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MICROCOPY HSOIUTION tlST CHA«T 
 
 '"NSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2| 
 
 A APPLIED IIVMGE 
 
 '6t_' East Mom Street 
 
 Rocnesie,, Ne. votk 14609 US* 
 
 ("6) 482 -O300-P(,o„e 
 
 ('16) 288 - 5989 -Fa, 
 
/'/9' 
 
 Y ; 
 
 MAiv^GEL SEED GROWING 
 
 F. S. HKOWNK. U.S.A.. 
 Aisislanf to Domiiunn .[iirn^lnJoiiiif. 
 
 '■ T 
 
 
 ^4^ 
 
 li'>J 
 
 '-»^;^«r 
 
 mi^:. 
 
 :*:*1^ 
 
 Harvesting Mangel Seecl -Kxperiniental I'ann, Ottawa. 
 
 POSSIBILITIES OF S££D BAISDTG. 
 
 Judging from result.^ of exiwriments, there an- large areas in the Dominion where 
 soil and oiimatie eonditionn are suitable for protitable mangel seed growing. At the 
 Central Kxpj'rimental Farm, Ottawa, and also at several Branch Farms and Stations 
 in Eastern Canada and British Columbia. (|uiti> satisfactory crops of mangel seed of 
 exi-ellent quality were harvested last year. On the whole, e-xperience gained .so far by 
 the Exi)eri mental Farms' system, tends to show that wherever a satisfactory crop of 
 mangel roots ran be grown a satisfactory crop of mangel seed may also be raise<l. 
 
 ADVANTAOES OF SEED BAISINO. 
 
 I'here are many reasons why the farmer who uses mangels for his stock should 
 make it a iK)int to grow his own seed. 
 
 Hy producing the seed on his own farm the grower makes him.self independent of 
 the uncertainty of the market, and will be sure of getting good seed and seed of the 
 variety he desires. 
 
 Tn addition, home-grown seed, according to the exiK-rience of se<'d-growiMg 
 farnuTs. produces larger, and surer cto{)s of mangels than seed obtained through the 
 ordinary channels of commerce. Seed growing for home use therefore not only means 
 saving money on the seed, but also increased yields of roots. 
 
 DOMZiriOir EXPERIMENTAL FARM " 
 
 J. H. GRIfOAlE, B.Agr., M. O. MALI E, -;,.D., 
 
 Dominion Mgrostoiogist. 
 EXHIBITION CIBCULAB No. 58. 
 
 Dii jctor. 
 
 (January. IDlfi.) 
 
 .,0005 
 
 iii ittttMi 
 
VARIETIES. 
 
 TliiTf i-i lit pro>oiit i*od of II (Ti""'"' Mi'iiilxr i>f xi-cnlloil viiriotit's oUcnd t'i>r .^nli^ 
 ill CiiiiikIii. Miitiy of tlii'w art' iinirtiriilly tin- siiiiii' vurictios uiidtT ditTiTciit iiiinii'>. 
 liiit, fvi'ii iifliT iilliiwiii); for u liifK't iluiilicatioii, there are still lietwivii forty uiiii tiflv 
 ilistiiiet viirii'ties to clioose from, ijoiitrhly, these may he );roii|N'(l into seven ehis*'-. 
 viz.: Yellow (ilohe. Red (llohe, Yelhiw Tiiiikartl. Ue<l Tiilikard, Yellow Iiitennediale. 
 I.oiifr Ueil. iiiiii the viiriouH tyiH-s of Iliilf-sunnr maiitrels. Of these latter the miijorily 
 
 are either iiilcTmeiiiate or lonif. und vary in eoloiir from white to intermediate helw n 
 
 white and nil, and white and yellow. 
 
 A rdiiiK to the variety tests eondiu-tid amiuallly l>y the nominioii Fv\|H.rinioiitiil 
 
 Farms, the most protitahle varieties are found amoiiR the llalf-sut'ar. Yellow Inter 
 mediate, and lionir Heil elasses, the three heaviest yieldin;r varieties heint' (iiant Half 
 Siifiar Whiti'. (iiant Yellow Intermediate, and (late Post. Either of these vnrietips 
 may he de|ieniled upon to jiroduee n satisfaeton- erop in ahy section of Canada where 
 nmnu'il ^rowi'itf i"" I'rofitable. 
 
 OBOWINO AND HANDLING OF SEED ROOTS. 
 
 The nian(;cl is a hieiinial plant-aiid reipiires two years to eompletp its !ifo eyele. 
 The first yj'ar the miui»rel itself is formed, and the geeond year tlii« nmnpol thrown 
 out seed stalks wliii'h hear the seed. The seed jTTOwer must, therefore, prow the roots. 
 Iiirvesf them in the fall, store them throupliout the winter and plant them nprain the 
 lollowiiip sprinp in order to )>rocure a erojt of seed. 
 
 Selection of Seed Roots. — When ehoosinp mots to he used for seed produc'tion 
 the following year, a very eloso seleetioi\ is advisahle. All roots selected shoidd 1»^ 
 ]H>rfeetly sound, free from diseases, and conform as nearly as iKissihle to the ideal 
 type of the variety. They .should be uniform in colour, size, shape and peneral ehnr- 
 iieter of top. Proiipy roots should he avoided. 
 
 Seed (jrown from roots selivted, as outlined bIkivc, is much more likely to produce 
 roots of a uniformly pood tyjio, than seed prown from the peneral run of roots. I'urity 
 of the variety sliovdd iilw ys he maintained and hy cnrcful selection the prowor rnii 
 not only maintain the jmrity hut also improve the variety. 
 
 For si:rd, full grown or medium sized roots, perfect in all respeets, should h" 
 xelecled. Abnormally lurpe roots should not ho selected. They are rarely i>erfe<a!.\ 
 sound, are difficult to store aiid ket>ii, a id do not produce, a larper (piantity, nor better 
 quality of seed than normal .siieeimens of tile variety. 
 
 Where seed prowinp is carried out on a commercial basis, the st-ed is penerally 
 produced from so-called rootlinp.s, i.e., roots whicli, on account of late seeding, have, 
 at the end of the prowinp season, reached the thickness of a finger. Althouph advaii- 
 tapeous, seed raisinp from rootlings cannot at present he penerally recommended. The 
 chief reason for this is that the rootlinps do not exhibit the characters of x.xe variety 
 clearly enouph, and as a eoiise<iuenee there is a danger of choosiiip roots, for seed 
 raising, which in some particular lack in uniformity. 
 
 Harvesting Seed Roots.— ^Vhpll harvesting seed roots, rough handling should be 
 avoided. Roots that are badly bruised or broken are very likely to rot, and the rottiiifr 
 roots may iiife<'t the sound ones, lessening their vitality and reducing their seed-pro- 
 ducing capacity. The roots should be care'iilly pulled, leaving_ intact as. many of tin- 
 fibrous roots as jiossible. The top should i carefully trimmed off with a knife, bet 
 not 80 closi< as to injure the crown. Twisting off the top will often seriously injuro 
 the crown, and roots thus damaged will not send out sntisfaetory seed stalks. 
 
 Storing of Seed Roots. — Se<^d roots should be stored during winter in such a 
 manner as to insure a maxinium vitality at the time of planting the following spring. 
 Excessive (evaporation or growth, that would not seriously damage the roots for feed- 
 ing purposes, will lessen their vitality !ind should be guarded against. Mangels for 
 seed raising should, therefore, be keiit at a temperature that is high enough to prevent 
 freezing and yet low enough to prevent growth. A temperature of from S'i to !!'< 
 degrees F. will be found satisfactory. A well constructed id properly ventilated 
 
 »<I501I9S 
 
ifUiir will uHUully titTord sntisfnctorj condition* for tho si^i.^ig of seed roots. Where 
 
 (•(•ll.ir stiiriiKr i-< ihil iiviiiliililr iir is iiii^iiti-t'iiii.irv , llir p'nts I'titi Im -inrctl in pit-i cnit- 
 i>idi*. 
 
 (for ijitliny roots, ate HuliViifiiin ('in iilnr ..'u. 57 ) 
 
 SEED RAISINO. 
 
 Soil and Cultural Requirementi. — Mmiml Mit\ cnn [«• tmnvn iirotiiiiMy on nmny 
 kiniU of soil. A t'liirly lijflit loiun iti prcfcniliU' iind shriuld Iw used if avnilnblc. 
 
 riic IiiikI slioiild lie ■^elected the Vfur prcvions to pliiiitiiip. It -lioiild tliiii nriui 
 iiu uppliratioii of uhout 20 tons of bnrnyurd niunuro to the ikto. ploiifrlxil in, it 
 IKissihli', dnriiijr tin- hitter part of tlir suninu'r. 'riirontflioiit tin- riniiiiiuli ;■ • f llir 
 
 I'lisoii the -oil should he kf'pt frt'o from weeds. aii<l in ii n 1 stiite of tiltli. with tin 
 
 iliie uiid dr«(;-h:irrow. 
 
 As soon as it is |h>ss'1)1o to work the land in the s|>riu^. it simnhi he ploinrhnl .mil 
 thoroughly worked into a jrood tilth. The field i< then ready I'nr phiiitiiiir 
 
 Number of Varieties to Grow. -All kind- of beets, ineludinjr inan>;< 1-. -Ufjar 
 heeti and jjarden heets. ero>s ri'adily. As tlie value of the Med prcMlu<'eil depeial- 
 larRely on its purit.v, it is itnprrntive that irrauti'tnonts lio inade to, prevent erossiui;-. 
 i'he easiest and safest way to aci'oiniili-h this is to grow only one variety for seed, 
 riio farmer who wants to kthW a certain variety of mandrels for <eed is a<lvi-eil not 
 to tjrow for seed any other variet.v of mangels or any variety of eitluT suprar heets or 
 K'lrdeu he«'ts, unless the .-eed plots ean lie hieated so fur awa.v from eaeli otiier that 
 daiifrer of orossiiijrs between them is entirely out of the (lue-tion. I'nder no cin'um- 
 stuiiec-H should different seed plot* he located less than three or four hnudred yards 
 a|iurt. 
 
 Time to Plant. — As >ooii as the land can he convenientl.v worked, and the daiip:er 
 of heavy f.ost is |)ast, seed man^'cls slmuld he planted. If planted as late in the sen>oii 
 as the middle of .lune, ^he seed ma.v mature, hut the .vield will hi' much hiwor than it 
 plantinfi^ is done earlier. 
 
 Durin)^ the hot weather of niid-sunnner the plant-< hlossom fri'ely and the sii'ii 
 sets readily, whde, on the other hand, the ireiu'ral growth of the plant i>raetically 
 ceaH<!S. It is, therefore, imjierative that the crop should he started as early as iHissihle, 
 in ordei that the plants ma.v he larfre and stronij hy mid-summer, and thus enpahle of 
 hearing a maxinnim amount of seed. 
 
 "■ nf ;n ». — At the time of phintiii).'- I'are should he taken that thi' roots are iii>t 
 all' )Ut h.v heinj; exposed to hrifiht sun for cVen a short time. If plantinjr 
 
 ia ' .lit da.vs, cover the roots with wet haps or straw when hauliufr from the 
 
 pit r . nd do ta)t i'X|>ose more roots thai\ can he planted in n cumparativcly 
 
 sh, 
 
 »„ .jLimit jf cultivation, the roots should he planted in rows :! feet apart with 
 the roots 2 fe<!t apart in the row. Kach root should he firmly s<>t in th<' >rrouial so 
 that the erown is level with, or a little above, the surface of the ground. T.ontr roots 
 may be set in at an angle to avoid deep difrpinn, but care should bo taken to have the 
 lower i)art of the roots at least (i inches helow the surface of the ground to prev<at its 
 drying out. 
 
 PlantinR is most satisfactoril.v done with a spade. One man dijrs holes of rcipiiriil 
 size and dejith, nnotlicr places tho roots in the holes and tills them in. pre~-inp the 
 <!irtli firmly around the root, and a tliird distributes the roots. Three men workiu).' 
 in this manner should, after beeominp accustomed ti> the work, plant from one'iuarter 
 to a third of an acre per day. 
 
 If t\w roots are small they mav be planted in furrows made with a plout;ii. In 
 this case one horse is frenerally used, with thc> pidl arranged so it will walk on the 
 miplouglied land. The roots are laid on the slopiufr side of the furrow and are covered 
 by the following; two furrows. Th > roots are thus planted in every third furrow, .\fter 
 Iilanting in this manner, it will usuall.v be found necessary to po over the tiehl with 
 a hoc and cover such r(K)ts that are not set sufficiently deep, or uncover those buried 
 too deep. 
 
t 
 
 Cultivation. Iluriiix the curly piirt of tlip •»« iion frp<iu«'nt culiiviilioti i» uo<-r»- 
 -iir.v In rnii-crM' iiioi-itiri' niul ki'rp iluwti wcitU. Tlii- -li'm« "t il ■■ iiiiinifi'l pliiiit, 
 li'.urMr, iiri' vir.v Urittli-. wml hI'IiT tin v Imn- iittiiiri 'il r. luitflit ••( .ilmiit i fi it Imr-i- 
 1 iiltiviitiiiii ■<tiiiiilil i*f. W \v I" iM'fi-'l Intir, tin hand li"<> ^»lll>llM lif iwimI. 
 
 Time to Harvest. Ilnrvi-'tititf i-hi'iilil U- niiniiicii'Til »< ""im m ttn^ nuwt iiiatiiri' 
 -icil I'lwtcro hiivi' turiiid litflit hrmvii. At tliU >ti\gr n prfiit ilcnl nf thf -lol iiiiiy 
 l.M.li i|iiito (frccii, yet, (III ••xiiiKiiiiitidii i-veii tlu' ii(n»f (rni'll will lie fniiiiil i|iiiti' Imnl 
 ill il ciitri' mill will riiMMi thorminlily in tti' "tcxik. 
 
 Harveiting. A k""'1, >luirp ^nnlcn spinli> I- II iii'Mt Mit!<fiiciiiry tip.il tn wi-f u<r 
 iMnliiiK the siTil (Top. Till' I'xlrfiiio lop of tlio root i* nit otf with a iiiiick slnntinif 
 htow. anil the -^tiilki an- ifalhiTi'l hy haml ami li'-'l in small -hnivc^. .V man with a 
 ^,iii"h' lliiMi ImttH till' -hnivi-i; that U, ciit.s thi' top:- of the root>< from iho iniU of tho 
 >liilUs. Till' shi'iivi's an- tlii'ii -tuoil up in rather i'Ih'ii -look:*. Ono man nr«in(f tho 
 -paih' anil two uion liiinliim and stookinit .should liiirve.*t oni'-iialf aire pir day. 
 
 riiii crop should rciMiiin in stook until the scihI is quiti- dry and hard. Maiiiril 
 -.cd shatters easily and the sheaves should, therefore, tic hniidlid (icntly. In haulini: 
 from the Held it is advisahlc to plnee several stiMiks on n lartie sipiari 'lei't and tie 
 the four corners tuttether, thus making ii In'ire lia»t which may he haiihd to the lairn 
 and emptied. Si,\ sheets li' feet -iiuiire, lllli^l to capacity, will niiike a fair load for 
 nn ordinary team. 
 
 Threihinj; and Cleaning, •'snudl ipiantitics may he thrc-hed wilh a lliiil. or the 
 seed .trip|«d from the »talks hy hiind. 
 
 Larger quantities can be thresl.cd with iiii ordinary throsliiiiir machine. TIte 
 maehino should he fed slowly and the wind cut down as low as jHissihle. 
 
 .\fter threshinjr, the seed should he spread over n floor to a depth ol n. i more 
 than .H inches until thorouKhly dry. If hninr<'d or piled dci'ply. when even »he lca«l 
 hit damp, the st-cd heats quickly. 
 
 Manjrel shkI may l)<> partially cleaned wit.i a fanning mill, hut hits of stem are 
 often almut the same size and weight as a swd cluster and cannot he separiit<Hl readily 
 hy eifluT wind or scrtH-n. .\ simple machine, oonsistiTijj of an inclined cnnvns belt 
 runnin)! over toilers set in a rack, with a hopiwr arratijf<'ni«'iit to drop the seo<l on th- 
 belt, will, ho.vcMr. do excellent work by friction. The bits of stem are usually sonu- 
 •vnat flattened and when tiie belt is made to run over the rollers they stick to the 
 canvas aial are carried over the iqiper end whih- the seed clusters, which am more or 
 les.s round, roll down the incline, tlius effecting the separation. 
 
 For iilans of such a machine, which is simph- enounh for anyone handy with 
 tooN to nuike, apply to the Doniinion .Xnrostolofrist. Central Exi>erimental Farm. 
 Ottawa. 
 
 COST AND REVENUE. 
 
 An exi>crimont with a view of determinintt the net profit of miinnel secil produced 
 per acre was carried out durinjf 1!'1.'> by the Division of Forajre Plants. The fiptin-. 
 as piven below, are based on results obtained from a field one acre in size. 
 
 The total cost of (frowiiiK one acre of mangel seed was $79.70. The seed prmliiiid 
 .Hiiounted to l,i:U pounds, which, it may be explained, is only an averaRc yield. 
 
 With a wholesale price of Vi cents u pound, the revenue realized amounted to 
 iii147.4i, with a ni' profit of $(>7.tiS. 
 
 SUBVENTIONS. 
 
 .\s an inducement to the frrowing of field root and vegetable seeds in Canada, tlic 
 Dominion (iovernment is willling to aid seed growers hy cash subventions, full par- 
 ticulars of which can be obtained from the Seed Hranch, Department of .\gricultnrc. 
 Ottawa. It may bo stated here, however, that the purpose is to encourage selected 
 scikI, and oidy bona fide growers of such seed are eligible to receive the subventions. 
 
 Published by authority of Hon. MARTIN 8URRELL, Minliter of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.