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'\ INDEX PAOI Pbepaoe 5 Chap. I.— Prspabation fob Activb Skbtiob 9 Chap. II. — Route Mabchiko 14 Chap. III. — Gamps, Bivouaos, and Billktts 24 Chap. IV.— CAMPAiONiNa 82 Chap. V. — Enoineebino and Fortification 41 Chap. VI.- -Attack and Defence 48 Chap. VII. — Piquets and Reconnaissances 66 Chap. VIII. —Militia Law and Regulations relating TO AoTivE Sebyice 61 Chap. IX, — Queen's Regulations and Articles of War relating to '''olunteers on Active Service. 76 Chap. X. — Miscellaneous 86 Appendix 96 >iiS ] boo cUi it ii trei for Iv ceU thai voli cou: the{ the tak( fron and the For PREFACE. i In undertaking the compilation of this little hand book for Field Service, I desire most distinctly to dis- claim any idea of originality. Having seen no service,, it is impossible that I should, from my own experience,, treat on such subjects ; but it is with a sincere desire for the benefit of the Volunteer Force, in Canada, that I venture to lay before them the result of some mis- cellaneous readings upon the military art. Feeling that it may not be long before we are called upon, as volunteers, to take up arms in the defence of our country ; and knowing that in such a case the value of these little memorandums would be felt by members of the Volunteer Force hastily ordered on service, I have taken advantag e of the * piping times of peace' to cull from many distinguished military auth ors, those hints and maxims which will apply to this country, and to the constitution of the Canadian Volunteer Militia Force. . 'I > ! •Tm^SBI Should the perusal of these pagen awaken the in- terest of any member of the force, and create a desire to acquire a more extensive knowledge of the subjects so briefly treated upon, I would recommend that they should obtain the following works, to which I am indebted for most of the hints herein contained : — Lefroy's Hand Book for Field Service ; Lendy's Ele- ments of Fortification ; Jebb's Manual of Outpost Duties ; Malton's Company and Battalion Drill ; Galton's i.rt of Travel, ' ^!f. It f! hi t The order of march, for the body of an army, is generally : (1) lafantry, (2) Artillery, (3) Baggage, (4) Cavalry, with ordinary advance and rear guard and flanking parties. On approaching an enemy, the Cavalry should place themselves in front of the baggage. On the march, the several branches of the service should, — '' (1) Afford each other mutual protection ; and their relative position and strength on the line of march must depend on the nature of ihe country. (2) The order of march should be such, that by short, simple, and rapid movements, it can become the order of battle. (3) At no time should the slightest deviation from discipline be allowed. — Le/roy'a Hand-book for Field Service. An uniform steady pace, about three miles an hour, is to be kept up. The column to halt tor five minutes at the end of the first half hour ; and after that at the end of every hour's-march. An offiodr or non-commissioned officer with a party of one man per company to be sent in advance to choose a convenient spot at which to halt for meals, and to light fires if necessary. An intelligent oftcer with party similarly to be sent in ad- vance, to select a spot for camp or bivouac, if necessary. Under no pretence are the men to be allowed to enter tav- erns to drink on the line of march. No man is to fall behind during the march but by leave of the captain of his company, and then, always to have a non- commissioned officer left with him to bring him on." — Regu- lationi respecting Volunteer Milttia, p. 16. One of the greatest inconveniences attendant upon a march, whether during peace or war, is the fording of rivers, or of j otherwise effecting a passage, where bridges do not exist. When the depth does not exceed two and a half feet, infantry can ford, and four feet in the instance of cavalry and artillery. The river is forded generally near its elbow. Stakes arei placed in the direction of the ford by the advanced or recon- noitring parties, to shew its width, and poles, cautiously placed 19 ia advance of the wndcra, determiDe its depth and safety. It is of ituportaace that the bottom of the river be examined. Solid ground is preferable to any other. Mud, covered with stones, is impracticable for artillery and waggons. When a river is frozen hard it will allow of the passage of detachments : but the ice must be three inches thick for infantry, and six inches for cavalry and artillery. If the river be too deep to be forded, bridges must be constructed of boats, pontoons, or raUs.— Sid- dons. Any commanding officer detached with any probabi\4i,y of meeting an enemy should invariably carry with him in wag- gons, a reserve supply of ammunition, over and above the sixty rounds per man in the pouches, of at least fifty rounds per man. * * A company of fifty-five men would require a reserve of 2750 rounds packed in six boxes, each weighing 55 lbs. ; or in four quarter barrels, each weighing 74 lbs., and each waggon should therefore, on the average, carry the reserve ammunition for five companies. — Regulations respecting Volunteer Militia. A sergeant, and one man for each waggon should be told off to take charge of the reserve ammunition^ in addition to the usual guard. In case of the battalion going into action, their duty would be to see that the waggon was kept out of range, and to issue the ammunition. In camping and bivouacking, they would require to see that the waggon was properly situated, and out of danger from fire ; and are never to leave their post until regularly relieved by the officer of the day. A baggage guard of sufficient strength should always be told off at the rate of two men for each waggon containing baggage and provisions, and four men to each ammunition waggon. They should be commanded by an officer if over twenty men. In route marching, the baggage should be in the rear. The officer in charge of the baggage guard is to attach his men to the several waggons, eo as to make them accountable that nothing is taken off. The men of the guard are never to put their arms on the waggons, but are to march by the sides ■I \ iri ■it 20 i ' I ■Sv;'* with bayonets fixed. The officer is responsible that the driver and horses are not ill-used, nor anything required of them to which they are not bound by the Militia Act, or previous agree- ment. At night, if the baggage should not be unloaded, the waggons are to be packed, so as to occupy as little space as pos- sible, and placed under the charge of sentinels. A commanding officer is authorized to procure waggons for transport service, but will be held pecuniarily responsible that he does not engage more transport than is absolutely neces- sary. He may provide transport for camp equipage, at the rate of one waggon for every twenty-six tents complete. For officers light baggage at the rate of one waggon for each bat- talion of eight companies. Each officer's baggage shall not exceed one roll of bedding and one small valise. — Regulations respecting Volunteer Militia. Parties furnishing transport, will be paid for the same by requisition on the district staff officer. Forms of tiansport requisition will be furnished by the district quartermaster. Waggons, boats, railway carriages, or steamboats, may be im- pressed for transport service. — Militia LaWj cap. sec. On being suddenlj^ detached to any place where there is no certainty of obtaining immediate supplies, the commanding officer must always take with him one day's supply of bread and cooked meat in the men's haversacks ; and a supply of bread and meat for nt least one day in addition, in waggons. Each man's food for one day weighs 2^ lbs. ; the food for one company of fifty-five men would weigh 132 lbs. ; and as the meat ought not to be too closely packed, one ordinary waggon should be apportioned to carry one day's food for eight such companies. In h:t weather as it would be difficult to carry meat without spoiling, salt pork or beef should be taken instead of fresh meat ; where this cannot be procured bread alone should be carried. In the last case one waggon should carry one day's consump- tion of bread for sixteen companies. '•»» 21 The quarter master should iuvariably precede the columa bj one day if possible, to make arrangement for a regular supply of bread and meat at the place of destination. — Rfrt8 everything extraordinary to the Commanding Officer. The subaltern of the day assists the captain in the various duties, and reports to him any irregularity which may come to his knowledge. The officers on duty, and those in waiting as next for duty, who are always to be mentioned in the orders of the day, are constantly to remain in camp, or within their cantonments. No officer is on any account to sleep out of camp or canton- ments without leave. No non-commissioned officer or soldier is to quit camp or cantonments without a pass, signed by the Commanding Officer of the regiment, or by the adjutant, under the authority of the Commanding Officer. Officers are on no acoount to appear in plain olothes in the Tioinity of their camp or quarters, but are always to wear their prescribed uniform. " The tr'^ops are at all times to be kept in the most perfect readiness to turn out, and it is expected that in half an-hour from the time they receive the order to march, either in the night or day, the army shall stand formed at the head of its encampti.>nt; that the baggage shall be packed, and the whole be prepared to move. This state of preparation is equally as essential in cantonments as in camp ; and in both, the troops are to be accustomed to march without any previous notice. Movements of troops, or dispositions of march, are not always to be put in orders, but are to be delivered to such persons only as they concern ; nor is any one to expect more to be communicated to him than is necessary for the complete execution of the service required of him. All suspicious persons about the camp are to be apprehended, and sent under a proper guard to head quarters." — Queen' t Regulationt. The detail of *' Euties in Camp " will be found in the "Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Army," pp. 309-320. Bivouacking* — Where there is no tent equipage, or when there is no time for the formation of a regular camp ; troops on the march have to shift the best way they can, with the earth for their bed, and the heavens for their canopy. Under such circumstances, the resources of an old campaigner stand him in good stead, and the man who can m» It is evident that these communications will be most secure when directly in the rear of an advancing army. Any diver- gence to the' right or left, leaves them more open to attack. Hence, one point of strategy is in compelling an enemy to form his front in such a manner as to make his communica- tions insecure. On the other hand, the invading power may, if it possess an extensive frontier, by which to enter the theatre of war, menace many points, and thus force the de- fensive army to separate widely to guard them. The invader, having thus before him a weakened line, may break in at the selected point with his whole force concentrated. Hid chance of doing this will depend on various circumstances. On the proximity of the (defender's troops to the frontier ; the nearer they are, the greater the chance of breaking through before they can concentrate. On the obstacles that may exist on the different routes by which the invader can ^vdvance, and which may check his progress till the defensive army can concentrate. On the means of intercommunication between the different parts of the defensive army. If these be good, the concen- tration will be proportionately rapid ; if bad, the line may be broken, and the parts separated by the invading force before they can unite. They must then retire concentrically in order to effect an union, thereby abandoning territory io the enemy, or run the risk of being overwhelmed separately by superior numbers. The first object of an invader, is generally to gain some vantage ground, or strategic point, either as a base for supplies, or, by the attainment of which, he may dictate his terms to his opposers. Quebec has hitherto been the strategic point upon which the efforts of invaders of this country have turned, and, upon the successful defence or capitulation of which, the campaign has been decided. But Quebec, being looked upon as impregnable, with British soldiers behind its walls ; Montreal, as the commercial cent 'e, or heart, of the Dominion, would probably bo the strategic pv int sought in an invasion from the United States. This point being in posses- sion of the enemy, he would possess the key to all commuai. E rr 60 cations with the west ; and, should he be able to hold it, the defenders would be paralysed. The use of Tactics in warfare, is to gain an advantage, irres- pective of numbers, by the disposition of opposing forces on a field of battle. Thus, if one army be placed obliquely, or perpendicularly, to an enemy's front, it will, on advancing, overlap and roll it up, as it were, while a great part of the enemy's forces are still out of action. This is called turning the flank of an enemy. The obvious remedy for the enemy, is to throw back the menaced flank, partially or entirely, in order to bring his front parallel to the front of the attacking force. If the flank is only partially thrown back, it will render his front angular, which is, except under peculiar circumstances of ground, very disadvantageous. First, because it offers an opportunity for enfilading fire; Second, because the troops at the angle, as they fall back, crowd on each other, and offer a weak point at -which to penetrate ; and. Thirdly, because if either side advance, it leaves a gap at the angle. Another tactical object, is to break through the enemy's line at the centre, or between the centre and flank. The advantage of this is obvious, as it not only separates the enemy, but, in all probability, cuts off his base of retreat. An advantage may be gained by the commander who best avails himself of the configuration of the ground. That he may give battle in a position so strong that its possession is equivalent to superiority of numbers ; or, being the assailant, that he may seize unguarded points, which, from their com- manding nature, will aid him in his attack. The adaptation of the different arms to the configuration of the ground, may have a decisive effect on the action. For instance, cavalry should have open and level ground to work upon, and horse artillery the same; while a wide tiitch, stream, or ravine, which would prevent either of the above from advancing, might be effectively employed as a shelter for other artillery, or reserves. 51 i\ As some scheme for permanent fortification was suggested by the Imperial authorities at the time of the union of the Provinces, it is not improbable that, at some time, volunteers may be called upon to take a share in their defence. It is not publicly known, at present, what the character of these forti- fications will be ; but it is most probable that they will be, for the most part, earthworks. In Chapter V*. a short account has been given of the method of throwing up, and the outlines of, field works ; and it is to the defence of such works, that I would now direct the attention of my readers. In no case can the soldier show more determination or devo- tion, than in the defence of a fortification. '* Fight to the last, regardless of danger ! " should be the motto of all men called upon to occupy an intrenchment ; and untiring watchfulness and devotion, should characterize each soldier. On the posses- sion of the post which they occupy may depend the fortunes of the campaign, or the safety of an army ; and nothing short of the direst necessity should lead them to abandon its defence. "Artillery will pour grape-shot on the columns of the assail- ants ; musketry will tell on them when they become entangled in the obstacles ; vigorous sorties will repel the attack, if the obstacles throw their ranks into confusion ; if not, bayonet and steel will resist the assault, and the defender, mounted on the parapet, will still have the advantage. Stones may be collected in the interior to throw at the assailants when they cross the di^tch, and scythes, pitchforks, and the bajonet, will serve to defend the superior slope. At last, when all is exhausted, and only then, must retreat be thought of. Cool- ness, and great decision are essential qualities in the officer commanding ; and, when ordering the evacuation, and, last of all, abandoning the intrenchment, he should be able to say, <* All is lost, save honour!" Numerous are the cases where such a determined defence as this has proved not only the ultimate safety of the defenders, but the preservation of an army from defeat. The attack of field works should always be deliberately l! 52 planned and undertaken. Surprises may sometimes succeed, but never against a watchful and faithful defence. The work should be carefully reconnoitred, its weakest points ascertained, and commanding situations seized. Artillery should endeavour to destroy the obstacles from a distance, and effect a breach. The columns of assault should advance from several directions, carrying ladders, fascines, poles, &c., to fill up and bridge' the obstacles, followed by reserves, and with cavalry on the wings to prevent sorties. The assailants advance as rapidly as possible to the counterscarp, and cut down palisades, stock- ades, &c., if necessary ; plant their ladders, and storm the ramparts. In case of a repulse, artillery and cavalry must protect the retreat. As in defence, so in attack of field works, nothing short of the most absolute determination and bravery will be productive of successful results. Should it be requisite to defend a village, &o., when there is no time for constructing earthworks, or when circumstances do not render it necessary that earthworks should be thrown up ; the available points of defence should bo carefully con- sidered, and a general plan laid down, before details are entered upon. Streets should be barricaded, houses and walls loopholed, and obstacles created. Houses should be selected at points along the lines of defence, which are capable of being converted into defensible posts. They should not be more than 100 to 160 yards apart, and should be loopholed so as to cover both the avenues of approach, and the lines of the barricades. These barricades, or breastworks, may be constructed of any thing that will be sufficiently substantial for the purpose. Logs of wood, cord wood, walls of houses, boxes or bales of goods, bags filled with sand, carts or vehicles overturned, trees felled as abattis, all may bear an important part in creating an obstac!e to the passage of an enemy. These barricades may be built at intervals of about 60 feet, so that they may be disputed in succession, care being taken that means of retreat be preserved from one to the other. In this case, also, passages must be broken from one house to the other, on each side of m the street, and the houses barricaded nnd loopboled, that a fire may be poured from them upon the enemy as he forces the barricade. All houses, fences, or other objects in front of the lines, of defence, and which may be turned to account by the enemy to shelter his approach, must be destroyed or levelled. A central building, of brick if possible, should be selected as a citadel. A church, gaol, mill, or schoolhouse, is best adapted for the purpose, as they are more likely to be isolated from other buildings. Into this citadel the defenders of a village could retreat if driven from their lines of defence, and it could also be used as a hospital for the wounded, and a shelter for non-combatants. Into this citadel should be collected, on the approach of an invading force, provisions, water, fuel, bedding, ammunition, tools for breaking loopholes, &c., and materials for blocking up windows and doors, such as sand-bags, boxes filled with earth or ashes, bales of cotton, wool, or goods, &c. These should be carried into the ground floor, and all doors, windows, &c., where an entry could be eflfected from the out- side, blockaded first Doors should be blocked up within a few inches of the top, with loopholes cut for musketry, so as to sweep the approach. All glass should be broken out of win- dows, as splinters of glass are liable to injure the defenders. They should be blocked up to at least six feet from the floor, leaving loopholes at about four-and-a-half feet. If sufficits^t material is not at baud to barricade the windows properly, a straw mattress, or even a blanket, should be hung across the window to prevent the defenders being seen from the outside. The walls should be loopboled with two tiers of loopholes, about three feet apart, one at three feet, and the other at four- and-a-half feet from the fioor ; and, if there is an undergrounl story, or cellar, it may be loopboled in the raann<}r shewn in Fig. 9, page 45. Trees may be felled as abattis, and other obstructions placed about the bouse to detain the attacking party under fire, but nothing should be left within range that will afford shelter or cover to the enemy. Care should b© m 54 'li! 4 I ill llf! li ill ! 111 . taken to hayc a plentiful supply of water in the citadel, in order to extinguish fire, if necessary, and for the use of the garrison, should the seige be protracted. If time will allow, the citadel may be further strengthened by digging ditches at least five feet wide, and seven feet deep, round the house, throwing up the earth on the outside of the ditch. Stockades, in the shape of two sides of a triangle, may be placed a little distance in front ot doors, in order to afford means of access. These stockades are called tambours, and may also be used effectively at corners of buildings, as a means of obtaining a flank fire along two sides. Means of communication from these tambours into the house, must be preserved, with the necessary materials for closing the comm mication readily. Staircases inside the house should be cut away, and ladders substituted ; and loopholes cut through the floor, to enable the defenders to fire down on the assailants, if the first floor is forced. Communications should be made all round the interior, by breaking down or cutting holes through partitions. It is surprising what a tenacious defence may be made of a house hastily fortified in this manner, garrisoned by courageous and resolute men ; and the Chateau d'Hougoumont, on the field of Waterloo, is a memorable instance of the importance of a well sel (^ted position, when courageously defended. The rules that have been laid down for the defence of a citadel, will equally apply to the defence of an isolated house by a piquet, or outpost. It must be borne in mind, however, that a frame house is not suited for defensive purposes, as it is penetrated by musketry, and easily set on fire. \\>h:\ 53 CHAP. VII. 11 a Piquets and Reconnalsances. Piquet duty is one of the most important branches of the art of war; and is likewise a duty that volunteers will be most frequently called upon to fulfil when brigaded with regular troops. It is, therefore, incumbent on all volunteers who may be requiicd to undertake this most responsible and arduous duty, to make themselves familiar with all the details in relation thereto, tha^j they may be prepared for the remotest contin- gency, knowing how much depends on their promptness, pre- sence of mind, and intelligence. An army in camp or bivouac, is protected from surprise or observation ly a series of outposts which completely cover the front exposed to the enemy. These outposts are called outlying piquets f and are formed of bodies of men detached from the camp at such intervals as will enable them to extend a chain of double sentries that will stretch across the whole front of the line. Beside these outlying piquets, there rem^lus in camp accoutred, and ready to turn out and support the outlying piquet at a moment's notice, a similar body of men, called the inlying piquet, having sentries advantageously posted for hear- ing and observing any alarm in front, and communicating when necessary by patrols with the advanced posts. These outposts are placed under the command and general superintendence of the field officer of the day, unless an )ther officer is specially appointed for the purpose. If a company is told o£f for outlying piquet duty, the officer in command should, if the enemy be near, march off as an advanced guard, with advanced parties, and flanking files, &c. On arrival at the post he is called upon to occupy, he will tell off his company into three reliefs, one relief being extended as sentries, the other two remaining in support. If the outposts are at a distance from the main body, a reserve must also be established, under the immediate command of 56 hi m iili ! If the field officer of the day. When an officer in charge of a company sent on piquet duty arrives at the position he is to occupy, he will first look to the immediate safety of his own party, and place sentries on its flanks and front ; he will then send a file to the most elevated spot in the vicinity to get a good view of the surrounding country, and proceed himself with a patrol to examine all objects near him capable of con- cealing an enemy. Having thus secured himself from surprise, he will proceed to throw out a line of double sentrivs to com- municate with the sentiies on his right and left flanks, taking care that they are posted in the most advantageous position to observe the movements of the enemy while themselves screened from observation. These sentries should be relieved every hour during the night, every relief being personally inspected by the officers. Single sentries may be posted as connections between the front line of sentries and the supports and reserve. After having posted the advanced sentries in the most advantageous position, the main body of the piquet should be placed out of sight of the enemy ; and in such a position as may be easily defended, should the advanced posts be driven in. This position should not be more than 300 paces in rear of the advanced line. All sentries at they come in should be examined ; to ascertain whether they have observed anything in the front, and if any- thing of importance has been observed, the field officer in charge of the piquets should be immediately informed. Every officer in command of a piquet should have writing materials in his possession, to take down any verbal orders he may receive from the field officer in command, and to make notes of the occurrences of the night. — Also for making a small map of his position shewing where sentries are posted, &c. , &c. He should also be provided with a telescope, or field glass. Piquet sentries by day should be placed on heights, and in commanding positions, whence they may see all the country in their front without exposing themselves to view; but at night they must be placed lower down, so as to have the highest ground before them, in order that they may see any approachipg partj^ 1 1. iiii'i 4' 91 • against the sky, Tvithout being themselves discovered. By day it is not necessary to leave more sentries on daty than are sufficient to watch thoroughly the country in their front ; each sentry should be able to see the files on his right and left, as well as the intermediate country between them; at night or in thick weather a greater number will be required, and one man of each file should always remain on his post, looking out vigi- lantly to his front, while the other patroles to his right, till he comes up to the sentry next to bira ; in this mode they will alternately relieve each other. Sentries will also patrolo to their front to a distance of twenty or thirty yards. When sentries hear people approaching them by night they must challenge them, order them to halt, and allow only one person to advance until they are satisfied they are friends. By day sentries must not allow more than one stranger at a time to approach their posts on any pretence. Between each relief a patrol should be sent out, under the charge of an officer, or non-commissioned officer, to gain infor- mation regarding the enemy, and to prevent surprises, &o. These patrols should move as quietly as possible from one flank of the piquet to the other, in front of the line of sentries, — within sig'ht, if in the day time, — and within hearing, if at night. A strong patrol should be sent out at daybreak, as that is the time usually selected for an attack. A patrol must avoid giving unnecessary alarm, and should, if unnoticed by an approaching enemy, fall back, and give information to the officer in command that he may make preparations for the defence. Detailed instructions for piquet duty will be found *n the Field Exercises, Pt. V., section 23. On being relieved the officer in command of a piquet must make a report embodying, that on marching he had inspected men, arms, and ammunition, — had made a nominal list of his men — the position his piquet occupied ; — the lines of his advanced sentries ; — number of patrols sent out, and informa- tion collected ; — visits and orders from superior officers ; — time 1 ■i, !i 58 when relieved, *&c., &o. This report will be sent into the field o£Eioer in charge of the piquets. In the event of an attack, the commander of a piquet must ever bear in mind that the great object of his e£forts, is to gain sufficient time to enable the main body in his rear to get under arms and prepare for action. The points he is to dispute in falling back having been previously selected, few cases can occur in which it will be impossible to attain that end, without endangering the safety of his piquet ; but even in an extreme case, he must remember that it is his duty to sacrifice himself, rather than be driven in upon the main body, before it has had time to form^ Outlying piquets pay no compliments, but when approached by a general officer, the field officer of the day, or bv any armed party, they will fall in and stand to their arms. Sentries on out-post duty pay no compliments. A reeonnaisance in military parlance, is the examination of a country as regards its military capabilities ; and the minute observation of any local features that may effect the disposition or manoeuvres of an army. Also the acquisition of information regarding the position and movements of an enemy. This branch of duty is generally performed by the officers of the quarter-master-general's department ; but any officer may be called upon unexpectedly, to undertake its performance. Should an officer, therefore, be selected for a special reeon- naisance, he should be acquainted with the map of the country which he is to traverse, that he may supply any deficiencies or errors ; and he should be capable of sketching with tolerable accuracy the features of the country through which he passes. On this field-sketch he should mark the position of the enemy ; its extent, position of his reserves, batteries, or retrencliments ; any villages or woods covering the line of battle ; the obstacles on which his flanks rest; the roads, paths, fords, bridges, which lead to his position; and canals, ditches, marshes, woods, ravines, broken ground, &c., by which he is sheltered. These must all be carefully noted, and also the means by which 59 such obstacles can be overoome ; the best way, and time, in which his flanlca can be turned ; commanding situations which he has failed to occupy, &c. , &c. He should be careful not to report any thing of which he is not perfectly certain, should never hesitate ; and leave nothing to chance. He should be careful not to expose the party under his command to attack, and should examine all villages, woods, defiles, &c., before advancing into them. He should never pass a height without sending, or going to the top himself, to examine the country. He should avoid all night marches, if possible. During his reconnaisance he should endeavour to procure the following information, and embody it in his report : — Roads. — Where it leads from, or to ; if gravelly, stony, or sandy ; breadth, &c.; how many rivers, streams, &c., the road crosses ; what towns or villages it goes through ; roads cross- ing it, and their direction ; places where ambuscades could be establishedi or obstructions thrown across ; whether it passes through marshy or boggy ground ; whether closed in on one or both sides by woods, and for how far, &c., &c. If there are any railroads their position and direction must be described. Rivera. — Find out rapidity of current ; whether navigable, and for how far ; nature of banks, and bottom ; roads leading to them ; bridges, if of stone or wood ; their breadth and length, and if suitable to passage of artillery, &c. ; fords, if practicable at all times for cavalry, artillery, or infantry ; number of boats that could be collected, or of vessels seen ; their size and nature ; what mills or other houses are on the banks ? Marshes. — Of what extent, whether passable at any season ; depth of water, if running or stagnant ? Woods. — Their extent; if traversed by roads ; clearings, and of what extent ; if open bush, or impenetrable ; windfalls or cedar swamps ? Villages or Towns. — Their population, resources, accomoda- tions for troops, &c. ? Plan or sketch shewing if defensible, and how ? Camps and Positions. — All strong positions which present GO l!i I themselves on the route ; as also all fuvorable places for en- camping or bivouacking ; their situation, extent, facility of access, nature of soil, supply of wood and water, &c., &c. Information must bo collected from the inhabitants regarding the proximity and movements of the enemy, his strength, what they know regarding the character of his force ; if they are fatigued ; where they last came from; if in camp, or bivouacked; what precautions he takes ; if well-informed, and how ; which road conducts to the enemy, and in what state it is ; if there are any obstacles on the road ; and if there is any other road to the same place ? If in sight of the enemy, when on the march ; a pos t should be selected on the flank ; at a convenient height, whence the order and direction of march can be noted, and the battalions, sqad- drons, batteries, &c., can be counted. At a distance of 2000 yards a single man , or horse, looks like a dot ; at 1200 yards, infantry can be distinguished from cavalry ; at 900 yards movement becomes clear; and at 750 yards; heads of columns can be distinguished. The dust raised by cavalry and artillery rises above the columns in a thick cloud, fainter when raised by infantry. The duty of reconnaisance is not only hazardous in itself and there is so fine a line of demaraction betwee.' it and the office of a spy, that an enemy often fails to observe the difference, and the fate of a spy foUovs capture. This is not a pleasant contingency, and it will d( ubtless sharpen he eye, and nerve the arm of the officer who is so unlucky as to be surprised in the midst of taking his observations. And under these .circumstances discretion is vue better part of valour ; and the Queen may be better served by a judicious flight, with all the information it is possible to obtain, than she could be by a desperate and unsuccessful resistance. 61 CHAP. VIII. itself the the not eye, io be ider and all by Tbe Mllltla Act, and Regnlationi relattug to Active Serrlce. The following Bections of the Militia Act of 18G8, provide for the CALLING OUT TUE MILITIA. 60. The officer commanding nny military district or division, or the officer commanding any corps of active militiu, may, upon any sudden emergency of invasion or iusuncctioD, or imminent danger of cither, cull out the whulc or any part of the militia within his command, until the pleasure of Her Majesty is known, and the militia bo called out by their com- manding officer shall immediately obey all suuh orders as he may give, and march to such place "within or without the dis- trict or division as ho may direct 01. Iler Majesty may call out the militia or any part thereof for actual service, either within or without the Dominion, at any time, whenever it appears advisable si to do by reason of war, invasion or insurrection, or danger of any of them • and the militiamen, when so called out for actual service, shall continue to serve for at least one year from the date of their being called out for actual service, if required so to do, or for any longer period which Her Majesty may appoint : (2.) And Her Majesty may, from time to time, direct the furnishing by any regimental division, of such number of militiamen as may be required either for reliefs, or to fill vacancies in corps on actual service ; and whenever the militia or any part thereof are called out for actual service by reason of war, invasion, or insurrection; Her Majesty may place them under the orders of the commander of her regular forces in Canada. 62. In time of war no man shall be required to serve in the field continuously for a longer period than one year ; but any man who volunteers to serve for the war or any longer period 1 62 than one year shall be compelled to fulfil his engagement ; but Her Majesty may, in cases of unavoidable necessity (of which necessity Her Majesty shall be the sole judge), call upon any niilitiaman to continue to serve beyond his period of general service, or voluntary engagement, or beyond his one year's servicu in the field, for any period not exceeding six months. 63. Whenever *he militia or any pert, or corps thereof, shall be called out for actual service, the oflScers, non-commissioned officers and men so called out shall be paid at such rates of <3aily y^y as are paid to officers, non-commissioned officers, and mer of tne relative and corresponding grade in Her Mnjesty's service, or such other rates as may for the time being be fixed by the Governor in Council. 64. The active militia shall be subject to the Queen's Regu- lations and Orders for the army ; aLd every officer and man of the militia shall, from I'he time of being called cut for actual service, and also during the period of annual drill or training under the provisions of this Act, and also during any drill or parade of his corps at which be may be present in the ranks or as a spectator, and also while wearing the uniform of his corps, be subject to the rules and articles of war anJ to the Act for punishing mutiny and desertion, and all other laws then applicable to Her Majesty's troops in Canada, and not incon- sistent with this Act ; except that no man shall be subject to any corporal punishment except death or imprisonment for any contravention of such laws ; and except also that Her Majesty may direct that nny of the provisions of the said laws or regu- lations bhall not apply to the militia force ; but any officer, non-commissioned officer, or man charged with any offence committed while serving in the militia, shall be held liable to be tried by Court Martial, and if convicted to be punished therefor, within six months after his discharge from the militia or after the corps to which he belongs or belonged is relieved from actual service : notwithstanding that he shall have been so discharged from the active militia, or that the corps to which be belonged shall have been so relieved from actual 63 service : and any officer, non-commissioned officer, or priyatc of the militia may be tried for the crime of desertion at any time, without reference to the length of time which may have elapsed since his desertion. 65. It shall be the duty of the captain or other officer com- manding any compaoy of active militia, with the assistance of the officers and non-commissioned officers of his company, to make and keep at all times a correct roll of the company in such form as Her Majesty may direct; and it shall be the duty of the lieutenant-colonel or other officer commanding any battalion of active militia, and under him especially of the adjutant, to see that the company rolls above referred to are properly made out, and corrected from time to time by the captains or otlier officers commanding companies in such bat- talion, and to report such officers as fail to perform their duty in this respect. 66. Any militiaman who when called out for actuil service, shall without leave absent himself from his corps, for a longer period than seven days, shall be deemed a deserter, and may be tried by Militia Court Martial. 67. Each militiaman called out for actual service shall attend at such time and place as may be required by the officer com- manding him, with any arms accoutrements, ammunition, and equipment he has received, and with such provisions as such officer may direct. 68. When any officer or man is killed in actual service, or dies from wounds or disease contracted on actual service, provision shall be made for his wife and family out of the public fnnds : (2) And all cases of permanent disability, ari/rog from injuries received or illness contracted on actual service, shall be reported on by a medical board, and compensation awarded, under such regulations as may be made from time to time by the Governor in Council ; and any medical practitioner who shall sign a false certificate in any such case, shall incur a penalty of four hundred dollars I!'--;; U RIOULATIONS FOR BILLITINO AND CANTONING TROOPS AND MILITIA irHBN ON AOTUAL SERVICE, AND FURNISHING CARRIAGES, BORSKS, AC, FOR THEIR TRANSPORT AND USE. 09. The Governor in Council may make regulations for the billeting and cantoning of troops and militia when on active service, for the furnishing of carriages, horses, and other con- veyances for their transport and use, and for adequate compen- sation therefor ; and may by such regulations impose fines not exceeding twenty dollars, and imprisonment in cases of default of payment of such fines : 70, Any person lawfully required under this Act, or by any regulation made under the authority thereof, to furnish any railway car or engine, boat or other craft, for the conveyance or use of any troops or militia, who neglects or refuses to furnish the same, shall thereby incur a penalty not exceeding four hundred dollars for each such offence. 71. Nothing in this Act contained or in any regulations made under the authority thereof, shall be construed to authorize the quartering or billetiog of any troops or militia, either on a march or in cantonment, in any convent or nunnery of any religious order of females, or to oblige any such religious order to receive such troops or militia, or to furnish them with lodging or house room. COURTS OF ENQUIRY AND COURTS MARTIAL. 72. Her Majesty may convene Courts of Enquiry and appoint officers of the militia to constitute such Courts, for the purpose of investigating and reporting on any matter connected with the government or discipline of the militia, and with the con- duct of any officer, non-commissioned officer, or private of the force ; and shall have power at any time to convene Militia Courts Martial and to delegate power to convene such Courts, and to appoint officers to constitute the same, for the purpose of trying any officer, n )n-commissioned officer, or private of 65 tho militia for any offences under this Act, but no officer of Her Majesty's regular army on fall pay shairsit on any Militia Court Martial. 78. [The regulations for the composition of ^Militia Courts of Enquiry and Courts Martial, and the modes of procedure and powers thereof, shall be the same as tho regulations which may at the time be in force for the composition, modes of pro- cedure, and powers of Courts of Enquiry and Courts Martial for Her Majesty's regular army, and which are not inconsistent with this Act ; and the pay and ui. irances of officers and others attending such Courts may be fixed by the Governor in Council] 74. No militia officer or militiaman shall be sentenced to death by any Court Martial except for mutiny, desertion to ♦he enemy, or traitorously delivering up to the enemy any garrison, fortress, post or guard, or traitorous correspondence with the enemy ; and no sentence of any Gtaeral Court Martial shall be carried into effect until approved by Her Majesty. PAY. . 1. The daily rate of pay and and allowances for Officers and men will be as follows, viz : OFFICERS. UA> K. Lieutenant-Colonel Major Paymaster Adjutant with rank of Lieutenant.. Do. with rank of Ensign Captain Lieutenant Ensign Pat. Rate per I ay. $ Cts. 4 3 3 o 2 2 1 1 87 90 05 44 13 82 58 28 .Allowaxcm. Daily rate in lieu of Barracks, RatiGBfi, and all other allowances. $ 1 1 cts. uo 00 90 SiO 90 76 72 09 tVl 66 Noofoommissioned officers and men in barraoks and receiving free rations, fuel and light, &c. : Rams. Serjeant Major , Quarter Master Sergeant Paymaster's Clerk Orderly Room Clerk Hospital Sergeant Pay Sergeant Serjeants Corporals Buglers Privates Pay per Day, $ Cts. Note. — By Militia order dated June 2nd, 1868, volunteers on service will receive 50 cents per day and free rations, non- commissioned officers in proportion 2. The Paymaster will forward a requisition (Form A), for the fortnightly advance, in time to reach the Department by the first and fifteenth of each month at the latest, so that no delay may take place in paying the volunteers ; and such advances shoulj be required as will cover all the paymaster's expenditure for the following fifteen or sixteen days, as the case may be. An even sum will always be demanded, the ex- planatory estimate on the back of Form A being intended only as an approximate estimate tor the guidance of the Department in granting the requisite advances. 3. A sufficient sum will be advanced fortnightly by the pay- master to each officer in command of a company for the pay of his company, to be afterwards accounted for in the monthly pay-list (Form C). The men will receive their pay twice a week, and the captains must keep a regular account current of Buciii payments, the same as in the Queen's service, so as to b9 67 able to compile the monthly pay-list without any dlflBculty at the end of the month. 4. The monthly pay-list for ofiBcers (Form B) will be oom> pleted by the paymaster as soon as possible after the last day of the month, and sent to the Department without delay, duly receipted by all concerned. No extra pay can be allowed ta any officer for brevet rank. 5. Thu monthly pay-list of each company (Form C) will be made up by the officer in command of the company immediately after the expiration of the month, and will be transmitted to the paymaster, duly receipted by the whole of the non-com- missioned officers and men of the company. The paymaster will examine and certify it, and obtain the signature of the commanding officer of the post, and then forward it to the Department in support of his accounts. One pay-sergeant, three eergeants, four corporals, and fifty-seven privates will be allowed for each company. 6. The account current (Form D) will be^ completed by the paymaster at the end of the month, and immediately sent to head quarters, to enable the Department to check and compare it with the advances made to the paymaster during the month in question. RATIONS. 7. The daily ration of a volunteer should consist, as nearly as possible, of the following articles, viz. : Bread, one pound and a half; Fresh meat, one pound ; Butter, two ounces ; CoflFee, one-third of an ounce ; Tea, one-sixth of an ounce ; Sugar, two ounces ; Rice, two ounces; . . Milk, half-a-pint. Potatoes, two pounds ; and a sufficiency of vegetables for soup. m 68 8. The rations must be examined by the ♦♦ orderly officer " every morning, who will report to the commanding officer if the same or any part thereof be not according to contract, and the commanding officer will forthwith appoint a board who will have power to condemn all or any part of them if found not according to contract, and a similar quantity in their stead will be purchased at the expense of the contractor ; a proviso to this effect should be made in all the local contracts. I'J BILLETS. 9. The Government will provide barracks, rations, fuel, and light for the volunteers — but when they are stationed at places vvhere there are no barracks available, the paymastcir will pay for their board and billets in the manner laid down in the fol- lowing section, and no rations will be drawn for them. 10. All board and billet accounts for volunteers stationed at places where there are no barracks available, will be paid by the paymaster, fortnightly, in arrear, to each officer in com- mand of a company or detachment, according to such rates as may be specially approved of for the lo^^ality, and the officer commanding the company or detachment will pay the several householders, fortnightly, forwarding their receipts to the paymaster in support of his accounts. All accounts for board and billets will be rendered in the Form E, and will be included monthly in the paymaster's account current with the Depart- ment. FUEL. 11. Fuel for heating the barracks, and for cooking purposes for the volunteers, will be issued in such quantities as may bo found absolutely necessary by the commanding officer at the post. N.B. — Ninety-six rations or inches of fuel are equal to one cord of wood. LIGHT. 12. One coal oil lamp will be allowed fjr every ten men, with S'lch an allowance of coal oil and wick as may be absc> 69 , »» lately necessary for the volunteers only. The allowance of oil must be left tathc personal supervision of the commanding officer, who is hereby enjoined to take care that it is used only for the non-commissioned officers and men, and in such quan- tities as may be absolutely necessary. One coal oil lamp will also be allowed for each guard room. 13. The expense of the first supply of coal oil lamps will b© charged to the Government, but all subsequent charges must be borne by the volunteers. 14. The contractors for rations, fuel, and light, will be paid at the end of each month on duplicate bills being forwarded to the Department for the articles supplied {Vide Form F.) This form must be signed by the paymaster and the command- ing officer at the post, whose particular attention is drawn to the wor(/»7i^ of the certificate required. 15. Contracts for supplying the necessary quantities of rations, fuel, and light, to the volunteers, will be entered into by the paymasters for such periods as may be required, but no contract will be binding on either party until it has been approved at head quarters; and sufficient sureties, in pro- portion to the extent of the «contract, will be required from the contractor, for its faithful performance, 16. In making contracts for supplying fuel wood, pay- masters will stipulate that the cord shall measure 128 cubic feet, t.e., eight feet (or ninety-six rations or inches) long, four feet high, and four feet wide ; if the sticks are shorter than four feet, the necessary quantity must be added by the contractor, so as to make up the cord to 128 cubic feet. TBANSPOET. 17. Requisitions for the transport (Form G) of officers, non- commissioned officers, and men, of the volunteers or militia, or of Provincial stores, roust (except under the following cir- cumstances) originate with the proper officer at head quarters* 18. When any number of officers or men are required to be moved from one part of the country where they are then on 70 duty to another part of the country for service, the officer Id command at the station from whence the transport is required, may, (upon receipt of an order from competent authority . ;a- dering immediate action necessary), sign the requisition for transport, in which event he will, without delay, notify the Department at head-quarters. 19. No requisition is to be granted to any indiviuual for conveyance, except when actually and bona fide prv^oeeding on military duty, and then only upon the order being produced, to show that he is entitled to conveyance at the public ex- pense, either for himself or for what he may require to take with him. 20. Officers proceetliug on or returning from leave of absei ce, are not entitled to rtquisition for conveyance at the public ex- pense. I1C8P1TALS. '■ 21. The following monthly scale of remuneration has been sanctioned to local medica} practitioners, for medicines and professional attendance on the volunteer force employed on actual service, viz. : 20 cents per officer and man per calendar month, when the volunteer troops at the station do not exceed one com- pany of 65 men. 16 cents per officer and man per calendar month, when tue volunteer troops at the station do not exceed two com- panies, say 130 men. \2 cents per officer and man per calendar month, for any number over two companies up to ten companies. All claims for this service must be rendered in duplicate by , the medical practitioner at the end of the month, upon the Form H, duly certified by the commanding officer at the •station, and will be paid by the paymaster at the above scale of rates, and included in his monthly accounts. The commanding officer at the post will authorize the issue of the necessary qnantities of fuel and light for wards 71 actually occupied by sick, and for cooking purposes in temporary hospitals from time to time, according to cir- cumstances, on the requisition of the local medical prac- titioner. ACCOUNTS V 22. All accounts for transport, postage, or contingencies of any kind, on the public service, must be forwarded, in the first instance, for warrant to the Department, in duplicate, duly ** certified as correct" by the paymaster, and approved by the officer commanding the post. . ' -■ .- i MISCELLANEOUS. 23. In the event of a volunteer being confined in any local p^'ison for a civil offence, no charge will be included for either pay or rations during the period of such confinement. 24. When a volunteer is in hospital under charge of a local medical practitioner, his pay will be charged for in the pay-list, in the ordinary way : the pay will be issued to himself in the usual manner, and an allowance, at the rate of fifty cents a day, will he handed over by the paymaster to the hospital* authorities foi his diet and medical comforts, under such arrangements as may be made by the medical practitioner and the commanding officer at the post. No rations will therefore be drawn for men in hospital. Approved by Order of His Excellency the Administrator the Government and Commander-in-Chief. P. L. Macdougall, Colonel, Adjutant General of Militia, Canada. Militia Department, Ottawa, \bih Nov., \^Qb. [Circular. '\ Head Quarters, Ottawa, 7ih June, 1866. ^ Commanding officers of corps are notified that haversacks and all other field stores which have been served out to the r 73 i> f. \m. "volunteers of their cotps, will be rcquirci'i to be returned into the battalion or company armory, when ihe corps is released from service, and that any deficiencies will be charged against their pay. When the co.npaaies are released from service the Brigade Majors will require certificates from commanding officers of corps that all such stores have been collected, each certificate to be accompanied with a list of the same. Commanding officers will be held responsible for these stores, as for rifles and clothing. P. L. MAcbouGALL, Colonel, . y. Adjutant General of Militia. LETTERS TO AND FROM THE VOLUNTEER MILITIA EMPLOYED ON ACTIVE SERVICE. To the noncommissioned officers and privates serving with the companies of volunteer militia called out by His Exceilcucy the Governor General for actual service on the frontier, will, aa regards letters addressed to or sent by them within the Province of Canada, be extended the same privilege enjoyed by the same ranks in Her Majesty's regular troops, and under the same conditions, as follows : 1. Each letter must be prepaid two cents at the time of posting. 2. The letter must not exceed half an ounce in weight. 3. The letter must refer solely to the private affairs of the volunteer. 4. The name of the volunteer and his ratik, whether private or non-commissioned officer, and the name of the company in which he is serving, must be specified on the direction of the letter, whether sent to or by the volunteer ; and, in the case of a letter sent by a volunteer, the officer in command of the post where he is stationed must sign his name and rank as com- manding officer, on the letter. I 73 6. A letter to a yolunteer militiam!\a on nctivo service, claiming to pass for the two cent rate, sliould be addressed as follows : To Private (^Sergeant^ or Corporal) Compy. Volunt, Militia, 6. A. letter from a volunteer militiaman on active service, to pass at the prepaid two cent rate, must be addressed as follows : From Private \ Sergeant or Corporal / Company To .ii 7. Letters to and from officers are not entitled to this privi- lege. Address of letter. G t Signature and rank of C!omtnanding Officer. 74 I! If, in the case of any letter, the above described conditions are not fully complied with, or if the letter in any way fails to come within tbt>4;lass of letters admissible to the privilege, viz:— if the letter be not prepaid the two cents, — if it weigh more than half an ounce, or if it be addressed to any place beyond the Province, or has not been posted in Canada, or if it bo not addressed in the required form so as to shew the name and rank of the volunteer, or fail to have the command- ing officer's signature, when sent by a volunteer, such letter is to be treated and rated like any other ordinary letter. Registered letters must be prepaid the registration charge in addition to the two cent rate. The privilege will not extend to newspapers, books, or par- cels, nor to any matter sent by post other than letters. Any fraud or abuse, in respect to the privilege hereby granted to volunteer militiamen on active service, will render the perpetrator liable to serious consequences. W. P. HOWLAND, Postmaster General, Am GENERAL REGULATIONS. 1. The Militia Degartment will in no case recognise any claim, on the part either of individuals or communities, for supplies of any description furnished to volunteers, unless they can produce a receipt or requisition for the articles fur- nished, signed by a responsible officer. 2. Loss of private property incurred by volunteers on service will not be made good by the public, unless it can be clearly shewn that the loss was not in any manner attributable to carelessness, that it was unavoidable, and that the articles lost were part of their necessary equipment as soldiers. 8. Claims for compensation on account of injury or loss of time from illness contracted on actual service, must always be accompanied by a certificate of the surgeon of the claimant's battalion or detachment, that the injury or illness was bona fide 75 contracted on actual serTice ; as well as by a certificate of the home medical attendant as to the period during which, after dis- charge from actual service, the claimant was actually and necessarily incapacitated from following his usual employ- ment, the nature and emoluments of which shall also be accurately stated. 4. When volunteers are confined in any local prison for a civil offence, no charge will be included for either pay or rations durin;! the period of such confinement. 5. In the event of a volunteer losing or damaging any of the Government property with which he is entrusted, a report thereof should immediately be made to the department by his commanding officer, in order that the value of the said pro* perty may be deducted from his pay in the next monthly pay list ; and, with the view of carrying this order into eflfect, a special inspection will be made once a month, or at the ter- mination of service by tha officer commanding at each post of all barracks occupied by the volunteers, as well as of all public property in their possession, and a report thereof shewing the expense of all damages and deficiencies should be made to the district staff officer immediately after such in- spections. 6. Officers are not entitled to rations of any kind at the government expense, the rate of ** allowances," above fixed being intended to cover their lodging, rations, forage, fuel, and light. 7. Requisitions will be forwarded from time to time, approved by the commanding officer of the post, for such books and stationery as may be absolutely required for the orderly room and paymaster's office, and the same will be duly provided by the department ; and all necessary forms and company books will be forwarded on requisition being sent to the Deputy Adjutant General at Ottawa ; an allowance of two dollars per company per month for stationery, will be included in the pay list and paid by the paymaster to the captain and charged in in his monthly account. ' ' ''II n { ''!!> 8. When volunteers ere sent n^ay from their post to any other, singly or in small parties, on escort or other detached duty, a epeciui marching allowance, to be hereafter determined, will be made to each man so detached, for the day or days on which he is actually and necessarily detained on the journey. If voluntee. are on actual service in camp or barracks at the post to wb'ch he is detached, he will be attached to one of the companies during his stay, and be taken on the ration list of that compauy. Otherwise the marching allowance will be continued, and he will find his own board and lodging during his stay. — ^^Regulations respecting the Volunteer Militia^ CHAP. IX. Tlxe Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Aimy. Mutiny Act, and Articles of War. When a volunteer corps is placed en service, it is subject to the ordinary rules of the British service, with certain restric- tions as to the infliction of the penalty of death, and the pun- ishment of flogging. These rules and regulations are embodied in the ** Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Army" ; *• An Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion," and " Rules and Articles for the better government o ' all Her Majesty's Forces," commonly called " The Articles of War." It is to the parts of these works particularly bearing on the institution and com- position of courts-martial ; and the ovimes and punishments of volunteers, while on active service, that I would especially direct the attention of ray readers in this chapter. There are three kinds of courts martial provided for the trial of military offences, according to the rank of the offender, or the nature of the offence. They are, 1st. General Courts-martial for the trial of officers, and of- fences of a grave nature. It is composed, in Canada, of not less than thirteen members, having for its president a general officer, or colonel, if practicable. The offences, which strictly speaking, come under the cognizance of a general court- martial only, are mutiny and insubordination, corresponding ■with or misbehaving before the enemy, plundering, treache- rously making known the watchvrorl, creating false alarmi^, sleeping on, or quitting his post when a sentrj', offering vio- lence to a person bringii g provisions, forcing a safeguard, &c. Civil oflFenbes of all kinds can only be tried by general court- martial. It is also competent to try all military offences, which come within the cognizance of other courts-martial. Its powers are to award the penalty of death, ptnal servitude for a term not less than four years, or to serve for life if enlisted for a limited term ; corporal punishment not exceeding fifty lashes, marking with the letter D, loss of claim to pension, discliarge with ignominy, loss of all claim to additional pay while serving, and to pension on discharge. 2nd. District or Garrison Courts-martial, for the trial of grave offences in non-commissioned officers and soldiers. These are composed in Canada of not less than seven officers, having a field officer for president. They take cognizance of the fol- lowing oflFences : — Absence from, or improper conduct during oral puiiishnaent, not exceeding fifty lashes ; marking witli the letter 1) ; loss of all claim to pension; and discharge with ignominy; solitary confinement, not exceeding fourteen days if awarded without other punibhment ; imprisonment with or without hard labour, with solitary confinement, not to exceed eighty-four days in one year, with intervals between the soli- tary confinement of not less th^n fourteen days ; iinprisoument with or without hard labour for any period not exceeding six months for minor offences ; forfcuture of all additional pay or pension on discharge, forfeiture of liquor money, &c., &c. 3rd. Reyimentdl or detachment Courts-martial for the trial of minor offences in non-commissioned officers and soldiers. They are composed of five members, unless it bo found impracticable to assemble th.it number, in which case three will be sufficient. The senior officer is president It takes cognizance of the fol- lowing off'ences : — Absence from regimental school ; disrespect towards commander-in-chief ; striking, or ofl*oring violence, or using threatening language to his superior olficer ; failing to appear at parade; quitting the ranks ; c 'eating false alarms; failing to report prisoners when in co.nmand of a guard ; releasing, or suffering a prisoner to escape ; neglecting to obey orders; drunkenness on duty or under arms; habitual drun- kenness ; ill-tre.itment of landlords in billets ; a non-commis- sioned officer striking or ill-treating a soldier ; liiring a lother person to do his duty : losing or making away with, or wilfully spoiling appointments, necessaries, clothing, &c. ; destroying or injuring private propertj, mutiny, and insubordination, &e., &c. Its powers are to award corporal punishment not exceed- ing fifty lashes; solitary confinement not exceeding fourteen days if awarded without other punishment; forty-two days imprisonment with or without hard labour, with periods of solitary confinement not exceeding fourteen days. Should an offence be committed that comes within the jaris- diction of either of the above courts-martial, the commandinj- officer, having satisfied himself by investigation that the off'ence 79 is one that shouM bo adjudgej by court-marti.il, should either convene a regimental court-martial ; or submit the matter to the officer un ler whise command he is serving; specifying the charges distinctly, and giving a synopsis of the evidence, with witnesses' names, dates, places. &c. lie will order the assembly of a general, or district court-martial, by whom the prisoner will be tiied; the coramanding-oflicti- furnishing the charges upon which he is prosecuted. The order for the assembly of the court-martial having been received, and the members warned in orders: the prisoner is made acquainted with the charges upon which he is arraigned, the witnesses against him, and the date on which his trial is to take place, which mast be within eight days of his first confinement, if possible. On the morning of trial the prisoner must be ex- amined by the medical officer of the corps to ascertain that his health will admit of the punishment inflicted, and a certificate to that effect handed in to the president of the court-martial. On the assembly of a general court-martial, the president first reads the order for the assembly of the court, and the warrant by which the president and officiating judge-advocate are ap- pointed, with the names of the members, in the presence of the prisoner, who is assked if ho has any objection to be tried by the president, or any of the members composing the court. If he object to any, a valid objectioa must bo stated, which is consi- dered by the court with closed doors. If the president is objected to, and the objection be considered valid ; the court adjourns, re- porting to the convening officer ; if a member be objected to, and the object-on be considered valid, a new member is appointed. Should the prisoner refuse to reply to the question as to whe- ther he has aay objection, his silence is considered tantamount to his having no objection. The prisoner is not allowed to ob- ject to the judge-advocate, who is appointed to record the pro- ceedings of tlie court lie is the adviser of buth the accuser and accused, and is bound to give his opinion on any point or form of law in which a difficulty is experienced. He takes care that the prisoner does not suffer through ignorance, inex- ■f^ 80 pcrience, or incapacity ; and ho must point o>it to the court any deviation from the law, or proper forms of procedure whicli may occur. He also administers the oatli to the president and members of a general court-martial. On trials before other courts-martial the oath is administered by the president to the memVier.s, and to tho president by the senior member. The form of oath i.« as follows : "YouHhali well and truly try and determine according to the evidence in the mitter now b f ,)ro you. Si> help you Ood. You shall duly a Ininister jmtic^ aocordirjg to the rules and artichis for the biitter goviirnmeiit of Her M.ijcsty's army, and according to an Act now in force for the punishment of mutiny and desertiun, and cither crimes therein mentioneil, without partiality, favour, or affection, and if any doubt sludl arise which is not explained by the said Articles or Act, then accord- ing to your conscience, the best of your tinderstarnling, and the custom of war in the like cases — and you shall not divulge the sentence of the court until it shall be duly approved ; neither shall you upon any accuunt, at any time whatsoever, disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular memlier of the court-uiaitial, unless required to give evidenct^ thereof as a witness by a court of justice, or a court-martial, in due course of law. So help you Ood." During the administration of the oath, all persons should stand uncovered, and the strictest silence be [)reserved, The court being sworn, the prisoner is then arraigned, by the judge- advocate in general courts-martial, and by the president in other courts. His name, rank, number, and regiment, and the charges are rcud to hini, and the following (juestion asked: — "Are you gtiilty, or not guilty of the charge wliich you have just heard rend." If the prisoner plead "guilty," he may still go on with his defence, and produce evidence as to cha- racter, and atldress the court in extenuation of the offence, or in mitigation of the punishment. If the prisoner stand silent, the plea " not guilty" is entered in the proceedings. If the prisoner pleads that he is not amenable to military law ; that 81 may cha- tbo court i:^ i'lcgilly conititutftl ; or not ompetent to deal with his case ; or that by delay in trial, or son»« other manDer recognized by military law, he has been ab-so'v fresh evidence has been produced l)y the 'prosecu- tor, .he prisoner is entitled to a rrjrAnder, to re-cstanash the charn'ter of his evidence. m 82 The court is then olcnrcil for the piirpo^o of (k'libornting iip- <)n thcy//j'///j^, — tlic minutes of tho cviilcnce being read over, — an are equal to 14 pounds bran. He will drink about 7 gallons of water daily. A horse should not be watered too early in the morning in cold weather. Horses' backs should be examined closely OQ saddling und unsaddling ; the least flinching should be taken notice of, and hot fomentations applied constantly. Kicks and contusions should be treated by hot fomentations, poultices, and cold water. A dose of physic may be necessary, depending on extent of tumefaction and pain. Sprains should be fomented ; a dose of physic given, and cold water bandages applied. Cough and cold : soft diet, a fever ball with a little nitre ; stimulate or blister the throat, if sore. If bleeding is necessary, rub the neck on the near side close to the throat, until the vein rises; to keep it full, tie a string round the neck, just below the middle ; strike the fleam into the vein SIT rtly, with a short stick. If the blood does not flow freely, the jlow being properly struck, it may be made to do so by holding the head well up, and ciusing the horse to move its jaws. After a march, first take off" bridles, tie up horses by heac'stall chains ; loosen girths, turn up crupper and stirrups ; sponge nostrils and eyes, and rub the head with a dry wisp ; pick and wash feet, and give hay ; wipe bit and stirrups. After the men have had their meal, saddles are taken off", and the horses cleaned, watered, fed, and bedded. Upon the vigour with which grooming is performed, greatly depends the con- dition of the horse, when exposed to fatigue or exposure to the weather. Hand rubbing the legs and ears, not only till they are dry, but until the blood circulates freely, should be par- ticularly observed. In forming for attack upon infantry, a regiment of cavalry should be divided into three bodies — distinguished as "First Line," "Support," and "Reserve" — with intervals of 400 yards between sach. The "First Line" should not be more than one-third of the force. They generally advance the first 400 yards at a walk, approaching to a gentle trot ; the next 400 yards at a round trot ; and the last 200 yards at a gallop —the time consumed being about seven minutes and three 87 DIIS of n the mined hould antly. btions, ssary, ibould idages \ little iing is ;hroat, nd the le vein freely, 3 80 by love i ts rses by rrups ; wisp ; After and the vigour le con- to the ill they be par- cavalry "First of 400 be more the first the next a gallop id three seconds. The *' Support " and '« Reserve ' fDllow the advance at the same pace as the " First Line," checking the pace when the ** First Line" commences to charge, but prepared to follow up the success, or protect the reforming of the First Line. The *♦ First Line," if unsuccessful, should rally behind the " Reserve," instead of falling back on the " Support," and thus destroying the steadiness and order* of its attack. When cavalry act in support of artillery, they are formed r j 400 yards in rear. When cavalry and artillery act together against infantry, the cavalry harass and manoeuvre on the flanks, in order to induce the enemy to form squnro, in which formation they would suffer most from artillery fire. In a cavalry attack, guns come into action on one side of the cavalry they support, in order io have a clear front, and to cover a retreat more eflfectua'^y. In advanced guards, and piquet duty, the same general rules apply to cavalry as to infantry; it being Itorne in mind that they can communicate more quickly than infant' y, and conse- quently need not be so near the main body. Artillery, — A field battery of six pieces, and with six horses to each gun and waggon, occupies in liii^' ninety-five yards ; by thirty-four yards in depth ; or forty-foi; yards in action ; the interval between the pieces is nineteen yards ; and the length of a field carriage is about fifteen yards. In marching, not less than four yards interval should be allowed between each carriage. On opening fire, if the distance of the enemy be not known, it is better to fire rather short of, than over the object. The quickness of firing being regulated by the certainty of execution; at equal ranges, therefore, the object should be to point with great care rather than to fire quickly. With smooth bore guns, round shot should be used from 350 yards, upwards ; case at from 350 to 450 ; when double case may be used. The firing should increase in rapidity as the range dimin- ishes. Shrapnel should not be used at a less range than 500 yards. After putting a gun in position the officer's first busi- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^- ^^4t^ 1.0 1.1 laiM 12.5 us ^^ "^ ■tt liiii 122 £ ]^ 12.0 ■it lift 1^ IJ4 ^ 41 6" ► Photographic Sdences Corporation ^v vs^*.^!^ V 23 WIST MAIN STtCIT WIBSTM.N.Y. MSM (716)173-4503 i C 88 h ! nesfl is to ascertain the distance of erery well marked object within range ; next to mask and protect his guns and men by ingenioos use of whatever means are at hand. When guns are in position on the brow of a hill they should be retired as far as they can be, without losing command : the more they are retired, the better the men will be coyered. If necessary that they should bo immediately at the top, they should not be placed until the firing is to commence. A waggon should wait for a disabled gun, but a gun should never wait for a disabled waggon. Men should be accustomed to work the guns with diminished numbers. If guns are on an unsupported flank, they should be pro- tected by cavalry in rear. If impassable obstacles to cover the flank do not exist, a wood, or buildings occupied by infantry, will give great security to guns posted on the flank of a line. Infantry should never be dirpctly in rear of artillery. In covering changes of front, the guns should be on the pivot flank and well clear of it, that their fire may not be interrupted. On a march, halt every two hours for several minutes. Drivers dismount ; down props ; lift saddles and pads ; examine shoul- ders ; sponge nostrils, eyes, and tail ; give a mouthful of wet grass or hay, and a little water ; if halted for two hours stop feet with wet clay. Frequent watering in small quantities will permit the performance of very severe marches. Feeding at moderate intervals. Cordial balls or drinks (in default of better, a wine-glass of whiskey in a half a pint of water, or one and a half drachms of ginger in oil, grease, or butter,) when horses are weary. When dull, and refusing food, try a a clyster at 96° Fahrenheit. Indian corn should be soaked before feeding.. No water until one hour, at least, after feed- ing. Horses not to graze on grass with the dew on it. Hard water should have a knob of clay, or half a handful of wood ashes mixed with it. Quns should never be at the head of an advanced guard ; but may precede the main body, protected by some cavalry. Officers should not point guns in action. Their duty is to 89 id object I men by guns are etired as kore they lecessary Id not be )uld wait , disabled ;uns with d be pro- coyer the infantry, )f a line, llery. In the pivot Lerrupted. 1. DriTers ine shoul- ttl of wet ours stop quantities Feeding iefault of water, or > butter,) lod, try a e soaked fter feed- t. Hard of wood ard ; but J. uty is to superintend the wofking of the gun in all its details ; and to> note the effect of the fire on the enemy's troops or guns. Oarriton ArtUlety. — A gun detachment consists of one non- commissioned officer and ten gunners. No. 1, points and com- mands ; No. 2, searches, sponges, rems home, and elevates ; No. 3, loads, assists to ram home, elevates, uncaps fuze when in bore ; No. 4, clears the vent, serves it, pricks cartridgo, traverses; No. 5, serves No. 3 with projectiles and wads if necessary, traverses, attends to stop quoin. No. 6, supplies side arms to No. 2, cleans sponge if necessary. Attends stool bed, elevating screw and quoin in laying ; has charge of water bucket, ossists No. 3 to load ; No. 7, serves No. 3 with cortridges, primes, and fires. (The above numbers also run the gun up) ; No. 8, assists to prepare shells, and to supply gun with pro- jectiles, brings up cartridges from magazine ; No. 9, bores and fixes fuzes, assists to prepare and bring up projectiles ; No. 10,. attends the magazine, serves out cartridges to No. 8. The words of command are : — Prepare for Action. Each number, as quickly as possible, bi ings up the stores he is to work with. Ele- vate, — clear the vent, — search the gun. — With— ear tridpe. Load. Shells fired from smooth bore guns are less accurate than shot. In night firing, the true direction having been obtained, battens are nailed to the platform touching the felloes of the wheels, or trucks, or the side of the mortar bed. If a shot has stuck in the bore, the best method of clearing the gun is to drown the charge, and pour in loose powder through the veut, sufficient to blow the shot out. Guns may be disabled by knocking off the trunnions, or firing a shot against the chase ; or by heating the metal and battering it, or by spiking. Aeeidenta, Jj^e. — ^It may sometimes happen that the volunteer on service may not be able to obtain the services of a medical officer; and it is extremely necessary that he should know what to do in cases of emergency, where immediate assistance is required. Presence of mind, and a slight knowledge of ¥ in I 90 what is proper to be done in crises, of accident, may, in many cases, be instrumental in saving tlie life of a comrade ; and intelligent assistance in case of need may be invaluable to the surgeon. Of course it is not contemplated to give the details of the treatment of wounds, but simply to give such directions as will conduce to the comfort and safety of the patient prior to the arrival of meiical assistance. To prevent hemorrhage from a wound, if an artery is injured, a tourniquet which will stop the blood for a time, is made by tying a strong string, thong, or handkerchief firmly above the part, putting a stick through, and screwing it tight. If the blood jets forth in pulses, and is a bright red colour, it is an artery that is wounded. The main arteries follow pretty much the direction of the inner seams of the sleeves and trousers. If you can find whereabouts the artery lies, which it is the ob- ject to compress, put a stone under the thong or handkerchief. Deep wounds should be kept together, and bandaged. If a leg is broken, put the man on the other side, lay the broken limb exactly on the sound one, put a little straw, or a folded cloth between, and bat;utige the two legs firmly together. A broken arm may be fastened to the side in the same manner. Should a litter be required for a wounded or sick man, lie him on his blanket, cut two stout poles, eight feet long, and lash three bars, two-and-a-half feet long, across, like a ladder. (One cross bur dhpuld be immediately behind the head, another in front of the feet, and the third across the stomach). Sup- port this framework over the sick man, and knot the blanket well up to it ; use the ends of the poles as handles, and he can be comfortably and safely carried a long distance. Fevers, diarrhoea, and rheumatism, are the prevailing types of sickness in camp. Small doses of quinine taken in time may avert the first-named ; and flannel next the skin is the surest method of uroiding the two latter. A broad band of flannel constantly worn over the stomach and loins is the surest preventative of both diarrha:, Orderly Sergt No. 4. BBOIMSNTAL OBDEBLT BBBQEANT'S BEPOBT. Ueadquartebs, Batt , ., 18. ■• 8rE: — As Regimental Orderly Sergeant yesterday, I. I paraded the Orderly Sergeants at 7 a.m., when they reported all present and fit for duty. II. I saw the Rations taken tO the Prisoners. III. I paraded^the Rations for the Guard. IV. I collected the Gate and Canteen Reports, and handed them to the Non. Com. Officers on those duties. y. I Tisited the Cook Houses at 9 a.m., at 12.30, and at S.30, and found all clean and correct. VI. I shewed the orders to the Field Officers. VII. I saw the lights out at 9.30, p.m., and paraded the Orderly Sergeants at Tattoo. R. 0. S. To the Sergeant Major. ,„ ill 97 ) 10>a> No. 6. CANTEEN REPORT. bU No., not, r Sergt. RT. lATT , when they id handed lO, and at Headquarters, Batt. Sir:— We the undersigned Non. Com. Officers of the Batt, do hereby certify that wo were on Canteen Duty yesterday at the hours specified opposite our respective names, and that the orders for the Non. Com. Officers for that duty, were strictly carried out. We certify that no Defaulter entered the Canteen, and that the Canteen was regularly closed at 9, p.m., both being present. ^ Rank A Names a Hours on duty. From I To I I I Signatures Iraded the The Sergeant Major. 0. S. i. 'i\ 111! •ilj ( I f : 1 ' 1 '': • 98 No. 6. PARADE STATE. DISTRIBUTION. Under Arms Recruits at Drill ... lastruotors at Drill, Total oil Ptirnde. Eh (l4 On Duty Coming oflf Guard Servants and Batmen Cooks and Sweepers .. Fatigue Sick ^ ^" Regimental Hospital. " \ In Quarters. Reported Sick , Attending | "°T''^* * I Mess , Regimental Employ .., Leave from Parade Total Present H QQ < Attached to No. On Command On Furlough '. (With Leave. Without Leave. Sick In Imprisonment Company... Total Absent. Eflfectives. Wanting . . Establishment . Attached from No. Compy X a. '3 CO c e a< bl u CO E c Q. I. C o H (Signed), Commanding Company. d9 — ■■ it * -i (Back of Parade State). GABUALTIEB. ON DUTY. MAMIS. Comins off Guard t ServaDts and Batmen Tailors Shoemakers Cooks and Sweepers Fatigue «s« I f In HosDital Sick < , »»wo|*»»»» ••• I In Quarters ReffimentAl Employ Pioneers On Leave Prisoners Attached to No. ... Companj... On Command f With Leave Absent' Without Leave I Sick In Imprisonment (Signed), Orderly Sergeant. ■Hi!! m in ■ ' -;i.! 1 . iiiii' ' if! jlih I'! I s s p. a 6 d 3 O o P4 as •2 o aa a o as 5 « 4 o •artqut I •B»A\ •8a-'«< I 0>l A'O a « 100 s e^ as (i 5 P< I n 8 i e o si o S5 o tart* (« CD 90 a 101 t o S o 9« (Back of Company Duty Roster). CA8nALT7 STATE. DISTRIBUTION. NAMES. Recruits at Drill Instructors at Drill In Hospital • it * i Cooks Servants Regimental Employ Absent with Leave Absent without Leave... N.B.— From this state the Orderly Sergeant makes out his Daily Parade State. !2! o -SB-'^.^ '\ LIST OF DEFAULTBBS. o Kegt. No. Rank and Name. Punish- ment Awarded By whom Awarded. Date. Expiration. Drill. Steutenoe • i, - '■ / N. B. — From this list the Orderly Sergeant makes up his list for the Qate and Canteen. I 1 •1 mil ' I h 1 ! ' 1 '•£ i , r- 102 Si & as « o d -a C3 o e 9 m a Is • 1 i .a Ik SS m 1 1M»!WiCn 1 i 'iva iffl 1 u o •8»;«A|J,I 1 P m|«iu(1joo 1 n SfOBafjag o a o .£ " 2-55*5 O 3 — *►< a ^ O S JJ -3 >» "2 s"^ • * « fli *< r- *T? •« X 0) a »-'S'o JS a 9*i a 5'g*S.c.S « ► ■^ a « I 5S5- 103 1 p » 3*0, d) o e to- 2 = ^ S" , M ei rfs .2 , .s « a o k V S *^ -.11 .2 "E 1 o^ 1 u s 5 «< a « B 1 1 1 • ^ •o ' & » eS 4* - ' , a ' ' %) s> § a , s; JS a s ■ ' ■ • *- - ^ d . S 1 ^, r^ BB s S5 ^ O • << « P4 L - _ = (ki t o H i • _ S Q ■' •■' ,;■ c Xasdmoo o o 1 c ■ .» ^ 3^ s e « H Sr, M 1 •": ^ - 6 I,! i.!| : ,,,'■1 ! I 'ill! I ill' 4 104 No. 11. RATION RETURN. No Com^fmjt If lo... MeMeti. o e • »: 1 1 « ft a n a JNa.. Hospital. Sergeant Men. OfBcers Meis. Total. J- 8 I 5 o ., Pay Sergeant 1... 105 No 12. POEM OF APPLICATION FOB A COURT MARTIAL. Headquarters, Batt. V.M., 18... Application for a Court Martial. Sir,— I have the honor to submit charge... against No. ... of the under my command, and request you will obtain the sanction of that a Court Martial may be assembled for his trial at The prisoner is now at The witnesses ore at i 1 have the honor to be, t Sir, Your obedient servant, To Commacdiog Charge... submitted ayainst No. ..., Co., Batt. SURGEON'S CERTIFICATE. I certify that No. ..., Battalion Volunteer Militia, is in a .'. stnte of health, and to undergo imprisonment, solitary or otherwise, and with or without hard labour ; and that his present appearance and previous medical history both justify the belief that hard labour employmei.t will neither be likely to originate nor to reproduce disease of any description. ant. Surgeon, or Asst. Surgeon, Batt. V.M. (Here follows a soramary of the evidence). 106- jReturn of Officers present, and fit for Description Return and Character, duty, (not includintc the ConmnndinK^ of Prisoner. Previous Character, und Gx< tracts from I'efiuIterH* Book. Officer j, who may be called upon to sit on a Court Martial. Names of Field Officers and Captains, according to seniority. -N {Signature oj Commanding Officer.) No. 13. FORM OF FROCEEDINGS OF A COURT MARTIAL. ProoeediDgs of a Court Martial, held at on the 186..., by order of commanding the Bearng date the , President .... . V Members. •! No , {name in full) Company, Battalion Canadian Volunteer Militia, is brought prisoner before the Court. {The order for the asiembly of the Court having been produced and readf and the names of the President and other Offieert ajypointed to serve upon the Court having been read in the hearing of the prisoner, the following question is put by the President to the prisoner :) W T 107 and fit for ommnDdioK^ 1 upon to sit Offleers and >rdiDg to ty. lAL. .. Battalion before the en produced ther Officsri the hearing Preiident to Qvettion. No (name), yoa haTe heard read over the names of the President and other Officers appointed to sit upon your Court Martial ; have you any objection to be tried by the President or by any of the Officers appointed for this duty. Answer. ••• The President and Members being duly sworn, the prisoner. No , [name and rank) of tlie Battalion Canadian Volunteer Militia, is arraigned upon the following charges : — lat charge. 2ndcharge. • {A/ler the charges have been read, all witnestea retire). No {name and rank), are you guilty or not guilty of the crimes laid to your charge ? Anawer. No (rank and name), of the Bat- Firt^mtimi t^ijon Canadian Volunteer Militia, being duly sworn, for e pro- ^^^ ^^^ charges read to him, informs -the Court that, &c., &c. QuMtton. eeeution. (Question by prisoner. Annoer. Second tait- neu, dee. The prisoner cross-examines {or declines to croaS' examine) this witness. Second wit- neaafor d^ence, ^c. (Same as above). The prosecution here closes, and the prisoner Defence, being put on his defence, states, &o. No , {rank and name) Battalion firrd^^^ Canadian Volunteer Militia, being duly sworn, and the charges read to him, states, &c., &c. (The prosecutor and court either cross-examine or decline to cross-examine this witness. Both question and answer must be put in the usual way, and embodied in the proceedings). (The prisoner having closed his defence, the Court is cleared for the purpose of deliberating upon' the whole proceedings). The Court having maturely weighed and con- sidered the evidence in support of the prosecution, together with what the prisoner has urged in hia defence, are of opinion that (Here follows the decision as to the guilt or inno- cence of the prisoner,— and, if the prisoner be found guilty:—) FlMSINO. If wm 108 i ill I' [>M m t I f " III ml 1... .'ii 1 ii Quetti'on. A ntwer. Question. Aruwer. Qucation. Lieutennnt and Adjutant Bat- talion Cnnadian Volunteer Militia (or other con.- petent person,) being dul^r sworn, is questioned bj the Court : — Has the prisoner been warned that his former convictions would bo brought as evidence ogainsl him? State what you know of the prisoner's general character. ••••••• How long hns he been on service, and what is bis age ? Answer. (Tlie Court is then cleared for the consideration of the sej- tence). The Court having found the prisoner guilty of Skntesce. ji^g charges preferred against him, &c., &c. * (Signed) , President. Dated at Approved and confirmed. (Signature of Convening Officer). (Should the Court be ordered to re-assemble for the re-con- sideration of the sentence, the following must be added to the proceedings of the Court Martial:—-) The Court having re-assembled according to order, and atten- tively weighed, and re-considered the whole of the evidence adduced on the part of the prosecution and defence, as well as the observations of the revising officer,^ is still of opinion that the prisoner, No , {rank and nume)^ Battalion Cana- dian Volunteer Militia, is guilty of the charge preferred against him, and does, therefore, most respectfully adhere to its former sentence. (Signed) President. Dated at {or)^ have revised the finding and sentence against No , Battalion, and respectfully submit that he is guilty of and that his sentence is Ill 11 'fi\ Bat- ther con - itioned by lis former ;e gainst 'a general d what is »f the sej- : guilty of c. President. »g Officer). the re-con- Ided to th& and atten- e evidence as well as pinion that ilion Cana- red against its foioaer « ••••••• President. t No , s guilty of