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M., CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY. Author of Annals of Fort Mackinac, Indian Names of Places Near the Great Lakes. Corresponding Member of the Wiscons n State Historical Society. Corresponding Member of the Chic ,go Historical Society, Mem er of the American Histok ~al Association, Member of the American Folk-Lo, ■=; Society. \ DETROIT, M1<:M^ 1889. ^F Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year .889, by DWIGHT H. KELTON. in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 487645 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. « •• >,*' PWUed by Detroit Fre6*Press Printing Co, • • » • ••*, ."•-• ' - '■ * « * « . (, 4 t • I e !; ■■' 1 , ; { ii'1 B n .:°" ^ ', SAULT STE. MARIE, MICHIGAN. Latitude 46° SO" 10" North. Xtongitude 8 4° -^4 West of Oreemoich. 6 HISTORICAL SKETCH. Father Dablon named the misnion established by him at tTie foot of the rapids ia 1668, Sainte Marie du Sault, " Saint Mary's of the Rapids." Saut, is the modern spelling; '^Soo" the popu- lar pronunciation. From the word Saut, " falls," or " rapids," the Ojibwa tribe obtained its French name, Sauteux. At first, those only whose home was at the " Soo " were called by that name ; but by degrees it passed to all Indians of the same speech. The spelling "iSaw^ew/*," though very common, is wrong; this word is pro- nounced differently and denotes "a springer," or "a jumper." The Indian name of the town or rapids is Bawiting, from bawitig, "rapids." This is an abbreviation of bawitigwet/a, " the river is beaten into spray." (Some Indians pronounce it bagwiting, " where the river is shallow.") The Ojibwa band residing at the Saut were called Bawiti- gowinmiwag, or Bawiting-ddzhi-ininiwag, " Men of the Rapids." The Indians have no general name for St. Mary's River ; but have for the lakes into which it expands. The mouth of the river is called Oiwideoonaning, " where they sail around a point." Pawtucket, Powatan, Pawcatuck, Pawtuxet (Ojibwa Bami- tigosing, " at the little falls "), and many other similar names in different dialects, are of the same root as bawitig, and denote a fall or rapids. The root is baw, " to scatter by striking." 8AULT STE. MARIE CANAL. Lake Superior is 602 feet above the level of the sea. The only water-way between Lake Superior and the lower lakes ifl the Saint Mary's River, which flows from Lake Superior at its eastern extremity, and empties into Lak Huron 37 miles east of Mackinac Island. The channel between the two lakes is about 75 miles long, and was, bofdro improvement, obstructed in many places, but especially at the Rapids of Saint Mary, 15 miles from the head of the river. In their natural state these rapids formed a barrier to transportation by water, and made a portaj^e necessary. The fall of the river from Lake Su|)erior to the rapids of St Mary is one tenth of a foot; in the half-mile stretch of these rapids the fall is 18 feet; and from the foot of the rapids to the Lake Huron level, which is reached at Mud Lake, 35 miles below, the fall is 2.3 feet. In 1837, the governor of the newly admitted State of Mich- igan called the attention of the State legislature to the advisabil- ity of constructing a canal around the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie, and three years later the subject was brought up in the United States Senate. In spite of violent opposition a survey was ordered, which was made V)y officers of the Topographical Engi- neers, U. S. Army. In 1852, a grant of 750,000 acres of public land was made to the State of Michigan, from the proceeds of which the canal was to be built. The grant was attended with the conditions that the canal bo at least 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep ; the locks at least 250 feet long and 60 feet wide ; that work be begun within three years and finished within ten ; that tolls be limited to the amount necessary to keep the canal in repair, after the expenses of con- struction had been paid ; that Government vessels be free of tolls ; and that the donated land should not be sold until the location had been established and filed. The State accepted the conditions and the grant, and handed the latter over to a private company, which undertook to build the canal for the proceeds of the land. BAULT UT£. MARIE CANAL. OLD CANAL AND LOCKS. (1855.) Ground was broken for tlio work on Juno 4, 1853. The cer- titicato of its completion was 8i<;ned by the conimisslonors on May 21, 1855. The Hrst boat, the steamer Illinois, Captain Jack Wilson, was locked throui^h on June 18, 1855. The canal was 5,400 feet ion^r, 100 feet wide, and 12 feet deep at an averat^e sta<^o of water. The banks iiad a slope of 1 verti- cal to 2 horizontal, and were revetted with stone except in rock cuttings. The locks were at the eastern or lower end, and were two in number, placed one in immediate prolongation of the other. Each lock was rectafigular in plan, 350 feet long by 70 feet wide and 24 feet 8 inches deep, with a depth of llj feet of water over the miter-sills, and a lift of 9 feet. The capacity of each lock was 281,750 cubic feet. The walls wore of cut limestone from Mnrbleliead, Ohio, and Maiden, Ontario, backed with stone from Drummond's Island, Saint Mary's River. Water was admitted to the locks through openings in the leaves of the upper gates, by means of butterfly valves. The valves were worked with a rack and pinion. Seven mimites were required to lill the upper lock-chamber, and fourteen to Hll the lower. The volume of water in the upper lock when filled to the level of the canal above, amounted to 3,757,000 gallons. The water was let out of the locks by means of valves in the lower lock-gates. Fourteen minutes were required to empty each lock-chamber. Five minutes were required to open or close the lock-gates. The gates were operated by means of a boom, worked by a hand-capstan. The dimensions of the locks permitted the passage at one time of a tug and three vessels of the size then usual. There was a guard-gate of the ordinary niitering pattern 2,100 feet above the upper lock-gates. r 9 8AULT 8TE. MARIE CANAL. The original onrvey was made by Capt. Augustus Canfield, Topographical Engineers, U. S. A. The entire cost of the canal was $999,802.46. The last boat, the steam tug Annie Clark, Captain Edward Martin, was locked through Nov. 2, 1886. te is ii CANAL IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW LOCK. (1881.) The first contract for the improvement of tLe canal, which resulted in its enlargement and the building of the lock of 1881, was dated October 20, 1870; the first stone of the lock (the largest ship canal lock in the world) was laid July 25, 1876, and the first boat, the steamer City of Cleveland (now City of Aipena), Captain Albert Stewart, locked through on September 1, 1881. The length of the canal is 7,000 feet. Its width is variable. The least width is 108 feet, at the movable dam. The depth of water is 16 feet. Yesaels are protected against injury from the rocky sidea of the canal by a revetment of pier work, the general height of which is 4 feet above mean water level. The material is pine timber 1 foot square. There are 12,000 linear feet of wooden piers, and 3,100 linear feet of masonry connected with the canal. LOCK. Tlie chamber of the lock is 515 feet long between the gates, 80 feet wide, narrowed to 60 feet at the gates; the depth is 39^ feet. Its capacity is 1,500,000 cubic feet. The depth of the water on the miter-sills is 17 feet ; the lift of the lock is 18 feet. The volume of water in the lock chamber when tilled to the level of the canal above, amounts to 9,888,000 gallons. The E ■l^ BAULT BTE. MARIE CANAL. 9 •ills are placed 1 foot below canal bottom, so as to be protected from injury by vessels. A guard gate is placed at each end of the chamber, making the length of the walls 717 feet. The walls are of limestone. The cut stone was obtained from Marblehead, Ohio, and Kelley's Island, Lake Erie. There are 34,207 cubic yards of masonry, in the construction of which 35,000 barrels of cement were nsed, every barrel of which was tested before it was taken on the wall. The face stone, the miter and breast walls, and portions of the wall adjacent to springs of water, are laid in English Portland cement; the remainder of the wall is laid in American cement. The cements were mixed with sand in the proportion of 1 to 1. The foundation is on rock throughout, a Potsdam sandstone of different degrees of hardness. A floor of timber and con- crete extends across the bottom of the lock and 5 feet under «ach wall ; the rest of the fonndation of the wall is concrete i to 2 feet thick on the rock. All the timbers used in the foun- dation are of pine 1 foot square. They are laid in concrete and fastened to the rock with bolts 3 feet long, which are fox wedged and cemented in the rock. The miter-sills aie oak timbers 12 by 18 inches, and fastened in place by bolts 10 feet long, fox-wedged and concreted in the rock, and also by timber braces bolted to the rock. The estimated capacity of the lock is 96 vessels in twcr*^y-four hours. At the close of the season of 1887, the greatest number of vessels ever through the canal in one day, was on June 14, 1887, when 84 vessels were locked through. The original plans and specifications for this lock were pre- pared under direction of Gen. Orlando M. Poe, U. S. A. Later, they were somewhat modified under direction of Gen. Godfrey "W eitzel, TJ. S. A. Mr. Alfred Noble, was the Assistant Engineer in local charge of the work from beginning to end. The total cost of the canal enlargement was $2,150,000. IJPnifaM 10 8AULT STE. MARIE CANAL. / ,^ GATES. Two minutes are required to open or close the lock-gates. There are four gates, designated as upper and lower lock-gates? and upper and lower guard-gates. The frame work is of white oak and sheathing of Norway pine. The weight of one leaf of tiie upper lock-gate is 40 tons and of one leaf of the lower lock- gate 76 tons. The guard-gates are only used when repairs are being made to the lock. They are opened and closed by means of temporary block and tackle operated by a power capstan. I>oth leaves of the upper guard-gate are provided with valves, with which to till the lock after it has been pumped out. The valves are worked with a hand wrench from the top of the leaf. Tlie lock can bo tilled through these valves in about one hour. I ■sxm FILLING. Eleven minutes are required to fill the lock. The water is let into the locks from two culverts nnder the floor. These culverts are each 8 feet square, and extend from the well above the upper lock-gate to the well al)0ve the lower lock-gate. The water is admitted into the culverts through a well which is covered with a grating. The covering of the culverts is the floor of the lock. TIio water passes into the lock chaml)er through 58 apertures in the lock floor. Each aperture has an area of 3 square feet ; the 5S apertures 174 square feet. This area is increased to 190 pqnaie feet by the man-holes left in the bulkhead at the lower end of the culverts. The filling valves through which the water enters the culverts are two in number, and are located in the well just above the upper lock-gate. Each valve, when shut, closes the entrance to one of the culverts. Each valve is 10 feet wide and 8 feet (]cop. The valves are made with horizontal cast-iron axles, and fraujes^ to which a covering of boiler iron is bolted. SAULT 8TE. MARIE CANAL. 11 EMPTYING. Eight minutes are required to empty the lock. The water in passing out of the lock goes down through a well which is covered with a grating, thence through two short culverts and up through a well below the lower lock-gates. The emptying valves, through which the water escapes from the lock, are two in number and are located in the well just above the lower lock-gate. Their construction is similar to that of the filling valves, just described. Each culvert is complete in itself. If an accident should occur to one culvert, or to its valves or engines, the other culvert could still be used. MACHINERY. The power is obtained from two 30 inch turbines. The com- puted effective energy of the two wheels combined is 50 horse- power. Water is brought to them througli a supply pipe from the canal above the lock. Both are connected by spur gearing to the main shaft. The power for operating the different parts of the machinery is taken from this main shaft by means of pul- leys and belts in the usual manner. Two pumps force water into an accumulator loaded so as to give a pressure of about 120 pounds to the square inch. Water is taken from the accumulator to the engines whicli open and close the gates and valves. Heavy West Virginia mineral oil is used in the cylinders whenever tlie temperature is so low that water would be likely to freeze. There are four gate engines, one for each leaf of the upper and lower lock-gates, and four valve engines, one for each of the filling and emptying valves. The machine house is of stone. Theoe'is a'cen£'.r,g:''6ur.dfloor, and upper floor. The main shaft, actnth'ulator. piirapb, *CiC. Vre on the upper floor ; the p*)n-stbck, dynamo. ',6ol-room, etc. ara located on the ground S.oor. The accumulator pa?see from the cellar up through the upper floor.., „^ i -vi -^v « * '(.^ j Tho turbine iron supply pipe lied on the south side of the 12 SAULT 8TE. MARIE CANAL. lock. The inlet is 45 feet above the upper guard-gates and 7 feet below the surface of the water, and is covered with an iron grating. It has a cut-off valve 9 feet from the inlet. Its interior diameter is 36 inches. Tiie pump for emptying the lock is in the cellar of the machine house. It is a centrifugal, run by a belt from the main shaft. It is about 8 feet below the surface of the water. When the water is to be pumped out of the lock, the guard- gates above and below it are closed. Seventeen hours are required to empty the lock with the pump. The dynamo for the electric lights, used in lighting the locks, is a ten-arc-light r ichine of the "Brush" patent. It is run by a belt from the main shaft. The force required is eight horse-power. The power capstan is on the lock wall near the machine house. It is run by belts from the main shaft. The capstan is used for warping vessels into and out of the lock. A system of lines and snatch-blocks extends around the lock, so that vessels can be warped in from either end and to either side. The movable dam is about 3,000 feet from the lock, and is designed to check the flow of water so that the upper guard- gates can be closed in case the lock-gates are accidentally carried away. It consists of an ordinary swing-bridge, one end of which can be swung across the canal. A series of wickets are suspended side by side from a horizontal truss hung beneath the bridge, and abutting, at either end (when the bridge is closed), against heavy buffers securely anchored to the masonry. One end of each vicket can be let down until it rests against a sill in the bottom of the canal. When the wickets are all down they form a vertical bulkhead or dam. The wickets are 23 in number ;,eapj\ wicket is supported in an iron frame. The bottom 'df the fcanal.' under the movable dam is covered <' ', with a'nobr. The de.aa weiglri ofr.the truss due to the wickets , and frames is l-QCfo'twunds per VtfnRW foot. This is counter- jwunds per Vtfnn'fqg ,at the opposite. -'e V^4t9ri;k'inst the per running foot. \ \ 8AULT 8TE. MARIE CANAL. 13 The canal, upon which the General Government had spent large sums, was still in the possession of the State of Michigan. Congress on June 14, 1880, authorized the Secretary of War to receive the canal from the State of Michigan. The transfer was made June 6, 1881. Since that time the canal has been in the possession of the General Government, and all vessels have been passed through free of toll. The chamber of the lock now building on the site of the two old locks of 1855, will be 800 feet long between the gates, 100 feet wide and 43^ feet deep. Its capacity will be .'>,440,000 cubic feet. The depth of water on the miter-sills will be 21 feet, and the lift of the lock 18 feet. The volume of water in the lock chamber when filled to the level of the canal above, will be 23,338,000 gallons. The estimated capacity of the lock is four vessels, each 350 feet long and 46 feet wide, at one lockage. The canal will be deepened to a navigable depth of 20 feet. The estimated cost of the lock and enlarged canal is $4,740,000. Work was begun in the Spring of 1887. Gen. Orlando M. Poe, U. S. Army, is the Engineer in charge of the improvements. There are now engaged in the commerce of the lakes nearly 2,000 American vessels. They represent an investment of $50,000,000 capital. Some of these vessels are of sufficient capacity to carry at a single trip the grain that would load five freight trains of thirty cars each, with over 600 bushels per car. The entire wheat crop of a 4,000 acre Dakota wheat-farm went throngh the canal on one of these great can-iers. u statement of the Commeroe tlirough Saint Mary's FaUsI Canal i m M^ki Year. 18SS 1856 1857 1858 1859 1880 1661 1868 1863 1861 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1873 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 ias-3 18a3 1884 1885 1886 1887 Sailing vessels. Steam- ers. (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 1,045 602 555 839 817 939 1,397 1,064 1,213 1,649 833 569 684 1,401 1,091 1,403 1,718 1,706 1,663 1,458 1,709 1,689 2,534 3,562 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) fa) (a) 366 395 453 466 a'JS 399 431 573 793 908 90 i 1,404 1,733 1,050 1,476 1,618 1,735 2,117 2,739 2,630 3,609 3,354 4,584 6,968 •^ CO P (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (1)) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) 100 50 181 372 2;37 371 a37 306 835 51 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 1,411 997 1,008 1,305 1,155 1,338 1,888 1,637 2,004 2,517 1,734 2,0a3 2,417 2,4.51 2,567 3,121 3,503 4,004 4,774 4,315 5,689 5,380 7,424 9,835 (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (e) (c) (c) (c) (c) (e) (c) (c) (e) (o) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (f) (c) (e) (c) 8,120 2 572 2,.a5i 3,074 2,803 3,593 4,103 TONNAGE. Regis- tered. 106,296 101,458 180,820 819,819 332,642 403,6.57 276,639 359,612 507,434 571,438 409,062 4,')8,530 556,899 433,563 534,885 690,826 752,101 914,735 1,201,446 1,070,857 1,269,534 1,541,670 1,439,216 1,667,136 1,677,071 1,734,890 2,092,757 2,-4C8,08f? 2,043,259 2,997,a37 3,035, 9!7 4,219,397 4,897,593 H Actual Freight. (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (e) (o) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) 1,567,741 2,029,531 2,207,105 2,874,667 3,256,033 4,537,759 5,494,049 Passen- gers. 4,270 4,674 6,650 0,230 8,810 8,468 18,281 16,985 19,777 14,007 15,»0 10,590 17,057 17,163 15, 859 25,830 30,966 22,958 19,685 30,286 21,800 20,394 18,979 25,700 24,671 29,256 39,1.30 54,214 30,147 37,088 32,068 Coal. Flour. Tons. Barrels. 1,414 10,289 3,968 17,686 5,278 16,560 4,118 13,782 8,884 39,469 60,250 11,507 22,743 11,846 17,291 7,805 81,975 11,282 33.937 84,985 19,915 33,603 22,927 28,346 26,814 27,372 27,850 32,007 15,952 33,548 46,798 26,060 80,815 136,411 96,780 172,692 61,123 179,855 101,260 309,991 124,734 315,224 91,575 355,117 91,856 344,599 . 110,704 451,000 170,501 533,860 295,647 005,453 430, 184 344,044 714,444 687,031 706,379 1,218,243 891,991 1,440,003 r 009, 999 1,759,365 1,358,987 1,672,735 WhMt. ButheUl (e) (e) (e) (e) («) (e) (e) («) (e) (e) (e) (e) ; (e) (o) (e) 49,70 1,378,70 507, 13 2,119,!iB 1,120,01 1,213,7-5 1,971,51 1,349,7- 1,87^,11! 2,003,0. 2,105,i«j 3,450, £ 3,728,8 5,900, 4| 11,985,7* 15,274,a;| 18,991,4S 23,096,5!* Year. Or othe Wl Bu 1855 .... 1856 1887 1858 1859 I860 1 1H61 1862 863 661 1 B65 ... ■66 8 r 3 o 14 I (a) No record kept until 1864. (b) No record Icept until 1879. (c) No record Icept until June, 1881. ary'B Fallal Canal for each calendar year from its opening in 1866. 16 rrels. 10,289 lYear. Wheat. BuMheUl (e) 17,086 (e) I6,5(i0 (e) 13,782 (e) 39,459 (e) 50,250 (e) 22,743 (e) 17,291 (e) 81,975 (e) 33,937 (e) 34,985 (e) 33,603 (e) 1 28,345 (e) ! 27,372 (0) . 32,007 (e) i 33,548 49,70i 26,060 1,376,7a 136,411 667,13 172,693 2,119,>w 179,855 1,120,0: 309,991 1,213,: 515,224 1,971,5; 355,117 l,349,;i 344,599 1,872,94 151,000 2,603, OS 523,860 2,105,95 303,453 3,450, 9C 314,014 3,728,85 BS7,C31 5,900,4: 218,243 11,985,7« 140,0!)3 15,274,21 759,365 18,991,48^ 572,735 23,096,5a 1855 1856 [1857 |l858 |l859 |l860 IMOI 1802 33 SI 65 66 67 ?3 fii 187.1 1871) i i 78 79 Bl Grain- other than Wheat. Manufac- tured and Pig Iron. Btuhela. 33,908 22,300 10,500 71,738 133,437 76,880 59,062 78,480 143,560 229.986 249,031 285,123 323,501 804,077 308,823 445,774 309,645 149,999 850,080 ■107,772 343,543 264,674 951,496 2,547,106 367,838 473,129 776.553 517,103 422,981 715,373 775, 166 Tons. 1,040 781 1,325 2,597 6,504 4, 194 6,438 6,681 7,648 7,346 13,235 20,602 22,785 23,851 42,959 54,984 86,194 44,920 31,741 54,381 64,091 39,971 14,833 39,218 48,791 87,830 92,870 109,910 72,428 60,843 115,808 74,919 Salt. Copper Kiirrela. 587 464 1,600 950 2,787 3,014 3,477 1,506 1,776 3,175 4,454 5.816 4,624 5,910 11,089 36, 199 43,690 29,335 42,231 4-3,989 46.000 03, 188 03,533 93,2»."i 77,9-6 63,897 176,612 70.898 144,804 136, 335 138,677 204,908 Tons. 3,106 6,727 6,760 6,744 7,817 9,000 7,646 6,881 1,044 5,381 9,935 9,660 10,685 12,222 18,662 11,301 14,562 14,691 15,927 15. 346 18,396 33,756 16,767 32,529 23,309 31,753 39,488 23,409 31,034 36,003 31,937 38,627 34,886 Iron Ore. Tons. 1,447 11,697 36,184 31,035 65,769 120,000 44,836 118,014 181,567 813,7.53 147,459 152,102 222,861 191,939 239,308 409,850 .327,461 383,105 604,121 437,658 493, 408 609,753 568,082 655,750 540,075 677,073 748,131 987,060 791,732 1,136,071 1,335,138 2,087,809 8.497,713 Lumber. B M. Feet. 130,000 .396,000 672,000 186,000 394,000 196,000 1,411,000 i, 001,000 882,000 144,000 390,000 1,119,000 1,260,000 722,000 1,072,000 l,t44,000 1,162,000 638,000 .3,. 3111, 000 17,701,000 4,143,000 24,119,000 35,598,000 44, .539,000 58,877,000 82,783,000 87,131,000 133,359,000 137,984.000 138,088,000 165,238,000 of a>3 Tons. (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) (d) 92 464 306 580 443 847 985 987 050 324 66 22 814 9,731 3,669 2,009 330 Building Stone. Date of Opening. Tons. (e) June 18 (e) May 4 (e) May 9 (e) Apr. 18 (e) May 3 (e) May 11 (e) May 3 (e) Apr. 27 (e) Apr. 28 (e) May 2 (e) May 1 (e) May 6 (e) May 4 (e) May 2 (J) May 4 2,917 Apr. 29 5,288 May 8 5,218 May 11 2,218 May 5 401 May 13 2,978 May 13 3,102 May 8 8,506 May 2 3,7.34 Apr. 8 2,236 May 8 3,283 Apr. 33 1,400 May 7 6,428 Apr. 81 2,406 May 2 6,017 Apr. 23 8,189 May 6 9,449 Apr. 83 1.3,401 May 1 Date of Closing. Nov 23 Nov. 38 Nov. 30 Nov. 89 Nov. 88 Nov. 26 Nov. 14 Nov. 37 Nov. 84 Dec. 4 Dec. 3 Dec. 8 Dec. 8 Dec. 3 Nov. 29 Dec. 1 Nov. 29 Not. 26 Nov. 18 Dec. 8 Dec. 8 Nov. 86 Nov. 30 Dec. 8 Dee. 3 Nov. 15 Dec. 5 Dec. 3 Dec. 11 Dec. 10 Dec. 2 Doc. 4 Dec. 2 (d) None Hbipped from Lake Superior until 1867. (e) None shipped from Lake Superior until 1870. 16 Statement of the Commerce through Saint Mary's Falls Canall P t t TONNAGE. ] Sailing TeBsela. 8te am- en. Sj P Pasien- gera. Coal. Flour. Wheat G Year. Regis- tered. Actual Freight. ar otl Tons. Barrels. Bushe B 1888 1,663 a, 739 878 4,774 9,579 9,468,088 2,029,691 99,956 430.184 844,044 8,728,8 38 1888 l,4ftH 3.6S0 287 4,316 9,851 9, MS, 269 2,267,106 39,180 714,444 687,081 6,900,4 88! 1884 1,700 3,809 371 5,689 8,074 9,997.837 2,874,657 64,914 706,379 1,948,248 11.085,: 84 1 I 1885 1,689 3,354 837 5,380 9,868 8,086,937 3,266,698 86,147 894,091 1,440,008 16,274,2 1888 8,RS4 4,684 306 7,494 3,698 4,219,897 4,627,769 27.088 1,009,999 1,769,365 18,991,4 » 1887 S,86a 5,968 825 9,856 4,166 4,897,598 5,494,619 88,668 1,859,987 1,679,735 23,096,! 7 1888 9,009 5,806 489 7,808 8,845 6,180,660 6,411,493 96,668 9,106,041 2,190,786 18,69«,] 8 2.( "Wd livmr^-i Movable Dam.— Closed. '8 Falls CanalBi' each calendar year from its opening in 1866.— Continutd. 17 Flour. Wbeat ar Qrain— other than Wheat. 1 Manufac-I turedand, Pig Iron 1 1 Salt. Copper Iron Ore. • 1 Lumber. B. M. i 1 1 1 Silver Ore and Bullion. 1 ; Building ' Date of j Dat« of Htone. Opening. 1 Closing. 1 Parrels. Btuhe BuaheU. Tons. 1 Barrels. Tons. Tons. F>et. j Tuns. Tons. ' 344,044 a,728,K 82 478.129 9r u 1 1 178,612 25,409 987,060 82,788,000 ' ' 1 22 5,428 Apr. 21 ^ Dec. 8 887,081 6,900,4 88 776,562 109,910 ; 70,898 81,024 791,732 87,181,000 { 814 8,406 May 3 | Dec. 11 1,248,248 11,988,7 84 617,103 72,428 1 1 144,804 86,083 1,136,071 122,889,000 ; 9.731 6,047 Apr. 28 | Dec. 10 1,440,098 i6,2^4,i m 422.981 60,84a 1 1.38, .388 31,927 1,235.132 127,084,000 3,680 8.189 1 May 6 | Dec. 2 1,769,365 18,981,4 » 715,378 115,208 158,677 38,827 . 2,087,809 138,688,000 2,009 9,449 ! Apr. 36 { Dec. 4 1,672,785 23, 096, J 775,186 74,919 204,908 84,886 2,4117.713 165,226,000 850 13,401 May 1 { Dec. 2 2,190,726 18,59<,] 2,022,808 63,703 210,488 28,960 2,570,517 240,872,000 3,385 88,541 1 May 7 Dec. 4 INDIAN NAMES. / "Yo 8uy, tboy all liavo passed iiwuy, That noble nice and brave, That their light canoes have vanished From off the crested wave; That 'mid the forests where they roamed There rings uo hunter's shout; But tlicir name is on your waters, Ye may not wash them out." Tlio particular locality to which the Indian name properly belongs (althoul!)ce8 on the rocky shore with a stone, a metallic sound is produced. Coffee. MaTcatemaahkikiwabo, "black medicine -water." Where coffee has become a beverage of ordinary use, the Ojibwa call it kjpi, or, if they can, kafi. (They pronounced the name of the late President Garfield, — Gapi.) INDIAN NAMES. 21 rocky Conductor. (R. Tl.) Nndaninaiganiwinini^ "ticket (muftmaujan) gathering {nod-) imin {ininiy Des Moines River. (Iowa.) French Za liiviere des Moines, " llivcr of the Molnyioenay Tho Indians of this naino formed one of tjjo divisioiiR of tlio Illinois tribo. Mowlnywe, "dirty face." J/«, "dirt" (excrements); -ingwef '• he has such a faoo." The ending -tid, is peculiar to tlio Illinois dialect. Detour. ((/hippewa Co., Mich.) French, "turning point. " The Ojibwa name for tho locality is Giwideo6nan,y "a channel where tliey turn, sailing." (frwidcumo, "he goes around a point by water;" -onati, "a boat channel." Drummond Island. (St. Mary's Eiver, Midiigan.) PotiganUNiny, " mortar -sluiped. " From tho olmoieto potiyan, (now hodnyan,) "a mortar," "a pot;" and issin, "it lies thus." Uho term refers tp a largo bay on the north- western side of the island. Eagle River (Keweenaw Co., Mich.) Migishoisibi. Migisi, "eagle;" xihl^ "river." The ancient form miyiaiw, is used in compounds, and / is inserted for tho sake of euphony. Entry. (Tlie month of Portage River, Keweenaw Co., Mich.) Sdginy, "at the mouth." This is a common name, and the locative case of sayl, "the mouth of a river;" from the root tiay-, "coming foi'th." (See iSauyaluck.) European. Kichiagaming xoenjildd, "one wlio comes frotn the great other side." ■ Fence River. (Marquette Co., Mich.) Michilranisihi, "fence river," or "fish weir river." Michikan, "an enclosure." The name of Lake Michigan lias been erroneously derived froni this word. Fond du Lac. (Minn.) French, "head of the lake." Tlie Ojibwa name is JSaydjiwanany, "where tho current is stopped." Naya-, "stopping;" -ijiwan, "the water flows;" -a7iq, a locative affix. The current of the Sr. Louis Ttiver is arrested below the rapids near Fo7id du Lac, the lake water backing up thus far, especially when strong north - tiasters are blowing. J^auyatuok, (Conn.) has the same meaning. The Ottawa equivalent would be nayitayi Menominee nayita. German. Animd; Dechiman; r\\s,o Meyagtoed. Anima, from the Frencli Al/emand. Dechiman^ from Dutchman. 2J('yaywed, " one who speaks a strange language ; " i. e. different from French or English, with which the Indiana became acquainted at an earlier period. :ll ill ^ INDIAN NAMES. ~- G r a n d R i V e r . (L. P., Mich.) KiehisiU, " big river." Grand Traverse Bay. (L. M.) Kichiwikwed, "big bay;" generally used in the locative case, Kichiwikwedong. Grassy Point. (St. Mary's River, Mich.) Newissaga- kokang, "ash point." Ne-, "turnin^r," "point;" wissagak, <'an ash-tree;" {toissag-, "strong flavored," "bitter;" -ak, "tree;") -oka, "they abound there;" -ng, participial ending. Gratiot Lake. (Keweenaw Co., Mich.) Kechigami- washkokag, "where rushes abound." Kichigamiwashk, "a rush;" etyinologically "great lake gniss;" -oka, "there is much of it." The change of i into e in t.ie tirst syllable, and the final g, form the participle of Kichhjmniwaahkokay "rushes abound there." Green Bay. (Wis., L. M.) Bojwikwed, "deep bay;'* from hoj- (bod-, pack, hoH-\ "penetrating," " entering deeply ;" and wikwed, " a bay." Gull Island. (Mich., L. M.) Nadawdning, they gather uggs." Nad-, "to fetch," "to gather;" "an egg;" -ing, a locative affix. The island is " where wawan, a great hatching place for gulls. Gull Island. (One of the Apostle Islands, L. S.) Gaydshkominlss. "gull island." Gayashk, "a gull;" origi- nally "a scraper." Harbor Island. (St. Mary's River, Mich.) Bchhh)- gdgdzhioshkdzhminisx, "horse-hoof island." Thus the Iniiijins translate Horseshoe Island, the po?iuliir English name of the island. Formerly, they called it Behezhigogdzhiminus, " Horse Island," because the early settlers on the neighboring Cana- dian shore used it as a summer pasture for their horses. This circumstance being unknown to later comers (the Mormons on Druramond's Island), they changed the name to " Horse shoe Island," being under the impression that the term "Horse Island" referred to the configuration of its harbor. Harbor Springs. (Emmet Co., Mich.) Wikwedos- ing, "at the little bay;" Ottawa Wikwedoing, "atthebsiy;" from wikwed, "a bay." Earlier names of the village, which was settled by the Ottawas about 1827, were New JOArhte Croche and Little Traverse. We -que -ton -sing, a summer resort a short distance from Harbor Springs, is the anglicized form of Wikwedosing. Hardwood Island. (One of the Apostle Islands, L. S.) Oamdnandsika, "where dogwood abounds." Ifanan or in the diminutive form manands, "a Cornell - cherry (dog, i INDIAN NAMES. 28 river. ^, "big wedong. cissaga- issayak, ;" -ak, ending. 'higami- shk, "a there is syllable. ashkokay ip bay;'* deeply ;" , "where ' wawan, a great 8, L. S.) J;" ««*igi- le Indiitns e of the 8, " Horse n^ Can:i- sep. This Mormons ) " Horse the term harbor. Wikwedos- the bay ; " age, which uo UArhte tance from king. fie Tslatidf, " Manan lerry (dog, Sinande: Minissing-wejijihad,' Zhaskawani- wood) tree." The prefix gor, and the ending -ika, are explained elsewhere. Irishman. hissij also ZJuigandsh. Sinande, from the French les Irian dais. Minissing-wenjihad, '* one who comes from an island ; " in consequence of mistaking Ireland for isla/nd. Zhasha' icanihissi, "a swallow;" by another misunderstanding, taking the French Irlandaia for hirondelle, "a swallow." Zhaga- nosh, "Englishman;" on account, of the Irish speaking the English language. Ishpeming. (Marquette Co., Mich.) An Indian name given by the whites to a village (now city) a few miles ab(»ve Kegaunee. Ishpiming, means " above," or " on higli." Kahoka. A division of the Illinois tribe were com- monly called Kahokia (French Kaoiikia). The Indian spell- ing is Gawakia, " the lean ones." Ojibwa gawakadoso, " he is extremely lean." Kaskaskia. (A division of the Illinois tribe.) From gaskashkiwe, "his voice has the sound of blades of (dry) grass (or husks) being rubbed together;" "his voice is husky." Gask-y "rubbing sound;" -ashk, "grass;" -we, "he speaks thus." Kenosha. Ginozhe, or kinozhe (pronounced ke-no-zhd)^ "a pike (fish)." Ginozhes'ibiy "pike river." Keweenaw. (U. P., Mich.) From the Indian Kaki- weonan, "a short way by water across a point of land." Aak; " straight," " straight through ; " kakiwe, " he crosses a point;" -onau, inaonan, "a canoe chatmel." The form liionconan, which occurs in some texts, {e. g. in Perrots Memoirs,) is owing to a mistake of the copyists, who wrote n for w, and c for e, in the French rendering of the name, which is Kioueonan. The term refers to the route by Portage River and Lake, across- the Kewe::naw peninsula. Killarney. (Ontario, L. II.) Zh'hd/man, locative Zhihdondning, " where they pass through a cliannel." Zhiha-y "passing through;" -onAn, "a boat channel." An island opposite the village forms a channel, just wide enough for steamers to pass through, between the main shore and the island. (See Cheboygan liiver.) Lake Michigamme. (Marquette Co., Mich.) Miahi- garni, " the branching lake ; " so called from its form. 4t may also be translated "great lake." nr 24 INDIAN names; \ Lake Nipissing'. (Ontario, Canada.) Kichinibishing, the locative case of Aiehinibish, "big lake." JVibi, (in the Ottawa dialect, nibish,} properly means "water," but ia also used for "a body of water,' "a small lake." In the Pottawatomie dialect, m'bish, is an "inland lake." Lake Superior. Ojibwehichigdml, "the great water of the ()jil)wa." The Indians living on or near Lake Supe- rior, call it simply Kinhigami, "great water." Kichi-, " great ; " -garni, " water," " a body of water." This lake was the pond of the Giant Beaver hunted by Menabosho, who broke its dams, thereby causing the Saut Ste. Marie and Neebish rapids. Another consequence was the subsidence of the water, the ancient beach being still plainly visible on many points of the shore, some ten feet above tl^e present level of the lake. (This is Indian geology !) (See Ashlaml Bag.) Lake of the Woods. (Minnesota and Manitoba.) I*aj)ikwawangasagaigan, " sand - hill lake." Pihwawanga (from /vi^o-, " knob sliapeii," and -awanga, "there is sand on the shore"), "there is a sand-hill on the shore;" papikwawanga, ''there are many sand-hills on the shore." L'Anse. (Barajja Co., Mich.) The French translation of the Ojibwa Wikwed, "the bay," or " the head of the bay." It is generally used in the locative case, Wihwedong •, from wih-, {^> found Scotchman. Eeosse^ from the French Ecosf^ais. Also \lpit6towe, "one who lays great stress on his words." Sebewa. Sihiwe, (also aihiwes, and sibiwis/ie,) "a Irivulet," "a brook." Sebewaing. Slhlweng, "at the ^sibiwishe, is the diminutive of sibi, "river Seven Stars. (The constellation Pleiades.) gwan, " bear's carcass." Shabominikan Bay. (La Pointc Island, L. S.) Zhahomlnikan, " gooseberry - place." Zhahomin^ "gooseberry;" z/iabom.inika, "gooseberries abound there." Zhabo-, "passing through;" min, "a berry;" hence zhabomin, "a berry that causes diarrhoea," "cathartic berry." Sinsinawa. Slnsinawe, or Zh.inzhtnarc<\ com\x\()x^\y Zhinawe, "rattlesnake." Zhinawe, "it makes a rattling sound." Another name for the rattlesnake, is zhishigwe, from zhhhi- gv^an, a gourd, bottle, or bladder, used as a " rattle." Spanish River. Eshpaymibi, "river of the Span-b iard." Eshpago, "a Spaniard;" from the French Espagnol. Spirit Island. (One of the Apostlo Islands, L. S.) iManitoininisses, "little island of the Manitou." This island contains about one acre. Steamboat Island. (One of the Apostle Islands, L. S.) Ishkotendhikwdniniimss, "fire-ship island." Ishkote, "fire;" nahikwan, "ship;" miniss, "island." \ N^abikwan, m corrupted from nabagoon, "a flat vessel;" nabago-, "flat;" -on, "canoe," "boat," "vessel.") iiii 11 i«i 80 U4DIAN NAME6. Stockbridge Indian. (A remnant of Mohcgans, near Green B&y, Wis.) Wabandki, " Eastlander." Sturgeon Bay. (Door Co., Wis.) Namewikwed^ or Namemkwedos^ "sturgeon bay," or "little Bturu;eon bay." Name, "a sturgeon;" wikwed, "a bay." Generally used in tlio locative case, Namewikwedong, or jSfamewikwedoaing. Sturgeon River. (Menominee Co., Mich.) Names^i, "sturgeon river." Name, "a sturgeon." In the eastern Algic dialects, namd, or namdn, (according to the Moravian [German] spelling, namaey namaes,) means a '' tish." Sugar Island. (St. Mary's River, Mich.) Sisibdkwa- tdminiss, "sugar -tree island." Sisihakwat, "sugar;" ironi ttlb; or aidh-, "flowing," "dropping;" aiu! -akwa, referring to a tree. This island is also called Ishkonigan, "a reserve" (Indian Reserve) : from ishhmige, " he keej)s back." Superior. (Douglas Co., Wis.) Wayekwdkichigdming, "at the end of the big lake." Wayekwa-, means "at the end of — ^ ; " kichigami, " a large body of water." Tawas. (Iosco Co., Mich.) From Otdwds, "Little Ottawa;" the name of an Ojibwa chief, who once lived in that neighborhood. Tea. Anihlshdbo, "leaf -water," "loaf- fluid." Tea, in leaves, is simply called anihish, "leaf." Kichianihiah, "big leaf," means "cabbage." The Ojibwa are acquainted with several dlflFerent kinds of herbs and leaves that serve as substitutes for our tea. Three Lakes. (Baraga Co., Mich.) Ayanikegdgor mag, " connected lakes," or " where there is a chain of lakes." It is a participle of anikegagama, "there is a succession (atuke-, anikeg-,) of lakes {-agamay^ (See Alleghany.) Toboggan. A corruption of the Old Algonkin otahd- gan, "a sleigh."^ The Ojibwa fo'-ru is oddban, from odabi, "he drags." Titibisse-odaban, or titibidaban, "a sledge on wheels," "a wagon;" tiiough, commonly, they use odaban for both sleighs and wagons. Isk - kote • oddban, " fire - wagon," "locomotive." Torch Lake. (Houghton Co., Mich.) Wasswewining, "where they spear fish by torch -light." Wa^swa, "he is spearing (aA:oi«a) fish by the light (wasseya) of a torch;" wa^swewin, "the act of spearing fish by torch - light." Traverse Island. (Keweenaw Bay, Mich.) Nimi- ndganiminus, "crossing island." Niminagan, "a crossing place;" miniss, "island." INDIAN NA.MB8. 81 ms, near ^cwedy or n bay." used in ing. "amesibi, rn Algic German] 'sibdkwa- ; " i roin referring ' (Indiiui tgamwg, "at the " Little lived in Tea, in iah, " big kinds of tea. niTi'egdgar of lakes." succession y-) k\\\ otahd- 3ni odahi, sledge on 16 odahan 5 - wagon," we wining J a, " he is a torch;" t." I.) Ntmi- i crossing Triangle. (A small constellation sitnated between Ariea and Andromeda.) Makoahtigwan^ " bear's head." Makwa., "bear;" -shtigwan, "head." Two Hearted River. (Chippewa Co., Mich.) An erroneous translation of Nishodesibi, "twin river." Nizhodh^ "a twin." Nizh., "two;" -ode, '-lamily," "origin," "descent." Two rivers emptying at or near the same place, are apt to be thus called : e. g.,, the Neahota Hiver., in Wisconsin. Two Hearted River would be, Nizhodeaihi. Nizh^ "two;" -de^ "heart." The dififercnce in the pronunciation of the two words is very slight. Vermilion River. (111.) Oaanamaniaihi, "vermilion river." (See Lake Verrnilion.) Wabansa. (A noted Pottawatomie chief.) Wahand- niaaiy contracted into Wahdniaai, "White Eagle." Wab-, "white;" ajiatii, atianiasi, "eagle." The latter term is obso- lete in Ojibwa, but appears in the compound migiaananiaai (originally migasanamsai), "eagle fighter;" in the Cree ■asponaaiw, " eagle ; " and in the Delaware woaplanne {waba- lane), a " bald eagle ; " etymologically " white eagle." Wabanaa was present at the massacre of the Fort Dear- born garrison August 15, 1812, and signed both (1821-1836) of the Indian Treaties made at Chicago. The sculptured face on the so-called " Wabanaa atone" (in the yard at 104 Pine St., Chicago), is said to be his portrait. Wacheo. Wajiw, the final w having almost the sound ^f 00. This term is common to the Ojibwa, Ottawa, Potta- watomie, Cree and other Algonkin dialects, and means "a mountain," or "a hill." Mount Waohuaett owes its name to the same root, which in a mutilated form, is also contained in Maaaachuaetta. Wapakoneta. (Menominee.) Wapikanita, "clay river," (See Auglaize jRiner.) Waugoshance. (Island, L. M.) WagoaMa, "little fox;" from wagoah, "fox;" witli the diminutive ending ea. Waukesha. Wakoshe, the Miami form of the Ojibwa wagosh, "a fox." Whiskey. {Rum, etc.) Jahkoiswaho, "fire-water." This word, unfortunately but too well known to whites in Indian neighborhoods, is generally prono need by them ■ahkotewdbo. The principal accent is on the e\ but this vowel is short, while a is long, — hence the mistake. 89 INDIAN NAMES. ln;:ii White Fish Point. (Chippewa Co., Midi.) Mmi- hong, "boaver point." Ne-^ "a point;" amik, "a beaver;" •onijy locative affix. Nemikay, " point of breakers," may have been the original name. (See Ashland Bay.) White River. (Anliland Co., Wis.) Batotigweyag, "at the double river," or "where the water runs along- side." Bito; "double," "lining;" -tigweya, "the water runs." The cliango of i to a and the addition of g, form the participle. White River runs for some distance parallel with Bad Hiver, before emptying into it. Willimantic River. (Conn.) Wwnamanitil'ot, the New England equivalent of the Ojibwa onamanitigo'ng. "at the vermilion (red clay) river." On-^ "good," "beautiful;" -amati, -man, " ore," " earth ; " hence onatnati, " red (ilay," " vermilion ; " -itig, " iinning water." The name, spelled in old documents Waramanticut, also Walla?nanticuck, has the same meaning. (Compare the Abuaki ouramann as given in Rasles' dic- tionary ; the Delaware walamen, " painting ; " and also Walor mmik, "at the place of paint.") Wilson's Island. (One 6f the Apostle Islands, L. S.) Eshawegondeg (tmnisa), "transveree island." Azhawe-, "transversely," "crosswise;" agwinde, "it lies in the water." The change of the initial a into e, and the addi- tion of g, form the participle. W i n e . Zhominnho, " grape - water." Zhomin, osaioamin, "yellow berry,") "a grape;" -abo, "fluid;" e.g., oshibiigajiaho, "writing fluid," "ink;" ma-shki- kiwabo, " inedicine water," "liquid medicine." (Mashkiki, from the formative -ashk, "a blade," had originally the mean- ing "herb." The Cree inaskikig is still used in this sense.) Yuba. Aydbe, " Male - Beast ; " tlie name of a noted Ojibwa warrior. Ayad, "any living thing;" -ahe, "male." The compound ayahe, however, is restricted to the males of mammalia. Ayahe is soinetiiues called Kichiayabe, "Big- Male- Beast," in order to distinguish him from AyabcK, Lit- tle-Male-Beast." The former is spoken of as a man of immense strength, while the latter is said to have excelled in woodcraft; being able — the Ojibwa assert — to reach in a bee line, the most distant points — by night. (from "water," Nemi' iver;" riginal weyag, along - water form Bad WHY NOTJAVE MONEY. Why will you pay the highest retail price for your papers and magazines when you can get them at the lowest Club Rates, — and get them direct from the publishers, the same as if you had ordered direct from them. We do not handle any of the periodicals, — we consolidate all orders and forward them daily, — we do a wholesale commission business in a business-like way, — we require cash with your order, — we charge you more than we pay, as we are not supplying you with reading matter for the purpose of getting your trade in other lines, — we propose to save you money and at the same time make money for ourselves, — we mean business every time and we are "minute men" in all our dealings. Write your address and that of your friends upon a postal card, ?.nd send it to us, and our Club List will be mailed to you Free. KELTON dc. CO., Publishers' Agents, QUINCY, MICHIGAN. REFERENCES!- PoHtmaster, First National Bank, Detroit Free Press. Secretary Y. H. C A., •J. W. Davis & Co , Qitinoy, Hichigaa. Detroit, Michigan. It II Blaolilnao Island, Blicli. 11 I 'II h^ THE CHICAGO AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY, 1 f ITH over 7000 miles of steel track In Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, III I^ichlgran, Minnesota, Nebraska, Dakota and Wyomingr, pene* ill trates the agricultural, miningr and commercial centers of the ^^^/ entire West and North-West. The management is ever alert to meet requirements of travel, In the use of every meritorious device which run contribute to the perfection of its service and promote the comfort and safety of its patrons. FAST VESTIBULED TRAINS, equipped with modern day coaches, sumptuous diningr cars, and new Wagner and Pullman sleepmg cars of the most luxurious pattern, run direct between Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis, Council Bluffs and Omaha, connecting with through trains to Portland, San Francisci>, Los Angeles, and all Colorado, Utah, Oregon, Washington Territory, California and Pacific CoEist Points. FOR COLORADO POINTS it provides THROUGH VESTIBULBD TRAIN SERVICE BETWEEN CHICAGO AND DENVER, and is the only line reaching the rich mining regions of the BLACK HILLS OF DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. Double daily train service firom Chicago to all important points in South Dakota, renders THE NORTH-WESTERN THE FAVORITE ROUTE For Homo-Seekers and Settlers. For fUll Information apply to any ticket agent, or the General Passen- erer Agent of the CHICAOO & NORTH- WESTERN RAIL WAY, Chicago, Ills. J. M. WHITMAN, H. C. WICKER, E. P. WILSON, Oeneral UouoKeii Xroffic Uanagox, Qcncral Passenffer Agent* "f'lll Read tbis to Your Wife and Babies AND THEN Mal^e a Note of It Yourself, that all periodicals ordered through our agency are sent to you direct from the publishers. , KELTON So CO., Publishers' Agents, QUINCY, MICHIGAN. N. B. — We are NOT located in Illinois, but wc are in Branch Co., Michigan,— 82 miles west of Toledo, Ohio,— 6 miles east of Coldwaler, Mich., — and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R. t Ipau lieptilicait p. D. BIS8ELL, Editor, St. Ignace, Mackinac Co., Mich. PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY. $2.00 .^ ir:H]j^:Ei. j ftlCfflGANrENTRAL To An island, GREEN AND GRASSY, Yonder in the Big-Sca-Water THE- DIRECT ROUTE ]\/[ ackinac J sum Through Cars from Detroit, con- necting at Bay City with through cars from Chicago and Jackson. E. C. BROWN, Ueuerul Muperintt'iident, DETROIT, MICH, O. W- RUGGL-ES, (ien'l I'liMsi' anil Tk'kct Ag't, CHICAGO, ILL. ARCH ROCK. MACKINAC ISLAND. (JHICAGO, ST. PADL & KANSAS CITY CONNECTING THE CITIES OF CHICAGO, DUBUQUE, WATERLOO, WAVERLY, MARSHALLTOWN, DES MOINES, ST= JOSEPH, KANSAS CITY, ST. PAUL f^ MINNEAPOLIS. ROUTE OF FAST LIMITED EXPRESS, TO AND FROM CHICAGO, ST. PAUL AND MINNEAPOLIS. NEW EQUIPMENT 1 PUNCTUAL SERVICE I JNl>. M. EGAN, • Qeneral Manager. W. R. BUSK N BARK, Gen'l Pass. Agent, CHICAGO. PLEASE SPREAD THE NEWS THAT KELTON & COm Publishers' Agents, QUiNCY, MICHIGAN, Have the Largest Newspaper Subscripfion Agency in the Would, and DON'T YOU FORGET IT. !! 1 Is conceded by even its competitors to be the ^^ a„. BEST It has received more Awards and Medals for superi around Type^A^riter manufactured. ority than any other. -THE- MICHIGAN AGENCY will be pleuxed to forward Circulai-Hof tlie Machine and Supplieit. "R'*!?^. 26 Congress St. West, ^ IV Owning and Opebating the Only Lines OF Steel and Iron Sidewheel Steamers on the Great Lakes. FROM CLEVELAND AND DETROIT TO MACKINAC ISLAND AND THE HUNTING and FISHING RESORTS OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. Lake loan! Palace Steameri! Low Rates! Quick Time! s a? X] ..^ i£ S2 li s City of Alpena, C'tyof Mackinac Four Trips per Week Between Detroit, Mackinac, St. Ignace, Cheboygan, Alpena, Oscoda, Sand Beach, Sanilac, Port Huron and St. Clair, Leave Detroit Mondays AND Saturdays - 10 P.M. Wednesdays and Fridays - 9 A.M. Arrive Mackinac Wednesdays and Mondays 7 AM. Thursdays and Saturdays 5 30 P. M. Close Connections with Steamers for Chicago, Milwaukee, Traverse City, Charlevoix, Petoskey, Harbor SpriDgg, Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, Portage, Duluth, and with Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic R. R, for Marquette, the Copper Regions and Duluth. sx'a]..^iid:aa:ab) City of Cleveland, City of Detroit (new) Euery Week Day Between CLEVELAND AND DETROIT Leave CLEVELAND -' Leave DETROIT - - ■ - 9.30 P. M. - 10 15 P. M. Arrive DETROIT - - Arrive CLEVELAND - 5.00 A. M, - 5 00 A. M. Special Sunday Night Trips June, July, August and September. For Illustrated Book, R^tes or Tickets, apply to your Ticket Agent or address THE DETROIT AND CLEVELAND STEAM NAV. CO. E. B. \VHITCOMB, G. p. a., Detroit, Mich. ■jjiifi THE "GBIFPON." The First Vessel on the Upper Lakes. Built by LaSalle, 1679. '• WALK-IN-THE-AVATEB." First Steamboat on the Upper Lakes. Built in 1818. At Maclcinac in 181U. I The Handsomest Trains vs. World ! THE PULLMAN VESTIBULE TRAINS NOW RUNNING BETWEEN CHICAGO AND KANSAS CITY OVER THE NEW a Santa Fe Route." Chicago, Santa Fe & California R'y Office, 212 Clark Street, corner Adams Street, * CHICAGO, J. J. BYRNE, - Ass't Geii'l Passenger Agent. mm How Can You Beat It WE TAKE ORDERS FOR ALL THE m pi II tUv. LEADING PERIODICALS -OF- Europe and America -AT THEIR- CLUB RATE PRICES. We do not handle the periodicaU,-we do not fur- nish sample copies, -we do a regular commission business,-we require c^sh with each order,-we send a receipt for all remittances,-give us a trial order and see what is what. KELTON & CO., Publishers' Agents, QUINCY, MICHIGAN. The New Mackinac (Built upon the site of the " Ma<;kinac House," whioh was burned in January, 1887.) Mackinac Island, Mich. lOO GOOD Rooms. Terms, 82.00 and .S2.50 Per Day. This house is well arranged for tlie comfort of tourists, and is con- veniently located on the Lake front, and forty feet from tlie only passenger wharf on the Island. The furniture, carpets, etc., art! all NEW". The house is equipped with electric bells, and modern conveniences. SAVE HACK HIRE TO AND FROM YOUR HOTEL. FRED. R. EMERICK, Proprietor and Manager. This hotel was built for the special comfort of summer boarders. On arrival, each guest will be asked how he liltes the situation, and if he says the hotel ought to have been placed upon Fort Holmes or on Round Island, the location of the hotel will be immediately changed. Corner front rooms, up one flight, for every guest. Baths, gas, electricity, hot and cold water, laiuidry, telegraph, restaurant, fire alarm, bar-room, billiard table, sewing machine, piano, and all modern conveniences in every room. Meals every minute, and consequently no second table. French and Gennan dictionaries fur- nished every guest, to make up such a bill of fare as he may desire. Waiters of any nationality or color desired. Kvery waiter furnished with a fan, button-hole boquet, full dress suit, ball tablet, and his hair parted in tlie middle. Every guest will have the best seat in the tlining hall and the best waiter in the house. Our clerk was specially educatt-d for "The New Mackinac," he wears the original Koh-i-nor diamond, and is prepared to pleuse everybody. He is always ready to sing any song, play any musical instrument, match worsted, take a hand at draw- poker, play billiards, "see a friend," loan his eye-glasses, sharpen your pencil, get the cinder out of your eye, take you out rowing, lead the german, amuse the chil- dren, make a fourth at whist, or llirt with any young lady, and will not mind being cut dead when Pa comes down. He will attend to the telephone and answer all questions in Choctaw, Chinese, Chippewa, Volapuk, or any other of the Court lan- guages of Europe. The proprietor will always be happy to hear that some other hotel is " the best in the country." Special attention given lu parties who give information as to "how these things are done in Bo.ston." ;m We Lead the Procession AB OUR liOCATION is hi u pleasant village where the expenses of labor and living are not half as great as in u city; we arc on the great Mist Mdil lioule between New York and Chicago; (on the Lalte Shore & Michigan Soulhern U. II., 83 miles west of Toledo; 103 miles east of Chicago;) we have four mails a day each way and coasidering the slowness of the delivery of mails in a city (several hours, while here, weget Hum within ten miiiules after trains arrive), we can copy and forward orders quicker than if in a city, except it bo for the few papers published in tlio city we might be located in, and the difference in even these could not exceed six hours. WE FORWARD ORDERS DAILY. We do not supply sample copies. Every order receives immediate attention. Oar prices include postage in the U. B. and Canada. The P. O. at Quincy, Michigan is a Money-Order office. Please do not crowd your order sheets, — but devote one line to each periodical. Hereafter our Annual Club List will be ready to mall by December first of each year. SUBSCRIPTIONS CAN BEGIN AT ANY TIME and back numbers cau usually be included at same rates. You waste time in writing given names of subscribers, as publishera put only initials on their papers. When ordering the renewal of a subscription it is not necessary to give the date; simply write "renewal." Our terms are for advance paying subscribers. Those who owe on past account must settle with the Publishers. We file 07-clei'8 away by DATES, and if you have occasion to refer to or ask about one, always give DATE of it or we cannot find it. RECEIPTS ARE SENT «Y POSTAL CARD /or all remittances except those in registered letters, which we receipt for on the registry card. i ONLY FULL YEAR subscriptioDs are taken at our club prices; if sliorter lime is desired, send ten cents in addition In llio proportionate price. Our prices arc subject to such clianireg as publishers may make. If lliey increase, we notify you and await your instructions; if lliey decrease, wo nilurn the surphis you may have sent. We cannot rIvo special rales on larjjc orders, — we liave but one price in all cases; we only charge a fair and reasonable compensation to cover necessary expenses and allow a very moderato prollt lo us. Our responsibility ceases as .soon as your paper begins to come with the correct credit on the address label. If publishers fail or suspend, the subscriber Icscs; just as ho would if he )iad subscribed direct with them. When your paper begins lo come you will know that the publisher has received your name and money; if any copies are lost by mail, or if you want lo change your address after that, you should write to them and not to us. All periodicals are sent lo you postpaid direct from the publishers, thus insuriniif promptness tind regularity, as we forward your name uii'l money to them nt once. If, by any acHiidenI, you do not receive your lirsl paper within a reasonable limii, VVRITK TO US, telling |l] name of paper, [i] IM'I'K of your order, [iJ] uanie and address of the subseribi'r. which will enable u^ to write necessary particulars to publishers to rectify the delay. SEND YOUR MONEY by Bank Draft, payable in Chicago, Detroit. Toledo, or New York; by Express Order; by Money Order payable in Quiney, Michigan; or by Kegistered Letter. Make all orders payable to K ELTON & CO. Small amounts of currency sent in ordinary letters are seldom lost, but we cannot become responsible fur money so sent. t>ne and two cent postage stamps will be accepted for amounts less than ono dollar. KELTON & CO., Publishers' Agents, QUINCY, MICHICAN. Our Club List Mailed FREE to any Address. DELTA TRANSPORTATION GO'S I Pclo^licj, Clickigaii, iactiflac and Sault Sk lark Daily Line of Steamers. TOURISTS' FAVORITE ROUTE. "Soo" Division TliroiiKh the Beaii- tlful and rictur- etqiie Ht. Mary'H Ulver. stp."soo"m. BVKON AltM8TBONO..Capt. Frank J. CARMN...Cl()rk. Sir. MINNIE M. J. B. MoNDOB Capt. Fbank H. Hubbard, Clerk. TO The 'Soo.' 6.00 A.M. 7 80 " i)(X) " 5 ;W CM. "800" DIV'N. \jV. . . .Chel)f)yK«n . . . Ar. — Mackinaw City — . ...Mat'klimc Island Ar..8'lt8te. Marie. Lv. TO duboyg'B 6.80 P.M. 4.00 " 2.80 " 6.00 A.M. Hei !trlDntD(r July IrI and oonllnulnir to Sept. 1st, Sunday trips will be made on thla dWInon. TO ■■etoskey. «A,M. lo.au " ia.;«) P.M. 1.30 •• 5.15 " 6.00 P.M. INLAND DIV'N. Lv..M i:kinacIgr(l..Ar. *; I Cheboygan. I ](J *;;• [ .Topinabee. | ^^; Ar. Oden... . . Petoskey . . .Lv, TO Uaclc. I'l 6 80 P.M. 4.30 4.00 l.:i0 1830 9.30 0.00 A.M The lioal8 of this dlvlHloii run daily, connecting at Uden with i>peclal train to and from I'etoBkey. iDlanJ Division Through a chain of beautiful Lakea and Bivers, uboiind- Ing In a great variety uf novel attrac- tions. Steamer &OXSO. A. H. FiBU) Captain. Steaser JULIET. Wh. Obambk Captain. SEND FOR A COPY OF "WHERE TO GO and HOW TO GET THERE." K. A. n IJM, Gon'I V. and F. Ag't, W. R. OWEN, Manager, CUJSIIOYGAN, MICH. 33 Metropolitan Bl'k, CHICAGO, ILLS. ! P t^ANIZED. "^^ Fully -^^ :(iUIPPED. SxRiyfl^MlNNEAPOLIS.i CouNcTC Bluffs « OmahJ BENVE^jfTHE Black Hills, f =?? All Points in louTH Dakota __ COLOF^ADO,^ pieTsut^'Br Of^egon js Washingtipn. ticker Aqenrs, at )iW- / "^ ^upon Stations, on all connechnq' lines.to furnish tnfopmdtion and/^^ Through Ifckefs over this great CH ICAGO OfTIC^a lN^rTM)0f:tJWftttR, EfWiLsotf. \ /^ From Vol. I of Kelton^s '^ Indian Names of Places Near the Great Lakes." Chicago. (111.) Zhikagong, the locative ease of zhikago, *' a skunk," also used as a personal nan e. Early French writers mention a chief named Chicagou, who lived near the site of the present city. According to tradition, Chicagou was drowned in the river. Whaiever may have been the occasion for applying that name to the locality, there can be no question about the ety- mology of the word. Algic proper names are very commonly derived from the name of animals by the addition of o. Thus Z/nkago, is zliikag used as a man's name ; and shikag, or zhigag, is the Mephitis Americana^ or "skunk." The English term "skunk," itself is a corruption of the Abenaki form of the word, which is, sikango. Some have sought to lend dignity to the term, by tracing in its first syllable, the second syllable of kichi, "great." This is plainly inconsistent with the Indian pronunciation of the name. The origin of the word, however undignified, is plain: zhig, is the Latin 7ningere ^ and kag, or gag, though now restricted to the porcupine •species, was originally any horrid little beast ; hence zhi-kag, is equal to hestiola foeda iningens. Others have had recourse to zhigagawazh "wild garlic;" but this does not help matters, for the ugly root zhig, is still there, followed by -agaioazh, " a plant ;" hence planta uri- nam redolens. il' ill m H mi 5t. fill ^ Msts m n MUTE OF FMT UMITH «P«SS TO AND FBOM ^^ /% T 1 C CmCACO, ST. P*"L ™ """^''""^ HOW CAN YOT BEAT ITP J NO. M. EG AN, General Mar.ager. W B. BUSENBARK, Genu Pass, ^gent, CHICAGO. COLD FACTS that -we order enough periodicals each year to supply 1,000,000 HEADERS, so please DON'T BE A SLAVE to old customs, but save money, labor, strength and tiine by ordering your periodicals of KELTON & CO., Publishers' Agents, QUINCY, MICHIGAN. N. B.— If any reader thinks we do not advertise enough, please drop us a postal and say so, and we will mail you one of our Club Lists FREE. DON'T BE A FOSSIL. i lil :!;^i 11 I im I o < .J S BEAUTIFULLY LEFT ARE ALL Those Who Subscribe Direct WHEN THEY Can Get the Same Periodicals AT CLUB RATE PRICES FROM KELTON & CO,, Publishers' Agents, QUINCY, MICHIGAN. N. B.— When ordering from us plcuse make each letter complete in itself, as with from two hundred to one thousand letters a day, we cannot remember what you may have written at any previous time, and also please enclose the I'xact amount of j'our order, as we have no time to keep a set of individual accounts, neither can we afford to do so with our low margin of five per cent, commission. We have neither time nor inclination to "rush the growler," but we have time and a dispo sit ion to rush our business so as to make each day take care of its own work, and with our system of checking and counter checking, mistakes seldom occur in our large establishment. ill ' 'I 11 ir Ir 1 1 11: ' ^- i:| LADIES SAVE TIME. SAVE MONEY CLUB RATES FOR Al-»" «,„t to you direct from the pubu, Btxers. All periodicals are Publisher's I'rioe. Our Price. PubUslier'B Price. Our Piice. .m .m .m .m . .m ..m w «« 00 $1 50 Arkansas Traveler. ... ^^ ^^ 3 go Art Amateur -■ ■■ ^ qq Irthur-sHomeMagazluo..™ J^ Atlantic Monthly ' ^^ ^ y, Babyhood Ballou'sMonthly...-- — • Brainard'BMusica world. Carpentry and Building ml Century Maga/me„.^--- ^ Cincinnati QraphioHews. . ^ ^^ ^ Cosmopolitan ^ jj yj Country Gentleman. -^ ^^ Demorest's Monthly ^ ^^ Fireside Companion ^ ^^ 1 r>o 1 50 00 00 4 00 Frank Leslie's Sunday Mag ^^ Godey'B Lady's Book ^ ^ ^^^^ GoldenArgosy ^ 300 Golden Days w-400 Harper's Bazar. ^ ^ ^^ Harper's Monthly ^ ^^ Harper's Weekly^-- ^ Harper's Young People w -^ Irish American ^ „ g,, Irish World 1 60 3 35 1 15 1 25 1 10 80 3 00 3 25 1 50 8 00 1 65 a 50 4 20 8 40 2 55 2 15 1 65 2 50 2 50 3 30 3 10 3 30 1 05 8 15 2 15 W $4 00 $3 85 Judge y, 500 400 Life • ■.■" m 3 00 2 10 Lippincott's Magazine^. ■;.^- ^ MagazineofA.nercnHi8t«7,m ^^ Magazine of West n History, m ^ ^ Nation ••. w 2 60 New York Graphic ^ ^^ NewYorkLedger ^ 3 00 New York Weekly • ..-^^ North American Itevlew m LrLlttleMenandWomen-- ^ our Little Ones and Nursery .m ^ ^ Outing •■• ni 4 oo Overland Monthly ^ ^^ Pansy, Juvenile -^ ^ ^^ Peek'sSun • ^ g 00 Peterson's Magazine. -.- • • • ^^ popular Science »IontWy . • • • PuckCEnglishorGerman)....w 5^ Public Opinion ^ ^ Rural New Yorker -^ ^^ Science • ^ 330 Scientific American ^^ Scrlbner'a Magazine ^ ^^ Bt.Nicholas ^ ^ qq Texas SifMngs ^ ^^ Waverly Magazine 4 25 3 25 2 85 1 70 2 50 2 50 4 25 90 1 30 2 50 3 25 90 175 1 45 4 25 4 00 2 50 1 65 3 00 2 75 3 60 a 65 3 50 3 65 fnr fvill year only. SubBcriptions The above rates are for full yea J ^.^^i^tanceB. We send a receipt for an ic^m can begin at any time. (NOT Illinois.) ICELTON & CO., Publishers' Agents, QUINCY, MIOHICAH. ^mm^ EY. )lislier8. iher'B 'rice. Our Filce. |4 00 $3 25 5 00 3 00 6 00 400 3 00 260 800 3 00 5 00 1 00 1 60 3 00 400 1 00 200 200 500 5 00 3 00 2 00 3 50 3 80 3 00 3 00 4 00 400 r r 1 11 a n n m w m m .w .w .w .w ..w ..m ..m ..w ..w 4 00 2 10 4 25 3 25 2 85 1 70 2 50 2 50 4 25 90 1 30 3 50 3 25 90 175 1 45 4 25 4 00 2 50 1 65 3 00 2 75 3 60 2 65 3 50 3 65 riptions can stances. 'I jnts, MICHIGAN.