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 IN PREPARATION: 
 
 To b« Published in December, 1877: 
 
 A THOROUGHLY REVISED EDITION 
 or 
 
 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 (Illvstbatbd,) 
 
 > For tie use of Younger Pupils^ 
 
 BEING INTRODUCTORY TO LOVELL's GENERAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 With Sevena ^ew Maps. 
 
 1 
 
 • JUST PUBLISHBO: 
 
 FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS: 
 LOYBLL'S 
 
 HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA 
 
 AHD OraSB VABTB OF 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 A 
 
 K^ 
 
 V 
 
 Library 
 
 of the 
 
 University of Toronto 
 
LOVELIVS 
 
 FIRST STEPS 
 
 IN 
 
 GENERAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS ; 
 
 BEING INTKODUCTOUY TO LOVKLL's " EASV LESSONS IN GKNKUAL GEOGRAPHY.' 
 
 •' The study of Geograpliy is both profitable and dcUshthil."— Milton. 
 
 pirntrcal : 
 PUBLISHED BY JOHN LOVELL, 
 
 AND SOLI) IJY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 1877. 
 
t 
 
 ^ li 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The ''First Steps in General Geography" is designed to be an 
 introduction to the " Easy Lessons." It has been prepared to meet the 
 wants of young children who have received their preliminary oral intro- 
 duction to the study of Geography, but are unable, with profit, to take up 
 a more advanced text-book. Although it is thus of an elementary character, 
 care has been taken to ensure accuracy, and it is believed that pupils will 
 liave nothing to unlearn when a more advanced work is placed in their 
 hands. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Pailianiinil of ('anada, in tlu^ year 
 one thousand ciyht liiindrod and sevonty-sovon, by -loiix 
 LovEi.L, in the oilico of the Minister of Agriculture and 
 Stati8tic.^, at Ottawa. 
 
First steps in General Geography. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 PliELIMINARY LESSONS. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 The Earth and its Appearance. 
 
 Q. Where does the light of day corae from ? 
 
 A. From the Sun, which appears so 
 bright in the sky every clear morning. 
 
 Q. In what direction does the Sun appear to go ? 
 A. From east to west, across the sky. 
 
 Q. When the Sun is out of sight at night, what 
 do we see if the sky is clear ? 
 
 A. The Stars always, and the Moon 
 with licr changing phases, from a crescent 
 to a circle. 
 
 Q. Does the Sun rise every moniing, as he ap- 
 pears to do ? 
 
 A. No : it is the Earth which turns 
 round, and thus brings the Sun into view 
 every morning. 
 
 Q. Where are the Stars during the day ? 
 
 A. In the sky ; but when the Sun shines 
 brightly we cannot see them. 
 
 Q. Whence does the Moon get her light ? 
 
 A. The Moon gets her light from the 
 Sun. 
 
 Q. Are the Stars as large as the Moon ? 
 
 A. Yes, much larger ; but they look 
 smaller, because they are so much farther 
 off. 
 
1^ 
 
 FIIIST STEPS JN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Q. How lon«j does it take the Eartli to tnni once 
 rouiul ? 
 
 A. About 24 hours ; giving us about 12 
 
 hours of day, and 12 hours of night. 
 
 lp:sson II. 
 
 Time and its Divisions. 
 
 Q. Name tlie princiijal divisions of time. 
 
 A. vSeconds, minutes, hours,, days, weeks, 
 months, years and centuries. 
 
 Q. Can you repeat the Time Table ? 
 
 A. Yes : GO seconds make 1 minute. 
 00 minutes " 1 lunir. 
 24 hours " 1 day 
 7 <lays " 1 week. 
 
 4 weeks (and two or tliree 
 days) make 1 month. 
 12 montiis make 1 year. 
 100 years make 1 century. 
 
 Q. How many days or weeks are in a year ? 
 
 A. .30')! days, or 52 weeks. 
 
 Q. How many days are there in eacli montli ? 
 
 A . Thirty days hath September, 
 April', June, and November : 
 February alone; hatli twenty-eight, 
 And all the rest have thirty-one ; 
 Rut leap-year condng once in four, 
 February then hath one day more. 
 
 Q. Into liow many seasons is the year divided ? 
 A. Into four : called Spring, Summer, 
 Autumn (or Fall), and Winter. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 What Geography Teaches. 
 
 Q. Wliat are you to learn from this book ? 
 A. Ge-6g-ra-phy, or some ucoount of the 
 Earth. 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
le 
 
 Fig. 3.— THB QliiUtSPaBItBg. 
 
 Q. What is the meaninjj of the word Geography ? 
 
 A. A written account, or description, of 
 the Earth. 
 
 Q. Wliat is the Earth ? 
 
 A. The great Globe on which we live. 
 
 Q. Who made the Earth ? 
 
 A. "In the beginning God created the 
 heaven and the earth." — Genesis i. 1. 
 
 Q. What is the shape of the Earth ? 
 
 A. A ball, or an orange. It has the sk}-^ 
 all around it. Fig. 1, 
 
 Q. Wliat is meant bv tiie Natural Divisions of the 
 Enrtli ? 
 
 A. The divisions formed by nature, such 
 as Islands, Rivers, Lakes, Seas, Oceans, 
 &c., &c. 
 
 Q. Did you ever see a River, Ishmd, or Lake ? 
 If so, tell me what a river is like ; what an island is 
 like ; and what a lake is like. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 The Hemispheres. 
 
 Q. What name has the Earth ? 
 
 A. It is called a Planet, a World, and a 
 Sphere. 
 
 Q. How is the world pictured to us ? 
 
 A. Either on a globe or on a map. 
 
 Q. Which is theeasiestwayof showing the w'..>l^ 
 Eartii ? 
 
 A. On a globe ; for we can then see its 
 different sides, and how the land and water 
 on it are connected. 
 
 Q. How is tlie Earth (when it is shown on a 
 map) made to look like a ball ? 
 
 A. By means of curved lines which make 
 it appear round, as in Fig. 6. 
 
 Q. How is it that we can only see one-half of the 
 round World on a map ? 
 
 A. Because, as the paper is flat, we can- 
 not s! ow in one picture more than half of 
 a round body. 
 
 ■,m'\'< 
 
 ■■ -■j»i«m'mmmiiifi0v«m 
 
mte 
 
 M 
 
 1*1 
 
 6 
 
 YJllST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Fig. 4.— wkstern hemisphere. 
 
 Q. How, then, is the other half of the World 
 shown ? 
 
 A. On a second map, which shows the 
 other half of the World. 
 
 Q. What are these halves called ? 
 
 A. Hem-i-spheres [-feers], or half- 
 globes. 
 
 Q. Which two Hemispheres are most generally 
 shown or used in Geographies ? 
 
 A. The Eastern and Western Hemi- 
 spheres. Figs. 4 and 5. 
 
iiidb 
 
 A 
 
 VARIOUS OBJECTS OX LAND. 
 
 4 
 
 •ally 
 
 mi- 
 
 Fig. 5.— KASTERN HEMISIMIERE. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 it 
 
 Various objects on Land. 
 
 Note. Lot the pupils answer the following ques- 
 tions in thei • own language, ^ 
 
 Q. Is there any hill between this school house 
 and your home ? If so, where ? Is it high or low ? 
 
 Q. Did you ever see a river ? Tell me what it looks 
 like, and if its banks are high ©r low. 
 
 Q. Were you ever in a city, or a town ? How 
 do they differ from the country ? 
 
 Q. Have you seen a railway? If so describe it. 
 
 Q. Do you know what a telegraph, with its poles 
 and wire, is for ? Is there one near this place ? 
 
 Q. Describe an orchard, and tell me the dif- 
 ference between it and the woods or forests. 
 
 Q. Do you think there is any difference between 
 a ix)nd and a lake ? If so, what is the difference ? 
 
dik 
 
 8 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 - ' "'.1 • - ' -v ' - - - 
 
 :^t^,ir^?°fV-. 
 
 
 
 SO^jT^H 
 
 \/ 
 
 
 ^firElNVs^**' 
 
 Fic. C. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 Great Land and Water Divisions. 
 
 Q. How is the surface of the Glol;e divided ? 
 
 A. Into land and water. 
 
 Q. Is tliere more laud than Avater ? 
 
 A. More water ; there is only about one- 
 fourth as much land as water. 
 
 Q. How is tlie land on the surface of the Globe 
 divided ? 
 
 A, Into six great divisions. 
 
 Q. What are they called? 
 
 A. Five are called Con-ti-nents ; the 
 sixth, called 0-ce-a-ni-a [o-she], is made 
 up of a continent and a great many islands 
 lying in one of the oceans. 
 
 Q. Name these divisions, and ponit theui out on 
 the i.i!ip. 
 
 A. 1. North America; 2. South Ameri- 
 ca ; 8. Europe ; 4. Asia ; 5. Africa ; and 6. 
 Oceania. 
 
 Q. What are the greatest water-divisions of tlie 
 Globe called ? 
 
 A. Oceans. 
 
 Q. Describe an Ocean. 
 
 A. An Ocean is one of the largest bodies 
 of water, very deep and salt 
 
 (^. Name the Oceans, and point them out on the 
 map. 
 
 A. The Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arc- 
 tic, and Ant-arc-tic. 
 
 ^. Where is the Atlantic Ocean ? 
 
 A. It lies between America, P^urope and 
 Africa. 
 
 Q. Wliere is the Pacific Ocean ? 
 
 A. It lies between America and Asia. 
 
 Q. Where is the Indian Ocean ? 
 
 A. It lies between Africa and Australia. 
 
 Q. Where are the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans ? 
 
 A. The Arc-tic Ocean is at the North 
 Pole, and the Ant-arc-tic at the South 
 Pole. 
 
 LESSON YII. 
 Divisions of Land on the Globe. 
 
 (}. Name the chief natural divisions of Land. 
 A. Continents, Islands, Pen-in-su-las, 
 Isth-mus-es, Capes, &c. 
 
 + 
 
'taMnMiMM'U.^'V 
 
 DIVISION'S OF LAND ON THE (iLOBK. 
 
 9 
 
 Q. Whiit is a continent ? I Q. Wliat is a cai)e ? 
 
 A. A vast portion of la;i<l cuutuiiiliig , yl. A piet;e of land strotching out into 
 many countries. | an oroan, a sea, or a lake 
 
 Fig. 7.— AN ISLAND [XKWFOUNDIiAND.] 
 
 q. What is an island ? 
 
 A. A largo, or small piece of land, with 
 water all round it. 
 
 Q. Wliat is a peninsula ? 
 A. A piece of land with water nearly all 
 round it. 
 
 Q. What is an istlnnus ? 
 A. A narrow neck or piece of land jom- 
 ing together two larger pieces of land. 
 
 Fig. 8.— PENINSULA [NOVA SCOTIA] AND ISTHMUS. 
 
 Fig. 9.— CAPE, PROMONTORY AND COAST. 
 
 Q. What is a plain ? 
 
 A. A wide piece or tract of land nearly 
 level. 
 
 Q What is a prairie ? 
 
 A. A great plain covered with g-rass and 
 hrushwood. 
 
 i^. What is a desert ? 
 
 A. A large jjiece or tract of barren land. 
 
 q. What is an oasis ? 
 
 A. A spot in a desert in which grass or 
 trees and water are found. 
 
 Q. Wliat is a mountain ? 
 
 A. A verv high hill. 
 
 Q. Wliat is the top of a mountain called ? 
 
 A. The summit ; but when pointed, it is 
 called apeak. 
 
 Q. What is a volcano ? 
 
 ui. A burning mountain, out of which 
 come fire and smoke. 
 
V!:;srsmmk 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GP^NERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Fig. 10.— PirTOKTAL ILLrSTRATIOXS OF VATIIOXTS OEOOnAPniCAL TERMS- 
 
 Q. Point out on the above illustration, and describe in your 0Wi» words, the following land divisions : 
 Island,— Peninsula,— Isthmus.— Cape,— Promontory,— Coast,— Beach,— Mountain-range,— A' olcano,— Valley, 
 —Desert. Also the following water-divisions :—Ocean,~Sea,— Archipelago,— Gulf,— Bay,— Inlet,— Creek,— 
 Lake,— Strait.— Sound,— Roadstead,— Harbour,— Port,— Source of Kiver,— River,- Stream. —Waterfall,— 
 Rapids,— Deltii of River.— Canal. 
 
 Q. Point out in the illustration, and describe in your own words, the following objects on land :— Village, 
 —Town,— City,— Capital,— Fore8t,—Railway,—Telegraph,—Fort,— Lighthouse. 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
+ 
 
 
 i 
 
 DIVISIONS OF WATER ON THE GLOBE. 
 
 11 
 
 Q. What is a valley ? 
 
 A, A Viillcy is ii tract of land lying be- 
 tween mountains or hills. 
 
 Fig. 11.— A VOLCANO, 
 
 Q. What is a coast ? 
 
 A. A coast or shoie is that part of the 
 land which borders on a sea, or a lake. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 Divisions of Water on the Globe. 
 
 Q. How is the water on the surface of the j^lobe 
 divi.led ? 
 
 A. Into oceans, [o-shans] seas, lakes, 
 
 rivers, &c. 
 
 Q. Wliat is ail ocean ? 
 
 A. The largest .space of water known. 
 Q. What is a sea ? 
 
 A. A very large space of water lying 
 between different countries. 
 
 Q. What is a gulf ? 
 
 A. A large space of water stretching 
 into the land. 
 
 Q. What is a bay or inlet ? 
 A. A smaller space of water stretching 
 into the land. 
 
 Fig. 12.— A LAKE. 
 
 Q. What is a lake ? 
 
 A. A large or small body of ^vater with 
 land all round it. Fi<jure 12. 
 
 Q. What is a .strait ? 
 
 A. A narrow passage of water connect- 
 ing two large bodies of water. Figure 13. 
 
 Fig. 1."].— STRAIT, CnAMNEL, ETC. 
 
 Q. What is a spring ? 
 
 A. AVater springing up out of the 
 
 ground. 
 
 Bummmm 
 
.-iMm^fM- '4. 
 
 12 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GE(J(illAPH V. 
 
 Q. Wliiit is a rivor ? 
 
 yl. A lar<re stream of fresh water run- 
 iiing in a channel throngh the land. 
 
 Q. Whiit :.! ii wiiterfall ? 
 
 A. Water falling over a bank, or over 
 rocks. 
 
 Q. Wliat is ii riii)iil ? 
 
 A. Water rapidly descending over stones 
 or rocks, in a shallow portion of a river. 
 
 Q. Wlijit iire those rivers called whicli How to 
 other rivers ? 
 
 A. Branches, tributaries or affluents. 
 
 Q. What is a canal / 
 
 A. A passage (like a river) dug out for 
 water, and intended for ships and boats to 
 pass through. 
 
 Q. What is a swami) ? 
 
 A. A low, marshy piece of country. 
 
 I inilo. i 1 inil(>. 
 
 1 in. 8(]., I 1 III. s(|., 
 iir 1 sci.ni.ior Isij. in. 
 
 1 111. 81]., 
 
 or 1 sq. 111. 
 
 I III. S(|., 
 
 >r I sij. Ill, 
 
 ■^ is 
 
 si 
 
 ."" CI 
 
 .'{ iiiilos ill leiprth. 
 
 J 111. Sl|., 1 I 111. 8(1., I 1 lll.Hq., I 
 
 or Js(!.in. or Isq.ni. or Isq.iii. ■ 
 
 I III.SIJ., 1 111. M(|., I ?||.S(1., 
 
 or 1sq.m, , or .S(j. 111. or Istj-iii. 
 
 2 ni. sq., or 4 sq. m. ^.j^,. 14 a square miles. 
 
 Q. Wiiat is one mile s(]iiarc? 
 
 A. A s(jiiare piece oi" comitry, every 
 side of whicii is a nnle in len<>th. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 Size, Motions, and Measurement of the 
 Earth. 
 
 Q. How is a country measured ? 
 
 A. By miles of length and breadth, and . 
 by square miles. 
 
 Q. What is a mile in length ? 
 
 A. The distance of 17G0 yards, in a 
 straight line, between one j^lace and an- 
 other. Figure 14. 
 
 Fig. 15.— A I'lECE OF COUNTRY KOIR MILKS I.\ 
 LKNOTH HV TWO WIOE, CONTAINS KIGHT SQ. MILES. 
 
 Q. Of what size is the eartli ? 
 
 A. It is about 8,000 miles straight 
 through its centre, and about 24,000 miles 
 round its outside. 
 
 Q. How many motions has the earth 'i 
 A. Three: 1st, its daily motion round 
 its axis ; 2nd, its yearly motion round the 
 Sun ; and 3rd, its motion in space with 
 the other i)lanets. 
 
 als. 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 The World and its Inhabitants. 
 
 Q. ()t what is the crust of the oartli made ? 
 A. Of clav, sand, rocks, stones, and met- 
 
 "■ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
■«*-«l*tt,*»w'A- 
 
 i um mmmi% 
 
 GOVERNMENTS AND RELIGIONS OP THE EARTH. 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Q. Name some of the principal metiils. 
 
 A. Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and 
 
 tin. 
 
 Q. What grow out of the earth's surface ? 
 
 A. Trees, plants, grass, grain, vegetables. 
 
 &c. 
 
 Q. What Ivind of living creatures are found on 
 it? 
 
 A. Men of different races, and all kinds 
 
 of tame and wild beasts, birds, reptiles, and 
 
 insects. 
 
 Q. Does anything live in the ocean ? 
 A. Yes : great whales and various kinds 
 of lish. 
 
 Q. Can anything else bat whales and fish live in 
 the waters ? 
 
 A. Yes : many birds and animals live 
 
 partly on land, and partly in the water. 
 
 Q. How was mankind scattered over the earth ? 
 
 A. A long time after Adam and Eve [our 
 first parents] died, their children, or descend- 
 ants, who attempted to build the Tower 
 of Babel up to heaven, were scattered by 
 God over '* the face of all the earth." — 
 Genesis xi. 8. 
 
 Q. Have they now all the same colour ? 
 
 A. No : those who remained in Asia are 
 copper-coloured ; those who went into Eu- 
 rope, became white ; and those who went 
 into Africa, became black. 
 
 ^ 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 
 Governments and Religions. 
 
 Q. What is a country ? 
 
 A. It is a portion of land inhabited by a 
 particular people. 
 
 Q. Do aii the inhabitants of the world live in 
 one country ? 
 
 A. No : They live in different countries, 
 and are divided into a great many na- 
 tions. 
 
 Q. Are they ruled by the same laws and the 
 same kind of government ? 
 
 A. No : each nation has its own lews 
 and its own kind of government. 
 
 Q. Wliat is the city or place called at which the 
 laws are made ? 
 
 A. The Capital, or chief city. See Fig. 
 10. 
 
 Q. What are the names of the great national 
 divisions of the earth ? 
 
 A. Empires, Kingdoms, Dominions, 
 Republics, Duchies, and Principalities. 
 
 Q. What is an empire ? 
 
 A. One or more countries governed by 
 an Emperor, an Empress, or a Sultan. 
 
 Q. What is a kingdom ? 
 
 A. A Kingdom, or Monarchy, is one or 
 more countries governed by a King or 
 Queen. 
 
 Q. What is a dominion ? 
 A. A country governed by a Deputy of 
 the King or Queen to whom it belongs. 
 
 Q. What is a republic ? 
 
 A. A country governed by a ruler call- 
 ed a President, who is elected for a certain 
 number of years. 
 
 Q. What are duchies and principalities ? 
 
 A. Countries governed by Dukes and 
 Princes. 
 
 Q. How do nations become civilized ? 
 
 A. By means of the religion of the Bible, 
 aided by education and good government. 
 
 Q. In what do pagans or idolaters believe ? 
 A. They believe in false gods, and wor- 
 ship idols. made by their own hands. 
 
'i 
 
 li' 
 
 14 
 
 FIKST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Q. In what do Christians l)elieve ? 
 
 A. Tiiey " believe in God, tlie Fatiikr 
 Almighty, maker of Heaven and Earth ; 
 in Jksus Christ, his only son onr Loud ; " 
 and in "• the Holy Ghost, the Comfort- 
 er." They believe also in the Bible, as 
 God's word. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 xhe Mariner's Compass. 
 
 Q. What is the mariner's compass ? 
 A. An in-stru-ment made for the use of 
 mar-i-ners or sailors, at sea. 
 
 Q. How is it made ? 
 
 A. A small pi .ce of steel, called a needle, 
 to which is attached a circular card, is 
 placed in a round box, on a point or pivot, 
 upon which it can turn round easily. 
 
 Q. lu wliat direction does this needle point ? 
 A. To the North, as shown in Fig. 16, 
 or towards the South. 
 
 Q. Of what use is the compass ? 
 
 A. As it always points in one direction, 
 sailors and travellers know how to find 
 their way across water and land. 
 
 Q. Name the four principal points of the com- 
 pass . 
 
 A. North, South, East, and West. 
 
 Q. How are these points shown or. a map ? 
 
 A The North is shown at the top, and 
 the South at the bottom ; the East at the 
 right hand, and the West at the left hand. 
 
 Q. Name the other points of the compass as 
 shown in the picture. 
 
 A. N.E. or North-East : S.E. or South- 
 East; N.AV. or North-West; and S.W. 
 or South- West. 
 
 Fig. 16.— THE COMPASS. 
 
 Q. Why are the East, West, North, and South 
 called the chief points of the compass ? 
 
 A. Becfiuse in the East, the sun appears 
 to rise ; in the West, he appears to set ; 
 and because one end of the needle of the 
 compass points to the North, and the other 
 to the South. 
 
 Q. Point East, North, West and South from this 
 Scliool-house. 
 
 Q. In what direction is your house from tliis 
 place ? 
 
 r 
 
 ^) X- 
 
 >^ - 
 
 J north: 
 
 
 :-^. 
 
 '"S 
 
 . r 
 
 SOUT H 
 
 Fig. 17.— POINTS OF THK COMPASS AS SHOWN OX A 
 
 MAP, 
 
•» 
 
 IMAOIXAKY LINES ON THE EAllTH AND IN THE HEAVENS. 
 
 15 
 
 
 eOUATORk 
 
 ^outh pout- 
 
 FilJ. 18.— AXIS, POLES, GREAT AND LESS CIItCLES. 
 
 Fig. 19.— THE ZONES, TROPICS AND CIRCLES. 
 
 Q. What little map is shown on the engraving ? 
 A. North America. 
 
 g. Point out on it N.E., N.W., S.E., S.W., as well 
 as the N., E., S., and W. 
 
 Q. In what direction is the boy looking in Fig. 
 20? 
 
 Q. To what other points of the compass are the 
 lines under his feet drawn ? 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 Imaginary Lines on the Surface of the 
 Earth and in the Heavens. 
 
 Q. What is the axis of the earth ? 
 
 A. The axis is an imaginary line, passing 
 
m 
 
 16 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 from North to South, through the centre 
 of the Earth. 
 
 Q. What are the North and South Poles? and 
 point them out. 
 
 A. Tlie precise points North and South, 
 on the Earth's surface, where the Earth's 
 axis terminates. See Fig. 18. 
 
 Q. What is the Equator ? and point it out. 
 
 A. A line running round the outside of 
 the Earth midway between the North and 
 South Poles. 
 
 Q. What are the Meridians ? 
 
 A. Lines passing round the outside of 
 the Earth and through the North and South 
 Poles. ' , 
 
 Q. Point them out in Fig. 18. 
 
 Q. Wliat is Longitude ? 
 
 A. The distance of any place east or 
 west from a given meridian-line. 
 
 Q. What is Latitude ? 
 
 A. The distance of any place north or j 
 south of the Equator. 
 
 Q Describe the Arctic and Ai^arctic or Polar Cir- 
 cles. 
 
 A. They are two circles running round 
 the Earth, at equal distances from the 
 North and South Poles. 
 
 Q. Point them out in Fig. 19. 
 
 Q. Name the Troi ics. 
 
 A. The Tropic of Cancer and the Troi)ic 
 of Capricorn. 
 
 1!». 
 
 Q. Describe them, and point then) out in Fig. 
 
 A. They are two circles rutining round the 
 P^arth at equal distances north and south of 
 the Equator. 
 
 ZE.NITh 
 
 S ' "' 
 Fig. 20.— THE ZENITH, HORIZON, ETC. 
 
 Q. What are the Zones ? 
 
 A. Zones are belts of the Earth's sur- 
 face, formed by the Tropics and Polar 
 Circles. 
 
 Q. How many Zones are there ? 
 A The Tropics and Polar Circles di- 
 vide the Earth's surface into five Zones. 
 
 Q. Name the five Zones. 
 
 A. The Torrid Zone, the North Tem- 
 perate Zone, the South Temperate Zone, 
 the North Frigid Zone, and the South 
 Frigid Zone. 
 
 Q. What is the Zenith ? 
 
 A. The point in the sky directly over 
 the head of the spectator. See Fig. 20. 
 
 Q. What is the Nadir ? 
 
 A. The point in the sky exactly opposite 
 
 ^0 the Zenith. 
 
 See Fig. 20. 
 
 
 J 
 
PA.RT II. 
 
 Tin: CONTINKNTS AND TIIKIR DIVISIONS. 
 
 ritlNCir.VL AXIMALS ON THE CONTIXEXTS OF AMKHICA. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 The Continents of America. 
 
 Q. Oil which of the Continents do we live, and 
 of wliat is it a part ? 
 
 A. North America; it is a part of the 
 
 New World. 
 
 q. Why is America called the " New World ? " 
 
 A. Because it was only discovered about 
 400 years ago. 
 
 Q. Who discovered it, and when ? 
 
 A. Christopher Co-lum-bus, in 1492. 
 
 t 
 
Wl 
 
MMii 
 
 * 
 
 Till-: ('ONriNKNT UK NUUTU AMKUICA. 
 
 19 
 
 CO 
 
 O. Was Ainorieti ever diHcovereii beloro, mid V ''"'"•^ 'i"t '"'^ "'^'"^ ^^'" highest iiioiuitain iu 
 
 ^yl,,.i, •/ North Aiiifiiiiu 
 
 yl. It is swuposed that it was (lisc()V(U'e«l 
 by the " Northnion " from Norway about 
 the year 1200. 
 
 (j. I low (lid thi! new luntinents recoivc i\\v. 
 naiiio of Aiiu'ritji ? 
 
 A. They were named after A-mer-i-eus 
 [V^es-im-ci-iis], who wrote an account of 
 the voyage of C(»bunbus to tlie New 
 Worhl. 
 
 (j. Naiuo tho two j,'roat divisiuns (tf Aimsrica ? 
 A. North America and South America. 
 
 Q. Hy what are tliey eomiectcd ? 
 
 A. By the IsthnniH of I)a-ri-en, or Pan- 
 a-ma. See Western Ueniispliere, i)age o. 
 
 LESSON 11. 
 
 The Continent of North America. 
 
 A. l'o-|io-cat-a-[)et-l, a volcano, in Mexi- 
 co. 
 
 (^ I'oiiit out and name tin- prini-iiKil laUt'X. 
 
 A. On-ta-ri-o, K-ric, llu-ron. Miclii<,'an 
 [mish-e-i^an' ]. Su-pc-rior |yor]. Win-ni-pe;^, 
 Ath-iVi»as-ca, (Jr<'at Slave, and (Jreat Bear 
 Lakes. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name tho j^reat rivers. 
 
 A. The St, Lawrence to the Hast, the 
 Mis-sis-sip-pi to the South, and the Mac- 
 ken/ie to tlie North. 
 
 crs. 
 
 (^. Point out luid name tlie otlior principal liv- 
 
 A. Rio(fraiid(! ; Rio C'ol-o-ra-<lo ; Co-lum- 
 bi-a : Kwick-pack, and Sa»-kateh-e-wan. 
 
 (^. Point out ;ind nunu' tlio oceans. 
 
 A. Tho At-lan-tic, Pa-eif-ic, and Arctic 
 Oceans. 
 
 (/ Point out iind name the <;reat bays at the 
 north. 
 
 A. liaf-fln and Ilud-son Bays. 
 
 C^. Point out and name the principal jj;idfs. 
 Q. Point out on the map the boundarie.s of North , i , t t» r ■ i /-i i . 
 
 America. ' A. St, Lavv-rence, JMe.\-i-co, and Cal-i- 
 
 (^. Point out and name the chief divisions of ' 
 Nortli America. j q p„j„t ,^„<. .^^j „j^,„p ^^^^ principal straits. 
 
 A. Danish America ; British America ; i A. Da-vis, south-west of Greeidand, 
 
 TT-ni-ted States ; Mex-i-co ; Central Amer- Hudson, Florida, and Beli-rin<^. 
 
 ica ; and the West In-di-aii Islands, rx ^ ^ ^ i ^i ■■,•,, 
 
 (/ Pomt out and name the pnncipal islands. 
 
 A. The Arctic islands at tho north ; New- 
 found-land and Cape Breton at the east, 
 A. The Rocky JNIountains, on the Pa-cif- ' the West Indies, off the .south-ea.st coast; 
 ic coast, and the Allcirhany [al-le-gay-ne] , Van-cou-ver and Queen Charlotte, off the 
 Mountains, on the At-lan-tic coast. i west coast. 
 
 Q. Point out and n;une tho j^reat mountain 
 ranges in Nortli America. 
 
20 
 
 FIRST STEPS JN GENEKAL GEOGKAPHY. 
 
 Q. Poiut out aud uame the principal capes. 
 
 A. Farewell, S, of Greenland ; Charles, 
 S. E. of Lab-ra-dor ; ISable, S. of Flo-ri-da ; 
 Sail Lucas, S. of Cal-i-for-ui-a ; Men-do-ci- 
 no, W. of U-ni-ted States ; and Prince of 
 Wales, in the Js. W. of the continent. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief peninsulas. 
 
 A. Lab-ra-dor, Nova Scotia, Florida, 
 Yu-ca-tan, California, and A-las-ka. 
 
 LESSON IIL 
 Danish and French North America. 
 
 Q. What islands form Danish America ? 
 
 A. The islands of Greenland and Iceland. 
 
 Q. Point out their position on the ninp. 
 
 Q. Who arc the native inhabitants of Greenland ? 
 
 A. The Esquimaux [mo.] 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital of rireonland, 
 
 A. Julian-shaab, on the west coast. 
 
 Q. For what is Iceland noted ? 
 
 A. For its volcanoes, its hot springs, and 
 its fisheries. 
 
 Q. Point out .'UkI name the cajiital of Iceland. 
 
 A. Rel-ki-a-vik, on the south-west coast. 
 
 Q. Name some of the exports of Iceland. 
 
 A. Wool, Iceland moss, and dried lish. 
 
 Q. Point out and n;unc tlio F'-onch islands. 
 
 A. INIiijuelon [mik-e-lon'], Langley and 
 St. Pierre. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 out and name the capital < 
 [la. 
 
 A. Ottawa, on the River Ottawa. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital of the Domin- 
 ion of Canadii. 
 
 Q. Point out on tiie map tlie iiosition of New- 
 foundland, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Prince 
 Edward Island, New liruuswick, and their capitals. 
 
 Q. Poiut out on the map the position of Ontario, 
 (Quebec, Manitoba and liritish Columbia, and their 
 capitals. 
 
 Q. Name and i)oint out the chief rivers and lakes 
 of Untari(j and ciuebec. 
 
 Q. \\'hjit country and large bay lie north of 
 OntJirio ? 
 
 A. Prince Ru-perts Land, and James 
 
 Bay, which is the southern part of Hudson 
 
 Bay. 
 
 Q. Which of the United States lie south of Can- 
 ada ? 
 
 Q. What mountiiin range lies near the Pacific 
 coast ? 
 
 A. The Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Q. What islands lie in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? 
 A. An-ti-cos-ti, INIag-da-len, Prince Ed- 
 ward, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 Ontario. 
 
 Q. Point out the boundaries of Ontiirio. 
 
 (^. Point out and name (lie capital of Ontario. 
 
 A. Toronto, on Lake Ontario. 
 
 Q. Point out and name each of the groat lakes. 
 Q. What river separates Ontario from (^lebec ? 
 
 A. Tlie Ottawa, which falls into the St. 
 Law-rence at tlie island of Mont-real. 
 
 Q. Point out the (.tiier botindarv-rivors of Ontario. 
 A. The Ni-ag-a-ra, De-troit, and St. 
 Clair. 
 
 Q. Wh:it bays lie north of (irey and Sinicoe 
 Counties ? 
 
 Q. What lakes lie between the Ottawa River and 
 (ieorgian Pay ? 
 
 Q. Point out anil name the cities of Ontario. 
 
 A. Lon-don, St. Catherines, llam-il-ton, 
 
 To-ron-to Kini^.s-ton and Ot-ta-wa. 
 
 
 i 
 
f^ mg^m^^m^j^pritji^ 
 
 u „ 
 
 21 
 
 lliuteU 4- StrutherK.y.r. 
 
 LFSSON VI. 
 
 Quebec 
 
 Q. Point out the iwsition and boundaries of 
 Quebec. 
 
 Q. Wliat is its larjjjost river ? 
 
 A. The St. Lawrence. 
 
 Q. Name the principal rivers north of the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 A. The Sag-ue-nay, St. Maurice [Mo- 
 reeso], and Ot-ta-wa. 
 
 Q. Name the principal rivers south of the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 A. Richelieu, [reesh-e-lu], St. Francis, 
 and Chaudicre [shodo-yere]> 
 
hi 
 
 22 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 JO 
 
 QUEBEC 
 
 
 Lon.V.of tfOreeiiwIch 
 
 Q Which are the principal islands in the St. 
 Lawrence ? 
 
 A. Montreal, and Isle Jesus, at Mon- 
 treal ; Or-leans, at Quebec ; and An-ti-cos- 
 ti, in the gulf. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital. 
 
 A. Quebec, on the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Q. What celebrated iron railway-bridge crosses 
 the St. Lawrence at Montreal? 
 
 A. The Vic-to-ria bridjje. 
 
 LESSON VIL 
 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map the position of New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Q. What large bay sejtarates New Prunswicli 
 from the Province of Quebec? 
 
 A. The Bay of Cha-leur [Icr], at the 
 north. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its other bays and har- 
 bours. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal islands. 
 ^. Point out and name the chief seaport. 
 
 A, St. John, at the mouth of the St. 
 John river. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital. 
 
 A. Fred-<;ric-t()n, 84 miles up the St. 
 John river. 
 
 LESSON VIIL 
 
 Nova Scotia and Cape Breion. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map the position of Nova 
 Scotia and Cape IJieton. 
 
 Q. What islands lie northward of Nova Scotia? 
 
 A. Prince Edward and Cape Breton. 
 
 Q. Name and point out the capital of Cape Bre- 
 tt tn . 
 
 A. Syd-ney in Cape Bre-ton county. 
 
PRINCE EDWAKD ISLAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 23 
 
 har- 
 
 St. 
 
 vn 
 
 Longitude Weat 65 from Orecnwioh 6S 
 
 
 / 
 
 l.-North 
 
 MARITIME 
 PROVINCES 
 
 63 
 
 RuMellJk Strutheri.Jf. }'. 
 
 Q. Name and ])oiiit out the capital and principal 
 towns of Nova Scotia. 
 
 A. Ilal-i-fax, the capital, on the east 
 coast ; Pic-tou, at tlie north, and Tru-ro, at 
 the head of Cobequid Bay. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Q. Point ont on the map the position of Prince 
 Edward Island. 
 
 Q. What countries lie to the east, .south, and 
 west of it ? 
 
 A. Cape Bre-ton, No-va Sco-tia [sha] 
 and Now Brnns-wick. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its capital. 
 
 A. Char-lotJe-town near Hills-bo-ro«^A 
 Bay. 
 
 LESSON X. 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map the p ition of New- 
 found-land. 
 
 Q. What countries lie north-west and south-west 
 of the island? 
 
 A. Lab-ra-dor and Can-a-da. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map and name its cliief bays 
 and capes. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its chief river. 
 
 A. River of Exploits, 150 miles long. 
 
 Q. What strait lies at the north of the island? 
 
 A. The strait of Bel/e-Isle. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital of Newfound- 
 land. 
 
 A. St. John's, at the south-east of the 
 island. 
 
24 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 VANCOUVER ISLAND ,. J-- ^^ 
 
 iu 100 ISO zoo 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 Manitoba. 
 
 Q. Where is Manitolwi ? 
 
 A. In the centre of North America. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Mniii- 
 toba. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital. 
 
 A. Win-ni-peg, at the junction of the 
 Assiniboine and Red Rivers. 
 
 Q. What lakes lie on tlic nortli of Manitoba? 
 A. Lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba. • 
 
 LESSON XIL 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Q Point out tl>e position and boundaries of Brit- 
 ish Columbia. 
 
 ^. Point out and name the chief divisions of 
 British Columbia. 
 
 A. British Columbia proper, Stickeen 
 
 District, Van-cou-ver Island, and C^ueen 
 
 Charlotte Island. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the great mountain range 
 in British Columbia. 
 
 A. The Rocky Mountains. 
 Q- Name and point out the principal rivers. 
 A. Simpson, Eraser, and Co-lum-bia in 
 part. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief town on the 
 mainland. 
 
 A. New Westminster, near the mouth 
 of the Eraser river. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map the position of Vancou- 
 ver Island. 
 
 Q. By what is Vancouver Island sei)aratcd from 
 the maiiiland ? 
 
 A. Ry Queen Charlotte Sound and 
 
 Juan d<^ Eu-ca Strait. 
 
Q. Name and point ont the capital of British 
 Cohimbia. 
 
 A. Vic-to-ria, at the South of Vancou- 
 ver Island. 
 
 LESSON xiir. 
 
 North-west Territories. 
 
 Q. Wiiat Territories are called the North-west 
 Territories ? 
 
 A. The North-west Territory and Kee- 
 v/atin. 
 
 Q. What were the North-west Territories for- 
 merly called ? 
 
 A. The Hudson Bay Territory. 
 
 Q. Point out and name three rivers flowing into 
 the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 A. The Mackenzie, Copper-mine, and 
 Fish Rivers. 
 
 Q. Point out and name three rivers flowing into 
 Lake Winnipeg. 
 
 A. The Sas-katch-e-wan, As-sin-i-boine, 
 and Red Rivers. 
 
 Q . Point out and name three flowing into Hud- 
 son Bay. 
 
 A. Churchill, Nelson, and Severn. 
 
 Q. Point out and name three great lakes. 
 
 A. Athabasca, Great Slave Lake, and 
 Great Bear Lake. 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 The Q,ueen and the Government of 
 Canada. 
 
 Q. What is our duty towards the Queen ? 
 
 A. The Bible teaches us not only to 
 fear God, " but to honour the King " 
 (Queen, or chief ruler). 
 
 Q. How then should we act as dutiful subjects 
 of the Queen ? 
 
 A. We should obey God's laws, as well 
 as those of our country, and we should be 
 truly loyal to the Queen as our Sovereign. 
 
 Q. Who represents the Queen in the Dominion 
 of Canada ? 
 
 A. His Excellency the Governor-Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Q. Who is the liead of the Government in each 
 Province ? 
 
 A. The Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 The United States of America. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map the position of the 
 United States. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital of the United 
 
 States. 
 
 A. Washington, on the Potomac. 
 
 Q. Point out the principal rivers in the United 
 
 States. 
 
 A. The Mis-sis-sip-pi (with its tributa- 
 ries, the Ohio, Mis-sou-ri, and Ar-kan-sas), 
 the Col-o-ra-do, and the Col-um-bia. 
 
 Q. How many States and Territories form the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. Thirty-eight States and twelve Ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 Q. How are the States divided ? 
 
 A. Into North Atlantic States, Middle 
 Atlantic States, South Atlantic States, 
 Gulf States, Central States, and Pacific 
 States. 
 
fwm Wnshlngton IB 
 
 ir,9 
 
 Longitude West 93 
 
from Wfuhington l« 
 
 L<iiii;itiiilt> Wtftt 
 
 UNITED 
 STATES 
 
 Longitude Weat 93 from Greenwich 
 
 'lorida Strait 
 
 BitUtll i Ulrulhrr,, tl. f. 
 
LESSON XVI. 
 
 North Atlantic States and Middle 
 Atlantic States- 
 
 Q. Point out and name the North Atlantic or 
 New Knjjiland Stj'tes. 
 
 A. Maine, New IlanyKsliire, Vermont, 
 Mas-sti-chn-setts, K/zode Island, and Con- 
 nec-ti-cut. 
 
 ^i. Point ont and name the Middle Atlantic 
 States. 
 
 A. New York, Penn-syl-va-nia, New 
 Jersey, Del-a-ware, Mary-land, Vir-gin-ia, 
 and West Virginia. 
 
 Q. What State lies between Qnebec and New 
 Brunswick ? 
 
 A. Maine. 
 
 Q. What three States border on the State of New 
 York on the east ? 
 
 A. Vermont, Mas-sa-chu-setts, and Con- 
 nec-ti-cut. 
 
 Q. What State lies between Maine and Ver- 
 mont ? 
 
 A. New Hamjtfshire. 
 
 Q. What two States lie south of Massachusetts ? 
 
 A. R//ode Island, and Connecticut. 
 
 Q. What three States border on lakes Ontario 
 and Erie? 
 
 Q. What lake lies between Canada, New York, 
 and Vermont ? 
 
 A. Lake Champlain. 
 
 Q. Which is the chief business centre in the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. New York, the business capital of 
 
 the United States. 
 
 Q. Name and point out the principal cities near 
 the Canada bt)undaries. 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 South Atlantic and Oulf States. 
 
 Q. point out and name the four South Atlantic 
 Suites. 
 
 A. North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia, and Florida. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the four Gulf States. 
 
 A. Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 and Texas. 
 
 Q. What gulf lies south of Florida ? 
 
 Q. What river separates Sout' . Carolina from 
 Georgia ? 
 
 A. The Savannah. 
 
 Q. What rivers form the eastern and western 
 boundaries of Texas ? 
 
 A. The Sabine and the Rio Grande de 
 Norte. 
 
 ^. What great river flows into the Gulf of 
 Mexico ? 
 
 LESSON XVIIL 
 
 Central States- 
 
 Q. Point out and name the seven Central States 
 east of the Mississippi. 
 
 A. Wis-con-sin, Mich-e-gan, Ill-i-nois, 
 In-di-a-na, Ohio, Ken-tuc-ky, and Tenn-es- 
 
 see. 
 
 Q. What three States border on Lakes Erie, Hu- 
 ron, and Superior ? 
 
 A. 0-hi-o, Michigan [Mish-i-gan], and 
 
 Wis-con-sin. 
 
 Q. Wliat Stntes in part border on Lake Michi- 
 gan ? 
 
 A. Mich-i-gan, Tn-di-ana, Ill-i-nois, and 
 Wis-con-sin. 
 
MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 29 
 
 Q. What three States lie between the Ohio and 
 the iMissisHippi ? 
 
 A. 0-hi-o, In-di-ana, and lU-i-nois. 
 
 Q. What four States border oi; the loft hank of 
 the Mississippi ? 
 
 A. Wis-cou-sin, lU-i-nois, Ken-tuc-ky, 
 
 and Tenn-es-see. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the seven Central Stjites 
 west of the Mississippi. 
 
 A. Min-ne-so-ta, I-ow-a, Mis-sou-r'i, Ar- 
 
 kan-sas, Ne-bras-ka, Kan-sas and Col-o-ra- 
 
 do. 
 
 Q. What great tribiit'iries does the Mississippi 
 receive on its ri<;ht bank ? 
 
 A. Tlie Missouri, Arkansas, and Red 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 Q. Which States are crossed by the Arkansas ? 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 Pacific States and Territories. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the three Pacific States. 
 A. Oregon, California, and Nevada. 
 
 Q. What river lies between Oregon nnd Washing- 
 ton Territory ? 
 
 A. The Columbia. 
 
 Q. What bay west of California? 
 
 A. San Francisco bay. 
 
 Q. Which is the chief commercial city of the 
 Pacific States ? 
 
 A. San Francisco. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the twelve Territories. 
 
 A. Columbia, Pem-bi-na, Dakota, In- 
 dian Territory, Mon-ta-na, Wy-o-ming, 
 New Mexico, 1-da-ho, Utah, Ari-70-na, 
 Washington, and A-las-ka, 
 
 Q. What lake is found in Utah ? 
 
 A. Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Q. What Territories lie on the Pacific Coast ? 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 The United States of Mexico and 
 Central America. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capitiil of Mexico. 
 A. Mexico, near Lake Tez-cu-co. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the two Peninsulas of 
 Mexico. 
 
 A. Lower Cal-i-for-nia, and Yu-ca-tan. 
 
 Q. What noted volcano Is in Mexico ? 
 
 A. Po-po-cat-a-petl, or Smoke Mountain. 
 
 Q, How many States, &c., are included in Mexi- 
 co? 
 
 A. There are 27 States, 2 Territories, 
 and I Federal District. These are now di- 
 vided into 50 departments. 
 
 Q. Point out the position of Central America. 
 
 Q. What great mountain ranges extend through 
 it ? 
 
 A. The An-des [an-dees], of Central 
 America. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the largest lakes in Cen- 
 tral America. 
 
 A. Lakes Leon and Nic-ar-a-gua. 
 
 Q. Where is the Mosquito Coast ? ■* 
 
 A. It extends from C. Gracias a Dios to 
 the River San Juan. 
 
 Q. What Republics are included in Central 
 America ? 
 
 A. Guatemala, San Sal-va-dor, Ilon-du- 
 ras, Nic-ar-a-gua, and Costa Rica. 
 
30 
 
 FIKST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 The British West India Islands. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the British West India 
 Islands and their capitals. 
 
 A. 1. The Hu-li!i-raas,south-eii.st of Flor- 
 i(l:i ; capital A\is-sau, or New Providence 
 Island. 
 
 2. .Ja-ma/-ca, lying south of Cuba ; cap- 
 ital Spanish Town. 
 
 3. The Leeward Islands, lying east of 
 Porto Rico ; capital St. John. 
 
 4. The Windward Islands, lying south 
 of the Leeward Islands ; capital Bridyetoion, 
 on Bar-ba-dos Island. 
 
 5. Trinidad, lying off the coast of South 
 America ; capital Port of Spain. 
 
 6. The Ber-mu-da Islands, lying 600 
 miles off North Carolina ; capital Hamil- 
 ton, on Long Island. 
 
 Q. Name the capital and chief town of Jamaica. 
 
 A. Spanish Town is the capital ; but 
 Kingston is the chief place of trade. 
 
 LESSON XXIL 
 
 The West India Islands, {continued.) 
 
 Q. Point out and name the Spanisli West India 
 Islands. 
 
 A. Cu-ba, Porto Ri-co, Isle of Pines, 
 and two of the Virgin Isles. 
 
 Q. Point out and uftmo the French West India 
 Islands. 
 
 A. Mar-ti-nique [neck], Gua-de-loupe, 
 Ma-rie Ga-lante, Deairade, and part of St. 
 Martin. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name tlie Danish West India 
 Islands. 
 
 A. Santa Cruz [cruase], ea.st of Por- 
 to Rico. 
 
 9. Point out and name the United States West 
 Indian Islands. 
 
 A. St. Thomas and St. John. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the Swedish West India 
 Island. 
 
 A. St. Bar-tho-lo-mew, lying between 
 St. Mar-tin and Bar-bu-da, 
 
 Q. Point out ,and name the Hutch West India 
 Islands. 
 
 A. St. Mar-tin (in part), Saba, St. Eu- 
 statius [u-sta-shus], east of Porto Rico ; 
 Los Roques, Buen Ayre, Cura9oa, 0-ru- 
 ba, &c., off the coast of South America. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the Venezuela West India 
 Islands. 
 
 A. Mar-ga-ri-ta, Tor-tu-ga, and Or-chil-la. 
 
 Q. What island is independent ? 
 A. Hayti, or San Domingo. 
 
 LESSON xxin. 
 
 The Continent of South America- 
 
 Q. Point out oil the map the l)oundaries of South 
 America. 
 
 ^. Point out and name six countries on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 A. Columbia, Equador, Peru, Bolivia, 
 Chili, and Patagonia. 
 
 ' 
 
 4 
 
Fndia 
 
 j)e. 
 St. 
 
 li.a 
 
 Ol'- 
 
 \ est 
 
 II 
 
 SOLoDK.W.of suOroeuwIeh 
 
 3« Fi sk ,t stf, y^.r.l 
 
 WStmm 
 
 ^.5, 
 
82 
 
 ElJUOrK. 
 
 30 rUkiScc, N. Y, 
 
 Ci 
 
 ' 
 
 
THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE. 
 
 83 
 
 (^. Toiiit uut and iiiiiiie two cuuntriud uu the 
 Caribboan Lea. 
 
 A. Columbia iiiid N'cnezuela. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and luiuit; five coimtricrt on the 
 Atlantic coaHt. 
 
 A. Guituia, Brazil, Uruguay, La Plata, 
 and Patagonia. 
 
 Q. Wliat country lias no sca-ooast ? 
 A. Paraguay. 
 
 Q. point out the position and boundaries of 
 Guiana [(iec-an-a|. 
 
 Q. Which (livisi'iii lies to Mu* cast, which to liie 
 west, and whicli in the centre ? 
 
 A. Tiie French to the east, the JJritish 
 to the west, and the Dutch in the centre. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tin; capitjils of the four- 
 teen countries of South America. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the greatest mountjun 
 range in South America. 
 
 A. The Andes [dees], running from 
 north to south. 
 
 Q. Name and jjoint out the great rivers. 
 
 A. The Orinoco, Amazon, and the Kio 
 de la Plata. 
 
 Q. What celebrated isthmus unites North and 
 Soutli America ? 
 
 A. The Isthnuis of l)a-ri-en, or Pan-a- 
 ma. 
 
 Q. What cai)eH i\t the northern, eastern, stisith- 
 ern,'an(i western cxtiemitics of South America ? 
 
 A. Gal-li-nas, liranco, Horn, A-gu-ja. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the i)rincipal bays and 
 gulfs. 
 
 Q. Which is the largest and which is the smallest 
 country in South America ? 
 
 A. P)razil is the largest and Uruguay is 
 
 the smallest. 
 
 Q. What coiMitries lie along tlic northern, west- 
 ern, and .soutliern bouui'aries of innzil ? 
 
 A. Kv(uy one in South America except 
 Chili [chil-e], and Pat-a-go-nia. 
 
 Q. Toint out and state wlicre the following 
 islands are situated : Terra del Fuego, C'hiloe, and 
 Juan Fernandez. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 The Continent of Europe. 
 
 Q. I'oint out the jiosition and boundaries of 
 Europe. 
 
 Q. point out and name the principal islisnds. 
 
 A. The British Isles. Sar-dinia [deen- 
 ya], Cor-si ca, Sicily [sis-e-lee]. 
 
 Q. Poyit out and name the principal peninsulas. 
 
 A. Norway and Sweden. Denmark, 
 Spain and Portugal, It a-ly, Greece, and 
 the Cri-me-a. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the jjrincipal .seas. 
 
 A. White, Bal-tic, North, IMed-i-ter-ra- 
 ne-an, Ad-ri-at-tic, Archipcliigij, IVIar-ino-ra, 
 Black, A-zof, and Caspian [kasp-yan]. 
 
 Q. point out and name the principal channels. 
 A. The Irish, St. George's, and the 
 English. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the i)rincip!\l straits. 
 A. Dover, (iibraltar [jib-raid-tor], Mes- 
 si-na, Dardanelles, and Bos-pho-rus. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. 
 
 A. \'()l-ga, Don, Dnieper, [nee-per], Dan- 
 ube, P//one, E-l>ro, Ta-gus, Loire [Iwar], 
 Seine [sane], I\//ine. EIIh', 0-der, Vis-tu-la, 
 Thames, and Ilnmbtir. 
 
 Q. Point out and name each of the chi( f divi- 
 sions or countries of Europe. 
 
 ■^•T 
 
l!! ; 
 
 34 
 
 FUIST STKPS IX tJENEllAL GEOdRAl'UY. 
 
 10 I,oir;itti(lo West frum Orci'iiwlch 5 
 
 
 fU $> \ C^JrV^ ^Aberdeen 
 
 ^^.; 
 
 >' 
 
 ^-irv/^* «»... BRITISH 
 ^ '^ -^ ^ ISLES 
 
 firtA 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 (0 100 ISO 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 The iJritish Isles. 
 
 0. Point out tlic i)riiKii»iil countries ^n tlui llrit- 
 isli Islos. 
 
 A. England, AVales, Scotland, and Ire- 
 laud. 
 
 0. Point out and nanio tlio capitals of Enijland, 
 .Scot'and, and Frolaiid. 
 
 A. Lon-don, Kd-in-l)nr<,di, and Dul)liu. 
 
 LESSON xxvr. 
 
 The British Empire. 
 
 (,>. Wliat constitntos llio Itritisli Eintiirc ? 
 
 A. The Islands of Great Britain and 
 
 r 
 
 ^-^ 
 
ENGLAND — SCOTLAND — IRELAND. 
 
 35 
 
 Ireland, and the IJritish Col-o-nies and 
 Dependencies all over the world. 
 
 Q. What city is the capital of tlie Hritish Em- 
 
 pire 
 
 A. London, on the river Thames [temz], 
 in England. 
 
 Q. Who is the chief ruler over the British Em- 
 piie ? 
 
 A. A king or qneen. At present, Her 
 ISIost Gracious Majesty Qucicn Victoria is 
 chief ruler. 
 
 Q. IIow is each of the British Colonies gov- 
 erned ? 
 
 A. By a governor (who represents the 
 Queen), aided by a council of advisers. 
 
 ..ESSON XXVII. 
 England. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of 
 England. 
 
 Q. Name and point out its principal bays and 
 inlets. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principfvl channels and 
 straits. 
 
 Q. Point out the boundaries of W.a'^s. 
 
 Q. How many counties are there in England ? 
 
 A. Forty, — 6 JSortliern, 5 Eastern, 19 
 \ Midland, and 10 Southern. 
 
 Q. IIow nany counties are there in Wales ? 
 
 A. Twelve, — 6 in North and 6 in South 
 Wales. 
 
 Q. Name and print out its chief cities. 
 
 A. London, the capital, Liverpool, Man- 
 chester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Bristol. 
 
 .1 
 
 LESSON XXVI 1 1. 
 Scotland. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its capes. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal islands. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. 
 
 A. The North Cheviots [cheve-yots], the 
 Grain p-ians [-yan.s], and the Northern 
 Iliy/i-lands. 
 
 Q. Ii:to how many counties is Scotland divided? 
 
 A. Thirty-three, including the islands. 
 
 Q. Name and point out its chief cities. 
 
 A. Edinburgh, the capital, Glasgow, 
 Dundee, and Aberdeen. 
 
 Ian 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 Ireland. 
 
 Point out the position and boundaries of Ire- 
 
 Q. Point out ana name its capes. 
 Q. Point out and name its chief bays. 
 Q. Point out and name its chief rivers. 
 
 A. The Shan-non, Suir, Bar-row, and 
 Boyne. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal islands. 
 
 A. Cape Clear. Va-len-tia[sha], Ar-ran, 
 Clare, and Achil [ak-il], 
 
 Q. Into what i)rovincef^ is Ireland divided ? 
 
 A. Leinster, Munster, Ulster, and Con- 
 nau<jrAt. 
 
36 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Q. How many counties are there in Ireland ? 
 
 A. Thirty-two; in Leiu-ster [lean-], 12; 
 Munster, G ; Ul-ster, 9 ; and Con-nau^/Z/t, o. 
 
 Q. Name the capitals of each of the provinces. 
 
 A. Dub-lin, of Lein-ster ; Cork of Mun- 
 ster ; Belfast, of Ulster ; and Gal way 
 [gawl-way] of Con-nau^/Z/t. 
 
 Q. Name and point out its chief cities. 
 
 A. Dublin, the capRal, Belfast, Cork, 
 and Limerick. 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Q. Point out the boundaries of Spain and Portu- 
 gal. 
 
 Q Point out and name the capes and straits. 
 Q. Wiiat great mountain range liostothenortli? 
 Q. For what is Gibraltar noted ? 
 A. As a celebrated British fortress. 
 Q. Point out and name the capital cities. 
 
 A. Ma-drid, the cajiital of Spain ; and 
 Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. 
 
 LESSON XXXL 
 
 France. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of 
 France. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its princiiial gulf and 
 
 Q. Wliat mountain ranges are at tlicsoutli and 
 the east ? 
 
 Q. How is France divided ? 
 
 A. It is divided into eighty-six depart- 
 ments. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its chief citj-. 
 
 A. Paris, the capital, a most beautiful 
 city. 
 
 Q. For what is tlie island of Corsica noted ? 
 
 A. As the birth-place of Xapoleon I. 
 
 LESSON XXXIL 
 Holland and Belgium. 
 
 Q. Point out tiie boundaries of Holland and 
 lielgium. 
 
 Q. Wluit principal river has its outlet on tlie 
 coast ? 
 
 A. The R/ane, which rises in Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 Q. For what is Holland chielly noted ? 
 
 A. For its numerous canals, :,nd its 
 dyke.* or coast-embankments to keep out 
 the sea. 
 
 Ci. Point out and name the capital cities. 
 
 A. Am-ster-dam, the capital of Holland ; 
 and iirus-sels, tiie capital of Behnum 
 [■jumj. 
 
 I.ESSON XXXIIL 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Q Point out the position and boundaries of 
 Deinuark. 
 
 Q. Name the princi|)al islands off its oast coast. 
 
 A. Zer/-iaiid. Fu-i. m. atid Laa-laiid. 
 
 kU.aa»anaa 
 
^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 [ 
 
 SWITZERLAND — ITALY — GERMANY. 
 
 37 
 
 Q. Point out iind name its chief cities. 
 
 A. Co-pen-ha .njen^ the capital; El-si- 
 noro, <Sic. 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Q. Point out tlic ))osition and boundaries of Swit- 
 zerland. 
 
 Q. What mountains separate it from France ? 
 
 A. The Alps, in v/hieh is jNIont Bhmc, 
 the highest niountaiu in Europe. 
 
 Q. \;unc two of the principal lakes. 
 
 A. Ge-ne-va, in the south-west, and 
 Constance in tiie north-east. 
 
 Q. How is Switzerland divided ? 
 
 A. Into twenty-two cantons, forming a 
 republic. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief cities. 
 
 A. Berne, the capital ; and Ge-ne-va. 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 Italy. 
 
 Q Point out the position and boundaries of 
 Italy. 
 
 (^. I'oint out and name the princi[»al capes and 
 straits. 
 
 Q. What larfjo islands lie off its coast ? 
 
 A. Cor-si-ra. Sar-di-nia, and Sic-i-lv. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal mountain 
 ranges. 
 
 A. The Alps, and the Ap-en-nines. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal rivers. 
 
 A. The Po, Ar-no, and Ti-ber. 
 
 Q. How is Italy divided ? 
 
 A. Into the Kingdom of Italy, and the 
 Republic of San xJarino. 
 
 Q. For what is Rome noted ? 
 
 A. Rome is noted for its numerous splen- 
 did buildings, especially the Cathedral of 
 St. Peter, the Vatican, the Castle of St. 
 Angelo, and the palaces Barberini and 
 Farnese. 
 
 LESSON XXXVI. 
 Empire of Germany. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of the 
 German Empire. 
 
 Q, Whi(li are the two p.reat divisions of the 
 German Empire? 
 
 A. North Germany and South Germany, 
 separated by the River Main. 
 
 Q. Name the two most important states. 
 
 A. Prussia in North Germany and Ba- 
 varia in South Germany. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. 
 
 A. The R/dne, Elbe, 0-der, and Vis-tu-la. 
 
 Q. In what direction do they flow ? 
 
 Q. Poi 'it out and name the capital city. 
 
 A. Ber-lin, on a tributary of the Elbe. 
 
r* 
 
 38 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON XXXVII. 
 
 LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 Empire of Austria. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of 
 Austria. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie position and boundiiries of 
 Greece. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal mountiiin 
 ranges. 
 
 A. The Alps and tlie Car-pa-thi-ans. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its prhicipal cape. 
 Q. Mow is Greece divided ? 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal river. 
 
 A. The Dan-ube, flowing tlirough its 
 
 A. Into Hel-las, at the north ; and the 
 Mo-re-a, a peninsula, at the .south. 
 
 centre. 
 
 Q. Point out the principal islands off the coast. 
 
 Q. Into how many Provinces is the Austrian 
 Empire divided ? 
 
 A. Into ten Gern.an, two Polisli, and 
 
 A. Can-di-a, belonging to Turkey ; and 
 the I-o-nlau Islands [i-own-yan]. 
 
 six Ilun-ga-rian provinces. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capiUil city. 
 
 Q. Point out and name some of the chief cities. 
 
 A. Athens, on the eastern coast. 
 
 A. Vi-en-na, the capital ; Prague, and 
 Pesth. 
 
 
 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 
 
 LESSON XXXVIIL 
 
 
 
 Ru8sia-in-Europe. 
 
 Turkey-in-Europe. 
 
 Q. Point out the boundaries of Turkey-in-Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map the position of Rusaia-in- 
 Eurot)e. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal seas and 
 gulfs. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. 
 
 Q. Point out it5 principal capes and peninsu- 
 
 A. The Car-pa-thi-ans, at the nortli. 
 Q. Point out and nanve its principal river. 
 
 las. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal mountain 
 ranges. 
 
 A. The Dan -ube, at the north. 
 
 A. The U-ral and the Cauca-sian moun- 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital city of the 
 cmitire. 
 
 tains. 
 
 Q. Point out the principal rivers and lakes. 
 
 A. Con-stan-ti-no-ple, on the Bos-pho-rus. 
 
 Q. Name and point out the principal cities. 
 
 A. St. Pe-ters-biirg, the capital ; Mo,s- 
 cow, Warsaw, Archangel, Odessa, and 
 Sebastopol. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i^WK^^ .! i , i j i ji ' umi 
 
•T- 
 
 CONTINENT OF ASIA. 
 
 39 
 
 ^ 
 
 <» 
 
 60 Longitude 70 Em( fioni 80 Qitcawich (0 
 
w* 
 
 40 
 
 FIRST STEPS IX GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 PRINCIPAL ANIMALS OX T UK rOXTIN'EXT OK Ai4IA. 
 
 LESSON XLI. 
 
 Norway and Sweden. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie bomidiirics of Norway mid 
 Sweden. 
 
 Q. Point outiind name tlieir principal capes, .i;iilfs. 
 &c. 
 
 Q. What chiefly divides these tsvo coiiiiiries ? 
 A. All extensive iiioiint;iiii raiiire. 
 
 Q. Name tlio capital of cacii country. 
 
 ul. Stock-liolni, tlio capit.'il of Sweden, 
 and Cliris-ti-a-iia, the capital of Xor-way. 
 
 Q. Where is Lapland, and to wIidui docs it licion.u? 
 A. It lies to the north-east of Sweden, 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cl 
 
ASIA — T UKKE V-IN- ASI A — A U ABI A. 
 
 41 
 
 f^ 
 
 Cl 
 
 and bt'lonjfs partly to Swe-den and partly 
 to Rus-sia [ya]. 
 
 (J. llow .'ire NonvMV iuitl Swcdoii dividod ? 
 
 A. Norway is divided into six stifts or 
 counties ; and Sweden into tlireci provinces. 
 
 LESSON XLir. 
 
 The Continent of Asia. 
 
 Q. l\.int out tliL' position iuul boiindarios of 
 Asia. I 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal capes and 
 bays. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal sea and 
 ,t;uifs. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its chief peninsulas. 
 
 A. Tur-key-in-^Vsia. A-ra-bia, Ilin-do- 
 stan, Farther In-dia (iiiclndinij ]\Ia-lac-ea), 
 Co-re-a, and Kaintsehalka [kuni-skat-ka]. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlie principal Lislands. 
 
 A. C'ey-lon'. HaZ-nan', For-rno-sa, the 
 Ja-pan Jsles, Sa-j^ha-li-en, and New Si-be- 
 ria. 
 
 (^. Point out and name the tjreat rivers in Asia. 
 
 A. In-dus. (l:in-<xes, J>rah-ma-jioo-tra, 
 
 Ir-ra-wad-dy. Me-koni;-. Yanir-tse-ki-ang, 
 
 IT»)-ang-ho, A-nioor, Le-na, Yen-i-se/, and 
 
 Obi. 
 
 Q. Point out on the majithe countries into wliich 
 Asia is divided. 
 
 Q. IVtint out and name its princii)al mountam 
 range. 
 
 A. The Al-ta/ ran-^e at the south. 
 
 Q. Point out its principal river.", and their courses. 
 
 A. Tlie 0-bi, Yeii-i-se/, Le-na, and A- 
 nioor. 
 
 Q. Point out the capital city of Siberia. 
 
 ^■1. To-bolsk, on a branch of the river 
 O-bi. 
 
 LESSON XLIIL 
 
 Russia-in-Asia. 
 
 LESSON XLIV. 
 
 Turkey-in-Asia. 
 
 Q. Point out the position of Turkej-in-Asia. 
 
 Q. Xame tiie principal divisions of Turkey-in- 
 Asia. 
 
 A Asia INIi-nor, comprising Syria (in- 
 cluding Pal-e.s-tint!). Ar-me-nia, Kour-dis- 
 tan (or ancient As.syria.) 
 
 Q. For wliat is 'rurkey-in-Asia chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For having been the scene of nearly 
 all the events mentioned in Scripture. 
 
 Q. For what is Palestine chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For having been the scene of our 
 Saviour's life and sufferings on earth. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie boundaries of liu.ssia-in-Asia. 
 Q. Point (Alt tlie position of Siberia. 
 
 LESSON XLV. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Q. i'oint out the position of Arabia. 
 
 Q. What gulf separates Arabia from Persia 
 
■»« 
 
 42 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Q. For wliat is Arabia chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For its sandy deserts, and for having 
 been the scene of i^Iohamined's career, 
 
 Q. Name tlie capital city. 
 
 A. Mec-ca, near its west coast. 
 
 LESSON XLVI. 
 Persia, Belo ;chistan, and Afghanistan. 
 
 Q. Point onttlie position and boundaries of Per- 
 sia. 
 
 Q. What seas lie N. of Persia, and S. of Beloo- 
 chistan ? 
 
 A. The Casp-ian [yan], north of Per- 
 sia [sha] ; and the A-ra-bi-an [-van], 
 south of Bel-oo-chis-tan. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital cities. 
 
 A. Te-he-ran, the capital of Persia ; 
 Ca-bool, the capital of Afghanistan ; and 
 Kelat', the capital of Bel-oo-chis-tan. 
 
 LESSON XLVIL 
 Hindostan, or British India. 
 
 Q. Point out the boundaries of Briti.sh India. 
 
 Q. Poiut out and name its principal capes, sulfs 
 and bays. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal islands. 
 
 A. Cey-lon, the Mal-dives, the Lac-ca- 
 dives, the Andaman and the Nicobar. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. 
 
 A. The Ilim-alay-as at the north, and 
 tlie Ghauts at the south. 
 
 Q. Point out the principal rivers and their courses. 
 
 A. The In-dus, Gan-ges, Bra-maA-poo- 
 tra, Go-dav-e-ry, Kist-nah and Ner-bud-da. 
 
 Q. For wliat is India cliietly noted ? 
 
 A. For being one of the largest and 
 most valuable dependencies of the British 
 crown. 
 
 Q. How is Hindostan divided ? 
 
 A. Into British Provinces, Dependent, 
 and Lidependent States. 
 
 Q. Name the capital of India and other cliief 
 cities. 
 
 A. Calcut-ta on the Hoogly river in 
 Ben-gal' ; Bom-bay', and Ma-dras' 
 
 LESSON XLVIIL 
 
 Further India. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of 
 Further India. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief divisions of 
 Further India. 
 
 A. British Possessions, Burmah, Siam, 
 Malaya, Anam, Cambodia, and Lower 
 Cochin China. 
 
 Q. Name the British Po.ssessions in Further 
 India. 
 
 A. British Burmah and Straits Settle- 
 ments. 
 
 
 
V 
 
 CHINA — TURKESTAN — JAPAN. 
 
 43 
 
 m 
 
 Q. Toiiit out the oapitiils of BritiHh Burmali and 
 tlie Stntits Settlements. 
 
 A. Rangoon, of British Burmah, and 
 Georgt!town,of ths Straits Settlements. 
 
 Q. Point out the chief rivers of Further India. 
 
 A. The Ir-ra-wad-dy, Sal-u-en, Mein-am, 
 and Me-kong. 
 
 Q. Point out Capes Romania and Cambodia. 
 
 Q. Point out the three jmncipal gulfs. 
 
 Q. Nunie the chief groups of islands. 
 
 J 
 
 LESSON XLIX. 
 
 Empire of China. 
 
 Q. Poii# out the position and boundaries of 
 China. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal seap. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its i)rincipal rivers. 
 
 A. The Ho-ang-ho, and the Yang-tse-ki- 
 ang. 
 
 Q. How is the Chinese Empire divided ? 
 
 A. Into Cliina Proper, Ti-bet, and Mon- 
 go-lia (including Mant-choo-ria and Co- 
 
 I'ea). 
 
 Q. Point out and name its chief cities. 
 
 A. Pe-kin, the capital ; Nan-kin, Shan- 
 ghai, Ning-po, and Can-ton. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the British possessions 
 in China. 
 
 A. The island of Hong-Kong' (capital, 
 Victoria) ; ai d Cow-loon', opposite Hong- 
 Kong. 
 
 LESSON L. 
 
 Turkeb. , 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Tur- 
 kestan. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the two great divisions 
 of Turkestan. 
 
 A. Eastern Turkestan, or Kashgaria, 
 and Western Turkestan. 
 
 Q. What range of mountains separates these 
 divisions ? 
 
 A. The Bolor-Tagh Mountains. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief cities. 
 
 A. Khiva of Western, and Cashgar of 
 Eastern Turkestan. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. 
 A. The Amoo, and the Yarkand. 
 
 LESSON LL 
 Empire of Japan. 
 
 Q. Point out the position of the Japan islands. 
 
 Q. Name the principal islands of Jajian. 
 
 A. Ki-u-siu, Si-kok/, Niph-on and Yes- 
 
44 
 
 riKST STi:i»8 IX CJKXKKAI. GEOOItAIMI V. 
 
 ^ 
 
ek 
 
 i 
 
 TIIK (JONTINKNT OF AFIUCA. 
 
 4o 
 
 so. The southern part of Sau-ha-lin. the 
 Kn-rile Ulands, and the Loo-choo Ishinds 
 
 ruixcir.VL aximals on thk coxttxf.nt of AFlUrA. 
 
 LESSON LII. 
 
 IK" lencles. 
 
 are di'p 
 
 Q. Point out niid nnmo tlio oliiof citips. 
 
 A. Jed-do, tlierapital: 0-sa-ki, Mia-ko, 
 Xa-ga-sa-ki, and INIat-su-mai. 
 
 The Continent of Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boinidarios of Africa. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name its cajies, gulfs, and bays. 
 
 O. Point ont and name the i)rinripal divisions of 
 Africa. 
 
 A. Northern Africa, North-eastern Af- 
 
46 
 
 FIllST STEPS IN GENEKAL GEOGKAi'liY. 
 
 ricu, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, 
 Western Africa, Central Northern Africa, 
 Central Southern Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out uiid imiiK> tlic lU'iiK'ipul isluiidH. 
 
 A. Ma(l-a-<^as-car, St. Helena, Ascension, 
 the Cape Verde, Canary, and ]\Ia-dei-ra 
 islands, and the A/ores. 
 
 Q. For what is Africa chleliy noted ? 
 
 A. For its jfreat river Nile, its vast ex- 
 tent, and its almost unbroken coast-line. 
 
 Q. Point out iind name tlie four Uurbary States 
 in Noitliorn Africa. 
 
 A. Mo-roc-co, Alge-ri-a, Tu-nis, and 
 Trip-o-li, including its dependencies, Bar- 
 ca, and Fez-zan'. 
 
 Q. What ishinds lie off tlie Atlantic coast of Mo- 
 roc-co ? 
 
 A. The ]\Ia-dei-ras, belonging to Por-tu- 
 gal. 
 
 Q. What islands lie soutli of the Madeira 
 inlands ? 
 
 A. The Can-a-ry Islands, belonging to 
 Spain. 
 
 Q. To whom do the Barbary States belonj,' ? 
 
 A. Al-ge-ri-a belongs to France, but 
 most of the other States are independent. 
 
 Q. Name and point out the chief cities. 
 
 A. Mo-roc-co, Al-giers (gcers), Tu-nis, 
 Trip-o-li, and JNIour-zouk. 
 
 Q Point out the countries of North-Eastern Af- 
 rica. 
 
 A. E-gypt, Nu-bia, and Ab-ys-sin-ia. 
 
 Q. Point out the position sind boundaries of 
 each. 
 
 Q. What river runs throu,y;h these countries ? 
 
 A. The celebrated river Nile. 
 
 r^. For what Scripture event is this river noted ? 
 
 A. For the finding of Moses, who had 
 been floated on it in a little ark of bul- 
 rushes. 
 
 Q. Who placed him in this ark ? 
 
 A. His mother, because King VhnYfioh 
 [Fay-ro] had ordered all the Hebrew in- 
 fant boys to be thrown into the Nile. 
 
 Q. \\y whom was Moses found ? 
 
 A. By the daujjhter of Kin<r Pharao//. 
 
 q. What did she do with him ? 
 
 A. She gave him to his mother to be 
 nursed, and afterwards brought him up as 
 her own son. 
 
 q. What sea li(^s to the east of Egypt ? 
 A. The Ked Sea. 
 
 Q. For what is this sea noted ? 
 
 A. For its passage by the Ls-rael-ites 
 under Moses, when on their way from 
 Egypt to the i)romised land of Canaan. 
 
 Q. What celebrated mount is at the head of this 
 sea ? 
 
 A. Mount Si-nai, in Ar-a-bia, round 
 which the Israelites encamped. 
 
 q. Wliat took place liere ? 
 
 A. The Is-rael-ites receive<l from God, 
 by the hand of Moses, the Ten Command- 
 ments. 
 
 q. For what is F^gypt chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For its antiquity and its pyr-a-mids. 
 
 q. Point out and name tlie capital cities of North- 
 Eastern Africa. 
 
 A. In Egypt, Cairo [Ki-ro] ; in Nubia, 
 Khartoum, and in Alvys-sin-ia, Gon-dar. 
 
 c^ 
 
.. 
 
 OCEANIA. 47 
 
 Q. Point out the chief dlvisioiiH of Central Noitli- 
 ern Africa. 
 
 LKSSON Llir. 
 
 A. The Sa-ha-ra, Sou-dan, and the unex- 
 
 — 
 
 plored regions. 
 
 Q. Point out the cliief divisions of Southern Af- 
 rica. 
 
 Islands of Africa. 
 
 (/ Point out and name the principal islands of 
 A f rica. 
 
 A. Alad-a-gas-car, St. Ile-le-na, As-cen- 
 sion, Fer-nan-d(» l*o, the Ca-na-ry, the Ma- 
 de/-ra Isles, and the Azores. 
 
 A. The Zu-lti [or Zooloo], Bec-hu-an- 
 has, and IIot-( ii-tot Countries; and the 
 liritish colonies of Na-tal, Kaf-fra-ri-a, and 
 the Cape. 
 
 Q. Name tlie principal rivers. 
 
 A. The Orange and Fish rivers. 
 
 Q. Name the Hritish Islands. 
 
 A. Mauritius [ino-rish-us], the Seychel- 
 ic/, St. He-le-na, and As-cen-sion. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the |)rin(Mpal cities. 
 
 Q. Name the French Islands. 
 
 A. Cape Town and Port Na-tal. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie chief divisions of Western Af- 
 rica. 
 
 A. Bour-bon, Ste. Ma-rii;, Nos-si-be Ma- 
 yot-ta. 
 
 Q. Name the Spanish Islands. 
 
 A. Senegambia, Upper Guinea and 
 Lower Guinea. 
 
 A. The Ca-na-ry Isles, Fer-nan-do Po, 
 
 &e. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie chief divisions of liower 
 G»ine«. 
 
 A. Con-go and Lo-an-go. 
 
 Q. Name the Portuguese Islands. 
 
 A. The Ma-de/-ras, the A-zores, and the 
 Cape Verde Isles. 
 
 Q. Point out the chief divisions of Upper (guinea. 
 
 A. Slave Coast, Gold Coast, Ash-an-tee, 
 and Li-be-ria. 
 
 Q. Name the chief city. 
 
 Q. Is Madagas(!ar indepondont ? Name its cnpi- 
 . tal. 
 
 A. Ft is independent. Ta-nan-a-ri-vo, in 
 the centre, is its capital. 
 
 A. Cape Coast Castle [British]. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief town in Li- 
 be- ria. 
 
 A. ]\Ion-ro-vi-a, capital of Li-be-ria. 
 
 
 LESSON LTV. 
 
 Q. Name the principal rivers. 
 
 
 A. The Sen-e-gal [gaul] and the Gani- 
 bi-a. 
 
 Oceania. 
 
 Q. Point out the great island group of Oceania. 
 
 
48 
 
 i^RST STEPS IN GENEllAL GEOGRArHY. 
 
 Q. Into how many great groups are tlioy divided ? 
 
 A. Into f(Kir, called Ma-lay-sia, Aus- 
 tivJ-a-sia, Mi-cro-ne-sia, unci Po-ly-ne-sia. 
 
 rUINCIl-AL AXIMALS IN (l< KAMA. 
 
 Q. Xiinie the Portiignese islands. 
 
 A. Ti-mor in })art, Flo-res, So-lor, etc. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie position of the Malaysian group. 
 
 Q. Name the principal islands in this group. 
 
 A. Su-ma-tra. Ja-va, Bor-nc-o, Ccl-e-bes, 
 and the Phil-lip-pines. 
 
 Q. Xauio tlic Diitcli islands in ^lalaysia. 
 
 A Ja-va, Cel-e-bes, part of Borno-o, 
 Ti-nior, etc. 
 
 (^. Xamo the principal divisions in the .\ustral- 
 asia group. 
 
 A. Aus-tra-lia [vii], Tas-nia-ni-a, New 
 Zea-land, New (J^/in-er;, New J leb-ri-des, 
 Sa-l(^-nien islaiuls, etc. 
 
 Q. Which (»f these belong to Great Britain ? 
 
 A. Australia, Tas-nia-nia, and New Zea- 
 land. 
 
 Q. Name the Si)anish islands in Malaysia. 
 A. Tli(! Phi-lip- pines, a iirf»«ip of three 
 large, and twelve hundred .smaller islands. , q_ Point out and name its cai)es and gulf.s 
 
 Q. Point out the ])osition and boundaries of Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 i 
 

 m 
 
 .«i 
 
 ii- 
 
 i\' 
 
 AUSTllALASIA. 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 ISU I.oii.'ilU(\i> Kast 140 from Oricn* it'll I.IU 
 
 lU'i 
 
 TIIILIPPINE 
 
 SLANpS 
 
 >o 
 
 0« 
 
 
 
 «f 
 
 C Al^ 
 
 Spfec Tsliinds 
 
 
 T" 
 
 ^[AUSTRALASIA 
 
 ■''^1 r~~ 
 
 ^•" 
 
 %t 
 
 OlillTE 
 
 -«-^ 
 
 9 
 
 I S L AliTD B 
 
 ^Ljy;^ S^ SOLOMON'S 
 
 
 lU 
 
 M'H^ 
 
 ^^•ta/„-H!!liV 
 
 iXouisiade 
 
 CUIPELAtio 
 
 RumllASlriitl,^r.',X.Y, 
 
 I 
 
"m" 
 
 tv 
 
 iir 
 
 Ti 
 
 hi] 
 
 50 
 
 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Q. Into what colonies is it divided ? 
 
 A. Inlo Nurtli, West Jind South Aus- 
 tra-liii, Vic-tu-iiji, Xew South Wales, and 
 Queuns-hiiid. 
 
 Q. Toint out iind in. le the cupiUil cities. 
 
 A. Syd-rey, the capital of New South 
 Wales ! l'>ris-bane, of Queens-laud ; Mel- 
 bourne, of Vic-to-ria ; Ad-e-laide, of South 
 Aus-tra-li-a ; Perth, of W(^st Australia, and 
 Palmerston,of North Australia. 
 
 Q. Point out the iwsition and boundaries of Tas- 
 mania. 
 
 Q. Point out tlic position of New Zealand. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name the chief cities. 
 
 A. Ilo-hart Town,the capital of Tas-ma- 
 nia, and Auckland, the capital of New 
 Zer/-land. 
 
 (^. Point out €and name the most im^xirtant {jronp 
 of ishinds in Micronesia. 
 
 A. The Sandwich Islands ; capital llon- 
 o-lu-lu, 
 
 Q. Point out and name one of tlie chief groups 
 in Polynesia. 
 
 A. The Feejee Islands, belonging to 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 immt^rmamm^p^s^!^^ 
 
Zealand. 
 
 ?itics. 
 
 il of Tas-nui- 
 
 tal of New 
 
 niioi'tant si'*>»P 
 capital lion- 
 
 e chief groups 
 lelongiug to 
 
-"^JjS; 
 
 /•v ■■ t 
 
■tp^^ 
 
 
 TACZABUilY'S NBW TOPOaSAPHIOAL ATLAS OP THE DOMINION. 
 
 THIS Elab- 
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 PHYSICA 
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 GEOLOG^. 
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 Address GEORGE N. TACKABURY, Publisher of Tackabury's Maps 
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