH ISLANDS in AMERICA. whom they perfuaded to fettle ; and they united them into a little towufliip. This was the flight foundation upon whu . ihey built a fuperllruaure, which has amazed the world, and added fo much power, at the fame time that it has brought on fo much envv and jealoufy, to their fociety. For when they had made this beginnmg, they laboured with iuch indefatigable pains, and fuch mafterly policy, that, by degrees, thev mollified the minds of the moft lavage nations; fixed the moft rambling, and fubdued thofe to their government, who had long difdained to fubmit to the arms of the Spaniards and Por- tuguefc. They prevailed upon thoufands of various difperfed tribes to embrace their religion, and thefe foon induced others to follow their example, magnifying the peace and tranquillity they enjoyed under the direaion of the Fathers. , ^. , Our limits do not permit us to trace with preciiion all the fteps which were taken in the accomplifhment of fo extraordinary a conqueft over the bodies and minds of fo many people The lefuits left nothing undone that could conduce to ^"^ ^^e and caflav* root. The EuTLn cmle are r-n^^^ ^ '^-' '''^' ™'^^' woods, and. as, in South ZS a e hunted S^ £ v^'h '■^' '^f '^f^ "^^ ^"^ i" ^he nioft barren parts of theloXth^^d^^rf S^^^^^^^^ &coTfiroVTXs-pi:jS: "^i^h^^Sdr^nK^^^^^^^^^^^ "^s vafl abundance. This^nS is the Vft 1^^^^ ^^i'^^y "mentioned in fcrdleinandin the Weft UeVUdV" ^"' °^ ^'^ ^^'^ -^ -" ;. J. n!"°? """"^"t' ^'''^'' ''^ '^>^ 'fla^d. and in all the New World b.nlf h^ v 18 St. Dommgo. It was founded by Bartholomew Colnmh,,, K ,1 u^ Europeans, 1504. who gave it that name in hoLTof hTfrth^Do^S^^ f ifland IS fometimes named. It is fituated nn , r» .f u I ' . .y ^^^^^ ^^^ «'bole city, inhabited, like the other Sna^^^^^^^^ ^ell-built latfoes, meftizos. and negroS ^^^""'^ ^^'°^' ^Y * "^^^^ure of Europeans. Creoles, mu- their trade, PeUt Guave^a^d Po" I^,t '^ ^ '""' """' «""" confiderabk for no^efsTfaS;i;:L*'z::':^V^'-'t!AT'!r '■"■»'''' '^« """'i™'" P'"- .re Spaniards, which U ™ch7oXr\u-, Til'^r^e'v'^'.-b-"'-"-'"™"'?"'' ""''-'''"'• '"" bpanifh dollars. ""="' ""' ^^ ^^^aaugc rrcccn uiaiiuiadiures for No. XXX. 6 C / ■ a •'WoU^U ^afifei Ito* tT.*? Vii of ttaM' «jsl' fso SPANISH ISLANDS in AMERJCA. Porto-Rico.] Situated between 64 and 67 degrees weft Ion. and in il degrees north lat. lying between Hiipaniola and St. Chriltopher's, is 100 miles long, and 40 bread. The foil is beautifiiUy diverlified with woods, vallies, and plains ; and is extremely fertile, producing the fame fruits as the other iflands. It is well watered with fprings and rivcTs ; but the illand is unhealthful in the rainy feafons. It was on account of the gold that the Spaniards fettled here; but there is no longer any confiderable quantity of this metal found in it. . r /. . Porto Rico, the capital town, Hands in a little illand on the north fide, forming a ca- pacious harbour, and joined to the chief ifland by a caufeyj and defended by forts and batteriesj, which render the town alm^'ft inaccelhble. It was, however, taken by Sir Francis Drake, and afterwards hy the earl of Cumberland. It is better inhabited than moft of the Spanifli towns, becaufe it is the centre of the contraband trade carried on by the Englilh and French with theJfing of Spain's fubjefts. Virgin Islands.] Situated at the eaft end of Porto Rico, arc extremely fmall. Trinidad.] Situated between 59 and 62 degrees weft Ion. and in 10 degrees north lat. lies between the ifland of Tobago and the Spaniftx Main ; from which it is feparated by the ftraits of Paria. It is about 90 miles long, and 60 broad; and is an unhealthful; but fruitfiil foil, producing fugar, fine tobacco, indigo, ginger, variety of fruit, and fome cotton trees, and Indian corn. It was taken by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1595, and by the French in 1676, who plundered the ifland, and extorted money from the inhabitants. Margarktta.] Situate in 64 degrees weft Ion. and 11-30 north lat. feparated from the northern coaft of New Andalufia, in Terra Firma, by a ftrait of 24 miles, is about 40 mil^ in length, and 24 in breadth ; and being always verdant, afford's a moft agreeable profpeff. The ifland abounds in pafture, in maize, and fruit ; but there is a fcarcity of •wood and water. There was once a pearl fifliery on its coaft, which is now difcontinued. There are many other fmall iflands in thele feas, to which the Spaniards have paid no attention. We fhall therefore proceed round Cape Horn into the South Seas, where the firft Spanifti ifland of any importance is Ghiloe, on the coaft of Chili, which has a go- vernor, and fome harbours well fortified. Juan Fernandks.] Lying in 83 degrees weft Ion. and 33 fouth lat. 300 miles weft of Chili. This ifland is uninhabited; but having fome good harbours, it is found ex- tremely convenient for the Englifti cruifers to touch at and water; and here they are in no danger of being difcovered, unlefs when, as is generally the cafe, their arrival in the South Seas, and their motions, have been made known to the Spaniards by our good friends in Brafil. This ifland is famous for having given rife to the celebrated romance of Robinfon Crufoe. It feems one Alexander Selkirk, a Scotfman, was left aftiore in this folitary place by his captain, where he lived fome years, until he was difcoverM by captain Woodes Rogers, in 1709; when taken up, he had forgotten his native language^ and could fcarcely be underftood, fceming to fpeak his words by halves. He was dreffed in goat's fliins, would drink nothing but water, and it was fome time before he could lelifli the (hip's visuals. During his abode in this ifland, he had killed 500 goats, which he caught by running them down ; and he marked as many more on the ear, which he let go. Some of thele were caught, 30 years after, by lord Anfon's people ; their vene- rable afpea and majeftic beards difcovered ftrong iyniptoms of antiquity. Selkirk, upon his return to England, was advifed to publifli an acount of his life and adventures in his little kingdom. He is faid to have put his papers into the hands of Daniel Defoe, to prepare them for publication. But that writer, bv the help of thofe papers, and a lively fancy, transformed Akxav kr Selkirk into Robinfon Crufoe, and returned Selkirk his papers again ; fo that the latter derived no advantage f.om^ them. They were probably too indigeUed *3r publication, and Defoe might derive lutic from them but thofc hints, which might give rife to his own celebrated performance. 931 PORTUGUESE AMERICA. P O R T U G U E S E A M E R I C A. Containing B R A S I L. Situation and kxtent. Miles. Decrees B«fd?h '?S {• between J »^ «l"«?r and 35 fouth latitude. > ^' ^"'*' Breadth 700 f 7 35 and 60 welt longitude. f 94o,coo B0UKOAKIK8. jDOUNDEDbv the mouth of the river Amazon, and the Atlantic of the river n^, ^:S^' ^X.Sl^^^^^^^^ iyJ^^ and the countrv of*Amazo^ on tU W^^^^^ °^ "'°""*'"^^' ^^^^ ^»^»*^« " fr^'" P^^g^ay th^|d :s:i^Js^^Sr£r«g;sL^ ^^ ^^- vo^a^e to Divifions. North divifion contains the captainfhips of Middle divifion contains the captainships of Provinces. Para — __ Marignan — — Siara — — — __ iPetagues — Rio Grande ^— Payraba — Tamara — — — __ iPernambuco — "Scri^ppe — — Bahia, or the Bay of All ) Saints f " Ilheos — _ _ ± Porto Seguro — .Spirito Sandlo — Southern divifion contains f ^'^ Janeiro — . — »_ the captainfhips of ) St. \ mcent — — __ c iDelRey — ._ _ >,. .a.vaww. »„d>hepor..of St. Salvador, on .he north (ho,e of theriterlaPC ' "'■ KcK OF THE COUNTRY, AjK,/ 'fte iiame of Braffl WHS givei. to this countrv becaufe tei-ous. and_unwholerome. fubjed to great rains and vaHahl.\fn!u ^S^^i'^^h^^ i;'3' "' T'"i '"^ «^P^«"'i^'-. when they have fuch deluges of Tain, wkh fto ms'"and ornadoes, that the country is overflowed. But to the IbutLard Wond the ^^^^^^ Capricorn, there is no part of the world that enjoys a morcferene an^SdrmeTref fi C 2 Chief towns. I Para or Belim* St. Lewis Siara St. Luc. Tignares. Payraba. Tamara. Olinda. Serigippe. St. Salvador. Paya Porto Seguro. Spirito Sandlo. St. Sebaftian. St. Vincent. St. Salvador. 932 PORTUGUESE AMERICA. freflicd with the foft breezes of the occau on one hand, and the coc»l breath of the moun- tains on the other. The land near thecoaftisin general rather low than high, but exceed- ingly pleafant, it being interlpcrfed with meadows and woods ; but on the weft, far within laud, are mountains from which ilfue many noble ftreanis, that fall into the great rivers Amazon and La Plata, others running acrofs the country from eaft to weft till they fall into the Atlantic Ocean, after meliorating the laiuls which they annually overflow, and turning the fugar mills belonging to the Poytuguefe. Soil and produce.] In general the foil is extremely fruitful, producing fugar, which being clayed, is whiter and finer than our mulcovado, as we call our unrefined fugar. AU fo tobacco, hides, indigo, ipecacuanha, balfam of Copaiba, Brafil wood, which is of a red colour, hard and dry, and is chiefly uled in dying, but not the red of the beft kind ; it has likewife fome place in medicine, as a ftomachic and reftringent. The animals here are the fame as in Peru and Mexico. The produce of the foil was found very fufficient for fubfifting the inhabitants, until the mines of gold and diamonds were difcovered; th^fe, with the fugar plantations, occupy fo many hands, that agriculture lies neglefted ; and, in confequeuce, Brafil depends upon Europe for its daily food. Inhabitants, mannfrs, and customs.] The portrait given us of the manners and. cuftoms of the Portuguefe in America, by the moft judicious travellers, is very far from being favourable. They are defcribed as a people, who, while funk in the moft efiemiuate luxury, pradlife the moft defperate criuies. Of a temper hypocritical and diffembling; of little fiucerity in convcrPatiou, or honefty in dealing; lazy, proud, and cruel. In their diet penurious ; for, Uke the inhabitants of moft fouthern climates, they are much more fbud of (hew, Itate, and attendance, than of the pleafures of free fociety, and of a good table; yet their feafts, which are felJom made, are fumptuou^ to extravagance. Wheij they appear abroad, they caufe themfelves to be carried out in a kind of cotton hammocks, called ferpentines, which are borne; on the negroes fliioulders, by the help of a bamboo, about twelve or fourteen feet long. Moft of thefe hammocks are blue, and adorned with fringes of the fame colour; they have a velvet pillow, and above the head a kind of tefter, with curtains ; fo that the perfon carried cannot be feen, unlefs he pleafes ; but may either lie down or fit -up, leaning on his pillow. When he has a mind to be feen, he pulls the curtains afide, and falutes ni& acquaintance whom he meets in the ftreets ; for they take a pride in complimenting each other in their hammocks, and will even hold long conferences in them in the ftreets,;. but then the two flaves who carry them, make ufe of a ftrong well- made ftafl', with an iron fork ajt the upper-end, and pointed below with iron : this they flick faft in the ground, and reft the bamboo, to which the hanmiock is fixed, on two of thefe, till their niaftcr's bufinefs or compliment is over. Scarcely any man of faftiion, or any lady, will pals the ftreets without being carried in this manner. Trade and chief towns.] The trade of Portugal is carried on upon the fame exclu- five p'au on. which the feveral natious of Europe trade with their colonies of America ; and it more p:irticularly rel'embles the Spanifh meth(xl, in not fending out fingle fhips, as the convenience of the feveral places, and the judgment of the European merchants, may di- re£t ; but by annual fleets, which fail at ftaled ti.ues from Portugal, and compofe three flotas, bound to as njauy ports in Brafil ; namely, to Pernambuco, in the northern part ; to Rio Janeiro, at the fouthern extremity ; and to the Bay of All-Saints, in the middle. In this laft is the capital, which is called St. Salvador, and fometimes the city of Bahia, and where all the fleets rendezvous on their return to Portugal. This city commands a no- ble, fpacious, and co umodious harbour. It is built upon an high and fleep rock, having the fca upon one fide, and a lake forming a ere fcent, inveftiug it alniott wholly fo as nearly to join the fca, on the other. The fituation makes it in a manner impregnable by nature; and they have befides added to it very ftrong furtificalions. It is populous, magnificent, and beyond comparifon the moft gay and opulent city in all Brafil. PORTUGUESEAMERICA. 533 ». Ti^p'*?*" of Brani is vciy great, and increafes every year ; which is the lefs furprifine as the Portuguefe have opportunities of fupplying themfdves with flaves for their fc irai rTca Iht'bdn'. ^h.'TT'' ''^'" '">^ ^^^f ^r^'"" P"^^«^ '^^' ^'^ fettlemems in An e- nca ; they bemg the only European nation that has eftablilhed colonies in Africa and iVom hence they import between 40 and 50,000 negroes annually, all of which VontoTlS amount of' the cargo of the Brafil-fleets for Europe. Of the diamond here if fupDofed to be returned to Europe to the amount of 130,00^. This, with tKgar! the obacco the hides, the valuable drugs for medicine and manufaaure., may give fome dea oHheTn": pomnce of this trade, not only to Portugal, but toall the trading ,,owers of Europe The chief commodities the European Ihips carry thither in return, are not X fiftieth part of the produce of Portugal : they confiftof vJoollen goods, of all kinds from En^ land, France, and Holland ; the linens and laces of Holland. France, and GwmZ the filks of France and Italy ; filk and thread ftockings. hats, lead, tin, pewter, iroT copper and all forts of utenWs wrought in thefe metals, from England as well as fa °fifh E flour and cheefe. Oil they have from Spain ; wine, with fom^ fruit, is nearly all thev are fupphed with from Portugal. England is at prefent moft interefted n the rfde of pLtu. gal, both for horne confumption and what they want for the ufe of the Brafils Howevlr the^French have become very dangerous rivals to us in this, as in many other branches of Brafil is a very wealthy and fiourilhingfettlement. Their export of fugar, within 40 years, IS grown much greater than It was. though anciently it made almoft thi uUe of^hek . exportable produce, and they were without rivals in the trade. Their tobacco is remark abiy good, though not railed in fuch large quamities as in the Amerier^Ton es. ¥l^ > SfH^^onl ^'^^^^"^.^T P'frl ^''''^ "^°""^ ^"^ ^^^"^'J ^«"J« = ^I'^f'^^e hunted for their •• hides only, of which no lefs than 20,000 are fent annually to Europe. The Portuguefe had been long in poffeiKon of Brafil before they difcovered thetreafures of gold and diamonds, which have fin =e made it fo confiderable.^ Their fleets rendSv^u in the bay of AU-Saints. to the amount of 100 fail of large fhips, m- the.«onth^f S or feten 7V^ "i7f " "''■«° ^'"^" ^°^""^'''" ^^^"^ '^'^^ 'refutes of the Spanift C and galeons. 1 he gold alone, great part of which is coined in America, amoumsto nSr ?b:in" a^i/or;' ' ^'' *""°' '""' " brought froiu their cobniesinAfrU togeSSJiS History and government.] This country was firft difcovered by Americus Vcfpu- ^. of A^l S.intV !nHT"^H'? ^^ "?' ^^T. " "" ' ^49. when they fi Jd theS^s a fhe Bay of All-Saints, and founded the citv of St. Salvador. They met with fome interrun tion at firft from the court of Spain. wL confidered the wholeUt nent of Sou h 3 nca as belonging to them. However, the afl.? was at length made up by treaty ; andl was agreed that the Portuguefe fhouldpoffefe, all the countryjyingbetweenty 'wo great, vers Won and Plata, which they Ml enjoy. The Freic J alfo made iome Lemp to plant colonies on this coaft, but were driven from thence by the Portuguefe who remained without a rtval till the year 1580. when in the very meJ^idian of Serity t^^^^ th^k W^Tp . ^f^^SV vr'^^ '°'^^°^'>' ^^"^^'^ 'h^ f^f^ °f kingdoms : Don SafTian! Iv n. ?i P ^^ ^^? ', ^f J' • ^fu"" ^"^ expedition againft the Moor! in Africa, and by tha Tl^i n ^°^';g"^^'°ft their liberty, being abforbed into the Spanifh dominions. ^ The Dutch foon after this, having thrown off the Spanifti yoke, and not fatisfied wiih • fupporting their independency by a fuccefsful defenfive war, and flulhed with he juven e ardor of a growing commonwealth, purfued the Spaniards into the remoteft receffes of their extenfive terntones. and grew rich, powerful, and terrible, by the fpoJs ofSS mer mafters. They particularly attacked the poffelfions of the PortUefe^. thev rS °!. moft ah tncir fortreffes in the Eaft Indies, and then turned their arms upoii Brafil',' w"hei^ they took feven of the captainfhips or provmces 5 and would have fubdued the whole co! I ■ A 'in il i #1 !J i ttnf 1 I C 1 w 934 FRENCH AMERICA. lony, had aot their career been ftoptby the archbiftiop, at the head of his monks, and a few I'cattercd forces. The Dutch were, however, about the year 1654, entirely driven out of Brafil ; but their Weft-India company ftill contiuuing their pretenfions to this country, and harailing the Portuguefe at Tea, the latter agreed, in 1661, to pay the Dutch eight tuns of gold, to relinquifh their intereft in that country, which was accepted ; and the Portuguefe have remained in peaceable polfeiUon of all BrafU from that time, till about the end of 1762, when the Spanilh governor of Buenos Ayres, hearing of a war between Portugal and Spain, took, after a month's fiege, the Portuguefe frontier fortreft called St. Sacrament j but, by the treaty of peace, it was reftored. FRENCH AMERICA. TH E pofieinons and claims of the French before the war of 1756, as appears by their maps, confifted of almoft the whole continent of North America ; which vaft coun- try they divided into two great provinces, the northern of which they called Canada (com- prehending a^much greater extent than the Briti(h province of that name), and in which they included a great part of the provinces of New- York, New- England, and Nova-Scotia. The fouthern province they called Louiliana, in which they included a part of Carolina. Thisdiftribution, and the military difpofition which the French made to fupport it, fonned the principal caufeof the war between Great Britain and that nation, in the year 1756, the iffue of which is well known to all the world. For while the French were rearing their in- fant colonies, and with the molt fanguine hopes forming vaft defigns of an extenfive em- pire, one wrong ftep in their politics loft them the whole; their imaginary empire, which exifted only on the face of their maps, vaniftied like fmoke. They over-rated their ftrength, and by commencing hoftilities many years too foon, they were driven from Cana- da, and forced to yield to Great Britain all that fine country of Louifiana oaftward of the Millifippi. At the treaty of peace, however, they were allowed to keep polfeflion of the weftern banks of that river, and the fmall town of New Orleans, near the mouth of it ; which, in 1769, they ceded to Spain, for reafons unknown to the public. The French therefore, from being one of the greateft European powers in that quarter, and to the American colonies a very dangerous neighbour and rival, have now loft all footing in North America ; but on the fouthern continent they have ftill a fettlement which is called CAYENNE, OR EQJJINOCTIAL FRANCE. IT is fituated between the equator and fifth degree of north latitude, and between the 50th and 55th of weft longitude. It extends 240 miles along the coaft of Guiana, and near 300 miles within laud; bounded by Surinam, on the North; by the Atlantic Ocean, Eaft ; by Amazonia, South; and by Guiana, "Weft. The chief town is Caen. All the coaft is very low, but within land there are fine hills very proper for fetile- ments ; the French have, however, not yet extended them £0 far as they might; but they raife the fame commodities which they have from the W«ft India iflauds, and in no in- confiderable quantity. They have alfo taken poffeflion of the iiland of Cayenne, on this coaft, at the mouth of the river of that name, which is about 45 miles in circumference. The ifland is unhealthy ; but having fome good harbours, the French have here fome i'et- tlements, which raife I'ugar and coflee. C 935 ] FRENCH I^'LANDS IN AMERICA. TT ^.^ fu'''^^ I""" *r"8 '^! ^f °*'^^"* ^^° ""^d^ fettlemems in the Weft Indies ; theifc'^ '^"?**' '^v ?' ^K">«^''«r <:ou«trv' is ultimately to receive all the benefit of Sk,^w?th"whTZ """'• '^ P'fr "^ /^'^^^ 1^'*'"^"°"'' '""ft ^ derived from the mS^ 1 r u ^^^ *'^ regarded at ho.ne. For this reafon, the plantations are ^rticularly under the care and infpeaion of the cour.cil of commerce, a'^board compo! llfthlirrn^ °K.'''^ ""f confiderable officers of the crown, aflifted by the depu^Kf and moft Si?. . "f'H^- '^^f '"^ ""'^^ ^"^ ^''«"^«' ^^o are chofen out of the cheft Pai fm^thlT H°^;^^l''-''''',"^\ P«''^ ^ h^"d'°™« falary for their attendance at dZ^ernlnof i' ""^ '^''' 'f^'^ "•"^^- '^^^'' ^'^"'^"1 1*"« ""'^e a week, when the tha^tarfi^T? P*°'/°' '-edrelluig every grievance of trade, for raifing the branches S?L tt f ' •°' ^'^^^"'^'"g "e"' «ne3> for fupporting. the old, and. in fine, for eveiT ni fo tSeirnlTr' '^' "^^l^^^S^or promote the vInt, of their mlnufaau/eraccorZ fied of the uSlll Af*"' '° '^' '"ftr^^ions of their conftituents. When they'are fatis- tiedot the ufefulnefs of any regulation, they propofe it to the royal council, where tZ X" '' "^r^' '"'''Z"^ "'."u^ P^"^'^"'*' «"^""°»- ^" ^dia t ^enforce it ac^orT w& olnn ' '' executed with a punduality that diftinguifhes their government, and ^tli ,K render the wifeft regulations an> thing better than feriou? mockeries. To. this body, the care of the plantations is particularly entrufted. . coSl^THnvi "'• ^"T? "•^u^"''^^' "^ governor, an intendant, and a royal fide of ;h.T?^i • T !! fr\^ ^"^ ^ S*-^^^ d«^I °f P«w"'- which, Jiowever, on the wt.^!? iT ' 'V^'^^^^^d '^y the intendant. who has th^care of the king's rights, and 7^TZ uT'^ '^ • '?^'°";= ""'* °° ^h« ^>*^e «f the people, it is checked by the roy^ bv ?he'.rh. ' ""tf. " '' '^?"u^'^V '^' P^P^^ ^^« not oppreffed by one, norCfrauid nLt\Vhnn,. if '^^^ are all checked by theconftant and jealous e^e which the govern, der th^ tZa ^^' f • "■ '^^"^ ' '^' ^^^^'•^ °^ «" *he ports of France being charged, un- der the fcvereft penalties, to interrogate all captains of fhips coming from the, colonies concerning the reception they met with at the ports to which they have failed ? how S Tr^f.S^'T^""^ *° 't!™ ^.^^^i ^^"g^^ ^hey were liable to. and of what kinds ? ^ l^fc i^ ^ .• n- ™^^ ^ \',^*^^''-" ^rthened as poffible, and that the governor may have faLSCJrh'^i*''"''''""^''^^?"^^ or favour faftions ia his governmem, hit ^rillZF Vl *'''*'^"; he has no perquifites, and is ftriaiy forbidden to carry on ™7,i ' ^' ^^""^ any plantations in the iflands or on the continent ; or any iniereft . Irwln /' ? ^ °- ^^"'^'' '^'^*''° his government, except the houfe he lives in, and a om nf tV"" *^°"^e°ie°^e and recreation. All the other officers are paid by the crown, . the fnWilf ^5"^' of the mother country. The fortifications are buiU and repaired, and . the loldiers paid, out of the fame funds. »«v«?"Tu their colonies pay no taxes; but when, upon any extraordinary emergency, n,Sn. f !!^%ra^?'J^% "^^"^ ^'^•y moderate. The duties upon the- export of their ; h^h nl K^ l""^ ^f^'' '"'°^^' ""' ^' «« ''"P^rt into France, are next to nothing ; in both places hardly making two per cent. . What commodities go to them pay no duties HeW?l! v^^" '^e"'^^^°««i refpeaing the judge of the admiralty, law-fuits, recoveiy of nfjnlM • ^ ? " ^' !T^ ^"^'■'■^d by earthquakes, hurricanes, or bad fealbns, the pco- «,Tn^^T^" ^^oionics, nnniber or whites to be employed by the planters, and, iaftly, the management of negroes, cannot be fufficiently admired ; and would, doubtlefs, be of great • I i' 93<5 tR^isCH AMERICAN ISLANDS. Iv m ufe, were foiiie of them introduced into out fugar iflands, where proper regulations many refpccla fccm to be much wanted. We have already maitiooed the French colony upon the Spanifh iflaud of Ilifpaniola, or St Domingo, as the mod important and valuable of all their foreign fctilcnicnls, and which they poffcis though the indolence of the Spaniards on that ifland, or the partiality of their court to the French nation. We (hall next proceed to the iUands of which tho French have the fole poHellion, beginning with the l.irge and important one of Martinico.] Which is fituaied between 14 and 15 degrees of north lat. and in 61 degrees weft Ion lying about 40 leagues north-welt of Barbadoes, is about 60 miles in length, and half as many in breadth. The inland part of ic is hilly, from which are poured out, upon every fide, a number of agreeable and ufeful rivers, which adorn and enrich this iiland in a high degree. The produce of the foil is fugar, cotton, indigo, ginger, and fuch fruits a« arc found in the neighbouring iflands. But fugar is here, as in all the Weft India iflands, the principal commodity, of which they export a cpnfiderable quantity annually. Martinico is the refidcnce of the governor of the French iflands in thefe leas. Its bays and harbours are numerous, fafe, and conmiodious ; and fo v\ell fortified, that they uled to bid defiance to the Englifti, who in vain often alieniptcd this jjlace. However, in the war of 1756, when the liritiflv arras were triumphant in every quarter of the globe, this ifland was added to the Britifli empire, but it was given back at the treaty of peace. Ci;adalupf.] So called by Columbus, liom the icfcinblance of its mountains to thofe of that name iu Spain, is fituated in 16 devices north lat. and in 62 weft Ion. about 30 leagues north of Martinico, and alnjoft as many fouth of Antigua; being 45 miles long, and 38 broad. It is divided into two parts by a fmall arm of the fea, or rather a narrow channel, through which no ftijjs can venture ; but the inhabitants pafs it in a ferry-boat. Its foil is equally fertile with that of Martinico, producing fugar, cotton, indigo, ginger, kc. This iftand is in a flourifhing condition, and its exports of fugar almoft incredible. Like Blariinico, it was formerly attacked by the Euglifti, who gave up the attempt; but in 1759, it was reduced by the Britifli arms, and was given back at the peace of 1763. St. Lucia.] Situated in 14 deg. north lat. and in 61 cleg, weft Ion. 80 miles north- weft of Barbadoes, is 23 miles in length, and 12 in breadth. It rtceived its name from being difcovered on the day dedicated to the virgin nurtyr St. Lucia. The Englilh firft fettled on this iflaud in i<537. From this time they met with various misfortunes from the na- tives and French; and at length it was agreed on between the latter and the Englifli, that this ifland together with Dominica and St. Vincent, ftiould remain neutral. But the French, before the war of 1756 broke out, bc^an to fettle tliefe iflands; which fcy the treaty of peace were yielded up to Great Britam, and this ifland to France. The foil of St. Lucia, in the vallies, is extremely rich. It produces excellent timber, and a1x>unds with pleafant rivers, and well fituated harbours ; and is now declared a free port under cer- tain reftriaions. The Enslifli made theraCelves mafters of it in 1778 ; but it was xeftored again to the French in 1783. •, r i. r Tobago.] This ifland is fituated 1 1 degrees odd mmutes, north lat. a 20 nules fouth ot Barbadoes, and about the fame diftance from the Spanifti Main. It is. about 32 . • --^ m length, and nine iu breadth. The climate here is not fo hot as might be expected Q> m:\r the equator ; and it is faid that it lies out of the couri'e of thofe hurricanes, that hr o;»ic. times proved fo fatal to the other Weft India iflantls. It has a fruitful foil, capable ot pro- ducing fugar, and indeed every thing elfe that is jraifed in the Weft Indies, with the ad- dition (if wc may believe the Dutch) of the cinnamon, nutmeg, and gum copal It is well watered with numerous fpnngs; and its bays and creeks are h difpofed as to be very commodious for all kind of ftiipj b-. The value ;and importance of this iiland appears from the expenfive and formid? .:e amiaraciiia fent thither by European powers in lup- port ot their dltferent claims, h i»:l is ;', have been chiefly poueffcd by the Datcij, vviiO 1) c- •■'' ^ 'N /. /- ■!. DUTCH AlVIERICA. 9:^1 dofcndea their pretcnfions againft both England and France with the uioft obftiimte perfe- verance. By the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelie, in 1748, it was declared neutral ; though, by tbp trfaty ot peace in 1763, it was yieldicd up to Great Britain; but in June 178 1, u was taktii by thie Krqnch, and ceded to them by the treaty of 1783. St. iJARTHOLOMiw, Dkskada, ) Aff thrcc Imall illands lying in the neighbourhood A»*p Marioalantk, f of Antigua and St. Cliridopher's, and are of no groat confcquence to the French, except in time of war, wh^-n they give llie'ter to an incredible number of privateers, which greatly auuoy our Weft India trade. It would therefore be good pohcy m Great Britain, qpon the breaking out oi a w*r with France, immediately to take polfcUjQji of thefe idands, which would Icem to be a matter of no great difhcultv M Jhev have been frequently reduced by the Engliib, and as frequently given back to the *re?ich; who have often experienced the generofity of ilic Britim court. St Bartholo- ni«w 18 BOW to be poqfidercd as belonging to the crown of Sweden, being 'ceded to it by The fmalluliada of St. Pierrk and Mi \]ir .n t-jv -n t » . -^ i ■'■"■ '-'■f"" tn-ii inuw juanus uniteu. iiui mc report was euliet- not 30 6D ^ il d'^: 935 DUTCH A M JE R 1 C A, beHe\eil or iliglned, for the colonies were left dcfencckf s, aud Hon were retaken by &■ French higate. Dr. Baiuroft obfmes, that the if/uabitants of Dutch Guiana, are cither whites> blacks^ or the rcddilh brown aboriginal natives of America. Ihe prOHiif«uous intercourfe of thefe diHerent people, has lik*wile generated feveral intermediate ca'ls, who;a colour., immuta- blv depend oii tiicir degree of confanguiuity to either Whites, Indians, or Negroer. Thefe ait di\ided into Mulattoes, Tercerones, Q^arteroues, and Qjjuicrones, with feveral intermedial? fubdi\ ifions, proceeding from their retrograde intercourfe. There are fo groat a number of birds, of various fpecies and remarkable for tVt bca'"ty ©f sheir plumage, in Guiana, that fe\eral perfons in this colony have en)plo}ed ibemfelves advan- tageoufly, with their Haves and dependents, in killing and pfefervir.g birds for the c.ibihets of naturalifts in dirterent parts of Europe. The torporific eel is ibund in the rivers of Guiana, which, when touched either by the hand, or by a mxJ of iron, gold, filver, cop- per, or by a Hick of foine particular kinds of heavy Ameiicm wood, coniMunicStes r iho'-k perfectly refembli-ug that of eledtricity. 7'nepe are an fmmenfe number and variety of fnak;s in thiscountn', and .vhich form one of its principal inconveniencies. A«fnake was killed fo'ue years lince, on a plantation which had belonged to Peter Amyatt, Efq. which was upwards of thiiiy-three feet in length, and in the largefl: place, near the mid- dle, was three ftct in circumference. It had a broad head, large prominent eyes, and a very wide mouth, in which was a double row of teeth. Among the animals of Dutch Guiana, is the Laubba, which is peculiar to this- country. It is-afmall ampiiibious crea- tuie, about the fze of a pig four months old, covered with fine ihort hair ; and its flelh, by the Europeans who rcfide here, is preferred to all other kinds of meat.. DUTCH ISLANDS is AMERICA. St. Eustatius. y QITUATED in 17» 29' N. lat. 63" 10' W. Ion. and tHrec leagues OK EusTATiA.] fi^ north-weft of St. Chriftopher's, is only a mountain, about 2<> miles in compafs, riling out of thefea, like a pyramid, and almoft round. Eut, though fo- fmall, and inconveniently laid out by nature, the induftry of the Dutch have made it to turn to very good account; and it is laid to contain 5000 whiles, and i5,coo negjoes. The fides of the mountain are laid out in very pretty fcttlenients ;^ but they have neither, fpriugs nor rivers. They raife here Uigar and tobacco j and this ifland, as well as CuralTOu, is engaged in the Spanifli contraband trade, for which, however, it is not lb well fituated ; and it has drawn the fame advantage from its conftant neutrality. But when hoftilities were commenced by Great Britain againft Holland, admiral Rcnlney was fent with a confi- derable land and fea force againft St. Euftatius, whiciv being incapable of any defence, lurrendered at difcretion, on the 3d of February 1781. Ihe private property of the in- habitants was confifcated, with a degree of rigour very uncommon among civilized na- tion", and very inconfifteut with the humanity and generofiiy by which the Englifti nation ufed to be charaderifed. The reafoa afligped was, that the inhabitants of St. Euftatius had allifted the revolted colonies with naval and other ftores. But on. the 27th of No- vember, the fame year, St. Euftatius was retaken by the French, under the command of the marquis de Bouille, though their force confifted of only three frigates and fome fmall craft, and about 300 men. CijR ASSOC.] Situated in 12 degrees north lat. per 10 leagues from the coniiiient of Terra Firnia, is 30 nailes long, and lO broad. It feenisas if it were fated, that the ingenuity and patience of the Hollanders ftiould every where, both in Europe aud America, be em- ployed in fighiingr njTainft an unfricudlv nature: for the idand is not only barren,, and de- pendent upon the rains for its water, but the harbour is naturally one of the worft in America : yet the Dutch ba^'e entirely remedied that dcfctJl; ibey hare upon this harbo'iv DUTCH AMERICAN ISLANDS. 959 »oc of the largeft, and by far one of the moft elegant and cleanly towns in the Weft In- * The Dutch Ihips from Europe touch at this ifland for intelligence, or pilots, and thea proceed to the Spamfh coafts for trade, which they force v irh a ftrong hand, it b^ing crj tuhf.Z t" ^ r'""' K''^' '^^^ ^° ''^'. *»^<^fe velfeis ; for they axl not only ftout^fiips^ JI Lft^lTn S'/ f ^"?' k"' '^','"Tf'^ f''^ '"«*^ "^^'^ °^ ^^hofen leamen: deeply in! terefteJ in the fafety of the velTel and the fuccefs of the voyage. They have each a fhare in th.^ cargo, of a value proportioned to the ftation of the owner, fupplied bv the nier- rage and they fight bravely, becaufeeverj' man fights in defence of his own property Jierides this, there is a conftant uuercourfe between this iftand and the Spanifh coL lh^¥?^IndtT T"""' ^"^■^^""ff ' al^ys f"" of the commodities of Europe and mLfit n 1 ^^%^'^ ^V""'^' i '^^°''*^'' ^"'^ """» *^l°^h' J^^«» I'J^s. "bands, iron of India, white and naiflted. Hither the Dutch Weft India, which is allb their African €onipany, annually Wing three or four cargoes of (laves ; and to this mart the Spaniards \thfZ' "ST "' /•"'" ""-'^'K """^f '.''7 ^«' °*^^ ^"^J' »he beft of tl,e negroes, af a very S.?r?L^.l^'"r TT''' °/ '1' '^^ "^^'^ ^°'*^ °^ e*'^^^ 5 «" J the f Jer has this ad^ nn?.Tnn ht /'^M «f «'^.^^h?"'^^» «"d iiiercers fhops. and every thing that is grown unfafhionableand unfaleable m Europe, go off here extremely well; eveiy thine bci^i^ fufficiently rrcommended by its being European. The Spaniards pay in gold and S? ^ned or i. bars, cocao, vanilla, jefuits bark, cochineal, and o^thi valuabirconmS no^ef^ lh,'!f .1 onof T\ •"' • '° 'T' °^ ^^'^' '' ^^''^ ''' ^ ^n""a"y ^vorth to the Dutcli no lels than 500,0001. but in time of war, the profit is ftill greater, for then it become" he common emporium of the Weft Indies : it affords a retreat to fh ps of aTnaions. Td VttT -llf f^'h "•''"' f ^^*^"' ''"'' ^"^ "tnmunition to deftroy one another l^e eicourle v:nh Spam being then interrupted, the Spanifh colonies have fcarcely any other o . hifn ^J^^^^^.^'i^y "" be well fupplied either with flaves or goods. Vhelwh ZLtn^/f n"V''a'^^-' ^'''^' '^"^' '^°"'-' »t^d lumber, which afe brought from he tontinent of North America, or exported from Ireland ; fb that, whether in peace or ir war, the trade of this ifland flourilTies e.\tremely. >viiemci m peace oi if. |;hctrade of aUthcDutchAmcricanfeitlemcntswasoriginally carried on by the Wcf^ India company alone: atpi-efeut, luch flups as go upon that trade, pay two and llfpa- cent, for then- licences, the compmy, however. rel«-ve to ihenl4s the whole of vha IS carried on between Africa and the. American iflands. The other iflands, Bonaire and Aruba, arc inconfiderable in ihemfclvcs, snd fliould be The fmall iflands of Saba and St. Martinis, fiiuatcdat no great diftancc from St J'l^latius hardly defcrvc to be mentioned : they were lx)th ca, tured ^ uelmiral RoZ; and G^k • 6 D 2 ' I .1 " I , ^'' *V ' h '^•^ ^o DANISH AMERICAN ISLANDS. ral Vaughan, at the time when Euftatius furrenderod to the anus of Great Britain, hat were .fterwards retaken by the French. Danish Islands in Amkrica. St. Thomas.] A N inconfiderable liieirtbej' of the Caribbeed, fituated iti 64 deg't?^ XJl weft Ion. dnd 18 tiorth lat. iabout 15 miles in circuhifei-etice, arid has a fafcand commodious harbdur. St. Croix, or Santa Cru7.] Another fiiiall and unhealthy ifland, lying about fiveJ Icigaics eaft of St. Thomas, tenor twelve leagues in length, and three or four where it is broadeft. Thefe iflands, fo long as they remained in the hands of the Danilh Well India Company, were ill managed, and of little confequence to the Danes ; but that wife and be- nevolent prince, the late king of Denniatk^ boughi up the Company's ftock, and laid the trade open ; antl fince that time the ifland of St. Thomas, as \»'tU as this, has been fo greatly improved, that it is faid to produce upwards of 3000 hogfliedds of lugar of loco weight each, and other of the Weft India commodities in tolerable plenty. In time of war, privateers bring in their prizes here for fale ; and a great many velfeis trade from hence along the Spanifti Main, and return with money in fptx^ie or bars, and valuable merchan- dile. As for Santa Cruz, from a perfeft defert a few years fince, it is beginning to fettle faft ; fevcral perfons from the Englifti iflands, fome of them of great wealth, have gone to fettle there, and have received very great encouragement to do lb. Thefe two nations, the Dutch and Danes, hardly deferve to be mentioned abong the proprietors of America ; their pofleflions there are comparatftely nothing. But as they appear extremely worthy of the attention of thefc powers, and as the fhare of the Dutch is worth to them at ieaft 600,000 1. a year, what muft we think of our exteufive and valuable poffeffions? what attention do they not deferve from us ? and what may not be made of them by that attention ? ''' ' " ' ' •*•'!'■ " There feems to be a remarkable providence (faVs an iiigfc'niolis' and polite writer) in rafting the parts, if I may ufe that expreilion, of the feveral European nations who art upon the ftage of America. The Spaniard, proud, lazy, and magnificent, has an ample- walk in which to expatiate; a foft climate to indulge his love of eafe, and a profufion of gold and filver to procure him all thole luxuries his pride demands, but which his lazinels would refufehim. ^ " The Portuguefe, naturally indigent at home, and enterprifing rather than induftrious abroad, has gold and diamonds as the Spaniard has, wants them as he docs, but poffeffes I hem in a more ufeful, though a lefs oftentatious manner. " The Euglifli, of a reafoning difpofition, thoughtful and cool, and men of bufinefs ra- ther than of great induftry, impatient of much fruitlefs labour, abhorrent of conftraint, and lovers of a country life, have a lot which indeed produces neither gold nor filver; but they have a large trail of a fine continent ; a noble field for the exercileof agriculture, and lufficieut to furnifti their trade without laying them under great difficuhies. Intolerant as they are of the moft ufeful reftraints, their commerce flourifhes fi om the freedom every man has of purfuing it according to his own ideas, and direding his life after his own fafhion " The French, aftive, lively, enterprifing, pliable, and politic ; and though changing their purfuits, always purfuing the prefent objert with eagernefs, are, notwithftanding, tradable, and obedient to rules and laws, which bridle their difpofitions, and wind and turn them to proper ctmries. Thefe people have a country (when Canada was in their ])oi- leHion) where more is to beeflerted by managing the people than by cultivating the ground ; where a peddling commerce, that requires conftant motion, flourilbcs more than agricul- ture, or a regular traffic; where they have difficulties which keep them alert by ftiuggling :!'' NFW DISCO V. ERIE S. g^j with them, and where their obedience to a wife government (meaning the exceUem regula- tions already mentioned refpeding the French colonics iu America) ferves them for per^ fonal wifdom. In the ifiands, the whole is the work of their policy, and a right torn their government has taken. ^ /' 6 " T*ie Dutch have a rock or two, on which to difplay the miracles of frugality and dili- gjence (which are their virtues), and on which they have exerted thefe virtues, and Ihewn thole miracles. ,a..viiuvv»« NEW DISCOVERIES. O^Ah'iTJ-''^^''^?r^l''^ has been confiderably augmented by the late difcoveries • of the Ruffians, and Itill more bythofe that have been made by Britifti ruvigators in' the prefent reign, which have been numerous and important: and of thefe difcoveries we Ihall therefore here give a compendious account. NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO. THIS conMs of feyeral groups of iQands, .^^ich are fituated between the eaftern coaftof kamtfchatka and the weftern coaft of the continent of America* Mr Aleutian iljands. The firft group, which is called by fome of the iflanders Safijman com prebends, i. Beering's Ifland. 2. Copper liland. ^.3. Otma. 4 Smy a or^S^^^^^^^^ i' KiSf^; t'^ ^r'^ ''T " '^Y ^'^^°' -dcon^prizes eight iflaS ;iz i^ iSk. ^'^'^.^'^■^''^^^^^'^'.^.Axa, 5.Kavia, 6. Tfchangulak, 7 Ulagama, 8. Amtfchidea rh. third general name is Negho, and comprehciids the ifiands known to the RSranfun* der the name of Andreanofflki Oftrova : iiA-tecn of which are n.cnSedimder the follow-* ingnames I Amatkmak; 2. Ulak ; 3. Unalga; 4.Navotfha; 5. UHga 6 Ana^^^^^^^^ Kagulak; 8. Illafk, or II ak; 9. Takavauga, upon which is a volcano; ^o Kanagaf which An,^ Tr^r^".^''-^^' i2.Sketfhuna; l.^.Tagaloon; 14. GoreloiMS Ot?h„; r^ c^th l^^^°"/:5hsroup IS called Kavalang, and comprehends fixteeninands; which a c cal ed by the RulharsZv#. Ofirov,, or the Fox IJknds- and which are named, i A nuchta galga; p.Skclmaga; ic.Unmak; 1 1. Agun-Alafhka ; is.UnimRa' ix L'W- ta An turo-LeiflTume; 15. Semidit; 16. SenagaL ^"^iga, ij. u.igan, 14. An- Someof thefe illancls are only inhabited occafionallr, and for fome months in the vear and others^arc very thinly peopled ; but othershave a great number of inhaWt nt "who^con-' ' ftantly refide m them. Copper HUiud receives its name from the coppei which the^ea throws upon Its coails The inhabitanrs of thefe iflands are, in gcnLl?of alor'to e beard Hattifh faces, and fair Ikins. They are for the moil part well made, and of ftron^r conftitutions, luitable to the boifterous cli'mate of their ifles.^ The inhTbiSn s ofl S mn illeshve upon roots which grow wild, and fea-animals. They do not employ thfm. felves m catchingfifh, though the rivers abound with all kinds of falmon, andTe iL whh tnrbot. Iheir clothes are made of the Ikins of birds, and of fea-otte7s. Ilcles and learning.' i. ..^:;^^::7l^i^:^^^^'^^:^ ^>' ^^'^^^ ^' »»''■ ' \ ii;; i \ ii fni NEW DISCOVERIES. The Vox iiUuds ^iv fo c»lM from the great number of black, grey and red foxes with which ihcy ak.uud. J he Urcfs of tlie iubabjtant<» confift* of a cap and a fur coat, which reaches tlc»wn to the knee, So^je of theni wear common cap* of a party-coloured hivd (kin, upon which they leave part of the wings and tail. On the fore-part of their hunt- ing and hfliing cap?, they place a foJaU board like a fkreen, adorned with the jaw bones yf Ica-bcars, and ornamented with glafa beads, which they receive in baiter from the RuHians, At their feltivals and dancing-parties they ufe a much more (hewy fort of caps, 1 hey feed upon the flelh of all forts of fea-animals, and generally eat it raw. IJiit if at any time they choofe to drefs their victuals, they make ule of a hollow ftonc ; having placed llie filh or flefh therein, they cover it with another, and clofe the interflicea with lime or clay. They then lay it horizomally upon two ftones, and light a fire under it. The proviljon intended for keephig is dried without fait in the open air. Their weapons confift of bows, arrow*, and darts, and for defence they ufe wooden Ihields. '1 he njolt jKrfeft equality reigns among thefe iflanders. They have neither chiefs nor fiipcriors, neither laws nor pumlhmems. They live together in families, and focieties of fevcral familie* united, which form what they call a race» wl)0, in cafe of an attack, or defence, mutually help and fupport each other. The inhabitants of the fame ifland always pretend to he of the fa.mc race ; and every petfon looks upon his ifland as a pof. feflion, the property of which i» conmion to all the individuals of the fame ibicety. Teafts arc very common among thcni, and more particularly when the inhabitants of one ifland are vifued by thufe of the others, llie men of the village meet their gucits beating drums, and preceded bv the women, who dance. At the conclufion of the dance, the hods fervc up their ueft provifions, and invite their guefts to par- take of tlie fcaft. 'J hey feed tiieir children when very young with the coarfeft flefh, and for the moft part raw. If an infant cries, the mother immediately carries it to the fea'fide, and, whether it be fummer or winter, holds it naked in the water until it is quiet. This cuilom is fo far from doing the children any harm, that it hardens them againft the cold, and they accordingly go barefooted through the winter without the leaft inconvenience. They feldom heat their dwellings ; but, when they are defirous of warm- ing themfelves, they light a bundle of hay, and ftand over it ; or elfe they fet fire to train-oil, which they pour into a hollow ftone. They have a good ihare of plain natural fenfe, but arc rather flow of underdanding. They ieem cold and inditferent in moil of their adlions ; but let an injury, or even a fufpicion only roufe them from this phlegmatic ftatc, and they become inflexible and furious, taking the moft violent revenge, without .my regard to the confequcnces. The leaft affliflion pronspts them to fuicide, the ap- jireheiiuon of even an uncertain evil often leads them tp defpair, and they put an end to I heir d lys with great apparent infeulibilityi TiiK P E L E W I S L A N D S. TH K cxiftencfe and fituation of thefe ifland* were probablv known to the Spaniard* at a diftaut period ; but from a report among the ncigobouring iflauds, of their Wing inhabited by a favage race of Cannibals, it appears that there had never been the leaft comm'oincation between tncm and any of the Europeans, till the Antelope Packet, (be- Joiigiug to the Eaft India company) wa« wrecked on one of them, in Auguft 1783' From the accounts given of tlielc iflands, by Captain Wilfou, who commanded tlio l*ackct, it appears that they arc fituatc between the 5th and 9th degrees north latitude, and between I30_and 136 degrees of Eaft longitude from Greenwich, ^nd lie in a N. E. aAd 8. W. dlrc«Jilon j they are long but narrow, of a ujoderatc height, and well covered f^^cca'Uut*, plantainN, bauitna^, orangci, &\\i lemons; and the furrounding feas abound f ith thf f neft and grcaieft variety of nfti. NEW DISGOVERIE S. 943 The natives of thcfe iflands are a ftout, well-made people, above the middle ftitur^ • the.r complexions are of a far deeper colour than what U SndeZ>5 b^te Indian col' per. but not black Ihe mengoemirely naked, and the women we.fr onlv ti^ nnaU 1 he government is monarchical, and the king is abfolute, but his power is excrcifeJ rnore wuh the m.ldnefs of a father than a foverdgn. In the language orEuroperns he IS the fountain of honour; he occafionally creates his nobler, ^led RupS or Chiefs and confer, » Angular honour of knighthood, called the Onier of the B^frtli m«^iS of which are dinmguiftied bv wearing a Bone on their arm. ' "'^*^^*' „-V"'' . * "^ ^T^ Jflanders as communicated by the publiftied account of Caotain TJ\n\^l fi^'St 'ftP'^P'^' ^'^^' '^^' ^°»»'iy ignoraJtof the Arts and Sdenc^. and ill" lndTJ^^^ ?-^^''' of nature, yet pofll-fs all that genuine politcnefs. tha delicacv ?.?lirSn?2: ! '"*"^°"'^'^ between the fexes, that refjea for perfonal pro^rty tha^ It appears that wbea the Englifh were thrown on one of thcfe rilatid. thev were re cen'ed by the natives with the greateft humanity and hofpitality; anSltheb-LparTure' exi^nenced the utmoll courtefy and attention/ « They felt ou people were diSrefed « rut "" T.f'^^^".^,^ wdhed thiev (hould fhare whatever ,hey had trgWe It ir^ „« « man to matt It IT. , f P"'"^ "'"°."?'^ «»1 °^^^«^ benevolence. It was the love of « whSi ^K f «!. i^ '^f °^ '^*' P'*'^"'"^" *»"">»« n-'t^'-e in triumphant colouring and « whilft their hberaiity gratified the fenfej their virtue ftruck the heaxVi:' ''*''°"""S' ^"'^ T OTAHEITE, or Kthg George's Isl AND. VuL ^A"^. was drfcovered by captain Wallis. in the Dolphin % on the loih of June, 1767. It K fituated between the 1 7th degree 28 minutes, and the 1 7th degree w!lI!l''lW"vi'"^ '"'=""""■ «"'!"thc command of captain vr*II.», with the Swallow, commanJed by captain Carteret Vr to make difcoveriei in the fouthcrn h^mifphere. Thcfc veffel. aC^ w"«'"«'"'"' ''""'7""" >vichi„ (i^htof thVSouth.^a yi.n.i .„ • i? L ^ .'"* "'^'" "^y he Jifcovered another Ihc i,ih.b,ta„t. of this iOand. captain Tallin r^.^wcrc*t'fi mKldl,- ft.ture, and dark complcxioi, witR lone Mack hair wh.K hung loofc over their Ihould.r,. The men! were wcUn»l^^ ..e wom,-n h.ndfon,.. Their clol^in/nr rk Wcoa f clo(horma,,,nK ^vh;>h w:., f.flcncd about tLir n i, dio TnX •er healfodiLovtred fovr;.! other fmall Hand,, to whiT 1^^ Onthei9thof the fame month he d;feovcrcd th« ifland of }l c'u"c ^^\" ""^ ''"' 1"'""' '''" '"=>"''. he difcovcrcd, on the »8th of Ju'y ,.767, another ifland abcuf lii mile, lonp. whuh he called .Sir Ch,rl„ Saum'tn' IJl,,,,!; and on the loth of the fame month, anotRc.-ahout ten milci h.ni;, and four br.fad, which he citllod LrJlLrvf, l/la,.L After hnTin? difcovcrcd fotnu other Imall illanus, oneof which w.is natncd fra/li,', //«„/, he arrived at Batavia on the 3,th ,>f November, at the Cape of Good Hope onthe4thof.Febr»ary 1768^ and hi»fliip anchored f»fely in the Downs on the loth of May followin.^. ' Captain Carteret, in the ^wallmv," after he Mad inrtcd with captain Wallii,, nuhe DnljAin; ha»ing palTcd throu.'h the«ri-t of Magellan, and made fomc Iby at the iiland of Mafafuerr>. difcovered, on the »d of July 1 767, an ifliiid about ftve miles in circnmfercnce, to which he gave the name of PiuahV, l//„„J. It he, in latitude a i" a' S longi^„,k 13,^1,' W. and abmif ,1 fhoufand leagues to the eaftwarj of the continent of Ameri 1. Inc I ith of the fame mnnrh he dJfcoYcrri! a^.nt^^r ',';-. ii ifliO.l to whuh he gnve the nsme of th'sfi^* Tfoji'Xr'^h''. "w'.n.l. M P'V""''' "' ''if'-overcd two other /'mall illan.ls, whilh \ e called th Ouk, =f C;l,,ctft„-t m,nr,n; Wa»J, and Caricrii's IflanJ.. On the I4t1» He afterwards difcover.d feverat other idands, and (Iioii prorcrd- .,f .}.„ fasn: ninntU. h;; difcov.r.-d S"- cf-.rU, //.,,,/y'/ IfljaJ. id round die Cape of Good Hope to Englai!", whef: he iiriived which lies in Uiiiiule \' 50' S. ;iiid the next day fVinch l/u'i IJI.imU in March 1 769. \vhich is diflaat. about tyi leagu.s, iii the dTcftian of S. b^- E. NEW DISCOVERIES. ^^. we have in Europe. The ct Her fort fermlnuS n^pu^^^^^ ^^° '^^ Otaheite believe TZ Supren.!' Dehv hTr Tf .L^r" "*^5^^"^S X neat. The inhabitants of ordinate Deities :the;oflTuptherp^^^^^^^ enceof the foul in a feparate Sate ihZ 7J ^ r^ °^. ''***^'' ^"'^ believe (he exill- happinefs. An.ong\trp?op fa fl'rd^^^^^^^ of Ihe early ftate of thi Europ7aa nationr S Tfeu2a^^^^^ ""T. '''''^'' ^^^f "?'^^ pens to be made upon the ifland everv diS ?f S 4^ i^* -I ? ^^"^''^^ ^""^'"^ ^ap- diersfor the comnLdefere 'TheiZwei^ns ^^n;^"'^ '^^i^'f ''' propunion of fol- rity. and clubs of about fi" or feven fe^t liT 5 ^''' '^'''*'^ they ufe with great de^tc Otaheitans. 'onaoi.ant^ ot the two iormer neatly agreeing with the XTe'^SouH ir^ vr»'™P"*" t"' P"f"n. i«o feme pirt Wallu returned- and t f,„- ? ' "r<;duion, captain lord Mort ",, whu, c LmZ^T "^""'"'^"J^J "• him b^ formed w)„ra.T,l,cy xvouid h.ve tl.eir obferver/feM L C cho.ccof that pj.ce Ca,,tain C.ok Tct fail fro.rPlym^mh l*" the Liideavour, o;i the l6th of Au-uft i7«S H. '''''"'"""' "' th ;'f"aiw%vi,h'r'""^ nll.bcy.ot .,L .be tV^p '. ; t "e' 30 fouud iu the 6 Philoibphical Tranfadlions. After his dcnartur* from n. i, -. captain Cookdifcevcred and vifited the EHflanTs and ^^^^^ titudeof 40 degrees »» minute.; loneitud- ,a- dcrZ^, ' nute, W. ; and afterward, made ^ accurate fur/cvorbVr' n"f ^h^'r'"",-, ,'- N»v-.b,r. be difeo;ere'r; Lin of fl:",f New HS^bnH"'^t"■"^ '^'"'''- "^ "forwards proceeded t- New HoUdnd, and from tbciice to New Guinea; and in Wem ter 17,0 arrived at the ifland of Savu. from uCnA h?u^ ceeded to Ba.avia. and fro.n the.ue r.mi.d the c!u^ cC t^ t Hope to England, where be arrived on tlie , «h of June . 7 »^ Soon after capta.n Cook', return home in the I^.deavoBr it was refolved to equip two fliip., in oiocr to makt f r,h J,^v rndVbi".!!' '■-•''^"hcmlfpLre. Wd^TglJ'h Refo^ and the Adventure were appointed for that DuroolV. ..!,.«? wa, commanded br captain Cook, and tl. e latfer Ey cJot^fn t"* bu. Furneanx. jLy failed from Plyn.ou.h W^ "/die ,lt Tfl JH'"; V/',"'"' °" "'= *»'•' »»■ 'he fame n.ondi arr "ved at ?h= •fland of Madera. From thence thej proceeded to the Cane of Good Hope; and in February ,7,,, arrived at New 7.F^ having, f,, i ,^ f J.,,,7^ -|y;;a_^at New Z tu^ i.on and the Adventure were feparated, aud did ot L. ol Vany any more. Captain Cook .'^ however, pro ceded .Ce I lolutton. m order to u.uke aif.overie. in the fuutbcrn ^^l" ' ^i' ons but wa, fto^.ped in h,s progref.by the ice. ^?u" 'u ftuSe^'f 71 degrees 10 mumt^s fjuth ; lonoitu'le i<,6 > ,-Jr, .. '■''"^de of w«ft. 1 le tli.n proceeded to Eu Ur fl., d !flH ' * '""'"J" i!'':n'j»-. "■=^fl«-'-**i"'i.d,iciAcied.uurinau.l.. v..l,,..|. I, ' . ? 1 1/: Mstfe:d€Sii!::^^lS 1 ■!»>-!» ^^^H ^^^^1 7 i^». l.'^^^l ri ^Ha| .J* "''*^^^H ifl 94^ NEW DISCOVERIES. and BotABOLA. Huahkink is about 31 leagues to the norili-weft of Otaheite, and ua nroduaions are exadly the fame, but it appears to be a month forwarder. Themhabitants leem to be larger made, and more ftout, than thofe of Otaheite. Mr. Banks meafured one of the men, and found him to be fix feet three inches and a half high ; vet they are fo indolent, that he could not pcrfuade one of them to go up the hills with hini; tor they faid, if they were to attempt it, the fatigue would kill them. The women are lairer than thofe of Otaheite, and both fexes appear lefs timid and lei's curious ; though in their drels, laneuage, and almoft every other circumllance, they are the fame. Their houies are u«at, and they have boat-houfes that are remarkably large. Vlitea is about leven or eight leagues to the louth-weftward of Huaheine, and is a much larger illand, but appears neither fo fer- tile nor fo populous. The principal refreftuwents to be procured here are plantains, co- coa-nuts, yams, and fowls; bu* the two lall are rather fcarce. Olaha is divided from V.\i- tea by a ftrait, that, in thenarroweft part, is not above two miles broad. This idand af- fords two good harbours, and its produce is of the ian-e kind as that of the other iflands. About four leagues to the north-weR of Otaha lies Bolabola, which is furrounded by a reet of rocks, and fevcral fmall illands, all which are no more than eight leagues m compafs. To thefe illands, and thofe of Marua, which lie about fourteen miles to the weft ward of Bolabola, containing fix in all, captain Cook gave the name of Society Illands. Ta- booyainanoo, or Saunders's Ifland, may be here mentioned alio, being iubjedt to Huabeine, O H R O A. TH I S idand is fituated in the latitude of 22 deg, 27 min. foutb, and in the longi- tude of 150 deg. 47 min. weft from Greenwich. It is thirteen miles in circuit, and rather high than low, but neither fo populous nor fertile as fome of the other illands in thefe feas. The inhabitants are lufty, and well made, but are rather browner than thofe of Otaheite. Their principal weapons are long lances made of etoa-wood, which is very hard, and fonie of them are near twenty feet long. THE FRIENDLY ISLANDS. THESE iftands were fo named by captain Cook in the year 1773. on account of the friendftiip which appeared to fubfift among the inhabitants, and from their cour- teous behaviour to ftrangers. Abel Janfen Talman, an eminent Dutch navigator, firft touched here in 16+3, and gave names to the principal illands. Captain Cook labonoully where he arrived on the 30th July I775- Captain Furneaux haH returned to England, in tUe Adventure, a year before, havnig proceeded home round the cape of Good Hope, without making any remarkable difcovery. Ten of his men, a boat's crew, haiJ been murdered and eaten by fome of the favages of New Zea- land ; fo that this voyage afforded a mclancholv proof that canni- bals really exilt ; and, indeed, in the courfe of thefe voyages of difcovery, other evidence appeared of thisfaft. As to captain Cook, in the courfe of his voyage in the Rcfolution, he had made the circuit of the fouthcrn ocean, in a high latitude, and had tra- verfed it in fuch a manner, as to leave not the Icaft room for the pofflbilityof there being a fouthern continent, unlefs near the pole, and out of the reach of navigation. It dcferves alfo to be remembered, in honour of that alle commander, captain Cook, that, with a company of an hnndrcd and eighteen men, he per- formed this voyage of three years and eighteen days, tliroughout all the chmates, from lilty-tv,o degrees north, to fLventy-one degrees fouth, with the lofs of only one man by fickncfs; and this appears in a confiderable degree, to have anfen from the ereal humanity of the commancfer, and his uncommon care and fitentisn toad'-pt every method f'-'f pr.fcrving the health of bi( men. ing thefe iflands, he fteered to the fouthward a few days, and difcovtTcd New Caledonia Having furvtjred the fouth-weft coaft of this ifland, captain Cook fteered again for New Zealand, in order to refrefli his crew, and put his fliip into a condition to encounter the dangers attending the navigation in the high fiiuthern latitudes. DireSing his courfe to the fouth and eaft, af- f r leaving New Zealand, till he arrived in the latitude of 55 dc- frrees fix minutes fouth, longitude 138 degrees 56 minutes welt, without meeting with any continent, captain Cook gave up all hopei of difcovering any in this ocean ; and therefore came to a refolution to fleer diredly for the weft entrance of the ftraits of Magellan, with a view of coafting and furveying the uttermoft tiie wcuerii ii"*uii* w» ^ni, ikiAit.* ui i^tuj^^.i*..., - „ with any thing remarkable in thi> new route. In January 1 775, he difcovered a large and dreary ifland, to which he gave the rame of Stuth GargU. He afterwards difcovered various capes and elevated fnow- dad coafts, to the moft feuthern part of which he gave the name of the Sitikirm Thult, as being theneareft land lot^atpolc, which has ytl been difcovered. in rcbruary, nc .Ufcovered SanJvuek LarJ, and fevera! iflands covered with fnow. He then procteded round the Cape of Good Hope to England, K E W D I S G V E R I E S. 547 explored the whole elufter, which he found to confift of more than fixty. 'Ihc three iflaads which Tafman faw he named New Amftcrdam, Rotterdam* and Middleburg. The firft is the largeft, and extends about 21 miles from eaft to weft, and about 13 from north to fouth. Thefe iflands are inhabited by a race of Indians, who culuvate the earth ^vith great iuduftry. The iflaud of Aiiifterdam is interfeded by ftraight and pleafant roads, with fruit-trees on each fide, which provide ftiade from the fcorching heat of the fun. ° The chief iflands are Annamooka, Tangataboo (the refidcnce of the fovereign and the chiefs), Lcfooga, and Eooa. Lefooga is about 7 miles long and in fome places not above two or three broad It is in many refpefls fuperior to Annamooka. The plantations are both more numerous and more extenfue; and incloled by fence« which, running parallel to each other, form fine fpacious public roads, which would appear beautiful iu countries where rural conveniences have been carried to the greateft perfedion. They are, in general, highly cultivated, and wcll-ftocked with the feveral roots and fruits wbicfe thele illands produce, and captain Cook endeavoured to add to their numbe/ by planting Indian corn, and the ieeds of melons, pumpkins, and the like. Eooa, when viewed from the fliip at anchor, formed one of the moft beautiful prof- peds in nature ; and ery different from the others of the Friendly Ifles ; which being low and perfedly level, exhibit nothing to the eye but the trees which cover them : whereas here, the land rifuig gently to a confiderable height, prefents us with an extenfue profped, where groves of trees are only interfperfed at irregular diftances, in beautiful diforder, and all the reft is covered with grafs, except near the Ihores, where it is entirely covered with fruit and other trees; amongft which are the habitations of the natives. Iu order to have a view of as great a part of the ifland as pofliblc, captain Cook and foine of his officers walked up to the higheft point of the ifland. From this place they had a view of almoft the whole ifland, which confifted of beautiful meadows of prodigious extent, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations. ♦ While I was fur- *vcymg this delightful profped,' favs captain Cook, ' I could not help flattering myfelf ' with the pleafing idea that fome future navigator may, from the fame ftaiion, behold ' thefe meadows ftocked with cattle, brought to thefe iflands by the Ihips of England ; * and that the completion of this fingle benevolent purpofe, independent of all other ' confide rations, would fufficiently mark to poftcrity, that our voyages had not been * ulelefs to the general interefts of humanity. The next morning,'' fays our benevolent commander, ' I planted a pine-apple, and lowed the feeds of melons, and other vegeta- * bles, iu Taoofa's plantation. I had indeed fome encouragement to flatter myfelf "that ' my endeavours of this kind alfo would not be fruitlefs ; as I had this day a difti of ' turuips fervcd up at my dinner, which was the produce of feeds 1 left here in my former ' voyage.' ^ We are informed that the bulk of the people of thefe iflands are fatisfied with one wife, but the chiefs have commonly feveral women, though it appeared as if one only was looked on as miftrefs of the fimily. Though female chaftity was frail enough in fome, It IS highly probable that conjugal fidelity is feldom violated; as it does not appear that more than one iuftance of it was known to our voyagers ; and in that, the man's life, who was the caufe of it, paid the forfeit for his crime. Nor were thofe of the better fort* who were unmarried, more liberal of their favours; thofe who were, being obvious prof-' titutes by profcHion When they are afflided by any diforder which they deem dangc- ,rous, they cutoti a joint of one of their little fingers ; fondly believing that the Deity will accept of that, as a fort of facrifices efficacious enough to procure the recovery of*^ their health. It was fuppofed from fome circumftances, that though they believe in a future itaie, they have no uoiiou of future rewards or punilbments for the things done here. They believe in a Supreme Being; but they believe alfo iu a number of inferior ones: ft.r 6 E 2 - ? , 11' * i 548 NEW DISCOVERIES. every ilknd has us peculiar god, as every European nation has its peculiar faint. Cap- tain Cook thiiiks he can pronounce that they do not worfhip any thing which is the work of their own hands, or any vifible part of the creation. They make no offering of hogs, dogs, or fruit, to the Oiooa, as at Otaheite; but it is abfolutely certain that even this mild, humane, and beneficent people ufe human facrijices. The government, as far as our people could lea- a, appears to approach nearly to the feudal fyltein, formerly efta- bhft'ed all over Europe. When any perfon of confequencc dies, his body is walhed and decorated by fome woman, or women, who are appointed on the occafion ; and tbefc women are not, by their cuftoms, to touch any food with their hands for many njonths afterwards; and it is remarkable, that the length of the time they are thus prolcribed, is the greater in proportion to the rank of the chief whom they had wafhed. Their great nien are fond of a Angular piece of luxury; which is to have women fit befide them all night, and beat on ditferent parts of their body until they go to fleep; afler which they relax a little of their labour, unlefs they appear likely to awake; in which cafe they re- double their drumming until they are again faft afleep. Thefe are fome of the moft re^ markable opinions, cuJtoms, laws, and ceremonies oWerved at the Friendly Iflands, and which we have endeavoured to colled into one point of view, for the information of our more inquifitive readers. NEW ZEALAND. TH I S country was firft dilcovered by Tafman. the Dutch navigator, in the year 164.2, who gave it the name of Staten Land, though it has been generally diftin- gunned, in our maps and charts, by the name of New Zealand, and was fuppofed to be part of a fouthern continent r but it is now known, from the late difcoverics of Captain Cook, who failed round it, to confifl of two large iflands, divided from each other by a ftrait four or five leagues broad. They are fituated between the latitudes of 34 and 48 degrees fouth, and between the longitudes of 166 and rSo degrees eaft from Greenwich. One of thefe iflands is for the moft part mountainous, rather barren, and but thhily inhabited ; but the other is much more fertile, and of a better appearance. In the opinion of Sir Jofeph Banks, and of Dr. Solander, every kind of European fruits, grain, and phnts would flourifh here m the utmoft luxuriance. From the vegetables found here, it is fuppofed that the winters are milder than thofe of England, and the fummers not hotter, though more equally warm ; lb that it is imagined that if this country were fettled by people from Europe, they would with moderate induflry, be foon fupplied, not only with the neceifaries, but the luxuries of life, in great abundance. Here are forefls of vaft extent, filled whh very large timber trees ; and near four huiidred plants were found here that had not been defcribed by the natur- alifts. The inhabitants of New Zealand are ftout and robufl, and equal in flature to the largeft Europeans. Their colour in general is brown, but in kw deeper than that of a Spaniard who has been expofed to the fun, and m many not fo deep; and both fexes have good features. Their drefs is very uncouth, and they mark their bodies in a manner iimilar to the inhabitants of Otaheite, which is called tattowing. Their principal wea- pons are lances, darts, and a kind of battle-axes ; and they have generally fhewn themfelves very hof\ile to the Europeans wlio have vifited them. As to their religious principles, they believe that the fouls of fuch as are killed in battle, and their Hefh afterwards eaten by the enemy, are doomed to perpetual fire; while the fouls of thofe who die a natural death, or whole bodies are preferved from fuch ignominious treatment, afcend 10 the habitations of the gods. The common method of difpofing of their dead is by interment in the earth ; but if they have more of their flau^htered enemies than they can eat, they throw tiiCOi into the Tea. The^' have no fuch things as moraU, or oiher places of pubiie v.orfhip; nor do they ever aifemble together with this view: but they ha\c priefts who NEW DISCOVERIES. ^^^ It 13 not uncommon for a man to have two or three wives. ^ »"ow«l , and THENEWHEBRIDES. T* ^ii"""" T" V""^ ^ ^'K- *^°'' '» » "^'""'f °f il""-)'. the n,ofl ,iorth«lv of Jl which was feeu by Qmros, ihe Spanilh naviaalor in i/inr, I„h l,, ",""'"'>^ "• Tierra del Efpiritu Santi^Frora that time, till Clville? ty 1 1 iV'll Tierra del Efpiritu Santo, Mallicolla, St. B;rtLbl^.t?Iflrof Ss 1uZ:'Vf-:- fimtide, Anibrym, Imnier, Anece Ihref Ui\U Q, i .*"« "i i-epers, Aurora, Whit- Shepherd. EorTomanga, rSonarAuua^", ".Id Tata "^' *'»»'''8". Hinchinbrool, Notfardiftant from the New Hebrides, and fouth-weftwarH of »!,«,« r xt noNiA a very large ifland. firft difcover^d by C- cfor iu ?54 it If nSfT 'h"' feven leagues long, but its breadth is not confiderable nor anv lilt J. ^ "', ^'^^'^ It is inhabited by a race of ftout, tall, well-^roponlon^' Sian^Ta f^trh: "'Tt NEW HOLLAND. T ^,m! «r°^''' •' °*" ^- """'^ ^^'■S" ^'^^°^ tJ^an any other that does not bear the iour, but their features are not d fagreeable. Iheir food is thipflv fift, >,; '■"ocoiate cc- kmds. yams, fruit, and the flefh ot^ lingular quadruZi caffi nier of 1787, under the government of Captain Philips. the twelfth and from on^"},";;nS n--.t..->a.., «viii ihc itrcona oegree of lomh latitude to loLimde hn in ^^^dKd and thirty-(ine to one hundred and fifty degrees ea ft ^ con^rt r f ""' P""r " '^'l'.""' ^PP^" ^° be above fifty miles broad^ The ecu n try confiH* of a muture of very high hill,, and vallies, interfperfed with gropes of cocoa- :m «fg(; ;■] I'll If -1 / L J> r»5o NEW DISCOVERIES. nut trees, plantains, bread-fruit, and nioft of the trees, ftirubs, and plants, that are iound in the other South-fca iflands. It aHbrds fiom tlje fca a vaiiety of delightful prof. pefis. '1 ho inhabitants make nearly the fame appcarauic att the Mew HoUaudcra on the utiiet fide the llraits. The nortii of New Guinea, is New Britain, which is fituatcd in the 4th degree of fouth htitudc, and 152 deg. 19 min. eall longitude from Greenwich. It was (uppofed to be part of an imaginary continent till Capt. Dampier found it to be an illand, and failed through a (Iraii which divides it from New Guinea. Capt. Carteret, in his voyage round the world, 1767, found that it was of much lefs extent than it was till then imagined to be, by failing through another ftrait to the north, which fcparates it from a long ifland, to which he gave the name of New Ireland. There are many high hills in New Britain, and it abounds with large and ftatcly trees- To the eaftward of New Britain, and in both the above ftraits, are many illands, nioft of which are faid to_ be extremely fertile, and to abound with plantains and cocoa-nut trees. New Ireland extends in length, from the north-caft to the fouth-eaft, about two hundred and feventy miles, but is in general very narrow. It abounds with a variety of trees and plants, and with many pigeons, parrots, rooks, and other birds. The inha- bitants are black, and woolly-headed, like the negroes of Guinea, but have not their flat nofes and thick lips. North-weftward of New Ireland a dufter of iflands was fecn by Capt. Carteret, lying very near each other, and fuppofed to confift of twenty or thirty in number. One of thefe, which is of very confiderable extent, was named Ntvr Hanovkr i but the reft of theclufter received the name of the Admuialty Islands. S A N D W I C H I S L A N D S. Bi:SIDES the voyages of difcovery already mentioned, another \'oyage was performed by Capt. Cook and Capt. Gierke, in the Relblution ami Difcover)', during the yearp ;776, 1777, 177B, and 1779, '" fearch of a north-wcit palfage between the continents of Afia and America After they had ariived at the Cape of Good Hope, they proceeded from thence to New Holland : in this courfe they difcovered two iflands, which Capt. Cook called Prince Edward's ifles. The largeft about 15 leagues in circuit is in lat. 4.6.5-^ fouth. Ion. 37-46 : the other about 9 leagues in circuit, lat. 46-40 and long. 38-8, E. both barren and alnjoll covered with fnow. From thence to New Zealand, and afterwards they viiited the Friendly and the Society Illes. In January 1777, they arrived at the Sandwich ifles, which are twelve in number, and ace fituated between 22 deg. 15 min. and 18 deg. 53 min. N. latitude. The air of thefe iflands is in general falubrious, and many of the vegetable produftions arc the lame with thofe of the Society and Friendly Ifles. The inhabitants are of a middle fize, llout and well-made, and their complexion in general a brown olive. O'why'hee is in circumference about 300 Englifh miles, and the number of inhabitants is computed at 150,000. The others are large and well peo- pled ; for their names we re.'cr to our map. The natives are defcribcd as of a mild and friendly temper and carriage, and in hofpitality to flrangers not exceeded by the inhabi- tants of the Friendly Ifles. On the 7th of February, being nearly in lat. 44 deg. 33 min. north and lou. 235 deg. 36 min. eafl, they faw part of the American continent, bearing north-eafl. Capt. Cook afterwards difcovered King George's Sound, which is fituatcd on the north- well coaft of America, and is extenfive; that part of it where the fhips under his com- mand anchored, is in lat. 49 deg. 36 min. north, and Ion. 233 deg. 28 min. caft. The whole found is furrounded by high land, which in fome places appears very broken and -...„,„,\ ^.-^A \c '■,-.•. rrnn^rnt o/>v«"-"'' vu^i tt<,\r\i\ tr> \\\e- vi^rit \t\n. Thi'v jniind thp inhaViltanto 4^UgQ^VI, cliivi ic- III g'-xi^tai v.'Vvt»^t Vrf''» vr .- ^ * '' * / -'-J-- J ■here rather below the middle fize, and their complexions approaching to a copper colour. (On the 1 2th of May, they difcovered Sandwich Sound, in lat. 59 ^cg. 54 niin. north. NEW DISCOVERIES. 951 The haiW III which the Ihips anchored, appcned to be almoft furrounded with high land, which was covered With hiow; and here they were vi(itcd by lome of the Anieri- cam ,n ihcir canoes. 1 hey :ifterward8 proceeded to the ifiand of iJnalafchka. and after their departure from thelicc ftrll continued to trace the coalh They arrived on the 2oth rl?,lh li^r ' '" T-J"" t^- ^"^ ""^ t""' '^^ '^'^- 5-^ ">■■"• «'here they found them- lelvcs ahnoft lurroundcd with ice, and the farther they proceeded to the eaft ward, the cloler the ice became compaaed. '1 hev continued labouring among the ice till the isth when a ftormcanie on, whit-h made it cfang^rous for them to p.ocecd; and a confuhalioi was therefore held on board the Refolutiou, as loon as the violence of the gale abated when It was relolvetl, that m this paiiage was inipraaicable for any ulbful purpofe of na' vigation. which was the -great objeft of the ^oyage, it Ihould be profecuted no farther •• and efpecially on account ot the condition the Ihips were in, the approach of winter T^ 'I'r'o?'^^' '^''*'^*' ^'""' ""y ''"°^" P^'"-^ o*' refrefhment. 'I he loyage, indeed d p7.1ho I '""l "'"'!"'!' t' r P"<^^"'*ble paflageexifts between tL Atlantic 'and Pacihc Oceans towards the North ; and this voyage alfo afcertained the wertern bounda- ries of he great continent of America. On their return it unfortunately happened, that ^e eicbratcd and able navigator. Capt. Cook, was killed in an artray « ith Ue natives by an ad of ludden relentn.ent and fear, rather than fr^n a bad difpofuion, on the illand ot O why hee, the largeft of the Sandwich ifles, on the 14th of February nvo: and his death was un.verfally regretted, not only in Great Britain, but alfo in ofher parts of Eu- rope, by thofe to whom his nieriis and public fervices were known. In his laft vovaee he had explored the coad of America, from 42^deg. 27 "»"• to 70 deg. 40 niin. 57^fec. no«h. After the death of Capt. Cook, the command devolved on Capt. Clerke who died at fea on his return to the fouthward on the 22d day of Auguft 1770. The two fhips returned home by the Cape of Good Hope, and on the 5th of Oaober 1780 an. cnored at the Nore. / > «" We cannot conclude this article, without inferting the following charafler of Capt. Cook to perpetuate the memory and (ervices of fo excellent a navignor and commander. Perhaps no fcience ever received greater additions from the labours of a findc man than geography has done from thole of Capt. Cook. In his firft. voyage to thl South Seas, he difcovered the Society Iflands; determined the infularity of New Zealand: dif- covered the f^raits which leparate the two illands, and are called after his name ; and made a complete furvey of both. He afterwards explored the Eaflern coafl of New Hol- thoufand mUes"" "° ' ^" ^^'^°^ "^ twenty-feven degrees of latitude, or upwards of two fJZ^-'jT!'i ^':P"^"'°"' ^^ rerolved the great problem of a fouthem continent, having traverfed that hemifphere between the latitude of 40° and 70% in fuch a manner as no? to leave a poffibility of its exiljence, unlefs near the pole, and out of the reach of navi- fuJTv -fi"""^ this voyage, he difcovered New Caledonia, the largefl illand in the Sou- h/n.n "[^ ^ T-l' i^'^i \''''Ji'' ; '^' '^^^"^ "^ ^^^--g" 5 and an Snknown coaft, which he named Sandwich Land, the M of the Southern hemifphere ; and hav ing twice vifited the tropicilfeas, he fettled the fiiuations of the old, and made feveral new difcoveries. Bu the laft vopge IS diflmguiflied above all the reft by the extent and importance of I >i I f V ^^''-^' ^^^'f '"1 ^"''"" '"^"^« '" the Southern Pacific, he dilbovered, to the North of the tquinoxial Line, the group called the Sandwich Iflands, which, from theirrituatiou and produdlions, bid fairer for becoming an objed of confequence in the Jyftem ot Luropean navigation, than any other difcovery in the Soutii Sea. He after- wards explored what had hitherto remained unknown of the Weftcrn coaft of America, from the latitude of 43" to 70' North, containing an extent of 3,500 miles, afcertained the prOXUnitV of the two crrpst r(mtin#>n»c /.f Af,^ 35,,! A~^_:— ,-_n--.i .in- 1 them and urveyed the coaft on each fide, to fuch a height of northern latitude, as to de- monftrate the impia£t.cability of a paifage, in that hemifphere, from the Atlantic into the ^^1 ;^ - ^' 1V r l-*. i>5i TERR A- INCOGNITA. Pacific ocean, either by an Eaftern or a Weflern courfe. In fhort, if we except the Sea of Amur, and the Japanefe Archipelago, which ftill remain imperfeiUy known to Euro- peans, he has completed the hydrography of the habitaWe globe. As a navigator, his fervices were not perhaps lels fpleudid, certainly not lefs impor- tant and meritorious- The method which he difcovered, and fo fuccelsfuUy purfned, of prcferving tl»e health of feamen, forms a new aera in navigation, and will tranliait hia name to future ages, among the friends and benefa6k>rs of mankind. Thofe who are converlant in naval hiltory need not be told at how dear a rate the ad- vantages which have been fought, through the medium of long voyages at fea, have always been pnrchafed. That dreadful diforder which is peculiar to "roeir fervice, and whofe ravages hzve marked the tracks of difcoverers with circumftances almoft too ftiocking to relate, mult, without exerciling an unwarrantable tyranny over the lives of our fea- men, have proved an infuperable obftacle to the profecution of fuch enterprizes. It was referved for Capt. Cook to ftiew the world, by repeated trials, that voyages might be protraiSled to the unufual length of three or even foui years, in unknown regions, and under every change and rigour of the climate, not only without affeding the health, but even without diminiftung the probability of life,' in the fmallelt degree. Having pointed out the numerous and important advantages which have arifen, and may arife from thefe voyages, both to the difcoverers and difcovei-ed ; the learned editor of the lall voyage, enquires into the origin of the inhabitants who people this myriad of iflands that are fcattcred over the great Pacific Ocean, and proves, by incontrovertible ar- guments, founded on the affinity of their language, manners, and culfoms, that they have all, originaUy, fprung from one common ftock, and that flock is the Afiatic nation called Malay iw. Hi aUb traces another of the large families of the '; irth, but whofe lot has fallen in far lefs hofpitablp climes : we mean the Efquimaux ; known hitherto only on the coafts of Greenlind, Labradore, and Hudlbn's Bay ; and who differ in feveral charidleriftic uiarks from the inland inhabitants of North America. Mr. Heame, as our readers have already feen, traced this unhappy tribe' farther hack toward thst part of the globe from which, no doubt, they had originally migrated ; but dt was referved for Capt. Cook to fhew that it is the lame race which peoples the bays and iflands on the \\ eft coaft of North America, and that they are extended over a fpaceof at leaft 1500 leagues from Eafl: to \\'eft, and lioui the latiiuue of 60", .to the latitude of 72' North. TERRA-INCOGNITA, or unknown Countries. NOTWITHST.ANIjING the ajnazing difccnerits of navigators, and the progrefs niide in geography, fnue the firft voyage of Columbus, anno 1492, there ftill re- m^iii fo'iic countries, cither abfolutcly unknonii, cr veiy (upcrficially furveyed. o In A F R I C A. F this quaiier of the globe the nwdernsare ricquainted with the (ea-coafts only, and thelc very imperfectly ; the internal parts teiug Hale known 10 us, nor have we any latisfadory accounts of their iiihabiianis, dieir produdtions, or their trade. It is well l.nown, however, that the rivers of Africa biiiig down large quaniiiies of gold, and it is equally certain that the ancients drew prodigious riches from a country blelled with a va- liety of diautcs, Junie of .them the linelt in the world. J u A M E R I C A. IN North Ameiica, towaids the |x^^o"« the Dutch at Surinam, have made fome fenlm! ?"^' u-^^ ^"^^ ^''""^^ at Cayenne, and the climate, aJmoft under the^ator and ohT'' 'r ^-^'^h'/^^'" ^he unhealthfulnefs of iiderable way back. ^ ' ''"'^ °'^^'' ^^"'^«' ^^^^ hardly be extended any cor- ■tjto! inT6lgfeelTC l^S^d^f^harS^tlf ^ t^^.f ''^' ^^^ ^^-^ "^- in ted, that with all its turnings and w ndS/ '"''' '^^ ^'^^""'-" ^^^^"•' " ^^ ^on^Pu- or three leagues broad : 5o?Cues from l" ""' J^^r 5000 mUes, and is gene.ally two rivers fall in'to it on the ChZthcl^X'^''^^^^^^ '' ^o fathon.s deep, tnd ue.7r 100 difcovered, though it is fituated l^tween th. F, ^^^^.^^'.^as never been thoroughly -every where navigable by meai^ ^f tha L ^'''•^''" "° °'"^ ""^ P^"-" ''^"d I^'^fil, "and have been made by the SpLT.d "'nH P« .^ f "I" ""^ "^ branches. Scn-.o att^nmts ties, fo that few of^headvStsetcr^^^^^^^ ''"T ^"^l"^*^^ ^^'^^ ^^ ^S " country as they expedled, ^o Eumpearn^ ril M^t ' '"'^ "? 6°'^ tdng found in the Patagonia, at the fouthera " xSh^of A m .• '"''r"'''^^ '">' ^''•"'^"><^"'^ there. •Chili: but as neither the Spaniards nor^nvtS!^' '' '^'"'^'"^'^^ ^'^'''^'^ «« P^rt of here, it is almoft unknown, and gcne^Illvln^^^^^^ ^ 7°^'? "'"^•?' '^^^'^ ^^•>' ^^'°"ie« Some of the inhabitants are cer aiSrverv talf ^n r a " r'"'?-' ,'^'''«'Pi^^bl^ country. greater part, are of a nioderate anTcon mon fl. , '"w '' ^'- ' ^'^^" ^^"^ °'l^'^^'^' ^"^ the fall in with the ftraits of Maillan havinlp f '•- ^^'V -5-' ^'^S'^'' ^^"th lat. wc Terra del Fuego on the fo.uh. Th;fe S '^il?.?^,^ ""'' n'^ ''°^'^' ''■'' ^^'^ ^^^^^s rf breadth in fome places falls (hort of one Tl^v Ta ?." '° ^'^'^ ^ ^'" ^''^^^''' ^u. ti.e gelhaens, a Portuguefe, in the ferSceof Splifuhrr •r^'^f '"'T^'f ^>' ^^^S^"^"' ^'^ ^*^'«- and thereby difcovered a uaffkire from tL a 1 ' ° ''l'*''^ ^'■'''"g^^ *''Cm in the year i«o has been 4ce confidered a" Se S ^ A^>«""V° V^'. ^^'"^'^ «^ Southern Ocean. ^ He lofthislifeinallciraXitSfot.IndiansS^^ ^'"^^-'J'^' ^"^ ^-i^? of being the firft circunn^avigator bs be" ^^^^^^^^ ,^^? ""'^"^"f J*^ ^i^-P^' ^^^ honour Drake, who, in 1574, paifed the f^mr ^nl -^u- " favour of the brave Sir Francis to Europe by tI,eC.:!,;e'of Good Hope "n ?6i6 T-m" ''''"'./T ^^^'^^'^ ^''^ ^^--d fouthw..rd of thefe Straits, difcovered in at rl^.;' T""' ?,^^"^^j^uu". keeping ,0 the "..P^.^ of the Straits La M;,ire ami thi, n^ff I ^^ -^u ''''': P"'^'^'-?''' ^'"'^'^ J^^^^^'i by the ceeding navigators, U calcd doling C^^[^^^^^^ been generally preferred b^ fuc- ever, fr<,u. fatal experience, advifcn^^S^^^^^ nnn.nig down to 6r or 62 deg ' V uth 1 t X^-^ ^ ^^''''' «''''! iiiar.Is, tr towards the So.uh S.->c . kI "ifJ Z \ '''■'"''' ^^^'y attempt to fct their fare v.^P. i,,! UKles, retuler that MV pra/,£.hl: oi!iv nl;?^'"^ and the it.tcnfb ia Tercera Ifle Antigua Ifle Syria Brabant Pacific Dwina Iflands of Greece Aflratan Achaia Madagafcar Ava Provence South Eyraca Arabia Orixa Syria Chili between Catalonia Bafil Guadaloupe l^yraca Arabia Corfica Java Couiitrits, Prance Scotland Sweden North Lad Indies Turkey Italy and Turkey Ocean France France Atlantic ocean Eail India Scotland France North France Turkey Turkey- Turkey Barbary Eaft India Pacific ocean France Netherlands Pacific ocean Italy Atlantic ocean Carib. fea Turkey Netherl.inds Ocean Ruffia Europe South Atlantic Rullia Turkey, South Indian fea Ea(l India France Pacific ocean Turkey F.aft India Turkey South Germ, and Swcd. Atlantic ocean Spain Swii«erland Carib. lea Turkey Italy Ead India §luart. Europe Europe Europe America Afia Earope Europe Afla Europe Europe Europe Afla Europe Europe America Europe Afla Afla Africa Africa Afla Afia Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe N. America Afia Europe Afia Europe Ocean Afla Europe Africa Afia Europe Afia Afia Afia Afia America Europe N. America Europe Europe N. America Afia Europe Afia Lat. Long. D. M. D. M. 50° 7'N. I-S4 E. 57-22 N. 1-40 W. 60-27 N. 2a-i8 E. 17-10 N. 101-20 W, 5-22 N. 95-29 E, 42-00 N. 26-30 E. Mediterranean Sea. 17-05 S. 43-18 N. 44- 1 a N. 49-56 N. 26-43 N. 55-30 N. 43-3' N. 42-48 N. 43-55 N. 3S-4S N. 36-35 N. 3.1-1 1 N. 3649 N. 4-25 S. 16 C9 S. 49-53 N. 52-22 N. 21-098. 43-37 N. 38-39 N. 17-04 N. 1 44- 1 2 W. 3-33 E. 0-40 E. 6-41 W. 7649 E. 4 35 W. 5-3" E. 73-30 W. a 13 E. 37-25 E. 36-25 E. 30-21 E.^ 217 E. 127 2$ E. 168-17 E. 2-22 E. 4-49 E. .74 5. W. 13-35 E. 27-07 W. 6204VV. 36-30 N. 36-40 E. 51-13 N. 04 27 E. 16-46 S. 168-32 E. 64-34 N. 38-59 E. Mediterranean Sea. 756 N. 14.27 W. 46 00 N. 51-00 E* 38 05 N. 23-57 E. 23 15 S. 43-13 E. 20-20 N. 95-30 E. 43-57 N. 04-53 E. 15-08 S. i6a 22 E. 33-20 N. 43-51 E. 21-20 N. 86 05 E. 33-30 N. 37-00 E. 39-35 S. 81-ioW. Atlantic Ocean. 17-49 N. 61-5'i W. 41-26 N. 02-irf E. 47-35 N. C7-34 E. 15-59N. 61-54 W. 30-45 N. 47-00 E. 42-20 N. 09-40 E. «6-io S. 106-56 E. A NEW GFOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Namei of Plates. Bath Bay of liif^ay 13:1/ of Bengal Baycux Bayonne Leifaft Belgrade Bencoolen Bender Berlin Bermudas Bern Berwick Bilboa Birmingham Black, or Euxiuefea Bokhari a Bolabola Bologna Bologne Boifcheriflcoi Bombay Borroughftonnefs Boftoii Boston Bourbon Ifle Bourdeaux Breda Bremen Bkeslav Brcft Bridge Town Bnftol Bridlh fea Bruges Brunfwick Bruffels Buda Buenos Ayrcs Bukaraft Burlington CAbdlo (Port) Cachao Cadiz Caen Cagliari Cahnrs Cairo Calais Calcutta Callao C.il nar Cambray Cambeltnwn Cambodia Cambridge Cambridge Canary N. E. Point, Candia Candy Canfo Port Provinces. Somerfetfliire Coail of Co all of Noruandf G.nfiony Ullter Servia Sumatra BaH'.irabia Brandenburg Bermuda Iflcs Bern Berwickfliire Bifcay Warwicklhire Turkey ia U(bec ine Bolognefc Picardy Siberia Bombay Ifle Linlithgowfliire Lincoinfliire New England South Guienne Brabant Lower Saxony Silefia Bretany Barbadoes Somerfetfliire Between Flanders Low Saiony Brabant Lower La Plata ^Valachia Jerfey , Terra Firma Tonquin Andalufia Normandy Sardinia Guienne Lower Picardy Bengal Peru Smaland Cambrefis Argylefhire Cambodia Cambridgefliire New Canary Iflcs Candia Illand Ceylun Nova Scotia Countriet. England France India France France Ireland Turkey E;ift India Turkey Germany Atlantic ocean Switzerland Scotland Spain England Europe and Tartary Pacific Ocean Italy France Ruflla Ead India Scotland England North . Indian ocean France Netherlands Germany Bohemia France Atlantic ocean England Brir. and Germ. Netherlands Germany Netherlands Hungary Brafil Turkey North South Faft India Spain France Italy France F-gypt France Ead India South Sweden Netherlands Scotland Ead India England England Atlan.'Lc ocean Medirerr Sea Indian ocean North 6 F 2 Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Alia Europe Europe N. America Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Afia Afia Europe Europe Afia Afia Europe Europe America Africa Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe N. America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe S. America Europe America America Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Africa Eur>.pe Afia America Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe N. America Africa E'.irrspe A fi America Ut. D. M. $i-ii N. Atlant Indian 49- 1 6 N. 43-29 N. 54-30 N. 45-co N. 03-49 s. 46-40 N. S2-3Z N, 32-25 N. 47-00 N. 55-48 N. 43-26 N. 52-jo N. 39-15 N. 16-32 S. 44-29 N. 50-43 N. 52-54 N. 18-56 N. 55-48 N. 53-10 N. 42-25 N. 20-51 S. 44-50 N. 5 1 -40 N. 53-25 N, 51-03 N. 48-22 N. 13-05 N. S'-33N. Atlantic 51-16 N. :;2-3o N. 50-51 N. 47-40 N. 34-3S S- 44-26 N. 40-08 N. 10-03 N. 21-30 N. 36-31 N. 49-1 1 N. 39-25 N. 44-26 N. 30-02 N. 50.57 N. 22-34 ^• 12-01 N. 56-40 N. 50-10 N. 55-30 N. 13-30 N. 52-12 N. 42-25 N. 28.13 N. 955 Long. D. M. oz 16W. ic Ocean. Ocean. 00-47 F. 01-25 ^^• 06-30 VV, 21-20 E. 102-05 E, 29-00 E, 13-31 F. 63 23 W. 07-20 E. 01-45 W. 03-18 W. 01-50 w, 67-00 E 151-47 W. 11-26 E. 1-31 E. 156-42 E. 7243 E. 03-44 W. 00-25 ^* 70-32 w. 55-25 E. 00-29 ^^• 04-40 E. 08-20 E. 17-13 E. 04-25 E. 58-03 W. 02 40 w. 0:ean. 03- 05 E. 10-30 E. 04-26 E. 19 20 E. 58 26 E. 26-13 E. 75-00 W. 67-27 W. 105-00 E. 606 W. 0-16 w. 9-38 E. 1-31 E. 31-23 E. '-55 E. 88-34 E, 76-53 W. 16-26 E. 3-18 E, 5-40VV, 105-00 E. 0-09 E. 71.05 W. 15-33 W. 35 = 'SN 2j.,5E. 7-54 N. 74^-00 E. 4S-2qN. 6050W. 956 NanKS of Piu^'t. Canterbury Canton Cape Clear — s-Comoriii — Finiflerre — Florida — of Good Hope ^Horn — St. Vincent — Verd Cardigan Carlefcroon Cariille Carthage Ruins Carihagena Cartbagena Cafan Cafpian Sea CalFel Cadres St. Catherine's lfl« Catteg.ite Cavan Cayenne Cette Ceuta Chalons Ghandernagore Chakles Town Charlton Chartrcs Cherbourg Chefter Chriilmas So-md' St. Chriftopher's Ifle Civita Vecchia, Clerke's Illes Clerniont Colmar Cologne Conllunce Constantinople copknhagek Corinth Cork Coventry Cowes Cracow Cremfmunfter Cummin Curalfou Cufco DAcca Damafcus Dantzic Dax Dclffc A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Prpvin(es. Kent Canton Irifli Sea On this llde, the Ganges Galicia Had Florida Hottentots Terra del Fucgo I Hand Algarve ■Cardiganlhire Schonen Cumberland Tunis Terra Firm4 Murcia Caian Ruflia HelTe Caflel Languedoc Atlantic Between Ulfter Cayenne Iflfe L.anguedoc Fez Burgundy Bengal South Carolina IHe Orleannois Normandy Che (hire Terra del Fuego Caribbean Patro DiS. Petro Atlantic Auvergne Alface Elec. of Cologne Suabia Romania Zealand Ifk Morea Munfter Warwicitfliire Ifle of Wight Little Poland Arch«duchy of Auftria Ifle Curaflbu Iflfe Peru Bengal Syria Polilh Pruflia Gafcony Holiand Delhi Den, Counirin, England China Ireland Eaft India Spain >lorth CafFraria South Portugal Negroland Wales Sweden England Barbary South Spain Siberia Tartary Germany France Ocean Swed. & Ireland South France Morocco. France Eaft India North Hudfon's Bay- France France England South Se» Italy Ocean> France France Germany Germany Turkey Denmark- Turkey Ireland England England- Poland Germany N. Pacific Ocean Weft India South Eaft India Turkey Poland France Netherlands Eaft India Europe Afia Europe Alia Europe America Africa America Europe Africa Europe Europe Europe Africa America EuropjB Afia Afia. Europe Europe S, America Europe Europe America Europe Africa Europe- Afia America N. America Europe Europe Europe America N. liOKrica Europe S. America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia America America Afia Afia Europe Europe Europe Afia. Lai. D. M, 51-16N. 33-07 N. 51-18N. 7-56 N. 'Ltng. D. M. i-i<; t. 113-07 i. 1 1-10 W. 78-ioE, 42 $1 N. 9-1 2 W. 24-57 N. &o--,oW, 34-29 S. 18.28 E. 55-58 S, 67-21 W. 37-02 N. 14-45 N. 52-10 N. 56-20 N. Si- 47 N. 36-30 N, 10-26 N. 37-37 N- 55-43 N. 51-19N. 43-37 N- 27 35 S. Atlantic 54-5' N. 4-56 N. 45-23 N- 35 04N. 46-46 N. 22-51 N. 32-45 N. 52-03 N. 48-26 N. 49-38 N. 53-15 N. 55-2. N. 1 7-1 5 N. 42-05 N. 55-05 S. 45-46 N. 48-04 N. 50-55 N 47-37 N. 41-01 N. 55-40 N. 37-30 N. 5.-53 N: 52-25 N. 50-46 N. 50-10 N. 4803 N. 31-40 N. 11-56 N. 12-25 S. 23-30 N, 33-'5N. 54- 22 N- 43-42 N. 52-06 N. 39.00 N. 8-57 W. 17-28 W, 4-38 w. 15 31 E. 3-35 w. 9-00 E. 75-21 W, 1-03W. 49-13 E; 9 34 15. 2-19 E, 49-!3W. Ocean. 7-18 W. 52-10 W. 3-47 E. 6-30 W. 4-56 E. 8834E. 79-12 w. 79-00 w. '-33 E. 1-33 W. 3-00 W. 69-57 W. 6238 w. 11-51 E. 34-37 W. 3-10 E. 7-27 E. 7-10 E. 9-12 E. 28-58 E. 12-40 E. 2.3-00 E, 8-23 W. 1-25 W. 1-14 w. 19-55 E- 14-12 E. 121-09 E. 68-20 W. 70-00 W. 89-20 E. 57-20 E. 18-38 E. 4-05 E. 76.30 E. Ifamfs of Plaat. Derbcnt 13erby Derrjr Dieppe Dicii Dijon Dilbengen Ool Dominique Dover Dresden Dreux Dublin Dumbarton Dumfries Dunbar Dundee Dungenefs Dunkirk Durham- EAoowe Ifle Eafter iile Eadern Ocean Edinburgh Edyftone Elbing Embden Enatum Iilc Enebrun Englilh Channel Epbefus, Erramanga Iile Erzerum Ethiopian Sea Evrcux £u(latia Town Exeter FAlkirk Falmouth Fayal Town Ferdinand Na- ronka Ferrara Ferro (Town) Ferrol Fez Florence Flores St. Flour Fort St. DarlJ France (Ifle of) Francfort on the Main Prawenburg, Fuego Illc Funchal Fumeaux Ifle ov VJ Ocneva G t N O A Genes St. George's Ifle A' NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Provincti, Daghiftan Derbyfhire Ulfter Normandy • Guaerat Burgundy Suabia Bretagne Windward Iflands Kent Saxony Oiieannois Leinfter Dumbartonfhire Dumfriesfliire Haddingtoa Forfar Ken Flanders Durham Pacific Pacific betw. the N. W. of EdinburghftHre Eng. Channel Pru/lia Weftphalia Pjcific DauphinS between Natoh'a Pacific Turcomania Coall of Normandy Carib. fea Devonfliire. Sterling Cornwall Azores Ferrarefe Canaries Galicia Fez Tufcany Azores Auvergne Cororaandel Indian Franconia Polifti Cape Verd Madeira Pacific Dauphine Geneva Genoi' Savoy Azores Ctunlrlei. Perfla England Iceland France Eaft India France Germany France Wen India England Germany France Ireland Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland England Netherlands England Ocean Ocean N. America and Scotland England- Poland <»ermany Ocean France r.ngland & France Turkey Ocean Turkey Guinea- France Well; India England Scotland England Atlantic Ocean Brafil Italy Atlantic Ocean Spain Morocco Italy Atlantic Ocean France Eaft India Ocean Germany Pruffla Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Ocean France Switzerland Italy Italy Atlantic Ocean Afia ■ Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Europe America Europe- Eurcpe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Alia America N. E.ofAfia Europe EtU'ope Europe Europe Alia Europe F.urope Afia Afia Afia. Africa- Europe N. America Europe Europe Europe Europe S. America Europe Africa Europe Africa Europe Europe Europe Afia Africa Europe Europe Africa- Africa Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Ltt. DM. 41-41 N. 52 58 N. 54-52 N. 49 55 N. 21-37 N. 47-19 N. 48-30 N. 48-33 N. 15-18N. 5 '-07 N. 5 1 -00 N. 48-44 N. 53 21 N. 55-44 N. 55 08 N. 55-58N. 56-26 N. 50 52 N. 51-02 N. 54-48 N. 21-24S. 2706 S 957 Long. D. M. 50-30 E, 1-30 W. 7-40 w, 0-59 E. 69-30 E. 4-57 F- I0-J9 E. 1-41 W. 6l-22 W. 1-13 E. 13-36 E. 1-16 E. 6 01 W. 4 20 W. 3 25 W. 2-25 W. 2-48 W. 1-04 E. z-27 E. 1.25 W. 174-25 W. 109-41 w. N. Pacific ocean. 55-57 N. 50-08 N. 54-' 5 N. 53-25 N. ao-io S. 44-34 N. Atlantic 38-01 N. 1 8-46 S. 39-56 N. Atlantic 49-01 N. 17-29 N. 50-44 N. 55-58 N. 50-oS N. 38-32 N. 3-j6 S. 44-54 N. 27-47 N. 43- ^o N. 33-30 N. 43-46 N. 39-34 N. 45-01 N. 12-05 N. 29-09 s. 49-55 N. 3-07 W. 4-19 W. 20-00 E, 7-10 E. 169-59 ^' 6-34 E. Ocean. 27-30 E. 169-23 E. 42-05 E, Ocean. 1-13 E, 63-05 W. 3-29 W. 3-48 w. 4-57 W. 28.36W. 32-43 W, n-41 E. 1 7-40 W. 8-4oW. 6-00 W. 1 1-07 E. 30-5 1 W. 3 10 E. 80-55 E. 57-33 E. 8-40 E. 54-22 N. 14-56 N, 32 ii N. 17-11 S. 44-33 N. 46-12 N. 44-25 N- 4425 N. 38-39 N. 20-12 E. 24-2^ W. 17-01 W. 143-01 w. 6 09 E, 6.05 E. 8-30 E. 8-40 E, 27-55 w.. i iv if J. 'li fSl A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Namtt of Places. Prov'»e*t. Countries. ^lart. St. George's Fort Coromandel Eaft India AGa St. George's Town Bermudas Atlantic Ocean N. America Ghent Flinders Netherlands Europe Gibraltar And.ilufia Spain Europe Glafgow Lanerklhire Scotland Europe Gloucefter Glouceilcrihire Iwigland Europe Goa M ilabar L'.alt India Afia Goat Ifle Indian Ocean Afia Gombroon Farfiftan Peifia Afia Goraera Hie Canaries Atlantic Ocenn Airica Good Hope Town Hottentots Catfre* Africa Goree Atlantic Ocean Africa Gottenburg Gothland Sweden Europe Gottengen Hanover Germany Europe Granville Normandy France Eur: Gratiofa Azores Atlantic Oceaa EiMV. Grata Stiria Germany Europe Gravelines Fr. Flanders Netherlands Europe Greenock Renfrewlhire Scotland Europe Gryphifwald Pomerania Germany Europe Guadaloupe Caribbean Sea N. America Guam Ladrone Ifles Eaft India Afia Gulf of Dothnia Coaft of Sweden Europe between California and Mexico N. America between Sweden & Ruflia Europe ——of St. Laurence Coaft of New Scotland N. America of Mexico Coall of Mexico N. America between Perfia and Arabia Afia of Perfia between Perfia and Arabia Afia of Venice between Italy and Turkey Europe TTAerleni Hague Holland Netherlands Europe Holland Netherlands Europe Hamburg Hohlein Germany Europe Halifax Yorklhire England Europe Haluax Nova Scotia North America H:inover Saxony Germany Europe Haftings Sulfex England Europe Havannah Cuba Ifland N. America Havre de Grace Normandy France Europe La Heefe D. FLiuders Netherlands E II rope St. Helena (Ja. South Atlantic Ocean Africa Town) Hellefpont Mediterranean and Black Sea Europe and Afia Hernofand W. Bothnia Sweden Europe Hereford Herefordlhire England Europe Hervej's lllc South Pacific Ocea« Afia Hoai-Nagham KianNan China Afia l^a Hogue Cape Normandy France Europe Hood's llle South iPaeific Ocean Afia Hoogftraten Brabant Netherlands Europe Howe's Ifle South ^Pacific Ocean Afia Huabine Ills South Pacific Ocean Afia Hudfon's Bay Coaft of Labrador N. America Hull Yoikftiite England Europe lAkutikoi J Janeiro (Rio) Siberia llullia Afia Hrafil S. America Jaffay "Moldavia Turkey Europe , ava Head Java Ifle Baft Indi.t Afia _ tildo Japan IHe Eaft India Afi.i , erufulem PaielUne Turkey Afia L,t. DM. 13-04 N. 32-4JN. 5'-03N. 36 05 N. 15-5' N. 51-05 N. 15-31 I\. 13-55 N. 27-30 N. 28-05 N. 33-55 ?. 14.-40 N. 57-42N 48.50 N. 39-04 N. 47-04 N. 50-59 N. 55-52 N. 54-04 N. 15-59 N. 14-00 N. Baltic Sea Pacific Ocean. D M. 80 33 E. 6J-30 W. j'48 E. 4-ioW. 2-16W. 73 )*i E- 120 07 £. 74-40 E. 17-0^ W. iU-2)i £. 17-20 W. 1 1-43 E. 9-5'> E. 1-32 W. *7 53W. 15-29 B, 2-13 E. 4-22 W. 13-43 E. 6I-54W. 140-30 E. Baltic Sea. Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic Ocean. Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean. Mediterranean Sea 52-20 N. 4-10 E. 52-04 N. 53-34 N- 53-45 N. 44-40 N. ^2-32 N. 5052 N. 23-1 1 N. 49 29N. 51 25 N- 15-55 s. 4-22 E. 955 B. 1-52 vv. 63-15 W. 9-35 E. 04 6 E. 82-13 W. 0-10 E, 4-50 E. 544W. 62-38 N, 52-06 N, 19-17 S. 33-hN- ^9-44 ^' 9 26 S. 51-24 N. 16-46 S. 16-44 ^• N. Atla 53-45 N. 6201 N. 2254 S. 47-08 N. 6 49 S. 36.20 N. 3'-5SN. 17-58 E. 2-38 W. 158-43 W. 118-54 E. 1.51 W. 1 38-47 W. 4-52 E. 154-01 W. 15 i-oi W. intic Ocean. 0-12 W, 129 52 E. 42-38 W, 27-34 E. 106-55 ^• 139-^^ E. 35-25 E- A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. NailHt of Places, Itnmer Ifle Indian Ocean Ingoldftiidt luvernefs St. John's Town b't. John's Town St. Jolepli's Prsvl 'fleet. South Bavaria Invernefsfhire Antigua Newfoundland California Countriet, Pacific Ocean Coall of India Germany Scotland Leeward Ifles North Mexico Inni bea between Great Britain and Ireland, Europe, Atlantic rraname Ifle South Pacific Ocean flamabad Bengal Eaft India l(le of Pines South Pacific Ocean Ispahan Irac Agem Perfia llihnius of Suez joins Atrica to Afia " " ■ °[ Corinth, joins the Morea to Greece, Europe, — of Panama, joins North and South America Oce an. Ivica Ifle Judda Juihia KAmtfch.nl ka Kcdgere Kelfo Kiimarnocic Kingfale KiNOSTOM Kiow Kola Koningfbirg , T Aguna Lahor Lancafler Landau Landfcroon Laufanne Leeds Lciceller Leipfic Leith Leper's Idand Leikard Lefparre Levant lea ^-eyden Liege Lima Limerick Limoges Lincoln Linlithgow Lintz Lifbon Lille Litchfield Lizard Point London Londonderry Loretto Louilburgh Louvain Louvcau of Malaca, joins Malacca to Faither India, Afia. Mediterr. Sea Arabia Felijt Slam Siberia Bengal Roxboroughftiirc Airfliire Munfter Jamaica Ukraine Lapland Prullla Teneriffe Labor Lancalhire Alface Schonen Canton of Vaud YorkOiire Lcicefterlhire Saxony Edinburghfliire S. Pacific Cornwall Guienne Coalf of Holland Bilhopric of Liege Peru Munller Limoges Lincolnlhire Linthgowlhire Aulhia Eftremadura French Flanders StafFordihire Cornwall Middlelcx Uliler Pope's Territory Cape Breton Hie Aallrian Brabant Siiiin Italy Arabia Eaft India Ruffia Eaa India Scotland Scotland Ireland Weft India ' Ruffia Ruffia Poland Canaries Eaft India • England France Sweden Swit?erland '' England England Germany Scotland Ocean England France Syria Netherlands Netherlands South Ireland France England Scotland Germany Portugal Netherlands England England England Ireland Itr.ly North Netherlands Eaft India Afia Afia Europe Europe N. Am';rica America N. America Afia Afia Afia Afia Europe Afia Afia Afia Afi:l Europe Europe ■ Europe America Europ-; Europe Europe Atlantic Ocean Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Alia Europe Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America F.urnpe Afia * Lai. D. M. 19-16 S. 48-45 N. S7-33 N. 17-04 N. 47-J2 N. 2 J 03 N. .9-31 S. 22-20 N. 22-38 S. 32-25 N. 38.50 N. a I -29 N. 14-18 N. 57-10 N. 21-48 N. 55-38 N. 55-38 N. 51-32 N. 18-15 N. 50-30 N. 6S-si N. 54-4 5 N. 28-28 N. 32-40 N. 54-05 N. 49- 1 1 N. 55-52 N. 46-31 N. 53-48 N. 52-38 N. 51-19 N. 55-55iN. 15-13 S. 50-26 N. 45-iSN. Meditsr 52-10 N. 50.37 N. 12-01 S. 52-35 N. 45-49 N. 53-'5N- 55-56 N. 48-16N. 38-J3 N. 50-37 N. 5^ +3 ^• 49-57 N. 5.-3. N. 50-00 N. 43-15 N. 45-53 ^•'■ 50-53 2>. K 42 N, 959 Lii/g. D. M. 169-51 E. 1 1-27 E, 4-02 W. 62-04 E, 52-21 W. 109-37 W. 170-26 E. 91-50 E. 167-43 K' 52-55 E. 1-40 E. 49-27 E. 100-55 E. 163-00 E. 88-55 E- 02-12 W. 04-30 w. C8.20W. 76-38 w. 31-12 E. 35-^3 E- 21-35 E. 16-13 W, 75-30 E. 02 55 E. oS-02 E. 13-51 E. C6-50 E. 01-29 W- 01-03 ^'• 12-25 f"- 03-co W. 168-03 E. 04-36 \V. 3-52 W. ranean Sea. 04-32 li. 05-40 E. 76-44W. 08-48 W. 01-20 E. CO- 2 7 W. 03-30 W. '3 57 ''■• 09-C4 W. 03- 09 E. 01-04 ^^''• 05-10 W. I ft Meridian 07-40 VV, 14-15 ^■ 59-48 \^'- (,■4 49 ]■:. 100-56 £. Mm 'mm ■mm 96j A NEW GKOGRAPHICAI. TABLE. Haiiui •/ P!a:ti. Lubec St. Lucia Ulu i.undcn l.uneville Luxemburg Lyonj JVl Ma^caffif Madeira Fuuchal Madrafs VIadrid Magdalena Ifle Mahon Port Majorca Malacca Malines Mallicola (IHe) St. Malocs Malta Iflc Manilla Mantua Marec[alante Ifle Marfeilles St. Martha St. Martin's Ifle TVLirtinico Iflc St. Mary's Ifle St Mary's Town M.i(kelyne Ifles Mauritius Mjurua Ifle Majence Mayo Iflc Muaux Mecca Medina Mediter. Sea Mequinez Messina Mergui Mexico Miatca Ifle Sc. Michael's Ifle Middleburg Ifle Milan Miil'ord Haven Mocha MOOENA Montreal Montpelier Montague Ifle Montrofe Montferrat Ifle Morocco Moscow Munich Munfter NAmur Nancy iN-.tngafiKJu Pnvincts, Holftein Windward Iflcs Gothland Lorrain Luxemburg Lyons Canton Celebes Ifle Atlantic Coromandel New Callilc South Minorca Ifle Mitlacca Brabant South Bretagne Mediterranean Luconia Philip Ifles Mantua Atlantic Provence St. Martha Caribbean Ifles Caribbean Ifles Scilly Ifles Azores South Indian South Lower Rhine Cape Vcrd Chanipagni Arabia Felix Arabia Felix Between Fez. Scily Ifland Siam Mexico South Azores South Milanefe Pcmbrokefliire Arabia Felix Modena Canada Languedoc South Forfar Caribbean Ifles Morocco Mofcow Bavafia Weftphalia Is'amur Lorrain Japan C»untrits. Germany Weft Indies Sweden France Netherlands France China Eafl India Ocean Eall Indift. Spain Pacific Ocean Mediierr. Tea Meditcrr. fea Kid India Netherlands Pacific Ocean France Sea Eaft India Italy •Ocean Franco Terra Firma Weft India Weft India Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean ■Ocean Pacific Ocean •Germany Atlantic Ocean France Arabia Arabia Luropc and Barbary Italy Eaft India Morth Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Italy Wales .Arabia Italy Korlh France Pacific Ocean Scotland Weft India Barbary 1c Europe Afi?. A/rica Alia Europe Africa Europe Afia Afia Africa Africa Eiiropft- Afia America Afia Europe Afia Europe Europe Afia Europe America Europe Alia Europe America Africa Europe Europe Europe Euiope Europe Afia Lat. D. M. 54-00 N, 13-24 N. SS-4« N. 4»-35 N. 49-37 -N. 45-45 N. 2J-12 N. 05-09 S. 32-37 N. 13-04 N- 40-25 N. 10-25 S. 39-50 N. 39-35 N. 02- 1 2 N. 51 01 N. 16-15 N. 4838 N. 35-54 N. 14-36 N. 45-20 N. 15-55 N. 43- '7 N. 1 1-26N. 18 04N. 14-44 N. 49-57 N. 36.56 N. 16-32 S. 20-09 S. 16-25 S 49-54 N. 15-ioN. 48-57 N. 21-45 N. 25-00 N. Atlantic 34 "'N. 3^ " 12-iz 19-54 N 17-52 S. 37-47 N. 21 20 S. 45 25 N. 5145N. 13 40 N. 44 34 N. 45 35 N. 4336N. 17 26 S. 55 34 N. 16 47 N. 30 32 N. 55 45 N. 48 09 N. 5 2 CO N. 50 28 N. 4S 41 N. 32 32 N. Lcng. D.M. 11-40 E. 60-46 W. 13-26 E, 06-35 E. 06-16 \L. 04-54 ^' 113-51 E. 119 53 E. 17-01 W, 80 ii E. 03 20 E. 138 44 W. 03-53 E- 02-34 E. 102 10 \L, 04-33 E- 167 44 E. 01-53 W. •4-33 E. 120 58 E. 10-47 E. 61-06 W, 05-27 E. 73 59 W. 62-57 W. 61-16W. 06 38W. 25-04 W. 168-04 E, 57-34 E. 15237 E. 08-25 E. 23-00 W. 02-57 E. 41-00 E. 39-53 E. Ocean. o6.co E. 15-40 E. f)S-i3 E. -00 W, 01 w. ^ ^w« '74 09 J 05 15 Vv 43 SO E. 1 1 17 E. 73 "W. c:3 37 E. 168 36 E. 02 20 W, 62 12 w. 06 10 vv. 37 50 fi- ll 35 E. 07 10 E. 04 49 E. 06 16 E. 12851 E. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Namti »/ Plata, Nanking Nantes Nuple* Narva New York Newcaftle Newport Nice St. Nicholas Mole Nieuport Nineveh Ningpu Norfolk rfle Noriton North Cape Northampton Norwich Nuremberg Nottingham OChotlkoi Ohevahoa Ifle Ohicuhoo ifle Oleroa Olinde Olmutz Olympia St. Oracr's Onaieayo Ifle Oporto Oian Orenburg L'Orient, (Port) "Orleans Orleans (New?) Ormus Orotava 0.1k Ofuaburg-Ide Oftcnd Otaheite Owhyee Oxford Obferva- tory PAcific or Orien- tal Ocean Padua P.iifley Palermo Pallifcr's Ifles Talma Ifle P-ilin^rfton's Kle Palmyra Panama Paoom Ifle Paris (Obferv.) Parma Patna PatrixfiorJ Pau St. PauPs Hie P»"OIl - ~n^ IVking No. XXX^I. Pnvincti, Kiangan Urct.ignc Naples Livonia New York Northumberland Rhode Ifland Piedmont Hifpaniola Flanders Curdiftan Chckiang South Pcnnfylvania Wardhus Northamptonfln're Norfolk Franconia Nottinghamftiirc Siberia South fjouih .Saintonge Brafil Moravia Oreece ■ Flanders South Duoro Algiers Tartury Bretagne Orleannois Louifiana Ormicos Ifle Teneriffe Tartary South Flanders South South Oxl'ordfliire Between Paduano Renfrewflnre Sicily Ifle South Canaries South Syria Darien South Ifle of France Parmafan Bengal Iceland Bcarn Souih Pctchi-li Ctuntritt. China France Italy Riillia North England North Italy Weft India Nctherlawls Turkey China Pacific Ocean North Lapland England England Germany England RuIHa Pacific Ocean Pacific Oceaa France South Bohemia Turkey Netherlands Pacific Oceaa Portugal Barbary Ruffia France France North Perfla Atlantic Ocean Ruflla Pacific Ocean Netherlands Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean England Afia and Italy Scotland Italy Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Oceaa Turkey Terra Firma Pacific Ocean France Italy Eall India N. Atlan. Ocean France Indian Ocean lii'ft iiKli.1 China 6 G Alia Europe Europe Eiirope America Europe America Europe America Europe Afia Afia Afia _ America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Afia Afia Europe America Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe Africa Afia Europe Europe America Afia Africa Afia Afia Europe Afia Afia Europe America Europe Europe Europe Afia Africa Alia Afia S. America Afia Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Africa Afia Afia l.at. a M. 32 00 N. 47 '3 J^. 40 JO N. 59 00 N. 40 49 N. 55 03 N. 4> 35 N. 43 4' N. 1 9 49 N. 5' 07 N, 36 00 N. 29 57 ^f. 29 o' S. 40 09 N. 71-10 N. 52-isN. 52-40 N. 49-27 N. 53-00 N. S9-20 N. 09-40 S. 09.35 s. 46-01 N. 08-13 S. 49-30 N. 37-30 N, 50 44 N. 09.58 S, 41-ioN. 36-30 N. 51-46 N. 47-45 N. 47-54 N. 29-57 N. 26-50 N. 2823 N. 5 1 - 1 2 N. •7 52S. 51-13 N. 17-29 S. 22-10 S. 5'-45N, 45-22 N, 55-48 N. 38-30 N. '5-^8 S. a8 36N. 1 8-00 S. 33-00 K. oS-47 N. 16-jo S. 48-50 N. 44-45 N- 25-45 N. 65-35 N. 43-'5N. 37-S' a 17-00 N. 39-54 N, 9^1 Long, D.Xf. n8 30 E. 01 28 W. 14 18 v.. 27 35 K. 74 CO \V. 01 24W. 7106W, 07 22 E. 73 24 W. 02 50 £, 45 00 E. 120 23 £. 168 15 E. 75 «8W. 2602 E. 00-55 ^'• 01-25 E. 11-12 E. 01-06 W. '43-' 7 E. i38-5r)W. 139-01 W. OI-20 W. 35-00 W. 16-45 E. 22-00 E. 02-19 E. 138 46 W, oS-22 W. 00-05 E. 55-14 E. 03-20 W. 01-59 E. 89-53 W. 57-©o E, 16-19W. 58 37 E. 148-01 E. 03-00 L. 149 35 W. 199- CO E. 01-10 W- l2-fc0 E. 04-08 W, «3-43 E. 146-25 W, 17.45 W. 162-52 w. 3900 E. «o-i6W. J 68- 33 E, 2-25 K. 10-51 L. 83-03 v.. 14-05 w. 0-04 w. 77-53 E. 97-00 E. 1 16-29 E. \l ': 902 Samis of Plactt. felew Ifl,«nd$ Pembroke Pkniaiola Pen/ancc Peiigueiix Pcrinaldi Forth Perth-amboy Perfepolis St. Peter's Fort St. Peter's Ifle Pktcrsiurr Petropawlofkoi Philadelphia St. Philip's Fort Pickerfgill Ide Pico Pines, Ifle of Pifa Placentia Plymouth Plymouth Poliingen Pondicherry Ponoi Porto Bcito Port Sanfto Ifle Port Royal Port Roval Portland Ifle Portland Ifle Portfmouth Town •—— Academy Portfmouth Potdfi Praeue PrelBarg Prefton Prince of Wales Fort Providence Puio Candor Ifle Pule Timor Iflc Fyleaaart Ifle OUebec Q^een Charlotte's Ifles St. Quintin ^ ito I\. Ramhead R?*tift)on Re Ifle Rccif Rcfclution Ifle Rheims Rhodes Riga Rimini Rennes RnchsHe Rochfort A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Provncti, North Pembrokefliire Weft Florida Cornwall Guienne Genoa Perthfliire New York Irac A^em Martinico North Ingria Kimtfchatk.i Penniyivania Minorca South Azores N. Caledonia Tufcany Newfoundl. Ifle Devonfliire New England Swabia Coromandel Lapland Terra Finna Madeira Jamaica Martinico South North Hampfliire Hampfliire New England Peru Upper Lancafliire New N. Walei New England Indian Ocean Gulf of Slam South Canada South Picardf Peru Dalmatia Cornwall Bavaria Aunis Brafil South Champagne Rhode Ifland Livonia Romagna Bretagne Aunis Saiutonge Countritt. Pacific Ocean Wain North England France Italy Scotland North Perfia W. India Atlantic Ocean Rulfu Ruflla North Mediterr. Sea Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Italy North England North Germany Eall India Rullia South Atlantic Ocean Weft India Weft India Pacific ocean Atlantic ocean England England North South Bohemia Hungary England North North Eaft India Eaft India Pacific Ocean North Pacific Ocean France South Venice Rnglaod Germany France South Pacific Ocean France Levant fea Ruflia Italy France France Fraace Stuart. Afia Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe America Afia N. America America Europe Afia America Europe America Europe Afia Europe America Europe America Europe Afia Europe America Africa America America Afia Europe Europe Europe America America Europe Europe Europe America America Afia Afia Afia America Ma Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe America Afia Europe Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Lat. DM. 7-00 N, 5-45 N. 30. ai N. 50-08 N. 4S-MN. 43-53 N. 56-a2 N. 40-30 N, 30-30 N. 14-44 N. 46-46 N. 59-56 N. 53-o« N. 39-56 N. 39 5° N- 54-42 S. 38-28 N. 22-38 S. 43-43 N. 47-26 N. 50-22 N. 41-48 N. 47-48 N. 11-41 N. 67-06 N. 9-33 N. 3258N. 1800N. 14-35 N. 39-25 s. 63-22 N. 50-47 N. 50-48 N. 43-10 N. ai-ooS. 50-04 N. 48-20 N. 53-45 N. 58-47 N. 41-50 N. 8-40 N. 3-00 N. 22-23 S* 46-55 N. lo-ii S. 49-50 N. 0-13 S. 42-45 N. 50-18 N. 48-56 N. 46-14 N. 8-10 S. 17-23 s- 49-14N. 36-20 N. 56-55 N 44-03 N. 48-06 N. 46-09 N. 46-02 N. Leng. D.k I35-00 E. 4-50 W. 87-20 w, 6-00 W. 0-48 E. 7-45 E. 3-'»W. 74-20 W. C4-0O E. ^i-i6W. S6.12W. 30 24 E. 158-40 E. 75-09 V/. 3-5J E- 36-53 w. 28-ai W. 167-43 E. 10-17 E. 55-00 W. 4- 1 o W. 70-2? W. 1048 £. 79-57 E. 36-28 E. 79.45 W. i6a8W. 7640W. 61-04 W. 178-17 t. 18-49 W. 01-01 w. i-oiW. 70-20 w. 77-00 w. 14-50 E. 17 30W. 2-50 W. 94-02 W. 71-21 W. 107-25 E. 104-30 E. 175-36 W. 69-48 W. 164-35 E. 3-22 E. 77-50 W. 18-25 E. 4-5 W. 12-05 E. 1-29W. 35-30W. 141-40 W. 4-07 E. 28-00 E. 24-00 E. 12-39 E. 1.36 W, 1.04W. 0-S3 W. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. tfami •/ Plant. RockofLinioa Rodec Aodriguct Ifle Rome, (St. Peter's) Rotterdam Rotterdam Ifle Rouen SAba IHe Siigaa St. Auguftia St. Domingo St. George's Channel St. Jago St. Salvador Salifbury Sail Ifle Saionichi ' Salvage Ifles Samana Samarcand Samaria Ruini Sandwich Ifle Santa Cruz Santa Fee Savage Ifle Savannah Saunder's Ifle Sayd, or Thebes Scarborough Schwezingea Scone flea of Afop ' Marmora — — . Ochotflt Yellow Sedan Senegal Seville Sheernefs Shepherd's Ifles Shields C^uth) Shrewflsury .'itam Sidon Si-gham-fu Siiteron Smyriu Sombavrra Ifles Soolo Ifle Southampton Spaw Stafford Stockholm Sterling Prtvineii, Mouth of Tagus River Guienne South Pope's Territory Holland South Normandf Carib. fea Silefia Eaft Florida Carib. fea Between Chili Brafil Wiltlhire North Macedonia North Hifpaniola Ulbec Holy Land South Teneriffe New Mexico South Georgia South Georgia Upper Yorkfliire Lower Rhine Perthfljire Little Tartarf Turkey in Between Between jBafiern Champagne Andalufla Kent South Durham Shropfliire Siam Holy Land Chen fi Dauphind Natoiia Carib. Sea Philip. Ifles Hampfltire Leige Staftbrdfliire Oumtritt. Portugal France Indian ocean Italy Netherlands Pacific Ocean France Weft India Germany North Weft India England and Ireland South South England Atlantic oceaa Turkey Atlantic ocean Weft India Tartary Turkey Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Pacific Ocean North S. Atlantic Ocean ^art. Europe Europe Africa Europe Europe Afia Europe America Europe America America Europe Egypt England Germany Scotland Europe and Europe and Sibcnat and Tarury, China France Negroland Spain England Paciflc Ocean England England Eaft India Turkey China France Turkey Weft India Eaft India England Germany England Sweden Scotland America America Europe Africa Europe Africa America Afla Afla Afia Africa America Afia America S. America Africa Europe Europe Europe Afia Afu Kamtfchaika, Afia, and Corea, Europe Africa Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Afia Afia Afia Europe Afia N. America Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Upland wvw.....^ Sterlingfliire mvuwkiiiu Straits of Babelmandcl, between Africa and Afia, Red Sea. of Dover, between England and France, Englilh Chinnel. of Gibraltar, between Europe and Africa, ^Iedit£rranean Sea. — — of Malacca, between Malacca and Sumatra, Afia, Indian Ocean. of Magellan, between Terra del Fuego, and Patagonia, South America of La Mairc» in Patagonia, South America, Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. - of Ormus, between Perfia and Arabia^ Perfian Gulf. of Sunda, between Sumatra and Java, Indian Ocean, Afia. — — of Waigats, between Nova Zembla and Ruflla, Afia. /: Lai. D. M. 38-4S N. 44-31 N. 10-40 N. 41-53 N. S1-56N. ao-i6N. 49-26 N. 17-39 N. S"-42 N. 29-45 N. I8-20 N. Atlantic 34-00 S. ii-S8 S. Si-ooN, 16-38 N. 40-41 N. 30.00 N. 19-15 N. 40 40 N. 32-40 N. "7-4> S. 28-27 N. 36-00 K. 19-02 S. 58-00 S. 27-00 N. S+-18N. 49-23 N. 56-24 N. Black fea N. Pacific N. Pacific 49-42 N. »S-53N. 37-«5 N- 51-25 N. 16-58 S. 55-02 N. 52-43 N. 14-18 N. 33-33 N- 34- '6 N. 44-« « N. »8-28N. 18-38 N. 5-S7 N. 50-55 N. 50-30 N. 52-50 N, ^9 20N. 56-10 N. 963 Ling, U. M. 9-30 W. a-39 e' 63 «S E '2-34 t. .74-25 w. I-OO w- 63-12 W. 15-27 E. 81-12W. 70-00 W. Ocean. 77-00 W. 38.00 w. 1-45 W. aa-si W. 23-13 E. 15-49 W. 691 1 W. 69- 00 E. 38-00 E. 168-38 E. 1611 W. 104-00 W, 169-25 W. So-20 w. 26-53 w, 32-20 e. o.ioW. 8-45 E. 3-10 W. iS*.-#^^ Oce.-.a. Ocean. 5-02 E. 16-26 W. 6-05 W. 0-50 K. I 68-47 E. 1-15 E. 2-46 W. 100-55 E. 36-15 E. 108-48 E. 6-01 E. 27-24 E. 63-32 W, 121-20 E. 1-25 W. 5-40 E. 2-00 W. 18-08 E. 3-SoW. ," • ^'- Ml^ 5)64 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. ' Namo •f Pla PrtvitKtt. Cnntrin. ^tlMtl. D. M. Long. S4rtlfund Pomer.init Germany Enrope 51-Z3 N. 48-54 N. 13 12 E. Si :i!bur(jh Alliicc France Europe 7-46 E.. 2424^: Stnaamncii Iceland N. Atlantic Ocean Europe 65-39 N. Sue7. Sue/. Kgypt Africa ag-jo N. S3-»7 B. Suit/. I.orrain I* ranee E°urnp« •4:-S3N. 709W. Sunil«ilir.d Durhiun Enghind Eall India Europe 54-55 N> i-ioW. Siinit (Juznrac Afia . ai-ioN. 7»-27 E. S\irinam Surinam South Amerie^; 6.C0N. 55-30W, Syracuit; Sicily llle Italy Europe 36-58 N. 15 05 E. nr-iAKLK Idand X Tanjour New HehriJei South Pacific- Alia .5-.,8 S. 167- 12 E. Tanjour t.afl India Alia 11-27 N. 79-07 E. lanna •South Pacific Ocean Afia 19-31 S. 169 46 E. Taoukaa Ifle Soiuh Pacific Ocean Alia 14-30 s. 145-04 W. Tauris Aderbeitzan Perfia Alia 38-20 N. 4'^>-3t> E. Ttfll. Gcorj^ia Pcrlia Alia 43-30 N. 47 00 E. TemontenRis So loo r.Hlt India Alia 5-57 N. 12O 5H E. Teneriffe Peak Cuiarits Atlantic Ocean Africa aa-izN. i'6-24W;' Tercera Azores Athintic ocean Europe 38-45 N. 27-0! W.; Tetuan Fe^ IJarbary Africa 35-40 N. 5-18W. &. Thomas's Ifle Virgin Ifles Weft India America 18-21 N. 64.46 W. 'I'hcrn Regal h-ullia Poland Europe 5as6N. 19-00 w. Timor.S.W Point Eall India Alia. 10-23 S. 124-04 E. Timorland S. Point Lall India Alia 8-15 s. Mi-59 E. Tobolfki Siberia Ruflla Alia. 58-12 N. 68-17 E. Toledo New Caftite Spain Europe 39-50 N. 3-25 E. Tomik Siberia Ruiria Alia "56-29 N. 85-04 E, Tonga Tabu Ifl« South Pacific Ocean Afia a 1-09 S. 1 74-4 < W, Tornea Bothnia Sweden Europe 65-50 N. 24-»7 E. Toulon Provonco France Europe 4J-07 N. 6-01 E. Trapcfond Matolia Turkey Afia 41-50 N. 4030 E, Trent Trent Germany Europe 46-05 N. 11.02 E. Tripoli Tripoli Barbary Africa ' 3i-S3N. 13-12 E.' Tripoli Syria Natolia Tuirkey Afia 34-30 N. 36-iy Bj Troy Ruins Turkey Alia 39-3° N. 26-30 E. Tunis Tunii. Barbary Africa 36-47 N. 10-00 E. Turin Piedmont ' Italy Europe 45-05 N. 7-45 E. Turtle Ifle South Pacific Oceaa Alia 19-48 S. 1 78-02 w. Tyre Paleftins Turkey Afia 32-32 N. 36-00 E, Tyrnaw TrentfchJiv Hunrary Facihc Ocean. Europe 48-23 N. 17*38 E. TTLiatea South Afia 16-45 s. IS1-26W. Upland Sweden Europe 59-51 N. «7-47 E. Uraniberg Huen Ifle Denmark Europe 55.54 N.' 12-57 E. lllhant Ifle Bretagne France Europe 48-28 N. 4-S9W. (Jtrecht Holland Netherlands. Europe 5#'07 N. j-00 E. Venice Venice Italy Europe 45-26 N. 1 1-59 E. 97-2SW. Vera Crue Mexico North America 19-12 N. Verona Veronefe Italy Europe 45-26 N. n-23 E. Verfaillcs Ifle of France France Europe 48-48 N. 2-ia E. ViE)»NA(Obfer.) Auflria Germany Europe 48-12 N. 16-22 E. Vigo Galicia Spain Europe 42-14 N. 8-23 w. Vintimifjlia Genoa Italy Europe 43-53 N. 7-4* E. Virgin Gorda Virgin Ifles. Yorkftiire Weft India America 18-18 N. 63-59 w. •\X /"Afcefield- England Europe 53-4' N. 1-28 w. W Prince of New N. Wale» North America 58.47 N. 94-02 W. Wales Fort Wardhuj Norwegian Lapland Maflbvia Lapland Europe 70-22 N. 3«-u E. Warfaw Poland Europe 52.14 N. ai-oj E. Warwick Warwickfliire England Europe 52-18 N, 1-32 w. Waterford Munfter Ireland Europe 52 12 N. 7«6W. Wells Snmerfetfljire England Europe 51 12 N. 340W. Weftman Ifles North Atlantic Ocean Europe 63 20 N. 20 22 W. Whitehaven Cumberland England Europe 54 38 N. 336W. Namtt tf Placii. Whitfuntid* 'fle Williamfbiirtr Willis', liles Wincheft,.r Wilna Wittenbtirg Wologda Worcefter Worm* Wonak Wurtiburg YArmouth York Yorkminfter Greenwich Obrenr. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. fytvlnrtf, • South Virginia South Georgia Hampfhire Lithuania Upper Salon/ Wologda Worcefterfliire Lower Rhine Franconia Norfolk Vorkfhire Terra del Fuego Kent, England, Europe, CiHHlriei, Pacific Ocean North Atlantic Ocean England Poland Germany Ruflia England Germany RuOla Gernaany England England South 5i'38'4o".N. o»5' Afia America America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America 37'' E. of St Lit. D. M. »S44S. 37 'a N. 54 eo S. 51 06 N. 54 4' N. S ' 49 N. 59 •9N, 5a 00 N. 49 38 N. 61 15 N. 49 46 N. 5a 45 N. S3 59 N. „ . 55 2fi N. Paul's London. 9«5 hong. D. Rl, 168 2% B. 76 48 W. 38 a* W. I ijW. as 32 E. 1 2 46 E. 41 50 E. «5SW. 805 E. 10 18 E. I 48 E. 1 oiW. 70 oj W. m't) hi > - L 1 yJ t -f M V. MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE> The mod Copious and Authentic that ever was puWiflicd, of the preftnt State of the R«ALi and Imaginary Monies of the World. ^ Divided into Four Parts, viz. EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, ani> AMERICA; Which arc fubdividcd into flfty^Bvc parts, containing the Names of the^moft Capital Places, Aj Sic! whereof are infcrted, iewing'^how the Monies are reckoned b^ the rcrpea.vc "«'«'" •."^ thtiZZl ftanding againft the Denomination of each foreign Piece, « the Engbfli intrinfic Value th«cof" a^ing '0 *« bcft Aflays made at the Mint oJ the Tows* of London. - j >» »»»> l > » »^ < C««««« ** « « * EXPLANATION. By real Money, is underftood an Effeaive Specie, reprefenting in itfelf the Value denominated thereby, ''^•Thi's"MarUs prefixed to the imaginary Money, which is generally made Ufe of in keeping Accompts, fignifying a fia.tious Piece which is not in being, or which cannot be reprefented be* by feveral other Pieces, as a PouNP Sterling. &c. „ r » All Fraftions in the Value Enelifli are Parts of a Penny. = This Mark fiirnifies, ij, tnait, or equal to. ^ « • . • Note. For all the Spanilh. Poauguefe, Dutch, and Daniih Dommions, either on the Contmeat, or la the Weft Indies, fee the Monies oi the refpeftive Nations. NORTHERN ENGLAND and SCOTLAN Ltnd^n, Brijlol, LkitrpMl, He. Edinhurgh, Glafno-w, AbertUtn, He. £■ A Farthing • «B a Halfpenny = a Penny = a Groat e: a Half Shilling op a Shilling = a Crown s= a* Pound Sterl s a Guinea P A P. ^ Farthings 2 Halfpence 4 Pence 6 Pence 12 Pence 5 Shillings ao Shillings 2! Shillings o o o o o o I i v. I' o I 4 6 o o o o RTS OF EUROPE. FLANDERS akd BRABANT. Ghini, OJlenJ, tff. Ani^crp^ Brujjth He. • A Pening 4 Peningeni 8 Peningias 2 G rotes 6 Petards 7 Petards 40 Grotes 17^ Scalins 240 Grotes d. m O O O tI« «a an Urche 000/5 s= •» Grote 000^ s= a Petard o 9 o -^ = •aScalin o o 5 f = a Scalin ;> o 6 t^ = 'a Florin o 1 6 a a Ducat 093 = "a Pound Flem. 090 IRELAND. Dublin, Ctr^, Lendonderrj, He. HOLLAND AND ZEALAND. jtmfttrdam, Rolttrdam, MiddUburg, flujhing, He. A Farthing 2 Farthings 2 Halfpence 6[ Pence I z Pence J 3 Pence 65 Pence so Shillings ill Shillings o a Halfpenny o *a Penny o a Half Shilling o * a Shilling Irilh o a Shilling o a Crown o • a Pound Irifh o a Guinea x o o o 9 o I 5 18 o o o 6 >' ^ o o Si o If • Pening = 8 Peningeos = *a Grote a Grotes = 6 Stivers = 20 Stivers « 2 Fior. loStiv. = 60 Stivers « 3 Flor. 3 Stiv. = 6 Guilders 20 Florins ' 15 Florins a Stiver a Scalin a Guilder a Rix-dollar a Dry Guilder _ a Silver Ducatt. = • a Pound Flem. =.; a Gold Ducat, or Ducattoon = a Ducattoon, ano- ther fort, called z Sovereign o o o o I 4 5 S 10 o o I 6 9 6 4l i*r I 16 o ^ Y. -^V»' 7 .7 'V A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. NORTHERN PARTS of EUROPE. G E R M A NT. HAMBURG, Aluna, Luhc, Bum,n, fife. L 96'J ' * A Trylmg a TryJings 2 Sexiingt izFeningn 1^ Shillings 2 Marcs 3 Marcs 4 Marcs I ao Shillings = 'a Selling : a Fening = a Shilling Lub ■■ 'a Marc = a Sletch-dollar ! a Rix'dollar ■■ a SilTcr Ducattoon o *a Pound Flem. o f. o o o o 3 4 6 It I o o o 1 6 o 6 o 3 7\ G E R M A NT. BOHEMIA, SILESIA, and HUNGARY Prague, Brejlau, Prrjhurg, i;e. :■:% * A FeniUf 3 Fenings 8 Fenings iz Fenings « Groflien i6Groftien 24 Groflien 3* Groflien - ; ^i . I l l 1 11 HANOVER, Luntnbtrgh, Z*U, Wr . = a Drjyer s a Marien = aGrofh = a Half Gulden = a Gulden =0 'a Rix-dollar = a Double Gulden = a Ducat o o o o o o o o SAXONY AND HOLSTEIN. Leipjic, (St. JVifmar, Keil, i:c. =■ 000 K a rening = a Dre^er Drefdtn, •An Heller '-% Hellers 6 Hetleri 16 Hellers laRaiings 16 Groflien t\ Groflien 32 Groflien 4 G»u]ds : a Marien a Grofli a Gould *a Rix-dollar a Sperie-dollar a Ducat c o o o o o o o t'» o I I 4 6 8 4 BR/VNDENBURGH Berlin, P*tfd4im, *DaAier 9Deni«ra 1 8 Deniers 3 Poichens 20 Groflien 30 Groftiea 90 Groflien 108 Groflien b Florins - AND POMERANIA f^c.Stetiti, Wf. o e = a 'Polchen o = a Grofli « o B an Abrafs o = "a M«wc o = a Florin o s= • a Rix-dollar o = an Albertus o =» a Ducat o i-ft 7 7S _7 • T o COLOGN, MtHiz, Triers, Litgt, Munich, Munfin-y Padtrboui », Wc. , ' A Dute' » . 3 Dutes a» aCrui zer 2 Cruitzers « an A jus 8 Dutes <■ a Sti< er 3 Stivers « a f'hpert 4 Pjuperts = a Conftuck 40 Stivers = a Guilder 2 Guilders = a Hard Dollar 4 Guilders = a Ducat o . o o o o o o o a ■ ■ . 15 A Fening 2 Fenings 3 Fenings 4 Fenings 2 Cruititers 62 Cruitzers 90 Cruitzers 2 Goulds 4 Goulds = o = a Dreyer o = a Groft) o — a Cruitzer o « a White Grofli o =* a Gould o = *a Rix- dollar o — a Hard Dollar o = a Ducat o /. o o o o o 2 3 4 9 ] IS if AUSTRIA AND SWABIA. A Fening 2 Fenings 4 Fenings 14 Fenings 4 Cruitzers ■ S Batzen 90 Cruitzers 2 Florins ^ Batzen =: a Dreyer = aCruitztr = a Grofli = a fiatcen = a Gould = 'a Rix-dollar = a Specie-dollar = a Ducat o o o o e o o o o ' If 4 6 6 4 FRANCONI A, Francfon, Nurmburg, Detlingtn, bfc. A Fening 4 Fenings 3 Cruitzers 4 Cruitzers I 5 Cruitzers 60 Cruitzers 90 Cruitzers a Goulds 240 Cruitzers a Cruitzer a Keyfer Grofli a Batzen an Ort Gould a Gould •a Rix-dollar a Hard Dollar a Ducat c o o o o o o o o o o o o o 2 3 4 9 ! i POLAND AND PRUGSIA. Craetw, IVar/aw, Wc. Dantzic, Konirgjherg, (fc. A Shellon 3 Shelon 5 Groflien 3 Couftic 1 8 Groflien 30 Groflien 90 Grolhen 8 Florins 5 Rix-dollars o = a Grofli o = a Couftic o =3 a Tinfe o =s an Ort o = a Florin o = •» Rix-dollar o = a Ducat o = a Frederic d'Or o O o o o o I 3 9 '7 I LIVONIA, Riga, Rtvel, Nerv.t, ^c. A Blacken 6 Blackens 9 Blackens 2 Groflien 6 Groflien 30 Groflien 90 Grolhen J08 Groflien 64 Whitens o a Grofli o a Vording o a Whiten o a Marc « a i'lorin o •a Rix-doilnr o an Albertus o a CopperpI,^. © o e o o o I 3 4 5 5 IT A >^r«* tf'tl.4 ' .'4 in ll !■■•:, i iJ 'H 1 S^i AMODERN UNIVERSAL TABfcE. NORTHERN PARTS of EUROPE. '.ti-.. DENMARK, ZEALAND, and NORWAY. C)peHhtgen, Sound, £jff. Btrg*n, Drenlitim.f^c. A Skilling -6 Skillings 1 6 Shillings 20 Skiliings a4 Skillingf 4 Mares 6 Marcs II Marcs ■« 14 Marcs " * SW EDEN Sitik/^fm, * A Runftick « 2 Runflicks - SRunfticks 3 Coppct Marcs = 4 Copper Marcs = 9 Copper Mures = 3 Copper Dollars = 3 Silver Dollars = 2 RiT-doUars = a Duggen *a Mark a Rix-mark a Rix-ort a Crowa a Rix- dollar ' a Ducat a Hate Ducat £■ o o o o o o o o /. o o o o I 3 4 8 10 o 3 9 II I •o 6 X AND LAPLAND, t///«/ Vc. Tbtrn, lie. o o a Stiver a Copper Marc a Silver Marc a Copper Dollar a Caroline a Silver Dollar a Rix-dollar a Ducat o o o o o o o o o o I I 4 9 RUSSIA AMD MUSCOVY. P^lnjhurgk, Ardangtl, ^c. Alcfcovi, tfr. A Polufca = = a Deuufca = 'a Copec = an Altin = a Grievener = a Polpoiin s a Po!:in s a Ruble = a Xervonitz 2 Polulcas 2 Denufcas 3 Copecs loCopccs 25 Copecs 50 Copecs I CO Copecs 2 Rubles o o o o o I 2 4 9 17 17 TO ^ I 1 s n BASIL A Rap 3 Kapeii Zurich, Zug, feff . 4 Fenirigs 12 I tnings 15 Ftninj^s iSFenings 20 Sols 60 Ciuitzers 108 Ciuitzers « 000 = a'Fening 000 s= a Cruiieer 000 = *a Sol o o I = a Coiirfe Datzen o o i = a Good Uatzcn 00a = »uLivre 026 r= a Guk'.en c 2 6 s a Rix-dollar 046 I V t i St. CALL. Afftufal, lie. An Hrller 2 Hellers 4 Fenings 12 Fcnings 4 Cruitfcrs 5 Cruiueis ;:^' otM5 60 Cruii zers 102 Cruiticrs — ,000 = a Feninjj 000 = a Ciuitzer >o o o =* a J^ol 001 =i a Coarfe Batten 002 = a Good Datien 002 r= * " l-ivp" O 51 O = a (iould 026 s= a Ki.i -dollar 045 BERN. Luccrnt, Neu/lfMlel, (Je, A Denier * 4 Oeniers 3 Cruitzrrs 4 Cruitzers i Cruitzers' 6 Cruitzers. 20 Sols 75 Cruitzers 1 35 Cruitzers a Ciuitzer •a Sol a Plaperc ' a Gros a Batzen •a Livrc aGuldeo a Crown o o o o o o o o o GENEVA. Pekaj, Bcnnt, life. I A Denier » 2 Deniers = 12 Deniers a: 12 Den- curreiit = 12 Small Sols = 20 Sols current = lo^ Florins = I 5i Florins = 24 Florins = 000 a Deniw current 000 a Small Sol 000 a Sol currenl: 000 •a Florin 004 •Livre current o i 3 a Patacon o 311 a Croifade o $10 a Ducat .0 9 -M i 3. FRANCE and NAVARR£. Lrfle, Cambrdy, raltncicnnes, tfe. A Denier = 00 = a Sol . 00 ss «a Patard o o tx *a Plette ' o = a Livre Tourn. O o = *a Florin , o i = an Ecu of Ex. ' o 2 s: a Ducat o 9 ss a Louis d'Or i o 11 Deniers 15 Deniers 15 Patards 20 Sols 20 Patards 60 Sols 1 o-j Livres 24 Livret o J. 9i 10 oi 6 3 o . Dunkirk, St.-Omtn, St. S^uiintiti, lie A Denier (1 2 Deniers 1.5 Deniers I $ Sols 3.0 Solt = anlWl of Kx = aLolSisdOr = a Guinea = a Mocda 3 Livres 24 Livres 24 Livres joj Livrts a Sol % Patard • Piette *- ilvre Tourn. o o o o o o I I I S 4 s Taris, Lyoni, Marfe'illn, Ufc. Bcurdeaux, Bajonnt, {jfc. A Denier 3 Deiiiers 2 Liards 12 Deniers 20 Sols 60 Sols 6 Livres 10 Livres 24 Livres =: o,'. = a Ltard i :*i a Dardcnd oi — a Sol "^ !r — *a Livre Tourn. JO as an F-cu of Ex, 2 6 =: an Ecu S ~ *a P ftole b 4 = a Louis d'Or 1 i-.-y-t-*. it^ ^' , '^ MODERN tJNIVERSAL TA%LE. -1^' 'AC>, O^^ PORTUGAL. SOUTHERN PARTS of EUROPE, 969 % • arI ," 10 IVtz io Rez . ftVintb? v * 4 X^ftponi, , 10 Tcfti>gn».i ,48 'liftqpn* 64 Tsllijjjin* .^aHalf Vintln. a Viijtiii % ,'i'ertoon a Cruilideof Ex. a New Crufade •a Milre * , a Mi)ulore '., a j.oanefc - » o o o o o o /. o o o o 2 2 5 r »7 3 60 3 5 «Scw7/;, tic. Ncv: P!ale. Madrid, CmLz, A Maravedie = 2 Maravetlies =: a QjiartU J4 MaravcJies = a RThI 2 Rials = a Pillaiine , 8 Rials » 'a P[allr«of Ex 10 Rials = a Dollar 375 •^•^^raveCiics =: 'aDucatof Ex. 32 Ki,il|i = 'a I'i.loie of Ex. 36 Rials . ^ a Pillol^ . , .. '*^-«-<'-. « Gil/ial.ar, M.ilnga, Dgnla ^c. •A Maravcdle = o o o o o o o o o o o o o 3 4 4 •4 16 o o 5 10 7 6 II 4 9 41 -♦3 \^ 8 3 •f Velon. 2 MaraveJies = 4Maravedies = - 34 Maravodies = 15 Rials 512 Miravedies = 60 Rials > = 804.8 M:;.-ave4ies = 70 Rials = an Ocliavo a Qiiartil Ri 'a Kial Velon 'a Piiiftre of Ex. a Piiiftrc "aPiftoluof Ex. aPirtoleof Ex. aPillols o o o o 3 3 '4 14 16 o-.U B.irci!ona, Saint go Jli, ['akniia, tsfc. A Maravedre = 16 Maravedie*^ = a Soldo 2 H.ildos J =, a Rial Old Plate CO StilJos ' == "a Libra ^4 Koldr.s ■NsSa.liucat 16 SoMos 21 .Sol.los 2 1 t^nldos 60 Soldos Z3 'If 13 I 25- OUPLte. o c o o o o o o o o o o 5 6 4 6 5 16 o 3 6 7 9 6 2 10 9 A Den.iii 1 2 Uinari 4 Soldi ■ 20 SdKli 3c Soldi 5 l.iies 1 1 j Soldi 6 icitoons 20 Liies I r A L r. GEN o!A. A'iw, .SV. /?c-ff/5 "iJc = ;|» Soldi = a i-'iicvalct K *yfLiro = a Te loon---, = a Croilade = 'a Pe/.zo of E = a lienonine = a Piibte o o o o o o o o o o I 3 4 6 '4 \ 5- I 7 A L r. PIEDMONT, SAVOY and SARDINIA Turin, Chambttry, Cagllari, i^,- A Denaw a: = a QiiRtrini = a Soldi a Florin a Lire a .Scudi a Ducatoon a Piftole a Louis d'Op 3 Denari t2 DeiMri I'a Soldi 20 Soldi 6 Florins 7 Florins 1.3 Lires 16 Lires £■ o o o o o o o o I /. o o o o I 4 S 16 o I I ■1; ■'■«i* A •*^ /, Mi/an, Modcna, Parma, Pavia, i;c. A Denari 3 Denari '2 Denari 20 Soldi > 15 Soldi • 17 Soldi 6 Lires 22 Lires 23 Lires = a Qjiatrini == a Soldi = 'a Lire = a Scudi *a Scudi ol a Philip current Ex. a Pi dole a Spanilh Piftole o o o o o o o o o o o o 4 4 4 16 16 1 S 4 l' 1 I 'a I' t i A Denari 4 Denari 12 Denari 5 Quatrini 5 Cracas 20 Soldi 6 Lires 7 J Lires 22 Lires L'll'orn, Fkiinct, ^c. 3: =5 a Qiiatrini = a Soldi = a Craca = aQu.io = *a Lire = a Piaftre of Ex. = a Ducat = a Piftole ROM E. A Qu.itrini 5 Qiiatrini 8 Bayocs ro Dayocs 24 Bayocs 10 Julios I 2 fulios I S Julios 31 kilios Civita Vachia, Ancor.a, a Bayoc a Julio a Stampt Julio a Teftoon aCrown current ♦aCrownStan-.|)C a Chequi.i a Piilole NAPLES, GnUta, Qafu.,, ^c 6 H A Qiiatrini 3 Oj^iatrini 10 (trains 40 Qi^iairini 20 Grains 40 Grains ioc; Gr.iipis 23 Tariu$ 25 Taiius a Grain a C'arliu a Paulo a Tarin aTeltoon a Ducat of Ex. a Pillule a-.Spaui;IiP;iJc "970 A MO D F. R N U N i V E R S A L T A B L E. SOUTHERN TARTS ov EUROPE. I 7 A SICILY AND MALTA. A Pichil.i e'Pichill 8 Tichili 10 Grains 20 Grains 6 Tiiriiis 1 3 Tarins 6o Cailiiis 2 Oiincjs /- r. Patetm, Meffina, H. o ■zz. fi Grain = a Ponti = a Carlin = a Tarin = •;! Florin of Ex. = a Ducat of lix- = *an Ounce = a Pillole o o o o o I 3 7 «S vs I -A 6 A 4 8 /t Sohgna, Ra-viHita, i^c. A QiiRtrini 6 Qii.itriiil lo Havocs 30 liayocs 3, Julios 85 Bayocs 105 Bayocs 100 Bayocs 31 Julios a Bayoc a Julio *a Lire I a Teftoon I a Scudi of Ex. 4 a DucatooB 5 a Crown 5 a Piftole '5 5 VENICE. Bergham, tfc. A Picoll 12 Picol 6i Soldi 1 8 Soldi 20 Soldi 3 Ji»'^* 124 Soldi 24 Gros J 7 Lircs = a Soldt = •a Gros =5 a J"le = "a Lire = a Teftoon =c a Ducat cui rent = "a Ducat of Ex, = a Chequin o o o o o I 3 4 9 O 7T O 5 a; & 6 6 S 1 4- 2 TURKEY. A Mangar = 4 Mangars = 3 Al'pcrs : 5 Afpers : 10 Alpcrs 20 /\rpors = 80 Alpers : icoAlpers = I o Solotas : Morea, Candia, an Afper a Parac aBeftic an Odic a Solota •a Piaftre a Caragrouch a Xeriff C)pru4, o o o o o o o o o o O ' o - 3 6 o o o o ARABLE. A Carret 55 Carrets 7 Carrets fco Can ets 18 Comaftices 60 Comafhecs to Caveers ico Comafhees 80 Larius S I A. Medina, Mecca, Mocha, ^c. = 00 = a Caveer = 'a Comafhee PERSIA. ACoz 4 Coz I o Coz 20 Co a 25 Coa 4 Shabces 5 Abalhees 1 2 Abafliees 30 Abalhees a L'.iriii an Al>yfs •aPiadre a uoiiar a Sequin I 'a Tomond o o o o o o o 3 S I A. Ifpah-in, bjimis, Gomkoin, 6c- L- 4 d. aBiAi a Shaheo a Maaiooda a Larin an Abafliee an Or a Bovello •a Tomond b o o o o I 6 16 6 o I 4 8 10 4 8 o 8 11 5 lot A M G U L. G U Z Z U R A T. Sural, Camlay, ^c. A Pecka = o Peckas == a Pice Q Pices = a Fanam o = a Vi?, o = an Ana o = a Rupee o = an Englifh Crown o = a Pagoda o = a Gold Rupee i 5 Pices 1-6 Pices 4 Anns 2 Rupees 14 Anas 4 Pagoda MOGUL. MALABAR. Bombay, Dalul, lie. * Budgrook 2 Budgrook c Ren 16 Pices 20 Pices 240 Rez 4 Quart rs 14 Quarters 60 Quarters a Pice a Larce a Quarter ft Xeraphim a Rupee a Pagoda a Gold Rapef 3iB purposes MuulD 1^. , .■ ■■ a:- A.'n> Jo»siT<««n4C*_ 'g«tJiBwVpW».Diiul 5 Cafli 2 Viz 6 Pices 8 Pices 10 Fanams 36 Fanams 4 Pagod;i» Goa, VJapour, fi?* •A Re 2 Rez 2 Baiaracos 20 Rez 4 Vintins 3 Larees 42 Vintins 4 T:ingus 8 Tangus M O COROMANDEL. A Calh Mad^itjs, Ponduhcrry, ilfc. C 000" a Viz 4 o a Pice o a Pical o a Fanam o a Rupee o an Englilh Crown o a Pagoda o a Gold Rupee 1 .Ji*rk ,*^-* /:' it Uii 1/ J: A 71 (,Oubl txt Ebe purposes to mil U' 5j of Aujmt, 18M. wHnMto ^j. Joiwrr IT 1 -■ IB'b 7 ao J ^l 'T M * A j.-»' '-t A MODERN TJNIVSrSAL TABLE. 97-5 B £ A Pice 4 Pices 6 Pices 12 Pices lo An;is i6 Anas z Rupees 2 Rupees 56 Anas N ASIA. MOGUL. GAL. Callicut, Ca'aitta, tSc. ^t.. ;/f ^/'V. o tJ a Fanam J a Viz \\ an Ana I ^ a Kiano I 6 ^ a Rupee 2 6 a French Ecu 1; an Engiifh Ci'own s a Pa^rod.i 8 9 S I A M. Pegu, Malacca, CimioJia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, (fc. A Cori I o Cori 125 Fettees *50 Fettees goo Fettees 900 Fettees 2 Ticals 4 Soocos 5 Sataleers a Fettee a Sataleer a Sooco a Tutttl a Dollar a Rial an Ecu a Crown o o o o o o o o 3 3 CHINA. Peking, Canton, (Sc. ACaxa 10 Caxa 1 o Candereens 35 Candereens 2 Rupees 70 Candereens 7 Maces a Rupees 10 Maces JAPAN. A Plti 10 Piiis = 15 Maces = 20 Maces = 30 Maces = 13 Ounces Silver = 2 Ounces Gold = 2 Japancfes -■= a Candereen a Mace a Rupee a Dollar a Rix-dollar an Ecu a Crown a Tale ' f o o o o o o o o o ay T Jeddo, Meaco, ^c. o a Mace an Ounce Silver a Tale an Ingot an^Junce Gold a Japanefe a Double 21 Ounces = *a Cattee o o o o 3 6 13 66 o o 4 6 9 6 12 ^ o 4 10 8 8 o o o o AFRICA. EGYPT, 0!J and New Cairo, ilkxandria, Saydt, isc An Afper 3 Afpers 24 MeJins 80 Afpers 30 Mcdins 96 Afpers 32 MeJins 200 Afpers 70 Mcdins a Medin an Italian Ducat •a I'iaQre a Dollar an Ecu a Crown aSiiltanin a I'argo Dollar o o 3 4 4 S S 10 10 o I 4 o 6 o o o o AFRICA. ifeARBARY. Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Una, Wf. An Afper 3 Afpers €0 Aipers 2 Rials 4 Doubles 24 Medins 30 Medins 1 80 Afpers 15 Doubles i- '■ o o « Medin ^0 o a Rial old Plate o o a Double o i a Dollar o 4 a Silver Chequln o 3 a Dollar o 4 a Zequin o 8 « Piftole o 16 d. 1: 1 I /tt^H^ Arfi^h-iA I MOROCCO. Santa Crue, Mequintz, Fez, Tanpieri, Salke, A Fluce = " o 24 Fluces = a Blanqnil o = an Ounce o* = an Odlavo o 5 a QuartTj o 3 a Medio o = a Dollar o : aXequin o = a Piaole o ^«-^' 4 Blanquils 7 Blanquils 14 BLanqnils a Quartos 28 Blanquils 54 Blanquils 100 Blanquils P o o I 2 4 4 9 16 2 • ^ ___ — 8 2 4 8 6 o 9 A M E R I C A. tVES'T INDIES. ENGLISH. Jamaica, Barhadoes, lie. • Halfpenny 2 Halfpence 7i I'ence 12 Pence 75 Pence 7 Shillings 20 Shillings 24 Shillings 30 Shillings ■= •;» Penny = a Bit = •» Shilling «= a Dollar = a Crown = "a Pound = a Piftole = a Guinea o o o o o o o o I o o o o 4 5 '4 16 I o 5 8 6 o J 9 o FRENCH. •A Half Sol = 2 Half Sols 7iSols -- ' 5 Sols . = 29 Sols 7 Livres =» ^ Livres 1= 26 Livres = 32 Livres = St. Domingo, Maitiinco, He. 000 •iiSol a Half Scalin a Scalin *a Livri a Dollar an Ecu a. Piftole a Louis d'Or o o o •o o o o I o o o o 4 4 16 o I ' r 75* tV CONTINENT. Nova Siotia, Ne'w England, Virginia, Vt,\ = 001 •a Shillinjy •a Found o I F-NGLISH. * A Penny 12 Pjnce 20 Shillings 2 Pounds 3 Pounds 4 Pounds 5 Pounds 6 Pound| ' 7 Founds 8 Pounds 9 Pounds 10 Pounds The Viilue of tli<» Currsivy alters, atfordinf; t« the r.U-sir;- or Scan;ity «l yuiJ aiiU t^iUa- L'oilis that »rj; iuipoiuj, H Z, m 91Z A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. AMERICA. CONTINENT. Canada, Florida, Cajunnt, ^c. , ^ •A Denier 1 2 Doniers t= 'a Sol, ", ao Si'i ss "a I.ivre. 2 Livers ^ 3 Livres 4 Livres 5 Livres 6 Livres 7 Livres 8 Livres 9 Livres 10 Livres The Value of the Currency alters, according to the Plenty or Scarcity of Gold and Silver Coins that are imported. Nott. For all the Spanijb, Pcrtuguife, Buich, and Danijh Domuiions, either «n the Continent or in the West Indies, fee the Monies ot' ths refjjeftive Mations, NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE o P ■REMARKABLE EVENTS nmrnvpn rr c t»t, ^-vniMio, U15LOVERIES, AND INVENTIONS- ^ 1 ALSO The ^RA, the Country, and Writings of Learned Men: The whole comprehending in one view, the Analyfis or Outhiies of General Hiflory from the Creation to the prefent lime. ""loiy,. Bef. Chrift. 4004 TOHE creation of the world, and of Adam and Eve. 4=03 H flic birth of Cain, 3c 1 7 Enoch tnnllated into Heaven. 2348 The old world dellroycd hy a deluge ' 2234 Celeftial obfervations are be-run at Babylon 2188 Mifraim the fon of Ham, founds the kingdom of Egvpt. 2050 Nmus. the Ion of Bdus, founds the kingdom of AnV'rb. - 1921 I he covenant of God made with Abraham 1822 Rlcmnon the Egyptian invents the letters 1715 Prometheus lirll (truck lire from flints, Epimetheus invented the method of making earthen vefiels. 1574 Aaron born m Egypt. ;5?rt r.".r";?r-''"" '° '^=^™"'>-n in Egypt, and adopted bv Pharaoh's daughter. '' gIZ '' " "'""^' '' '"'" ^'-""^ ^-SyP' -'"^"-•■^' --' begins the'kingdom of Athens in iltt Si^orsSi!:; -^^^sir ''-'''" ^-^ '-''-' '- ^'"^^'^^ °^ ^-^ \1V, S'""' T'"'' "'' Pha-nician letters into Greece, and built the citadel of Thehe. '' T;Str " """'" °' "'"^^^ '" ^Sypt, and departs from that kin.do.nio.ether .ith 1485 The firft llnp that appeared in Greece brought from Eevpt by Danaus wl^o arrived u R!-<.des and urougnt wuh hm, his fifty daughters. " ^^ i > ^^ '•'"■^> w„o airuui .U Kl.oi.es 1453 Tli<-- firlt Olympic games celebrated at Oiymp!:,, hi Greece. i ■«)74 f4o6 «372 1263 1198 'C48 1004 896 894 869 814 786 776 753 720 ■6^2 604 -6oo 597 5«7 '559 S3S 534 526 5'5 509 504 486 481 .45 » 454 45' 443 432 43° 401 400 398 279 A N 1: \V CHRONOLOGICAL T A R L E. The lA-aditcs, nftL-r fDJounilng in the Wiklcrnels forty years, are led under Jortiua into the land of C.uin,u), where they fix thcmfelves, after having fubducd the natives } and the period of tlu' liih'jiitital year commences. Iron is found from the accidental burninu; of Mount Ida. The Milcfians arrived from Spain m Ireland. Ari^onautic cxpeilitioii. The raj)e of Helen by Paris, which, in 1 193, Rave rife to the Trojan war, and ficgc of Troy by the (irccks, wLicii continued ten years, »vheo diat city was taken atid burnt. David is ible king of Ifrael. The T<;niple is lolemnly dedicated by Solomon. Elijah, tlie prophet, is tranflated to heaven. Money firll made of gold and lilver at Argos. The city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by ciucen Did*. Scales and meafures invented by I'hidon. The kingdom of Macedon begins. Trireme galleys invented by the Corinthians. Tiie iirCt Olympiad begins. yEra of the'building of Rome in Italy by Romulus, firft king of the Romans. Samaria taken, after three years fiegc, and the kingdom of Ifrael overthrown by Sahnanafcr king of Allyria, who carried the ten tribes into captivhy. The tirll eclipfe of the moon on record. Byzantium (now ConRaniinople) built by a colony of Athenians. The game of chefs invented. By order of Neclw, king of Egypt, fome Phoenicians lljiled from the Red Sea round Atrica, and returned bv the Metliterranean. Thales of Miletus travels iirte Egvpt, acquires the knowledge of gcon.etry, nftronomy, and philolbphv ; ret\uns to Greece, calculates eclipfes, and gives general notions of the univerfe. Maps, globes, and the figns of the zodiac, invented by Anaxinvander, the Icholar of Thalcs. Jehoiakin, king of Judah, is carried away captive by Nebuchadnczziu- to Babylon. The city of JcVulalem taken, after a fiege of 18 months. 'I'he lirrt comedy at Athens atSted upon a moveable fcaftbld. Cvrus the fu-fl king of .Perlia. , ^ .«• , The kingdom of Babylon deftroyed ; that city being taken by Cyras, who, 111 536, iflued a» ediiJl for the return of the Jews. The firrt tragedy r.fted at Athens, on a waggon, by Thefpis. Learning is greatly encouraged at Athens, and a public library firft founded. The fecond temple at Jerui'alem is fmiihed unckr Darius. Tarquin the feventh, r.nd lart king of the Rom;ms, is expelled, and Rome is governed by two confuls, and other republican manjiftrates. Sardis taken and burnt by the Athenians, which gave occalion to tli£ Perfian invafionof Greece. TKfchyhis the Greek Poet, full gains the prize of tragedy. Xerxes, king of Perfia, begins his expedition agatnft (Jreece. Ezra is lent from Babylon to Jerufalem with the captive Jews and the veiTels of gold and filver, &c. being feventy weeks of years, or 490 years before the crucifixion of our Saviour. The Romans fo'.ul to Athens fv-r Solon's laws. The decemvirs created at Rome, and the laws of the twelve tables compiled and ratified^ Ccnfors created at Rome. Nineteen years cycle invented by Meton. The hiltory of the Old Tcftamc'nt finilhes about this time. Malachi the lall: of the prophets. Retreat of 10,000 Greeks under Xenophon. , a 1 • Socrates, the founder of moral philofophy among the Greeks, put to death by the Athenians, who loon after repent, and ereift to his memory a ftatue of brals. Catapultx invented by Dionyfius. , i 1 n. Brrr)tian war commences in Greece, finifhcd in 366, after the death of Epammondas, the laft of riv (Grecian heroes. After his death. Philip, brother to the king of Maccdon, who had been educated under him, privately fct out for that country, feizcd the kingdom, and atter a continual courlc of war, treachery and diffimulation, put an end to the liberty of the Greeks by the battle of Cherouea. A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 915 336 riiilip king of Maccdon nniracrcd, and fuccccdcd by his fon Alexander the Great. 332 Alexandria in iM'vpt l)uiit. 33 r Alexander, king of M.|ccdon, conquers I>.,rius king of Perfia, and other nations of Afi.. 313 Dies at Babylon and h.s empire is divided !,y his generals into four kingdoms, after dcilroving Jus wives, chikb-en, brother, niothei', and fiftcrs. & » .' B 291 Darknefs at Rome at noon-day. 290 Solar quadrants introduced at Rome. 285 Dionyiius, of Alexandria, began his aftronomical ccra on Monday June 26. b.nng the firft who ,fl p/?" 'ifi r. ^'"'" '? .'""''l^ '''''^^y "f 3^5 'lays 5 hours and 49 minutes. ^ 284 Ptolemy 1 hdadclphusk.ug of Egypt, employs llvcnly-two interpreters to tranflate the Old ^ -r, ^'^'^=>l"'^"f ""o ^^l" ^'•et'^ language, which is called the Septuagint. 209 The firft comage of filver at Rome. 264 The firft Punic war begins, and continues 24 years. The clironology of tlw Arundclian mar- Dies compoicd. 250 Eratofthenes firft attempted to meafure the earth. 242 Conic fetTlions invented l)y Apollonius. 234 The firft divorce at Rome. 2j8 The fcc6nd Punic war begins, and continues 17 years. Hannibal palTes the Alps, and defeats the Roinans m Icvcral battles ; but being abandoned and refufed fupport by his countrymen, tails m the accomphlhiacnt of his purpofe. ' ■- . / , 2«i8 Syracufe taken by Marcellns. lyo The firft Roman army enters Afia, and from the fpoils of Antiochus brings the Afiatic luxury to Rome. ° ' 170 Eighty thoufand Jews maflacred by Antiochus Epiphanes. 168 Perfcus defeated by the Romans, which ends the Macedonian kingdom. 167 The firft library ereaed at Rome, of books brought from Macedonia. 163 The government of Judea under the Maccabees begins, and continues 126 vears. 146 Carthage and Cormth razed to the ground by the Romans. 145 An hundred thoufand inhabitants of Antioch maflhcred in one day by the Tews 135 The hiftory of the Apocrypha ends. 125 Colchefter built. 63 Catiline's ronfpiracy againft the liberties of his country detected. 52 Julius C:clar makes his firft expedition into Ih-itain. 47 The battle of Pharfalia between Ciefar and Pompey, in which the latter is defeated. Ihe Alexandrian library, confiiling of 400,000 valuable books, burnt bv accident. 45 The war of Africa, in which Cato kills himfelf. The folar year introduced by C;efar. 44 Cxfar killed in the fenate houfc. 43 Brutus, one of the conlpirators againft Cxflir, and chief of the republicans, being vancuiillied ni the battle of Philippi, kills himfelf. » b 1 31 The battle of Actium fcught, in which Mark . ntony and Cleopatra are totally defeated by OCtav.'us, nephew to Julius C^iar. ' 30 Alexandria taken by Oaavius, and Egypt reduced to a Roman province. 27 Oaavius, by a decree of the fenate, obtains the title of Auguftus C;efar, and an abfolutc exemp- tion from the laws, and is properly the firft Roman emperor. 25 Coin firft ufed in Britain. ^ "^""^ JoTS "y"*"'!' .'■' *^"'^ ^y Auguftus, as an emblem of univerfal peace; and JESUS is iuppofed to have been born in .September, or on Monday, December 25. 12 Christ difputes with the Dorters in the temple. 29 is bapti/cd in tjie wildernefs by John. 33 — —■ is crucified on'Friday, April 3, at three o'clock P. M. His Relurreaion on .Sunday, April 5: his Afccnb'on, Thurfday, May 14. 36 St. Paul converted. !> . "> 39 St. Matthew writes his Cof'pel. Pontius Pilate kills himlllf. 40 The mime ef CliriftiaiS:, nrft given at Aniioch to the followers of Chrift. 43 Claudius Civfar's expedition into Britain. i».^; mh J.. 5' 55 6 1 6j 6.4 70 79 «5 I 20 1.^6 140 Hi 7 '.:i I -17 260 -74 291 3^8 33' 3^M A NKV»' CHROT^OLOGICAr, TABLf. St. Mark writes liis Gofpcl. Cluilli;:iiity larrial iiit;> Spain. London is tmnulcJ by the Komuns } niul it, 363 furrountlea with a wall, feme nnrU of wliick ;irc Kill obkrvaltk'. C;ir;!(fl.u us, the l?riti(li king, is carried in chains to Homo. The immcil of tlic ;ii)olUcs ut Jcrufalcm. St. I/'kc writes ]\i:i CoIJh!. CliriAianity incMched in liritair. IJcaili.e.i, the llritilU tnucn, licfeats tl^c Romans; but is conquered foon after by Suetoniu, tro. verii'M" or llrituin. ' ' o St. r.uil is fent in boiiJs to nonic-writes his cpirtles between ?i »nd 66. 'I lie atils ot the Apollks written. ChrilHanity is iiippoled t(, be introduced into JJritain by St. Paul, or fomc of his difeii^lc-; about this tune. ' ' """"^ Ron.- Il-t "11 iM-e, and burned for fix days ; upon wlilcli began (under Nero the firft pcrfecu- ' tion ag.unlHlie Lhuih.ins. ^ ' "itnttu- St. Peter and St. Paul put to death. Titus takes JerHlaUMn, whl* h is r;.7cd to the ground, and the plough made to pafs over it llercuian.'uni ovcru Ivelmed l)v an eruption of Mount Veluvius. Julius Ai;neoi.y, governor of Soutli IJ.h.iin, to protea the civilised Britons from the incurflon* of tlieCakdonums bmldsahnc ot tons between the rivers Portii andClvde, defeats the Ca.cdomans under (.aigacus on the Grampian hills ; and lirlt lails rcund IJrituin. .>t. John llie l.vangelut wrote his revelation— h'.s Gofpel in y. II(;I) water rlld in churches. The Cp.kd.ni.m.s recmupuT from the Romans all the fouthern parts of Scotland ; upon which the e uperor ..dnan bmkis a wall betv^een Kewcalile and f arlille ; hut this alH. proviL ineSlr' tual, r.lhus U,;b:cn^. the Ron.an general, about the year M-f, repairs Agricolu's 'fortr, which 1 c jom^b/ a will lo.ir yards thick, niK-e called Antoninus's wall. mui nc The iectuu! jewUli war ends, when they \»'ere all banilhed ludca. Juliin wriu-s hs lirll apology for the Chriftians. Dul li:i buit. The emperor Antoninus Pius rtops the pcrfcci:tion againlt tl.c Chrilb'ans. I'onts inllituted. Gold and lilver coin liril nfe.l in Scotland. The emperor Se. eras, after having cmui^iered the Scots, and pent them up bv a new wall be t,veai the lath and Clyde ilin.c called G'raha.n's Dyke), having alib ccujuered the Parthian* m tao l.ait, an-i extended the Ixoman empire to its utmoft bounds, dies at York. The Septua,4:r.i f .id to be fou.n.i in a calk. Church-yards begin to be coniecrateJ. Copes iaiVitute-!. Valerian is taken priioner by Sapor king of Porfia, r.nd flavcd alive. Silk lirlt brcug'^t fro:-.: luJ'a. Candles I'.nc ii produced into churches. Two emixrors, and two Cafars, marcli to defend the four quarters of tic empire. 'I he tenth ;,eiuial pe.ie.uticn begins under Diocletian and Gakrius. Conitantli-.e the Great Ix-gais his reign. Cardinals f,yt\ inftituted. 1 he tenth pcriecution end, by an edict of Ccnft;mtine, who favoi-. -. the Chriftians, and "ives ^ full l.lvrty to their religion. ' The li:it g; i'l'ral council ;it Nice. Combats of gladiators aholiflicd. Conriantipe reu.oxts li:t feat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which is thenceforw.ards cal.ed Conliantinoplc. Conft.-.r.tine o:dcrs all the heathen temi>les to be dcftroyed. _'l he ( mperor Julian, furnamed the A poitate, endeavours'i-i vain to rebu'ld the temple of Ternfalrm Jne Koman empire is divided into theentK-rn iConnantinnp'.e the r.ipital) and well, rn 'of whi 'i kcme continued to be the capital) ; each Leirg now under the gover;m:ciK of difierciir emperors. A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 977 383 Title of knights Banneret firfl given, 400 Belh invented by bifhop Paulinus of Nola in Campagna. 404 The kingdom of Scotland revives under Fergus II 4 1 o Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of th^ Goths. 4 1 2 1 he VnndaU begin tlieir kingdom in Spain! 420 The kingdom of France begins upon the lower Rhine, under Pharamond Sahque law confirmed by this monarch. n.iramona. 42(5 The Romans withdraw their troops from Britain advifinir »!,<. n,:. • . ... fence, and truft to their own valour ^ """'" *° '"" "^ '^^^ <»*" J«- us;-". """ -^ """ '-^'- •»•>•' «"-'V^^^^^^^ 447 Attila (fnrnamcd the Scourge of God) with his Hiin« ri«,n» .»,- » gin to eftablifl. fhetSfelves in Kenl under He^gr '' """'' "^ **^'"" '^^""^••y"-". ='"J b^ rature is eLnguifl.d. an'd the woSc^of tSe'le^rj r^e'd^ftXtl''"'"" ' ""''" "'^^ '"- 496 Clov., king of France baptized, and Chrift.anity begins in that Sdom 508 Prince Artluir begins his reign over the Britons. «nguom. 510 Paris becomes the capital of France. 5.6 'Fhe computing of time by the Chriltian xra is introduced by Dionvfius the mnnl, 529 The code of Juilinian, the eaftern emperor, is publilhed "'°"y'"" "'" '"^"'^ 532 Carifljrook Caftle, in the iflc of Wight, built 5S7 A terrible plague all oyer Europe, Alia, and Africa, which contioues near co vcir^ S 8 1 Latin ceafed to be fpoken about this time in Italy. ^ ^ 600 Bells firft ufed in churches. 637 Jerufalem taken by the Saracens. 640 Alexandria m Egypt is taken by ditto, and the grand Ubn.ry there burnt by ord^ of Omar their 664 Glafs invented in England by Benalf a monk S" ^f'^il ""'*'' ^^T ""™^« J i"t° E"8l^"J by Bcnnet a monk. 68 1 he Britons totally exj^lled by the Saxons, and driven into Wales and Cornwall 696 aiurchcs firrt begun to be btrilt hi England. «-ornwali, 71 1 Beverly Cathedral, Yorklljirc, built. 2!^ 'fi*f ''^^^"""^ ^""^l^'^'- ?P»'n- /rheir progrefs flopped in Franc* by Charles Martel in ,,. 726 The controverfy about images begins, and occaliom^nany infurreJons in the Eaftern pl^n* 748 fhe computing of years from the birth of Chrift begun to be ufed in hTftory ^"P''"* 7 »9 riie race of Abbas become caliphs of the Saracens, and encourage learn nf 761 Ihirty thouiand books burnt by order of the Emperor Leo. ^ '^A T r" r"^ r *^ il "P°" .****= '*''g"' '^ "'='^'-" fhe capital of the Saracen Fmoire 786 The furphce. a veftment of the Pagan priefts. imroduced into church "s. ^ too Charlemagne. Kmg of France, begins the empire of Germ.nv, afterwards called the weiWn « o « r^ l'"^' .'."'' '^"^'^='^""" i» vain to reftore learning in Europe. ' *"^'^" "^ 828 Egbert king of WefTex unites the Heptarchy by%he namVof England. 833 1 he Scots and P.fts have a decifive battle, in which the former pre vai and both L-in^i united by Kennct which begins the fecond period of the £otU ^h C^ "^^""^ '"^ ^ he Dane , with 60 Ihips arrived at, and took Dublin. ^ 8^4 Church of St. Coles in Edinburgh Imilt. 867 The Danes begin their ravages in England. 31 6 I 'Mt .a'i' 978 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 871 Rath Springs firft diftovcred. 886 lurics lirft ii\iVitntc(l. 8y6 Alfred the Great, after fubilulng the Danifli invaderi, compofc* hit body of laws j divldn En.nlund info counties, huiiireds, andtythingij ereiU county courts, and founds tlic Uni- vcriity of Oxford about this time. 915 The Uuivcrlity of Cambridge founded. 936 The Saracen Empire divided into levcn kingdomt. 940 Chriftianity cfVablifhcd in Denmark. 945 IJelis firft ining ;ip in F.n^land in Croyland Abbey, Lincolnflilre. 960 Caf\lcton CaQle in the Iflc of Man built. 970 Coronation oaths laid td be firll ufcd In England. 989 ChriAianity eftabliOied in Ruflia. 991 The fijurcs in arithmetic «re b.-oii^ht into Europe by the Saracens. Q96 OthoIII. makes the Empire of Uenuiiny ektilivc. 997 Durham founded. 999 Holeflaus the firft king of Poland. 1000 Paper made of cotton rags coaiea into ufc. 1005 All the old churches are rebuilt about this time in a ncwr ftyle. J014 On Good-Friday, April 13rd, the famous battle of Clontarf was fought, wherein the Danes were completely defeated with a lofi of 11,000 men, and drivca out of Ireland— but th« Irifli King, Brian Boromy was killed, aged 88. lot 5 Children forbidden by law to be fold by their parents iti England. Pricfts forbidden to marry. 1017 Canute, King of Denmark, gets pofTeinon of England. 1025 Mufical gamut invented. J038 Chrift-Church, Dublin, built bySitricus, king of theOftnien. 1040 The Danes driven out of Scotland. 1041 The Saxon line rcftored under Edward the Confeflbr. 1043 The Turks become formidable, and take poflefllon of Pcrfia. 1 1057 Malcolm III. king of Scotland, kills the tyrant Macbeth at Donfiaanc, and marries the pnnceft Margaret, fiftcr to Edgar Atheling. 106c The Turks take Jerufalem from the Saracens. 1066 The battle of Haftings fought, between Harold and William duke of Normandy, in which Ha- rold is conquered and flain : after which William becomes king of England. 1070 William introduces the feudal law. _ _ r , /- 107? Henry IV. emperor of Germany, and the Pope, quarrel about the nommation of the Ger- man bifliops. Henry, in penance, walks barefooted to Rome, toward* the end of January. J076 Juftices of the peace firft appointed in England. ic8o Doomfday book began to be compiled by order of William, from a furvcy of all the eftates in England, and finilhed in 1086. The Tower of London built by the fame prince, to curb his Englifti fubje«^' 2°.^°° '"«" « the mouth of 126^ Th^ro ^ ' fT .""^''f" "■'?'*" P'""'' ^y Alexander III. who recorer. the weftern iScl 1 264 1 he commons of England have a place in pariiament, weitern me% 1 269 1 he Hamhurglv company imrorpomted in England. ' "^P „ , .'■■"^P,'''*' °^ ''^'^ P'"c'«nt Aullrian family begins in Germany. 1 280 1 ulvis tulmmans and gun-powder invented by Rorer Bacon ' ^"^,;^„;,P"""«f W^'"> defeated a«d kUIed by Edward!, ^ho unites that pincipattty to 1 284 Edward II. bom at Carnarvon, is the firft prince of Wales* 6 la kl ri m 98o A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1285 AkxanJer III. king of Scotland dies, and tliat kingdom is difputed by twelve candidates, who fiibinit their claims to tt)c arbitration of Edward king of England : which lays the foundation of a long and dcfolating war between the two nations. Speftaclcs invented by Alexander Spina, a Spanifh monk. 1293 'I'herc is a regular fucceflioii of Englifh parliaments from this year, being the 22d of Ed^TOrd I. •'1 298 The prefent rurkiflj empire begins in Bithynia under Ottoman. Silver haftcd knives, fpoons, and cups, a great luxury. Splinters of wood generally ufed fur lights. Wine fold by apothecaries as ,\ cordial. 1290 Windmills invented. 1300 About this time the mariner's compals was invented, or improved, by John Gioia, or Goya, a Neapolitan. Tl»e flower de I'lrc, the arms of the duke of Anjou, then king of Naples, was placed by him at tlie point of the needle, in compliment to that prince. t •^07 The beginning of the fw:i"s cantons. Int'T a of money in England at 45 pfr cent. 1308 Til', popes remove to Avignon in Frarn; for 70 years. 1314 The battle of Bannockburn between Edward 11. and Robert Bruce, in whicli the Englifli are overthrown with prodigiou' llaughter, and all their boafted pre'.^ .s.ons of fovereignty are ut- terly difiipated. 1320 Gold firft coined in Chriflendom. 1336 Two Brabant weavers fettle at Yo^, which, fays Edward III. may prove of great benefit to us and our fubjefts. 1337 The firll comet whofe courfe is dcfcribed with aftronomical exaftnefs. i 340 Gunpowder firft fuggefted as ufeful for warlike purpofes by Swartz, a monk af Cologne } 1346, Edward IH. had four pieces of canon, which contributed to gain him the battle of Crefly. Oil painting firft made ufe of by John Vaneck. Heralds college inftituted in England. 1344 The firft creation to titles by patent ufed by Edward III. Gold firft coined in England. 1346 The battle of Durham, in which David king of Scots, is taken prlfoner. 1349 The order of the Garter inftituted in England by Edward III. 1352 The Turks firft enter Europe. 1356 The battle of Poiftlers, in which king John of France and his fons are take« prifoners by Ed- ward the Black Prince. 1357 Coals firft brought to London. 1358 Arms of England and France firft quartered by Edward III. i 1 362 The law pleadings in England changed from French to Englifh, as a favour of Edward III. to bis people. St. Patrick's cathedral, Dublin, burnt. J 364 Ditto rebuilt. 1386 A company of linen-weavers from the Netherlands eftablifhed in London. Windfor caftle built by Edward III. 1388 The battle of Otterburn between Hotfpur and the carl of Douglas •, on thk is founded the bal- lad of Chevy Chace. Title of Baron firft given by Richard II. 1 390 Coarfe cloth firft made in England at Kendal. J 39 1 Cards invented in France for the king's amufement. J 399 WeftminfteT' Abbey rebuilt and enlarged. Hall ditto. Order of the J^ath inftituted at the coronation of Henry IV. J 402 Bajazet defeated by Tamerlane, and the power of the Turks almoft entirely dcftroycd. 1 404 Hats for men invented at Paris by a Swifs. 14 1 o Guildhall, London, built. 1411 The univerfity of St. Andrew's in Scotland founded. 14 1 2 Denmark united with the crown of Norway. 14 1 5 The battle of Agincourt gained over the French by Henry V. of England. 14 16 The art of turinji Utrrings invented by WUiiam Boekci, a Dutclunan: bywhieh he rendered an ciTcntial fervicc to bis country. ■Ortl^-A.;^,^.' A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLI, j,8, 1428 The ficgc of Orleans^ The celebrated Maid of Orleans appears, and gives the i5rft blow t« thr .430 i:Sil:.TH2J;r„,ff^,tfrpHir "'^»- »^ '^ Vp.':i/f.r 1437 Exportation of corn lirft permitted in England. 144 r Eton college founded by Henry I. (C' ;fe- 1446 The Vatican library founded at Rome. , 4r, c!!^!"^.^'"^^ '""t' "."'*• ''"^ ^^^^^'^'l '°°.o°° people. 1 4 ?re Ser£ of r . )' '''' •''"'?' r^'fV^.rly 'overthrows the Roman empire. ''' pum7t7pfvSte^^^^^ '^^^'^'' OttoGueuck, aGernin. invents tKc air- 1460 Engravings and etchings in copper invented. '^^momLnf "''''' ""'"'''■''' '"'^ '^'' ufe of tangents in trigonometry introduced, by Regio. 1473 Greek language brought into France. ''^'^ ^S"iS'lvini;''i° H^fl'r'^ r' vu''^ J»}e Plantagenets. 5, defeated and killed at the battle 1485 Great number^ carried off by the fweating Hcknefs. 486 Henry eftabhihes fihy yeomen of the guards, the firft ftanding army. lo? WiK r '^''■''m-'? ^'""'f '° ^"8'='"'^ ^y ^^'^- Columbus. ^ I49« W.lham Grocyn publicly teaches the Greek language at Oxford. LnA^A ^ r 1?''^'^='"^ enemy to the nat c Spaniards, arc entirely fubdued by FerdU the tquifitors ^^"^' '° '^"' P'^" °" ""=*'" •=""'^'"°"''' ^"^ =-« ""^»y FrfeVuted by William Caxton the firft Englifli printer. 1492 America difcovered by Columbus. 1494 Algebra firft known in Europe. Jamaica difcovered. 1496 Jefiis college, Cambridge, founded. 1497 The Portuguefe firft fail to the Eaft-Indles by the Cape of Good Hope. t ... M .1 A "■ •" ^•f^°''*='"«=i ^y Americus Vefpufius, from whom the continent takes Its name, 1499 North America taken pofleffion of, for Hen. VII. by Cabot. 1 500 Maximilun divides the empire of Germany Into fix circles. Brafil difcovered by Pinfon. Coals difcovered in the neighbourhood of New-caftle. * 5°3 Mines ufed in the attack and defence of places invented. 1505 Shillings firft coined in England. Chrift college, Cambridge, founded by Hen. VII's mother. 1509 ^";j^=^;;;g^J|'-oduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence wgetablts wereimport- 1512 Florida difcovered. 1 5 . 3 The battle of Flowdcn, in which James IV. of Scotland is killed, with the flower of his nobility. 1516 Corpus ChrKh college, of Oxford, founded by bifliop Winton. ^ 1517 Martin Luther began the Reformation. Egypt conquered by the Turks. 15.8 Magellan, in the fcrvice of Spain, difcovcrs the ftraits which bear his name, makes the firft voyage round the world, but is killed by favages in the Marianne iflands. Repubhc of Geneva founded. '^*° "from^the" Po'e'''' ''"''"^' '" ^'''"''"" °^ ^''''*""^' '""'''''" '^^ '"'^ °^ Defender of the Faith Chocolate firft brought from Mexico by the Spaniards. '^*^ I "•>tnc of Proteftant takes if. rife from the Reformed protefting againft the church of Rome, at the diet of Spues in Germany, r «, «> , 1530 Copernlais revives the Pythagorean fvftem of Mlrrmmr. 1532 Chnft-church college, Oxioid, founded by Henry VJlI. 1 5 33 Currant-trees brought into England from Zaiite. *: I 1 - '5')1 »537 '539 J 543 »S44 »S4S »546 1549 1550 •»SS3 JSSS '557 1560 -1569 1571 .1572 •573 '575 •1578 ''579 1580 •1581 1582 1583 1587 1588 .1589 J 590 '59' •597 1600 1(5 C?2 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Religious hwifes diflblved by Henry VIII. The firrt EnglUli edition of the Bible authorifed. About this time cannon began to be ufcd in (liips. Sillc {lockings firft worn by the Frencli king. Pins iiril ufcd iu England ; before which time the ladies afed (kewers. Good land« let in England at one fliiUing per acre. » The famous council of Trent begins, and coiKinucs 18 years. Intercrt of money firft eftabliflied in England by law at ten per rtnt. Ann Afcue, a Profeftant, cruelly tortured by order of Ilenfy VIII. who, to the utter difgrace of royalty, put his own hands to the rack, as not thinking the executioners fufHcently expert. She endured every thing with patience, and was afterwards burnt. Lords lieutenants of counties inftitutcd in England. Horfe guards infiituted in England. Anatonr»y tevived by Jacobus Carpcnfis. Charries, pears, &c. introduced into England. Circulation of the blood through the lungs firft publilhed by Mich. Servetus. llie Ruflian company eftabliHicd in England. Groats and half groats the greatefk filver coin in England. Siberia was about this time difcovered, under the reign of the Czar Ivan Bafilides. Knives firft made in England. The 39 Articles of the Englifh faith eftabliflied. Botany revived at Thuringe in Germany. Potatoes firft brought to Ireland from New Spain. Henry Lord Dandy, huftjand to Queen Mary of Scotland, blovm up with gun-powder in tlic Prowft's houfe at Edinburgh, about two in the morning of Feb. 1 1. Royal Exchange, of London, firft built. Circulation of the blood nublilhcd by ClCdpinus. Mary (^een of Scotland,* driven from her kingdom by lUc rcbeirton of her fubjefts, flies t« Queen Elizabeth for proteftion, by whom ihe iii txeacheroufly imprifoncd. Jefus college, Oxford, founded. Printing in Irifh Charaftcrs firft inftituteil. The great niaflacrc of Proteftants at Paris. Marby hill iu Hereford removed of itfelf. Lucern brought into the Palatinate, foon after into England. Apricots and artichokes introduced into England. The Dutch fhake off the Sponifli yoke, and the republic of Holland begins. Knglifli Eaft India company incorporated — eftaWilhed 1 6o«. Englifli Turkey company incorporated. Sir Francis Drake returns from his voyage round the world, being the firft Englilli circumna- vigator. Parochial rcgifter firft appointed In England. J. UlTier, archbiihopof Armagh, born in Dublin, drew up 104 articles of religioa for Ireland, 1615; which were efabliflied, 1635.— Died, 16.56. Pope Gregory introduces tl«: New Style in Italy ; the 5th Oftober being counted 15, Tobacco firft' brought from Virginia into England. Mary queen of Scots is beheaded by order of Elizabeth, after 18 years imprifoamcm. Duelling introduced into England. The Spantfli Armada deftroyed by Drake and other Englifli admirals. Henry IV. paflls the edi(fl of Nantz, tolerating the Prott-ftuntj. Coaches firft introduced intp England. Bombs invented at Venla. B.-ind of penfioners inftituted in England. Trinity college, Dublin, founded. Watches firft brought into England from Germany. Building with brick introduced into England by the c.irl of Arundel, moft of tlie houies in London being hitherto built with wood. Decimal arithmetic invented at lirujjes. A N£W CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. pg. Britafnf ^' '"^°'' "^'^ """" ^^ '^'"g*»««« ""d"" «»8 name If Great 1605 The Gunpowder Plot difcovered at Wcftminftcr. 1609 Alum firft manufaftured in England. 1610 Henry IV. is murdered at Paris by Ravilliac, a prieft. " dSe^lf ""^' '' ' ^^'P"'" ''''''' --> -^° " I^ by ^» «- to periflv on tha. 161 1 Baronets firft created in England by James I. The prefent tranflation of the Bibjfi finiflied' 1614 Napier, of Marchefton in Scotland, invents the logarithms. Sir Hugh Middleton brings the New River to London from Ware. Ihc cuftom of powdmng the hair took its rife from feme ballad-finff..r, -.t •« x^iy«iu- 1627 The thermometer invented by Drebellius. 1630 Peruvian bark firft brought to France. 1 63 1 Newfpapers iirft publiihed at Paris. 1633 Covcnt Garden begun by the Earl of Bedford. 1635 Province of Maryland planted by Lord Baltimore. Regular pofts eftablifhed from London to Scotland, Ireland, &c. 1640 King Charles d.fobhges his Scottifh fubjcfts ; on which their army uader General Leflev en- The mai^'cS?;iin?"J''""'^''' ^^g ^""'"ged by the mLcontenU ^ngU^^' "^ 1642 J'n wf ^"gin" b Engla^i" '''°^ ^''"^ ^'°''="*"^ ^^" '^^^''^ 1646 Epifcopacy abolift.ed in England. X ?'l'"PJ'*^'o''!' P^*'*'''" ""^^ ''"°^^" by Sir Kenelm Digby. .1647 1 he firft belenographick maps made by Hevelius. 1649 Charles L beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, aged 40. 1 6s 2 The firft cofFee-houfe in London. =«S«»49- The fpeakii^ trumpet invented by Kircber, a Jefuit. 1654 Cromwell alTumes the Proteftorfhip. 1655 The Englilh, under Admiral Penn, take Jamaica from the Spaniards. 1658 Cr..mwell dies, and is fuccefded in the Proteaorfliip by his Am Richard. 1659 'J'ransfufion of the blood firft fuggefted at Oxford .660 ^t^Srcl^aJd A^:n^T''^ ''''''" """"^'•^ ^'^'^^ """y' »^^---^« of twelve year, Epifcopacy reftorcd in England and Scotland. '^ wh'o"btnl"S:e. "'"^ °^^^'""'' '^ ^'^ """""^ ''"'-"^^^ '^- P-"^g« ^° r-'J- «I. ^^ .rl^^o" "; g'''"' " ^°"'"" *^f S- S. to the Mayors of Dublin. 1662 The Royal S(Kiety eftablUhed in London by Charles II. Penduhim Clocks invented by John Fromentcl, a Dutchman, rire-engines invented. i66^ Carnlinss planted. l66s The plague niges in London. 984 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1666 TUe great fire of London began Sept. a, and continued three days, in which were deftroyed 13,000 houfes and 400 ftrects. Tea firft ufed in England. Academy of fciences eftabliflied in France. 1667 The peace of Breda, which confirms to the Englifli tiic New Netherlands, now known by the names of Penlylvania, New York, and New Jcrfey. 1668 St. James's Park planted, ar;d made a thoroughfare for public ufe by Charles II. 1679 The Englifli Hudfon's Bay CoT^pany incorporated. 167 1 Academy of Architcfturc eftablilhed in France. Id; a Lewis XIV. ovcx-runs great part of Holland, when the Dutch open their fluiccs, being deter* mined to drown their country, and retire to their fettlements in the Eaft Indies. African company eftabliflied. 1673 St. Helena taken by the Englifli. 1675 Coffee-houfes fliut up by proclamation, ns encouragcrs of sedition. 1676 Repeating clocks and watches invented by Barlow. 1678 The peace of Njmegnen, The habeas corpus aO pafled. 1679 DATKncfsat Lomlon, that one could not read at noon-day, January 12. 1 680 A great comet appeared, and continuetl vifible from Nov. 3. to March 9. WiMiam Penn, a Quaker, receives a charter for planting Pennfylvania^ 1682 College of phyficians, at Edinburgh, incorporated. Roy.!! ;icademy eftabliflie'. at Nifmes. 1683 India ftpckioid from 360 to 500 ^r «n/. City Tholfel, Dublin, built. Roynl Hofpital, Kilmainham, built at t!»e charge of the army, by James D. of Ormond. 1685 'r'»= *^^^^ ^^ Monmouth, natural fon to Charles II. raifcs a rebellion, but is defeated at the bat- tle of Scdgemoor, and beheaded. The edift of Na»t.z infamoufly revoked by Lewis XIV. and the Proteftants cruelly perfecuted. KSR7 The palace of Veriaihcs, near P- is, finii'hed by Lewis XIV. 1688 The Revolution in Great Britain begins, Nov. 5. King James retires to France, Dec. 3. Papin's digeftcr invented. 1689 King William and queen Mary, daughter and fon-in-law to James II. are proclaimed February 16. Vifcourtt Dundee ftands out for James in Scotland, but is killed after gaining the battle of Killy- crankic, upon which the Highlanders dlfperfc. The land-tax palTes in England. The toleration aft pafles in ditto. Several bifliops are deprived for not taking the oath to king William. t(?90 The battle of the Boyne, gained by Wtlliani ngninft James, in Ireland. 1691 The war in Ireland finilhed, by the furrender of .Lunerick to William. 1692 The EngliUi and Dutch fleets, commanded by admiral Rufftl, defeated the French fleet ofl^ La Hogue. 1692 Bayonets at the end of loaded mulkets iirtl -ufcd by- the French. TlK^duchy of Hiinover made the ninth elc£toratc. Bank of England eftajjliihcd by king William. The iird public lottery was drawn this year. Mafiacrc of Highlanders at Glencoc, by king WUliam's troops. Stamp duties iiXlitutcd in Engl?iwl. Bunk of Scotland crtablilhcd. The peace of Ryfwick. IJ69-. Malt-tax eftablilhed. . , » ,■ ^, , - 1699 The Scots fottled a colony at the ifi^mus of Dar.en, in America, and c.illcd it Caledonia. Charles XII. of Sweden, begins his reiyi. King James II. dies at St. Germain>, in tlio dSth year of his age. PruiJla ercfted into a kingdom. Cottonian library fettled for public benefit. Society for the propagation of the GkIik-I in foreign p.irts citablillicd. 1695 1696 1700 iToi 1702 king yy isiwni mc-! the emperor and States-General, renews the war aiiainft ■J.rd hv Oueen Ann; i.Ui.ughtcr to James II. who. with France and Spain. NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. ^5 Pruffian blue difcovered at Berlin *.n^ ?r"'J''''? of/he Bamclc5 of Dublin laid. ■'°' The b«.U ISm*?"" "r '''""■i"'' '•-" <=""»' Stanhope. 1 he battle of Oadenimie won by Mirlborongh and thrallie, "■° "^S.riaSTSL^"^ "'"«'' fa^othei trfw„b.e to the intereft of het b„. ^;;'nr^£et'n?erbf,^':;^„^-t.' """ *- ''- '^^"•"P-" ^-. ^" 3, .-. a, The Enghfh South^ea Company began. alfo confirmed to the ftidVmwn br ^"1™™ '' '" """ "*""""' " '^""P''. «"• tender. The action of sS^-lir^a?d t ' f!! '^ '> r1J' ^^^ ^^^'■' *" f^^"""- °f •''= Pre- ^^.he rebels difperfe. ' •""* ^^'^ furrenaer of Prefton, both in November, uhen Aurora Borcali* firft taken notice of. 1 7 16 The Pretender married to the Princefs nr: „ i j . of Poland. '""'* Sobiefk., grand-daughter to John Sobiefti. late King An aft pafll-d for feptennial parliaments. 4717 Gumeas reduced to ai fliillings . 7 19 The Miffiffipi fcheme at its hdgiu in France. "^lSfh;^'Sr;^r:^;!S.St^ - ^^b,. takes np .e. yards of organzine fjk thread. ™> ""■ '" 't '""'" <' "«•'" 3I«,504,96» ^'"uft^SblXt^^lp"' '=^"" ^'"" '• "" « '" "*. « .he end of June, and "" ISa^SSlei'UlSaKiltc'S' ""' " '•"-^'<' "^ -U on,, fon. George „, §729 Parliament fat at the Blue-cmt hnCnit^i n uv ■ pUcsfor „ vear,, buT,:Xt a C^^of oS! ^ """f* "' "»^« '» »"-•>.' f".- Foundation of the I'arlianicnt houfe, Colleae-Gt«n ittj 173. The firft perfon executed in Britain for forl^V^ ' '""'• ■ "' "^^^^^l^ZI^XZ ,5S? ""''"'" '"= ^'°«"' °"P-- •-- '«""< -.h .™ h„«. ■;; 7::;£:t hh.^sr.-S''^ s» rr;^ i-iSs.-^- •■- p°p-"-. -. ...= =«c.,.;on of a 1737 T V-M'^'i P™^'"! t« be Hatted towards the poles ^ .73rf Weftmmfter-bndge, confifting of fifteen arches hc.un. r •/! . • 389,0001. defrayed by parliament '^'" "'"""' ^'S"" J ^'"'^^'cJ '» ITJo, at the cxpencc of . 739 Letters of marque ilTued out in Britain ofiainft Spai«. Jul^ 2 r «ad .- n ^ ^ •! ^ o -> , ViuiciK iron ror jii.ie weeks after Chriftmas aedand October 2;^. 1742 The firll fhin witli Irifli ,r,.,ic ..->:. ...i .. 1^' ,'.. , rom Newrv. ^;^f 31 K 986 •743 1744 I74S 1746 1748 »749 17; '75^ »753 1755 »75<5 •757 «759 1760 1761 1762 '7^3 1764 i-6c 1766 .767 1768 1709 >77i J-'72 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. The battle of Dcttingen won by the Englife and allies, in favour of the Queen of Hungary. War declared agaiuft France. Commodore Anfon returns from his voyage round the world. The anieslofe the battle of Fontenoy. .,:.,>,, en Tlie rebellion breaks out in Scotland, and the Pretender's army dcf«»tcd by the Duke of Cum- berland, atCulloden, April 16, 1746. * Britifli Linen Company erefted. Eleftric fliock difcovered. Lima and Callao fwallowed up by an earthquake. ... . The peace of Aix-la-Chapclle, by which a reftitution of all placor taken during the war was to be made on all fides. Halifax, in Nova-Scotia, built. The intercft of the Britifh funds reduced to three per cent. Britifh herring fifliery incorporated. Dublin Society incorporated by charter. Spire erefted on St. Patrick's fteeple. Antiquarian Society at London incorporated. . . , „ ^ ,. • j .l r 'ihc new ftylc introduced into Great Britain •, the third of September being counted the four- teenth. The Britifli Mufeum crefted at Montague houfe. . . , . Society of Arts, Manufaaurcs, and Commerce inftituted in London. Lilbon deftroyed by an earthquake. • 1. r ji One hundred and forty-fix Engliflin csi are confined in the black hole at Calcutta, in the Lalt Indies, by order of the Nabob, and 123 found dead next morning. Marine Society eftablifhed at London. Damien attempted to aflaffinate the French King. , „ . ,. . , . , , ^ Identity of ckaric fire and lightning difc rred by Dr. Franklin, who thereupon invented a method of fecuring buildings from thunder-ftorms. . , , , ^ ,a. General Wolfe is kUled in the battle of Quebec, which is gained by the Lnghlh. Black-Friars bridge, confifting of nine arches, begun j iiniftied 1770, at the expencc ot 1 5 2,8401. to be difcharged by a toll. Foundation of the Light-lioufe, Poolbeg, laid. War declared againft Spain. ^ . j j j Peter IIL emperor of Ruflla, Is dcpofed, imprifoned, and murdered. American philofophical focicty eftablifhed in Philadelphia. The definitive trcity of peace between Great Britain, France. Spam, and Portugal, concluded at Paris February i., which confirmed to Great Britain the extenfive provinces of Canada, Eaft and Weft Florida, and part of Louifiana, in North America-, alfo the iflands of Grena- da, St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tolwgo, in the Weft Indies. The parliament granted .o,oool. to Mr. Harrifon, for his d.fcovery of the longitude by his time-piece. . , r • e -n. His Majeftv's royal charter paffed for incorporating the focicty of artifts. An aft paffed annexing the fovereignty of the ifiand of Man to the cro;.-n of Great Bnt..m. Grand canal adjoining the city bafon, Dublin, begun; completed to Monaftercven m .786. ^ A great fpot paifed the fun's centre. Gibraltar almoft deftroyed by a ftorm. ^ t^ •• 1 u An aft pafl'ed for liberty to build the New Town of Edinburgh. Academy of paintinp, eftablifhed in London. • n. i. . „ • „ The Turks irnprifoii the Ruflian AmbafTador, and declare war againft that empire. Duration of Irifh pnrliaments limited to eight years. Liaht-lioufe at Poolbeg, in the harbour of Dublin, finifhed. Lieftricity of the aurora borealis difcovered by Wideburg at Jena. IT s!;;±^.n J S^Srhf 'lif M^ft^^'ihip the Endeavour Lieutenant C^k, t^u^ "i-omnvovi round the world, having mide feveral important difcoveries m the South Seas. The Kin" of Sweden changes the conftitution of that kingdom. lueivin^oio ^^B ^.^r „f rv„ ,„v. mand-dauRhtcr of Thomas, U Larl oi live rrctcnucr inoiiitS luv ii.i.vvi' v — / ' v - Avlefburv. t: '7 »7 17 >7' '7f A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 587 um- is to our- Eall ted a ;e of iudcd nada, rena- y his return ! iseas. arl oi" 1772 A dreadful fire at Antigua. Twelve hundred and forty people killed in the ifland of Java by an ele^rified cloud. A revolution in Denmark. The Emperor of Germany, Emprefs of RulHa, and the King of Pruffia, ftrip the King of Po- land of great part of his dominions, which they divide among themfelves, in violation of the moft folemn treaties. 1773 Capt. Phipps is lent to explore the North Pole; but having made eighty-one degrees, is in dan- ger of bfing locked up by the ice, and his attempt to difcovcr a pailage in tliat quarter proves fruitlefs. The Jefilits expelled from the Pope's dominions, and fupprefled by his bull, Auguft 21;. The Englilh Eaft India Company having, by conqueft or treaty, acquired the extenfive pro- vinces of Bengal, Orixa, and Bahar, containing hftcen millions of inhabitants, great irregu- larities are committed by their Servants abroad, upon which government interferes, and leads out judges, &c. for the better adminiftration of jurtice. The war between the Ruffians and Turks proves difgraceful to the latter, who lofe the iflands in the Ardiipelago, and by fea are every where unlucccl'sful. 1774 Peace proclaimed between the Rnflians and Turks. The Britifli parliament having paffed an aft, laying a duty of three pence per pound upon all teas imported into America ; the colonies, confidering this as a grievance, deny the right of the Britiih parliament to tax tliem. Deputies from the feveral American colonies meet at Philadelphia, as the firft general congrefs. Sept- 5. Firfl- petition of Congrefs to the King, Nov. 1775 April 19. The firft aftion happens in America between the King's troops and the Provincials at Lexington. A dreadful fire in Grenada ; lofc computed at 500,0001. May 20, Articles of confederation and perpetual union between the American provinces. June 1 7, A bloody aftion at Bunker's Hill between the royal troops and the Americans. 1776 March 17, The town of Bofton evacuated by the King's troops. An unfuccefsful attempt in July, made by Commodore Sir Peter Parser and Lieutenant-general Clinton, upon Charleftown in South Carolina. €)i-der for calling in all the light gold, and ordering it for the future to pafs only by weight. The Congrefs declare the American colonies free and independent ftates, July 4. The Americans driven from Long-Ifland, New-York, in Auguft, with great {laughter, and the city of New-York is afterwards taken poflcflion of by the King's troops. Ikcember 25, General Wafliington takes 900 of tlie Heftians prifoners at Trenton. Torture aboliihed in Poland. Foundation of Public Offices, Dtiblin, laid. 1777 General Howe takes polTeffion of Philadelphia. Lieutenant-general Bwgoyne is obliged to furrcnder his army to the Gtnerals Gates and Ar- nold, Oftober 17. 1778 A treaty of alliance concluded at Paris between the French king and the thirteen imited American colonies, in ^hich their independence is acknowledged by the Courts of France, February 6. The remains of the Earl of Chatham interred at the public cxpence in Weftminfter Abbey, Ju eg, in confequence of a vote of parliament. The Earl of Carlifle, William Eden, Efq ; and George Johriftonc, Efq •, arrived at Philadel- phia the beginning of June, as commiffioners for reftoring peace between Great Britain and America. Wiiladelphia evacuated by the King's troops, June 18. The Congrefs refufe to treat with the Britifh commiffioners. Dominica taken by the French, Sept. 7. '>- Pondicherry furrenders to the arms of Great Britain, Oft. 17. St. Lucia taken by the French, Dec. 28. J 7 79 St. Vincent taken by the French, Grenada taken by the French, July 3. Oft. 1 2. Both Kouics of the iriiri rarliamcnt addrtfs the King for a free trade* 1 780 Torture in courts of juftlcc aboliflied in France. The inquifition aboliihed in the Duke of Modena's dominionf. 6 K 2 i $88 A NJiW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Langam, near I and another 1780 Ail.mral Rodney takes twenty-two fail of Spanifh Hiips, Jan. 8. .^^.a . Ihe aii.nlrd alfo tngngcs a Spanim fleet under the commaud of Don Juan de Cape St. \ inccnt, and takes five Ihipsthe of line, one more driven on ihorc blown up, Jan. 16. Tliree aaions between Admiral Rodney and the Count dc Guichen. in the Weft-Indie*, in tlic months of Apr.l and M:.y ; but none of them dcciiive. Charlertown, South Carolins, lurrtnders to Sir Henry Clinton, May 4. 1 <-'j;jacola, and tlie whole province of Weit-Florida, furrcndcr to the aims of the king of Spain, The Protcftant Aflbciation, to the nun.Ixr of 50.000, go up to the Houfe of Commons wUh their petition for the repeal of an ad pafTed in favour of the Catholics, June 2. lliat event followed by the mo(l daring riots in the cities of London and Southwark, for feveral fticccil.vc days ni which fomc Popifh chapels are deftroyed, together with the prHbns rf Newgate, the king s Bench, the Fleet, feveral private houfes, &c. Thefe alarming'^riots are at lentm luppre.Ted by the mterpolition of the military, and many of the rioters tried and ex- ecuted tor felony. Five Englini Eaft-Indiamen, and fifty Engli/h merchant ihips bound for the Weft-Indies, taken by the combmed fleets of France and Spain, Aug. 8. Earl Cornwallis obtains a fis::.~.! viftory over General Gates, near Camden, in South Carolina. m winch above 1000 American prifoners arc taken, Aug. 16. Mr. Laurens, late Prefident of the Congrefs, taken in an American packet near Newfoundland, General Arnold deferts the fervice of the Congrefs, efcapes to New- York, and is made a Bri- gadicr-general in the Royal Service, September 24. ^S New.York'*"'oa '"^^"'"^ ^^ *'"' ^'""'* '^'"^' ^^"^""^ ''' ° ^^^ "" T^m^n, in the province Mr. Laurens is comrtntted prifoner to the Tower on a charge of high treafon, Oaober 4 Dreadfia huricanes in the Weft-Indies, by which great devaftation is made in Jamaica, Barbadoes. bt Lucia, Dominica, and other iilands. Oft. 3. and lo. A declaration of hoftilities publiflied againft Holland, Dec. zc. Firft Irilh State Lottery drawn. 1781 The Dutch ifland of St. Euftatia taken by Admiral Rodney and General Vaughan. Feb 7 Re. taken by the French, Nov. 27. ' . J" *• The ifland of Tobago taken by the French, June j. A bloody engagement fought between an Englifli Squadron under the command of Admiral Parker, and a Diitch fquadron under the command of Admiral Zoutman, off the Doceer Bank, Auguft 5, ' bB ' Earl Cornwallis, with a confiderable Britifh army, forrendered prifoners of war to the American and French troops, under the command of General Wafhinf.foo and Count Rochambeau. at York-town, in Virginia, Oft, 19. Foundation of the New Cuftom-houfe, Dublin, laid ; the bijldmg finlflied in 1 780. 1782 Trincomale, on the ifland of Ceylon, taken by Admiral Hughes, Jan. n. Minorca furrendered to the arms of the King of Spain, Feb. 5. The ifland of St. Chriftopher taken by the French, Feb. 12. The ifland of Nevis, in the Wcft-Indies, taken by the French, Feb 14. Montferrat taken by the French, Feb. 22. The Houfe of Commons addrefa the king againft any farther proTecution of offenfive war on the •Continent of North America, March 4. j and refolve, that the Houfe would confider all thofe as enemies to his Majefty and this country, whofhould advifc, or by any means attempt the further profecution of offenfive war on the Continent of North America, for the purpofc of reducing the revolted colonies to obedience by force. Admiral Rodney obtains a fignal viftory over the French fleet under the command of Count dc Gr.ifTe, whom he takes prifoner, near Dominica, in the Weft Indies, April 1 2. The refolution of the Houfe of Commons relating to John Wilkes, Efq } and the Middlefex eleftion, paffed Feb. 17, 1769 : refcinded May 3. April 16. The Parliament of Ireland aflcrted its independence and conftitutional rights. The biU to repeal the declaratory aft of George I. relative to the legiflation of Ireland, received tae royal aflent, June ^o. A N K W CHRONOLOGICAL T A B L E. 989 "■ — ...., .,»|. ..,_,, iiitcJ by M. Montgolficr of Lyons; from which difcovcrj- Meflrs. of Paris taking tlie hint, conftrudt inflammable gas, or the air balloon. t73j| The firrt great Dnuy.nmon meeting of Delegates from the Ulfter Volunteers held Feb. i; 'i'he bills, for the IVIodiflcation of I'ovning's Law, -for RealTuming the Appellant Jurif- di'ticm,— the Independence of the judges.— tlm Limited Mutiny Bill,— and the Habea* Corpus Aft, rcce'\cd the Royal •afleiit, July 28. The Frencli took and deftroyed tlie forts and fettlements in Hudfon's B.iy, Aug. 24. 'i he Spaniards defeated in their grand attack on Gibraltar, Sept i'^. Treaty concluded between the republic of Holland and the United States of America, Oft. 8. Provilional articles of peace figiied at Paris between the Britifh and American commiflioners, by which the United American colonics are acknowledged by his Britannic Majcfty to be free, fovercign, and independent ftatcs, Nov. 30. 1783 Preliminary articles of peace between his Britannic Majefty and the kings of France and Spain, figned at Verfaillcs, Jan. 20. The order of St. Patrick inftitutcd Feb. 5. Three earthquakes at Calabria UUcrior and Sicily, deftroying a great number of towns and inhabitants, Feb. 5, 7, and 28th. Armiflice between Great Britain and Holland, Feb. to. JRatification of the definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the United States of Amerka, Sept.. 3, The fire balloon invented by M. Charles and Robert of Paris taking me mm, conitruct mnammaoie gas. Courts of juftice in England and Ireland feparated by a Britilh aft of parliament. The Bank of Ireland, cftablilhed by aft of parliament, opened 25th June. A Convention of Reprefentatives from all the Volunteer Corps of Ireland held in the Rotunda, Dublin, for promoting a Parliamentary Reform, loth Nov. 1 784 The city of London wait on the King with an addrefs of thanks for difinifling the coalition mini dry, Jan. 16. The Great Seal ftolen from the Lord Chancellor's houfe in Great Ormond-ftreet, March 24. The ratification of the peace with America arrived, April 7. The definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and Holland, May 24. The memory of Handel commemorated by a grand jubilee at Weftmlnfter Abbey, May 26. Proclamation for a public thankfgiving, July 2. Mr. Lunardi afcended in an air balloon from the Artillery-ground, MoorCelds ; the firft attempt of the kind in England, Sept. 15. Afcended at Edinburgh. 1785 Richard Crofbic, Efq. afcended from Ranelagh Gardens, in a barge fufpcnded to an air balloon, and landed on the North Strand, near Marino ; being the firll who explored the Irilh atmofphere, Jan. 19. A Congrefs of Reprefentatives from the Counties of Ireland held in Dublin, for promoting a Parliamentary Reform, 20th Jan. The Houfe of Commons of Ireland divided on the propofitions for a Commercial Intercourfe with Great Britain, when the numbers were, 127 for, and 108 againft. — Au. 13. The bill containing faid propofitions withdrawn by Mr. Orde. — Aug. 15. 1786 Foundation Stone of the New Four-Courts, Dublin, laid. An Aft pafled for eftabUfhing a Police ini the City of Dublin, &c. 1 787 His Grace Charles Duke of Rutland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, died Oft. 25. 1789 The Parliament of Ireland being informed by the Lord Lieutenant (the Marquis .pf Buck- ingham) of the incapacity of the King to execute the powers of government, they addrefled the Prince of Wales to accept, without limitation, the Regency of this kingdom during his Majcfly's indifpofition ; and the Marquis having refufed tranfmitting the addrefs, the two Houfcs appointed Commiflioners for prefenting the fame on the 20th Feb. thro' whom they received his Royal Highnefs's anfwers on the 2d and 20th March, declining their ofFer, on account of the recovery of his Majefty. The Parliament of Ireland pafled a Vote of Cenfure on the Lord Lieutenant, for expreflions cont.dned in his anfwcr to their application for tranfmitting the above addrefs, Feb. 20. A two month's Money-bill pafled in the Parliament of Ireland, March 23. f 1|\ ■■■'/ C 990 .] MEN OF LEARNING and GENIUS. • • • c ^".''^B j^°"'^'*" Edition, this Lift is compofed of EngliOi and Irifli Writers onlv bm ♦»,- ^^-.^ of this Ediuon confidcring that fomc knowledge of foreigners wouU be equafca^^^^^^^ U>ercforc added, from authentic materials, the'names of Ihe principal autCTSan«f 'itaTy' N. B. Bcf. Ch. 907 pjOMER. the firft profane writer and -i-X Greek poet, flourilhed. Hefiod, the Greek poet, fuppofed to have lived near the time of Homer. 884 Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver. 600 Sappho, the Greek Lyric poetefs, fl. 558 iS'oIon, lawgiver of Athens. 556 ^fop, the firft Greek fabulift. 548 Thales, the firft Greek aftronomer and geographer. 497 Pythagoras, founder of the Pythagorean philofophy in Greece. 478 Confucius, the Chinefe philofopher. 474 Anacreon, the Greek lyric poet. 456 -(Efchylus, the firft Greek tragic poet. 435 Pindar, the Greek lyric poet. 413 Herodotus, of Greece, the firft writer of profane hiftory. 407 Ariftophancs, the Greek comic poet, fl. Euripides, the Greek tragic poet. 406 Sophocles, ditto. 400 Socrates, the founder of moral philofophy in Greece. 391 Thucydides, the Greek hiftorian. 361 Hippocrates, the Greek phyfician. Democritus, the Greek philofopher. 359 Xenophon, ditto, and hiftorian. 348 Plato, the Greek philofopher, and difciple of Socrates. 336 Ifocrates, the Greek orator. 332 Ariftctle, the Greek philofopher, and dif- ciple of Plato. 313 Demofthenes, the Athenian orator, poifon- cd himfelf. 288 Theophraftus, the Greek philofopher, and fcholar of Ariftotle. 1%S Theoiah Horrox, Lanrafliire ; a mofl ex- cellent aftrriiomcr, dictl at the age of jj. Lewis Velez dc Cue vara, Andalufia ; conic- dies. Dcs Cartes, Toitrainc ; philofophy and nia- tl.cniatics. John Sclden, Suflex ; antiquities and laws. John Lewis dc Balzac, Angouleme; letters. &C. O.I Peter GaflViidl, Provence ; aftronomy. Archbifhop Ufhcr, Dublin; divinity and chronolog\'. Dr. William' Harvey, Kent ; ^ifcovcred .the circulation of the blood. Pafcal, Auvergnc; Thoughts upon Religion, Abraham Cowley, London ; mifcclhneous poetry. Sir John ©enham, Dublin j Cooper's Hill, and othc! |>ocms. Molicrc, Paris; cometlies. John Milton, London-; Paradife Loft, Re- gained, and various other pieces in vcri'e and profe. Hyde, i;,irl of Clarendon^ Wiltfhire ; hiftory of the civil wnrs in England. James Gregory, Aberdeen ; mathematics, geometry and optics. James Roh'ault, Amiens ; phyfics. Rev. Dr. Ifaac Barrow, London; natural philofophy, mathematics, and fermons. Samuel Butler^ Worccfterihirc ; Hudibras, a burledjue i>oem. francis, Duke of Rochcfoucault, France; maxims. Dr. Lewis Morcri, Provence; Hiftorical Diftionary. ^683 Mczeray, Lower Normandy, Abridgement of the hillorv of France. ' >«35 1638 1639 1641 1646 T650 i6j4 • I656 1657 i6iftlcs epigrams, corncdici, letters. LcSagc, Brctanvj GH bh«, Ike. 174a Dr. Edmund HaJlcy, London j natural phi. lofuphy, aftronomy, n.ivieation. 1743 Mafillon, France} fcrmoni. Richard Siv^gc, London } .1 trngedv, poem,. 1744 Alexander Pope, London} poems, Icttcis. tranflation of Homer. 1745 Rererend ling, and other poems, 1 709 Thomas Corncille, brother to Peter, trage- dies. 1710 David Gregory, Aberdeen} geometry, op- tics. Flechier, Avignon} fermons, funeral ora- tions, &c. Edmund Smith, Worcefterlhirc } Phcdra, a tragedy, tranflation of I.«nginui. 17 U Doiieau, Paris} fatires, cpiftlcs, art of poe- try, the Lutrin, an heroi-comlcal poem, epigrams, tranflation of Longinus. Caffini, Italy } aflronomy. IJ.J Am.^Aft <|oop.r.E..f Sh.f,(buryi ch,- ,,45 R.,.„„a Dr. Jonathan S,if<, Dublin lilbury } hifliory, biography, divinity, &c. 1715 Malcbranche, Paris} philo(t)phy. 1716 Francis De Salignac De la Mothc Fenelon, Archbifhop of Cambray, Perigord } Te- knuichus, Diaioguci. of the Dead, Dialo- gues on Eloquence, Dcmonftration of the Being of God, &c. Leibnitz, I^ipfic} philofophy, &c. 17 1 8 Nicholas Rowe, Devonfliire } feven trage- dies, tranflation of Lucan's Pharfalia and other i>ieces, five tragedies. Reverend Dr. Ifiac Watts, Southaitipton } logic, philofophy, pfalms, h-.-hns, fer- mons. Sec. Dr. Francis Hutchcfon, Ireland } fyftem of moral philofophy. 1750 Rev. Dr. Conyers Middleton, Yorkfliirc ; life of Cicero, &c. Andrew Baxter, Old Aberdeen } metapiiy. fics and natural phikjfophy. 1721 Matthew Prior, London; poems and poli- ,756 W. CollL,^'Sichffter } poetry. 1723 Fleu^. Paris} hiftory. ,,,, Slt^'R^lSf'"*''"""^^'.-^"' ?«""''• Bayl.; Foix} hiftoriSl and critical diftion- ^" fS ^°'^'"'' natural h.ftory of in- '''' ^fc'^^^^^' '^-'''''--' '^''-y '' ^^^' l^&li^'S^LtZ-C, fermons. 1727 Sir Ifaac Newton, Lincolnfliire } mathema. ticsj geometry, aftronomy, optics. 1728 Father Daniel, Rouen} hiftory of France. 1729 Rev. Dr. Samuel Clarke, Norwich} mathe- matics, divinity, &c. Sir Richard Steele, Dublin } four comedies, papers in Tatler, &c. William Congreve, Staffordfliirc } feven dra- matic pieces. 1732 John Gay, Exeter} poenis, fables, and ele- ven dramatic pieces. 1734 Dr. John Arbuthnot, Mearnfliirej medicine, coins, politics. No. XXXII. Hoadley, Bifhop of Wlnchcfter } fermons. &c. Richardfon, London} Grandifon, ClarilTa. Pamela. Rev. Dr. John Leland, Lancafhire } anfwer to Deiftical Writers. 1 763 W. Shenftone, Shropfliire } poems. 1764 Reverend Charles Churchill, England } Rof- ciad, fatires. 1765 Rev. Dr. Edvrard Young} Night Thought!!, and other poems, 3 tragedies. Robert .Simlnn. flla««T/».w . r"-,.,;- c-n.? 1? ,• ,'a"",'. ~. — »"" ' "^O.)!;. DcCt) tuclid, ApoUonjus. 6L Xi ;tlS, 994 MEN OF LEARNING AND GENIUS. 1767 Dr. Alexander Monro, Edinburgh; Anato- my of the bones, anatomical and medical cSzjs. Muratori, Italy } hiftory and antiquities, Metaflafio, Italy ; dramatic pieces, fl. 1768 Reverend Lawrence Sterne, Dublin; 45fer- mons. Sentimental Journey, Trillram Shandy. William Cunningham, Ireland } Paftorals, &c. 1769 Robert Smith, Lincolnflure } harmonics and optics. 1770 Dr. Mark Akenfidc, Newcaftlc upon Tynej poems. Dr. Tobias Smollct, Dumbartonftiire; Hif- tory of England, novels, tranflations. 1 77 1 Thomas Gray, London ; poems. J 773 Earl of Chefterfield } letters. George Lord Lyttleton, Worcefterfliirc ; Hiftory of England. 1774 Oliver Goldfmith, Rofcomraon, in Ireland; Hiftory of the Earth and animated Na- ture, poems. Citizen of the World, cflays, &c. 1775 Dr. John Hawkefworth ; cflays. 1776 David Hume, Merfe ; Hiftory of England, eflays. James Fergufon, Aberdeenfliire; aftronomy. 1777 Samuel Foote, Cornwall ; plays. 1 7 78 Voltaire, Paris; the Henriad, an epic poem, dramatic pieces, poetry, hiftory, literature in general. 1779 David Garrick, Hereford; plays. William Warburton, Biihop of Gloucefter ; Divine Legation of Mofc?, and various other works. 1780 Sir William Blackftone, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, London; Commentaries on the Laws of England. Dr. John Fothergill, Yorklhire; philofophy and medicine. James Harris; Hermes, Philological Inqui- ries, and Philofophical Arrangements. 1782 Thomas Newton, Bifhop of Briftol, Litch- field; difcourfes on the prophecies, and other works. Sir John Prinze, Bart. Roxboroughlhirc ; Difeafes of the Army. Henry Home, Lord Kaunes, Scotland ; Ele- ments of Criticjfm, Sketches of tht Hif- tory of Man, Principles of Equity, of Morality, Art of Thinking, Hints on Education, Gentleman Farmer, CoUefUon of Decifions of the Court of Scflion. 1783. Dr. William Hunter, Lanerkfliire ; ana* tomy. John James Roufleau, Geneva; Emilius, a li'eatife on Education, Diftionary o£ Mufic, New Heloifa, Letters, &c. &c. 1 7 84 Dr. Samuel Johnlbn, Litchfield ; Englifli Dic- tionary, biography, elfays, poetry. Died Dec. 13, aged 757 1785 William Wliitehead, PoetLaureat; poems and plays. Dr. Thomas Leland, Ireland, Hiftorv of Ireland, &c. &c. ^ 1786 Dr. Gilbert Stuart, Edinburgh; Hiftory of Mary Queen of Scots, Hiftory of the Reformation, &c, 1788 The Count De Buffon, Paris; Natural Hif- tory. "?' ,.t>f: i j ^ N D E X. "uiuu ^htrJien city, 19S. ~^j^j^ Uuiverfityof, rrofoflbrftips in. ,94. Ahyffi»ia, 8 13. -ff<,A».yof ArtsandScifiice., American, cdablllbed 87« **^M„ nature of the commerce carried on at that ^ort, Achtn in Sumatra, 791. "%% Ss.^"'"^ »"^'"'"="'' '''' '"'">-- of P^iflmg thew, AJmraltj ijlanjt, 950. A/W«'. palace at Athens, remains of, tfo-.cs contained on fhin divifion of t^,c globe, 797. Prmcipal idands, ibid. 'J-hc lountrJ f ,,,1! vvard from the trophic of Cancer, defcribre,' 'xt chief article, of commerce there, 84. Defcrintim, nf n^^ Hottentots, ibid. Hiftory of thl; countn", 8^ Africnnijlandi, 817. '''^French, "^i J' °^' ''"''"" "'"^ ^^ "f '^"E'^-nd. and the Afra, rrovince of, 743. -*,-rff.V«'s camp in Scotland, tsji. W.r, definition of, and it, Irveral properties defcribcd >■, A i ^'iTb^l^'vrud """''T''"^!!. =>cauiresthe fovereignty eion.ib1d '"*• '"'~'*''^" ">e Proteftant ?eU. AUtrney ijlmj, 5 p 6. '^/f^, the city of, 709, ""tntnaltZ '" "'"' ""^""* '" ^'''> ''■ '"- ^/^W,M city of, in Egypt, 802. ^^«^'^.."'il'l'?S the. plunder Pizarro.'ibid; "" "P^'^'""" "> Chili, ibid. Is killed by .■flttHa, in Hnlftein, 110. A/m„J,., quadrr.nt of, on the tcrrc ftrial globe, »,. Amaztma, m South America, 953. Amae-jiit, river of, 844. '*&a~''^'''' ''^'""' ''"'"'"^ ''"""• ''J"'* '"■"2''f ^mhtyna, defcription of that ifland, 780. »^!r^! ^y,?'">-'-<'. 819. Manner, and cuLm. of U.e na- ve .nhabuants, 8,4. F.x.ent and !,<,„ndarie, ?'f Ame. vers' \\\ f,"I'?"i?"' mountains, ibid. Lake, and ri- Sp'elH-col'on'llfB:^:- ""'• "- P""»<='J -t among '*""7'',\^°^i^' '""■" diC^ovrre , by Scljftian Cabot n«d >o^ SI wiit-l'T'-'h^'i- r^5-/^ coion;;^^;,.?^^ M,,,! F„ 1 J r '^•"r''- ''"'<• Contcfl, between Fran.-e ."Id England for (i.periority th.Tf, ibid. A table of the r.ca, ilMd. Dcfcnp.mn of New Britain, 849. Canada. H.cland'"^*, "l",' "": ^''l "r"..fwick,'^ibid New r.iiRunti, 867. Three forr, nf ,rQ„,.r„m""> -ji-li/v ,. r vllt' of'';h.''r"; """"';• ''""«'''^ inVomeque'uceof 'ihe r-\olt of the Colonies from Great Britain, itnj, New 6 L North ,nH i^'.'?'''"-V *> Virginia, 88(f. Carol,.,.. Florida, pi' """• '^"'Sia. 891 ■ Eaft and Wek -^--j~- Different charaAers and policy of the European -——--• Cifturhance. occaliened by an attempt toimpofe a ftanip a,ft on the Uritift cobnies, 354. A general con- Am:rifan:''J'''," fy 1°'^' '^''^- •fherent?;>,emsof the Americans declared in the Houfe of Common, by gover. fwH "^ • 357- Riots thereon a tax being laid on tea. .bid. I he port of Boflon (hut up, «,d the government of the province of Maflachufefs Bay altered, 358. Non .mportation agreement entered int^o by the ^imericans hoftilitilr ,r' »!'' "^''"f"' ""'*• Commencement of ro?nn«'r^f'- ••^"^""* "" appellation of the United , Colomesof America, 3 y^4- H'flory, Arabian poem, 782. -*ra»;i(fc, the palace and park there, defciibed, 6ii. ■rsrc;]nfil, the lowiiai.ii port of, 161. Archipila,^,, Greciai;, 1 lift of the ifland, ccmpofing, 90. Accovnti of, e<;;. Northern, difcovered by the Ruffians, 2 \ I i «-» 1. < ■> t I ^ y //' ;/■<^//l account of the natuie of that ofllce at Athens, 61. ^rgnauii, the eipedition of to Colchis, ciplained, 60. Army of Great Britain, the nature and miignituiic of, *99- Daily pay of every rank in, 30: . ArmlJ, the Aaiericas colonel, his expedition againft the city i.f Quebec, 363. Dci'erts the Americans and enters into the Bfitiflt (Vtvi.e, i6|. Ariagm, in Spain, its fubdiviflons »nd chief towns, 6)1. ■^'Twm, kin^cdom of, 169. yirn, the revival of, alter the gcoeril deluge, accounted for, $7. /tiiinftM iiland, lto> jljhi, a general review of that quarter of the workl, Joo. Brief Bil^ry of, 701. Ihc principal region* into which it ii JWidcd, lai, Al]'iria, y 1 1 . ^iirachait, itn cUniate and produce, 713. ^/re»«»i/ and Geography, tlicir dlftinAion, 1. The difiw- verict mad* in, by analogic resfoning, 17. Review of the feverij fyfteoM of , 11. ■ ■ ' 1, its fubdiv of I PicaVro, 8ji. '.'tria, ill Spain, its fubdivifions aid chief towns, i\o. ^tuiaL^, inra of Peru, cruelly fuzed and put to death by Aihniy where, and by vvhom founded, $9. Review of the uiuieat hitlory of, 61. The (xifling antiquities of, £95. A'hi, mount, 69;. Allot, DiMint, 79;. Attttiary, bifliop of Rochc&er, banlflVed, 344, Alia, kingdom of, 7(19. AuMtncit, chi; nature of (hofe triliunaU in Spanib Americ?, 918. ^ugujla, the town of, in Oeorgla, 895. A^gajhut, St. Ill Kail Florida, 91 ;. Ai^fltt, cKvftor of Sancny, how he obtained the crown of Poland, 619. y Aulu council of the Oernmn empire, an account of, 578. Aircri^t^k; the real founder and legifla.'.w of the Indoftin empire, 7«j. A-iJhn the monk, his Ariivjl in Sritasn tr' convett the Sax- ^, oas, 309. "> S Aufirsa, dutnitiionsof the houic of, in ttaljt, 664, ^ A'llrii, circle of, its divifion ii;if>pnvi'ices, cfi\. AuDrian Sitlir'anji, fee /V*;t7. B-if'tima iUands, titCi difcovercd, Sa$. Dtfciibed, ^1. Dalia, the capiial of Brixil, dcf^ribed, 9JI. M.ilh,-f, the lUint of, 707 £i/'>', John, account of his cootefi for the crown of Scot- land, »io. -^ « .* Bil^ic fca, iiliinds in, 90. > • .' ' Jiuliimore, lord, fottlca Marykud with Roman catholics, 18;. Jt ^Jd in.i:id!, and their produce, 790. jr .»* of Fnglaiid, an hiOoricil account of, ifij. lu go- '}'*)' vcrnment, 167. Of Amftcrdam, its gieat fappUed ' wealth, 55>. Bji.t.-i-inr^, battle of, botweeo the Scots and EngUfc, 111. il'i/i'i/Iiin F.nglutid, their dilliagutihing teaets, ija. Mm'Mtfi, its litKation and euctu, 907. Gceat population and produce of, il>id. Ihrtary, accmini: cf the ftates of, So'i. Cltaiate, foil, and prudutliois, ibiii. Inhabitaats, their maeaers and c»i- ••ms, So?. Their drtfs, religion, and Uoiiiae, 8c!t. Antiquitiei airl curiofities, 809. Cities and pwWic build- ings, ibid. Manufactures and conimetce, 810- Why Kiiropean llatrs lubnjit ce the Barbiry piracies. 811. I'onllitution and jiovcrnir.mt of, ibid. Reneaucs, 8il- Military ftreiiKth, ibid. HiUoty of Stebary, ibid. fftfr^xfa, iStaiid iif, 909, ^jf.i.iri, city nt, 6,4. iarJt, ancient Welch, fonie account of, j8». tnaffacred br Edward 1. 384. »_ ^^^ •*-• Bari, jefuits, where produced, paj. f^ *'»«>|\ t^tl Barnet, the original and nature of that degree of nobility ill lingland, 3o<(. BarihJemnv, St. iifland of, 937. harihlimnu I day, roalfacre of the French PtOteftants on, S39> Bjlalut, pitlsrs of, in Iceland, g6. fn Staffa, 1 79. In Ire- land, 399. Sajil, thecity nnd univerGty of, tfatf, 627. BaJI'at, of the Torkilh empire, their ufual treatment by the Grand Seignior, 715. Saiavia, thefplcndor of the Dutch government there, eci, 79a. Bali, city of, I50. Bnvaria, circU of, itsdiviCon il«o provinces, JS4. Beaverot North America, 885. Utexiy, male and female, Chinefe ideas of, 734. Bicht, Thomas, archbilhop of Caotorbury, a haughty af- fertor of ecdcfiaftical power, murdered at the altar, 3»<. BiJe, his account of the antiquity of Irilh literature^ 406, v* dbr tility ^?" 'i* jj^'^l'f'^ of a rorth.weft paffagf, ibid. Trade of the HudJoD 8 bay company, 851. Britam New, iuthe fouthcrn ocea, , 950. nriujb Mufcun. at London, andiis valuable conUnU. 147. ".'• ■^■'""«> J"''"' ,f'*«'"-s account of their ma.inirs ™.„f"-K"?'' 4?J-- li"' fit"«ioB under Rwiun govcrn- r„« ' ir f J^xf"^t*"u'^'^'''" <«'f"t'dby the Roma„o. 308 Arc fubjcaed by the Sarons, ibid. State of litera- n. "sl"!*vri,i;»: *''"^ ""'""='» '» "-'««»'•)'. fl!!l''B^°K^''.t'' '''""=?/<"• «'": Crown of StotUnd. 2.1. ~k.^°1'^.^.'?C.'f "; ^^'f-^M the^nKlHh j>*- "-^ P>»f, the Britiih admiral, ftot formiftehaviour, 348 V J.« I' /y< X., 'S^^ ^01 C*/^, Jack, his Kentilh infurreclion, 315. CaJiz, and its htirbour, 644. C^/hr, Julius, hi. firlk mvafion of Britain, and account of the natives, 306. C<,|Ajr, the capital „r the ifland of Sardinia, 6U. Cum, the capital of lijrjpt, 802. Co/-//, taken from the l-ngliih by the duke of Guifc m, CW. orr.,rt W.lliam, m Bc'.gal, account „, he' ^''k fadKiry and civil government tlicrc, 756. Cruel t«at' ment of the Knglifh thc.c, by Sur^^ah Dowla, V^, OiliferHui, 915. bee ,Wf^„, K^w, C .n.S f: Jf"'"'- '■port town in Tcru, deftroyed by an earthonake, oz4 marl; u "'"°" ' "^ '*'' '^^'"■'"'"■et queen of Utn- , V '►#>>' r''T; ■'°''":S ''"^ 7^"""' f""'* ""ount of, 570, mi,. ', 1 ' ""««"», and Its ndiabitanti, 770. ^/ "^ fc a5i""*/"'^'' ''"■■.'^''''''^ ""'"^'e "f """"tree at Cambrav ccS p 4 CamiriJit, univerlity, its coUego, «nd other public Imiling,, ' " I in New England, 87 1. fi.W«, his account, of the antiquity of Irilh literature, 4off, Cam,/,, in what refpeds well fuited to the Arabian dcferts. 781. How taught to dance in Kcvpt, 802. Camfagiia, di Roma, prcfent flateo^^'66«. C.j»u,/t, itsfituation, extent, and boundaries, gat, S« Cli- mate, foil and produce, 653. Its rivers and hikes, 854. Animal, 855. l;,(h 857. li.haHitanti., Hji. 0«be?. Ibid. Montreal, ibid. Government of the province. Sio often diilurbed by the capricious inro-vU of the InJians, Uo. An American exp,dition againlj, u»d.r genera Montgdmcry, 362. Sec ^ebcc '" Cxnal, of i.angutdoc, its iiHfiiti.>. C«»w, of the North Aniencau liidi^is, how iiiaUc, 854, 8ji. t I , ,, .■ - Cwim, the gntateft fca port in China, 737. Capt Brilia, accountof that ifland, 010. Cafe ysrJ\Siimi>, f,Xo. Cfl^ St. Fraujois, 929. Cci-rta, Ow voluptuous retreat of the emptror Tiberius Ktf Caprucra, the Uopic of, 13. "^ iiDjf;.r its 0-cngih when taken by colonel Clive ,c7 CUrWi,, public, the n.uniGceiicc of, in i:iigland. 227' 58r6«r *"'li'W*^'"'"»t'"ed foou after his death, ""rt '■«"■ ^''?'*'"'' '"^ patronage of the pulitc arts 2 , 1 Charaaer of liu queen Henrietta, 333 . His arbi-rary im- pofitH.n of taxes, a^d quarrel with his parliamem, u Commences war with lii, p;u-|,ainent, .[j. I.„,,|)L ^i'" . fcated, rbid. Is tr.ci and executed, ibid." Hi. "liji^;^:; — - — -11. of England, his reign efteemtd an Auguftan aire tor literature .nd art. 234. His reftora.ion in VnTl.u^ howetfeeied, 3,7. The firft afls of his reign, ibul*^ Hi,' extravagancies and UiftrelTes, ibid. His deafh and charac- Engli^d. 6^"*"''"'' '" '"'"'"" "'^ ^''^^ '^^«'« i"to T"" ^: emperor of Germany, and king of Spain eeneral view of his re.gn, 5S5. His letircmem, 65! ^ •"•^ 7-J- emperor of Germarvy his tro«blelcai, wiun. e8(S "T^ari^'st?. "' " "-"""T-reo, Pro't"ulm; a^^^,^„uth CareUiia, ,,,.. TaXenLy the king's Cv^rik/rr's iUand, 943. ««(;. C/a*,„, Pitt, carl of, his dechrtd opinion of American ti.oaficresin theHoufcof Peers, m jcQ ■'^'J^'can Ch^hr, city of, 250. ^^-i, ,. l*r'J\i \ Chi,, in Soutli America, its fauatiAn, «r.teBt, and bound-* rits, 025. Us diviikiuis zt:A cLi'd towns ibid -•" iiih;ibitaufs and commercr , ?,26. ""'' ' ' '-'*^'^''-'> Cl.i,ie, iflajid, in ths South leas, 930. ^ C'P^ Mf/vL 7^ <^i ,» *!.<•* - V r f I L f*-' l: h bi^fi y I '^Ci I' fj"p. f}x W-y '^ ) / Ci'wo, ifi fitfl;iffon, M(ent, and bonndiriei, 733. Itt divi- fii)n» into jjrovinceniibid. Its rivcrsandcnaalt, 731. Cl-- niate, foil and produce, ibid. Metals, 731. The inhahi- tantt, their manners and cuftoms, ibid. Theirdrefs, 73^. Their marriages and funfrals, ibid. Languagt, 734. Genius and learning, ibid Antiquities and curiofities, 735. Chief cities, 73«. Trade and mannfadlnres, 738. Conftitulion and government, 730. Religion, ibid. Re- veniif 5 and military (Irenj^th, 740. Hiftory, ibid. , * Ch:s, illand, and its inhabitants, 697. , ^ XMi" II. king of Denmark and Sweden, hit birbarow i*< ^ uheme to render bia fclf ablolute, 136, r~~~~ ^"- k'"g "f Denmark, milled by the arti of hit ftep- / mother, 117. Chrijiwn, queen of Sweden, her charider, 137. Ctnjhphr'i St. its fuiiation, produiilions, and inhabitants, 9C.8. Clr'.ii)lcgual table, of events, difcoveries, and learned men, 973- Chim'ify, remarks on 'hat of China, 740. CImrch cf Kngland, its government and diftinguilhing ch«- raclers, 109. The convocation why not permitted to fit, 131. Chtrckill river, 85!. Cciftiti, in Italy, the ftories of, fuppofed to be exaggci-atcd, 667. Crc.:lJix, women the (lapl; commodity of that country, 713. Its religion, 725. Government, 728. C/rf»i.'/ of the judges in England, table of, 117. In Wiles, Ctliei, the civil government of, in Great Britain, 185. C/Wlilt revenue ot Great Britain, the nature and amount of, 298. CW/«/ro's Ne'!dle, 801. -Ci/»a/f<, the Ic-Jcral diliiniJlions of, explained, 10. Tabic of, ibid. Clhf, colonel, hisfuccefsful operations in thcEaft Indies, 348. Clfliilv », convention of, between the I'rcnch and the Eng- lilh, 3„. C/uT). Illands, 789. C/nw, the firllChriftian monarch of tlie Franlts, 538. t-jf/iM China, and its inhabitants, 771. C.cliHfal, the nature and ufts of, explained, 918. C:c:a trees, great profit made from, in i-outh America, 9(8. C:d fidicry on the banks of Newfoundland, great amount of, 909- Cille: I, the father of French commerct and manufa(51ures, 531. Succeeds cardinal M.itarine, as prime minifler, 541. C-.hjps, of VflpafMn and Domitian, a charaifter of, with an account of its prei'ent condition, 671. Ctlui,-!, Hritini, in America, the three fans of government ertat.lifhcd iliere iliftiiiguiilicd, 874. Cilumbkill, one of till weftern iftanilsof Scotland, remains of antiquity there, 178. C.lur-hi, Chridnpht-r, hii eMpfdiiion for tlie difcovery of a ■^ "i.S "<"*' track to India, 78, 81,1. Difcovcr^i ihe liahann if- lands, Hcj. Hifpan.'fil.i, ibid. His liTor.l voyage .0 the Weft liulus, ibid. His third voyage, 3i6 His ill treat- ment and death, 8J7. Ctljr.;^ folft). iai and eq^iinntlialdiftinguilhed, 11- C:Kir t, their relation to our fdar fylUi", how proved, ij. 1 he do<^rine of, and tbetr numlier, i<. Cmi:er,f, ancient, inquiry into th ■ ' , • r ' f'^ •''" A> (../l-t HfiffTt f iCC 'Ji. I •• Cin/t iiitntpie, the feat of the Roman empire remove J to that '"T. 7 5- The good confequences of its efcaping the ra- vages of the Goths, and Vandals. 77. Defcription of, 096. its prcfcnt i.-^habitants, ibid. Its happy fituation, 713. Cj»,^f/;a/;«r, by whom firflinvented, and their number, 17. Cs.-/»//, inlhlution of their office at Rome, 68. C>n:i.:iat dcBned, 51. Cmvic^lin of the Knglift clergy, why not permitted to fit, Co:/, captain, his account of the ifland of Otaheite, and its mhabitants, 944. Of the Friendly iflands, 94*. Summary view of his Southern difcoveries, 945, ustt, 950, 951. His death, ibid. Hischarader, ibid. Oftnkn.n, the capital of Denmark, 107. CurioCties in the Royal Mufcum there, 109. CtfKrn,ci$ wasthe reviver of the Pythagorean aftronomy, 14, t;'/5/>friaand8, 9i, the city of, in Irisland, 449 (■'rn'il/e, the tragic poet, his charadler, 519. C.tmjnJe/, coaft of, its provinces and chief towns, 757, Cirp:,aii:nt, the motives to the eflablifhment of, 76. -C»//fo, actount of the ifland, its inhabitants and produce, 086. C rtm, F-.'rnando, his expedition to, and conqueft of Mexico, 8x7. C-jTa:t, Ruflian, 15a. O.v/nlry, city of, 150. C:mtt of law in England, »8j. Craw.ii in Poland, 612. CrrV of Pope Pius IV. 573. Crtdit, in Meiico, their chiirai3er,'9!S. In Peru, 925. Ct\-J^, battle of, between Edward prince of Wales, and John of trance, 310. Cii.iiia, general account of the country and inhabitants, 6at. C< ctcHlt -ol Kgypt, 199. 'Cr:mtu-ll, Oliver, his tleps to the fupreme power, 33S. Re- vitw of hii adminiOrariiin as ProtciSor, 337. — — , Richard, fuccecds liis father as Protcflor, but is foon fct afide, 337. Cfiwn, belonging to the regalia of Hungary, 600. Crufadrt, the advantag^es refulting from, 77. S Particidarly to France, 538. 3 1 * r.^,^ . I i9- Cu», ///;,, 71,. Cur/tng, a popular Scots divetCon oil the icr, 1 89. Ci./;.-, the ancient capital of Peru, 830. Caufc of itsprcfent decay, 914. CftLiilei, (ireeian idands fo denominated, 698. Cy^f'uj idands, 699. Caar, the title of, when firft aOumed by the Rullian fove- reigns, 164. DALMATIA, Hungarian, 6^. Dimifcu), account of the Uade of that city, 711. Damitna, ill f'gypt, 803. ( , -'-'onyj remains in Scotland, I9S>. ' /j- , , Pahu.lt, defcrintion of that city, tfii. Is opprcflei. by the king of PruAia, 613. Dambt, extent and courfe of that river, j6fi. Darirn, ilihmus of, 9io. . . cj Do^iA, the l.vft independent prince of Wales, hanged by Ed- ward I. of England, 380. — — — I. king of Scotland, one of the greatelt princes of his r>ai,»,' count, the Imperial general, his military exploits, 588. Djuphm, how the r-tdeft fon cf Frantc eamc to bo diftinguinn,-.l ty ;i;..: title, jji. J ^Ijr^f'iJUff N » ^^^V: "^r'"" °*' '" '^"''"« '" fubdivifion, and ch,>f />r^*/.^nation.l, of the Britia government, a« account of, ys f f. -')■' / « the province! it con- Dccan, its chief town, 760. , account of that countrv and tains, 760. »'««", geographical the mcrfure of, explained. 8 "^tZZ'Jr,^^' "'• ^ ^"'"^ ^'""-. "'• River of C= A-"-- Cm.j,^« battle of, between the Englilh and the French ,.5 Dtviet Arfe, in Derbyfhire, »4o. 'rtn.n, 340. D^lT'JtHti oJ Poland, forae a.count ot, 6 'O D>^-jr«,, Britiih lawo relating to, 190. ' rTledivWMl-" "'"'.""';"" °' "" •^'■- ••"■'1' '■" E"E'-">J. com- piled by William the Conqueror, tn DmiHica, ifland of, 908. • J J- 0«CT/ni«, St.908. See Hiftanii/a. Vox, or Tanais river, 147. 0«<-.-, the Athenian leginator, the feverlty of his laws ftru:.nch, a, />rW/io/antiquiI •«in Scotland. a.M ' ■* de- -■■.._..„ _„w>juti Bill otmiana. a " -t- ']?- "V/?"^' "f '^"^'f^ '" "'^'gnitude and fitua- ,'",^."jl^'"g»^?d bridge,, 437. St. Stephen's Its public build- Ureen, ibid. I'arliam«it-houfe!"24?. ings, &c. See IriianJ. D.,i,ri, fold to France by Charles II. of England, 357. v - -♦1. ; -vt P"P'5' '^."J """""» u.id cuftonis defer bed, , er by Richard duke of Gloucefter. 327. "" comij, Kememof hi'fr'"'^' '"''"n"^ tranlUaions at the ^ ....ion. ibrd:'"oL'';rnr:bf,r- '""''''' -^ "--^ '^^f- 'onnKrroS^''''^'^ ""'"' '^^'"'"^ under the name anri „„i'f j-.^""""'"* ""d antiquilies, 801. Towns and public edifices. 80,. Manufa«ure, and con,mer"e i^i''^. lUprrvikges, 613 ' £.^«,f./.-, inDcrbyll-.ire. 14,. clr ?r""' f \:'^r"'^«y. a lift of, (78. Their force,' 580 Origin of their eledoral privilcKes. <84 ' f'^^'-f '"""^^i'-^'y 'cniple on that ilbnc?. 76. . r"ev/''Jr"„"^ i;ngland.*^ftateof comme'rce under her XVeri,mei,^",f? ''S;''r ""^ P™'P<--^'>"« adminiftra.ion '"of^'otliCri^Lt "'""'■ •°°- "^ ^'"^"^' •^- Ite';. ''ihl "p ' Pof«=J the Sa'xon hep aah."; »16. Ircient divifion of into counties. •'17 Soil nn,« «ftr',;,.?V- ^<""»-""- rivers, and ak ,z,"'' f"'^ cuftom, 12^ "4. 1 he inhabitants, tlitir manners and ca iRov ;,"5 • TbM •^',''^'' * '9- «;^''"si"» =">,i, c nl ef rnof'LS"r/^"'''j""^- "-w- Hiftori;; '1 : ^ . lion 01 tna iJritilh commerce, lei Tn^,. «,;.!, .1,., /i 1 / parative eftimate of the Britin, mippingra/g ' Brief ^etch of hnglifi, maniifaflures. ibid. Public finds ifi-,-rr?i- r avi{iift'';«f ''ti''r' ^"f- .?.'?• -^'^"^ °f fto^Ls". ^>>7 V.IVU mt, ijg. National niilitia, 190. Armi-.o., I uil, pay of every rank i,, the Britiih Vor«.. jo ' S '?e tf the navy, Ibid. Britiih coin,, 303. RoUl title ''^ armorial bear ngs, 304. Order. ,,f K^ Ul , ""* Hinory of Rngland, jo5. Knichthood, 3.5. • -y :^?. ^« X. maU, 8S>. Fi(h, ili!d. Number if inhibitanti, and ihdr h;ipl>y niediocriry of ceitdition, ibid, Relieion, S,o. Cbict towiiK. ibid. Commerce and iranufuctures, 8; i . Hiftorvandgovermicnt, 871. I'orm of govcromeiit cfta- blii>i«l there, under the late rcToIt, 874. T^ta, iOand, $47. Ejuaiir defcribed, 1 1 . Kne, lake, 85 j. Ermint, dcf(.ription of, lOo, Bfiun.1l, pahKc of, 04J. tiqwrc, an inquiry into the er:j;in and meaning of that dif- tiiidlioo 111 Circat Britain, 306. fJlieiruiiiurii, !n Spain, itt fubdivifioni and rhief tov70t, £}t. tiina, mount, nnd its eruptions, 675. Bmrifu, bow firff peopled after the general delage, 56. Con- 4uefl^ of the Romans in, 74. ^tate of, after the deftmc- tion of the Rom.m empire by the Goths, 75. The ci.- cu.nflances that give it a f\ipcriority uvcr the other quar- ters of the globe, 85. Vai,;'y of governments dinul'ed throughout, J'erve ^« checks to moderate the rigour of mo- narchy, ibid. Comparative view of territory occupied by, tnd proportion pf the number of, adherents to, the I'rotcftant and Catholic Religions in, 86. Species of or- ganized bodies tefs numerous there than in toe othe>' parts of the globe, ibid. Public Revenut of the principal States ol, 87, Land Forces of, ibid. Naval, 83. Us bouni'.arics and the grand diviCons of, 8s. I'rincipul ifl- ands in, jO. The ptefcrvation of the balance of power in, a wire policy, oiz. Ei:Jljiia, at. the iiUnJ of, taken from the Dutch by Adnii- r,\ Rodney, 371. Ucl'cribcd, jjS. Extltr, city ol, 150. F, M.KIR K battle, Jii. fulilanii, iilauds, the niiportance of for facilit.iting expsdm- ons to the South Siias, 911. IJcitiiption oi, it)id. V\ !./ not fettled by the Englilh, 913. Family compact between the kings of France and Spain, 341. F.tJmaiui f. emperor ot Ucrmauy, general view of iiis reign, 5B3. «_____ u. emperor of Germany, his contcfts witJ» the proteftant cunlidcracies, 58/. ff«J«/ fylltni, the nature cl, explained, 76 'J l.T lijJK, lather, his literary diaraotcr, 640. _. /fis, itsCcuaxion and boundaries, 806. Citjr of, (JlO. /■/urarj cave in the ifla:id of Staffa, 179. kintatJ, its extent and chief city, 1*7. Us fubuiViUoiw, ibid. tinni, the tribes of, 154. tUnJiri, See Niihihnd'. , „ ,.- . , tu,!j,KplJ, liattlc of, between the Englilh ano the Scots, 114. t'iitiHu, deltribcd, «79- t!ir:tla, tall and Well, their Ctuation, extent, and bounda- ries, 913. Rivers and climate, ibid. .Soil am. produiiti- ons, 914. Inhabitants, commerce, and thief towns, .l,id. fh.-a, Spaniib, liicnutuie ol the trafiic curried on by, 919. t'enUiat town, oil tl:e ifland ol Madeira, '6^i. i'.nUmy, battle it, bttwttn the Britilh and the French, 347. turn. la, the Dutch driven out of that ilUnd by the Chuiilt, 741. Aciouni ol the ifland anuitsiiiliabiiuir.s, 78B. fox iflanOs, part of the Northern Arcliipclago uiKoveied bjr tilt Rullians, 94a. /;x(/ of Noiway utlVribed, 100. ,. . fOf ir.mt, itslituation and extent, 517. Its provincial oiviC- ons, ibid. lis ilivilion into Gtiiiralitics, lUid. l.» cbnute '.•'3 and natural hiltoiy, 51H. Artificial. ..luil. of J-imguidoc, Calais, and Orltai;!., 519. Xlintral IjrmgSs mines, and other productions, ibid. Number ot iiilwhiiants, their manners and culloms, 510. CluurcAer of a ptiil maun, jXi. Abfurd uk of paint by the ladies, jrj. Attemnui «,f the natives to drcfs, ibid. EUalUlbcd religion, 514. leclefiaaie-al goverumtnt, J15. l.angui»g<; aud Icarmng, ibii. Lewis XIV. tiie great jnrtron of trench literature, jl6. Lniverlities, colleges, and academies, 517. Anti- quities and curiulitics ot the country, 518. Uefcripi on ot Paris, 519. 'llie palace of Veclailles, 531. BiiUand Toulon, ibid. Ccmnicrce and iHairafacture*, ibid. How they loft the lilk maauladure, jji. Tlitii loreign itade, sjud., L'wsiiUutiua aiiu grKragsrS*-. 3;j- ."li'iiiiser.'.s, iblJ. Cotirt* of iadicttare, ibid. The nitiinil atNaiK tagcs of b'rancc counteraii^ed by its goveriimeiK, SJ4. R«. venu4 land, (^6. VLcffiA title, arms, and claflrs of nubility, ibid. Hiftory of France, 537. Reform of tiic revrnw, by M. Neskar, 14]. 'the government «f tkclr American c«/l«niei dt- fcribtd, 93;. Frencii I. ef traace, bit character, and th« principal tvtnti of his reign, j]8, ■■■ II, of brance, his charae'^er, 539. Francmia, circle of, its divifion into provincei*, }ti4> Frankprt, the city of, 575. Franilm, one of the apocrypUat States, 894, FreJrrici, eledor Palatine, his unfortunate conteft forihti crown of Uohcmia, 56J, (97, — — — - III. king of Denmark, his war with Cbaric* Oef- tavuskinc af Sweden, 11;. ' — 111. king of i'ruflia, his militat-y hiftttry, $88. Perfoual anecdotes of, SVS- His tyrannical coslduA to- ■wardt Poland, s aiid chief tDwi-.s, 545. FnitJ, Sinki'.j;, of Britain, the nature of, txpltsined 19S. FimJi, pubii ' of F.ngland, an aeeount of, tio. Table of, 197. Funiral ceremonies in Norway, !04, In Huflia, ijo. in '. hiiia, 73J. In America, 840. fBir.vnrf, his French Didionary better approved than that of the Academy, }*6. nt, ibid. Ceniin^, its Ctuation, extent and divilions, 561 lions, ibid. Derivation of the name, jCc. Vlmmle, fc»- foBj, and foil, ibid. MoULiiauw, forelts, rive.s, lakes, baths and mineral waters, 5*6. Metak mhI mineraK J*7 • Vegetable and animai proitiiSions, ibid, inhabrtunk, ?^.-,— ^.-;^ :izui rui^cnis. ibr^. Kel'^'i^ni (?^? Uifbup- Laugua^e, iji. Learning uai uaivorti«»«. N 3iP-> Ibid. A partulity in favour of the French laneua« ,.n E ;. X, v' vV/7 Confiitution and ^„.^ Imperial revenue, 580. rial titles, Ac. 581.' Hiftory, 584, ! lor 1 .,.,.' J'/- ■•"= ciccior*. Ibid, Miluarr ftrength, ibid. Impc- orv. »»4. ' G«wrff/, province of, 760. ; fi'om I I -/ ....•..•..», me. joi. Hiitory, J84. ' .T-^ J IT'V""^';""'" '•'",, Capeof, 794. GW«;. Sand^on the coaft of Kent, how and when formed, *Tk'"'\^°'''l^'""'8e. his tumultuous proccflion .0 nr.f . the Proteftant petition to the Hoi TcZm",2 I?' Horrid outrages committed by the mob ibid i . j'*''^- acquitted, J70, nitt. ' ' '* '"'^'' '^^ C«r»ifland, 811. "tr^l; t'htr'l '"" ""'■''"="* ^" ^-P^ -hen over- ^'^''ouTaSf r5o"^"«'""'' "•'=''"'^" '■P-""- «'•. Poim- G^hla«J, its extent chief city, and fubdivifions, ,„ Cft-a^am/ dyke in Scotland, 199 ' '' TA^'L!^"'"} 'I' 'i'bd.virions and chief towns 5„ 645. Remains of the Moorifh palace there, 6a, ^^' Granada and the G,a,a,lmes, 908 ^ ««» I. «f England, pnncipai ev«,ts of hi, reign, ,,^ ^_^^1I^. of ingland. a detail of his many politifal' r^g^Lti. ^'"hXir.l '''="''*"'* '"°"""" ''"-""'"viConsand GuaJalutt dcfcribeJ, 93^. C.,/^A, and G*,«,A„,, f.aion, of, in Germany, 584. G«,r.>j,,nand, asdtuation anddefcripticn, lU. Gyiana, Dutch m South America, (,<, * ^"n.;,'';?!:"" °^' '" '■""'"• "• ^"Wivilion. and .hief - • — - Vala, howhracjuired^hc crown of Sweden, 136. Otis, 315, _ „ — III. of England, his charader and inglorious "reign. -eigny'3,f ^"^^'^' ''"'"''' "' ">« tranfaaiion, of hi.. l^a^^f^Ss^^,^^^/- ^" We. 3.,. "^J. 3H. U tii!'3zr'""'^'''''' '"' '™"''^'"-= contdtVbl.tfnt,''rJut."::f i'oVk ^",",--'^o">* marriage, iiS Hi. Jl.^^.f f „ Y^fk and Lancafter, by rader, ibid. "" P«'"'^»l «S"lat,ons, ibid. His cha- hisrSn,lo:°fi'h'i'!I''°'"Pr,"' "-'"'^neement of the faith ib?d. " enou^c^^;;:"'' "'1 ''"f "f "''^•"J" "f review of his conct^an'^'r-elg ''f": """'""y- """• '^ -- 1. of France, his diaractV, ^5^33. "Tvll: "i thrPr'ot'efta^?:'*;/. ""T- ^"'"^'' ''^ •'"" - ou, to hi, coming tL the «^^ti "'^ '""^^i""- previ- church of Home, and is declu^dV"' ^"""'"^ "> '»»« nated, 54,. '■""*" ''"'•"•ed king, ib,d. Is aiiafii- n.ftart/y, Saxon, in England, table of .,< n • eu-.^ of. soy. United under JtRberk-," 'fit- ^"^'^ '"""'•y «•'«««„, la,, difcoveries made o^.hl,*''' ''■''°''^> '"'''*• «r«./,/. Pil,„.. the mountain^ focaUcd 6 ,'">'• '^3- te^Sa^iS-si:;^.^--'^'^^^- ^I^ti^i^Xl"-"^-;^^^ «vvi.crla„d, ^«^. %,/.^„ of Hungary, 'charaeler of. 60, "-'I', the import of that term in SivaL ,;,n ^^./W.. o, Scotland, their chara^r.'sr' Their drefs. «v^«,, their religi^s.fyftcm. 749. //ytin/j/adfcovercdby ColumhuV «,, i 1 .heav„iceofthe'sJ^!S:%«;,S.rffl'S:^^.^ '''m? ''™"'^«fv;«' fuWivifioo. »nd cWf town.. iD^ •j r-f i^^C- ■ c I N Its di- IhlUoi, New, In ilic SoiKlicrn oee»n, 949. Uotany Bajr, i\)id. Von Jnckfon, iliUl. Ilfllltm, thedii.liy of, ceded tntlieltind of Denmark, iioa' IhlyrtMfft, the palace of tlic Scou kings «t Iviiiiburgh, 195. Ilirih, mountain, 785. fftriB.li, I'rnriMc und rntinnal, di[tlnguiflicd, 8. llirUt, EnpIKh, ;i cliaradtci of, 1*4. Spain famojis for a fine breed of, 6 J5. How fed at Delhi, in want of forage, Hf/lrr, admiral, his unfortunate cipedition to the Weft In- dict, }44 H^iitntiii, their mode of life dcfcribed, 815. /Iifihiir ill:in, its lituaiion, boundaries, and extent, 597. virions and chief towns, -ipS. Climate and tiatural pro- dndions, ibid. Manners and cuftonuflf the inhabitants, 59V. I'heir rtligion and biihoprics, 600. Univeilities, ibid. Antiquities, ibid. Cities, ibid. Commerce, 601. Conftituiion and Rovenimcnt, ibid. Military llrcngth, ibid. Hirtory ofJIungary, ibid. lluot, giv: iiam'e to Hurgary, 601. ///rj»lake, 853. .' , A . f o llunic.ines, the terrthle power of, in the Well Indiet, 899. Ppoirnortics of, 900. Jiff It I, Hungarian, a chara^cr of thofe troops, 601. Polilli, 616. llnl/itf I ii\ Bohemia, 597. liy.ler Ally, his dominions, 745. JAOEI.LO, king of Poland, conv.-rt* Ms fubjeiSj to the Chrillian religion, 617. T/r;, St. the illand, 820. ySmaua, its fituation and extent, 901. l->ce of the country and feafons, 903. Its chief produdio. 1 (1 7fr./*m, cbaraaer of the amiquilies pretended to be Ihcwii there, 7e9. Jrfmii, tl.c govcrmnent eftabliflicd by, in Paraguay, ^ij. Arc reduced, piS. , , .. -/vi- 7^tfj ereat promoters of literature undir tlie Mooriln king« of'spain, 639. Are e^pdld, 651. <.ie.it numbers of them found in Malabar, 762. , , . ., lilifiifi, St. the palace and gardens of, defcrdied, 643. /«i/«TM/ council of the Germ. ,r. empire, its coiiUitution dc- fcribed, 578. k.Ji3 on this fide the Ganges, Diviiiunti, uiiticl ti.■ >\ i ^^ ■ Ceccan, 74.,. Prefert Dlvifion, ibid. Brlflflt Porfeffi* _ • ons, 74;. Uovernmenl of Bengal, ibid. Of Madrafs, Ik 746- Of Bombay, ibid. Alliea of Ike Britiih, Ibid. Uomiitiuna of the Nabob nf Oude, ibid. Of the Nabob . ufArcol, ibid. Uf 'I'ippon Saib, 747. Mahratti Statei, ibid. Air and Seafons, 748. Mountains and Rivers, ' ibid. Pitpulation, Inhabitants, Religion and Govern* mcnt, 749, Provinces, Cities, &c. 75J. Hiftory, 761. Itiia, Penlnfula of httyond the Gauges, fitu.-itinn, extent ami boundaries of, 766. Name, ibid. Air and climate, . ibid. Mountains, Rivers, Bays, and .Straits, ibid. Soil and PruduiSl, ibid. Inhabitants, C'uftums and Divcr- fions, 7$7. Language, Learning and Learned Men, 768. Manufadlures and Commerce, ibid. ConlUtution, Ciovernmcnt, Rarities and Cities, 769. l»iim iUands, 787. 'I'heir Inhabitants and manners, ibi.l. 1'rade, &c. 788. Imliani, North American, their mode of life, manners, and culloms, 834. Their manner of making war, 836. Their horrid ufage of prifoners, 838. Their funeral rites, 840. Their religion and fuperllition, 841. — moon-eyed, of South America, 922. Jmliet, Weft, firlt difcovered, 81;. General remarks on the climate and feafons of, 899. The ftaple commodity of, 900. Great labour, chance, and ha;:ard of managing a plantation, yoi. Negroes, how fubfifted there, ibid. The number of negroes and whites compared, ibid. The iflands of, how diilinguinied, from their fituation, 901. See the feveral illands under their refpeiSlive names. Imligi, the culture of, why fuitcd to the Carolinas, 892. IhJiJIuh, what part of India fo called, 741. See InJia. htJui, the river, 748. Inhiiiaine of property, how fecured uudcr the Turkifli go- , vcrnments, 713. »/'»'{ JiiinHa, ifland, 817. JcZ-n, king of England, Ihort review of the tranfatlions of his reign, 317. Jt/m'a, St. in the gulf of St. Laurence, 910. y>pf>^, 711. fl-f't I. emperor of Germany, his political charaflcr and views, 5,S6. — — — II. emperor of Germany, his charavAerand wife ad- miniftration of government, $90. IrdanJ, its fituation, boundaries and extent, 381;. Divi- lions, ibid. I'rovinces,' Counties and chief towns, 385. Name, 387. Climate, foil and face of the Country, ibid. Rivers, Bays, Harbours and Lake?, 3H9. Mountains, Caves and lilens, 393. Eorefts, or Woods, 396. Vege- table and animal I'rodudfions by Sea and J. and, ibid. Metals, Minerals and Medicinal Waters, 397. Antiqui- ties and Cu'iofities, 398 Lift of round towers, ibid. »«.e. Poj.ulation, <|oi. Language, 401. Agriculture, ibiil. Filberies, 404. Learning and Learned Men, 406. Tliiiverfity, 411. Royal Irifh Aca'emy, 41$. ChariiiUr and manners, ibid. Religion, 418. Conftitu- tion and Laws, ibid. Iidand Navigation, 421. Uublin Society, 411. Tr«. .; and M.iiuil'a,.*lure5, 4?.3. Value of Goods exported to, ami Imported from, (Jreat Britain, at dlfTerent periods, 431, Value of llie I'.vports and Im- ports of Ireland, to iiu.J from all Torts, from 1700, to 1587, with llie balance of 1 cade for and againft, 433. Coins, 434. Hank of Iieland, ibid. Military (Irength, • ibid. Order of St, Taicick, 435. Citie-, Tublic I'dilues, &c. il)id. Stephen's Creen, 437. Clirill Cliurch, 439. St. Patrick's, 440. CalUe, 441- rarliameut Houfe, ibid, lour Coufts, 443. New CuOoni Honle, ibid. Royal I'xcbange, 444- l.yirg-in-llofpital, 443' Blue-coat- Hofpital, ibid. Linen and Y.ini Hall:, ibid. Royal l^olpital, ibid. Miliiary Hofpital, 4.',0. Simpfon's Hof- pital, ic. ;4-'. Police, 448. Cork, 449. Limerick, 4J''. Belfaft, ibid. Wateilord, 451. Kilkenny, ibid. Galway, 452. Londonderry, ibid. Newry, 45}. Droghcda, ibid. Wexford, iliid. .^ligo, ibid. Tartisu- lars of theReveiuie and ( vperu-esof Kevcmie, 454 tory, 457. Volunteer afliei.iuons, 434- 49^- Ireland, New, in the Soutlurn Ocean, 90. /,//;. maffacre of Knglifli luotefti^nts, in the reign of Char- les 1. 486. IJli'ii!, anewoncrifen in the Oa near Ictlaml, 93. lt:xji Eurivvjan. ri tahl': of. 01 Of Leii:laiid. 174 cian, 697. AIuiK, 70*- lr.tl!an> 7*-"'- African, 797, '/■ Mj I IA\ Hif-/' Gre- iici >'L.tU V ^it5 . ^-^^^^ ^'^ 1 / ^-f* ^ #r< **- / iV'/iJ ^j } > N lir- Weft Indian knd American, 8-(8, 901. Northcm 941. ^e of France, province of, iti fubdivifioni ajid chief townj. S17. An African ifland, 818. I/fiataK, the capital of i'erfia, 775. /^firiif, a Dutch fctdement, jj;. Inlmui, defined, 51. My, iti fituation, boundariei, and extent, 661. The fereral countrie. of, to whom fuhjciS, 663. Sul.div.lion., ibid. |oil and air of, 666. Moyiiuin., rivers, and lake,, ibid. Seas, bay«, cape., &c. ibid. Aletal. and mineral., ibid. ProduLl.on, 667. The inhabiunt., their manner, and etrttom., ibiil. Bad acconmiodatioii. for travelling m Italy. ««». Re igion, 669. Ecclefiaftical Kovcrnmcnt of the T>ope, ibid Creedof pope Pius IV. 670. Language and learning, 671. Lift of uuiyerfitie., 671. Antiquitie, and curiofitie. of the countrv, ibid. Arm. of the rcfpeflivc ^ <■ V'^"*iSh *'^- r "'"'"■* *'*'"' *f ''"= f"-'^'"! Italian ftate., 7} 076- Hiftory of, 685. %"» I'ernande., ifland of, in- the South Seas, 9,0. %./«, prefent ftate of the country, and it. infiabitants. 7, a. ^ k'/) %h -I'j., yZ criminal cafe., ibid. "JutlatJ, 104, &CQDtHmark. ^'!Pi^'i%^\'S" •""ners and cuftoms, 156. ViAory over the I urkifli Tartar., 164. ■ Kawfchaika, nianner. and cuftom. of the inhabitant., , «S. Situation and divifions of the country, 711. Iftand. near to It, 941. Ktfap the manner, and cuftom. of it. Tartarian inhabitanti « rf.', °' '53' AnncAed to the Ruflian empire by Iwaii Baliliiles II. 164. X-«(i«//i M'Alpine, king of Scotland, fubdue.lbe Pia., aio fhtnlutke, one of the Apofryphal ftates of America, SjiS. el'/xh admiral, hi. engagement with the French fleet off ISrcIt, 366. Is tried on a charge exhibited againll him by Sir Hugh Palhfer, ibid. ' Ktlkenny^ 451. KiUamiy, lake, of, 390.' AV/iw of England, a chronological Table of, 373, n,ie. Kiniftin in Jaijiaica, 905. A'lrguifiani, their manners, &c. 155. Knuil, the import of that title, and how conferred in Ene- land, 305. ^ Knighthti, the ord.vrs of, in Denmark, 114. In Sweden, i lA In .Scotland. 103. I.i England, 305. In Ireland, 43' In l.rance, 536. In Holland, 554. |„ Ccrmany, 58.. In Irulia, 593. In Poland, 616. In Spain, 649. in Por- tugal, «59- „I" Naples and Sardinia, «87. |u Venice, «88. In Malta, 487. In Rome and Genoa, 688. Kniul, the nature of that purilhmcnt in Rullia, 150. A»w, Johir, introduces thedocniineof Calvin into Scotland. 190. * Kmn^ficrg, the capital of Pruftia, 591. A'ok/- Khn, the immenfe plunder made by him in the Mogul • empire, 764. Summary of his hiftoiy, 779. Kraktn,i ftupendoub animal in the Norwegian feas, tOJ. K»riU illands, and their inhabitants, 794. , \ T.A MAIRE, Straits of, 95J. y 't- C' / •■ ' • La flala. See I'liraguay. ' ' Lahm.liir. See Britain, AVtit. Ladrene iflands, 788. Lama, of Peru, dcfcribcd, 913. grand, of Thibet, his ollice and charafler, jtS. Lancaflcr and York, competition of the families of, for the crown of Kngland, 315. Language,, diftinguilbiiig charaflers of ; Icelandic, 95. Da- mlh, 106. Swedifli, 119. Rufli.n, ,57. In the Hebride., 175- Scotch, 189. linglifti, 133. Welch, 38J. The Pater-nofter rendered into Welch, ibid. Irilh, 402. French, 515. 1 he Hater-nofter in French, ibid. Of the Seven United Provinces, 549. Ihe Pater-nofteri n Dutch, jbid. Of the Fleming,. 557. Of Germany, 57,. 'Ihe Ihe Pater-noder m German, ibid. Of Bohemia, tgS. Of Hungary, 600. Of Poland, 6,0. Of Switzcilaiid, *i?i. r. '^P*'"' "38- 'I'he Pater-nofter in .Spanilh, ibid. i he P»ti-r-nofler in Portuguei'c, 656. Of Italy ; and the Fater-noftcr in Italian, 671. Of Turkey. 7c6. Tht P». Ur-ooUc. 11, modtrn Greek, ibid. Of China, 71 4, Of India, 748. OfPcrCa,775. The Patcr-noller in Ptrfian, / "^ • ;^ 6 M a ibid. Of Arabia, »8i. The Pater-nofter In Artbic, 7»». 01 the Oriental ifland., 754. Of Egypt, 800. Of the Barbary Uate., 808. Lax,u„lK, province of, in FAnco, it. fubdiviConi and chief tov»n», $17. Laniksm of DemoOhenea, at Athen., 6951 Ln/J,inJ, its fituation, extent, and divilions, iti. a\ LaiiUiU, what, 7. How to find on the gbibe, ti. Table ol the latitude and longitude of the principal part, of the world, 954. Ill /.ai«/, archbilhop of Canterbiiry, 334. /.iKjMfr, the river St. 844, 854. 858. Layii, Britilh, the manner of their pafting the three eftatei in parliament, 278. Lta,„e, fornwd- in Fran«e againft the HugonotJ, under the duke of Guife, 540. Liarning, the great honour* acquired by, in China, 7i<. lu India, 768,> ^ ' "■" Lemfle,, province- of, in Ireland, iu dirifioni into countie., and Its chief town*, yt6. Lripjii, and its univerlity, 574. ■ Linmc, account of that ifland.-and it. produce, 697. ■ Licit, la Spain, its fuhdivifions, and chief towns, 631. LtcfM, en>pcror df Gernjnny, hi. charadler and turbulent reign, jBfi. L!/,ai,h the Turkifti navy ruined by the Chriftians, in that battle, 718. Lfjici, idand of, it. ancient fame, 697. Ln^uKlV of France, hi. fucceliful patronage of literature, 516. The unhappy ftate of hi. kingdom during his niino- rity; 541. His charafler, 541. ^ XV. of France, review of the principal events of hi. rcign, 541. —7- XVI. of Franccj aflifti the revolted Biitifli colonics in America, 543. Ltxin^nn, comniMiccmont of hoflilities there, between the Uiitilli and North Americans, 360. LeyJiti, iiuivcrlity of, 549. Lima, the city of, founded by Pirarro, 831. Dafcribed, ibid. Amazing riches ol, 924. Almoft ruined by an canhijuakc, Lrnen manufaflure in Ireland, ftate of, 423. LiMfua Franca, a mixture of languages, 808. LJhm, the capital city of Portugal, 657, LJIe, in Flanders, 529. LiKhfitU, city of, 250. ' ■ Lievie//fit, prince of Wales, performs homage to Htnrr III. ' of England, to obtahi protection againft hisundutiful fon. Griilyn, 384. ' Ltiujli, Spain greatly expoftd to ravages by, 633. Ljga. iihms, by whom invented, 193. Lciry, river, its courfe and extent, 518. LcmiarJti the mo!!: ancient merchants of Europe, 77. " '-t Lindsn, the metropolis of the Brilifli empire, its fituation and extent, 241. The mmiber of churches and other pUtes of oevttion it contains, 142. Aimual coiifumption of provifions in it, ibid. Its bridges, 24,. St. Paul's ca- thedral, ibid. Wcftminfter-Abbey, ibid. Monument, 244^ Curiofities in the Tower, ibid. Lsndc/iilerty, 452. Lsnr ifland, the American troop, there cfcape from general L(mgiiuJe,y,hnt, 8. Table of the number of miles in a de- £■■" °'> '1 each parrallel of latitude, ibid. How to lind on the globe, 35. Table of the longitude and latitude of the principal parts of the world, 954, LcrJ, of the article, in Scotland, how chofen, and their ' powers, 204. Ltrrettf, its extraordinary hiftory, 674. \\ k )'i\\ , ' , - Ltuvain, the prefent ftate of that city, 558. Lubec, an imperial city, 120. Lucay illands, 911. Lmcn, city and commonwealth of, 680. Lucttt, St. revolutions of that ifland, 935, /."//■fr, Martin, the reformer, fonie account of, 570. Lutirdl, colonel, difturbances caufcd by his being declared member for Middlifex to the prejudice of Mr. Wilke. 355- n'.^"' ^P*"'" leglflator, a review of his political in- Lytnnas, province of, in France, its fuhdivifions. and chief towns, 517, y4 <5>d / /■ <■ /' 3u- ft D ■MACAl" H, Iti prodtice, am! !ii>iabitintt, 7j)o, MifHih, ihc tic ftory of, bounded on hiflory, tl4. Maihim'cl, hii litcmjr charaifter, 671. AUJaf^afu, idind, ittlituitiofi and dcfcriptiop, 817. MjJtira ifluiidt, tit MaJrat, or I'oi t St. ('>tor|>«, ftli the coaft of Coromandcl, Jt,%. M iriJ, the fapital of Spain, defcribcd, 641. The royj ca- bind of natural hiftory theic, 641, Maduta, on the cijal( of Coromandcl, 758. Mam, lakr, 831. Mifillon, the firft who npcrininitalljr determiiMd tlie fphe- ricallizura of the earth, 5. Hit ftraita, 953. Miigna charta, the great churttr of £nglifli iibcriiea, fignej bjf king John, 310. M.thimti, the Turkifh Icgiflator, «connt»f bii templei at Mecca and Medina, 709, 784. Ilia liiftory, 78s, Hit de«rii>e$, jts. Hia death, ibid. ' '■ II. emperor of the Turk*, reduces ConflaotiMple, and put* an end to the CJreek empire, 718. ■ ' - III. his cru«l treatment of hit brothen and hit fa- ther's concubine j, 719. Mabcmtim, in Indollan, 75 j. Mitjtrca, (47. AUU^r, coaft of, its provineet, and chief towns, 744, Moheca, and its inhabitants, 7^0. Utaltga, city of, 64$. Malnans, -Sj, 951. MulJ.ivi, account of, y^j, Mmlfjlmi, on the Coaft of Norway, defcribed, tot. Malta, defcription and hiDory of thatitUnd, 686. Mam.ihi.-i, III Kgypt, by whom iotUtuted, and by whom re- duced, 804. Man, ifle of, its fituation, eitcnt. and produce, jij. Its hidory, ibid. Religion and ecclcGailicatgovtrnmcut, 5 1 4. Language and amiijuities, ibid. Mmetmetl tree, 911 . Afanita, the dutcliy and city of, 680. Hiftory of, 691. Mvpi, a general eii)Un.itir», her unfortunate reign, »I4. ► ?■ •■ AfarylinJ, its fituation, extent, and boundaries, 884. It' counties and chief towns, ibid. Population and com. merce, 885. Soil, produce, and government, ibid. MiiJTachf^n's Bay, government of tliit province, 874. M^iJpimiU', his infurregHon at Naples, 690. Majlifi, Fnglifb, a charaifter of, 115. M'uhw'i ifland, St. 8io. Mjtil,!j, (jueen of Denmark, her unfortunate hiftory, 118. .Waiinfii// ifland, its fituation oii.l produce, 818. Maximilian, emperor, his divilioii of Germany 56.. Mujt ifland, gio Mec.-.is, accsunts of, loJ. M'fflni, city of, 685. Mtihilijh, inKngland, a chara<9er of that fefl, iji. Mt.rtt, its ancient flate, 8*7. The toiiqueft of, by Fernando Corti-ji, 3z8 — , New, and California, tbeir fitnation, and dcfcription, 9'5- I , Old, or T^''*^' •'^'lain^ it? Otiiaririr t\tt7it and brnnda- rics, 91 «. Audiences and chitf town--., ibid. Soil, and climate, 917. Produce, ibid. Ihe inhabitants, their man- flcrt Old government, jii». Citist and commerce, 91 j. Atihntri, ill ftthdivifiont and chief uiwni, ((4. Acentint of the country and its inhabitants, 6€7,ria, the ifland of, taken b^r the French, 34I. Inhabi- tants and government of, 647. MiJJ^ffi rivcr, 844, 91 3. A1:rha, the city of, 784- MJcna, duke of, his dominiona and their chief townt. (St, «8o. " ATtiavt river, in North America, 877, Miktea iflantls, 789. AUaui, of account and fpcci«, in the fsvcnt parta of the world, table of, 96$, MtniiSanit, anciently mount Athot, (595, Ataiiaima, emperor of Mexico, hit treatment by Corcei the Spaniard, 8*8. Affinrtal, iQand and town of, in Canada, 8$8. Mmtferral, defcription of, and the hermitages on it, 6j]. •— — — , Duchy of, its eitcnt and cl,iief townt, 66^. ■ Ifland, 909, Aftnmtai, the column at London, fo called, 144, Mr.n, their fettlen|ent in, and expullion from Spain, tfjt, Derivation of their name, 787. Mafi deer, 869. Mirami, its extent, and chief towns, jgc. Mt'.iviatii, general character of the ft& (o called, 59^, M:rta, its prefent fubdivifions and chief towns, 693. A/,r>f«, empire of, 806. City of, 807- Government of, 811. Al.firrx; the ancient capital ot Mufcovy, 159. Dimenfiona of the great bell there, 169. Ahf^iui, Ferfian, 777. Mctnuwi of the mmin, 795, /T/i/K/Bji pits in Kgypt, 801. Munfler, province of, in Ireland, its divifio.i into countiea and chief towns, 386. Atiirtia, in Spain, its fubdivifions, and chief townj, 631. Alufccvj. Sec RuJJia, NANTZ, the edia of, granted to the Prottftants bjr Henry IV. of France, 541. — — Revoked by Lewis XIV. 541. Nafila, a tabic ol the dominions fubjeifl to the king of, 6C\, Defcription of the city and country of, (83. Account ot the peiiple, ibid. Nnrhsreu/ih, Sir John, fent by Charles 11. on difcovery to the Straits of MagvlUii, 8$o. Naiimal Mt of England ftatcd, 194, In Ireland, ^^6. Natilia, or Leffer Afia, its fubdivifions and chief towns, 70J. N:iiarre, in Spain, its fubdivifions and chief towns, 630. Navy of Great Britain, an hiftorical account of, 301. A lift "'> 3°}. Hay of every rank in, 304. AVrt/ir, M. a siwifs Piotcftunt, placed at the head of the ' French finances, 543. Neiroti, how fubfifted in the Weft Indian plantations, 901. 'file number there compared with that of the Whites, ibid. How treated in Jamaica, 906. ffegr:f)t\ the ancient Kubaa, defcription of that ifland, 697. tCeihtrlaiJi, the levcntcen provinces of, their fituation and extent, 544. , Auftrian and French, their fituation, extent, and divifions, ;;;. Natural hiftory and productions of, jjff. Inhabitants, 557. 'I'heir drefs and language, "jid. Reli- gion and learning, ibid. UniverCties and antiquities, ibid. Cities, ibid. Commerce and manufaiflures, 558. Confti- tutinn and government, ibid. Revenues, ibid. Hiftory of FUnders, ;;9. ■ ' ■ ,. United Provinces of, their number, fituation, ex- tent, and divifions, 544. Nature of the country, 54S. kivers and harbours, ibid. Vegetable and animal pro- du^ions, ibid. The inhabitants, their manners and cuf- toms, iliid. Religion, 548. i'niveriities, 549. Defcrip- tion of the dykes and other curiofities, 550. Cities, towns, and public buildings, ibid. Method ot travelling. j;i. Commerce and manufuiluies, ibid. The advantages of •"•'• •- "> • '•-- r, -n. ..., J,-. The office of Statholder made hereditary, 553. Revenues of the ftate, ibid. Milit;«ry and marine ftrtngth, 554. Hiftory uf the Kc(ukliC| 5$9. 9r .'• ' m h ' ■;! ', /*4 Iffut-^ S'M ■ J5..4K O-i^Cf t^4C '^^'/, N /«< /« f^C^ ffnii, tnd Montfemi iflarnU, jop. ■.^I'tVfi 'iwf ""'"""• '^'- »<"«» B'T. Ibid. Am/.w/. tiK diicf town in the iOe of Wiffht. rf«Jih,d <•< t^i»rara, cuunifl of, 854. '8'"> aeuriDeC, jrj. Nicitar ifliindi, 791, Niztr rntr. 795. A^/t,',"'fJ!', "'• •'*' ""'""'' ""'•flow M.t\\««, of iiHj. iMartifIek 174. Ak, /iflAiKlii, ,^1. ■*'* "■X". kingdom of, 769. L •*,, -'i ' la ".""uiiiiinioni 01, III rranre tkrib Br,,„, diftiirhance. occafioned by, ,,4'. H.." "P"^'-" in tKe 5^«*/, of Siberia, 154. "'J^' 343- 0/ ;ili^^r:i^i:r!:y^:''„::j^;^3._wa,.e,uen.iy fc':fepi!^^f^,?'jr""'«-^-«- W«, prcfent fla.e of .Lt country and it, inhabitant., ;Xir^K»^^ Falmyra, rum, of, log. ■* '' '""j'xT' '•^%°/''?^S'"';H Amer^^a, 9>o., Pearl fiftery, i'a«/f«, atRome,"i7i. / ' ' ' '"': ■•'••• r.T?;J" ''",'""'°"' """'■ "^' H""nd.irie,, r'f. Air .hi ;::;eri;^rVart'of!"ilid'"""'"' '"""'<• '•y "" J''-""^ in '''r'in,?)''^'"'"" ""P^f'l with that of London mo Genera dofrription of the city, ibid. -^""""n. 5»J. fjrier, admiral. h!« oKA:- '' ^ fleet o« thcDogget^baX,;..""""""' ""'" '"^ ^""'' "iT'Thl V'"'.«"'r. the conftitution of explained -f--'--^. duke of, hi, dominions wUh their'clilef town,, Wj. /Vi/»^, the ciipiial city of China, jxg, nlru), ifland., 94J. ■* rd-f jimc/an wHr, the orlg'in of. 66. /.„»/./; defined ji. V'i.hin the Gangc., 744. ft,. Mr. the plan of hi. American fetriement. 88, . yiZ""' 'i' '''"";"'". """". "nd houndaric, 88,. It, count.., and chief town,, ibid. Climate and foil, |» ! pliia. 88,. >orm ol Rovcrnment cllabliOied there uiider the American conert A, ibid. rm/aecU, in Weft ITorida, yij. '''hin„Tby Htt^Tirs;: '" •"' "'"^•" °' ^^e'^"^ Ptrftjtiii, remains of the ancient city of, yi6 tent, and boundaries, 771. |„ provinces, climate "a foil, Ibid. Produaions, ibid. Mountain,, rivers, u id Tomr" h-J'^B !•■ '"'"'"tan,., their man'nern"j cTf, 7T' Cnrtfit^r'T"' "*V.^'^«="'«« "«* ''"""'B. ?MH X^^pnties. &c. 776. Citle* and public buildlnes eommerce, 778. ConftTtution and government ibid Hm^r^ofiJl^^lia.'illif^'^'-^''''"-''--'^^^^ and boundaries, 9.1. Clit^ate and foil." bi'N",' jroduaioMs, 9.3- ('.tie, and trade. 9>V Inhabham,! Ptttr Swift, a Meiican «nima!, 911. LVa r'.?" '■"'"';" ••"= '■"'"•^ignty of Ri.ffia out of the hand, of the princef, .Sophia, ,(,6. A gener.-il view of hit J^,o pohtical refornution and imprfveni^iuriWd '* ----- ill. Caar of Rufria, hi, rafti conduft and death 108 'f'^A/'f*. the capital of Ruflia, 158. ' "" Plli'r"' V'''"P'"'"«rofPennfylvania. 88,. ■G'',ci^X ' ^' "^'''"'' "•' '■"vereignty of ~---— II. king of Spain, hi, chataacr, 6ii. X" ' """ ""'"''"• P'°''"«' ""<» inhabitant,, 'To';^n',.''[?r" °^' '" ''"""■ "' f-Miviflon, and chief ^ W' t'hTsc"„*,f 'b'", ^ •"'"''• *=°.- ^'"' "«' "terminated ijy the Scots, but incorporated with them, sot i.o Their wall, m the north of England, 1,0 ^'f, »V' '"'"''hdivinon, and chief towns, 65,. ,\S nllr^r^'f^ adminiftration 'a, ^Htifli minifter, .&."L7ter' »"'• «"-'"- hi, condu«. 35,: /"lisarM, Franci,, hi, expedition to Pith b... a ^/a^ il-nidt" '2?'- '^- -'>"'"- Ata^^lpl-;? />/ rr'a ,Jdi^i= "[•'.'-,'i:- -v'perl'dtrrc'" s^ caX'i,T4>o';.tnt',,'9o;''''''"°"'' "f'"'"'^^' ^^ l-" /•/cw™/* dock-yard, 151. r^t"; ba«'le"^"'£"r^' '"Ji"'*'- '""''lifcover.d, 67,. John king of France, 3V0'. rilaxJ, its exten / .H '■ / 4. ■■? A £> / Pimulation Vi,„\?^ f """ """"*' produ' «="• language, and Iea7n'i7g.'?b'^d. ''u'TvTrhel^ " 6:';''T''?" 6.3. NcwcorTftUnli^fix^rbrtTemrdtlonr'™"'"^' /%..rdinal, employ'cd by ^een Mar; to reOore^he c^. # ^1^, or« w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) %, ^ / // O /M ii. ^ & %' 1.0 t I.I - 11^ IM !!: 1^ 12.0 .25 i 1.4 1.6 P^ ^ Wi >^ / 'c^l ^^ s c>> '%' ^ M # Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WErSTER,N.Y. HS60 (716) 872-4503 i \ ^ mm /. ' -h 4 /CwV< <-,*t..j; *♦ Tf h » if-jiM)!' '^'*i> '>»^ A>«' tholic rtlirion in England, J J9. fWr/, celeftiil, how pointed out, ii. Ptijiheifm, the origin of, 8t. J'm^ s pillar, near Grand Cairo, 8o(> J'm/du Garde, at NiTmci, $tg. A/rof Rome, terrftorici fubjcA to, with their chief towns, 66%. Hii ecdcfiallical gavernment. Ha. Creed of pope Piut IV. Sja. A. -ricTT of the eccUC'&ifi' .mta, «8i. Hf( temporal government, 68i, 691. tfr^ fttt Rryal in Jamaica, repeated dieftrudions of, jtoj. JPftir, fir Jamei, hii chara^er of the Ottoman govern- ment, 7 1 J. firi Jtfkfm, fee A^rw Htltani. fttlt BtUt taken b]r Admiral Vemou, 34$. Bay of, $aOi ► Jiitt, dcfcnptionofthatifland, 910. t^tigal, it( fituation, extent, itnd bouodariea, £$4. Itt an. cient name* and diviCons, ibid. Natural hiftory of, (jj. The inhabitants, their niiuinert and cuftoma, ibid. Re- ligion, 8^6. Bilboprics, ibid. Language, ibid. Learn- ing, 657. Univerutics, ibid. Curiofities and chief cities, ibid. Commerce and manufaAures, ibid. Conftitution and government, 6;8. Revenues and taxes, fijp. Mili- tary and marine ftreneth, ibid. Royal title* and arms, ibid. NobilUy and orders, ibid.. Uillury of, 660. Puifi, Clver mints there, 913. /ra^iM, city of, S96- ,£ ,— Prarmiatic t»fiAion, in Germany, the term txplaioed, $79- Mw KtfebiU, peace of, between Denmarit and Sweden, 11 (. V...7L...-: j.i _r -1 1. :_ Scotland de- .ffi/f/ra in £gypt, 8oi E . X. habitants, 87^. M<(/r/ illand, €99, Rbini river, 518. Ridard 1. king of KigUnd, fannniiry account of hw reig*, 317. •■ II. king of £ngland-, depofed by Henry duke oi Lancafter, 313. ■■ — 111- king of England, defeated and killed at the battle of Bofwortb by Henry earl of Richmond, 317. His' charaAer, ibid. Xuilin, cardinal, review of hit adminiAration in France ' under Lewis XIII. 541. Kh dtla Plata, in SouthiAitierica, 917. RHnri, why thofa within, the I'ropics overflow their bank* at certain faaibns, 8994'. Rtantki harbour, in North Carolina, 891. Rcbinftn Cmfie^ origin of that romance, 930. *^'". Cajptain Woodes, diflodges the Buccaneers from the ifland of Providence, and makes a fettltmeot there, on. His account of Falkiand iflands, 91 a. Rtlli, the Norman, his fettlement rn France, 538. Rimt, Nummary of the hiftory of that empire, 68. Art* fcieaces, and : manner* of the Romans, 73. Toudlr fubvort«jd,7$. The prefentcity defcribed, tfSi. Xnului, the founder of Rome^ review, of his life and cha- racter, 68 4 r^f f-f f-' 75 i . / V ■/ I /' iJ^ frefifttrijii I model of diurch . governmeat iBvScotli fcribed, 190. '1'X$ -fiK ?,-r'iiv^ M< FntenJer to thi CTOvra if England, of thehoufeof Stuart, account of him and his family, 343. Ntte. Ret £^-'*-' , pears to have been formerly a woody country, 185. Its mines and other natural produtSlions, ibid. Vegetable* and agriciihure, 18C. Manner* and cuftonis of ihs inha- bitants, 1 87. Language and drefs, 1 89. Their religion, 190. Number of bilhopric* during the times of epifcnpaey, 10}. Learning, &c. ibid. Univerfities, 104. Deicrip. tinnol the city ol Edinburgh, I jj. Ulalgow, 1 >8. Abcr- ■70 {S> j% r m .',vlL\ "T^^'lVf ,1 / s;- vr' f . rfT.> «.v/rt t**. *7 /,... „,, . «*' /m$^* J>- n)W. PIs»a mountain J, 7 J5. H'^an'd". d'i?c^ribfd,';ir'' '" '""'"'"' "'^" '^■>- , . r^^teirl^Tn'fi,;;. .'^^•t'"**''^"-'^-"! rr,mar,obje«. / ^At frO, Kn^utoK'Ti "'""' ''"^''' """* ""'" *« S^^a'iiSr ''t'o7ro'."'='''"'^'''' ^"«'»H"'--^o, ,.,; 59S. 7S ble of, V9;: —B-™, 'n KcoulH of. 25,. Xv f;^,7/T''' ^T?'."";*''' "rf' '>'»<:I'araaerand dcatl, ,r* ?L'5 • ^"' "*. »''--'"broke, l.i« expe;t"e!r'.vi'; ''^^"''^^"^ '" '^» p- fan.ou'fc|b?e''' f/a'*"*;.*" ''"'°""' r"!*""" °f' '«7- The ifubdiviS. l™j' ,?'?''."."'* boondines, 630. 'Pable oflt. tains 6if Riv„r« "^' r^'' "?'' *«"> 'Wd. It. moun. _^^^ «nd aniJLrS:^^ /"' I'S",..*''"' '''«• Natural . 2S^°^^^'!^e!;:^Sn;^o^^^ln^s ^r/., review of l„Hy hiftiry of, gj , 1 i.h / <% -> ^',Q\ a-^) 5»/'«-», thedoflri., ^ftrwinand., fee /Wi ^W/jf, the Ruffian na, a Turkifh ma.^ Spitttirgen, it. Ctuatj */"»f. inflammable (oj. t»oland, e«traordin.ry prppfrtie. of id, how made. (68. 'rovinces, hi. office ind rank de- landj of Scotland, defcription of eleded king of PoLind, 6,10. Ibid. Attempt to airaffinate Fmcmbered, ibid. fronj plaiicts by appcirance. It, ibid. Their amazing dif- Shine by their o, .' ,-'\^ , ''aifi"n^":d"chi!^"£; --'. »-"-.»dane, „.. riverfc ibid ri.w ?T ' '/*' *l»»wtaiiis, feas, and wT'Sri'tlft*'"" ''P^P'/fTWed at OtaAeitp, 944. ^MS^^rthe'KoTc^S^ ^S^;ai^?^Sir;^f--^nd.73i. *.<■//, William, the founder Sf Helvetic lih,.rf« <. VV»»Af, ifland, ffj.. TVri/, city, 718. bloorib^r ^•"'"'^-'"''■"ong. owing t; mixtJeof Tirra W,;,a, in Africa and America. 05,. JDtnuei river, 112, ' "'* ~— in hffvDt. orrn-nt „..„« -r ' ..,* Vkici H.mii :dti», lees, an account of, 55*. with the cmjirefi Matil- icsa ncwmilitia, Ci7, 89 — ....- ..ally limo 7M "'/■SyP*' V'thnt name ot.jgi. 7/vy;».fu mmaryv.ew of his polWeal inftitution. tf, Si" Mr U^ ^V''^A^»'«"». the remain" oTef: miufe'.f;it. 6,3'^'"'""'" °^ '^o""""-'. -ith't'he her- 7'^»«a,, .St. ifland o^ in Africa, 820. "^.'/^''Jt'" '''''"".' »' Carickfcrgu,, 35,. ^i*'. the general doflrine of, exFlafned. .« IWMAaiA, hi. dominions, 747 ^ ""nc., 634. ^t"'' "^"""""' "P"« "f- f^-" Virginia ,„d , In the Weft Indie,, / /?\ ) ' '/» d* f I f • ;- dabribcd. *3«. I Maryliaj, ff-^fc^ ^}V-^ C 14 LA. A.^*/ V^^ 7 /«^*« i^V <• i' d ouOfl ^.(?N WU, frcficntAaMof thktcity, <4£. f MfM», chara^er of the inhebitajits of, jSj. Their ro» veriunent, 771. T«v<«, the imperialift* defeated there, by Frederic III. of PrulTia, 589. Tmhn, city and htrbosr of, $31. Ttvitr of London, curioCtiea to be feen in, 14;, aut. Tratfjhvnia, it» fituation and boundaries, foi. Its goTcm- ount, inhabitantt, and religion, ibid. Trulfimti in Holland, mode of uaveUin|; ifltheni, 551. TrimdaJ, ifland of, 930. Triniij, placet of public worlhip in England, where tKe doiiirioeof, it renouncjd, ajt. — — — ^ College, Dublin, 411 < Trifiili, iti boundaries and extent, to6. CharaAcr of the inhabitanli, go). Cityof, tio. Oovcrnmcntof, 811. Tnii Rntiern, Town of, in Canada, 9jV. ^nftnm, cave of, tfyj. Trtpin, what, 11, 1]. TiiAj, its boundaries and extent, >o(> CharaiScr of the inp habitants, 607. Its capital, 809. Turkmani, polTcfs tbemfelvct of the kingdom of Perfia and neighbouring countries 717. Take Couiluncinople, and put an end to the Oreck empire, 7 18. Vurim, city of, 676, Ttrkty, the threv principal divifions of the grand Seignior*! dominions, 691. ■ in Europe, its fituation, extent, and boandaries, Cjx. Itsdiviiioni and chief (owns, ibid. Climate, moun- tains, feas, rivers, &c. 694. Vegetable and mineral pro> dodiont, ibid. Animals, ibid. Antiquities and cunofi- tiet, ibid. Defcription of Conilantiaople, C95. Inhabi- tants, their manners and coftoms, 70^ « in Alia, its fituation and extent, 703. Its boun- daries, ibid. Its diviCous and principal towns, ibid. Climate, foil, mountains, rivers, ancl produce, ibid. Animals, 704. The inhabiunts, their manners and eat- toms, ibid. Marriages and funerals, 706. Iheir religi- on and language, ibid. Learning, 707. Antiquities and . curiofities of the country, ibid. Chief cities and mofquat, 709. Commerce and maoufaiHures, 713. Conftitution and govomment, ibid. Revenues, 714. Arms and titles of the grand Seignior, 71 ^. Court and f^ragUo^ iUd. Hiftory of thcTnrkiih empuv, 717. Ti/i-«»jr, its inhabitanu and govgrnment, $79. Brief hifiory 'J.- 9 of, (189. %,rt, 711. . ., • t ■'! i - . >' <' Tt» «• lA, tn^paiDiyitt fiMIvifion* tad chief towns. Van Btrhl, Mr. his clandefline negociatlpa with the Amen oan congrcft involves the Dutch ftates ia a war with Qreu Britain, 371. yiaite, tcmtories under the republic of, with their chief IDwnt, €<;. The nioft remarkable place for cicilbeot, ««7. The dtr of, and its government defcribed, tf.77. Charader of the people, 079.. Lift of the territorif* fub- jfA to that ftate out of Italy, ibid. Review et ita-tUAor]^ 69J. fera Crim, foa port' of, in Mtaico, 9^9. yirjy Cape, 7<«. Cape Verd Iflands. 8io. yirmtut, one of the Apocryphal ftates of America, SjiVt t^fnni, admiral, his capture of Porto Bello, ]4(.- yima, th« amphitheatie there, 671. Kerf-iillei, charaacr ofi that paUce, 5ji> yifnthu, mount, andit^-erupttons, 675. fituHiui of 6eru, defcribed, 91^. /%«••, the city of, yfy The imperial library there, $7$. yj/itrt, duke of Jtackiagham, favourite of James 1. and Charies I. kings of England, aOaflinated, 33$; . fmcttlfSt. defcribed, 909.. firf^ia illandt, 930. y.rfima, in fituation, extent, and boundaries, St6. Its couo- IKS and pariflirs, ibid. :n-of, S14. •leSed, 3(<. Is ek<3ed to offices of magiftr; of London, ibid. H^illkm duke of. Normandy invades- England ro!d in battle, yi. Mounts the throoe of i^baraAerof his government, 313. ■' 111. king oL England,, bis pretealioiM the crowD, 339. ff^Hhtm/hirgi, tlw capital of Virgiaia,. 890 ff^i/fin, Dr. bifhopof of Sodorand Man.c ^nuf, defined, 47. The diffej-eat kiad<:.af; *Vjt«, river, |«a. / ^< n ^mn, Sir\.'hriftopha, hit extenfivekm^ /:■ / V • ,>., . ICORK, ci^yoi^ 149.. ■ "' ." ■ and Lapcafter,. competitiott of # families of, 3»j. ' I , New, tht city of, evacuated bjne Americans, andi taken by general Howe, 3(14, Tbe^vince, its fituation,. extent, and boundaries, 87(. Its e« ibid. Climate, foil and produce, .6; ibid. ReHgton and'leaming, ibid ■ meat, Sylt ' ' , Hge, *15 Tip/ — -> — — —.-..,.,. and chief towns,'. ity of New York^ iiflor} and govcfifr^ I its fiibdiviCons and! by the emperor Aure^ ed India, 761. that IHaod, 817. j1 globe Gy, 9. >f Switzerland, his charac* in oppofisg the tyranny of 1 v"' /'^/C-4^^^-9 V>' ^^ /^-JC 4' ^ n %ri ^ ^ fi r/^C .r ;