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DOUGLAS BORTfiWlCK AUTHOR 01' •Cyclopedia of History and Geography,— The British American Reader,— The Harp of Canaan,— The Battles of the World— and Every Man's Mine of useful knowledge. \ - . ; » 'o » -•' .• > o» • » " 9 . « , «. c -: t . ■ <^^ • u e t IOC 00 •»•• t I. b u MONTREAL ,1, \ aOLLAAii k FiLS, BOOKSELLERS AND Sr. V'lJ^cENT Street, 12 (fe 14 s isri \ Enregistereu accorclins to Act ot the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, by J. B. Rolland& Fils, in the Oflice of the Minister of Agriculture at Ottawa. CSfc 131 hL> Y%. B. Q. Ri. I7S'7 NO. Le Nouveau-Monue i'iiiil, 22, bi. Oabi'iel Street, Montreal. « the year D&FlLS, eal. PREFACE. The author issues this little manual at the earnest request of several Teachers, Catholic as well as Protestant, both in City and Country. Some of the ladies connected with different edu- cational institutions in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec having also expressed a wish to the author for such a manual, the present one has been issued to supply a vacancy till a better be obtained. The late and different changers in the political divisions of British North America are fully treated of in this manual, the author as a practical Teacher knowing well that to thoroughly ground a child in the Geography of his native country is to instil into his mind patriotism and the love of his native land. There is a good old adage :— / " Leave ev'ry olliar longuft alone Till you can read and write your own.*' This by a little alteration may be made to apply to the study of the Geography of our native or adopted country. " Leave ev'ry other land alone " Till you know all about your own." 38218 IV It is with, the earnest desire on the part of the author that this httle manual may prove a great help thus, that he claims the kind patronage of his very many friends and coufnres^^ of us helping with a willing hand to build up in the minds of Canadian youth, an ardent and ever in- creasing love for the British Confederated Pro- vinces of the New Dominion. J. Douglas Borthwick. August 1871. t of the a great, nage of 11 of us > in the ever in- d Pro- THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA, CHAPTER 1. Introductory Chapter. Geography is a description of the Earth, and is divided into three purls : Mathematical, Physical and Political. The first means the relation which the Earth bears to the other Planets and Heavenly bodies, and explains dill'erent lines which for convenience and other purposes are drawn upon its surface. The second points out the natural divisions of the Earth's surface. The third treats of the different Kingdoms, States and Empires on the Globe, with their his- tory, population, commerce, language and laws. The Earth is a round body, and the following are proofs of its rotundity : 1st, from sea the tops of mountains and from land the topmasts of ships are first seen ; 2nd, in cutting canals a depth of 8 inches per mile must be allowed to procure a unifor- mity of water ; 3rd, the shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse is always of a round form ; 4th, going from north to south, new stars appear in the Heav- ens ; 5th, different navigators have sailed round the world by constantly keeping a western and eastern direction, ]l The Earth is nearly 25,000 miles round and round, and through the centre from side to side 7,926 or say 8,000 miles. It has three motions — the first through space vis part of the solar system ; the second called its daily upon its axis causing day and night ; the third its annual with the other planets round the sun causing the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter. The surface of the Earth consists of Land and Water, and Animals or Plants inhabiting the Earth are called /^frz-^j/A-zV?/ from Terra, the Latin word for the Earth, whilst those found in the water are called aquatic^ from Aqua, the I^atin word for water. The Earth is divided into two great divisions by the Equator and called Northern and Southern Hemispheres ; whilst any line drawn from the North to the South Poles, divides it into the East- tern and Western Hemispheres. There is one fourth of the surface of the Globe land and three-fourths water. A Continent is a large body of land containing several Countries. • An Island is land entirely surrounded by water and the opposite of a lake, which is water entirely surrounded by land. A Peninsula is a body of land very nearly sur- rounded by water. An Isthmus is a narrow piece of land joining two larger. A Cape is land jutting out into the sea. There are 16 different names for a Gape, as follows — Billy BullerSy Butty CalfEndy Eorelandy Heady Horny Mully Nazey Ordy Pointy Promontory y Rins and Skaw. A Mountain is a lofty elevation of land. There are three kinds of Mountains : Insulatedy Chain and Volcanic. A Cave which is a natural hollow under grouq^ js also called a Cavern or Grot or Grotto, 1 1 ind and to side )tions — iystem ; ing day B other leasons, nd and ng the e Latin e water ^ord for ions by mthern om the le East- J Globe itaining y water mtirely 'ly sur- ing two . There lows — !^, Horny d Skaw. . There ain and grouq4 A Plain is a large level country. The following are the different names for a plain, Barrens as the Alleghany. — Desert as the Desert of Gobi, Heaths of Germany — Landcs of France — Llajios of South America— i'rtw/^i- of Columbia— /'/-^/VvVj- of United ^i'dX^'S>—Paranieras of Spain — Piisztas of Hungary — Savannahs of the Southern States of the Union — Selvas or Sylvas of the Amazon and Steppes of Russia. A fertile spot in the desert is called an Oasis. Ocean. — Sea, Archipelago , Gulf, Bay, Bight, Inlet, Fiord, Lake, Fond, Loch, Lough, Mere, Strait, Channel, Sound, Estuary, Frith, Firth, Harbour, Haven, Fort, Road, Roadstead, River, Rivulet., Stream f Streamlet, Creek, Fool, Lagoon, Burn are all names for different kinds of bodies of running or stagnant watar and may be pointed out on the map by the teacher. QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER I. ■ ■ . \ ., . -. What is Geography ? Into how many parts is it divided ? Name them and ffive their meanings. What is the Earth ? ' Give proofs of its rolundily. What is its eircumference ? Diameter ? Name its motions. Of what does the Earth's surface sonsist ? How is it divided ? What is a Continent ? Island ? Peninsula ? Isthmus ? Cape ? Give other names for a Cape. What is a Mountain ? * Of how many kinds are Mountains and name them. Wh^t is a Cave? Its other names? What is a Plain ? Its other nmmes ? Giv"' the different nan^i^s for running and stagnant bodies pf water. . -i^Ju^K-r-^ - .:~^-i^ .: CHAPTER II. The Continent of- America. hal the the wh( hav mei hea like and vest we I adv, T/ie Continent of America is divided into two great subdivisions North and South. \\\ this manual we treat only of that portion of the north division called British North America. The Country called Canada was first seen by ^ Jacques Cartier, a celebrated French Navigator of ^ 3t. Malo, in 1535, British North America is larger than the United States and is noted for its numerous lakes and rivers, minerals, fisheries, timber and fertile soil. Its subdivisions are ; the two Provinces of Canada which are now called the Province of Ontario (lately Upper Canada or Canada West) and the Province of Quebec (lately Lower Canada or Car.ada East), New- Brunswick , Nova Scotia yoft^ Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton, fsfeivfoundland, British Columbia, with Vancouver' s Isle, Manitoba, (lately the Red River Settlement) and the immense ter- ritories called the North West Territory, Rupert's calh to t the It Clea This Territory once comprehended Labrador, !|^"^ Prince Rupert's Land, Red River, S^uan River and rp Saskatchewan, MacKenzie River, The North Wes Indian Territories, British Columbia and Vancouver' :^ Island. That part formerly called Red River is now called Manitoba. Throuofhout this immense Land and Labrador. Hudson Ban Terriiorv T Tl alon lake also Fish Tl its ti Arct sepa fro a T Hopi It Territory there are Forts and Stations where th( c ,. various furs, the great and staple commodity o ^ the region, are stored for export to England ant . elsewhere. The inhabitants are white traders ant ® 5 half breeds, with Indians and Esquimaux, but the country is fast filling up with emigrants from the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec and else- where. On account of the Hudson Bay Company having sold the Territory to the Dominion Govern- ment of Canada, for £300,000 Sterling, a rebellion, headed by a person named Rjipl, at one period likely to prove disastrous, is completed rooted out, and the Government of the new Territory has been vested in the hands of Mr. Archibald, a gentleman well calculated to promote the prosperity and advancement of the settlement. The Mackenzie and Great Fisir Divisions. This section of the Great North West extends along the Arctic Ocean to the inward or interior lakes Great Bear, Great Slave and Athabaska It also includes the MacKcnzicjCoppcrminc and Great Fish River. The largest River is the MacKcnzie which with its tributaries is 2,500 miles long. It falls into the Arctic Ocean, not far from the boundary line which separates the British Possessions from what was called Russian America, but which was sold lately to the United States. It rises wMthin 200 yards of the Columbia River. Its principal tributaries are the Peace River^ Clear Water River, Slave River, this is only another name for the Mackenzie River, \hQHay River SLtid the Turn again River. The length of the navigable portion of this river from its mouth is 1,200 miles. The Company's forts Simpson, Norman and Good Hope., are on its banks. tV < ^'' *^ows through or receives the waters of the wnere \m foUQ^i^g X?^^'^.^-^ Athabaska, Great Bear Lake and inioauy ^^^^^ ^j^^^ Lake,\^'\X\i many otheri of im*ller gland an(l,^^^ ' J raders an nto two manual division seen by igator of le United akes and irrtle soil. ofCanada rio (lately Province da East), e Edward I, British ^a, (lately \ense ter Rupert's Labrador River anr Wth IVes umcouver i River h s immense > ote. ■ I •i I ; i I ■ I 6 The Coppermine River also flows into the Arc- tic Ocean and rises in the Mountains of the same name. The Musk Ox is found on its banks and vicinity. The Great Fish River in its course expands into the following Lakes — Beechey, Pe/iy, Garry, Mac- Dougall and Franklin. - Near the mouth of this river the last traces of Franklin's expedition were discovered in 1850 by Sir L. McGlintock. Franklin perished with all his crew endeavoring to find out the puzzling problem of llio north west passage from Europe to Asia. TJie largest and principal Lakes in this Division are the Great Bear, the Great Slave ^nd. the Athahaska. The Great Bear is called from the constellation of the same name, as it lies directly under it. It is the lake nearest to the north in America and is about 250 miles long by as many broad. The Great Slave Lake is so called from a Tribe of Indians which inhabit its banks and who enslaved another tribe, and it is about 300 miles long by 50 wide. Athabaska Lake is 25 miles long and 40 wide. This Lake is connected with Great Slave Lake by a northern outlet called Slave River. The North West Indian Division. This Division extends from the MacKenzie River to the North Branch of the Saskatchewan and is an immense area stretching eastward from the Tiocky Mountains, and containing a number of foi'ts of the Fur Company. The surface consists of rich prairies, well described in the writings of Sir George Simpson, late Governor of the Hudson's Bay Territory. Red River, Swan and Saskatchewan Division. This may all be comprehended in their new title Manitoba. J. It includes the valleys of the Assiniboiue, Qa'Ap- pelle. South Saskatchewan, Red River (northern part) and the Winnipeg Region. Fertile plains and beautiful scenery are everywhere seen in the valley of the Saskatchewan. The Red River Country is also diversified with rich prairies and fine lakes. The Red River Settlement often called Selkirk Settlement, from Lord Selkirk, who settled it in 1811, comprises a strip of land for some miles in width on both banks of the Red River and extends for some miles up the Assiniboine River. The Assiniboine is joined by its chief tributary at Birdstail Fort. The Qu'Appelle River is so called from the echo there, and at Fort Garry, 500 miles from its source, it is joined by the Red River. Another tributary is called the Moose. The Red River which rises in Ottertail Ijake in the State of Minnesota, Hows north and falls into Lake Winnipeg. Its length is 665 miles, of which, no less than 525 miles are within the United States Territory. A frontier village of Minnesota called Pembina now pretty well known in the late Riel lebelhon, stands on its banks near the boun- dary line 49'J North Latitude. The Saskatchewan (northern branch) rises in the Rocky Mountains near Mount Hooker. Only 50 feet distant from its source, is also the source of the Columbia River. After flowing 450 miles it is joined by the southern branch of the Saskatchewan, and the "^Iwo rivers flowing in one stream fall into Lake Winnipeg, thence issuing and taking the name of the Nelson River, fall into the lludson Bay. The whole length of the river is about 1,300 miles. The name is so called from the swift flowing of the waters of the river. Il 1 i I II ! J Lakes. ffii ' The principal lakes are Winnipeg, Cedar, Mani- toba, Lake of the Woods, St. Joseph^ St. Martin, Dau- / phin, Qu^Appelle, Mountain, Sat or Sent and Rainy. Winnipeg Lake lakes its names from the Indian, and means « Dirtv Water. » It is about 280 miles long and is very irregular in breadth, from 5 to 57 miles. In the same parallel and directly west of the lake are Cedar and Manitoba lakes. This latter gives name to the new territory as united to the Dominion of Canada. The Lake of the Woods is a beautiful expanse of water and is subdivided into three parts. The other lakes are of leBs importance. Fort GARRY.>i-«rw rV/>^^y^ The principal place in this Division is Fort Garry It was the capital of what was the Red River settlement, and is now the capital of the Manitoba Territory. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Boniface stands opposite the fort. The Protestant Churches and Schools are farther down the river. This place has been rendered memorable by the lied River Expedition and Riet's rebellion. Bishop Tach6 and Bishop McCrea are at present the Roman Cathohc and Anglican Bishops of the new territory. There are other smaller settlements along the banks of the river. The whole country is rapidly filling up under the new regime and this important territory will soon become one of the great portions of the Dominion of Canada. British Columbia and Vancouver's Island Division. British Columbia is noted for the mildness and salubrity of its climate and also for rich gold mines. It is bounded, north by Simpson River, th( Ju, of, 9 Mani- n, Dau- Rainy, ndian, miles m 5 to y west This lited to oods is ed into irtance. \t Garry i River lanitoba il of St. otestant e river, by the Bishop Roman jrritory. )ng the rapidly iportant portions 3LAND less and ch gold I River, east by the Rocky Mountains, south by the United States ard west by the Pacific Ocean. Queen Charlotte group of Islands and other ad- jacent islands belong to this Division. The country IS well adapted for farming. In the southern part are the celebrated gold mines or diggings ol the Fraser lUver^ and there are rich pasture lands of considerable extent interspersed throughout the valley. The Fraser River i^ the largest river. After flowing a distance of 1,000 miles, it falls into the Gulf of Georgia, part of the Pacific Ocean opposite Vancouver's Island, and only the short distance of 6 miles from the boundary line between Canada and the United States. The only two tributaries of consequence are the Thompson and the Stuart Rivers. The Columbia River is the largest and longest river on the west coast, being over 1,200 miles long. It Hows, as also the Simpson River, into the Pacific Ocean. Mount Brown and Moimt Hooker are very lofty peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Vancouver's Island was united in 1848 to this ter- ritory. The Capital, Neiv Westminster^ is 15 miles from the mouth of the Fraser River. Fort Langly with forts Hope and Yale are further norlh. Vancouver's Island. ^ Vancouver's Island was so called from the Dutch mariner, who discovered it in 1 792. It is the largest island on the west coast of the continent of Ame- rica, and is noted for its coal. Separated by the Gulf of Georgia and Queen Charlotte Sound from the mainland of Canada and by the Strait of Juan de Fuca from the United States, it partakes of, on account of its insular form, the variety of 10 climate to which large islands are liable. There is very little frost, hot summers, dry autumns and stormy winters, with periodical and heavy falls of rain are the features of the Island. Victoria is the capital. It is finely situated in the harbour of the same name on Royal Bay, at the south of the Island, and is a growing place, being the seat of Government and chief town of the Island. This division has latelv been admitted into the Confederation of the Dominion of Canada. Labrador and Prince Rupert's Land Division. This immense territory is noted for its valuable fisheries off the coast, for its furs and intensely cold climate. It is the most easterly of all the Do- minion sections, and has running through its centre a range of mountains called the Wotchish Mountains. Its chief rivers are Kokoak and Mes- hikernan. There are two chief lakes, viz : Cania- puscan and Meshikernan. The inhabitants belong chiefly to the Esquimaux tribes, but on the coast of Lab— ' ^r more than 20,000 white people are employea during the season, fishing. An EngUsh settlement is called Nain. There are other settlements. Hebron, Okhak and Hopedale, with some forts belonging to the Hudson Bay Company. Immense quantities of sealskins, furs, birds' eggs, seal and whale oil, are annually exported. One or two interesting stations are found on the coast where Christianity is preached to the benighted Esquimaux. Two well known Capes are on the coast : Cape Charles and Cape Chudleigh. It is separated from Newfoundland by the Straits of Belleisle. Through these Straits the steamers of the Allan Ocean Steamship Company often pass in going and coming from Liverpool to Canada. Hudson Straits separate it in the north from the great unknown regions which lie on the other side. 11 Prince RupBrt's Land. We may slate f,^enerally Ihat all the land west, east and sonth of the Hudson Bay is included in what is called Prince Rupert's land. * Rivers. The principal rivers are the Churchill, Nelson, Severn, Albany, JIayes, Moose., Ruperl, East - Main, Great and Little Whale and the Abbitibbee. The Churchill is by far the largest and longest and falls into the" Hudson Bay after having received the Beaver River and Missinnippi which are only nanrjes for portions of it. The Nelson receives the waters of Lake Winni- peg and others and Hows into the Hudson Bay. Lakes and Bays. Hudson Bay is a large inland sea. Its width is 600 miles, and length to Repulse Bay 1,000 miles. James' Bay is the southern port of Hudson and receives the waters of the following rivers : Albany, Hubert, Abbitibbee and East Main. The principal lakes are Clear Water, Granville^ Cod, Cow, Deer, Wollaston and Mistissinny. Fort Churchill with forts Severn, Albany, Moose, are the principal stations for collecting furs. Chesterfield Inlet, Cumberland Sound, Cockburn Island, Boothia, Victoria Land, Gulf of Boothia, Baf- fin'' s Bay, Lancaster Sound, Melville Island and Sound, Southhampton Isle and Prince Regeufs Inlet, are all places celebrated in the various voyages of Arctic Navigators, in search, either of the north west passage or of a previous expedition which had been winter bound. Ml I I i 12 ' Newfoundland. / Newfonndlanrl was discovererl by Sir ,lohn Cabot in the year I4!)7. lie called it Terra Prima Vista or the laud first seen. It is a very large island being of a triangular shape and 1,200 miles in circu.nference. The greatest length of the island is 400 miles and breadth 300. It is noted for the cod fishery off its coast. The fish'M'ies have employed thousands of people yearly since the days of James I. Besides the cod which is the principal fish, there are great quantities of herring, salmon, mullet and mackerel. The French have also some thous ands of men employed in the fisheries as well as the United States. Nearly 12,000 ships and boats are engaged. The dogs of the island are renowned all over the world. The Coast is indented by many bays and good harbours. The surface of the island is very much diversified by hills, lakes, bays and marshy and barren ridges. The climate though cold and severe is healthy, snow does not lie so long as in Canada, on account of its insular position. Dense fogs prevail during the months of May and June on the banks which stretch along the coast for GOO miles and sometimes occasion such accidents as one vessel running down another in the mist. Thunder and lightning and the terrible storms sometimes seen in Canada are very rare. The i inhabitants live to a great age. Lakes. '., Deer^ Bay of Islands, Grand Pond, Bathurst or Victoria^ are a group of lakes all in the west of the District called Fogo^ and lakes George IV, Wallace^ Jameson and Barrow lie along the south. So many lakes are found in Newfoundland that fresh water covers nearly one-third of the island. 13 Cabot ; Vista island i!es in land is he cod ployed James , there mullet thous well as boats owned d good much ly and d and 5 as in Dense d June for GOO :idents e mist, storms . The iirst or of the Vallace^ I many L water Rivers. The rivers are not of much importance. The chief are called Exploits^ the Gundev^ the GambOy the Codroy and the Humber. Islands. North Belle Isle and South Belle hle^ the Ishndof Fogo lie in the eist. The little islands belonging to the French where they dry their fish and called St. Pierre and Miquelon lie in the south. The first mentioned island gives its name to the Straits of Belle Isle through whicti the Allan Ocean Stea- mers pass as shorter than the south route. Bays. Conception Buy , Trinilij, Bonavista , Exploits^ Hare and Notre Dame are on the east coast and St. Johns' Island and St. George bays lie on the west coast, the Hermitage., Fortune and Placentia on the south coa.-t. CAPES. Capes Ray and Race lie to the south, and Cape Bonavista was the first land seen by Cabot in 1497. It lies on the east coast near Trinity Bay. St. Johns, the capital of Newfoundland's the most easterly seaport in all America and is distant from Ireland 1800 miles. There is an excellent harbour. Several batteries defend the entrance to it which is called the Narrows. St Johns lies on an incline and the chief street is a mile long. The place is well supplied with gas and water. The chief trade is in fish and oil. The settlers were originally from Ireland and from (he Channel Islands (near France.) 14 QUESTIONS ON GHAt^TER II. 3* How is ihe conlineat of America divided ? \\!io discovered Canada and when ? Give the divisions cf British North America. What did the Hadson Bay Territory once comprehend ? Who are the inhabitants of Manitoba ? For how much did the Hudson Bay Company sell the Territory ? Who is now the Governor? What have you to say of the MacKeuzie and Great Fish Divisions? What is the largest river in it? What are the principal tributaries ? What forts are on its banks ? Describe the Gopi)erinine and Great Fish rivers. Name the lakes and describe them. Describe the North West Indian Division. What is now Manitoba ? What does is include ? Describe the Red River settlement. Point out and describe the Rivers of this division. What is Pembina ? Name the principal lakes. Describe Fort Garry. For what is British Columbia noted ? Where are thn Fraser River gold diggings?* Describe the Eraser River unci Columbia River. Name the two mountains. What is the Capital called ? Describe Vancouver's Isle. Why so called ? What is the Capital ? Describe it. Describe Labrador. What are the two principal capes? Where are Hudson's Straits? What is Prince Rupert's Land ? Name and point out its rivers, lakes, bays. Who discovered Newfoundland ? What did he call it.? What is its shape? • What is Its staple articlt" of export ? ' ?' Describe the Island ? Name and point out the Lakes, the Rivers, the Isl^nc^s, t|^s Bays, the Capes, Pescribe St. Johns. • 15 CHAPTER III. lond ? sell the ual Fish e^n^s, ih^ . PRINCE EDvtARD ISLAND. This island was called fro in the Duke of Kent,* the father of Queen Victoria and grandfather of the Prince of Wales and the Princes Alfred and Arthur who have all visited the Drminion within thelastfewyears.lt is noted for its fertility and the beauty of its climate. It is a crescent shape Island occupying the south part of tlie Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is 130 miles long by about 34 miles. The distance from Gape Breton is 30 miles, from Nova Scotia 15, and from New Brunswick 9 from which it is situated by a rapid channel called the Northumberland Slrails. A chain of hills extends almost west of Richmond Bay but they are of no great height and the island may be said to be very level. Richmond Bay and Hillsborough Bay are the chief bays and extend far inland, the one in the north the other in the south shore almost divide ths island into three peninsulas. The products of the island consist of the usual agricultural grains. The climate is very healthy and from its insular situation much milder than that of America. As fogs are plentiful in Newfoundland they are as rare in Prince Edward Isiani. The inhabitants are chiefly descended from 3cotch, Irish and English emigrants. There are also some of the French from ancient Acadia (now Nova Scotia) who crossed over and settled here. ••<. TOWNS. The Capital is called Charlottctown^ situated about 3 miles from Hillsborough Bay, its port is one of \\\e finest in all the Gulf of St. Lawreiice. The !■ 111 16 other towns are Summerside and Georgetown. Three large villages are respectively called St. Eleanors, Souris and Cascumpcc. The fisheries are very valuable. There is a good deal of ship building, but the only manufactures carried on are for home use. NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE LRETON. / ^* Nova Scotia is so called from the first settlers coming from Scotland and calling their new coun- try New Scotland. The settlers from the north of France, from the province of Brittany, settled in Gape Br?ton and called it from their mother country. This country is noted for gold, iron, coal and other minerals. But it is best known for its fisheries especially its mackerel in the Bay of Fundy. The province {pvo^ev) uiclndes the Peninsula ofl Nova Scotia and the Island of Cape Breton and Princel Edward /5/a?u/. They are united in one government| and legislature. PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE PROVINCE. The Province is connected with New Bruns- wick by a narrow neck of land or an isthmus! only 16 miles in width. The surface of thJ country is diversified with hill and dale, many! small and beautiful lakes are interspersed through-| out the peninsula of Nova Scotia. The Cobequid Hills is the most important range! On the coast there are very many capes, baysj harbours and inlets. Taking any part of the inlani as a centre the distance to the sea on all sides is nol more than 30 miles. On the south shore a belt ol very rugged rocks sometimes 400 feet high ruij the whole length of the shore from Cape Canso t( 17 I. Three Jeanors, s a good factures settlers w coun- north of ettled in mother joal and fisheries dy. insula of nd Prince /ernmenl "JCE. vv Bruns- isthmus e of the ,le, many . through- Cape Sable and then along the Bay of Fundy. It has lieen the scene of some terrible shipwrecks and the loss of many valuable lives. Cape Breton is almost divided into *,wo parts by the Bras-d'Or an inlet abounding with the finest fish. The inlet is so called on account of the immense quantities of fish taken in it. The island is well wooded and rich in minerals. Sidney is the capital. Capes. The coast abounds in Gapes, the most noted are, Malagash and St. George on the north coast, capes Canso^ Pennant, Point, Lnhave, Negro and Sable on the south coast. On the west coast are capes Fourchu, St. Mary, Digby-Neck, Chiegneclo and Split ^ and in Gape Breton there are capes Norths Egmont, Dauphin and Breton. Bays. There are numerous bays on the north, the chief bay is St. George's, on the east ChedabuctOj on the south Chebucto or as it is more familiarly known by the name of Halifax Bay, Margarets and Mahone., and on the west are St. Mary's Bay, Fundy^ Minas Channel and Basin, Chiegnecto and Verte. In Gape Breton the following are the chief bays : Aspy, St. Ann's^ Bras-d'or, Sydney.^ Mire^ Ga- barus and St. Peter's. .nt range pes, bays the inlanc ides is no •e a belt o high rui p Canso ic Bay of Fundy. The Bay of Fundy divides Nova Scotia from New Brunswick. The chief part of the County of Cumberland runs down into the Bay and divides it into two inlets called respeciiyely Chiegnecto and 2 18 Minas Channel ^ from the Atlantic to the head of C'obequid Bay, the distance is 200 miles. The Bay is from 30 lo"60 miles wide. This Bay is remark- able for its high tides which sometimes rise 60 feet high. The following rivers flow into the Bay of Fundy, viz : St. John^ St. Croix and Annapolis. The Straits of Northumberland separate the Pro- vince from Prince Edward Island, and the Cut of Canso or Canseau Strait from Cape Breton. Islands. • Around the coast are several islands, the most noted are Cape Sable., Seal, Long and Pictou. Sable fsland is 8"^ miles to the southeast of the Gut of Canso and is about 28 miles long and from one to two wid^'. This is a most dangerous island and many shipwrecks have occured here. Rivers. The Annapolis., Shubenacadte^ Avon^ St. Mary's^ Liverpool and Lahave are the principal rivers in Nova Scotia, and in Cape Breton are the small streams Mir'c^ Margarie^ and the Inhabitants. • Lakes. RossignoL Grand, Lochaber and Ship-Harbour are the principal lakes, there are however very many lovely expanses of water scattered throughout the country abounding in fine fish and surrounded with picturesque scenery. The principal lake (if it can be so called) in^ Cape Breton is the Bras-d'Or. There is another called the Margarie. 19 Products and Conveyance. Nova Scotia is rich in various minerals. The chief and most important is coal. This article is becoming one of the great staples of the country and a large trade is springing up between Mont- real and other parts and the coal mines of Sydney and other fields. Iron and gold are also found and gypsum of good quality. Agriculture is carried on to a large extent. All alone: the head of the Bay of J'undy the alluvial deposits thrown there by the high tides and called dykes have been culti- vated without manure for over 150 years and the soil has not yet run out. Railways are not important, A canal runs be- tween Halifax and Cobequid Bay called the Shebe- nacadie Canal. These railways and canal serve to transport the island products to the points of em- barcation. Towns and Villages. • \ The chief towns are Halifax^ Liver pool ^Lunenhurg^ Sydney.^ Plclou^ Truro ^ Windsor^ Annapolis and Yar- mouth. The capital city is Halifax. Ft" was founded in 1749 by Gov. Cornwallis and named after the Earl of 'Halifax who settled the colony. The ori- ginal name of the place was Chebucto. The har- bour of Halifax is the finest in America, perhaps in the world, and rarely if ever freezes. It is the chief station of the Royal Navy in British North America. It is also the post of call for all the steamei's, English and Irish, to and from Boston and Europe. So extensive are the dock yards alone that they cover a space of 14 acres. Liverpool lies 75 miles southwest of Halifax and is a sea port of considerable importance. 20 Lunenburg stands on a peninsula and lies south of Halifax. Pictou is the second largest town in Nova Scotia. It is the centre and the sea port for all the mines of the Province. Trade extensive and harbour good. Windsor is famous for its gypsum quarries and has the oldest University in British North Ame- rica. Annapolis was founded ia 1605 by the French and then it was named Port Royal. It nas been no less than four times captured, and was finally ceded to Great Britain in 1713, when the present name was given to it in honor of Qneen Anne. Yarmouth^ is much engaged in shipping. Indians. The Micmacswere the inhabitants of Nova Scotia when first discovered. They were called Souriquois by the French, and were finally subdued by the whites in 17GI. Counties in Nova Scotia. — Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. Nova Scotia. Guysboro, Halifax^ Lunenburg^ Queens^ Shelburne^ Yarmeuth, Digby^ Annapolis^ Kings ^ Habits, Colchester^ Cumberland^ Pictou and Sydney. Prince Edward Island. There are three counties in this Island, viz : Princes^ Queens and Kings. Cape Breton. There are four coiuities in this Island, viz : Richmond, Cape Breton, Inverness and Victoria. 21 QUESTKWS ON CHAPTER III. Why was Prince Edward Island so called? Describe it ^ What are the chief bays ? ■ -. Name the Towns. What about the fisheries ? Why was Nova Scotia so called ? For what is the country noted ? What does the Province include ? What are the features of Nova Scotia ? Describe Gape Breton. What is its Capital ? Name and point out the Capes, Bays, Islands, Rivers and Lakes. Describe the Bay of Fundy ? What rivers flow into the Bay of Fundy ? What are the Proiucts. What are the means of conveyance. Describe Halifax, Pictou and Annapolis. Tell about the Indians. Name the Counties. 22 CHAPTER IV. New Brunswick. This province is so called from the Historical House of Brunswick in Germany. It is noted for its fine timber, compact and solid shape, many rivers and large and extensive ship building. It has an area of about of 150 miles, is of a square form and lies south of the Peninsula of Gaspe, and bounded on the north by the Bay of Ghaleurs and Lower Canada (now the Province of Quebec), on the east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia, on the south by the Bay of Fundy and on the west by the State of Maine of the American Union. Physical Features. The whole surface of New Brunswick is diver- sified with hill and dale, mountain and valley, lakes and rivers. There are extensive forests and along the banks of the rivers there are valleys of great richness and fertility. The many bays render the country well adapted to commerce. Rivers. The Toblque^ St. John. Ste. Croix, Nashivaak, Res- tigouche^ Kennebecasis, Washadamoak, Salmon^ Ri- chibuctOj Miramichi^ Sevogle and NipisiguU are the principal rivers. The Ste. Croix rises in the Grand Lake and sepa- rates the southern parts of the State of Maine from New Brunswick. The St, John takes its rise in the highlands which •0' separate Canada from the State of Maine and New Brunswick. The length of this river is 450 miles. From its source for a distance of 150 miles it is known by the Indian name of Wallooshtook which means Long River. 225 miles from the Bay of Fundy about the middle of the whole length of the river are the Grand Falls, near the State of Maine. They are 80 feet high and very fine. From the Grand Falls, the river flows in a southerly direc- tion to Woodstock, thence easterly to ihe outlet of the Grand Lake and then due south to the Atlantic. The river is navigable for 84 miles to the town of Fredericton, from the sea and above Fredericton steamers ply for the distance of (50 miles and smaller steamers sometimes as far up as the Grand Falls. The Restigouehe is 200 milos in length and falls J into the Bay of Clialeurs. This river forms the boundary between Canada, and New Brunswick. The meaning of the word is n finger and thumb)) and so called because the river and its branches spread out like the hand. The Miramichi is 225 miles in length and is na- vigable for the distance of 30 miles. Lakes. There are only two lakes of any importance in the Province. The Grand Lake in Queen's County and another of the same name which is the source of the Ste. Croix. - f Bays. The Bays of Chaleurs^ Miramichi, Shediac, Verte. Cumberland^ Fundy^ St. John, Chiegnecto^ Chepod^ and Passamaquoddy are the principal inlets and arms of the sea in New Brunswick. 24 The Bay of Chaleurs is 90 miles in length by an average of 25 miles wide. There is nothing to impede navigation in the bay and consequently it is celebrated for the variety and abundance of its fine fish, giving employment to thousands of fishermen. It is calculated that the Bay of Cha- leurs is one of the most important and wealthy inlets in the whole world, hence it is of immense value to the Dominion of Canada. Climate and Productions. Although the climate is variable and subject like Canada to extreme heat and cold neverthe- less it is very healthy. The most lovely season of all the year is autumn with its gorgeous tints and beailtiful scenery. The woods as in Canada sur- pass in hue and variety of colour everything which the most skilful painter could produce. Agriculture engages the chief portion of the inha- bitants. The coal mines are most important, and iron, asphalt, lead, granite, marble and other commodities abundantly are found throughout the province. Inhabitants. The ppople in New Brunswick are chiefly des- cended from the United Empire Loyalists, who sooner than fight against England in the War of Independence in 1776 left all their possessions in the United States and became exiles and outcasts in Canada, receiving from the Canadian or Home Government land in lieu of what they had lost by their loyalty and fidelity to King George. 25 Towns. The towns are Fredericton^ St. JohUy St. Andrews^ Woodstock^ Sackville^ Dorchester^ Kingston., New- castle, Chatham., St. Stephen and Moncton. Fredericton is the capital. It is finely situated 84 miles up the river St. John and is the seat of a University, as well as the English and Catholic Cathedrals. St. John is more than five times the size of Fre- dericton and is the principal commercial town of the Province. It is situated at the mouth of the St. John river on a fine bay, the harbor of which never freezes or very little, and it is of capacious extent. It is remarkable that the tide in this harbour some- times rises to the height of from 30 to 40 feet. y Commerce and Conveyance. All the rivers, bays, creeks and inlets with which New-Brunswick abounds, teem with fish of the finest quality. Besides fish, grain, iron, coal, lime and gypsum, both timber and ships are expor- ted in great quantities and numbers from the Province, A great turnpike road runs from New Brunswick to Canada and the Intercolonial Railroad when completed will effectually unite the inward parts of the Great Dominion in winter with the sea board. The manufactures are princi- pally for home use and nearly 150 large ships are yearly built for foreign sale. J Indians. When first, Europeans visited this Province three Indian nations are spoken about viz, the MicmacSj the Etchamins and the Abenaquis. These 26 three nations at last became united and the French called them uLes nations Abcnaquises. About one! thousand two hundred only remain of these once| powerful tribes. They have a few small settle- ments on the liver St. John and go by the name| of the Melicetes or Canoe-men. Counties in New Brunswick. Westmoreland^ Kent^ Northumberland^ GloucesterV^V^^ Restigouche^ Victoria, Carleton, York^ Sunburyj^ The Queens^ Kings^ Albert^ Johns and Charlotte. giJESTIONS OxN CHAPTER IV. Why was New Brunswick so called ? Describe it. Its physical features. Name and point out the Rivers. Describe the St. John and thf3 Restigouche. How many lakes are there ? Name the Bay. Describe the Bay of Chaleurs. What is said of its climate, productions and inliabitants Name the Towns. Describe Fredericton and St. John. What is said of its commerce and means of conveyance. What were the Indians lirst called ? What did the F rench call them ? Name the cour?ties of New-Brunswick. 27 CHA PTER V. Canada. What was formerly the Province of Canada or fpper and Lower Canada is now part of the Do- linion of Canada. Upper Canada beino^ called |he Province of Ontario (after the Lake) and Lower Canada the Province of Quebec (from the ancient lapital.) The name of Canada is said to be derived from word in the Indian language signifying a num. kr of villages, but it is also said that when the rench under Cartier first visited the country ind searched for gold the simple inhabitants tept continually saying Aca nada (there is nothmg) rhich the French voyagers thinking it was the lame of the country gave it which it has borne 5ver since. Canada was discovered by Jacques lartier the celebrated St. Malo mariner in 1535. 'he History of Canada by Dr. Miles now used in schools gives all particulars relating to the voyages )oth of Cartier and his immediate successor Jhamplain. Canada is noted for its great lakes the largest In the world, also lor its magnificent divers and |ts agricultural and mineral wealth. - Size and Extent. y It extends east from the Red River or Selkirk lettlement to the Gulf of the St. Lawrence and (rom the State of Michigan to New Brunswick, lorth to the high ridge of land which is the latural barrier and divider of the Canadian rivers ^nd those which flow into Hudson Bay. It is bounded north by the Hudson Bay Ter- fitory, east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, south by 28 the United States and west by Lakes St. ClaiJ Huron and Superior with the north-west tej ritories. It is divided into two divisions Upper an| Lower, or Kastern and Western now called tl Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The RivJ Ottawa is the cenlrai division between the t\\| Provinces. Of all the countries in North America whicl are still under the British protection Canada, th( is the old Province of Canada (now the Provincj of Ontario and Quebec) is the most important, contains one of the mightiest water areas in tt world embracing as it does the great valley of tt St. Lawrence and the great lakes. It is rich mineral wealth and timber. The climate variable but healthy. Large lakes and the fine of rivers for commerce and navigation rende with its railways and canals, internal trade ai agriculture easy to be developed. When the pi jected railway runs to the Pacific Ocean and tl Intercolonial to the Atlantic, a continuous line communication will thus be formed from east west, from Halifax to the Pacific developing tli great internal districts and bringing all the Doi nion into greater unity and friendship with eaci other, cementing in one great bond the varioa Provinces of the country and uniting them in oi( GRAND CONFEDERATION AND DOMINION. Lower Canada or Canada East now called! THE Province of Quebec. This Province is about 600 miles long and 3| miles from north to south. It is noted for its fisheries, minerals, beautif scenery and great rivers, and last though not i\ least one remarkable feature of the Lower Gar dian is his politeness and urbanity. This is pa ««7 St. ClaiJ -west tei ^pper am called tl rhe Riv^ n the i\ii [•ica whici inada, th Provinci ortant. •eas in t Hey of t t is rich climate . the fin )n rend trade a 3n the p m and t )us line om east iloping t the Do with ea tie vario lem in o icularly observable in th« country where the [riginal settlers the French habitants are every rhere polite and agreeable in their conversation ^ilh strangers. Boundaries. The boundaries proper of the Province of luebec are on the north by Labrador and the flndson Bay Territory, on the east by Labrador md the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the south by |be Bay of Chaleurs, New Brunswick and the )tate of Maine, and on the southeast by the States )f New Hampshire, Vermont and New York, and \\\ the south-west by the River Ottawa and the ^^rovince of Ontario. Physical Features. V called! The scenery of the Province of Quebec is per- aps more interesting than that of Ontario. The ivers and mountain ranges are on a larger cale. Among the mountain ranges may be men- ioned that of the moiuitain at Montreal on whose ummit one of the most extensive and delightful anoramic views can be seen in all the Dominion . he same from the Citadel of Quebec. There are Iso Memphramagog and Bela'il which are high ig and 3#nd extensive ridges, the scenery of the first and hat of the OtvVs Head is very striking. The [ppalachian range runs from Gaspe where it is ailed the Notre Dame Mountains and extends as ar south as Alabama in the Southern States, and he Laurtntian range running from the Gulf of St. beautif gh not t]{ awer Gar his is pa !l! 30 I Lawrence on the norlli shore to Cape TourmenM near Quebec, and then stretching away into the! ^ interior to the north-west of Lake Superior. The! '^"' St. Lawrence River and the great Lakes are al^^® ^ splendid means of developing the country andl^^^^^ carrying trade and manufactures to its re mo test ■ ^^'^f^' pans, and into them How a large number of other! ^^e ir rivers which are all more or less navigable orl^^'^^^ used by the lumbermen for bringing down theirl^"^ " timber to the main waters. iQueb %ca7i^ t ■ very Lakes. Ithem ■ in th( The lakes are very numerous. The following|h^s G are the principal Fapimonagracc, St. John.^ Astura^^'^^}-^ gamcook, Misstassi/mie, Edwai-d^ Miskonaskane, MaM^^^^ tawiti, Grand y St. Francis^ Megantic and Afemp/iraM ■*^^' piagog. There are also the expansions of the ^t.l^^^^j^^ Lawrence, viz : Lakes St. Francis, St. Loitis, Two ,5-. Mountains and St. Peter. The sources of the St. Maurice and Sagitcnay Fivers are also lake expan- sions. Besides these lakes there are hundreds of others of less importance. Lake Misstassinnic lies to the farthest north. It maybe said to lie in the Hudson Territory. A large number of rivers How into Lake St. John, and the celebrated Saguenay flows out of it. Lakt Memphraniagog 1% noted for its beautiful scenery This picturesque locality is beginning to attract many tourists. IL R. IL Prince Arthur and suite visited this Lake. Lake St. Louis an expanse of the St. Lawrence is noted as the place of the Lachine Regattas. Lake St. Feter lies half way between Montrea and Quebec. Several large rivers flow into it. Lake Asturaganicook and some of the others are not much know^n but will Decome, as the country fills up, better known. As it into '. 750 n elude to M/ Cotea\ Gove] of a stanti pared St. L£ the 7 pictuj Lachi the ( Mont> Islam then islan( 31 "ourment nto the ir. The s are a try and einolesl Rivers. The principal rivers of the Province of Quebec are the St. Lawrence, the Saguenay, St. Maurice.^ the Ottawa^ with its tributaries, the Fetetuahweh, the Bonnechere, the Ma daw as ka., and the Rideau which of'otherl ^r® in the Province of Ontario, and the DuMoine, "■able oM^^^^^f Coiilongey Gatineau, Du Lievre, Du Nord, °n theirl^"^ V Assomption which are in the Province of Quebec. The Richelieu, the St. Frauds^ the Batis- can^ the .SV^'. Afuie and Chaudiere. There are a very great number of small rivers and some of them are well known as the Chateauguay, famous in the war of 1812 when Colonel DeSalaberry with jHQ-yyj,;j»i his Canadians Voltigcnrs 2,w^ militia defeated suc- ^^^^^^Jlicessfully the American army of invasion and again at tne village of Lacolle in 1813. The St. Lawrence is so called because Jacques J Gartier entered it on that Saint's day. It is by far the largest and most important river in all Canada. As it leaves the Province of Ontario it expands into Lake St. Francis and Lake St. Louis. It is 750 miles long and when the great lakes are in- cluded 2,270 miles long. The rapids in its course to Mpntreal are the Galops, the Long Sault, the Coteau, the Cedars., the Cascades.^ and the Lachine» Government have overcome these rapids by means of a complete system of Canals which lor sub stantial build and general usefulness can be com- pared to any series in the Old World. After the St. Lawrence leaves Lake Ontario it expands into the Thousa7id Isles., one of the most delightful and picturesque scenes in the world. Below the Lachine rapids there are a group of Islands where the Ottawa river joins the St. Lawrence, viz: Montreal Island, Isle Jesus, Isle Per rot, St. Helen's Island, Nuns Island, and Mouton Island. The river then proceeds for some miles and a number of islands are passed at Boucherville^ when it flows ine, Ma Ieftiphra-\ fthe St tiis, Two^ the St. e expan- id reds olj orlh. Ll tory. A| St. John, it. Lakt scenery ) attract md suite awrence ittas. Montrea ito it. hers are countr 32 on to the expanse of Lake St. Peter's and after passing this lake proceeds to Quebec whence it flows on to the Gulf and Atlantic Ocean. Orleans Isle, Grosse Isle and others are below Quebec. The original name for the St. Lawrence was the Iroquois or the Catdraqiii. Over this river at Point St. Charles, Montreal, is built the most won- derful bridge in the world. The Victoria Jirid^e. It was formally opened for Iratlic by the Prince of Wales when he visited Canada in 18G0. It wants only a few feet of being two miles in length. The Saguenay River is the outlet of Lake St. John. It is 100 miles lonpr and falls into the St.! Lawrence at Tadousac. This word means « thef mouth of the sac. » So deep is the river Saguenay at its confluence with the St. Lawrence that if the I bed of the latter were laid dry, a depth of 750feet| would remain in the Saguenay. The high pre- cipitous rocks claim great attention from alll tourists. Here at Tadousac was the first stonel and mortar building put up in all America. Itl was erected by the Jesuit Missionarir'^ in ^1607,1 The remains of the Chapel are still i be 'seen.l Tadousac is often mentioned in the early history| of Canada especially in the government of Cham- plain. Ha Ha Bay is remarkable for its beauj tiful scenery. The St. Maurice rises in Lake Oskelanai s^n( after flowing: for the distance of 400 miles fall^ into the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers. There are a great many tributaries to this river all usefii] for floating down to the main stream immense quantities of timber for exportation. St. Mauricfi is famous for its iron forges on its banks. In iy course it expands into many flne sheets of water :\:\ [ after ence it Orleans Quebec, /as the ver at it won- Jj ridge. Prince ^GO. It I length. There arc some cascades and minor falls on it but tlie grand fall is called The Falls of ShauHinc- gan. They are no less than 100 feet in height, and lor grandeur and beauty may be compared to any other in Canada except Niagara. A melan- choly accident occurred lie re some years ago in the death by drowning whilst bathing of the only son of the then (lovernor General, Sir Edmund [lead. The Richelieu flows from Lake Champlain north into Canada and falls into the St. Lawrence after a course of 75 miles at the Town of Sore L Cham- plain in 1009 sailed up this river and discovered the lake in the United States which still bears his name. Thb: Waterfalls in jhe Canadas. The principal waterfalls are Niagara, Shawane- gan, Montmorency, Chaudierc Rideau, Fcnelon and Severn. Niagara Falls. This word is Indian, Oniagara or Niagara^ the thunder of waters. The falls lie 20 miles from the head of the Niagara river and 14 miles from its mouth and are the most cele- brated in tJie world. They are 165 feet high. Goat Island divides the waters into two falls, the American, 1)20 feet wide and the Canadian, or as it is styled from its shape The Horse Shoe Fall 1000 feet wide. These falls ai-e gradually and slowly receding up the river and it is supposed that they were once half a mile further down and that the time will come when all the soft rock of which they are composed will be worn away and nothing but an impetuous rapid will be seen. A perpetual rainbow is seen from the spray, and carrion birds 3 ^ 34 ,11 -1 are always hovering over the waters, for the dead bodies of animals precipitated over the Falls. Shawanegan Falls on account of the difficulty of transit are not so well known. They are on the St. Maurice River and are divided into three Falls, all of extraordinary grandeur and beauty. Montmorency Falls are about 7 miles from Quebec. They are much visited in summer by tourists, and are as much visited in winter by sleighing parties. An immense cone, sometimes GO feet high IS annually formed by the freezing spray and down this and along the smooth and level plain at the foot ladies and gentlemen delight to drive their toboggin. The Rideau Falls near Ottawa are fine but not of such importance. Rideau means a curtain. The Chaudiere Falls are very grand and one of the fine sights of the Ottawa. Two other smaller falls are connected with the Ottawa, viz : The Faih des Allumettes and the Falls Des Chats. Bays. The principal Bays of the Province of Quebec are Chaleurs, Malbaie, Caspe, Sf. Margaret, Lobster, Trinity, English, Outarde, Grand Metis, Milk, Vaches, Ha-Ha, Murray and St. Paul. The Bay of Chaleurs. This Bay separates Canada j from New Brunswick ; as stated before it is one of the most important and wealthiest bays on the continent and to the inhabitants both of Canada and New Brunswick settled on its shores, is truly] a Bras d" Or. The British Government in conjunc- tion with that of the Dominion is engaging much! attention just now to the protection of the flsheries| one of the mines of wealth to Canada. Malbaie and Gaspi Bays are in the county oi Gaspe and also valuable bays for their fisheriesJ It was in Gasp6 Bay that Jacques Cartier firsf 35 landed and planted the ^eurs de lis and the cross in token that he had taken possession of the rounlry in the name of and for his master the King of France. Ha-Ha Bay up the Saguenay River is so called on account of the astonishment of the first navi- gators being deceived in their passage up, thinking that they would have a clear way further on. It is one of the great points of attraction to summer tourists. Murray Bay is much resorted to by the elite of Montreal and Quebec, as a summer residence. It with Gacouna and Tadousac are the gvea.i waferin^ places for ihe summer on the Lower St. Lawrence. Islands. H The principal islands are the Magdalen, Mingan, Antic osti^ Bic^ Orleans^ Grosse-Isle, Montreal, Isle Jesus ^ St. Helen' s, Perrot, Nuns, to which may be added which have been already spoken of The Thousand Isles^ there being nearly 1200 of all sizes at the mouth of the St. Lawrence where it issues from Lake Ontario. The Magdalen Islands are in the Gulf of St. Law- rence. JVblf and Am/ierst Isles ave the principal. The people chiefly subsist by fisliing. They belong to the Province of Quebec but for electoral and Government purposes on account of position might be easily annexed to Prince Edward Island or Nova Scotia. Mingan Isles lie north of Anticosti. Aiiticosti is the largest of all the islands in the river St. Lawrence. It is an imoortant fishing station 400 miles below Quebec. It is 135 miles long and 36 wide. There are no inhabitants yet on the island except the light-house keepers. There are several lighthouses, to warn mari- ners of the rocks and as depots to aid any vvho [30 may have been shipwrecked. It was proposed some time ago to make this a British penal set- tlement bat the idea lias been abandoned. Islanii of Orleans is a large island near Quebec. This island was called by the first navigators the Isle of Bacchus on account of the abundance of wild grapes that they found growing there. It is yet a rich island with many good farms. Grosse-Isle. This is the quarantine station for ships having fever or disease on board, where the passengers are landed and compelled to go through with the ship a cleansmg process before proceeding up to Quebec. This island was rendered memo- rable in 1847 by the great number of deaths from ship fever which took place there, thousands of poor emigrants lleeing from famine and disease in Ireland ((finding)) as the words of the monu- ment say which is erected where they are buried, « //i Canada but a grave. )> Montreal Island. This island is the Garden of Canada, and contains a great proportion of the wealth of the Province of Quebec. The mountain rises beautifully behind the city of Montreal and . from the suuimit did Champlain survey a tract of country which was one of the fairest possessions of the then King of France. The river St. Law- rence and branches of the Ottawa for[n here several islands, isle Jesus being the next in im portance. A very long bridge unites these two islands. Several villages are scattered over the / Island of Montreal, viz : Lachine called because v/ the Champlain navigators thought they were on the direct route to China; St. Annes where are tliosp celebrated rapids so well known from the renowned song of the Irish poet Moore, Longiie Pointc and Sault-aux-Recollets where one of the linest educational establishments in the country « The Sacred Heart » is located ; Cdte des Neiges and *SV. Luke where there is another well known 37 / institution v^ Monklands or Villa- Maria)) \ Mile- End, Hochelaga, the Tanfieries and Cote St. Paul are all suburban villages destined to be incorporated with the growing city of Montreal at no distant day. At Hochelaga which lies at the foot of St. Mary's current is the place where Jacques Gartier first landed, hence to this day the village is called « The Cross )) from the fact of his planting the cross there and taking possession of the island in the name of his master the French King. Another fine educational establishment, named the Convent o Jesus and Mary is situated in Hochelaga. St. Helen' s Island. This island lies opposite to Montreal; the channel is very rapid between the two islands. It is about 30 feet deep and the current flows past at the rate of 7 miles an hour. This was one of the great military stations of the Imperial troops. Mid was the great depot of guns and amunition. li is a beautiful island. Niuis Island lies further up and above the Vic- toria Bridge. Cities and Towns. Montreal was founded in 1G4'2. It was first ^ called, Ville-Marie or Marianopolis in honor of the Hlessed Virgin but afterwards it was changed from the name of the Mountain to Montreal. Ghamplain called the mountain Mont Real, The - Royal Mountain, hence Montreal. It stands at the head of ship navigation and at the confiuence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. It is the chief commercial city in Canada and has been called the « Commereial Emporium. » The value of the real estate within the city limits is above $42,000,000. A great many splendid buildings are in Montreal and the Victoria Bridge near it. The reservoir is a large and important undertaking. Several splendid churches are built 38 in the city and some very large first class hotels. The city has good water and gas, but no public park or monument. The wharves are above two miles long and at all times crowded during the season with ships and b'lsiness. The only Uni- versity in the city is McGill founded by a private merchant many years ago. There is also the Montreal College. The most perfect system of Fire alarms in Canada is in Montreal and it has been found to be of such advantage that the rales of insurance are now much reduced. The popu lation of the city is now 165,000. Schools both public and private abound everywhere, and the whole city gives promise of becoming one of the great emporiums of the world. Quebec, This is the ancient capital. It is built on or near the Heights of Abraham and citadel of Quebec. This citadel covers an extent of 40 acres J and after Gibraltar is the most famous citadel in ^the world. Quebec was founded in 1G08 by Cham- plain near the Indian village of Sladacona. It has several times been besieged and taken but the most memorable was that under Wolfe in 1759. The city is divided into the Upper and Lower Towns. Nearly 1500 ships clear during the season from the harbour. There are some fine public buildings and two monuments, one to Wolfe the other to Montcalm. Near Quebec is the Beauport Lunatic Asylum and Lorette is the name of an Indian Village not far distant. St Hyacinthc is the seat of a R.C. Bishop. It has some fine houses but the chief buildings are the College, Palace and Cathedral. It stands on the Yamaska River and is a place of considerable manufactures. Three Rivers is an important city half way between Montreal and Quebec. It is so called not because there are three rivers there but from its position at the threefold mouth of the St. Maurice ^/ 39 River. The inhabitants are called Trefluvians.^ It is noted for its iron works and forges. Sherbrooke is situated on the river St. Francis. It has magnificent water power consequently there are numerous mills and factories. It is 96 miles from Montreal and 121 from Quebec. Lennoxville is noted for Lennoxville College a Church of England establishment for the two Dioceses of Montreal and Quebec. Sorel at the mouth of the Richelieu, Chambly further up the river, with Isle-aux-Noix^ are in- teresting for their historical associations. -5*^. /ohfts is a handsome little town, on the banks of the Richelieu and is often mentioned in the History of Canada. Beauharnois the capital of the county of the same name is at the commencement of the Beau- harnois Canal. Valleyfield is famous for a very large paper mill. Huntingdon is the capital of the county of the same name in the midst of a fine agricultural district. Richmond, St. Therese, l^Assomption,Nicolet^Terre- bonne^ Varennes^ Berthicr and Sorel have im- portant commercial and classical colleges. //w//. Ay truer, Buckingham, St. Andrews and. Por- tage du Fort are all on the Ottawa and are rising villages. Kamouraska is the chief ^ilace towards the mouth of the river St. Lawrence. Drummondville, Sfanstead, Compton, Cowans- ville, Leeds, Becancour, Philipsburgh and Granby are all rising places lying between the St. Law- rence and the United States. Counties ob' the Province of Quebec. The counties from the mouth of the St. Law- rence to Quebec on both banks of the River are 40 Gaspe, Rimouskiy I'emiscouaia, Kamouraska, L' Islet, Motttmagny, Bellechasse, Levis, Quebec, Montmo- rency, Charlevoix, Chicoittmi, and Saguenay. The counties from Quebec to the Province of Ontario also on the River are Lotbiniere, Nicolet, Yainaska, RicJuUeu, Verchercs, Chambly, Laval, Ho- chelaga \iVL^ Jacques Cartlcr [z(ys\\dXx\Q& in the Island of Montreal), LaPrairie, Chdteauguay, Beauharnois, Huntingdon, Soulanges, Vaudrcuil, Deux Montagnes, Terrebonne, V Assomptio7i, Montcalm, JoUette, Ber- thier, Maskinonge, St. Maurice^ Champlain and Port- 7ieuf. The inland counties east of the St. Lawrence are Dorchester, Bauce^ Megantic^ Arihabaska^ Wolfc^ Compton^ Stanstead^ Brome^ Richmond^ Shefford^ Druimnond^ Bagot^ St. Lfyacinthe^ Rouville, Iberville, Missisquoi.^ Stanbridge^ St. John's^ Napierville. The counties on the Ottawa River are Argen- teuil., Ottawa^ Ontaguais and Pontiac. QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER V. Describe what Canada formerly was. ^ (rive the origin of Canada. What is its size and extent ? What is the size of the Province of Queijec 't For what is it noted ? (iive its boundaries. Give its physical features. Mention its lakes. Describe Lakes Misstassinnie, St. Louis, St. Peter and Asturagamcook. What are the principal rivers? Describe the St. Lawrence, the Saguenay, St. Maurice and the Richelieu. What are the principal waterfalls ? Describe Niagara, Shawanegan, Montmorency, Tlisieau and the Ghaudiere. Name the principal Bays. 41 Describe Chaleurs, Malbaie, Gaspe, Ha Ha and Murrav Bays. Give the principal islands Describe the Magdalen, Mingan, Anticosli, Orleans and Grosse Isle. Particularly describe the Island of Montreal also St. Helen's Island. Name the oilier cities. Describe Montreal. ■ Describe Qnebec. Describe St. Hyacinthe. Three Rivers, Sherbrooke, Len- noxville, Sorel, and St. Johns. Describe Beauharnois, Valleylield, HunlingdoH. Where are there line and successful colleges? Name the towns and villages on the Ottawa. What are the principal towns and villages in the Eastern Townships ? Name the counties of the Province of Quebec. :'h 42 CHAPTER VI. Province of Ontario. This Province was formerly called Upper Ca- nada or Canada West. It is about 750 miles long and has an average of 250 broad. In the bound- aries of the north-west no limits can be given, its configuration is a triangular peninsula. On the north and east it is bounded by the Hudson Bay Territory and River Ottawa, on the south and south-east by the Lakes Superior, Ontario, Erie, also Georgian Bay and River St. Lawrence, on the west by the Indian Territories and also by Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Superior and the Rivers St. Clair and Detroit. Physical Features. The surface is undulating, but not mountainous. The Province is well watered with abundance of lakes and rivers. There are no mountains of any importance. The Laurentian range may only be mentioned. A ridge runs from the Niagara Falls to Hamilton thence to Owen Sound, along the peninsula to Cabot Head and the great Mani- toulin Island in Lake Huron. An immense swamp lies in the west, between London and Detroit. Lakes. This Province contains the mightiest system of lakes in the world. They front the southern and western boundaries and contain nearly half the fresh water on the Globe, covering an area of above 80,000 square miles, they form an inexhaus- tible source of wealth and developement both to 43 Canada and the United States. Their whole length is above 1000 miles. Their names are Ontario^ Erie^ Hiiroti^ Michigan (wholly within the United States) and Superior. The minor lakes of note are St. Clair ^ Tamagaminguc^ Wapoose^ Nipissing^ Ope- ongOs Simcoe^ Rice., Mud., Balsam.^ and hundreds of others to the north of the River Ottawa and scat- tered throughout the Province. Ontario. — This Lake gives its name to the Pro vince and is 180 miles long, fi5 miles broad, 500 feet deep and 234 feet above the level of the sea. '*^ Erie is 240 miles long, 80 broad, 100 feet deep and 506 feet above the level of the sea. It is re- markable that this lake is very shallow and subject to storms, when compared with the other lakes this strikes one at once. Superior is 900 feet deep, ZT/^r^w 800 feet, -MV/54''<^;? 1000 feet, Ontario 500 feet, yet Erie is only 100 feet and this only in the middle through the channel. Every year the debris of shells and stones brought down from the Upper Lakes is gradually damming up the western end of the Lake and prophets declare that the time will come that as there will be no Niagara Falls but only a rapid flowing river, so Erie will be swept away and nothing remain but a deep and swift channel. Huron with its great adjunct the Georgian Bay is 280 miles long, 190 broad, 800 feet deep and 578 feet above the level of the sea. Scattered throughout this Lake it is said are more than 20,000 islands of all shapes and sizes. A renowned one is the Mani- toulin the abode of the Indians' Great Spirit in the early History of the country. Michigan is wholly within the United States Territory and is 320 miles long, 108 broad, 1000 feet deep and 578 feet above the level of the sea. It has a large adjunct named Green Bay. Superior as it name states is the largest of all the Lakes, and is 355 miles long, 160 miles broad, 44 900 feet deep and 001 feet above the level of the sea. It is united to Lake Huron by the Sault St. Marie River where there are the celebrated Lead and especially the Copper Mines. The celebrated Maury one of the most profound geographers in the world has stated that ilie vast work of evaporation going on in the great chain of Lakes is equal at all times to G times the quan • tity of water that passes over the Falls of Niagara. I Think of G Niagara Falls all boiling together and the steam or vaptr rising away into the air and you have the result of the evaporation of these great lakes. Bays and Inlets connected with the Great Lakes. I'l;!; '^i: Thunder Bay\ Lake Superior has become well known on account of the Red River Expedition, Fort William may here be mentioned in connec- tion with the same expedition. The North Channel, Saginaiv Bay, Georgian Bay, Nottaioasaga Bay, Matchadash Bay^ are all im- portant bays in Lake Huron. In Nottawasaga Bay IS the harbour called Ilcn and Chickens near the thriving town of Collingwood. On Matchadash Bay is Penctanguishene once an important military station and now the Juvenile Reformatory for Ontario. There are no bays on Lake Erie e.vcept Sandusky Bay in the State of Ohio. Burlington Bay and the Bay of Quinte are the two important Bays in Lake Ontario. Hamilton city stands on the former and Napanee and Belle- ville on the latter. On the shores of the Bay of Quinte part of the G Nations Indians are settled. They still possess the service plate given them by Queen Anne. Amherst Isle and Wolfe Isle are the principal Islands in the Lake. 45 of the Lilt St. I Lead ►found e vast chain quan^ iagara. er and ir and these IE e well dition, onnec- .1 Bay, im- a Bay ir the hBay Llitary ^y for duskij re the nilton Belle- ^ay of ettled. them 3 Isle 1-AKFS CONTlNTrP.n. Lake Simeon is a beautiful lake noi'th of Toronto. Two bays are connected with it. One on the west at the rising Town of Barrio and the other south into which ilows the Holland Iliver. Two or three islands lie near the east shore at the mouth of the River Beaver. The cliief is called Smake Island. The River Severn connects this Lake with the Georgian Bay. Rice. Lake^ called from the wild rice on its swampy shores ^ a large lake between the counties of Peterborough and Northumberland, and is formed by an expanse of the Trent River, Scugog Lake, Balsam, Lake, Sturgeon Lake, Mud Lake and others are also expansions of this river or its dependencies. SL Clair lies between Huron and P>ie Lakes. The inlet from. Lake Huron is called the St. Glair River and the outlet to Lake Erie the Detroit River. Walpole and St. Anne Islands are the principal islands of the lake. Nipissing. This large lake lies between the Upper Ottawa and Georgian Bay. A large river the French River ilows from it into the bay. The country round this lake is beginning to be settled by a hardy set of pioneers. Rivers. The St. Lawrence has already been described. The Ottawa^ called Uttatuas ivova the Indian tribe who long ago inhabited its banks rises in some unknown region or lake in the great north ter ritory of Canada, from amongst the immense sys- tem of lakes which lie in that still wild and un- explored region. It is supposed to rise 100 miles / 7 I' 40 beyond Lake Temiscamingue and flows a distance of 450 miles. It expands into some large and beau tiful lakes in its course, the principal are Dcs Chats, Couionge, Chaiidiirc\ and Two Mountains. Some very fine falls are seen in its course such as the Z?es C/ia.'s, Cliaudiere^ and Rideau Falls ^ and the famous rapids Lomj SauU, Du Li'evre and another Long Sault at Grenville. The chief rivers from the Province of Ontario 11 Cowing as tributaries into the Ottawa are Pete- wahweh, BonnecherCy Madawaska^ and the Rideau. On the side of the Province of Quebec are the Du Moine^ Blacky Couionge., Gatineau^ Du Lievre^ Du Nord., VAssomption. This river falls into the St. Lawrence by 3 branches. The principal one is divided by Isle Jesus, the others by Isle Perrot. At the village of St. Anne between the Islands Perrot and Mont- real are those rapids which Moore has immor talized in his « Canadian Boat Song.)) Niagara River. This river unites Lake Erie with Lake Ontario. It is celebrated for the Falls of the same name. Two remarkable suspension bridges are thrown over this river, and a third is in contemplation. The river is 34 miles long. The Grand River flows into Lake Erie at Port I Maitland. It is a river of considerable length and flows through some of the finest counties in the I ' Province, Cayuga., Br ant ford, and other rising I places are on its banks. This river flows through ii j the territory of the six Nations Indians, viz : the I I Onondagas, Cayuga, Tuscaroras^ Senecas, Mohawks Ij \ and Oneidas. They received from Government a i| I tract of land 5 miles wide from the source to the I ' mouth of the Grand River, but great part of this has been returned to Government for an annual bounty. One of the tribes still profess and prac- tice pagan rites and the yearly immolation of the white dog. mi J' I , I J 47 distance nd beau are Dcs \)untains. se such a//5, and vre and Ontario ire Feie- ) Rldeau. are the ievre^ Du ce by 3 by Isle 3 village nd Mont- immor ike Erie the Falls ispension d a third Bs long, e at Port ngth and 3s in the ir rising ; through viz : the Mohawks [•nment a ce to the irt of this n annual and prac- ioQ of the The luames Biver is of considerable size and importance. It rises not far from the Grand River but takes an opposite direction and after flowing i in a south-westerly course falls into Lake St. j Glair. Thp city of London the most important jf place in that section with many thriving villages stands on its banks. Nottawasaga River flows north between Lake Simcoe and the bay of the same name into which it falls at the important town of GoUingwood where is the group of islands called the Hen and Ghickens. Severn River unites Lake Simcoe and the Geor- gian Bay. It falls into Matchadash Bay. There is a beautiful fall in this river. The scenery is delightful and picturesque. Maitland River and Saufjeen River both fall into Lakd Huron. The Maitland at the thriving town of Coder ich and the other at the village of Sau- geen. The Trent is formed from the union of a large number of lakes some of which have been des- cribed. It falls into the Bay of Quinte. Rldeau River flows north and falls into the Ottawa at the city of the same name. Rideau means a curtain from the form of the falls at its mouth. The Rideau canal is an important ap- pendage to this river. French River flows out of Lake Nipissing and falls into the Georgian Bay. The Rivers Madaivaska^ Bonnechere and Petawan- ivee^ all flow into the Ottawa from the unsettled dis- tricts between the Georgian Bay and River Ottawa. There are also hundreds of smaller but very- important rivers scattered throughout the Pro- vince each one contributing to the fertility and advancement of the district through which it flows. 48 IliLANDS. The Province of Ontario being inland the only islands are those found in its great lakes and river expansions. The principal are Caribou and Michipicoten in Lake Superior, Manitoulin, Coch- burn^ St. Joseph and FltzwUUam in Lake Huron, Point Pele and Ryersons in Lake Erie, Navy in the I Niagara River, Amherst^ Tonli^ Wolfe and Jloive in Ijll Lake Ontario, Snake Island in Lake Simcoe, and the Grand Calumet^ and Allumette in the River Ottawa, with a number in what is called the Lake of a Thousand Isles. .111' ! i! hlli:; u ■ • li 1 Capes. Wingfield Pointy Cabots Head and Cape Hard lie in the peninsula between the Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, Cape Ipperwash or Kettle Point in the southern part of Lake Huron county of Lamb- ton. Pointc Pele and Lowj Point in Lake Erie. Cities. Toronto the Capitaljof the province is situated on the shore of Lake Ontario. It is so called from the old Indian v. 3rd meaning « The Place of Meeting,)) as the tribes met here for deliberation &c. It was at first called York and was founded by Governor Simcoe in 1794. There are some beautiful Build- ings in Toronto such as the ivvo Cathedrals, the Universities, Normal School, Osgoode Hall, the 49 tie only es and ou and Cock- Huron^ ' in the loive in )e, and River e Lake Hurd m Bay ^oiiit ill Lamb- ited on Dm the 56 ting,)/ It was vernor J3uild- ils, the ill, the Lunatic Asylum and the Grammar and Common school building. There are many others. A very flne road called Yonge street runs directly north for more than 35 miles through one of the finest localities in Ontario. Hamilton is situated on Burlington Bay. It was settled in 1813. It is an important city and has some fine buildings. A ridge of hills lies behind the city. The Gore is a fine square. There are some hand- some churches. Kingston was formerly called Gataraqui and Fron- icLJt stands at the north-eastern extremity of The Governor General Lord Sy- denham was buried here. This Governor made Kingston the first capital of United Canada. It pos- sesses two Colleges Queen's and Regiopolis. The Provincial Penitentiary is situated here. Ottawa is the capital of the^Dominion of Canada, having heen made so by Her Majesty the Queen, it is situated on the River Ottawa. It was origi- nally called Bytown (from Col. Bye who superin- tended (he making of the Rideau Canal) until 1855 when it received its present name. The Govern- ment buildings are very* fine as are also some of the other structures. Hull is opposite to Ottawa and connected with it by a fine bridge. Although in the Province of Quebec it may be said to be connected with Ottawa. London is a fine city standing on the River Thames and in the midst of a splendid agricul- tural country. It is the chief place of importance west of Hamilton. The Cathedral, Hellmuth Col- lege for Ladies, Court House and the churches are fine buildings. GodericK Windsor^ Chatham^ St. Thomas^ Gait, Giielph^ Dundas^ Collingicood, Woodstock^ Stratford and Berlin are all fine and thriving places, which in a few years will become towns and cities. Brant ford is a thriving city on the Grand River = ^!* It i r \\ Vi 50 and is the chief and largest place to the west of Hamilton except London. A substantial Bridge spans the river here. Barrie^ Bradford^ Bowmanville, Coburg^ Port Hope^ Lindsay^ Peterborough^ Belleville^ Picton^ Napanee, Brockville. Prescott^ Perth, Morrisburg, Cornwall are all important places and rising in importance Counties. The Counties on the Ottawa River are Prescott, |J' Russell, Carleton and Renfrew. On the St. Lawrence : Gletigarry. Stormont, Dun- das, Gre7iville, Leeds and Frontenac. Lanark lies bet wen these two rows. On Lake Ontario and immediately in the rear : Addington^ Lennox^ Prince Edward, Hastings, North- umberland, Peterborough, Durham, Victoria, Onta- rio, York, Peel, Simcoe, Halton, Wentworth and Lincoln. On Lake Erie : Wetland, Ilaldimand, Norforlk, Elgin, Kent and Essex. On Lake Huron : Lambton, Huron, Bruce, and Grey. The inland Counties are PerHh, Wellington, Wa terloo. Brant, Oxford and Middlesex. Indians in Ontario and Quebec. The places where the Indians reside chiefly, are Manitoulin Island, Grand River, Bay of Quint e, St. Regis, Caughnawaga, Lake of the Two Mount a ins dind. Lorette near Quebec. They are the remains of the once powerful Iroquois, Algonquins and Hurons. Caughnawaga was celebrated in ancient Canadian history as being the place where Ckamplain fre- quently went to. 51 west of Bridge rt Hope^ 'apanee, hrnwall ortance ^rescott^ It, Dun- ark lies e rear : , North- i, Onta- ih and lorforlk^ ce, and )?z, Wa Productions and climate. Chiefly Wool, Fur, Grain and Timber. The climate tends greatly to make Ontario a fine agricultural country. One peculiarity is what is called the Iidian summer, well described by some Canadian writers on the subject. This sum- mer generally occurs in October. The method of conveyance in winter by means of sleighs is universal and perhaps winter is the healthiest season of the year, at least to a large majority of the people the pleasantest. ' Future Prospects of the Dominion. - These look bright and encouraging. Emigra- tion is drawing great numbers to Canada. A good system of railways, canals, steamers and telegraphs render communication rapid and easy. A new silver coinage has taken the place of the absurd old mixed coinage heretofore used, and under a wise and fostering government patriotic Canadians of every shade of opinion and nationality may con- fidently look forward to the time when Canada will take her stand in the foremost rank among the nations. QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER VI. fly, are nte, St. ins and } of the Hurons. nadian in fre- Describe the Province of Ontario. What are its Physical features ? Name its principal lakes. Describe Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior. What does Maury say of these lakes ? Mention the Bays and Inlets connected with these lakes. Describe the Bays in Lake Siracoe. Describe Rice ^Lake, St. Glair, and Nipi^sing. What about the River Ottawa, V; '::".'=. ; ;• Name its falls pn4 r»P*idsai;\cl lako.d^rtalisioES* '• ' • « I t^O w Name the rivers flowing into the Oltawa from the Pro- vince of Quebec also Ontario. Describe Niagara river, the Grand lUver, the Thames. Nottawasagi, Severn, Maitiand, Saugeen,* Trent, French, Rideau, Madawaska, Bonnech^re and Petawanee. Mention the Islands in the Province. What are the Capes V Describe Toronto, Hamilton, Kingston, Oltawa, London, and Brantford. Where is Guelph, Gait, Berlin, Goderich, Gollingwood? Point out on the Map all the other towns of any impor- tance ? - : Name the counties. What about the Indians ." State about the productions and climate. What are the future prospects of Ihe Dominion of Canada. THE END, * t >.' • I • ^ » .■. Si 'I ^^ *" • •* (»> ■>■..• » » '■ ^* a »• '1 . e > < * / . - ., ,i» ,. . . . .^■' T-A-BXjE APPROXIMATED AND ESTIMATED POPULATION ASSUM< ING THE COMMON RATE OF INCREASE isri. 18GI 1871 Province of Ontario 1,396,000 2,000,000 Quebec 1,112,000 1,400,000 Nova Scotia 331 ,000 395,000 New Brunswick. 252,000 320,000 It (.1. Cities, Towns and Villages. Montreal Toronto Quebec Kingston Ottawa Hamilton London Branlford Three Rivers St. Hyacinthe Halifax St. Johns. Frederick ton Charlotte Town St. Johns (Newfoundland). Sidney Guelph....'.... Gait Port Hope I 65,000 60,000 75,000 15,000 25,000 27,000 20,000 9,000 9,000 6,000 30,000 4,000 6,000 7,500 22,000 3,000 6,500 4,000 6,000 54 Brockville..* 6,500 Perth 3,000 Sherbrooke 6,000 Richmond. 1,200 Lindsay 4,000 Niagara 3,000 Chatham, N.-B 3,000 Berlin 3,000 Napanee 3,500 Bradford 1,500 Collingwood 4.000 Goderick 4,500 Peterborough 5,500 Clifton .. 3,500 Clinton 2,000 Barrie 3.300 Belleville 6,000 Bowmanville 3,000 St. Marys 4,500 St. Thomas 2,000 Stratford 4^500 St. Catherine 11,000 L'Assomption 2,000 Huntingdon 1,000 Simcoe 2,000 Terrebonne 2,000 Sarnia 3,500 Chambly 1,500 Sorel 7,500 Granby 1,500 Prescott 2,500 Cobourg 6,000 Picton 3,000 FOR SALE BY THE SAME BOOKSELLER. The First Book of Reading lessons, by the Christian Brothers. The Second Book of Reading lessons, hy the same. The Third Book of Reading lessons, J):, che same. Duties of a Christian towards God. Thj Calhoic School book, containing easy and familiar lessons for the instruction of youth of both sexes in the English language and the path of true religion and virtue. A New Dictionary of the French and Knglish languages, by Thomas Nugent. Grammaire pratique de la langue anglaise par Sadler, 17me edidion. Exrercices anglais ou Cour de Thames, gradues par le mSme. Gorrige des Exercices anglais, par le meme. Manuel Classiques dela Conversation francaise, Cme edition, par le meme. L'art de la Correspondance anglaise et frangaise, par le mSme. The Art of English Correspondence with numerous notes, par Je raSme. Manuel de phrases frangaiseset anglaises, par le meme. Gour gradue de langue anglaise ou petit Gours de versions par le mume. Cours gradue de la langue anglaise en petit Cour de Theme, par le meme. Gorrig6 de petit Gours de Themes a I'usage des Classes 616- mentaires, par le meme. Nouveau dictionnaire porlatif angl. frang. et franc, angl. par le meme. The Elements of French and Englishjconversation with new and easy dialogues, 4c., by John Perrin, revised by G. Prudhomme. Nouvelle grammaire anglaise, par J. B. Meilleur. Grand dictionnaire francais anglais et anglais francais par Heming et Tibbins. Petit traite de grammaire anglaise par Ghs. Gosselin. , ALSO The Metropolitan series of readers. Lovells series of National Book. - . Borthwicks Harp of Canaan.