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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". ly^aps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit an un seul cliche, il est film6 A p^rtir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant la nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE WINNIPEG Id AND Forming, with Hudson Bay and Strait, a New Trade Route between America and Europe. The Most Important Railway [nteipiise of the Age. A SAVING OF 1,000 TO 1,500 MILES OF RAILWAY CARRIAGE. WINNIPEG : MANITOBA FREE PRESS PRINT. J887. :fei:.:i.i-'^fe.-~.j-^:v?it<'it sj.^v.,! 'Z*;.„;stfa£ ij^tjft;*^ ' ^* ^^ THE WINNIPEG AND IDSON BAI III )f ^; Forming, with Hudson Bay and Strait, a New Trade Route between America and Europe. Ilie Most Impoilant Railway Enteipiise of tlie Age, A S\VIN(; OF 1, *•• < WTNXIPE(J : MAXITOI'.A FHKE I'HHSs rRLVI ] S h 7 . % WINNIPEG & HUDSON BM R]5IL¥AY HUGH SUTHERLAND, President. D. J. BEATON, Secretary. E. P. LEACOCK, Land Commissioner. HEAD OFFICES; WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, ■| xi THE WliNNIFEG & HUDSON BAY RAILWAY, FORMING, WITH HUDSON BAY AND STRAIT, llETWKEN NORTHWEST AMERICA AND EUROrE. I % i* NEW OUTLET NEEDED. Tlio Province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories of Canada lie far to the west of tlie Athmtie seaboard. A rail- way journey of 1 125 miles from Montreal, tlie nearest seaport, is necessary before reaching Winnipeg, whicii is situated at tlie extreme eastern limit of the Fertile Belt of the Northwest. It is 1781 miles by the shortest present i-ailway route from Montreal to Regina, the capital of tlie Northwest Territories, and the ccnt!-e of the wheat-gr-jwini;: rej^ion. There is an averaf^c of 2,()()(J miles and more from Montreal to the cattle ranches of the Northwest. These distances are very great, and the cost of transi)orta- tion of the products of that countrv is so heavy that but little margin is left to the producer. The natural and inevitable consequence of this enormous handicap has been to very seriously retard the development of a country vast in extent and exceedingly rich in the resources of its soil and giazing lands. Some other outkt, shorter, cheaper, and more expeditious, had to be provided in order to ensure that measure of \nos- perity which the other natural conditions of the country so liV)erally promise. Lying immediately to the north, and within a few hundred miles of the principal centres of trade and poj)ulation, is Hudson Bay, projecting far into the interi- or, as if to invite the conmierce of the whole of that region. A port at the mouth of Nelson River would be nearer to Liver[)ool than is Montreal or New York, and a route by way of Hudson Bay and Strait would thus bring the entire North- west from 1000 to 1500 miles nearer the seaboard than it is at present, and place it at an equal advantage in res[)ect to European markets with the Eastern Provinces of the Do- minion, and with the middle and northern States of the adjoining Republic. A railway to Hudson Bay and a steam- ship lino thence to England were accordingly determined on. INCOlU'UllATluN. Tlic Caiia of the bonds of the Com- pany for twenty-five years, that being the estimated amount I'eipdred to build and equip that portion of the line situated within the ])rovince. This substantial aid to the undertaking was voted with the pur[)Ose of enabling the Company to •ce the scheme at once and thus secure the early com- jn of the railway. The Governor and Council of the Northwest Territories, the Winnipeg City Council and Board of Trade, the Manitoba Farmers' Union, the hargo (Dak.) Chamber of Connnerce, the Farmers' Convention of Minnesota, ami public meetings in the leading towns and numicipalities of Manitoba, the Red River valley of Minnesota and Dak(jta, and of the citizens of Helena, Montana, have, by resolutions and otherwise, ex))ressed con- fidence in the enterjn'ise, and urged its early completion. SAVINGS IN DISTANCES. Port Nelson, the terminus of the railway on Hudson Bay, is '2!»06 miles from Liverpool, Montreal 20!)0, and New York ?>[()() — these distances being practically identical. But the saving in i-ailway carriage is very great. Fi'oin Regina, the tei'rainus of the western branch of the railway, to New York, by the present shortest route, is 2135 miles; to Montreal, 1781 miles, and to port Nelson only 700 miles, showing a saving by the Hudson Bay route over New York of 1435 miles and over Montreal of 1081 miles. The saving from i \Vinni|)(!g is correspondingly ys^veid. ft is this mi-'nt of tlic now i-oute, and whicii will command for it the ason. Kxpc.'ience has shown that these reports are entirely reliable. The second bulletin for the harvest of 1887 has been pub- lished, and an estimate of the wheat yield based on the re- ports from all the townships of the Province shows that there will be an ex])ort surplus production of upwards of {S,()()( ),00( ► bushels. The increase in the western territories will be cor- res[)ondingly large. These re[)orts also show that the annual increase in the acreage sown during the past four years avcr- at'es about 12 })er cent. With the stimulus to production caused by the cheaper outlet to the world's markets, which will be afforded by tlie Hudson Bay Railway, and the conse- (pient rise in ])rices, it is expected that the surplus production of Manitoba alone will soon exceed 4,000,000 quarters. Cattle. — The cattle industry of the Northwest has already assumed large dimensions ; and now that the grazing lands of tlie United States territories are about exhausted, and the cattlemen of that country are turning their attention to the more fertile and almost limitless regions of north-western Canada, the development of that industry will no doubt be lar«Tely accelerated. Several hei'ds have been already driven acro.ss the boundary line, and at the present writing the Powder River Company of Wyoming are driving over a herd of 40,()0<> head, having secured the lease of a large tract of grazing lands from the Canadian Government, In a short time the export of cattle from these ranches will reach large propor- tions, and the great advantage in distance, time, and cost will throw nearly the whole of this traffic to the Hudson Bay Railway. These two important items of traffic will be certain to seek the new route, as it will offer a saving of 6d. per bushel of wheat, and nearly £3 per head of cattle in transpor- tation. L()c(d Ti'Ufjiv. — The pmduetioii of outs, hurley liuy, potutous unci other f'urm ])ro(hiee is ulready lur^e und yearly increusiiiL;. IM'osjxM'oiis settlements extend aloiii,' the route to Fairioid and Ijeyond, ofierinj,^ a Iiie'-ative local traHic in these ])roducts as soon as the railway is eonijiletetl to that ))oint. No pui't of the Noith-west otters as many uilvantai^es i\n- mixed farnnnj^", or will he so speedil)' and i^'eneiully developed, us thut lyinL; along tlie line of railway from \Vinnipe<^ t(» the cnjssingot" the Saskatchewan river. Uiiited ^%Ues Trihule. — From their geoyraphieul jiositiijn, Minnesota, Dakota, \Vyomin^^ Montana, and other western territoi'ies of the Unit 'd States will iK^cessurily he trihutary to this route, as it will olier them the same advantai^es and to the like e.\.tent as to the (Canadian possessions. The farmers and cattle-men of those y the largest river steamers from Winnipeg to Fargo, on the the Northern Pucific Railway, a distance of 5S() miles. Nearly the whole of this surplus wheat would seek tlie new route as the shortest and cheapeso, the saving in carriage rei)resenting the increase in price to the pi'o.lucoi-, as well as o})erating as a stimulus to increased [)roduction. lI}iLt(i(l Stafei^ Rancltes. — The cattle ranches of Montana and Wyoming will also su[)ply trafiic for this i-oute. This trade is now being done over the Canadian Pacific and Northern Pacific Railways, the cattle being consigned to Chicago, New York, and Montreal. Owing to the advantages in time and distance, and the greater healthfulness (jf the northern route, it is quite certain that a large proportion of this trade will be diverted to the new line. Wheat Product. — Competent and entirely reliable autlior- ities estimate that the wheat surplus foi' export from the regions tributary to the Hudson Bay Railway will, within five years of its completion, reach the enormous total of from six to eight millions of (quarters. The {)roportion of this tratftc which will seek its outlet by the new route will be large enough in itself to tax the resources of any one line to — i iltOL'S sillL;-. and s as •t of Mi'li'T, bcrn of )iiov<\ T(» this will Im^ atldril tlic tratlic in cattlf, an industry capa'nl'' oi' innncnso d('vel()j)ni<'nt in tlio rct^ions named. IhiDugrafion. — A niurc dire'^t and clieai)i'i' i-outc for Euro- )>('jui iiiiini^'rants to tlio ('anaiiian Northwest is uri;'<'ntly nt't'flcd. Manv of th'>s(' who left tlioir old lionics in past years with the ))ni'|)ose ov tryini,^ tlieir foi'tunes in tliat new country of '• illinutahie possiliilities," as Lord Dutfeiin liappily do- serihed it, (h'ifted to tlie Tnited States. This was ahiiost inevital)le from tlie mixed route which liad for ho many years affoi'ded tiie oidy ni(;ans of access to tliat counti'y. 'J'he h)ss to the Kmpire in wealtli and popuhition wiiicli lias l»een occa- sion(!d in tliis way will Ije checked as soon as the new route is (•pened up, and innni;L;rants are tlu'rehy porniitted direct access to the countiy, without bt.'ing exposed to the allurements of foi'eiun 'and ao'ents. The henetits wdiicli will result in this way are so ap})arent that the Governmi'Ut will, no douht, L^ivo eveiy encouragement to tlie use (*[" rhis i-oute as a means to the settlement of the country. Ru'c.rs. — Amfmi-' the j)rinci[)al livers of tlie Northwest are the llerl, tlie Assinihoine, and tlu; Saskatchewan, all em)>tying into Hudson IJav throui^h the Nelson. The two former are navigable for () miles each and upwards, and the Saskatche- wan and its branches for l,'A)() miles. In the valleys of these rivers the land is exceptionally fertile, and much of it is al- r(»ady taken up and ()ccu])ied l>y enterprising and prosperous settlers. The more im[)ortant cities ami towns which have grown up along their banks are : Fargo, Moorhead, Grandin, sum. asbestos, and mica, as well as promising traces of gold, silver, I I 'i i) i M copper and othoi- minerals. In his report for 1SH."», Lieut, (jfonlon, R. N., eonnnandiiig the ('anathan (jlovernnient ex])e(li- tions to Hudson Bay, ex]ii esses the conviction tliat with rail- way communication with the Bay these mnies will he speedily and extensively developed. Timber. — North of the Saskatchewan the railway will run throufjh a heavilv tindxM'ed district, which will be of (q-cat value in supplying the necessities of the piviirie region. The countrv around the head of James' Bav is also heavilv wooded, a large pr(>portH)ii of the tiudier l:»eing pine of excellent (|uality, (»asily accessiltle and convenient for maiuifacture and shipment to Europe. Fisher I f'.^. — The waters of the Bay and Strait abound with .salmon, cod, seal, ]>orpoise, whale and wall us. The Hudson Bay Company already do a large trade in salmon, porpoise and walrus, and for half a century New England vessels have anmially visited the Bay for whales. The development of these valuable industries, however, is but yet in its infancy, and a source of such certain wealth to enterprising traders is not likely to remain nciglectcd, once railway comnuinication is established. The white tish trade of Lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba promises to be very large, regular shipments being made as far east as Chicago, Buffalo and New York, and south to the cities of the Mississippi Valley. Notwithstanding the ])resent difficulties in reaching market, the ([uantity exported in 18, 14l> jjounds. THE QUESTION OF NAVfUATH >N. The period during which Huds(m Strait is open for naviga- tion each year is a <[ue8ti(»n that may now be considered as satisfactorily solved. The House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assend;)ly of Manitoba have collected a mass of evidence bearing on the subject, the testimony varying as to the period of navigation, from four to six months. No one ])laces it at a less period than foui months for steamshi])s, and the preponderance of evidence is in favor of from five to six months. The following is a brief statement of some of the evidence taken :— D)'. Bell, of the Canadian Geological Survey, who has made five voyages through the Strait: Navigable from middle of June to middle of November. — — ( 'apt. Jacob Tabor, a New Bedford whaler : From first of July to first of November. ('apt. St. Clair, New Bedford whaler : From first July to middle of November. (Japt. C'lisby, of New Loudon, Couu., who has had fourteen years' expericiuee in those waters : Four months, an years: Strait never freezes; no reason why steamships should not navigate it any time. The Canadian Government sent three expeditions to tlu- Strait and Bay — lSS4;-S5-8<) — under command ot Lieut. Gordon, in all of whose reports the ]H'riod of free navi^-ation of the Strait is placed at four months. ('apt. J. J. Barry, the first ofiicer in each of the ex[)editions, and an experienced Newfoundland sealer, thinks ocean steam- ships can enter as early as June, and can certainly come out its late as JJecember. Mr. W. A. Ashe, Superintendent of the (Quebec Observatory, the officer of the exi)editi()n in charL^e of the station on the north coast of the Strait fi'om August, 1884, to September, 1885, says the Strait is navigable for from four and a half to six and a half months, varying according to the class of the shi]). Ml". C. R. Tuttle, .-ecretary of the first year's expedition, ])laces the period of navigation at eight months. In his inter- esting volume on the voyage, " Our North Land," he quotes Capt. Sopp, the sailing master, as saying : " I would sooner navigate Hudson Strait than the FiUglish Channel. ' Mr. Wm. Skynner, an officer who accompanied the three expeditions, thinks the Strait can be navigated from June to December. Mr. D. J. Beaton, who made the round voyage with the ex- pedition of 188'), reported that the Strait was navigable from May to December. i 10 — Capt. Markliam, R. N., an experienced Arctic navioator, accompanied tlie expedition of LSSfl, He reports. "L be- lieve the Strait will be found navigable for at least foin* months* rvery year, and ]>robably oflen for five or more. There will, 1 have no doubt, be many year.s v/hen navigation can be carried out safely and surely from the first of June u!itil the end of November." Capt, John Maephersoh, of lStei)nt'y, ijoiidoii, as h'rst ofhcer and captain in tlie service of the Hudson Bay Company, made voyao-os from London and Stromness to Hudson Bay, and return, annually for twent}' years. He writes : " There is no leason why steamships C(juld Jiot make tlie passage (of tlie Strait) as early as the first of June, and come out as late as the middle of November." The Bay is o|)on all the yeai- round. It is described by Lieut. Gordon as "a vast l)asin of compai-ativeiy warm water," and l)y Dr. Bell as " very tranquil and wholly free from storms." In his evidence before the Committee of the Housr of Commons, the latter stated that he found the mean suminer temperature of the water of the bay 50' Farenheit, while that of Lake Superior was 89.5'^ during the same season. GOVEUXMENT I.AND8. The land policy of the Canadian Government is extremely liberal, every head of a family atid every male person eighteen years of age and u|> wards b.ving entitled to a free homestead of 100 acres, (m easy ternis of settlciuenf, and |)re-emj)ti(»n of an additional 100 acres at 10s. per acre. The soil is the richest in the world. All kinds of grains and vegetables o-row with a luxuriance not equalled elsewhf;re without abundant and expensive aitificial aids. With the advantage and en- couragement of the new trade route there is no doubt that immigration will largelv increase. Lord Dnfl'erin, the Manpiis of Lnrnc. and other distin- guished 2'entlemen who havi; \isited the Noithwcst have ex- pressed the belief that tlu; country is ca])al)le of supporting, in comfortable independence, an agricultural po])ulation of fifteen or twenty millions. It is destined, and before many • iecades, to ap[)roach that number, for no other country in the world at present offers, or can offer, as great and many advan- tages to the European emigrant seeking a new and better home. The immigration this year is Inruelv in excess of that for many years past, and the conditions ]M>int to a steady and pc'manent maintenance of that incicase. 11 — KAILWAV LANDS. Tho coiiipletion of the Wiiini})e sections, instead of alternate sections only — a concession made to no other railway in Canada. This will facilitate setJement, as the privilege of selecting adjoining lots will encourage coloniz- ing companies wlu* desire to group themselves in compact counnunities. (illEATNKSS OF TlIK NORTHWEST. From the Rept)rt of a Select Committee of the Senate of Canada, on thr Natural Food Products of the Northwest Territories, Session l8o7 : — " Your Connnittce cannot conclude this Report without expressing to this Honorable House their sense of the great value of tliese Northwest Territories to the Dominion of Canada, and from the evidence taken, which incidentally ex- tends beyond the scoj^e of your instructi(jns, they are forced to the conchision that nowhere has Nature showered blessing's with a more bountiful hand than in the Canadian Northwest. A.I)out 6U(>,0()() s(|uare miles of arable and pastoral land sofMu ])repared by the hand of God for the homes of eivilized men. No rock or stump prevents the immediate cultivation of the soil, while beneath the surface ai'e vast stores of fuel from former forests, side by side with extensive deposits of iron — 12 — oiv. A region which, situated as it is on the highest table- Land ot this continent, enjoys equality oi' mean temperature, freedom from many forms of epidemic and malarial disease, and immunity from the cyclones which have become, from their frequency, the ten'or of the inhabitants of less elevated regions south of our border; navigable rivers traverse its length, and a great and growing system of railways carries its produce to the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific. It is a land of interest and ])rofit to the tourist, the angler and the hunter, (jlreat waterways drain it to the Pacilic, to the Atlantic, to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Sea ; in its bosom is found coal, gold, silver, iron, copper, salt, sidphur, petroleum, asphaltum, and most of the granites, mai'bles, clays, lime and sandstones, which are of con a'uctive use, while on and near its surface amber and some of the precious stones have been found. The well known climatic law " that the neai-er we ap])roach the limit of jKJssible cultivation of all cereal ))lants the greater will be the yield and the finer the (|nality," also ordains that the frost of winter, a,ccom])anied as it is by an absence of moisture, and by light snowfall, shall make it pleasant and healthful for man, while aiding him in his work by its deep penetration, pulverizing the soil as it thaws, and giving gradually back to the uppcu- crust the impi-isoned moisture. " Your Committee are of opinion that the Northwest Terri- tories will produce all of the necessaries and many of the luxuries of civilized life, and tliat " tins great region, a kingdom in extent, in resources, and in undeveloped wealth, is fitted for the pros|»er()U8 and ha]>])y homes of many null^ )ns of men of all races, who will acknowledge with us the sway of the British (Jrown." t4R()WTH OF THK N(JllTHWi:si\ " Half a generation ago, Winnij)eg, the flourishing capital of the Nfntliwest, was a mere outpost in the wilderness, only to be reached by a laborious advance thropgh the trackless forests and almost unexplored waters. Now it is a great city, full of activity and enterprise, from which no less than seven railways radiate. The growth of Chicago itself was not more rapid in the corresponding period of its existence." — London Timet,'. Tlie substantial growth of Manitoba has ke[)t pace with that of Wiimipeg. Great as both have l)een, it is no marvel to those who know the country. Soil and climate unite in making it naturally great, and those (pialities will scvjure for it, in spite of piejudice or ignorance, a population of enter- pi'ising, contented, and pros])erous people. table- erature, disease, e, froii) slevated ersu its fries its a land hunter, itic, to 1 coal, laltum, istones, surface I The ch the greater IS that )nce of nt and s deep giving aisture. Terri- of the great eloped many ith us 3aj)ital 5, only LckJess t city, seven ; moi'e melon with [larvel ice in re for 3nter- :%