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OATHABDnS OOUiMIATB Um r i T U T l. a 1 NEW EDITION. 99Qt9 TORONTO: THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), 9 FBONT SIBEEI WEST. J Entered rvooording to Act of the Parliamer': of Canada, in the year one thousand eiffht hundred and ninety-one, by The Copp, Clark Compamt (Liuitkd), Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. PREFACE. The present edition is designed to meet the wants of stndents reading for Second Class Certiticates and University Pass Matriculation. The notes have been purposely made copious and full. When it is remem- bered that Vergil is usually put into the hands of a school boy at a very early period of the course, and that the Aeneid is really a difficult book for a junior pupil, no apology need be offered for the assistance given in this edition. The object of the notes is principally to explain the grammatical difficulties that occur. The latest edition of Harkness's Latin Grammar (Standard Edition of 1881) is referred to. In regard to Orthography, though some forms not usually met with in ordinary editions have been introduced, the readings of Bibbeck have not, as a whole, been adopted. The pupil would be puzzled if we were to read e.g. omnis (ace. pi. ) in one line, and omnes in the next, for the same case. The letter j throughout has also been retained. Pupils will never learn to appreciate Vergil, if teachers bother them with nice questions of Latin orthography, which, in many cases, are still in dispute. The editions of Conington, Kennedy and Greenough have been con- sulted in preparing the notes of the edition. St. Oatoabines, May 28th, 1886. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. In this edition the notes have been considerably enlarged and in many oases entirely re-written. Some slight typographical errors, which iu* advertently crept into the First Edition, have been corrected. St. Oathahxkes, Oct. 24th, 1890. tl c LIFE OF VERGIL. Pablius Vergilius Maro* was bom od the fifteenth of Birth. October, fi.O. 70, in the first consulship of M. licinius Crassua and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes, (now Pit'tola), a small village near Mantua. Since the full franchise was not given to this part of Gaul {Gallia Transpadana) till some years after- wards', the poet, like many of his predecessors and contem- poraries in literature, was not a Roman, but an Italian . provincial.' The parents of Vergil, like those of Horace, were of bu parmt$. obscure birth. Some authorities say that the poet's father was a potter, others, that he was a brickmaker, while others again assert that he was the servant of a travelling merchant, Magius, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he afterwards married. Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or possessor of an estate near Mantua. The childhood of Vergil was passed amid the hills and ■•■ •cds that fringed the verdant banks of the Mincius, and the f a ly association of the poet with the lovely scenery in the neighborhood of his native town may account for the exquisite touches of pas- toral life which is so well depicted in the Eclogues and the Georgics. * Every Roman citizen had regularly three names— denoting the individual, the gena or olan, and the familia. Thus in Publius Vergilius Maro, Publiut is tbepraeno- men, marking the vdividu'tl ; Vergilius is the nomen, denoting the gens or dan ; while Moro is the cognomen, or family name. Sometimes an agnomen was added for honor- ary distinotion, as Africanua to Scipio, Numidicua to Metellus. The original form of the name was Vergilius ; Vii^gilius was not oommon till the middle ages, *B.O. 49. 'Furius Bibaouliis vas bom at Cremona; Varro, at Atax: Asinius Pollio, among the Harsi : Aemilius M aoer, at Verona ; Cornelius Gallus, at Forum Julii ; Horace, at Venusia ; Quinotilius Varro, at Cremona ; Catullus, at Verona; Propertius, at Umbria; Cioero, at Arpinum ; Sallust, at Amitemum ; Livy, at Patavium. Of the distinguished men of the time Tibullus, Caesar, and Lucretius alone were bom at Rome. 6 LIFU OF VKUQIh. BUHudia begin: 8SB.0. *•: VerffU goe» to Rome, B.C. 6S. 'I r Gees to N»ples. Vorgil began his studies at Cremona, whore, we are told, liu assumed the toga viriliH on the same day on which Lucretius died. The town itself had already been noted, having been the birthplace of Furius fiibaculua, and of the critic, Quinctilius Varro. After a brief stay at Oremona, and subsequently at Medio- Uinum (Milan), the poet went to Rome. In the capital, Vergil, after the fashion of the day, attended the lectures of rhetoricians and philosophers. Under Epidius, the rhe- torician, the teacher of Marc Antony and afterwards of Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, Siron, the poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and philosophy. It is quite probable that his father intended him for the bar, but a weak voice uud a diffident manner were in- superable barriers in the way of obtaining distinction in public speaking. Vergil soon gave up rhetoric, and, in fact, renounced poetry for the more congenial study of philosophy. Under Siron, he seems to have made considerable progress in Epicurean philosophy, and the love he retained for this branch of learning is plainly observable in many of his extant writings.* In a minor poem, generally supposed to be genuine, he welcomes the exchange of poetry and rhetoric for more useful studies : "Away with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetori- cians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece ; and, away with you, Stilo, Tagitius and Varro, you, nation of pedants, soaking with fat : you, empty cymbals of the class- room. Farewell, too, Sabinus, friend of all my friends ; now, farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are se+.ting our sails for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of the great Siri)n, and we mean to redeem our life from all distraction. Farewell, too, sweet Muses; for, to tell the trutK, I have found how sweet you were: and yet, I pray you look on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare intervals."* After a short stay at Rome, Vergil probably went to Naples, where, we are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean, was his instnictor. The great Epic* of Lucretius, added to the ♦ liclotfue: VI.; Ueorg: IV., 219; Aeu: I., 743; VL, 724; Georg: II„ 476-492. • Oatalepta: YIL ' De Rerum Natura. LIFE OF VEKGIL. pray teachings of his instructors gave, no doubt, his mind a strong bent towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that the poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak o{ j, . the war between Pompey and Caesar, B. C. 49. It is also likely homt. that he remained there till after the battle of Philippi ( B.O. 42), and that he employed his time in gaining by observation materials which he afterwards em[)loyed in his great didactic poem, the Georgics. Unlike Horace, Vergil sympathized with the party of Caesar. The formation of the Second Triumvirate threw the Koman world into the broils of a civil war. In the division of the provinces, the Gauls (except Oallia Narhonensia) fell to Antony. The lands of eighteen cities were given up to reward the legions of the unscrupu- lous Antony, and among the lands were those of Cremona. The district around this city failing to satisfy the greedy rapacity of the legionaries of the Triumvir, the farms of the neighbouring Mantua were seized, and among the lands con- iiscated were those of the poet's father, 0. Asinius VoWio, j^!^ ' the prefect of QalHa Transpadaiia, unable to restrain the lawlessness of the soldiers of Antony, sent Vergil to Bome with a recommendation to Augustus to allow the poet to retain his paternal estate. It is quite probable that con- «... genial tastes aud a recognition of the genius of Vergil may^^l^ have influenced PoUio to take this course. At the close of the same year (41 B.C.), however, war broke out anew between Octavius and L. Antonius. Pollio, was deposed from office, and Alfenus Vanis appointed in his stead. Another . division of lands followed, and the poet is said to have been deprived of his estate the second time.^ His friends Gallns, ti'tMl^in Pollio, and Farus, however, interposed and saved his farm./«'w. By them he was introduced to Maecenas, the patron of literary men — afterwards the prime minister of Augustus. This year marks the beginning of the rising fortunes of the B.C. Ifi. poet. With his friend and patron, Pollio, as Consul, Vergil yorttmef may provolce a smile ; But hu's the soul of virtue ; but he's Idnd, But that coarse body hides a mighty mind." He was so pure and chaste that the Neapolitans gave him the name of Parthenias, or the maiden.*' He is said to have been shy and even awkward in society, and these traits •Oeo. IV., 663. Illo Verijiiium me tempore dulcit alebat Parthenope, studiig Jlorentem ignoMlis oti. 10 Some have taken the lost line to refer to the Eclogues, the Oeorgios, and |he Aeneid. f n Hor. : Sat I. 3, 29-81. » itap9tvot, a maiden. j^ WORKS OP VEUOIL. 9 eren th« poliahed society of the Capital never auoceeded in endioating. He was distrustful of his own powers, which his high ideas of literary excellence led him to underrate. In the midst of an irreligious age, he had the strongest religions sentiment ; in the midst of vice, he remained virtu* ons; and while licentiousness disfigures the writings of many of his brother poets, the pages of Vergil everywhere inouloate the highest truths of morality and virtue. n. WORKS. Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic ^nrt]/ v-orit'i. poem** on the wars of Rome, but the diflSculty of the task soon led him to abandon his design. His earlier poems, Oulex, Moretutn, Ciris, Copa and those that pass under the name Catalepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show tho careful attention the poet bestowed on metre aiid diction. The writings that first established the reputa- tion of Vergil were the JEcloguea,^* pastoral poems, ten in ■Bfc'ofl"***- number, written between 43 B. 0.-37 B.C. This class of poetry was as yet unknown in Italy, though it Theoeriius had already reached its perfection in the hand of the Sicilian tuap-utoral Theocritus, whose influence may be traced in many writers ^ from the days of Vergil to those of Tennyson. The Idyl** of the Sioilian exhibits a true picture of the shepherd's life. The joys and sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural swains, the piny woods of fertile Sicily, the upland lawns with feeding flocks, the sea and sky of his native island are dehneated so true to nature, that the homely bard not only won the ear of the most critical period of Greek litera- ture, but has left his undying impress on all subsequent pastoral poetry. As Kingsley has said, " Theocritus is one of the poets who will never die. He sees men and things in his own light way, truly ; and he describes them simply, hon- » Edogue VI.. 8. u These were called by the (fenerio term Bwolica (fiovKoXiKa, sdl, irotii^ara, from fiovKokitt, to atteTtd cattle). The term Eclogue is from the Gruek igKoyti, a ehoia mtteetian, and mi^ mean that the poems under that name were a coUeotion from a larger number. Spenser wrote the word M'jlogue and followed the derivation of Petrarch, atXttv Aoyoi, " tciUs of goaX» " or " UOea qf goathtrdt." U Aiikktv, a UttU picture. 10 WORKS OF VBROIL. Tkeoerttwg and Vergil cmnpared. estly, and with careless touches of pathos and humor, while he floods his whole scene with that gorgeous Sicilian air like one of Titian's pictures, and all this is told in a language and metre which shapes itself almost unconsciously, wave after wave, into the most luscious joy." Vergil's Eclogues, on the other Land, can hardly be said to be true pictures of pastoral life. His shepherds and shep- herdesses belong to the island of Sicily rather than to the diRtrict of Mantua. Often, too, he makes the shepherd's dress a mere pretext for discussing some political event, or for pa3ring some compliment to PoUio, Varro, or Gallus. His characters are too conventional, his representation of life is too artificial. In the Roman Eclogue we miss that individu- alizing the character which so strongly marks the Greek Idyl. Still the earlier poems of Vergil have beauties. Their melodious diction, their soft and easy flowing style,*' were admired by Horace, no mean judge of the poet's art. Dunlop divides the Eclogues into two classes: (1) those in which, by a sort of allegory, some events ot characters of the time are drawn under the image of pastoral life as in 1, 4, 6, 10 : (2) those in which shepherds and rural scenes ar^ really depicted, as in 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9. Others divide them: (1) those copied from Theocritus, as 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 : (2) those more original, as 4, 6, 10. ThsGeorgics The Oeorgics," in four books, was written (between B.C. 37-B.O. 30") at the request of Maecenas*' to whom the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, Vergil copies largely from Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.** While the Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idyls of his Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other hand, have been accounted superior to any other poem on the Division qf EclOJIUB. i«Sat. 1. 10, 46. " Oeorg%ca,yt(upyiici, 'rom v€o="7^, the earth and ipyov, a work. "The chief historical events alluded to in the Georgics are: the death of Julius Ciesar, 44 B.C. (3. 1, 456); the civil wars ended by the battle of Philippi, 42 B.C. (B. 1, 490); the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Anti.ny and those on the Rhine under Agrippa (B. 1, 600) ; the battle of Aotium and the submission of the East, B.C. 80 (B. 2, 172; 8, 27.82; 4, 562): the irruption of the Daoi on the Danube, B.0 , 80 (B. 2, 497). » See the opening lines of Georgics, I. and IV. MHflriod'a Worki and Dayt; Aratus's Phaenomeiia ; Nicander's Oeorgice. WOUKS OF VEKGIL. 11 were Bame subject that has ever appeared. The harmonious and Pe Oivil wars, almost continuous, had raged in Italy fioin 49-31 B.G. "Georg. 1,607: mm tUltti aratro JDignus honos, squalent ahductis arva colonis, Et eurvae rigidutn falces conflantur in ensem, '*The first notice of the Aeneid that we have is in a letter of Vergil to Augustus, written probably B.C. 26, when the latter was on an expedition against the Oanta- uri.'tns. De Aenea quidem men, simehercute jamdiynum auribus haberem luit {tbetiter mitterem: «d tanta inrhoata res em, ut paene vitiis mentw tanlvm opusingrtMusmiM videar, cum praeaerlim, ut Hcio, alia quoqus «tudiu ad id optu mttUogut potiora impretittr. Macrob. Sat. 1, 21, 12. 12 erUieised. WOUKS OF VERGIL. perhaps in the departments of History and Jurisprudence. Vergil can hardly l)e called a borrower any more than the reat of his countrymen in other spheres of letters. The religion, the philosophy, the very political life of the Romans, were all of composite structure, and poetry could scarcely avoid the eclecticism that everywhere prevailed. The object of Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the vari- ous steps of the growth of the Empire, and in doing this, he had to give prominence to the influence of Greek litera- ture as an important element in moulding Roman thought. Vergil had been severely censured" for his deficiency in the power of invention, for his intermixture of Greek and Latin traditions, for his anachronisms, for his mode of re- presenting the character of Aeneas, and for the sameness of the individual chniactcrs. These are the main charges brought by his detractors, {.nd granting the full indictment brought against the poem, Vergil still has the proud claim of being one of the greatest of epic poets. No doubt his power of invention is less than Homer's, no doubt he did intermingle the traditions of Greece and those of Rome, (for this, as we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his age), no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachron- ism, but he sins in this along with Shakespeare and Milton, and there is no doubt that this hero Aeneas is cold-blooded and uninteresting. These defects, however, are far more than counterbalanced by his many excellencies. "There is in Vergil a great tenderness of feeling, something better and more charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That he excels in pathos, as Homer in sublimity, is an old opinion, and it is surely the right one. This pathos is given at times by a single epithet, by a slight touch, with graceful art by an indirect allusion ; this tenderness is more striking as contrasted witli the stern Itoman character and with the stately majesty of the verse. The poet never becomes affected or sentimental ; he hardly ever ofiends againt good taste ; he knows where to stop ; he is excellent in his silence as well as in his speech ; Vergil, as Wordsworth says, is a master of languivge, but no one can really be a master of language unless he be also a master of thought of which language is the expression. M Espeoially by the Emperor Caligula, Markland, and Niebuhr. WORKS OF VEKOIL. 13 Orutwell thus defends Vergil in regard to the main charge : Ver'jil " The Aeneid was neant to be, above all things, a national poem, carrying on the lines of thought, the style of speech, which national progress had chosen ; and it was not meant to eclipse, so much as to do honor to, early literature. Thus those bards who, like Ennins and Nauvins, had done good service to Home by singing, however rudely, her history, find their imagines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid. Thus they meet with the flamens and pontiffs, who drew up the ritual fonnularies ; with the antiquarians and pious scholars, who had sought to rud a meaning in the immemorial names, whether of place or custom or person ; with the magistrates, novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages, for they, too, had helped to rear the towering fabric of Roman greatness. All these meet together in the Aeneid, as in solemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge its final completion, and to predict its impending downfall. This is beyond question the explanation of the wholesale appropnation of others' thoughts and language, which would otherwise be sheer plagiarism." The object that Vergil had in writing the Aeneid is variously Object q/ stated by writers. Spence, Holdsworth and Warton say that ' the poem was written with a political object to reconcile the Romans to the new order of things. This view is also held by Pope, who says that the poem had as much a political object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel ; that its primary object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendor of their origin. "Augustus is evidently typified under the character of Aeneas, both are cautious and wise in counsel ; both are free from the perturbations of passion ; they were cold, un- feeling, and uninteresting ; their wisdom and policy were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious that he was acting a part, as his last words show ; and the contrast between the sentiment and conduct of Aeneas, when- ever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity. The characteristic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid as the epithet plus, so constantly applied to him shows, was filiit.1 piety, and there was no virtue which Augustus more Aeneid. 14 LIFB OP VEROIL. ostentatiouBly put forward than dutiful affection to Julius Oaeaar who adopted him." — Browne. m. PRINCIPAL ROMAN EPIC WRITERS. lTh0 Student $hould eontult Smith's Clnssical Dictionary for an account of the subjoined poets.] Namb. Flouribbbd. Works. Liyius Andronioua. 286-204 B.C. Translated the Odyssey into Satur- nian Verse. Cn. Naevius. 264-194 B.C. Wrote the first National Enio- The First Punic War. Q, Enniua 269-169 B.C. Annates, in 18 Books: introduced the Hexameter. 0. Mattius. 60B.C. Translated the Iliad. C. Hostius. 60 B.O. Bellum Istrium. T. Lucretius Cams. 98-53 B.G. De Rerum Natura, In 6 Books. P. Terentius Varro. 40 B.O. Translated the Argonautica of Rhodius, and Mrrote BeUvm Sequanicum. L. Varius. 40 B.C. De Murte C"eiaris. Pedo Albinovanus. 40 B.O. Theseis. P. Vergilius Maro. 70-19 B.C. Eclogue, Georgica, Aeneit. M. AnnaeusLuoanua. 89A.D.-65A.D. Pharsalia. Valerius Flaccus. 40 A.D. Argonautica, in 8 Books. 0. Silius Italicua. 26 A.D.-101 A,D. Punica. P. Papinius Statius. 46 A.D.-g6 A.D. AchiUeis, Thebais. Silvae. TV. CHRONOLOGY OF VERGIL'S TIMES. Djaa. B.a 70 60 (17 66 00 M Lm or Vbrqil. Vergil bom. LtTBRART CHRONOIiOOT. Cicero's Yenine orationa Cornelius Oallus born. Cicero's speeches Pro Fonteio and Pro Cat' cino. Horace bom at Venosia. The Cotilinarian orations of Cicero. liTjr bom. Civni OHRONOboer. first Consulship of Pom- pey and Crassns. Cicero aedile. Luoullus defeats Mithradates at Tigranocerta. Pompey carried on war against the pirates. First Catilinarian oonspir* acy. Caesar oedife. Seoond oonspinugr of Catiline. Hilt Triumriratt. LIFE OP YBROIL. CHRONOLOGY, Ac, (Continued.) 16 Dati. 66 64 49 48 44 48 4S 41 40 87 84 81 SO 26 28 10 Lira or VissiL. Verg^il aasumes the t^a viriliM at CrO' mono. Vorfdl beffins the study of philosO' phy. LimtART 0BB0II0L06T. Death of Luoretiua, Mt I '• Earliest date of Ec logues. Eclogue II. pro- bably written. Eclogues III. and V. written. Vergil's estate con- fiscated. Eclogue IX. writ ten. Vergil's estate re- stored. Writes Eclogues I., IV., VIII., and perhaps VI. Vergil wrote Ec- logue X. Oeorgics begun. Aeneid begun. Augustus writes to Vergil concerning the Aeneid. Death of Vergil at Brundlsium. Horace serves as tri bunvji mUilum at Phil ippL OlTIL OBRONOLOeT. Caesar's flnt invasion of Britain. Caesar's second invasion of Britain. Caesar dictator. Confers the franchise oh the TranipadtmL Battle of Pharsalia. Death of Pompey. Caesar assassinated. Second Triumvirate. Philippi fought Death of Sallust. Consulship of Polio. Trea^ of Bruadiuunu Battle of Aotium. Death of MaroelluA 16 METRE OF THE AENEID. ▼. METRE. The cUietylie The Aeneid is written in the heroic metre of the RomanB ; hexameter, ^j^^^. ^j^g dactylic hexameter. This was the most ancient as well as the most dignified form of verse among the Qreeks and Romans. It was cultivated at an early period, far beyond the beginnings of authentic history, as we find it in its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors, and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romaus. Vergil is generally considered as the model of this kind of verse among the Latins. The dactylic hexameter consists, as its name implies of six feet, the first four of which may be dactyls or spondees ; the fifth is usually dactyl, and the sixth invariably a spondee. The following is the scheme : [ ] No. af (1) For the comparative number of dactyls and spondees in ^omlea^ the first four places no definite rule can be given. Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the arrangement is varied to avoid monotony. A succession of dactyls may be used for various reasons, e.g., quick motion, op. B. I. 90. Int6nil\erl6 pdU,\ St creb\rl8 mtc&t\ ignibu8\ aethSr, where the quick flashes of lightning and the instant peals of thunder fall in quick succession. So in B. I. 150 : Jdmqui J^c\e8 et\ 8dx& v8\ldnt /iirSr\ armS mXn\{8trSi: where the qmck succession of brands and stones follow. On the other hand a succession of spondees may be em- ployed to describe a laboured effort : cp. B. I. 118. Adpdr\ent rd\ri ndrU\e8 in\ gurg{tif\ vdato. Here the slow spondees mark the struggling motions of the crew amid the waves. So also a dignified gait may be imitated by sncceasive spondees: B. I. 46. Aat igS\ quae di\vum ince\d^ re\finli JSv\Uqui, METRE OF THE AENEID. 17 successive (2) Rarely the fifth foot is a spondee, in which case the Spondaie line is called a spondaic^ line : e.g., B. I. 617. '*'••• Tune ille\ Aene\d8 quem\ DdrdSnl\o Jn\chi8ai'. (3) When the last syllable of a word remains over, after Word the completion of a foot, that syllable is called a caesural *"'**"''* syllable, in consequence of its being separated, or cut off, aa it were, from the rest of the word in scaning the verse. The term caesura^ is also applied to a pause or stress of the voice, which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. The Verse melody of the verse depends in a great measure on the posi- ****"'"'' tion of the caesura. The chief verse caesuras in the dactylic hexameter are : (a) PenthemimeraV" Cazmra at the end of the tirst syllable Penttuni' of the third foot : B. I. 621. ^JiSm. AHxlli\d Belli'; g?.nl\tor tum\ BelUs S\pimam. (b) Hephthemimeral'^ Caesura, at the end of the Hrst jj^-ftt/k^. syllable of the fourth foot : B. I. 441. miitural •' __ __ Caeattra. Liiciis tn\ urbS fii\it mSdi\d,'' lailttsfilmiisl umbraa. (c) Trochaic^, after the trochee of the third foot: 608: Lu8trd\bunt conv\ex&," pdl\u8 dum] 8tdSr&\ pdscet. (d) Bucolic^ Caesura, at the end of the dactyl of the sueolic fourth foot when this foot is a dactyl and ends the word : C'a««tro. B. I. 154. Sic eunct\u8 pSlSg\i cScl dU\ fi'&gdrl" aethSrS] postquam.] It may be observed, generally, that a verse may have one, two or three caesuras ; that verse, however, is best divided in which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as in each case given above. B. I. Troehaie CoMura- »In Vergil we have 28 spondaic lines: 17 ot these end in a quadrisyllable, 9 in a trisyllable, 2 In a moiiosylable. <* Called by the Greeks to/x^, a cutting. nprom nivrt, five-, Ijiu, half; fiipo^, a part, ot foot: hence Hie Jiflh-ha{f -foot caesura. This is also called the etrong or masculine caesura. »Froin Jirra, teven; ^fii, half; iiipos, a part or foot; henoe the ieventh-haV-foot caesura. » Also called the uxak or feminine caesura. *o So called because often employed by Vergil in his pastoral or Bucolic poetry. This oaemira is comuiou in the poems of Theocritus. -T' 18 Lait tnrd inthtlint. Uetrieal JIgureB. METRE OF THE ABNBID. (4) The last word in a dactylic hexameter line is for the most part a dissyllable,*^ or a trisyllable. A quadrisyllable is rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name. Some- times, but rarely, a monosyllable is employed at the end of a line, and generally in the case of e«t, and then usually with an elision : B. I. 106. Dat l&tua\; SnsSquVtur eHmiitff' prae\ruplus &\qtux mdna,\ Explor\ari Vib\drf mthi\ juaaii c&p\eMM\ fSs eat] Ac vilii\ti mdg\no in pSpiil\o" cum\ aStpt di\iirla lat,\ (5) Metrical fgurea : (a) Elision occurs when a word ending in a vowel or diph- thong, or with the letter, -m preceded by a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter h. When such is the case the last syllable of the word so ending with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded by a vowel is elided, i.e., struck out together, and in scansion is not regarded as a part of the verse, e.g. (1) B. I. 95 : Quia an\te or&pS\trum Tro^Jat: aub\ moenibUa] aUla. (2) B. I. 210 : Illi \8e praeldae dccing\unt dSplb\&aqui/il\turi9,\ (3) B. I. 180 : Aens\a8 8edpU\lum int9ri\d cOnac\indtt, it\ Omnim. (4) B. I. 213 : MUtmi; fSraSn St\ haec (i\Um mSm%n\i8aS jiiv\alM. (6) B. I. 246 : It m)irl&\ pr6rUptum\ U p(6Uig\6 primUl droS 8Sn\anii. In (1) the vowel -e in ante is elided, i.e., left out in scan- sion before the vowel Q-- in the next word ora. In (2) the diphthong -ae in praedae is elided before accin- gunt. In (3) the -um is elided before the in^ereo. In (4) e< is not affected in scansion by the h in haec. In (5) -um in proruptum is elided before e- iu et. *i Leaving out the three unfinished lines in the first book of the Aeneid we have 420 diiwyUabio : 323 trisyllabic ; 8 monosyllabic : 2 quadrisyllabio endings. t^iT fity. ^- iMit'" scansion is id we have 420 MBTRK OF THB AENBID. 10 (b) Tlie non-elision of a final vowel or diphthong before an Biatui. initial vowel, h or diphthong is called a hicUus, e,g,, B. I.. 16 : Poathlibi\ta 'e8lU\iMi 8ii\mO, hU\ mus \armd. B. I. 617 : T&ne ille \AenS\a8 quim \Dci/rd&n\\o 'An\ehUiae.\ The first hiaius may be explained that in the case of a proper noun, and a senae pause, the liiatus is admissible. In the seooud example considerable license is admitted in the case of a proper noun. (c) Synaeresis is defined as the union of two vowels insytuunaiit. sound which should be properly pronounced separately : as ■ei in Oilei ; -eu in lUoneus ; -ei in dtinde. This figure is also called Synizeaia. e.g. B. I. 120 : • Jd II i:dR\dam IliSnei ndv\im, jam \/iSrtia Jf|cAo«$qfth» Troian»: MS-UO. Mmmry i» tmUto 0arth : t97- 24 CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK OF AENEID. AeneoB meets his mother : aoB-sau. Venus tells the tales of Dido's wrongs : SS5-371. Aeneas teUs his tale, S7tS86. Venus drarvs a happy omen and reveals herself: S87-U17. Description tf Karthage. Ulff-iSO. Aeneas ex- amines the temple : All night long after the meal Aeneas broods o'er his own woes and the lot of his comrades. As soon as day dawns he determines to go forth and explore the shores to which he had come in his wanderings. After safely mooring his fleet under the shelter of a rock, he sallies forth with trusty Achates. In the midst of a wood he meets his mother, who was dressed like a Spartan huntress. Venus enquires whether Aeneas had seen any of her sisters wandering there. After telling Venus that he had seen no one, he hints that her look is more than human, and that she is evidently of divine race : he begs her lighten their sorrows, and tell to what land they had come. Venus tells him he is in Africa and then unfolds the story of Dido's wrongs : how the queen, who was from Tyre, had a husband Sychaeus, and a brother Pygmalion in wickedness far beyond other men ; how the savage Pygmalion killed the un- wary Sychaeus at the altar; how the young Dido collected some companions, sailed away to the west and come to the spot on wh?ch the rising city o!* Karthage was now being built. Aeneas tells his name and his race. Italy is the goal of his wanderings. With twenty ships he embarked on the sea, the mother-goddess guiding his course^ but only seven battered ships remain. She announces to him that his comrades, whom he thought lest, will be safe. She points out twelve swans, with joyous notes circling in the air, so the twelve ships with fuU sail are either entering or have entered the harbor. At the end of her prophecy he recognizes his mother, who shrouded them in a cloud, so that no one might see them, though they might see all. She takes Aeneas and Achates veiled in this cloud to Karthage. •Aeneas, from the hill o'erlooking Karthage, admires the buildings, where lately stood rude Numidian huts. Eagerly the Karthaginians ply their work, some building walls, others a citadel ; some chosing sites for houses, and marking out the boundaries with a furrow ; others digging a harbor, and others still laying the foundations for a high theatre. Among the throng he mingles still unseen. In the midst of the city is a sacred grove, where Dido was building a temple in honor of Juno, While Aeneas was If Ik CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK OF AENEID. 26 waiting for the arrival of the queen, he examines with acruti- walls qf a nizing gaze each object in the great temple. Here he Beeam^sl depicted the sceues of the Trojan war, the crested Achilles pursuing in flight the Trojans, the snow white tents of Rhesus, the flight of Troilus, the procession of Trojan women going to the temple of Minerva to propitiate the dread god* dess, the dragging of Hector round the walls of Troy : all these scenes and many more were witnessed by Aeneas. Meanwhile the queen, attended by her courtiers, enters the temple. With all the graceful dignity of Diana, when she leads the dance, Dido enters the temple and takes her seat as queen and judge of her subjects. Aeneas sees, also amid the throng attending the queen, Antheus, Sergestus, and the valiant Cloanthus, and other Trojans supposed to be lost. Ilioneus tells Dido that they are a shipwrecked remnant of the Trojans on their way to Italy. He also hints at the pro- bable loss of Aeneas. Dido assures them of her assistance and protection, and promises them that she will send them to Sicily, if they desire it, or allow them to settle at Earthage. As for Aeneas, she promised to send trusty men to see whether he had been cast on shore, or not. The doud wbioii hud enshrouded the forms of Aeneas and Achates now parts and immediately Aeneas shone forth in beauty amid the dear light, declaring himself. With grateful heart he prays for a blessing on Dido for her kindness to his comrades. Dido welcomes Aeneas to her palace, which was furnished with princely splendor for the approaching banquet. She also proclaims a public festival. Aeneas sends Achates to the fleet to bring lulus (also called Ascanius) to the city. Gifts also were to be brought from the ships as presents for the queen. The wily goddess Venus, meanwhile causes Cupid to be transformed in form and mien into Ascanius, and accompany the faithful Achates with presents to the queen. The Trojans and Tyrians, amid the joyous halls, recline on the embroidered couches. The gifts of Aeneas are admired by all. Cupid embraces Aeneas and then Dido, and both the Trojan leader and the Karthaginian queen are inspired with mutual flame. The queeii with her re- tinue entert the temple : m-S19. Ilioneut, tht »poke»tnan of the Tro- jans speakt ; Dido replies; 6tO-B78. ThetnU* dissolves : S79-Sa. Didotoel' comes him : 61S-6ia. Aeneas sends for lulus : 6ia-666. Venus sub- stitutes Cupid for Asconius: 667-696. Amid the splendor qf the feast Cupid in- spires the queen with love, 697-7XX. 26 CONTENTS OV THE FIRST BOOK OF AENEID. 0^ lojHu: 7»8766. Tht liba- After the first part of the banquet, the tables are with- Mti)■ p. VEROILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. Ad qucm turn Juno supplex his vocibus usa est : "Aeole, namque tibi divum pater atque hominuin rex Et mulcere dedit fluctus et toUere vento, Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor, Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates : Incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, Aut age diversos et disjice corpora p©nto. Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae, Quarum quae forma pulcherrima 1 Jeiopeia, Conubio jungam stabili propriamque dicabo, Omnes ut tecum mentis pro talibus annos Exigat et pulchra faciat te prole parentem." Aeolus haec contra : " Tuus, o regina, quid optes Explorare labor ; mihi jussa capessere fas est. Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Jovemque Concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divum, Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem." Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem Impulit in latus : ac venti, velut agmine facto. Qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. Incubuere rnari, totumque a sedibus imis Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus, Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculis ; ponto nox incubat atra. Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether, Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Extemplo Aeneas solvuntur frigore membra : Ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera palmas Talia voce refert : " O terque quaterque beali, Quis ante ora patrum Trojae sub mq^nibus altis Contigit oppetere ! O Danaum fortissime gentis Tydide ! mene Iliacis occumbere campis Non potuisse tuaque animam hanc efifundere dextra, Saevus ubi Aeacidae telo jacet Hector, ubi ingens Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois corrcpta sub undis Scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit." •29 65 ^o 75 80 85 90 95 100 I I ! ■ 30 p. VEBOILI HARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. Talia jactanii stridens Aquilone procella Velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit. Franguntur remi ; turn prora avert it et undis Dat latus : insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae tnons. Hi summo in fluctu pendent ; his unda dehiscens TiMjram inter fluctus aperit ; furit aestus arenis. Tr^ Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet — Saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus Aras — Dorsum immane mari summo ; tres Eurus ab alto In brevia et Syrtes urget, miserabile visu, Illiditque vadis atque aggere cingit arenae. Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, Ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus In puppim ferit : excutitur pronusque magister Volvitur in caput ; ast illani ter fluctus ibidem Torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex. Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto, Arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas. Jam validam Ilionei navem, jam fortis Achatae, Et qua vectus Abas, et qua giandaevus Aletes, Vicit hiemps ; laxis laterum compagibus omnes Accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt. Interea magno misccri murmure pontum, Emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis Stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus ; et alto Prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda. Disjectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, Fluctibus oppressos Troas caelique ruina ; Nee latuere doli fratrem Junonis et irae ; Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc talia fatur : "Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri ? Jam caelum terramque meo sine numine, Venti, Miscere et tantas audetis tollere moles ? Quos ego — sed motos praestat componere fluctus : - Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro ; Non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, Sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa, 105 lie "S 120 125 130 13s !.%L p. VBROILI HARONIS AENBIDOS LIB. t. Vestras, Eure, domos ; ilia se jactet in aula Aeolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet." Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat, Collectasque fugat nubes, solemque reducit Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto I )etrudunt naves scopulo : Icvat ipse tridenti ; Et vastas aperit Syrtes et temperat aequor, Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas. Ac veluti magno in populo quum saepe coorta est Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile volgus ; Jamque faces et saxa volant (furor arma ministrat) : Turn pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quern Conspexere, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant ; I lie regit dictis aninios, et pectora mulcet : Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postquam Prospiciens genitor, caeloque invectlis aperto Flectit equos curruque volans dat lora secundo. Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu Contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. Est in secessu longo locus : insula portum Efficit objectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto Frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur In caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent : turn silvis scaena coruscis Desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra ; Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum, Intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, *, Nympharum domus : hie fessas non vincula naves Ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancoia morsu. Hue septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni Ex numero subit ; ac magno telluris amore Egressi optata potiuntur Troes arena, Et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt. Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates Suscepitque ignem foliis, atque arida oircum Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam. Tum Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma 31 140 MS 150 15s 160 165 170 175 32 t>. vbroili maronis aeneidos lib. 1. ■■ \ s Expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas Et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo. Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit, et omnem Prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quem Jactatum vento videat Phrygiasque bircmes, Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici. Navem in conspectu nuUam, tres litore cervos Prospicit errantes ; hos tota armenta sequuntur A tergo, et longum per valles pascitur agmen. Constitit hie, arcumque manu celeresque sagittas Corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates, Ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentes Comibus arborcis, sternit, turn volgus, et omnem Miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam ; Nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor Corpora fundat humi, et numerum cum navibus aequet. Hinc portum petit, et soeios partitur in omnes. Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Aeestes Litore Trinaerio dederatque abeuntibus heros, Dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora muleet : " O soeii— neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum — O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem. Vos et Seyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes Aecestis scopulos, vos et Cyelopea saxa Experti : revocate animos, maestumque timorem Mittite ; forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit. Per varios casus, per tot diserimina rerum, Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas Ostendunt : illic fas regna resurgere Trojae. Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis." Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger Spem voltu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem. lUi se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris : Tergora deripiunt eostis et viscera nudant : Pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt ; Litore aena locant alii, flammasque ministrant. Turn victu revocant vires, fusique per hcrbam Implentur veteris Bacehi pinguisque ferinae. l8c i8S % 190 195 2CO 205 210 215 p. VERGILI MARONIS AKNEIDOS LIB. I. 33 Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae, Atnissos longo socios sermone requirunt, Spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati nee jam exaudire vocatos. Praecipue pius Aeneas, nunc Oronti, Nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum Fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum. Et jam finis erat ; quum Juppiter aethere summo Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentes Litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli Constitit, et Libyae defixit lumina regnis. Atque ilium tales jactantem pectore curas Tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentes Adloquitur Venus : " O, qui res hominumque deumque Aetemis regis imperils et fulmine teires, Quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum, Quid Troes potuere, quibus tot funera passis, Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ? Certe hinc Romanes olim, volventibus annis, Hinc fore ductores revocato a sanguine Teucri, Qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent, Pbllicitus ; quae te, genitor, sententia vertit ? Hoc equidem occasum Trojae tristesque ruinas Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens ; Nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos Insequitur. Quem das finem, rex magne, laborum ? Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis, lUyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus Regna Libumorum, et fontem superare Timavi, Unde per era novem vasto cum murmure mentis It mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti. Hie tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit Teucrorum, et genti nomen dedit, armaque fixit Troia ; nunc placida compostus pace quiescit : Nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus annuis arcem, Navibus, infandum ! amissis, unius ob iram Pi^imur, atque Italis longe disjungimur oris. Hie pietatis honos ? Sic nos in sceptra reponis ?" 220 a.s 230 ass 240 2|S 250 ■ H 34 p. VfiROILI MAR0NI8 AKNEIOOS LIB t. OIH subridens hominum sator atque deorum Voltu, quo caelum tempestatesque screnat^ Oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fatur : " Parce metu, Cytherea : manent immota tuorum Fata tibi ; cernes urbem et promissa Lavini Moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli Magnanimum Aenean ; neque'me sententia vertlt. Hie tibi (fabor enim, quando haec te cura removdet, Longius et volvens fatorutn arcana movebo) Bellum ingens geret Italia, populosque feroces Contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet, Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas, Temaque transierint Rutulis hibema subactis. At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen lulo Additur — Ilus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno-^ Triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbes Imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini Transferet, et longam multa vi m i iet Alba 11. Hie jam ter centum totos regnabicur annos Gente sub Hectorea, donee regina sacerdos Marte gravis geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem. Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet Moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet. His ego nee metas rerum nee tempora pono : Imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Juno, Quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat, Consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam. Sic placitum. Veniet lustris labentibus aetas, Quum domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas Servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis. * Nascetur pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar, Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris, Julius, a magno demissum nomen lulo. Hunc tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis onustum, Accipies secura ; vocabitur hie quoque votis. Aspera turn positis mitescent saecula bellis ; ass 260 265 370 275 380 285 290 MfeM p. VKROtLI MARONIS AENRIDOS LIB. t. 35 Cana Fides, et Vesta, Kemo cum fratrc Quirinus Jura dabunt : dirae ferro et compagibus artis Claudentur Belli portae : Kuror impius intus, Saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus aonis 295 Post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore crucnto." Haec ait, et Maia genitum demittit ab alto, Ut terrae, utque novae pateant Karthaginis arces Hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido Finibus arceret. Volat ille per aera inagnum 2^^^ Remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus adstitit oris. Et jam jussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni Corda volente deo. In primis regina quietum Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam. At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, ' 305 Ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque Explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras. Qui teneant, nam inculta videt, hominesne feraene, Quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre. Classem in convex© nemorum sub rupe cavata 310 Arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris Occulit : ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate, Bina manu late crispans hastilia ferro. Cui mater media sese tulit obvia silva, Virginis os habitumque gerens, et virginis arma 315 Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat Harpalyce, volucremque fuga praevertitur Eurum. Namque umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum Venatrix, dederatque comam diffundere ventis, Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. 320 Ac prior, "Heus," inquit, "juvenes, monstrate mearum Vidistis si quam hie errantem forte sororum,' Succinctam pharetra, et maculosae tegmine lyncis, Aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem." Sic Venus ; et Veneris contra sic filius orsus : 325 «* Nulla tuarum audita mihi, neque visa sororum, O — quam te memorem, Virgo ? namque baud tibi voltus Mortalis, nee vox hominem sonat. O dea certe ; An Phoebi sorer? an Nympharum sanguinis una ? '«i 36 p. VERGILI MARONIS AKNElDOS LIB. I. #' 1^^ Sis felix, no£triinu|iic leves, quaccumque, laborein, 330 Kt quo sub cacio tandein, quibus orbis in oris Jactemur, doceas : ignari hominumque locorumque Erramus, vento hue et vastis fluctibus acti : Multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra," Turn Venus : " Haud equidem tali me dignpr honore ; 335 Virginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram, Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno. Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem ; Sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta, 340 Germanum fugiens. Longa est injuria, longac Ambag^ ; sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. Huic conjunx Sychaeus erat, ditissimus aud. -^ ^ ^*''<^- Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore, Cui pater intactam dederat, primisque jugarat 345 Ominibus. Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes. Quos inter medius venit furor. I lie Sychaeum Impius ante aras, atque auri caecus amore, Clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum 350 Germanae ; factumque diu celavit, et aegram, Multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem. Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago Conjugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris, Crudeles aras trajectaque pectora ferro 355 Nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit. Tum celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet, Auxiliumque viae veteres tellure recludit Thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri. His commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat : 360 Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni Aut metus acer erat ; naves, quae forte paratae, Corripiunt, onerantque auro : portantur avari Pygmalionis opes pelago : dux fcmina facti. I )evenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis 365 Moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem, Mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, IL MHlpliiiiiMiii p. VEHOIU MAItONIM AKNKIDOS LIB. I. Ttiurino quantum posscnt circumdarc tcr^'o. Sed vos qui tandem? quibus aut vcr.istis ab oris, Quove tenetis iter ?" Quaeicnti talibus ille Suspirans imoque tralicns a pcctorc vocem : " O Dea, si prima repetens ab o igine pcrgam, Et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum, Ante diem clauso componat Vesper Olympo. Nos Troja antiqua, si vestras forte per aurcs Trojac nomen iit, diversa per necpiora vcctos Forte sua Libycis tempcstas appulit oris. .' um pius Aeneas, niptos qui ex hostc Penates Classe veho mecum, fama super actiiera notus. Italiam quaere patriam et genus ab Jove summo. Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor, Matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus. Vix septem convulsae undis Euroque supersunt. Ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro, Europa atque Asia pulsus." Nee plura querentem Passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est ; "Quiquis es, baud, credo, invisus caelestibus aur.is Vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris uruem. Perge modo, atque hinc te reginae ad limina prefer. Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam Nuntio, et in tutum versis aquilonibus actam, Ni frustra augurium vani docuere pa'rentes. Aspice bis senos, laetantes agmine cycnos, Aetheria quos lapsa plaga Jovis ales aperto Turbabat caelo ; nunc terras ordine longo Aut capere aut captas jam despectare videntur ; Ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis, Et coetu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere, Haud aliter puppesque tuae pubesque lucrum Aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo. Perge modo et, qua te ducit via, dirige gressum." Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit, Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem Spiravere, pedes vestis defluxit ad imos, £t vera incessu patuit dea )11e ubi matrem 370 ». 375 380 3«S 390 395 400 405 38 p. VEROILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. # Adgnovit, tali fagientem est voce secutus : "Quid natum toties, crudelis tu quoque, falsis Ludis imaginibus ? cur dextrae jungere dextram Non datur, ac veras audire et reddere voces ?" Talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit : At Venus obscuro gradientes acre saepsit, Et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu, Cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset, Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas. ' Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit Laeta suas, ubi templum illi, centumque Sabaeo Ture calent arae, sertisque recentibus halant. Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat Jamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi Imminet, adversasque aspectat desuper arces. Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam, Miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. Instant ardentes Tyrii : pars ducere muros, Molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa, Pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco. Jura magistratusque legunt, sanctumque sentatum. Hie portus alii effodiunt ; hie alta theatris Fundamenta locant alii, immanesque columnas Rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris. Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura Exercet sub sole labor, quum gentis adultos Educunt fetus, aut quum liquentia mella Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas, Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto Ignavum fucos pecus a pracsepibus arcent : Fervet opus redolentque thymo fragrantia mella : "O fortunati, quorum jam moenia surgunt !" Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis. Infert se saeptus nebula, mirabile dictu, Per medios miscetque viris, neque cernitur ulli. Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae ; Quo primum jactati undis et turbine Pocni Eifodere loco signum, quod regia J uno 410 430 42s 430 435 440 p. VEROILI HARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 39 Monstrarat, caput acris equi ; sic nam fore bello Egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem. 445 Hie tempi um Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido Condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae, Aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina, nexaeque Acre trabes, foribus ca^-do stridebat aenis. yioc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem 450 Leniit, hie primum Aeneas sperare salutem wm Ausus, et afflictis melius confidere rebus. Namque sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo, Reginam opperiens, dum, quae fortuna sit urbi, Artificumque manus inter se operumque laborem 455 Miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas Bellaque jam fama totum vulgata per orbem, Atridas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Achillem. Constitit, et lacrimans : '* Quis jam locus," inquit, "Achate, Quae regio in terris nostri non plena laboris ? 460 ■ En Priamus ! sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi ; Sunt lacrimae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt. Solve metus ; feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem." Sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit inani, Mul.a gemens, largoque umectat flumine voltum. 465 Namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum Hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus ; Hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles. Nee procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis Adgnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno 470 Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus, Ardentesque avertit equos in castra, priusquam Pabula gustassent Trojae Xanthumque bibissent. Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis, Infelix puer atque impar congressus Achilli, 475 Fertur equis, curruque/haeret resupinus inani, Lora tenens tanien : huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur Per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta. Interea ad templum non aequae Palladis ibant Crinibus Iliades passis peplumque ferebant 480 Suppliciter tristcs et tunsae pectora palmis ; 40 p. VEROTLI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. Diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat. Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros, Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. Turn vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo, Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici Tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit iner ncs. Se quoque principibus permixtum adgnovit Achivis, Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma. Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis Penthesilea furens mediisque in millibus ardet, Aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae Bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo. Haec dv:m Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur, Dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno, Regina ad templum forma pulcherrima Dido, Incessit magna juvenum stipante caterva. Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per juga Cynthi Exercet Uiana chores, quam mille secutae Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades ; ilia pharctram Fert humero, gradiensque deas supereminet onincs : Latonae taciturn pertemptant gaudia pectus : Talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat Per medios, instans operi regnisque futuris. Turn foribus divae, media testudine templi, SSfepta ar|T>T6, solipque al|e subliixa resbdit. Jura datal legesque viris,' opernmque laborem Partibus aequabit justis, aut sorte trahebat, Quum subito Aeneas concursu accedere magno Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum, Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo Dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras. Obstipuit simul ipse, simul perculsus Achates Laetitiaque metuque ; avidi conjungere dextras Ardebant ; sed res animos incognita turbat. Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti,- Quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant, Quid veniant : cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant Orantes veniam, et templum clan^ore petebant 4S5 490 495 Soo 505 S'o 5«S p. VKROILI MAR6NIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 41 PostquaiTrirjtrogre^sret co^am dat^'copi;ilfandi, 520 Maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit : " O regina, novam cui condere Juppiter urbein, Justitiaque dedit gentes frcnare superbas, Troes te miseri, ventis mi.ria omnia vecti, , Oramus : prohibe infanuos a navibus igncs, 525 Parce pio generi, et propius res aspice nostras. Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penates Venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas. Non ea vis an'mo, nee tanta superbia victis. Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt, 530 Terra antiqua, potens armis at que ubere glaebae ; ^ Oenotri coluere viri ; nunc fama minores italiam dixisse duels de nomine gentem. Hue cursus fuit : Quum subito adsurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 535 in vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus austris Perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa Dispulit : hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris. Quod geni's hoc hominum ? quaeve hunc tam barbara moi:em Permittit patria ? hospitio prohibemur arenae : 540 Bella cient, primaque vetant con sistere terra. * Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, At sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi. Rex eiat Aeneas nobis, quo justior alter Nee pietate fuit, nee bello major et armis ; ,545 Quem si i"ata virum servant, si vescitur aura Aetheria, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris, Non metus ; officio nee te certasse priorem Paeniteat : sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes, Armaque, Trojanoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. 550 Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem, Et silvis aptare trabes, et stringere remos : Si datur Italiam, sociis et rcge recepto, Tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus : Sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrum, XC5 Pontus habet Libyae, nee spes jam restat luH ; At freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas, 42 p. VERGILI HARONIS AENKIDOS LIB. I. Unde hue advecti, regemque petamus Acesteni." Talibus Ilioneus ; cuncti siniul ore fremebant Dardanidae. Turn breviter Dido, voltum demissa, profatur : *' Solvite corde metum, Teucri, secludite curas. Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt Moliri, et late fines custode tueri. Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Trojae nesciat urbem ? Virtutesque, virosque, et tanti incendia belli ? Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni, Nee tam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit ab urbe. Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva Sive Eryeis fines regemque optatis Aeestem, Auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque juvabo. Voltis et his mecum pariter eonsidere regnis ? Urbem quam statue vestra est ; subducite naves ; Tros Tyriusque mihi nuUo discrimine agetur. Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem Afforet Aeneas ; equiaem per litora eertos Dimittam, et Libyae lustrare extrema jubebo. Si quibus ejectus silvis aut urbibus errat." His animum arrecti dietis et fortis Aehates Et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem Ardebant ; prior Aenean compellat Aehates : ** Nate Dea, quae nune animo scntentia surgit ? Omnia tuta vides, elassem, soeiosque receptos. Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi Submersum : dietis respondent eetera matris." Vix ea fatus erat, quum circumfusa repente Scindit se nubes et in aethfira purgat apertum. ■id^'^J^ Restitit Aeneas, elaraque in luce refulsit, Os humerosque Deo similis : namque ipsa deeoram Caesariem nato genitrix lumenque juventae Purpureum et laetos oeulis afflarat honores : Quale manus addunt ebori deeus aut ubi flavo Aigentum Pariusve lapis eireumdatur auro. Turn sic reginam alloquitur cunctisque repente 560 56s 570 575 580 58s 590 S6o 56s 570 575 580 58s 590 p. VEUGILI MARONIS AENKIDOS LID. I. Improvisus ait : " Coram, quern quaeritis, adsum Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. O sola infandos Trojae miserata labores ! Quae nos reliquias I )anaum, terraeque marisque Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos Urbe domo socias. Grates persolvere dignas Non opis est nostrae, Dido ; nee quicquid ubique est Gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem ; Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid Usquam justitiae est et mens sibi conscia recti, Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt Saecula ? qui tanti talem genuere parentes ? In freta dura fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae Lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sidera pascet, Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt, Quae me cumque vocant terrae. Sic fatus amicum Ilionea petit dextra laevaque Serestum : Post alios, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum. Obstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido, Casu deinde viri tanto ; et sic ore loquuta est : "Quis te, nate Dea, per tanta pericula casus Insequitur ? quae vis immanibus . adplicat oris ?" Tunq^M[]^eneBS, quern jDardanij) Anfchisae Alma Venus Plirygii geauit Simdentis ad undam ? "Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire, Finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem Auxilio Beli. Genitor turn Belus opimam Vastabat Cyprum et victor dicione tenebat. Tempore jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Trojanae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi. Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat, Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum a stirpe volebat. Quare agite, o tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris. Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores Jactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra. Non ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco." Sic memorat, simul Aenean in regia ducit 43 595 600 605 610 615 020 625 630 44 p. VEROILI MAKONIS AENKID08 LIB. I. Tecta, simul divum tcmplis indicit honorem. Nee minus interea sociis ad litora mittit Vilginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum Terga suum, pingues centum cum matribus agnos, Munera laetitiamque dii. At donius interior rcgali splendida luxu Instruitur mediisque parant convivia tectis : Arte laboratae vcstes ostroque superbo : Ingens argcntum mensis caelataque in auro Fortia facta patruni, series longissima rerum Per tot ducta vivos antiqua ab origine gentis. Aeneas, ncquj cnim patrius consistere nicntcm Passus amor, rapidum ad naves praemittit Achatcm, /Vscanio ferat hacc, ipsumque ad niocnia ducat ; Omnis in Ascanio cari stat cura parentis. Munera praeterca, Iliacis erepta ruinis, Ferre jubet, pallam signis auroque rigentcm, Et circunitcxtum croceo velamen acantho, Ornatus Argivae Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis, Pergama quum peteret inconcessosque Hymenaeos, Extulerat, matris Lec'ac mirabile donum ; Praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim, Maxima natarum Priami, colloque monile Baccatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. Haec celerans iter ad naves tendebat Achates. At Cytherea nova^artes, nova pectore versat Consilia ; ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido Pro dulci Ascanio veniat donisque furentem Incendat reginani, atque ossibus implicet ign?"i. Quippe domum timet ambiguam Tyriosque 1 ilingues. Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura recursa*. Ergo his aligerum dictis adfatur Amorem : "Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia solus, Nate, patris summi qui tela Typhoia temnis, Ad te confugio, et supplex tua numina posco. Frjiter ut /■* eneas pelago tuus omnia circum Litora jactetur, odiis Junonis iniquae, ^1 635 640 645 6co 6SS 660 6C5 A p. VEROILI MARONIS AKNEIUOS LIU. 1. Nota tibi ; et nostro doluisti saepe dolore. Nunc Phoenissa tenet Dido, blandisque moratur Vocibus : et vereor, quo se Junonia vertant Hospitia ; hauc tanto cessabit cardine rerum. Quocirca capere ante dolis, et cingere flamma Reginam meditor, ne quo se numine mutet, Sed magno Aeneae mecum teneatur amorc. Qua facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe mentem. Regius accitu cari genitoris ad urbem Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Trojae. Hunc ego sopitum somno super alta Cythera Aut super Idalium sacrata sede recondam, Ne qua scire dolos mediusve occurrere possit. Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam Falle dolo, et notos pueri indue voltus : Ut, quum te gremio accipiet laetisssima Dido Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, Quum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno." Paret Amor dictis carae genitricis, et alas Exuit, et gressu gaudens incedit luli. At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietcm Inrigat, et fotum gremio dea tollit in altos Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amarcus ilium Floribus et dulci aspirans complectitur umbra. Jamque ibat dicto parens, et dona Cupido Regia portabat Tyriis, duce laetus Achate. Quum venit, aulaeis jam se regina superbis Aurea composuit sponda, mediamque locavit. Jam pater Aeneas et jam Trojana juventus Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereren.que canistris Expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia vilis. Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates : Centum aliae, totidemque pares aetate ministri, 4'5 670 675 680 68^ 690 69s 700 705 46 p. VEROILI MARONIS AKNRIDOS LIB. L Qui dapibus mensas onerent, et pocula ponant. Necnon et Tyrii per limina laeta frequcntes Convenere, toris jussi discunibjre pictis. Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum Flagrantesque dei voltus simulataque verba Pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho. Praecipue infelix, pesti devota futurae, Expleri mentem nequit ardescitque tuendo Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur. lUe ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit Et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem, Reginam petit. Haec occulis, haec pectore toto Haeret et interdum gremio fovet-, inscia Dido, Insidat quantus miserae deus. At memor ille Matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere amore Jampridem resides animos desuetaque corda. Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque rcinotae, Crateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant. Fit strepitus tectis vocemque per ampla volutant Atria : dependent lychni laquer.iibus aureis Incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt. Hie Regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit Implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes A Belo soliti. Tum facta silentia tectis : " Juppiter, hospitibus nam de te dare jura loquuntur, Hunc laetum Tyriisque diem Trojaque profectis Esse velis nostrosque hujus meminisse minores. Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona Juno ; Et vos, o coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes " Dixit, et it mensam laticum libavit honoreni ; Primaque libato summo tenus attigit ore. Tum Bitiae dedit increpitans : ille impiger hausit Spumantem pateram et pleno se proluit auro : Post alii proceres. Cithara crinitus lopas Personat aurata, docuit quem maximus Atlas. Hie canit errantem lunam solisque labores ; 710 715 720 725 730 735 740 p. YBRaiLT MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB. I. 47 Unde hominum genus, et pecudes ; unde imber et ignes ; Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones : Quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles 745 Hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. Ingeminant plausu Tyrii Troesque sequuntur. Necnon et vario noctem sermone trahebat Infelix Dido longumque bibebat amorem, Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa ; 750 Nunc, quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis ; Nunc, quales Diomedis equi ; nunc, quantus Achilles. " Immo, age, et a prima die hospes origine nobis Insidias,'' inquit, " Danaum, casusque tuorum, Erroresque tuos ; nam te jam septima portat 755 Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas." r^r-r ■' '- 't ■' y- DESCENT OP THE ROMAN JULIAN FAMILY FROSi THE TROJANS. Soamander Teuoer Bate* Ilus JuppitcraEleotra Daraonua Eriohthonius TroB Laoniedon Priam Heotor Assaroous Capys Anohisessiyenus Aeneaa Aaoaniua or Inliu 48 *- NOTES. 1 — Arma virumque cano: *'I sing of arms and the man." Vergil observes the custom of epic poets by announcing his sulyect at the outset : cp. the opening lines of the Iliad, Odyssey and Paradise Lost — arwa may be used here to show the contrast between the suWect of the Aeneid and that the Georgics (cp. the opening line of Georgic I.), in which the theme, viz., the occupations of rustic life, is announced. — virum, referring to the deeds of Aeneas. Distin- guish cdno and cUno. — qui — littora : •' who of old from the coasts of Troy came, an exile of fate, to Italy and the shore of Lavinium." — primus : Heyne and Wagner, finding a difficulty in reconciling the usual meaning of this with the statement of Antenor's previous settlement, mentioned v. 242, make primus = oliin, "of old." Gallia Cisalpina vrns not formally included in Italia Propria till 42 B.C., and possibly was not considered by Vergil as a part of Italy Proper. Distinguish ora =-aKT^, the land or district on the sea ; litus=f>7iyfilv, the land covered by the breakers of the sea j ripa= ijfiv, the bank of a river. 2—Italiam=:ad Italiam : Vergil, with many other poets, sometimes omits prepositions after verbs of motion : cp. Aen. i, 365, devenere locos ; Shaks. Julius Caesar i, 2 : " But ere we could arrive the spot proposed. "—/ato may be taken (i) with pro/ugus as above, abl. of instr. ; or (2) with venit, abl. manner. In what compound words is pro short? H. 594.5; A. & G. 354, d. — Lavinaque: others read Laviniaque. In scansion, if the latter reading is adopted, % is consonantal, i. e. pronounced y. 3-5—Ille — Latio: "hard driven on land and on the deep by the violence of heaven, for cruel Juno's unforgetful anger, and hard bestead in war also, ere he might found a city and carry his gods into Latium." — iUe : cp. Homeric 8 ye, not the subject of jactatus {est), but in , apposition with qui. — terris—alto i local ablatives : H. 425, note 3; A. & G. 258, f. — stiper&m=superorum, scil. deorum.—^multa— passus, like jactatus, a participle, lit. " much, too, having suffered in war also." — dum — conderet : "in his attempts to build :" H. 519, II., 2 : A. & G. 328. The idea of purposs is implied. — Latio=in Latium in prose. 6 — Unde^a quo, scil., ortum est : "from whom (sprung)." Some think that the three stages of the growth of Rome are referred to, viz., the original settlement at Lavinium, the transference of power to Alba Longa, and the final selection of Rome as the seat of empire. The Latins dwelt in the broad plain between the Sabine moantains and the sea, and traced their descent to King Latinus. The word 4 49 50 VERfilL*S AlV. B. t. Lntuii means the dwellers «)f ihc plain : cp. latua, nXnrfjt, Eng. Jlat ; for the loss of the initial mute, cp. laiix, nM^ ; lavo, irXhveiv, Vergil is incorrect in saying that the Latins were descended from Aeneas, as they existed before his advent : cp. Livy, I . I. Their chief town was Lavinium (now Pratica). 7 A Ihani patr€9 : Alba Longa was the head of a confederacy of thirty Latin towns. After its destruction by Tullus Hostilius, the leading citizens were transferred to Rome, and became incorporated in the common state. Many of the noble families of Rome, notably the . Julii, traced their descent to the Albans.— ^/fra Xon^a occupied a site probably near the convent of Pnlnzzuolo. — vioenia (rt. MtJN, to defend ; cp. &-fibv-eiv), the walls for defensive purposes ; murvn {mun-rua, also rt. mun), a wall of any kind ; paries (rt. PAR, to separate), the partition walls of a house ; maceria, a garden wall. — altae Romae, "of stately Rome." Rome at first occupied the Palatine. Afterwards the CapUoline, Aventine, Esquiline, Ooelian, Viminal, and Quhinal hills were included. Also the PinciaH, Vatican, and Jtiniculan hills, on the Ktruscan side, were brought within the boundaries of the city under Aurelius. 8 — Mu«a : Vergil, following the example of Homer, invokes the muse and refers the whole ^ iot to the gods. Calliope was the muse of epic poetry. — quo numine laao : there are several ways of taking these words ; (l) some supply, impulma fuerit, " by what offended deity was he (Aeneas) constrained;" (2) numine = voluntate, "what purpose (of Juno) being thwarted ;" (3) guo=qua de cavAa^ "for what reason, her {i.e. Juno's) will being thwarted ; " (4) 06 quam laeatonem numinis, "on account of what affront to her purpose ;" (5) "for what offence to the majesty of heaven." The last is probably correct. The first is objectionable because Juno has been mentioned as the offended deity. 9 — Quidve dolens '. "or in what vexation;" lit. "resenting what." For case of quid: H. 371, ill. ; A. & G. 237 b. — tot volvere eaiimi "to run the round of so many misfortunes." For poetic use of infinitive see H. 535, iv. ; A. & G. 331, g. 10 — Insignem pietate : the hero of the Aeneid is distinguished by the epithet plus, which means that he had filial affection as well as religious reverence. He rescues his father from burning Troy (Aen. 2, 723) ; also the gods (Aen. 2, 717). — adire, "to face." For case of laborea see H. 386.3 ; A. & G. 228, a. 11 — Tmpulerit : indirect question ; H. 529, I. ; A. & G. 334. — animia, taken (i) dative, H. 387, A. & G. 231 ; or (2) local ablative. — irae, the plural, denotes the various manifestations of her passions : H. 130, 2 ; A. & G. 65, c. 12 — Urbaantiqua: said with reference to Vergil's own time. Karthage was founded probably about 853 B.C. — Tyrii coloni: "settlers from Tyre ;" the Tyrians founded also Tunes and Utica, near Karthage. NOTFS. 61 ino has been ]'\ -Italiam — longr: longr, may be tnl. — belloque auperhum : " tyrannous in war." 22 — Mxscidio Libyae : "to destrov Libya ;" for the two datives see H. 390; A. & G. 233. Some lead i^xscidio, but excidio is not for exscidio, but for ec-scidio (ec, 9cmdi)) : cp. the forms ecfero, ecfari, ecfodio, found in old writers, -volvere Parcas, scil. avdierat : there is reference here to the thr««d of destiny. The Parcae (rt. par, "to 52 Vergil's aen. b. i. '^t allot : " cp. pars, portio, l-nop-nv) were the goddesses of birth and death : three in luiinbor, Nona, Decuma, Morta, and so the arbiters of human destiny. They were identified with the Greek Molpat (fisipofxai, to allot), Clolho, Lachesis, and Atropos, whose duties are included in the foil, line : — Clotho colum rethiet, Lackesis net, et Atropoa occat : cp. Milton's Lycidas — "Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears, And slits the thin-spun life," '2'A —Mettiens: " fearful of that ;" metuere, to dread with anxiety of some future evil ; timere, to fear an impending danger ; vereri, a respect- ful fear of some superior l)ein<>; ; formidare, to dread. — veteria belli : the war against Troy. — Saturnia, scil. Ji/ia, or dea, according to the Greek theogony. Here (Juno) was the daughter of Kronos identified by the Romans with Saturn. The Romans, however, represent no relationship between Juno and Saturn. 24: -Ad Trojam : ad may be Uiken {i)=-adversus, " against," or (2)= apud, "at." — Argis : here the town is put for the inhabitants=i Argivia, and this for Graecis. Here, or Juno, was worshipped specially at Argos, one of the chief cities of Argolis. — prima, "before all others," or some say, " long ago : " cp. primua, v. 2. 25 — Necdum animo : " nor had the springs of her anger nor the bitterness of her vexation yet gone out of her mind;" €tiam=et jam.— cauaa^ irarum : the motives of wrath ; the plural irae refer to the many manifestations of the passion; see note v. 1 1. — exetdC' rant : "had faded ;" distinguish in meaning exc\do, exddo. 26 — Ani7H0: in prose ex animo i H. 412.2; A. & G. 243, b. — manet: H. 463, I. ; A. & G. ^05, d. — alta—repoiitum=alie (in) mente re- poaitum : " laid away in her mind :" H. 425, N. 3 ; A. & G. 258, f. What figure ? 27 — Judicium Paridia : Paris was judge in the contest of Juno, Venus, and Minerva for the golden apple ; see Tennyson's Oenone. — apretaeque—formae: "and the insult offered to her slighted beauty ;" for obj. gen. : H. 549, N. 2 ; A. & G. 292 a. 28 — Genua inviaum : referring to the birth of Dardanus, the son of Jupiter and Electra and founder oi" the Trojan line. (See genealogical tree, p. 48.) — rapti, scil., ad caelum. 29 — His — super : "fired wiih this, too," i.e. by what has been said in the foregoing lines: H. 416; A. & G. 245. — super = inauper, "be- sides," i.e. in addition to her anxiuty for Karthage. — aequore : why is the preposition in omitted? H. 425, 11. 2 ; A. & G. 258, f. 30 — Reliquiaa Danaum: what words are used in the plural only? H. 131 ; A. & G. ^6.— Danaum: the subj. gen. : H. 396, 11.; A. & G. 214. — What words have um for crum in gen. pi. ? H. 52.3 ; A. ft Q. 40,6. Vergil calls the Greeks Danai, Graii, Ar^ivi, Pelaagi/Archivi. — Achilli : decline NOTES. 63 'il—Latio : H. 414. N. i ; A. & G. 258, a. 32 — Errabanti " (had wandered and) were still wandering;" H. 469, 11. 2 ; A. & G. 277, b. 33 — Tantae—erat i "so vast a work it was;" H. 402; A. & G. 214, d, &215. " • 34_ Vergil, following the usual method of epic poets, plunges the reader in medias res (Horace A. P. 148), the earlier adventures being left for the hero to tell in Books II. & III. The Trojans have now left the port of Drepanum in Sicily. The natural order for a connected narrative would have been Books II., III., v. 315, then Book I. — in altum — laeti : "did they merrily set their sails seaward." S5— Vela dopant, scil., ventia. — laeti, because they expected soon to end their wanderings. —«^)MW,a« scUis: observe the alliteration, "the foam of the salt sea ;" sal ; cp. oAf jj. — acre, the bronze keels of the vessel=oercw carinis. — ruebant=eruebant. 36 — Qutim Juno — aecvm, scil., loquitur i "when Juno, nursing the un- dying wound in her heart, thus communes with herself." — sub pectore, "in her heart," lit. "beneath her breast." The heart was the seat of intellect according to the Romans ; the lower organs were the seat of passions. — servans : cp. Burns' Tam O'Shanter, " nursing her wrath to keep it warm." 37 — Mene — victam : " What 1 am I to desist from my purpose, as one baffled?" The accusative with inf. denotes indignation here : H. 539, in.j A. & G. 274.— incc/>to : H. 413, N. 3 ; A. &; G. 243, a. 38 — Nee — regem : " and am I not able to turn the leader of the Trojans aside from Italy? " — Italia : k. 414; A. & G. 258, a. S9—Quippe (=qui-pe) : " because forsooth," ironical ; cp. S^irov, — Pallas, epithet of Athene (Minerva), from (i) TraTJXeiv, to brandish, or (2) ir&TJua^, a maiden. — Ne^=nonne: H. 351, l, ; A. & G. 210, a. — Argivum : see note on v. 30. 40 — Ip80ii=avTobc : "the crew themselves," opposed to the ships. — -ponto : abl. either of instrument or of place. 41 — Ob noxam et/urias : either "on account of the guilt and frenzy," or (by enaUage)—ob noxam furiosam : "on account of the guilty deeds committed in frenzy." — With Oilei, scW. ,JUii Ajax is said to have offered violence to Cassandra, priestiss of Minerva, daughter of Priam. For another account see Ajax (Proper Names). Scan this line. 42 — Ipsa: "she with her own hand." Pallas and Jupiter were the only deities who are represented as wielding the thunderbolt. 44 — Pectore: abl. separation: H. 414, N. i ; A. & G. 243, b. — turbine: abl. of means: H. 420, A. & G. i^S.—acopuh: local abl. ordat. : H. 425, N. 3 : A. & G. 260, a. 54 vehgil's AEN. B. I. \ 46 — Aat — gero : " but I who walk with stately tread, the queen oi' the gods, I, the sister and wife of Jove, with a single people so many years wage wars. " — ast : archaic form of at. The language of epic poetry affected archaisms. Note the majestic gait of Juno is imitated by the spondaic character of the verse. 47 — M soror et conjunx : Kaaiyvfirtjv hTuox^v re : Horn. II. i6, 432. — annos : H. 379, A. & G. 256. 48 — Oero: "have been (and still am) watjing :" H. 467,2, A. & G. 276, a. — quisquam : implying a negative ; H. 457 ; A. & C. 105 h. Distinguish quisquam, ulliis and quivis, qnitibet.—adorat : others read adoret : H. 485, A. & G. 268. 49 — Praeterea=posthae : "hereafter."— aria : H. 386, A. & G. 228. 50— Corde : H. 425, N. 3 ; A. & G. 258 f. 51 — We have in the following lines a lively personification of the winds. Loca — austris: "a place big with blustering blasts." The winds mentioned in the Aeneid are: N., Boreas; N. E, Aquilo ; IS.., Eurus', S., Notua or Auster ; S.W., Afncus; W., Zephyrua ; N.W., Corns or Caurm; N.'N.W., lapyx. Distinguish in mean- ing loca, loci. 52 — Distinguish in tense vSnit, venit.— antrum : a cave or grotto, as a beautiful object with reference to its romantic appearance and cooling temperature : specua, a gap with a longish opening ; spelunca, a cavity in a merely physical relation, with reference to its darkness or dreadfulness. 53 — We have here a finfe example of imitative harmony (onomatopoeia), the hissing sounds of the winds being well represented by the suc- cessive s's : " the struggling winds and sounding storms." 54 — Imp*irio—frenat t " restrains beneath his sway and curbs them with fetters in his prison house." The picture of the winds mry have been suggested by the hidl Cireenses, at winch chariot racing was one of the chief features. — Imperio : H. 420 ; A. & G. 248. — vinclis et carcere^vinclia in carcere, or some sa.y= vinclis carceria : what figure ? 56 — Illi—fremunt: " they chaffing, while the great rock roars responsive, rage round the prison bars." Note the alliteration. — magna cum murmure, a substitute for the ablative absolute. 57 — Sceptra tenem = aKnnTovxoc : "sceptre in hand." — animoa: "pas- sions." — iraa: "rage:" cp. v. 25, note. 58 — Ni archaic form of nisi : see ast, v. 48. — fnciat—ferant — verrant : the pres. for impf. gives greater vividness : A. & G. 307, b. — quippe, " doubtless," ironical. Note, verrant is intransitive, "sweep." 61 — Molem et montes=mole^>. montium (by hendiadys) ; "a mass of moun- tains,"— MWMj^cr : "on the top of them." NOTES. 55 2. — annos : lass of psoun* 62 — Regemque — habeas t "and gave them such a king as knew, when bidden (by Jove), by a fixed law either to tighten or to loosen the reins." — qui — scirei, forsubj.: H. 497, i ; A. & G. 317. — premere, scil., htUienas Jove. or verUoa. — dare laxa»=laxare.—yti98ua, scil., a 65 — Namque : in prose usually etenim, introduces a self-evident reason, "seeing that." Here the particle assigns the reason of her coming to him : "I have come to you, for, as you know," &c. — divum — rex ; Horn. II. 1.544 ; i^ariip avSpav re aeav re. 66 — Miilcere — tollere=:ut mulceas — tolkis: H. 535, iv.; A. & G. 331. g. — vento must be taken with both mulcere and toUere. The ancients seem to have thought that some winds calmed, while other winds raised the sea. 67 — Aequor: a kind of cognate accusative ; H. 371. II. N.; A. & G. 338: cp. iivai 6S6v. J8 — Ilium — Penates : the meaning seems to be that the conquered Trojans will in Italy perpetuate their lace and establish their religion. I'he Penates are said to be victoa, as their old home Ilium was destroyed. — Penates, Roman household gods, of which each family had itg own. These were worshipped with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. Each city also had its Penates. Those of Lanuvium, the chief city of Latium, were brought by Aeneas from Troy. Afterwards they were transferred to Rome. The root of penates is from pa, or, pat, " to nourish :" cp. irar^p, irdaig (=7r(5nf ), Aea-irdr-T/f : cp. pater^ pasco, pania, penus : Eng. father. The word may therefore mean the images -of " the original founders" of the clan or gens. 69 — Incute — ventis: 'rouse thy winds to fury ;" lit. " strike strength into the winds," as if by a blow of his sceptre. — submeraaa : " so that they will be sunken, a proleptic use of the participle (cp. v. 29)=b obrnie et submerge puppes : cp. Shaks. King John, " Heat me those irons hot." 70 — Diversos, scil., viros, "the crew far apart.' scil,, naves. Others read diversaa, 71 — Corpore: abl. specification : H. 419. ll.; A. & G. 251. 72 — Deiopea. If this be the correct reading, Deiopea is a case of inverted attraction, i.e., the antecedent is attracted into the case of the rela- tive quae : cp. vs. 573. Others read Deiopeam. 73 — Jungam, scil., tibi. — conubio : to get over the difficulty of scansion, some take this word as a trisyllable, making i consonant, i.e.=s^. — propriam^=perpetuam i "and grant her to thee as your wife for ever:" cp. Eel. 7.31. 15—Pulchra prole : taken either (i) with parenUm, abL quality, or (2) with faeM as, abL means. •l 56 VKRGILS AEN. B. I. 6 — Tuita — explorare : " thine is the task to determine what thou choosest." — optea : subj . of dependent question : H. 529 j A. & G. 334- 77 — Ta — tu — tui note the emphasis : "'tis thou who gavest me whatever realm this is which I have." — sceptra Jovemque : '* the sceptre and the favor of Jove," or by hendiadys=scc/)o, 6ijr, "a squall howling with the north wind," abl. oi accompaniment. 104 — Avertit, %a\., 8e==avertitur {m\A(\\Q ioxct), " swings round." 105 — Dai, soil., prora : "the prow exposes the side (of the ship) to the waves." — inseqiiitur — mona i "close (on the ship) in a mass comes on a precipitous mountain billow." — insequitur, scil., navem. — cumvio, abl. manner, with insequitur. 106 — Hi, properly=wr», " the crew," but by 8i/necdoche-=Jiae naves. — hia — aperit : " to those the yawning billow discloses ground amid the waves." Distinguish unda, a wave, arising from the ordinary motion of water ; fluctua, a wave, caused by some external force, as storms. 107 — FurU — arenia : " the seething flood rages with sand." — arenia : abl. of instrument. Conington translates : " sand and surf are raving together." 108 — Ahreptaa — torquet^=ahripnit et torquet: "has caught and whirls." — latentia, " hidden" by the overflowing sea in stormy weather ; in a calm they wf -e visible. 109 — Saxa — araa. The order is aaxa quae mediia in fluctibua {exatantia) Jtali vocant Aras : " rocks which (standing out) in the midst of the billows the Italians call Altars." The saxa referred to are probably the rocks just outside the bay of Karthage. Of these, the insula Aegimuri is the chief. Some say the Karthaginians priests used to offer sacrifices there to avert shipwrecks on the rocks, hence the term Ara. Others say the Skerki rocks are alluded to, situated in the shallow between Tunis and Sicily. 110 — Dorsum — summo : "a vast reef rising to the surface of the main." — dorsum, properly "a back" of an animal: cp. x^^P^C, properly a low, rugged rock rising like a hog's back jn the surface of the waves. — mari : local abl. — Ab alto : " from the high seas." Ill — In hrevia et Syrtes=in brevia (loca) Syrtium : "on the shoals of the Syrtes." The Syrtes (so called from dragging in the ships; imb Tov aipeiv rag vfjag, or from the Arabian word Sert, meaning a desert,) were two gulfs in Northern Africa, the Syrtis Major (Qulf of Stdra), the Syrtis Minor (Gulf of Kkaba), — visa : H. 547 j A. & G. 303. NOTES. 59 114 — Tprius, scil., Aeneae. Ipse like nvrdg is often used as a superior, as of a leader, master, &c.: cp. nvrbg i—Hil}H; " the calm sea lies safe and still," lit. "the calm "»p\, <'jL(e (frinn the wiiulsi, is still." — luta may, however, mean "safe for ships." — turn — curuHcls i " then a background of waving woods." — scaena : cp. OKfjVJ], the background of the Roman theatre, the circular form of the bay {ainns) having suggested the idea of the pit (cavea). — silvia: abl. quality. Distinguish silva, a wood in a general sense, with reference to the timber =l;A^: wenttM, a plea- sant place, a grove = viJ/if^f. 166 — Fronte — antrum: "beneath the brow (of the cliff) facing (the en- trance of the harbour) is a cavern (formed) of hanging rocks." — seopulia, abl. of description. — with antrum supply eat. 167 — Aquae dukes : " springs of fresh water ;" opposed to aquae amarae, " salt water springs." — vivo saxo : " of native (i.e. unhewn) rock," abl. of description. 168— iVbn — ulla = nulla. The calmness of the harbour is contrasted with the raging of the sea. — feasas : the ships are spoken of as if en- dowed with life: cp. Shaks. Komeo and Juliet: "thy sea-sick weary bark." 169 — Unco — morsu: "with its crooked bite." Vergil here is guilty of anachronism. Anchors were not in use in the Homeric ships, •• which had large stones (erwai, aleepera) to steady them. nO—Septem : the original number was 2o in all (vs. 381). The seven were made up oi three Jrom the reef (vs. 108), three from the sand bank (vs. no), and hia own. -coUectis : "mustered." — navt6u« : abl. of accompaniment, or abl. abs. VJl—Subiti "enters." — amore = deaiderio: "longing," for something absent or wanting. 172 — Egresai, scil., ex navibrn : "having disembarked;" cp. iKpaivu, often used with sk v^of omitted. — arena: what other case does potior govern? H. 410, v. 3 ; A. & G. 223, a. nS—M — ponunt ; " and they stretch on the shores their limbs drenched with brine :" tab-e«, tab-esco same root as t^/k-o) by laljialism. n^—Silici : " from flint ;" for dat : H. 385.4 ; A, & G. 229, c. 115 —Sttscepitque—foUia : "and nursed the fire amid the leaves :" H. 420; A. & G. 248. — atque — dedit : "and besides he placed around (the fire, i.e., ignem) dry chips ;" or circum — dedit may be by tm.esU=: eircumdedit, scil., igni. The original meaning ol dare (cf. with root DA, 9t in Tl-%rt-\u) is "to place." W^—Enpwtcpit—fiammam. Servius says rapmt-=raptim feeU, "and quickly he started a blaze among the touchwood " Heyne makes 64 Vbroil's ABN. B. I. i r raf)uU^=raptim exi'rpit, pr(>l)ably meaning that the fire started by rubbing; togetht-r the dry pieces of wood and then quickly placing the fire around the tinder. m—Certtrem corruptam : " the corn damaged ;" note the metonymy : so vs. 215. — Cerealia arma : " the vessels of Ceres," may refer to the handmitl {aaxa), kneading trough, etc. 178 — Exfiediunt: "they fetch," out of tlie ships.— /fj?«i rerum, either "weary with the world," or reruinsi erum odi>erHarum, "weary with their misfortunes:" H. 399.3; A. & G. 218, c.—receptan ; " recovered" from the sea. eKdireh)^, Lat. »iiecula, 180 — Scopalum, properly, "a look-out;" cp. SVEC-OKEK, by metalheaia. 181 — Pelago, see note on alto, vs. 126 ; the abl. of the space moved over in vision : "o'er the deep." — Anlhea—videat : lit. "if he can see any Antheus," i.e., "if he can anywhere see Antheus " It may also he taken, "in the hope that fie may see some tempest-to>sed (hark of ) Antheus." For Anthea quern— Anthei quam (navem): cp. iEn. 2.31 1 ; jam proximus arUet Ucalegon=jam proxhna ardet domua ucalegontin. For mood of videat: H. 529, 11. i ; A. & G. 334, f. — biremea : Vergil is guilty of an anachronism here, as no such ships existed in the Homeric era. 183 — Arma, shields arranged on the stern which would flash in the sun* shine : cp. Mn. 8. 92. 184 — Some have raised the question whether deer are found in Africa. l^i—Armenta: properly, "ploughing cattle," i.e., "oxen," but often applied to other kinds of animals : to horses (^11. 3. 540) ; to apes (Pliny 7, 2) ; to sea monsters (Georg. 4. 395).— jumeH^MTH (=jug- mentum) : "draft cattle." 186 — Hie : distinguish in meaning Ale, htc, 190 — Sternit : "he lays low." — vulgus, said of beasts, cp. Georg. 3, 469 : vulgua incautum. — et turbam : "and driving with his shafts the whole herd (of deer), he disperses them amid the leafy woods." 192 — Priua tjuam, denotes purpose : hence the subj. in fundat. — prius — aeqiiet : " nor stays he till he stretches on the sod seven great victims and thus has a number equal to that of the ships." — prius quam : H. 520, 2 ; A. & G. 327, a. — humi : what other words are used in the locative ? H. 426, 2 ; A. & G. 258, d. 194— Par icplv *:.\/i.»v ; ■>r, "for we have not been formerly ignouat of mUlotune," '.%k'w^ ante aumtu ssirAXai iofiiv, 199 — 0—graviijya : "O ye who have sufibi-ed 'ic.vicr woia.** 200 — Scijllaeam rahiem (by eHaUage)^^S yiimn (ahUlu,)i\ "this ratjint^ "resounding through their cavernsi," or "deep soundi'ii ' The reference is to CliaryMis. Th* ori'iiratuooehi vvoii iiuiutts the hissing sound of the scethlag vhiripuol. 201 — Arce8tis=acce8aistiH: "you drew ne.Tr." For similar rases uf fjWt'tJiiJi", in Vergil: cp. cxtinxem, cxtinxti, tra>;e, vi..:ei: H. .^35.3 ; A. & G. 128, b. — Cyclopea aaxa, referring to the. ciive of I'olyp'nemu'i. The usual quantity is CyclopSua, nol Cyclopiuj; t,.\.; Aeii. 3.569. 203 — Forsan—juvabit : " this, too, sometime we shall hap'y r<;'-«t'mber with delicht ;" elipticsxl for forssk an: ih., "the chuncf. maybe whether," i.e., "perhaps," H. 485 ; A. iSr G. 311, a. Sec, note 01 forte, vs. 151. — olim, here = aliquando ni proi^ • see nofe, '-.s. io. 204 — Diacrimina rervm=re8 periculoaas. — discrimen ; properiy, tae turn- ing point ; root KRI, "to decide" or " to separate;" cerno tpiVO. 205 — Ttndimua, sell., iter; "we pursue our course." 206— 0«^en(2un< : "promise."— /cw csit. "'.is her. 'en's will."— /