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Les diagrommes suivents iilustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 .■*jc- ..■, til-- ' ■. K. v S WW^ ■■I lu I I I IWH IJiumiii I. 1. in *n:^> ^"^^ \ % *s^ pjiiiii J I I ^. J 1 1 1< .i^i.n •^v (Infcrihed to /i&^Bntiil) Land fnJSm, BRITISH MAR CONTAINING Several Schemes and InveiJtioNs. To be Praftifed by Land or Sxa Againft the ENEMIES of Great-Britain. Shewing m«re plainly. The great Advantage B r i t a i n has over other Nations, by being Masters at §ea. In T W O P A R T S. Part I. contains* Th« Conftra£tion of Boats both to ftow in le'H roont in Ships, and go fwittly, .^ difcover an Enemy^ Coaft, and to land and embark Trooj^ with greater Safety }. alfo to confbuA VelTels to lye nearer the Shore, to better prote£l: the Troops in landing or embanking; alfo rolling Defences to be afedu floating Batteries, or as Floats for landing Cannon, &c. and for making Defences and Batteries on Shore mori expeditioufly, and for filling up Ditches, &c. Alfo contains a Method to 6t old Ships of V^ar tod finall floating TO Batteries, to batter lanAjOefencei with gr«ttcr Force 5 alt another Method to fit old Ships of War (that cannot be funk by Shot) to lye before Batteries «id receive the Shot, while other Ships psf» by s withRemariu and ObfiinrationSi, 4 •M Part II. centalnt Met^s to fortify dvTdliiig Hon^' that even Women and Childrea may defend th«mf<$lves from In^ dians with fnudl Arms, defignel for our Settlem,enU inAmeri«$ and other Places. ' H^' Alfo a new Method of Fortification, and makla«; Batteries. A o p I o, A-N N D WHICH. IS APPENDIX, Containing a Scheme for Manning the British NavYi with lefs Grievance to the Subjedl; And a Scheme to employ Sb am ei. : Of a Corpaa M;ns near Hadfon's Bay : And of difcovering the NoaTH.Wssr Passage, or determine there is no ^chPaflage; Vioth Caationi and Directions, /^i Ttv -'Jy *t» «' By JOSEPH ROBSON, Engineer.^ The whole Uluftrated by £leven Plate?. ■•' LONDON: printed for the Author ; and Sold by William Thxntf^ M9X Grajft'JnnGat*, Hdhrn, Moc^CLXHi. * I •»• £Ba± -£.^.^ { 'j' •* -j^ ; . ■'; ^ ^ i f i ^-' I 'I' ERRATA. Page. ' ' Line. 106 — '^ 16 /or H. interior, reaJH. exterior. 107 22 — Fig. 2. r. Fig. I. 104 . Iq the lail line of the N. B. for will that, r. that will* 123 — - 34 reaj (oar, five, or fix Feet deep. izr ■- 33 ^r bend r. bond. 13^. — — I J — or f. on. I /LQ ■ 24 —■ accure r. occur. 168 — 14 — wter. twelve. 168 — 15 — ntenty r. twenty. I^^ ..— 9 — I ft. 9 in. r. I ft. 7 in. /« the Note s. y 1.—. 4 — i cover the from the Enemy's view* r* covet the Enemy from the Boat's Fire. I) I 9 — Sea r. Shore. ^9 -.— i 2 — Battle r. Batter. 85 — -— 12 —• Mnzzriing r. Mttzzle Ring* 104 III 29 — ende r. render. >< \ PREFACE. K ;?> in a naval, i^^ • the^ : V WHILST England is blefled with Force fuperior to any Nation World ', whilft fhe is blefled with every ; Material fufficient to improve that Force j whilft'^^ our naval Strength is die chief Defence of this ^^ ;, ^ , | Nation, and the only Means to humble the ; "^ J ^; i\ Pride and diftrefs the Trade of our inveterate^^ , *^^ vJf^ Enemies 5 and whilft (he is blefled with a num- "^^ ^ berofable and experienced Ofiicers and Seamen, .^^^ that have Courage and Refolution to undertake"^ . any Scheme that the Government finds necefla- ^ ' ry t o be executed for the Intereft of this Kingr-^ ^ ^ dom,} it is furely the Duty of every Well-wiflier to his Country to employ his leifure Hours in Thoughts that may be ufeful, eipecially in the Improvement of our naval Force, or on any other Means that may render Attacks at Sea or on the Enemy's Coaft, more probable of fuc- ceeding, and with as little Rifque and Hazard as poflible of the J-iivcs of fo many brave and ufc- fuj Subjeds. It is from this Motive only, that I have ven- tured to fet my Hand to Paper to fliew a willing- nefs at Icaft to contribute to the Public Good j a and Pac N/ V. H'storv r>. 31479 PRC MNC;,\U L, 3RA ^v VICTORIA, 0. Ci, ~"*~*ini'^""*''t'^*^^ wmtmimatm wmm I I I 8 PREFACE. and as our Royal Navy feems yet a little defies cnt, I have more particularly adopted for my Plan the Conftrudion of fundry ufeful Veflels, as well as the Art of Fortification and Attacks by Sea and Land ; v/hich, tho' incorredt as it is, yet I am in great Hopes fuch Improvement may be made upon it by our able and experienced Artifts, as may anfwer in great Meafure the End pro- pofed : And tho* every new Plan or Scheme may, at iirft View, feem difficult and impradti- cable to many People that are unacquainted with the Nature of it ; yet I am fully perfuaded the ingenious Sort will find fomething in the fol- lowing Sheets that will be thought worth their Study and Obfervation. As our Mifcarriages on the French Coaft have been greatly owing to the want of a fufficient Number of fmall Craft and Boats, and that oc- cafioned chiefly for want of Room in the Ships to ftow or carry more, I fhall firft treat of a reconnoitring Boat, and as fuch on their Duty run great Rifque and require the greateft Dif* patch, every Art or Contrivance (that is but of any Advantage to make her row or fail the better) ought to be ufed. And then I fhall treat of Boats to land or embark Troops on an Enemy's Coaft. As fuch Boats ufually made life of have hitherto been found fo inconvenient to ftow on board Ships, that but few have been provided (from hence our Attempts have mifcarried, and many a brave Soldier and Seaman have loft their Lives, for waiU of a fufficient Number to take off all «iT*ii; V V- ■ 4 \^ ■i -J c :• i b( A A m C. ^ H : ic to s O ' iaij ■ of ^1 the ■« N ,; 4 * 7>../*>* /;»»^-^ -^i^v^ '/'^ 7 -^^ t\ £v-** C" tt'^> * J^Vv ^ v^ 4 PREFACE. a all the Troops at once.) I have contrived for a better convenience of Stowage, that they be built in fuch a Manner as to part in Halves, length- ways ; fo that as many of them may be carried in one Ship upon any Expedition, as will land all her Men at once : And however odd it may ap- pear at firft View by being built in Halves, an ingenious Carpenter or Boat-Builder, I am well perfuaded will foon render it pradicable and eafy. . . ^ I next proceed to treat of different Veflcls to cover the landing of Troops in fhoal Water, and their Method of Defence for the better Security of their Men ; and as the greateft Part of it will y^ confift of woodp^ Rowls in different Sizes, which • ill make no Doubt will be laughed at,at lirft View, as well for the Oddity as the Expence, yet be kffuredjwhen they are duly confidered, they will be found to be of excellent Service almofl in every I Adlion, not only by Way of Parapet, but will \ make exceeding good Floats to land Guns or r Horfes, or any other great Weight or Lumber : Then after having given you a ihort De- fcription of a fcaling Ladder, and of a Bridge to crofs a Ditch ; and referred to feveral practical - Obfervations on landing Men ; Defences when ^ landed 5 and on tlie Security and Advancement of Troops in the Face of an Enemy. I then proceed to (how the Ufefulnefs of old Men of Warjf^and a Method how to prepare and make them do good Service after they have been unfit fyv fiirther Ufe in the common Way. ; - ' z z The 1' >«. N y V-.* V \ w * "\ t < 1^^ ^i ^ f"-' '-^l MMriMiMAM ^pp> w PREFACE. !' Then After treating of the Means Britain has to take the Enemy's Sea-Ports, anddeflroy their Shipping, I (hall jufl give a fhort Sketch of the Method that was defigned for the better manning the Navy, which wa^ not my own j but fince Mr. Hume's and Mr. Blake's Plan, have appear- ed, it will be needlefs to enlarge further on that Head, fo (hall conclude with fome Obfervations tending to (how the great Advantages Britain has, and may keep if (he pleafes, over all the Powers of Europe. It appears to me fo very eafy (in fine Weather) to lay Bodies in the Sea (which the Enemy from the greateft Batteries cannot fink; indeed a chance Shell may do Mifchief to fome of fuch Bodies, but the Uncertainty of Shells hitting a Ship is fo great, that Shells in this Caib need be little re'Tjirded) before Forts and Batteries, that will Cj ually prevent the Cannon on Shore ftom doing any confiderable Damage to the Hulls of Ships which are running paft, that I cannot but think it fomething Arange that Britain has not attempted fomething of this Kind to go into the French Harbours and deftroy their Ships. It feems to me very pradicable that old Ships of War, as before mentioned (or other Bodies made on Purpofe) may be laid before the Batte- ries at the Entrance of any Harbour, (or any Place I have feen) that Men of War may run into the Harbour under fuch Cover, with Safety gs to their Hulls. The ^ P R JR P J C B, The keeping a powerful Squadron before an Enemy's Port, is both dangerous and expcndve, efpecially in Winter, and often doth not anfwer the End; for there are many Difficulties and Difappointments attending a Fleet at Sea, whofe Butinefs is to keep near an Enemy's Coafl : And Experience teaches that Ships may efcape out of Port, notwithftanding the greateft Diligence in a Fleet at Sea to keep thetn m ; I mufl acknow- ledge I cannot help being fomewhat pofitive that Means may be ufed (by a Nation that is fb greatly fuperior at Sea as Britain is to France) to go into Breft, or any Port in the World, and deftroy the Ships there, at a much lefs Expence of Blood and Treafure than the keeping Fleets at Sea to block up Ports. It is evident that Britain (at prefent) has the Means to protect any thing upon the Sea; and can, in fome Meafure, block up the Enemy's Fleets in their Harbours ; but by many Year* Experience it is known, their Ships have often found Opportunities to flip to Sea, notwithftand- ing a powerful Squadron imployed to block them up in the Port $ and I think there are few In-* ftances of our Fleet intercepting the Enemy's Fleet, particularly the Brefl Squadron. If there was indeed a good Road where ouf Ships could lye fafely all Weathers, at the En- trance of the Enemy's Harbours, they might keep them Uocked up 3 but, except in nne Weather -v.^ vi P R E F A E. Weather, it is not pradlicable to reduce the blocking Ships up in a Harbour to any Certainty. For if a Gale of Wind blow ftrong upon the Shore, the Fleet at Sea that muft not go for the Harbours, will ply to Windward : Nor can they be fafe or eafy till they have got a good Offing, perhaps feveral Leagues out of Sight of Land ; upon which the Wind may alter lo as to bring the blocked up Ships out of Harbour, and they may be at Sea three or four Days before the Ships that blocked them up can beat to Wind- ward, and regain their Station off the Harbour's Mouth ; Or a Storm of Wind may blow the Ships from the Shore fo far, that when the Storm is abated, the blocked up Ships may have an Opportunity to put to Sea without much Hazard of being intercepted, except met at Sea by Chance, as any other Ships may. A dark Night or a Fog may give the blocked up Ships an Opportunity to gcf to Sea unfeen. Beiides, our Admirals and Captains are Men, and may be overcome with continually being expofed to Storms, &c. upon a dangerous Shore pofTeffed by an Enemy. I hope the rifquing our Ships, and the great Expencc to keep fo many Ships fo long employ- ed before the Ports of France, fometimes to little or no Advantage, will plead Excufe for my pre- -.j fuming to give the few following Hints, where o^'''^ fome Hope they may put Men of Capacity and Power have hitherto done ^*' ^° "'"^ «« 4«y ^M dwd«°f hJuI ' ''f « Aown how to Children may defend .«• a^"^ ^""^n ^nd ty with fmall Arm? tW/ •^^n^derable Par- b' of great sZ^L' Z '^^ ^°^ °^«°"fe maw dis^|--"^'HiS^^^th^--s; &c- the defenS Ho„|f w"l"^ WaUs. •nuflbe built upon Rn!!c ^ i"^^ Countries Timber, fecuredTx^Il °^ ^'°"«'' 2"^^ or Fire with de^d San w?a ' • "" ^ ''°n<' from Stone nor SficSSf^'T^- '^ "«*" fcaveafreePaigru^di^'ii/yhat the Wind Snow may not Ive hJ^Kr ^^o"^^. that the render the nSf/furoriLfr'* *l ^^'^' «"<» %h Doors. &c iflf u '"/'*« Windows. rilhrs, or make Firpc tr. k" ? ^"^ wooden Defence mmmmmm wmm < 1 till P R B P ji C H. Defence (like clofe Quarters in a 8hip) that any one may be inflantly killed that prefumes to come in under the Houle $ befides Palifadoes may be round the open Place under the Houfe, that a Man cannot get through between them,* and yet be open to let Wind pafs fufficient to blow away the Snow. I JH hf\. X. Of the fitting old Ships of War to lye end an^ and to batter Caftles^ Forts and Batteries Page 46 Chap. XL Of fmall floating Batteries to hatter an Enemfs Caftles^ FortSy &c. Page 49 Chap. XII. Of the Utility of old Ships of War^ when fitted as defer ibed in the IX and X Chapters Page 54 Chap. XIII. Of the means Britain has to take or ' demolifh an Enemy's Sea-Fort Sy and deftroy their Ships in Harbour Page 63 P A R T 11. Chap. I. Of Fortuity Page 73 Chap. II. Of new Methods to fortify Places ^Jigt 79 Chap. HI. Of a new Method to fortify re-entering Angles Page 96 Chap. IV» Of fortifying a Circle Page loi Chap. V. Of a new Method to make Covert-ways and Walls in fortifying Places Page 115 Chap. VI. Of Foundations^ and the Manner of laying them in Fortifications^ Bridges^ and Piers for Harbours Page 122 Chap. VIL OftheLength of Arch-Stones Page 164 Chap. VIII. Of Rivers^ Creeks and Harbours ; , and making proper Ufe of the Flux of the Sea Page 170 APPENDIX. Chap. I. Of manning the Britifh Navy with lefi , Grievance to t^s Subjeifs Page 182 Chap. II Contains a Scheme to employ Stamen % and alfo treats of a Copper-mine near Hudfon's Bay ; and of a Scheme to difcover the North-wefi Paffage^ or determine there is no fucb Paffage \ viitb Cautions and DireSiions* I THE I t r > • fK ^ THE British Mars. ■ CHAP. I. Of the ConJlruBion of reconnoitring Boats . OATS for this Service Ihould have much the fame Length as a Man of War's twelve oar'd Barge j but fhould be at leaft a Foot broader, with a flat- ter Bottom, and of a very light built, fo as to carry Ballaft enough to make them bear a larger Sail than common, at a very fmall Draught of Water. The Thicknefs of the Keel Ihould be fuch as to admit of t\^'o Mortilfes through it, from the upper to the under Side, the one forward, the other aft, each about the quarter of he- ' .ength from the Midfliips ; but the forward one rather more fo than the other. Thele Openings to be each between three and four Feet long, and about an Inch and three quarters wide ; and Ihould be con- tinued as high as the Thwarts, by making a ftrong Cafe, to contain a Plank or Lee board (well fecured with Iron) to be let down or hawled up at pleafure, B when m^m. mmm ■ [ « 1 when the Boat is under Sail, in order to make her hold a good Wind. In going about (when under Sail) the Lee- boards may be plucked up the Inftant the Helm is put a Lee, and let down again as foon as the Boat begins to pay off. As it is a principal Point that fuch a Boat fliould be conftrudled in the aptift Manner to row well in cafe of Purfuit, (^c. The Thowles or Rullocks muft be fo placed, that the Purchafe of the Oars may be taken at Icaft a Foot without the Gunnel, for by this Means the Oars may be longer, and give the Boat better Way with lefs For je. Another Artifice for helping to make good Way, will be to form a Hole or two in her Stern, for let- ting through Poles of a convenient Length, with ar- tificial Swan Feet at the outward Ends, to contract when hauled inward, and to expand when pufhed outward: by working thefe, as Occafion may re- quire, a confiderable Degree of Velocity will be ad- ded to the Effedl of the Oars. And laftly, it may be of fome Advantage ta raife l a Standard in the after Part of the Boat, juft clear of the Oars ; to the Top of which is to be faftcned a ^ Rope with a Hook at the lower End,Cpn whjch may " ' be readily hung a Weight of a Hundred ot^"twb, more or lefs, as may be found moft convenient in practice ; and a Butt being fixed about the Height of the Thwarts, let a Man in the Stern hawl aft the Weight, and at every Stroke of the Oars, let him take good Care to dalh it againft the Butt, which will be found to qQicken the Boat's Way. N. B. It will be neceflary to cover both the Butt and ftriking Face of the Weight with fome proper Material, for preventing too great a Jarr . ^! , wi* )..■ „',Ji, i»^ •• » * T Y CHAP. -NA :^ [3] C H A P. II. Of the Conftrudfion of Bonis for Landing or Em-^ barking Troops on an Enemy s Coaji, CUCH Boats fliould be about thirty Feet long, ^ and near twelve Feet broad, and flat Bottomed, built with a Flooring of pretty tliick Boaids, fo as to endure beating againft the Shore, but as light as pofiible at Top, fo as not to draw above eighteen Inches or two Feet Water at the mod when loaded ; both Ends ihould be nearly a like, and a little rake- ing. In the building they ought to be fo contrived as to part in two, length ways, and be united again with little Trouble or Lofs of Time -, the Execution of which muft be left to the Builder's Difcretion, the Intention thereof being for the Conveniency of Stowage on Shipboard. Thus by making three or four Sizes gradually diminilhing, they may be flow- ed in little room on each Side the Ship's Quarters, (like Hambrougb Boxes cut in two length ways) one within another, one half on one Side, the other half on the other, fo that a Tranfport may carry as ma- ny as will land or imbark all her Soldiers at once*. It will be eafily apprehended that the Hooks fore and aft, the Floor Timbers, and the Thwarts, are not to be fafl:ened, but only fayed, till the Boats come to be put together ; yet .in order to do this, e- very Piece muft be bored off ready, and fitted with fkrew Bolts and Nuts, inltead of Nails and Tree- nails, with a Provifion of tarred Canvafs or Flannel, to flip between the two half Keels, Stern and Foft, B 2 in ♦ Being able to land all the Troops at once will be of great Service in many ReCpedlis, as will appear when Land- ing of Troops are treated of. "•MVWPMvr [4] Jn order to make her Water tight upon being rejoin- ed ; I recommend both Ends to be formed alike, that either End may go foremoft to prevent winding, either in going afliore or coming off; the Thwarts ought to lie as low as poffible, and the RuUocks to be placed fifteen or eighteen Inches without the Boat's Side, as in the reconnoitring Boats, under which long Poles or Sets may be carried, to help to puib the Boats a head in fhoal Water, when it blows too frefli for the Oars to do it. Upon the End of the Boat which is to be next the Shore, or Enemy, there ought to be a Breaft Work of two Feet thick, or more, confiding of light Materials, in the manner of a Pack or Roll quilted ftrongly together, which, for the more convenient Stowage in the Bottom of the Boat wlien the Wind blows frefli a Head, may be made up in fliort Lengths, with feveral Loops or Noofes in each, to cord them fall together when they are to come in ufe. This Breaft Work, thus put together, and fixed in the Boat, will cover the Men from the Enemy's Fire, in advancing to, or retreating from the Shore. A more compleat Defcription of thefe Packs or Rolls may be met within Page 12. For the common Defence of each Boat there fliould be provided ten or twelve Mulkets, with large Barrels of well forged Iron, fit to carry a fingle leaden Ball to a good Diftance, or fmall Grape Shot in cafe the Enemy be near. I prefer a leaden Bullet to an Iron one, on the following Account-, one of lead of an Inch diameter being m-uch heavier than an iron one of the fame Dimentions will confequently be driven with equal Force to a greater Diftance. The Muflscts, in order to diftinguifli them from others, may be called Artillery Mufkets ; as each Boat will bf near twelve Feet wide, five or fix of the Mufkets being fitted, each with a Swivel Hiarp point- ed. . [ 5 1 ed to flip readily into Holes made for that Purpofe on the Top near the Infide of the Brcaft Work, may be fired at once, whilft the like Number are loading, to be flipt fo readily into the Places of thofe jult difcharged, that a conftant Fire may be kept from every Boat, fo as infallibly to annoy the Ene- my, and keep them at a much greater Diilance than can poQibly be done by the common Muskets. CHAP. III. Of Vejfels proper to proteB Troops whiljl Land^ '\/'ESSELS of fifty-five or fixty Feet long, and ~ very broad, muft be fo contrived in their Con- ftruftion, that with a very little Draught of Water they may be able to keep the Sea in bad Weather ; and ferve as Tenders, ^c. when not otherwife em- ployed ; but if the ingenious Ship-builder fhould find himfelf at a Lofs to give a Veflel thefe two Pro- perties, though fitted with L^e-boards like the re- conoitering Boats, the common Conftrudlion may anfwer the End, by the Addittion of a counter Bot- tom, confiding of four Parts or Qiiarters, and to be provided whillt the Ship is building, occafionally to fit and take oflp from the VefTcl's thin Parts, in the Nature of a Camel, forming a quite flat Bottom, like that of a Barge, when fitted on, to bring her to a fmall Draught of Water. Such counter Bottoms may be brought under Veflels, and faftened to them with eafe when the Water is tolerably fmooth, after the following Manner ; firft hawl the Veflel along fide fome Ship and lighten her as much as poflible ; then heave out the Quarters of the counter Bottom, and fallen them together two and two, with the Itrong Chains fix'd ready for that Purpofe j this being done, B3 fmk .-■^'^ • [6] fink them*, till the Chains can pafs under the Keels of the Vt'fTels, either forward or aft, and hawl them to the proper Birth to which they were adapted, where fiilen them with fkrew Bolts or the like Con- trivanrts for that Purpofe, fo that the Parts may meet and butt each other about the Midfhips, and be fecured in that Poririonf. It is ncccflhry that fuch a Veffel (hould have two Decks very well fupported, and at leaft five Feet and a half in h ight between Decks, that there may be convenient Room for Capftanes between Decks, and more cfpccially for Oars to row in failure of Wind, and ti.e better to keep her Head toward the Enemy, v/hen within reach of their Shot. As the Nature of the Service requires that thefe Veflels fliould be very (lifF, apd draw but very little Water when they have their Guns and Men aboard, ■ ■ it • Thefe counter Bottoms may foon be cleared of Water*, by means of a Tube about nine Inches or a Foot fquare, and fifteen or twenty Feet long open at both Ends, made of Oak ar Fir Plank, about one Inch and half thick, with a convenient Number of Valves in the upper Side, (this fort of Pump lying in an inclining Pofture when in ufe) with a light Frame of Brafs or Iron that fills the Tube, and has large Valves to fly open eafily, when the Frame touches the Water. This Frame (hould befaflned to a Pole about two Feet longer than the Pump, and one or two Men working the Pole pufh the Frame to the Bc.ttom of the Pump, the Valves open and let the Water continue in the Pump, as deep as the Pump is emerged, and as they attempt to hawl the Frame up the Valves fhuts, and they hawl all the Water up that is in the Pump above the Valves. I made fome of thefe Pumps of fuch a Size, that every Inch in Depth contained a Gallon; one of them being e- merged eleven Feet, fix Men made eight Strokes in a Minute, which drew up above four Tons of Water. t Veflels ordered after this Manner will endure a fwell or gentle Summer Sea, and lye near the Shore with Cannon io annoy the Enemy and keep them at a DiAaiice. .17] it will require a due Confideration to conftruft them •, becaufe the Veflels muft be made able to carry their Cannon high, which may be fix in Number, pointing forward, or aft ; but as the Breadth of tht^ VelLl will not at the utmoft admit of more than tiiree large Cannon to point forwards, it will beneceflary to plant them in two Tiers toward the Midfhips, at a proper Diftance behind each other, and the fore Ti^r to be about four and a half or five Feet below the after Tier, that the after Cannon may fire clear of the fore ones. For the better Security and Defence of the Men, ftrong Parapets of Junk and otht^r Materials may be provided, ready framed in Ihort Lengths for the bet- ter Conveniency of Stowage in the Hold when out of ufe, to be ready at any Time to be placed in their Births upon the Decks before the Guns, in a floping Pofition ; whereby the Enemy's Balls, though (hot from a higher Battery, will ftrike the Parapet with only a fmall angle of Incidence, without taking any confiderable Hold of it, and confequently will glance and be reflefted upwards*. Thefe Veflels being to fight their Cannon lying with their Ends to the Shore, it may perhaps feem as a Matter of fome Difficulty to keep them from calling a thwart, butthis may beeffeAually prevented, by ftrong Stakes fhod with Iron, fo contrived as to be let fall in- to the Ground on each Side the Veflel clofe aft, and to be taken up again at Pleafure, through Holes wrought ♦ The higher a Veflel carries her Guns, the greater Ad- vantage has file in annoying the Enemy's Troops, as fhe has a better Command of riling Beaches, which frequeAtly at low Water cover the Boats from the Enemy's View. And if the Water is fmooth where the Troops are defigned to be landed, fuch Veflels may be of excellent Service, by two or three of them being faftencd together, as fhall be explained in the next Chapter. [ 8 ] wrought in her Bottom for that Purpofe when build- ing, on each Side near the Veflel's Quarters, and as far aft as can be *, . C H A P. IV. ■ ' Of joinhig three Veph together ^ to be of'fuffici^ ent Force for carrying large CannoUy both to annoy the 'Enemy and proteH Troops in landing or embarking, when the Water is fmooth and fialloWj as mentioned in the laji Chapter, I *" H E ingenious Shipwright is here again to be ■■• informed, that a third Property will be requi- fite in the VelTels treated of in the forgoing Chapter, in onier to make them anfwer our further Purpofes ; namely, that they be formed ftrait or Wall fided, in order to lye clofe along fide each othsr, when two or three of them arc faftned together-, but as I am l^)me- what fiifpicious that it will be fcarce praflicable to confl:ru(fl Bodies which will anfwer all thefe leveral Ends thoroughly, I fhould rather advife, confidering that the Expence will be trifling, when compared with the great Advantages refulting from them, that Veflels be built on purpofe, of about the fame Di- lucnfjons as thofe laft treated of : for example, fixty Feet • It may be prefumed that it will feldoni be attempted to land Troops in a Sea that will not admit of Boats full of Men to go afhore with Safety ; in a moderate Sea the rifing of the Veflel will not lift the Stakes out of the Ground, but the Veffel will flip up and down the Stakes by the Action of the Swell, and an Anchor out to Sea will fccure her from thwarting. If on the ebb Tide the Veflel be in danger of grounding, the Stakes may eafily be hove out of the Ground by the Capftans and Pulleys fixed between Decks, and when {he is hawled into deeper Water, the Stakes may be let down in a Moment. >\ [9l Feet long by twenty broad, the fame Height between Decks, with Row-Ports, with counter Bottoms to make the Bottom flat, and a (Iraight up- right Side, efpecially from the light Water Mark ; the Eiids fore and aft fomewhat like the Society's Herring BuITcs, and to be rigg*d with a light Maft, fomething after their Manner, or any other that ftiall be ju tg'd mod: convenient to put in or take out at plcafure : Each of thefe Veflels ought to have fix fquare Jpenings on each Side, nearly at equal Dif- tances, a very Jittle above the light Water Mark, and fix more like Openings clofe below the upper Deck Beams, with Trunks to the low Openings, made tight to run from Side to Side, and firmly fecured, ib as to be fit to receive ftrong Beams of Timber that fhall run thro* the two or three Vef- fels to fallen them fecurely together, for the Ufe and Purpofes hereafter mentioned. In order to put thfMe Veflels together, in the firft Place, if three are to be put together, let the middle one receive two of the aforefaid Beams, through the forward and the att Openings , and next let the other two Vefltls receive the Ends of the Beams, each in at their Sides ; thefe two alone will be fufficient to keep the three Veflels in equal Motion, and to fa- cilitate the Introduction of the refl: of the Beams ; after they are all fix*d right in their Places, unriggand take out the Mafl:s, Sailo, ^c, of the two outfide Veflels, leaving the middle one rigged, that fome Sail may be uied if Wind oflfers. Faften them al- together with Chains acrofs their Bottoms fixed for that Purpofe ; thus they will be able to carry the heavieil Cannon on their upper Decks, eight or tea Feet high above the Water ; and in cafe the Water be quite fmooth where the Veflfels are to be employed, a higher commanding Battery may be raifed above . . .... . - . the f 'O] the former*, fuppofxng fuch to be at hand in the Veiiel, ready framed to be put up and taken down at pleafurc ; inftead of a Farrapet upon thefe com- manding Batteries, place fmall upright iron Stantions Gx Feet long, upon which hang a Quilt of woolen Rags, or other Matter, Mufket proof, with fmall Pieces to lift up and form Openings for the Cannon to fire through, and fall down again to flop Mufket Shot from the Enemy whilft the Cannon are re-load- ing; the importance of thefe forts of Batteries will better appear when we come to explain the Manner ofLandingt. «'■■'• . C H A R V. Of divers Inventions 5 andjirji of rolling Breajl" WbrkSy toferve as Parapets^ &c. THE rowling Bread- Works here propofed, may be made of any fort of Materials proper to refilt I or deaden the Motion of Shot ; fuch as old Quilts,^ Raggs, or woollen Cloths of any kind that will come cheap, which may be, for the better Convenience of folding together, wrought up into Plat or Cordage ; take a Balk of Timber of the Length of each Para- pet, * Thefe commanding Batteries, in fmooth Water, will be of great Utility, as they will have a great Command over the Enemy's Situation and Works aftiore. f Two or three of thefe VeiTels being fixed together, it may be eafily tried how high they will carry a Battery of any Number of Guns of given Sizes, by raifing feveral ftrong Sheers on the Decks, and heaving the Weight of the Platform, Guns, t^c. up a confiderable Height, making Trial at feveral Heights, after every Thing is well faflned, and then by Means of Ropes at the Top of the Sheers giv- ing the Vcffels the like Motion as in a moderate Sea : This (hould be done before the commanding Batteries framed. 4 ^ are \ [ II ] pet, at the Ends of which fix ftrong iron Oudgeofu to receive a Frame convenient for the Men to con- vey it, either to haiyl it after, or pulh it before them ; this Frame may have Spikes {o hung to it as by their Ends trailing upon the Ground to hinder its running backwards, when pufliedor hawled up Hill, or its re- coiling when ftruck by Shot; at each End of the Timber Balk or Beam, fix Spoaks of Iron, like thofeof a Wheel, to keep the Wrapping regular ; then fold the woollen Rope or Plat round the Balk T which fhould be ftraig' -t for rolling Parrapets, but crooked and fmall for thofe at the Bows of Boats) taking Care to ^x Skewers of Wood or Iron in many Places of the feoll, to keep the Wrapping well together, which for further Security, may be at laft covered with a ftrong Netting of hempen Rope. Roiling Breaft- Works of different Forms and Sizes, thus compacted, will anfwer the different Pur- pofes of ftufi-'d Gabions, Corbels, Fafcines, Earth* Bags, Mantlets, or any other Contrivances for co- vering the Men from the Enemy's Fire in attacking Fortreflcs; as will better appear hereafter. They will alfo, with the help of a lig!.c Covering of Tar- paulin, ^^eather, or other durable Materials, make excellent Rafts, to carry and land any heavy Weight, as Cannon, 6fi. and may be rendered very fit, if due Care be had to the Covering, for erefting float- ing Batteries upon them •, for if they be kept dry, and not very hard worked, they will fwim more than half the Diameter above Water j but great Care mufl: be taken not to let them get thoroughly wet» becaufe then they will only float by the upper Sur- face, and if twiiled or made very lolid, will refifl Cannon Ball better than any other Materials I know of that will fwim. I! n .-.tritiiiMiii.. J1 pjHWn ■— .■ >'•»''*' I >2 3 .irf yj&or^ Account of the life of thefe rolling Breaft Works, ■•■■,,.,.! 'A . ' i ■' I ■ • ' CU?POSE 9 Debarkation intended at a good and ^^ advantageous Landing-place, but where great Oppofition is expeded, the Enemy having Cannon planted on Batteries, and Works thrown up, not only near the Shore to hinder the Landing, but alfo at a proper Diftance has formed Redoubts, with other Bat- teries, and a Line of Communication, fo that Can- non Shot from a Frigate or other fmall Veflel, lying at a common Diftance from the Shore, can do them but little Harm ; Now though the Enemy's Cannon cannot reach the Frigate, no more than the Frigate's Guns can reach them, yet the Enemy's Guns may eafily reach the Water Side with fufficient Force to annoy the Troops, both in landing and when land- ed. Indeed, if fuch a Difpcfition be made by the Enemy, and they perform their Duty well, it is im- pradible to land, according to the common Method, without confiderable liOfs. But fuppofing rolling Breaft- Works provided, twenty Feet in length, and fix Feet in diameter, as before defcribed ; Rafts may be made of them by faftf ning five of them together to every Raft, which Rafts will confequently be thirty Feet long and twenty broad. Acrofs the five Rolls fo lafhed together, lay ftrong Planks, thirty Feet long, to make them bear alike in the W^ater, with other Planks twenty Fee: ong, and two or three Inches thick, acrofs thefe-, thus there will be formed a good Platform for Cannon to reft or recoil upon* fiiould there be Orcafion for firing from the Raft •, fome of thefe upper Planks fhould have Irons fixed near their Ends, fitted to re- reive and hold faft other Rolls of fix Feet diameter, to ferve for a Parapet to cover the Men from the Enemy's [ '3 ] Enemy's Fire, whilll Landing, or firing their own Cannon *. - Being furniflied with a fufficient Number of thefe Rafts, any Body of Troops may approach the Shore under a good Defence ; having at all Events a fuf- ficient Number of Cannon to anfwer thofe of the E- nemy ; but fhould there be no Need of firing the Cannon at Sea, the Rafts may be pufhed afhore a- bout high Water, or upon the Ebbf, and when the Fore-part is laid a-ground, fufficient Planks muft be laid from the Rafts to the Shore, and the Parrapet Rolls rolled off firft, and plac'd in proper order on the Shore or Beach, and the Cannon landed next and brought up to the Parrapets, all which may be lb quickly difpatched, fuppcfing the Water fmooth, that in about half an Hour, from many fuch Rafts, an Hundred Cannon may be landed and made ready for Aftion, covered with the rolling Bread- Works, under which the Troops may advance in tolerable Safety, to attack any Place or Enemy, with as many Cannon as may be judg'd proper, whereby fuch Ad- vantages may be gained as will reafonably afTure Suc- cefs with very little Lofs. If a great mrny Cannon fhould be wanted afhore, each Raft will be able to carry four ready mounted, , befides • Rolls of fix Feet diameter, and not too hard work'd, will float near three Feet and a half out of Water be- fore any Thing is laid upon them, and twenty Tons will fink them about twenty-three Inches more j wherefore each Raft will carry about twenty Tons, and at the fame Time bear the mounting a Battery of two Guns in froit, in fmooth Water, or when there is only a moderate Swell. t The Re-a(Slion of the Sea will prevent their taking the Ground where the Sea has a confiderable Decievity, there- fore ftrong Ponies like them ufed to cramp and manage Weft Country Barges upon the Thames^ muft be ready up- on the Rafts to confine them to the Shore. 'J, i •1 li ^ : [ H ] beHdes the two for immediate Service i and the Raft being taken afunder, and landed, will oe refolved in- to four rolling Breaft- Works or Merlons, for the four Cannon, befides the two that were ready for Adion upon the Raft. Thus each Raft will be able to land fix Guns, with all their Equipage, which when on Shore will make a Battery of fix Guns, with all requifitc for Service in a very little Time ; fo that ten Rafts will furniih Batteries for fixty Pieces of Cannon, and carry many other Neceflaries afhore be- lides ; one Raft alone would carry the Weight of ten, but would furnifh Materials for no more than fix ; and if it is apprehended that the Cannon on the Rafts will be mucn ufed in firing againft the Enemy, it will be proper to have two or three other Rafts to carry the Cannon, ^c, on Shore, for Shore Service. By th^fe Helps, and a proper Ufe made of thefe Veflels as before dire<5led, Tropps may land at any Place in fine Weather, and even have the Advantage of the Enemy, though fuperior in Number; for thefe Rolls will form into Batteries fb very expediti- oufly, that an Army of three or four Thoufand Men, once landed, may advance with fifty Cannon in Order of Battery a Mile or two, in five or fix Hours from landing, the Rolls fufficiently covering their Front, fb that they will never be at a Lofs to fight their Cannon under Cover, fliould they be fud- dcnly attacked on their Way by the Enemy. High Batteries may aUb be raifed in a very (hort Time, by fetting a Number of large Rolls on End, and binding their upper Ends together with Ropes provided ♦ I make no Mention of Horfes, becaufe all or mod: of thefe Rolls will be too cumberfome to be drawn by them from Place to Place to any great Diftance, they being chiefly adapted to Coaft Fighting (where Shipping can carry them near to the place of Adion) where many Horfes for that Ufe would be inconvenient. ^ [«5] provided for the Purpofe, throwing up Earth againft their lower Ends to make them iland the fader ; at the fame Time Ihorter Rolls of fix or feven Feet Di- ameter Ihould be ready for a Parapet or Merlon, be- tween every two Guns, with flat Pieces to form the Embrafure, and fill them to the Top if needful. To make the Platform for working the Cannon up- on in Time of Aftion, lay three Inch Planks, not very clofe to one another, the whole Length of the Batteries, and cover them with others about feventeen or eighteen Feet long, laid acrofs cloie to each other, and then the Cannon will recoil and traverfe eafil/ over them. Of the praSfical Confiru5iion of theje high BaU tertes. .*!v, ILTAVING fixed upon the Spot of Ground/roll •'" •* a fufRcient Number of Breaft- Works between it and the Enemy's Fire, to prevent their Shot firom annoying the Men while at work; make the Ground plain, and, if it can be eftefted with a little Labour, let it lower siway gently towards the Objeft that is to be battered, that the Top, on which the Cannon is to recoil, may have a Defcent towards the Embra- fures ; then fet a Number of Rolls on their Ends, to form a Rampart about twenty-eight Feet broad, upon the Top, for which four Rolls of feven Feet Diameter, fet on a Row, will fuffice ; the Length muft be fuited to the Number of Cannon intended to be planted upon it -, allowing about fixteen or leven- teen Feet of Length, to each twenty-four Pounder. Now as the Parapet is to be made of Rolls, it will be neceflfary that the Rampart fiiould be hallow- ed along the Front, to caufe it to lie firm upon it ; and this may be effedbed by making one Side o^ each of the outfide Rolls that are to make the Rampart, i '"''H >^:^ ; [ i6 ] a Foot fhorter than the other ; for if the two Ihorteft Sides be placed parallel to each other, and next the Front, a Hollow will be thereby formed in the Ram- part, ib as to make it hold the Parapet Roll faft. After the upper Ends of the Rampart Rolls are lafhed firmly together, a good Quantity of Earth muft be thrown up againfl: their Bottoms, to make them iland fad, and then the Parapet Rolls mufl be rolled up and properly placed, having about twenty Inches Opening between each two Rolls for an Em- brafurc, and fitting in the Madriers at the fame Time to prevent the Enemy's Shot from paffing through the Embrafures. The Madriers is fo well known as not to need any particular Explanation*. When all Things are in readinefs for laying the Platforms, begin with laying three Inch Planks fljetching along the Rampart made of Rolls, whofe Enljs muft butt or meet in different Places upon the Rampart ; then lay other Planks, two Inches thick and eighteen Feet long, acrofs thofe already laid, for tke Guns to recoil upon. Another fingular Ufe of Rolls will be to roll along before Cannon that are advancing to cover or form an Attack ; for it is eafy to conceive that by the Means of fuch rolling Breaft- Works, any Number of them may be pufhcd forwards under fufficient Cover as near an Enemy's Fortification as is necef^ iary. When a Breach is not intended to be made, fix or nine Pounders, mounted on travelling Gun Carria- ges, will be fufiicient, with rolling Breaft- Works well foaked in Water between each Cannon, and a fquare • The Ends of the Rolls which are to form the Parapet, ought to be beveling, in order to make the Embrafure wideft •n the Side next the Objefl intended to be battered. fquare Madrier of the fame Materials to fill as high as the Cannon, the Spare between the rolling Breaft*- Works in time of Adtion ; on a March the Madriers are to be hung to the fore part of the Guns, to fe- cure the Carriage from the Enemy's Fire, upon which other Madriers are to be laid to fill the Open- ings between the Bread Works to the Top whert needful, thus during the Advancing of the Cannon, the Men who work them will be covered with a good Bread- Work. When the Cannon are to be conduced a greater Diftance, they may be fitted in the Manner follow- ing : If there is ary Apprehenfion ot meeting an Enemy in the Field -, let Iton be fixed to the Axle- tree of the Carriage, of Strength fufficient to fup^ port an Iron Bar ot twenty Fen in length, lying a- crols, a little before the Muzzle of the Gun, anjd about fix Feet in height from the Ground, on which to hang a Mantlet, Mulket proof, wirh a fmail Piece of Mantlet to cover the Mouth of the Gun^ which may be put afide when it is to be fired •, the Mantlet extending about eight Feet on ea( h fide the Carriage, will cover the Men that pulh the Canr.on forwards, as well as the Mufqueteers that march with the Cannon. The Cannon, when marching in the Face of an Enemy, mult be puihed forwards by means of Trails upon fmall Wheels fixed behir d them, with Traces for the Men to hawi chem by j thus a number of Cannon may be made to advance and face an Enemy to lb me Advantagej efpecially againft fmall Arms. Since thefe rolling Breafl- Works muft be of great Importance to that Power which is Matter of the Seas, in the whole Progrels of dittrelCng an Ene- my's Sea-Coafts; I would carneftly recommend them to my Reader's thorough Confideration, for it would be tedious where Brevity is intended, to C expatiate *? A.. J [i8] iCxpatiate further on the many Puipofes to which they are capable ot being applied. T * CHAP. VI. Offcaling Ladders. I) Rocure the longed Poles that can be got, of two '*' Inches and three Quarters in diameter •, Aih is the Wood which is mod eligible, but as tliey (hould be thirty, or five and thirty Feet in length, which Englift) Aih feldom runs to, clear of Knots, young Fir Trees may lerve the Purpofe, for Poles iawed out of Timber will not be fo proper, as not being ib tuflF and ftrong. The middle Part of thefe Poles -^CO^ght, as I obferved, to be two and three Quarters of an Inch in diameter, but they fhould be fome* what tapering towards each End; when thefe Poles are to be converted into Ladders for fervice, two of them muft be fet parallel at a proper Diftance afun- der, and kept fo by proper Iron Work that will iiot damage them ; round Loops or Sockets at each End of the Bars, to put on upon the Poles, leem likely to a ifwer this Purpofe bell, and they may be faflened at the Ends by Skrcws. The Steps oi thefe Ladders (hould be fmall Ropes, ftretched tranfverf- Jy between the Poles, their Height one above ano- ther fho Id not exceed one Foot ; they might in- deed be eigheen Inches Diftance, but then a Man mult be obliged to give a Spring every Step that he alcends, and this would require aftronger, and con - fequently a heavier Ladder. Such a icaling Ladder, wide enough to hold two Men a-breaft, and thirty or thirty five Feet long, will admit of fix Men upon it at a Time^ and the Ladder not weigh smich above one Hun dred I J9 1 dred and twenty Pounds : It might perhaps be expedient to have a fmall Pole fixed with its End about ten Feet from the Top of the Ladder, to be in readinefs to raife the Top wh^-n neceflary. When the l^adders are out of ufe, the Poles will lie almoft as clofe together in a Ship as fo many o- ther Poles, for the fmall rope Steps will be a very^ inconfiderable Hindrance to their Stowage. Another fort of Ladder may upon trial prove more ufcful in the open Attack of a Place by Efca- lade, in a new Manner hereafter defcribed. This Ladder ought to be about forty Feet long, and made of good Rope, with a proper Chain a- bout twenty or thirty Feet long, properly fattened to the End of the Ladder that is to be uppcrmoft ; and to the other End of the Chain let a Ball of nine or twelve Pounds be well fecured, fo that tjje Ball may be fired out of a Gun and draw the Lad- der after it acrofs the Ditch, and fix it to its Place by the Ball plunging a good Way into'the Defences of the Place, drawing the Chain in after it. Confidering the great Advantages that might accrue, efpccially to Britain^ from a right and rea- dy Manner of attacking Places by Efcalade, it may be worth while to exercife the Soldiers at home in time of Peace, in this important Part of Military Operation. It will require Experirtients to difcovcr rightly how to make and ufe this Ladder. t ' • c H A P. vn. Of a Bridge to crofs a Ditch^ whether dry or full of Water, /^ R E A T Ditches are ufually made from ninety ^-'^ to a hundred and twenty Feet wide, more or lefs^ ; thofe of Out- Works from about fifty to feven- C 2 ty w^F h \ f i \r / [ 20 ] ty Feet, but as the prccife Breadth cannot always be obtained, it will in this Cafe be necelTary to be pro- vided with two Bridges, one longer than the other; the iongefl with folding Parts, lo crofs from fifty to eighty -four Feet wide, and both Bridges toge- ther to iecure the Crofllng From the Breadth of nine- ty to an hundred and thirty Feet ; the Bodies of thefe Bridges are to go on a [)air of Wheels, fixed at ei- ther End, each Wheel being about twenty Feet diameter, and to tread eighteen or twenty Feet a- Xunder. Suppofe the Body of the Bridge which is to be pulhed into the Ditch, to be thirty Feet long, from the lore Part of one Axle-lVee to the hin- der Part of the other, which leaves the Semi- Diameter of each Wheel without afiy Bridge; and as it may be impolib'e to know the Breadth of the Ditch to a certainty, it will be advifeable to have in readings thirty -eii^ht or forty Feet of fpare length of Bridj^e, to be uiird if neceflary, which miy be eafily provided, by having a folding Part of thirty or thirty- five ir^eet long, fattened to the after Axle-Tree with ftrong Hinges, and i:s after End, (tor the betrer Convenience uf travelling) fupported by Wheels ten Feet high, fo that the Men appoint- ed to convey it will have fufficitrnt Room to hawl under the feiiJge, and the Wheels miy be taken a- way atplealure, as ioo:i as the main Body of the Bridge IS pulhed into the Ditch ; and initead of the Wheels, the outer End ot the folding Part may reft upon the covert Way, and by pufhing forward or ha^whng backward tne faid main Body, the Bridge ' may 'be made fuicable in length to the Breadth of the Ditch ; and for the more convenient moving the fecond Bridge over it, (which Ihould be narrower than the firit) it would be proper to fix firit a fold- - .. •. . ing i,^^mi / I « r/A to Ind, )rted ►int- lawl sna- the the reft Id or idge of ring )wer fold- ing / .^'' / ( ^;^. 3 V .z' Th/Aty- ■/!/*/>• V<^ <* I /'■ / » M \ \ ^m *at ■m >>.. M -^ [ 21 ] ♦ ing Part at the fore End of this fecond Bridge, of about twenty Feet long, to face the Bitch. Suppofe the Ditch to be one hundred and thirty Feet wide, or a little more, though few exceed fuch a Breadth, and not many are lb wide, firft pufh the Bridge as above defcribed into the D tch, till only two or three Ftet of the after Knd reirain upon the covert Way, which muft be fixed down with three or four Iron Stakes, or well f ailned with Ropes to the remaining Parts of the Pallilades of the covert Way * : This Bridge will advance fix ty 01 fixty-two Feet into the Ditch, and leav<- fixty- eight or feventy Feet of the Breadth of it, for rhe fecond Bridge to be pufhed along the firil already in the Ditch. The m.ain Body of the fecond Bridge, like that t, of the firft, is underflcod to be thirty Feer loi g, ? with folding Parts at the Ends, each twenty or thirty Feet long, that at the after End to be fup- ported by two Wheels, and the fore Part to be ele- vated to an Angle of about forty five Degrees, and kept fo fufpended with Chains till rhe Body be fo far advanced into the Dit:Ii, as that the after fold- ing Part rnay reach about fwo i'eer, more or lefs, on the Body of the firfl tindge, which being alrea- dy forwarded to the length of about fixty or fixty- two Feet into the Ditch, the after folding Part of the fecond Bridge will make twenty Feet m re, and with its Body, one hundred and twelve Peet in the "Wiiole, whereby the foremoft fokii; g Part having no more than eighteen Feet of Ditch to cover, will reach a confiderable way up the Parapet, ar d fo be a Means of affording the Men aneafy Entrance into the Place C 3 As * Thefe Wheels being twenty Feet high, will go over any Obftrudlion feven Feet high. \ :■ / / »-*» ,' ^ .^ .mam^ \ • f [ 22 1 As Men are to be employed indrawmgand pulh- ing forwards tliefe Bridges, Traces muft be fixed under them (fo that the Men will in fome Degree be fccured againfl fmall Shot) ruffident to contain a? many, or near as many as may be fufficieiitly a- biC to hawl the Bridge to the Edge of the Ditch ; bur as the Men cannot enter a deep Ditch full of Water, it will be neceflary to have a Trail behind the Bridges, where a reqdfire Number may hawl and ailUl thofe under the Bridge, by which Trail alone the Bridge may be forced or pufhfd acrofs the Bottom of the wet Ditch -, for as the Bridge when emerged in the Water will be buoyed up almoft to float, a fmall Degree of Strength, compared with what is necf=ff ry t.) pufh it on the Ground, will fuf- fice to foice it on when in a wer Ditch; and if the Ditch be dry the Men may do their Bufmefs in it. In the Cai'e of a dry Ditch, a Trail will not be abfolutely necefifary, unlej's the Diftance the Bridge is tob-^ advanced to, be very ronfu^erable. It may happen that the tjace may be alarmed, thf rcroif Quilts, Mufket proof, ought to be provi- ded, to han^ on e:?ch Side the Bridge, to fecure the Men haw ling under it from fmall Shot*. It is fup;)ofed the Barb Batteries are filenced before this Bridge advances ncnr, if the Pla» e is alarmed. Although (as I have obftrved) Ditches arc of va- rious Breadths, two luch Bridges as I have been delciibing vvill fcrve for croflmg any Ditch from eighty four to one hundred and thirty Feet wide, for if it be no more than eighty Feet, it will admit ot the Bodies of both Bridges between the Scarp and Counter -Scarp, and the folding Part forward will lie againll the Parapet of the Place, and that behind • Such Engines are fuppofed prafticabic to be brought againfl 8ea-Ports, but too cumberfome for in> land Service. \ »* [*3) ;^hind will reft on the Covert-Way v The long iBridge alone with i':s folding Parts will command the Croffing of any Ditch from fifty to eighty- four Feet over, and how thefe two Bridges are to be ufed together in troffing one of one hundred and thirty Feet over, has been already explained. CHAP. VIII. Of the Ad'oantage of Feints in Landing froops^ &c. /i Lthough it be unqueftionable that it is in the \^ Power of Britain to attack any Place upon an linem'ys Coaft with the greateft Pn^bahility of Succels, when common Prudence ^n^' Reaioa cn» courage an Attempt •, yet as the rxxuting iuch Ser- vices with the lean: Lois wih be he pi^ft jummend- able, the proper Ufe of Feints ihouki be Jome Tin^e had recourfe to, for attaining this defirable End. Forlnftance; fuppofe that it be determined to land in the Night Time, it w*ll (1 think in the firft Place) be of Service to keep the Enemy ignorant of the Intention as long as poflible, b. lying at a good Diftance from the Shore, if the "Wind is fa- vour uk, or by any other Means, till the Attcrnoon, and '. '^i difpatch reconoitriiig Boats to difcover the bcii f^anding Places, ^c. (but it would be bet- ter if they vvere known before the Expedition iail from Britain) near the Place propofed to be attack- ed, attended \ y Frigates and Cutters, built on the bed Plan to fail and row, and followed by the whole Fleet*. Thus ^ U h^.8 rhe Appearance o^ Negligence in the Brjtifti Go- vernment not to be acquainted with the Landing Places upon the V . [ 24 ] rThiis the Landing Places will be difcovered for the Force*^ to makt the earlieft Ufe of them •, and as the Succels of a Surprize or fudden Attack is much facilitated by aflCiulting the Enemy unexpedl- edly, the La.. ding fhould be conduced with the greater Care and Expedition. Having confidtred the Landing Places with re- gard to the principal Objedt, it is natural to ima- gine the mod advantageous Landing Places are niQll" guarded, in order to prevent or obitruifl a Landing there ; agreeable to thefe Conceptions I thi-'ik it would be right to chufe a Landing l-'lace a good V\'ay from the Objed:, there to make a Feint to Land*. If '.t fhould be th> ^ St proper to land in a very dark Night, Veflels niult bt laid in order to hang Lights out to dir( d Boats in their Courfe to the real Landing I lace (.^eiiiined, but If two Lights, as is common, are placed to be kept ia (*nc, in order to be a Diredi'-n to the Land- ini; Placc% the Enemy on the Shore will too eafily underlland it j therefore 1 would recommend to have jsAl a^ - ''^ ./i^ y three the Coafl of France^ efpecially the moft particular Places. Thoii^li I am not well acquainted with the Behaviour of the french to Travellers along the Coaft, I am wt 11 afiured the French ina\ very .afily get good Information in rcgaid to the Places of Adva!itaj;e en the Britijh Coail, where Troops may Land. As icconnoi ring Boats will be built fo as to go fafter than any Boat known in common Ufe, and having the Frigates to fly to in cafe of Puilujt, they may mrke bold w;th rhc Shore with- out Apprehcnfion of Danger from any Purfuit the Enemy may make. * Surh Schemes are befl contrived on the Spot, when Winds and Weather, i:\~. can be confidered, yet written Schemes may \s\ loducr fome ufeful Hints, and a General fiKuId know how to ufe Cunning as well as Courage. The Place pitch, d upon for the Feint Ihould not be quite unconnedttd with a reafonable Scheme, if it is, the Enemy will difcoveritto be a Feipt, and (Qo eafily guefs the Truth. three Lights, two of which hung at the Main Top gallant Maft Head, to be on in the Line directing to the Place where the Feint is propofed -, the third Light to be hung low, advanced toward the real Landing Place, in a dillinguiniing Manner, (6 that the three Li^^' ts to a Perfon (landing in a Line to, or at the real Landing Place, will appear in an e- quilateral T riangle ; the Light advanced in its pro- per Place and hung low, will be a fufficient Diredlion to the Landing Place, and the Enemy on Shore will not readily undeiftand it. Every thing being ready for landing, the Boats defigned for the Feint ought to put off from the Ships in Day Light, that the Enemy may perceive what Place they are dcligned for ; and thrre ought to be no more Men in the Boats than what are fuf- ficient to row them a head, and More effedually to deceivethe Enemy, I would have placed in the Boats a Number of Blocks with Hats on, that may appear like Men at a Diftance ; I do not mean that ev ery Boat is to carry a Num- ber of thefe Blocks, but only as many as may be fufficient to deceive the Enemy at a Diftance, fuch as all the Boars in Front and Flank, with a few others diftribured amongft the main Body, in the beft Manner to cover the empty Boats. When the Boats has continued their Courfe a proper Time, fo that the Enemy may eafily under- ftand what Place thty are intended for, a Signal may be made, as before muft be concerted, to make the Men lie upon their Oars, as if waiting for Or- ders, tfr. lo fpend Time that it may be fomething dark before the Boats approach near the Shore, to prevent the Enemy difcovering the Deception. If the Shallownefs of the Water, near the Shore, will not admit of Frigates to lie near, to cover the Landing, or rather to make the Feint deceive the Enemy r ': . >il .ml / y ' N r 26 ] Enemy more efFeiSlually, the Veflels with the coun- ter Bottoms (defcribed in Chap. III.) ought to be fent before the Boats, and to take their Stations to com pleat the Feint, fo that the Boats may lie with their F^nds to the Shore, in a Line between thofe Vefiels. Tile Boats having up their Defence (defcribed in Chap. II.) may begin firing* upon the Enemy's Troops, if any appear -, and if no Troops appear, I think it would not be amifs to expend a little Powder in firing after its quite Park, to amufe the Enemy; for in fuch Cafes every Party doth not cxa<5t!y know where others may be drawn to and engaged in the Night, (uch (ham Firing may mif- lead the Enemy, and perhaps draw their Forces and Attention that Way, and faciliate the real Land- ing t- I hope to make it appear fin the Courfe of this Work, that it is very practicable to have fuch a Num- ber of VeiTcls with Cannon to lie near the Shore, in any Place where Troops can land, that ten Thoufand regular Troops on Shore (hall not be able to hinder the Landing of the leaft Number of Troops. I'hough the Landing a Number of Men in the Face of an Eriemy that cannot beat rhem in the Field, can only anfwer the End of a Feint, or a- mufe an Enemy, yet the Advantage of being able to land any Number of Men at Difcretion, not- withllanding a much greater Number of the Ene- my * As there is no Landing intended here, firing from the Boat;; can produce no bad Confequence. t The Advantage of having Boats appears by being enabled thereby not only to fend Divifions of Boats feveral Ways wuh Shams in fuch Numbers that the Enemy will not be able to know v'here the Landing is intended, but alfo to Land all the Troops together, who may gain Advantages while the Enemy in Par- tie!) are obierving the feveral iJiviiions of Boats wilh Shams. P 1 X [27] my is looking on, may, in many Cafes, be of great I.^dlity, for Infcance, Suppofe it is determined to attack a veiy ftrong Sea-Port, wiiofe Strength renders an Attack unfu^ pefbed, and Succefs depends wholly upon a Sur- prize, or fudden Aflault, to furprize I'uch a Place, let another Sea-Port be fix*d on to make a Feint upon, about twenty- five Miles Diftance,* more or lefs, from the Place to be attacked. Having both fix'd upon a Landing Place for the Feint, and the Plan of Execution, the Veflels with counter Bottoms and Cannon (defcribed in Chap. III.) are to take ttieir Stations near the Shore, that the Troops may land under their Cannon, and intrench before Night if neceflary ; this may be done with littlr, perhaps no Lofs, as the Veflels with one hundred Car non. if neceflary, may lie fo very near as to fight thtir Guns in five or fix Feet Water. Intrenchments bting thrown up (See Plate II) be- fore Night, and every thing done in order to fecu.txi the Troops, i is naturnl to believe that ExprefiTes wMl be diipatch'd, and Forces put in motion, to fuccouc the threatened Town : If the Wind is favovrable, proceed as foon a;- dark to furprize the Place intend- ed ; if the Wind is not favourable, let the Troops remain, a;:d next Day fend more Troops alhore and proceed, that the Enemy may have no Sufpicion it is a Feint (Care miift be taken that none of the com- mon Men, and very few Officers know wliat is in^ tended * Twenty or thirty Miles, or as far as Beats ran row in a N'ght to furprize a Place belore Morning, appears a proper Diftance, as there i? an Advantage in the greatnefs (if the Diftance, fo that a Fleet of Boats can but run it to furprize the Place before Morning, having no Time to fpare, for the greater the Diftance, the lefs will the Place be alarmed, and a Surprize wiil the more eafily fucceed, and the greater the Dif- tance, the longer will Troops be in marching frcm one Place 1 3 reinforce the other. i^ m [ 28 •I J 1^ . tended; thus a Day or two may be fpent, in order to gain a fair Wind ; but upon a powerful Enemy's Coaft, too much Time muft not be fpent, left they have Time to colltMft their Forces from far. The fecond Night, as foon as it is dark, the Boats are to take off all the Men, and proceed to furprizc the Place, if contrary Winds do not render it impracticable ; for by this Time all their Troops defigned will be fent from that Place to where the Feint is made, and will not only be witliout fear of an immedia e Attack, but will have fewer Troops to defend it -, and the Surprize is more likely to fucceed, than if it had been attempted without making the Feint abovementioned, confeqiienty affords a better Profpv(5t of Succefs, * The Fnemy feeing lb many VefTels with Cannon lying fo near to detend the Troops, will fcarce venture to attack them, though greatly lupcrior in Number, efprciilly if thofe jutt larded are drawn up according r6 Plate II. it is eafy to conceive that a Nat'on which under- takes to diftrefs an Enemv's Sea Coaft ou£;ht tO' be Maftcrs at Sea to do it fcturely and eifedlually. " ' C H A P. • A Fleet having as many Boats as will either lanH or imbark all their Troops at once, need not be much afraid of the fudden change of Wind, to raife the Sea, that they cannot re-imbark their Men, efpecially in Sumnicr; for in fine VVeat'ier it feldom happens that the Wind upon changing, from off Shore to blow *»• jV. .lit* 'J» ^« lll^ •^ out of the Sea upon the fmall a Time, as Boats will fetch Troops off the Shore. Shore, railes a confiderable Sea in fo require to row a Mile or two, to ^•^■^■ >t*' — >-^^ fc- ^'^^r^ ^=^ -^ '^r=aii-7 J'"".v.x- t%'fNfitrmiy fvorLi Av ofaf^e nffeh^atanj /i^Afte t9^?f>iu ,%■ f :,.,/'.. / /i^Artt"' t^/Yff'^iJ //M^^ {/*yt//// //t4//fj/'/i^&',) ft// mftf H [34l Mortars muft continue to throw Stones, Shells, 6ff. into the Tenaillons, Ravelins, ^c. while Miners are fent to make a Mine or Mines, to blow up the Ramparts, or Pioneers to dig a Paflage, throwing the Rubbifh into the Ditch ; perhaps both Miners and Diggers may be employed at the fame Time to good Purpofe, in order to make a Paflage to roll P.olls into the Ravelin, both to cover the Men and to make Batteries expeditioufly, to filence the Guns in the Flanks, (^c. being aflifted by a great Num- ber of Mortars placed oppofite every Flank, in order to throw Shells, Stones, (^c. into the Flanks and other Places. See Plate III. While the Works before the Curtains are carry- ing on, and the Hanks filencing, colltft great Num- bers of Rolls before the Curtains, and alfo oppofite to the Faces of every Badion, in order to crofs the Ditch in three Places, on every Front attacked, (i. e.) a Paflage is to be made before every Curtain and Baftion Face that is defigned to be aflaulted -, when the Rolls that are to be rolled into the Water in the Ditch are at the Edge of the Water, faften a Bag of Earrh to each End before you roll them ^n, o- therwife they will fwini vtTy buoyant at firft, if the/ have not before been laid in Water twelve or four- teen Hours to Ibak ; when tlie Rolls appears above Water, and every Paflage compleated, fend over each Paflage a Number of Men, with Iron Claws fixed to their Feet and Arms, to enable tkem to climb better in order to receive the l^nds of Ropes or otherLadders, (from other Men fent over with them)[ and faften them, that Men in Arms may mount thej Rampier, or Pioneers may be fent over the Ditch, to make thiee or four Places like Steps, horizontalyl along the flope of the Rampire, that two, three, oc four Ranks of Grenadiers may Itand eafily, and prej pare to mount the Rampire while Troops arc crollinl thl the orFj placii Cann Para; I3J] the Ditch, and ranging themfelves along the Berm or Faufs Bray, if any be,in order to fuftain them. When the Troops are croffing the Ditch, and placing themfelves behind the Rampire, ^c. the Cannon muft He made to graze on the Top of the ParapetSi and the Mortars on the right and left keep a bride Ricochet Firing into the oppofite Baftions 5 the Cannon and Mortars being properly placed to fire a Ricochet along the Infide of the Parapets of the Curtains and Baftions Faces that fronts the. At- tack, fo that few Troops of the Garrifon will be able to ftandupon the F.ampire to oppofe the Aflault. If the Situation of i.ie Town is fuch that it caa be attacked by Sea and I .and ac the fame Time, and that one of the Attacks by Land can be made near the Sea, where Veflels can come to aflift, fuch an Attack will in all Probability fucceed fooner and better. Or If the Situation is fuch that three or four Sides can be attacked at once, with a Force againil every Side equal to that before mentioned, the Place will be more eafily mattered. I imagine it cannot be denied but a maratime Power, which is Mafter ac Sea, and can fend a fufficient Number of Troops to mafter for ten or twelve Days, fix or eight Days may perhaps anfwer the End, (as every thing may be landed at the moft convenient Landing by means of the floating Batteries defcribed in Chap. V.) a Part of the Enemy's Country near the Sea, may come fo very unexpectedly againft a Place in the prime of Summer, and land fo great a Force of Cannon and Mortars, and every Neceflary before mentioned, for taking a ftrong Sea-Port, that Suc- cefs in deftroying the Town, Harbour, an i Ship- ping, may with Reafon be depended on. If there are Counter Guards before the Baftions, the Place muft be taken at the Curtains, while a great Number of Mortars are employed in throw- D a ing ;^ •i 1 36 ] ing into the Baftions, efpecially into the Flanks, Shells, Stones, Grenadoes, and every other de- ftroying Engine that can be invented, to hinder the Garrilbn from making their Defence ; the Front attacked* muft at the fame Time be furioufly cnfaladed. In the next Place let it be confidered what a well provided Town can do again (I the Attack before- mentioned : They will have little Time to raife Pal- lifadoes, or make Retrenchments, and their Cannon and Mortars will do them but little Service againft fo grf at a Number without, and the Attack will be fudden, by Reafon of the fudden Approach of a Fleet, and cne rolling Breaft- Works not only rend- ring the Covert- Way almoft ufelefs to the Place, in fo very little Time ; but alfb in a great Meafure prevent the Sallies ; and the Mines, the only Dan- ger to be feared, will hardly be got loaded and fitted ready to fpring in the Surprize and little Time the Place will have to make its Defence ; Suppofing * As the Ricochet Batteries muft be nearly perpendicular to a Line, to enfilade it properly, it may, therefore, be proper to fhew how the Line of a Curtain may be found without tha Place. The Curtain may always be fuppofed paralel to the exterior Side of the Polygon, therefore find the Line of the Baftions Points, which is very eafily done by bringing the Baftions Points in a Line, if the Works before the Curtain do not hinder the Sight, and then confult how many Feet or Yards the Recefs of the Curtain is, and ereft a Pole, at leaft Mufket Shot from the Place, of a fufficient Length as near the Line of the Curtain as you can guefs, and hoift a proper Man up to its Top, with a Glafs if its a good Diftancc ; the Man at the Top of the Pole will difcover fomething nearer where the Curtain Line falls. Ereft another Pole ind hoift an Engineer up to its Top ; by this Manner of proceeding to place three or four Poles, the Line of the Curtain will be found exadlly. There are other Me- thods to find the Line of a Curtain without the Place, but that above being as eafy and certain as any, I omit the o- then* Supp( JUUBif [ 37 1 Suppofing it as well prepared as Towns generally are that apprehend no fudden Attack. If the Towns attacked in the Manner here defcribed do not hold out after the Danger is become greater than the Danger Places were generally in that have lately furrendred, there will be no Occafion of lodging Troops on the Slope of the Rampire, ^c, to ftorni fhe Town : For It is not improbable but the Place will furrender foon after the Cannon and Mortars begin to fire from behind the Lines of Rolls, as the Troops of the befieged will be at firft driven out of the Co- vert-Way, and Places of Arms, by the Troops be- hind the Lines of Rolls, they having fo much the Advantage of the befieged, by being fecured upon the Ridge of the Glacis, and can throw Shells, Stones, and every other deftroying Engine, under ten or twelve Pound weight, into the Covert- Way and Places of Arms, the Befieged cannot reach the Befiegers in the fame Manner, they having to throw upwrrd, by which Advantages the Covert- Way, in all probaility, will be taken in the firft twenty- ibiir Hours, and the Surrender of the Town will foon follow. If the Place have a dry Ditch that cannot be filled v/ith Water, proceed in the Manner already defcribed, and take the Covered- Way, and throw Shells, Grenades, Stones, and every Thing that will beft drive the Garrifon out of the Flanks and Works before the Curtains, and being prepared with light Rope Ladders, that have Chains of a proper L^-ngth fix*d to them, with Balls at the o- ther Ends to be put into Cannon, in order to be Ihot acrofs the Ditch into the Rampier, to hold the upper Ends of the I, adders faft, leaving the after End hanging down the Revetiment, fo that the Troops may go hallily acrofs the Ditch and mount D 5 the I 3 lil I 1 I- % [ 38] the Ladders * without being obliged to ftop to fix them, by which Delay many are generally killed. If the Plr.ce has a fecond Covert- Way, this Co- vert-Way muft be taken in the Manner already de- fcribed, and thv- Ditch may ibon be made palFable with little Lois, by Means of the rolling Parapets j but if a Dhch is to be crofled before the Fire of the Place is filrnced, advance to the Ditch with a fuf- iicient Number ol rolling Parapets in front. Hake and earth them, dole at the Edge of the Ditch, in order to k'.^ep oft' the £nemy*§ Shot, and Jay ftilF Planks, \v\u\ one End upon the Rolls that is ftaked and earihe;'., to roll other Rolls up upon, in order to !oli them over the front Rolls that are flaked and earthed, fo that they may roll into the Ditch to fill it up : If it is not thought proper to take Time to make a Paflage over it with Earth, the Side next you will be firfl full of Rolls, upon which begin to throw Earth over the rolling Parapets, that lie for a Defence, till you have thrown over a Quan- tity fufHcicnt to make a Plain, to advance your rolling Parapets upon, in order to roll over more Rolls, to fill more of the Ditch ; keep the firfl Rolls where' they were fixed at firfl, and roL other Rolls over them to an advanced Defence, over which roll more Rolls to fill up the other Part of j the F<)ls, vvhich being furficiently full of Rolls, if a great Fi.e is made from the Town, throw 1 .Earth over the fiifl fixed Rolls, then over the ad- vanced Rolls, from Hand to Hand, and fo con-j tinue five or fix Cafts, or more, if Need be, fror Hand to Hand, over the advanced Rolls, till the Ditch is fufficiendy filled up for a Paflage over] Thu( * This Manner of fixing Ladders has rot been tryed that . know of, but if it carry the fame Face to Engineers, wU are pradiced in thofe Arts, as it doth to me, it is worth bj ' fiowing an Experiment upon. 1 '^ ft' % ^ ?#.; B ■«:' r* f 1 ''- H^wl 1 ExplaiLatioiL. t/tc^Mat^6i' ttiSa/tf\/4'^ tint/ /urAt CafiMon . t/etire /tic t^w//4rf I'f- . -Q^C4v/e 60 ^Aithot. A^ 'I'oJhe^TKo' '>/ ' /.' ao &'^'' M teJa»« ■[ 40 ] ^,";;4-=, ■•<| . ^ .iy v.«^'f,' R CHAP. IX. r ^ Of fitting old Ships of War in a different Form , afte' they have been condemned as unfit for Service in the common Way, , . . AS fuch Ships are cfleemed but of fmall Value when condemned, the only Way to make them ufeful afterwards, will be to fit them up with fmaller iX'Ialls and Rigging, and to contrive them fo within that they cannot fink, and by altering their Guns to a different Pofition, enable the Ships to carry them with greater Eafe and Safety, and make the Ships miich more formidable to batter Forts £nd Calties, v/hich rnay be done by various Methods, of which take the following Example. : Bring on two or three very thick binding Strokes on the Outfide, about the Floor Heads, fore and aft, and fecure them well, which will ftrengthen the Bottom much •, and if it fhould fo happen that the Ship ftiould come on Ground, will alio keep her more upright and prevent Damage by her over Jieeling ; then bring on two or three Strokes more of Clagging, to round the Bulge fair \ in the next Place proceed to fix fevcrai Rows of ftrong Eye- Bolts, fore and aft, through the Kctflfen and Keel, ?nd through the binding Strokes on each Bulge, well clunk through Iron Plates, let in jult their I t." Thickneft n-:' JE^ .^■'mmm 1 I ?^ >»> .. \ • n I / Ci ■^ % -^ L ri; 'nr- - .: -..S^i,. t. .»^,r^ \L.. r 5* t IIMI - ^ ■■ K -///?/?. ^|^ wst- '■y^'-" »r r*^-'' »-=?=. .^. ^^1 p I W i I fl 1 / 1' \ i- i ii:= ' ', j ; \\ *mi I j ' ("I . J.»*, r*-. n.1* , 1,'* [40] ' ■mhjf** ^*'. iSMW*- • Rlfque, and always be afraid of being furprized by onr ftronger Squadrons ? can they lie upon the Sea fecure and purfue their Operations as the BHtains can ? or can they, when they attack a Place belong- ing to Britain with Ships, promife themfelves, with any Degree of certainty, that they will not lofe their Ships and Troops, and every Thing they bring before the Place ? C H A P. IX. Of fitting old Ships of War in a different Form A. B. C. D. E. F. EXPLANATION. Plate 4. [To face Page 40I Rolling Parapets fixM on Shore, for a Battery of 4 Cannon. Men rolling Parapets afhore to enlarge the Battery already made, or to ma other Batteries further on the Land. Floating Batteries, or rolling Parapets, which may be taken afuoder placed on tlie Land, as A, B. or otherwife. Flat-Boitom'd Vc/Tels to proteft the Landing. Stores upon Floats of rolling Parapets. Boats full of Men to be landed in the Face of the iEnemy. »i • . Q w«« b VT vr v/^i Liin.c vciy uiiLK Dinumg otroKes on the Outfide, about the Floor Heads, fore and aft, and fecure them well, which will ftrengthen the Bottom much •, and if it fhould fo happen that the Ship fhould come on Ground, will alio !ceep her more upright and prevent Damage by her over heeling ; then bring on two or three Strokes more of C lagging, to round the Bulge fair j in the next Place proceed to fix feveral Rows of ftrong Eye- Bolts, fore and aft, through the Keel fen and Keel,| and through the binding Strokes on each Bulge,! well clunk through Iron Plates, let in juft their Thickneft -//f7/r. ?^ %^ M I. rf i/ 'pr t -5^- •^~.-? A "^ ,v: ... ■ JM »^^ J#^S^^^^^'^ .,Si^^^^^i^'^^i^^%^ i' I y '4? m ' ■* ' 1>ld^ IT' * '41 ^1 II \ \ i ! "'« ' ,J._.^ .JJt\»' ''--ft*^ -■-/^v ■r'^ A >C fr~ .>C " ■~-"^- ^nV \i, ,-<\ ->^ :;\->Ns\ '<.X5^■ . A.iO; . -^-r ^-^ ^ {^ . -:xJL.^. •-i5.> •<''^t^N«KM -5(«s , •i.-j**^ - * .- -i*t*^ T^-^^-w!?* *« ■■'. M-W^:W:^MM-m. :jK.-£:i:-l-^t-::^ . I '^/aU «^=5aR -> vC T- ■'**^^. ^ .r :r^ ^'•' -^ M ,' . ■•'• -> t ■"^^ J-- t 2>a«»iss*%K«»j4K™s,.i^ nMn Mpf m « ■i Uitf ^ n 1 iliB 1 W[\\ Tp^ ^ M nv 1 JJ^S j ■ " 1 1 \ 9 * '1: p ''^5^-^<- '^^5- -^-^^^ ^i'?";--t= :v?^»^.-5-;:£j^ .=!-">* T^.-' l^^?t^ p^ ^ ..^ vSlOs^y^A w^'i::^{i"t^\iaKVv^:Jf^4kn^^iiuWi-vmi^:i&* '■f^, M' « s ^^ [ 41 ] Thicknefs into the outfide of the binding Strokes ; and there muft be as many of thefe Eye-Bolt as will be thought fufficicnt to bear the Weight the Ship will iwim at -, to each of thefe Eye-Boks fix three ftrong Chains of different Lengths, in Proportion to the Depth of the Ship, and to the Thicknefs of the Stratums of Materials that are to be put in to fwim her by -, after \vhich hang thefe Chains per- pendicularly up, and Hop them tight faft ; then clear the Hold, take out the Pumps, and afterwards take in as much clear worked Shingle for Ballaft, with fome Chalk Rubbifh to make it bed folid, to keep out as much Water as poflible, and as will be fuf- ficient to ballaft her, refpeft being had to the Weight of Rigging, Guns, ^c. that is to be above Water, after the Ballaft is in, which is to be laid fore and aft clofe down to the Cieling, in fuch a Manner as will anfwer her Trim for failing, when fhe has Bal- laft fufHcient for Sea ; make the Ballaft very fmooth aed level, then cover it all over with good Fir Planks laid acrofs, that will join clofe to each Side of the Chains, that muft be fixed in exa6l Rows a- crofs the Ship, to which they may be fecured, or kept down, by running ftrong fore Locks, i^c, through the Links of the Chains ; next proceed to lay a Stratum of Cork, (^r fome other light Mate- rials, about fix Feet high, fo clofe packed together as to leave as little Vacuity as poflible ; make the Cork plain at Top, and lay Balks of light Timber, fore and aft upon it, clofe to each other, taking Care that the Ends of thefe Bilks always butt in a Line with the Chains, for the better Oportunity of the feveral crofs Balks that are to come upon thefe fore and aft Balks, one on each Side the Chains, by which they are to be faftned down •, which done, lay great Weights upon the Bed of Timber, as Cannon, i^c. or force of Screws, and after ftand- inir I I! (• .•■' i. I:. St ' [ 4a ] ing to fettle fome Timf , the Whole may be faften-^ cd down together, by the firft and (horteft Chains. 1 he firfl Bed or Stratum of Cork and Timber bfing thus lecured, proceed in the fame Manner to fix a fccond or third, faflened well down with their feperate Chains, taking particular Care that the Butts of the fore ai.d att Pieces be well fhifted, and the crofs Pieces be fufficicntly fccurcd, and every Tier of Balks made as tight as the Bufinefs will admit of, to prevent the Water fwelling too much in the Ship when it may happen to be let into her. If the Cork lie in the Ships long, and thick muddy Water is often let in among it, in procels of Time the Cork will grow too heavy, therefore it may be proper to (low m the middle of the Ship fore and aft, upon the firtl Stratum of Corks, one Breadth of hoiiow Bodies, made like Cafks, but very llrong ; thefe hollow Bodies may be proper to afllfl the Cork in fwimming the Ship, and Experi- ence will (licw what is bell ; and fliould it prove that the Hold will be moftly taken up with the Courfcs or Stratumsof Cork, fo that there will be little Room lefc for the Stowage of Provifions, ^c. a Vacuity or Room in the Midfnips may be made fore and aft, in the lafl or upper Courfe, or Stratum of fourteen or fixteen Feet wide, water tight for that Purpofc, and the Space between which and the Ship's Sides may be filled with Cork as near as pof- fible to the Water Line, that the Ship will fwim at when her lower Tier of Guns, which are all in- tended in thcfc Ships, Stores, Provifions, ^c. arc all on board, and a tight Deck laid over all, and the in fide Cielino; for three or four Feet above the tight Deck made alfo tight, to prevent the Water en a terJV fpun any S( [ 43 ] fpnnging up when the Ship heals by carrying ^**"» rolling, or othervvife *. As fuch Ships are defigned to lie before Forts and Batteries, which will be more fully dcfcribed by and by, the next Care will be to contrive De- fences for the Men on board them, which may be done in the following Manner, viz. contract the Breadth of every Gun Port nearly to the Diameter of the Gun, for as thefe Ships are chiefly defigned to lie before Batteries, in fuch Manner as to flop the Battery's Fire from other Ships paffing on their off Sides, there will be little Occafion for the Guns being laid in an oblique Diredion. When got near the Place of Adion, fix upon the Ship's Outfide, between every Gun Port, Quilts made of any cheap Matter that will not readily take fire, and will dead- en a Ball much; I cannot at prefent think of a bet- ter Material for this Purpofe than the feathery l-*art of Qiiills, cut as long as may be, not to fpoil the Quilf, and Woollen as mentioned in Chap. V. which being wetted will hardly take fire; theXhick- nefs of thefc Qiiilts to be fuch that two or three Thick nefll^s of them b^ as thick upon the Ship as to fill her Side out fo far as the Muzzles ot the Guns reach, when run out in order to be fired : Their Meetings muft not be oppofite each other, fo that a Ball hitting upon the Joint on the outfide may i hi m * As fuch Ships will be lightly rigged, and need no morr Men on board than will be able to navigate them, it is prelum- cd that by the Help of fuch a Room and other Contrivances, fix Weeks or two Months Provifions may be flowed at once, and as they are only defigned to go along with Fleets upon fome Enterprize, they may be at every Opportuuity replenilhed from the Fleet. t The Tops of all forts of Quills are very ftrong ; if a Qniit were well made of them it would be very ftrong ; this Material may be had cheap, it being generally thrown away as not fit for any Service. ^U''^'' w . i i ) i r-- i" ■;:■■ t [ 1 li •A m ' B'' n H.N- fI^~ 1 R^'^* -I:. ,■■ r ,^' L . .\p ►, I [44] may find a Joint ftraight forward ; the Length of theie Qiiilts about fevcn Feet, the Breadth equal to any Meafure that three, four, or five, ^c. will ex- aftly fill each Space between the Guns, as iikewife below and above every Gun ; and between every Gun on the iniide, place a Number of thinner Quilts, one behind another, the Length of every one of thefe Q^iilts to reach nearly trom Gun to Gun, and the Breadth nearly the Heighr between Decks ; let them be faik'ned loofely together at Bottom and 1 op, that every outermoft fingle Quilt may have Liberty to be pulhed back, but the Sides made as ftrong together as the Quilts are in other Parts ; at every Corner of the united Qiiilts make a ftrong Nooi'e to falten ftrong Ropes that are to hold the Oiiilts ne:U' the Ship fide, by having a fufficient Weight hung at each Rope's End below the Gun Deck, fo as to haw! up or let down at !eafure, and yield to any great Force, lb that a Ball coming through the Ship's fide, with the Splinters, may be catched in theie Qiiilts, and if not confined there, may not do much Mifchief af>er. Flow this may appear to the underftanding Reader, I know nor, but as the Force of Cannon Balls are refiftable, their Force may be ftopped, and when a Bail has forced its Way through the Quilts on the outfide, and through the Ship's Side, its Force muft be ereatlv Icilened when it meets the infide C^i^iilt, which yields to its Force, and ftops it in a gradual Manner. Between ths other Decks (for the higher thefe Ships are out of the Water, the better Muzzle or Dctence they will afford to the Ships they are intend, ed to cover) fix two Rows of ftrong Stantions, fore and afr, fifteen or fixteen Feet apart, and fill the Space between them and the Ship's Sides with any clie.ip Stuff' that will deaden the borce of a Ball, and not tOjOlS they putii make Ship I wou as lor the gr the Fe [45] not eafily take fire -, fuch as Bags of Hogs Hair, coarfe hairy woollen Raggs, ^c, which muli all be wetted in time of adlion, for the better preventing of fire ; and the upper Deck may likewile be made a faie Place for Men, by being fitted in the Manner laft defcribed. A Ship thus fitted, will not only cover her Men extremely well in time of adlion, but has alfo this great Advantage, that, let never fo many Shot go into her Bottom Ihe cannot fink ; nor need the Bot- toms of fuch Ships be caulked, it being evident they will fwim* at all times alike, by the Materials put into them, and the Ballaft in thtir Bottoms will make them ftifF enough; however, to make the Ship more lively, and fail the better with a Fleet, I would recommend the Bottom to be kept tight as long as it can ; and the more fo as it will have the great Advantage of being more wholefome for the i^eople. CHAR * If 'any Diffidence fliould arifc, in regard to the Ship's I'wlmming, (when fitted as here defcribed) a Proof may be made by taking any fmall Veffel, iitted with Mads, Sec. and fit her up in the iame Manner as here defcribed ; after which Itt the Water in, and try how low it will fink her; then put in as much Weight in proportion to her, as the Guns will be in Proportion to the Men of War fo fitted ; then try what fiil fhe will carry, and 1 make no doubt (if the Ballad be well propor- tioned at firft) but fhe will be as flitfto carry fail, as Ships gere- rally are ; and it would be neccfiiry fuch like F.xpeilirient be made, to find out a jul! Proportion of Ballaft to be put at f.rft into the Ship's Hold ; and would not be amifs, if two or more Wells were contrived, fr(m the gun Deck, to the Bottom cf the Ship, to put in, or take out, more Baiiall ;;t plsafure. Ill M m :'^mMmm' ^tAiw»m^n^. - t'^ [46] C H A p. X. jfs the laft Chapter hath treated on the making eld Ships of War proper Ships to lie Broad/ide OHy to muzzle Forts or Jlanking Batteries ^ and cover the other Ships that pafs them, fo this will treat of fuch like old Ships of War, fit- ted up in a different Manner , to lye End on, and to batter Caftles^ Forts and Batteries, in the following Manner, viz. IN Place of carrying two or three Tiers of Guns at their Sides, they are now to carry four or five Guns in a Tier, athwart Ships, according to the Size and Breadth of the Ship that is to be fo pre- pared i firft Rates may carry eight, fecond Rates feven, and third and fourth Rates fix of thefe Bat- teries, one above another, beginning the firft Bat- tery platform, clofe forward upon the lower gun- Deck ; though perhaps it may be found neceflary to lower the fore Battery, two or three Feet be- low the lower gun Deck -, the Foot of the next Pa- rapet ten Feet* farther back, towards the Ship's Stern, and about five Feet higher than the firft, and fo on till the Length and Height of the Ship above Water, are filled up with fuccct ding Batteries, Here an Objedlion will immediately arife. How will the lower fore Batteries be able to fire, on account of the Ship's Bows, which muft be in the Way of the Guns? To which it is anfwered, the Ships • Though ten Feet is only allowed between the Parapet for Men to (land and load the Guns, the Guns will have lufficient room to run under the Parapet next behind them, there being dcfigned fout Feet and a half in height, clear, between each Plat- form, and the under Side of the Beams that fupporcsthe Parapctj and Platform nt^xx belli r.d it. king iftde and this Jit- i on, 5, in [rapet fori iufficienti lere being] :ach Plat- ke Parapetl [47] Ships, for this ufe, may be fo fined, that when they arrive near the Place of adlion, their Bows and Fore-parts may be taken down fufficiently low, and it will be neceflary the Fore- mail and Bow's-fpric be taken out, if the Ship can be brought to her Station without them ; which may be re placed at pleafure after the Adion. The next Thing to be contrived is a Defence for the Men, by having parapets of about eight or ten Feet bale, and fix Feet high, before every Bat- tery of Guns, and as the Top of each preceeding Parapet will cover two Feet at lead of the Foot of the next fuceeding Parapet, few of the Enemies Balls can get under the Platforms to do mifchief there, and the Batteries cannot be enfiladed, as the Ship's Sides are not to lie to the Enemy ; and the Parapet inclining aftward, fo as to make the Angle at the Bafe about thirty Degrees, will give fo great a Slope to the Parapet, that the Enemy's Balls (except fliot from a very high Battery) will fall upon it with a fmall Angle ot incidence, and will confequently fly upward, without doing much Damage, efpecially if the Slope of the Parapet be faced with ftrong and hard Materials. The Platform, or Gun-deck, of each Battery, may be laid in fuch a Manner that tlic Cannon may always have room tc traverfe, and to recoil fo far as to give room to load quickly, for tliough the Gun will have but about t( n Feet clear behind the Parapets to Hand in, yet the Deck on which flie (lands being run at pleafu;-e undt-r the next Gun-Deck, it being about four Feet and a half in height clear, will give room fufficient for the Guns to recoil. In each of the Embrafures, which are to be through the Parapets, a Madder or Stop may be fixed. SiiWgWm^^'^:*'?''g?;"'-?;^^'y:«V'i^:?n8 1; If ; Is ») k M ^"■ If 1 t ' ■ i i ■ ■ 1 ■ P' ill i [48] fixed*, fo as to rift vip by the recoil of the Gun, and fall down again when Ihe is run out ; fo that the Men on board may fight under very good De- fences, which will be a great Means to lave the Lives of many brave Seamen. It is not improbable that it may be found prac- ticable for a firft Rate to carry, if necefTary, twen- ty or twenty- five Guns on each Side, additional to the forty on the 'thwart fliip Batteries ; and that o- ther Ships in like Manner may carry a proportionate Number, according to the Size of the Ship ; all which Guns, for the greater Eafe and Safety of thefe Ships, may be carried in Tranfports to the Place where they are to be fitted for aftion. The Parapets here mentioned may be thought too heavy for the Ship, fo as to make her crank, but as the Guns are not be mounted at Sea, and there being no Top-mafts, Top-yards, ^c. when the Guns are all on board, and the Ship all right, will make fome amends for the Weight of the Parapets, lemporary, o- falfe Decks, may be put over the Batteries on thffe bhips, to make convenient Decks at Sea, and when they are not in adion. I do not endeavour to give a particular Account of every minute Part of preparing fiich Ships -, I only aim at being fo far explicit, as to be under- ftood by Men of capacity and pradicc. * Tkefe Mai!rierea. Floating Batteries may be conftruded in the fol- lowing Manner. To conftrud the low Batteries for the iront Line, 3uild Veflels with very flat Floors, and with pro- [portionabie Lee-boards*, like the reconnoitring E Boats, • According to the Idea I have of thefe Lee-boards, they jvill not onlymake Veffels fail well ujfon a Wind, tu: alfo ia Tome meafure prevent tbcir rolling. i& %\\ ■ i •^ T">-.i.iimji,nipp i«i;..i^ b' l' [50] Boats, (Chap I.) about forty Feet broad, and a- bout l>*venty-five or eighty Feet long, and very ! )W j fo that their Gun-decks (which is all the Decks they are to have) may be fo low, that the Muzzles of the Guns be not more than one Foot above the Water t, when fitted for aftion ; but when thefe floating Batteries are croffing the Sea, they will be a tollerable Height above the Water, having nei- ther their Guns on board, nor the Water let into I the Well they are to have. The Holds of thefe floating Batteries muft be| ballafted and filled with Cork, or other light Ma- terial, in every refpedt as the Ships mentioned inl the Ninth and Tenth Chapters, except that thefe Veflels are to have a circular Well, the whole Breadth of the Vefl!el, and down to her Keelfon, tol contain a circular Body to fwim in it; upon whichl iwimming Body a proper number of elghteenl Pounders are to be planted, fuppofe eight, whichi will be moved round at pleafure, (the Body on| which they are p'.iced fwiming within the Ship) and fired through narrow Embrafures in a good Parapet! fixed upon the Veflel's Deck, and the Men ftandl fafe behind the fwimming Battery, to load the G'/<| under its cover at one Side, while the Guns are! firing on the oppofite Side toward the Enemy, The Veflels which are to form the fe-cond Line! of Battery, which is to lie behind the firfl: Line, and which are conftrudled in the fame manner, fave ' ' that ^:?: il »j.. .Mi • Thefe Veflels being dci.gned to carry a round floatingi Battery within them, they mull be as broad as poiCble, in al moderate Leng'.h, to be able to keep the Sea, and contain al iufficient quantity of Cork, or other light Material, to fwiin| them, like the Ships dcfcribed in tho Ninth and Tenth Chap- ters. t Other Veflels being to (hoot Balls over thefe Veffeis, itl v^ill be proper to have them as low as poflible, that the oth«f| V«flels may not be too liigb. [ 51 ] lat they may be deeper in the Water than the refff Is in the firft Line, ought to have larger Guns, [nd their Gun-decks fo high above the Water, lat their Guns may fafcly (hoot over the VefTeJs the firil Line. A third Line of Battery, in like Manner, may placed behind the fecond, and in fome Cafes a )urth Line of Battery may likewiie lie behind the lird i for Inftance, when the firft Line of VelTels |an lye fo very near the Enemy's Works or De- fences as to admit ot a good Space between every ,ine of Battery, and the rear Line of Battery lie ifficiently near : Secondly, when the Ener y*s De- [snces are high, or upon a rifmg Ground, fo that le Guns upon the Water muft point much above le level to batter them. When as many Lines of itteries are laid againft a place as can do good Ser- ^ce, lay a good Number of Veffels with Mortars, : a proper Diftance, behind all the Lines of Batteries. That Nation who are Maftrrs at Sea, may make Ifc of many Contrivances to overcome Places of ffence upon an Enemy's Coafl, and deftroy their ips in thei; Harbours ; but at prefcnt I fliall only jive my Ideas ot two other kinds of Sea-Batteries, |hich upon trial may, in iome Cafes, prove very Irviceable. The larger of thefe two forts of Batteries are Iro to confift of flat- floored Vellels, con(lru61:ed in V iiime Manner, length and breadth as thofe laft Mentioned, fave that in place of Batteries fwimming tund within the other VcfTels, here the whole Vef- (lis to be turned round upon the Water, (alternate-^ chinging Sides towards the Enemy) by means of kh a Contrivance in the Ends of the Veffels, that le Enemy can neither fee the Contrivance, nor >ot the Men that work the T'efTel round, and the lie Contrtrivance will force the Veffels to go ei E 2 ther I'' I' ; [vV k\= [52] ther a head or a ftern, though but flowly, whithj water is deep or (hallow. To make this Contrivance, Openings on eacl Side the Ktel muft be in the Velfel's Bottom, J near both the Ends as can be, and built up a littlj higher than the Water line the VefTel will fwim aJ the 'thwart Openings to be fix or leven Feet hm on each Side of the Keel, and a Foot, or morJ wide ; there muft alio be Openings lengthways, fo( and aft, t!ie OjK^ning aft on the contrary Side of tl^ Keel to that forward j thefe Openings to be of fame Length and Breadth with the *thwart Openin J Hang two Lavers, or dipping Oars, of a convettj ent Length, in each Opening, the lower Ends which muft be thin, fomething hke a common Blade, to be pulled edgeways through the Watej near the low End of the dipping Oars *, fix on Fire that by means of a Hinge will clofe together ati fetching of every Stroke like a thin Wedge, afi extend diredly, and hold much Water when t| Stroke is given, the Ends of the Fins that opel and fhuts being well flayed to the Edge of the Gaij pofite the Hinges. The Guns are to lie in an Embrafure without ny room to traverfe fideways, but at liberty toUio high or lowi it is fuppofed every Gun will fire whJ the turning of the Veflcl brings it right againftta Objedt ; each Gun is to have a Spring or VVeiglj ib as to recoilc but a little Way ; here is- to 110 Ope ning or Space between the Gun carriages,: are 10 be iolid the whole Length of the GunsaJ Carnages, and alfo four or live Feet Space betwetT * The dipping Oars in the 'thwart Openings will turn i«^ , . VcHcl round, and the dipping Oats in the lengthway OpenirW ' ' '-J ^^ will give the Veliel head or Ikm Way ' when there is notB^^'y the biv'c tifa-en Feet Water, long Poles put to the Ground, throuHty can be ll^>.lcOpcnln^^, u ill have more Force than dipping Oars. vvhithJ on eac3 ttom, ai ip a littll fwim atl 'cet lonj or moKl vavs, for ide oftb be of ill OpeninJ I conveRi r Ends nmon le Wj X on Fin ther at til /"edge, atl when t'll that opei f the Gai| lvvi(hout ty U) ilio 111 fire vvhd lagainftti )r VVeigW re is* to Irriages, Guns ail :e betwe tl I will turn /ay OpeniP lere is not lund, throm Oars [ 53 ] U Guns Muzzles, and the outfide of the Ship, Jiere Men are lo Hand ard load the Guns, when [jt Side is turned from the Enemy, being covered } a Work railed upon the Space between the teaches of the Guns mentioned in the next Para- aph. IBetween the Breaches of the Guns on one Side of Vefltl, and the Breaches of the Guns on the ,e Side, is to be a Space of about nine or ten t wide, fore and aft, clear between the Breach- J the fore and aft Guns, well covered fiom the cmy's Fire •, the Deck or Floor of this place be- r at leafl fix Feet below the Top of the Guns, re muft be a Step fet up to raife the Men who : the Guns : The Top of the Guns muft lie near- level with the Top of the Parapet, (this Parapet :ormed by making a Part of the Breadth of the fel Iblid) which is to be about fifteen Feet thick, each Side of the Vefi^el, ftufied with Matter is moft proper to refirt the Force of Cannon - Is, with a Contrivance to wet the Materials in Parapet, to prevent its taking fire. A low il of forty Feet broad, and eighty Feet long, carry five or fix twenty four Pounders on each , wi.h three pointing forward, and three point- )ut aft, with Amiinition, &c. and not draw 'e four Feet Water : Before thefe Vefitis enter Aftion, their Mafts and Rigging ought to be ;n away. |he fmaller floating Batteries are likewife to be ioored, aid ^o mo'.;n.t only four Cannon each, raw about two Feet and a half Water. Thefe Batteries may be ferviceable in many Cafes, icy will be p'-opcr VeiTels to oo very near the ■e, and in foiiie places get under the Defences, only the flanking C innon, if any be, and muf- y can bear upon them, which the floating Bat^ E 3 terits ' t: _!,,. [ 54 ] terles may foon filence, as they will be very greatly fuperior in Number of Guns ; and their Balls flyino much upward, will do great Damage to the Ene- my's Defences -, and if the Defences are Stone, will drive Splinters of ftone upward, which will do great Execution in the Place. IK i\ !, •■! CHAP. XII. T-XAVING in the foregoing Chapters briefly de- "*■ -^ fcribed fevcra'l inventions, that 1 think may -A preft nt, or liereafter, be ufcful to my Country, and having in lome degree (hewn tlie uiefulnels of fom of thcie. Inventions, I {hall now proceed to fhew the Utility of old Siiips of War, when fitted as de fcribcd in theNin'!; and Tenth Chapters : The Shipi defcribed in the Ninth Chapter are adapted to kfl with their Broadfides on, to muzzle Forts or Bat-I teries, that other Ships, not lb fitted, may pafs bf with greater Safety ; they are alfo proper, if at m\ I'ime found neceffary, to muzzle flanking BatteriesJ by laying between them and the other Ships, fitdl as defcribed in Chap. X. whilil they are batteringl any flrong Fortification a head, and alfo to prefervtl Attacks by Sea, upon Batteries afhore, from beinj flanked by Batteries ere^led for that Purpofe. VVheaf fuch Ships are well confidcred in all theJe Refpefn] I think they will appear to be of fuch Confequeno and Service to Britain^ as will induce lome greaj Men to beflow a few Thoughts upon them •, m fuch Ships cannot be funk by Cannon, nor by comj ing aground, till they are dalhed in Pieces ; and tl IVIen are well defended by the dilfcrent Defenceil as mentioned in Chap. IX. befides, when the miizj ling Ships are once laid in their Stations, all il"! Men, iave two or three to look out in their TurnsI may prclCive ihemlHves where they think proper! cipecialll L 55 ] cfpecially if it fliould be found that the fighting of their Guns would be of little Service. It will be eafily conceived that all the Enemy's Fire cannot force thcfe Ships from their Stations ; and if they ihould attempt to burn, or cut fuch Ships adrift, there are fufficient Ways and Means to render thefe Attempts fruitlefs, by being moored with Chains, or having Frigates near, or other armed Ships ; be- fides, each Ship may have a Tier of Guns and fmall Arms to defend her. Damage in the Mafls and Rigging muft be ex- pefted -, however, as much of theie as pofTible may be taken away before they are fent to their Sta- tions, and Ihould their be a Neceffity to bring fomc Ships off their Stations before the Bufinefs be done, they may be towed off with as little Rifque as they were brought on to their Stations, of which hereafter. The Enemy's Batteries will be effectually muz- zled all the Time fuch Ships lie before them •, thele muzzling Ships cannot effedlually fecure the Rig- ging of Ships palling under their Cover, as the E- nemy's Shot may fly over their Hulls, unlefs the muzzling Ships can lay very near the Enemy's Bat- teries at high water, fo that their Guns muft be pointed very high to fire over them, or that a great Number of Mufqueteers, well fenced in the Ships, affifted by the Ships Cannon, can drive the Enemy from their Guns In the next Place is Ihewn the Utility of Ships fitted as defcribed in Chap. X. which will, in fome Meafure, illuftrate the Utility of the Ships defcribed in Chap. IX. It will appear (when the Conftrudion of thefe Ships is rightly underftood) that by having Ships fittted according to the Defcription in Chap X. more than double the Force of what can be brought now by Sea, may, by this Method, be brought a- ^ainlt t-P? it r !■■ I I '4 ''1 V m w m ': \ \ m [ 56 ] gainft Caftles, Forts, and Patteries, that defend the Entrance into Harbours, (^c. for a Ship having all her Guns pointed forward, fo that as many Guns, to ten or twelve, can in the Breadth of the Ship be fired at once, againft an Objeft, (the Ship lying wi -.h her Head toward it) as can be fired at once if the Ship lay with her Broadfide to it ; and as the Breadth of three Ships can lay in the Length of one Ship, and if the Length of the Bows-fprit be con- fidcred, four Ships may lay in the Length of one, with Room to fpare •, it is evident beyond Difpute, that more than double the Number of Guns can be fired from four Ships, lying with their Ends to the Obje61:, T fitted -according to Chap. X.) than can be fired by Ships lying with their Broadfides to the Objeft, admitting there are as many Ships to bring before the Place to lay End on, as there is Room for, clofe before the Caftle, Fort, or Battery. The Number of Guns in the Length of a Ship's Side, will feldom be found in Fortification, above nine in one Tier, and in the Breadth of a Seventy Gun Ship, not above three, except there is in the Fort a high and low Tier of Guns, which indeed there are often, at the Entrances of Places of Im- portance; fuppofe there are two Tier, then there will be only eighteen Guns in the Length, and fix in the Breadth, of a feventy Gun Ship. A feventy gun Ship, fitted according to Chap. X. will (lying End on) be able at lead to bring twenty or twenty-two Guns to bear againft fix in a Battery on fliore, fuppofing two Tiers in the Battery, which is four to one, againft the Fort or Battery. I am fenfible that many Objedions may be made againft the Utility of the Ships fitted as defcribcd in the Ninth and Tenth Chapters, yet 1 know of no Objection but what may eafily be JiPifvered' Ohje5lion I. [ 57 ] Obje5lion I. The Ships fitted as defcribed in Chap. X. will be crank, and will fcarce ftand up- on their Legs, eipecially to carry fail, the nfter Batteries with many Cannon being fo very high a- bove Water. Anfwer. Thefe Ships are not to carry their Guns mounted at Sea, except in line Weather, when go- ing from a Road or Bay ; perhaps two or three Miles, to filence Batteries, ^c. at the Entrance of Harbours, ^c. and as fuch Ships will not carry a- bove half the Number of Cannon they ufed to car- ry, before they were fitted in this Manner; and though the two after Batteries are high, the Batteries forward are lower, confequently has not above half the Weight to carry above Water they carried be- fore, by which it appears, fuch Ships will not be much altered as to their failing, but will be as flifF to carry fail, as other Ships of War, though mod of their Guns are mouted. Ohje5iion II. The Batteries aft having to fire o- ver all the other Batteries forward, above one hun- dred and fifty Feet in length, will greatly incomode the Men, and endanger the firing the Ships, as the Wadds will not fly clear of them. Jnfwer. All the Wadds being made of wcolling, and wetted properly for Service, will neither hurt the Men, nor lire the Ship. Objeolion III. The Enemy's Fire will rake the Ship fore and aft, and do much Execution, having the whole Length of the Ship in a Line to fire a- long Anfwer. The Slope of each Parapet takes its Rile about two Feet below the Level of the 7 op of the Parapet next before it, by which Means the Men are covered from the Enemy's Fire, fomewhac better than if there were only one Battery, and one Parapet to fire at, as the Enemy's Fire will be di- ver tei I.-! \mf w ^■ : , [ 58 ] verted amongft fo many Batteries ', and twenty Guns will deftroy one or two Parapets alhore be- fore* fix Guns firing from a Fort can deftroy five or fix Parapets in a Ship, there being only five Feet in height of each Parapet, expofed to a level Shot, the fore Battery excepted ; and as the great Talus, or Slope of the Parapets, will caufe the horizontal Balls that ft:rikes on them to graze, and perhaps leap clear of the Ship *, and if any Balls ftiot from a high Bat- tery go in below any of the Batteries Parapets, they muft go in amongft Cork and Water, or where they can do little or no Harm. OhjeSiion IV. Though there arc Breaft Works to cover tbe Men and Guns, if the Ships lie end on, there is nothinrr "o cover their Broadfides againft the Enemy's flanking Batteries. Anfwer. There is the fame Defence for thefe Ships Broadfides, as other Ships now have for their Broadfides ; yet Ships are cldcribed in Chap. IX. that are to cover with their Croadfide the Sides of the Ships that are to batter end on, by lying with their Broadfides againft thole flanking Batteries, which may be fo liiuate, that Ships cannot at that Time lay with their Heads toward them. Obje^ion V. In five Parapets, one behind another, there are fo many Embrafures, one behind another, that the Enemy's Shot cannot mifs of hitting feme one • Tf there fhould be exceeding great Batteries afliore, as (t' veral Tiers of Gun?, and Parapet behind Parapet, to the Num- ber cf five or iix, or more, as is very poffible to have them fo in feme Places, the battering Ships may be relieved as often as is necefiarv, by others taking their Place; but the low float- ing Batteries will, I think, be found propercft to attack fuch Batteries, as the proper Direction of their Shot flying upward will graze, and leap from one Battery to another, and do much more Mifchief than Balls Hying in a horrizontal Direction ; be- fides, the I'mall floating Batteries drawing fo little Water, will very probably get under the Batteries, that their Guns cannot bear upon them, efpecially the high Battery *s Gum. v-^ [ S9 ] one or more every Fire, and thereby do much Mifchief. Anfwer. Though five Rows of Embrafures are one Row behind another, a BaU can do little more Harm by going through the formoft, or any other Embrafure, than if there were but a fingle Battery^ for whatever Embrafure the Ball goes through, it will go under all the Men in the Batteries behind that Embrafure, where it can do litde Harm ; be- fide, the Madrier contrived to fill the Embrafure by the Recoil of the Cannon, and to clear the Em- brafure when the Cannon is run out, will add con- fideraby to the Safety of the Men -, add to this the Unequality between twenty Guns in a Ship at Sea, againft fix, or perhaps but two or three Guns in a Fort afliore, and that the fix, or perhaps two or three Guns afhore (as is before mentioned) have five Breafl- works or Parapets in the Ship to demolifh, while the twenty Guns in the Ship have only two, or perhaps but one Bread-work or Parapet on fhore to fire at, and two or three Guns to filence. There are other great Advantages on the Side of the Ships fitted as above, (i. e.) no Time need be fpent or any Rilque run, in letting go Anchors to bring the Ships properly up -, in going before Caftles, Forts ^c. the Ships running in fliore to engage Forts or Batteries with their Heads toward them, there is nothing to be done but to begin firing as foon as the Ships are within Gun Shot ; the Ships may run bump afliore (firft letting go an Anchor a ftern, where a Windlafs muft be fix'd below) on a rifing Tide with their Heads toward the Forts or Batteries if the Ground is good, and let fall from within their Quarters* Itrong Balks of Timber, v/cU fliod • A ftrong Cafe or Coffin muft be inade a convenient Diflance from each Side of the Keel, and two or three Feel below the Ship> €. W (' mi PI IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 Ii&|2j8 |25 ■50 ^^" H^H U 11.6 I <^ V '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WKST MA and when ordered to duty muft carry as 11 [64] as few Men as pofTible, and have very little Rig- ging, with as many Chains inftcad of Ropes as can be ufed -, and if they are to lay before Batteries mull: only have their lower Mafts and Sails, the Yards to be let down upon Deck when the Ships are got to their Stations. Having a good Opportunity, the muzzling Ships and iea fighting Ships ought to fail forward in their proper Stations (i. e.) a clofe line of muzzling Ships on each Side the fea fisjhting Ships, if the En- trance is narrow, and Batteries on each Shore, in order to receive the Enemy's Fire from their Forts and Batteries, with a fufficient Number of muzzling Ships in the Van, to be ready to lay before the Batteries that are fituated to rake the Lines of Ships while in the narrow Entrance; (for without doubt there are Urong Fatteries to enfilade, as much as poflible, every Courfe and Channel leading into Breft Road, i'oulon^ and other principal Harbours in France) as the Ships whofe Holds are filled with Cork cannot be hurt by coming aground, unlefs upon a high Iharp Rock, when it is falling water, or except there is a Sea to break them to pieces, the muzzling Ships may make bold, efpecially in a flow- ing Tide, and fteer near in fhore, and fo run clofe to the Eateries, which about the Time of high water will eftcdally muzzle them ; and as by lofs of Mafts, Csff . it may be expedted the Sails of many of the muzzling Ships will be rendered almoft ufelefs, therefore a ftout Towline muft be faftned from Ship to vShip, one Tow-line between every two Ships ; the End palTing into each Ship about eight or nine Feet, or a fufficient Depth, under water, to be clear of the Enemy's Shot, near the Stern-poft, and at the lame Depth under water, as near the Ship's Cut water as may be j ib each Ship has the End of [6s] a Towline Forward, and the End of a TowUne ^. baft, to flack out or hawl in at pleafure. When muzzling Ships are cither to fail along with other Ships to cover them while paffing Forts and Batteries, or to lie before Batteries, they muft be as clofc ftem to ftern, as the imouiltneis of the Sea will permit them ; and it any ot the tn-zzl n'r Ships are difabled, which can only be in t!j .r Mnfls and Rigging, the headmoft Ships not be:ijg ai abk-d in their Rigging will both tow the Ships a ilern off, and keep them in their SrationSj by Means of the Towlines before mentioned, for no Dam jge in the Hulls need be feared ; but as the headmofl: Ships are as liable to be difabled in their R gging as the other Ships, they cannot be depended upon to tow, or any otherwife afllft the Ships a Itern ; and as the muzzling Ships mufi get as ntar the Batte- ries afliore as poflible, otherwife they cannot cover the Rigging of the fea fighting Ships. It is not ve- ry pradlicable for the fea fighting Ships to tow the muzzling Ships, fo as to anfwer any very good Pur- pofe, whicn makes it abfolutely neceffiry to be pre- pared, and able to make the headmoft muzzling Ships go a-head, and keep their Stations, though difabled in their Rigging -, There may be feveral things contrived for this Purpofe, though the Ene- my's Shot may render moft of ci-iem unferviceable ; in rpeculation there appears a Contrivance which will anlwer this End •, but Experience muft confirm it, by making an Experiment according to the follow- ing Manner : Let each of the headmoft muzling Ships have one or two very large Cannon, or a proper mor- tar or two pointing forward, (perhaps it may be found ncccflary to caft Cannon for tiMS pa»ticular Service) wtih Chains fix*d to Balls to be fired out of the Gum or Mortar, a proper Anchor being faftcned to that Tnd of the Chain which hangs out of the Gun or F Mortar !!M It '-4^1 'I r [66] Mortar, and a Towline bent to the Chain at the An- chor, and quoiled fo as not to entangle when the An- chor is thrown out a head by the Gun or Mortar being fired : Though it cannot be expefted an Anchor of any confiderable weight can be thrown out to a iifeful Diftance by this Method, yet upon Trial it may be found that Anchor after Anchor, of a fmall weight may be thrown out, by which the Ships may be warped paft Forts and Batteries ; but it the muzzling Ships are only to lay before Forts and Batteries till other Ships pafs, they may at any Time eafily be hawled off, either a head or a ftern, by Towlines bent together for this Purpofe, and the Ships having the End with them*. Thus the Lines '^f Ships are to proceed in clofe order, always keeping, if poffible, the muzzling Ships againft the Enemy's Cannon, while pafling within gun-fliot of the Enemy's Forts and Batte- ries i and when the Ships are got near the Enemy's Batteries in the Harbour, ^c. the muzzling Ships are to lay before thofe Batteries, if need be, while the fea fighting Ships are engaged in deflroying the Shipping. The Ships that are to batter with their Ends on, and the low floating Batteries, to follow clofe a ftern of the Ships that are running paft the Batteries, and begin firing upon the Forts and Batteries as foon as poflible ; and if their is fufficient Room, the Forts and Batteries Ihould be attacked at the fame time the fea fighting Ships are running paft, or rather fooner ; but of this hereafter. If it is apprehended little or no Advantage is to be gained by a fudden or unexpected Attack, the following * It is fcarce worth mentioning that Ships may carry the End of a Towline any Diftance, by having the Coil on board* and letting the rope go properly out, as the Ships move foi* waid. I 67 1 following Method may be taken to lilence the Ene- my's Forts ana Batteries, fo that fea Hghting Ships may fafely run pall them into Harbours, Roads, ^r. Admit a Defign is formed to dcftroy Ships in Harbours whofc Entrances are welldei ended by ftrong Batteries upon the Shores, and it is thought moft ad- vifeable to filence thofe Batteries betore che fca fight- ing Ships attempt to enter (though covered by muzzling Ships) to perfoim that Service. Being arrived conveniently near ilie place of Ac- tion, in the prime of Summer, take the Opportu- nity of low Water falling loon in the Morning, to order the floating Batteries, 3ombs, i^c. to get before the Place defigned to be attacked, a while before low Water, (if the Tide doth not ebb too far from the Batteries alhore) and in the following Or- der: The fmall Batteries that draw about two Feet and a half of Water are to move forward in the Van, and form the firft Line before the Place j and if there are llrong flanking Batteries, muzzling Floats, that draw no more Water than the fmall floating Bat- teries, prepared for that Purpofe, muft be laid be- fore them ; fuch muzzhng Floats are fo eafy to con- ftrud, if what is faid in the foregoing Chapter be confidered, that it would be fuperfluous in this Place to give a Defcription of them. The firlt Line of Battery, compofed of fmall floating Bat- teries, muft be toilowedin proper Order by as many Lines of larger floating Batteries as can lay fuffi- ciently near, and faftly fire over each other to good Purpofe J and as the firft Line will probably get very near • to the Batteries on fhore, it may be fup- E 2 poled • T am little acquainted with the French Manner of making Forts and Batteries to defend the Entrances into their Ports, but if the Forts and Batteries I have leen at home are examined by ' 1 ''. [68] pofed four Lines can bring their Guns to bear, and that every Line at each End is about a quarter of a Mile longer* than the Batteries on Ihore, if the Situ- ation will admit; thele Lines of Battery to be fol- lowed by as many Bombs as can lay behind the rear Line of Battery, and play to good purpofe. If, nocwithftanding all this Force, the Batteries on (hore, by well dircded Ralls, difable many of the floating Batteries, and oblige them to hawl off at about two Hours Flood, which is proper Time for battering Ships, defcribed in Chap. X. to ad- vance, with Bombs under their Sterns, as before mentioned, and make a frelh Attack upon the Forts and Batteries, it being reafonable to imagine the floating low Batteries has not left the Forts on Ihore in a very good Condition ; I think the fhat- tered Batteries on fhore cannot long refift fo great a Force as the battering Ships, defcribed in Chap. X- but, for the fake of Illuftration, let it be fup j/he Batteries on fliore be wonderfully flrong, and regularly fupplied with frefh Men, and alfo Guns as loan as any are difmounted, fo that after fome by proper Men, it will be foond that the low floating Batteries here defcribed, may, in the laft Hour of the Ebb, and the firll of the Flood, do much Mifcliicf to the Defences, and the Forts and Batteries alhore cannot bring any confiderable Number | of Guns to bear upon them ; and low Veffels, properly filled with Mortars, Coe- horns, &c. may alfo do much Mifchief| with a good deal of Safety. * The Lines cf Battery here fpoken of, being confiderably I longer than :he Batteries they oppolc, will by their Length have an Advantage, both in regard to their Number of Guns, ar^l the oblique Direction of the Shots fired from the Ends of the Lines, for by an oblique Direftion the Balls have a bettetl Chance, not only to difmount the Enemy's Guns, but by crof-[ fing the Shots made from the Batteries in the Front will do greai' cr Damage to the Defences. [69] fome Hours battering the Ships* are alfo obliged to hawl off; if this fliould be the Cafe, which is very improbable, ieeing tlie Force of thefe Ships is fo great, the low floating Batteries by this Time (the Men being refreshed, and the places of the difabled Batteries fupplied by others) will be ready to advance again as at the firib, nnd begin a frelh Attack. Thus may th« battering Ships, and alfo the low floating Batteries, alternately relieve each other, at a proper 'lime of tide, till no Defences on fliore, yec made or invented, can reflll them a- ny longer. And Vefltls can arrive fo unexpededly before places fituated by the Sei, that it cannoc be in the power of any Government to know with any degree of cer- tainty, what Place will be attacked, and to provide every place with a Garrifon uncommonly numerous, and a double or treble number of Cannon, would be too great an extra Expence perhaps for any Na- tion to bear, even but for a fi^w Years ; therefore it is very improbable, if not impoflible, that any Place will make fo great a Defence as is here ima- gined ; and if it is poflibic to make fo great a De- fence as is here defcribed, yet they will he fjlrnced after they have done all they can, as the floating Batteries can be fo eafily relieved, and new Batte- ries laid before the Place time after time, as often as there fhall be occafion. This will be reducing our Opperadons by Sea, a- gainfl: an Enemy, to fome certainty at a fmall Ex- pence, compared to the Expence and Rifque of keepin^i; ftrong Squadrons on an Enemy's Coalls to watch their Motions, the EfFed of which is lorn what uncertain. F 3 That It is fhewn in Chap. KII that thefe battering Ships lying with their Ends on to batte, in the Length of a Ship are more than double the Force of a Ship'^ Broadfide. I II I 70 ] That Britain has the Means to do any poflible Thing by Sea, is evident from the great Number of Seamen now in the royal Navy y and it is well atteftcd i\\c\'c arc tuli as many left for other Em- ployments as can finv! entertainment in the Merchants Service ; as for Ma -.rials for building and repairing Shipping, Britain itfelf ailords muci. good I'lmber an J Iron, (^c. an.i has Money to purchafe any quantity of Other Materials that can be wanted ; and there nted be no want or Shipwrights if every Ship- wright in his M^ijelty's Dock Yards were allowed a Servant. I will not undertake to enumerate the Advanta- ges t!iac will accrue to the Nation who is llrongcft at Sea, by putting the Sch^^mes here laid down in- to practice, and by being Mafters, not only of all the Harbours in Ewone, but m every other Part where any Advan age appears •, and not only de- itroy th:' naval Povv\'r of France for the preftint, but limit that Powr.- to a certain Number of Ships of War for cik* Finic to come. This would be a BlelTing to all Europe^ if the Nation whom God has blelied with tht; ftrong^-Il naval Power continue to tear God and love tiieir Neighbours, in taking away many of the Caufes of Contention, and con- fequendy prevent the fl^edding ot much chriftian Bbodi for if the Accounts I have read and heard be true, there have been few blooody Wars in Eu- rope^ amongll ChtiiUans, in the two laft Centuries, that have not been either begun or prolonged by the Intrigues of France \ therelore if Britain at this Time* will enter heartily upon deftroying the na- val Power of France^ and the other Powers of Eu- rope countenance the Defign, to prevent France^ as much as pofiible, from ever being any ccnfiderble maririme Power for the future. This would certain- lyl * Written iu thq Year l/jS. , V - [ 71 1 ly be the grcateft Good done to Mankind, by mor- tal Men, fince the W^orld began. There might be given a Jong Account of the reftbfs Spirit of the French Nation, and their break- ing through all Treaties, not regarding Men's Lives, nor the Diftreflcs of the Innocent, but oblig- ing Nations to arm in their own Defence, which has been the Caufe of a great EfFufion of chriftian Blood, and the Diftrefs ot many Thoufands of in- nocent People; but as all that I can fay on this Head iswell known, it would be an ufelefs Digref- fion to enlarge upon that Subjcdt in this Place. It being the Briti/h Trade that chiefly fupports and fupplies the Britijh Power, therefore Bm^in ought always to look upon every Encroachment upon her Trade, by a powerful Rival, as greatly dangerous, not only to her Laws and Conftitution, Liberty, and Property, but to her being a King- dom. te'- •- <."", '•■„ ■.■■-! ^' 1 SyJ ■^ THE t f § \ m .1" J ■B III 1 i 1 ^^ ii J?^.^ ] r 1 1! ^1 1 zz M 1 1 ^S ffl 1 ^H 1 1 p^^ iiin 1. 1 I I 3 1 i ►l Ur \% 1^ t ^mff fv Fig.5 .4-. '! I "V -fe. Hhjru^jfit'frj:} ^ ,., ■ • ' >, /m ■ 1 wL 1 1 ^i-^-'-g .■ ^H iuae ■i ^ ? J . i 1 \i [73 1 THE British Mars* f il PART II. C H A P. I. •. ^_ Of Fortification, AS the Art of fortifying Houfes is iifeful in mahy Cafes, efpecially in civilizing a favage People, and making Plantations amongft them, I wi!l in this Chapter (hew feveral Methods of build- ing dwelling Houfes that cannot eafily be taken without Cannon ; the Art of fortifying fmall Pla- ces is called Fortility, and the Places fo fortified are callec. Torrlets, or Fortins. Tins fort of Fortification was much ufed in the Norili Parts ot England^ before the Union of the two Nations, for the Inhabitants upon the Borders frequently plundered each other, taking away Sheep, Cattle, Hories, ^c. even in time of Peace -, this made the People on the Borders think of fecuring their Property, by building ftrong Houfes, many of ( J m 1I<||IWUI.. . :.-m [74] of which arc yet (landing in the northern Parts of Northumberland, But, As thofe People knew little of Fortification, they onyly built their Houfes ot Defence a litde (tronger than common Houfes, with Spouts above the Doors, to convey hot Water, i^c. upon anyone that (hoiild attempt to break or burn the Doors ; fome of thefe Houfes has a Place at the Top of theGavel End, or Pitch of the Rcof, right above the Door, projed- ed upon ftone Corbels, from where they probably threw Stones, £sfr. upon thofe who came near to break the Door ; ♦^hcy alfo laid a Heap of large Stones, or built a fni'ill Houfe with ftrong Walls, a little Diftance from the Door, to prevent any Thing of the nature of a battering Ram fromforce- ing the Door,. Thefe Houfes are divided into a low and high Room, by great Beams covered with Rice orfmall Wood laid acrofs them, over all which are laid a confidcrablc Hiicknefs of Earth, to make a Floor ; they lecured themfelves in the upper Room, and there Cattle, i^c. almoft every Night in the lower Part, cfpecially if any Tidings came of the Approach of the Mofs- Troopers, for fo they called the Men v.-ho generally came to plunder. 1'hat thole Houfes were of great Service appears from the great Number of tlicin, there being few old Villages near the Borders, that has not one or two, or ujore of fuch ilrong Houfes ; and if For- tuity v/ere well improved, and prop« Ay put in ex- ecution, it would prove a very condderable Securi- ty to xht BritijJ: Settlements i:i America^ efpccially the Settlement^' mo^c liable to be attacked by Par- tics of Indians ; for very httle more Labour and Expence is required to build a Fortin, or Fortlet, than is required to build a common dwelling Houfe, and three or four Mt-n may defend a proper con- ftrudcd J of they nger )ors, lould thefe [i, or ojc6t- bably Ciil* to large »/Valls, \t any force- into a d with i which make 1 upper Night :ame of b they )iuader. appears ng few one or if For- t in ex- Securi- fpccially by Par- lour and Fortlet, Houfe, )er con* ftruded [75 1 ftru6ted Fortin, againft a confiderable Number of Indians, or even regular Troops, without Cannon. PLATE V. Fig. I . ConftruSfion of an equi- lateral Triangle Fortin, A, B» C, the ground Plan, which may be raifed any convenient Height above the Level of the Ground, fuppofe eighn Feet, or one Room in height, fixteen Feet, or two Rooms high, ^c, I > 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the Plan of the upper Part, which well defends the Triangle under it, through the Places marked G, H, I ; Care muft be taken to raife the Points ABC that Men cannot get up- on thefe Points ; the Entrance to be through G, H, or I, in Time of Danger, with a Ladder, as men- tioned in the Defcription of Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Conjiru^ion of a Square Fortin, A, B, C, D, the Plan on the Ground, E, F, G, H, a Parapet, Mufquet proof, fix Feet high, its Bafe fupported by Timber, as III I, ten Feet high from the Ground •, but if it is required to have the Houfe three Rooms high, the Wall A B C D r.o be the Height of two Rooms ♦, i, 2, 3, 4, the Place where the ground Plan is defended ; the Door to enter the Houfe to be about feven or eight Feet high from the Ground, having a broad ftep Ladder, in manner like a Draw-Bridge, to be drawn up every Night, or when any Danger is apprehend- ed ; K L M'N the Walls of the upper Room or upper Story, on which the Roof is built-, the Roof and the Space, A B C D, to be covered with Earth, that Hand-Granadoes, or Fire, may do no Mif- chief there, if thrown by an Enemy. The Wall of the lower Part of thefe Fortins ought to be from four to fix Feet thick, according to the ftrength of the Material they are built with, and m ^^H pij Hl- w ' m\ 1 u ' BV' 1 HpK> ' ■ m ! Bb>' iH 1 ' m i mk 1^ i I'- i i [76] and if it be pofllble they muft be built with Ma- terials that cannot be let on lire, as alfo Ihould eve- ry other Part of the Outfide, if the Materials are to be had at a reafonable Expence ; if fuch Mate- rials are hard to be got, the upper Parts may be built of Timber, cafed with Boards or Slabs of dead Sap, for dead Sap will not burn itfelf j but if Lime can conveniently be got to cafe the upright timber Work with a Ihong Coat of Plaiftering, that will preierve the Timber from fire, and alio endure the Weather, it will do better ; if the Roofs of fuch Buildings are covered with Boards or Shin- gles, they may be well turfed, when any Danger is apprehended, but the Turf Ihould be thrown off when there is no Danger of an Attack, for if the Turf is continued upon the Roof, and Water get through, the Boards or Shingles under the Turf will rot very foon. Fig. 3. A fccond Method to conJlru5i a Square Fortin. A. B, the ground Plan, conftrudted in all Re- fpeds as A i) C D in Fig. 2 j C, D, a Parapet with Angles, projected over the middle of the Walls, upon the ground Plan, which Angles form the Spaces E, F, G, H, through which the Faces of the Walls may be well defended ; K, I, the upper Story, or Seat of the Roof ; as to the Door or Entrance, fee the Defciiption of Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Covjlrutfion of a Fortin Siar. The Parapet, C, D, make a Defence to every Front of the Star, as F, that there is no need of Openings in the lower Wall to lire through ; the Door or Entrance is through the Opening E, in Time of Danger, with a Ladder to let down and hawl up at difcrction : See the Defciiption of Fig. [ 77 ] 2. L, M, N, O, the Walls of the upper Story, and Seat of the Roof. The principal Part in making Settlements, are, firft and above all, to fix upon a proper vSpot of Ground for a Plantation, near a River or Brook, or at lead where is a fufficiency of Water ; and if the Situation is near a treacherous Neighbour, a particular Regard muft be had to place the Fortin or dwelling Houfe, as far as poflible from any Hill or other Place, behind which Men may approach the Fortin unfeen, and conceal themielves till a proper Opportunity offer, to furprize it; and if the Fortin or dwelling Houfe is by a River, as G, Fig. 5, it fliould be lb placed that as great -^ Dif- tance upon the River as can be, both upWvird and downward, is feen from the Fortin ; and it may be proper to ered: a tall Pole upon the lop of the Fortin, to hoift a Flag, or a Light upon, with a Convenience to get up to its Top, to look out, ^c. Fig. 5. fhews how any of the Figures, 123 4, in Plate V. may be adapted to defend a Planta- tion, or Space of Ground, and alfo fccure theC vn- er and Family, from almofl: any Number of Men without Cannon. Suppofe G and H, Fig. 5, are Fortins upon the Brink of a River, it is evident H commands the River no further than I and K, but G com- mands the River from L 10 M, therefore G is the better Situation in refped to commanding the River, and as Mufquets will kill Men at the Diflance of three hundred Yards, the Fortin G will defend a Piece of Ground fix hundred Yards fquare, and if the Fortin is properly conftruded, and defendri by eight or ten adive Men, it is hardly poflible to take it without Cannon, while Viduab and Amunition laft in the Fortin. Admit .1 I i. ri >'n I i [78] Admit four, fix, or more Families agree to have their Plantations lie together, and build Fortins that will not only defend each other, but can alfo defend their Plantations. Fortins for four Families, as A, B, C, O, Fig. 5. placed three hundred Yards apart, fo that they can well defend each other, wi'l have near one hundred and fixty-eight Acres of Plantation, with- in Mufquct Ihot, which they can well defend ; and if it IS thought each Fortin has a lufHcifnt Defence for itfclf, they may be placed fix hundred Yards apart, and have near two hundred ninety -eight Acres within iVlufquet fliot. Fortins for fix Families, as A, E, B, and D, F, G, Fig. 5. being placed three hundred Yards apart, will have near two hundred and twenty-lour Acres within Mufktt fhot, which the Fortins can well defend, and likewile will defend each other ; and if it is thought proper to place fix Fortins fix hundred Yards afunder, they will have near four hundred forty- fix Acres of Ground within Mufquet fliot, and fo on in proportion, as more or fewer Families have their Plantations lie toge- ther. In any Place where it may be neceflary for many Families to dwell together, a Fortification againft fmall Arms may be formed, by building Houfes with their Angles meeting together, as A, B, C, D, ^c. Fig. 6. fo that the other Angles form Re- dans all the way round the Town ; in Time of Danger the Horles, Cattle, Sheep, ^c. may be fecured in the Space of Ground inclol'ed and de- fended by the Houles. The Roofs of thefe Houfes being one continued Roof round the whole Town, lb as the Roof will hang or proje! l\ r( « t h Iw'' ■ 1 \ V 1 ^ !■ K^K; i 1. ( 84 ) Piles if they are very deep in the Ground as their Galleries may, at all times, may be piercM from the Top through the Files, and Gun-powder or fuifocat- ing Matter continually put down, and the Vent '.hrough the Piles ftoped above •, nor can the Can- non or Bombs of an Enemy prevent this, for the Heads of the Piles may be any Depth under Ground, and arch'd over, not leaving fuificicnt Height for Mi- ners to make Galleries over the Arch undifcovered, fuch Piles may in fome other Refpedb be of Service in the Defence of the Place, as will be ftiown hereafter. As this Battery will be a very great Weight, the Foundation muft be broad, and very good, and built with Stone or Brick within about two Feet of the Height of the Rampire, or Terra-plain of the Baf- tion, to have a ftrong Pier for each Coin, and a fmaller Pier in the Middle on each Side, and each Side to have two Openings arched, but not fo high as the Surface of the Ground by fix or feven Feet ; and a fufficient fquare Opening in the Middle from the Foundation to the Top, but arched over, and made Bomb-proof at the Height of the low Plat- form, under which Arch the Bellows are to work to blow the Smoke away •, this fquare Opening in the Middle to be thirty, or forty Feet fquare in Fig. i, 2, 3, and open from the low Plat-forms upward, for the Smoke to go out. When the Battery is raifed within about two Feet of the Surface of the Ground, begin to build the cutfide of thofe Fronts, that Befiegcrs cu/. place Guns to bear upon, with Blocks of Pebble Stones run together with Metal of old Guns, or any other cheap Sort of calt Iron •, thefe Blocks n.ade of Iron and Pebbles, to be of a fufficient Thicknefs in tiie Wall, and well back'd with Mafonry,and built to the Height of the Plat-forms on which the firft Tier of Cannon arc to be planted. At vfSiiihd*^^ ( 85 ) At the Height of thefe lower Plat-forms, begin to build the Outfide of thofe Fronts of the Battery, which an Enemy can bring Cannon to bear direct upon, with folid caft Iron, fufficiently ftrong to re- fill and break the heavieft Cannon Balls ; the Iron is to be well back'd with Mafonry between the Guns, which Mafonry is to bear the Arches, but no Mafonry is to be where the Muzzles of the Guns lie through •, the Thicknefs of the Iron is all the Guns Muzzles are to lie through, by this Means there need not be fo much open Space between the Muzzrling of the Gun, and the Embraffure, (or ra- ther round Port-hole that holds the Gun*s Muzzle) as to admit a Six-pound Ball : How the Guns are to be worked in this ^ort of Battery will be Ihewn hereafter. Having finifhed the low Battery, Fig. 2. and car- ried up the Piers that fupport the upper Battery, Fig. 3. whofe Fronts are fquare on the Diagonal of the low Battery, fee the Plans Fig. 2 and 3. Plate VI. this upper Battery to be the fame in all Refpefts as the low Battery, only its Fronts arc not fo long as the Fronts of the low Battery. The Fronts of the upper Battery being fquare with the Diagonals of the low Battery, give fo great Advantage, that twelve Guns at leaft, will not only bear upo- an Objedl, in any Part without the Works, but alfo will command a Breach in any Part of the Works, though there are only a Battery in every fecond Baftion. See the Batteries E and F P/j/^ VI. in the Baftions G and H. Of Guns, Gun-Carriages, and Plat-forms proper for the Improvements here propofed. The Guns to be made with two additional Trun- nions at the Extremity of the Breach, and a ftrong Pivot on the under Side of the Muzzle, projeded G ^ one '. < !.; I !'• ( 86 ) one Inch and an half below the Superfices of the Metal, to fit into a Place on the under or low Side of the Embraffure or Port-hole made for thatPurpofe, to hold the Muzzle of the Gun in the Middle of the Port-hole, when the Gun is moved Side-ways ; but the Muzzle of the Gun to be raifed from this Hold when fired. This is all the Alteration I pro* pofe in the Guns, except it hereafter be found prac- ticable, to make Guns to be loaded .at the Breech, by a Contrivance proper for that Purpofe. The Gun-carriages to have fixed in them, ftrong purchafing Hand-lcrews, one under each Trunnion, and one under the Breech or Pammel, five in Num- ber, to lay the Gun to ftioot high or low at Plea- fure, without raifing or lowering the Muzzle ; by this Means, and by what follows concerning Plat- forms, the Out-fide of Embraflures or Port-holes need he little bigger than to receive the Muzzle of the Gun, fuppofing the Embraffure or Port-hole to be made of Call-iron or other ftrong Metal. i ' The Plat-forms to have a ftrong Plank circular Edgeways, to lie under the fore Wheels of the Gun- carriage, when the Gun is run oiit ; this Plank to lie flat upon proper Rolls, and make a Part of the Plat-form, fo that thefe Rolls will eafily run the Plank to either Side of the Plat-form, and carry the Gun with it, and traverfe the Gun with little Trou- ble-, there may be another fuch Plank under the hind Wheels, but I think a Wheel may be contrived to be under the Middle of the hind Axle-tree to an- fwer better. By what is faid above, it is eafy to underftand by the Methods here propofed, that the whole Body of the Gun is to be moved to give Dire6tion to the Shots, this perhaps will appear prepofterous, but I make no doubt if a Trial is made, according to the Method here propofed, the DiflTerence of Time and Labour (87) Labour in fighting Cannon by this or the Method now ufed will be found inconfiderable, for in Ser- vice where the Objedt is generally fix'd, the Direction of Guns doth not want much altering, but the Ad- vantage of having Embraffures, that in a great Mea- fure iecures the Guns from being difmounted, and alfo covers the Men lb eflfedlually, that but few can be killed, being lb very interefting will I hope induce fome able Perions to promote the Defign. .. ^ . I have propofed to build with large Pebble-ftoncs, run together with the Metal of old Guns for cheap- nefs v but fmall Pebble-ftones run together with Lead, I think' in fome Cafes are preferable, as Splinters will rairly fly from this Material •, nor will a Ball be re- fledled from it with fo great a Force, as from caft Iron. The Expence of the Materials here recommend- ed, will be different almoft in every other Plate j but in moft Places where there is a Navigation from the Sea, the Expence will be fomething near the following Calculation. It will take near one hundred and fifty Cube Feet of Lead and fmall Pebbles run together to make one EmbrafTure ; every fuch Cube Foot will require near two hundred Weight of Lead * at fifteen Shillings a hundred Weight, by Suppofition the Pebbles for one Embralfure may coft five Pounds in fome Places ; which together with twenty Pounds for Workman- fhip, and ten Pounds to make a Bomb-proof-arch over the Gun, amounts to two hundred and fixty Pounds. . ' It will take near one hundred Cube Feet of caft Iron to make one EmbrafTure ; a Cube Foot of caft Iron weighs upwards or about four hundred Pounds Averdupoife, a courfefort of caft Iron and old Guns, tec. may be had in England, for about eight or G 4 nine • In many places the Lead only coft 14 s. an Hundred Weight. I. n &ii n\ ( 88 ) nine Shillings at moft, the hundred Weight Freight included i one hundred Cube Feet of which will coft, at qight ihillings the hundred Weight, one hundred and fixty Pounds ; which with twenty Pounds for Workmanlhip, and ten Pounds to make a Bomb- proof-arch over the Gun, amounts to one hundred and ninety Pounds : If proper Pieces of caft Iron for Building can bp conveniently form'd from the fmelting Furnace will fave much Expence. If Pebbles run together with cait Iron will an- fwer the End propofed, one hundred and fifty Cube Feet of this Material, will much fecure the Men and Gun ; about one hundred and half of caft Iron will (ftrongly) run a Cube Foot of Pebbles together -, the Expence of which for the whole Embraffure is ninety Pounds, which with twenty Pounds for Workman- lhip, and ten Pounds to make a Bomb-proof-arch over the Gun, and five Pounds for the Pebbles, a- mounts to one hundred and twenty-five Pounds, In the above Eftimate, I do not mean that the Pebbles are to be run together no larger than Foot Cubes ; on the contrary, I would have the fmalleft Piece in the Work fixty hundred, and up- wards to four, fix, and eight Tuns in one Piece ; the Front of thefe Embraflures to be flop'd about forty- five Degrees, that Balls may glance freely off, Tho' thefe Embraflures are very expenfive, (it ap- pears to me) they will be of a fignal Advantage, efpecially in Places of Confequence •, for it is eafy to conceive that the Fire of ^rong Batteries, whofe Guns it is next to impoflTible to difinount, or deftroy the Men that fight them, will greatly retard the Siege, and to befiege any confiderable Town will coft at Icaft two thoufand Pounds every Day the Siege continues, (including the Army's pay) accor^ ding to the Accounts of thofe experienced in Sieges, iind by lengthening the Siege a few Days, a Place is . . ; . fon^etimes (89) fometimes favcd j if not, a few Days will coft the Enemy, as much more to take the Place, as the Battenes that lengthened the Siege coft building. The above Expence of a Siege is coarfely tskn from Marfhal VaubarCs Account, of Stores required for a Month's Siege, as inferted in Mr. John MuU ler's Attack and Defence, Fiz, Si ores required for a Month's Siege, Powder as the Garrifon is more 7 „ « orlefsftrong - - . - | 8 or 900,0001b. Shot for Battering Pieces - . 6,000 Shot of a lefler Sort . - - - 20,000 Battering Cannon ... Cannon of a lefler Sort - - - Small Field Pieces for defending the Lines Mortars for throwing Shells Pitto for throwing Stones Shells for Mortars ... Hand Granadoes Lead Bullets .... Matches . . . . Flints for Mufkets beft Sort Plat-forms compleat for Guns Plat-forms for Mortars Spare Carriages for Guns Spare Mortar Beds . . - Spare Sponges, Rammers, and Ladles Tools to work in Trenches Several Hand Jacks, Gins, Sling Carts, Travel- ing Forges, and other Engines proper to raife and carry heavy Burdens 5 as likewife fome to carry Wa- ter to extinguifh Fire i feveral Parcels of fpare Tim- ber for Bridges, Wheel Wrights, Carpenters, &c. There are belides feveral other Things neceflary, as Miners Tools, Mantelets, llufFed Gabions, Pick- ets, and Gabions in great Quantities, Tools for Smiths, Carpenters, and Wheel Wrights, a Num- ber M i 80 40 20 24 24 15 or 16,000 40,000 1 80,000 1 0,000 Brace 100,000 100 60 60 30 - - 20 Sets 40,000 i m 'u ':■ I I V; m ( 90 ) her rf Horfes for the Artillery ; Carts and Waggons iiiqh as can be procured in the Country are alfo ufed upon Occafion •, I think the Defence of the Covert- Way may be greatly encreafed by the different Me- thod Ihown in Piale VI. but as that Scale is too iinail to fho>y the Method clearly, fee Plaie VII. By Plaie VI. it appears that the Baflions that have the Capital Batteries in them, are more eafily maf- tered than the Baftion between them, that has no Batteries in it but the Flanks, for the Befiegers can- not ered any Battery to make a Breach in the Baf- tion L, but twelve Guns at lealt will bear upon it from the Batteries in the Baftions G and H, which twelve Guns will do more Execution againft the Enemy's Batteries, than any Number of the Be- fiegers Guns can do againft the Batteries E F, whofe Guns alfo commands the Baftion L fo greatly, that it is almoft impofllble to take it and make Lodgments there ; but if the Baftion G is attacked, the 3attery F, in the Baftion H is too far off to do amy great Execution, againft the Batteries the Befie- gers will raife to make a Breach in the Baftion G, and the Battery in the Baftion oppofite the Baftion L, on the other fide of the Town, is alfo too far off, and the Height of tlie Works will prevent thofe dif- tant Batteries from feeing the Enemy's Batteries^ tho* the upper Tier of Guns in the capital Batteries are clefigned to be about fifteen Feet higher than the Pa- rapet : Therefore holbw Piles muft be driven and counter Guards, and Mines made before the Baf- tions that has the Batteries in them, to make thofe Baftion as hard to take as Baftion L -, but if the Place is of fo great Importance, that the Expence of making fuch a Battery in each Baftion as is here pro- pofcd can be complied with, and hollow Piles made a proper Ufe of, the Befiegers Batteries, and Mines, will meet fo great Obftrudions, that it will be next to J J ( 90 |:o impoflible to take the Place, without a much greater Expence than the Place is worth, and, Suppofing a watery Situation, where the Befieger$ cannoL maKe Galleries under the Ditch, nor dif-. mount the Guns in the capital Batteries \ I think in this Cafe, it will be impoflible to make a PalTage over the Ditch; for, in my Opinion, no Man will attempt to make a PalTage over a Ditch againft the Fire of at leaft eighteen large Cannon •, and admit 9 Pafiage is compleated a crofs a Ditch, at the Expence of the Lives of ten or fifteen thouland Men, and 4 Breach made in the Rampier by Mines •, for I ima- gine the capital Batteries will not fuffer the Befiegers Cannon to make a Breach. There will be twelve, or eighteen large Cannon to fire into the Breach i and and if (notwithftanding all this Defence) the Beiie- gers make their Way through the Breach, they wiU be ftop*d upon the Rampier, in the Middle of a Fire from twenty-four or thirty Cannon, (if there is 4 Battery in each Baftion, and twelve or fifteen having only Batteries in each other Baltion; according to Plate 6,) by a Wall of Mafonry built on the infide, at a proper Diftance from the Rampier, and a deep nar- row Ditch faced with Malbnry, with hollow Piles drove it its Bottom if the Ditch is dry, to hinder the Miners making a Gallery through the Rampier, and under the Wall, to blow it up -, this Wall and Ditch will at leaft give the Place an Opportunity to capitulate at laft •, for the Fire of the capital Bat- teries will prevent Lodgments being made by an En- emy, either in the Baftions or on the Rampier. See the Wall and Ditch mark'd M Fig. 4. Plate VI. The Piles need not be driven in ihe Bottom of this Ditch till after it is known what Front will be at- tacked i and if the Ground is not Sand nor Gravel, the Piles need not be driven much above feven or eight Feet below the Bottom of the Ditch, for the Ground 'A ■ • i u i i ( 92 ) ■ Cround bcing'%ong Earth, Loom, or Clay, may be bored through t, j Piles, to a fufficient Depth for difcovering the Approach of the Miners piercing their Gallerys, &c. It is prefumed the Rampier of mod Places have a Slope on the Infide, near equal to the Height of the Rampier, which Slope I would take away, and make a Wall of Mafonry, to gain more Room for the Ditch, and Wall, M. Plate 6. before mentioned. There are fufficient Room againft, and partly in the Gorge of each Baftion, which is at every Corner of this Wall and Ditch, mark'd M. Plate 6. (which Wall and Ditch, may be call'd the capitulating De- fence,) to make Places for Mufquetry and Cannon, if neceffary for the Defence of the Wall and Ditch, fufficient to oblige the Befiegers tc make a Breach in the Wall by Cannon or Mines, either of which will be attended with a good deal of Difficulty, and Danger ; the Wall being defended from Cannon by the Height and Thicknefs of the Rampier ; and, the Walls own Defence, joined with the Defence of the capital Batteries, will make an Efcalade dangerous, and imprudent, and ifitisa dry Situation where Gal- leries can be made under the Ditches, the hollow Piles in the Bottom of the Ditches made a proper Ufe of, will much retard making Mines under the Ditches, Rampier, or infide Wall, if not wholly prevent their effeft. Objetiion, A Breach may be made in this Wall, with the fame Battery that make a Breach in the Rampier, and the Rubbilh will fill up the narrow Ditch between this Wall and the Rampire. Anfwer. If fo, the Breach muft be made in the Courtain contrary to Art, and as this Wall, may be lower than the Rampier, it will require much Time to make a Breach, fo low in the Rampier as to come at the Wall j befides the capital Batteries will all the i* Time ( 93 ) Time do much Execution, againft the Befiegcta Batteries i as to the Rubbilh (filling up the Ditch,) it may be taken away as faft as it comes in, for nothing can difturb the Bcfieged in this Work, but Shells and Stones, both of which are very uncertain in hitting fuch a narrow Place as this Ditch will be. This interiour Ditch and "Wall, may be of greater Defence than is yet imagined, by all that is faid •, for the fmall arch'd inner Baftions mark*d O, at the Corners, may very conveniently be open towards the Place, Bomb-proof, and funk low -, for the Ditch is defigned to be very deep at the Gorge of each Baflion, and the Bottom of the Ditch rife towards the Middle, and the fmall inner Baflions-Tops or Terra-plain are to rife towards the Middle, (o that the Cannon planted below, ivill graze along the Bottom of the Ditch, and the Top of the next fmal-. ler inner Baftion halfway over it, and the Mufquetry^ and fmall Cannon planted in Bomb-proof Places, above thefe Cannon that are planted at the Bottom of the Ditch •, will alfo defend the Faces, and Tops of the fmall inner Baftions, mark*d O ; P Stairs down to an under ground Communication Q, where the Ditch is dry. RECAP irULAriON, ALL the additional Strength here propofed to Places fortified according to the prefent Me- thods of Fortifying, depend chiefly upon making Batteries in a Fortification, whofe Fires cannot be filenced by the numerous Batteries of Befiegers ; and as the weaker Material cannot perpetually reft the Strokes of the Stronger, a Battery muft be made of a Material equal in Strength to Cannon Balls, to ef- fedhially refift their Force -, for this Reafon, I have chofecaft Iron ro build thofe Fronts of the Batteries, againft i : \ ' ( ^4 ) tttainft ^hich an Enemy can bring a great Kiimber of Guns to bear diredk j and thofe Fronts which an Enemy can only batter in an oblique Diredtion^ to be built with Pebbles run together with call Iron ; Which will refift oblique battering a I'lme I'ufficient to tire Befiegers ; and by giving the Fronts of thofe Batteries a great Slope, (about 45 Degrees;) Pebbles run together with cad Iron may be fuHicient, to re- J^fift any Battering, and will be much cheaper than folid call Iron, only having the Holes in which the Guns Muzzcls lie to fire through, of ftrong folid Metal. The Muzzles of the Cannon in thefe Batteries, are to lie nearly fair with the Face of the metal Wall, fo the Befiegers cannot difmount them nor kill any Man in the Battery, excepting a dired Shot hitting the Face of the Muzzel can difmount a Gun j which being admitted, yet the Difficulty of hitting fo fmall an Objed is fo great, but few Guns will be difmounted in that Manner *, and the Enemy's Guns and Batteries will fuffer greatly all the Time, and I cannot conceive it poffible for the Befiegers to bring fufficient Metal Batteries to a Siege ; therefore a Place defended by a few fuch Batteries, as are here propofed, will have great Advantages over the Be- fiegers Batteries and Approaches. Thefe Metal Batteries can only be deftroyed by Mines, and that only when in a dry Situation; but if proper prafticable Means are made Uie of, to ob- ftrud the Enemy Miners, it will be next to impoffible they can be blow'd up •, for as thefe Batteries are of a fmall Extent, they may be well guarded with Mines, and Galleries ; which hollow Mines and Galleries, be- ing properly guarded with hollow Piles, in the Man- ner already defcribed, will give an Enemy almoft end- lefs Trouble to get under the Batteries. ' !• The ■ ( 95 ) The greateftObjedion I can conceive againft Metal Batteries in a Fortification, ( the Expence expected) is tlieMifchief Balls will do by rebounding, which in a large Place may prove confiderable •, but in Places of a middle Extent, Balls generally will fly clear of all 9 as the Cannon muft be planted very near if they hope to do any Execution, and confequently the Balls will ftrike the Slope of theBattery very ftrongly,with an up- ward Diredlion, fo as to rebound over the higheft Buildings in a Place of midling Extent. It the metal Batteries according to the Plans i. 2. 3. Plate VI, are too expenfive for Places of common Importance, Batteries of Metal lefs expenfive, may be made that will add confiderably towards rendering the Advantages of Fortification equal to thofe of the Attack. I would make thefe Batteries circular, with Gun- ports about nine Feet afunder, that more Guns may bear to anObje6t, and every fecond Gun.to be prepar* red and fired, while the next Gun on each Side (being mn in by the Recoyle in firing) are loading, by this Method almoft a conllant Fire may be kept up, and near double the Number of Guns will bear upon an Objedt (and half fire at a time) as can be brought to bear upon an Objedt, through a thick Parapet, where there are but one Gun in every feventeen or eighteen Feet length of Parapet-, and th9^ the Guns may re- coyle furthe to give Room, the Plat-forms may be laid level, or if need be inftead of the Platforms Ends toward which the Gun recoyls, being higherthan the other End, they may be lower if Neceffary. If a Place is of no great Importance, and of a fmall Extent, one circular metal top'd Battery raifed in the Centre of the Town, to fire (on every Side) over the * Tops of the Buildings, will confiderably annoy • Where a Battery of this kind is, the Buildings next the Rampiers muft be low. , ^ . . .. . 1 \ M (-96) annoy the Befiegers; while at fome cmddetsthlc Difiancr beyond the Works ; the exceffive Height of this Battery, with Guns the Enemy cannot difmountj^till they have batteied away the folid Mafonry below tl)e Metal Top, fo as to throw it down ; but this will both require much Time, and coft the Enemy f dear, if the Battery is built as it fhould be,) will be a great Annoyance to the Befiegers Batteries, and will well defend a Breach on any Side of the Town ; the many Rooms under this Battery, being Bomb-proof, will be ex- ceeding ufcful ; nor need this Battery have any Baf- tions to defend it when the Town is taken, nor cover more Ground than is neceflary to fupport the Superftru6fcureJ, if in a wet Situation, and yet be ddenceable to hold out a confiderable Time after the Town is taken, as the new Method of fortifying contained in the next two Chapters will ihow •, fee Fig. 10. Plate y III w m f H ■ t' ' ^ 1 ' t ■>■ M' 1 • m 1 m 1! I'tp H If I iii ." I' CHAP. m. Explanation of i%. i. Plate VIL Anew Method to fortify a Re-entering Angle, A A The Ditch at the Foot of tie Efcirpt . BA The Qoping Heigth of the Body of the Place. CD f This Battery will much annoy the Befiegers in their Ap« proaches, and ruin their Batteries till they get near the Body of the Place, £nd are covered by the Works of the Town. X If ttie Sitokt'on is dr)', the Bottom of this Battery, being of a fmali Extent, may be well fecured wi'-h Mines* and hol- low Pijes, at a little Expence ; and the Bottom being ve/ thick of folid Mafonry, with a great Thicknefs of Earth round it» will require a very confiderable Time to make a fuAcient Breach with Cannon. u. lace. CD eir Ap- le Body being ig ve*;' round iftcient iS'r/^ /'}////<>/ llllili III! 1 'J^ so I ,. f y ' i'-'i - ' ( 97 ) CD The Breadth of the Rampier, exdufive ol ihc Slopes and Parapet. E The inward Slope* • r^- •' F. Traverfes ■ . ^: .; G Places of Can* on and Mortars. H Lodgments covered Bomb-proof. ' «*j - II Paflage round the Body of the Place. KK Seftion through FGH. L A Recefs or Slope from MM equal to the Para- pet q, where at L is an Opening up behind the Parapet for to fire Mufquets or Piftols, or to throw Granadoes down to MM, or any Spot clofe along the Bottom of the Wall AA -, and to a confide- rable Diftance from the Wall into the Ditch. NN The Profile of a ttew Method of Fortification, The Ditch. P A Covert Way round the Foot of the Efcarpe. R Paflages under the Rampart to S a fecure Place for Mufquetry to defend the Covert Ways, Ditch, &c. 7. 8. 9. I o. 1 1. Profile of the Covert Ways. 8. The great Covert Way. 9. Paflage round the Covert Way at the Top of the Steps up which the Mufquetry mount to fire. 10. II. Earth to fecure the Men from Shells, Stones &c. 1 3. A Gallery round the Place below the Covert-way, Explanation of F(f. 2. j1 Method to make a Covtrt fF^ ef greater Defence, T A Stone or Brick Redoubt, in the Place of Arms. UU Arches Boom-proof. WW A clear Pafl^age, quite round under the Arches UU. X A Ditch ending at the Traverfes ZZ. Y Piers of Brick, or Stone, over wt.ich a Platform H - ot 1^' If mm i j'jf^HfM j^H V ^m n'-mI^B 1 ''jH^ ' (. pB 9 ^ifl^i i 1 i I' ! 'i ' : , W ^^V "ilK'^H |w^^ if B i " I," ■ ?♦•?■ i-#. v,-» ■- ( 98 ) •■ ,. . .- of Timber muft be laid, to fupport a fufficient Thicknefs of Earth, in Tirne of a Siege. Z Traverfes. * 1 Paflage round the great Covert- way. ' • 2 Steps up, from under the timber Platform made Bomb-proof with Earth, to fire over, and upon the Glacis. j ; ,1 ^i^.j^,^.. •; , r^, - , 3 The great Covert-way. . , J-^ ,,^ ^ 4 The little Covert- way. ,,...,, 5 Paflages through the Traverfes under Arches. 6 Stairs of Communication. . As all, or as many as poflible of the Cannon, which can play upon the Glacis are generally filen- ced, before the Kefiegers attempt to make Lodge- ments on the Covert-way, or plant Batteries upon the Ridge of the Glacis ; and Batteries on the Right and Left of the Attack, can play upon the Top of the Parapet of the Body of the Place, and Ravelin, and lelTen the Fire of the Mufquetfy, all the while the Befiegers are raifmg Batteries, upon the Ridge of the Glacis ; fo that the Flanks are almoft the on- ly Defence the Befiegers have left -, (after the Out- warks are taken) whofe Defence can annoy the Be- fiegers but very little upon the Ridge of the Glacis, or on the Covert-way •, 10 that Places generally capi- tulate foon after the Befiegers are Mailers of the Co- vert-way, and have begun to batter in Breach ; for the numerous Batteries of the Befiegers, having in a great Meafure filenced the Befieged's Fire, the mak- ,iag Breaches, a«d croffing the Ditch, have feldom met with many Difficulties of late, but what were eafily furmounted, by the fuperiour Strength of the , Befiegers ; therefore, to render Fortification in this, and other Refpeds, more equal to the Attack, the Profile 7, 8, 9, 13, Fig. i, and the Plan Fig. 2, Plaie 7, Ihews that a Covert-way may be made of fo great a Defence, without augmenting the Garrifoii ( 99 ) Garrifoi as to cofl the Befiegers more than double thn hitherto common Expence of taking Covert-ways. Remarks on Fig. i and 2, Plate VII. ' It appears to me the Troops cannot be drove out of this new Co vert- Way, 'Fig. 2, Plate VII, by Sword in Hand only, let the Befiegers be ever fo ftrong, without lofmg five Hundred Men, or more, for every Hundred that defends the Covert- Way ; as I think will appear to any one who un- derftands Attack and Defence, by infpedingP/^/^VIL Nor can they be drove out of this Covert- Way by Shells and Stones, till all, or the greateft Part of the Platform covered with fix or feven Feet Thicknefs of Earth, 10, 11^ Fig. i, are beat down by Bombs j which willcoft the Befiegers much Time, as many of their Bombs will mifs the Parapet j it being too nice a Point to throw every Bomb to a certain Length,or al- ways within twenty or forty Feet of a certain Length. If the Befiegers attempt to take this Covert- Way by Mines, the Gallery 1 3, and a proper Ufe made of hollow Piles and (linking Matter (mentioned be- fore) will enable :he Befieged to greatly obfl:ru6i: the Befieger's Mines •, and many Mines muft be fprung before this Covert- Way, the whole Length of the Front attacked, is rendered Defencelefs •, for a Breach alone in the Parapet N, will be of frnall Advantage to the Befiegers. ' , - Neither can the Befiegers raife Batteries upon the Ridge of the Glacis, without much Lofs, till the Covert- Way is in their Poffeffion \ for notwithfliand- ingthe Befiegers may from a Sap, on the Ridge of the Glacis N, ply the great Covert-Way 8, 9, with Granadoes fo as to drive the Troops out of it, for a time-, the Troops in the little Covert- Way 7, will prevent the Befiegers from making Lodgements in the great Covert;- Way, till both the Covert- Ways are taken, as will J^ppear hereafter; and Troops H 2 placed i] i t I }i I ,1] \: lis ' in ( lOO ) placed at 19, will do much Execution in Cafe of an Enemy's March upon die Glacis, to attack the Covert*Way before-the Parapet 11 is deftroyed; and the Mufquetiy at ^ and P yrill alio do much Executi- on on the Covert-Ways, and prevent the Befiegers making Lodgements there, even fuppofmg the Troops are drove out of both the Covert- Ways, to do which will coft the Befieccfs deaf i for till the Parapet 11 on the Covert- Way is deftroyed, the Defence at *S cannot well be ruined, it being Bomb Proof above, and covered from Cannon by the Para- pet 1 1 ; the Covert- Way P at the Bottom of the Efcafpe will likewife help to defend thefe Covert- Ways j fo there muft be four Defences deftroyed be- fore the Enemy can maintdn their Ground on the Covert- Way •, and as two of thofe Defences caririot be filertced, till the Parapet 1 1 is thrown down, and Batteries raifed upon the Ridge of the Glacis, thofe t>yo Defences will be a conliderable Obftruftion to the Befiegers, all the Time they are raifing Batteries on the Ridge of the Glacis to filence them •, and by infpeding Fig. i. it is evident the Covert-way can not be taken till the Defences P and S are ruined, which cannot well be done (as I faid before) till the greateft Part of the Parapet 1 1 is thrown down •, and Parapet 1 1 may be made fo large a Body of Earth, as to coft the Befiegers much Tnne to deftroy rt, evert in a dry Situation where Mines can be made •, but if there is Water to fill the Ditch, fo that Mirtes cannot be made, fuch a Parapet will very much retard the Siege. The PiaSesYland VII ijcing well underftood, it ( in my Opinion ) will appear that Ricochets and Stones will have but litde Efftd upon the additional new • The Defence at S is nearly anfwcring the Defence of a Faufe Bray, but is not liable to be enfiladed ; nor are the Troops placed there, liable to be drove out by Shells and Stones, at in a Faufe Bray, ^ •> of an :k the .*, and cecuti- fiegers g the? m, td tiiithd id, the Bomb e Para- i of the Covert- yed be- on the ; caiiiiot vn, and is, thofc idion to Batteries I and by vay can rtiined, )tiUthc ffn i and Earth, It, evert L but if Is cannot tard die tood, It lets and IcQtional new ifenccofa (he Troops >nc8, at m ■11 ! * ij ^ mmm ( loi ) new Works i Shells and Cannons will in Timedeftroy thefe Defences, and the ftrongeft Works cannot re- fift Mines property nnade, yet notwithftanding which, it appears to me the Methods here propofed to Itrengthen Places already fortified, are not wholly chimerical. C H A P. IV. Explanation of Plate P. IN this Plate is (hown how a Circle may be forti- fied, which I think is an entire new Invention, Fig. I. The Plan, and Fig. 2. The Profile, which being connected by dotted Lines, their Relation are cafdy underftood, and Fig. 2. (The Profile) being explained, Fig. 1. (the Plan) need little explain- ing. ^ Fig. 2. A. The Glacis. B. The great Ditch. J Mufquetoon, Piftol, and Granadoe Defence *, for the Foot of the Scarp, and Bottoni of the Pitch. D Paflage under the Rampier to C. E The Entrance into the round LfOd^ings, G. Fig. I • F Store Rooms, and Bomb-proof Lodgings, for Men, alfo a Paflage round th^ Place under cover Bomb-proof. G. Fig. 2. Bomb-proofPlaces quite rouiid under F. H The Ditch round the Keep or Caltie. I A wide Place to give Light to the Windows of the Keep or CafUe, (there are to be no Windows on the Outfide in the Time qf a Siege,) and to give Light aUb to the Stair-cafe. M The Stair-cafe. ^ : V . H 3 N The i>' s I H ' I ^ P' 1 ' '1: J;^dH i '■< .11 fe I' ( 102 ) N The ^''ettle-top, a ftrong Battery of Cannon, Bomb-proof, ^nd open behind. ^./| >^. O Where ftrong Beams are to be laid, and cover'd with a fijfHcient Thicknefs of Earth, when the Place is befieged. Fig. 3. T lie Elevation from the Cordon downward of the Mufquetcoon, Piftol, and Granadoe De- fence, to a Quarter of the Keep, A A Fig, i. Fig. 4. The Elevation of the Line B B Fig. 1 . where are Store-rooms, and Lodgings for Men, and a Palfage round the Place Bomb-proof. Fig. 5. Elevation of the Line CC fhewing the En- trancec of the Paflages that leads to the Mufquet- toon, Piflol, and Granadoe Defence C, for the Foot of the Scarp, and Bottom of i!ie Ditch. Fig. 6. Elevation of the Scarp. * ■ • Fig. 7. A Plan, or rather Sedtion of the Mufquet- toon, Piftol, and Granadoe Defence at the dotted Line in Fig. 6. Ihewing the Length, and Depth of rhc RfxelTcs at that Place. .-'. . .. ., , : r' '; Fig. 8. Plan of the Mufqiiettoon, &c. Defence, at the Cordon IlE in Fig. 6. ^^ „„' r j,.- The Seat of the Parapet covers the fmall Open- ings FF fo far as the black Line GG, fo that a fmall Part of the Openings FF are within the Parapet •, where Mufquettoons, Piftols, &c. are fired, down, and Irland Granadces thrown down upon the En':my at the Foot of the Scarp and Bottom of the Ditch. Figures, 9, io, 11, 12, are Copies of Figures 2, 3, 6, Plate 8, by a larger Scale ; which fhews the Parts more diibnftly •, therefore the Figures 9, 10, II, p., being explained, the Figures 2, 3, 6, are alfo explained. Plate H. As Figure ^^ and Fig. 10, are a Cqpy of Profile, I explain Fig. 2, by explaining Fig. 9, and 10. Exfla- ( 103 ) ExpLANATIO^f of Fig. 9, and lo. PP The Glacis, v-.?'^^'-. r ■ ^^^j ::. ,^ • rt >i QQ^The Ditch and Covert-way. '^^ • R The Receffes for the Mufquetoon, Piftol, and Granadoe Defence. S Place for the Troops to defend the Foot 6f the Scarp, and the Ditch, with Mufquettoons, Piftols, Granadoes, &c. cnnci lj.: ,"> ':ti'^-H T Paflage under the Rampier into S. ^^^* V Door into the Store-rooms mark'd G Fig. i. ■'^' W Store-rooms, and a Bomb-proof Paffage round the Place. ■'%A.. -,.};! X Lodging-rooms and Store-rooms, quite round the Ditch, Bomb- proof , t :s K':^ Y The Ditch. ' - . - Z The Recefs through which the Foot of the CafUe and the Ditch are defended by Mufquettoons, Piftols and Granadoes, &c. 1 The Place to hold the Troops that are to defend the Ditch, and Foot of the Caftle. 2 A ftrong Battery of Cannon, defended by a me- tal Parapet •, and the Outfide of the Caftle-top to be metal, five or fix Feet below the Plat-forms. 3 Strong Beams to be laid upon the Roof, and co- ver'd with Earth Bomb-proof, in Time of a Siege. 4 An open Place to give Light into the Caftle and Stair-cafe (there being no Windows in the Out- fide of the Caftle in time of Danger.) " • 5 A circular Stair-cafe. '- ^'.*^'' eVur , *• .\tr...^^ 6 A Place for Mortars, Cannon, and Mufquetry. ** 7 A Paflage under Ground, into the Ditch and Covert-way, Q. ■ 8 9 Galleries round the Place, with hollow Piles to ftop the Enemies Mines. ' ' ; # H 4 ' ' EXPLA- im 1 ^>i 1 ; Bill*'' , f n. i ( 104 ) Explanation of Fig. 11 and 12. AB A fhort Length q( the Elevation of Fig, 10 at Z, CC The Foot of the Caftle-^all, and alfo the Wall of Fig. 9 at Q^ defended down through DDD, from behind the Parapet EE. FF The Top of the tarapet, wherein is an Arch behind quite round the Place to lodge Mpfque- teers. GG Spaces through which the Mufqueteers are to fire. HH Strong Pieces of Metal well fixed, to fupport the Superftrtidi^re, ^nd the Arch bejiind the Para- pet EE. ■ ' Fig. 12. Is a fhott t^ength of the Elevatjon q£ Fig. 9 at R, and is in all Kcfpedts in its Defence the fame as Fig. i^, fo the Explanation of Fig. 11 is alio an Explanation of Fig, 12. The Method of building a Fort according to Pl^te 8, is fo plain an J eafy ^y Infpedkion» {hat to give a Conftruftion of it here, >yould be giyjpg the Rea- der unneceffary TrQyple, Remarks on Plate 8. Fig. 1, Fig. 9, and Fig. ip. The Plaa this Fort is built upon, being a Circle the Ricochet Batteries are of little or no Service againft it. The metal Battery 2 Fig. 10, upon the Caftle, icconded by the Cannon and Motars, that may be planted at G Fig. 9, will ende it difficult for an Enemy to do much againft the Place with Cannon ; and as every Part is in a great Degree Bomb-proof, it will take ^ long Time to refiucc the Place by Bombs only. Figure 9, Is a ypry thick Parapet, it being eleven Fathoms thick, will coll a long Time to make a fufficiertt Breach, and Cannon planted at a Diftance cannot fire upon this Parapet •, the Diredion of the ^ ' Glacis 105 ) Glacis PP being near two Fathoms highci", effeftual- ly covers it. The metal Battery is the only ObjeA an Enemy can batter, till they advance tncir Bat- teries upon the Edge of the Ditch, to do this vdU coft them dear, as the metal Batteiy, and all the Mortars in the Place will inceflantly play upon them, as alio will the Cannon planted at G, as foon as they appeajT upon the Edge of the Ditch. This Fortification being Bomb-proof in every Part, will greatly fecure the Troops, and as the Be- fiegers in their Approaches cannot fecure themfelves fo well from Bombs, as they do from Cannon, I would advife a good Number of Mortars, Cohorns, &c. in every fortified Place, when in Danger of be- ing befieged. If an Enemy attempt to take this Fort by Minc- ing, the Galkrjes 8 9, with hollow Piles madea proper Ufe of, will veiy much obftrud their Ap- proach, and when the Galleries can ho longer be de- fended, fufFocating Smoke may be introduced to fill the Gallcriei?, thro* Places prepared before for that Purpofe, and fo murh ftinking Smbkie may be injefted by Bellows, as to render it almofl ' ipof- fible for the Miners to proceed farther. Admit the Miners by much Induftiy make a luf- ficenj; number of Openings to the Day, and by that Means, in fome Degree, clear away the Smoke, and make Mines' under Fig. 9. It will redpire fome confiderable Time to make fecure Lodgments in Fig. 9, theCaftle being fo near, aj>d capably of a good Defence. If jPlenty of Water is to be had (by Springs or otherwife) in the Caftle, tlie Enemy, in Fig. 9 may be very much incommoded', by thrpwing Water into their ^prts, and make their Lodgments very un- comfbr^abfe, if not intolerable, efpecially in cold Weather. ' As Hi • i M x^i i^:\ A \ / ,( ■»« ) . As it is my Opinion, this Place cannot be taken by Efcalade, I fay nothing on that Head. The mctal-top'd Caftle, Fig. lo, Plate 8, here fookeii of, may well ferve (with fome fmall Altera- non) for a grand Battery in the Middle of a Town, as ^ken of in the End of the fecond Chapter. ' ' Explanation of F/g-. i. Plate g. The Side AB 328 Fathoms and a half, the longed Diftance between the Defences CC, at each End of the pitch L 133 Fathoms. D The interior Slope. • i'-* E Terre-plain of the Rampier -M^y^v F Steps to raife the Mufqueteers a fufhcient Height to nre over the Parapet. ..,ii.v>, G The Top of the Parapet. \ H Interior Slope. '^•'^' I A little Ditch >at the Foot of the Scarp: K The Covert- way in the great Ditch. L Glacis in the great Ditch. * ' ^^' ^ M A narrow Covert-way, N Broad Covert-Way. O Steps up for -the Mufquetry to fire upon the Glacis. ' P The Glacis. '-^^''' • , wolbH x^ . Q^A Second Glaci^; ^*'^ * '^'"^"^ "^'^^ ^'^* ""^ R The lower Tier of Guns in the metal Batteries, the Corners R arch*d Bomb-proof, and the Arches continued under the upper metal Battery S to the Opening T. • S The upper metal Battery railed above the me- tal R, See the Plans, Fig. i, 2, 3. in Plate 6. T A fquare Opening quite down to the Foundation ; *the vv'hole Height confifts of three Fleights of Arches, the firft. Height of Arches being very ' high, will be two Heights of Rooms for to hold '. Bellows and People to blow away the Smoke : 'There may be many more Vents than tiie Open- ing T. r *' The .:o:i Jtera- re"* 'ij*, teries, Vrches to the kS mnjR mm I, I liili ),'■ >i H mi XWBMfeg ' iwiAwiii .7<' //fv Ihtff to 0\ L y \ I l5 lO j3~ 30 43 *fi^ qfFa^Avnut fv :B(a.g.^O.H. i2 1 iTo i f V'-^FT" ■»^wiimi^ ^6^ ( >07 ) The white Places are the Embraffures for the Can* non, and are reyerle to the Embraffures generally made, the Nature of working Cannon in thefe Bat- teries are fhown in the fecond Chapter, Page 85. Explanation of Fig. 2, Plate 9. Bg. 5. The Profile of Fig. 2, along the Line XY, Z a Covert-way, the fame in all Refpe6ls as N in Hg. I. a Where Troops are to lie to reft under Bomb- proof covering, while others are on Duty at z. b A fmall Redoubt to defend the Salient Angle, c A Glacis before the Redoubt, d Arches Bomb-proof to form a Terre-plain and Parapet for a Glacis, e Steps down to under-ground Communications with the great Ditch L, and to come out at f. f Doors in the Counter-fcarpe to under-ground Paf- fages 'mx.0 Fig. 2. g Traverfes to cover the Troops from the Enfilades, while they defend Fig. 2. The Explanation of the Works cut by the Line, U. W. Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Is the Profile along the Lines, U W by a larger Scale, therefore I will explain by the Profile, and the correfponding Figures i, 2, 3, &c. in the Plans of the Works Figure i, will make thofe Plans underftood. U The Coyn of the Scarp of the Body of the Place. 1 A Ditch at the Bottom of the Scarp. The Space between i and 2, a Covert-way. 2 A Parapet to fire over to defend the Ditch I, and the Foot of the Scarp, Fig. i . The Lines between 2 and 3 reprefents Steps, up which the Troops afcend to fire over the Para- pet 2, ' ^ " '' " ' ''" "'' 3 Is [; ^ 1 M i % U v\ t Jl"* ^tmotm 5» ■ t i I I ( io8 ) 3 Is arch'd under and to be cover'd Bomb-proof. 4 A deep narrow Ditch, into which the Shells wilj roll, that falls upon 3 and 5. 5 A fecond Parapet. The Lines between 5 and 6 reprefents Steps, up which the Troops afcend from under the Covering 6 to defend the Ditch and Glacis L. 6 Is arch'd under, and the Arches covered Bomb- proof. 7 A deep narrow Ditch, into which the Shells will roll that fall upon 6 and 8. 8 Is arch*d uncler, and the Arches covered Bomt}* proofl The Space between 8 and 9, reprefents Steps, up which the Troops afcend to defend the pppo- fite Part of the Covert-way. 9 A Parapet behind which Tropps defend ^ P^t of the Covert-way MN. 1 A Part of the great Djtch ^d Glacis L, It may be proper to n^ention, that the Works cut by the |-.jnc U h W, and mark'd c, defend the great Ditch and Glacis, i k, the fame is to be un- derfloqd qf the Works under the metal Battery B. I A Place to defend M, and prevent an Enemy being in Safety at M, in cafe PoflefTion be got of that Place by underground Works ; more need not be faid by Way or Explanation, all the Works in this Plate being plain and eafy to underftand, (by any one who have but taken a little Trouble to qua- lify themfelves for fuch Works) except the metal Batteries, and their Conftrudions may eaftly be wi- derftood, by any one who is a Judge of Buildings pf this Sort, by carefully infpe£ting the Plans i, 2, 3, Plate 6, and attending carefully to what is written in Chap. 2, concerning metal Batteries. Fi^. 3. A Profile a long the Line,^ p. q. Fig. 1. •■ ■ Re- ( i09 ) Remarks on Plate 9. The detached Works Fig, 2. may be omitted, but as the principal Part of this Work is only a Covert-way, if the Parapet of Earth Supported by Piers to cover the Troops from Shells, Stgnes, &c. are not made, the iBxpence of making fuch Works is inconfiderable, and they will conHderably obftrudt the Befiegers in approaching the Place, for. The Befiegers cannot m^Le a Parallel fo near the Covert-way, by feventy or eighty Fathoms, till Fig. 2 is taken, as they can if thefe Works are omitted, and, thefe Works give the Befieged an Advantage of Tallying and retreating with the fame Safety when the Enemy is two hundred and twenty Fa- thoms from the Covert-way, as they could have with- out thofe Works, when the Enemy is within one hun- dred and forty Fathoms of the Covert-way. When the Befiegers are two hundred and twenty Fathoms froni the Covert-way, they will be obliged to keep as ftrong a Guard in the Trenches, and Parallel, as, they need keep at the Diflance of one hundred and forty Fathoms, if thefe Works arc omitted, and confequendy muft from that Diflance make their Works larger towards the Place, which will coft more Labour and Time. The Communication is fo fafe and eafy between the Body of the Place and Fig. 2, the Troops will well defend that Work •, and the Redoubt bting a fafe Retreat under the Fire of the Batteries, A and B, and the fmall Arms in the Covert-way, &c. The Befiegers will fuffer greatly if they attack Fig. 2, above Ground, and make Lodgments in it. If the Befiegers pafs by the detach'd Redoubt, Fig. 2, and make their Efforts between it and the metal Batteries A and B, the Befieged will have §reat Advantages over the Enemy,they being in De- fences fo near on each fide the Befiegers Trenches, where the Befiegers have not fufHcientRoom to make Ufe ot their fuperior Strength. Fig. i. M m r-W . . Fig. I . The L.ength of the Front AB being f 3'>.8 FaVnoms, is a greater Defence, and will coft more Labour to approach it, than a fhorter Front; here i^ noiiiu qr in any Part between Fig. 2 and this Front, to afib d the Befiegers any Cover, till they make it ; fo thv* whole Fire of the Front can fiiU up- on any one Spot "»f the Glacis P beyond the Covert- way, and the Glac's 1. in the great Ditch ♦, and the Works c and IC, v/ill contain 140 Mufquetecrs at each Angle of the Square, to defend the Ditch •, that is, 140 Mufquetecrs can fire all together for the Defence of each Front and Ditch •, and, thcfe Works are fo well covcr'd by the metal Batteries, and Covert- way, that they caiinot be Enfiladed from any Part ; and are in a great Meafure i^ecured from Bombs, fee the Profile Fig. 4, Plate 9. The Uti- lity of this new improved Covert-way is fhown in the Remarks on Fig. i and 2, Plate 7, Chap. 3. Some of the Advantages the metal Batteries will bring on the Side of fortified Places, are fpoken ot in explaining Plate 6, Chap. 2. Therefore I will only in this Place fpeak of them with Regard to their Situation in Fig. i, Plate 9. • ; ' :. . It appears by Fig i, that a Square having fuch a Battery as A or B at each Angle, will be well de- fended by Cannon, and the Batteries will alfo well defend each other, and there is no Spot within the Reach of thofe Batteries but tv/elve Cannon, at leaft, can bear upon it -, and as the upper Tier of Guns in thele Batteries will be about fifteen or eighteen Feet higher, than the Parapet of the Place, will greatly .1 • job 'H ci "^■'1 »?1'r annoy t The Front (hould not much exceed 3 28 Fathoms, becaufe the Ditch L will be too long between the Works C and I C, to be well, defended by the Mufquet ; but if a Place is of fo great Extent as to require a Square whofe fide is above 360 Fathoms, and under 700 x^athoms, Works may be made in the Middle of the Front for Mufquetry to defend tlic Ditch. '-' ' - - S ' - ■* .1- » M*« J :j ~^i' ■ 7 t I II ( III ) annoy the Befiegers in their Trenches, and as fix Guns at leaft and often eight or ten from each Bat- tery, that cannot be difmounted, will bear upon the Enemy's Works ; I do not conc^nve how the Be- fiegers can advance their Works fo near as to take the Covert- way, againll fuch a ftrong Cannonade as may be kept up by thofe Batteries. It is eafy to perceive that the Covert-way cannot be enfiladed, nor doth it need any Traverfes, aldio* it were a common Covert-way, the metal Batteries ef- fectually covers both the Covert-way, and the fmall Arms that defends the Ditch from Ricochet firing. I would have the Rampire of the Body of the Place arch'd behind the Parapet, like the Covert- way to fecure the Troops from the Ricochets Shelb, Stones, &c. but if it is not arch'd, the Rico- chet Batteries that enfilades it, as there muft be one on each fide of the Place to enfilade the whole Length of the Front, it will be expos'd to the Fire of all the metal Batteries, which I think will be more than fufficient to filence all the Batteries the Be^^egcr i can raife againft the Place. rhefe metal Batteries are of a fmall Circumference, and may at a fmall Expence be guarded well with Galleries, and Mines, and hollow Piles, and fmall Pipes laid when the Place is built, to fill the diftant Galleries with fuffocating Smoak, when necefiTary, and maintain them full ; but thefe Pipes muft be artfully laid, that the Enemy cannot eafily find them to ftop them up. , .. / , , The Reader will eafily obferve here is a great Dependance upon the metal Batteries ; it being ta- ken for granted, the metal Batteries (being high and llrong,)will fo much obftrud the Enemy's Batteries, as to render their Cannon of little or no Eflfed a- gainft this Sort of Fortification, and reduce the Methods of Attack to Bombs, Mines, and the old Cuftom 1^1 1 -iiS Ml A 'I ih Ml n I li I: n f! 1^ ' ( 112 ) Cuftom of Rolling-Banks, in a dry Situation ; and in a wet Situation, to Bombs and Rolling-Banks only, and conlequently render good Fortincations whofe Ditches are full of Water, and cannot be drained dry, in a great Meafure impregnable. Thb* the Expence of metal Batteries will be very coniiderable, yet, when it is confidered that few o- ther Works need be made (except it be thought ne- ceflary tohave Steccadoesio prevent the Town's be- ing infulted or furprized in the^ight, or a Rampier of Earth to defend the Buildings m the Town from Cannon-,) it is not improbable but a Place may be fortified as cheap with metal Batteries, as with Ma- ibnry and Earth, elpecially where ftrodg Fortificati- ons are made. With refpeft to the Number of Troops to defend a Fortification according to PIcte IX. As there arc only four Sides or Fronts to defend 4800 Men, I think, is a good and fufficient Ganifon for a Place fo fortified •, and there is about as much Ground contained within this Square, as is within M. Vau- tan's Hexagon, whofe Side is 180* Toifes-, and as an Hexagon has fix Sides to be defended, and every Side of no eafier Defence than the Side A B, Fig. i, Plate IX, it appears the Hexagon (hould have a Garrilbn of above 6000 Men, to defend it as well as Fig. I. Plate IX, can be defended by 4800 Men. And whither a Hexagon of the prefent Fortification, with a Garrifon of 6000 Men, can make fo good a Defence as a Square fortified according to Plate IX, with a Garrilbn of 4800 Men, I leave to the Judg- ment of Engineers who are well acquainted with tiie Methods of attacking and defending Places. It being at prefent univeffally believed, that no- thing can be built with a tolerable Expence to defend a i ■■-■:■-. •> ■!. . • A Toife contain) 6 French Feet ; and a French Foot is to he Eng liJh Foot as j6 to 15, nearly. "oot IS to ( "3) a Place, but Cannon will beat it down -, therefore it may be proper to give a more particular Account of ir,y Ideas, relating to the ConilruClion of Batteries, that cannot be beat down by Cannon nor Bombs. A few Experiments are neceflary to fix the Thick- nefs of caft Iron, and Pebbles run together with caft Iron, &c. fufficient to long refill, and break the heavieft Balls, but not having an Opportunity to make fuch Experiments, and altho* no Theory that I know of gives any Light to this Cafe, I will take it as a Thing certain, that lefs than thirty Inches thick- nefs of call Iron, will long rciifl and break the hea- vieft Balls. That Cannon-Balls will break, is beyond Difpute with me, I having feen two Pounds and half Balls fly in Pieces, when thrown by a Man upon a fmooth fix'd large Pebble Stone. There are feveral Ways to ufe Stone and Metal in making Batteries, whofe Guns will be made the more difficult to difmount, according to the Impor- tance of the Place, and the Expence thought proper to beftow upon it. There are large Stones of the Pebble Kind, in many Places where I have been, that will make very ftrong Batteries ; they are indeed very hard to work, but a Machine may be made that will work them tolerably cheap. This Sort of Stone will not fly in Splinters near fo much as the Stone commonly uled in making Batteries ; and it is by much the ft:rongeft Stone I know (and I have dealt with Stones this Thirty Years laft paft,) and when in a large Body, not many Degrees weaker than caft Iron ; and will ftand longer againft Time and Weather than any Sort of Iron : In the North of England this Stone is called whin Stone. In building a Battery with this Sort of Stone, I would recommend a Piece of ftrong Metal to have 1 tke- mm m -h .'] ^ m. ■* ' J 1^ It' ''} h . ( "4) the Hole through it for the Guns Muzzlef to lie in; and that the Wall have a Slope of 35 or 40 Degrees, efpecially from five or fix Feet below the Top. Batteries may be made that has only Metal ex- tending four or five Feet on each Side the Gun, to put the Gun's Muzzle in to fire through, and an Arch over the Gun, Bomb^Proof ; the other Part ofthe Merlons may be of Mafonry or Earth. This Sort of Battery will much better fecure the Men and Guns, than any Battery yet built, according to the Accounts I have had from Authors, and by what I have feen. The Expence of planting Gups in this Sort of Batteries are mentioned in the fecond Chapter. Batteries being faced with a fufficicnt Thicknefs ofMetal/that is at leaft equal in Strength to the Me- tal Cannon-Balls are made of, there can be no Doubt that the Balls fired directly againft fuch Batteries will break in Pieces, without making any confiderable Impreflion upon the Battery, as majr be eafily prov- ed, by taking a Ball, or if they pleale, one Hundred or more Balls of Stone, if a real Trial with caft Iron be thought too expenfive, and throw them with a fufficient Force, or fire them out of a Gun againfl a Stone ofthe Kind, that is but three or four times the Ball's Diameter in Thicknefs, and well back'd with Mafonry, and the Balls will all break, without making any great Impreflion on the Stone that broke them. Having fufficiently explained (to thofe who are acquainted with Fortification) what Sort of Batteries I think is the beft for Defence -, I will in the next Place defcribe the Methods I would take in a wet Situation f It is neceflary to remember what is faid in the foregoing Pages C&a/). 2, concerning working Guns in thefe Sort of Batteries, where it is repreknted that the Muzzles of Guns are to lie in their Port- Holes, fomething like a Ball in a Socket, will that turn any Way and noi make any Opening. ("5) Situation, to fortify Places (without metal Batteries) fomewhat different to the prefent ufual Methods. C H A P. V IT is pre-fuppofed there is always Plenty of Water to fill the Ditches of the Place, Ipoken of in this Chapter, to a proper Height ; and alfo c>and, Stones and every other Material neceflfary for the Work, and to be had in fulficient Quantities. In the firft Place, I would have the Covert- Way upon the Surface of the Ground, fuppofing the Ground not above four Feet above the Surface of the Water -, and if the Place is of Importance e- nough for the Expence, raife Piers upon the Covert- Way about five Feet high, let their Diagonals be nearly perpendicular to the Sides of the Place, Faces of the Ravelins, &c. Lay fufficient Aiches upon thefe Piers, take Earth from where the Covert-way is to be •, and from a narrow Covert-way that I would make (within a Foot or lefs of the Surface of the Water) round the Infideof the arch'd Covert-way, to make a fufficient Parapet upon thefe Arches over the Covert-way -, and make the Glacis with Sand, all to within eighteen or twenty Feet of the Covert- way, and cover the Sand with about a Foot thick- nefs of Earth : There muft be Steps up from under thefe Arches, to within about four Feet of the Top of the Glacis. See the Plan and Profile of the Covert- way^ Plate VII. The Ditch to be dug and faced in the ufual Man- ner j but in raifing the Works, I would proceed in the Manner following : Having lined the Side of the Ditch, next the Body of the Place, nearly as high as the Ground ; fetoif from the Infideof the Wall, fix or feven Fa* thorns inward, and there dig a Foundation about ' 1 2 eigin i^ ( ii6 ) eight Feet broad, and about two Feet below the Surface of the Water in the Ditch •, upon this Foun- dation make a Wall round the Place as high as the Works are to be, and make an Arch againft the Bottom of the Outfide of this Wall, for a Gallery quite round the Place, and raife the Earth behind the Wall as ullial, for the Rampire and Parapet ; then raife a ftrong Wall upon the Lineing of the Ditch, fo high that the Top of the Parapet have a proper Direction towards the Glacis •, and make an Arch againft the Bottom of the Infide of this Wall, alfo for a Gallery quite round the Place. Thefe Ar- ches to be made without Mortar, that Water may run freely through tliem. When this Wall is fuffi- ciently dry, fill the Space between the Walls with Sand j the fame is to be done in raifmg the Out- works. I would make the Infides of the Outworks of Stones, as much as poflible, fo that the Befiegers may not find Earth in the Outworks to raife fufficient Batteries. , ; \ The Flanks to have as much Room in them as poflibly can be made ; I would cafemat two Tier of Guns in the Flanks next the Ditch, the low Tier not more than three Feet above the Water in the Ditch ; and if the Height of the Works will admit of it, make a large retired Flank, to fire over the cafemated Batteries inentioned above. The Method to clear cafemated Batteries of Smoke, is fpoken of in Chap. II. To defend a Covert-way with Steccadoes or Pali- fadoes, I would make. vertical Openings at the Bot- tom of the Breaft-work or Parapet of the Glacis, in which the Steccadoes is to ftand, and be capable of lowering or raifing at Pleafure ; or fix Stocks or fliort Steccadoes about three Feet and an Half high, or their Tops to be about fifteen Inches below the ,= , ■ . *^ • Ridge Ridge ( 117 ) Ridfje of the Glacis, and made fo as to receive a lop of about three Feet and an Half long, fome- thing of the Nature of Bayonets upon Mufquets, or they may have a Joint near the Ground, by which Means they may be laid declining one upon another (fomewhat like the Stalks of Corn blowed down by a ftrong Wind) that their Tops may lie below the Ridge of the Glacis, and yet be capable of being raifed in two Minutes that their Tops Ihall be two Foot above the Ridge of the Glacis. It would be Madnefs to the highell Degree for Troops to leap over thefe Steccadoes, as there are a Flight of fteep Steps on the Infide •, it would be ten to one againft f^very Man thax he will either be killed, or hurt fo nuich as to be unable to do any Thing againft the Befieged. •; .• , ^ i. ^.:, v, . Remarks on this Method. If the Sand that forms the Glacis, were laid at the Foot of the Glacis, as low as the Surface of the Wa- ter in the Ditch, it would be better ; but as the dig* ging and carrying away lb great a Quantity of Earth» will, perhaps, be a greater Expence than the Ad- vantage arifing from it, therefore I have not propo- fed it, tho' I know the Earth will be of great Service in making Approaches upon a Glacis of Sand. The Glacis being a Body of Sand, will coft the Befiegers much Labour to make their Approaches (ei'pecially in a dry Sealon, and confiderable Places are generally befieged in a dry Seafon) for the Sides of the Trenches will run together in fuch Manner, as to render it almoft impoflible to make deep Tren- ches, and deep they muft be or the Befiegers will fulfer extremely ; and the continual fhaking of the Air by the Cannon and Mortars will make the Sides of the Trenches Aide in more. I am not unacquainted that much may be done in this Cale, with Sand-Bags, Fafcines, Stakes, and \ 3 other li- '■■;; M r -1 ;: ^« M It fV* ' 'I ^*1 ■ \i I n i, :i ( ii8 ) Other Inventions -, but which Way foevcr a Trench of fix or fevcn Feet deep is made in Sand, it will coft much more Time than in Earth, for no Man can call 'a Shovel of Sand, let the Shovel be ever fo fmall, from the Bottom oi a Trench fix Feet deep upon its Side, (as much Sand muft be thrown up there before) but the Sand will return into the Trench, except the Bcfiegers carry all the Sand firft taken out of the Trenches tofomediftant Places, and heave little upon the Sides of the T\ "nches. The Beliegers may nfe Means to wet the Sand a little, which will make the Sides of the Trenches ftand up better than when i Sand is dry, but the wet Sand cannot be thrown any tv 'iderablc Diftance by Shovels i and a Man cannot ftaiiv in the Bottom of a Trench of fix Feet deep, and throw the wet Sand fo far out of the Trench but it will Aide into the Trench again, except asis faid before the Sand that is taken away at the firft to make thefe Trenches be removed alongj the Trenches to fome other Place. To make Saps, Qalleries and Mines in Sand will be attended with ftill greater Difficulties. The Obftrudions the Parapet upon the Arches on tlie Covert- way will be to the Befiegers, and the Defence the Covert- way is capable of making, are mentioned in Chap. III. The Befiegers having taken the Ravelin, will en* deavour to raife Batteries in the Ravelins, or in the Places of Arms, to fiience the Fire of the Flanks, (but if the Infide of the Ravelins and Places of Arms are chiefly Stones, covered onjy with a Thicknefs of Earth fufiicient to prevent the Befiegers Bombs doing too much Milchief with the Stones, which Earth the Befieged may endeavour to throw into the Ditch be- fore they quit the Work) the Cannon from the Place will do much Execution, by making the Stones tly amongft Trench it will an can fmall, pon its jefore) eptthe of the eupon Sand a enches the wet nee by >m of a and fo French taken moved make tended :hes on ind the ig, are NiW en* • in the *'lanks, FArms nefs of s doing rth the ;ch be- i Place >nes Ay nongft ( "9 ) . amongft the Befiegers all the time they are fetching Earth to raife a Battery. M. Belidor and others have, in my Opinion, given fufficient Diredions concerning the Ditches of Places. When the Befiegers attempt to make a Breach in the Body of the Place, they will probably endeavour with their Cannon to lodge Miners in the Foot of the Rampier, which they may effed in the Wall of Mafonry -, but when the Wall is pierced, and the Miners are got into the Sand, the Water and Sand will fall in upon them and prevent their compleating a Mine there : But There is a confiderable Cohefion in almoft all Sorts of Sand, when it is a little wet or humid, and a round Hole of a confiderable Diameter may be dug a great Way into many Sorts of Sand, and the Sand hang like an Arch. The Ihaking of the Wall in piercing it with Cannon, will alfo (hake the Sand and weaken its Cohefion, and the two Galleries at the Bottom of the Walls will greatly obftruft the Miners, in their making Mines under the Sand, if it fhould be found at all pradicable; where thefe Galleries are made, many Stratagems m.ay be ufed to obftrudl: the Be- fiegers Miners, fome of which will be mentioned hereafter. When the Befiegers are preparing to batter the Body of the Place in Breach, employ (by Turns) all the Men unfit for Arms, great Boys, Women, &c' to pour Water upon the Sand between the Walls till the Sand is moderately wet •, there are various Me- thods by which Water may be poured upon the Top of Parapets (over which it will run and fink into the Sand between the Walls) but I think we need not look for any other Method than the common Fire Engines placed in a Well or Wells made Bomb-Proof on the Capital of each Baftion, rather near the flank'd I 4 Angle va ■ • ■ ^ II r ' ( I20 ) Angle, with a Leathern Hofc of a fufficient Length j it may not be amils to have alfo a Well or Wells in the middle of each Curtain, by way of Caution, it not being impofiible to make a Breach in the Curtain by which the l^lace may be taken. When the Sand all along the Front or Fronts at- tacked is moderately wetted, and the Place known where the Breach is defigned, the Water need only be continued pouring upon the Parapet perpendi- cular over that Spot, and if Stones are to be had rea- ibnably cheap, have a fufficient Number of large Blocks of Stones ready in the Galleiy behind the Wall, to fill the Gallery oppofite to where the Can- non is to pierce the Wall, and where the Miners are defigned to be lodged. If large Stones cannot con- veniently be had, large Pieces of Timber armed with Iron will anfwcr the Purpofe, for the Water running continually upon them will prevent their being burned •, and the Iron will a great while hin- der their being cut in Pieces •, and when the Befieg- crs Miners come to clear the Place, in order to make Mines there, they will not be able to move the large Stones, nor the large Timber, till they have a Num- ber of Men and a good deal of Room, which will take a confiderable Time •, and the Water running continually upon them, if the Weather is cold, the Men will not be able to endure, and even in a warm Seafon the under-Ground Places where Water is continually dropping upon Men, wjU be very trou- blefome and difcouraging. Admit they get the Stones, or the Wood, tumbled into a Ditch, I cannot conceive how they can make any Mines, or get through the Sand, the Water continually running upon them, and the Befieged ul'eing every Means to deftroy them. It may be faid the Befiegcrs will beat the Wall down from the Bottom to the Top, and then the Water (121) Water poured upon the Sand will wafh it into the Ditch-, but The Wall cannot be beat down without the Be- fiegcd's knowledge, and they will ceafe to throw Wa- ter upon the Sand, and the Sand being a little wet will torm a fteep Afcent, up which a Man cannot climb till the Top of the Sand is lowered ; and before the Befiegers can come at the inner Wall to make a Breach, the Sand muft be cleared away, and then the Beliegers have to begin afrefh to make a Breach ; all which will require a confiderable Time. If the Befiegers have not a particular Regard to the Galleries at the Foot of the Walls, they will not clear the Sand fo low as the Gallery, for to do that will coft confiderable Time, as the Stones and Rubbilh of the Wall and the Six or feven Fathoms Thicknefs of Sand cannot but make much Rubbilh, which will lye a great Height before the fecond Wall, and the Befiegers may probably only endeavour to pierce the inner Wall at that Height ; if fo, the Be eged may eafily make Mines in the arch*d Gallery at the Foot of the outer Wall, and blow up the Breach there -, and alio make Mines in the Gallery at the Foot of the Inner Wall, and blow up the Breach a lecond Time. The Contrivances that may be made life of to defend a Breach are too many to be menti- oned here -, if the Reader is curious in this Refpedl:, he may fee much faid on this Head in Mr. Muller*% Attack and Defence. When every particular of thefe Remarks and Works are confidered, I think it will appear that the Glacis of Sand, the Parapet upon the Arches over the Covert- Way, the- inner Parts of the Ravelins, and other Outworks, &c. being made of Stones, and the Sand and Water between the Walls of the Body of the Place, will (altogether) caufe a greater Lofs than common to the Befiegers, and oblige them J ■■ '■\i I iV fl w '■' ' ■■. it ^^1 m : ii \m I'fti' %,^ i," \\ M ■ if- ( >22 ) to ^nd much more time before a Place, than have been fpentof late in taking theftroneeft. Much more may be faid, and fcvcwl more Plans added, to endeavour to fhew more clearly the Ad- vantages of this new Method (of ufing Metal, &c. to favc the Cannon and Troops in a fortified Place) has over the prefent Methods of Fortifying ; but I leave the further Improvements that may be made in this Sort of Fortification, to fome abler Engineer, who will make a proper Ufe of what is in the fore- going Ideas here hinted, if there be any Thing in chcm worthNotice. CHAP. VI, Of the Foundations^ and the Manner of laying them, MR. Mutter has, in his pra£^ical Fortification, treated of the Foundations r i the Manner of laying them, to good Puipofe (in many Cafes and as I nave had practicable Knowledge, in, almoft all Manner of Foundations, for above thirty Years bftpaft, I hope my tranfcribing Mr. Mutter*^ Ac- count of Foundations will not be taken amifs, as my Intention by making Additions to Mr. Mullet*^ Account, are to improve the Methods in that ufeful Branch, In order to the better underftanding the whole, I have inferted what I fay upon each Cafe, at the End of what is faid upon each Cafe in Mr. Mutter' % Practical Fortification. This Method I imagined the bed: -, and what I tranfcribed is diflinguifhed, fo that the Reader will fee each Part at one View, which being put together, doth probably make the beft Account of Foundations that is to be met wjth in any Book now extant ^ ::it! %-~t:> .n Plate ,^i Plau a If Hi ■M\ 1 * ,♦/ \ i! ? ^ *■ ** >^. (( tt m'mfmm (( i( (( ( 123 ) PlateX, " As the Foundations of all Buildings " in general, are of the greateft Importance, in re- " fpe(^ to the Strength and Duration of the Work, " we Ihall enter into all the mod material Particu- " lars which may happen in different Soils, in order " to execute Works with all the Security pofiible ; ** becaufe many great Buildings have been rent into '* Pieces, and lome fallen ^own, for want of having " taken proper Care in laying the Foundation ; and for a further Explanaaon we (hall join here P\ans and Profiles, adapted to the mpft material Situa- tions that can be found." A Defire to fee the Structure appear, joined with feme other Motives, has fometimes contributed to- ward making not only the Overfeers, but alfo the Workmen in fome Degree, endeavour to get much Foundation done, rather than do it well ; fo that the Engineer fliould be very careful to have his Orders ftriSly followed in the making Foundations. " Firft. It is neceffary co examine very carefully the Nature of the Soil, upon which the Foundations are to be built : For doing this, proper Augurs are ufedto bore in feveral Places 10, 12, to 15 Feet deep, in order to difcover the Nature of the Soil, and its hardnefs ' or if it is made of feveral Layers or Strates, which is commonly the Cafe, the Differv^nce of their Nature and Goodnefs -, this is km^wn by their Colour, or the Difficulty of piercing through them. " If the Soil be of a good Confiftence, for a cer- tain Depth, without any Water or foft Ground, and this holds fo all round the Foundation, there need no other Precaution be taken then to lay the Foundation four, five, or fix Feet -, only obferv- ing to enlarge its Breadth, in Proportion to the Height of the Walls to be built upon them, fince the Higher the Wall is, the more Weight the ** Foundation (i t( t( ■ :\ *j ■ tHl , t ' { t ( 124 > Foundation miift fupport : Although this is felf- evident, yet Engineers do not leein io mind it, becaufe they make commonly the Bale of tlie Wall in Proportion to the Depth ot the Foundation, and not to the Height of the Wall. " If the Soil be hard Gravel for about ten or twelve Feet deep, the Foundation may be built upon it, without any Danger of its linking •, or if the Soil be a ftiff Clay, it will likewiie be good; " the iirft and fecond Figures reprefent the Plan of fucli a Foundation, where there are two or three Courfes of large Stones to be put at the Bottom, and the Foundation projects by two or three Feet before, divided into as many Retreats, but not above a Foot behind, becaufe there is no Danger *' of the Wall falling backwards : This is the Cuf- tom ; but as for my Part, I think the'-e is no Oc- cafion for any Projedion at all backv ards, fince the Counterforts are fufficient to fupport the Wall-, and this Projedlion might be of greater Advan- tage before, if added to thofe already mentioned." The Brcadvh of the Bottoms of Walls in Forti- fication, are generally fonjething near a Third oi their Height •, and the Thicknefs of the Top of the Wall, is, for the moft Part, about half as thick as the Wall's Bottom at the Level of the Bottom ot the Dirch. By Mr. Muilcr'?> Tables, a Wall 36 Feet high (Slope ;,ns 1 1 Feet 6 Inches thick at the Bottom, and 3 Feet 6 Inches thick at the Top; the Solidity required in Fortiftcadon, makes it necelfary the Walls ihould be iVrong, but there is no Neceffity to have the Wall this 'i'hicknels at the Bottom only, ^o enable x\\c Earth (if clear of quick Sand) to fuftain the W'eigiit of a Wall 36 Feet high, as any one may underfland by infpeding Stone aiul Brick Walls, whole Height are more than 36 Feet, and their J'oundations not 6 Feet thick, and many not above foui u Cfc «( cc u cc «< (( «c 4( (( C( '.i. (( i( «( t( (t ( 125 ) tour Feet thick ; and fuch Walls very rarely Ihrink by the Ground yielding under them. By many Obfervations and Fads, I am convinced that there arc generally much more Expcnce beftowed upon tJie Foundations in Fortifications than is neceflary ; which I will endeavour to lliew in :he Courle of this Work. In a Situation where Water prevents Trenches being made by the Befiegers in the Ditch, and the Karth is of a common Texture, there can be no Neceflity to dig and lay the Foundation 6 Feet be- low the Level of the Bottom of the Ditch j but if the Ditch is dry, I would lay the Foundation 6 or 7 Feet below the Bottom of the Ditch i but the whole Thicknefs of the Wall need not to be funk fo low, only about 5 or fix Feet Thick, with Retreats, to bring the Wall to about three or four Feet thick, at about a Foot and half (more or lefs according to the Nature of the Ground) below the Bottom of the Ditch, where I would dig the Foundation to its proper Width, allowing for proper Retreats v.p to the Height of the Ditch Bottom, fee Fig. 9 and 10. This Foundation being properly executed will fave L confiderable Expcnce, and anfwer the End pro- pofed, as well as if the whole Breadth had been laid fix or {even Feet deep. i would lay the Foundation with the broadefl and thinneft Stones thai can be got-, taking Care the Joints of every lucceeJing Courle is at or near the Middle of the Stones in the Courfe next below, ncht only in the Face of the Wall lengthways, but more particularly crofs-ways in the Wall : This is called by Workmen making good Bend, or Breaking the Joints well. I would build three or four Feet iiigh in this Manner. " If the Soil be not very f rm or hard to a fufficient " Depth, or when lome Parrs are fofter than others It f. if /' t ■m . ■■■'■ •) iii ■ 1 I i ' 1 :■: I' m iii'» I i i -'.» M n cc cc (716)t72-4S03 cc cc cc cc cc r 135 ) as appears by the Remains of fuch as have been found here, in France^ and in Germany, " In Ibme Parts of Scotland^ in Ireland^ at Gih- raitai\ and Mabon, the Rocks are generally of Lime-Stone •, in fuch a Cafe, no better Work can be made, than to mix the Stones of the fame Rock with the Lime •, this will, by the Likcnefs of the Pares, form a Work that will join to the Rock, and in time become as one continued Stone. " It happens fometimes that under a Bed of Gravel, Clay or any other hard Confiftence, there is a foft watery Soil or Sand to a great Depth ; where it would be dangerous to drive Piles, on Account of the Sources or Springs, which are generally under thefe Places, which when they once get a Vent or Opening, fill the Trench made for the Foundation in a fhort Time full of Wa- ter, in fuch a Manner, as there is no Poflibility to build there. When this happens, a Gutter muft be made to lead the Water out of the Trench into fome Well made forthatPurpofe,if noneis found near enough, and Engines fet to work to draw the Water out of it into fome lower Place or Ditch. " It may happen, that the Water comes fo faft into the Trench as not to be drawn off •, in both Cafes, a ftrong Grate of Timber muft be made, and plank*d over, which being laid over the Foun- dation, and fattened in fuch a Manner as not to {hift its Place; then the Mafonry is built upon it-, by which it will fink gradually till it comes to the Ground, and when the Foundation is raifed above Water, it is left to dry and fettle before the WalJ is continued. "I have beenaflured by People of Veracity, and Judges of thefe Works, that many fuch Inftances happen in Rujfta, as well as in Flanders, and yet when the Walls arc finifhcd, they ftan^ neverthe- " lefs cc (C C( CC ( After a fliort Defcription of the Building of JVeJi- »f/«/?^r-Bridge, Mr. Mtdlar fays, " This Method of building Bridges is c^rainly the ecfieft and cheapeft that can be thought of, but cannot be ufed t( (( Walls are 1 (( ?r Part of I «c fual Man- 1 (( at is built I (( ^r, as ap- 1 (( ■^orlcheftcr 1 <( the City 1 (( y be faid 1 C( ice intend 1 (( lis, I will I <4 tones and 1 «( Materials I (C 1 dry, and I «( Way, as I ?J. , ■ (( tion, has ■ «( undations 1 (( doping to 1 (C t as a full 1 (( d may be 1 (C' ,ke a con- 1 (« ir to fhow I (C I difficult I C( ;d out of I Lirpofe to I ult Cafes, 1 (( ut I hope 1 «( difficult 1 i( pradtica- 1 (( fl C( ■ C( of mft- 1 ce. Method 1 «% ifiefl and ■ €4 Mr mnot be I %% ufed I (( ( '43 ) ufed in many Cafes : When the Foundation is fo bad as not to be depended upon without beino- piled, or the Depth of W ater is very great, with a ftrong Current and no Tide, I do not fee how it can then be pradifed. For if Piles are to be ufed, it will be next to impoflible to cut them off in the fame Level five or fix Feet below the Bed of the River, notwithftanding that Saws have been invented for that Purpofe -, becaufe if they are cut off feparately, it will be a hard Matter to do it fo nicely that the one fliall not exceed the other in Height, and if this is not done, the Grating or Bottom of the Coffer will not be equally fupport- cd, whereby the Foundation becomes precarious : Neither can they be cut off altogether •, for Piles are to be driven as far as the Bottom of the Coffer extends, which at PFeftminfter-Bndge was 27 Feet; the Saw mull have three Feet play, which makes the total Length of the Saw 30 Feet *, now if ei- ther the Water is deeper than it is there, or the Arches are wider, the Saw muft fl:ill be longer ; fo that I leave the Reader to judge whether this Method be practicable or not, in any fuch like Cafes. C A S E II. " In a great Depth of Water that has a flirong Current and no Tide, the Coffers mufl: reach a- bove the Water, which makes them very expen- five, andunweildy to manage, as well as very difficult to be fecured in their Places, and kept fl:eady : So that there is no Probability of ufing them in fuch a Cafe. " In fome Cafes when there is a great Depth of Water, and the Bed of the River is tolerably level, or can be made fo by any Contrivance, a very fi:rong Frjme of Timber about four Times as large as the Bafe of the Piers, may be let down " with p i r^ i il M 'i 11 (C cc et long, to keep it exaclly in the Place where yCv^.r Pier is to be, which Mould will be a fufiicieiit Guide to drive your outer Files •, prepare two Mandrels to each Gin of flrait grown Oak -, Ccch M.mJrel niufl have a Socket of Iron to fit ex- adly the Heads of th' 1 lies -, it is eafy to confine the Socket upon the File Head fo as to take it off under Water, when the Pile is drove ; with theie Mandreils X. 2 PUet I 1 1 w h ;.M ( 148 ) Piles may be drove in any common Depth of Water, ih as tlu ir Heads fhiill not exceed each other in Height much above a Qiiarter of an Inch, which is fu^hciclltly true in Pra(!:tice, as thofe Pile Heads that are Ibmewhat higher than the others will fqueeze into the Flattonn of Timber that is lain npon them ; (I have often feen limber taken off Piles, andlbme of the Pile-Heads were fqueezed near an Inch into the Timber above them •, but this was wliere the Piles Were drove in very hard Ground:) Having every 1 liing ready, fmk the Mould in its proper Place, and drive a Pile into each Corner, to help to keep it in its true Position, Places being made clear of the in fide Angles of the Mould for tliat Purpole. It muft be obferved, that the Piles drove in the Angles of the Mould, are to be fo thick as to have their Heads made fmiller than the Body of the Pile, to admit the Mandrel Socket on it, and the Pile bek)w the Socket to be at leafl: as large as the Outfide of the Socket, lb that the Socket of the Mandrel do not ftrike the Mould, when the Pile is drove to its proper Lownefs ; the fame is to be obferved all along the Sides of the Mould ; but tliis need not be obferved in other Places within the Mould. 7'he Mould be- ing rightly laid, fix a Pile into the Mandrel-Socket, and Iwing the Mandrel perpendicular in Sheers e- n^iled for rhai Purpole, and dire^l: t]\■ tones cannot be had of one Legth to reach the Bottom, two may be cramped together to anfwer the Purpofe) with a Groove on the upper Bed of eacli Stone, to receive Toggals let iito the inderBed of each fiicceeding Stone; fothae the Toggals will fiide down the Grooves, and keep each Stone fall in its Fofition ; the upper Ends to be made to lye well back from the Front, that the Ma- terial, ^at into the Middle of the Pier do not force them forward. Upon the upper Ends of thefe Stones muitbe hidilrong binding Cour'es a-crofs the Pier,to keep ( i6j ) . • keep the Pier together ; and a Row of bove-tail Piles muft be driven on each Side the Foundation, to keep the Sea from undermining the Pier. When Stones cannot be 'had without too great Expence, make Bricks 1 5 Inches long, 74. Inches broad,and 2i thick when burned ; put two, 2^, three or more of thefe Bricks together, with thfe ftrongeft Mortar, and let them be thoroughly dried before you ufe them j with thefe Bodies of Bricks, make Pieces of Mafonry, and fink them as directed before iri finking Stone Piers, or Pieces of Mafonry, Pdr^^ 159, But a Difficulty will arife in lowering the Brick Piers, the upper Part of the Side next the Slope it ilides down againft, will lift up by the Fridion more than large Stones, To prevent this, put two hard Oak Boards againft the Slope ; one near the Forepart, and one near the Back Part to Aide down with the Pier ; the Space between thefe Brick Piers occafion- ed by the Oak Boards, to be filled up by th6 run- in g Terras-mortar and fmall Stones into it : If Worms deftroy the Boards, the Terras-Mortar will keep the Work firm. It might prove very ufeful to young Praditloners, if the minute A<5lions, in the Execution of Schemes for Foundations, &c. were explained : For the ex- ecuting fuch Schemes arc the moft difficult Part j it being eafy to fay do this, or do that -, and the fcheming Theorift would generally make a poor Figure, were his Plans to be executed in all its ma- terial and minute Parts by his particular Orders. But, to explain all the minute Adions necefiary in the practical Part, exceeds my prefent Defign •, L not having time to fpare for fuch st Work. . . , I.!: :' * . f ■m f •. . M 2 ,»t i CHAP. i*= --^ ml li M 1 ( }H ) C HA P. VI. ( Of the Length of Arch-Stone, ''■- AS there are no Rules, I know of, that deter- mine the Length of Arch-Stones, proportion- d to the different Spans or Widths of Arches, I will give the Reader what I have gathered from Prac- tice and Obfervation upon this Head ; but it may be proper, firft, to give an Account of what M. Belidory -an eminent French Engineer, and M. Gauticr, have faid on this Subjedt, as coUedled by M. Mullar, who fays in his Pra£iical Ftrtificationy Page 253, as follows : *' The Thicknels of Arch-Stones, I muftconfefs, " is not to be determined by Theory, at leaft that " I know of V nor do thofe Authors who have written " on the Subjcd agree among themfelves. M. " Gaatler, an experienced Engineer, in his Works, " makes the length of the Arch-Stones, of an " Arch 24 Feet wide, 2 Feet; of an Arch 45, 60, *' 75-> 9^ wide, to be 3, 4, 5, 6 Feet long refpec- '* tively ; when they are hard and durable, and " fomething longer when they are of a foft Nature. " On the contrary, M. Belidor fays they ought to '• be always one I'wenty-fourth Part of the Width *' of the Arch, whether the Stone be hard or foft ; " becaufe, if they are foft, they weigh not fo much. ** But tiiat the Length of the Arch-Stones fhould " be but a Foot in an Arch of 24 Feet wide, 2, 3, " 4, in Arches of 48, 72, 96 Feet, it appears to be *' impofiible ; becaufe the great Weight of the *' Arches would, as I imagine, crufh them to Pie- *' ces, by the Preffure againft one another ; and "therefore M. Gautier*s Rxile feems to be much " preferable : As he made the Length of the Arch " Stone (( cc C( (( (6 (( cc (C ( 165 ) " Stone to encreafein a flower Proportion, from lo to 45 Feet wide, than in thofe above that Width, whether they are great or little : Therefore in the following Computation, we fliall fappofe the Length of the Arch Stones of 30 Feet in width to be two Feet, and to increafe one Foot in fifteen, that is 3 Feet in an Arch of 45 Feet, 4, 5, 6 in an Arch of 60, y^, and 90 Feet j and fo the reft in the fame Proportion." The mod ufeful Knowledge, in any Adlion where Expences are required, is, to know how to bring the Affair to a good Conclufion with the leafl Ex- pence 1 and he is the beft Artift in Building that i$ capable of eredling a Houfe, Fort, Bridge, &c» that will anfwer the End for which it is built, with^ out any unnecefTary Expence •, but fuch a Man mufl not only have a good Genius, but be alfo a thorough Practitioner both in Pradicc and Theory : There are few fuch Men compared to the great Number that know only a little of each, and yet are often intruf- ted with Works of the greateji Confequence ; lb that it is more than twenty to one againft your happen- ing to get a Perfon th^t can execute a Worjc with the leaft Expence, to anfwer the End propofed. I have obferved the different Extremes, and EX' pence mifapplied in many Places j and it will gene- rally be fo till Men of Fortune and Intereft take the Trouble to qualify themfelves to difcqver and encour rage Men of proper Talents. It appears to me the length of Arch- Stones de- pends on too many Circumftances to fix any certaii^ Rule to go by •, for, a half Circle Arch doth not re- quire fo great a tiCngth of Arch-Stone, ^ a Seg- ment Arch of equal Span or Width j and the flatter i^ rches are, the longer Arch-Stones they require in Proportion to their Width ; and the great Difference in the Quality of Stone arid Mortar, may induce 9, M 3 good '■■ ■. li III il '-t ( >66 ) good Judge to make the Arch Stones a little fhort- cr, or longer •, and if an Arch has more rile or pitch than half its width, as fome Gothich Arches have, fuch Arqhes or Openings may be made with Span^ derals, without Arch Stones, fee Fig, 2. in Plaie IX. which would fave the Expcnce of the Center. I made an Arch in Sunderland Pier, of 40 Feet § Inches wide between the Springers. The Archftone^ are, in general, only one Foot three Inches long ; but, the Arch Stones that make the Face of the Arch or Pier, are irregular Lengths ; the fhorteft is one Foot eleven Inches long. This Arch is built chiefly with- out Mortar, and Works are not yet built, as inten- ded, to keep the Sea from beating againft it ; and yet there is no Danger of the Arch falling : Indeecj there is no heavy Carriages goes; over tliis Ardi# There is a Bridge (of two Segment Circle Arches) over the River J^. fc-J r 1 ) 1 i ■ II 1 1 11 m p. 1 :i§ i I '■; .%. 2. ^(^-^^//^ f^/^/Wne.f wi//^^U j6^.nei(hi ^ I ' _i Ti ■^- ', l | 'i 1 1 ?; ' I ' . 'j_' iJ r^-rrrb f_^' ^'^''•^>'>' f^j/''^^^^^^^ r^i t9'ig.3.S^,Jf^./Aot/ /t? A^m/v^ Gf^£yru-€^ //?^y {^n/^m ■v..^ ? { A. '-*;. Y^utAa^.,fJ^/,. ,S ^^^, ,,^^ ,ig-W..><^..,^ ^ 'H^p.JA,W,u//sliH . '.i^\ irVTrTrr;i;in=i;j.- '^-^'^rtin^ -O liria i-ntTtrrTl-Ttu, ^EiTtrtTtr^r^^T^^ HJSif K=l xixtrn r:a"P rrr^niTj ^==^SS=E^Snrt i. ' i I I r -T ■t I i ' u,- < , I , I , I , l.l. i , I r- 5: ^1 I I I ; I 'l-^'TfTT^, ^ ^ ( 169 ) A Table (hewing the Lengthof Arch Stones for CircuUr Arches to bear heavy Carriages Irom 10 Feet width to 120. t Width of the ^rch ^n FejBt. Part of the Width of the Arch. Length of the Arch Stones in Feet 9 nd Inches. 10 20 25 35 40 45 ,>° 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 lie US 120 I o TY •« _* I I T7 I 71 I Tu I I ^ I »x T* I I »I I •%% I I •51 I dr — rvr MM ur "^ II 2 7 2 II 3 » 3 3 3 5 3 ^ 3 7 3 8 3 9 t 10 Thefe Arch Stoucs are of a fufRcient Length, cfpecially where there is good Mortar and good flat rough Stones to form a Counter Anch, to keep the iShakin^ of hei^vy Carriages from the Arch below, and a:; ^ good Thicknefs of Mortar and rough Stones, ^iie, gr ought to be, generally laid upo& ■■■' ■ ■ ^ m 4 I t? ;'a ( 170 ) the Crown of every Arch. It may be ordered fo that the rough Malbnry upon the Arch fhall, when dry, form almoft as ftrong an Arch, as that below it, and the Difference of Labour in building the rough Mafonry archways, is fcarce worth mention- ing. As to M. Gatitier^s Rule, it makes the Arciv Stones much too long, as is plainly demonilrated by al! the Arches I have feen, and in particular by the Bridge at Bijhop- Auckland^ in the County oi Durhaniy above mentioned, the Arch Stones in the Arch there- of 01 Feet 5 Inches wide, is no more than one Foot ten Inches long, whirhbyM. G^«/;VrV Rule Ihould be fix Feet long, bei c he Expence fuch an Arch will coft, it wiU require . arge Quantity of Timber to make a Center to fupport 16 great a Weight, fuch an Arch as this will be very expenfive without a Ne- ceflTity -, for if the Length of the Arch Stones are only fuffieient to fupport its ov/n Weight, and a Quarter more, by building upon this Arch in the Manner above mentioned, will make the BriUge fufHciently ftrong to anfwer the End. - • ; CHAP VIL THE Art of making Rivers, Creeks, Har- bours, &c. more fafe and commodious for receiving Ships and other Veflcls, and the making the beft Ufe of the Fluxes of the Sea towards mak- ing Rivers navigable, as far up within the Land as pofiible, ^d to get a ftrong Reflux to keep Rivers Mouths clear of Obftruftion, is an Art of confider- able Confequence in many Places of Europe, cfpc- cially in fome Places of Britain ; therefore I will endeavour to clear up a Point or two •, the afting lapon the wrong Side of which, has been very inju- mous to tl^e Navigation of many Rivcf s and Flar- V)0Mr9 ( ^71 ) bours, and the Caufe of leveral ufeful Harbours beincr entirely loft. The firft Point in Qiieftion I Ihall exaniine, Is, whether large Receivers in Rivers a Mile or two or more or lels up the River from the Sea, (fuch as J arrows Lake in the River Tyne,) doth, or doth hot caufe the Flux of Water to come into Rivers with greater Force than if the Rivers were nearly of a Breadth, from the Sea to the End of the Flux. In order to fet this Point in as fair a Light as I can, J will imagine two Rivers of equal Breadth and Pepth, from the Sea for a Mile up v/ithin the Land, fo that the Entrance of each Riv» : will admit an equal Quantity of Water, and each River has the fame Turnings, and upon a Level ten or twelve Miles up ; but one of them is no wider than at its Entrance all the Way up to the End of the Flux •, And the other River from about a Mile from the Sea, is very broad, and continues broad for a Mile or two further upward, and then narrows to near the fame Breadth of the other River •, and the Flux of the Sea riling to the fame Fleight at the Mouth of each River, I think I may venture to fay, it is natu- pl to conclude that more Water will go into the River that has the greatcll Receiver -, and the Stream will run into and out of tliat River with greater Swifts? pefs and greater Force, than it will run into^nd out of the River that hath the finall Receiver. Tho' I think the Conclufion I juft now made is felf-evident, but, by way of lUuftration, give me Leave to Hippofe two Tubes of equal Dimenfions, (each three Inches broad, and eighteen Inches high) placed for Water to run through them, to fill two Spaces each eighteen Inches deep, which is the Height of the Tubes or Openings, and one hundred Feet lon^, more or lefs •, but one Space or Receiv- er to be thre? Times ^s brpaid ^s the ptfier, and con- fequcntly I •M ^.'^ / ( ijl )• , fcquently will hold three times as much Water. Having Things properly fixed, make a Body of Water, hke the Flowing of the Sea, come gradually againft and run through thefe Openings, to fill the Spaces or Receivers (mentioned above \) and I make no Doubt (when the Spaces or Receivers is about i full) but there will be a pcrceptable Difference be- tween the Sti earns in the two Receivers, flowing at the further Ends above the Level of the Openincrs wliere the Water comes in, or what we may call the Sea : And the Stream in the large Receiver, or larger River, will when the Receiver or River is ^ full, rife more above the Level in the Receiver at the further End, than the Stream in the fmall River or Receiver. This is the fecond Point to be proved ; ^nd if the Water is raifed gradually (like the flowing of the Sea) to the Tops of the Openings, both Receivers or Rivers will be filled to the fame Height, by the fame Flow of Water without ; tho' one holds three Times as much Water as the other, confequently the Wa.' tcr muft run with three Times the Velocity in at the Openings that is to fill the great Receiver, or River, thaft it doth in at the Opening that fills the fmall Re- ceiver or River j and if you let the Water come out again at thefe Openings, by making the Water Ttithout receed, like the Ebbing of the Sea, it will nm out at the Opening in the large Receiver or Ri- with much more Force than from the Opening ver to the fmall Receiver ; and is the third Point to be proved, which I think mull appear evident to every one that kriows any Thing of the Nature of Fluids. The Reafon of large Receivers, or large Rivers, bdng filled to the fame Height, that fmall Rivera or Receivers is filled to with the Flux of the Sea» through Openings or Inlets of equal Dimenfions, itre. The fmall P^eceivers or Rivers, fill faflier thai^ |he large Receivers or Rivers, till near high Water "" ^Witho^it •, ( >73 ) without ; by which the Velocity of the Water, thro* the Inlet to the fmall Receivers, is retarded that it cannot run into the fmall Rivers or Receivers, fo fall as into the great Rivers or Receivers -, and the Sea when flowed to its Height, keeps up at its Height a fufficient Time for large Receivers to take in much Water after the fmall Receivers or Rivers are full confequently the Streams doth run with a confidera- ble Force a confiderable time into the large Receiv- ers, after it has done running, or runs but very flowly, into the fmall ones. The Reader, I imagine, is now of Opinion that the Tides run with greater Velocity into thofe Rivers that have large Receivers, than into the Rivers that have fmall Receivers. The Entrance being of equal Depth and Breadth, and confequently the enlarge- ing or leflening the Receptacle for Water in a River, augments or diminilhes the Force of the Stream into that River. This Maxim in Hydraulics, I think, is clear and well founded : This is the firft Point I propofed to examine ; and have in few Words kt it in as fair a Light as I can. It now being ev'dent, and I fuppofe acknowledg- ed, that the larger a Receiver is in a River, the Stream will come into that River with a proportion- al greater Force. This being admitted, it cannot be denied, that. The large Receivers in Rivers, are alfo the Caufe of the Stream running farther up the River than it .would do if the Receivers are much leffened, or quite filled up. This is plainly proved, by the Tides not running fo far up the Rivers, after the Receivers have been leffened, as has been attefted by fcveral who have taken Notice of thefe Matters : An an old Man, of good Credit, faid he learned at a School near the River TyniJ, and he, when a Boy, often faw the Tide cover a particular large Stone , . ' - riiat r.. ,■ J 1 . ( '74 ) that lay in the River, near where they uled to play j but now the Tide doth not flow up lb far by about a Mile and an Half. And a Gentleman who lives upon the River JVenr^ in the Neighbourhood of New-Bridge^ affirmed in my Hearing, that he, when a Boy, faw Straw driven upward through New- Bridge, with the Tide ; and now the Tide doth not flow fohigh at New -Bridge by about two Feet per- pendicular ; and I know the Receiver of the River Wear has been much Icfll^ned, and many Keys built in the River fmce that time. Here it may be repli- ed,' The Sea may, in fixty Years, have receeded from the Shore lb much where the Tyne and JVear are, as to caufe the Difference of the Tides up thefe Rivers here mentioned. I know the Sea has receed- ed from Shores which I have ieen ; but as I never heard that anyTerfon has taken Notice of any fuch Difference of the Tide in Shields or Sunderland Har- bour •, -^nd there being no Token nor vifible Marks to be ieen at either Place, whereon to ground the lead Sufpicion of fuch Diflierence of TiSes in thele Harbours, it may be faid without Fear of Contra- diftion (that is founded in reafon) that the Tides now not flowing lb high up the Tyne and JVear, is entirely owing to building Keys, and leflfening the Receptacles in thefe Rivers. This is the fecond Point I propofed to examine ; and it is evident that the Water runs fartheft up the Sand, on the Sea Shore, and in greater Quantities when the Waves pufh it with thegreatelt Force •, and it is alfo evident a Ball will run farthefl up a Hill, and return back with the greateft Force, when thrown up a Hill with the greateft Velocity : So will the Water run ftrong- eft into, and out of thofe Rivers that have the largeft Receivers. This is the fecond and third Points with refpefbto the Utility of large Receivers in Rivers, propofed to be examined. Thefe foregoing Maxims ' ■ " ^' being being ( ^7S ) being clear and evident, it muft be highly criminal to fill up the Receivers in a River, or btop the Tide from flowing up a River, by Building Dams, &c. efpecially in Rivers where the Tide did net, before fuch Encroachments, flow far enough up for the Trade carried on in that River, nor the Reflux fuf- ficiently ftrong, before fuch Encroachments was made, to keep the River's Mouth efFedlually open, for Ships to fail out and into the Harbour. I think more need not to befaid to prove that the filling up the Receivers in Rivers, both flops the Stream of theTide from getting fo far up inland as to enable fmall Craft to Trade better up and down the River ; .andalfo deprives the River of its antient neceflfary Stock of back Water, which is abfolutely requifite, and was not anciently quite i'ufficient, and muft be Jefs fufficient to keep the River's Mouth fufficiently open, when much of the antient Receiver is filled xip. • So little has the Art of improving navigable Ri- vers, Harbours, &c. been attended to or underftood by my Countrymen, that in the latter Part oiMarch^ or Beginning of yf^nV. in 1759, an Englt/hEn^- neer, (looked upon by Gentlemen as a very ingeni- ous underftanding Engineer) aflerted before a Num- ber -of Gentlemen (tlie Place and Gentlemen's Names I could mention,) That if a Dam was made acrofs the River fVear^ to flop the Tide at the Low Key (which is only about a Quarter of a Mile from the Sea) it would in no Shape injure the Port. To underftand how far the above Aflertion proves the Gentleman that made it an ingenious under- ttanding Man, in the Affairs of improving naviga- ble Rivers, Harbours, &c. the Reader muft be acquainted that the frefti or land Stream, that conies down the Rivei* If^ear in Summer, is little more 1: ; : thaa I I f ■1 '!: It r^: '11' ■•■ ■ -51 11 M i '% i -1 ^ ^ ll ( 176 ) than fufficient to make two Mills work. Grerft Land Floods generally happen only once in 5, 4, or 5 Years •, and there are many Thoiifands of Tuns of Sand and (;Jravel caft into the Sea every Summer, within about three Quarters of a Mile off from Sunderland-Bar ; a great Part of which the Sea throws a-Shore upon, and near to, the Entrance of the River fVear, and Port of Sunderland ; fo that the prelent Reflux (though the Spring Tides flow near Twelve Miles up the River) is barely fufficient to drive the Sand away, and maintain an indifferent Entrance •, but if the Tide was fl:opped, (by a Dam as above) from coming up the River but for three Months, the Sand and Gravel Would be thrown by the Sea, as high upon Sunderland Bar, as any other Parts of the Shore, fave a very fmall Shallow Gut made by the upland frefli Stream, which would not receive a loaden Keel (much lefs a Ship) to fail into or out of Sunderland Harbour, except for about two Hours on the Top of Spring Tides. For, It is evident the Flux and Reflux of the Sea, near the Land, make but a very weak Current dired, ly toward the Land, or diredly off to Sea, fave where the re is a confiderable Receiver within the Land, like Port/mouth Harbour, Southampton River, &c* and the greater the Indraft, the greater Difl:ance from the Shore doth it begin at. And if a Dam is ' made a-crofs a River Six Miles up from the Sea^ and flop the Indraft or Tide there, which ufually flowed 10 or 12 Miles up the Fiver -, by this Dam the End of the Flux Stream would be only fix miles from the Sea, inflead of twelve i confequently fix Miles length of Stream will not only be loft to the Navi- • gation, but the Indraft or Infett and Outfet will be will be much weakened, fo that Velfels will lofe the great Advantage of a ftrong Infett to carrv them into the Harbour againft itrong oflf-Shore "Winds, which lam IS and lowed End the iMiles [avi- nM be fe the I them ^inds, rhich { 177 ) which is a material Point, and being wanting, ren- ders the Entrance lefs navigable -, and many Shi')9 will be obliged to keep the Sea, which would have got the Harbour if the Dam had not ftopt the Tide, ard weaken'd the Infett ; to fay more on this Head, would be fuperfluous, I having in the foregoino- Pages prov'd that the lelfening the Receivers of Rivers is greatly injurious, and may quite ruin the Navigation and Trade of a River, and totally ftop the Tide with Dams from going up fuch Rivers, as the fVear ; is ruining the Navigation to all Intents and Purpofes at once -, if Power had been obtained and a Lock made at Biddock-Ford, or Mr. Lambtons high Siaith, or at either Place, the Navigation of the River fVear, and Port of Sunderland^ would have been greatly mjured, and the Public Lois would have been greater by flopping the Tide at Biddock Ford, than the greateft Advantage that could be hoped for, from the upper Navigation would make amends for ; for great Tides fills the River two Miles and a half above BiddocFord, and two Miles above Mr. LambtorCs high Staith^ which part o/the River holds a very ufeful Stock of back Water •, without which, the Trade could not be cairied fo well on at the Staiths, nor could the latt- ter part of the Tide nin to Sea with a fufficient Force, to maintain lb good a Channel to Sea, as is now, &c. all which put together (in my Opinion) would injure the Public more than ten thoufand Pounds a Year ; for the Value of a Foot depth of Water, loft or gained in the Entrance of the Port of Sunderland, is more than four thoufand Pounds a Year loft 6r gained to the Public, as is clearly pro- ved by an Eftimatte lately made, this being a D'l* grelTion, I have not infested the Eftimate above- mentioned. ^ ■ /Wi" •■ •*>ift ■^'t't ?•-♦ < I .-•r »■*■ N It I \{ 1 .1 ' I' '; ( «78 ) It msy be proper in this Place, to obviate an Ar« gumenttluit htft oeen m»dr utc of, to fitpport tn O- pinion that large Recetvers in navigable Rivers, Forts and Havens, arc of no Confequence with re- gard to keeping the Entrances clear of Obftruaions, &c. For fay fuch fuperficial Reafoners, If the Out- f«t is (kmkgy the Inftt is alfo ftrong, and brings Matter into the River to make Obltrudions, in a Uegree equal to the Strength of the Outfet : There- fore the Strength of the Out and Infct of the Tide, is not of fuch Val\)e as is imagined i nor are large Receivers of any Confequence in maiittaining a good Ch^inel to Sea. Such Reafonerj; and fuch Reafons fis to tbemfclves doth notdelerv« an Anfwen but as thiv foir.etimes do much Mifchief, I will (how tht Faliabiiity of this Manner of arguing. ^j^vrgabk Rivers generally have a confiderable SiXK^sm of *fe(h Water, which runs from the Land, and inxpedcs- the Infet from the Sea, proportionally to the Quantity and Velocity of the frelh Water Stream in that River ; but when the Flux of the gea recceds, and the Stream* of the. River returns back again towards the Sea, it meets no Hindrance from the Counter-Stream i but the Outfet increaics in Force, as the Surface of the Sea lowers, and the Water that has been depofited by the Flux ai the Sea far up the River, returns uywafd the Sea along with the naturj^l Stream of the Reiver, v^hen the Sea has receeded iofar as to give no Obilru^ion to the Outlit 5 but that the whole Weight oi the Stream fcowers the Bottom ol the Channel or Bed of the River, and in many Rivers aogmests the Force of the Outfet, to double tSie Force of thelnfet^ not to mention the Advantage the Outlet has, by the Defjcent the Hiver's Bed has towards the Sea : Am\ to prove that this is cleaily agreeable to the Natjum of Things, I muft acquaint the Reader, that more n .ri. W^tcr derable \ Land, tionally I Water of the returi>9 ranee kcreaies ind the of the along the Sea 60 (he Stream of the ^orce of t J not by the : KwX INatjuFC lat more Water ( m ) Water goes out witn the Reflux, than comes in with the Flux ; for all the time the FJux of the Sea repels the frelh Stream, the frefh Stream is filling the River jointly with the Flux of the Seai and what ever Quantity of Water came down the River in the time of the Flowinc of the Sea, lo much greater Quantity goes out with the Reflux, than comes in with the Flux. This is one Reafon why the Stream of the Tide runs ftrongcr out of than into Rivers. There is another Re&n why a ftrong Infetdoth not carry much Sand and Gravel into a River, and is this. The greateft Force where the Stream is not obflmdled (but can run itrait) is near the Middle of the River) and this Force gradually diminiflies to- ward the Shore, where is little or no Stream ; (o that what Sand, Gravel, &c. is raifed by the Stream, it fublides towards the Shores, and in Eddies of Points, &c. till the Reflux remove it downwards to- ward the Sea ; and the Reflux being ftronger than e Flux, it forces the Sand, Gravel, &c. further uownwards than the Flux can carry it upward : This is the principal Reafon why Rivers keep fo well open where much Ballaft is cafl:. We^are not without Inllances of there being very gpod Harbours, that have little or no Land Water to aflTiil the Reflux in keeping the Entrances open ; aad yet the Entrances are fufliciently deep for the largeil Ship of War to fail into or out of fuch Har- bours, but then the Receiver within is ve'^y large: Pcrtfmoutb Harbour is an Inftance and Prootof this 5 it receives very little Land Water, and is a good Harbour for our largcft Ships of War, not- withftanding the. large Sands that lye before that Harbour's Mouth. I think this cannot be ac- counted for any better Way, than the Reflux is not impeded fo much in its Courfe to Sea, as the Flux is- Wi running into the Harbour V therefore the Rc- - / ^. K 2 flux \ i^^ \\ V ■■* ^^ i' 'i , • ( i8o ) flux rvms out of whe Harbour with a Force iufficient to keep the Entrance clear c^ Sands, Gravel, &c. Portfmouth Harbour plainly proves that a large Re- ceiver will maintain a good Harbour, without the Afliftance of Land Water: This appeals' to me another plain Proof of the Wefulnefs of large Re- ceivers in Ports, Havens and navigable Rivers ; and that the leflenir.g Receivers in Ports, Havens and navigable Rivers, arc inj'irious to Navigation. Before I leave this uieful Subjed, J will endea* vour to (how the T^ealons why much Expence has been bellowed to little Purpofe, in deepening ftiallow Places in Rivers. I am the more induced to this •)y a Relation from a Perfon who was a principal Di- ■edlor in attempting to deepen a Shdlow Part of a River in Torkjhire. He faid a Body of Gentlemei> . of york^ expended above ^10,000 in this Attempt, »nd was at laft obliged to make a Lock, to make that Part of the River navigable. In attempting the deepening a fnallow Part of a River, the firft Thing proper to be known is, whe- the Bed of the River above this (hallow Place, is low enough to have a fufTicient Pepth of Water upon it; for the Navigation, when the Ihallow Place is deep- rnedv for where there is a Stream o ' fliarpe in a River the Surface of the Water below that Stream is lower than the Surface of the Water above it ; and when the Bed of the Stre^im is lower*d to the Level of the Bed of the River above it, the Water's Surface up- ward will become lower tlian it was before, conle- quently Ihallower. If the Water is fufficiently deep iipward, a fliallow Part below may be deepened to anfwcr the PLirpofe, by employing as many Men as v/iil in all Probability cfFc(^tually remove theOb- rfru{5^Dri before any Flood can bring frefh Matter there'll meap a^ many Men Ihould be employed in a proper STtntfan; as carrdo any Service j for no Man can 1 ciertt , &c. 5 Ke- lt the me eRe- •, and IS and jndea* e has lallow to this al Di- rt of a :lemei> tempt, 1 make rt of a whc- islow ipon it; ; deep- River lower when of the ^ce up- conle- [y deep jned to [en as le Ob- latter >yed in 10 Man can ( i8i ) can k. :ow how long it may be before a Flood happcnsi and r'-.at heavy Matter will generally reft where the River is fhalloweft, is plain and evident from com- mon Obfervation, and from the Nature of the Acti- ons of Fluids. For, Fluids prefs and fcower the Beds of Rivers with a Force proportional to the depth or perpendicular Height of the Stream, and not according to the Swiftnels and Breadth of the Superfices. If this is not the Cafe, how can we account for the deep Places of Rivers not filling up ; for there the Wa- ter appears to have and has a very gentle Motion •, but on the contrary, heavy Matter drops and lodges in the Ihallow Places where the Water runs fwifter : This is felf evident ; and to give more Reafons than above ',yhy it is fo, will be both mifpending my time and the Reader's. Having firft given the above Ac- count, I think it proper to give the following Cau- tion and Advice. As I faid before, remove the Obftruftion with all Speed *, for if you have proceeded and deepened a Ihallow Place a third, or a half of what it muft be deepened, and if a Flood happeji, it is very proba- ble the Flood will leave near as much heavy Matter on the Ihallow Part, as you have taken away ; and you may be ferved fo many times until the Expence oecome unfupportable ♦, but if you have the good Fortune to get the fhallow Part all deepened equal to the River above and below, before a Flood come, every Part then will have an equal Force of Scowcr- ing i and in many Cafes no Man can be afliired where the next Obftrudtion will gather, or whether any will gather at all. i \, t-jTm^ 31 l.>r;: * N 3 A P. 1.1 m i\ )i ( i82 ) APPENDIX. Of m$m>ng the Britijh Navy with Up GrUvance ta the Subje^. THI3 great Obje(^, I nwy venture to fay, hath long taken up the Attention of fcvcral able and ju4icious Gentlemen, from whom different in- terejiiLng Schemes and Plans have been produced •, pn€ of which, in a late SiflTions of Parliament, made a copfiderable Progrefs. Put as Aflfairs of fuch high JmportaiKe carry with them their bad as well as good Etfed?, the above named Plan- after pafling the Examination of the honourable Houfe of Commons, two or three times, was found to feear too har4 Upon the L.iberties of the Subje^, and therefore was not carried into a Law. But the Gendeman who w^s Parent of it, had the private Thanks of fc- vcral of the Members, who urgently preflfd him tp continue his good Offices towards the perfc^ing fo delirable a Scheme, which the whole Houie lecmed to hav€ lb much at Heart. As this happened, fmce the firft Advertifement of xhn British Mars, to the Plan of ici able a Gen- tleman, it cannot be cxpe^ed any Produftions of n^y Pen would dcfcrve Notice •, and I was once air mod 4etermined to forbear touching on that Sub^ y^ : i^utwhen i refleded on the v'imoft Jmpofllbility ot' any one Perfon being able to form 9- Plan of tliat Kind, clear of Objections j and that it is yet proba^ blc from many propofed Schemes, a good one may be adopted. I have from a hearty Defire to be ufe-^ ful to the Public, 4t laft ventured to offer the fol- lowing { >83 ) lowing to their Confideration ; and ftiall endeavour in the firft Place to give an Anfwer to the general Complaint, That Seamen areworle treated than any other of his Majefty's Sub^edh. Ift. As the prcfent Manner of raifing Seamen to man his Majefty's Fleet, is well known to moft Peo- ple in the Nation •, therefore Parents who bind their Children to the Sea Service, or others of adult Years who betake themfelves to that Employ, (hould ne- ver complain whenever it falls to their Lot to be taken into his Majefty's Service, becaufe they knew beforehand they were bv the Cuftom of their Em- ploy fiibjeiffc to it : And it is on that Account the Wagef of Seamen in the Merchant's Service even In Time of Peace, are much higher ^han other labouring Peoples, and in time or War are carried to great Excravagancies i therefore if the Expefta- tion of fuch Gain draw them to Sea, they volunta- rily bring upon themfelves the Hardfhips complain- ed df ; and the trading Part of the Nation, who pay ftich extrava§;ant Wages, have a Right to their Ser- vice in the Navy, ac'x>rding to Cuftom prefcriptive- lyeftabliftwd IW. If there is any Injufticc in the Cuxc, it can only be in this. That Seamen are not taken m their Turns to ferve in the Navy, and this foil chiefly a- mong themfelves, becaufe of the great Difference between the Pay of the Navy and the Merchants- Service : Each one ftriving as much as poflible to avoid the firft, and obtain the latter. Now to bring the Wages in the two Services to near an E(|uality, will be bringing the Matter nearer to Juf- tice ; and to which Purpofe, the following Scheme, wWeh if it could be brought about, would be a great Means to man the Navy with lefs Grievance to the Subjefts. Tho* all poflible Care has been taken by Ihc dififerent Afts of Pariiamcnt for the Encourage- ment \\ iS^i \ ; ' { i t - ■ ( i84 ) mcnt of Seamen to enter into his Majefty's Service, yet the great Difference of the Pay ot Merchant Ships in time of War, from 3 or 4/. per Month to that of the Navy, being only 22J. per Month, makes them very backward to enter, and even when on board to perform their Duty with great Reludance, Now I would humbly propofe that a Tax be laid upon every Seaman in the Merchant Service in time of War only, at lb much per Month, as will be a Mean between the Pay in the Navy and the Mer- chantmen. This may be done by getting the Know- ledge of the Wages paid by the Merchants in time of this and the two laft Wars ; and whatever the general Wages appear to have been more Jian the Pay in the Navy, the half of it Ihould be the Tax laid on thefe in the Merchant Service, to raife a Fund for the Increafe of thefe 3eam^fl's Pay which ferve in the Navy, Suppofe the Difference be ^os. only the half i^j, for the Tax to be paid by the Seamen in the Mer^ chants Service, and carried to the general Fund i'out of whicl\ lliould be paid 5, 6, 8 or loj. per Month, as it would raife to every able Seaman in the Navy, and in Proportion to the rated ordinary, the Matters, Commanders, Apprentices, not liable to be impref- fed, excepted from paying any Tax, for the better Encouragement of raifing Seamen by Indenture for three Years. For Example,. Suppofe fifteen Thour- ,fand Seamen )iable to be imprelfed in conftant Pay in the Merchant Service, and home Trade, their Tax at 15;. per Month, would raife 11250/. per Monthr the yearly Amount will be 135,000/. which would giye to 45.000 Men, employed in the Navy, 5J. a Calendar Month, over and above their com- mon Wages. And if Ss. a Month, more or lefs, according to the Seaman's Will, out of their coni^ /npn Pay were added to that Sum, andfupppfmg 1 3 J. J^S, f( 185 ) 1 3 J. a Month remitted conilantl^ every half Year, after the firft fix Months, to their Wives and Fami- lies, it furely would have a very good Effe<5t, and bring Men more chearfuUy to ferve in his Majeity*s Navy. In Ships which fail Coafl-ways by the Voyage, as they are feldom above a Month one Voyage with another, the Seamen may be taxed by the Voyage ; and it would not be a diliicult Matter to coUeft the Sum, if the Mafters and Owners who pay the Sea- men's Wages, are under fevere Penalties for not paying into a : "opcrO^ce, eredted for that Purpofc, the Sums becoming due for every fuch Seanian on board his Ship, for the Voyage or Month, every time the Voyage is finilhed and the Wages paid. Something to this Purpofe, Joined with feveral good Propofals, mentioned in Capt, Blake's Scheme for manning the Navy, cannot fail of producing the following good Effects, viz. Seamen when impref- fed will not think it fo great a Grievance to ferve, becaufe, in the firft Place, their Pay wil][ become nearer to Equality to thofe in the Merchant Service who pay fo much back of their great Wages, to make their's the better ; befides the Sum thus raifed proceeding from the extravagant Wages in the Merchant's Service, will hardly effed other In- dividuals than the Tavern-keepers and Bawds of Wapping^ and the principal Sea-Port Towns, who generally fleece the honeft failors of the greateft Part of their Wages, and leave them rotten Conftituti- ons into the Bargain •, add to thefe, the great Ex- pence that may be faved by keeping a lelfer Num- ber of Tenders for the preiling Service, nor will fo many Seamen be fo cruelly confined in the Tender's Holds. • ^ I don't pretend to" fay tlie above Scheme is free from Objeftjons, no doubt, but feveral will be found h: II \ ii { i86 ) , found in the eftablifhing of it, but the greateft that occurs to me at prefent, will be, that Seamen know- ing they have to pay fuch a Tax, will not go to Sea without having fomuch more Wages in Proportion to the Tax, and fo it will fall upon the Trade. To this I anfwer, if that was the Cafe, it would be- come 3 greater Grievance than that intended to be removed ; but I look upon our trading Gentlemen in whofe Hands the whole of that will depend, to be better Managers ; for if Seamen could have what Wages they pleafe, they may as well infill on lo/. . a Month, as three Pounds •, and there would be no End to tjieir Extortions. But as few of them cares to go to Sea whilft their Money lafts, it will be great- ly the Merchant's Interells to keep the Wages low, for by that Means they may be able to trade with a fmaller Capital to fuppiy their Correfpondents with cheaper Goods, and get their Ships the fooner and cafier to Market. I do not pretend to be capable of reprelenting the Benefit of the above Scheme in all its Advantages, Its from a liearty Defire to do good to my Country I have publifhed thefe few Hints (the firft of which Ihadfror^ia neighbouring Gentleman, viz. that of the Tax) expe6ling no more from th^em than that fomething may be gathered that may prove ufeful to an able Hand, towards the promoting any Scheme for manning the Royal Navy with lefs Grievance to the Subjed. i }*%.. !■ - CHAP. ( 18; ) w C H A p. II. 'HEN we are blefled with a Peace, our Sea- men will be too numerous to be all employed in the Trade Britain at prefent poffefles : By think-* >ng on this Matter, it appears to be the Duty of every Briton to publifh any Plan he conceives car- ries a Probability of encreafmg our Trade, and em- ploying more Seamen. Thefe Thoughts led me to re-conuder the Nature and Trzdt (S Hudfon's Bay^ and the twenty Thoufand Pounds allotted by Parli- ament, as Part of the Reward for difcovering the Northweft-Paflage from Hud/en's Bay to the Pacific Ocean^ and great South Sea •, upon a thorough Re- collection it appeared fomething more confiderable might be done in that Part of the World, for which Purpofe I formed the following Plan : In the firft Place, an Application muft be made to Parliament, for an A&. to enable his Majefty's Subjefts to fettle, and people Places in the Countries adjoining to HudMsBay^ in order to carry on a Fiflie- ry all round the feay, and in every RiverjInlet^Creek, pr Bay, without oeing obftru£led by the HudfonU Bay Company -, giving proper Security not to inter- fere in the Fur^Trade. Powers being qbt^ned to people and cultivate any Part of the Countries adjoining Hudfon*s-Bay, at a proper Pittance from the Company's Factories, in order to carry on a Filhery, Places muft be ereded where Seamen may dwell, irfa propr Part for CuU , tivation, near a navigable River, where Families when they cowld not fSi, might find it worth their Trouble to cultivate the Land -, firft for Greens and Roots, and after for Corn : There being already Flenty of Grafs for Cattle, Horfcs, Sheep, Goats, ^C, which cannot faiUoincreafe, and yield, Profit in . u I'M I I I ( i88 • ) in the fouthern Parts of the Bay, in about 51, or near the Latitude of London-, Swine and Bcafls of all Sorts, has nearly as good a Chance there to be pro- fitable as in England or Scotland. The Rivers are clear of Ice fooner, by near a Monph or fix Weeks, in the fouthern than in the nothern Parts o{ the Bay, confequently the fifhing Seafon begins fooner there than to the Northwarc^ by at Icaft a Month or five Weeks. This Advan- tage, among many others of the Situation, not only gives the Filhers time when all together to provd any new Invention for killing more Whale ; but alfo gives the Filhers an Opportunity to get to the northerly filhing Places in good time, - The principal Colony of Fiflicrs being fixed in a P^.rt of the Country that is capable of producing every NccefTary of Life, the Fifhery may be eafily exten- t\fd to every River on the fouthweft Coalt, and the I; aft Main where ;:he EJkimaux doth not frequent for Fear of the other Indians. It may be proper to obierve, that by keeping a Net or two, let at the Mouth of every River, where Men are employed to kill Whales, as many S-'lmon and other good Fiih may be taken, and faked, as will be a confiderable Part of their Winter Subfifl- ance. The Veflel that .is to coUefl the EJkimaux Trade, oughf, the firft Year, to proceed round the Bay, as foon as the Ice is gone off Shore, fo as a fmall Vef- iel can fail between the Ice and the Shore. And at every Place wliere EJkimaux freouent, and can be Ipoke to, give them fome Line, a light Harpoon, or two, a Cafk, &c. and make them underftand you ^s you can, by Signs, or otherways, that you will come next Year and trade for Whalebone, Oil, Sea- Horfe-Teeth, Seal-Skins, &c. This do at every place where you find any EJkimaux \ but be fvire anj \ ( i89 ) by all Means, remember my Advice on this Point, which is, hot to truft the EJkimaux (let their Appear- ance be ever fo friendly) when they have Reafon to think themfelves too ftrong for you •, by many Ac- counts which I know to be true, joined to many other well attefted Accounts, they are the moft fub- tle, treacherous and cruel Savages in the known World i therefore it fhould be long ere I would make any Settlements among them, but vifit them year- ly, and encourage ^them to kill Whales, &c. by giving them in Trade good fuitable Fifhing Tackle, and other moft ufeful Things, to enable them to encreafe their Tf'rade. By this, and fuch like Treat- ment, they would in time become tradable Fifliers, without any Danger from them -, for if they were af- fured of our coming yearly, they will procure all the Trade they can. and yearly look out for our Ships, and come off in their Canoes, as they do in the Straits to the Company's Ships. See what I fay of the Fifheries, in my Account oiUudforCs Bay^ Page 63, of which the following is an Abftraft: *' The EJkimaux^ who* are the profeffed Filhers, ufed to inhabit the Country on the Eaft Main, be- tween the Straits and the Bottom of the Bay : But they are fmce driven away to the Northward, by the other Indians who are rendered much fu- perior to them, on Account of the Supply of Arms and Ammunition, which they receive from the Englifh : So that a Trad of Land of more " than three Hundred Miles extent from North to *« South, lies almoft wafte, without Trade and without Inhabitants. Churchil River was much inhabited by the EJkimaux^ before we fettled there •, the Point on which the Fort is built, being called EJkimaux Point : Upon digging for the Fort many Traces were difcovered of their abode here, •^ fuch as the Pit in which they fecured theu* Provi- , " fions « Ci (( C( <( ic C( (C i* iC Ci «c i t ti «c cc c« 4( «C i( «c ct «( c« «c ftC «c 4( «C CC cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc (C (C ( ^9^ ) fions. Pieces of Stone Pots, Spears, Arrows, &c* Thb Point they kept fome time after they were driven from the acyacent Country, becaufe as it lies far into the open Sea, they could difcover the diitant Approaches of their Enemies, and repair in time to their Canoes, in the Management of which they are peculiarly dexterous : ]3ut they were at length forced to go farther northward to Cape EJkimdux and Whale-cove \ and are now to- tally difpoflefled of their Retreat, by our making a Settlement here, and drawing down the North- ern upland Indians to trade, whom alfo we have fupplied with Arms. But as People do not eafily lofe their chare^eriftic Virtues, that Art and In- duftry for which the EJkimaux arc diftins^uiflied, they ftill retain, even in a State of Flight and Diiperfion *, and thofe that are fcattered about the Straits, kill Whales, Sea Horfes, Seals, Bears, 8cc. not only for common Subfillance, but tor Trade, which they are very eager to carry on with our Ships, as often as they go by in their Paflage to the Bay. " A Sloop is fometimes fent to UHjale-cove for a few Days in a Seafon, and fometimes not fent at all i the People, therefore, having no Dependance upoti our coming to trade with them, take very little Care to provide a Supply larger than is necef- fary for their own Subfiftance. " in thofe Years in which the Sloop was not fent to IVhak-CGvey viz. 1745, 1746, and 1747, all the Whale-Finns t!iat the Company brought to England^ was procured in the Straits j the firft Year 30^ Pounds ^ thefecond 13 14 Pounds, and the third 226 Pounds, in all 1843 Pounds, as appea s from the Account of their public Sales. But in the feven preceeding Years, when the Sloop was tent to IFbal: -covey the Account of their Sales MMM 4C «( «c iC cc ^ the like ; and yet the Sea- fonofthe Whale-Fifht iy there feldom lafts above nine Weeks •, in which time they muft kill a pro- digious Qiiantity to be able not only to lay up a Store for a long Winter, but to make a Referve of Tuns of Oil for the Company's annual v^loop : And if this poor People can in their one Man Canoes, with fuch Tackling as their little Skill enables them to make of Ivory^ Wood and Lea- ther, kill fo many Whales in fo Ihort a Time, and in fofmall a Part of the -Bay, there is no fixing Bounds to the Proportion, if aFilhery yras carri- ed on at the Rivers, under proper Directions and Encouragement, and the Natives furnilhed with Harpoons, Nets, Hooks, and other Tackling made in England •, and prompted befides to exact: their utmof}: Art and Induftry, by a kind and ge- nerous Treatment. *' The Circumference of the Bay is atJeaft 2500 Miles, with fo many Rivers and Inlets all round, that a conliderable River or Inlett may be allowed to every hundred Miles. In the Rivers where I refided, as much Oil, &c. might be procured, ns would be iiifficient to load 150 Tons of Ship- ping annually •, confequently by the fame Com- putation, the whole Bay would employ 1250 Tons •, and in a fliorttime I dare fay, many Hun- dreds more ; but the firft Attempt muit be made bv thofe who arc poiU-lTcd of Judgement, Spirit, : U.. ' ** and m J.; * ♦/■ cc (( C( cc cc cC c( c( c( c( c( cc cc cc cc cc cc IC t( (( cc (( iC cc (( (C cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ( '93 ) and Integrity, or no plan however excellent, would inlbre Succefs. ** It (hould be objeded, that fince the weftcrly Rivers in the Bay are not clear of Ice till the Begin- ning of June^ and the Fifhery is over by the mid- dle of Auguft, the Seafon would laft only ten Weeks, which would be too fhort to kill W juiles tnough to defray the Expence : I anfwer firll, that the Filheries of Greenland and Davis'^ Streights do not laft longer •, and fecondly, that the Expence in a great Meafure might be faved, if as the Bay Fiihery does not begin till the Davis's Fifhery is over, the lame Ships were em- ployed in both. It is to be further objedled, that Ships cannot get into the Bay by the Begin- ning of June^ and therefore a great Expence would he incurred by lb many EngliJIi bein^r obliged to winter there. I anfwer farther, that few Engliflimen need be kept in the Bay, fince the Natives may be hired upon very reafonable terms, to attend the whole Time of the Fifhery. The lionie Indians even now kill Gttk for the Com- pany for very low Wages, and a much greater Number offer themfelves for this Service than can be employed, and the Seafon of killing Geefe is generally over a Week before the Fiihery Sea- fon comes on : Indeed thefe home Indians are ten- der, dull and inadive, but they need only be em- ployed in the Fifhery whilft in its infant State ; for upon making Peace between them and the Efii- maux^ thofe native Fifhers would carry on the Bufinefs alone, without any afTiitance from the home Indians^ or even from the Englifli^ who n:;ed only ad as Supervifors •, but fhould it be at; laft objeded, that the Company long before this would have fet I'uch a Fifhery on foot, if it was O " neve li cc cc f (194 ) near fo beneficial .is is now reprefented ; the An- fwer may be eafily drawn from their while Con- dudl tor many Years puit." As I was fix Years in IJucijon's Bay, I am acquainted with th' ir Policy and Manner of Afting there, and the Reafons why the Company have not made any confiderable Pro- grefs in the Fifberies and other Improvements. Before I difmils this Head, it may be proper to give it as my Opinion, that Methods may be taken, whereby fix or leven Men cannc ^ fail (if thoy life their utmoft Endeavours) to kill as many Whales in a Week, as will yield feven Tons of Oil, and per- haps a great deal more ; and if an Ad could be ob- tained to fettle a Colony in the fouthern Parts of the Bay, in order to carry on the Fifliery or other Trade, and make Difcoveries that the Company doth not look after ; and if a paoper Nuniber of Merchants or Gentlemen, form themfeives into a Company £ov that Purpofe, I will not only be glad to forward the Affair with all the Information I c?n give ; but to prove I have the greateft Hopes of Succefs, I will fubfcribe above one Hundred Pound out of my fmall Fortune. 1 Of a Ccpper Mine near Hudfon*s Bay. In the Courfe of carrying on the Fifliery and o- ther Affairs, perhaps better Information may be got, for this Copper Mine for the Space of forty or fifty Yc-ars lall paR, has been much talked of in the Bay ; and thole who underftand the Country Language bcfl, iiave long ago been throughly convinced of the Exiftence of tliis Mine, and alio of the Practi- cability of getting at it. 1 have feen of the Copper (that the Indians faid that they brought from the Mine) about the Indians Wrills for Ornament, and alfo fome Pieces, fome of wiiich I brougl.t to Eng- land \ i=i { 195 ) tand\ and in the Year 1718, when the Company iirft Icttled a Fadory at Churchill River, and before the northern Indians had any Iron Utenfils from the Englijh^ fome Indians that came from the North- ward (called Copper Indians) had Ice Chifels and other Things of Copper, which the ladians faid they got at the Side of the Sea, a Creek or Streight; and thefe Accounts have not been contradided, at leaft not as I have heard of. See my Account of Hudfon'^ Bay, Page 69. As I do not believe every Thing I hear as tnie, fb I do not wholly rely upon every Information I have had by the Linguifts •, for in the firft Place, the Indians Accounts are not always to be depended on as true, for when they find you are fo pleafed with their Story, as to give them fomething, and defire they will inform themfelves better, and give you an Account the next Time thcy come ; whether they get any better Information or not, they'll prepare a Tale they think will pleafe you : And in the fe- cond Place, the Linguifts in the Bay are not fo un- derftanding in the Indian Languages, efpecially the northern Indians Language, as to be able to crofs examine them, and confequendy may not rightly underllmd the Meaning of every Word the Indian fpeaks •, and alfo the Linguift thinking thereby to pleafe his Superior, may be fufpeded of faying at one Time or other more in favour of a Difcovery, than he has fufficient Grounds or Authority from the Indians for. After giving proper Allowances for the falfe Ac- counts, and the Difficulty of coming at the Truth as abovementioned, I am, from many corroborating Accounts, as well aflured there is a Copper Mine ai the Place the Indians fpesk of, as I am aiTured of the being a Place called Siberia in RuJ/ia, or the being O 2 . of .1: i? II I 1^^ It i ( 196 ) of any other Place I have not feen. That Englijh- m en may go to this Mine is evident by the Indians bein g able to go to it, who have their fubfiftance to procure Day by Day upon the Spot, which need not be the Cafe of the Englijhmen j and if it is not a tolerable Place, and fomething to be got there to fubfift on, I think the Indians would not go there : But if they go to this Mine only for the Sake of getting Copper to make Ornaments for their W rifts, i^c. when they can have the fame Sort of Orna- ments (and more beautiful) for a Trifle at the Eng- lijh Fadory, where they alfo vifit every Year ; and as the Indians are more f|..aring of Labour than Englijhmen are, it is not unreafonable to conclude, that the Indians would not go to the Copper Mine if it is far out of their Hunting Grounds, and in a delblate Country; nor will they take much Trouble to procure what they can procure readily with little Trouble, from all which I think it is not unatu.-al to infer that the Copper Mine is in or near the /«- dians Hunting Ground : And as it is found by Ex- perience, that EnglijJimcn can travel in thofe Coun- tries as well as the Ivdians, there cannot be in the difcovering this Mine any Dilficulty equal to the Importanci; of the Difcovcry. '* . . " ■' Of the North-lFeft Prjfage. '^- - In order to dilcover the Exillence and Situation of the North- Weft Pafiage (Tuppofed to be from Hudfcn*s Bay 10 the Paitfic Ocean and South Sea) I would build five Boats with Bend-leather in the Place of Plank, light and well conftruCted for Defence a- gainft the EJkimaux, and feven Men in each Boat, each Man armed with a fliort Gun, Piftols and Sword, each Heat to have two Swivel Blunderbuflfes ; two of ihcfc Boats oimht to fail from the Bottom of the M \ ( ^97 ) the Ray, and three from Churchill as foon as there is any Probability of a Padage along Shore, be- tween the Shore and the Ice ; one of the Boats from the Bottom of the Bay, to lye at Anchor in the Mouth of Hudfon's Streights, the other in about fiXty-five on the eaft Coaft-, one of the Boats from Churchill to anchor near the weft Shore in a- bout 62, another to anchor near Cape Fry in 64. 40. and the third to proceed to Sy or 6S, if not obftruded by the Ice, or as far to the Northward as pofiible, without too great a Rifque. 1 he Boats that do not proceed fo Sr to cruife about, and make what Difcoveries they can till they fuppofe the northermoft Boat has got to her Station •, every Boat muft obferve the Winds, and be very exad as to the Time of Flood, the Diredion and Strength of the Stream, both Flood and Ebb, the Time of High Water, and the Heighth it flows in Feet and Inches, If^c. and at what Time ot the Flood r«nd Ebb the Stream runs ftrongeft, ^c. A ^ •• Caution and Dire^ion. The Boats to lye as clear from Iflands as poflible, that they may not lye in a counter Stream ; one Half the Crew watch at a Time in the Night, and two in the Day, and keep a good Look out •, fuf- fer no EJkimaux upon any Pretence to board your Boat ; look with your Glais very often all round, efpecially upon the Land, to fee if you can difco- ver any living Creature : This may prevent your be- ing furprifed by the Eskimaux \ keep your Fire- arms clean, loaded and ready, try to catch Fiih, i^c. Set up a Pole marked with Feet and Inches at the loweft Low-water Mark, to Ihew when it is Low- water, when Flood, when High-water, and the Time the Water keeps up at its Heighth, and whether O 3 three ti { 198 ) creth is a fudden Rife of the Water when young Flood, or when near High-water, or if there are two High- waters i that is, whether the Water rife a fecond Time in three (^iuarters of an Hour, or one Hour and an Half aftr.r the Tide has been at its Highth and Ebb for a confiderable Time. About Half an Hour or an Hour before Low-water, put your Boat near the Shore that you may plainly fee the Water rife or fall upon the Shore and Pole ; when you plainly perceive the Water rife, allow fix or eight Minutes out of the Time the Water neither fell or rofe, for its Beginning to rife before you could be fure that the Flood made it rife ; then put off to your Station, and obferve the Stream till about one Hour before High^water, when put your Boat near the Pole again, to obferve the Rifing of the Flood and Time of High-water, ^c. A Leather Boat of about four Feet and a Half long may be made, to have a Bag of Leather at her Bottom, to take up through the Bottom into the Boat or let down thro* the Bottom, and filled with fmall Stones or Sand fo as the the Weight of a Man cannot overfet her : This Boat will ferve to go near the Shore, and obferve by the Pole the Rife and Fall of the Water; if you are difturbed by the Eskimaux^ remove twenty or thirty Miles either Way you chufe along Shore, only know the Lati- tude you make your Remarks in. The Scheme is the more pradicable, as there is little or no Night in the Latitudes the Boats are to lye in all the Time the Boats need be upon this Ser- vice, and the Ice in the Bay prevents there being any Sea, let the Wind blow ever fo ftrong. The above Remarks being made by the Boats at their feveral Stations upon one and the fame Day, and upon one and the fame Tide, there can be no doubt of being directed to the right Place where ( »99 ) you cannot mifs of further Information, and if the Paffage is pradicable, you cannot fail of findin ft no Honour on the Hudfonh Ba/ Company ; ft e may think I write out of Rancour, Envy, or i v> venge •, therefore, to obviate Cenfure, I think .t proper to declare, that if I were convinced of lie HudfofC^ Bay Company ufing their utmoft Endea- vours to obtain all the Trade that is to be had in the Bay, Streights, ^c. I would explain the Methods by which I think much more Trade may be obtained to the HudfofC^ Bay Company, with as muft Plea- fure as I would to any other Set of Gentlemen, for I want no Profit out of Hudfon's Bay, and it will be equal to me who increafe the Trade and employ our 3camen, fo it is but done to the utmoft Extent. Ant . ■■3 ' ( 200 ) 1 II An Abflrafl of an Account of the Cap- tivity of the Wife and Children of John Hanson. ON the 27th of the fixth Month called Auguft^ 1725, my Hiifl:.. nd and all our Men Servants being abroad, eleven ^ 'diam armed with Toma- hawks and Guns, who ha^ ^ome lime before been fuuiklr.g about the Field, an vatching an Oppor- tunity of our Mens bfence, c ^e furioufly into the [iOuTe. No looner were the/ entered, than they n.urdered one of my Childern on the Spot, in- tending no doubt by this Ad of Cruelty, to ftrike the greater Degree of Terror into the Minds of us who iurvived ; after they had thus done, their Capiain came towards me with all the Appearance of Rage and Fury it is pofllble to imagine, never- thelefs upon my earneft Requelt for Quarter, I pre- vailed wich him to grant it. I had with me a Servant Maid and fix Children, but I wo of my little ones were at that Time play- ins:^ in the Orchard \ my youngell Child was but fourteen Days old, and myielf of Conefequence in a p9or wcuk Condition, and very unfit to endure the Hardihips I afterwards meet with, as by the Sequel will appear. 1 he next Step they took was to rifle the Houfe, which they did with much Hun7 and Precipita- tion, being apprehenfive in all Probabihty of a Sur- p^ile i and as it w^as late in the Afternoon, they packed up what Linen, Woollen, and other Things they liked, aud forihwith turned us out of the Jloufc. Being ( 201 ) Being now at the Door, my two Children who ha been playing in the Orchard (the one fix and the o ther tour Years of Age) came in Sight, and beincr terrified at the Appearance of the naked Indians^ they cried aloud, on which one of the Indians ran up to them, and taking one under each Arm brought them to us -, my Maid prevailed with the biggeft to be llill, but the other would not be pa- cified by any Means, but fhrieking and crying very much •, whereupon to eafe themfelves of the Noife and prevent the Danger of a Difcovery that might arife from it, they made no more to do but knocked out its Brains before m>y Face. The Indians having now killed two of my Chil- dren, the next Thing they did was to Scalp them, a Pradice common with them whenever they kill any Englijh People -, this they do by cutting off the Skin from the Crown of the Head, which they take with them as an Evidence of the Number they have flain ; and it has been currently reported, that the French in their Wars with the Englijh^ have given the Indians 3. pecuniary Reward for every Scalp they brought to them. This being done, they prepared to leave the Houle in great hafte, without committing any other Violence than taking what they had packed up, together with myfelf and little Babe fourteen Days old, my little Boy of fix Years, one Daughter a- bout Sixteen, another about Forteen, and my Maid Servant. It was, as I faid before, but fourteen Days fince my Lying'in, and being very tender and weakly, and turned out from my warm Room with every Thing fuitabletomy Circumftances, it increafed the Severity of the Hardftiips I underwent exceedingly ; never- thelefs I found the Cafe was fuch, that I muft either go or die, for I could make no Refiftance neither would any Perfuafions avail. Accordingly FRO • • Dapt liARY ViOi o i' 1 1 ; « ^i { 202 ) tX Mafter the W-^« Cap^am ^ .^ wane enough to "^^^X Favour, becaule he had 1 looked upon as ''f £^\V and confiderably more iefides a vrey heavy «"^^'^^,^\j^, ^j^, ^f^ Men jhan he could take "P T^ j c>,.„,nps and Brooks, *" We Pafl^'l.;'^^"? tS I'aths, aid every 1 rack SS'Sr iStft- (hould be furprued ^y^tl^S-tKatNighji^^ n^hus^X- -eHo^we-ty^f ShSi and Ponds. . ^ , r -^^mnff the Rivers, were %ext to theDifficu ty ofcroffmg^^^^^ ^ very hard to pafe through. j^j ^and; and. M ;'r would fon«umes ler^d me n ^^^^ ^ thev paffed ^h'"?^ m^ fnr the hindmoft. But the icUe pretty tolerfe for the hn^ g^ ereateftDifficultyof M, ana guftenance: fV named, was our ^;"V % ^ ijeat Extremity ; trie we«: "ow reduced to ve^rg^^^^^j. having often "O^mg to eat but ^^^.^ ^^^^ !^rWatch-coats, «h.ch the »J ^^^ !^; to our Settlement had conc^aW ._^ j,,. "o us naked as 1 f^}f^^'^ They were ufed more having [\t: the But my mes hu- -, which : he had bly more his Men. [ Brooks, ;ry \ rack iurprized near ten ted.> The our Qua-r :hemfelves, •der to pre- pays fuccef- )ugh fome- ovcr tAkes Rivers, were which were Ifo my Maf- id-, and, *s T another, it ^ft. But the fervesftrftto Suftenance: It Extremity •, of old Beaver, in their Jour- [for they came ir, in their Re- vere ufed more It in long, nar- ^ row ( 203 ) row Straps, of which they gave us feme little Pieces. Thefe, at;er their Example, we laid upon the Fire till the Fur was finged off, and then ate them as dainty Morfels -, experimentally knowing, that to the Hungrey every bitter Thing is fweet. Of this Diet, mean as it was, we had but a fcanty Allowance. And, what ftill further increafed my Afflidion: was, the Com; laints and Moans of my poor Children. Sometimes indeed the Indians caught a Sqirrel, or a Beaver-, at others, we met with Nuts Berries, and Roots ; and fometimes we ate the Bark of Trees -, but had no Corn for a long while, till a Party of the younger Indians went back, and brought fome from the Englijh Inhabitants, of which they gave us a very Ihort Allowance. But, when they killed a Beaver, we lived high while it lafted ; as their Cuftom was to allow me the Guts and Garbage for myfclf and Children -, but they would by no means fufier us to wafh and cleanfe them ; which occafioned this Kind of Diet to be very loathfome : and indeed nothing but pining Hunger would have made it in the leait Degree tolerable. When we wf;re pretty far advanced in our Jour- ney, the Indians divided; and, to our great Sor- row, divided us amongft them. My eldeft Daugh- ter was taken away firft \ and carried to another Part; far diftant from us ; and we had not travelled far, before they parted again, and took from me my fe* cond Daughter, and my Servant Maid ; fo that I had only the Babe at my Bread, and my little Boy of fix Years old *, we three remained with the Captain : but my Daughter and Servant underwent very great Sufferings after they were taken from us ; travelling very hard for three Days together, without any Suf- tenance but cold Water, and, on the third Day, the Servant fell down in a Swoon, as dead -, at which the Indians feem^d furprized, ^d began to (how fomc ; Signj ) ; I ?04 ) Signs of Tcndcrnefs, not being willing to lofe any of their Captives by Death, after they had brought them fo near their own Home j hoping no Doubt, in Cafe they lived, to obtain a considerable Price for their Ranfom. Accordingly, in a few Days after this, they drew near tiieir Journey's End, where they found greater i^lenty of Corn, and other Food ; but Fielh oi-ten fell very Ihorc, as they had no other Way of procuring it but j-iunting. It was not long before my Daughter and Servant were parted alfo ; and my Daughter's Mailer falling fick, he was thereon dilabled from hunting. All their Corn was likewife fpcnt; and fo great were their Diftrefles, that they were compelled to feed upon the Bark of Trees for a whole Week, being almoil famiflied to Death. At Length we arrived at the Indian Fort, where many of the People came to vifit my Mailer, and 1 s Family, and congratulate him on hi fafe Re- turn, and the Succefs of his Expedition. Public Rejoicings were made upon it (which, in their Way, pel haps were a Kind of Thankfgiving) -, and thefe were attended with Dancing, Firing of Guns, Beat- ing on hollow Trees, inftead of Drums, Shouting, Drinking, and Feafting for feveral Days, together with much Excefs. We had not long been arrived before my Mailer went abroad to hunt for Provifions tor the Family, and was abfent about a Week. Before he fet out, he ordered me to procure Wood, and gather Nuts : In doing which I was very diligent, during the Time of his Abfence, in cutting the Wood, and putting it up in Order. But no fooner was he returned, than I quickly perceived he was very much difpleafed -, for he had met with no Succefs in his hunting Expe- dition ; and fo ftrongly did his Dilappointment work upon him, that he began to revenge it on us his Captives. '!» C> ( 20J ) Captives. He allowed me however a \itt\c boiled Corn for myfelf and Child •, but looking upon us with a very angry Countenance, he threw a Stick at me, with fuch Violence as plainly demonftrated, that 1^ grudged us the Food we had received from him. ■ : i The poor old Scjuaw, his Mother in-law, was very kind and tender to me, and, all that Night, would not leave me -, but came and laid down at my Feet, ftgnifying her Intention to ufe her Endea- vours to appeafe his Wrath. For my own Part, I got but little Reft that Nighty though my Babe flept fweetly by my Side : but I dreaded the tragi- cal Defign of my Mafter, and looked every Hour when he would enter the Wigwam, to execute his bloody Purpofe. But here again kind Providence interpofcd. For, being weary with hunting, and having toiled in the Woods without Succefs, he went to Reft, and forgot to put in Ptaftice the hor- rid Purpofe he had formed. When Flefh was fcarce, we were only allowed the Guts and Garbage •, but were not permitted to cleanfe them any other Way than juft by emptying the Dung out of them, and afterwards boiling them to- gether with the Broth of Fowls ; which would have been extremely naufeous, had not Hunger compelled us to eat i but in Time this Kind of Food, which often fell to our Lot, became pretty tolerable to a keen Appetite •, though, at another Time, I could by no Means have difpenfcd with it. And this led me to confider, that none are able to fay what Hard- fhips they can fuffer till the Trial comes upon them For that, which in Tin^e paft I had thought not fit. for Food in my own Family, 1 fhould now have efteemied a fweet Morfel, and a dainty Di(h. By this Time I was reduced fo low, through Fa- tigue of Spirits, hard Labour, mean Diet, and the frequent ( 206 ) frequent Wint of natural Reft-, that my Milk was incirely dried up again, and my helplefs Babe very poor and weak, appearing to be little more than Skin and Bones ; for I could perceive every Joi»it of it, from one End of its Back to the other ; and how to procure any Thing that might fuit its weak Appe- tite, I was at a very great Lofs. Whereupon one of the Indian Squaws, perceiving my Uneafinefs, began Difcourfe with me, and withal advifed me to take the Kernels of Walnuts, and after I had cleanfed them, to beat them up with a little Water, which accordingly I did, and the Water looked like Milk j then Ihe bade me add to this Water a little of the fineft Indian Corn-meal, and juft boil it up together : I did fo, and found it very palatable ; and loon per- ceived that it nourifhed my Babe, for it quickly be- gan to thrive, and look well -, which gave me great Comfort. I afterwards underftood, that with this Kind of Diet the Indian Children were often fed. But the Comfort I received, on my dear Child's Recovery from the Brink of Death, was foon mixed with Bitternefs and Trouble •, for my Mafter, ob- ferving its thriving Condition, ufed often to look upon it, and fay, that, when it was fat enough, he would have it killed and eaten. Turfuant to this Threat, he obliged me to fetch a Stick, which he faid he had prepared to roaft my Babe upon. And, as foon as I had brought it, he made me fit down by him, and undrefs the Infant. The Child now being naked, he began to feel its Arms, Legs, and Thighs ; and having paffed this Examination upon it, he in- formed me, as it was not yet fat enough, I muft drcfs it again till it was in better Cafe. But, not- withftanding he thus adted, I could not perfuade myfelf he was in earnell, but that he did it with a View to afflid and aggravate me : neither could I think but that our Lives would be prefci*ved from his not- [fuadc ni\\ a luld I from his ( 207 ) Ijis barbarous Hands, by the over-ruling Power cf him, in whofe Providence i yAt my Truft both Night and Day. A few Weeks after this, my Matter made another Remove •, which was the loneeft he ever made, be- ing two Days Journey, and moftly over the' Ice, The firft Day the Ice was bare -, but fome Snow falll ing on the Second, it made it very difficult to rravcl over. I received much Hurt by frequent I"alU: having befides the Care of my Infant, whir]- in. creafed my Trouble not a little. It was Night when we arrived at our Camp, and I was ordered to go and fetch Water •, but having fat a while on the cold Ground, I could neither Hand nor go, by Reafon that my Limbs were fo benumbed with cold. Yet I dared not refufe •, and therefore attempted it by crawling on my Hands and Knees ; but a young /»- dian Squaw, belonging to another Family, being come to fee our People, fhe, in CompalTion, took the Ketde, and knowing where to go, which I did not, fetched the Water for me •, which I took as a great Favour, in that her Heart was inclined to do me this Service. I now faw the Defign of this Journey. My Mas- ter, being weary of keeping us, was willing to make what Ranfom he could of us •, and therefore went farther ♦^ov/ards the French Settlements, leaving his Family at this Place -, where they had a great Dance, feveral other Indians coming to our People. This held fome Time ; and, while they were employed in it, I got out of their Way, as far as I could, into a Corner of the Wigwam : But every Time they came by me in their Dancing, they would Bow my Head towards the Ground, and frequently kick me with great Fury. Divers of them were barefooted, and the reft had only Mockfans on. The Dance lafted fome ,\ p .1 f 208 ) fome Time ; and they made, in their Manner, great Rejoicing and Noife. It was not manyE^ys before my Mafter returned from the French ; bur, in fuch an ill Humour, that he would not fuffer me to abide in his Prefence. I had a little Shelter, made with Boughs -, having firft digged through the Snow, quite to the Ground. In this Hole I and my poor Children were put to lodge -, and, as the Weather was then very fliarp, and the Frofts very hard (it being then the Month called January) our Lodging was extremely bad. But our Stay was not long in this wretched Place, before my Mafter took me and my Children to the French, in Order to get a Chapman for us : when we came among them, I was expoied to Sale, and the Price my Mafter put upon me was 800 Livres. But, nobody appearing difpoied to comply with his Demands, and a Frenchman offering no more than 600 Livres, it threw him into liich a Rage that he faid in his Paftion, if he could not have his Price he would burn me and the Babe in the View of the City of Fori Royal. The Frenchman bade him make the Fire ; and added, I will help you, if you think that will do you more good than 600 Livres •, " call- ing him Fool, and roughly bidding him be gone :" but, at the fame Time, he was very civil to me ; and, for my Encouragement, bade me be of good cheer, for I fliould be redeemed, and not go back with the Indian again. I was obliged however to retire with my Mai^«"r that Night •, but, the next Morning I was redeemed for 600 Livres. In driving the Bargain with my Mafter, the Frenchman afked him why he demanded lb much for the little Babe's Kanfom ; urging, that when it came to have its Belly full it would die. The ./>/- J.'un laid. No, it would not die; having already lived iwenty-iix Days on notliing but Water j and that ( 5L09 ) that he believed it was a Devil. The Frenchman laid no, but the Child is ordered for longer Life; and it hath pleafed God to preferve it to Admiration! My Matter anfwered, No, that was not die Cafe j but that it was a Devil, and he believed it would not die, unlefs they took a Hatchet a;id knocked out its Brains. I had then been about live Months amonw thA Indians^ and one Month with the French, whea my dear Hufband, to my unfpeakable Joy and Comfort^ came to me. He was much concern'd for the Re- demption of his Children ; two of our Daughters, and the Servant-maid, being ftiil in the Hands of the Indians -, and only myfelf and die two little ones redeemed. Accordingly, after much Difficulty and Trouble, he recovered our younger Daughter, and the Maid; but we could by no Means obtain our eldeft from them. For the Squaw to whom Ihe was given, had a Son ; and fhe intended a Match between my Daughter and him, hoping in Time to prevail upon her to comply : for the Indians are feldom guilty of any indecent Carriage towards their captive Women, unlefs much overtaken in Liquor. I'he Affe6lion they had for my Daughter made them refufe all Of- fers and Terms of Ranfom •, fo that, after my Huf- band had vi'aited, and uled his utmoft Endeavours to obtain our Child, we were obliged to depart homewards, and leave our Daughter, to our great Grief, amongft the Ltdians. We accordingly fet forward over the Lake, with three ot our Children and Servant, in Company with feveral others -, and, by the Kindnefs of Providence, got well home, on the firft of the feventh Month, called September, in the Year 1725, from which it appears, that I iaad been from home, amongft the Indians i Indians, and French, and upon my J6uipney> twelve Months and twenty- fix Days. But my dear Hufband could not enjoy himfelf ivith Satisfaction, our eldcft Daughter being yet in the Hands of the Indians ; he therefore began a Se- cond Journey, about the 19th ot the fecond Month 1727, in Order to redeem her, in Company with a 'Kinl'man and his Wife, who went to redeem fome of xheir Children, and were fuccefsful to their De- fire -, but my dear Hufband died in the Woods, ^ .about half Way between Albany and Canada, in my ' Kinfman's Arms. ■»' I J JV". B, The Subflance of the foregoing Account was taken from iier own Mouth by Samuel Bownas, And, in the feventh Month, called September, 1741, Samuel Hopwood was with her, and received the Relation much to the ; iame Purpofe ; at which Time he faw the . Child (then grown a young Woman) who was fucking at her Breaft when fhe was carried 'vi\^ Captivity, p t If I S, 1 i ' i ' Jf |M i uf ; ■ ( &i ' ^^ ney> twelve joy hirhfelf eing yet in )egan aSe- ond Month pany with a :deem fome to their De- :he Woods, tada, in my -'^V ns Account 1 by Samuel onth, called ^ was with niich to the he faw the m) who was J carried iriJo ***if^°^''ji