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BY WILLIAM MATHER. « LONDON: PRINTED BY BYRE AND SFOTTISVrOODE, ntlHTBBB TO THE QUUBl'S HOST EXOKIXBKT KUXBTT. VOB HEB MAJESTY'S STATIONEBY 07FICB. 1881. 00 2 CONTENTS. Natnre of the inquiry ...... Nambor of schools and establishments visited • • • Canses other than school instmction which have contrilmted to American superiority ...... Divisions of the subject • • • . • . . II 12 PART I. National education, how maintained Statistics of schools, &c. - • Ages of attendance . - - • ' Attendance, how far compulsory Primary schools .... Kindergarten . Grammar schoolH .... High schools • ... Drawing universally tanght Science teaching Night schools . . - • • How conducted . . - - District schools - • • Farming districts : Children pick up various handicrafts Extent of public schools Chicago schools .... Commercial. Club ... Califomian schools - • - - Corporal punishment, absence of - Additional schools reqnired in some States Colleges and Universities Students and fees .... Land Grants for industrial education Pees in the colleges Studies - - • • Workshops ..-.-- Colleges and Universities not aided by " Land Grant NuE'.ber of students . - - . Scientific studies ' " " ' Laboratory practice - - - - Tuition fees . - - - • 1-2 ];{ \4 15 ft » 16 17 18 *f » 19 21 IIUVAI. I. «.JI MISSION OX TKl-HXICAl, I.NSTlUCJloX PART II. TXCHKICAL SCUOOLH AND COLLEGES. School of Mines, Columbia College : Scheme of instruction • . . Vacation work • . . Fees - . • . . BtntisticB .... ( 'oopt'i- Institute : How founded - . . . Purposes .... Bchcmc of instruction . . Statistics . . . Wood-engraving Librarj- - - . ... Woikiug Mail's Boliool, New York : Purposes .... Mode of instruction ... Manual oxercises ... Benefits not yet apparent Stevens Institute of Technology : Wbere situate ... By whom founded ... Workshops .... Pees ....... J{ciis8clnor Polytechnic Institute, Troy : High reputation .... Method of teaching • - . . . Purposes .... Appliances .... Fees ..... iJorncll University School of AgricuHure and Mechanic Arts: Origin ..... Open to both sexes .... Course of instruction . . . ' Mechanic arts .... Age of admission .... Fees ...... Boston School of Technology : Objects - . . . Description of institution .... Workshops .... Fees - - - . . Value - . . . . High reputation . . . . Lowell School of Art held at . . - Page 21 22 >) n 23 24 » 25 26 II II >i 27 II 11 28 29 " :"^^" ■ MR. MATH nil K «KPi>RT. Pncto Sheffield Soientifio Bohool of Yolo College : Origin - • . . • (yonrse of instmction . . . • LBboratoricH .... Pees ..... Htndents ...... Worceutcr Free School, MasHiiclniHettM : Objects • • - • • . - Tuition ...... Mnnunl Training School, Washington University, St. Louis : Scheme of instmction . . • . • • Workshop practice .... Fees - - • .• • - Ago of admission ...... Pnrdne University, Lafayette, Indiana : Value of establishment .... Course of instruction ..... Fees ...... School of Agi'iculture and Mechanic Arts, University ol California : Im]iortant school .... Lilirary ..... Free tuition - • • • .. Open to both sexes ... Irstruotion .... Age of admission .... "N'^alue of establishment .... Department of l^ractical Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island : Purposes .... Industrial training .... Library and mnseum ... Scholarships .... Fees • - • • • Pennsylvania State College : Free tuition .... Scholarships .... Number of students . . Course of instruction Spring Gardens Institute, Philadelphia: Mechanical instruction ... Workshop .... Fees - - - - • • Attendance .... Statistics of education in Philadelphia 30 31 32 33 34 35 :^^- . ROVAI, (OMMIMSION ON TKlJIINUAl, INSTUrN : Pi'tiniiylTanift Mti«nnm And School of IndiintHal Art, Philndolphia Origin Whcro lituato • Tumporary clusfi rooms Small elMses Institution languiahing liiraril Oollego, Philadelphia: Objeotn How founded • • Small mechaniog' shop Ago of admiuion Coarse of inatmotion Ample income KiHiiklin Institute, Philadelphia : Similar to Society of Arts Drawing taught Museum ^faryland Institute for the Promotion of Mechanic Arts naltimoro: Objects . • . . . Number of pupils .... Night classes .... Scheme of iustmotion ... How managed .... Fees , • • • • • Library - - - . • .lulins Hopkins University, Baltimore: How founded • ' . • Physical science .... Pees ..... Number of students ... Lawrence Science School, Harrard College : Objects ..... Laboratories ..... Bussey Institution, Harvard College: Why founded - • • • Coarse of study - • • Where situate .... Huinpton Normal and Agricultural Institute nt Hampton Virginia : Objects - - - - "Land Grant" .... Age of admission .... Course of instruction . • . . Manual exercises .... Yisit to farm buildings .... YariouB industrial occupations ... Women's department .... Free tuition .... Faculties of Colleges can confer degrees PHgl- It i> a? >» 38 » 40 41 42 48 itfi >» If 37 38 » 39 40 41 >» » 42 43 Mn. MATHKKS RKI-OUT. Art Sdioou. Nut numeroui in America - . . ■ Philadelphia School of Design for Women : Objeoto ..... When founded • • . . Feefl • • . • « Age of admiuion .... Course of instrnction ... Orant • • . . . Divisions of school • . . . School of Pennsylrania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia : For painters and icnlptors ... Modelling ..... Anatomy . . , . Normal Art School, Boston : Similar to Philadelphia School of Design - Drawing compulsory in Massachusetts . PART III. Quality of technical teaching in America - High fees .... Lower grade science schools Training of professors . - . Original research • . • . Facilities to acquire technical education Effect of public schools - • • Industrial population statistics Boys not valued in machine shops - Apprenticeships have almost ceased in America Lack of night schools • • . . Cambrian Iron and Steel Works at Johnstown : Subjects taught - • • Fees .... Mechanical faculty of Americans - Patents, demand for • . Evidences of education iu sciences and arts Americans owe much to Europeans - Future development throogh the sciences • 7 i3 K 46 A'i tt >i >) >> 47 48 49 50 >i 51 ROYAL COMMISSION' OX "KCHNICAL INSTRUCTION PART IV. Neglect of cmployera to establish technical schools Science schools not founded in manufacturing districts No technical training bearing upon textile industries - Education in Southern States at a low ebb Institutions for advancement of workpeople not numerous Long hours of labour Employers lack interest in social condition of the pcopl Pullman city, experiment nt „ Description of Drink Bill, the - Savings banks, deposits in - Manufactories - - - Workpeople - - - - Improvements in line-shafting Trades' unions Strikes Truck system - - ■ Prices of food - - , House rent in Pittsburg Locomotive-engine building Marine engines Division of labour Machine tool^ ... Corliss engines - - - Lifts - - - . . Stove making ... Electric light Wages . - - . Occupation of women in America Fresh air soci3tieB ... " Class day " at Colleges and Universities Effect of protection on industries - CANADA. Cities visited . - . Public (schools System - - - How supported Course of instruction Fees ... Schools in Ontario ... School of Practical Science, Toronto : Object Fees Teaching staff Page 52 It 53 »» 65 57 58 )» II If 61 II 62 63 65 66 II If 67 »> *i >i ■ \ Page 52 i> 53 54 56 MR, MATHKIJS HKPOKT. Ontario School of Art ; Object . - . • Fees No mannnl training - - ■ • McGill College and University, Montreal : Branches of study Fees . • Laval University . . - . 9 Page 68 69 57 58 »» 61 62 63 65 66 67 APPENDIX. A. Pablic schools' statistics .... B. Scheme of instruction in drawing in the public schools of the city of St. Louis, Missouri .... C. Grant of public lands for agricultural and mechanical colleges - - D. Schools of Science (mining, agriculture, 4c.) endowed with the National Land Grant for 1880 (Table) E. The population and occupations in States and territories (Table) ...... Gainful occupations in 1880 (Table) Nationality of the persons classed in the foregoing tables as engaged m all occupations Laws regulating the employment of children F. Beqnirements of young men entering the Altona machine shops under Instructionp, - . . . G. Letter from Senator Morrill ..... H. Letter from Professor Trowbridge, of the School of Mines, Columbia College • . . . . I. Letter from Professor Greene, of the Bensselaer Polytechnic Institute ...... K. Letter from Professor White, of the Cornell University L. Letter from Dr. Homer T. Fuller. Principal of the Worcester Free Institute - - . . . M. Letter from Dr. C. M. Woodward, Director of the Manual Training School - . . . . N. Interchangeability of parts in machine constmction : Letter of Professor Trowbridge 71 72 73 74 76 »» 77 f f 78 79 80 81 82 83 REPORT ON TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA. To the Chairman of the Koyal Commissioa on Techuical Instruction. Sib, In pursuance of my undertaking to inquire into techuical Nature of and industrial education in the United States and Canada, I have inquiry. found it necessary to extend my tuavels through a longer periou and over a larger territory than I had expected, and to make investigations into the working of many institutions which, in- directly, but very sensibly, affect the industrial classes. I arrived at Now York on the 23rd of May, and returned to England from New York on the Ist of November. I travelled upwuids of ten thousand miles through the States and Canada ; f ^^""[f visited and made special inquiries in twenty-two cities, extending from the Atlantic to California and the Pacific coast ; besides obtaining information in passing through many localities, when my time would not admit of a lengthened visit. Duration of visit and extent in educational insti- the mechanical. I have inspected upwards of one hundred tutions and manufacturing establishments textile, and other industries. I shall not add to the volume of this report by giving details of all the institutions and manufactories inspected, but shall confine myself to describing, as briefly as possible, those which are fairly typical of alL It is well known that the system of education prevalent in the United States differs from the European systems. The results accruing from universal, free, and graded public schools, can best be measured by a close inspection of the industries of the country, in which the working classes display their knowledge by the fruits of their labour. Number of BcboolH aud eetablishmeuts visited. Influence of American system of education sought in its* results. 12 luquiry embrtcus the cauiea for the pre-eminence of America in curtain mechanical induMtric*. (Jollugvx and schools include Home persons of the poorer dai^ses. i.'auses other than school iustruction which have contribntcd to American superiority. Divisions of the snhjcct. National education maintained by direct taxation. Number and valne of Ncboola. Number of teachers, and attendance. School uges. ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION : The pre-eminence of the Americans in many branches ut' mechanical industry, renders it necessary to give a general view of the character and scope of the education in the public sohoolH, as well as to discover what provision has been, and is being made for technical and industrial training. The provision made for science teaching in the many universities and colleges not directly technical in their character, in the various States, has also required my attention, for the reason that a large proportion of the graduates of these institutions pass at once into the industrial arts after leaving college. In America, where all institutions are founded by the people for the people, there is not a school or college in which may not be found the sons and daughters of the working classes. Not un- frequently have I found young working men spending a year at college in scientific studies, wiio intend to resume their manual employment after leaving it Outside their purely educational institutions I have been com- pelled to investigate the causes which are leading the United States to take su been com- the United ifactures, in re essential, (ly inquiries . cities nnd the colleges ling schools Btries of the )remen, and ban schools e industrial cation rests md is main- 225,880 164,832 2,282,308 9,371,525 236,019 6,276,398 ixtends from ichools from MH. MATIIEllS UEPORT. 13 10 to 14-15 years inclusive. In tlie High schcols from 14-15 to IT-'IS years. (See Appendix A.) There is no compulsory law in operat'-^n in the United States, Attendauce, excepting in the case of children in the district schools among the ^°^J^y '^*'"'' rural population. This is limited to enforcing attendance for twenty weeks in the year. A half time system is recognised in the country districts in order to allow the children to assist on the farms. The effect of this I shall describe later on. Throughout Massachusetts no child can be employed at all in the manufactories under ten years of age, and no child under fourteen years can be employed, unless he attend school twenty weeks in a year. Of the Primary schools I need only say that they are distin- Primary guished for the excellence of the buildings, sanitary arrangements schools. and class rooms. Both sexes are in all cases taught together ; but the playgrounds are separate. The only notable feature bearing on my inquiry in connection with this earliest stage in education, is the introduction of the Kindergarten in some city schools. Kindergarten. notably in St. Louis, Missouri, Milwaukee, and Michigan. In the city of St. Louis there are 33 Kindergarten in the same blocks of buildings as the Primary schools. I visited several of these Kindergarten. The children were generally six years old. These schools are supported in the same way as pubUc schools. Upwards of five thousand children are in attendance, under a staff of one hundred and thirty teachers. All the appointments are admirable. The aptitude displayed in the well-known occupations of modelling in clay, etc., the physical exercises, the oral leaching firom objects and pictures, the ready answers to questions within the scope of their training, all proved that these schools were well conducted and performing a great work in the first stage of industrial edu- cation, namely, imparting dexterity with the fingers, and giving true ideas of form, proportion, colour and order. The Qrammar schools do not present any feature of intejrest Qrammar in relation to industrial training, excepting in the drawing lessons, Kbools. which are now compulsory in many cities, in the Primary and Grammar schools. As this is a new feature in the school work, I have given (see Appendix B), the method adopted by the super- visor of drawing ibr the city of St. Louis (a ptiduate of the Normal Art School of Boston), which may be taken as generally applicable to all public schools. In 25 cities out of a total of 117, some attempt has been made in the Grammar schools to introduce teaching of chemistry and physics in the most elementary stage by the teachers making and explainmg simple experiments. The High schools have in most cases a science side as distin- High schools euisfaed firom the *' Latin " or *' English " side. Many of them are famished with a chemical laboratory, a physical laboratory, and apparatus varying in quality, and ranging in value from 500/. to 20i00/., as ascertained by my inquiries in the schools. There are ■^m mim mm^ u ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION: Astronoiuv. Drawiujj. 1 rsoicnei' teaching in hijrli schools, also collectiona of objects and specimens for instruction in biology, physiology, botany, and geology. In the High echooU in the larger cities, such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, etc., astronomy is added, with apparatus suited to elementary instruction in that science. Drawing is universally taught in these school, but is only obligatory on the scholars who have adopted the science side. For those who have had previous training, advanced courses of drawing are conducted, but elementary instruction is also given when necessary. Of cities of populations from 50,000 upwards there are 21 in which drawing is compulsory, representing schools with an average daily attendance of 386,200 pupils. or cities having a population between 10,000 and 50,000, there are 58 having an average ;duly attendance in the schools where drawing is compulsory, of 116,000 pupils. The introduction of this industrial drawing into the public schools is rapidly extending. The quality and method of science teaching in the High schools varies a good deal according to the views of the city super- intendents of education,* as to the comparative importance of a scientific and literary trauiin|;. Many of the High schools have excellent libraries and collections of natural history. The students are encouraged to bring any natural curiosities they may meet with in , the summer holidays and on special excursions during term. In the schools of the larger cities excellent provision, under cover, is made for gymnastic exercises for both sexes. Ni^'ht schools. The Night Schools conducted by the School Boards, and of which there are some in all cities, do not attempt any science teaching bejond that of elementary industrial drawing. The rest of the instruction is generally adapted to that class represented by the children of emigrants, or those boys and girls who for soma cause have not atteaaed regularly at the public schools, and who, on going to work, fi'.id it necessary to make up deficiencies. District The District schools in the rural parts of the counties are con- loughing, tilling, sowing, and reaping. AH handicrafts, in a greater or leas degree, are acquired. The farmer's bojr is thus provided with an industrial training of the best kind in and around his home. His wits are sharpened, his perceptions developed ; there is a large field for the immediate application of knowleage acquired at school on the one hand ; on the other, the school exercises and lessons are more readily under- stood by a boy or girl having in daily life to deal directly with natural forces and laws. These County or District schools, asso- ciated as they are with agricultural and mechanical occupations, produce better results, as a whole, amongst the artizan classes than the city schools, the attendance at which is for the entire school year of 40 weeks. My attention has been drawn to this fact by many employers and educationists, and it has been confirmed by ray own observations. It suggests the importance of introducing Necessity for into the elementary public schools of cities some industrial training. i^^'"|„ " Our brightest boys come from the country," is a phrase which JkyscSools. has become very familiar to me in America! The public school system has its ramifications extending to the Extension of remotest parts of the country. In Colorado, in Utah, in the P""'* schools, southern parts of California, and the wild districts of Arizona and New Mexico, in Texas and Kansas, wherever mining camps or agricultural settlements are being formed, I have seen these schools. It may be truly said that whei*e two or three shanties are gathered together there is a school house in the midst of them. The Western and North-western cities are distinguished for their public schools, and for the large amount of money which the authorities provide for the free instruction of the people. In Chjcago Chicago, for instance, a city famous for its triumpns over all schools, natural difficulties, the total expenditure last year on account of education in public schools was 233,000?., of which 52,000^. was spent in new buildings. Increased accommodation in the public schooled lia» to be made at the present time for 6,000 chil- dren a year. The total city taxes for all purposes are about 850,000/., 28 per cent., of which is devoted exclusively to the free education of the people in the public schools. Chicago has a population of about 600,000. Its High schools are excellent, though neither technical instruction nor science has hitherto formed a distinctive feature. This subject, however, is now having the earnest coniiideration of tlio school authorities. In that city an excellent Manual Training School is now being erected, which promises to be one of the best in the country, and its promoters expect that it will lead to the addition of manual training in connection with the public-school system. It may be useful to state that the funds for the erection of the Promotion of manual training school have been chiefly subscribed by the " Com- panuai traii^ Ri 1786.-V01. II. ^ ^ HU i-8byCom- 16 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION : 11 uiwciai ciiibof mercial Club of Chicago." 1 wan informed by one of the most ChicBRo. influential members that the club exists for the promotion of institutions and movements which will tend to the improvement of the citv and to the welfare of the community, outside the scope and functions of the municipal authorities. The members compiise bankem, merchants, and manufacturers of the highest Htanding and intelligence. They meet onoe a month during a portion of the year at dinner, in one of the hotels of the city, and discuss questions relating to the intellectual and social advancement of the inhabitants. Many useful institutions owe their origin or encouragement to this club. There is nothing " commercial " in the objects it promotes, as its name might imply, though the members are nil connected with commerce. The contribution of 20,000?. for the purpose of establishing a manual training school for boys of 14 years of age, who have passed through the Grammar schools, is sufficient evidence of the interest taken in technical education by these far-sishted and public spirited citizens. The teaching in the school will comprise mathematics, drawing, carpentry, pattern making, smith work, the use of machinists' tools, chemical and physical laboratory practice, together with some of the literary branches of the high school course. The period of instruction will extend over three years, so that at 17 a boy may enter any industrial establishment with some dexterity of hand as well as some sound knowledge of the rudiments of science. In California, the total population of which is under 1,000,000, the whole expenditure in connection with public schools was, in 1882, upwards of 560,000?. There was spent in addition for buildings, repairs and apparatus, 50,000?. The total valuation of school property is 1 ,400,000?. The High schools of Sacramento and San Francisco ai-e admirable institutions, both as to their buildings and appliances for teaching. In Penver, Colorado, the public schools are especially praise- worthy. All the large towns in the West and Far West are ex- pending money in a similar ratio to California by appropriating krge sums for the spread of free education. A notable feature in the public schools is the almost entire absence of corporal punishment, and the perfect order maintained in schools of 600 pupils, where most of the teachers are women who have been carefully trained in normal schools, or equally efficient inBtitutions. I was particulariy struck with the manifest ease and self-reliance displayed generally by the scholars, combmed with the utmost respect towards the teachers. The method of eliciting from the scholars, what they know and understand, by frequent open questioning of the classes, and the constant use of the black-board,appeared tome to give confidence, and produce originality of thought and expression. There are never more than 40 to 50 scholars in one class-room, and all are engaged on the same subject. Califomian •choolR. TION : } of tho most promotion of » improvement \,y, outside the The members [)f the highest onth during a bU of the city, lal and social istitutiona owe lere is nothing a name might rith commerce, establishing a age, who have ividence of the ar-s)shted and 1 will comprise I, smith work, ical laboratory les of the high ;nd over three 1 establishment and knowledge nder 1,000,000, schools was, in n addition for tal valuation of Sacramento and their buildings pecially praise^ r West are ex- j appropriating e almost entire ■der maintained }rs are women tols, or equally th the manifest lolaro, combined they know and classes, and the give confidence, one class-room, Mil. MATHEIIS REPOKT. 17 One vexatious feature in the public school system is that all ufficials, superintendents, and teachers have to be re-appointed or changed every year. Political feeling often damages private excellence and promising careers. The political barometer has to be watched by school authorities, and thus their freedom is interfered with and their peace of mind is disturbed. In the rural (lintricts there appears to be much compHoation in the control of the public schools, which necessarily diminishes the efficiency of the school work. Although, in proportion to the population, more money is ex- NfcesBity tor pended annually on the public schools of America than on those additiomil of any other country in the world, the supply stiil falls far f^JJ^,*'?,""^;; short of the demand in some districts. Much illiteracy prevnils in the Southern States. The discrepancy in this respect between North and South is remarkable. In the richest of the Northern States illiteracy ranges between two and five per cent, of the population, whilst in the Southern States, excluding Missouri, it ranges from 22 to 48 per cent. I'he chaos and ruin produced by the Civil War and the presence of a large coloured population will account for this to a great ex^ciit. Under a system of educa- tion which depends entirely for its development upon the wealth and public spirit of each separate State, it is evident that the children of the poorer States labour under great disadvantages, as compared with those in the wealthier part of the country. Great dissatisfaction with this condition of things prevails throughout America, for the national sentiment is that the safety and progress of the Republic depend on universal education, equally good in every State. To obtain this and to keep pace with the rapid increase of the population everywhere throughout the Union, a large addition to the present expenditure on education for the whole country will have to be made. It is a question agitating the public mind now, and demands are made upon the Federal Government by conventions and associations with powerful influence behind tnem, for a grant of money in aid of those States in which illiteracy prevails. With a large surplus revenue, the Federal Government can readily respond to the insatiable desire for education, so characteristic of the American peof^e, which will soon cause the present want to be supplied. Tn making comparison between the statistics of America and England, as regards children of '* school age " and average atten- dance at school, it must be borne in mind that the " school age " in America is reckoned from 6 to 17-18 years, in almost all the States, whilst in England it is from 5 to 13 for the public ele- mentary schools, thus a large portion of the " school population," so called, may be at work after leaving the Grammar school at 15 years old with a fair education, and yet be reckoned in the statistics as of " school age not attending school." The Colleges and Universities follow in gradation the High Bchool?. colleges and Science teaching forms a marked feature, limited in somn insti- Universities. n H 2 1* nOYAL COMMISSION (>.\ TECHNICAL INSTRIM'TION lav for induKtrial educHtion. u tiittona to tlio elementary stngcM of tlu» npplied fcieiico-s but reaching in many to the higher Knides of scientific knowledge. By an Act of CongresH paesed in 1862, considerable grants of land were nmde by the Federal Government to each State to catiiblish nnd maintain " CoUejJces of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arte." Tbia Act states: «The leading object shall be, without " excluding other sciontific and classical studies, and including *« military tactics, to teach such branches of learninjf a» are " related to agriculture and the mechanic arts in such manner ♦* as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in " order to promote the liberal and practical education of the " industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." The land granted by the Government on the passing of the Act amounted to 9,600,000 acres. (See Appendix C.) (For all kinds of educational institutions the Land Grants amounted in 1880 to 78,000,000 of acres.) There are 49 institutions of the character described above, which have received upwards of 1,500,000/. from the land grant. Their names and location will be found in Appendix D. The above sum does not represent the whole value of the land grant, no much has not jet been realized, though it forms a source of income. These colleges have upwards of 7,800 students. The value of the land, bmldings, and apparatus is nejirly 2,000,000/. Fee* nud (Keport of Commissioner of Education.) The fees vary from 10/. students. ^q ^qi pgy annum, but in all cases a certain number of free student^ are admitted. In some of the colleges tuition is entirely free, and all are open to both sexes. It is a common practice for students of both sexes to provide themselves with means to attend such colleges by working during the vacations from two to three months on farms, in hotels, railwav depdts, and as clerks. As the qualification to attend college is the graduating standard of the High schools, or the equivalent, it is a proof of considerable attunments, and much self-denial is exercised on the part of students of the humblest classes in order to enter these colleges. I have met and spoken with scores of young people of both sexes serving as waiters in the country hotels, wno were earning money during the vacations to enable them to continue and com- plete the High school course in prnparing for college. There is at least one such college in each State. In some cases they are con- nected with State Universities which were in existence, before the passing of the Act of Congress in 1862, granting land to the respective States. Studies and The general character of the studies in these colleges is :-— practice. I'irst year. —Algebra, drawing, trigonometry, botany, physiology, history, and book-keeping. Second year. — Mechanics, surveyinjr, fieldwork, physics and chemistry with laboratory work, literature, and law. Third year. — Physics, blowpipe analysis, astronoiny, meteorology, Seology, mineralogy, mechanics. In the agricultural course rainn^e, irrigation, forestry, qualities of soils, plant growth. TION : fcieiic<'.«, but ic knowledge, ble grunts of each State ti> the Mechanir 1 be, without and including iTn'ma 08 are 8uch manner Y prescribe, in cation of thu issions of life.*' ag of the Act (For all kindti ed in 1880 to 1 above, which grunt. Their The above and grant, na 8 a source of tudents. The •ly 2,000,000/. vary firom 101. uiiber of free tion is entirely mmon practice with means to tiona from two , and as clerks, ating standard of considerable n the part of lese colleges. [)eople of both ) were earning inue and coni- e. There is at i they are con- mce. before the g land to the eges IS : — ny, physiology, :, physics and i law. y, meteorology, sultural course plant growth, MR. .M.VTUEUS REI'OIIT. 10 Atook feeding, breeding, fruit culture, cnnilagc, dairying, uhccp husbandry, diseases of animnli*, and farm management. There arc reference librariL>s of scicntifio works, cabmets of NpccinicnH, apparatus for chemical and physical laboratories, Hurvcying, Sic. There is alito land, from 100 to 300 acres, connected with each institution for practical agriculture. In tho!>e States where tiie college has been affiliate 1 w ith an Afflliutian with exicting College or University, similar |)rivilege8 arc granted to the "",1'*'"**^ ?1 industrial college students as to the others, in the use of apparatus, ^y "'Lan'd ' book^, kc. In some of these colleges are workshops for manual Grant." training. (See Appendix O.) In many of these colleger one of the objects sought by Congress, namely, instruction in the mechanic arts, has not oeen strictly adhered to, and the literary side of Workshop*, education seems to have engaged too much attention, thus mis- directing the tim<) and abilities of the students. This question, however, is receiving the serious attention of public men and also of principals of colleges. It 'u proliablu that within a short time all these mstitutions will become the great tcchnicul schools of the country, while still retaining facilities for general literary education. The Act of Congress, in conservating for ever a large portion of the territorial wealth of the nation for the purposes ol indtistrial and scientific education, is a sogttcious scheme of statesmanship. There is provided, in every State, at least one centre from which all the knowledge necessary to instruct the youth of the State in scientific industry may radiate. That many of these colleges have drifted from the original intention uf the authors of the Act, is only a temporary evil. The tide h«is set in the other direction now, and the marked Hucoess of those colleges, such as in New York State, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Alassachusetts, &c., in the direction of technical instruction is gradually leading to the conversion of all. Dr. Cattell, late principal of the Lafayette College, told me that, though established for denominational purposes, his college was becoming unsectarian, and ns liberal in its science teaching as in the classics. The Universities and Colleges other than those receiving the Number of benefits of the "Land Grant," founded by benefactors, or the Stnte college* and Le>{islature8, or partially supported by the latter, number about 364. "craiiieVby Among thnm are very efficient schools of chemistry, civil, mining, •• Land Crant." and mechanical engineering and applied science, and original research, the character of which I shall describe under technical schools later on. In all of them the natural sciences form part of the curricula, with mathematics and drawing. The number of students in 1880 was 36,000; the number of professors, 5,350; studentH mid the amount contributed by the various State Legislr.tures, 83,632/. ; profesaow. the total value of land, buildings, and apparatus ubout 8,000,000/. In the majority of these colleges female students are admitted Fimuie on equal terms with males. students. Scientific studies hold quite a subordinate position, at present, i^cientiflc in iniiny of them. The instruction in chemistry, pliysica, and '*"***• iO nOYAL COMMIHHIOX ON TRHNICAl. INSTHLCTIUN ". drawing ii not beyond thnt given in tho common high hoIiuoI, namely, a ■tcrootypod form of oral tciiching from text books with exporiments by the teachers. The best High schoola ffo beyond this in having laboratory practice. In colleges where the course of study is elective the science side is the uiost oflScient. Tuition III-. The tuition fees charged in thene institutions vary from n nominal sum to 40/. per annum. In every case, however, there are free niacoi. From inquiries made of the principals of such colleges It would ap|)ear that no stud(>;it would be rot'us -d admit- tance on proving thnt he could not pay tho feoM, if he fulfilled the necessary conditions otherwise. Thus a labourer's son or daughter (where females are admitted) may pass right through all the {ptidui from the primary school up to the highest university training, gratuitously, on passing the neceseary exaniinntionB at the varioud Htnges. Tecbuiciil ■chooli* fliul PART n. The Technical Schools and the institutions approximating thereto, which 1 have selected for description, are as follow 5 School of Mines, Columbia College, New York. Cooper Institute, New York City. Working Man's School, New York City. The Stevens Institute of Technology ,"Hoboken, New Jersey, (near New York). Rensselaer Polytechnio Institute, Troy, New York State. School of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Cornell University, New York SUte. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Worcester Free Institute of Industrial Science, Worcester, Massachusetts. Manual Training School, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. Special Schools of Science, Agriculture and Mechanic Art», Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Colleges of Mining, Mechanics, Engineering, Chemistry, and Agriculture, California University, San Francisco, California. Department of Natural Science, Brown University, Providence, Khode Island. State College, Philadelphia, Pennsvlvania, The Spring Gardens Institute, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania School of Industrial Arts, Girard College, Franklin Institute. Maryland Institution, Baltimore, Maryland. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Lawrence School of Science and the Bussey Institution of Harvard College, Boston. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton, Virginia. LOTION : on high Holiuol, text booki with loola so beyond here the oourie cient. n9 vnry from n , however, there incipaU of audi 3 rot'ua -d admit- r he riilfillcd the Bon or daughter gh all the gmdoii veraity training, M at the variouit approximating as follow : en, New Jereey, 'ork State, rnell University, «ton, Mass. , New Haven, nee, Worcester, rsity, St. Louis, Mechanic Art», Chemistry, and icisco, California, sity. Providence, Sprinff Gardens ol of industrial d. y Institution of tute, Hampton, MR. MATHKRN RRPOIIT. Tkchkical ScnooLs. School ofMiiHti, Columbia College, tl The main object of thi« exoeileot school is to train atudenta to become profesaora in colleges , al^^o couflultini, mining, and civil engi- neers. It is, however, largely u4od by thcoe who intend to puraue nicohunioal engineering in practice, .si/ch as the aons of mnnufac- turerd and machine constru. f/rs, and young men who desire to fit themselvea for the leading position in the great industrlea of the country. All the appliancoa arc admirable, whether in claii!«-room9, hiboratoriea, or work '.hops. This school i^ diHtinguishcd for the emi • nence of its professors and instructors, the liberality of its trusteea und supporters, the completeness of its permanent appliances, and the simplicity combined with elegance of its buildings. The spirit of the college is that of cheerPul and intense activity in all departments. 1 confined my inspection to the technical schools. The school of mines consists of a large block of buildings in which, besides class room accommodation, are the laboratories, shops, and apparatus. Its system of instruction covers mining engineering, metallurgy, civil engineering, geology, analytical and applied chemistry, and archilccture. The students are required to be 17 years old, and to pass an examination before entering the school, including, beaidea the ordinnry studies of the High school course in the highest g^rades, simple mathematics, elemen- tary physios, and freehand drawing. The complete course extends over four years. The mining appliances are operative, and students conduct every process from the crushing of the ores to the auaying of the metal. The precious ores are chiefly treated, but general mining is thoroughly taught as a science. In civil engineering and surveying the method of instruction is very thorough. Field work enters largely into the occupations. Mechanical drawing is taught in all the stages up to machine designing. Hydraulic and mechanical engineering are studied in connection with the mining and civil engineering courses. Students in mechanical engineering, specially, have facilitiea for practice with tools in the shops. Boilers, steam engines, pumps,, and appliances for testing the strength of materisdB form part of the plant of the school. Chemical laboratories for qualitative and quantitative analysis are well equipped. It is intended to add a branch for electrical engineering and to extend the appliances. President Barnard states: ''The present studies must be con- •' tinualljr improved upon and kept fully up to the spirit of the '• age as it advances ; furthermore, new atudies and branches of " learning most be undertaken and new profeasors appointed. " We must not let the grass grow under our feet." These words, applied to the multitudinous achoola and colleges of America, and acted upon, would lead to the adoption of technical instruction, without necessarily building special schools or diminish- Hohuol uf Mini't, Coliim- ttlii Vn\\*f«. r 22 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION : ing intellechial education, and the result must be a wide-s[)read scientific training throughout the country. A very important element in tiie pructical application of the scienci taught in this school lies in the summer vacation work. The professors take out companies oF students to mines, smelting works, ironworks, and machine shops to demonstrate their theoretical teaching by practice on the commercial basis. Students are encouraged tu seek actual employment in various works during vacation, and many do so. (See Appendix H., also M.) The fees for the two terms of the year are 40/. Free students are admitted if properly qualified, and if their inability to pay is certified. About 300 students attend the schov,! of mines. The whole college has 1,600 students this year (1883). Its assets are valued at 1.500,000/., its mining college and school buildings being estimated at 200,000/. The annual expenditure is 60,0002. 2%o^• intelligent and dexterous working men and women in any branch 24 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION: • of industry. The institution is unique, and though small, and only in its third year, the results as given U me by Dr. Felix Alaer, the enlightened promoter and director of the school, are such M to claim attention. The school is supported by the " Society of Ethical Culture." The salient feature of the experiment is that it introduces, what may be called the creative method^ into school education. The idea is to give lessons by the production of objects : " industrial education," as conducted in this school, is to make the education of the hand instrumental in more rapidly (and yet with less mental strain) educating the brain. At eight years of aga the children are led to become familiar with every geometrical form and figure by actually forming it in clay and paper. In advanced courses the saiye objects are formed in wood. Objects from nature are placed before the pupils, and, to emphasize the oral instruction, the pupils are required to reproduce the object by the work of the hands. Drawing first the object, the pupil is led to form it from the drawing. For instance, in forming a triangle or a cone the pupil makes a drawing from the figure. He then goes into the workshop with his drawing, and with day, or paper, or wood, by the use of suitable tools, actually creates the object. Much of the apparatus used in the higher classes is made by the pupils, In all the courses, such as reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, &c., an objective method is adopted. There is scarcely a subject in the study of which the pupil has not to employ bis hands. Drawing is the basis, and actual construction the vehicle, of all the knowle^e imparted by the teachers. Every scieutfiio truth and natural law is made a reality. In geography, for instance, the children are led to represent on the black board the course of a liver, the position of mountain ranges, the location of towns, the divisions of countries. Learning lessons " by heart " is unknown in this schooL I witnessed the production of various objects by the pupils, some only 10 years old, from drawings which they had made, showing dexterity and intelligenoe, with deep interest in the work. The oenefits of this bold and enlightened movement cannot be measured yet. It requires infinite paias and devotion on the part of the teachers, but out of it may come suggestions by which the public school systems can be vastly improved in the direction of training more efficiently the youth of the country for any and all industrial pursuits. The bnildi^ is commodious, and all the workshop appliances ample. The instruction is free. The children are taken into a Kindergarten at three years old. There are no pupils over 16 years old in the school at present. StevvuH InstituU' of Technologj-. The Stevens IntHtute of Technology, tttablished 1872. This school is near New York City, being situated acrooe the Hudson river in the New Jersey town of Hoboken, reached by a ferry steamer from the oity in a few minutes. TION: ;h small, and by Dr. Felix le school, are irted by the roduces, what cation. The : "industrial the education ihless mental I the children m and figure need courties a nature arc [ instruction, the work of >d to form it g^le or a cone en goes into per, or wood, St. Much of )y the pupils, J, geograijhy, ely a subject ^ his hands, ole, of all the lie truth aid instance, the I course of a f towns, the is unknonrn the pupils, f had nude, in the work, it cannot be >tion on the ras by which the direction ' for any and tp appliances aken into a pupils oyer 1872. ] across the 'eached by a MR. MATHKKS REPORT. 25 Tho object of this institution is to give a thorough technical and scientific training in mechanical engineering. It was founded by the late Mr. £. A. Stevens, and sufficiently endowed to maintain the general expenses with the further help of school fees. My inspection of the school, in which I was accompaiued by its distinguished principal. Dr. Morton, convinced me that for mechani- cal engineering alone, I had never seen its superior. The theory and practice of the science are never separated through the four years course. The name of Professor Thurston, is well known in the engineering profession in England, and the fact that he has charge of this department is a guarantee for the training of the students in the principles of the science, as well as in their application to mechanical construction. The laboratory for chemistry forms an adjunct of the first importance in which the students acquire experimentally, as well as through the class-rooms, some knowledge of a science so necessaiy to mechanical engineers. The mechanical drawing department is conducted on methods which train the student from the earliest stag^ to the designing of mechanical parts, the laws of construction and in the pre- paration of working drawings for the shops. The workshops of the institution bear the same relation tothe class- room lectures on mechanics that the laboratories of chemistry and physics bear to their class rooms. Manual exercises, from pattern- making, up to the completion of a piece of finished work, in the various metals, are daily carried on. The shop practice includes the use and purpose of tools, pattern-making, moulding, casting of metals, turning, planing, drilling, and fitting. Working draw- ings are used, and templets are made to illustrate shop usages. Economy of material is studied. ExperimenU in the strength of materials are made. The theory and practice of steam, water power, and the elements of economy in the use of fuel are thoroughly investigated. The able professors of this institute are constantly applied to for experimental tests of new contrivances and inventionsj in which the students are directed to perform all the manual work and necessaiy calculations. There is no attempt to teach the trade of a mechanic. Each student is recommended to get a place in a machine shop on completing his course. The physical laboratory possesses ample appliances for the study of electrical engineering. This science is now receiving increased attention. Dr. Morton fitted up at his own cost, amounting to 2,0002., the complete new machine shop of the institute, an act of mimificence, self-sacrifice, and public spirit which the wealthy engineering employers would do well to emulate, without having to practice the same self-denial. Students are admitted on examination at the age of sixteen. A High^ school is attached to the iastlfute tn prepare students for the technical school, if not sufficiently advanced by previous training. 26 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL IN8TKUCTI0N ; The fees for the technical ochool are 30/. a year for students rrom New Jersey. If from other States 45/. A small charge is made for materials in the respective departments. ItcntMiluer Polytechnic Inttiinte. Rensselaer Pohfteehnie Institute^ Troy, New York. This institute was founded in 1824 by Stephen Van Kenss< laer, as a school of theoretical and practical science. It was r^-organized in 1 849 as a general Folyteoniuc Institute. As a school of civil engineering this institute has won the highest reputation. Its graduates have taken part in the most important and original engineering works in America. The engineer of the famous Brooklyn Bridse was educated here. In my travels I met with many proofs of the efficiency of this school. Waterworks, railway construction, bridge work, and also large industrial establishments give ample testimony to the practical skill and scientific attainments of many of the former students. Professor Greene, the principal, is an eminent civil engineer, who hiis continued to practice as a consulting engineer all through the term of his connection with this institute. (See Appendix I.) He explamed to me fully his method of teaching. I also had the opportunity of witnessing how the work was done. The whole object and ipirit of the school is to turn out thoroughly scientific men who know how to apply their knowledge. In this, as in other schools of engineering, the studenta have the advantage of their profedsor'a consulting practice, and are brought into con- tact with the work of construction going on in various branches of civil engineering throughout the country. The appliances and apparatus are of the simplest and most in- expensive kind. The endowment is small and the buildings are not oxfensivc. Field instruments are. ample and the drawing depart- ment efficient, but most of the instruction is illustrated by free- hand drawing on the blackboard and by simple objects in wood to illustrate construction. The fees are 40/. a year. The ooune huts four years, but a partial course may be arranged. About 170 students are on the books. It is remarkable that an institution of such high repute, which has made its mark in the country in connection with many of the most useful engineering works, should not be amply supplieit with means to increase its usefulnesa The devotion ci Professor Qreene and his staff is severely taxed by the demands made upon them. The recent extensions have had to be made oat of the fees. School of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, Cornell University, Ithaca, New Yorh State. Corntsii Uu'f This institution owes its origin to the ** Land Grant " and the ."^fiu^^i"^' benefactions of Ezra Cornell, whose name the University bears. nnd jtfechanic ^ i** privilegfes are open to male and female students alike. Artt. There are free scholarships obtained by competitive examination. I 3TI0N: r for students aaall charge is Fork. in Rensselaer, 8 r^-organized has won the t in the most merlcfl. The ;ed here. In of this school, ad also large the practiml ner students, sngineer, who r all through Appendix I.) 1^. I also i done. The it thoroughly Ige. In this, he advantage iht into con- Dus branches and most in- dings ate not wing depart- i led by iree- ts in wood to but a partial the books, ipute, which many of the ply supplied verely taxed ^nsions have University, it "and th& lity bears, lents alike, xamination. MR. AfATHER'S REPORT. 27 The technical school enibrncps ngricultnre, mechanic arts, civil engineering, mining engineering, free-hand drawing, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, and physics. The farm of 120 acres is kept for experimental purposes, and illustration of the science of agriculture. The students spend three hours on two days in each week in manual work en the farm. The mechanic arts are taught experimentally by the aid of a brass and iron foundry, blacksmiths' shop, pattern-making, machine tools, and hand tools. Iii connection are the lecture-room and ihe drawing-room. Each student devotes two hours a day to actual work in the shops. Civil engineering is taught by lectures and field work ; and practice in the chemical ond physical laboratories is required of those receiving instruction in mineralogy, metallurgy, geology, physics, and constructive engineering. Within the five years' course selections may be made of special studies according to the wants of the students. Electrical engineering has been added this year with ample appliances for its practical illustration. The mining engineering section has not yet become a separate department, thou|;h the necessary instruction is given. It is intended to establish a special school for this science with a small working plant. Free-hand and mechanical drawing are thoroughly taught. In the first year two hours a-day are given to this study. In mathematics, chemistry, and physics, the instruction accom- panies all other special technical training in all the grades. In architecture the instruction is given by lectures and prnctical exercises, drawing, and designing. No student enters under sixteen years old. Examinations in the elementary stages of the subjects treated in the schools have to be passed for admission. There is residential accommodation for both sexes. Tuition fees amount to 15/. per annum. Tuition is free to the resident under-graduates, and to those taking the prescribed course in agriculture and intending to complete the course. Board and lodging cost about 40{. nyear; text books and materials, &c., 5/. The number of students is about 400 in the whole college. About one-fourth artj in the technical school. Cornell University has led the way in technical education for all the State coU^^ assisted by the " Land Grant " to follow. Some of them have already '< lengthened their cords and strengthened their stakes" in this direction, and now furnish excellent scientific training in one or more branches of the "mechanic arts," for practical purposes. Perhaps ihe most salutary efiect of the success of Cornell, may be seen in the bre^ng down of the sectarian methods pursued in the many colleges founded originally Ux denominational objects. I have observed preparations being made to impart instruction in science, especially in chemistry and engineering, of a character eminently practical. Cornell is quoted as an example amongst those who are coming out of the -..y,.f:. Bottoii School of Technolojfy. i 18 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION: old methods of what i« termed "intellectual culture." The applied sciences are becoming recognised as forming as sure a Imsis for character and culture as the dead languages and higher mathematics, for those who have to take part in developing and applying the resources of the country. (See Appendix K.) Botton School of Technology or ** Muisachu$ett$ Institute of Technology" The object is primarily to teach in the higher branches, mining, mechanical, and civil engineering ; secondarily, to give instruction in the mechanic arts to students who, coming from the ordinary public schools at 16 years old, may go through a two years' course in technical training before they enter upon actual employ- ment. The students for the advanced course of civil and medianical engineering come from the graduating classes in the High echools of the public school system, or pass a similar examination, before entering upon the course prescribed for the students in this institute. The qnalifications required are elementary chemistry, physici*, and simple mathemalics. In other branches, the usual literary subjects of a High school ; for the advanced course the students have to enter for a period of four years. The institute is handsome in style and commodious in arrange- ment It stands in the best part of the residential quaiter of the city. There is a considerable quantity of land on which extensions can be made. The main building contains class-rooms for lectures on the various subiects forming the curricula of the school. A large chemical laooratory divided into departments occu^es the top floor of a new building, just erected lor inornnic and organic chemistry and qualitative analysis. These labora- tories are unsurpassed in the United States for convenience and completeness of apparatus and appliances. There is an excellent and well-appointed mining department, to which the rough ore is brought direct from the mines and treated by the students, upon sdentifio principles, thron^h all the practical oj^rations of metallurgy, to the final extraction of the pure metal. Crushing, smelting, reducing, refining, assaying, are all gone through in proper ofder. The phvsical laboratory is a very complete department, with every variety of apparatus, most of which, however, may be r^pirded as a museum of philosophioal instruments, inasmuch as the practical work is done by simnle apparatus designed for ^ purpose by the professor and stuaents. General phprsics, optics, acoustics, applied mechanics, electrioity, hydraulics, history aitable I, allied with id laboratory instruction in steam, steam engines, dynamics, hydraulics, metal- lurgy, nnd machine construction. . The workshops are built some distance away from the main block. They are now, nnd are fitted with appliances for machine construc- tion, carpentry, and pattern making : moulding shop and cupola, tools, lathes ; planing and shaping and drilling machines ; forges, with all blacksmith's tools ; fitting shopp, with vicrs, bencheei, and band tools. The work doue consists in forming objects necessary for the construction of machines. Mo machines are made complete. This department is very practically arranged, and is eflScient for the purpose of teaching the dexterous use of all tools for each branch of the mechanic arts. There is a department adjoining for testing the strengths uf materials of ail kinds used in buildings and machine construction. The whole place is worked by steam-boilers and engines, upon which the students piactise for instruction in economy and use of steam. The practical lessons are given for three hours on two davs in each -week. These shops are used constantly both by scientific students wlio are going through the whole course as well as by the students in mecbanio arts who spend only two years here. The fees are 402. per annum. The school has 63,000/. sunk in land and buildings, without apparatus. There is a fund of 30,000/. from the "grant of lands for the formation of ogricultural colleges and schools of mechanic arts " in Massachusetts. Cne- third of the interest of this sum is devoted to the " mechanic arts " department of the school. This institution worthily enjoys a high reputation iu America. Its graduates enter into the scientific professions, and the enmneering, mining, and manufacturing industries without difficulty or delay. I have experienced this in the Far Wesr, amongst the mines, on railroad works, in machine shops, and in the textile manufactories, Although the course of instruction extends to the higher branches of science, the practical application of knowledge is carried through each course by numerous experi- mental operations showing cause and effect. The whole spirit of tho institution appears to create a connection bt-tween its work and the lai|;er operations which the graduates will have to encounter in their future careers. The ample provision loade for the wants of the school by generous benefactors enables the trusteea to aid General Wuker (the distinguished principal of the colirge) and kis able staff to cope with the demands made upon them. There are upwards of 600 students in attendance this year, 1883-84. The Lowell School of Art holds its sessions here. This school Lovell s«liool was founded on ihe Lowell bequest of 30,000/., for the free ^^'*' instruction of students of both sexes in the art of design, specially , adapted to the textile industries of Massachusetts. The school is conducted by a French designer, and is said to be producing satis&otory results. m llOYAr- COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTttUCTION; SbviRtlil Soiontiflc School nf Villi' Oollefre. Sheffield Scientific School of Vale Colleye. Thin was formerly the chetnioal laboratory of Yale College, but uwiiiff to the gifts of Mr. J. £. Sheffield of 100,000/. and the " Land Grant " it ha) become a school for the diffusion of the tfcicnccs, and f>>r the training of young men for sucli pursuits ai require proficiency in mathematics, ph^rsics, and natural science. The courses of study most commonly followed are chemistry, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, agriculture, natural history, biology, and preparatory studies for mining and metallurgy. The laboratories arc supplied with every requisite for thorough experimental illustration, but no workshops are provided. The civil engineering course includes field-work and practice. The me- chanicM engineering is taught by lectures, and by a very thorough mechanical drawing course, which is made to partake of the character of the drawing department of an engineering works. It is eminently practical. Professor Brush, the eminent princiiMd, kindly devoted con- siderable time to the object of my vi«t, and explained minutely the methods of instruction. The absence of manual work in this school gives a theoretical tone to the instruction. Provi'jion is made, however, for frequent visits of the students to surrounding works. There are large collections of models, a technical library, and the museum and library of Yale College are open to the students. The noble benefactor of this school leflt another 100,0002. on his decease. With further additions and extensions this institution will probably be made as complete as any in America, as a techno- logical school, without impairing its high character as a school of pure science and original research. The tuition fee is 30/. per annum. There are 207 students. Woroester Free School. fVorcegter Free School, Worcester, Mcuiachusetts. This teclinical school is especially designed and conducted to impart a thorough knowledge in the theory and practice of mechanical engineering. There are 256 students. The tuition is entirely free to students of Worcester County in the State of Massachusetts. The building is .admirably adapted to its purpose. Class-rooms and workshops are conye- niently near, and the whole plan of the school is compact and commodious. The course of training extends over three and a half years. The students are divided into two sections, the ordinary undergra- duate, and the apprentice class. The former passes through the theoretical und practical instroction with the object of obtaining general knowledge of the science of mechanical engineering. The latter is supposed to learn a trade, and to this end devotes 39 hours in each week to workshop practice. All students in the first year wwSi^ii lUCTION : f Yale College, )0,000/. and tlie diffusion of tlie r such pursuits », and natural are chemistry, ulture, natural r mining and ite for thorougli provided. The Btice. The me- a very thorough partake of the incering works. f devoted con- ained minutely « a theoretical er, for frequent here are large le museum and ts. The noble )n his decease, nstitution will *, as a teohno- r as a school of )7 students. uaetts. 1 conducted to nd practice of rcester County is .admirably ips are conve- I compact and d a half years, larv undergra- B through the i of obtaining neering. The rotes 39 hours I the first year MR. MATHBR'S H£I>0RT. 81 liave to give » hrge proportion of their time to the shops. Later on, shop practice decreases for the regular undergraduates. In the shops a certain number of skilled workmen tare employed, And tliey are enoaged in manufaoturinff machines for sale. The students, theretbre, work upon actual machines in course ■ construction, with the intention of becoming competent medianics while studying the theory of the profession. This school must be a great boon to the fons of working men who can afford to support them during the training period. The boys may not become highly skilled workmen, but entering at 16 and leaving at 1», they would tfo into engineering establiah- raents as draughtsmen, or better, as workmen, and obtain rery rapidly all the larger practice to enable them to become exoellent foremen. No student is accepted as an apprentice who is not actually of mechanical tastes and ability. As giving an opportunity to the lona of the poorer cksses to obtain a mechanical trainmg, this is the best school I have seen in America. Dr. Fuller is the ablo principal, and he is enthusiastic in his work. (See Appendix L). Manual Training School, fVd$hinffton Umtertity, St. Louis. As St. Louis has led the movement in the direction of Kinder- Monaal iWn- ^rten, so, in connection with technical educatkm, this city has ^ MukI, determined to prove that an inteUectual trainmg of the mind for u"vSlSS° any career is greatly assisted by manual exeroues as part of a s«- ^^otOa. ' coUe^te course. One department of the University is devoted to manual training. The complete collegiate course of study in the university is varied onlyto the extent necoseaty to enable those students who may desire to dcTso to spend a few hours per week in manual occupations. A commodious building contains oarpentnr, Uaoksmith, tummg, and fitting shops, well appointed with all the ordinary appliances for practical work. A boiler and steam-engine supply the power. The opportunity afforded by this school for technical training is gene- wlly sought by those who intend to follow mechanioaf punuits The workshop prootice is exoellent, and is taught by able instructors in each department. From four to six hours per week throu^out the four years' course in the college are given to shop praotiM. Mmiq^ and metallurgy are taueht by the ail of complete laboratories and a Uu-ge collection of specimens. A irroduate of the School of Mines, Columbia CoUeffe, is the head of this department I saw some foigings made by boys 17 years old which surprised me, and testified to die workmanlike trainimr given in manual dexterity. The drawing dssses are well conducted, and the physical science exercises form a special feature in the course of studies. The fees are 2Qf. per annum. The " Manual !IMning School " course, taken alone, is divided tietween the woricshep and okss-rooms. Th students may enter at 14 yean M, and only require a koowledgj of arithmetic, Bi i^ss^voi. n. I r •i ROYAL C01IMI8810M ON TBCHNICAL INSTRUCTION : mofpraphj, spdlin^,- aild writing. The Tcm are 6/. per term in ineflntyeor, 81 indteieeond year, and \0l, in tlie third year. Each term haa SO wceka. All the shop work U diaciplinary. Special tradea are nut tangtit, and no articles are made for lale. The work apneared to be well, rapidly, and aocuraiely executed. Dr. Wooaward, the earnest and able principal of this school, has made indaatrial trainii^ a special subject of investigation and experiment. To him b due this excellent institution, the benefit of which has already been felt in erjcourasing the starting of such schools elsewhere. (See Appendix M.) Pudne UniTertity. II Purdue UniMraHy, Lafayttte, Indiana. This University has been in operation aince September 1874. It was at first exclvnvely organised upon the basis of speciul schools for technical education. The bimdings and grounda are valued at 50,000/1 There are 238 studeuts, of whom 95 are females. Technical and idcntifio course : The natural and physical soienees are the leading branches in this oourae. There is a well-equipped chemical laboratory, a good phyrical laboratory, a choice mnseum of natural history, a large geological oabbet, and other appliances for scientific instruction and training. Mechanical course : The first two years of this course furnish •a excellent technical training for a mechanic or machinist, and >also alford a good preparation for a coui'se in mechanieal and dvil engineering. The oourae provides tvo jears of shop practice (two hours duly) in the vie of hand and uuichine toob for working in wood and iron ; one year^a instruction (one hour daily) in the dements of carpentry, pattern making, foundin|^ miUwork, Ac. ; and one year's instrnraon in mechanical drawing thus inoiudbg the elements d all the omnmon trades ; and at we same time the course for these two yean p>x>vides instmotion in mathematics, phyrical sdence, aaid English. Thu may be fdlowed with two year'a instruction in meoMnical eng^eering, taken in oonneotion vrith the branches in tiie eorrasponding terma of the scientific eourse. The shops are supplied with tools and. machines, well adapted for the worit for whioh they are used. AppUcants for admisaion as students must not be less than 16 years of age, and must show a good knowledge of the elemen- tary branches taught in the common schools. A studenlfs expenses for 38 weeks in the collage or academy, inducUng entrance Mid inndental fees, board, lodgings^ and washing, ars about StU The stodents appmnted by eaoh ooonty may be relieved ftom expenses to die amount of H. ISs. a year. Thia college enjoys the.benefit of the « Land GMUit " bestowed on th* Slats of Itedkna, upwards of 860,000 Mmn lUCTION MR. MATHKR'8 report. I 6/. p«r term in a the third year. 1 tndet nre not le work appMred Dr. Wooaw«rd, \% made indasti^al experiment. To (fit of which hM ; of tttdh schools liana. September 1874. B bMia of apeciul I and grounds are of whom 95 are iril and phyaioal J, a good phyneal a large geolo^^eal \ inidraoUon and ;hia ooarae fumieh I or maohinuty and lechanieal and oivil ■hop practice (two tola for working in loar daily) in the Dg, millwork, Ac ; n^ thna including rSie aame time the a in oMtheniatica, followed with two iken in oonneotion IS of the scieiitifio ad .machines, well not be lesa than dge of the elemen- xdlflge or academy, ird, lodging!* 4wd »d by cMh oeonty I #1. 191a. a year. dChMriifbeatowed School t(f AgrieuUurt and Mtehanie ArU, Univenity »/ California, Btrkelejff CaHfarnia. Thia ia one of the most important schools of practical acieoce in '^''T'',"' America. It ia attached lo the University, ana its atudents enioy j^^ >^chwic the benefita of a aplendid library of 30,000 volumes, as alao of a Art»,Caiifon>in museum with a rare collection of apscimens of minerala and Vnivenity. natural hiatory objects. The tuition ia entirely Jree for both texes through the Universitr course, giving ample opportunity for higher education to all classes in the community. The situation of the University is beautiful, and all the sorroundingB ore conducive to study and refinement of character. The technical school has for its chief aim the training of engineers and miners, as well aa agricultnraliats. Hydraulic engineering, which rarma so laige a part of mining qualificationa in OaUfomia, is prominent in the curriculum of the school The operations in mining are illustrnted by an operating plant, small but efficient The workshop practice in mechanical engineering is given by the use of suitable toola. Drawing ia taught through all the elementary atages, and finally, in the laat year, ia appliwl directly to original deaign and conatruotion in civil, hydraulic, and mechanical engineering. The ehemical laboratories for qualitative and quantitative work, and the laborutory for metallurgy and minendoay, are well appointed. The professors of this school are men who have acquired eminence in America, I was particulariy pleased with the views of some of these gentlemen as to the importance of thmr instruction in its relaUon to the industries of Caliromis. Students are admitted at 16 yean of age after passinsr exami- nation. It was pointed out to me that young men came from the nunes to study speeisi sulgects, and famlitiea were given to such students who ooiud only remsin a comparatively short period. The University hss an income from the State of 80,000/. a year. The value of grounds, buildings, and apparatus is 161,000/. Department of PraeHeal Seieneet Brown Unitereity, Ihvoidenee, Bhode IihntL This department is specially designed for students to prepare D«nurtmeut themselves for sndi pursuits as require a knowledge of mathe> ^{"^''g^o^ matical and physical seienees and of their application to industrial univlmity "*" arts. The benefita of the ** Land Grant " are devoted to this depart- mmt Hithcorto it has been chiefly distiittnished for its thorough tnuning in chemical science as app&d to the industrial arts, the elbcts of wUdi have been hugely felt and ap- preciated in t^ industries of die district, namely, bleaching, oaHeo-printing, and piwer aMUng. Beaidea chemical lubovatoriea there are vcfy emniMete phyritMil laberatorieis for experimeintal wo^ I . was informed bj th» prine^l« Dr. Bobinsott^ that preparations are being) made for theestaUivhment of a teehflfcal I { 2 P^BIJVi VftSimvMum^m 34 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL .'NftTaUCTIOM : ■ohool, in whloh the tMohing of oi?U and OMohaniMl enginieriDs will be further aided by workahop praetioe and eiperimeotM departmenta. The high oharaoter of the Univenily, and ita ample means, chiefly denved from endowments, afford exceptional advantages to the tons of roanulacturers, and to young men tnUning for poiitlona of foremen in the iron and textile induslriM of the State of Rhode Islnnd. The University hss one of the handsomest and moat oomfdete libraries in the country ; also a fine museum, containing coUeotioni d^ geological, botanical, natural history, Aaspeeimenii. There is a •peoiarfiind provided, the income of which is applied to aiaist all deserving young men of limited means. There are alao 64 soholarshipe of the Tslue of 80/. each. The UuUon fees are SO/, per annum, and convenience for residence is provided at very moderate cost. The ordinary course is four years. PvniiiylTUiia Stele CoUegc. . ! i I Penmyhania State Cclltgt, Philadelphia, Penntjflvania. There is a technical course in com action with thii Univeisity for .agrioultun and oivil engineering. The income is wholly dmnvM from the State. Thore are uo fees for tuition, but a charge fur incidental expenses of 91. per annum is made. There are 68 sclioknlups free altogether. The atudents number 148 of both sexes. Thb chemioal and physical sciences are well taught, with the aid of excellent laboratories. Agriculture is taught experimentally on » farm attached to the oollege. Oivil en^fineering is made to oombbe thorough practical in- struction with higher scientific studies. Special exercises in the field, in experimental construction, and in drawing, are important fiMtures of this sohooL Thero are no workshops. Tk9 Spring Oardene Imtitute, Philadelphia. ^V^^n^^fM lliis institution has the most direct besring upon the industries FUilidphia. of «ny I hare visited in this cit^ (Philadel^ia). It is a well- equipped and commodious buildmg, capable of affording dbss- rooas accommodation for about 150 pupils at one tune. A considerable library of 18,000 volumes and a latge lecture hall make up the ptemises. It is a night school for hoy and men, in which chiefly medumical and aiohitectoral drawing aro taught, witk the firee-handnoeomponiment Bach pupfl attends two nights a week. The drawing is very well taught by persplied to Mtiet lere ere alio 64 oonvenienoe for I ordinary cottrae htnsjfhania. thii Univeieity icome is wholly D fur inoidentel 68 aoholarships th sexes, taught, with the it experimentally igh pracUoal in- exeroises in the g, are important tiphia. ion the industries i It is a well- aflfordinff ofaus- ; one tim& A ifge leotnxe hall b(^ and m«i, wing are taught, tends two nights empbyed during oruhops of the a dqiartment for %ith gas ennne, ftting maehmee, rihe meehamcal drawing classes ; and boys, who are preparing to enter a meehanic's shop, having passed through the primary sdiool of the public school system, come here to qualify by aoquiriuff the nso of tools and Home knowledge of drawing before entering upon thefar employment. Others who have entered the workshqM without this prerions tnUning, oome to accelerate thrir progress through the workshops by studying at this school and nelening to tlie instruoiion in the use of tools and working of metals, which, it would appear, is beins practically and TntelUgeiitly ' given. In this one branch, I believe this school to be giring very efficient mechanical inetmotion to nightne Urgfi centra) i left intact as a the inttitution 3ir P. C. Owen, ed praisft The itefrom iheoity rooms have been ore held under design are small >ject8;ihel)e8to€ This institution erest on the part L^slature. ylvanta. It gives board, ons of the poorest lost costly stvle, if white marble, left by Stephen 086 of founding facts and things, under a skilled B to the erection directions. The 8 prears old. istitution. Boys at tiie discretion re bound out to }f instruction, in des ** na^^gation, latural, cheniical, >aniah languages, capacity of the total annual cost per vear for the largely in excess IS spent on the eaih of Stephen ands in Fennsyl- reased in value, leffe, within the ooTs, do^itoiies, p,and a beautiful B ever allowed to lay teadiers were to inculcate purest principles of morality, to indine thebovi^by habit to show benevolence towards their fellow creatures and love of truth, sobriety, and industry. Military drill, in uniformf with rifle practice u taught very efficiently. As the capital aocumn- . lates further accommodation is to be provided and the number of boys increased. Such an institution, so amply supplied with the comforts o£ home and the best eduoattomd appliances, and conducted as it is with benevolent and parental care for each boy, cannot fail to produce hundreds of excellent citizens out of the poorest boys whom death has deprived of their natural guiirdians. The FratdeHn Inttitute, Philadelphia, Pemuylvania, This laree institution has done similar work to our Society of i>nuikiiii Arts in London, bat on a smaller scale. The only teaomng inatitiit^ connected with it is that of drawing. The school is efficient in its niMev*"^ wav, but it has no distinctive feature. There is a museum of phdoaophical instruments and models of inventions, chiefly thorie used to illustrate papers read before the Institute. Maryland Inttitute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, Baltimore, Maryland. This institution is devoted in the main to the teachiitt of MuvUnd dmwing, painting «id design. There are 456 pupds in the ^!. "SSZ^Aru. Of these, 216 attend the day classes from nine o clock m the morningto two o'clock in the afternoon, and they are almost all giris. The night classes are held three tipnes a week, and are exclusively for boys and men engaged in the various trades and occupations of the city. The system adopted in the day school of art is thorough and sound, commencing with plane geometry, to give correct prin- ciples in form and proportion. From this stage free-nand sketching is the rule througjhout all the course, ana objects are almost exclusively used alter the pupils have aoquirad some dexterity with the hand. The time occupiei in the elementary rinmod In inculcating the principles on which proficiency in design and execution can alone be acquired, seemed to me to f<»rm one of the chief merits of this school. Professor Newell, under whose direction this institution is worked, adopts the pUn of the best Oontinental schools, and, after the elementary stage in geometric studies from the flat, nil the instruction is conveyed through oliyeets and modds foir perspective, and the representation of subjects in space. Drawing and painting from flat copies is almost oitirely abandoned ; when tney an used, it is only fer the purpose of stu^ring colour. Punting on pottery i* much practised, and many of the girls are engaged in omameuiii^ pottery, sent from a local manufiMStory, where the proprietor makes some use in his partiodar industry of the knowledge acquired by the stu«lents in this institute. lift I i 88- nOYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL 1N8TBUCTI0N . I Bftw »boat 50 gills engaged on ohinii deooratioti for coromerdal purpoMB. An exhibition of the year's work, which muoh interested me, was dispkyed in one of the large rooms. A lai^ proportion of the work was from life, &o. ; others from still life ricetches fron^ nstmre* drawings from nature, water coburs, ohaicoal drawing,. pen<»l sketclies, designs (chiefly original compositions), ornamental work( china decoration, with some specimens of dengns for lace wmk, caUoo prints, ko. The meehMuoal and arokitectafal drawing chisses are conBned to the night stodents, who are all boys and men. Professor Newell infonned me these were cluefly engaged in trades. The teaolung is thoroa^fa and fundamentally good, extend- ing from plane geometry to projection, persiiecti^e, and structural dnwing. It is only in the last course, in the bMtinning of the third year, that machine construction is practised and working parts <^ machines sketched free-hand, dimensions added, and scale drawinss jnoduced. This b the only institution in the city where dnwing and design are tai^t. It u managed by a committee, and suppwted, as it was promoted, by roluntarv effort. There is no rektion between it and the highor grade schools 9^ the public system. Six prizes are ffiven to saccessfnl graduates of the mechanical and arcUtecturd drawmg school, varying in amoont between 10/. to 201. eadi, from a bequest of Mr. Peabodjr* whose early life was spent in Baltimore, and whose name m London, the city of his adoption, is associated with a noble scheme for improving the dweUiiws of the poorer classes, whidk he encouraged by a bequest as wisefy bestowed as it was munificent imrahie. I witnessed the annual distribution of these prises, held in the institute on the evening after my visit to the 8chod«. For die day school, the annual fee for the entire course of b^her art study is 61. The several classes may be paid for separatdy, varying for eaiA subject from 1/. to 2L for the session. . There is aJso a night school of art and design, exclusively for nwlm, in an dementary course. Fee, 12«. per sesnon. Le^urss are ddivered in a well appointed and commodious lecture hdl during the winter sesnon. There is «>o modeffing Bcliooit a wuit much deplored by the prindpal, who wems to be much resected in his work by want of funds aod of publie ' sunnort. ^rbe mwnbership of the institute costs 12s. per annum. A libmry of 20,000 volumes is placed at the dimosai of the students. Twen^<^x daily papers and periodicals are tuen. I tlmik this will beeome a good school for industrial drawbgand art education, but it requires some alterations in its methods to obtain greater practical results. The subjects diosen fev study by the girb appeared to ocMBsist too largdy of flower painting and of pretty olgeols, without much relancm to utility. There is a laive amount of Chesapeke pottery produced in the neighbourhood, and undoubtedly, this moN . MR. MATHER'S REPORT. 39 or coromerdal interested me, proportion of ricetohes fron» Nioikl drawing, is), ornamental ingnsfor lace 8 are confined Ijr engaged in goody extend* md structural inning of the and working 8 added, and on in the city lanaged by a tluntarv effort ade schods q£ sfol graduates ol, varying in Mr. PeabodjT, lose name in with a noble oliisses, whidi ras munificent Bs, held in the I, tursa of h^her for separatdy, Mion. . There T for nudef, in 1 commodious 9o modaffiHg o wems to be lod of public r annnm. A f the students. sldrawbgand its methods to red to ocHBsist jeotB» without of Chesapeke loubtedlyi this indnstij^ has profited some^ hat by the skill of the female graduates of the school. Two female teachers assist Professor Newell for the day school, and five male teachers fbr night dasaes. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimoret Maryland. Thi» sfrfendidly endowed institution is taking rank amongst the JohiuHopkiait hiffhe$t universities in America . The regular curriculum of a BJ^iJ^i^' university course is followed here. The uniTeraity was opened seven years ago. The bequest of Johns Hopkins amounted to 700,000/. The interest was allowed to accumulate until a sufficient sum accrual to enable the trustees to erect handsome and commodious blocks of buildings on land bequeathed by the founder. At present there is no physical sdence depaitmoit within its own Mock. The work is carried on in cottages broken through and prepared for the purpose. The apparatus, however, is of the best of its kind, and Professor Bowland, the head of this department, is one of the most successful physidsts in original researdi. This univerMtyia devoted chiefly to the highest branches of edttOation in madiematios, phyrics, and medical science It is conducted on the lines of Owens College of Manchester, with a tnas man Specially to original research and scientific discoveries botJi in chemistry and physics than to preparing for industriiil pursuits. Thore are no ni^t classes, so that all the teaching is confined to those who can afford to pass through all the couries in the day classes. Dr. Oilman informed me they had soma instances of working men having at great self-saorifice come to them to obtain a thorough scientific education. The tot^ fees for all subjects amount to 16/. per annum. Dr. Oilman, m answer to my inquiries, stated that 8noe School for studying the natural sdenees. The laboratcvies are very complete; a rich eoHeetion of specimens for illustration and investigation ii contaihed 'in the museum. The apparatus for experiments is ample, and of excellent quality. The ** Buasey Institution " was founded for instruction 'in horticultural science and practice. Since landscape gardening has become quite a profiession in America, owing to tiie tiiiWersal taste for large jmblie parks and gardens, it is a matter Of great importance to tndn oompetoit gardeners, florists, and hndsioape gardener^ tb carry out the great schemes of the muinflrous Zilent cities. The Bussey Institation has been in operation ce 1871. The course of study extends over three years, and comprises chemistry, botany, entomology, field work and indoorsaad otttooor practice m horticulture. Under'the w31 of the founder about ifiOOt a ^ear goes to the institution^ and no applicant is to be fefuaed admisrion if properiy qualified. The iundi are not cmoN: ion support ii liar," monthly, univemity 10 and eoonomic litable matter dth the people itotion a mmre DOW to be the feeit it would me among the ing (he hi^ and adeotific manufactures. :t, widi work- Ohio Bailway ittle provinon uaes I have istion by the ced, and they iiitable sdence ttitution. •d College, the itutiim/* which dvantages are ig for teacheri nfor studymg complete; a nvestigatibnis of excellent instruction 'in > the liiJvenM^ A matter Of , florists, and the numerous in opeMtiOD ree years, and md indoIan(8, ;; from nature, grouping for try, araperies, 1 oasts), vases, ing, grinding, ography and icient up to ry thoroughly id perspeotiTe he olassea of axaniinations iMtJiiBanky MR. MATHKRS REPOBT. 45 in indudng pupils to devote themselves to work of a utiUlMrian character was admitted by the principal. The whole teodeney is to acquhre proficiency in flower painting, and the aptitude of students in design for ornamentation in the industrial arts and the manttfaeture of textile fabrics, was not strikingly apparent to mr. Most of the students ^vere preparing as teachers. Some were young lailies studying for their own pleasure. There was no knowledge bv the prineipal of students having taken positions in the industrial establishments of the district It cannot, however, be doubted that with 300 students in 8uch a thoroughly well taught school, the community must indireody profit by it. There is a visrv fur oolleotioa of casts from the antique m the small bui well-fitted and well-seleoted museum of this institute ; there are in all about 380 objects, some thousands of paintings, drawings and prints, and about 120 standard works on the fine arts. The School of the Penntylvania Academy of Fine Arte, Philadelphia, Pennaylvania. The Sohool of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is PenniyivMii. devoted exclusively to the fine arts, for painters and sculptors, ^'^^rti The modelKng class is tery efficient. All modelling is from life, the nude figures of male and female being constantly employed, even in the eariiest stages after the first principles of drawing are acquired. Painting in colour is practised rather than blaoi and wmte. The Principal has pronounced views as to teadhmg diroush real things rather than copies, even from the antique. The ktter are used for lectures and instruotion. Anatomy is very thorou|^y studied from human and animal skeletons. Tlu iformai ^rt School, Boeton, MateachueetU. Thu school is carried on upon nmilar prinoiples to ihe Phila- Nonui Ait delphia Sohool of Design for Women, and serves for the training of ^^'"^ "~*<»"- tea^MBTS in drawing, of both sexes, lie teaohbg of drawing is now eompulsory in all the Massachusetts public schools, and the demand for cedent teachers is oonstantly inorensing. PART III. It will be seen from the fi>regoing description of the technical and sdenoe schools, tftnt diere exists in Amc«oa a certain number of high^ilsB institutions for technical and scientific tnbteg in mimng, dvil and mcdianicsl engineering. I am of opinion that in these branches, judging firom my own observatbn, there is nothfaig better ol theAind, thouffb such institutions aw «ttiiiBropiBiitd HistB if dnl^tbey have aeqnlnd the ftrt of ip^lfifig Ifctiir'kiioiilidge rkenoeiiwir aittbitiQB is «xdted and eTefy>tte« of Qnality of teobmcal and acieatific i imm ■^ BOYAL COMMIMSilON ON TIOHNIOAL INSTRUOTION : thMn «ppe9r4 to be workiiw for • dftflnite puqNMt. There i« nothing pretentioiu a^jout tamte itudentt. Soue of tiiem are poor» but the J must have ahown marked abilitr in order to get the adTant.;^ea of the free or partially free imtruotion. Thiw a limited namber of clever lom of working men have the road opened up for a thorough MsientiHo training, if they oan afford to give the time. It ia mueh to be deplored that in the majority of institutions in AmerioA, where loienoe is taoffht in the abetraot, there an no departnnonts arranged for luch teohnioal training as exists in some I have deaoribed. fli|rh fce*. The demands made upon those whioh give technical inatruotion are greater than they can satisfy. This accounts for the high fees chamdy and also for the foot that the advantages of such technical sokools are in the main confined ti) the sons of wealthy manu- facturers or professional men. Lower gnd« The lower grade seieuoe sohoob connected with the numerous Ncienee sehooli. ooHegeg in every State, and semi-private inetitutions, as described under the head of " Universities and CSoUeges," are rendering con- siderable service in the direction of snence teaching to a Icm wealthy class in the country. Their courses of study, however, require remodelling. To e^vsh one of them ought to be attached depnrtmenta umilar to those ht Cornell Uni versity and Washington Univcrnty, with ample provisbn for the admission of free students. Tniaingof pforanon : origiBslr»- M«rch. i Fadlitm to iieaiiire technical oducstton, if collQgct were pioperiT iitiiiMd. AcbieremeBta ofexiiting teelmieal Mhoob. Mm > There appears to be excellent provisir the high fees f such teohnical reaHhy manu- the nnincrous 8, as described rendering con- shing to a ht» ioAr, hofrever, to be attached id Washington ission of free in America in and Oolumbia i; of able pro- lal reeeaiim in ce>" connected Harrard Unt- uming at the aided hy the ample oppor- >toM, foremen nnd eoientific «. The only »onB^ and the Ureadyto the I notaetoaUy ing men have intei^nce of id the fexHle mm, bufldiiig dl tlie mann- lannfiutaiing, ; and aewiiig- ,,i MR MATHEB'8 report. 47 machine manuiaetaring, — evidences of the iniuence of the technical schools. The effect of the public school*, colleges and univeriities, E0mi of public supported by taxation of the people, is more marked in general **"°^^*< *'^- eduoatbn in the literary branches, than in an^ special acq^unint- ance with natural science, and in this direction their in- fluence is not altogether a benefit Too large a class of young people in America of both sexes are seeking purjuits not re- quiring manual lahotNr. Their education, as given at present in the High schools and Colleger, tends rather to unfit them for the active industries of life, in a country where the vast resources of nature are waiting for willing anil trained hands to utilize them. The native bom American hates drudgery ; and all the mechanical art«, Amerieana when pursued without some knowledge of science to dtanploy and '*'• dn""**'.^- interest the mind while the hands are active, are more or less drudgerv. The American boy, with hia inborn ambition and natural ingenuity, would cease to regard maniud labour as drudgery * if hu hand wad mind tcmther were industrially trained through the school period. He would, then, be led into indus- trial employments by choice, as the readiest means to climb to a higher position in life. - It cannot be denied, however, that a wide-sprend aptitude to leant and understand, has been implanted by the public schools of America. A high degree of self respect marks the workmen who have posted through the schools, and to those " who have- it in *ti<»*; mining, mechaniual and manufacturing f^auits, that is, coufiepted with mechanic nrt«, and about 680,000 females. Taking* all ages there are 3,305,124 males and 681,988 feoMles. Of these 2,611,325 are native born ; the foreign born are 1,225,787. Of the latter a* large proportion will be females, its the textile in- dustries are carried on chiefly with Irish and Canadian female labour. Of the former number, the native born, very few atp«, iron ukd iduitrj, and be aooepttfd M employed native Mm effect of the r the higher the Edgir- ; left at the ine shop. intelligentlj, native born ion moohof iduitriea haa id poMewed even in the od ttudy for le day, any Etenda over a High achool ly remain up eir 16th year, or, espe<»iilly the nigheat lohool at 14 Dg, but there D 17 years of 1 no lonser in maohme It shown by emplojrment >mpMn Steel e at school." bllege. The nlv for what J felt in the tion» for the at 14 or 15, es they will pursuits for incompetent if going out larjket in the the part of thottt aiding hools, would at a higher but for this system of apprenticeship has almost oeased to exist in AmtwUm. In connection with this subject my inspection of the *^|g*'**^| iMMt to »|M. The old America. Altona workshops of the Pennsylvania railroad gave me some information. In Appendix F will be found the conditions of opprentioeship. There ore altogether 2,800 employtis in the locomotive shops, of whom 380 are boyt», and of tnese IfiO were Apprenticed at 17, the sffe of the yuuDoest, to 19 years for the eldest. No boy, other tnan the son or an old employ 4 of the company, can become an apprentice unless he io the graduate of a Technical school, or High school or College where science and mechanical drawing have been taught The term of apprenticeship •*> is three or four years, llie sons of employ^ can come into the shops under 17 years of age, but cannot be apprenticed until they reach that age, and are not apprenticed at all unless they are worthy of the privilege. The wages of apprentices begin at 2#. per day of 10 nours, and end with the \u\ year at 4«. per day. This system is an undoubted encouragement to the hioher education of all bovs entering into the engineering trade. If all employers would aamit apprentices only on these lines, the poMible evil arising out of the non-employment of young boys would be obviated and a higher olai s of mechanics would be produced. There is no provision made at Altona (and little in the whole Laek of night country in connection with any of the lai^ industrial establish- Mhooli. ments) for the effiaent training of boys or young men in night schools. The Cambrian Iron and Steel Works at Johnstown, Pennsylvaniil, are an exception to the general ruh in this respect. In connection with this enterprise thero are 5,000 people em- ployed. For their advancement and benefit au excellent science school, reading room and library have been provided. The sub- jects taught in the night school embrace chemistry, with laboratory practice; mechanics; mechanical drawing, freehand and geo- metoioal; astronomy, mineralogy, iron and stciel, processes oi manufacture, steam and fuel, &c. A fee of \%u per session is charged to strangers. All employed at the works are admitted free, if needed. From many conversations with owners of industrial establish- Meohanieai ments, I find the prevailing idea to be that everything appertaining ''^^J^^l^i^ to education is to be done in the public school Moreover, the of AmerieanB. general aptitude, inventiveness, and industry of the American 3'oung men, animated always with ambition, and backed by the- ability to read, write, and reckon well have furnished empjoyers with intelligent mechanics after a comparativelv short service in the workshops. All Americans have more or less the mechanical faculty. It is the characteristic of the race. The problems involved in settliiw the country have been more mechanical than political. In earfy times almost all men and all women were engaged in manual work and in exercising tiieir wits to avail . themselvee of the forces of nature. To this natural bias the public school education gave the means for Ingher development;: The demand for mechanical contrivances to save labour held out XK 2 50 BOYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL IKSTBUCTION : ChMtp patents, the promise of groat reward; and the protection of cheap patentt* gave confidence and security. The Commissioner of Patents informs me that in 1880 there were 12,655 patents granted to American citizens; in 1881, 15,118; and in 1882, 17,861. Thus the working men of America have been educated and brought up under conditions different from those prevailiag in Europe. It is impossible to traverse this vast continent without wit- nessing the evidences of originality of application founded on scientific principles and of a development due to education in the mechanical arts. In the railroad system, from the loco- motive to the baggagr car, there is original design and marked ingenuity in every contrivance ; in bridge building, great daring and ready devices for temporary, yet safe, structtves ; in the navigation of rivers there are boats which differ from all European systems. The shallow rivers, like the Mississippi, in summer, are navigated for a thousand miles by steamers drawing less than 12 inches of water. The Ohio conveys from Pittsbut^ thousands of tons of material by boats drawing nine inches of water. Towns, Uke Chicago, Denver, and San Francisco, are built under diffi- culties which require an entire departure from all old methods of applying science. The produce of the great agricultural regicms * new modes of tilling, sowing, and reaping, and in Erideaceiof Um appHcation ofaowneein tiMBablic wonsand UBnstriMof the oomtTy. anicultural machinery the Americans showed how quickly and directly science cbuld deal with vast products which would rot on the field but for mechanical skill to preserve them. The same apti- tude that dealt with the overwhelming abundance of the West has turned |o account the sterility of the East, where, in Maine, New HaAapshire, and Vermont, the mechanical skill of the &nner in devising economy has contributed as much to his support as his knowled^ of cattle and crops. It is, of course, in the more recent structures and modem mechanical appliances that the evidence of scientific truths and methods are observable. The . rough and ready contrivances of eariy railroad development indicate originality and *' mother wit," but in the waste of material and crudeness of design may be noticed the absence of technical or scientific tnunine on the part of those who conducted extcisive engineering and mechanical operations in those days. Hie gradual diffusion of science is very marked in the rapid re-construction during recent yean of the great railroads of the past, and in the new mam linest Also in railway plant generally, the dd is being replaced by the new, and the li^r exhibits high theoretical knowledge combined with practical ingenuity. The Americans undoubtedly owe to many European engineers the rapid advance they have been able to make in their public works. The conservation of water power for the use of the mills at Lowell and Lawrence, in Massachusetts, is due to the eminent hydraulic en^eer, Mr. Frances, an Englishman, who prartised for 40 years in America. The water rights of a district are held in trust for the whole community by a board or coipo- a^ 3TI0N ; Mn. Mather's report. 61 cheap patents ler of Fatents its granted to 17,861. Thus nd brought up Europe. without wit- fuunded on education in rom the loco- n and marked It great daring Btures ; in the m all Euiupean in summer, are wing less than >urg thousands water. Towns, lit under diffi- old methods of ultural regicms eainng, and in w quidkly and ill would rot on The same apti- >f the West has in Maine, New the &rmer in support as his s and modem kific truths and sontrivances of "mother wit," design may be ine on the part md mechanical I of soience is recent jears of linesi Also in J the new, and combined with ipean eiigiueers in their public he use of the is due to the glishman, who its of a district Mrd or corpo- ration elected for the purpose. The power is distributed according to the share which may be purchased or rented by users, but regard is had to the rights of all, and the utilization requires great skill and knowledge to prevent loss of power. Mr. Frsnoes has had charge of this important work for many years, and is deservedly esteemed as the highest authority on hydraulic engi* neering in America. Although a lucrative field was, in the eany days, open to European engineers and machinists having a thorough scientific knowledge of their prof sssions, yet it is evident that they found apt schohffs, ^who, as thoy acquired some theo- retical science, launched out into new paths, untrammelled by the traditions of the older countries. Even the science of foreigners when applied here, takes dif- Bifeet of ferent methods^ The Englishnum and German become hold ^j^|^ y°||'' and self-confident to a degree only manifested by rare men in ftrtign men of Europe. The everlasting thirst for tomething new excites, stimn- ocieaoe in lates, and drives men to venture into untrodden paths in applying -^■■'>"''^- their knowledge. In the manufacture of machine tools and every kind of mechanism, where the interchangeability of parts would lie anadvantage,the design and construction has been made subeervient to this law. It may be truly said that the Americans have carried to its utmost limits one of the greatest improvements of modem times in mechanical constraction, namely, in their extensive introduction of the principle of the interchangeability of parts in machmery. Watches, sewing machines, tools, agricultural im- plements, printing presses, firearms, &o.* arc made with an accuracy so .fine as to approach the theoretical, and vet more cheimly than the radest sod most imperfect work. (See A]p- penoix N.). All these evidences of scientific skill speak well for the methods of education in the recent past, so fiir as it goes \ but other influences, such as ** necessity the mother of invention," and the presence in America of foreign experts, will account' for much of the rapid growth in the mecmmic arts. The future development will depend u[M>n a population not Fatniederaiop compelled to dare and endure and expenmentauxe for *'very life.'' In the past the waste of material has been excessive. ^^ *<"«'>^' To make the best use of a given quantity of material requires a sound knowledge of its pn^pwrties and of its disposid in the arts and manufactures by scientifio metiiods. In this direction the technical and science sdiools, ahready instituted have accomplished much in providing foremen and managers, dramists, miners, and intel%«nt emfdoyen in the «i«neerinff and manufacturing indus- tries. (See letters in App«ndix G. to M.). Sonra extensions of these institutions are now bong promoted. One significant indication of progress in this direction was afiEoorded me during my travels. I attended a convention of about a thousand teachers, professors, and prinapals of m^ooIs wd cdl^^ at Saratc^a, and another rimikr gathering in the Wlute Mountains. The discussion of teohnicaiand i^ustrial training was the diief feature of the con- ventions.. I was much imprees«cl by the high qualities of culture mm 5-2 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION Nature's giftsi nottobeud irtthont skill ■ndlabonr. and cbatBOter which distinguish this truly " Grand Armj of the Bepublio " in its 300,000 teachers, as represented nt these meet- ings. If this force should be directed by a chanse of tactics, so to speak, in the schools, to scientific and technical instruction, and to less concentration upon purely literary subjects, there can be no doubt that America will solve the industrial education question more rapidly than any other country, and utilise it in the further development of her inexhaustible resourcesi k It must not bo supposed that nature has bestowed her gifts over this continent in such wise that the^ can be enjoyed. without much skill and labour in the gathering of them. No country offers more difficult problems to the engineer, the agriculturist, and the manufocturer. A climate of extremes, the scardt^ of water in the West, the difficulties of cheap transport and distribution, all require the behest qiuUities of self-reliance and endurance wiUi scientific knowledge, in the progress of the future. PART IV. Megleet of It is remarkable that in the great centres of the mining and tat ^uidi ^""""^ producing districts, where also a lai^ amount of mechanioal te^oal nnd Oonstruction is carried on, as for instance, in Pittsburg (Pmmsyl- •dence sdiools. vani^, Ghicaffo (IlHnoia), Detroit (Michigan), Oleveuind (Ohio), and Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), so little has been done by die owners of lawe esUiblishments, or by the town or State autho- rities, in the direction of tedmical schools or evening science sohoola. These industries represent a large proportion of the working populaticm in those large dties, and yet the owners of works have to xely upon the scientific knowledge obtained through many institutions remote from these disti^cts. Pittsburg is lamentably devoid of facilities either in the shape' of libraries, museums, science schools, or technical schools, notwithstanding that the manufacturers have enjoyed the benefits of, and accumulated vast wealth from highly protected industry. There is not even a public library in the dty, although there is a population of about S00,000. I ought in justice to state that Mr. Andrew Carnegie, of the -Bdgar Thompson Steel Wwks, told me that he had offeied SOfiWil. to the corporation for a public library on the condition that they Would provide the means of maintaining it effidently, but that up to the present the offer hhd not been accepted. In Cleveland a movement is being promoted to establish a technioal school. I have already statM that Chicago is bnildiiig 9 Manual Trtining School. ThoM wlw It is a noteworthy fiu>t, thaA an^ongst dl the many muidfioettt tonSm^ ipfte, which have been mttde by private individimls fat Untamie tedutriMdonot of 'education, amonnt&ig in the aggregate to many mUlioiis iter- ftMiidad«Boe ling, very few have enannted from liiMe who have domed their ^e*Ith from the seioDtMo indnstriM^ «11 of wlndthiire bvitpRy- teoted, and owe much of their sueoeit to fotdgn ddlU ^'Ifae IMMiMi Ju, ION : (Lrmj of the these meet- actios, 80 to otion, and to B can be no ion question I the further ed lier gifts >7ed. without ountry offers rist, and tiie water in the n, all require idi scitotlfio mining and F meduinioal rg (Pttinsyl- )land (Ohio)« done by tiu State aotho* ning science >rtion of the ihe owners of lined through Pittsburg is of librariee, standing tiuft accumulated is not even a tion of about ew Gamegw, e had offei'ed ihe condition it »pted. » establish a i is bnilding ymuidioettt iwifaeoinise millions iter^ Aenredth^ dU, -On-tfae MATHER S REPORT. other hand, miTchants, bankers, and professional men are largely represented in the noble list of benefactors connected with some of the best educational institutioiis ot' the country. I have not met with any institutions for technical training having any bearing upon the textile industries. The knowledge of chemistry acquired at the various institutions which I have described, is of course utilised more or less in dyeing, printing, and bleaching; but there are no schools in which the know- ledge of the nature and qualities of fibres, and of the various processes in working up the raw material— silk, cotton, or flax — are taught In all the manufactures into which taste and design enter the Americans have to rely almost entirely upon European aid. It is intended^ however, so I am privately informed, to establish in one of the centres of textile industry a large institu- tion in which a thorough and comprehensive industrial training ^U be given in textile manufacturing, together with that theoretical knowledge which is necessary to the production of the highest quality of fabrics. I have not included the Southern States in my investigations, by a personal visit to the various important towns, for the reabon that education for the present is at a low ebb in that part of the country. There is, however, a very strong movement already apparent for the promotion of mechanical and textile industries in the South. The enormous resources of some of the States, ^laimma for instance, where mineral wealth abounds, have r 'tted capital for the rapid development of various manuiac- . ^t-. This, together with the proximity of the cotton growing «^ibi2icts, points to a development in the near future of many industries which until recently were unknown in the South. Education of the coloured race, already commenced, must have an impOTtant bearing upon this question. Common schools for the white population are much needed, but they are now the object of the earnest consideration of the various Southern States L^;i8* laturea I have met commissioners of these States, on my travels, investisnttins, as I have done, the industrial schools and colleffes in the Normem States. The different colleges, established by the assistaaee of the " Land Grant," appear to have done good work in connection with agriculture m the South, in teiuihing the elemmts of science, and in providing a liberal education for those stodoits whose means have enabled them to attend. The mechanical arts have had leas attention in such colleges than in nmilar iqstitutions in the North, in consequence of the differ- ence m the occupations of the people. The institutions for the advancement of ihe workpeople, otiier than schoob and colleges, are not numerous in America. The bug hiiurs o£ labour (at least 60^ hours a week) bave but little loaurelbf the working classes «ithei to study or to seek recreation^ Thitm is no half holimy on the Saturday. There are no holidava during: the jtaatioi. more than one day m, a time, and that onlv- a few times m the year. Lilnraries and reading-rooms, although No tecliaksl tninlng bearing npon textile indostriei. Education in Sonthern States at a low eblv Inatitotiooa te ttdraBcement of workpet^le not Lone honi« of labour. 54 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION: amply provided in most cities and towns, are not available as Enployen iMsk nnivenally as in England. Clubs and recreative inatitntions, intenat in ^e Momoted by the employers for the employed, are not prevalent. !Ifrtw^e!*° ™'* " "°* ""**' interest manifested by employers generally in the social condition of the people. This may be accounted for by the number of joint stock companies. Important cxperimcot tit Pullnun. I i : I I '■■ The important experiment made by Mr. Pullman, the famous nultvay-car builder, is worthy of special mention in this oonnectioa. . Pollman City is situated about nine miles from Chicago. Its population consists of tlie men, and their families, employed in the extensive works recently built by the Pullman Company. There are at present about 3/)00 bhabitants, but other works are in course of erection, and the population is inermsing. The town is the creation of the company, and is designed by one ardtitect. The whole scheme has been to surround the working classes with simple forms of beauty, cleanliness, and order, and with the influecoes that refine and elevate the mind and character. No spirituous liquors are sold within the town. This did not prevent some drinking in the o itlying districts when the people first came to take up 4heir abode , bat the maoager of the woru assured me that a marked chaotf) had takoi place under the influence of other attraetiims within the town. There is a theatre where amateur performances are given by the people, as well as by pro« fessbnal pdayers. The quality of the plays is under control of the autlMmtiet. In itself the theatre is a beautifnl spedmen oif decorative art, and is replete with every convenience. A hand- some and well stocked library and reading room is open at all hours. A market hall affordis an ample supply of provisions of exoellentquality ; besides which there are shops for wearine apparel, &c. A beautiful church offers oj^rtnnity for every crenomina- tion to carry on public worship at various times. The houses are well built, elegant and comfortable, but the rents are very high, varying from 8«. to 408. per week. The provision for open air games is excellent, with extennve cricket, base ball, and footlwll groimds, skittle alleys, frc Boatins on the small lake is weU provided tor. A splendid school buiraing for the accommodation of 500 Children in the several grades is specially wor^y of notice. The education is free, but provided for from tiie generM toxalioa, which is indnded in the rente. Gas and water are supplied to every faeuaehold. Large, livery stables and storehouses dhvd th^ TCspective accommodation. The streets are laid in hard gravel and lined with shade trees. Squares and comers are occupied with flowers and shrubs. There is no provision yet for a ni^t school or f«ir sdence teaching or drawing, but thrae fadlities are to be supplied. The works an replete wiUi every convwdenoe as respects sanitary arraogements and washing rooms for the men.. The working man's life under all these oonditiona is approaelttiig the idea]» m^tk oontinuoos employment leoored, and wages main- taiaed, diere ean be no doubt that tiiia noUe eflbrt to wevoto the labomrmg dasroa will be a permanent bcn«fit. It is at present: L nON: t avaiUble m ingtHntionfi, ot preT«Ient. B generally in iounted for hj a, the famous UB oonnectioa. Chicago. Its , employed in lan Company. ;l)er works are i. The town one ardiitect. g classes with and with the laraoter. No d not prevent >ple first came u assured me I infloenoe of heatre where ell as by pro- ler control of 1 spedmen 6£ ce. A hand- B open at all provisions of orinK apparel, iry denomina- he honses are re very high, for open air and football lake is weQ icommodation thy of notice. ;r^ taxalHHi, "0 supplied to housed affi>rd laid in hard oomeis are isiunyetfora hese fadlitieB ' convenience for the men, iroaohingthe wages roain- o MBvale the is at present; MR. MATHER*H llEPORT. 53 self-supporting, and the company receive in all about six per cent, for their total outlay on the town. There are other instances of a growing mterest in the working Other iuatanoes clsBseB, which haye come under my notice. Amongst them Messrs. {'nt^^Hf^ti,, Ghecney Brothers, silk manufacturem, of Hartford, Connecticut, oomibrt of have surrounded their workpeople with means of comfort and working enjoyment in a less degree, but showing a similar spirit. The °^""- Puite Glass Company of Crystal City, near St. Loub, have also provided similar means for the benefit of the operatives. From dose observation and inquiry I have ascertwned that the The Drink Bill, working classes in America are comparatively temperate, and seek their enjoyments from other sources than the public-houce. I aaked every employer 1 met his opinion on this point. One and all answered me, " We have no complaints to make of the drinking haMts of our people." Conndering the enormous influx of the poorest, and chieny very ignorant foreigners, there must be on element in the Eastern cities of some disoraer, but it is not apparent in the children of such people, who grow up in the public schools with the children of well-to-do American citism*. The total expenditure in intoxicating drinks is about 140,000,0002. a year. The cost of spirituous liquors and all drinks is about double the price of the same quantity in England. The comparinon of the " drink Inlls ** of the two countries will show largely in favour of America, with a population of more than 54 milEons. Another important &bt is the large smount of the deposits in Savings baoks the stivings banks. deposUs. These institutions are very numerous in America. About 4 per cent, interest is giv«D. Each account is Umited to 200/. The directors are permitted to trade ^nt\k the deposits within certain very rigid linuts. The treasurer of the largest manubcturing industiy in Lowell told me that the dqponts in the savings banu of that town have amounted at times to a sum equal to the total gross capital invtsted in M the manu&otories. ' . The taxable value of the "{dant" engaged ^ manufactures in Lowcdl is 3,600,000/., so that a like sum in savings bank deposits would represent much thrift and care up with them, and deaoliness. i» in the rolling scale and dirt, and the removal > the appearance oh ample means le neoiissaries friction metal in lieu of the old brasses and pedestals is also of advantage. This system is now being adopted m Europe. In the coal and iron districts there are at times disputes which lead to violence, but they are confined to the one question of wages. There is no opposition to pieoe-work and overtime^ nor to we payment of WM;es according to merit Union and non-union men seem to be empkyed at the same works without occasioning difficulties. With such mixed nationalities as those en|(aged in the iron and coal industries, concerted action on any pomt over the whole districts would be impossible. The trades unions have some stringent rules, but they are inoperative. Some of the larirest establishments have never had a strike. The managers told me that they paid their men according to their abilities and reco^^nised no other law. This of course has beeu in the case of a uniformly prosperous concern. In the outlying districts a sort of truck system is adopted for Track iyttem. the supply of food to the workpeople. So far as I could judge, there could be no reasonable objection to it. It seemed to be a matter of ocmvenience. I visited the large stores or shops at a works emplt^ng upwards of 3,000 men. Every article of food ami clothing was provided. I was assured that the lowest possible price was -1.1 — J !._ .1. ^ __i?x - i!-j rpjjg following items will M - lOd. per lb. - 12rf. - Ud. „ .3moitivM aremore tnaaerous than with us, and much greater care is taken to protect the driver and his fireman. Hie American 68 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHMICAL INSTRUCTION yi..!,. Marine MginM. OiTUonolf Ubow. looomotiTM from suoli woiks m thoM nbove-naroed may fairly be Mid to embody the prineiplea of •oientifio construction in every part, together with the higneat claM of workmnnship, apd ths best of materials. There are many diflScult conditions of service in Anerioa nut often found in Europe, particularly the imperfect permanent way which has only been improved in recent years on the bust main lines. The strength of a locomotive has had to be combined with flexibility to insure safety. As with all machinery manufactured lai;gely in duplicate, the uniformity of parts has received the closest attention in designing locomotives, so that the cost of repairs is minimised. The wei^t of an average passenger engine is 35 tons, and of a freight ensine 42 tons. As the cost of freight and transport over immense distances becomes of more serious consequence as the country is developed, the freight engine is likely to reoeive further attention, and probably 60-ton locomotives wiU be adopted. In no class of machinery have the Americans displayed more advan- tageously the principal of interohangeabilty ox parts than in the looomotave ei^nea. The leadiiw workshops are models of good order, dever administration, ana accurate methods of production, by the use of standard sauges, templets, &o* Labour saving machines are now Ojied for uus heavy class of maehineiv, as much as in the manufacture of firearms and sewiiw machines. The labour of the fitter is reduced to a fraction of the whole; skilled men are more reqiured at the tools than in the erecting shops. The tendency is to reverse the old order of things ; wlwreas formerly unsUlled men or labourers were employed as machine men and the skilled medumic did the fitting up, the machine man is now the skilled workman and the fitter has beoome of less value and importanee. In marine engines the Americans have had no practice to compare with ours^ Their river and lake steamers are propelled by enjpnes peei^r to the country and not likely to be adopted elsewhere. It is only in thst class of machinery which can be manufactured in laige quantities and for which there is a constant dc?>«nd that the Amerioans excel. Hence the tendency to the division of labour and the manufacture in one establishment of one artide. These are the oondi^ons under which the natural smartness and ingenuity of the pee[^ are displayed. In the smaller shops where a variety of things of diffurent classes ore made, the cost of production is exoesdve, and the quality of workmanship very poor. Under the latter conditions the characteristic American cannot long exist. His amlrition to produce large quantities, to make in duplraate, to design types of madiines which shall be as perfect as he can conodve as^ then employ labour-saving took to produce dieaply and ooostantly, leads urn to pursue one object. He has no patienoe to contend with any dsiss of work sucoessfiilly that will not admit of wholesale production. liMMM lUOTION : led may fairly be motion in every hip, apd the best in America not permanent way the buat main combined with iry manufactured lae reoeived the he cost of repairs 5 tons, and of a d tranaport over laequence a« the receive further be adopted. In yed more advan- arta than in the modela of good B of production. Labour saving uenrfMrnuohas I. The labour of ■killed men are ng ahope. The rhereas formerly •chine men and line man is now ' IcM value and no practice to re are propelled ' to be adopted >e manufactured at dcs««nd that ivision of labour article. Illiese H and ii^enuity where a variety f production is w. Under the not long exist, in duplGate, to feet as he can reduce obei^y t* He has no afiiUy that will MR. MATHBK'h report. 59 The prevailing characteristic in the industrial art* w ihat of very Inrse manufiictories each producing immense quantities of one article. In agrioultuml machinery no firm makes the whole series of machines ; the larseat are those devoted to renning, for the tilling of the ground in the vart wheat fields requires k. } work than the gathering of the cropv. The production of one establishment at uliioago is one thoueand reapers (t.e., machines used in rt:\ping) per week. Letter-press printinff maohinef> have furnished a congenial field for the peculiar American ingenuity. This olars of macninory has been developed to a high state of perfection, and splendid speci> mens of it are in use in our own country. Enonneers' and machinists' tools and wood-working machinery have likewise affbided ample scope for the abilities of the Americans. In this department they certainly excel, though they were not the pioneers in this field. Their progress is mainly due to the enormous demaiiJ, owing to the absolute necessity to economise labour. Tools of precision and almost mathematical accuracy have been introduced in the manufacture of the most commonplace articles. Such tools were first designed and used in England, but chiefly in the manufacture of high class machinery. Tne Americans hare shown that they ought to be universally adopted. In this direction the use and manufacture of machine tools has undoubtedly reached the highest development in America. The necessity of dealing with enormous auontities and masses of material has also furnished American mechanics with encourage- ment to devise appliances of wonderful utility. The grun-elevator, for the rapid disposal of grain, shows the resource and aptitude with which the Americans apply themselvcH to overcome difficulties peculiar to their conditions of life, and suitable for dealing with tne enormous products of their country. The saw mill:* i3so illustrate how successfully they have dealt with the necessity c£ furnishing a cheap building material ; trans- forming forests into log-huts and fVame-houses, which are the habitations of the peo|)le on the outskirts of large cities and throughout the rural districts. I have seen r. bugb forest tree drawn from the river which brought it to the mill^ and in 15 minutes it was converted into ooards and planks of equal length and uniform thickness nud stored in sheds for sale. These mills are worked day and night, illuminated by the electric light. , To the development of the stationary engine the Americans have contributed, notably, the " Corliss " improvements. In Europe the C!orliss engine and its modifiontions are as well ^^l'*^ known as in America. engmei*. The increased utilisation of the expansive force of high-pressure steam, by means of the ingenious cut-off valve-motion, invented by Corliss, and the construction ai a new style of engine-bed to ;.■„■'.' -a.ia!. ' . 60 ROYAL COMMISSION OK TBCHVICAL INSTRUCTION ; .^v. witlutMid the ludden aoiion of the it«Mn, funned • new depar- ture in die ttationwrj engine. The resulti gave rise to further improTementt in Europe m the Mune direction, which have led to the higheet attaionble eoonomy of eteam ' < the modem engine. I ei^oyed a lonf( interview wxth Mr. CorliM, whose modesty is quite equal to his intelligeiice. He wss a publio schou boy in a raral district of New Hamp- shire ; afterwards was employed in a store from 14 up to 3i6 yeara of sffe ; and had rever eot«red a machine shop until he was married. He nsd, however, built a bridge aoross the river of the village, and disj^vcl meohanioal abifities which eventnaU found th«r IMToper ontlet In the machinery for the textile industries Amerioa pUys little or no part. The limited extent of the demand may account for this, as there are at present only about 10,000,000 'oif spindles in the United States. The machinery used is krirsly English, though some firms in America have copied and reproduced it suceessf uUy under the proteotion of a high tariff. Some ideas, however, have originated, or have beoii for the first time practicallv applied in America, as, for instance, the ring-throstle spindle, which English makers have adopted and hugely applied. In the art of calico-printing and bleaching and dyeing there is no inqnrovement due to the Americans of any oonsequenoe. All thor machinery u a reproductiim, with slight modifications, of the English applisnoes. In foot, all the recent improvements, which have been made in consequence of the use of aniline and ttntiod colours, have been supplied to the American works from Engumd. All classes of machinery made in Amerioa for the textile industries are so costly, without having any Bpe<»al merit, that a reduction of the tariff, even of 25 per cent., would open the mariECt to EngBsh makers. The manufacture of engineers' files by machinery is almost universal in America. At least 80 per cent, of nil the files used ore cut by machines, whereas in England they are adopted only to an ineomrideraUe extent. I witnessed these operations, and critacally examined the files produced. Thev sre equal to the best hand-out files of our own country, lliis development is directly due to the high price of labour. Wood^-screw manuhicturing by maobinery is a large industry, but doee not excel umilar work m Birmingham. In steam and water fittings, such as valves, tws, gauges, wrought- iron piping and its mode of oouplmg, the hwhest excellence is dispbyra. This industry has formed a large Mid for production in wholesale quantities of dnplicated articles, and, consequently, machine toob nave been specially dengned whkdi enid>le tiie work- manship to be made perfect. Leaky joints are rare, owing to the facility of coupling by the accurate fitting of metal to meSoL The bends, elbows, tee-pieces, &o., for wrought-inm piping, are all of oast-irs can escape, and tne excellent workman- smp in the joints of the piping (which is only one inch in diameter) also prevents any dropping of water. The sinall valve is ingeniously oonslruoted, so that a relatively low temperature, say 130° Fahren* heit, mehs a funble metal rin^ pUoed on an exposed part of the valve. The softening of this metal by the heat of the fire causes the pressure of the water to overcome the resistance in the valve, and an aperture of one half-an'inoh bore is opened up by automatic action. The water is broken up by a spray-distributor which it strikes, and a copious sho^ver of rain fitlls on to the floor after first strildng the culing. Thus any fire occurring in a building causes one or other of these extinguishers to operate in a minute after it commences, and is immediately extinguished without much damage being done by water. An electric bell is J also sounded when the extinguisher acts* to call attention. The insurance companies in Boston have recognised this system as so eflfeotive that they insure mills at a lower rate when furnished with such appliances (although the mill be not firoproof) than fire- DTOot mills without these extinguishers. The Boston Manufacturers' •Mutual fire Insurance Oompany have issued specifications for milUbuildings, which they recommend above all other construc- tion, showing wooden beams and floors throughout, in preference to the expensive firoproofing now so general in English mills and mannfitetories. This system of extinguishinff is adopted in about 500 bmldings, and is being rapidly extended. No new mills are built fireproof. The economy in outlay of capital is of great importance. The universal adoption of " lifts " or " elevators " in old and new buUdinss alike, in all the American cities, deserves more attention in Engwnd. The highest rooms in a block of office buildings obtain the same rent as the lower ones, by the sim^e convenience of the elevator. Such contrivances are an illustration of the appli> cadon of mechanical science in effecting the economy of time ; of saving tedious efl!ort in ascending stain, and also-in enhancing the of property. A very large industry which attracted my attention is that of cast-iron stove making. The use of stoves seems to be ^neral, and they are made in every variety of design and principle by thousands a year. The foundry work is admirably executed and machine moulding is largdy employed. Foundry work generally is greatly aecelerated by moulding machines, wherever duplicate castings in hunve quantity are required. I was impressed with the activity and skUl of the ordinary moulder on the floor. Much of the rapid production by the mouldeni in America is due to the excellent accommodation provided in this department in the best ■MS B KF 6S ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION: MUblithmenU. The light is excellent, the shop i» bright nail cheerful Much oftre is tskeu to remove obstnoies nnd riihbii4h, so M to render the workman's occupation as pleauaat as i>08sible. The application of the electric light, both in the arc und incan- descent form is rapidly extending. The Brush system for the former and the Edison system fur the latter are generally pre- ferred. New York has many public squares and railway stations lighted most brillinntly. The City of Denver, in Colorado, it entirely lighted by the arc light, with excellent eilbct. Many ■mall towns ore adopting the Ediion system throughout, for streeto and housea All the conditions necessary to successful electric lighting, are especially favourable in America. My observation leads me to the opinion that generally there is greater consideration shown for the comfort of workpeople, whiUt at work, than prevails in England. This accounts to some extent for the alacritv and oheerfulnese, and also for the intense activity displayed by the operatives in almost all industrial establishments. The foremen have told mc that there is no occasion to upbraid tho Ameriei^i-born workmen, as a rule, for idlenes<>. Each man seems to work ns if he intended to get on fust to something better. The uiutable character oi' the men in this respect is somewhat of a trouble to employerct. A superior man selaora remains Ions at one occupation, but is always looking out for something higher, whether in his own line of training or not. The woges in America range from 6«. per day for unskilled labour to 10«. for the ordiiutry meohanic, or the ordinary skilled worlunan. in any bmnch of tite mechanical industry. Boys are paid what they are worth, the apprentice system having ceased to exist generally. The hours of labour ore 60 per week, un< doubtedly too long. All food consumed by working people is somewhat lower in price than with us, (but yet far too high in a country capable of yielding so much), and the quality in flesh meat, at the price, is better. House rent all round is double that of England, whatever the clasd of accommodation. One of the greatest wlvnntages the energetic American weut employments 1 school education e generally quite Hence they find as readily as the with the o^er rassment. They [Kwitiun of iade- rurably with the Mil. MATIIKRH RKPORT. es " There exi«t iiMociutiuns in the large cities oalleii " Fresh Air Vn»U nir Societies," working in connection with the public schools in the ■o«i«'l<"< poorest dislriote. The object in to make the holidnyH of the children butli instructive and delightful. On the Saturdays huge companies of children from the primary schools are conveyed to the public park!>, where the whole day is spent utuler tho tiirection of two or more ladies in walking, playing games, picnioing, and xinging. (All public parks hiive special appliance.1 and nrrange- ipenls for the recreation and enjoyment of children.) The trim- cars afford cheap and safe means of conveyance, and no expense is entailed upon the parents but to provide plain aiul clean olotning. During the Midsummer holidays the "Fresh Air Societies" extena their oi)eriitions to taking out companies of these poor children to the country for a week or a fortnight at a time, foi the benefit of their health, and to enjoy the beauties of nature. The farmers often receive one or two children into their families without payment, when the Association gives an assurance that there is no uilmcnt but poverty and deiionte constitution. Th<. steam-boat and railway companies canvey child, en without charge^ and many gifts are bestowed by the sjmpath;*' ig pablio in some form or otiier to aid the ladira who voluntArily ur Jertak ' this work. The organization is simple, owing to the co-operation of the toachei-s in the public schools, who furnish the names :f those scholars most in need of the benefit of fresh air nnd the kindly assistance of the societies in clothing, &c. By means of these acsooiations hundreds of children are rendered happy and healthful, their tastes are refined, nnd the idct • ( the beautiful in nature and in life is imparted to them simir^y through the devotion and personal care of a few noble-minded women in each city. In England such institutions would be of incalculable benefit, working through our School Board officers, and thousands of our wretched children might feel something of sweetnt'Ss and light in life, where all is now want, dirt, and disense. The indurect influences on the school life are most vuiiiuble, for the children associate their happiest hours with their lohools and teachers. It is one of the most pleasing tnuts of American character that the. education of children is surrounded with pro- visions for their comfort, healthiness, and enjoyment, in a variety of schemes in which tho public take great interest. I have not seen children in any country in Europf^. amongst the poorest classes, excepting where Kindergarten pre^nl' so joyous and so well earehea teachers for the public schools and the schools of secondary education. Tlie main cause of the Isventiveness and skill has-been neeeurify, and the general aptitude to acquire knowledge by virtue of the start given to every boy and girl in the public school. The innumerable examples also on every hand of men having grown rich b^ working at the resources of a new country, have nred the ambition of all to do likewise. *' What man has done, ** man can do," is a profound iielief of the American 3«outh. In the progress of the future, however, the mstitutions I have descnbed will play a very important part. Their necessity is dhown by the great demand for those young men who nave benefited by their training. In the recent past their influence has been felt and may be traced. I am profoundly convinced of the necearity for the estubUshment of such technological schools, as the Boston School of Technoloffv and^ the Stevens Institute, Ac. in the centres of mechanical industry in England, where manual trabinff may go hand in hand with theoretical science. This exaaipM we ought to feUow wilkont dday. Further, we may take a warning from America. Our natim book9» whi<£ ned and r^eated for boys or girls heir own living. i recently beefe t a movemeirt is tionin the public ion of the school oting tastes for MK. MATHER'S REPORT. 05 industrial occupations based upon a knowledge of the natural sdenoee. The evil, of which I heard many complaints, arising out of the desire to make a display in literary subjects, appears to be one of coniparatively recent growth. It may be to some extent due to the general prosperity of the country since the civil war, and the consequent love of luxury, ease, and external accomplishments. I should like to call attention to a custom in connection with the Colleges and Universities of America, which seemed to me to par- tially account for the munificent contributions which are ocmstantly made to these funds. Each year a " dasa day "is celebrated^ on which the graduating students are congratulated and done honour to by the under-graduates in a variety of demonstrative performances. On such occasions the gradates of past years are invited, and thus a large gathering of the Alumni is formed each year at the respective c^leges. All ages may be seen at such meetings. The classes of bygone years diminish in number as time roUs on, but the interest of the survivors in the " Alma mater" never ceaseis. The annual gathering renews old ties, inspires fresh interest in the work of the college, and invariably lead> to lar^e contributions as thank-offerinj^s for an early education which may have led to success in life. Speeches are made by the various past classes, and great pride is evimsed in the successes of the present. I attended several of these " daes days," and witnessed the good effects of keeping up more than a mere nominal C(mnection on the part of past-graduates with the respective colleges whence they made their start in life. I have not thought it appropriate to the object of m^ mission to record in this report my observations of those things in which we are superior to tne Americans. The object of travelling in other countries for the benefit of those at home is to learn, and not to condemn. It should be a matter for mutual congratulation, that nn English-speakinff people, bearing names which arc household words in the old countrv, holds possession of tbe riohest portion of the worid, and that au its institutions are tendink like our own to a Higher civilisation for the benefit of all mankind. In conclusion, I am led to remark that aU the protected indus- The effect of tries of America show the fallacy of the principle or expedient protection on on which they have been built up. Wages are abnormally high, "* '^"*"^- and rents, clotUw, and even food, correapondingly deaf. Internal competition is rapidly increasing, owmg to the enormous capital invested by speouktors and capitalists^ in mannfaetures that are not complicated and intricate ; bnt which paid high profits when > the supply was below the donand. Under the reverse oonditionsJ now prevailing, the benefit of protection to the privileged few i0 ' disappeariiffi, wlnle tiie art^cml state of things produced ^by sub^sed mdnstry is creating grave difficulties between capital and labocff. The remedy wm be slow, but a reduction of tariffs is inevitable, and is now generally discussed among all parties. L L 2 >i j^ 66 BOYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION : If industrial trainbg, however, is adopted throughout the tiountry, Iks onpital and Inbour of the future will find profitable employment without protection in the vast regions now opened up by the railways in all directions. The true source of wealth, iu the resources of nature, may be drawn upon to supply all the comforts and necessaries of life at ereatly reduced prices, so that the purchasing power of wages will do increased. When A.m3rica abandons the shadow for the substance, her national wealth and prosperity must be augmented, while her industries wiil develop upon the solid and sure foundation of freedom in trade as in political institutions. It is to meet her under such conditions in friendly rivalry and competition that we must prepare ourselves. I gbdly acknowledge, in submitting to you this section of my report, my deep obligations to the Education Department at Washington, whose Chief, General Eaton, the Commissioner of Education, has given me every possible assistance, also to Her Majesty's Minister at Washington, the Hon. Mr. Sockville West, through whom I obtained valuable introductions, and to Colonel Shaw the United States Consul at Manchester. To Mr. J. S. Ckrk of Boston, the Hon. John Welch of Philadelphia, to Mr. Steele of tlie same city, and Dr. Woodward of St. Louis ; to many principals of colleges, superintendents of education in the various cities, and the proprietors and managers of many industrial establit>hments, my thanks are especially due. The general sympathy and deejp interest maiufested in my inquiries by a large circle of public men, ond the excliange of views with them largely added to my knowledge, and, taken in conjunction with th6 hospitality and personid courtesy shown to all Englishmen who travel for informa- tion, convinced me that America and England are indissolubly united in promoting the advancement cf the Anglo-Saxon race. CANADA. Canada. The Dominion of Canada, having but a sparse population of four millions spread over a large area, and only recently settled oh its present basis of government, does not offer a wide field of inquiry into technics education. Elementary and secondary education has, however, occupied the attention of the provincial Irfwislatures very earnestly iu recent years. Cities viiiited. I visited the cities of Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto, colleoting what information they afforded in their schools and colleges in the direction of technical instruction. The public school system follows similar lines to those of the United Siates. There is no distinctive feature in tiie High and Upper Bohods, excepting in the teaching of the household arts, sewing, cooking, and nousekee{nng, which, though optional, is provided, forming a branch of industrial training which the sohools cf the States do not include. The Hish and Upper sohools are not equal to those of the United States inlhe teacmng of drawing and elementary sciences. Fablic school system. 'lOK Mil. MATBEHS REPORT. 67 roughout the ind profitable now opened ce of wealth, lupply all the )rice8, 80 that rhen A.roorica al wealth and } will develop [ trade aa in conditions in ■e ourselves. Bection of my department at nmissioner of also to Her ickville West, id to Colonel kfr.J.aClark Mr. Steele of any principals ous cities, and stabli^hments, thy and deejp X)le of public added to my ospitality and )1 for informa- ■e indisBolubly Saxon race. population of atly settled oh wide field of ind secondary the provincial , imd Toronto, ir schooli and > those of the tiie High and ousehold arte, ;h optional, is ioh the schools schools are not »f drawing and The public schools are supported by a direct tax in the count ios and municipalities. The presence of French Canadians in such large numbora, chiefly Roman Catholic, complicates the question of national education, invh;...vich as there are separate school boards for the Protestant anu Koman Catholic populations. The taxes can be paid to the account of either school board. The superintendent of the Protestant public schools in Montreal says this separation of control and interest interferes seriously with eduQfitional proeross, and adds to the expense. In the provmce of Ontario the difficulty is less felt. The population consists chiefly of Protestants, and in this province the greatest enterprise is displayed in educational as in oommercinl development. Special attention has been given during the last few years to improving the system of eenend education under a minister of pabiio instruction, with the result of developing a system absolutely free, for the elementtiry stage, and practically so for the higher grades. The subject of technical education in its limited sense, namely the teaching of the natural sciences as applied to the mechanic arts, lias for many years received much attention and consider- able help at the hands of the education department. Direct State ud in the form of a fixed grant per annum has been aflbrded to Mechanics' institutes having day and evening classes. The legis- lative grant amounts to about 80/. per annum for each school. In addition to thL a municipal grant is in many towns bestowed on the Mechanics' Institute ; the total income, however, from the.'e sources does not exceed in any case 100/. per annum. There are now about 80 institutes receiving this aid. In return for such help the managers are to provide instruction in drawing — freehand, geometrical, mechanical, architectural, and design ; natural philo- sophy, applied mechanics, pneumatics and hydrostatics, chemistry apphed to manufacture, mm agriculture. At least three evening in the week are to be devoted to these subjects' fox nme week«i in theyear in those institutes conducting evening claMes. The students fees are from 4«. to 16<. per session, the larger number at the lower figure. These institutions are under the public school inspector, who hasrto certify the correctness of the treasurer's accounts. The totol amount grantkl in 1882 was about 4fiOOL Thirty-seven institutes conducted evening classes, having 2,639 pupils with a legislative grant of about 900/. The population of theprovince of Ontario is nearly two millions. Tjut most important institution in Canada giving instruction in the direction of technical training i* the school of practical sdence attached to the University College of Toronto, it is similar in character to the Sheffield Science School connected with Yale Cdl^ in tlie United States. In 1877 the Legislative Assembly sanctioned the establishinent of a school of practical sdence. A new biuldins; was ecected adjacent to the University College providing suitable accommo- ($epanit«Mliool boarcUfor Catholiea and l>rot«rtantt. Itad retult of uparationor Mliool boards. Fopdation of (fntario ehiefl t Protestant. Technieal edaeatkm. Conneof instroetioiu JpOM* Fopolation of Ootario. UniTarsity College of Toronto. School of practical scienco. 08 ItOYAL COMMINSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION: C6CB> datioD for ohemioal, assaying, and physical laboratories, lecture rooms, class rooms, drawing rooms, &c. The object of this school is to teach engineering, assaying, and oiining geology, analytical and applied chemistry. There are no machine shops or toon for experimental training, but as the instruction is intended to be of a practical character, tKa absence of suitable appliances has to be in some degree compensated fur by lengthened vbits to mines and machine shops during the summer vacation. Special attention is given to civil engineering and land surveying, as the demand for the graduates of this school in this branoh is increasing year by year. With a view to the instruction of artizans and workmen gene- rally, a course of evening lectures is given in the winter months, for teaching the applira sciences. Theee lectures have been evidently appreciated by the working classes. ' The roes tor the regular students in the science school are as follows : — For the 1st session „ 2nd „ » 3rd ., £ 6 8 10 Ontario School of Art. Evening cl«s.«ps. reaching stoff. Hie teaching staflP of this science school comprises the names of eminent men. I was informed by Dr. Ramsay Wright, in the absence of the principal, concerning all the details of this iastitu- tion, which promises to become on excellent technological school when the appliances for industrial training are supplied. The Ontario School of Art in Toronto is an institution built and supported by the Legislature of the Province for the pur- pose of imparting speciu instruction, embracing subjects in sdence and art teaching, suitable to mechanics and bearing on their employments. It is also a normal school for drawing, with the expectation that young women may find in this direction fitting employment There are evening classes adapted to working men. The premises are contiguous to the Education Department buildings and the museum ci£ Toronto. The advantages of the latter are afforded to the students. * This excellent school is the commencement of an institution similar in objects and appliances to our South Kensington Museum. Although in its infancy, the instruotioi) given is evidentiy valued by the various trades of the city. Out of 121 students last year one half were engaged in trades and manufac- tures, the remainder were studying as teachers. The instruction is confined to drawing in every branch, and dengning. The Secretnnr to the Education Department con- ducted me over this institution. I was particularly struck with the manifest relation between the work done in this school and industrial pursuits. The fees for day students are 24#. per term. „ evening students, 12«. „ Comprising 36 lessons. Seheme of intructioB. V«M. >10M: ories. lecture of this school lYt Malvtioal or toon for led to be of a hiis to be in to minet and nd surveying, lis branoh m srkmen gene- inter months, 19 have been school are as £ 6 8 10 the names of rright, in the if this institu- logical school stitution built for the pnr- ; subjects in nd bearing on le expectation employment^ ' o. n Department mtages of the # an institution h Kensington stioq given is . Out of 121 and manufaC' 7 branch, and Kartment con- / struck mth liis school and eru. Course of ■tadjr. MB. MATHERS BEPORTi 99 It is evident that the Education Department of Toronto is No tttem;)t to fully aware of the importance of devoting a larser portion of tesch manual time in the High and Upper sohnok to tlw teachmg of applied ^*'''^"*<'- •oience. Hitherto no attempt has beoi made, so far as I conld leam, to introduce manual tnuning in any schod or institution in the country. The Bubiect, however, is being much discussed. It is likely to take form by the introduction of kindergarten occupations in the public sohook, as recommended by a special inspector, who reported very favourably on the kindergarten of St. Louis. I am unable to report anything of importance in the direction of technical instruction from other cities in Canada. Montreal possesses the MoGill College and University presided MeOiii College, over by the eminent scholar and geologist Dr. Dawson. Montreal. In the department of applied science instruction is given to students who are preparing to enter into the profession of civil engineering and surveying, and the arts into which chemistry lai^^oly enters. There are four distinct branches of study — Civil engineering and surveying. Mechanical engineering. Mining ensineering. Practical chemistry. In each there is an ordinary, and an advanced course. In this collide the instruction in mining engineering is much assisted by a museum of fine geological specimens and ores. In civil and mechanical engineering an efficient staff of pro- fessors endeavour to make their teaching practical rather than theoretical, but they labour under great disadvantages in not possessing suitable apparatus and premises to illustrate experi- mentally. The fees are 10/. per session for civil, mechanical, and mining Fees, encnneering. In chemistry the fees are 12/. There is no provision for evening students. No evening This institution only requires a further expenditure of an "***^''^- inconsiderable amount to constitute an excellent technical school. Quebec possesses in the Laval University, a sectarian institu- l^'248- 0,248-1 422,688/ 856,912 J 160 5,716,914 660,484 White:— Illiterates. Enumerated. Natives, ten years of age ^^ ,-— ^ and upwards • • 26,786,789 Foreign bom ditto - 6,374,611 Totia. 6,276]^3P8 Cannot write. Per cent. 2,266,460 763,620 32,160,400 3,019,080 Coloured : — Ten years of age and npwinls . . .4,601,207 3,220,878 8-7 12-0 9-4 70-0 msmmm 7« ROYAL COMMISSION OH TECHNICAL INHTBUCTION: B. ScmtUE or Lnbtbuction im Dbawiko im tub Public Schools or tub On\ or St. liOVia, Muiouri. 1883-1884. The Btady of drawing U obligatorv on all papils in the pnblio aohoola below the High Mhool. In the High lohool it ia optional. (General plan of instraotion: Ideas of form, solids and surfaces, received from geometric solids and familiar objects by seeing and handling; dereloped by thought, generated through sense perceptions ; ezpreaaed by drawing on slate, paper, and blackboard, and by language. Geometry the basis. Application of these results in primary grammar and high schools, in the stnay of—). The flMts of form, leadmg to construction. 2. The appearance of forms, leading to pictorial representation. 3. The orna* mentation of forms, leading to decoration. Primary schools— Three years : The primary work leads to the deTelop' ment of the ideas of form through the senses, the expression of ideas of form by drawing, the cultivation of good language, and the training of the hand in manual Akill as a foundation for fhtnre work. Orammar schools— Five years : The grammar work leads to educational and practical study in the three general snlgeots of drawing, vii., con- strnouTe drawing as applied to the constmctive arts, representative drawing as applied to pictorial representation, decorative drawing as appUea to industrial design. High school — Four years : Not yet developed, but looking for a farther enluvement of the Orammar*sohool work m its scientific, SBsthetic, and practical relations. Primary work— First year : Form lessons from geometric solids, as the B|diere, cube, cylinder, square prism, square pyramid, triangnlar prism, and cone. Pupils handle and feel the blocks ; they describe them as to their sturfaees, edges, angles, and resulting shapes. Thus they learn language and arrive at a knowledge of things through touch as well as sigut. From these solids are derived the pUme, curved, and straight line geometric figures, which the class cut in paper or lay with sticks and shoe pegs. Finally these are drr^m on the slate and blackboard. Other ezer- oises in drawing considt in the division of these plane figures, the making of simple repeats within them, and in drawing representations in the^ length and breadth of simple objects based on them. For skill in exe- cution the class ar«> naught — 1. to seat themselves; 2. to hold pencils; 3. to make movements; 4. to place points; 5. to draw contmnously without stopping, drill exerdse ; 6. to touch lightly ; 7. not to erase ; 8. to strengthen colour of line. Elaborate drawing or picture making is not permitted, the thought being to create a pure taste, to give definite training, and to put pupils in possession of habits that will assist their fbture development. All work freehand. Age of children, 6-8 years. Primary school work— Second year : To review on paper the work of the first year, learning the use of lead pencil and rubbw, the obiect being to acquire the use of these new tools. All work freehand. Age of children, 7-10 years. Primary work— Third year : The drawing of the pentagon and hexagon with ornamental arrangements in same, the priadpleB of ou ustru etion underlying pottery forms having one curved surface, and the representing of them in their length and breadth, the represaitation of suon Ihmiliar objects as the school ImU, coal bucket, dustpan, Ac, in their length and br«adth only; original design, using geometric uiuts, for horiBoatal repetition, for ver ti c ri repetttnm, ana to cover surface. All work free- hand. Ageof children, 9^11 years. Grammar work— Fourth year :— The dra>wing of the octagon and apiral ; the Btnc^ of oonstmetion in its relation to " working dnwings " ; tiie ON: ' THE Orrv or ablio Mhools MM, reoeiTed bandline ; expreMed by Oeomatry the high sohook, tion. 2. The 8. The onu. the deTelop- a of ideM of e tnuning of ednoational ng, rii., con- repreMntKtive ) drawing m for a ftxrther Bathetic, and ■ob'ds, as the ngnlar prinn, « them as to la they learn oh as well as straight line ioks and shoe Other ezer- B, the making ions in the\r skill in exe-, hold pencils t oontinnonsly lot to erase; re making is give definite t will assist children, 6-8 the work of ) object being [e of children, and hem^ion . ouuslruotion representing saeli flnniliar r length and >r horiBontal 11 work free- m and spiral ; wings"; the APPENDIX TO MH. MATlIKnS REPORT. 78 sphere, mbe, cylinder, square prism, cone, and square pvramid treated tnos; two Views only reqnired, the flront view and eitner the top or bottom riew; representation of familiar objects in their length and breadth oontinaea ; original ornamental arrangements continued ; Uie couTontioaaliiation of natural leaf forms, and the stody of same begun. All work fkreehand. Age of pupils, 10-12 years. Orammar work— Fifth year :—Oonitmot{on continued in the study of working (bawings ; three riews, the ttoat, the top or bottom, and an ond riew; rndden lines; foreshortened lines; representation of the appear- ance of objects in their three dimensions begun ; the perspectire or the circle, the sphere, oone, cylinder, and circular plinth, standing rertically on their base, with eaisy forms baiwd on them, as the apple, pear, orange, EQtato, a tambler, Ac; original ornamental arrangements continued; alf tint, Age of pupils, 11-18 years. Grammar work — Sixth year : — Construction continued ; working draw- ings ; derelopment of surflioes ; sections ; representation of the appear- ance of rectangular solids when standing upright, (a) when direcUy in firont of the eye, (b) when tnmed slightly away; the perspectiTe of sta«ight lines ; the cube, square prism, square plinth, an oblong box, a table, fto. treated thus : — Ornamental original arranoements with geometric, conventional, and historic units continued, and the drawing of natural leares. All work freehand. Age of pupils, 12-14 years. Qrammar work — SsTenth year : — Oonstraotion ; working drawings oontinued; oblique yiews and sections ; representation of the appearance of rectangular and cylindrical geometric solids, when lying obliquely below the vye and turned away, with applications to objects based on them ; grouping ; original design continuea ; the study of plane geometry with instructions begun. Work both fVeehand and with instmments. Age of pupils, 12-15 y«Mni. Orammsr work— Eighth year: — Oonstruotion ; working drawings of details of machinery and building constmction ; shadow unes ; represent tation of tiie rapearance of both rectanoular and cylindrical objects when viewed obliquely and tipped both singly and in groups ; original design continued with simple applications to the industries ; the study of plane geopietry with instruments continued. 0. QaA]*T or Pcsuc Lands fob Aosictti.t(ikai. aks KanmuncAi GOLUOBS. The wnokt to all the States for agricultural and mechanical colleges by Aot (rf Jnty 2, 1862, tad its supplements, of 80,000 acres fur eaoh repre- sentative and senator in Congress to which the State was entitled, of land " in plaiM," where the State contained a sufficient quantity of pnbUc land, subject to sale at ordinary private entry at the nte of 6$. per acre, and of Bcnp representing an equal number of acres where the State did not con- tain sum description of land, the scrip to be sold by the State and located by its assignees on any such land in other States and territories, snbjeM tb certain |reSrioti«ns. Land in place, 1,770,000 acres ; kud scrip, 7,890,000 acres ; total 9,6(10,000 acres. Li all 78,659,489 acres tor educational purposes under the heads above set out (via., public or commr- ciohools, seminaries, or universitieB and agricultural and mechanical colleges) up to June 30, 1880. The lands thuk oeded io the several states were disposM of or are held for disposition, and the proceeds used as permanent endowment for oommon Bohool, ftand. As an illustration, the State of Ohio has a per- mammiftieBdownientfor edooatioa, called " tiie irredQciblaStata ddit," the result of tale of all granted lands for education, of 867,9481. 14*. 9d. BSHDHH 74 ROYAL COMMISSION ON TKCUNICAL INHTIIUCTION D. Schools or SoimoB (Miximo, ENoiiieMiiin, AoBicnLTumB, Ac), Erdowiu wrra THB National Laxo Obamt for 1880. I Htttte. i. Alabanui ArkaiuM aaifonii* Colomdo ConiMctlrat Detowara Florid* • GcorgiA IlUnoia • low* Kmtaekjr Lonisiuu Ifaiiie U*M*diuMtto XiobisM HlniMMt* HiMliivpl 11 16 M S ts s SI 15 11 a If u ts 8 as M 17 H IS 4S0 416 n7 S7 MUnouri • Nebruka Nevada New Hanip«lilre New Jeraey • New York • North CarDllim Ohio Oregon Peun«]rlvania Rhode Idand South Carolina TemwMee Texas Vermont Vimini* . Weat Tir«inU Wiaeoiitin 17 14 1 IS IS M 7 SO 4 IS 17 10 3 t 8S sa 44 41 SS4 14 181 SO m m so 154 Iti 15 4SS 84* SS 7SI 7,sn 4« S4 S3 is E. Thb PorDiAnoH amo Oocupatioms im Statu and TBRBiroMBi. and Tarritoriea. Popu- lation. culture. 1S« iaHlonal and FMMMl Serrioea. 1JSS.S0S S80.S80 7^1 40^440 «4SB MIO SOS^MS mjM 88,480 804^004 nj«9 181,485 lMt8S7 wm 14,813 sn,7oo *tm BMSS issjn 18,088 14,018 14M08 17388 17,018 177««M M64 9W6 S8g^4»8 58,781 17,913 and Tnuif- portation. inium^ fhetaving, Ma- ohanieal and Mining. Pnblie Sehoolib BlaataB- tanrand Vniver- titieaand Ogkjpaa r^pooriad to Oanaua *Ariaon* AAanaaa CaUfbrni* • Colondo Conneetieut • *IMH)ta • Delaware *IM8trietolOriiimW* Tlorid* 18,968 3,168 04tt» 57,801 16,4ia t»jm 8,110 4)987 0,848 0,448 11,808 4380' 7,874 101 11,888 8,7«8 118318 8,448 47,408 814 110301 8301 OiIOl 608 14,148 810 18387 4U 8k4Se USB 4 13 8 3 1 5 3 ION: !0.). Emdowid i ^1 ii ^1 i i' 17 •US ^ U ID — 1 a M IS 44 — IS « - M IS* IS 7 14 - 10 101 84 4 SO — IS lU 13 17 S47 — 10 SO - 3 t 154 Y«4 — 15 S SS 4M — S« — SS SS IS TSS 7^, MS 8.5M TOKIBI. Pnblie Bhoola, tomwi- HtKn. Vnivep- BorMu. 4«I8' 101 - S,7«8 a;i«e 13 su 8,801 soa — S19 4U 1435 3 APPENDIX Ttt Ult. MATHERS RKPOHT. 75 StatM itiMl TorritoriM. Popii- latum. Bnmitrd InAfri' onltiirr. fcMidllKl and Pi«oni»l SprviceB. Knjcascd Infrade and TrBBd- portsllnn. InManu- hiotnrlng. Me- chanical and Mlnimr. Piibllv fiehool. HeuMi- Vnlver fitiea and OoliaiieN roportod to Ceniu:* Bui>MU. Owrdia 1.644,190 481801 104,880 86,888 86.187 8300 1 7 •I.Ulio 8t,M0 S3B8 .1.M1 1387 6.888 188 - Illinoi* 3fin,vn 480,871 180,467 188.378 805,570 18,808 2H Indiana 1,1)87,101 331,840 137381 86,488 110,187 11388 1 14 Iowa • ],U24,AI5 30SM7 :'*.M/M 50378 eo,»4i 18380 18 Knn)Hi« 00 Femalea • - 84.6S838S 584310 1381,808 80364 031388 — — , * Terrltoiie*. T16.( )00ofthe« t Mhools m reforooloi iredchildK m. ROYAL COMMISSION OK TEt'HXICAL IN8TBUCTI0N : or kilt wboU popnktloa of Slates kod Territorlei there wer; : Nattte. 48.476.840 1 Foreign. 6.«79,M8. or theee 43.402>70 were wbite { «.6eo.793 coloaret> C! .AOi.>i. 105.46«; JapHieae, 148 1 Indiuw, 66,4<)7. t»t7,lB7 >fl,078 86,877 v.njm 411,930 Mkif. ^w^ta8 S,4«8,868 1,871171 «,»783«l if,IM0,in 18(0 59. Female. 80 Mill over. Male. 4S5,oeo I,»S,1MI 8«,S«I 577.1II7 t,tKi,1U 802,988 188.416 5ie,»M 130,808 a83,6M Fauialii. tt,7t» 3*X7,US 13D,aM «,7« l,lkM 7,«0l { tS3,6M 70,«7!» [alM, 518,788 ; apatioDB. All {fenenl judg- as engaged in Britteb mrrlos. OtlMr Oountriw. 78,486 90,614 lOMW 109,818 139^8 6l,m 140^ sn,iw 4a«b4fO that no child or factory, Imt [iroTidiDg thej iover 14 years lich obtanu in Jly in keeping State is toere r week. F. Rs^uumnmi or Toviie Mix nvKBiifo thi Aitoiia BfACHim Bnon vkdib III8TKOCTIOX8. l8t. Not IcM than 18 yean of age. 2nd. The applicant mnat be of good phyiioal health and derelopment. 3rd. Moat be a graduate of lonie college, inatitute, or technical lohGoI of good atanding, and produce ftvm aaoh ioetitate certlflcatea atating that he ii aach, and that he wai proficient in the branches named in the onrrionlam. 4th. It ihoald be nnderatood that it ii the intention of the applicant tu •erre his tuM term of four yean, and thereafter remain a reaaonable length of time with the company, provided the company wishoe to retain bii lervicea. This, howeTor, is not to be binding upon the applicant, but it is intended to corer oaaeo where applications are made for a short term, it being deemed a disadvantage to give instruction which will not result in ultimate good to the company. 6th. The necessity for some anderstandina before the applicant is taken into the shops is apparent, it being known that the policy of the company is to raise up in its own service young men to fiU the varied positions which the railroad management requires. Toung men sboulu not be tdien into its senrice without a reasonable aaanranoe that when developed in age and experience they may be advanced with safety. 6th. Toung men entering the shops should not do- so with the feeling that it is a school esti^ished for Msir benafit, but rather that it is a business arrangement; and that the Pennsylvania BailrotMl Company have adopted tma qrstem as a means of securing an unbroken BQCcession of officers, and managing its road economically. liVRiB nox SniAxox Moabux. IHua Sn, Stratford, Yermont, October 20, 1888. Yous favour of the 18th instant asking for my " opinion concerning the work done by the various colleges under the iuot of 1892 " has been received. My answer will be brief, as other present engagements demand all my time. Nearly all these colleges are doing excellent work and growina better every year. Tba/t is the assurance given to me by those most ' innmately connected with them. 1. They are Aimlshing a more satisfactory supply of better equifqwd taachers of normal and common schools, and this where most needed. 8. Th^ giv* muoh attention to the so>called praetical soieneas, and enable young men therebv to at once obtain remunerative eraploymenta in busiiiess and industrisl enterprises, such as railroads, manufactures, mining, navigation, &c. 3. Mwe of those intending to become farmers, who resort to these oeUegea, actually do so, than m those attending purely literary institutions, because of the prominence given to agriciutaral ohmnistry, veterinary sdenoe, Ac. 4. They are less expensive than the old literary institutions, and open the door to many heretofore excluded (h>m all liberal culture. 6. Mai^ of them teach thoroughly and have a corps of professors oompeteiu to teach all braaches of the classics. 6. In many of them the exeroise of two or three hours a week in military discipline has proved very beneficial. ■MMnMaUlt*'' 78 ROYAL COMMIit.SIOK ON TECHNICAL IKSTBUCTION : j^7. Thoy have -'forked well in States distant from our foremost and richest institations, almost imiformly, or where they are not over- sba iowed. And in the bra:?ohe8, where ezclnsively devoted to scienoe or to technology, as in New Htwen and Boston, they have done excellent work, for tue reason that in C'^nnecticnt and Massachnsetts the majority of their pe3ple find that kind of training the most usefal. f- Mnc-h more conld bo said, but perhaps I have sufficiently indicated my opinion of the colleges, and I am Very respeotfolly yours, Mr. William Mather, Boston, Mass. (Signed) Jvsnrt S. Mobbul. H. LSTTEB VROH PBOFEflaOB TbOWBBIDOE. School of Mines, Columbia College, Corner 49th Street and 4th Avenue, Deau Sik, New York, October 30, 1883. In answer to your question " What effect is the School of Mines " exerting on the professions and manufacturing industries of the " country P " I will just state that my answer will apply, I am quite sure, to all the institutions in this conntnr in which the applied sciences are thoronghlv taught, and where at the same time proper instruction is given in the technical applications of these sciences to civil and mechan- ical engineering, and to the agricultural, mining, and mannfaoturing industries. The effects produced on these professions and industries are felt more and more each year, in the attainment of greater economy in production, ».H well as in new and progressive developments in engineering practice, and io, the principal aiis and industries. These effects are accompanied by, and perhaps are largely due to, a general diffusion of scientific Know- ledge amonf; the people. Alt olMses are becoming imprensed with the value and importance df national scientific mettiods; especially when they learn ihat these methods harmonise with the reaolts denveid from experience and observations. The knowledge thus diffused is fast brei^dng down and destroying the false antagonism — formerly supposed to m radical and insurraonntable— between theory and jiraefuw. The business man is becoming a better judge and critic in matters of science and engineering applicable to his own affairs, while the farmer, the artizan, and even the common labourer are learning that in proportion to their increased knowledge of true scientific processes their labour becomes^ more efficient ; they can secure better results at less ooet and with greater certainty than formerly. You can readily understand that bringing scientific knowledge, even in its elementary forms, to bear on indust^ in this manner, promotes material progress and srowth, and secures public confidence in enterprises or improvements whicn receive the sanction of well-eduMted scientific men. For this increase and diffusion of knowledge and this public confidence we are indebted largely to our scientific schools, and to the men sent out from them. I neod only suggest the direct influences which these men exert through their own labours when they ai-e scattered through the country among the mines, the manufacturing and engineering establish- ments, and the engineering works in progress. Very trulyyours, Mr. W. Mather. (Signed) W. P. Tbowbbidoe. TBUOTION : a our foremost and they are not over- levbted to scienoe or bave done excellent ihasetts the majority fal. liently indicated my 9otfally yours, CSXiN S. MOBBILL. % College, ad 4th Avenae, , October SO, 1883. the School of Mines : indostries of the sly, I am r|aite sore, applied Bciencee are troper instruction is to civil and mechan- and mannfaotnring iStries are felt more nomy in production, ngineering practice, ;ts are accompanied a of scientific kiIow- imprensed with the b; especially when !«8alts derJTed (torn used is fast breaking rly sappoaed to m toe. critic in matters of ■8, while the farmer, g that in proportion icesses their laboor Its at leas cost and ; knowledge, even in 1 manner, promotes Idenoe in enterprises Uednoated scientific lis pablic confidence to the men sent oat » which Uiese men attered throagb tiie gineering establish* ryonrs, N. P. TBOWBBIDeE. APPENDIX TO MR. MATHEU's IXEPORT. 7?) I. L'£.1TER PBOH PBOFFASOB GBE£!i£. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.T., October 22, 1883. My deab Sib, I BATE to acknowledge the receipt of year kind letjer of tlio 19th instant, containing a request that I send you a brief reply to your inquiry as to what is my opinion and experience of the effect exerted by the training in this institution upon the engineering works of thlH country. It giTcs me great pleasure to comply with your request. The institute was the first school of its kind established in the United States. It was founded in 1824 bv the late Hon. Stephen Van Bensselaer OS a school of natural and appliea science. Its founder, long a member of the Board of Canal Commissioners, had been actively interested and largely instramental in the oonatruotion of our first great work of internal improvement, the Erie Canal, which was completed in 1821. Daring the execution of this work there were no educated enffineers in the conutry, and for this reason great difficulty was experwaced' in securing the services of persons competent to direct tne necessary surveys, location, and constraction. Men were taken from various occupations and mlacated, practically, as the work progressed. Mr. Van Bonsselaer thus had occasion to reahze the pressing necessity of providing for the future requirements of the country, during the development of its Tast and varicKl resources, a body of trained scientific men. lEbigineering as a profession was unknown, and, of coarse, onreco^ised in the country. There were no railroads, no waterworks, no great bridgetj, and but few works of any description which could properly be caTled engineering works. At such a time and onder such circumstances the institute was founded. Daring the 60 years which hare elapsed since its foundation it has been closely identified with the marvellous growth and development of onr country. From 1824. to 1840 its graduates largely became professors, l^ologista, and manufacturers, a few only entering the field of engineer- ing, for the reason probably that there was umy a small demand for engunters. With the introdaction and growth of railways and other engineering works there came an increased demand for engineers, to meet which in 1850-51 the course of studjr and practice at Uie institute was modified and enlaiged to meet existing and future r«c[uirements ; and it then became exclusiyely a school of civil engineering. About this time and for the same reason enginewing courses weru establiahed in various oolleges, and since that time many technical schools have been organi;od throughout the country, all based upon the same general plan, and all owing their origin to the rapidly growing demand, for, and the more widely and generally recognised importance otV technical education. At the ]^r«aent time there is scarcely a State or a territory which he^ not its enfl|uieering or technical school. The institate has fuimished many professors for these inetitntions. As a raloj; however, the gmdoates of the institutei enter at once upon thv active duties of the profession of civil engineering, in which very many have become eminent, not only as designers and c(mstraotors, but a:- managers of great railway and manufacturing corporations, while many others are growing op in various subordinate capacities, and are thus becoming fitted for the more important and responsible duties of tho profession. Hie field of engineering is rapidly widening, and the specialities of hydraulic, steam, bridge, mechanical, mining, and elecirio engineering; have been promptly entered upon and occupied hj the graduates of oil our techniral schools. In all of these the reputation of the institute is nobly sustained by its graduates. Bi 1786.— Vol. 1!. MM a t uatam iSm:-*'. 80 BOYAL COMMISSION ON TKCHNICAL INSTRUCTION ; I believe it is not too much to »ay that the marked gacoess of every tiducated and thoronghly trained engineer, in any branch of the profes- sion, creates a demand for, and Rn{>plieB three more, having similar qoalifloations and for similar service. Although onr nnmbers are constantly increasing there are times when we are quite nnable to respond to applications for onr graduates. You, my dear sir, have had an opportunity to see something of onr country, and to become acqoaintea with its enormous extent and resources. Ton have seen its public works, and have learned much in relation to its manufacturing and mining industries. You have also witnessed the activity and enterprise of our people. Wherever j'on have been, and in whatever you have seen in onr country, whether it bo the great structure spanning the East Biver between New York and Brooklyn, the steel arch spanning the Mississippi at St. Louis, the Pehiu^lvania Bailway (the model railw^ of oui cmntry), or the public works of Boston, New York, Brooklyn, Fhilroelphia, St. Louis, and other cities, yon have witnessed, and can yourseK bear testimony to, Ibe effect of the training in our institution upon the engineering of out country. We cannot, and of course do not, claim exclusive credit for these or oUier important en^neering works. We merely represent that the institute has been and is represented in all of them. I, therefore, state in conclu- sion, that experience justifies me in expressing the decided opinion that the training of the Bensselaer Polytecmiio Institute, as well as that of other similar schools, has exerted a most marked and important influenoe upon the engineering works of America. I am, Sco. W. Mather, Esq. (Signed) W. M. Obexne, Director, &c. K. tilRU FBOW FbOFESSOB WhIVE. President's Booms, 0f our foremoat public works. The chief enginmr of die Weat Shore Bailway, one of the most ImportMit enterprises of the kind in the country, obtained his training here } .and on nearly every one of the prinoip»l western railways yon wul find onr graduates in i««pon- sible positions. As regards the department of rtieonanioal angineermgj its gmdnatei are alao to be fonnu scattered throufl^ioat the ooninny, doing impwiaat work in the various branches of mechanioal indnstrr, where servieeii like thein are required. The kaat enterprisinff become onmi^ts- men, while those of more vigour rise to more oommanolng poojbioiisr and aome of theee young men have already seenred salsries wbioh dunr a very fiigh appreciation m theb work. I enclose a pamphlet, paUiehed some time smoe, tptdtyiag tiu work in which some of the grsdiMhtea of tiii* department are engagedi whiok will throw additional light on the sabjeot. So, too, students who have been graduated after taking the course in ehemistry and pbysics have done well in mannftwtnring onemistiy and in mining engineering, though, as to this latter profession, we have not yet establuheda faiBj equipped department. Aa to those gcadnated in the course in agriculture, the number is smaller, and i'ae more successful of them have found demand for their services in the agricultural professorshipf established in western und u . ...^ IBS of every the profes- ing similar times when bing of our extent and led mac>> in X hOiTe also ■er J on have er it bo the York and , Lonis, the t the poblic is, and other o, the effect Qor country, tese or other the institute be in oonclu- opinion that ill as that of ant influence [rector, Ac, rersity, BT 22. 1883. d, permit me ere is already adnlktes from rioaade|(ree8 hief engineer E rises of the yefraryono et in resjpon- engineerings odntry, doing nstnr. where tmeonmi^ts- ioniums, and idunraTeory iMiehiad aome lOjKtea of thif light on the the oonrse in mistzy and in have not yet number is nacd for their western und APPENDIX TO MH. MATHEHS REPORT. 81 southern States. Others are applying their knowledge upon farms. One of the most snocesslVil dairies in this country is.condnoted by one of these young men. I ma;^ sum up by saying that each of these departments has alreadv proved itself of praotibal value to the countiy. Though there was mucu carping at the idea of technical education at the outset, that seems to have entirely died away in view of established faots. I fiend with this a copy of an old address, from whioh you may obtain some points of interest regarding our work. On your arrival here you will, doubtless, secure many more from the professors directly in charge of the various departments. I now ezpjct to remain in Ithaca over Saturday and Sunday, and I look forward with pleasure to meeting you. I remain, dbo. W. Mather, Eaq., (Signed) Ahd. W. Whitb. 46, Beacon Street, Boston. Letibb ntoK Db. Houeb T. Fcller. Worcester Free Institute, Worcester Mass., Mt dbab Sib, October 25, 1883. Ih reply to your inquiry as to the effect of the training given at the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science upon the indus- tries of the eountiy, it may be sud that the school was not founded to create new industries, dor specially to build up those that were waning. It has helped to meet an increasing demand for men who were trained in both the theory and applications of science, and who, hence, could assise in developing and promoting enterprises requiring more than ordinary intelligence and skill. It educates mechanical engineers, civil engineers, chemists, and designers. Fifteen per cent of its graduates are partners in business firms or buperintendents of important business entwprises ; 20 per tent, are foremen or draughtsmen, chiefly in shops for construction of maohinery ■, 7 per cent, arc skilled workmen in such shops ; and about 20 per oeutt., oom^risinft most of those trained in civil engineering, are employed either in railwrnr ooitftmotion or in other civil engineering work. Fifteen of them cave filled responsible positions ga^ed in practical mechanics has been the suUjeot of frequent remark ong the boys. The list of those who graduated iu » rf contains 29 names. Of these, ten are still engaged in study in our |;.1yteohnic (engineering) school, with a view to blooming scientists or o'igineers. Fiileen are at work as follows :— two on farms, managing agriouitaral implements and machinery ; eleven are engaged at tool work on wood, iron, bricks, or paper ; and two are clerks. Four of the class are not yet at work, that I know of, though three of them will soon be at manual labour. As to wages earned, I have not full iuformation, though I learn that the rates are ranch above those allowed ordinary boys of the same age. In several oates empl<>y«rs of our behave been so wellpleaaedwith tfaeoi that they have sent np for more or the same class. Ine indications are that whatever they undertake thev will soon find their way to the front rank, and will command responsible positions and good wages. But, important ^ it is that boys be fitted to bear respfnisibility and earn good wages, the beet fruit of our work does not lis in this direction. The moral fnlit is most valuable. Integrity and dijpiity of chanunar ; freedom from the vapid prejudices of shubby |;entilitj ; ^anerous appre- ciation and cordial recognition of skill, ihtdligeiice, ind honesty; taese are qualities which, to an uuoummon degree, I oan claim for our boys. '^-- ly, St. Louitr frnits of the [ respectfully ,n 14 years of must allow a by, BiMlling, r preoiaion I 1 geography, nraa neoeaaary b reaponaca to j h three year* ptember 1880, re, bnt little aalc for more ool edncation. ur pnpilsi that k, dnring the ag for boys of hoid recesaes; proportion of ) l^e wages the first and ignlar emplor- iwa8 12 weeks ren aa clerks, ially or wholly d dranghting. lOd.]; of the a of those en« iqnent remark aea. Of these, Bering) school, are at work as nd machinery; aper; and two hough three of Sh I learn that the sameage> aaedwith thea indications are ay to the front g«. ipfMiaibiliiy and this direction, y of charsotar ; anerons appre- honesty; these bronr Doys. APPENDIX TO MR. MATHER'S REPORT. 83 It is not I alone who see these things, othera aee them and point them out to me. It is my plan to keep a brief record of every graduate, so that in future years we may trace with ease the working of our plan of " integral edncation." Please command my senrices at any time. Very truly Yonra, William Muther, Esq. (Signed) G. M. Wooowabd, Director. Intebcuakoeabiuty at fabis in Machine Constbvction. Letter of FRoraasoB Tbowbbisoe, of the School of Mines, Columbia College, to General Walkeb, Superintendent of the Census. I have the honour to transmit herewith the reports of Mr. Charles H. Fitch, of New Haven, Connecticut, special agent of the tenth census, on the interchangeable system of manufacturing in the United States. Mr. Fitch, a graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, was selected for this duty from my personal knowledge of his acquire- ments and his unfailing industry nnd zeal in whatever work he is called upon to do. The general growth of the " interchangeable ayatem " of manuf!fu)turing, which it was your wish to include in the atatistiosof power and machinery, has had an influence in the development of manufacturiD^, agricultural, and other industries which bnt few have heretofore appreciated. It may not be too much to say that, in some reapects, thia system has been one of the chief influences in the rapid increase in the national wealth. Two of the great indns^tries which constitute the basis of this wealth, a^cnlture and manufactures, depend now largely upon the existence of thia remark- able feature in manufacturing, which has reached its highest development in this country. The growth of this system is dne to the inventive characteristics nf our people, and their peculiar habit of seeking the '.;eet and most simple mechuiical' methods of accomplishing results by maohineiy, natrammeled bj^ traditions or hereditary habits and customs, r The ]practice of making sinsle objects of general utility, such ar^ steel Sina, pviis, and needles by machinery or by suooessivo processes, in which fferent workmen ha>e special operations to perform in succession on tht same object before it is completed, is an old one. The art of making oomplete machines or implements, each part of which may be introduced into any machine of the same kind, and especially the adaptation of special tools, by which hand-work in Stti.'^g the parts is often entirely avoided, is, I believe, of American origin. The gmdnal change which lm.«! taken place in methods of farming ^luring the last 20 or bO years hna been chiefly due to the fact that the iaimor can now supply himself, nt reasonable cost, with mAchines or implements which reduce mannai oi mnsoolar exertion to a minimum, and render almost a pastime work which formerly taxed his endurance to tho utmost. The introduction of these machines and implements has, moreover, reduced waste and efi'ected economy in production. The manofaoturer is is now able to furnish the modem agricultnra? implements t>> the fanner at reasonable cost onl^ through the peculiar syi^tem of manufacture which is now followed, it being possible to furniah sucb machines at low prices only by making the separate parts of each machine in large numbers or quantities, by means of special toolf, and assembling the parts which arc remired for a complete machine at a single and separate operation. This constitntes the fundamental idea of the interolimgeable system. One of tho direct results of the system has been, moreover, a great i m pr o vement in the strength, durability, and working performance of the auMhines thus made ^v 84 ROYAL COMMISSIO^jT ON TECHNICAL INtiTRl/CTlON. These two great intereita, agrioultare and naauufaoture, have thus reacted upon each other. While on the one hand there has been a great inoreaie m the mannfitctnre of each iinplemento to supply the demand created, on the other hand agricnltoral prooeaiea hare become to a large extent but the application of labonr-gaving or labonr-maltiplyins ma- chineiT, requiring more ezerdie of the intellectual fnculties and lees of muscular force. Perhaps the most oonspicnons illustration of the capabilitieB of this system of manufacture is found in the sewing machine, a machine so complicated in some, respeots in its mechanism, and requiring such a perfect adjustment of its parte, that it is doubtM whether it could be made by hand with its present qualities of durabilitr and perfect action under long continued use. Tet these machines find their way into the homes of the poor as well as of the rich, and through years of continual nse are always ready and never failing in their action. To the special tools by which the parts are made, and the interchanjue- ability of the parts, may be attributed the growth of a new manufactunng induMtry and the great benefits which have been deriyed from the invention of this useful machine. I need but refer to other branches of manufacture, such as watches, fire-arms, railroad cars, and locomotives, of which great numbers, identical in parts and dimensions, are to be made ; all such constructions are now produced to a greater or less extent under the application of this system. It may be said that a new business prin3{;;lo has been introduced into the art of machine manufacture, viz., that d^inisished cost and more perfect workmanship nu>y be secured by intershangeability of ports, and for certain kinds of manufacture the carrying out of tii!<> principle is essential to financial success. Very respectftiUy, Your obedient Servant, (Signed) W. P. Tbowbbisoe, Special Agent. T>TC<*f?lf»^flMSK- P-fPT-*- ^mmmmifmm^m have tbuB een a great khe demaad i to a large iplying ma- and leBB of litieB of this machine flo ring Buch a it could be erfeot action way into the of continnal interchange- Lanafaotnnng the invention I V* watches, lat nnmbers, confltruotioDB iation of this sn introduced jet and more of parte, and s principle is nt, LIDGE, aoial Agent. NOTES ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES, BY THE COMMISSIONERS. P m f N ' r..'^....-^.^.. ------iin UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Technical Instbuotion in America. As a supplitnent to the preceding report of Mr. William Techoioi in- Mather, the following ptirticulara, obtained from two gentlemen ^f^**" '" of eminence holding official positions in technical colleges in the United State.s, may be found useful. One of them, Professor Ordway, is chairman of the committee of management of the School of Mechanic Arts of the MasHachusetts Institute of Technology, and the other, Professor Fuller, is the Principal and also the professor of chemistry of the Worcester Free Institute. These gentlemen visited Europe to inspect the whole system of technical education. Besides this information, the evidence ol Pi-ofessor Josiah P. Cooke, of Hurvard University, whom the Commissioners had the advantage of meeting in Paris, on the results of technical teaching in the United States, will be found in the Appendix, Vol. IV. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. This is the Isest known and most complete Polytechnic School MMi*chu»eiu in the United States, as well as one of the oldest. T«£okiy, There are nine distinct and very full courses of instruction, Boston, each extending through four years : — 1. Civil and topographical engineering. 2. Mechanical engineering. 3. Mining engineerinff 4. Building and architecture. 5. Chemistry. 6. Metallurgy. 7. Natural history. 8. Physics. 9. General Courses^ A., B., and C. The studies of the first year, including mathematics, English composition, mechanical drawing, chemistry, and French, are the some in all the courses. In l^e three remaining years the instruction is specialised, the last half of the fourth year being devoted to purely professional studies and the preparation of the graduating theses. Candidates for the regular courses must be at least 16 years of age, and must pass a satisfactory examination in an' itfiictor8, and 11 nssiatants. Sehool of Ifeehanic School of Mechanic Arte. This branch of the Institute was established in 1876, and is ^i*^- intended for those who wish to prepare themselves for ind ratory work Lors, and 11 1876, aod 18 for ind '«al t is designed try Oram mar itary liternry tile receiving tine tools for reehand and composition, ling, pattern ool work. , and regular I of the shop But special for particular x> add other ne through a tind of rrork roved far too lew shops are ireek, of three tic Arts, other p work when [uired studies, d enjpneeriog, per week to of the conrse. :erci8e8 in the TECHNICAL INtiTRUOTION IN UNITED STATES. Lowdl School of Practical Duign. 8 This branch of the Institute has been in operation ten years. LowcU Sohmii It provides free instruction in practical design for printed andofDeiign. woven textile fabrics, paper-hangings, &c. The tuition fee for students in the School of Industrial Science 18 4iOl. per year; in the Scliool of Mechanic Arts SOI. The latter sum includes tlie cost of materials used in the shop work. State College, Orono, Maine. The system of mechanic art instruction of tlic Massachusetts state Colleg«i, In»titute has been adopted, in part, in this college, and after Orono, Mtiae. an experience of six years the results are so eatisfactory that the State legislature has lately made an appropriation to increase the facilities for hand work instruction. So far, the shop work has included vice work and forging, 42 lessons of three hours being given in each branch. Kew shops are to be built this year, and wood working will be addc Practice in shop work is required . students of mechanical engineering ; witli other students it , optional. About one-half of the 82 students of the present school year ( 1 882) have taken the sh Institute, baa been opened this year in the State of Indiana. St«r«uf lii- •titntc of TMlinolo)(,v, Hobnken. ' Trk Stevchs Imstitijte or Teohnolooy, Hobokkm, New Jebbet. This Institute was founds 11 vears ago by Mr. Edwin A. Stevens, and is principally intended for the training of me- chnnical engineers, but it also edaoates physicists and ohemiats. The course of study includes (1) mathematics, and espedally its application to mechanical construction f2) mechanical engineer- ing with practice in the mechanical laooratory and workshop, (3) ineohanioal drawing, (4) physic ^ theoretioal and practical, (5) chemistry, (6) the French and l^arman languages, and (7) belles-lettres. The course extends oyer four years. Candidates for admission must be 17 years of age, and must pass a pralimioary examinadon in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, grammar, geography, composition, uniyeraal history, and rhetoric, andidates for the higher class must pass necessary qualifying examioations, and advanced students and men of science may make use of the Institute for purposes of research by making arransemonts with the President. There is a high Mhool con- nected with the Institute in wh'cJi students are prepared for admission to the latter. In the mechanical laboratory the students take part in experi- m ^nts for ttihting the strengtli of materials and in steam engine at boiler tests, and aid in the other commercial work done in this department. Some of the machines b 3re used have been designed and mado by the students themselves. The students also maVo important y<^U» of inspection and are engsged with tiials and exp^i t '>nt^< !' ;>ablic interest. In the work ' ai (extensive course of manual exercises in shop practice ' r orformed, and it is aimed to make this depart- iiiiint bear th: icae relation to the departments of engineerings mechanics, »:v:v3 drawing, as the physical and chemical labora- torie': do to the theorwcal courses in these sciences. All the students, numbering in the present year 132, are required to work in the shop, their work occupying oyer a quarter of their time. The student goes through complete and yery well arranged courses of carpentty work and wood turning, lathe work in metal, blacksmiths' work, moulding and foundry work, pattern making, millwrighting, and steam-fittin|(. After completing ^ these courses the senior students have in the past taken pait in the construction of some machine inyolving useful practice in pat- tern making, moulding, and machine work. Thus the students in former years haye constructed the autographic testing machine, the railroad lubricant testing machine, the small oil tester, and the autographic transmitting dynamometer, and other madunes used in the engineering laboratory. It has, howeyer, -become questionable whether such work is so useful as is the perform- ance of a more extended series of exercises, and the practice has m ^' ' .^»^■l^•»'>^"!■i»•w;fl^f;5V.l•^ now: tute, bM been OBOKKN, Ir. Edwin A. ining of me* and ohemiatH. espeoUUy On ioal engineer, nd workthop, ind praoticftl, Mges, and (7) ige, and must )ra, geometry, ,anu rhetoric. %ry qualifying floience may sh bv making ;h Mohool con- prepared for Murt in experi- steam engine work done in led haye been The students engaged with lal exercises in ke this depart- >f engineering^ «mi<^ laboiar incea All the quired to work r of thdr time, well arranged work in metal/ Attem making, t]deting these en part in the ractioe in pat- s the students sating machine, oil tester, and other machines wever, -become is theperform- lie practice has * '^."^o. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 10 HiotDgraphk) Sciences Corporalion 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WiBSTiR,N.Y. 14SM (716)872-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for l^iatoricai IVIicroreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductiont historiques TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION IN UNITEIl STATES. thei'ifore been recently discontinued. The advanced studonts are ai30 sent out to machine-tool manuPacturing establishments, locomotive works, iron works, fo'jndiy and pattern shops, kc, and on their roturu are subjected to examination on the various machines and processes that they have inspected. The fees for each year for the entire coui*se are SOI. tor residents of New Jersey, 45/. for non-residents. There is one annual scholarship to the Institute from the Associated High School, and three from the public schools of Hoboken. These consist of free studentships for the complete course of four years. The school grants the degree of Mechanical Engineer, and also those of Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy, the latter on the presentation of original investigations in chemistry and physics. Worcester County Free Institute of Indvstrul Science, Mass. This technical school was chartered by the Massachusetts woicistcr Legislature in 1865 and opened in 1868. In its general plan Coun«} Fne it follows the Polytechnic Schools of Europe, but gives special ]"Jugtria{'^ prominence to practical work. Science. Candidates for admission must have attained the age of 10, and pass an entrance examination in history of the U.S., geo- graphy, grammar, arithmetic, algebra, and French. Candi- dates can enter advanced classes by passing the necessary qualifying examinations. Besidents of Worcester County are educated gratuitously, and there are also 20 free studentships open to persons resident in other parts of the State of Massachusetts. Other students pay 301. annually. The instruction is based on mathematics, living languages, the physical sciences, and drawing, together with a practicid fami- liarity with some branch of applied science, and serves for the training of mechanics, civil engineers, chemists, and designers. The courses extend over three years of 42 weeks each, except the mechanical engineering course which is one of three-and-a-half years. After half a years attendance at the school each student must decide upon the special branch of study which he will take up, viz., chembtry, civil eu^iueering, physics, or drawing. The mechanical engineering students commence work in the shop immediately on entering the school. Certain studies are common to all departments, the school aiming at giving a complete general education. The school hours are from 7 to 12 in the morning and 1 to 6 in the afternoon. The Institute ^nts degrees to students who pass with dis- tinction through its coursea Over 90 per cent, of its graduates have easily obtained honourable and lucrative employment. G ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION: The most interesting feature of this school is the Washburn machine shop, in which the mechanical students spend two days per week of five hours each under the tuition of skilled w5rk- men. This shop is a manufacturing establishment, and so the students work under manufacturing conditions and with the best and most recent tools and machinery. In the wood-room the students go through a course of bench work, wood trrning, and machine sawing and planing ; and in the iron room through a complete course of vice and lathe work, milling, planing, screw cutting, and tool making ; finally receiving instmction in designing machinery and undertaking the construction of complete machines from their own drawings. It is expected that at the end of his course the student will have a nieclianical aptitude equal to that of an ordinary apprentice of the same years' standing, whilst he will Jiave received at the same time a sound scientific education. This school is said to have a yearly income of about 6,000?., while the average excess of expenditure over income is about 6002. Washington University Mannal Training School. Washington University Manual Training School, St. Louis, Mo. In addition to tl.e previously existing collegiate and pro- fessional departments of the university a Manual Training School was established in 1879. The school is located in a three story building in one of the best parts of the city. The building has been recently enlarged, and the new portion, also three storeys high. Is now occupied with recitation and study rooms, while the older and larger part is devoted wholly to shops. The land, building, and equipment have cost in all nearly 13,000i., the money having been contributed by private individuals. Candidates for admission must be at least fourteen years of age, and must pass an examination in arithmetic, geography, and English composition. The course of instruction extends through three years, and embraces arithmetic, algebra, geometry, plane trigonometry, book-keeping, physics, mechanics, mensura- tion, mechanical drawing, physical geography, English language and literature, practical ethics, political economy, music, and shop work. The shop work occupies two hours each day, and includes carpentry, wood turning, pattern making, forging and machine work in iron. Besides the students of this school, students in other depart- ments of the university are allowed and advised to take shop work. At present there are 170 in all who have shop exercises. In arranging the work regard is paid to its educational, and not to its commercial value ; and no olioice is allowed to the student in work or in the studies, as the object is not to teach any particular trade, but to lay a good general broad foundation for subsequent special pursuits. 1801*04 u CTION : the Washburn spend two di\ya f skilled w6rk- ent, and so the and with the the wood-room :, wood timing, n room through lilling, planing, ring instruction construction of It is expected •e a mechanical ice of the same the same time *f about 6,000;., income is about NG School, egiate and pro- 1 Training School in a three story The building has Iso three storeys rooms, while the ops. The land, fly 13,000f., the iduals. bui'teen years of netic, geography, ti'uction extends gebra, geometry, lanics, mensura- Snglish language )iny> music, and ra each day, and :ing, forging and in other depart- ed to take shop e shop exercises, icational, and not sd to the student ot to teach any ad foundation for TECnXIC'AL INSTRUCTION IN UNITED STATE.S. 7 About one-third of t.te students enjoy free scholarships which are at the disposal of contributor:} to the funds. The tuition of paying students averages 16/. a year. Students in the engineering courses of the university, who are required to take shop work in every year of their course, and voluntary workers from other depnrtments of the University, have no extra charge for handwork instruction. In order to receive the diploma of the school the student must execute a " project " satisfactory to the faculty, " ITie project " consists of the actual construction of a machine. The finished " machine must be accompanied by a full set of the working " drawings according to which the machine is made." Illinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois. In this institution provision is made for the following Illinois Indns- courses : — Agriculture, Mechanical Engineering, Civil and tf""' Univer- Mining Engineering, Architecture, Chemistry, Natural History, "*^' English and Modem Languages, Ancient Languages, Military Science, Design. The catalogue for the year 1881-82 shows an attendance of 276 male and 76 female students. A shop for mechanical work was started in 1870. Instruction is now given in pattern making,and blacksmiths' work, vice work, machine tool work. Shop work is required of all regular students in the courses of mechanical engineering and architecture. It is optional with students of the course in agriculture. Want of room renders it necessaiy to exclude other regular students, and special students. This school year there have been 38 students (Aking shop work. The time devoted to elementary handwork in the fireshman year amounts to ten hours a week through the year. The students of mechanical engineering devote some time to the construction of machines in the shops during the three remaining years of their course. The tuition is free, but there is a matriculation fee, of 21, and incidental " term fees " amount to 4il. 10«. per year. Cornell Universxty, Ithaca, New York. By large donations and the judicious investment of its funds Cornell Uni- this institution has become one of the best endowed colleges in venity, Ithaca, the United States. It provides agricultural, classical, literary, ^'* ^°^^' and engineering courses. Shop work instruction is given in the department termed the " Sibley College of Mechanic Arts," and to this all students are expected to devote 90 hours per term ; some however voluntarily spending twice as much time in the shop. The work done in the shop is counted as three recitations per week, but the students are not credited with extra shop work. There is a machine shop and foundry, the work being in iron and brass; work ia done for the market, and this year 30 students are engaged in shop work. The plan of making work ROYAL COMMISSION ON TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. Girai-d College, rhiUdelphiii. to sell 18 the old one, and in this and other schools of the same class (for instance that at Worcester) they appear to be adopting to some extent the more recent method of doing work for instruction only. CiRARD College, Philadelphia. This institution possesses property which has inerejised in value rapidly and very largely, and the college now maintains and educates over 800 orphan boys. Shop work in iron was introduced in April 1882. The mauual inotruction is proving very acceptable and bebeficial. It finds an unquestionably appropriate place here, since the college does not aim at the highest standard of instruction in literature and science, but seeks rather to prepare those under its tutelage for making their own Jiving by industrial pursuits. % reniLtylvania State College. Pennsylvania State College, Center Co., Pa. In this institution, the income of which is derived mainly' from the sale of public lands, the gift, for educational pui-poses, of the General Government to the State, instruction is given in classics and general science, and also by means of technical courses. These latter comprise agriculture, natiiral history, chemistry and physics, and civil engineering. The complete course of instruction extends over four years. For the purposes of its agricultural teaching the college is provided with a farm 240 acres in extent, worked however mainly by hand labour, and there are also three experimental farms of about 100 acres each. The mechanical laboratory has been only recently opened, but the success which has attended this department has en- couraged the Board to make arrangements for obtaining the necessary appliances for working in metal. Prominence is given, in the teaching of the college, to practical instruction in the various departments, to these exercises the name of "practicums" being given. About 60 students are under instruction in the college, and in addition there is a preparatory department numbering 80 to 90 pupils. The instruction is free, but there are certain incidental expenses amounting to about SI. for non- resident, and 8^. for resident pupils per annum, while the cOst of boarding in the vicinity of the college is between Ss. and 12». per week. The fees for incidentals, &c. are not paid by holders of free scholarships, of which there are 50, one for each senatorial district. LONDON: I'liiitcd by E T R K and S p o t t 1 8 w o o d k. Printers to the Queen's most Kxeellei t Majesty. For Her Mn,"e'*y'* Stationery Oflice. mMmm^/m^^i LCTION. ols of the same to be adopting loing work for IS increased in now maintains rk in ii'on was bion is proving unquestionably lot aim at the tid science, but )r making their 1 'i I Co., Pa. derived mainly tlonal pui-poses, ion is given in US of technical latural history, The complete or the purposes d with a farm y hand labour, ibout 100 acres ecently opened, 'tment has en- obtaining the inence is given, bruction in the )f "practicums" irruction in the •ry department free, but there out M. for non- hile the cost of ien 88. and 12». paid by holders each senatorial r O O D Kj •'-.if " •' n !jjy»SMft5!MiAW't!aW!^Wwj^^ '"^^^-^