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MACMIIJ.AN', ]\r.A., OTTAWA fOLI.KaiiiU: INSTITUTB, VVITI, EXAMINATION PAIHUS .SET LOR ADMISSION TO UKJir SCHOOLS. (P^// Edition -2CQtk Thcusmid,) • TORONTO: \V. J. GAGE h CO, 1 Q'.^ •» f Bi p[ llfl li %~l^ Entorod acc.irdinor to Act of tho Parllaniont of Csuiaila, In Uio year one thousand oiicht humlrod and sovcnty-seven, iiy A:ry case the jiarticular i)lan to 1)0 pursued. 'I'he tcaclier should vary the method from time to time. ]?]n^:FACE TO FIFTH ]<:])riTO]sr. In this Edition of tho " Lmn/uar/c T.issons" an attemi)t hag licen made to brinj; the Dejinitiom and Clitssijlcations of tho Tarts of Siiccch into luirmony with tliosc yivon in Mason's lar^o work. It is very imi)ortaut tluit in an introductory work on granunar, whatever has been learned in the important depart- ments of definition and classification should not require to bo un- learned, when tho ]>upil is introduced to tlio study of the larj;(?» and nioro advanced text-book. Mason's (Irammar is now rccog- r.ized as tho standard work on that subject, and tho chant;es intro riuced into this IMition of tho ^ Ldnr/uage Lessons' will there- fore commend themselves to the te;ichers of tho Province. Wo firmly believe tliat these chanj^es are not only correct, but that tlicy will greatly tend to render tiio Lan(j}ia;/e l.c'sso7is more acceptable than ever to both te;ichora and puidls iu their study of tills most importiint subject. Ottawa, March, 187b. . Thoy are first with a is esiJOciiiUy iiital follow- liiviticuliirly OS .iro suf];- ■^ of lettoi'rt jrt Upon tlio ;iK not boon ;ul!U' [)l!in to oiu time to ON. ;ittcini)t lias tions of tlio ason's laij;e •y work on taut depart- iro to bo im- if the lar;;c?» i now rccof^- ianj;cs intro will there- Dvince. "Wo ct, but that /ssoiis more oir study of I CONTi^iNTS. Lkshou I. Introd.i.-tory '''^"' J 1 1. Tlie S(-ntence ., „ '''• f^i'l.jtTt nnd I'rodir.ilo .' " ' " 4 ,_^^ J"^'- !'<''*'••'"" in Critici.xini; ,j ^, ^' Subject iiiid I'retliciitu ' .".'..'.".".'. ^ VI. Kinds of Words , , VH. XouiKs J VIFI. Vcr!,s ' „ ''^- i-f'^on on Nmiilier ^^ „ ^- Irro-ular Xunihers "'. . ..'.." vj J-^- Irn-iilur Sin-iilnis ;ind rinralH.!. ... ~y\ ^-^'f- I>Ptt(;r (if Criticism ",- Xni. Adjoclivps ."„ „ -^f^- Coiiipiirison of Adjectives .' ," 31 ^^ XV. Sentences witli Adjectives. . . . ."...,'.. . " 3,4 ^^ ^X VI. Predicate Adjectives '^j XVlf. Possessive form of Nouns. 'J XVIH. Adverl.s f ;; XIX. Phra«os ".'.'.' ''^'^^ ^['.'.W 4!! v"^'^" ^'^J^'"''^''^ »» •' XXXVII. Analysis of Simple Scntoncpfk ^'' •• XXXVili. Analysis-Kiilarsed Su])joct 80 • " XX XIX. Analysis— Kular^'od I'rcdicalo IM " X li. Iloview of Punctuation '.'U " XLI. Kovicw of ]\Ialcin;L; Siiiiple Sentences ".•4 •« XI. 11. Construction of Nouns '.'7 •« XLI II. How to Parse Nouns KX) " XI>1V. Construction of Adjectives 102 «« XLV. Misused Adjectives 1<)5 •• XLVI. Asrccnicnt of Verbs 107 «• X LVll. Verbs with Two Subjects 100 «• XLVllI. "Tiierc is" and "There arc" Ill " Xl.IX. Syntax of Pronouns 11:5 •♦ L. Syntax of Adverbs 118 •« LI. Coinjionnd Sentences 1'JO •• LIf. Analysis of Compound Sentences J'J3 •« 1,111. Makin.u; Compound Sentences 124 •« LIV. Comi)lex Sentences 127 «< LV. Analysis of Comidex Scjitences 1151 " LVl. Expanding and Contnictin-; Sentences lo2 Ml.-5C'KI,LANKOU8 EXERCISKS IN COMI'DHITION 13(5 bL'PPLEMENT 145 If ('i ir: -SI «:'. w; 80 m U'J :c.s \y\ !)7 lUO 102 1()5 107 10?) Ill li;{ lis 120 123 124 127 i:il I ices lo2 13(5 UB LANGUAGE LESSOIS. J- INTliODUCTOUY. l„Tl;l'r7 " ""' "> "« -""""■>" to m»,„or, .„t to .. roa„ ,,„,„ 1. We liavc Icarnocl to s,,cnlc the E.KHish Ian ^nn..e .,0 as to understand what other, /ay to , " -I ^to n.ale „r„,..o.s., i„ wri.lng't. ' Vo may Lave wr„te„ letters and .short co,„,,„°sitio„.s ' tJi ^"' '""■,'''"'":^ ■•""1 compositions are not per- eni>itals , we often emj.Ioy the wront; word or we ;^o-t put the right words to,,ethe;.i,:;,t:j: 4. The mo.-t useful knowledije tliat we can ae nu.re .„ sehool is the knowledge, in the Tst , a t to TJ- U T' '" '"'■'•"■' ^^'■"'"^' -'''^t «-e have 10 bay; tlion liow to say it so fl>..f ,fi ^/ J I •^ '^^' iii.il others nnv •>/« III books not be our iJgaziiies 'ness and rcvssaiwihiic.uHllenccMhrou.ri, nows|,M|)crs. ]^oiv, it III occasion to liandlu tl to write; yet wo sL:;!l all h. ive lett crs to our frieiula. i^^ pen, even if we only writo wi 2 LANOUAOE LLftSONS. G. Itiw iK-t very diflleiill for n |;ii})i] to Icnrn to speak and to write correctly and clearly. And if you will faithfully work out the exercises liere given, you Mill be able to ex])rfss yourselves cor- rectly, botli witli tlie ton,L;ue and with tlie i>en. 7. The study tliat tcaclies ns to nse the English lano-iinf^e correctly in speaking and in writing is called English grammar. I II. THE SENTENCE. Tlio loaf^hor will dict.ito, aiiJ tlio pupils will wrilo on slatos or on papor, tbi) following ytory : Two ynnnt,' boars left tlicir uiitivo woods. Tlicy caino to a hee- liivo wftll sloicd witli iMiiioy. At this disooxoi y tlio. bfars were <;reatly do!i;j;litoil. They hastily ovortiinu'd the liivo. Tliey l)0^'aii to eat v()i'ai'it)iisly. Tlie Ikts. liowovcr, \voro uot to bo dc- ]>rived of tlio friiils of tlioir labor ^vitll imiiunity. Thov flew jiboiit the bears. They stuiij; them scvoioly in thci ears and eyes. The boaiN tried in vain to rejiel the attacks of t,ha marked off into separate state- ments by a i)unctuation mark called the 2^crio(I, or full stop. II. The first word of each statement begins with a capltidletter. "1. DiiiECTioN. — Begin every statement with a capital letter, anW. end it with a period. Change pai)«rs, an*' sec if Lliis has been correctly done. i I 1 s Intofl or on ON SENTKXCK.S. -J 3. Kach of ih.j«e scpunUo statements is called a sentence. In the oopicl story, nu.nbor tho sontonccs l, ?. 3 otc What u .» « flm sentence? ThoseoonU? Tho thinl •.• .tc ^v hat Is tLo 4. Dkfixition.-A sentence is a set of words making a complete statc.aent. 5. A sentence is made up of loonh ; bnt not u'oMs tlirown togctlier at random. G. " The air that ^^'e hreatho," is not a sniU-nee beeause the wonis do not n,a!a. a eon.plete s.utJ jnont._Theymigi,t.n.i.,l,omadeintoasent!l ;'ysay.ng"Thoairthatwe]>,..nthe is s^veet," or ihe an- t.iat we breathe is a fluid." 7. Is tliis a sentence ? Little drops of H-atn..,liH,,^.,.,,i„,,,f^,^,^^^^ Make the mighty ocean an.^'i"<'at patrot. '• — '^'''' '''''^' ''' i^^ t;H3 largest city ia rid. 11. ■tells us tho time of (b- 'y NOTR TO TKACirKUS.-Tho 1 of th> tho ■'' xrnlciK-e. work of f)no or It will ;iNo ho f,w,,„l 7..., , -''^'^ .^" ■i-.,;i ..1 . '"> '"^'-iciso 10 I ba.isof class^JriS.''' '" *''' ^'^"^'^•^^^"'^b aud mal t'O ."I'j ^ 51,1 in' it LANGUAUli I.liS.SoNK, 111 SUBJECT AND J'UKDICATE. 1. In every sentence tlicre are two important tilings to be noticed — I. That tliere is sometlii))'/ sOdtj/. II. Tliat there is sometliijig naineti abvut icliivh the Ktateiueiit is made. Birds fly. Here tlic tJimr/ stated is denoted by tlie word " lly." The tiling (ihoiit widck the statement is made is denoted by the word " bird." In tlic following Bcntoncos toll who or wjiat i? MpoUen about, and wbat is tho thing stati:i). 1. Columbus discovered America. 2. Leaves have their time to fall. 3. Iron is the most useful metal. 4. The lawyer hummed an old lovc-tunG. 5. The S(}uirrel eyes the browning chestnuts. 'J. Dj:finitions. — The name of the person or thing about which the statement is made is called the subject. The word or words used in making the statement are called the predicate. 4. Every sentence must contain a subject and a predicate, because every sentence must be a state- ment. N.B. — The question " Who {or what) is mention' as its answer. 'yi '.!• And " WJiat is said of the sidiject?'''' will give the predicate. E. injtorl.'iiit MiL ic/tich Jiiient is I about, and no. stunts erson or ■nade is ing tiie ect and a a stato- mention- 5 answer. give the RtJlUlCCT AND I'JIKDICATK. 5 r>.V means of those questions fin.I „ut the .Suhkcts ":^/ '•^^^^-'^^- in the exan^ples given above ' 8u.t«.t« moaning; aB, A dog worrk.l a m : P'-«ot8. _ 1 revolves around tlic snn in a ^■(.,•,r o IS the season of snow and ice. ;}. -__1 ,,;. :{,,,^,„ over the snow in slodf-cs 4 /-^ •'« n.mn , .,, . '"'H(i.,cs. 4 suffer tcrrbv in battle. 5 -isthe^capitalof Ontario. 6 sail wrote her exer- arross the i\tln„tic Ocean. 7. else. Si :'l>ly8ultal.Io r>rpdlrntf>(i : 1. London . o. QQr^\ music . 4. Vessels —l the Nile . 6. The Children — • 3. Sounds of <>. The source of Exercise I. A. Write a ^^'ntence on each of thefoljowin.^ uords Inihrlne all the wo7-.l« I'n >i i • , >^oI(lfi underline nl \ ^^oils in the subject, and douhhj undc', line all the wo^d. m the j^redicate. MoDKL. Smoke. The_ smoke curls up from the chimney. Steam 1. Smoke. 2. Desk. 8. A ■engine. 6. Tiio Kagle. Change papers, wctiy uudorliueO, ir Hook JMon Tl Id and BOO if the aubjocus and ptcdi '^y. 8. Girls. rffl icatfs are t•o^ 6 L.'iNGUA(JK l.K.SKONH. B. C()m|ioso 'wo or more sentences upon e;ic]i of tho following subjects: 1. Cotton. 2. Do- 3. Flowers. Let Uieso sontoncc? bo writt.'ii on tlio li;,T'K1;oar.|, n.v<\ ho. made the bHBis of class-.Titirisni. Coiro'^t ficconliiifj tollic folhnvMiKdirootioiiB : 1. Draw II line under each niissjtelied Avord. 2. Draw a line through each small letter that nlinuld he a ea])ital, or eaj)ilal that should bo small. '•I. ^lark a eros!^ where a pei-jod is omlttefl. NoTK TO TKAniKHs-Tlie iii.'iticT of siil>i'Tt ;uid proili.-atc Hlioill.l not lM>l..|t llll'll it )^j:r,-,;rll;/ IIII.lcrMund ))_>■ CVCrV IK'^'li. iHTol tin; I'hss. Ol o.iiiso, ;itl.liis ,Kt,;i-.\ n,. iitteiiiiit 'is to l.{ iiindotodisoniimiatio between Knimm;iu.;,l and Ir^-ical subiccl fUiG p;r:di(.'iito. •' IV. A IJ':;S,S(.)N iX CKITICISING. 1. AVe are now to t;ike a lesson in crUldsinf/ ?>{i\\ tencos, which means i)ointing out their faults. 2. To show the paj.il how this is done, we shall take a number of examjdes from the last exercise as written by a class of young seholars. [Sec the sub- jects in Exercise 1, page 5.] Examine 1. — Tin-: Doc,. The dog runs f.'.st. The dog got runed ovct by a cart. The dog got out of the jjound. T is not well rl one. riKi, each .«en- torice lic^'iiis mIM writer sfiys " tii.- .lo-r ,i:ot riivetl over." 'Dioro 'is iio'siid cnpifil, and onds wiMi a jieriod. Hut the aH iiwfd. He iiieoiit tliat tlio do;j ?/y?.-? r l)ej,ni)s with tho .same words—" tlie di ki the eui! m\ over, Eacl word I K(Miteni'(i til is id uot a^'rccubie I: r.KMf.ONfi ox rniTirisivo. 7 Aao,n;i.sar{„:,]n,>....i u-iih four lo^s son.o dor,g '"•-veryu-ihl,:,,! ..,„>,. ;mt not wil,l so,,,,, .lo.rs do l)')t like to l,r ti.Ml ;.lM;,y. -^ lI'Tc tlifi writer lius tlirco sciiU'iu'Os f,,r f,,, .. ., '■Ue .lutoiuents : vot tlu-M. , . i '■"" ^'"'"'^ ''''''* A (log is a quadruptMl with four lo^ir.s. Sonio ao..s are very wil.l, an ^"^ -^'^ -ca tl. „.,.. say -u quad. m Exami^U 3.— Tin.: I)„g. I have had some dogs that I l,ave been very fond of. Once I hud a big Neu-foundhuHl Do.. \U would take my Lancli to school. Xow I lave -, lutle Dog that u-ill fetch me the newspaper when I send Imn aftei- it. "du-"is written t^vh^e ■ ,/ r ^ , ' "/ ''>"" ''■^■"'^^- '''1'^ ^v<).•.I Kr.MAUIv 'I'll 'I'HK PrT>iiu "iin tors, or i„ tho <.nu; o . ' tff ' 'f-,"';;"^''^ "/^'^ of capital lot. will ..rely t,y u, do , ) vc'; 1, . r """'' "' ^■""""-"I'iu.o. iu„ }f;i Correct tlie foil. ii^xercise 2. wing witli roferonoe to— • 1. Spelling. 2. Capitals. 8. Tlie I^ thing else tlia orioi ^ fit'einH to n(>ed correction. 1. 4. Any- ° r.ANOnAOE I.nsfiONR. 1. Soiiif i1..ja nm very nicn pome nro vcrv iiKpful tlno^nn.. go,«i w,a.l, ,.t „i.-l,t they koi.,, all |„tr,„ aw,"'i™, ,|,„'wu"o i-woS;*-;'?,;; :;■',;;,;;:;;': '""" ^ ■■-""■>' '"" i'-™- « « i d»6 3. TliO .1,.;; ia very prcty lIuV very Klva-o Iln is very larRe. 8. Tho Eaglo is a lars Bird. A ea-le flys liiyh. better than btea.u boats some people like tl'le stcJuXat tiJl V. SUBJECT AKD PREDICATE AGAIN. Birds fly. Fishes swim. Carthage felh 1. Are the words « birds fly " a sentence ? Yen because they make a statement, and liave a subject and a predicate. What is tlie subject? The i.iLt.i. cate ? 2. Are these words a sentence ?— « Fishes swim." Name the subject. The predicate. «nnjKnT AND rR,,r>irATK aoatx. 9 Give the Huhject. The predicate. ^ ^ *!• lii t'acli of tlu'.so Hontcncos the m,).; tence/ ^ coords be a seti^ -lied the «;„,/,,„ ,j,::,;; ■;■''' ''-I'-i'-to ,,,,,,,,„ pro.licatJ^ '"'""" '•'"''"•^"'' «,. with the ir.r.t-STitATiox. !• Birtis fly. T'lis la a spiitoiiop uin. ,. Plo prodic-ate. •. ll^^^""' " -"P>o .ubjoo, " blnl.V and a Bin,. ^- ^Vwe birds fly ,v/,//^/y nero the woids '< »f .. ' '^ '^"'.^'1/. ^•^ry " to tlic last of l>'''^'y " are ad predicate. 4. -Vrjme birds of victim Hero t ditional words w^i^A /if verij swiftlj to th i^>ject and the pred ^•'f-d to U.0 Ja8t 8ul,jcot.. ^7/' ^''^^'''*'^''/ sccnred ih ma '>"lc; till! other sentences iwv tnkn-tjud. »Su?)Ject. Predicate. 1. IMnls fly. iJ. Some l)ii?^/i6- / stataiietit- words are called verbs, lu. There are thousands of nouns in our Luiirua"'e, aiid also thousands of verbs. When we take .all the words in our laiiLMnii^i', we find that we can as.sort them n '^ n few gi'cat classes. We shall st'c that all I: ,ii h 'voi-ds m;iy be n'rouped into eujhl cla.s.'-o.s, r.d Uiese diiTi-vnt sorts of >vords are called in ^^\\'u)ii\\\i' parts <>/ .speech. Now, nouns and ver])s are the two ]trincl))al parts of speeclj, bo- oauso Avitli a noun an<1 a verb wc can n»ake a sen- teuce. I " is tho t\)urlli iviiii^ sc- ; with it iciicc is to tlioit iifik" thorn ill OIU! J)10 rse r;in. iiiitence u tliiru* itu is ;i a tliiiiL' itcineitU .;iUc' .'ill we can 'o shall ;'roii|H'(l f words , notins i>c]i, 1*0- .'i KJ^n- i^'M'H ((r Wl.Kf.S. lixcrcisc 3. A. 11 n.ns. 5. A l.onl ..' ...nio " n .V' ''• *""" '" " '"•■"'""^' '•'^'^r iivcdinatuU ' ' ^" '""•^ '''•^•' ^'i-" -• tho wall ;, „;. ' I^ Writo a sontcju'c oiM..v.h of n,,. MJ ■ -V'"'»Wi„ti,oi„.,.,li,.,,„.(v,.'l, ' "'^■'"■'"- CI.;) 1. Faro. '-'itc (voib). -. V ru('.H'LKS.-yy^/^, ?//7.;^f7, noun o", St. La MTt'jie «', suf/'fr, rosc\ 2>((ifh virtue, (joodiK •'•''5 vnadonu h hanica uro uouiis. t', .ToKc].]), i/an-iot, 1/ ' ^>''"^cry. Xow, all tlie !irr #i I : I 12 LANGUAGE LESSOiNS. 2. Verbs. — ^But we cnnnot speak about a tlnn;j; williout using another kind of word cnlled a verb, to express what we mean in regard to tlie thing named : A desk stands. Thunder roars. London is a city. Temperance brings liealth. Jolin heat James. In tho following Bcntoiiccs, write tbo nouns in one colunni anil tho verbH in fvnother : 1. Ilnin falls. 2. Smoke rises. 3. Joliu brolic the window. 4. Tlie Tlianics flows. 5. I'aris is a city. (5. Lucy visited Thomas. 7. The sun shires. 8. The to;iolicr ;;avc a holiday. U liobert spins a top, 10. Mary ])layod ii f^.'inie. 3. Adjectives. — A mere name is not always a sufficiently definite sign of the meaning of a noun. Other words, called adjectives, are sometimes joined to it to denote colour, shape, size, kind, quan- tity, etc. : A blue tie. A black dog. A inhite swan. A small letter. A capital letter. A round table. A_;^;?cpear. A .s?rcc^ apple. 7Vcw^?/ dollars. Underline tho adjcctivoH in tho following sontcnoos : 1. The man stole a brown inuiT. 2. A tine bmwn liorso won the loti;^ race. 'A. Many persons saw it. 4. I'lcas.-mt weather ni.'ikes us clieerfnl. h. Swoot sleep brings fairy dreams. 6. Three sunny days have followed two gloomy ones. 4. Adverbs. — A fuller meaning is often given to the verb, and also to tlie adjective, by the use of words called adverbs, to express time, place, man- ner, and degree : He called yesterday. Go quicJdy. lie will be here to-day. She sang sweetly. Uichatd was very angry, lie was exceedingly sorry. Underline tlio adverbs in tho following pcntcnces : 1. Try again. 2. Write carefully. 3. You will soon learn. 4. She beliaves well. 5. It is very easy. 6. Step backward. 7. Nobody really trios to write carelessly. KmCS OF WOUKS. 13 S. Pronouns.-A ccrtui,, kind of word nnv 1,« n^<;drn.teadoianonn: namely a pronO n T l>nncij,ul j.ro„oun« arc ; P^onOun. iho I--me, We-us, He-him, Thou or you^You, She-her, They-them, i. i Jove a rose. 2. Do von ? q if 6. Prepositions.-Ccrtnin woras nro „se,l ,„ He placed the boxes on tlio mrf v^ i™""e< mountain. 9. The ioat uitSS ^^^"J^''* ?. «• ."«»ry ran np the TlH! oak bears ucorni' 11 ^™ t''o. c iii,i ,„tn a djtdi/ ]o. iri inFrance • si/oNn"^'"-"''''^'" 12. Paris boy was noted fci- Ids candour ^ "ver is yre^it 1(J. The Viri. VERBS. 1. 1)EPi^.riox.-Verbs are words, by means ofwhichweare able to make an assertion about something. -. la sentences like these JVIen Idughy Fishes swmi, ('anhairo ff'll^ there is hut one wonl m eael/cf the predicates; and as .n everysentence the word l,y means of which wo .ire able to make an assertion tnust he a verb, the words laugh," swim," and '' foil " are verbs. o- In sentences like these The buy airi^es the dog, The child shu/s a song, there are several words in the i)redicate. Now, in each of these sentences the verb is the particular word used ■^.tr- VkiiiiH. 17 u know, seen oi and wiiioh 2r, coni- tlio trco. :is ill liis :ir roared ui up tho t<;li. 10. 2. Palis I'itt was m. Tho means lertion i"in;iIii Mi » ?s ; and ich wo rl), tlie Exercise 6. A. Addver^^tothefollowinrr: 1. The boy . 2. The ijirl birds . 4. The clock - TI le sun • 5. Kings 3. TJ.o n each a used 1. The 3. James Iloaltli - apph hen 6. Loud sour. 2. The ffra pes yesterday. 4. Sohl lers on '''• The lion npe. Jl 1^ LAMUUAGi; I.HSSOiNS. On N()i;.\s (f/id Vi:ui;.i. 1. NiDiit si.\ tI)in!.;H tli.il run. •' U tt tt ^' 44 ~* f/roin. '•i- '' " " " /mm '1. ^W/ " " " jnnls (/e> 5. " " <' u liorscs « 6. « « « « (Iwirs " C. Wrlto ,1 soiitcncc oil ivioli of tho following «ul). jVcts— (Irawinn^ oiio line under e:icli ?iou?i, and two lines under eiieh ve?'/). ]\[oDEL.-~T]ie polar War lives in Uio arctic rejrions. 1. Tho polar bear. 2. Ihe vainboM-. 3. My cousin. (Change papora, anil corroct with roforntioo to : J. Spcllinrr. 2. Ca})ita1s. r,. The |)eriod. 4. Whether tho nouns and verbs are correctly under- lined. IX. T.KSSON OX NU.MBEK. The river flows. The rivers flow. 1. When we compare these two sentenc(!s, we see that the noun in tlie first sentence is *' river; " in the eocond, it is " rivers." 2. The word " river" gives the idea of one of the things called rivers; but when we say " rivers," we get UL idea of more than one. T.TfSSON riN Sniv.KK. 19 form of nouns or pronouns, by means nf wh.chwe Show whether we '.r/.^eTu^:/,', one of the things for which the noun stands or of more than one. ""u.-,, '"""Ijor, ,v),„.|, .|,,„„,,„, ,„„„, ,1,,,, „„e „l,J,,,t: 5 Ru, „;._Mo3t nouns form their plural bv addmgA-to the singular; a. «,u,, st,u' ; ,' Z Write tho plurfil of tlio following nouns : 1. PI .'lilt. '2. l\uiiib()\v', '^l ■\Va]!. 4. Danger. T). Iioapor. Ch SLTpcni. 7. Knell. fe. C'liL'stniit. 0. Garden. 10. WlK'(.'ll)aiTou\ H. AVator. 12. Aj)|.lo. (( Wo say, « TiKM-ivor flcnv^v," and Wo say, "Thorivor6'ilo\v'." 7. We observe tliat wuli the .singular, « river " l].r> n\ais, Uio verb lias not the a. 8. It is uot correct to say, '• Tl,orivcr>„." Nci- tI.or 18 u correct to suy, " Tl.o river. >,..." . ." -"^^e^^ " vcFD denotinp present .me ts joined with a noun subject in fhc^ Lgu W number the verb generally ends in . ,• but when jomed wth a noun subject in the plura nutnber, the verb Kenerolly omits the / ..ii ' ' il 20 LANOlfAGI.: LKSSONfl. 10. The most iniportnTit i.rinciplc in the KiMhh lan-unge is ll..'it tl.(. vorl, follows the number oi its noun subject ; tliat i.s — If the noun is singular, tlie verb must be singular. If the noun is plural, tlie vi-rb must be plural. 11. Tliis is exi)ressea in the following UvLK OF AciiKKMKNT.— A vcrb must agree with its subject in number. Tlie Jiorso works. Here the verb « works " agrees in number with its snbjeet, "iiorse." "Works" is singular because " horse " is singuhar. o' The liorses work. Here the verb « ^vork " agrees in num]>er with " liorses." « Work " is plural because " liorses " is l)lural. Aro tho following soiitoncoa good EngliBh? 1. Some l)oys writes carefully. 2. Tho splendour fall on castle walls. 3. The tops of the masts «;>- pears above the horizon. 4. The houses nccils paint- ing. Write tho following sentence : The brave soldier falls in battle. Now write the sentence so as to make it say that more them one brave soldier falls in battle. Wi-ito tias sontt^nce; The stars begin to twinkle. Change it so as to make it s^^eak of but one star. 21 In the foil tlio J'relurals of ?»a7As'. Thus— The plural of /.s- is ^^^,^ " " " '//vA.s is "vu^r^ "^'''* 1'^ //«//K'. 4. As far as re,L;.ar(ls number m verhs, these arc almost the only very irre|:r„]ar forms. Ho v(>ry careful in every case to use the eoi-reet form of these words— that is, the form that Avill make the verb agree Avith its suhjoet in iiuini).^-. E.VAMiM.K.-The senfeneo '^ Th<> ehihlrrn //./.sM.one to school " is incorrect, because the vc-rb " h.-is " does not agree in number with its Mi!,ji...t, '^children" since " children " is plural, while '-"has'^ is singular. Exercise 8. A. AVritc S(M>t(Mices intro.lucing man, vJuhl, penny, ox, shce2>, and ironuin in i\w. plural ; and mice,f<^t, teeth, sheep, gee^e, and pence in the sln>jular. 13. Write these Rontenccs, changing the number of the 710U71S and verbs. Mo]>KL.— Dutifid children o])ey their parents. Chanf/ed—A dutiful child obeys its parents. Model.— My boy's tooth is decayed by eating sweetmeats. Chanfjed—My boy's teeth are decayed by eating bAveetiueats. 1. Mou aro iiiortnl. 2. SlH'ei) liuve v;ilii;i1)Io wool on tlicir hixoUs. a. Ihe oxen tieutl out the oorn. '«*. r V('rl»s of I it (liffcrs Now, jllHt ..are. the so nrc Ho very iiof tlioso tlu' verb /"'/.s' t_^onf> ;is " (Iocs en, iiil.Ii siiuriilar. ice, feet, r. inltor of I).ironts. ." ofitiiic ilooayod <• An iKiIirsf; II, ■III is: il,,. ,. I '^ ^' "• f;-:';^'-«'iuMiii;;';'t;:;|;:;.''''''''>'--^'!-.M!o«i. I. ' '^^'"i'lHraiii.-MWii,,.,, ;„ L'a tics n, the ;..,,;./.,• or nour.s .,„ux-i's. OX-l'H. Vfil )S X ; aOff/tdar—iKiHH-vH^ 6. Esuisr, IS ().— S,)„K. nouns an Lclter. i\Iisrt l'"lorom?c Nij;litin.i;.alo, — My dear Teuclicr : I do not find any mistakes in .siiclliiij; in Miiry Jones'a coiniiosl* lion on "The Ox." K.'i('li pontnticc ends with a pcriixl. Itiit in tlio first Hontoncn Miss Jones .sayn, " oxen plow!^.'^ This sliiHild 1)0 pldiv, accoidiii.L: to the toxl-hoolc, \vlili:h says tliat wliun thf, siiliject in plnral the verb .sh(.iiild liave no is. I thiidc the expression " I peon " is wron;^. I do not know why it it* wrong ; but I should soy " I sdin." Yours respectfully, Anne Hathaway. r01NT8 IN THE ARUANT.KMKNT OF A LETTER. The arrnnp^cinont of tlie parts of a letter is im- portant. • The following points are, therefore, to be iittonded to : I. The /j/ri-ce where it is written, and the date. Tho day, month, and year should bo pi von in full, II. The fonn of A' o.v....,„io„ is ;.,,. trouble, xs the pnpil.s will t om. ■ Vj i n' /' -''''' ''^">"""t ^'f t."ad,o.- „„ist ho vi i , r o t; . " ;":}'^ '•'■•■"••■■■'l-lo n...ult. tlm •■:.VKithp form eft haiid- Yours icn the XIII. ad.tectivp:s. 1. Thus far, the only kind of sentence that wo really understand is tiiis : • Flowers bloom. Water ripj.los. Art refines. That is wc understand only about the si.uplo sul. ct wlueh .H generally a noun, and about the sin. pie predicate, which is a verb. 2. But it is often necessary to describe or limit the nounm some way and nJ-^ t + n nhm.f fi . . ^-i}) anaaL.o to tell somethinfj about the statement made by the verb. 3. Thus, we may wish to say-Meaatl/al flowers Woo^n ; or, l^eauti/^d ll^nyors bloon, ea/,. ^i! . 'i. 28 LANnirAoii: rKssoNs. tine. 4. Whoi.ovor we ou^^ny n won] to .Icsn-il ising w],;a is calh.l an ii,lj I'M It a iioiiri, wo tu'o i »p or lieaut iiul " is an adjective. VV| '"nij.loy a won] to doscriho or limit tl I vorb, we are using ^h^t is ealled an MI b' IK an adverb iene\(')- wo K' meaning,' of •'>. Write tl lesc senLeiuujj 1. A hUj {)]•(. l)urns briolitly. 'ii-ec earts were i^'oin!' ah 2 V' ij nng nui tliat book. >ng tlie road. Tl >o word " big " is ad.led to « fire " to tell wl 8ort of fire it is; t],e word " three » is adde.l lat (( f'MHs" to tell ho to ^vord<'that is meant. J) \v many carts there wcr :ind th is added to " book " to tell which book 0. ])KKr.\lTI with or fact N-.—An adjective is a word used a noun to denote snme quality, attribute ^ 7. They ,nay bo divided into (puilifallnc ad lives, fptantitdtive adiect (■(V (lete r))iu)fiHve adjectives. jcctives, and ilemoh,i e or «. (.).ialitative adjectives denote some qualihj atti-ibute Color or Size A u-hlt, liorsc. A hhu'h ([ A /, opr. A rod book. <'r;ie Iiorso. A .s/m/// entta-o, A hroj to'.u\ Kind M >'<•'' t'.!i<'r. A -/.;i/,Vl / A hard rock iiinl), Fine woatlior. Ill 0. Quantitative a.ljectives show th( m g K^uiiiber \ li. iJn 1. Fixed. O DC. OX. u.,j oxon, quantity onws f Mass or bulk ^-. Uncniam. .So/,,,. pc-riunB. J// {!l,i|,|ron. Afanv ( oluldion. /'Wyirls. A',> men. ADJFCTIV^KF!. 29 ti.n.-s donotvC hy a .onnnon noun. This horse ,cno w.„m oiu. pointo.l ut) That hor.-e {thef"yf/>rr oiu. i.oi.uc. 1 at)', 1L\ yl;^ is n.,a before Avonls booinninc^ uKh ^OM'ol sounas; ., before wonls l,<..innh... with , sonant sounds. "" *'' "' «use. J/, art; m/ end ; .mheir; .m urn. calM f^^''''''^ ^"'-'^^-^ ^-'" Pi-or>or nouns aro c^.aprope. a l'^''M'J^" are f,,nd of music. roLi;;;^;^' """"'""^"■"--'" --of Kussia. Italy. America. Adject i Itiissian. Ital Ai ces. lati. Mcriean. so LANGUAGE LESSONS. 14. As ]^voim-7wuns are always writton with caj,i- talH, so adjectives derived from them are also writtfii with ea])itals. State tlio mistakoB In the following : The russimi govern men t, ; The itfdum peo])le. 15. TJie adjective fornie.l from the ]>ro].er noun Switzerland is Swiss; from the proper noun China IS (JJiinese. Wrlto the a.ljoctivos formed from the following nouns: Sj,ain, Scotland, Jaj.an, France, Germany, Ire- ^ind Africa, Australia, Turkey, Canada, Paris, ilnglana. ' Exercise ii, A. Select t,]ie adjectives. B. ^ Write a sentence on each of tlie followinrr sub- jects, introducinrra now,, an adjcctlm, and ^ verb Number the nouns 1 ; the verbs 2 ; and the adjectives Model.— Trees : Large trees gi oV in Canada. l.FloAvers. 2.The Rainl,o^^^ 3. Army. 4. Railroad. (Joange pupors for florreotjou, 1 wiUi caMi- Iso writtfii peo])le. »])or noun )un China any, Iro- a, Paria, 31 na tOAIl'AliiHON OF ADJECTIVES. C. ^Vnt.p,encc. introducing tlK,.1j^^^^ J\ronEr,. — Suit/crlTTul • c ,. • 1- Africa. 2. I,„lia, a. C..,:,,!,. ,. j„,,,„. «.«..«.. pa,,or,, «,„! corpoot „ith retcrcnc, to- '' '""'"■ ^'"= -'J™"v- arc ccrcctb. «n.lJ,li',:; . f (, if: 2. A Inrpe IiuiuImoiho niicii iiiiir- lirovi(!(;iice M' Np.iiiisli All hoMicd iikca lot in iiig sub- \ .1 verb. TJccdves .anada. ail road. XiV.-C0xMl-AliIS0N OF ADJKCTIVKS. A <«// Mian. A Id/lcr ni.an. Tlio tallest man. 1. nc,.o arc tl„,,o n,ljcctivo«_",nll," '^um.r" • ' l^'"!." Vou sec tiKit " tailor " a,,,! " i,||,.„ ' " k»n\ of rchuionslH,, to "Hll" V ?'" __ .^ ju.t t,rll-|-cr, and " tallest " i» tall+cst. - " hi'., wc hear a m&r man spoken of ,vn '■;■';;. tat, co.np,.rl,,,, ,,im „.itl,Unc,L.,;r 'I'i'l.ty. In g,-a„,n,ar, 8„cl, a cI,nnf;o of aillective, a« f roa. .„« to taller ana .,&., i. calW c^^; ■ J:! P Ir'ii I 'M::* 82 LAXOrAilIi LKSSOxVS. n DKinxiTioN—Comparison i^ a variation of the form of an adjective to express the quality in different degrees. T<(Uc?' is (•;ill(.,] t,li(. companithK i\ri;vvi^. tallest is ca!l('(l the .^upcrlutioc dc-jcc' Tull-~^h, simple form of th. .•uljcctivc-is called 4. UuLK.-The comparative de-ree is formed by addmg i.:it to the positive. ^ ->. UuMo.-The superlative degree is formed uy addmg kst to the positive. J^osidne. Oomparathc. Superlative, <^^'--n.d. Grander Grande..^ iLLL^STKATIO^•s. J>lii(.- + (■.•--=„ot W-,/cer, l,at bluer, Kcd + tT.=:i)()t ^•cv/'^T, but rcY^c/Ter. If.Mppy + er.:^.ii„t h/cr,, but /^<7vy/cr. KuMos Fou Si-KMaxu A.MKr'nvKs.-L VVi.enaL -^jocnv. ends in ., tl. . is droppc^^^^ H. AVIUM, an adj. vtive ends in u «in.;l.. consonant jM'occdc'd l»v a sin«de vo^.'-.^l ilw.f >,:„„]^ ^ " ^"- ^■" -'5 '"-'i' 'Single consonant IS doubleu holorc .. and e,L ]?.d+cr.^roddcr ; bnt swoet+or:=:.,.cviV';. becau.sc tlie t Is preceded by two vowels. ^ rOMVMllHON OF An.TRrriVEr,. ni. wi 33 '<'" ;ui :i(lj(.('iivc 011(1 ^OT.S(v,,nnt,thoyisc],;u.go,Uonx s ill 7/ j.rooodod by a C.v^. ] I ""'•^'"^^■M'-y is;../; precede] I lore adding e;. or ''• ^Vli,,n tli<. addition of ^V'Td too lon.r t,, l„. ,,j >y a ('onsoiiant. ^r or e.9^ u-onld ma). l;''^''"'V(Ms Innned l.y ,.,,1 />f('asaiit to tlio ko a liv e, ai Ml tl »^! «uj)erlativ(' l,y j,„tt ''"•^- ^//'>/v;lH.l'.,f(! M (^•>r, tjic ooiM- |'><^ I'OsiLivo; as -^Mwr(/W htaatiful \ II' posi- "1.1? ?//o.s^ lioforo ''^iore hmutifal, most F. 1. Doleful. <'>I-J,ltiV0uf 7. Tl '1. {- ■lore aro some „ld K„,.ii.,) -cnerous. 3. Torril^h (•oTn])arativL's and KljOCtivcs U'hoHO 111 i' ordinary way. S'lperlativcs are not formed 111 vc. Positi Jiad . ^'ood , Little. I\fai CoiDpanitive. .^V .15, .ft orse (^r iv> Much. ore uro Siilieilativo. •...Worst. •...li.'St. Lf^ast. Most. Moat. 'Xercise 12. i ScdoGt tl })arison : le (idjoct t»e. '111'^ tell lite (Jer/ree of com. li!0. '•'•••IIKul ()| |,„ oxeicisc, 1. A lji;,'L:('l- |.;isli priidont nuiji. li on. t). A li K'll. 7. A V( ''t- T). Tliosti 3. Mo.st nxi;cIloiit '•liiiiKicejit Italiiitj •■>; «'l"A;iiiit dip ■<»ii«est ox. G. 'i'l f- H A us(!fi,l 10 lliosj invuii- «'""i^o. 10. T),.p,..cti.;t«;;j J3. CL-fgo i,ap.M.. and write letters 0^ ...itici«.u. ;'t 11 'm.:^ 84 LAXOUAOH I.KSSDN-S. XV. SKNTKNOKS WITJI AIXmcTIVKS. 1. A noun may l.ave ewe a.ljortivo to .Icscribe it. or It 'iiayl.avLMnany iKljoclivcs. / 1. J'ure water is tlie best. 2. i^i^re, t'^irtr Avatoi' is tlio best. 3. Pure, clear, spar]dinvi„g '■ Ji-'on w,.,s tl.e l,ng!„e.st of ,n,,„ki„,l. viii;i fi ic 10 WHrtJi U()l)lc'-lic;iit(ul fruMid. n. SI \v;iH 1. J; ni.'irlili's. ,",. I! nc- W'ph^for lost somo iii;irf. Tl, '";. v.ci-o roiiii,! iiiail.lc.s -1 ri ',v wore sni'ill riiaiMr.s. :.. nwy wuo |v,li li..,I n,,,,!,] !'•>• \\(!1U wliito 1X1 1. A l.dv ran a\v;iy frnm -riion] vostftdin iro wu^ a, i|iiarii'l,-uiiio 1 II »">•. -4. II I' was a cfoti.M (• wa.- a lazy i;uv. 1. 'I'lif 8i>(>al,-(ir liad a 'ivafla thill vnico. 4, It n^n'caMc voico. voice. 2. It was a s'uil was a [.ij ';".%' vijico It I viiii'c. :'.. II; Nva.s a iii<- 1- 'I'Im' lliiiialuv.'iH cxtciKJi'd ftin lofty. X Tlio'Hiir.al »uo\v-caj)pcd. •'•''i-oss A.-i, '■ " Tlir Hiiinl; t.v-.saio iiiujtvstic. 4. The liiuial; |ya^ aio JJ r'l laii g(i |iniM'i'< fur corriM'tiun. Attriid tliatiuii of th" aijjfcti I'av h"i'arl'. ■" tin: |ii!iu'- Pimctn;itc tlie iufj'cdras in \hv UA\ 1- Tlif sailor had ;i I, <'^V1J)<,' (.;iH- ir-r. slntii^' \vAY<\ and siid):inir>d hand. li- Tlio rrardci. pcoiitod llowern. as fdiod witli r; I'f cii.-'tlv hoaiitifnl ,s\vo(?t- .*!• Haflic lind a short sc;!si!)lo woll- Wfll-i.iiii. dial I'll I'DIUpOSlll.iII. writtmi \voII-sji'l!nd and 4. Tlio Hoiidor is the lan;i>.st st loss of l)irds of pniv. I'on-ost s-A-iftcst and most tin Tt. The lofty niajost Atiia froiu cajt to ueyt. snow-napi)od Ili-'ialaya,- j'xtcnd acroas XVI. PKEDTCATIi: ADJECTIVES. 1. The adjectives lliat we Iiave thus far taken •M)tice of have been adjectives that have preceded du- nouns tliey described. Thus— 1. yjW?f^//>^/ lUnvens bloom. -. The blue sky shines above ua. • ''^■:s •") SllO \V!l» '.verc Sinn II \M!iu wliito \\;is .'I (TOSH /.V hoy. lliiil.'ll.'iy^iS ii;il;iy;i.s are t\u p1!M(.'- li.iiul. fill SWf'Ct- )'l'n,1 aril] most tlie- r taken receded MlicMfATj.: Af.,ri Ci IVIJS. 9 nl Adjectives he I ^v;^}^s prcca/e tli ^'HL: to MouMs, !,„( tliPy ,|,, ,i,,t 1. The t] V nouns to which Ihey helon Jr.T.USTIJAlio.v' (r. "wers !ire O T" he sky is /V/zc x'tiniiful. (t i> JJeautifuI tives in the U'fU'es, and they hel and "hiiK ii-e just as much ;idje ■■^«' sentences as they are iu the /irst J'l l)oth oases "heautiful'M " hhie " d<'Sfi;!w,.. u ,1... >• t "nuj to exjictly the S(!M ''^anie nouns tl i<'scrihes " s|^ • 'sci'ihe u (! 1 1 wers M y IJut ind '^"y arc Ml the predic<■' noun it de- T! ins, in the IS (( >\vei-s. f! KS'iutiful and it f''-« nre h,,nKifnP' the sid,ieet is (h n catc adjcciioe. Such ierihed hy the adject ive I an adjiMrtive is caMed prcdi- ir-LUSTUATIOXf 1. I n suinmor the days are lo ?^7. H oro ' loni o The O imits W JH tlio pro.lioato adjectlvo, and I ■i]>tain was hram^ prudenL and ■davM. ?0),*.v r.Ti Iimitintr " vn'''« prudent," ami Caiita in. wise, are predicate adjectivetj 4. Predicate adjecti srcnic way as adjoctives tl ves are punctuated in th( lat precede noun? E xercise i< t- ^Iiko ,'1 yontf "CO t<>IIiii:r f),,., P^^««.n«the,uulitie«by;.a.^-;«;:j;^ ;('i.ilitif;.-' of r/, ecCa' a. c ycea/i-ei«. ( , k liH r.A-Kr,V\r,fr. r,T?S.qoNfi. Clmngc pnpor.. and write lottors of criticism. XVir. POSSKSSIVK FOIfM OF NOUNS. 1. Wo nrc now to learn about a clian^^^o in the j-M of noun, wl.icb ,ive. tli.n the powJ^ of 1 ii. Com] tare — 'Dm c™.,// 1 ■ , ^^'"^ '"^ coat. J he ..mr/// shoes, .with. . ../«-arca(]jc'ctives. line ) ,,;!' ^"\VT "'"" "■'^ '*•■•>' "'^""t " J>'l.n'« "and la .r:tlsli..,,. loS-hol.;.,!-';:; uieul'lr''''"''- "• '^'"^^'^'^ Ji. Write tl.e following sinm.iar I'hmd/orm : possess! ves in the 1- Tlio liorse's teotli. 2 pi.'i.vM dress. liiJi •ss. (i. TJ,esoMi.r\s^.?M '7'n^,T'"r''',^''' "'• A woman's " .>^ imilwihi. "" HMi row's no.st. lU. Tlio {^oiitle- c. 1. AVrite two scUonoe.s on each of t),o following -r.K u.ng t,.o possessive fonn in the : : :f L'li ])JiJiai Avitli tiie second : Klei>liant-Iving-Sl)ee])-La(ly. Cli.unpo i)npors for oornKitioii Wt-H . i i. thoj)oaht-yHi\caoui.B. *-''ih..iii.iu, « i,.xuivip«, bo far jia i-o^rm-^j .»< I XVIII. ^./VERB^. TJie big fii-e burns hrhjhily^ Tliat book is exceedimjly dear. Some birds lly ^,o•y .sv/Z/i/^j^. 1. Tlie M^ord « brigbtly " modifies the meaning of the verb "burns;" ''exceedino-Iy " ,„odiZ ^I mcanmg of the adjective " dear ; " " very » ntaifies ■ADVERns. 41 ''K'ohs. 'i, l*ll<'llltS>. in tlio 'legree, cause, cfiVct -■ \ u ' '"^^"". 'i-it on action or :,u;ib:,;-c:7'"'"'"''^^°'- iiML.tl,im[\VlHMv ?]/,«.« 4 -":;;:;t:;;;,::'::;:r;,!fr:v;:VT''-'-™ 4- ^\.iv,;,.b„ l,,y stress on <„/>,,■<,■««,, , This iiik- is \,hu:k. ... o. , T Mt InL- ;: '"' l^^'^^''^ • ; ." [ ^^^^^^ expressed by ''' '"'^ '^ ■'"'^"-''- ^i^'^'J^' S" very." "u>o." "ratl.cr " 5. Adverbs Of ,%;.,, ,„,^.^,,^ ^ force to other Wm-<^6' . ^^ ^'^'^ He talk, hastily , , ,, ^ "7 ^^''"'^••"^tly. The binUs the 0. V S:; ' ; ^ «• iWost adverbs end ill A/ 'n,;, >,• ,. JVhat doe« *v.«c^/, u.oan ? ./..7, > ,,,/,,,/,,//„ ,' '. He may take almost anv 'uHertlvn , i ,. ,; i ' - PI i - I (^ 42 LANGUAGB LKS80X8. Adj. Gay-f. ly^^adv. gay]y : in a gay mannef. Adj. swoct_^Iv==^adv.8\vectly : inasmet manner. Adj. Nioe-i-ty , .(IV. nicely: in a nice manner. 8. Some adverbs do not end in /y. They are <-ou. erally sliort words denoting time, place, manner or ^ause, affirmation or negation, repetition, and guan. tity or degree. Pupils will wriio on tholr slai-os tLo following list • &.^;;;";/':^:;;;;;:;:;;;,z);'^^'""^ ^<^^^ ^^^^'-^^ u^o^e; Advcrhs of M AVM,,: : x.eH ; /// .- hoxo ; erei'i/ ; so ; as. Advcrbn of Cau.sk am) Kin.'Kcr • u-tn, ■ th,Z,],-: i CH'i-e/oye i-J^iJ-ci. ji/iy , thcrvjoie ; whence ; ^^ Ad verbs of g.AXT. rv ou lJr..K,.uc : v'./^c ; ta.r ; m.c/* ; a/- 0. Adverbs are conij.ared in tlie same manner as adjectives. Comparative. Sooner. JMore sweetly. J-*o.ntlve. Soon. Sweetly. ^Superlative. Soonest. Most sweetly. Exercise i6. A. tl.c^'beion^ ^^'"^ ""^'"'*''' '"'^ ^'" *^^^^^"^ ^^'-^^^ h. Aluu^H exorci,.o is well written. !). Wo sI.uU iui fill in il.Mj,nv.spaper comes out daily. 11. Few men we al v ys hai>. ?' 12. IJiis lesson has not been perfectly prepared. ^^ uapi>y. annet; 5 manner, lanner. there area i» juljectivo. i I'roin a(J- lu Jidverlj ; 1 locclij tlio jective. lit •AiuUy is nn are goii- turner or id (JHCUl. ohen. ; whayice ; nay; yea. uch ; al- iinor as ive. ietly. I diss •V, 3. I 1 {* 4 G. We Iv )ii,nni, 11(111/), Jh, ^in{/, cry. Using the ,'1,(1- ioctives sot't, n(ml,sweef„6it' icrjina, blue. XIX. PIIRASKS. 1. "l^he ai'moured man. 2. Our sea-side cotta^-e «. A beautifid tiling.'' 8ca-side, beautiful," are adjectives. 2. We may give the same idea by saying, 1- Tlie man in ar?nour. 2. Our cottage l>i/ tJixi sea-side, 3. A ihm^ of beauti/. ^J^- Take these beautiful words of the poet Shel- Like a glow worm golden In a dell ofdcio, Scattering unbeholden Its atrial hue. ! H : t saino sense as "ui a (loll (>/•(/„„." ' Mlc, "of l,e„„ty," .„,„<„„.„ ..,,,,.,.,,„ "iH'anly" arc «.«„,,,. The wor.l. " in" an,l "of" are^«-9„„«,W 1„ the expression "tl,e man in M.ni Jn the o.x|,res«„.n " hy ihe se,,-si4e " the 1.C e.v|,ress,.,n "a thing of l«,„t,," ,he i.rei^.suion "ot"jon,s "beauty" to "thin..." 5. ]to,.Nmo^._A preposUion is a word placed before a noun or pronoun, by ,„eanrof wh.ch we show the relation in which things and thcr actions and attributes, stand '^ Other things. «• W<. Imve in K„j;|i.si, „,,„„t f,n „f ^^ ..s.t.ons S.xof the most nsed are to, of,\fil 7. ])KK,xrno.v.-A preposition with its ac companymg noun is called a phrase. ILLUS-UATIOXS. 1. Brevity is the soul of wit. ^^. There is no terror in your threats. •1 For I /„ ,,y),v/^ ),j^^^, ^j^^^. j^^^^^^^ :'7^rc.?/.r//^ c/rcfes o/ p> its ac guarded into a ur. i Kxcrciiic 17. A. 4i> 1. 'r]ll! Sllcci, ;|i,, *?:'■'!■ '''■ \W Jjvrs .. Id v; niiis jicuss tlie tiold ^ '"''""" "'^i-'i' tlic timu. (i j lil I. 1. 'I'll" trees ,,f tlic .r;,nl
  • \vii til.' v.'illcv 4 T V ''.''"' ('ImipI,. ;{. 'I', . ,, " ■">; "11 tiic i„:,d. ii'iiicriiiij f„ii.-iii,j, (i. nicijiiiii iijit c. ai.-.„,i,',i tl,e iinli,.i.,,l „-„,.,l.s i„t„ ;,/„.,„,, . """■'■ "'"'■"'• "• •n,..,.e-, ■:;;;;';;;,• nilirirs,:™ -'""■ " ^ f"P|iiy a|.|in,,,n,t, rr.p.'^Mo,,,, t,..,, , "■;-''^ "'■'■■''■■''■■■'■-■''"••"-• .i"w./'n«.f„!, ,,,:,'■''■ E. Make soiitonco:; witl, tl.c following phrases : Jfonia.— Tho hoi-s.. staiuls ,•„ Lis stall. ,i/"i""' ','"'"•■■ "" "if t-ii'i". "( till- »..i„„ I I. ., / 1 i 'If . ! ■■t . .5 .J I, • ; 46 tim (ill', thro,i,,f, (1,,, / I I ; 'ice J^\ I'J ii-.'i.sos 111 1 1. •! lies; " '''^" 1. A m;.no/-tv>»n,,/,,i„cs„otfr,-,r.I..;,tl, ;|. Wo s;nIo.l,,ntIu. rivor 1,3.//,,. /,//,, ,„,,,,^ ,,,,„,,, ^^. ^, n,o antlom, ,n..narch .,>,.,„ in k.ste funu Uis cuucl. of 4. '-'•"■•.inf,M-st]„M>yco/^/,, ,„,-,„,. fi. ^^«^'ttI.r/.omvf,,,vr,-«/,>MTtMn,,..l|,.,.iu,,.U «. People a< .,.-, .>.e „,, bettor thun Mu-.v ever du. before. • XX. ADJECTIVE AND ADVmniAL PHKASKS. 1. Tl.oro arc two kiiuls of j.Iirases; I. A(lj(H'tivc j)]ira.scs. II. A.lvoibinl })hrnsos. 2. A phrase is an adjoctive i)I,rasc wlio„ it fiI-,.« ;^Haco of a„ adjective; that is, when i;n^^^^ '^J-USTRATION'S. 1- Tlie man vi armour. 2. A thing 0/ ^('aw^y. "' «'"ni, since ■'it-' Wtuiiu '^' of ijj ia cutich of bo/ore. UAL 't takes i raits • I I)I»ra»e fiiidiir" 'f l>o;ui- ictie are 1 -^''ii I'lii'cs ^ i).:.i, <,, :,,„„l r/iunirYrr * ^"'''''/ )"''"">- (i\I)l -"''.-til Ml" the y.Aras,'" in -'. ^ g'-f"-it man lives ,V.M/.s-;>/,,c.. 3. 'i'l't. tnnyaavancodm;,/,//^. it iH an udVerUal pl^a^e ^ '""^' '""^^ " '^'' v.rL " udv^S/' Exercise ib. A, ^ Select tho;>/,m...9, ana toll whether thev are <../ jeci'ive or advcrl^ial. ^' ^"t} are a^A ti.o-S;r'::;;;:,js^r.r^^;:,^"^ 2. r,. ..0, or B. Change the following i)hrasefi inin n.j.-. .- I' ■■*< ■ 48 ; f . ^VXr. J.KSSON^ IN ^lAKma SK\TK.\c \ViTi! J'illiASl i*:s 1- TJiol'rof. lissor Ilor ■e wo Iiuvf Olio j.l fi/ tho. U,um)\Hit -^ T)io Pj-of "•i«". "oltlio I // .u:avo pi-izos. for scholar tihi]. (.'ssur r>/ ^/^e (fni "ivoisity. 'yc;-.y/^/ g.i^.(3 ^^,.j^^, JI i/i "'■'' "'^^ '^^^'l -^ ««'"on.l ,,]ir;isG, '« for '^' On CoHvocatio)i^,l soliol.'irsliip. loversiti/ ir.'ivo i.»-!v,.. /• " / , ';^y, ^A^ Pn>/\,,,,or of thA "oro wo udtl ;i tJiinl >'S/iin 4. It J)lim.so, "on c G.ach cojitaiiiii' i« voiy easy to take »"V()c;itioil-(l;i^-, IJ? fi ])lira . ^'-I'nno.paIst;,u.,ncnt is .ivoa first: 3. rrinthtf, 7ras U)vr„tr,l if „. byGiitcnbci- '*""-itciiUi century, it was invented niianpro p.incrH for oorrof Mnn o •, 'ill -,• I 60 J'ANUUAUJK LE.S.SON.S. -XXH. NOU.NS J.V Al'iUSlTJo.v. -• WlnitcnVctl.llVl. lIlCMViinl.;"//. // , »> iiiMin IS iiic'.'int. A noun tluis used is (••illrwi ., „ «J. UKFINITION' A no,,« , other word is called -^ '° "P'"*" ^"■ °'^'"^ ""ed a noun ,n apposition. n.ruSTRATION. ^ -i tonuiia or l»y coininas 1. IToward was loved by all. 2. Jlou-ard was ^philanthropist. 3. Ho was a distinguished philanUu-uiust 61 •"< 11 ii.sc oi l>tO(li(;ito 18 ain an- ion. ny itself 'f adjec- <^t-7-, was or ex- iibined VKK'im WITH OnjETS. Exercise 20. r.in:;.:;;i:t:^t:^,;7- -^ it c.vj.hiin.s. '"' ^''^ """» "liioh »•'» ii /■/„/.,«,„<,;' "'■"■'• n»vul >va, tlie ,0,, Of Ja»„. f;„||„i,, s,l,l\^!-!;r "■« ^""■>-- "^■'"■"'oa n,,,.„„. „.„„ „,„ „„ H Iillan- Cum- XXIir. VKIiUs IVITII OIUEC'TS. 2. Wc have til lis fai noun— the kind Unuu] connidcrod only one khul of IS such .sfnton JJirds ^y. eos as ''« .f'/ri''??^ ro LA Xf} a A OR r.ESSONS. l'I-t<' Ntaten „t; so .Incs f 1... ,,.,1, u .^,i^„ „ '/ ""' ii. IJiit tako tlio foII..u'Inf^-vfilM; J.'imcs \V:vU inurntcil . Tlioso arc not .n„.,.lct<, slMtr.ncnis tliov dn n . . , -onso. Wo...,c, Discovoro,] «;A.,, liu I J' J^t' ''" Boiu. nhjcvt ti.it Watt inventca ^«'''""l"..s d.scovcml, ?i. vv oinuy make complt'td Stat Columbus d onit'iits lu tins w iscovcred America. ay; James Watt invented tli(. .s^cv/;,,. "iif/hie. Wliat «.'U>< " di.-cnvcrod vciitod •• w.xs tlu; ".^tcaiu 4. Verbs that mal WHS Clli-iiiO.' "'f"ii'';i " \VJ,;it w.is " in- tl ko oomj.lrto statements I H'lMselves are called mmplUe verl 5. Verbs that do „ot make comj.loto statemo„t, i)ytl lemselvos, but i tl , nut require some word to compl 10 sense, ai-e called incomplete verb etc <». 'IMiese are tJie t\v o <' verbs '•<';>t classes into M-liidi all iredivided--c'o/;.;>/,.^6 and incomplete Almost all the incomplete verl verbs. '>>■ nouns, called their object ; as, 'J'j ^•'7c; Men hate tl 101 r enemies. are completed lomas bouidit a Verbs lluutnkc ol,j«.t..„-c c-lIIcI (r,.,„sitive verbs. (uod, lud ivcs III ;i soiicH, 'J'l im;is. in M.o fti'i.^, Hud iiistnu'ti Ml "IS : All chii.i ■■^■■iiiio ni.uMKir '••■II require clutiiins^, 19 V __^.^. VKiats w'lru oruKcrs. ' a cnm- »1.'ll(0 fill) Wo ;irrt scovcrfiil, IS Wfiy : .It "Jn- Is I, J in outs »l)l«'te Lih all t1).s. Ictod .'lit .1 Prbs. ,I><'ts, Kir jia 53 '*^. TIlO Vf'll) /»<' i.s (.-(.iw.r.iJI., •'• J)() tllO U'ordc «i /■' 1 1 • 11 Won,Myoom].K.totl.o.sen.sointl.i.svv.-v. ^'•'Id is yellow. ^»oid is :i mcY^//. ^Vt'IIingtoii \vns20'f«leni. Wellington was a f/e7u>rnl ~i.i.i.u,, I,, „ — , .,„,i„ „ "'" s?/Vc^. -^ ' ''""'"^ fonmufj the rcise 21. A. N-anio 11,0 vcrU, nn.l toll M'l.iol »vliio| I ai-o in ^^omj. J.IV ,i'.s ai(! I.'ii'-,, .streams of fresl vitnr t>. Milton wroto " I'aradiso Lost/' " B. Fill out the blanks; first hy a ;>..,//e«^. ,^.,,^ in hy.pr^^Ucatc aOJecHve. wl.on done, 2 tlie two III one sontenco. KxAAii'i-,K. — Iron is t,^„ • '•native.] Iron is hant fPrcdicato iZ^i"^^' .trrodioate nom- metal. [Sentences uuited.y -"Ijectue.] Iron Is a hard 7- Diamonds are -1 % tj^:^Z7~- ^- '^'i'^ '"..on is — . ^ — . 10. Queen V ctoi-ia' r^li"'' ^'"'^ — ' '-^^ '^''''« eJ.urch XXIV. REVIEW OF NOUNS. I. A noun maybe used as the .^./^Vc^ ^y « ^,,^ . as, 6W«;/.Z..,, discovered America. II. It may bo used as tho ^>.../.-.,,,, nominal io e ; as, Iho discoverer of America was Volumlus. III. It may bo used as the oI>jcct of a verb - -m Wo should honour Columbus. ^ « ^^^ ^ «'^«' r Jc^' t Vj ^T'/" ^^^^'^^^''"^ "«^ [possessive case], as, ^-^-/^^^..'. discovery was a g^ oat event. V. It may have an -planatory use- as Th^t great man, 6^./-.;^^, discovered America ;>/LV' r a'' '"' '"'.' ' p"^^^^^^^^» ^^/-- « iiKViiiw oir Nouxvs. 65 OHO, iniitG dicate nnm- as . 4. looii is Tliirf church a verb ; matlve ; >us. ■i'b ; as> sscssive fc evont. h TJiat form a rod by lives T» fl,„ ,1- °f;"Ka«i.TO],cuto noiniiia- 1. T],e sea [subject] sMrrounds tl,c -lobe. 2. lloiiior loved the fax [objfet] i. Shri... snil on llic ,<,a [pl,r;ise]. -• VBca». an n.Ijcctivo, M,c n,n,„ ,„„Icm-ucs tho 101 n. t.illod tlio iicssessivc case. The .w«',, ,l,,,,tli is mmy miles 3- A noun nsud as tlio siil.ie,.t nf » 1 Pmlieate no„,i„ativc is 'ilt hn ,7 ''^ " «-ca.so;„secl as an 1 ie t v^ it • , ""'r''''* o. U,e ».. „/a no J • l,^,^t;-;:f;'- XT . Sinrjular. ■Noiniiintlve jri,.] Possessive ,,i ,.,■.' Objective ::::;;;::-S' ' Plural. Kirls. *,'iilH'. • --girJa. Exercise 22, A. Tell the oasc of each ?i(?w;i ; ! , il 66 LANGUAGE LESSONS. P;i|>(!r. 5. 0. Tiger, B. Wnto five sentences on e.ch of t),e following a,^cts. „ the first, use the .oun in its ^^^ |>nnmtl,e second, In its a^O'^cUne innu ; u/thl t 'nI,nMtso^ecMV,nn; in the fourth, in ,^ I\Ioi.i;i..— Tho f)cr:in. 2. Vi;c'S;;S'^?,:;;::4-;:^;-;;y of ;v;,tor s„rroun.]in. tin- „o,,e. ioufer (he orcan. "^^- ''• ^''« ^^t'-'intic ciil.lo iuun f ii't' Irees. • 4. j..i^,^.,._ Cluingc paper., and wrlto l.t„,r.s of criticism. XXV. PliONOUXS. c.m,o back .viti.ou" /,«..' "'"' '"' '"""'"' »'"1 /'" 1- In tliis sentiMioo ,vc make „sc of throe wo to t^f^'I ,','"' ""* ''"'"r "'""'■^' "••■'^''""''' '- f-'O'l .-.no C ,arfc. ca.no Lack witl,o„t CV.He.'. ,„ot|,„. inLid o?'a '„"o;-.^ f"-"""- - - word usrd 1. IV..™m,„s a,.. ,livi,l„| i,„„ ,«„cfe,>, .W. l'n,,o,,al ..bdivisio,,. oi ™l.ta,aive ,,ro„„'.n: nt V ;■;'■'•• '"•^•'■'""-■•"•l-Ovl,io.,. tlint. l\ . r„la;-offne„e : ,vl,o. V. /i-fc/;,,/'. .• one of luP,rsU...,.so„: /, ,™. U. Tho.c of the Sec oud I'ersoii : (/(„„, y„„. rnoNoirNs. 67 follouing 1 it.s suhjtrt 1'"' ; in tlio ') in its tfic- •'"^l-'i, iJi it.s I oiit. ;{. 'J'lie xhI.V of \\;it,.|', c t';il)lo ruuM Tiger. »-i', and he ^c forced ''>■ niotlier, mother, rd usrd '.so, .s-y^,^. 'iA'. TJie >ronouns nonMrn- >, M'hie]i, 't-' .' one. . Those the Seo Tlio tondior win .iintTho .i,„i .i «e.Uom.os. u.ulerjiai,,. tl.oVronoMMH f ""' " ''''' '''"" "'« foUowing 1- Wiliijiin .Slid to Cliarlos " / .i,,, "•c- cx,.o..tod /. to i>o. ;f ; ,„;\, '"^. ;'"!""''"" ^^-^'^ '-'^'-or than is '"// fori,,,,., si X r 6 r; "" ' f ^ "^^'•"^- '- ^^^ "-- ;^ot..diot,.od;ath;:;iu::::;^'77'>^^-^-it. r ^o\\. u. that ,.. are i.nmortal. ronouns of the (Mra person. «. The /r.< person denotes the spca/cer. " he second " « « The^/,M « « ^/^^^^^'^ '^i'^^^-^^ ^^. />er5o;i spo/cen of. 10. Pronouns as well as nouns can be used in tl.« following iiositions ; tliat is- ^^'^ r. They may Lo the subjects of verln • as TI^. Tn :|! .■»lw u u, t 68 Lax g u a u k i. i:.ss( )\s. 11. J»ut there Is tills j L' rally dis- \V(!. line. Our, La. J'hn-al Ynii f)i' ye_ Villi I'. You. usox. W f/cndt.ra. They Their. Tliein, Dim ire i.s us'jtl noviin- t sIlOAVS ing for is used spoken »rc])osi- 5 rnoxouN-.s. «« The,,romn,nn,yl,as..u>othcrf„nn 4< j^ our " i4 .mine. .. ' yoiir " u "iir.v. ^^ tlioir " it \• IS lier doll ■/_'/_ ,,.' .'•■" •''.'■'its are //i,./;.j, ' niiutii by ayouno-j.iipil; I no hnii is nn aniin-il 'l'l,.^ t- '' 1-w^^rlal aainiaJ. "• ^^'' '"^" '^ ^ l^^^o ama.al. TJ.e Jion i« % using the ]>ronou„ A^, insteid of .1 -;;;''■•'«-. we .,ouKM,;,,,.rii, ':;:;::' il'0Jioui:,a„auiina!. He is lar-o ii ^"^^''U's . (),. ^it-J^Ui^o. Ilojsi,uuerr„l, •'""ollu„i.ananiu.ai. Ho ishu^c and .ovterfuL E.xcrcisc 23. 1. Wfi havfi inc«^ rcf^pj th <'omo t.) livf. xvVti cii" ■ ifs ficcco si Wh .od nt yofi i"'^' of yours 3 il lotto,'.'', '"•'•'''^''*''' 2. Toll hin, wh,.. , '"« ^> live M-ith iH n V '"^ ""^ loachod yoi, 4 ,' l. 'l;!-!!. '-V0 .':,.;s.t the^T!'; :;::'r,';;:^ "^^j '-. .'-•«'• !J^^l 7. i lie sheep has h.-Kl lorn en «, 'tU' y'''Ml'!!lft}' \vill they i,ay tl iir rrich.l I 1110 i.as in uill r'\ you on his roti "'"■ pronii.^; (( visit'.' " ]() 1 irn. li* "''ivo not learned 60 LANGUAGE LERSOXS. B. See if you can improve tliese sentences I y usin« pronouas in jOacc of nouns. Make any otfi. , \Z provements you can ; l.ut do not d.ange tl.o sei.so. b.a.t Of i.„rd.„. Th. .., , „al, ,' 'I;,':.,!;.-;,:,',, Ji';;; ■■:';;'.,;:.;; 2. Holland is llOlow til. M'Vfl .-+' flio -no ^1 ^^ 1 • •< , 3. Tho Israelites wort for a ion-' tinip ^lavos. in F.Tr,.t ti.„ wanderings of the I^rudices tlauu^h the dSui; llS^ kn^;'^ ..»ii„H lo cue ii/aid knid. Ihe ^;roe<.dilo is iunpliiblous. XXVI. KELATIVE PRONOUNS. 1. Tliis is the man who called on you, 2. I have lost the book inhich I bought. 3. Tlie house that you sa\v is sold. 4. Tell mo whnt you did. 1. In the first sentence, the pronoun «wlio" slnnds for the .vord " man," and connects the sec oud statement, " called on you," with « this is the man." 2. In the second sentence, t!: ^ pronoun "which " stands for "book," and coi . -cts the two state ments "I bought" and «I have lost the book." 3. In the third sentence, the pronoun "that" connects the statements " the house is sold " {*n(^ I (( you saw » RELATIVE niOXOUNS. 61 ly using til' 1 ini- lie stLso, I'iimcl ijs ;\ ^>ni vjiter. > dofpudod ory ii'ilii.s- vi)t. Tlie -Oflile be- • li;i(l not L. • wlio " lie sec- i is tlie •hicli " stato- 5ook." tliat " 4. In i ho fourth scntonno, tho pronoun « what " means the same as "the tliini^ uhich," and con- nects the two statements "tell me" ami «voii did." '^ 5. DsFiviTiox-A relative pronoun is a word which refers to some noun or pronoun which has been already used to mark the person or thmg spoken about. 0. the relative pronouns are icho, which, that and I 7. TliG noun or pronoun to wIhcI, a relative r.ro. noun refers a called its antecedent. rofi, "'''!f 'I •;«:'l°"ly of persons; as, tl,e ««« «.I,o roads Whu^h „ „,„, „f ^,,i^g^_ ^^. ^j ^^^^ .-.n.mals; as, tho table wln'oh foil; t|,o ,fo^ „.,,,,,, barks. J/mt ,s often used for either who oL/nch ■ mat iell [used for tr/^ic/ij. 9. There is only one of these pronouns that has a oparate form for the nominative, possessive, aL objectivo cases. ' ^om,Haiwe.(Snhjcct form) ^y, J^^sessive. . (Adjective form) ./.;:; w J'"' ^ Objective. . . (Objective and phrase form) ." .' .' ^yuZ: mo, whose, whom, ivhich, and tvhai w'.cii u^m f« n i tion«, arc called /.^c.ro^«^v;;>;.ono».s! '° "'^' ^"'' TJ^osaidso? irAo,, book is this? rfAomdulyousee? IKA.eA of you said so ? IVhat do you say ? ^U8 ? '^ ^""' -' Fi"fc Of interrogaticn, markeif ill ^f|f L' ! r„ 62 LANOITAGE LERSOKS. 4iul o!^'"'" "'- rrono,n,s, tolling v^.holl,or Ihcy arc relative or I„te^ 1. Wlio lias 1)0011 in (ho rn.nn 9 o Ti „ \"sto.d;ivl,;us 1,0,,, ii Ml o m ,,? -^ i ^'T man who w.ns lioro lio i.rosoiit? 5 J )'..,. .,;'%""; ^- " "I'll <>l tliclioys will 10. The cl.ief use of rolmivc j.rononns is to con- ncct .stat,mumts, so ns to mak« o„o «t„lc.nu.i.t out of wliat would otlicru i.so l,c two .slahiuenls. i ILLUSTKATIOXS. 1. Wc s.iw n 111.111 10/10 killo.l a (leer. The two KtatomeiUs in this sontonco are, 1. AVe saw a man. 2. TJiis man killed a deer. 2. The teaclier i/^/wm we loved is dead. TJie two statements are, 1- The teaclier is dea(2. 2. We loved him. Toll the two statements in this 8oiit«n»a: High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormns or of Ind, *^atan exalted sat. 11. It is a very pleasant exercise to take two or more statements and combine them into one sen- lonee by using a relative pronoun to connect Iho etdtements. Thus: „ Separate ( ,,A,mh? ^'"717^"' "'' J-ivi'i^sfnu., i,uvc ta,i..|,t Statements 1 • ' 7;. , ''^' "•^•■'•'"'' '" -^ f '^••■t. ^ Combined. J of T;;:;j|.;::;:::;'';';:;;;V;'-''->^f-H-, "•^^ -.s o„„ Exercise 24, Combine (';ir1i r^P flwi e 11 ...Nint ^"I'"H'ini^ groups „f stativ Lilts llllo niu. L:n!if/^>...... • -I lac into otu! .sentence in tJ 1. Wo;L,'f;tsilK- fror 'I'liis cutorjiil le manner .sJiuwu '1 ••• '^.•itfrpill.'ir, Tlifi doctor s;i\v tl ar iscalk'd ihe silk-w (»rin. Il( \v.is (lyiu- !(-' piiticiit. ;«. ,y;>l"i-l;idsoftnn.'Ut,icli tl '•^ '"i.V they ii,iit;it(! Iiomsolvf's to .s( 4. I tl 111 t-vorythiii'T. IIIIO oI( lor boy. This "H'-o prosniitodlii,,, u-itl, a kin.'l 5. Tl <'waliO(li,l tluio(! rof' list'. y crown. le 011,1,'iiio killorl til Howiis tlio onl "■^ H'n|'K-ii,;ii 6. Tlio ofJlcors i)nrsiiO(I tl ysiiplMHiofaiiirgefaniily. le lion. It li.-ulilostroyed tlic cuttio 7. i\FiIt()ii \v;is l)Iii)fl, Milt( "1 wroto " IVinuliso Ust." «. JY'^.-vIllovoQnoon Victor Sh i.'i. c IS now "Empress of liid Tlio toachor should luld in. combined ni any othor grcips of stuton luiils U\ ha -\--VVJ[. VE(!I!3_SIAU.I,E TENSES 1. Wliatis the .lc.(i„itio„ ot»vcri,?_^„^;,,, '««/• QX}^rc^^ — liino].re.sent; '' J /„->;>cvr'— t I'H to present o time ^xAs^ In lil iiiatiiier tlic vcrh UMc j»a,st. |)rc.s^•;yr^s•^ time ^.>«' in these statcinciit s ex- St on Hilars fdHal on I'lo occi doi;i;;:;!J;i::^'^^ -^"--^ ^-o ^t ^. 11 n. Tlio lliY' hm"nf,irto 1 TTIMB. 'IS diango of form is railed aoliatinre (^i tense, imd "tons » thin as ^/we. HI grammar iuoans just the same The form of (lie verb donot: called tho;>m'cv/^ tense; that deuo't called i\iQ past tense. ng time jirosent is ing time past is IS now in ly wish to isc'iit time, <-"- i.tvynth. incr; you. t'liiciits is :> present inc ;>^^s•i. >H' j»;ist. iieiits ex- I'tly. The ' loved iu- follow, great tense of l,i,t:, 1 T. '" '*''' ^""''' '" "'« -. Col„nl,u.,rf,,sT<»;«r,rAn.erieM. shall or ?6w7/. " ^"^^^ h' n^mg 10 toictoll anyiliing. Tims— 1. We M.. .,3.to Europe next year. ^. llioluMito:^ '^'V/kilUhe Iiou« Exc. se 25. Write sentences, usiixr eacli of fl,n f n • '■'"'"•'" "°"''"' '"I »rt'«i«to. of „„u.i,„. > •ainmar ic same ?scnt 18 past is f.u!;rJI^'::r'C'' ,'"•■" \' '« -'y -.^y to fo„„ .„e tUc past te, ; ^"' " '^ '""'■'•• •''•«!^'"" to form I, 1 1 ll 60 ^^U.vo aro ho.uc of the v- rl>s u-o h:u] in the last Present Tenst. Sliuul. IIopo. ISuil. 13 urn. Admire. IShoot. Fall. Know. Fly. J'i(^^ veHjs, or verbs ot the weak conjugation. 5. The few verbs that form their past tense I'y nioditying the vowel sound of the root are called fwT-\''^ ; or verbs of the strony oonju-'ation. (Which ot the verbs in the bst are wcalc '/ Which are strong f) " 6. The past tense of I lorn is I lo^ed. We can exj)ress the same thing by saying I did love 7. When we add cdt^ the p1-esent of a verb to make Its past tense, great pains must be taken to Have the spelling corr(!Ct. ill llio last isi tonsos L tenses, ol ioi'in e, iitand Excrcis'j 26. Conil.irio llie r..lI.,\viM()UND TICySES. fu.m-e ^''«I'--'--"t; 1". Tl,opa.st, 3. Tho f, ■" "■'""•' ''"■'■"""^ "f ti„,c., it wouM seen tint tlK..,o ,„„,t l,e nil the ten.c, th.t tl.orc oan bo I »/..,«»«// . Is/udl/>ave„al/cea. i- I .<:>ne walked h a!.i,„li,f prcvMit W hi J if fl! i h J ^^ LANGUAGE LESSONS. yUccd a^inc yesterday. It is a ki.ul of present tense, wuh then^eaning tl.nt at the present time the action staled is completed. This mic.],t, therefore, be called the present completed ; but in grammar it IS usually named tlio present perfect-^^ j.erfect » mc^mu^ perfected, that is, completed 6. J„ the same way I had walked is a i>ast tense ; but n differs from the ordinary past, I walked narticij,Ie of ,yo is.' « « „ '^" '« done. •^'^^^ 18 • J alien. J.e perfect iKirtin'pe of tli^ASV^i f' '''"'' '""''' '"■^ '"-I I liavo knew; wo must sLvI 1 ., ' ^^^•■^"•^^' "'<' c;uin„t s.iv perfect purticiple. '''^ ^ ^^^'" l"t yuakors. ^ '*"'* IH.i.\ci, aud by the Friends, or VT.r.m WITH rnoNouNs. 71 5 In t1,c present tonsc thoro is only onool,an-o of ■o/bm of thcvorl^that Is.tl.o tl,i,.^ pc-so, t: ■"" ""= * *" •^™'-'' "f tl'" tlnnl ,,er.so„ sin-mlar in tl„. 6. In tho past tenso no niistakos can 1,,,. marto f„r the reason that tho verl, ,locs not .han^o it, f^ m ;•"" "'7, "/ "- i"-"-onn. It is-i, /;,, ;" .:" tlioy walked. ^ ' ' ' 7 TI.e future l.as no d.nuges : it is^T you ],e W'c, tlicy shall or ?/.',7/ .^vi//.-. ' ^ ' ' ;ih^ , T "^^"'■^"' -"^'^'^^n ^.s,l.oA.. , ^v.lIk(,], J>ut I, you, Avo, tlu.y W. M-alk.a. 10. The future perfect is shall or null lav, walked, with all the pronouns. Tl^e fouowi,., Httlo ta.,0 win .,iow you n,o w,.... n.ttor at a g.anc. ^;;:!f ''"'- wu.,c,u.,i.„. J iixt tense YV'.,ii . rutnreinise c,,,,,, t:";"''f'"- .;;:r;u'u' ''■""'''''''■ ^"vii, l„.vo wal„ed. Exercise. 28 1. 1 70 I'ANr.UAOTC LESSON'S. xxxr. MOODS OF vq^ins. -^^^a'±''^;;-^r^^^^ tl,at t^. io.on be for thoDiTseiit if nimii^ i,,,,..,, / tvuce. it wjll bo enoii" 1 ""'"•■iu-lat„ro tlKuroF S/- , .7 r;'*'"' l...w'--v..r, rati,,.,- of to u later .u postiMmod 1. VcHwin En-i;sl,],;,vo four moods (^0 A^^^^;./.i6'^/^e J/oo.^- as if I wrote, ihoxvAx ho sl(vj mo. J o lu (C-) 7»y,«-„««,. Mood: as y?nV,i, m„ your book. I^cncl Imii a pound. {d) Infinitive Mood : as lio onnw/.^.- You miv «ee, I must go, -^ i2. Tlie six tenses that wo Iiavo dofincd all diffor in regard to tinio ; but Hay all agroo in makin^/tbo l^r^ " r ''*:' 'f "^'^ tnkln, place, and notas ^^_^^rcVy ^Ao^.yA^ of. All thoso tcn.^s agrco in indioa- ting somo fact; and l.onoo thoyaro said to bo tonsos of the indicative mood Mood, o- mode, nioans wav or manner. ■^ 3. A second ^ray of making a statement is by moans of the .uhjicnatice mood. The .>d>}nnctice mood is tha form of the verb by means of which an event is ^^poken of not nj^ a matter of fact, but as mereh, thought of; as, If he see the signal, Tfhe haoe .een the signal, etc. The subjunctive mood is genorallv though not necessarily, preceded by one(.f tlie cun' junctions, if that, lest, though, wdes^^ &,,. 4. A third way of using a verb is in giving a com- mand, as, Come / Go / This is called the imperative MOODS OF 7RRns. 73 id loHsnn be 1)0 oii()n;,'h of il Vt'tl). It, fuid tlio •, r;itl:cr of liii^ti'oiieil e, I have f)ugli ho ir book. "^ou may liffor ill ing tht^ l1 not as iiidlca- i tCJIlSOS ns w ay moans 100(1 is vent is merdi/ eraily, ic cun- i com- rative :r::r:::i:'"^'''''"''^''''^^''"'-"— «- u"!;;";-?,'" /'."'i«' '■' -'-1. a verb S. Tl,e,-c i.s «till nM.,ll„.r r.,n,. of the verl,. Tl.is is 't- J l.i.s, «o w«//t, to rid,', to run, to love. Tl.is in nanicl the j«/«»V«(,6. mood. 6. TJ,e i„fi„itive mood can really be ,„c/«. J^oye + ing=lovi„j,, pmsct participle. Kob + ing^robbing, present participle. -' * V + "ife'^flyiiiS, prcseitt participle. cUaII'IT'''" '°'''" '"""•"'' ■'-'•^■•y careful to in- cI.Kle^,I J,e part, needed to make tl,c state.neut. • 1. The builders will commenee to-day. Here elie verb is wUl commnvt 2. The sun w«/ ,et before eight o'clock. Ue,-e tlie verb Is will set. n ** i^ANfiUAOK I.KSKONR. 3. J shall not go to bcIiooI to-day. Here tlio verb is shall ) ! loved. l'r,M'7U prr/rct I b.ivo loved. I'rcs. per/. (Jj) I hiiKr iovf.; acted .pan) are ealleus parts of the verb ^. with the perfect .articiplc- )i a verb. ^ liEFEIil'XCE T.\BI,E OF TilK Vi:i;n /JK Indicative Moorf Present Tense. Past Tnse. ■ atn. .^'?i()ii art. Ma is. •\'o ;iio. i'oii JllO. riicy .'ire. I liavo l)ron. Tiiou liiist linen llo li;is Ijouii. We liHvc bc(>n. You luCve 1)0011. 'liicy Jiave beew I was. TIioii w.'i.st. Ho w;is. \\'(i wore. Yoii wore. Tliey were. Present P. r/eci, Pust Perfect. I h:u] 1)0011. 'i'lidu li;!(l;-itbecii He Jijid 1)0011. ^^■e 1i;i(l been. Yuii li;i(l been. They had boeu. Fxitxiic Tenae, I .sli.'ill be. Thou wilt ho. Ho will be. Wo sliull he. You will bo. They will bo. Future Perfect. r sJiall h.'ive l)oen, i huu wilt have been. He wilt have been. J\e shall have been, ion will have been. Ihey will have heeu. 76 Present Tense, Iff If thou Iflio If we If .VOU If thoy 1 ba LANGUAGE LESSONS. Subjunctive Mood. Past Teiuc. Present Perfect teme • have been. I f I were. If I If tlioii wort. If thou If liH were. Jf he If wo were. If we If you v/ere. If vnu. If they were. If tliey Imperative Mood- Be. • Infinitives. Prtaent, To be Pa-feet, To have been Participles. Irnpcr/ect, Being. Perfect, Been. Conumtnd Perfect, Il.ivin-; been. 4. Only tliose verbs that can take an oljcct after them (transitive verbs) can be made j)assive. Exercise 30. By reference to the table, tell tlie mood and tcjise of each verb : 1. He was killed. 2. They nave been deceived. .'?. She h;id l)cen tieen. 4. You will l)e beaten. 5. They will h;ivo been suni- nioned. 6. I .am convinced of its truth. 7. The cord will bo cut jibove the knot. 8. Have you been tan^Mit music ? <). Alfred wan sheltered in tlie cotta2:e of a poor cowherd. 10. He himself was accu.stomed to recite thi.s story in his ha|i|)ier hours. 11. The British trooj.s were .advancing from Portugal into Si.ain. 12. Yours has been forgotten. 13. Theirs will do. 14. Sir ,Tohu Moore was wounded in the action by a cannon-ball. 15. II<» Vr-ould in th.at ea.se be punisiicd, IVi. Time wilt have been wast(Mi witliout any result. 17. Are you mistaken ? 18. In a few minutes be would have been drowned. i;t. liv a series of criminal euter- prises, the liberties of Europe had b'eeu extinguished. 20. Are you satisfied ? itiftjjGULAii visiins. 77 hi i tense been. leon. ct, Il.ivinj: 'ict after e. lul tcfise Slio l);ul )ci!ii siim- 'iU 1)0 t;ut 9. Alfred [e liiinsolf 11. The .;iiii. 12. Sir .loll II . 15. IIh» eii vv;ist(i(I V iniimtes Hill cutor- 20. Are XXXIII STRONG VEllUS. 1. Weak verbs, or verbs of the weak oon j„^.ation |mn their pa^ tc.se (indicative) and perl;; .cM>Ie by add.ng .,/ to the present. Verl>s that fonn these parts by modifying the vowel sound of the root are called stro?if/ vei-bs. Jlu^V""''! ''"'"' ^''''' '^"•^^' -'"'^^ P^''-f^'«t par- tuple of a verb are called its ;>rmc-^.// ;..r^,s, for .0 reason that, having these, m'c can easily fo.-n all the other ])arts of the verb. f..ffiui.ov'si;;';^^:;^i;i^7'^^'^ ^•«''^« -'- sovanod m will 1,0 f„„„cri„tlo«upilZeri;t\"S ^ '•'""'''"^^' "'^^ are hero -iivcii : ^ ^ 'i^ineiu , unt a few of the most iiuj,ortaut I. Present Past. Perfect Part. IJic-vk, hroKe, broken l-orsake, forsook, fcjisaken. Jake, took, taken. U ear, wore, Avorn. Wraw, drew, diawu. olay, giew, slaiu. Present. I':at, Freeze, Speak, i5e-in. Drink, Give. Past. Prrfcct Part ate, eaten. froze, frozon. spoke. spoken. be -an. be^i^iiii. drank. drunk. save. given. Correct the following errort In verba ; l«»-id. .5. ] have novoi .f,. ?"i • ■''^ (Imwcd a hbTvv Knu,K.iu..n^v^.oK.ie io : ^;'.;:^;,f"'f'■i;^"r' - ^'''i-. <^ you were uut couung. 8. The witor walfr J.e. °"" ^"^ *'''"^ II. Present. P^ist. Perfect Port l Present Lie, Lav, ^Vrite, Know, Come, Catdi, lav, laid, wrote, Iviiew, lain. laid. written. known, came, come, caught, caught. Past Perfect ^nrt Hod, flew. fled, flov « paw, rose, stole. seen, risen. Ktoleu aat. 7S I.ANtJt'AdK l,hSSON.S. Cyrrout tho lullowiii;* onors in veil. a : 1. John Ims \vr..tn ;i, le(t<>r. 2. Tlic sim lias mso. .'5. F seo liim ycstorilay. 4. 'I'lio binls havo (low luvay. r.. Tim -at rate!' ed n luoiisn. (]. The bouli lays on tlio tahlo. 7. Mo laid on tli'j ^o(a 8. I kuowpd lin liad went. 0. The girl was scon -om,:,' tip tlio liill. 10. The lien sets on lier c^^gs. 3. Tho pupil li.is often Lccii told tlifit « I done it " is nn.l Kno-lisli, and al.so that " I havo nrnt " is had Eni^dish. Wo must ho particularly cai oful to avoid such errors. 4. Tho i)rincipal parts of the vQvhfh aro : present tense, ^?o/ pa.st tense, '■.?/ p(Tfeet i)articiple, c^a; n. The won! d> o/i e is \\\o perfect p((rtic!ph of tho verb do ; hut i i)artici}>le cannot by itself make any statement at all ; so that I done it is utter nonsense. If you were to say. He gone to town, it Avould be just as sensible as to say I done it. 1. Tell, for tho same roa-^on, why " John drunk some water " Is wrong 2. Tell why " We scm an elephant" is bad Enj,'lish. 7. Tho mistake in ^^Iham toent^' {?, in usin ,^ i? m i 80 LANGUAGE LliSSONS. of an adjective. A verb is a statoinont-word ; but a participle can only participate \u makiug a state- ment. 1. The river is Jlovnng. Here " is flowintr " is a verb, nnd " flowing." the present participle, helps to form this verl). " presciu 2. The v'wQY.Jiowing from the mountains, watois the phiin. Here the participle " flnwinj?" docs not makoanvsMtement- it is an adjective, and " llowinj,' from the mountains " is a phrase. 3. The Nile is hwicn to rise in Abyssinia. kno^^^ *''^ ^^^* purticiple " known " forms part of the verb is 4. Tlie Nile, komon to rise in Abyssinia, flows through Egypt. Here tlie past participle " known " maken no statement, nnd li,l"*T''L^Hn ,'''«''" ' ''"' e.xprcssion "known to rise inAh'-l Diimi IS cv pniasei ■ 3. A number of separate statements' with par- ticipial phrases may be combined into a single sen- tence. J^xa7)ii>Ic 1. 1. Tlie gallant soldier fell. 2. He was covered with wounds. By taking out from the second statement the phrase •' eoverfd reiicV'-" '' ""'" '^ '"'*' ''"" ''''■"^' "« i''U'c tir s[m^ The gallant soldier fell, covered with wounds ; or, Covered with wounds, the gallant soldier fell. jL'j.xnjiple '2. 1. We saw (I beautiful landscape. 2. We had dimbed to the top of the hill. 3. The landscape was stretched below us. COXJUNCTIONS. Thxj fiisl is tlic principal Htatemont. T two .stat»;monts into jthruscs, and coinl witii the ininoipjil ttatonicnt, we J 81 ransfonninj; tlie otiier niii- tlieso two plinises lave the lullowin^r sentence :— Having climbed to tlie lop of the lull, beautiful landscape stretched belo we saw a w us. Exercise 32. Combine oacli sot of =.'at( inouts into a single sentence with phrases. 'lUe ])rincii»al statement comes first. 1. I lay clown to rest. I was exhausted by latigne. Thl V'r"^ ^''^ nonVmg in the ocean an tninicnse irro-„lar nn^<, L.t tbe tMohor mak. up addition.) ». „ ,« to bo oomblnod. ■•f Hi XXXV. CONJUNCTIONS. France and Switzerland are republics. I went because lie asked mo. 1. The M'ord "and" makes one statement out of wliat otherwise must be two : France is a rej)ublic, '1 'M in 8'J f,.\N(iUAtili: LKSSUNS. S\vil/,t'rl;iii(l is a rciniblic. Tlio worti "lu'ciiise" comu't'ts tlio two stMtcnicnts " I wonl" and "Jjo asked me" into one sentenee. jiiul and Jirrtnisr aru called I'niijtmctiDiis. 2. .])KKi.\rri()V. — Conjunctions are connective words which have neither a pronominal nor an adverbial signification, Tlioy arc called conjnnetions Lecauso llicy join wonls annt y/V/,o, v'/Vi/rA, and f./ifU are prnnonn,^^ nnd yet tliey connect sen- tences. And in like manner, ?/V/f.7/, ?^'/i^??vj, &e., !iro advai'hs and tliey also connect sentences. Other connective words are c(»njnnctions. 1. Polly and A\\mv sini^f sweetly. 2. The ship sails swiftly, aUhonf/h she is lieavily laden. "And" is a crmjniu'tion. odniioctiiicr statoniontH by -joining tlic two nouns of tlio .siil)j(Ht, "riilly" ami "Annie." " AUli()iiL;h " introduces a duiieiulciit staloincnt. 3. Dkfixtttox. — Co-ordinate conjunctions connect words or statements c c same rank in a sentence. 4. There is another class of conjunctions, called subordinate conjunctions. ILLUSTUATIONS. 1. I will not go unles? yon accompany me. 2. I will lielp you, if you wisii me to do so. "lJnU>SH"iH u conjunction, cniiiioclJiit; tii(! two st-itenicntH "I will not p)" and" you accouiiiauy iuo." "If" is .'v cnn- jnncUon, coinicctini,' the two statements " I will help you " and " you wish nio to do so." 5. l)EFixiTio>r. — Subordinate conjunctions connect a qualifying or dependent statement with a principal statement. 6. The princij)al co-ordinate conjunctions arc and, Imt, or, therefore. The principal subordinate coiijuuctioiis arc that^ {/', thuayhi unless. i:-'|: niHVIEW LESSOR. Exercise 33. A. Name llio conjunction.'^, .mihI tell wlu'tlio^ arc co-ordindte or subordinate. }■ I WClit fil'st. nild llO foll..U0(] ,110 ^ Voifl.nr .. IT fi.Hil..r8 iH.uI.l a.lvuM.'o. .'!. I will t H Kh.rif i , ' '''' 'mil hccjiiiso 10 list Invc.l li I- I \.'> •^' "■' *•• •'• >\ d3 they ors nor 4. No ecch, according to its meaning in tlio soiitonce. Thus : — 1. Pcoi)lc tliat live in glass liouscs should not throw stones. Tlio word "ijjl.'iss" in thi.^ sentence is an ndjcctine, bccanso it (lcstM'ilie.>< tho thinji;, " /lo^.se.s'." In t!ie scntgnco, "Windows arc niado ot (jlaas,'' tlia same word i.s a noun, becanse here it is a name. 2. Sometimes we see a ship ; sometimes we ship a sea. The first word "slnn" in this sentence i.s a noun^ becan.se it is the name of a llung : the second "ship" is a lov^, be- cause it makes a statement. 3. Without one if ov but. The words "if" and "but" are usually con/uncir form ; that is, are b,flvctcd. These are nouns, pro- nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. Tlnve— prepr,sitions, conjunctions, and interjections— are not inflected ; that is, they undergo no change. 5. A noun is inflected to mark the plural number and the possessive case. x!?uh\' Xl!"'lSA'hJlonM.ftiu;?, yVr'^' ""' ""V"«. review Ice.ons TX.. X VU, ^M\.\o^\ (;t tho poHsesMivo ease, review LosBon 6. Pronouns are changed to express person, number, gender, and case. she, it. ^ ' ' "'^"'^ ^'''"'"' y«" : '^'■'•'^ VJlecti07is in the follow inir wor. Ships. 20. Ship's. 21. Fishin.!,'. 22. Fishes. 2.'l Oxen. 24. Fairest. 2r>. Lowlier. 2(1. Hallowed. 27. Skies. 2,S, One'.s. 20. llannts. 'Ml Ye.ar's. ;^1. Hours. 32. His. .'«. Faster. M. V.arnislied. .T.. Sheep's. 31). Coldest. 37. Loveliest. 38. Hurried. 3D. Slcepinj?. 40. Heaveii'a. XXXVII. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SEXTEXCKS. 1. A simple sentence makes a single statement, by means of one subject and one predicate. 2. TJ.ip analysis of a sinijije sentence consists in ANAKVHlS Ol*" SlArM.lJ SfiN rKNci:R. J<7 ndjoctivna U'l^rco, (lio Will. •son nnd aiu'os, as tonsp.« and toiiso nnd |i.'ii'li('i|)l(! nil voi'ltx on, but hy Is ; rrive ! HttC of I nddod to liossc's.sivc Swector. 10. Givoii. '». I'oiiiod. :0. «]ii|.'s. . Ln\vli(!r. 0. Yeur's. . Slioep's. [liii}?. 40. :xcEs. It em en t, nsists in I'<>5i.(ing o„t the subject and tl.c i.ro.liratc, nn.l llic, enlMr-crnent or enlar-enicnts, if any, of the subject and ot the predicate. ^^^^The sin.ple subject of a simple sentence may 1. A noun ; 2. A j.ronoun ; 3. A j.hrasc. IM.L'STJIATIONS. 1. ('oU is a metal. Wal/duf/ is ^ ^od exercise, jl.e sNl»Jeet of tbe first sentence is the n<.un "1,'old ;" of the second, the noun "wa,lkin^^" ti. Wo hear the music. The subject is tl^e i.ro- noun " we." 3. 7h walk is good exercise. The subject is the phrase "to walk." 4 Fhhhu,for trout is fine fun. The subject IS the phrase "fishing for trout." 1. Tlie snow fell heavily. 2. Writing Ictt. ••. was: •er daily occupation. 3. We ^re brothers. 4. Ta torget an mjury is the mark of a noble mind. .5. l..it day I oft remember. 6. Books are not nead thmufs. 1. A verb by itsclt-if tl,e verb is a con,,,lete 2. A verb and its comploment-if the verb i« an incomplete verb. NoTR.— All trnvRitive ver1)^~tlnt lo ,.«»k is culled tho ol^^!^ ^''J"^^-'^^*^ mcomulcte. Their couiplemcut f \- 88 LANGUAGE LESSONS. Tlic vc b be, iiiwl .'I fow voihs tliat roiitaiii the sonsp. of tlie verb hf, !is hi('(i/}i(\ .i'cdi(:atc iiomiiiittivc). 5. In tlio KontoDce Jiirds shif/, llie verb " sing " is tlic jinvlioali' ; "sing" is a ('oinj>lc'te verl>; that is, it makes full sense by itself. 6. In tlie sentenco (^(thonhtm discovered America^ tlic sini])le jiredicalc is " discovered America!" Tlie verb "discovered" alone does not form tlie i)redi- cate, l)ecausc "(Jolumbus discovci'ed'''' does not make coni])letc sense. " Discovered " is an incom- plete verb. 7. T/ie sl'if is hlue. Here the simple jn'edicate is " is blue." The verb he is here an incomi)lcte verb. 8. "When the wrh is an i?icomplete verb, the predi- cate consists of the vei"b and whatever word is necessary to com))lete the sense. In the following Bcfttuncna, point out tlio simplo predicatoB. Ttjll whether the verb is compleLo or iiicomplote; and If complete, toll what is its complement. 1. The sun shines. 2. I like ilowers. 3. He "wishes to go. 4. Napoleon was chosen emperor. 5. Tlie vessel sailed yesterday. G. Glass is trans- parent. Model of Analysis — Simple Subject and Predicate. 1. The birds sing. TliisJs a simple sentenco, booanse it contains only one subject anri one ]iro(lic;ite. Tlie subject is the noun " birds!" The predi- cate is " sing.'' 2. You are scholars. Tliis is a simple sentence, bocauso it contains only one ubject and one itrcdicate. Tlio 8ul)jcct is the pronoun " vou." The predicate is "are scholar.^." " \ro " is an iucouipleto verb, and •'scholars " is its :omplemeut. if tlie vorb out, eitlier dj>rcdicule » "sing rb; that {mericay in!" Tlie ic j)redU oes not I iiicoiii- ilicfitc is !te verb. ic prcd U word is atoB. Tt;ll aplcto, toll 3. Jle mperor. is traus- AN4 LYSIS — EKLAUGKI) KUIUliCT. 80 3. To lie is disgraceful. 4. The fishofiiiaii brought a lobster. TliLs If) a Himple Honteiioft, The subioct im " Hm r, \ .. Exercise 35. Analyze the following sentences : B. Write a simple sentence, containing a simj.le sub- jectand predicate, on each of the following subjects. When done, analyze the sentences :— 1. WiiKls. 2. Muniing. 3. Rain. 4. Snow. 5. Wliont 6. NiKht ■ I , I and subject riie predi- le subject Ll." Tlio verb, Jind XXXVIII. ANALYSIS - ENLARGED SUB- JECT. 1. A noun, the simple subject of a simple sen- tcnce, may be enlarged by— ^ L An adjective; as, hriIp siilijcct is " niiti " Tl Hiil.jcot is enl.ii-e.i by tiii^ .-uljivtivo " lieuvy/' Tiic siiiii.lc nml cato is " falls." It is not onliii-cd. 2. Jolm's book is torn. Tins is !i simple soiitonre. Tlio simplo snlijcct is " Ixtdk," Tho Piiliject is pnlai-c'(l by tiio noun " Jolm's,'' in tlic n. 2. An adverbial p.;rase. ILLUSTllATIOXS. 1. The horse ran sici/ilf^. [Enlargement by au adverb.] 2. Great men lived during t/ie sixteenth cm. tury. [Knlargcment by an adverbial phrase.] 2. A noun used as the complement of an incom- riote verb may be enlarged in the same way as the «imple subject. Thus :— . 1. The rain has injured the growinfj crops^. •";;io\vin.r.'' mjuiod, Is enhu-ed by tlie adjootivo . <-;J;/ ''''"' ^'Syi'lians embalmed the bodies of their 3. We i.assed a shepherd tending his sheep. Model of Analysis. 1. The army advanced rapidly. TUia \s ?\ simple scntouce. The subject is " the army "-not ei^- ri. •lii n 92 LANGUAGE LESSONS. larged. The simple predicate is "advanced." Tlic predicate ig eiilurged by tlio adverb " riipidly." 2. A Spirit liauuts llie year's laBt hours. 1 Tliis l8 a simple sentence. The subject is "a spirit" The e)mi)le predicjito is "haunts the hours." The coniplenient of liaunts' IS the noun "h •• - - ' ' year's " and the adjective liaunts' IS the noun "hours." It is enlarged by the nouD "year's" and the ad iectivo "last," Exercise 37. A. Analym the following simple sentences : 1. Rich men should give liberally. 2. The horn of the hnntor IB hoard on the hill. 3. My dear mother will soon be here 4 The squirrol eyes askance the chestnuts browning. -6. iJcavon from all creatures hides the book of fate. G. Souie birds of picv having secured their victim, fly with it very swiftly to their nests' 7. The Blotli, in Its wild stato, passes its life on trees. B In the following sentences, enlarge the })retli('.alo by means of adverbs, adverbial phrases, or both :— MoPKL.— Wo go to swim. Enlanjcd—VfQ often go to swim in the river. 1. The sun shines. 2. The moon shines. 3. They learn tl-f>ir lessons. 4. The British soldl(!rs fought br:ivoly. 5. James wrote o *^}^^-^ ^- ^* ^^ pleasant to watch the stars. 7. We took shelter 8. Iho firo burns. 1). IJees gather honey. 10. Uirds flv. 11 " FushcB swim. XL. REVIEW OF PUNCTUATING SIMPLE SENTENCES. 1. The comma, period, point of interrogation, and point of exclamation, are the only marks used ip punctuating simple sentences, rcdicate is irit." The )lenient f)f tlio nuuo tiio linnt.or i here. 4. 5. iJcfivPti s of prey, leir ue.sts cod i cat o botl) :— oswiin in sfirn tlv^ir les wrote k Hhcilter. , fly. 11. MPLE on, and used ip REVIEW OF rUNOTUATINO SIMPLE .-^ENTENnEf?. f)S 2. Close a declarative sentence with the period, an^ interrogative sentence with the interrogation I)oint, and an exclamatory sentence with the point of exclamation. It is cold to-day. Is it cold to-day ? How cold it is to-day ! The Comma. Rule I.-Words of the same class in a se- ries, taken individual or in pairs, arc sepa- rated by commas. The calm, cool, resoluU man presented a noble example of dariiirr. Russia exports xt^heat, tallow, flax, and hides. no? to LlSmratel ^""^^''^'"^^^ ^^«^d« Joi»e^l by and or or are Rule II._A phrase, unless very closely con- nected with the word to which it belongs is to be marked off by a comma. 1. In spite of all difficulties, they resolved to make the attempt. 2. Tlio Indian monarch, stimned and bcioildered saw his faithful subjects falling around him. But in the sentence, " Our house i.s beautifully situated about tln-ee miles from town," the phrase about three miles from toim h too closely ioincd in construction to be separated by a comma. Rule Ill.-In a succession of phrases, each phrase is to be marked off by a comma. J! I j 94 LANGUAGE LESSONS. At daybreak, tlic combiner] fleets were distinctly seen from tlie Victory's head, formed in a dose line of battle ahead, on the starboard tack, about twelve tniles to leeward, and standing to the south. Rule IV.— Adverbs like however, indeed, TiiEKEFoiiE, etc., being equivalent to phrases, are generally marked ofF by commas. The story, however, was pronounced untrue. No man, indeed, is always }in])])y. Rule V.— Words or phrases in apposition are marked off by commas. James Watt, the improver of the steam engine, was a native of Greenock. Exercise 38. Punctuate the following simple sentences : 1. lie was blessed with a sound understniidin-r mi intrenid fpmt a benevolent heart 2. In our present ;uTvanc(' st' It IS a discrace not to be able to write xond Kn-l sli 3 In carrynig a barometer froni the level of the TIiiu-kn to tlio to of St. Paul's Church in London the mercMiTv falls hal.uiS inarkms an ascent of about live hundred' feet 4 I w sad how dreary how desolate is this scene 5. Is it not nleas-int in the niornin.o; to brush the dew upon the u pin ml lawn (f Blilton the author of " hnadise T,ost " was blind 7 Tie N,UM>al b(,■^.^^ .ixiven the fleet w. i.ulu.d i-nrhor 8. The croVir Bells tea coHeo 8U.L;ar and spic^es '.». On the rich and the do- 2Smp" " ' ""^ ^"'"'"' *''" ^""^^^'"^ ^""^^-^d don wi h XLI. REVIEW OF MAKING SIMPLE SEN- TENCES. 1. In the previous lessons we have learned all that goes to make up a simple senteucp, listinctly close line ut twelve I. INDEED, )hrases, ue. josition engine^ n intrppid iced 8t;ito sh 3. hi to tlie top f .'in inch Hiiw sJid t plc'iisaiit hnvu (i. 7. Tho lio grower ] the n\0' own with : SEN- all tha^ llEVlh V OE MAKING SIMPLE SEXTENCES. 05 2. A 8im]>le sentonoe contains but .1 single stnto mi'nt, and therefore it can liave only one subject and one ])redlcatc. 3. A sentence, however, may be simple, and still rds. This is i)ecause the sinij.K' sul>;ect— the noun— ?nay be enlaru^ed by words and ]>y phrases, and the simple predieato^ the verb— may be eida ood in the same way. Birds fly. ^ Tliis is a siini.le seiitnice in its briefest form. ^ Some birds of j)rey, having secured their vie- tim, fly with it very swiftly to their nests. This is still a simple sentence, but both subject and predi- cate are enlar^^ci by words and plirases. 4. By way of practice and review, we shall now have au exercise in buildiiig up simple sentences :^ Separate State- ments. . . 1. A balloon is a hag. 2. It i.s a thin ba^. 3. Tt is a Ii;;ht ba;;. •{ 4. It is made of varnisliod silk. 5. It is generally shai)cd lilcc a -lobo. (5. It is filled with a (luid li-htcr than common air. ( A J'.ALr.oox IS A thia ('J), i;,,ht (3) Hah. \ juiiu U(//aer than cornnion air ((J). " 1. Colvmb'is vt'tunira (,, Sjinin, <5p.«nr-of^ c* * -• lie returned in HIKJ. oeparate btate- o u i , merit** i 1 • ",'*^",* !^""'^ months hi ex- Combined Combined plormg the delightful regions. 4. These regions were now first tliro\vn open to i'vuropean eyes. In 1493, Columbus returnod to Si)nin having spent some months in ex- ploring the delightful regions now nxat thrown opeu to Europeau eye* i. '11 9C LANGUAGE LESSONS. 6. Tlic reverse oisipU/iesis, orbuildingup dct.'Kjlied statements into a simple sont(*ncc, is rlietorical artal. yais — tliat is, writing in separate sentences tlie dif- ferent statements implied in the original sentence Thus — GoMsmith the antlior of tlic " Deserted Vil- lage," wrote with j.erfect eh-gaiice and beauty, m a style of mellow tendei-ness and elaborate simplicity. * This scntoncc may bo resolved into the following stivtc- uicijts : 1. Goldsmitli wrote with perfect elegance. 2. Goldsmith was the author of the " Deserted Village." 3. He wrote with p^s-fect beauty. 4. He wrote in a style of mellow tenderness. 0, He wrote in a style of elaborate simplicity. 6. Pupils should learn, first of all, to express tlieir thoughts in simple sentences. They often fall into the habit of writing long, loose, ill-constructed sen- tences. In order to form the habit of clear compo- sition, remember the following : — Uui.K. — Do not combine disconnected state- ments by means of conjunctions or relative pronouns ; but write short sentences, each expressing a complete thought. And when- ever you have written a very long, involved sentence, break it up into two or more brief and clear sentences. .vniK stiitc- coxsthuction op nouxs. Exercise 39. 97 Combine the following groups of statements so that each group shall form a simple sentence :— r...Mif.(f^f^r''f''f''-'",l-''''^' ^^'^ '"^ coiniuoivi.'il city. It w tl.e cupiUiI of Lugland. It is situated ou the liivor Tluiiut'^. It?; m.urof''illf'''i; 1 ^* I' *^'r".y ^^'^^'- '^ ''^ ■■' 1'1"« ^i'-'^^^^. with lice? ' '"^ '" ''"" ^''^""^^ ^'^«^"'^»- ^' i« t'i"""t"a 3 C/iar^es X/7 , of Sweden was tJe/cnted. H« wjis dnfoatod -it 5. 77i« smxmlers came to the hermit's cell. Tliev oaino on tho third day. Thoy came by the directiun of the peSnts Cliango papers and write letters of critidani. Notice— 1. Is the sentence a sim])lo soiitoncr!? 2 Are therp inrr nnstakes of spellins; ? .'{. Is the puMctu.ition correct ? 4 aZ the phrases arranged iu the l,.,st possible n.a, ner ? f, Ifm ti S sentence any other faults ? Can 'you improve t in a^y wly ? '^ f* XLII. COXSTRIJCTION OF NOIWS. (1-) Nouns as Subjects. 1. The usual place of a noun as the aubject of a sentence is before the verb ; as, A messenger was sent. But in certain cases this order is invertetl— 1 When for tlie sake of emphasis, some other important w Uu-n the Bcntcnco tlius : We adnurc the K'enius of St the nu-lelilt 4. The following construction is bad English. Jo/m going was unexijectcd. TJic i-eason of him being tliere is unknown. These sentences should be — JohTbS going was unexpected. The reason of his being there wns unknown. (3) K'ouns as Objects. 5. Nouns arc generally placed after the verbs of \vluch tlu^y are tlie c^ijects ; as, The mercliant has built a house. Put if we wish to be em{)hatic, we l.lace the objec,^ fij-st; as, My ri(jht tliere is none to dispute=T]iere is none to dispute my right. Name tho ohjocts !n the follo^viiig sontencos, and state what is Un- as ual hi thejr iiOBitiou. ■y VPr ^"^*''^*' ^ ^lave sold, but I will show your friend another. Inm 1 r'Th^'T'*''" ^'1«" V^'^'^t i.iovolce ? 3. The baker he 1^^ LAXGUAGi: LKSSOilH. XLIll. now TO PAliSE NOUNS. (1.) Noun as Subject. The annij suffered (lefciit. "Army" in a common noun, thii-d jx'rson, sini^u- lar numlKM', neuU-r ^'endcr, and nominative casp, subjet-t of the verb " suffered," because it is that of wliieh the statement, " Buffered defeat," is made. In the following soiitonucs, parso tbo noun-Htibjocts : 1 Kislios.'irc covered witli scale*. 2. A wK«e fed. (2.) Wouns as Object, (/olumbus discovered America. "America" is a proper noun, tliird ])erson singu- lar, neuter gender and objective case, object of the verb " discovered." In the following acntcncoe, imrsc the nonn-objoctB: 1. Tliecat followed tlie <:irl. 2. A man killed a tigress. ». The lariucr sold the liortse. 4. Tlie people saw the giniit. (3 ) Noun in Apposition. Milton, tlie />oc^, was l)lind. " Poet " is a common ivjun, third person singular, masculine gender, and nominative case, in ap])o- sition with " Milton," since it denotes the same person. In the following acntoncas, parse the nouns in apposition : ^ 1. Milton, tlio Eiiglisli poet, wrote " Paradise Lost." 2. Tlie Christians were porsooiited by Nero, tlie iiifanions ouiperor. 3 TUat usefa] animal, tliu oauiol, is louud in Asia and Africa. !sfS. '11, sini^u- ivo CISC, H tll.'lt of niiulc. iD.'ikctli a T. 4. The m siiigu- 3t of the »s. S. The lingular, in ap]>o- ie same n : " 2. The iperor. 3. I'ica. ' now To rAiisii nouns. 101 (4 ) Noun as Predicate Nominative. C^ueuii Victoria is Bmjyrcfis of India. " Kniprcss" is a common noun, third ].c"rson sin- gular, feminine gender, in the predicate nominative after " i«," and exi)lains tlie subject, " Queen Vic toria." l,..ai?e" '""°"''"" "'-•"♦^•"••^•^r'T^e the nouns i,. the prodl.-ato nom- (5) Noun in Possessive Case. The boi/s' .slates are broken. " I5oys' " is a common noun, tliird j)erson plui-al, masculine gender, possessive case, and limits tlie noun " slates." In the following sentences, par.c tbc nonns in the possessive ca«o ■ ^^. cuddle 7 4 The heroVh.n'uJdlh/l.^r'Jir J^^ (6) Noun used in a Phrase. The man tciththe white coat c-.uae fro?n London. " Coat" is a common noun, third person siiKnd'ir neuter gender, and objective case ; is joined b'y the preposition " with " to the noun " man : " '« with tlie white coat " is an adjective phrase. "London ' is a proper noun, third ])erson sincm. lar, ncuto^ gender, objective case, and is joined \w the proposition " from " to "came:" "from Lou- don " is an adverbial phrase. In the following sentences, parse tlie nouns uso.l in phiasns • Ir I ! I m LANGUAGE . LESSONS. h' (7) Noun as Nominative Independent Our leather, who art in heaven. "Father "is a proper noun, second person sin* gular, masculine gender, and nominative of ad- dress. The 7n{st having arisen, a beautiful prospece was disclosed. "Mist" is a common noun, third person singrt- lar, neuter gender, and nominative absolute, u^ed indei)endently in the phrase "the mist havin^ arisen." ° In tho following Hontoiicos, parse thonouiiH iiulcpondent : Exercise 40. Parse all the nmms in the following sentences :— hpl",/^!"^'"' ^^^^}^,'^ *^'e apples. 2. Tli« sonrro of tho Niln hag been discovered by no one yet. 3. Coal-fioUls are the remi nJ a patnot. 6. Death, where is thy sting ? XLIV. CONSTRUCTION OF ADJECTIVES. (1) The Article. 1. When two or more nouns or adjectives refer to the same thing, the article is j.refixed to the first only ; but if they refer to different things, the ar. tide should be repeated with each. ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Tlie governor and commander-in-chief ha? arrived (that is, one person). COXSTRirOTION OF ADJUPTIVES. 103 2. The governor and the comrnander-in-chiLf have arrived (that is, two persons). 3. lie lives in a long and narrow street (one street). 4. The rich and the poor have a coninion inter- est (two classes). SLOW tlie upplioation of Uiis rule in tho following sonteiicca :— f ^ t '^Ia °^ ""^ *''^ ^''^'^^^ ^^^ ^''^ domestic animals cliiofly uaod I ^«.^"i^'l",''." Franklin, tho philoBoplicr and statOHman, lived in riiilii(i«l|)!iia. 3. Tlie tljioe brotlicrs were under a largo and Hproading tree. 4. I i)as80d a man and a boy on my way to the village. 0. Bishoi) IJiitlor is a butter reasoner than writer, 6. I saw a red, wliito, aud blue Hag. Here i.s a white and a red flatf. (2.) Comparison. 2. The comparative is used when two objects are compared ; the superlative, when more than two. Hence — RiTLE.— Never use the superlative when but two objects are compared. The Euphrates and the Tigris are rivers of Asia : of these, the Euphrates is the larger, and the Ti«i-ris the more rapid. ® It woiild be wring to say, The Eui)lirate.« is the laruest : Tho ligns the mosO'u/. Why is this sentence incorrect — This is the best house of the two ? (3.) Position of Adjectives. 3. An adjective generally precedes its noun ; as* A wise man ; A great and wise man. But it may follow it for emphasis or in poetic construction ; as, A man wise nnd good: A man he was to all thf country dear. 1 !> - ■.'■' I- ^04 LANOUACE LESSONS. (4.) Adjectives for Adverbs, 4. A few V. -hs containing the meaning of the verb ^>e can take a predicate a.ljective instead of an adverb. 1. Tlie rose smells .strcrf. 2. The velvet feels nmuofh. 5. It would be incorrect to say, The rose jonollf; sivcetlij; The velvet feels mooihli/. What these sentences mean is, that the rose is sweet to the scent, and that the velvet is smooth to the touch. N0TK.--rTi parHiu-, notic-tLut then; aic a few verbs like J- '^"'•;"- •■<■ J^<"'I<. 5. Ik'cnme. t.l^;^.l '*'\-'T'^I''"^V'1^ '"• "' then., an.! that t.icse vrrhs taku a |Mu.lu',itc' a.l.f.aue, vvheiva.s all (.rdiimry vorhs taKi.' advt'i'lw, •' Would you say, " Miss Smith looks henutifuWi ? ' [Adverb.] Why noti Would you say, the lemon tastes soiirlij ? Why not ? (6.) Parsing of Adjectives. C. An adjective is parsed by saying that it de- scribes or limits the noun [naming it]. 7. A predicate adjective is parse/^ by saying tha-t it is the predicate adjective, and dosciiue^ the sub- ject of the verb. Model.— What an excellent thing is knowledge. , " Excellent " is an adjective, positive degree, and df scribes the noun "thing." The way was long. *' Long " if^. aa adjective, positive degree, after the verb " was," and predicated of the subject, " way." MIMrrsED AIM/V'TIVKS. Kjf, Exercise 41. A. Parse tl.e adjectioe.^ In Lho following sontcnees - tho wi.ul was .old; the MiiMstiel whh .1 .-.nan ^.i rV/'?^ ""^'• transparent. <;. Tlio Holdu i,.,.i- 1> . V \V;."* "• >vat('r n wluui I was a littlo cir ) Thi. ^^n 1 ''''.V'"* r'"derful story The ostrich is the liigest [biJij' r^bil^i! '''''' '"'""' '''''''■ '^^ B. Correct tlie errors in adjectives ;— 1- Whiclurt tlm oldest of thfise two l)ovfl ? o ti.« a 1 1 jfreenly. 3. The do-' smolN dis-iL'rooMi.iL^ i i- ••.• ® ^^'^'^ ' "^^ est of my two dauehtors n T h ;A^ * ^ ''""'"^ ''■* ^''^ ••ri^; /.t- flings 8wcct "'"'^"^*^'^"' ^- H"-^ •iike tistOH Hweotly. o. M^iry 1i XLV. JVriSUSED ADJECTIVES. (1) These for This. 1. The adjective this must be usecTonly with 8inrr„. lar nouns; these witli plural nouns. This rule is 1» «,/!" ^'fi^^^f f -ons as "^/.... sort of peo- pie, "^/.o..kmd of horses." We must say, " ' /«. sort of people," « that kind of horses." (2.) Them for These- 2 The personal pronoun Mem is frequently used ror the adjective those; as "Mm thinembcrino. that /,«„*,.; ]2 an,l ,. are used with subjects of the third , orson ::;S:::"''''""^''^'''^''--''--tha.i':"t;:; 108 LAKGUAOfi LESSONS. 3. We know tliat such exj.ressions as The horses runs, the boys has gone to school, the dog loalk, are wrong, and wliy they are wrong. But there a.-o otlier forms of expression that are not so simple as these. 5. The first difficulty in using tlicse verbs correct- ly occurs when the subjects have qualifying phrases, ILLUSTUATIONS. 1. The union oi two great rivers j^roduces t'le La Plata. , The veil) is " produces; " the aiibioct is " union." " Union " 18 111 the sni-iilar number, niu] hence " j.roducos " is riclitlv in the sin-ular number, to jisroe with it. The word " rivcPs,"' in the phniHe of two -re.-it rivers," can have notliin- to do with the form ^i t?iZ'^'' ''k'''"'"' " T'?'** " •'" "•"«'• ^^it'' -^ preposition to fubTecToffife vl?b'''*''' ""' ''''''' '' ''"" ^'"^ ^""^^^^ <^-^ ^'- 2. The condition of the roads are horrible. . The real subject of the verb is the noun " condition," which is ntej""- V'?^ ''^'^' ^I'T^.^""?' ^^^o"''! ^« '■•''-^''0 condition is. TI.p phrase of the roads," bcm;; a mere qralifier, has no control over the form of the verb. k'huoi 6. Rule.— When a subject has qualifying words or phrases, select the real subject, and make the form of the verb agree with that, without reference to the qualifying words or phrases. Exercise 43. A. What word is the real subject in these sentences? t The direction of the rnonntalns vrn? towards tlio south. 2. The store, with all tlie goods in it, was destroyed. 3. None of our children likes tomatoes 4. Six month.s' interest seems to be clue. 5. The mechanism of clocks and watches were then un- known (wronj,'). A variety of circuiiistauces are to be taken into account (wron^;). Vfiiins witn two stjftjjccts. 109 B. ^yhnt ,>]irnse in each of tho pvecvdhvr .ouiomos might lead a careless speaker into making a mistake in the form of the verb ? Model.— Six months' interest scenis to be duo. Tlie verb is "seems," in the singular number. It agrees witli its subject, "interest." The word "months'" has no control over the form of tho vei-l, because that word is in the j.ossessivc case, and limits " interest." XLTII. VERBS WITH TWO SUBJECTS. (I) Two Nouns joined by "and" 1. Sometimes the subject of a verb consists of two or more singular nouns. Thus : 1. The horse, the ox, and the dec- are quadru- peds. 2. Grace and Gertrude have recited their les- sons. 3. Gold and silver are precious metals. 2. In the first sentence the subjectconsists of three singular nouns, connected by " and." What are they? The subject of the second sentence is two singular nouns, connected by "and." Wljat are they? The subject of the third sentence is two sin- giilar nouns. What are they? 3. Rule.— Two or more singular subjects ricaning different persons or things, and join- ed by Axn, take a verb in the plural. 4. Exceptions.-There are some apparent ex- ceptious to the rule. ■;/ tl 110 t.A VGUAGB LfiBSONB. II-LUSTBATIOXS. -1. A gentleman and scholar lives licre. 2. Why is dust and ashes proud? 3. Tlie boy, and not the dogs, is to blame. ^^l^ ^:^^.J^^^^ -Hf,;:;;;;- two ^Sn^7^:}^f'1 «""'/^'^«ve snbjoc'a^^d leave {hSlSS rett form of the verb to be understood with the iiet^ativo subject. 4. Every tree and every shrub is in bloom. The rule ill such cases is tliat wlien two or more ein^ular snh- 30ct8 joined by r,„(? are doscrilierl by the adjectives eS a'c/roi no, the verb takes the singuhir form. •'''^"ves earn, etc? y, or (2.) Two Nouns joined by ''or" or "nor." 5. RuLE.—Two or more singular subjects joined by ok or nok require a verb in the sin- gular. ILLUSTRATIOXS. 1. John or his l)rot]ier has the book. Tlip two siiifrnl.nj .subjocls nre ".Tohn" and "his brother" Tliey are so]).'ir;itod by "or," and lionco, as we really niulie tlie Btatenicnt of only om, the verb " lias" is singular. 2. Either Anne or Jane tell a falsehood. Yon obsen'e that the verb " tell " ia the plural form Rnt thf^ Is wronj^ ; the statement is made of but one, and hence the verb should bo singular— ^€^;,s a falsehood. 6. Sometimes one of the subjects separated by or 10 is buth a ON " TIIT^IJE IS " AND « TIIETJE ARE." Hi or nor is singulur and l ],o oUior plurnl. In tl.is caso the verb IS made to agree with its nearest subject, rims: He or his friends arcuo blani'. Exercise 44. Correct the errors in the form of the verbs in the •tollowing sentences :-^ 1. Pines and firs ^rows in Xcrway and Sweden, o Mv fri.M.,1 and compan on are doid "i ti,„ . , , '^"" - ^i3 'nond ::^i.:;iZr::;:;;n;or;:^^^^ XLVIII. LESSON CWTTTERE JS " AND " TIIEUE ARK." 1. Shall M^e s:iy « there «5 or « tLere a^-e ? " Tliis dei>ends entirely on what cow,, arter /. or'^re. S'^^''«r«ai'plos(*uthetiee. T{ „V 'f^rei.s-watfir in flin milk .5. I hero IS a po.ilc of potatoes in the pantrv 5. rheie /. a pleasure in ti.e pathloss wood. 2. Let us now see Mhy u-e say ^s or are iu each case. 1. There ar^ apples on the^tree-beeause the phiral noun "apples," coming after "are," is its subject. ^ 2 There is water in the milk-because the sub, ject IS the singular noim •'- water." 112 ■':■ I LANGUAGE LESSONS. ir 3. There is a peck of potatoes in the pantry— because the subject is tlio noun "peck," wliich is singular; it matters not (hat we speak of a peck "of potatoes," because " of potatoes " is a mere pi rase, and can have no inlhience on the number of the subject. 4. There are many flowers born to blush unseen —because the subject is the plural noun " flowers." 5. There is a ])leasure in the pathless woods— because the subject is the noun " i)Ieasure " whicli is in the singular number. * 3. Thus we clearly see that whether we shall say ihore is or there c^e depends entirely on the num. ber ot the real subject. 4. Now, what is the little word " there? " If we say, « The book is ikere^^ the word " there " is an adverb. But " there," in the sentences given abov^ l^5 not an adverb. Thus— There came to the beach a poor exile of Erin. This is tlie same as if we should say, A poor exile of Erin came to the beach. * In all such cases the word there serves to introduce the statement, while the re^/ subject comes after the verl). It may be called an introductory partide. 5. The same rule that applies to " there is " and there ar.» applies to all verbs used in the same way with there. The verb must agi-ee with the real Bubjcct, which will be found after the verb. SYNTAX OF PRONOUXS. Exercise 45. Correct the following verbs :— 113 XLIX. SYNTAX OF PKONOUNS. (1.) Agreement of Pronouns. 1. Pronouns stand for nouns. Hence in usirm J)ronoun8 we must be very careful that we use tJie right pronouns, and also that we use them correctly. 2. RuLE.—A pronoun must be of the same number as the noun it is meant to represent. as, IhG man is sick : he has a fever ; » « The men are foolish, because they waste tfieir money. 3. Rule -When two or more singular nouns are jomed by a7id, the pronoun used to repre- sent them must be plural; but whenseparat- IhuV'Wh.alcs and elephants are mammals: they suckle their young." " When he sees a dog or a cat, he chases it." ^ 4. RuLE.-Collective nouns require singular or plural pronouns according as they convey the Idea of unity or plurality. Thus, " The i M It i s 1 114 LANGUAGE LliSSOJVS. Dominion ParliMnicnt [i.loii of ,n,i(y] M.ccfsin Ko,- ru.iry, and //; will a.lj.mrn in JM.-iy.'' "Tho poopTo [idea of plurality] liavc disagreed, and tl.oy will continue to qnaiTol.'' *** When ono or moro nouns nro. Drrcp.lid l.v fl,f» ir,.,..iu Correct fho mistukcs In the iironouim : better Anybody ni their senses would have known (2.) Pronouns as Subjects. 5. Rule.— When a rr-jnoun is used as the subject of a verb, it must take the subject- form, that is, the nominative case. 6. W"e should say, ■/go to town; And not, He takes a walk. Me go to town ; Jlim takes a walk. 7. Now, it is not ;it all likdv tliat any person would say, " J/d go to town ; » " JJim takes a walk ; " but careless people are constantly committing mis- takes that are nearly as bad. ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Richard is taller than me. 2. Mary is older than him. 3. Who wants a kite ? Me. SYNTAX OP PRON-OUNS. H5 stood. Let us write tlie scntonees out in full :_ . 1. R'^'Jiardistallcrthanmeam. 2. Miiry is older than A^V^^. ig. ^. Who wants a kite ? J/d wants a kite S ^,^?r " '''"'' '^'' ^^'^Wect-fonn, l,ut the object-form * toim. Sui.plying the suhjcct-fonn, we l.ave the sentences in the right shape : 1. Richard is older than /. 2. Mary is taller than /le. ' 4. Who wants a kite ? I. (3.) Pronouns as Objects. 8. RuLE.-A pronoun used as the object of a verb or with a preposition, must ta :e the objeet.form, that is, the objective case. 0. This means tlmt we should say, I do not know ivhom I love best. -And not, I do not know who I love best Here " whom » is the object of the verb " love '> and hence .t has, quite properly, the object-form' ; ln>t who IS the subject-form, which is incorrect. 10. A pronoun governed by a preposition must a ways be m the objective form. Thus : To wAom 116 LAJfGUAGK MWSONS. SI J l)res8ion u Ki^ 11. The following incorrect form of cxd very often heurd :—. BeLvveon you and I. This should be " Between you and me- The prepo- . B.tion between requires the object-form of tlie L^ noun ; hence me, and not 7, should be enii^loyed." Correct the mistakes in Uio proiiouns : No Hucl. girl as her shiuKo /.nSo ec O^^'fet t n f ''['f^''- '*• b0Htu.4j. (J. Who did you set tlTbook from ? ^ ''"^ ' "''^ °"* (4.) Common Mistakes in Pronouns. 12. TJie pupils may write the :N»:io wing sentences ; 1. liichard ho went to school. 2. Eva slie forgot her lunch-basket. 3. The dog it ran down the street. You may make these sentences good English bv loav.ng out the « he " in the first sentence, the " she '' 111 the second, and the " it" in the third. cause you have the subjec Riclmrd tLZ]^? """f^'^^-^^'^ry, •'bo- fore. be'. Richard weut^S^HeKr.^^^^^ 13. DutECTiox.-Do not use a personal pro- noun as the subject of a verb when the verb has already a noun for its subject. (5.) Politeness in Pronouns. J^.'J^'''^ ^— ^" the position of singular pronouns Of different j)ersoqs, the second (you) |>rooe would not be correct. ^ "' ^ *"** ''®' 15. A noun has the same place as a third personal pronoun ; as, lie says he saw either ray cousin or me. 16. Rule Il.-With the phiral pronouns, we has tlie first place, you the second, and they the third ; as, We and t/iei/ start to-raorrow. tiS -.SSKSi,;:sStir L?r =- rii;;;^^ p-- (6). It ig I. 17. Pupils may write the following sentences :— 1. It is I. 2. Who is the general ? I am he. 3. We thouglit it was she. verb''?i8 "°°The"nrnn!!. *^?. «"VP*^>'*-.'«^'"' ^"d comefl after the Sues aS;rthI^lnr"aT'' The nr^^ the subject-form, and 118 LANOUAGR LKSSOJ^S. 1'^- In tliose sentences it would be iiioorrent to Siiy. ^ 1. It is 7)16. 2. Wlio is the general ? I am /iim. 3. We thouoht it was her. 'ifti' • nio ill tlio ol)i,>,t-forin U'' .v Ji i i ., ' . '"'"• »»^ ferrcd t. '.' ' ' ^^^^ t'K'ii.ulit sA,. was tlio porson lo- 19. No^v write the two following sentences :- 1. Thoy tliought that ii was ./. 2. Thoy thought them to be ua. Tn tlio lirMt sentence "I *' ia in fi,« ., i • ^ . vorb " wius" is j.ieoedcd bv i7 , n. », ^^'''^J^'^f-/"'''". ''ocin.so the incorrect to Hay/'' Thev timn l/t f ^'^''^''^S';^^ '^ ^^"^'I'l I'" sentence, tbo p mnonn '' nn ''^iHS "S/i n?- TV '" ''''^ '^^''^"•'<' correct. Why is this? T},« 11. • ol>.|C'ct-forni, and this is I>recododby''^the,n:'' LJtj^eHrollolw.!''^^ '"^ ^'«^'^ " ^« " - 20. RuzK.-The subject-form of the pronouns before the verb be. The object-form of the pronouns comes after the verb be when an object comes before the verb bk. . (7.) Parsing Pronouns. 21. Pronouns have the same inflections as nouns, anil are parsed in the same way as nouns I) ' A r '\ f L. SYNTAX OF ADVERBS. • (!•) Position of Adverbs. 1. RiTLE.-Adverbs should be so placed in a sentence as to qualify the word intended, 1 correct to SYNTAX OP ADVEnnS. nj.USTIJATION. 119 1. He nunc to so,, riio wJ,/ oucv. - ^'<'o;//y (.nine to see nie oiiee. 2. Those tu'o sontcnoos Ii-m-m .mcf. .. j ""•••niin,,. „s ,1,0 ...h . " ; ,;' f ; ;>-^'"^"f '....■.lif.v »».,,. „,. ,.,„„„. Th,. ';i;:st „;:.,':;', ,:;- .^:, •; Plncc . " ciiimgo 01 ini-iuiliig i„ii,|o l.j oad, ,|,i(ii„g of 1. Only ho Jii„urnc(l for |,is bi-otlior. -. \\ may p,-„l,,,l,ly ^j,, ,,),or« to-morrow. ai,oiogy ''"'°'™'^ i"..ne:■< , -i'M nil- (3.) Double Negatives. 7. RuLE.-In English, two negatives are equal to an affirmative. Hence, n'ever intrL duce two negatives when you intend to make a negative statement. n-LUSTIlATIOX. I have not done nothing. This means I have done something; ^v^hereas wh^j^^was meant was, I have not done anything, or, "1 have done nothing." . ^' ' Ck)rroct these fl«ntenceB : 1. I don't like geography nohow. 2. I did not work? tTj 'r i^'- '• ^^" ^^"^ ^^^^- -^ ^« - woik/ 4. He did not say nothin^r. Parsfng Adverbs. 8. Adverbs are i^^r^e^ by telling the derrree if inflected, and by saying, They limi^t the verTad- jective, or other adverb [naming itj. Exercise 46. Parse the adverbs in the following sentences :~ ^^'^-^^yln^7.^^^^^ '"-t quickly. 2. very well. 4. When are S Sn ^J'° (•''f I'-f^, «"«wered lesson better to-naorrow. 'i\i?^^k\J-^Z!yXt tl^T LI. ON COMroUND SENTENCES. The rain descended, and the floods came. 1. Here two statements, "The rain descended," the floods came," are joined into one sentence by the conjunction « and," but neither qualifies the other. stives are ver intro- i to make ►* whereas ything^ or, I did not not do no degree, if ^erb, ad- ices : — uickly. 2. I answered know our too well. ES. le. ended," once by fies the OK COWroUKb SENTENCES. ^1 2. Def,xition.-A sentence consisting ^f two or more statements joined, so that one does not qualify another, is called a compound sentence. tl.?a?c1vre?'TlVe fi?s^^^^^^^^^ "^ej^in descended, it would tell U'/ien the Toodf Jro .^T, 1,^^^^^ ««^"""^' the floods came," is not a eomS»d hT\ '''^''•'"" ^e-'^ceuded, which we shaU speak herenftS ' * complex sentence, of 3. Tlie different statements of a compound sen- tence are called its members. 4 The members of a compound sentence are jomed by one of tl,e co-ordinate conjunctions. The principal co-onlinate conjunctions are and, but, or hence, either— or, neither—nor. ' Hentence. 'l^^^^^-^'m^^'^^^JlT^^,^' ^ -'"i'-"'^ or a7eLtv7fre'£"'' "'^ '°""^'=""" ''^'^ '« « relative pronoun iremher, and so make a co, ZK^Senci^'^'SnT'''^^ "" 'V'°«*P«» tive pronoun or adverb oonZ ni t),l 1„ * ^".* ^T''**" ^''e rel.i- comimnd. contains the sense of and, the sentence is th?c'oS.leursrii'a™y°f *^^ '°"«^"8 compound sontcnceB, and name «ncccedB well. 4. Go tTSe ant thn.^ d I'Rent boy ; hence he I I! '- '* 122 LANGUAGE LUSSOXS. fo&Tg: '"'"''"^ "'"'"''«' ^ "'"'^^ con,i,ound8o,.to„coHO»tof th6 l.^e clo„ds nro dispersed, n„d _. 2. To orr is Innnan ; ,.', ' •^- ^^'^^c-'"'" our lo».so„s carefully; therefore . 4 tither you never asked mo to do it, or . 5. Contracted Compound Sentences —Tt often ha].])eiis tli.it different rncnibers of a (.onipcMMHl sentence l.ave the same subject, or ti.e same predi- cate, or tlje same cnlarirements of either or of both. WJkcn tliese connnon elements are omitted in one of the members, the sentence is a contracted compound sentence. II : ll II.LUSTIIATIOXS. 1. The birds saw the little pool, and tlic birds came there to drink. Contracted tlnis : The birds saw the little poob and came tlicre to drink. Here the subject "birds," being common to both members i8 omitted from the second, and the sontcncc is contracted. 2. Either a knave must have done this, or a fool must have done this. Contracted : Either a knave or a fool must have done this. Here the predicMo ••must have done this," being common to both members, is omitted from the first. 3. Cold produces ice, and heat dissolves ice. Contracted: Cold produces, and heat dissolves ice. Tlio object "ice," being from the first member of the common to both members, Ib omitted contracted form. iK-'Ohi out of th« rr is Ijiiman ; ufore . 4. iinces. — It compound line prodi- i)r of bolli. [1 in one of conij)onn(J tlie birds littlo ]>ool> li meinbere, itrncted. i, or .1 fool iiust liavo common to es ice. dissolves I, is omitted r ANALYSIS OP COMrOUND SENTEXCES. 123 Exercise 47. A. Contract the following compound se?i4e>ices, and state the nature of the contraction :— 4. Canada exports wheat; Eiighu.d imports wl.eat. 4. Tlio yoimrr soldier joined his re"-imonf on,i H.n .,„ dier was present at the battle. ^®»""cnt, and the young gol. B. Contract tlie following four sentences into one compoimd sentence of nine words :— 1. Frogs live on land. 2. Frcs lire in witor i c . .. land. 4. Seala live iu water '^^ ^" ^''""'^ "^^ <>» LII. ANALYSIS OF COMPOUxVD SFX TEXCES. In analyzing a compound sentence, it is only nec- cs.sary to mention of what statements (two or more) It Ks made up, to tell what conjunction connects the slMtements, and then proceed to analyse the sepa- rate statements in precisely the same manner in whicii we analyzed simple sentences. Model of Analysis. The Second Punic War lasted for sixteen years, and It ended in 202 B.C. TlMS Is a cou.ppuMd seMto„cp. It is composed of the two state- 124 I! ' • LANGUAGE LESSONS. Su;cd'i.^w"jf£'""^^;^^^^ '••^«*«^ f^r «-t««n years," "It olSat'^^^oujiaion ''S "'^ connected by the co- teo^!';oS••*^¥^s]Ul''^^'^.^^^^^^ Piinic War Lasted for six- predicate is enlarged by the adveJbial pEe ''Tu 202 K" Exercise 48. Analyze the following compound se?ite7ices :— wo/nth '%'TSnrLn"'^' ''i'^,"'*' «l*y ^'"^^ "'« centre of its wc.wm. /, 1 no man recovered from the bite, bnt tlie dn.^ dipH All fh.''""^,"'"'* '?•''"' '^ ^'^ i^o'-y- «r our cause will be rSd 4" Change papers, and write oUore of criticism. w 4 LIII. MAKING JC'MPOUND SENTENCES. 1. Wo have had considerable practice inbreakin.^ lip long, loose compound sentences into a series of simple sentences, each containing but one statement. 2. It is very clumsy to combine in one sentence a series of statements loosely connected by ands and If 8, buts and ors; and if the pujul has profited by the exercises given, he will have learned to avoid so faulty a way of writing and speaking. 3. But, at the same time, it is very important to be able to compose good compound sentences. |f 9 rears," "It u by the CO- ted for six- bject is ou- i "I'unic." Jularyed by ^lie subject ded." The B.C." -es : — ntro of its ! dog died, [•iiined. 4. re] merely Luisl'ortune >reakiii«r lerics of tenient. itence a ids and Itcd by ivoid 80 tant to MAKING c^OMPOUXD SENTENCES. 126 letter or a composition consists of nothing but little -mpe sentences it will bo too much broken u^ The following will illustrate this :~ The Lion. f- Tlio lion then rou c 1 ','?!;" ''i^!'''"''^'^'' /• ^^''-^'''tsotH in. bosuis to prowl. 7. lu o" ^T^Mlm \. '"■• "• ^'"^ '*"" tlien victim with his powerful ci'uvs!' ''"" ^'-''^^« ''''^ 4. Here are nine simple sentences. The effect is not agreeable when you read the piece aloud. The sentences are too much of the same length. Then the words "the lion" occur too frequently, he writer apparently forgetting that thl arcfsuch ^aings as pronouns, and that prououns stand for 5 Sentences I and 2 Aomid bo brougl.i togctl.or luto one contracted compound sentence" thus : t The lion Is round In Africa anj in Asia. 6. Sentences 3, 4, 5, and 6 n>ay be blended into one compound sentence, thus : 7. Sentence 7 may remain unchanged in f„n„_a short Simple sentence between t»-o so.ncwhat Ion. compouiid seiitenees. The pronoun Ae should, how" ever, be substituted for " the lion," thug : 8. In general, he walls In ambusb. 8. Sentences 8 and 9 sho.ild be connected into one compound sentence, thus : 126 LAXGUAGE T-KSSONS. 0. The composition now rends as follows, and is certainly much better than it was in its orio-inal form : ° U I thS'^m>"miVVi"'"r -'"^ f:^"«^^-i"S exorcise, niako auv clian-cs t h.'it ii re needed to bmi- the pieces into -uud sl^-nie Tho mnrn thoM^dit you sue to these exercise., the better \vm be the re! Exercise 49. Coml)ine the simple sentences in each of the fol- lowing j)aragm|,l,s into compound sentences where It is necessary, so as to produce a continuous narra. tive : A. II > I B. Tlie whale is the largest aninuU known to us. The wh-ile in souiotinies met with from .«i\-tv to seventy leet in iVmrM. u • nn inhab tant of the soas within the Arc '?Circ e It ff^n "in! Ill' itan of tlie seas within the Ant.a.;tic Circle WhVle-fishh^^;^^ earned on to a considerable extent from seveml co ntder TliS aminal is valuable for ts oil. Wo obtain o'l fr niT nM^« -i • called blubber. /Das .aniuKvl is vuluaNe\.;iso^ ) r'i .' whi^ebonf 1 he whalebone IS obtained from its mouth. There it -cfM? a Sr. "" * '' ^""'^ *^'' ''^'''^'' ^^^'""^ ^^ Vtmiuing* ihe sea? c. A hungry dog had picked up a bone. He Inirricd awav with Jt. He camo to a nice clear brook. Yuh br -•- - - • plank. The sun sJione brij,'htly. ,_,- - -; way with sed by a .'IS made The polar bear is of a white colour. It fs fomul ;„ ♦i.n * *• hixh it dori\ OS security in w'lll- ,. oJor m,/ ' ^ ' '" *''^ ''"•'"■"*» erablo value. lextuio. it is of cousid- LIV, COMPLEX SENTENCES. I shall be ready wlien you call me. He Avill learn il yon teach him. 1. The fiivst sentence consists of tu-o statemeats, of which the second, « when you call me," qualiaes 128 LANGUAGE LESSONS. ii ;5i * I i ,1 tlie i)reclicntc of tlic oilier, " I shall bo ready." The BcconcI Fcnlcnce is of two parts, of wiiich one, "if you tcacli Iilm," is a sn])positbn qtialifying tlic other, or principal statement, " he will learn." DErmmoN.— A sentence consisting of two or more statements joined together, so that one statement is principal and the other sub- ordinate, is called a coaiplex sextexce. 3. The principal part is caUm] the 2)rmcipal mem- her; the subordinate i)art is called a clause, or nub- ordinate sentence. 4. Clairses are gcneially joined to principal mem- bers : — (1.) By subordinate conjunctions, such as that and if. (2.) By the relative pronouns—tf'/io, which, that, what. (3.) By relative adverbs—wj/ic/?, lohere, why. 5. There are three kinds of clauses: The noun clause, or noun sentence. The adjectice clause, or adjective sentence. The adverbial clause, or adverbial sentence. (1) The Noun Clause. G. Deftnition.— A clause which is the sub- ject or the object of the principal member is called a noun clause; as "Do you remember ijohat I aaid/^^ Kly." The ih one, "if I Clie other, ig of two r, so that ther sub- IE. ipal niem- se, or iful/- ipal nicm- cli as t/iat 0, which, e, lohy. eutcnce. sentence. he sub- mber is ^member COMPLEX SENTK>f(RS. Exercise 50. 129 A. Point out the noun clauses in the followini? sen, tences, and tell whether they are subjects or objeets : T^'/tt wo get leather fZn s d s i !-„ uVf'^'''" ''^ '''"'» ^• Wliere Homer was born i\s not kiiLn " . ^^ '"''"'■>' °"«- •*• troo would be blo^n down "' ^'"^'"^ ^"^ ^''""^'''t the B. Supply noun clauses m the following sentences: 1. Do yon not reraoinber • 3. How could flho hear ? 2. MoHt people know 4. I oo|)Io used to think 5. IJo aHkcd one of the nuusons'to tell l?im 7. Dep,nition.-A clause that qualifies a biids^^^/m^ /.,;, on other animals are called birds of pi ey. Exercise 51. A. Point out the acTJcctioe clauses, and 'tell what nouns they qualify ; " ^^^^ Th'o cr5w7thaf a*^!.;lL?e^'°ro^:;!fl'/°", -"' '"- to hear. 2 b:ick. 3. I'^nnkliu w1 o wS^i „^^^^^^^ I'or now stood Boston. 4. WogetsilkfromaoHtP.nShri^''''/'-''''' '^''« '"^"» i'» J^l'- ,?.;rhe ho"«e wheS Sha1Ss';'^t"JU^,;r''?;l,"'« ^''^ p. -f^Jnong ino foreigners who renMiroH fr^ivV/r,' "t''' titiinds. the brethren of Joteph 7 %?e Scots wh^^^'S^'^ ^"y,««r" ^vere ravaged the country with unsnarinc. f„;./^*l''iV^"*'^^'^ to York, mal that is attentively exaiSed a Si^s^' H.f ' ^^'% "'"'"*«'^t ^^^' The heart of Robert BriSwhich vn« nL '''''''1'^'^ wonders. «j. was consigned to the care of DoSal ^''''^''''^ ^^ » s"ver case I I i:U) LAvouAOK r.nssoyg. B. Supply axTJective clauses. 1.1 will sliow you tlio book . 2. Tlip hu]es of oxen and Phcei, ar. ,uU\ to the tanner . 'X Tho n.ilk and the bn?J^ -— -— lire obtained from the cnv. 4. That is the honso 0. Arc llieso tjie acoiiiri ? iji ':i !■! i I (3.) The Adverbial Clause. Dkfixition.— A clause that qualifits the verb of the principal member is called an adver- bial clause; as, "The daisy sliuts Iw.r eye w/ie?i , the dew begins to faUP Exercise 52. A. Point out the adverbial dauses, 1. Wo shall sail when the moon rises. 2. Tho s-ionr-cane is prpHsed l)et\voen heavy rollers tifl all the jiiioe runs (Tut. ;? As tJiev drew near the nest, the e;io;le daslied by. 4. If we stndv we shall iniiirove. 5. Yon will nut succeed unless you pei-sevcre! B. Supply adverbial clavses. 1. We ph.all be fflad to .^ee yon . 2. Come 3 I will tell yon a secret . 4. CliarJea fiad been five miniite> on the ice . 5. Wo shall learn a <;reat inany t!)ing8 C, Write a complex sentence on each of the following words : 1. Ants. 2. Music. 3. TliebnfTalo. 4. Columbus. 6. Scholars, ti. Geography. Change papers, and write letters of crlticlBra. AXALVSJS 01' COMl'LEX SENTi^NCfiS, l31 ( oxen and 1 the biitt^i MKSO he verb I adver- ^yc when LV. ANALYSIS OF COxMPLKX SKNTKNCKS. In annly/Ing complex .cntonces, proooc,! .,s follows- I. Toll which is the principal inemher. II. Tell Avhich is the clause. HI. Tell what connective joins th« clause with the ])finei])al nieniher. IV. Then analyse the principal member and tho cliiuse, as in the case of simple sentences. :ar-cane is lit. ;?. Ah we stiuly, porsevcre. — . 3. I liniiteii ou llowin" l.ars. raphy. Model Of Aalysis Exam ph. Whe). the war closed the Commander-in-cliief retired to his home. Exercise 53. Analyze the following complex scnlcnccs! 132 LAN(a'Annct- p«/onr, we shall have a compound sentence, t'lus ; The b..itle was concluded, and the commander be- gan to count his loss. 7. The second complex sentence is : As Mary was ill, we had to go to the picnic without her. This is transformed into a compound sontoncp ns follow^ • Mary ^vus ,11, and heuce we had to go to the picnic wiUiouthor ' 8. The third complex sentence is: The discov- cries of Livingstone, who was one of the gi-entest travellers of modern times, have taught us mwAx about the interior of Africa. This is transformed into a compound sontence. .t^ follon-o • LmnKstone was one of the jjroatost travoJlersrVf Ller hnes* Kricll!" ^''*=°^''"''* ^""^^ ^A^^.vM^x^ nuich about the inJcriorof 184 tA^^GtJAGl: LESSOXg. JluLE.—A compound sentence is contracted into a complex one by changing a principal member into a clause. A complex sentence IS contracted into a simple one by changing a clause into a phrase. (3.) Compound to Complex. 10. Take the followiug compound sentence; The sc£ spent its fury, and then it became cahn. KtE?- ^^ ^^'t •^'^■« "'e«e statements ? Does cither qualify 11. TJiis sentence may be transformed into a com- I)lex sentence in tlie following Avays : o So f^n'/'^'''" '' ^'i"^ ^I\*^"* '*« ^"'•y. ^Jccame calm. ?' Wl?.^^^,^''''*'"",'' ^^i'''^ '''^'^" ^* had spent its fnry 4 \\'htu ?fVT ^'""iT'}^ 't8 fury, it became calm. 4. A\ hen It had spent its fury, the sea became calm. Eiich of the.se sentences is a complex sentence • l)pcnii«n nf ita P 1 statement in each ? AVhat is the quruifyin- cause in ilm first? the second? the third? the fourth ? " "'° (4.) Complex to Simple. 12. In order to condense the complex sentence, " When the sea had spent its fury, it became calm," into a simple sentence, we must cliange the clause, "when the sea had s])ent its fury," into a phrase] namely, « the sea liaving sj)ent its fury." We now have the followhig forms of the simple sentence :— 1. The sea having- spei;t its fury, became c.nlm. 2. Ihe sea became calm, liaving spent itd fmv. 3. Uavins spent its fury, the sea becamo calm. ntracted principal sentence ;hanging ice: The i>rinri|)a. Iior qualify O a com- mie of its ;lie j)rliici- ise ill tlie iiiteiice, calm," clause^ )/irase : Tc now II cc :— . EXPANDING AND CONTRACTING SENTENCES. 135 » Exercise 54. A. Expand the foUowiDg smiple sentences into com. plex sentences : — ej^deiit to all. 6. The maunor of hia escape is a profomid mys- B. Expand the following complex sentences into compound: — 1. As tlie wind was fair, the vessel Dut to sea 2 Thn ^p/^*- C. Contract the foUowing compound sentences into complex sentences, and then, if possible, into simple sentences . — t Jo\!!?® "ffht infantry joined the main body, and the enemv rn D. Contract the following complex sentences into simple sentences : — 1. Soc-mtes proved that virtue is its own rowird o un,n„ mornuis began to dawn, our ship struck on a sunken reef^^" tlie rock-boiind i?oa-K 3 it nnv h« aooJu i S reel, near is round [the rotundity of ' 4^t is\1 irSirbeli ^^^d^il^^^^^^^ soul IS immortal 5. The rain has been fallin-' ever since tl« «.m^ rose. 6. A tree is known by the fruit that it beSrs 7 A . S »'■" annually over/lowed by the Nile, it a very rich countrv T^'^l man vvLo is virtuous will be happy. ''*"^J' "«" '-^"""y- «• The ti i ■ 11( 186 LANGUAGE LESSONS. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES IN COMro. SITION. A. — Letter-wbiting. Superscriptions and Subscriptions. Tlie following superscriptions, subscriptions, etc., of letters are desi-ned to show what is now regarded as the inos an nrovcd i .ransement and style of these parts : and 116^05 serve '^^^ models, according to circumstances. ^ ^ ® ^ Some of the most common forms of address are Sir. Dear Sir My dear Sir, Respected Sir, Sirs, Dear Sirs Gentlemen I n^dipJ' Madmn, Dear Madam, etc.;' Dear Susan, My dSSd, My de'r Mr Smi h My dear Mrs. Smith, Mothe^, Brother, etc accordfn' thenarnif '"'il^' ?^ T^f.'^^ 1"*''"^^^' «r affection exSg between the parties. Note tliat the form of address Madam, Dear Madam 18 as applicable to unmarried as to 7narried ladies. ^'^""""t. vZIi^f"'?^""^"^" '^^y ^^ Y''"i'3. Yours truly. Most truly yours Very truly vours, Yours rosi.eetfullv, Hcspcctf.illy SinJS yours, Your friend. Your obedient serx^nt, etc ; SaSon- ately Youraffectionate iriend. Your lovin- brother, SretefoT- lowed by the name of the writer. The closing will vary witi! the varying relations of the parties. " ^ *'^® (1.) Heading or date. Toronto, Ont., Feb. 3, 1873. (2.) Address.* Mr. James F. Hammond, 421 Broadway, N. Y. (3.) Introduction. Lear Sir,— (4.) Body. In reply to your letter of the 10th inst., I heg have to say that I most cheerfully jccede to your very reasonable request, etc. (5.) Superscription. Yours respectfully, Henry H. Adams. • The address inside the letter should be identical witli thn iuper8criptiou upon the envelope, and may be put either before the^introauction or at the bottom of the letter, on the iJftTuud EXEHCISKS IN COMPOSITION. 137 JOMrO- Afeasrs. NicTioh tf ffall, 82 Bromfield St., Boston. Bear Sirs: ^ Pearl St., yeu> York, July 27, ur-i. etters are )rovcd ar- sorve as Dear Sir, ), Ladies. I, My dear according r betweeu r Madam, Tarn, gentlemen, Ilespectfully yours, Bavid B. Smith, J.\ To the Hon. the Minister of Education '^ Toronto, Ont. Sir,— ly yours, Sincerely iffection- , etc., fol- with the , 3, 1873. / have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, • Edward Evant. Dear Madam,-^ (1) ., / bag ir very ms. ith the before Ct-huud ^u» Amelia D. Cook, 18 Sideau Street, Ottatea. (2.) ~ Af.V dear Friend,— Sincerely yours, Henry Vamum. Yours truly, Isaac H. Hamlin. My dear Sister,— Your affectionate brother, William. (' 138 Mn dear Mr. Brown, - LANGUAGE LESSONS. \A^ My dear Sir, — Most truly yours, Alexander Knos. Vours, a.i-olveeacl) arrow •'.Mark the e/Tect of u S, n, ?'. n '''V'' "« ^'-^^d to 1 07 -ncble. Divided, you will b^e SS,;?;-^^'. ^"" ^'"' ^« '- One wny of combining :-_ nud'onKS i,:;;;,^!^ ;:Sak^„S' ^'^^"^^ ^"^ -- to Ms bedside though strong, bcinl m^ ,Jp n H '^ of arrou-.s. TJie yomi-S turn, tn.ticd it and eas h n^^^^ ^'«t*^"'< the bln.dlo in hk ^'iSlili^Sli^eS?^^- ^^"^ ^ i-inJ!li^; lSv?3^:yi;'S Another mode of combininrr: £^^us.'i;a--s.™„S'^.._. i I M I i .1. 11 **0 LAKTGUAGE LESSONS. Exercise 56. Combine in the same way the following paragraph Tea. c£'%ttanfve'Sr'eeu" itSjwsTljn.^'T'^ pw., chlofl, in to*ixfeet. It bears prettv wl.ff« flnJ^ the height of from fot.r wild roses. In ChKS\are ,^^^^^^^ 'i'J'O flowers resemble erally of small extent Th,?y a "riLuterlhV?^^ ^'"^"^ """^ ««»■ They are sitnr.ted on the slnnifm «n„ r" ."'®, "Pper valleyn. places the soil is light/ It is S" I fc. i''^- ''"> '» "'«^« •re raised from so?d. They are ireneruS int'"''!^.^" '^^'« '^''-^''^^ years iu the ground. A cron r,f ffo, n -'^ /vl'owed to remain three i-lie leaves afe'caref ally 'A^ibrtlS *"'^*'" ''^^'^ "'«'"• C— WniTINr FKOM IIeads. A more advanced exercise in writing is to mve he pupil merely the heads of a composition, and then require him to fill it out. The Cow. -^^^inJ^^^rn£T!^'^^^^^^ ; "rtlcles tance of milk ; tKe calf ; use of [te skin ' ° ^"^^ ' *'"t'°'^- its^rht'o^ro^tSe moTtts^;tait,r/f '"^^ '"-^ °-^"'- the purposes to which tT^S^K 'of it"!? i^^^^^ ' '''"^ .ire almost innumerable T\^t m ft'^fa 11 • ^^ body are applied tain covering for our 'eet th a Wf '^i'"," "^^ ^"^^ scarce y ob- almost Xlfy made from the sk^^^^ S^''^^ ^'^'-^^ being into an endless varietJ^nfninr' ^^^ '^' ^^esides, manufactured lime, its K?ervTto*^aLToSf/^ i'tHoln^'''"^- ^^^'^ ^'^^ combs, knife-haudles boxes driniH,,',, ;1^ "^ are converted into liseful articles ; and its bones are en ?nv ff ''' '^K^'f ' ^"'^ «t^er and ornamental purposes ThrSXfri'^'''" ^^™«^^*'° most valuable of^.n\mal prSuc£^ ^^ .?f /,?'„:;.^'; «"« ^^ «'« wholesome and nourishing article of dSt^'lli^^^T'''-^ "^«^ «« f^ butter and cheese are made Thfi.v,,!«; y^*^''" ^'■^'." '""'^ that calf ; its skin is made "So fine b fob, «n^ "f *''® ^^''^.'^ ««"ed a material for binding book^ ^ ^^""^ ^"^ '^''^^«' parchiuent, and iragraph » chiefly in from four "8 resemble se are geii- er valleys. In these Tlie pl.aiits innin three rom them. to give on, and ; nrtlclos I ; impor- Ht nflefnl. lan ; and * applied rcely ob- !ar being ifnctured xed with rted into id other loraestic e of the tiso H8 a iiillc that called a eut, and MlSCfiLLANKOUS ^XEttClSlSS l.V COMrosiTlOX. 141 Exercise 57. Bo the 8«me with the following paragraphs.:-. Description of Printing. »-^ha?tre^\7i?H''aJ'e^^^^^^^ «««'"g "P of the type, tl.e words are^Sim ,7tc; i)l«?tt^,^^ i" the Ji^ •ifi hand a com/,.,^v,?-S f«5mt ?8 ?hi; ?f ""TT^' ''^'^h in into pagos-the page is fixed L, ipn f 5!"**"® ^T"". '^'"^ "'«de process of iukiitf-the rnllnr h L ^'^*^'"® ^^"6*^ » chase- tlio pressure stim,pi„cr tS .wl V'*''*'^'* I^»' o^'^r the paRo- • "tcu-cylinder" presses °" ''^ *'"« ^f the great The Cotton Plant. havf iS'^i^LTeaves ySlorrd ^^^T'-V^' ^pecies-all off.th. «oed-pote%Sr;,«'^^ti»SittTr];'v'" ?■' ""-^^'^^ f''» spnuff opcn-the .^oeds nro tl.«« ^"latiirity— when ripe they tf.e cottc'n is picked a»d ^ fl?o,.nH'"j ?"^'?'oped «" cotton- out and dried-.the.i serSf J in, ^*i '"^'^ J«gs-next spread ton pLant is best cnS'ed-vMC "l\f eds-where the cot- year-countries to ^^^^S^^^t^^^tt^lS^Z^^ Sir Walter Raleigh. Q«S'^EFzrb?thl".is''SS,';;iirn;'^^^ ^"I'T. ^^e rel^n of courtier-anecdote of 1^ rS ne^ i../^*^ J"f, talents'as a the velvet ('loak-his onS. s -mH 1**'''M'^ *1"^^" ""d AmerioiV-the colony ^ vS i^ / f^^''''^'::'''". '^^^^^^^ to of tobacco and poUitoes iiS" ' i^Knd- tlLV/^^ impoitition fiilse charge of tr^8on-mi?J;S arrested on a tiou-wlmt you think of ISIS ®''''° the Tower-hia execu- D. — Quota Tioxs. In tlie course of a conij.osition, it will often bo r,e. cessary to represent a person as actually 8])eaki,.. This 18 called direct speech. Jvrlir^r^* JJ^y -'"' the words as reported by another. ^ The words which the speaker is represented as using are to be enclosed in quotation JarrsSuc^ i 142 LAtlGtrAGK LK,S:50KS. 1 expressions as said I, replied he, etc, arc not to bo put m quotation-innrks, but are to be set off from the spoken words by commas. Example.-" I have lived," said the old mnn, « a great many years in poverty." Thrown into the i?i. direct form, this would read as follows :— ■ poveTly."^' '"'" ««'d«mt l,e had lived a , rcat many year. In In cliangin,; from tl>e direct to tlie indirect form of spoocl. tl.e fust poison becomes tl.e tl.ird ; the present tense, p: .t and e word THIS is changed to that. Ex -ircise 58. ^ Insert quotation-marks and commas in the follow- ing paragraph where necessaiy :— Change tlic foIlo«-ing i^ssnges from the direct to the indirect mode of speech : manners us I fjet along." ".uejb, and shaU learu better ^^'^^^^f^' "' ^^1'^^* neither profit nor general fame 'it will feed mj my reven If^rt feeds nothing else," said Shyloct knew 4. Burke says, ^Vicc tJuit is good man wlio was bad fit for ser- lot to bo off from mnn, " a to the in- y years iu ipnocli, tlie t; and the folio \V- witli cold !op]e that slf to t!io orse. To ?at them. le nislied ; and tlio >ly by tiie dloi'd re- my liead pHed the i when I irect to f; "but u better al fame 'eed my for ser- HTRrKl.LAVEOUS EXEnCI.SIJS IN rOMPOSTTTOX. 143 ^^—^'i^^^'lSG PoETJtY TO PUOSE. Clianging poetry into the order of ,,rosc is in ev ceed.„gIy.ntorestingnn. instructive ees I"" -"^,s.stan.asof.rrs.ir..ans-^La:;iit^ the 1 ilgnms " are here given, to^^ether with 1 Bpecimen of transposition. ^ The Landing of the Pilgrims. The brealdng waves dasliod hi-l, On a stern and n^'k-boimd co'ut And he woods af,^ain«t a st rmy ^ V Their -laiit brandies toss'd ; ^ Not as the conqueror cornea, 1 hoy, the true-hearted c-lma • Not with the roll of the stS' ;irnm8 And the trumpet that sin^fs ohS f Not as the flyhi- come, In silence and in four :— K t?^ t|'« d«l>tlis of the desort -loom V\ ith their hymns of lofty cheer. What sou-ht they thu. afar? The wealth of seas, the spoils of war ?_ Ibey sought a faith's i.iae shrine ! Ay call it holy .rround, f he soil where first thev trod • moored .hon- ^^ru'^^^^^S^^if^^'^^^" <" e«.es 144 ,'i ' r i « LANGUAGE LESSONS. ".e.r advent. On tlm o er ,. i Vl.ev^n'l ""'."P"^ ''«""?od and silence aa ujiirJit fum-Hvii ; ^ , •' ""* ^'ome In fen* WitI, their hynum of oftSee? tl'n'" "','''' "••^"^« co "try deaeit gloom resound. *°">^ ''''®«' tl.ey made tJie deptliB of the rM^'L^""^^ No ther obS ;-H !^«''f^^'« t^.J^o gained by ri.iB boon thoy found i„ tl.Kow L l^''-'^ ''^'''»''""« «l>ertv tlienoli where tl^eylirsttJidUredi;^^^^^^ we may well ui^ suprLFJiE3ijj::NT. I. kecai'itulation'^ inflections. 1- Nouns. Sivr/nhr. . boy Nominative .... PossesHive Objective ., Nomlnntive rosHCHsivo " Objective .", Nomlnntive rossessivc ' Objective * ..boy's •.boy .... • ■•lady ...Indy'g.., •.l.'idy • .nmn • •..nj.an'B. .. . . xaan Phtrai. ...boys, -..boys'. . ..boys. . ..I.idioH. . ..ladies' • . .Indies . . .men. ...men's — men. 2. Pronouns. Some of the personal pronouns arc rhanffcd to ex f>-ss person, nu.nbcr, gender and case. (See p 85^ Personal pronouns of tlie first jicrson :- Plural. .'••■... we. our. Nominative ^T^"'*- Pos8cs8ive. . . Objective "..■.';. '">'• """c- Personal pro.ioun of the .second person':- Nomlnntive. . fi'mUar. pi,,^^^^ Po.ssessi ve V. Ji '?"• ' :, : you. Objective : . . . ;; ; : . ;; ; ; •{['y^"'' ""»e Jour. Deraoustrative pronoun of the third person Z ' ^°"* *T . . Singular. p;.,--? A^ouiinative i,„ i ,^ ^i-.^rat. Po88e.s8lve uf: i ' '*: they. Objective : fc'r''^, thefr. NoTK u^m, J '''"^'''«^'" them. l!6 «L/l'J'LKiMEN'r. Ti.o rolatlve pronoun « who" is cl..UKrt.d in fur to express case. (See ]»].. 00, Gl.) m . Singular and Plural NoiiuiiiUive I'osHt'saivo. . ^^''"• Objective \\'.\ wliose. " ' wliorn. ,d'^:'!:;,-::^.v'"'^«'''«"'«oupoduati aud " which. »o possc»«ivo of "that" 3. Verbs. A verb IS cl..uige(] i„ forn, to exjiress mood and tense, and sometimes the person and number of its subject. (See pp. 71-74.) Prett. Teme, I walk. Tlioii wnlkest. He walks. We walk-. Yttii w.aik. They walk. Present Perfect Teme. hnve walked, h.'ust walked, liiive wjilked. ^ hari walked, have walked. have walked. have walked. Indicative Mood. Past ToiK. I Tliou Vou lie We Yoii Tliey or Future Tense. I shall walk. Thou wilt walk walked. "^ will walk. Ave shall walk. You will walk. They will walk. Post Perfect Tense. I liad walked. Tliou hadst walked He had walked. AVe had walked. You had walked. They had walked. i'\mire Perfect Tense. J shall have wnllcnd. Thou wilt have walked. • He will have walked. We shall have walked. You will have walked. They will have walked. EECAPITLLATION OF INFLTJrTIONS. 147 Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Present Perfect Tense. I ) Tkoii Wo You They J walk. I Thou llo We You They J havo walked Imperative Mood, JouaXlr' ^^'^"^' L^-'^ ""Jy with a ,.rououu of the Infinitives. w.^kor' ^'''''' '^" ^"''^- ^'-^^^"^ ^^^r/ect Tense To have Participles. Il-wSt'SkS'"''"- ''"''^'''' ^''^"'«'»- ^o^Pound Perfect, I SmnKell"lfurTwk.o' n^. *I" ^''"J' '? ^'" ^« «««" t^'-'^t its form i »e subject. "" *"'"""* "^ *^>« P^^^so" and number of 4- Adjectives. An adjective is changed in form to express dif- erent degrees of the same quality. (See i)p. 36, Positive. Sharp, Mauiy, Comparative. Sharper, Manlier, Snperlative. Shari)88t. MaiUiest. Beautifnl' Mf'ebeauti;.., MoT^autifuI. beautiful. Less beautiUu, Least beUutiful; 148 SUPPLEMiryT. Some adjectives are compared irregularly; as: Positive. Good, Well, Evil, Bad, Little, Many, Much, Far, forth. Near, Late. Old, Hiud, Up, Out, Fore, Comparative. Superlative. Better, Better, WorHe, Worse, Less, More, Mt»ro, Fartlier, furtlier, Nearer, L»ter( latter), Older or elder, Hinder, Upper, Utter or outer, Forujcr, Adverbs are compared in the adjectives. (See p. 42.) Best. Best. AVorst. Woist. Least. Most. Most. Farthest, furthest J^earest o/' next. Latest or last. Oldest or eldest, ilindinost. Upmost. Utmost. Foremost or first. same manner as i' n. TlIK PRINCIPAL RULES OF SYKTAX t Jt'^iLTi^ir.'f "' "' " """•' -'■" --' '<> '» RuLK 3.-A noun used i„ explanation of another ralTv '"^ ^''^r""* *"'"«• '» '" "'« «""« loved -"T' "" ""'■ "" '••'"-'Wist, wa. .rn^^v'' ^■~'*. """" '" "■" I"-«'1i<">te, after a„ in- rans,t,ve verb, and meaning the same thing as Z eubjeet, is ih i,he same ei(8e. THE PRIXCIPAL RULES OP SYNTAX. UO Rule 5.--A nonn used independently, by direct address, is in the nominative case. Rule 6.--The object of a transitive verb or a preposition is in tlie objective case. beltT JoTit "'"" ^'^^^^V«J^ows that something IS in tlie possessive case. dcf n!;^ *■""* '"""P"" """'' *eree in number, gen- ropCe'r"" "'" '"* ■'"'"' <" P^o"-- -•"•«^ '* BuiE 9.-An adjective limits or describes a noun. Role 10._An adverb modifies a verb, an adieo- tivc, or another adverb. '' Rtob 11._a preposition joins a noun or a pro- rdtottx; *'^" ""''^^ -' -»'"- Rule 12.— A conjunction connects words, phrases clauses or sentences, but has neither a pr^CS nor an adverbial signification. """""nal «' CLASSIFIED LIST OF STRONG VKUBS. " Verbs in which (he Past Teniae is the Perfect Participle has Present. Arise, Crow, Draw, Drive, Fly, Forsake, Oive, For-, Know, hie (to recline,, Ride, Uiso, A', Sfie, ' Shalce, Show, Slay, Smite, Stride, Strive, Tjilre, Be-, etc., TJirive, Tlirow, Write, Past. Arose, Blew, Crew, Drew, Drove, Flew, ': Forsook, Gave, Knew, Lay, Rode, Rose, Saw, Shook, Showed. Slew, Smote, Strode, Strove, Took, Throve, Tlirew, Wrote, formed hi/ rowel-char. (jc, and the sxtJIU eu or n." ^ ' """ Perfect Participle. Arisen. Blown. Crowed (once crown). Drawn. Driven. Flown. Forsaken. Civen. Known. I^ain (or lien). Ridden. Risen. Seen. Shaken. Shown. Slain. Smitten, Stridden. Striven, Taken. Tiiriven. Thrown. Written, In the folloxoing verbs there u n *,>^,i^^ ''mod sound of the Pn^ rlv /?"^<'"C2^ v ore, Wove, Perfect Pariidpie. Stolen. Sworn. Torn. Trodden, or trod. ♦V orn. "Woven. " /" the fnUoirinr, vrrhs (he Pn'if r^»«. i Present. JJid, Drink, (Jet, JJr., For., Km- Slirink, Sii»«, Sink, Spin, Si)it, Strike, Swim, Past. Boffan, Jiid, bade, Drank, Got, liiiug, Shrank, Sane, or .siiiipr, Sank, or muk, Si)iin, siuni. Spat, or 8j)it, Struck, Swam, or swum, Perfect Participle. Uidden. Drunk. Got (gotten). Rung. Shrunk. Slin;j. Sunk, or sunken. Spun. Si)it. Struck, stricken. Swrum. -rn «e /*„<„, -»^'^^^«. :5,«^.*^./.c,P<.«.^. Present. Bind, Un. Uite, Burst, Chide, Fuid, Grind, Hide, Shoot, Slide, Sling, Sling Slit, Stick, Past. Bound, Bit. Burst, Chid, Fought, Found, Flung, Ground, Iluntr, Hid, SJiot, Slid, Shuij?, Slunk Slit, Stuck, Perfect ParticiiAe. Bound. Bitten, bit. Burst. Chidden, or cr,M. Clung. Fouglit. Found. Flung. Ground. Uung. Hidden, orbA. Shot Slid, m' eXlACm. Sluug. Slunk. Slit. Stuck. • fl*ng.wti»ke away m, by luu.gln«,u weak "' "" 152 Preaent. String, Wiu Wini, Wring, SUPPLBMENT. Past. Strung, Swung, Won, Wound, Wrung, Perfect Participle. Strung. Swung. Won. Wound. Wrung. •' In th. following verbs the Perfect Pnrti.ir.y. 7. 1. from t/iipiSt TcZe7 °' ^''" bono^oed Present. Abide, Awake, Have, Ilold, Be-, With'. J-.et, Seetlie, Sliine, Sit, btand, With', etc. Presera. Eat, Kun, Past. Perfert Participle. Abode, Ahnif Awoke, or awaked, Awaked. Jleld "''"*■ Let ' "ejd, holden. Sod t^*-, Sliolie, Sodden, or sod. Sat, ti'ono- " Unclassified Forms." Past. Came, Dug. Ate, Ban, Perfet. Participle. Come. D"g. Eaten. Run. u Present. Am, Uend, Hereave, Beseecli, Bleed. Breed, • Briiij;, Build, He. Burn, Cast. Catch, Clothe, Cost, Creep. Cut, " ^"■*' "^^ '''^'"'^«' «>» the preceding classes.' Past. Was, Bent. Bereft, Besought, Bled, ' Bred, Brought, Built, Burnt, or burned Bouglit. Cast, Caught, Clothed. Cost, Crept, Cut ' Perfect Participle. Been. Bent, Bereaved, or bereft Besought. Bled. Bred. Brought. Built. Bum;. Bought Cag*. Caught. . Clad, clothed. Cost. Crept. Cut Present, Dare {to venture), Daro (tochaUciuje Deal, D.>. (In-, Dn.'um, Dv.oll, F:u'l, Z^e-, Feed, Feel, Flee, Forbejir, Foruct, Gild, <^in', r.e-, L'a-, (nne, i;/j-, Grow, lJ(!ar, Heave, How, Hit, HlTt, Keej), Kneel, Knit, Lay, Lead, J/^., Leave, Lend, Light, Load, Lose, Make, Mean, Meet, Mow, i'on (to inc'os') I'ut. Quit, Rend, Rend, Rid, Rive, Saw, Say, CLAS.SII.IEJ) LIST OF STIJOXG vkkbs. 153 Past. Durst, ),i.sPDared, Dealt, Did, Dreamt, or dreamed, Dwelt, Fell, Fed, Felt, Fled, Forbore, For-,'()t, Gilt, or Gilded, Girt, or Girded, Went, f 'Hi red, (xrew. Heard, Hove, Hewed, Hit, Hurt, Kejit, Knelt, or knoeird K "> Lah, Led, Left, Lent, Li^'lited, or lit, L<»a(led, L(jst, l\Lade, Meant, Blet, flowed. Paid, Pent, or penned. Put, Q'lit, or quitted, Read, Rent, Rid, Rived, ^'Vwed, Said, Po'/ect Participle Dared. Dared. Dealt. Done. Dreanjt, or dreamed Dwelt. Fallen. Fed. Felt. Fled. i'orborne. Foi'i^otten, for!j;ot Gilt, or gilded. Girt, or girded. Gone. Graven. Grown. Heard. Hoveu. Hewn. Hit. Hurt. Kept. Knelt, or kneeled Knit. Laid. Led. Left, Lent. Lighted, or lit. Laden, or loaded. Lost. Made. Sleant. Met. Mown. Paid! r'ent, or penned. Put. Quit, or quitted. Read. Rent. Rid. Riven, Sawn. SrAd 'I il-:! 4 i . ( 164 Present. Seek, Sell, Send, Set, Be-, Shavo, Shed, Shoe, Shred, Shut, Sleep, Sow (to scatter Speed, Spf-i.d, Mis; Spix.. ' Spread., Be- Sjirin", feting, Strow, or avow, Be- Sweat, Swcoi), Swell, Teacli, Mis-, 7?c-, Toll, ' Think, lie-, Thrust, W.TX, Weep, Wet Whet, Work. KUi']>LKRrKN-.i« Past. Soufiht, . Sold, Seut, Set, Shaved, S.h,i, Sliol, Shred, Shut, Slept, Sowed, S])ed, Spent, Split, Spread, Spraii^T^ or ppning, Stung, "' ■, StiYjwed, or strewed, feweat, or sweated, Swept, Swelled, Taiiglit, Told, Tliought, Waxed, AVej)t, Wet; or wotted, \\Jict, or whetted. V^rought, or worked, Perfect Participle Sonpiit. Sold. Scut. 8et. »Shii von. Shed. Shod. Shred, Shut. Slcj.t. Sovvji, S{)(!d, •^•pent. Split. J^'road. Spr'Mi;:^. StlitJfr. Strown, strewji, Sw(;i!-, or Bweatcd Swcj '. Swo];,'.i, or swoln. raiigjit. Told, Thonirlit Thrast. Waxen. Wej't. y^yt, or wetted. Whet, or whetted Wrought, or worked 'ticiple 3wn, .veiited swolii. ,-■(]. cttfni, worked APPEiNDIX. Tlie following are the papers set for the examination for entrance to High Schools and Collegiate Institutes since 1874 : — Values. 21 28 10 ENTEANCE EXAMINATION, JUNE, 1874. 1. Analyze, " Of the ancient colonies, Mr. Scorseby unlortimately obtained no tlirect information." ^. ± arse, " D'Israeli, who is now Premier of Britain . spent the early part of bis life in writing novolH." rf. C^ive the positive forms convsponding to 'most' ' first," next,' and ' elclost.' ^^r *!','^,l'^'''^'al« oi ' piano,' ' thief,' monkey,' ' toy ' ^gulf, ' oebo,; ' penny,' ' fowl' and ' Norman.' 10 12 12 o. Give the funjiuine.s of • actor.' 'hero.' • widower ' negro "marquis,' and ' friar ;' and the mascu- biK-^ of ♦ duck,' • duchess,' and ' countess.' b. Delme preposition, conjunction, ADYEaB, SUBJECT and CASE. ' 7. Wiiteout in full, in the ordinary form, the indi- _ cativo mood of ' sing.' 8. Give the past tense and past participle of ' sit ' ^ slide,' ' stoop,' ' hide,' ' hurt,' ♦ wink,' ' swim,'' 9. Correct, where necessary, the following sentences . it makes no difference to either you or I.' ' Neither John nor James is coming.' 'Why aint you going to play cricket.' Ihe burning of the Bavarian was one of the most dreadful accidents that has happened for many years. Value.. ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, DECEMEEK, 1871 1. Analyse, " By Nebo's lonely mountain. On this side Jordan's wave, In a vale in the land of Moab There lies a lonely grave." 2. Parse " John studies two houi-s daily, but James hia brother, passes his time in playmg cheaa." 12 38 156 APPENDIX. Valuos.j I]NTlUNCEExAir'V4TTnw T^ "^''"!7?,"'^.'«"«^^ngsemVuc4-!! syntax that Mv f/ *'''/ "^^^ '^'^^^ child Will fill tho chaise, so you must ri.ln , .On horseback after we •' ' II.T" ^%^*f^^^* '"^ i" ^"P^nig, 3.^V^tethe1;KS^-^^^^ a"'^"«cZ./thefn;s.^li^^^ "^ "*^^'^' /'"''"^ fcnd.; the compamt?veTnd ./,;''?';•' t^^^' '^"^^ late, near, old, drrix^\. ^^ '^''^\^''' ^''''''^ ^^ Biuguhu- preseutSicSiie^ ti^i ""'^ *^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ pie, and the past pSnWf ^ ^''''''* -l^^^'^^^i- ^^wise as a philosopher! ' ^°^' ^^^ ^'^^^^^'^^ «« I'ereon, personal pronoun, and prepoBitioiv 18 APPENDIX. fly/ 'hoof, son-in-law.' of ' uear,' ud 'honor- 0. tlio third sent parti- ' Mlowiiig .' ' thrust,' I JPiououn. 'nthx that lido aJl." ^875. fiu early tudy bb- Jt'sbt, hig, y hghf. % lia'i-t', 'ck and n-m?, of ) tliird partici- md Zjt'. vrittcn lowing '>ne it. "g aa itioiv Va]ues.|ENTi;ANCE EXAMINATION. MCEMBER. 167 45 12 80 3 3 12 Values.! 20 I 1 187S. 1. Parse --Who would toil all his hfo for a mast- that treated him thus ? * 2. Analyse— For their '.-an country much disdain Q Tir -x , l^'iglish often sliow. a.*,.2>«^fc- /j W)^''! • '^''"* ''"^ ^'^^ oKKJ.>JJi. itinued. to to Jiave ^" "propo. ? Give ua ER, 1876, fees above ^s thou^'lit flocks to from the joard — wo from tlio iies, boan, ular and Jjparative ii'I ))tibt ''•^'. ply. .'uteiices, i3en sub- of dach •roiioun 160 B diffl. iscorer adver* Viiluoa 8 j 3 14 luoa. Admission to Than Schools. Joly. \mi -Continued. 10 2. Analyse : " 3!h;T°T"-^''°\1'^ °" ^'"•^'^ "*'^^'r confusodJy and wi h hcsitauon the apinehrnsion of so etramro a .h.nger provaihug with tJu-s. who feared no fcnecp, - «s,' 'cargo;' and the possessive Bmgnluri^id plural of ' beau.' •mo.se.' ' omT i^^:;^c;^;;t?i^7''--^^-----g^. Wnte the present participle, the past pai ticiplo and i.we^ of «,«, do, go, catch, cat, tear, art, rchi lose Correct any mistakes you detect i, the annexed 8c.ntene( H, giving your reaso. s • annexed ill u ^"' '''f '"^ ^''' '™"^<^ '•^^■'^ ^^^ne very di Jerent ^ l^o";'' ' '^^ momorandas to ussi.-.t'his clerk's 9 15 (b) lie made a few momorau memory. (c) Jano got on quicker in her studies than her {e) I hardly know who to make my complaint to, Values., ». c, 6 i 3 DECEMBER EXAMINATIONS, 1877. ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. ' L Parse : " Sunday after Sunday he had the keen dr^'M of eeenig Criuiean officers from Sr^ i^l^f |;nd..^.t in hi. congregation."-^;^ :^cUi:^ Analyse : Ihiving heard the same preaching for fifteen vg.i.-s he had ceased to admire it. ^'"''^• IdveS'"' '''''^''' ^'""'"^' ^'^^^0°. Verb, and 4. Give the pinral of monkey, wharf stnff nnfo* be Bingu .r of necktiesf' bSS^^n. ILe's Ih^ ^T::! ^i,^:!^^.'._^«-..-Pl^ew ; the^^rmiara! tV,l /r- J '^7P^''^,^">0 OI Deautiful, prettv 'far- buy frv T^''^' P^'.^«"* indicatiJlSve of buy, fry ; the past participle of meat, beat, seat , 160 APPENDIX. Values, 12 2 1 1 Vfllucn. G 44 10 24 12 Admikkion to ITion ScnooLs, Die, 1877— Continued. tho proHont participle of pfot, firo, occur, differ, (lie J uiul tho pos.;(.'3i-avo cuso of who, ladies, one, ho. C. Quote tho rule cf syntax violated in each of the following i;oiit(;ii(;i;3 : — Botwnen you and I this must not Lo allowed any loii.f^cr. I w('Jidt'r how ho ever camo to Icfrioud ^uch a criminal as mo. Neither Joliu nor Jumna nor Mary huvo found it. Tht:r(! is SDVcral boys in th| room. 6. Correct tho following txprossiona : — Them nutfi iy mine. I kind of thou,'/iit that Tonj was thrro. I iirulorstand J ::= 1 J to mean that throe twos equal one and a lialf. JUTjY examinations, 1S78. ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. i. Explain tlio mcaninpj of 'Etymolo^y,' 'Common Gender,' 'InfuiiMvo Mood,' ' russivo Voice,' « Suliordinnte Con junction,' • Pluporfcot Tense.' 2. Time nftor limo did this adniirahlo p.irejit seek to win lur j'roward child back to his duty, fondly ima,crinin,':j that a mothor'a love must bo the moat potent of allinliuencea. Parse this sei teuce. 3. Analyse tho following:— '-The Lords refusing to concur, tlie Commons votod that tho supremo authority resided in themselves, and had the House of Lords closed." 4. Write the plural of attnrni'ij, tobacco, medium, Mm- sulman, wharf; the positive and suprrlativo of better, worse, more, former; tho past tonse, the present participle and the par.t participle oi ar- rive, swing, sit, die, choose, lay, bunt. 5. Correct the following sentences, and give tho rule ui each case : a) Him and me went to town yesterday. b) Not one in fifty of these writers can ex press themselves with correctness. (c) Our happiness or misery are, in a measure, placed in our own hands. {d) He was drove lat hard that he throwed up his situatiDn. 6. What kinds of adjectives cannot be compared, and what nouns have the same form in both numbers 7 great soon 7 — Continued. occur, differ, a, ladies, ouc, each of tbo allowod any rioud aich it ivo found it. •CO t.'A'OS C(iaul ■8. )L3. •,' ' Common ssive Voice,' !rf(\'t Tense.' ireut seek to duty, fondly it bo the most 3 refusing to tbo supremo and had the ncdium, Mm- uporlativo of st toiise, the: ticiple oi ar- U. ;ivc the rule Rterday. iters can ex uess. , in a great unus. j.at he soon ampared, and :>th uuiabers 7 i V , : 1 . « i J^-.*'' NLC BNC 3 3286 02712056 3 ■■■, ■-. '>"1 'Hi^