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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", ie symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many fram&s as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^ A partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche & droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 i.t BE Tl No. U6. THE COAST OF BKITISH COLUMBIA INCLUDI.NG THE JUAN DE FUCA STRAIT. PUOET aOUND, VANCOUVER AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS. COMPILED BY R. C. RAY, U. S. Navy, Untlcr flie direction of RICHARDSON CLOVEK, Hydhoorapiier. Price ^1.50 WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 18 1. Preface .. Note Index Cbii General R Strait of i HesHion ! Haro Stra ]i:irtiire Mi.l.i.le Cli Rosario St The Strat Bute Id] From the West Cons Inner Cbi Sound . Milbank S ■-!': CONTENTS. Preface v Note VI Index Chart vil INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. General Remarks— Climate, Meteorology— Products— Passages 1 CHAPTER I. Strait of Juan de Fuca, Admiralty Inlet, Piiget Sound, Hood's Canal, and Pos- Hi'ssion Sound 9 CHAPTER II Ilaro Strait and the Western Channels and Islands to Nanaimo Harbor and De- 75 jijirture Bay CHAPTER III. Middle Channel, Lopez Sound, Orcns, West and East Sounds 115 CHAPTER IV. Rosario Strait and shores of Qeorgia Strait 131 CHAPTER V. The Strait of Oeorgia, Nanaimo Harbor and Biirrard Inlet to Cape Mudge and Bute Inlet 158 CHAPTER VI. From the Strait of Georgia to Cape Scott and the Scott Islands 189 CHAPTER VII. i West Coas • Vancouver 'sland, from the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Cape Scott. 248 CHAPTER VIII. Inner Channels of British Columbia, Queen Charlotte Sound to Milbank Sound 309 CHAPTER IX. Milbank Sonnd to Chatham Sonnd, Inner and Outer Channels 331 III IV C0XTFXT8. CIIArTKH X. P«(fe. OuUr Coast, Caj-eCalvprt to OjjilciiCli;inin-l 3ua CHAriKK XI. CbatbnmSouDil, Edyo oud Drown rHfiai;i'«, ami Dixuii EDtrauco 367 CHAI'TEK XII. Quecii C'bai lotto Islauda S9>i CIIAI'TKK XIII. Portlaud nud Observator.v Iiik-ts, ami rmtlaml Caual 414 AUKENDA. List of Lights 425 Coaliug and Uockiug Fatilitic! 431 PREFACE. This edition coutaiiis sailiiiK (iTectious tor tie Strait of Juan de FucH, Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, and Hood's Canal; Haro and Itosario Straits and the Western Clianuels; Strait of Georgia and the inner waters of British Colund)ia ; the coast of Vancouver and Queeu Charlotte Island, together with Portland Inlet and Canal and Observ- atory Inlet. In the compilation of this volume the following authorities have been consulted: Pacific Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Pacific Coast Pilot, Alaska, Part I, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. British Columbia Pilot, British Admiralty. Archives, U. S. Ilydrographic Office. Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department. Consular Report.s, State Department. Dock Book, British Admiralty. Port Charges of the World, Uunter. Ilydrographic Otlice Charts. Coast and Geodetic Survey Charts. British Admiralty Charts. The information has been junncitially taken from the Pacific Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington, Coast Survey, and the British Columbia Pilot, Admiralty, togeth«'r with such information as has been from time to time furnished by officers of United States vessels. KiOHAEDsoN Clover, Hydrofjrapher. U. S. Hydrooraphic Office, Washington, D. C, 1891. NOTE The bearings, courses, ami trend of the land are true. Tho direction of tho winds, the point from which they blow ; of currents, the point toward which they set. Distances are expressed in nautical miles ; souudiuf,'s, unless otherwise stated, are reduced to mean low water. VI 134° 133° ~\ 132° € 131° ^ V^"?C ( S- \^. n j.%- 4 B '2.^!iS\^a ^.f'R.^ia b-i«'r. 131» INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. GENERAL UEMARKS.— CLIMATE, METEOROLOGY.— PRODUCTS. SAGES. -PAS- British Columbia includes Vancouver Island, also the numerous islands and adjacent mainland of North America lying between Point Koberts, in the Strait of Georgia, and Portland Canal. The average breadth of British Columbia is about 250 miles, and the length of its coast line about 450 miles; the area, iucluding Vancouver Island aud Queen Charlotte Islands, is roughly estimated at 400,000 square miles. Products. — British Columbia contains extensive tracts of arable land and a large auriferous district. Gobi was first discovered on Thomo- son River in 1858. Coal is found on the mainland and on Vancouver Island; the mines at Nanaimo and Departure Bay, which yield bitu- minous coal, being the principal places on the island. xVnthracite coal is also found, especially in Queen Charlotte Islands. During 1870 about ;50,000 tons were exported; in 1884 the value of coal exported nmonntcd to 82,000,000 and in lH8(i to $Q73,000. Wiieat, barley, oats, i)otatoes, paas, vegetables, aud fruits tiourish in British Columbia. The fishenes are very rich, but are not yet devel- oju'd ; whaling is, however, being carried on to a small extent, and the doglish catch is steadily progressing. Salmon is abundant, the export of whicli, chiefly in tins, constitutes one of the principal sources of wealth ill the country; it is also an important part of the food of the Indians, lloulican, somewhat resembling the sardine, cod, herring, halibut (of enormous size), sardines, anchovy, haddock, aiul oysters are also found. Among the numerous fur-bearing animals the principal are the sea otter, marten, silver fox, black fox, ana red fox. The forests are of great extent, producing valuable timber, of which the Oregon pine, white pine, maple, Scotch fir, and cedar are the prin- cipal ; the former, yielding spars 100 to 150 feet in length, and from 20 inclies to 2 feet in diametei', is that principally exported in large car- goes. Besides the above, the j'cllow cypress, poplar, arbor vitae, yew, oak, arbutus, alder, dogwood, cherry, crab apple, willow, ami cotton- wood are found. Cattle, horses, sheep, and farm auinuils thrive gen- erally in all parts The manufactures of British Columbia consist of sawmills aud tlour mills, breweries, anvl distilleries; they are rapidly increj.t»ing. Population.— The population of British Columbia is to some extent migratory ; in 1871 it amounted to 10,58(;, exclusive of Indians, aud was 14205— No. 06 1 1 GENERAL REMARKS. U classed as follows : 8,576 wbites, 462 negroes, and 1,548 Chinese ; but id 1885 tlie population of Victoria alone reached to nearly 12,000, and con- tinues to increase with rapiditj". The Indian population is ^stiniated at about 30,000 or 40,000, 17,000 being on Vancouver Island, but they ap- pear to be gradually diminishing in numbers, consequent on tribal wars, feuds, and the ravages of smallpox and measles, both of which disease* are deadly amongst the natives. The Indians along the coast have great skill in the building and management of canoes; they are a polygamous race, and subsist chietiy by hunting and tishing; those of southern Columbia are dark, and wear their hair long, while those of the more northern districts are of a clearer tint. The coast Indians live in substantial one-story divelling* of ax-hewn timber, divided into several compartments, of which one is occupied by each family. In tiet in dianie- arthed roof,, oidy outlet nte miles ir> (1 Inlet, the n from Van- uiade from nd, between communica- n with Eng- Iniet. Also iiderabiy ac-^ juver Island ' ever, rising Iter. In the and cold are iver, reniark- f) malaria or 'st localities. Island, but of rain, and i atmosphere [sland differs summer the ?what lower, CLIMATE — THERMOMETER — BAROMETER. 3 while the rainfall is greater immediately along the coast. The lower Fraser Valley (New Westminster district) does not receive in summer the cold breezes from the 01ymi)ian Mountains which blow across Vic- toria, nor does it receive in winter so much of the genial warmth of warm ocean air. As a general thing ice forms on the river for a short time, and snow begins to fall in January, and continues to do so inter- mittently until March, the groir.^d not being contiuously covered \v;itli it. ObservariOns for seven consecutive years — 1874 to 1880 — at New Westminster give the highest maximum tenijierature, 92^ in 'July, and tiic lowest 7° in January, the mean annual rainfall being .')9.0wt'r than the mean temi)erature of the atmospliere at Port Simpson iliiring these periods, but at Metlah catlaii and Xass IJays it was 8° lower than the atmosphere, ))robably due to the intiiience of the cold water from the rivers wliich tlnw into tiiose bays. Birds. — During the month of May humuiing birds in great numbers arrive, and remain until the end of August. 4 GENERAL REMARKS. At tl»e bej^iimiiij? of October, large docks ot wild geese and ducks are seen flying southward; and the winter season is then assumed to have coinnienced. Temperature. — From observations taken in 18(58, during the four months mentioned, the maximum and minimum registrations of tem- perature were as follows : June, 05^, oO^; July 74^, •tSO; August, 70o, 54° ; September, (i4o, 44°. Portland CanaL — The sun's rays in August, between !l a.m. and 3 J), m., were very jiowerful, and, reflected from the snow, caused occa- sionally intense heat. When the sun was obscured by the mountains, the atmosphere at once conveyed a sensation of chilliness. During that month, just before sunrise, the thermometer Vegistered 32^, water left in basins within the tent being frozen during the night. The vapor developed by the heat of the sun during the early portion of the day, becoming condensed on the mountainous shores of the iulet, usually fell as a drizzling rain from 3 p. m. to about midnight. Temperature of the surlace water, within L*() miles of the head of the canal, was 33°. At that distance from the mouth of the Bear Itiver the water on the surface was fresh. Queen Charlotte Islands.— The climate of Queen Charlotte Islands and the ott-lying islands of the coast of British Columbia is influenced by the warm body of water which washes their shores, and the winter is less severe and the climate is milder on the islands than within the inlets. The vajtor ai ising from this body of warm water is con a. 111. and 3 caused occa- e iiiomitains, ess. During ed 32°, water night. The p!.v i)ortion of < of tlie iulet, ight. le head of the ' Bear liiver rlotte Islands is iutluenced id the winter an within the is condensed iiainland, and lew Westmin- sleighs run to [ ice forms at i-ativeiy fresh, upede naviga- Island, ice it* less, and oi!ca. inlets. he winter, the itter, in severe inches ; heavy METEOROLOGICAL FEATURES — SMOKE. 5 The following table shows the principal meteorological features at Esquimau, Vancouver Island, during the years 1870 and 1871 : Barome. ter (mean beiKht). Thermometer. Tempera ture of sea. Prevallinc wind. Month. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Kemarkg. Jnimary 30.021 51.5 23.5 43.4 North and northea»terly. FHoniary — 29. 070 SO.O 29.5 43 Easterly . ■ March 29. 921 59 34 45.4 Southeasterly and westerly . Rainy month. April 30.037 61.5 43.5 48.2 Southeasterly and south- westerly. Mav 30. 009 69.5 46 5 51.7 Southeasterly and southerly. .Southeasterly and south- Jmie 29.989 68 5-'. 6 53.2 westerly. Inly 30.043- 68.5 M. 5 .57.4 Southeasterly to westerly. Aiitxnflt 30. 039 72 55 58.9 Southeasterly to westerly. S(|iteinl)er... 30. 018 65 50 55.4 Southwesterly, variable Fogs during latter part of month. Octolii-r 30. 037 60.5 45.5 49.1 Variable Foga and trequeut rains. November... 30. 059 61 40.6 46 7 Easterly, northeasterly to southeasterly. Ii'cember ... 30.066 59 28.5 45.1 Easterly. Fogs.— Juan de Fuca Strait— Although fogs in this region are not of such frequent occurrence as on the neighboring coast of Cali- turnia (where they prevail almost uninterruptedly during summer and a.s late as the middle of October), yet from July to November they occur in Juan de Fuca Strait, and are sometimes very dense over the entrance for several days together. They are generally accompanied by calms or verv light winds from NW., which renders them the more dangerous to sailing vessels closing tlie land. Coast North of Vancouver Island. — Fogs are jirevalent especially during the summer months. The NW. winds which prevail during that season condense the vapor wliich arises from the comparatively warm water surrounding Queen Charlotte Islands an& the coast of Alaska. During the prevalence of NW. winds this vapor is dispersed, bur during calms or with light winds, and especially with southwesterly winds succeeding NW. winds, it a])proaches quickly from seaward in the form of dense fog or drizzling mist and rain. At times fog will be found at the entrances to the sounds during the toreuoon, dispersing near noon by the heat of the sun, the afternoons, becoming clear and flue. Smokes from forest tires cause much inconvenience during the dry season, and are a great iiapediment to navigation. In some seasons. they have extendetl from the Gulf of Georgia to Portland Inlet. © GENERAL REMARKS. Vancouver Island to San Francisco (sailing). — Keep between 50 and 100 miles ott' shore to obtain the benefit of the cuirent and to avoid the fogs. Take advantage of either tack upon whicli the most latitude •can be made. In summer make the laud to the northward of tlie port; in winter to the southward. Use every opportuuitj- to observe for iat itude and hingitude, as fogs prevail near the land. xVUow generally for a soutiierly set of .\ mile per hour until within 50 miU's of tiie coast; after which it is not ap|)reciable. With the above precaution vessels iiuay shape a course for the south Farallou. From November to April vessels are liable to iuive head winds from SW. as far south as the parallel of Cape Mendocino. These winds, ihowever are variable, and blow frequently from, the NW. To the southward of 10° N., the NW. winds will become more freijuent. Fnmi April to November, the good season, NW. winds pievail, and there is no difficulty in making the passage. The wind often blows from SW. in the morning, and NW. in the afternoon. San Francisco to Vancouver. — From November to April, the bad reason, the passage should commence by putting well out to sea, the wind generally being from the NW. When far enough from the land to have nothing to fear from SW. or NW. stpmlls, make as much to the north as possible. North of the parallel of Cape Mendocino SW. winds prevail at this sea.son, and enable vessels to finish the passage without •difficulty. From April to November the wind almost invariably blows from tue northward, between NVV\ and NE., but generally from the NW. Both SE. and SW. winds have been met \n this localitj'. After leaving San Franci.sco run about 100 or 1.50 miles to sea and then make to the north- ward, i)roliting by every shift in the wind, and always standing on the most lavorable tack. Uniform System of Buoyage. — Throughout the ports of British ■Columbia all buoys on the starboard side of the channel, entering from seaward, are painted red, and, if numbered, marked with eccn nttinhers, 4ind must be left on tlie starl)oard hand when passing in. All buoys on the port side, entering from seaward, are i)ainted black, ■with odd numhern, if any, and mu.st be left on the port hanii when passing in. Buoys ))aiuted with red and Mack horizontal bands will be found on obstructions or middle grounds, and may be left on either liainl. Buoys painted with lohite and black vertical stripes will be found in inid-channel, and must bo passed close to, to avoid danger. All other distinguishing marks to buoys are in addition to the fore- going, and indicate particular spots; a detailed description of which is giveu when the mark is first established. > betwetM) ">0 iiml to avoid uost latitude . of tile port ; ^erve for lat )\v generally of the coast ; iitioii vessels 1 winds from riu'se winds, W. To the luent. i prevail, and I >'W. in the pril, the bad It to sea, tlie in the land to much to the 8VV. winds isajjo without )ws Ironi the • N\V. Both V leaviuft' San 1 to the uorth- mding on the ts of British Miteriny' from ecen nuiuhers, )ainted bhuk, t hand when be found on 1- hand. 1 be found in r. lu to tlie fore- Mi of which is BUOYAGE. 7 Perches with balls, cages, etc, will, when placed on buoys, be at turn- ing points, the color and number indicating on which side they are to be passed. Spar buoys will in some cases be surmounted by a ball, which will invariably be painted red, and will indicate that it is a starboard buoy, and must be left on the starboard or right hand when entering a chan- nel or harbor. The rule for coloring buoys is equally applicable to beacons, spindles, and other day marks, so far as it may be practicable to carry it out. STEAl ciflc li wbicb bearin the 8t It gra« and Si miles ; miles, Kosari the Gi at the and is forms Whidl water in its I is clos( mi rait; Haro, ing be an ave not le.« Head < with a may b rock, V Bay 01 On I places, out war ern sid Hay, V harbor CHAPTER I . STRAIT OF ,rUAN DE FUOA, ADMIRALTY INLET, PUGET hood's canal, AND POSSESSION SOUND. SOUND. Strait of Juan de Fuca. — The entmiice to tliis strait fiuin tiic Pa- cific lies between Cajjc Flattery and Cape Bonilla, on Vancouver Island, wbicli forms the northern shore. Its width is about lli miles, and the bearing from Tatoosh Island to Cape Bonilla N. 5° E. From this line the strait runs ESE. for 40 miles, with a uniform width of II miles. It gradually contracts to 8 miles, between Beechey Head on the north and Striped Peak on the south ; changes its direction to E. i S. for 15 miles; then expands to the northward, attaining a width of 18 to 20 miles, and divides into two ship channels, the Canal de Haro and Rosario Strait, leading through the Archipelago de Haro northward ta the (rulf of Georgia. It is terminated on the east by Whidbey Island ; at the southeast it passes into Admiralty Inlet and Puget Scnuid, and is bounded on the south by the mainhmd of Washington, which forms the entire southern shore of the strait. From the ocjan to Whidbey Island the mid-channel distance is 8."5 miles. The depth of water throughout the strait is remarkably great, no bottom being found in its deepest parts with ir>0 fathoms of line, and the 10 fathom line is close under the shores. It is the main artery for the waters of Ad- miralty Inlet, Puget Souud, Possession Sound, Hood's Canal, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, Bellingham Bay. and the Gulf of Georgia, extend- ing between Vancouver Island and British Columbia for 120 miles, with an average width of 20. The currents run with an average velocity of not less thin .? miles per hour, and off the Race Island and Beechey Head over miles an hour. Its shores are bold, abrupt, and covered with a heavy growth of varied timber and dense underbrush. They iiiay be approached safely within ^ mile; there ia only one breaking rock, which lies nearly that distance off the western point of Orescent Hay on the southern shore. On both sides of the strait there are several anchorages or stopping places, which may be taken advantage of by vessels, either inward or outward bound, when meeting with adverse winds ; those on the south- ern side are Ne<5ah and Clallam Bays, Port Angeles, New Dungeness Hay, Washington Harbor, and Port Discovery, before reaching the liarbors of Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound ; on the northern side are 8 10 STRAIT OF JUAN UE TUCA. Port San Juan, Sooke Inlet, and Hecilier Bay, before rounding the Race Islands, after wliicli excellent anchorage may be always obtained with westerly winds. On the northern or Vancouver Island shore of the strait tiie liills rise gradually and are densely wooded, but near the coast attain to no great elevation ; oti the southern side the almost |»eri>etually snow-dad mountains known as the Olympian range rise more abruptly and vary. At the eastern limit of the strait the western face of Whidbey Island lis very steep; it is about 250 feet higii. and appears Hat, as does the whole country eastward to the sharp cut outline of the (.^^ascade range, stretching its serrated ridge northward, where the snow peak of Mount Baker is distinctly seen, and to the southward, where the higher peak ■of Mount liainier attracts the eye. During dry summers the forest (ires envelop the country in a vast «moke that lasts for two or three months. At such times it is fre- •(piently impossible to make out the shore at i mile distance. The strong westerly winds coming up the strait disperse it for a while, but oidy to fan the tires, and give them renewed force and activity. Tides. — It is high water, full and change, at Cape Flattery, at noon; the ebl) stream commences to run strong at lih. p. ui. and continues for about (i hours. In the outer part of Juan de Fuca Strait there is no very great strength of tide ; it varies from one to 4 knots near Cape Flattery ; Imt when a[)proaching the more contracted part iu the neighborhood of the Kace Islands, eddies, races, and irregularities occur. The result of observations continued throughout an entire year at Es- ■quitiialt, and partially on other parts of the coast during three seasons, appears to warrant the following conclusions, viz : The Hood tide sets to the northward along the outer coast of the con- tinent and Vancouver Island. It enters the Strait of Fuca at Cape Flat- tery, running with considerable velocity, sometimes 3 or 4 knots, over Duncan and Duntze Kocks; it then turns sharply into the strait, pass- ing through the various channels of the Haro Archipelago into the Strait of Georgia, and within about from 5 to 20 miles of Cape Mudge, where it is met by a Hood from the northward, which, sweeping the western coast of Vancouver Island, enters Goletas Channel and Queen Charlotte Sound at its northern extreme, in latitude 51°, thence south- erly down the narrow waters of Johnstone Strait and Discovery Pas- sage, meeting the tide which enters bj Fuca Strait, and reaches about midway between the northern and southern extremes of Vancouver Island, or close to the spot where the broad expanse of the Strait of Georgia merges into the narrow channels (adjoining it. On the western side of the island the tides were found to be regular — flood and ebb of six hours' duration, the times of high water on the full ami change at Nootka Sound, and at the entrance of Goletas Chan- uel varying very little, and occurring near noon, the greatest range 13 TIDKS — Cl'liRENTS. u ig the Race allied with le hills rise tain to no • snow-clail y and vary. Ibey Isliind IS does the uade range, ik of Mount liigliei' peaiv •y in a vast ,es it is ti-e- The strong but only to ry, at noon ; outinnes tor » very great lattery ; luit rhood of the 5 year at Es- ree seasons, t of the cou- t, Cape Flat- knots, over strait, pass- go into the 'ape Madge, weeping the 1 and Queen hence sonth- icovery Pas- aches about Vancouver ;he Strait of be regular — vater on the oletas Ohau- est range 13 feet; nor is any nuirked irregularity <»bservable in Johnstone Strait, and l)is(5overy Passage, except tiie not unusual circumstance tiuit the ebb stream continues to run to the northward for two iiours after it ia low water by the shore, tiio water rising at the same time; the ebb stream being of seven hours' duration, tlie flood about live hours. The great and perplexing tidal irregularities may thtnefbre be said to he embraced i)etween the Strait of Fuca, near the Race Islands, and Cape Mudge, adistan(!e of 150 miles; and a careful investigation of tiie oltscrvations made at Esciuinuilt, and among the islands of the ILno Archipelago, shows tiiat during tiie summer montlis, May, June, and •Inly, there occurs but one higii and one low water during the twenty- four Iiours, liigli water at the full and change of the moon happening about, iiiidnigiit, and varying Init slightly from tiiat hour during any day oftlie tiiree months; the siniiigs range from S to 10 feet, tiie neaps from 4 to u fe"t. Tlie tides are almost stationary for two iiours on either side of nigh or low water, unless all'ected by strong svinds out- side. During August, September, and October, there are two iiigii and low waters in the twenty-four hours; a superior and an inferior tide, tlie high water of tiie superior varying between Ih. and ;Jli. a. m., the range during the.se months from ;j to 5 feet, the night tide the highest- During winter almost a reversal of these rules appears to take place 5 thus, in November, December, and .lannary, tlie twelve hcnr tides again (tcciir, hut the time of high water is at or aliout noon instead of mid- iiighi. In February, March, and April, there are two tides, the superior high water occurring from 111. to .'5h. p. m. Thus it may be said that in snmiin'r months the tides are low during the day, the highest tides occurring in the night, and in winter the tides are low during the night, the highest tide occurring in the day. The (U)b stream has alsvays bei-ii found to run southward through the Ilaro Archipelago, and out of Fu(;a Strait for two and one-half hours after it is low water by the shm-e, the water rising during that time ; tlie ebb is stronger than the Hood, and generally two hours' longer (liinition. The tides during those months when two high and two low waters occur ill the twenty-four hours, are far more irregular than when there isonly one twelve-hour tide, and another anomaly exists, viz., the greatest range not infrequently occurs at the first and last quarters, i.istead of at the full and change of the moon. Currents. — A southerly current has been found to prevail on the western coast of Vancouver Island more or less throughout the year, |iarticularly from August to November. This current joining the ebb Mde out of Fuca Strait has been known to set vessels between 4 and •"> milesan hour to the southward, and during fogs there is great risk I'!' being drifted on to Cape Flattery, or some of its ofl lying dangers ; , 19 STRAIT OF JUAN DK F(T(A. extreme (iautioii hIiouM therefore be observed in enteriiiR tlie strait at siicli tiineH, especially near the full and (jliaiipe of the moon, when the tides are at their Htroiijjt'- it. A northerly set has been experienced with winds from the southward and eastward. Winds. — Within the strait of .Inan de Fiica, in the winter season, the winds usually assume its direction either up or down. Durinp summer, the prevailing winds from NW. or SW. take a westerly direc- tion within the strait; while the SK. fjales of winter blow directly out and create a heavy croiis sea off the entrance to the strait. Although a westerly wind may be blowinj^ within the strait, it fre- quently during the change of the seasons blows heavily outside at the same time from SSW., or sometimes snddeidy changes to that direction, from a light easterly wind on opening the entrance, which makes that l)art of the coast of Vancouver Island between Port San Juan and Bonilla Point a dangerous lee shore to a ship without steam power. Tlie coast winds in summer prevail from UVV. and NW., the former during the early months, and the latter blow fresh and with great regu- larity during June, July, and August. In September and the early l)art of October the winds are very uncertain and there is generally a great deal of calm, gloomy weather. The barometer usually stands above 30 inches during summer; should it fall to 2y.!)0, a southeasterly winil with thi(!k rainy weather may be expected, but of short duration, clearing up with a westerly wind as soon as the barometer rises. The wint< r winds are SE. or SW., more frequently the former; they set in towards the end of October, an«l continue until the middle of April. SE. gales are generally preceded by a short interval of calm, clondy weather ; they spring up graduall', -Vom E. or ESE., veering to the southward, accomi)anied by rain 'uid tle l()(»keit Ills licciiHf, anil oti refiual to tlo no .sliall '><■ liiililc to pay a penalty of fifty ilollarN. Skc. l(i. Tliat it Hliall lu' tlui duty of t'viiiy pilot in diarij;!' of a, veN^tel airiviuj; at any of the ports of Piiijet Sound or its branches to have the vessel safely niuoreil or iineliored in snch a position as tlie master of tho vessel may direct, when his respnusi- liility shall cease. Skc. is. That no person except those licensed liy tho eoininissioiuirs shall pilot ves- -rls in and ont of the hays or harbors of I'nj^et .Sound or .luan de I'uca Strait or to or li'oin the I'aeilic Ocean throuj^h said strait for hire, under penalty of three hundred (liillars Hue for each and every ort'ense. This penalty is not incurred where the nucstcr II,OT COMMISSIONERS. SiX', I'-i. Pilot boats, while OTt on Puget Sounl, the pilot to be paid live dollars per day for every day of detention above said twenty-four hours. Outward pilotage to be live dollars per foot draught from Port rownsend to the sea, and six dollars |ier foot draught from any port on Puget Sound to sea. Outward-bound vessels allowed forty-eight hours' detention without charge lor delay. It i.s reported (Aiifjnst 1.3, 1881)) that these laws and refinlations are a dead letter, becaiuse no persons have (inalilied under the law whieh does not alh)\v half i)ilotaK« when vessels decline a pilot. Cape Flattery is a remarkable point of land, distinctl.v seen at a distance ot';55 miles, rising gradually from the sea to a thiekly woodeu mountain nearly 2,000 feet high, with an irregular shaped summit, and falling again at the distaiitie of .3 or 4 miles to the eastward. When seen from the southward or southwest it has the apiiearance ot an island, being .separati'd b.v a stretch of lowland from hills of the same or greater elevHtion, which ri.so again immediately southward of it. On it neiirer view, the headland itself, with its wild otl'lying rocks, over wiiich the sea is almo.st consta;itly breaking, presents no in vltiug appearance; it is a rugged, sea-worn dirt" of no great elevation and rising gradually to its more promiiuiit feature, a densely wooded mountain. From the cape the coast trends eastward for4 miles to Neeah I TATOOSH ISLAND — DIRECTIONS. 15 iago botweou exceed eight ilah Island tt> Coluiiil>itt to foot draught, not to exceed \m construed rt'orined : And le her to her 'utry vvitliout t of entry the every diiy so BRS. rn di.el is approaching Tatoosli Island from the northwest- ward, and is las'^ !>2en from the strait when the fiice of the cape is just open hy the eastern tangent of Tatoosh Island. Duncan T^LOCk lies N. li° W. one mile from Tatoosh Island light; it is it Jew feet above water, but the sea always breaks over it. There is deep water between it and the island, but ve.ssels shonld not use th& l)nssage unless compelled to do so. Duntze Rock, with '.^ fathoms water over it, lies about { mile N. 1!)° W. of Duncan Uock, and the sea fre(pieiitly breaks on it. The cross sea which is created in this .leighborhood during bad weather strongly resembles heavy breakers, extending a considerable distance across the strait. In the immediate neighborhood of Cape Flattery, and among these rocks, the tides are strong and irregular. Directions. — Vessels from the soul h ward or westward, bouml for Fuca Strait, should make Cape Flattery; there is no inducement to hug the coast, on which a long rolling swell l'i'e((uent''. sets, and this swell, meet- ing the southeasterly gales of winter, causes a confused sea. The ca[)e mid its ort'-Iying rocks should not be approached within a distance of at least 3 miles, as the tide occasionally sets over Duncan and l>untze Uock with great velocity. It is necessary either in entering or leaving tlie strait to avoid thecoastof Vancouver Island between Port 8an .luau and Bonilla Pointwheii there is any apiiearance of bad weatiier. It is lecoiiiiuended to pass at the distance of at least 10 miles from. the coD'it, unless w(;rking to windward against a fine northerly wind,. whei' it may be safely approached within 3 miles or less. To vessels making 'he strait in bad weather it will be more desirable III run in and seek sl'elterthan to remain outside. If tkeland has been, made either to the southward of Cai»e Flattery or on the ''ancouver Uland shore within a moderate distance of the entrance, or if the latitude I Mil be relied upon within 2 or 3 miles, it will be advisable to run ior ',lie strait. The powerful light of Cape Flattery will, unless in very thick. Weather or fog, be seen at the distance of o miles, mid as .soon ;.s it ves- sel j.s actually within tin strait she wili have comparatively smooth water, with sulHcient sea room, and may run boldly up the center for the 16 STRAIT OP JUAN DE FUCA. Bace light, or by the assistance of that ou Gape Flatterj' luaiutaiu her l^ositioii ill the strait if preferred. It is to i)e reruariied that wiieii Cape Flattery light is brought to bear to the northward of west it becomes shut in by the laud abou'; Ne^ah Bay, and that the Race Island light from a similar cause becomeii obscured by Beeciiey Head when brought to bear to the southward i f S. 83^ E. ; therefore, when either of these lights are obscured the diLtauce from either coast will be accurately judged, and in the latter case a ship will be getting too close to the northern shore. Coming from tiie westward with a heavy westerly or northwest gale, thick weather, auoint a siuid ; ;:i L, which of the bank in head to WSW. bad weather to ship's distance ense fogs' which Id not close the )y the southerly lade the laud or aucouver Island d lead, she may Sail duan tl\ere e, and if thefoj; arked, however, within the strait Island; which is Point is 3.7 miles offers a safe and . gales at the en. ound by south to extends for riore )iut a Kiiiii'P W. ; ashort distauce withiu tiiis position kelp grows in large patches all over the bay, and care is necessary in selecting a berth. Large sail- ing vessels may anchor in 7 or 8 fathoms a. little outside tlie above bear. ings, in the center of tlie bay, witli tiie outer point of the islainl N. 7(P E, Vessels shouhl leave this i)jy oa any indication of a northeast wind, an' if too late ami unable to weather Waaddah Island, tlu'y may run b^'t\> ■•■ :c a.ul the main; tiie passage is -100 yards iii breadth, and the r ■• 21 feet; they must be careful to avoid the ledge off the south- >' est .; v- a stopping place; it is easily recognized by Slip Toint, its ea ''.I!,. l>i i.i, which is the western termination of a bold coast ridge. The Coast from i ' lam Hay continues in the samedirection to Pillar Point, which terminates in a bare, colnmuarsIiaiK'd rock. The coast on the eastern side of this point forms a small bight, in which there is a considerable stream, and then trends S. ~U^ E. with a gentle curve to Stiipeil Peak; a small river, the Lyre, empties just eastward of Low Point, al)out (i miles westward of the peak. Stri[)ed Peak is rather remarkaltie from a landslip occurring down its l:i(H>; this ■ irk is being rapidly obliterated by the growth of vegeta. lion. Cresceii. ''.'.■;, — Toufjue Point lies about one mile northwestward oi Stripetl Peak, . sid t'orbis the eastern side of a slight indentation of the si", re line, extending a mile to the westward, where another low [mint extends out ;\ mile to form .] ndles S. SCP H. of Angeles Point is the light house upon the eastern extremity of the Ediz Hook. This hook is ,i long, low, very narrow sand spit stretching out Irom the clay bliitf .'5 iiuies N. TS'^ K. with a regular sweeiiing curve swelling a little to the northwest. The extremity lies U miles otV the main shore, and thus an excellent anil extensile harbor is formed, i»rotected from the north round by the west and south, but open to the eastward, with deep water from 'Jo to 30 fathoms over a sandy bottom close under the inside of the sand spit almost to the head of the bay. Through the ceiit( r ol the bay is found a line of 15 fathoms over sticky bottom, and ujtweeu that and the main shore it shoals very regularly, with the same I'OHT ANGKLES XKW DrXGENESS BAY. 19 kind of bottom. The .'J fiitliom line lies as inncli ;i,s j mile from tlio >()iitli sliore, iiiicl there is a broad low-water beaidi ; but in i)laees the i;lay blutt", which is about 75 feet high, comes abiiost directly to the liijili-water line, except in a few localities. The blutt' and the flat coun- try back of it are t eusely wooded. l''resh water is found at several i)laces on the southern shore, but the I'xiiMisive tlats render it dillicult to obtain. On tlie .southern shore is the town of Port Angeles, stretching for 1^ miles east and west; a brea.st Taylor's or J^orman's Creek a wharf ex- tends 700 feet into tlie bay, with a T, 100 feet long. There is a depth (if KiA feet of water at the end of tlie wharf. On the outside of the sjiit very deep water is found close to it, ami the hook may be rounded V iiliin liOO yards in 25 fatlioins. In foggy and smoky weather, with no wind and the current.s unknown, a vessel on this side of the strait must be vigilant ami keep the lead -oing. Vessels coming up the strait and bound for Departure Bay may go into Tort Angeles and '^,elegrai»h to Port Townsend for a tug. At the head of the bay and connected therewith by a small outlet there is a large salt-water lagoon, and the beach affords a capital place for heaving down. The hook is covered with coarse grass, and in many places with drift- wood, showing t ;at the sea sometimes washes over it. Although it lies well out of the line of vessels bound either in or out of the strait, it has been deemed necessary to nuirk it with a light-house. In thick, hazy weather it would be readily distinguished if clumps of trees were planted ui)on it. From the middle of the strait it can not be seen, and its position is ascertained by the light-house building or the jieculiari- ties of the bluft' beyond. New Dungeness Bay. — The shoie fiom the head of Port Angeles inns in a slightly curving line for miles to the eastward, and at 7 miles from Ediz Hook it runs nearly straight for miles to tln^ new Dungeness light house. The slightly projecting point in the deepest ])art of this bight and 4i miles from Kdiz Hook light-house is Green Point. It has 5 fathoms of Wiileiat I mile outside. To the east of it there is no kelp; to the west- ^vard for 4 'niles there is a field of kelp reaching out to 7 fathoms of wiitcr. Northeast ward l\ miles from (ireen Point another long, low, narrow suul s|»it, covered with coarse grass ami very similar to Ediz Hook, leaves the high clay blulf shore and stretches in a general northeast iliicction for ;5i miles. This spit forms the northwestern shore of the roadstead of New Dungeness. The south shore is distant 2 niilea from the light-house, and runs 6 miles southeastw ard to Wasliington Harbor. This leaves tlie bay broad <>|ien to the east. 20 STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA. The depth of water siloiig the outside of the spit is very grent; at i Qiile this deptii is 11) futliDins over hard sand and gravel Iwttom, and it drops off very suddenly to 30 fathoms within ^ mile. Along tlie outer southern part of the spit toward tlie bluff tiie lO-fatlioin curve stretches out IJ miles and tlie 20-fathoia cirve runs on nearly a straight line to within 2 miles of Ediz Hook. Off the northeastern extremity of the spit a long gravel reef extends over :| mile from the light to the northeast, dropping off suddenly from 5 and 10 fathoms to 50 fathoms of water with heavy rips at the change of tides and currents. Tlie extremity of this spit is marked by a buoy. The depth of thi' bay to the westward is much inferior to that at Port Angeles, because on the inside of the main spit and at IJ miles from the extremity a second spit makes out SSW. for 1.J miles and reaches to within ^ mile from the southern bluff. This second spit divides the bay into the outer or eastern harbor pro[)er and the inner shoal bay, which is U;\ miles long northeast and southwest by I mile wide. It is occupied by marsh and extensive tiats. Through the nar- row channel (ioiiiiecting the two the water passes as over a rapid at low tide. Abreast of this i)oint is a narrow passage, which is the opening of the Dungeiiess Itiver, under a bluff 00 feet high, ui)on which is a large village of the Clallams. An bundance of fresh water is to be had at this stream, but boats must obtain their supply at low tide and come out when the tide has risen sufficiently. The eastern shore of the Duiigeness i.iveris low, swampy, and covered with trees and brush. It forms the main or southern shore of the roadstead, and off it lie the extensive mud Hats, which are bare at low water for§ mile to the north- ward and coiitiiineas far as Washington Harbor. The area of the outer harbor is restricted by the flats ;\ mile in width lying under the east side of the secondary spit, and by the extensive mud tiats on the south- ern shore, where the ;5-fatliom line is i mile from the low (shore. lieyond these tiats the deptii of the water throughout tli': harbor ranges to 10 fathoms with soft, tenacious, muddy bottom. The deep- est water is under the extremity of the spit, where a de|)th of L'O fath- oms is found ;\ mile from the lighthouse. The best anchorage is close under the spit in 10 fathoms of water ^ mile from the beach to the northwest, with the lighthouse bearing N. 39° E. distant J mile. A steamer may anchor closer in, to the northwest of this location. A southeast wind drawing out of the strait blows directly into this harbor, but the bottom will hold any vessel with good ground tackle. The only difficulty is to get the anchors out of the mud after riding out a gale for two or three days. In the position mentioned for anchorage, a vessel can readily get under way when the southeast wind comes up and clear the iioint and the danger off it. Eastward of Xew Dungeiiess to the entrance of Admiralty Inlet, 14 miles, there is a deep recession of the general shore-line for 5 miles to WASHINGTON HAUBOK — PROTECTION ISLAND. 21 till' soatlieastwiird, witii openings into Wanliington IIail)or and Point Discovery. Light. — Tile liglitiiouse is near the eastern end of the spit, is conical, and lias a keeper's dwellinji; attaelied. Washington Harbor.— I''roiii New Dungeness roadstead to the en- trance of the iiarbor the initnediate sliore line is nearly straight for 5J iiiili-s, witii a sliglitly |>rqjecting angle midway, called Knlo Kala Point. The siiore is low and Hat and bordered by an extensive mud fiat, aver-, Mging nearly one mile wide. Tlie liar!)or is ot little importance, the cMtiiiiice being nearly closed by a low sand sjjit, stretcliing acM-oss from tiic east ahnosr to the western side, wiiere tiiere is a narrow idiannel, iil)oiit L'OO yards in width, with a dejith of 2 fathoms. Inside the gen- I'lal depth is from 10 to -0 fathoms, over a muddy bottom, and Ci fath- otiis can be carried nearly to tlie iiead. The breadth of the harbor is a little over a mile and its depth 3A miles. Protection Island. — This island is about I'rJ miles long and ;-; mile \M(U' aciDss the middle. Its giMieral direction is IC.Xl'i. and WSW., and it lies lij miles squarely otf the entrance to Port Discovery. There is a long, low point at each end of the island. That at the west is rocky and sandy ; that at liie east all sand. The hig!i"sr part is near the western extremity and reaches an elevation of 'JM tei'i but the lir irees which cover this end of the island make it look much higher. The sides are vei'y steep, and rise from !Ki to l.'JO feet. The seaward crest of till- eastern part is covered with a narrow fringe of stunted inues. The eastern slope is steep and gras.sy, and that toward Port Discovery is undulating and covered with fern. The i)rincipal part of the eastern half of the island is cultivated. Midway up the face of the cliff toward the northwest and near the angle of the mu'thern shore there is a horizontal streak of gray glacial el ly almost 3 feet broad, which is a local feature easily recognized. On the inside of Protection Island there is a good bro;id passage iduml either end. In the eastern passage the width '> fathoms. \'essels bound into Port Discovery from the strait with a southerly wind enter by the western passage, because the southerly wind draws out of Washington Sound and gives a fair working breeze to reach I'oiut Clallam. On the inside shore of the island there is motlerately deep water close under the banks, and anchorage may be had in 10 fathoms about 300 \ ards off the shore. Tliere is no kelp off this shore ext^ept in the middle f the summer, when there is a little near the buoy. North of the island 22 KTKAIT OV JTAN DE FITOA. an extensive shoal makes out to the nortliwani known us the DaUas Bank. Directly otV the sliore tli(< .'Matiioin line extends t'lilly \ mile our, and the outer line of the ivel|> marks the 4-l'athom line. The limit of the 10 fathom line of this hmk is 2A miles to the northward or i mile outside of the line between New Dun-ieness li};hthonse and Point Wil- son lighthouse; the breadth is about lA miles. This lOfathoui Hue runs shar[)ly to the east point, but it swinjjs ;| mile off the west point and is beyond the black buoy. This bunk affords anchorage when a vessel is bal'tled with lijilit airs ami stronttom is irregular, full of huge bowlders toward the island, and sand and gravel toward the strait. The bottom falls oil" suddeidy on the east side of the t)ank (o .10 and 40 fathoms; and on the west side to -'0 and .'50 fat' >ms. The charts do not give a shoal spot of 3 ami t fathoius, foru)erly re- ported, near the outer nortlierii limit of the bank. Port Discovery. — This landlocked bay lies in the eastci'U i)art of the bight l)etween New Dungeness and Point Wilson. It is not readily made out by vessels in tin; sti.iit because the entrance appears blocked by Protection island. Clallam Point, the western point of the i>ort, is low, but rises (puckly to a moderate height and slopes to the .southward. Cape George, the eastern point, is a steep cliff and rises (lire(;tly from the water which is very deei) under the simthside; under the north side the .'J-fathom curve is not over 200 yards froui shore. The average widtli is nearly l',' nnles until near its head, wlnn it decreases rapidly to the Salmon Kiver. It makes four turns from the entrance to the head, a distance of about 10 miles. The shores are abrui)t and covered N^ith wood and the projecting parts are all terminated by low i>oiiit.s stretching out short distances with deep w.iter otf them. The great ' drawback to this port is the great dei)th of water, which, in mid-chan- nel, is in)t not less than 2.") fathoms and in some places M) fathoms. AiU'horage may be iiad in 20 lathoms, soft b(»ttom, on the western shore 2 miles south of Clallam Point and abreast a low swam|)y beajh. In the deepest i)art of the bight between Clallam Point and this an- chorage, otf the mouth of Eagle Creek, there is good anchorage in 10 fathoms about 400 yards otfshore. At the head of the bay it contracts in width, the water shoals, a large mud Hat exists for the last mile and the shores be",oun> higher. A large sawmill has been buill on Puint l)iscov(U'y, the bay is here scant one mile wide with a depth of 22 fathoms in mid channel. There is good anchorage in the bay near the sawmill. Middle or Rocky Point. — Midway between Cape George and Point Wilson is a sharp point i)rqjecting out nearly ^ mile. The whole shore line lies at the base of high yellow clay cliffs, which reach 400 or 500 feet elevation. Current. — The currents off the point are conflicting from its proximity to the entrance of Admiralty Itdet, the Dallas Hank, and the passage to Port Discovery. POINT WILSON — POINT PARTRIDGE. 2,j Rock. — A buoy lias beeu placed A mile iiortluast of the imiiit, mid marks a small suidieii rock which is awash at the lowest tides. This luioy should not he ai)pioa('lied within 1(K) yard.''. Point Wilson. — Tiiis i)oiiit lies at the entiance to Admiralty Inlet, of which it forms the western ])oint. It is al.so the northwestern point of tlie entrance of Port Townsend. 'rh(^ hin'li yellow (day clilfs surmounted by heavy forest rnii from Port Di.si'overy to Port Townsend, and reach a height of 400 or .^00 feet near li'ocky Point ; fhey aie very steep and break down sndlifst part oftlif jioiiit is alioiit -iHi fi-et ahove low water. Altlioujjli tin' water oil' tlii.s |ioiiit is (iiiite hold, yet tlie bottom drops oil' s(( suddenly that in fo^'j^y or smoky weather \'essels running' by the lead may be unexpectedly upon a bowlder reel which extends out -h mile I'rom the i»oint and is marked by kelp very nearly to that depth. The line of the shore south of the i)oint runs southeast and in line with the ilireetion of Partridfie liank, so that the 1(1 fathom lines are hardly a mile ajiarl, yet there is a depth of .'50 fathoms in that width. Olf the end of the bowlder reef in .1 to 10 fathoms thc^ currents are very strong' and there is much boilin^i' and overfall at the (rhan;,H'S. Buoy. — To mark the onter end of the bowlder reef which lies (dose under the shore of I'oint I'artridf^e, a biuty lias been placed in .'{I feet of water just outside the kelp and about .^ mile west ol' the extreuu' outer part ol the point. N'essels passing northwai'd under the west^'rn shore of Whidbey Island must leave it on the starboard hand. A vessel connn<>' from Uosaiio IStrait to Admiralty lulet must have it on the port hand. ADMIRALTY INLK'J', rUCET SOUKU, ANU llf)()l)\s CANAL. G-eneral deBcription. — IJmler special mimes the ^reat boily of water iiow known to the commercial world under the f;eneral designa- tion of " IMi^et Hound " may be described as a series of vast interior canals !.;iviiij;- uusurjiassed fa(;ilities lor navij:;ation in the very heart of a pros[)erous section of the country. " Puget Souml," in the broad acceptation of the term, lies between latitudes 47^ O.'i' and ISo 11'; and between longitudes lli'jo 10' and ll,';i3 10'. Admiralty Inlet, I'ufjet Sound and Hood's Caiud, have an ajifire- {jate shore line ol not less than iMih statute miles, and I'ossession Sound JOO mile.s, yet the number of dangers known to exist in them is remarkably lew. Admiralty Inlet, at the southeastern extremity of duan de Fuca Strait, extends in a ;;eneral southeasterly direction for about GO miles, to the southern end of Vashoii Island; it has for this distance an avera}:;e width (A"<^ miles, and numerous broad branches fiom it on botli sides foi'ni other straits, channels, bays, and harbors. At Hi miles within the enlrance Hood's Canal opens our, to the westward, and miles further Possession Sound opens to the eastward and runs to the northwestwuTd behind Whidbey Islaml and leads into the strait throuKh Decei)tion Pass. At the south end of Vashon Island the Puget Sound of V'ancouver commences ; the chaniu'ls are decreased in width to one or 2 miles, but they ramify by eij;iit i)riucipal arms through an areaof li2 miles square. The extreme northwestern arm, named Case's Inlet, leaches within 2 miles of the head of Hood's Canal, and between tlieni lies cou:i)ara- tively low ground and a large }ake. DIKIX'TION.S ADMIUAI/IY IIEAIJ. 27) Tilt' slioi't'S of tlii'sc iiili'ts iiif ;;(,MU',i'iilly liliitVs, raiiHiiij;' fiom .")() to )Oii feet ill lu'ij^lit; tlicir sides an- kept bri;,'iil IVoiii llic wearing action 111' the water ami tlieir (ops are rit\fi'i'il with trees ami tliick iiiitler- growth to the very edi^cs. It is ilillitMilt to recognize the did'ereiit ]iiiiiits I'loiii the sameness in tiie appearance in the shores. The di^pth of water is overvwhen^ fjreat and aiicliornf^es are difHciilt Id olttain at aii\' distance from the sliore. Directions (general). — l''rom the entrance a S. I,"*^ \l. course fur <».i iiiih's will take a vessel to alireast Marrowfstoiie I'oinl ; here change course to S. 11° 10., and when oil" Doiihle Mliitta S. nic i.;. <'ours( to. 10 miles will reach the eiitraiuje to I'ossessior Sound ; thence the mid-cliaii- iicl course to roint N'aslioii is S. (P \V. Tlie channel on either side of Vaslioii Island may be used ; to the eastward of the inland the currents are moderately strong. The iliaiices for aiudioring few, and it is sometimes calm, while iii('<|lvos l'assag:(; a fiiii! breeze is blowing. When through the narrows ami in I'liget Sound, a mid-channel course is almost always lice from danger. 1)11 Steilacoom there is a 1 1- foot shoal, upon which the tide lip is \ cry ;;i('at and dangeidiis to small boats. The navigation of I'lr.iM Siuiiid ■should not be atteiiiiited w ithoiit a pilot unless well a<'(piainted with the \ari(Mis channels. Admiralty Head. — A vessel going inio the .-(uuid Ikum the Stiait ot I'lica. when oil New 1 hingeiicss laghtlioiise, sees alieail the lii^h. bright ilills beiween Poll Discovery and J'oit Towiiseiid, and the bioad side of ^^'llidbcy Island beyond. Tlieie islitllc or no sign ol passage in that direction, but when she is .S or l(t miles castwaid ol >'c\\ Diingeiicss the eiitraiKn- to Admiralty Inlet opens; the high point 'o the northward, crested with tr«'es, is l'artriay, he- ciiiiso in calm weather they encounter the stronj,' and irie},nilar ciiirents near it, or they may l»e einliayed nnder the eastern shmc. Port Townsend isjnst within the entrance of Admiralty Inlet, now almost universally known as Pn^et Sound, and is a port of entry for t|e Tuj^et Sound district. it is a safe har'ior, hut fi'oiii its extent it is sullied to a disai^reeahlesea in hea\y vvinds, and with a stron;; south- easter lamliii;; is ottentimes impracticable and the sea danjjeroiis for boats. The entrance to the harbor itself lies between Point Wilson and Marrowstone Point, the latter distant ',i'^ miles from the former. Inside of the line bet"'"eii Point Wilson and .Marrowstone Point the width of the i)ort is contracted by Point Hudson, which lies S. 8'^ 10. !■; miles from Point Wilson. From the eutraime line the mid-channel direction of the ports is nearly 8W. for .'5 miles, with an averajje width of li miles to abreast the most westerly indentation, and then S. by K. for;!.] miles, with an averaj;e width of 1 1 miles. The slnnes of the i)ort are moderately lliaii bri;,'ht clift's, with some breakdowns. The summits arc (covered with forest trees, ex(;ept near the town. Point Hudson is a broad, low gravel spit, stretchinj,' out \ mile from the hi^;h cliffs of the town of Port Townsend. Part of the town is built on this low i)i)int, and the custom-house is but a short distaiuM^ from the wharves. \ larjje sawmill is on the extriMuity of the point; extensive wharves project from the front of the town into dei'p water, ami land- ing is readily and safely made. A (|uarter of a mile otV these wharves there is a deep channel cari'ying 10 to ItJ fathoms of water, throiij^h which the cm rents run with (tonsiderable velocity. Ot!' the north side of the point the ^-f.tthom line extends out over .j mile for ■; mile to the NNW. Within recent years ;■ shoal has made out 2.50 to 'M)0 i irds north of Point Hudson. To mark the outer edge of thi.s shoal a spar Imoy has been placed iu 2i feet of Tater. It is about '-'50 yards NIO. of the high-water end of Point Ilud.soii. IJetwcen Point Wilson and Point Hudson there is a deep bight, the blutl' shore receding A mile westward, and carrying deep water for VOU'V TOWNHKNl) — DIRIX'TIONH. iiioi'i' tliaii I iDilc iii8J(lt> tilt' liiii; of tlie poiiitH, *-X(;(>|)t iicar Point Iliul- sdii, Tln^ N\V. head of MarrowHtonu Islainl, on tli« 4'aHtiMii sidi'of tlio i)ay, is a lii;ili, hri;;lit day t'-iitr. tt'iiiiinaliiij; at tlm NH. in the low Miir- lowstonc I'oint, ami on tin* S\V. in a low narrow sanil sjtit (mic mile Ion;;, niiisking tlio tMitnuico to Kiiisiit Iiili't. This spit runs noarly SW. Parallel with this part of the |)ort, and nnder the H\V. ]»oint, ther»> IS an o|)eiiin;; and a channel throii;;!) shoals into Kdisnt or l>on;4: llar- hor, on wliieli lies the western shore of .Marrowst(nie Island. At hiy;h water this Inirhor (Miinninniciates by a crooUed Itoat channel, hy projeittion on the easti'in side ( ./ay, and stretches .| mile out into very deep water. It lies south L'l miles from Point Ihidsoii. IJetwecn it and Kala Point, cm the western side, tlii' bay is a mile wide, and the di'pth of water i-i ami 15 fathoms, over soft sticky bottom. The IkM'I of llieiiiy is visible from Point Ilnds(Mi ovei' Walan Point, and is distant .").| miles in astrai^iiit line. It is -J mile bctAccn the iii^^li cliffs on the east and west, and deep water cmitinncs lo tlie head. In the HW. aii^jle there is a. shoal ])oi:ket, foi'ined by a, low and very narrow spit i\ ndle loiiy, with a rocky islet at tln^ entrance In the .SIO. an;;le there is a narrow channel opening; into a lai;;e llal, inosily I>aie at low water, and boiindi'd by a l)e udi nearly 100 yards across and .] mile li'iiy:, which separates Pore Townsend (mm Oak Cove. Across this rri'i'k there is a portai;e frecpiently nsetl by the Indians. Directions. — Ve.ssels bound into Port Townsend from the Stiait of f'nca must kee|> clear of the rocdcy shoal off the northern side of Point \Vils()n, but as soon as Point Hudson is opened by I'oint Wilson the latter may be passed within Pio yards with a depth of I'O fathoms, hard bottom; throii,yh this deep channel a stmn;^- (aiircnt runs. When abreast of Point Wilson a steamer should steer S. V2° K. to clear I he shoal ju'rouiid to the XW. of Point Flndson; lata sailinji' vessel may l-c»p ii little inside this course until within .] mile of Point Hudson, and then ^rradnally keep away about .-^ mile from the shore in Ironi ."i to 10 l'athom.s of water over hard bottom, and as the point opens run ipiite close, with the summer wind directly otfshore, to save makinii' a tack. There is a depth of 10 to !."> fathoms a littli' more than i mile olfshore. Keep alon^j about .i mile to the SW'., parallel with the city front, and anchor anywhere otf the wharves in from 10 to 12 fathoms, and \ mile distant. In winter anchor farther out, to clear I'oint Hudson, in ;ict-^ ting under way with a southeaster. 28 ADMIRALTY INLET PUGET SOUND. WIk'ii sailing vessels are coining down the sound Jjound into tliis port witii the ebb current, they should pass Marrowstone Point nearly ^ mile before iu ulin;;' in for tin; town, and .so avoid a very strong eddy whicli comes out of tlie bay along and uniici' the high shore west of this point. Jf the wind be light and the ebb enrreut strong, pass the ])oint quite dose to; run along the outside of the cnrrent rip, and try to net upon the mid-channel bank .is soon as practicable, to avoid being set up the sound by the next food. In summer, sailing vessels not employing tugs will frequently drift about the entrance for days withoiir a breath of wind and with very strong currents. In winter, the SE. storms blow with great violence in this high latitude, ar a vessel must move to an ancdioragc^ under the clitVs of the old military i)ost to get a comfortable berth, in 10 f'athoins of watei-, soir botlum. The mid-channel bank lies upon ami even outside of the line joining I'oint Wilson and Marrowstone Point. Within the 10 fathom (-urve it stretches halfway from the base on Marrowstone Island towards I'oint Wilson, and the least water found ui)on it is 5'{ fathoms. The bottom is (rleai'. hard sand. Marrovrstone Point is a low sainly point, extending out .500 yards from the binlf and forms an indentation on its southern face, where aiu-i;i);agi' may be hail in IL' fathoms, with a current or eddy invariably rnnning ebb. Craven Rock lies close to shore, about 1.^ nnles south of Marrow- stone I'oint. Bush Point lies on the eastern shore. It is low anii the eastern side of the inlet, in the deep indentation between Bush Point and Double Blull', lias a narrow hank of 11 fath- oms in its nortlieni part, wliich altords good tisliinjj. Double Bluff. — Tliis is a mesa promontory one mile wi(U' and lA miles Ion;;, lying between Mutiny Bay on the west and Useless Bay on the east. Theeldls are 300 to iOO feet in Insight, and the greater itart of the surface back from the facie is covered with trees, but near the water it is destitute of trees, except one large clump which marks it con- spicuously in going up the sound. The NVV. point of tiiis spur is tho liigher. Useless Bay. — On the east side of tiie point of Double Blutl' th& .-.liore runs to the northeastward for 2^ miles, and then swings roMud in a long curve to the east and to the southeastward to Indian Point, one Miili' N\V. of Scatcliet Head. This forms a bay nearly .> miles broad at the mouth and 2A miles deep to the northeastward. It lies broad open to tiic SSW., and looks directly upon Point Xo Point. The shores of this bay are in part bluff and in ])art low, with a fringe of marsh nearly around the whole bay. There is deep water in Ihis buy, tlie 40 fathom curve reaching into it and the 20-fathoiii curve running nearly to the deei)est {)art of the shore. The shoalest water is under tiie east shore, where the 10-fathoni curve stretches out one mile, with a l)ottom of sand. At the head of the bay there are two long narrow sand s|)its, behind which lies Deer Lagoon, a large shallow sheet of water, full of marsh islets aiid having a shoal outlet between the sand spits. At the eastern part of this lagoon is the. settlement of Useless. Scatcliet Head. — This is the southwestern jxtint of the long and irregular Whidbey Island and is visible for '2r> miles from the south- waiil; it stretches as a i)romontory into a broad part of Admiralty Inlet; it is direcrly abreast of Point No Point. The southern entrance of I'ossession Sound is on its eastern side and ITseless Bay on the west- ern. It is a double headed promontoy with a length of <> miles and an extreme breadth of li-J miles between Useless Bay and Possession Sound. The two heads have each a face of about 'f mile in breadth exposed tr) the south; they lire bold yellow cilay dill's; the eastern one rises about .500 feet above the water, and is covered with wood, and the western one rises 140 feet or more. The western head has become locally kiu)wn as the False Scatcliet. Uff the base of the bright cliffs tiiere are seen great erratic granite bowlders. Possession Point. — The lower [lart is a nearly v«'rti(!al white clay iliif; the bank slopes at an angleof 4."»°, with a partially broken whitish tVont, until it reaches 140 feet elevation. There are a few scattered trees on the lower part of the slope, and the summit level is covered with them. Tin* shore under the eastern side of the head is bordered by a low narrow beach. The eastern shore of the entrance to Possession Soc.ud abreast this 50 AUMIIULTY INLKF PUGKT SOIIN'D. lifiul rises from ^ low iiiirrow beaoli witli (liM-iduous trees on the lower slope ami Oregon pim' »>ii the suinuiit. Yellow i)lutl's show in patches tliroiig'h the frees. ISetweeii the two heads there is a shallow |)o<,!'et niniiin<;' hack li miles, called Ciiltus Hay. [t is in pint overflowed at high tide, and then presents the apjiearance of a bay. An c.vrensive sand bank and shoal makes out nearly 3 miles to the southward, with the breadth of the heads as a base. From the eastern head round the western, and a mile toward Tseless Hay, the low-water line makes out h ndle, the shore beinjj; bare, where older maps have deep water. For over a mile south of the western head a de|)th of 8 and 10 fathoms of water and smooth sandy bottom can be found; while the L'O-fathom line runs out S miles directly tor Ai)ple Tree (love, with a l)ottom of sand, gravel, and shells. Oft' the eastern head a strong nmlereurrent runs into I'o.sses- sion Hound, and an upward current setting to the westward at all tides. Off the south side of Pos.session Point on the line of 3 fathoms, is a rock awash at the lowest tides. It is about lioO yards otr the front of the cliffs. Possession Sound.~(See i>age 5(5.) Port Ludlov(r. — South at liasalt Point ami 2 miles directly west of Foulweather Bluff is the broad opening to Port Ludlow on the west side of the entrance to Hood's Canal. This bay has a broad entrance oiteii towards the NNE. Tiie two points of the entrance are Basalt Point to the north and Tala Point to the south, the former lying IJ miles exactly SSE. of the latter. The general direction of the western shore ol the bay from Basalt Point is, south for L'g miles to the sawmill. It is in part low, brolien bliift', with a gently rising country behind, »;overeay is '^ mile, with feet iii-li and of small extent; the lar<;est nxik is \ mile larther on in the sime cdurse. I'hc third one is I'dlt yards iioithwards of the outer one. There is deep water around the north^vest rock, but a Ion;; shoal stretiihes to the southeast Irom the laif^est. The bottom aioniid these rocks is rocky and hard sand. Kroai these rocks there is a bar nearly 1 mile wide, of less than o fathoms, reaching in an outward curve toward Tala i'oint. There is dtep water on the north, went, and east sides of the north- eastern rock o! the v^olvos gtoiip. fiieie is \'eiy shoal {ground lor l.'."»ll yards SSW. (rom the southeast ("olvos Mock, and Irom this there is .i lo.is' tail of hard sandy bottom stietcliiiiy over j^ of a mile, nearly tSii. towards the red biioy. Abreast the Colvos Rocks, and nearly \ mile fioni the shore, tliereis a \;\vtn' rock. This is the Snake Ivock l.'iO yards in extent and Just awiisli at lii^ii tide. There is a narrow line of ."i fathoms of water just in.side of it. Directions. — The deepest channel linto this bay lies outside the Klas liock, and between the inner (Jolvos lioek and 8i!ake Bock, wiiere the channel is (JOO yards wide between the .Ifathom lines, and I'arries H» fathoms of water over stiiiky bottom. Thence everythiiiji' is clear to the head of the bay, gradually reducin;; the depth to 8 and 7 iathoms inside the Saw Mill Spit, and having ^ood water under each diore, but the better water is under the western sliore. There is a broad ; ireshore, or low water beach, under the easteru shore. The usual channel is between the Colvos IJocks and lala Point, cross- ing the bar iu -If fathoms of wafer, o^v. hard sandy bottom, between the red ami bhiek buoys. This i»assage is -^ mile wide, and the buoys lie N. l.'P K. and S. i;{0 W. of each other. If the wind and currents do not suit foreidering by this buoyed cliaii iiel, a vessel must run inside of (he ('olvos Boiiks, cariying gooil water fathoms of water. Point No Point. — This is one of the turning points in the broad waters of the sound. The point itself is low and just above high water, with a guily and small stream open just at the western part. To the westward the broken clitfsrnn in a concave curving line to Foulweather BIntf. To the. southward tiie shore is nearly straigiit for 10 miles, "with increasing licight to theclilis, ami a low narrow marshy line under them to Pilot Point, 2.\ miles distant. The land behind it is 200 or .'500 feet high and moderately wooded. I^eep water runs close to the point, aud one third of the way across the channel abreast it there is a depth of 1 14 fathoms. Under the south side of the point tlnnv, is good anchorage in 10 fathoms. Apple Tree Cove liesOi^ miles S. 18° E. of Point No Point, and is a low point rising behind to liigher grouml, which i.-> wooded. Prom this point there is a soft iniuldy tlat extending sevdal hundred yards up the sonntl, witii good water ov(!r it. From ."> to 12 fathoms of water and sticky mud bottom are found fully A mile from the sliore, and a de]>thofO fathoms i.s carried well into the cove, whicli is formed i)y a broad receding of the shore for neaily one mile to tiie westward. The head of the cove is 1.] miles from the point, and vessels may avoid adverse cur- rents by anchoring on the muddy banic. The head of tiie bay is marshy; no fresh water is obtainable here. The .south shore of the cove runs almost southeast for a mile and then trends more to the southward for President I'oiiit. Tliere is very deep water (ilose under the soulhern shore of this cove. Edmund Point. — Piiectly abioast of Apple Tree ('ove, (ui the east side of ti.e iiil.'t or .-oiind, is Edmund Point. It is a low, roiiinling point with a lagoon i iside its shores and it makes out from the low nar- n»w valley beliind it. There is a blnlf to the southward. Thence to lOlliot Point, on the east side of the entrance of Possession Sound, the direction is almost NNH. for Qfi miles. The shore north of it is low and the water deep ; off the point itself the water is very deep. The inlet is here :Vl miles wide. Point Wells, south of Hdmund Point, is low and makes out from the high bluff behind it. There is a slight recession of the shore between the PRESIDENT POINT I'OKT MADISON. 33 l)oints, and the lO-fatliom line is outside of tlie line joiniii;^ tlieiu, but rliere is ancliornfie in the bight, although contracted. The .3()-fathoni \hw is close under the point. President Point and Point Jefferson. — On tlui west side of the sound and on the north side of the entrance to I'ort Madison, there is a line of moderately high, straight bluff shore, with the land rising beiiind it ;ind covered with trees; itcornnieiices at President Point and continues ( me mile south to Point .Iclferson. wlicii tlii' shore inakesashai'p turn and runs to the west I'or more ihau .5 miles. This soutlieru face of Point Jefferson is a low, bright ditf in i)la(;es. Wlienabreast Point .Jefferson It shows broken white dill's de(a'easing to the northward and to the south westward, and then from the latter rising again. Stretcliingbroad (itf the shore between Presi fathoms of w.iter, there is a compact massof kel|) \ mile long |)arallel with tlie shore southwest and iiortlieast. Port Madison. — This is a broad and deep recession of the western sliore of the inlet. Under the north shore it stretches in 3 miles west, ,ind the entrance toward the inlet is U nideswide. There is deep water throughout this large bay, ranging from 80 fathoms at the SE. part to U(» fatiioms at the X \V. part, but there is a narrow bank stretching one mile south of Point Jetl'erson with li") fathoms of water, sandy bot- tom. Tlie northern shores of thi^ bay are broken white cliffs and interven- ing low beaches. The western face is moderately low bright cliffs, with the white buildings of the Indian reservation in tiie 8\V. angle at the entrance to Ag;ite Passage. The south shores are broken cliffs, cx- icpr at the entrance to the Port Madison (locks. The mills ate S mile insider the Nli. point of the entrance, with very ami)le wharf facilities and II ooring dolphins for vessels to haul out to. The channel is nari'ow and ■arries l.'J feet of water. Outside the entrance to this inner i)ort the water deepens to 15 fathoms in less than 4 mile, except to the west, where there is along s[)it with only 1.'. to IS feet of water u|ion it for ^ mill' from th ' shore. Point Monroe. — The SE. point is a low, narrow sainl spit, curving in- ward from the outer shore to the westward and merely outlying the cliffs I ndle. Buoy. — A. biioy is i>laced just outside tiie .'{fathom bank, wliich makes out northward /^ of a mile from the low saiuly hook of Point Monroe. Very shoal water is crarrieil out very nearly to the ;i-fatlioin liiH', and then the depth increases to 10 fathoms in .10 yards and to liO tathoms in I2il0 yaids. Bainbridge Island.— Tiiis ishind lies in a deep bight of the Great I'einnsiila, and its eastern shore forms the western side of the inlet or 1420o— No. !»(] 3 34 ADMIRALTY INLKT Pf(.KT ISOI'NU. Kouiid (liit'ctl.N iihicast ^Vt•^it Pointaiid Diiwaiiiisli IJu.v. Tlii' iioitli .slioru foiiis tlic soiitli .side of I'ort Madison. It is a iitric over !> niiios long >\ hy W. and .iJ, nnlcs wide. It is niodcratt'ly iiijjli, lias sonic high hluH's along the castcin shoio, hat tiiis is IjioUen by several indentations, {'orni- ing anehoiagis and harbors. To t!ie westward of the island is a long sonnd, wiiieh, with its arms, is iieaily .'50 niiies long and one mile wide with a good depth ol' water elo.se to the shores. Port Orchard has its entrance in the sonthwestern part of Port! Madist)n. This entrance is very narrowand somewhat crooked, but has trom ;5 to 4 fatiionis of water in it. \'cssels mnst enter nnder easy sail and lieep the lead going on eacli side to find the deepest water. When tluongh, give Point JJolin a berth ol' nearly .{ mile, to avoid the shoal making ont eastward tVom it. ArouTid Point Holin, Dogfish I>ay opens to the N\V. and near the head of the port, Dye's Inlet opens to the north- ward and westward. Rich's Passage, thesontliern entrance to Port Orchard, isobstrncted by rocksainl isditlienlt ot navigation. The winds are lightand variable, and at Its narrowest part, where it makes a sharp turn, the current is swift. Skiff Point. — This is the first point, .ij miles south of Point Monroe, on the west side of the sound. It is directly abreast of West I'oint light-honse, where the channel isl'-,' miles wide. The i)oint is moderately liroad and rounding, ami projects fully .] mile into the channel Jt is low at the water line, and rkses regulaily to a ridge to the westward; the blufi' to the northward is moderately high. The water oft' the point is quite bold. Murden's Cove. — This is a wide recession of the western shore ot the s(nind, just under Skilf Point; the shore sweeping to the westwaid for nearly a mile and then southeastward for H nides to Yenioalt Point. The northwestern shore is low ; the southern shore has steep clay cliffs. The inner part of the cove has shoal water, but inside of the line of the two i»()ints tln-re is aiudiorage in 10 to 1.5 fathoms. 'Y'eiuoalt Point is the southern point of Murden's Cove. It is a low point, with gently rising land behind it. The (;liil's to the northward and southward aic nnxleiately high and broken. There is ileep water ntf the point. Eagle Harbor. — This is a narrow, deep iinlentation in the eastern shore of Maiubridge Island. At the mouth the entrance is barely .1 mile wide, and the.'J-lathoin curve extends nearly a mile into the harooi. A (lei)th f 8 fathoms is 4 mile inside from the north junnt. The north side of the entrance is Wing Point; it overlap;; the south side ^ mile and is a very narrow, low point. It is nearly in the line of the latter jioint, Vemoalt Point, and Skiff Point. A long, pebbly beach makes out 'Mi) or 41)0 yards fc'E. from Wing Point, ami late surveys have deveIo{)ed a direct conneciion from this ledge to the Jilakely Itock, running parallel with the sbon. For ^ mile PORT ni.AKELY — I.'KSTOKATION I'OINT. :m iroiii the, poiiiC on ii linn to IMakt^ly R()(!k tlicn* is IoiiimI us littii*. iis 2i I] liitlionisor water. Outside of tlii« leii;^!', tiie bottom drops very suddenly to ")(» Catlionis. W'ssi'l.s hound into I'ort ISlakelv niustnot liiiul tooe.lose lo the shore until they are, witliin .', mil""*' ^I'ls are Iw."-'' =• * es- ho ep of il h 8 S ., ...lie iiisKic tlie north .n-arer the southern sliore than the northern, in !>i fatlioniH of water, over hard hottoni. Here the width, under the north- ern and southern Kliores, is only .'{DO yards, and that width decreases liirtlier in. Blakely Rock. — In the outer road tliere is a ledf;;e of rock nearly i mile in extent, and a large part of it is above water. The middle and hi<;he8t pait is !."» feet above water. TiKre is shoal water and foul ground for 200 yards to the northward of the roek, with a bank of kelp I'xtendiufj out to 7 fathou's of water all around it. On the south side I here is deep water close under it, with a passage between it and the norihern shore of Restoration Point, | mile wide; this passage has 25 lathoms of water with sticky bottom. The passage between the north liomt and Blakely Uock is i mile wide between the lO-fatho-m curves and has 20 fathoms of water over sticky bottom, so that vessels from tlic noi'th always ]tass between the rock and tiie north point. The approach from the north is over the long ledge which runs from Wing Point ro Blakely Hock. A little U .s than i mile north of Blakely Itock this ledge can be crossed in M fathoii.s water, sandy bottom ; but thence 111 Wing I'oint tlie depth of water on the ledge decreases, and as little us 2A fathoms is fc ...i, with deep water inside. Outside of the ledge tlie dejith increase,^ rapi(» yards it is Hat, about 10 feet above high water, and has a foot depth of soil covered with grass, over a limestone rock upheaved nearly on edge, the direction of the strata pointing toward Battery Point, ov a little southwestward of it. Inshore the land rises 8har|)ly about 100 teet, its sides covered with grass and its summit with tir trees. Around tlie whole southeastern face of the point these peculiarities exist. Oiv the upper levels of the high land adjacent are small lakes of water. Decatur Reef. — From the extremity of the point, a ledge, bare at low 34 ADMIRALTY IM.Kl — IMHiKT SOI'NU. sound (Itrcctly iihrciist West Pointaiid Diiwaiiiisli Bii.v. Tlic iioilli shoiv tbni's tlie soiitli side of I'oit: .Madison, li is a little over !> miles Ions; >.'. Uy W. and .1.^ miles wide. It is nicideiately liisii, lias some liifjli IdiifVs al(in;L; the eastern shore, hut this is liroken by .several indentations, lofni- iny aiieiioiages and liarhors. To the westward of the island is a Ion;; (1728) WASHINGTON— Fuget sound-Fort Orchard— Brbmerton naval station — Hydrographic information. — Conunander V. L. Cottniau, U. S. Navy, Puget Sound naval station, leports under date of October 18, 1905, that the piers at the naval station are numbered as follows: jjiThe first pier eastward of the eoalin^f wharf is pier No. 1. The pier wliere the receiving ship lies is No. 2. The pier forming the western side of the entrance to the dry docli is No. 5. The eastern side of the entrance to the dry dock is pier No. 6. About 50 yards eastward of No. is pier No. 7. T)«e mooring buoy on the ciistein side of the dock entrauce is No. 1 ; oil the western side is No. 2. The stern buoy, ^50 yards to the south. ward, is No. 3. (N. M. 43, 1906.) oy ropivsand isditlunitt ol navigation, llie winds are iignr ami variaDlo, and at its narrowest part, where it makes a sharp turn, the current is hwilt. Skiff Point. — This is the first ])oint, :>.[ miles south of Point Monroe, on the west side of the -sound. It is directly abreast of West I'oint lifjht-house, where theidianiiel is2-j' miles wide. The jioiiit is moderately broad and roiindiiiy, and i)rojects fully .\ mile into the channel It is lr)w at the water line, and rises regularly to a ridge to the westward; the bluff to the northward is moderately high. The water off the point is (inite bold. Murden's Cove. — This is a wide recession of the western shore of the sound, just under Skiff Point; the shore swee|)ing to the westward for nearly a mile and then .soulheastwaid for 1.^ nines to Yemoalt Point. The northwestern shore is low; the southern shore lias steep clay cliffs. The inner part of the cove has shoal water, but inside of the line of the two ])!»iiits there is anchoiage in 10 to 1.5 fathoms. Yemoalt Pcint is the southern point of Murden's Cove. It is a low point, with gently rising land behind it. The cliffs to the northwaiil and southward are moderately high and broken. There is deep water eff the point. Eagle Harbor. — This is a narrow, deep indentation in the eastern .slioie of Haiiibiidge Island. At the mouth the entrance is barely J, mile wide, and the-l-falhom (iiirve extends nearly a mile into the iiarooi. A depth of 8 fathoms is -i mile inside from the north jioint. The north side of the entraiuie is Wing Point; it overlaps the south side ^ mile- and is a very narrow, low point. It is nearly in the line of the latter jioint, Yemoalt Point, and Skiff Point. A long, pebbly beach makes out •'500 or 400 yards SE. from Wing Point, and late surveys have developed a direct connection from this ledge to the lilakely KocU, running parallel with the shore. For if mile I'OIM' HLAKKLY — l.'KSTOKAI'ION POINT. Mf) a luirrt'iit is 11(1111 tilt' puiiit, on II line to IJIakfly Rock tliciHi is roimd us littiti us '2^ r.itiiotiisof wiittT. OiUsidi' of tliis ii'(lj,n> tim bottom drops very siiddi'idy to "((» fatlioins. Vessels bound into Port IMakely niustiiot lianl tooclo^e to the sliore until they are within ^ mile of IJhikidy K'oek. If laiffe ves- sels are bound into ICajile Harbor, they would have to enter from the southward, close uiuler sluu'c, and pass throuj^h the narrow but deep I liannel between the ledjje and the shore. Port Blakely i« a moderately deep indentation on the north side of U'Htoration I'oint, whitdi is the mark fiu" the entraii The acttual length of the port is Jj mile, and it (tarries ;{ fathoms fully ;■ mik- inside the openiufj, whieh is jj mile wide. l"iu^ usual outer antihora^e of Port HIakely is 8. IP 10, of th«' noitli point of the entraneo, a little nearer the southern shore, in l.'J fathoms of water, over sticky bottom. The deepest water in the entranee is 18 fathoms. Tho inner anelu)ra;;e is from \ to .\ mile inside the north point and rather lu'arer the southern shore than the northern, in !>.J tathoms of water, over hard bottom. Here tlie width, under the north- ern and southern shores, is only ;500 yards, and that width decreases farther in. Blakely Rock. — In the outc^r road there is a ledge of rock nearly i mile in extent, and a large part of it is above water. The middle and highest ])art is 1.1 feet above water. There is shoal water ami foul ijround for 2(10 yards to the northward of the rock, with a bank of kelp I'Xtemling out to 7 fathoms of water all around it. On the south side there is deep water close under it, with a pa.saage between it and the norihern shore of Restoration Point, jj mile wide; this i)assage has lio fathoms of water with sticky bottom. The passage between the north point and HIakely Itock is A mile wide between the lO-fathoni curves and has 2(5 fathoms of water over sticky bottom, so that vessels from the north always ])as8 between the rock and the nortli point. The approach from the north is over the long ledge whi(!h runs from Wing Point ro HIakely Hock. A little less than J mile north of IJlakely liock this ledge (;an be crosseil in !) fathoms water, sandy bottom ; but thence to Wing Point the deitth cf water (Ui the ledge decreases, ami as little :is LM fathoms is found, with deep water inside. Outside of the ledge the depth in('reas(',< rajiidly to ."»0 fathoms. Restoration Point is in some respects very iieculiar; no other point in t hese waters, e.\cei»t Battery Point, presents the same formation. For ■ iiMI yards it is tiat, about 10 feet above high water, and has a foot dei»th 1)1 soil (!overed with grass, over a limestone rock upheaved nearly on edge, the direction of the strata pointing toward Battery Point, or a little southwestward of it. Inshore the land rises sharfdy about 100 liet, its sides covered with grass and its summit with tir trees. Around the whole southeastern face of the point these peculiarities exist. On the upi»er levels of the high laud adjacent are small lakes of water. Decatur Reef. — From the extremity of the point, a ledge, bare at low 3« ADXIIIULIT INLKT iniGi:T SOUND tides, inaUcs out l)r()ii(l into tiio sound for .iOO yards, tiic 'i inside and hiuher i:;roiind risiin;- bciiind West Point is a shaip low <;iassy iioint projecrtinj; nearly a mile into the chaniu'l. It has a li^ihthouse on its (extremity. Shilshole Bay and Creek. — Between the two latter points is yiiils- bole Hay, and iit the bottom of the bay .Shilshole (Jre dv empties, .rain- infj Union Lake .'! miles to the eastward. Tnder the broken clift's between the Shilshole Creek and West I'oint the low-water be.ich is shiufjle, l)ut outside of the .'{fathoms the l)ott()iii is sticky. (Jn the line between the two points the depth midway is L'a fathoms directly abreast the opening of the creek. One third of a mile inside this line is the .'{-fivthom e had in Shilshole Bay in 1.1 fathoms of water over sandy bottom, with the lij;ht house bearinj"' S. 21° \\. di.stant if of a mile. There is a aoad anchorajje in 7 to 10 fathoms about liou yards from the siiore lietween \Vest Point aud Shilshole Creek, and good j)rotec- tion Irom soulheasters. It has been proposed to excavate a channel from tln^ sound to Union Lake, and thus have a safe port in I'resli water. Locally, this bay is knowr as Sjilmon IJiiy. DuTvamish Bay. — On the eastern side of the sound and on the south sale of West Point, Duwiimish Pay opens with a width of ^tf^ miles, con- tracts rapidly to 2)^ miles both from the northern and southern shores, and then continues with that width for 2 mdes to the edge of the ex- tensive rials at the mouth of the Duwamish River. On the south side of the high wooded blutf (touunemang just east of West Point there is a long bright horizontal out, which is halfway be- tween the water and the toj); it is a good landmark. This blutt" is named Magnolia Plnlfand it makes a long rounding sweeji for 1.^ miles to the southeastward from the light-house. It reaches nearly 400 feet elevation and continues with decreasing height for 1'^ ndles nearly KSE. to a sliarp recression of the shore which makes in to the northward for ■{ mile. This recession forms a moilerately wide cove, bare at low SKATTLK DIUKCTIONS. 37 >'ii inilo iiito wiitrr, ouIIlmI Smith's Cove. UikIlt tlic foot of Ma},'iu)liii lUuB' and nearly jj iiiil« SSIC. of its liigliest break, there is a large granite erratic liowlder inside the low-water line, and loeally known as Four Mile Roek. Tiie hntken blntV abreast tiiis rocik is 2l'0 feet liigh and the land behind il rises to nearly M)0 feet. From the eastern side, of Smith's (Jove the shore for 3 miles to Seattle, is nearly straight and runs southeast. It is comparatively low l)ut the lanil behind rises rapidly to the top of the riilge between this bay and Union Lake, the extreme height being IM feet. After rounding West Point a vessel keeps about i mile off the iiiirthern shore, and the general course to Seattle is S. r»7° K., and the distance is 51 miles from the light on West Point. Duwamish River. — This is a moderately large stream in the (Cascade iMiige of mountains, and rnniiing a general course to the northwest to Duwamish Bay. A tributary from tlici north drains the extensive lakes, Washington and Sammamish ; and in its valleys and at the lak.'s there lin\e been developed extensive de|)osits of <;oal and ir )ii. Tlie whole I'oiintry is well wooded. The great mud Hats at I lie head of Duwamish l)iiy are formeil from the sediments brougiit down by this river. Seattle. — In the northeastern part of the bay is an extensive town. Vessels (!an obtain all kinds of supi)lies. It is the shipping port for the roal mines in the vicinity and large cpiantities are ex|)orted. Vessels are rapidly coaled at the wharves by cliutes, price -Sfi.oO per ton. Wheat is liiigeiy exported and the lumber Vmsiness extensive. There is an extensive .system of wharves in the extended frontage, of Seattle, and steamboats and vessels go directly there to discharge and load. These wharves reach out to 3 and 4 fathoms of water. \e8seKs anchoring oH' the town find the best ground near the .southern part of the town, where a depth of 15 to 20 fathoms over muddy bottom is found, 4(10 yards outside the wharves. It drops off suddenly from lo fathoms. Directions. — When a sailing vessel is getting under way from her .iiichorago off Seattle, the usual summer winds compel the first tack to be to the southward towards the edge of the great inud Hat. If it he high water this Hat can not be distingui.shed, and the lead must bo kept going. Wiien a dejjth of 1.5 fathoms is striK^k a vessel must go about, for the water .shoals to 3-fatlioms very sudilenly, and keeping (in would soon bring her up on the Hat. If the luirrent be =ibb, vessels liiinnd out of the .souinl should stand well into the inlet; and if bound 11)) the .sound should work clo.se uinler and arouml Duwamish Head to Uattery Point. If the current be Hood, vessels bou'"d out of the inlet should work under the north shore and close to West Point; if bound lip the sound, they should work under the north shore about 3i miles 1" Magnolia Point, or to tin? Four Mile Rock, or until they (!an fetcii well I'lear of Battery Point. If (taliiis prevail, the tug is employed to tow ve.s.sels in or out. The tug service throughout the sound is good. DuT^amish Head is steep, about 320 feet high, and the sninniit is spar.sely covered with the Oregon pine. Tlie western side of the head i.s 38 ADMIlJAl/rV INI^KI — IMIOKT SOUNO. broken to tlif lit'iKliI of lidd \Wt at tlic lii;;lic,st point iiinl U(ll> IVct iit tln' t'XtroMK* point. On tli<' inside it is very steep but not broken tor ^ mile. Tilt' 'leucli at low \>aler streliilies out ^ mile to tin- nortliuani, when the shoal water is continued to the .'5 fathom line, whi(!li is (»(>(► yards Ironi the hlntl', the dro]) to L'O fatlioniH is within 250 yards. Aloiiii' the east lace of the hhill' the water is very deep close inshore. L'ner the eastern side of the head is the town of VV^est Seattle, with an extensive sawmill ami wharfa>ie fatiilities. Seveiieijjhtiis of a mile in side the head is a small settUmient (;alled ()'('onnOr, within tiieonlei edjre of the yreat Hats. Battery Point. — 'liie .south point of the entrance to Diiwamish Hay is Uattery Point, which isAj^ miles nearly south of West I'oint liKlit-hoiise. From the northwestward just before reachiiiji' West Point, IJattery Point is seen as a moderately low, liar*-, nearly llattopped mound, with a steej) clilf nearly <»(( feet lii;;li to\\ar(ls the watei', and a short, low ])oint ontside of it, wiiich is the leal point. Inside oi' the curiously shaped mound theic is a low neck with lar.uc strati^liii;; pine trees, and behind this the land ajjain rises. I'rimi the .soiilheaalward beyouil Bra(;e Point, tlie same characteristics are seen with one lone pine trunk standinji' in tlie middle of the j;ently slo[)in{' surface of llie mound. Tliis tree shows m)w only the bare trunk ; tbrmerly it was a yood nuirk. On the north side of Hattery Point a vessel aiKihorinn' in -<• fathoms of water i)int, -i, miles from Hattery I'oinl. The land rises rai)idly behind it and it is pine covered. IJe. tweeii it and liattery Point the shore rtitieats .\ mile to the eastward and is nearly str.iif;lit. It is not a notable jtoint to vessels fjoiu};' up or down the sound becausi- it retreats inside the line of Brace Point. It is the north point nt Paunlleroy Cove. Brace Point forms the .south side of Kauiitleroy (.'ove. It is a small low sandy jiravelly point, backed by rapidly rising- k''<>"ii<1- covered with Oreijon pine. In rnnnin;^; north, betbre a vessel reaches Point J'ully, IbiKH- Point is seen as a modeiately hifih wooded iiointjnst to the eastward of Hattery Point; the land behind the lirst rise falliuf; a little aiMl then rising to the eastward. Fauntleroy Cove. — This slight indentation is between I'oiut Williams and Hrace point; the distance ajiart of these jioints is a bttle over •,' mile, and the shore recedes [ mile to the eastward. The imiiiedialo shore is low except under Point Williams, where the blutt reaches the water. (Joixl anchorajje may be had here in 10 and 11* fatlionis of water ; but when on a raiifje of the two jtoints tlic^ depth in- creases and the bottom drops away very suddenly ontside. Fresh water is easilv obtained in the vicinity. POINT VVijLY VASIION I.SLANI). 39 Point PuUy li<>s l} miles IVoiii Uran- I'oint. I'.cHvim'ii ISr.ni' I'oiiit mil Point I'lilly liic sliorc rctrciits niort' tliiiii a mile to tlic eastwarti, with low shores bonlerin;,' tli« hiffhor piiie-tiovereil land. Two or threw Miiali sti'eaiiis enter tills hi^iht, anil tlie (ieptli of the water is very ^'reat. I'oint I'lilly |ir(iie(;ts more than \ mile into tiie sound; it is sharp and llllll'OW. Ir is a low |».)inr with a Hat r iiiMilin;,' hilloiric hehiiid it, iinil upon wliicli >i,iii(ls (MIC lar;;'e li.Ji tree in the miildle and two or threi- smaller ones stra'4Kliii;i on eiudi side. The extremity of Mie point is sand and ;,'riiv(d mil it pitches sharply ofV itito very deep water, the.'iKf'athoiii (Mii've lyiii.t; l)iit a short (listanee outside with IJi) f.ithums in mid-channel. There Is deep water on the north and south sides; stronj; eurrents sweep iiv ii. IJiiiler Point INdly to the t>astward the hliill" l)i'e,ilvS down to lirowii slopes without trees, and iit one mile from the point a stream I'niii's in from a moilerately Itroid valley. Oil' this v.illey a ll il makes I'lii some distance, with deej) water at its edge. Blake Island. — 'J ..is island is at the nnrtliern entrance toCn'vos Pas- sive. It is altoiii '>ti" aile in extenl, not lii^li, but covered witli wooil, i\ii pt at the eastern point, which is low and pehltly. Tin- eastern side III the island is low, with straij^lin^j trees, and the land rises to near till' western side. There is deep watei' fi'eiieraHy around the island, the I'li-ratliom (iiirve Wein;; (dose under the smitli and west sides and olV the east point. Oil tiie north side tlit^ Kll'athoin ciiivc makes out ;i, mile towards the hroad shore of Ucstoratioii Point, and lliei'i- is aiicliora};e In 17 to l.S fathoms close ninler the east point, wiili bottom of soft mud. Allen Bank. —Stretirhin^ from the SIO. f,ic(M)f iJlake Island there isa ll ink with less tiian L'O fathoms of water reachiii;,' all the way across to Point V^ashon at the NI<]. part of the entraiKje toColvos Passaj^e. The liiitlom is variable: in some places mini and in others hard sand. The ilejith is jrreater near the island and decre.isi^s to as little as. Si fathoms one mile X. 17'^ 10. of Point Vashon. This bank has i)roven of gr(?at service to ve-ssels losiiij;' the wind and having adverse currents: the more especially when the Oolvos l*assaue was the (iliannel used by all \ i'SS(ds. Vashon Island. — This is the largest island in the waters of Admiralty Inlet and Pdiiet .Sound It is hi^li, with steep sliori's, e, )vert'il with wood and underjjrowLli. Its surfa(!e is marshy, In iimiiv parts (piite elevated. It is 1 1 miles in lenjith, north and south, and raii,'"s from one to tJjV' miles in breadth. It mav be considered aslyinjxin a j^reir exi)an- sioii of the sound I'J (ir 14 miles lonii' and 10 mlhvs wide. IJetween the cast and SK. sides of the island and the nriinland is the li inile-wide channel of the main inlet, reacliiiiif as far as (joinmencement iiay. The shore line of the island is 47 miles, and around the .shores of the island there is a belt of kelp in the latter part of the sutnnier ami aiitninn, bu'. it is torn away by the storms of the winter and spriii};'. The easternmost projection of the shore of N'ashon Island is a ciiri- 40 ADMIRALTY INLET PUGKT SOUND. oiisly aliiipi'd peiiiiisiila, walled Maury Island, li miles loii^f and li miles wide, lyiiiy uudenieath tlie 9E. part of VasUoii Island. This peninsula is liif^li, wooded, and hascompaet, bold shores. Tiie N W. [lart is eonnt'eted with Vashon Island by a low sandy neck ol" land only 100 yards wide. The bight at the north side of this neck is Tramp Harbor, broad open to the XW. The deep bay on the south side of the neek and between Vashon Island and Maury Island is .'U miles long and over ^ mile wide, with r> to 10 fathoms of water over sray sand and mud at the north extremity. Tliis bay is an excellent shelter at 2 miles inside the entrance, with good water and good holding grouinl. It is named (Quartermaster's Iliubor. In the earlier years of the navigation of these waters by large sailing vessels, the <'olvos Passag.'. was universally used, but in recent years the develoi»inent of Taconia an;l the use of tugs have changed the whole traftic to the main channel between Vashon Island and the main shore to the eastward. In thiscliaimel tliecnrreuls are iu)t strong, the chances for anchoring are tew, and It is sometimes calm wliile there is a tine breeze blowing through Colvos Passage. The ui-.i'm clinnnel on t':>'- east side of this island is the best to work in with a head wind. Point Vashon. — Tlie northern point of Vashon IsUiiid is named Point A'ashoM ; it is a higli rounding bluff, covered with Oregon i)ine, forming the NK. point of the entraucn* to Colvos passage. Anchorage. — Broad off the north face of Vashon Island there is good anchorage from \ to i mile offshore, with protection from southeasters. Dolphin Point is the eastern jwint of the north end of Vashon Island. It is a higii, sharply rising bluff, covered with Oregon ]iine to the base, where there is a clump of trees to the water's edge, forming a little projection. L'nder Uolphin Point tlie shore lino runs a mile to the SSW., and then li miles to the SE. by S. to P(»int Beals ; the deiith of water is very great, and in the bight to the southward the depth is still greater. Tlie I'O fathom curve is close to the ])oint, and the mid- channel deptii is lOS fathoms. Good anchorage is reported, however, in from 7 to II fathoms. In the bight betv/een this point and Point Heals there are three rocks above water closti under till' shore. The southernmost is on the NW. side of Point Heals, and is 14 feet above the water; the other two in the bight ar<> 7 ami (I leet high. Point Beals is l';; miles from Dolphin Point. It is a wooded jioint, rising gradinillv to several hundred feet, but it does not prqjt^ct far into the channel. There is deei) water clo.se off i I and deep water under the slightly rn cding shore to the n<»rth and to the south. Point Robinson is the prominent ami noticeable point forming the easternmosl iirojection of Maury Island. It stretches well over toward the eastern short* ;)! the channel, whicli it rediu;es in width to U miles- The extremity of the spit is a low point 150 yards outside the trees, with COMMENCKMENT BAY. 41 :iitt'rv(Miinff niiirsliy Kn^mul, ami tlioii a bliitf'. wliicli is almiit Mi fret liisli, and bii^lit on the soutli side, but covered on the top witli trees. The l)lnf1' rises to about 7!t fL"-'. hehin;). Upon the point are three ineonspieuous houses, beiiiy; parr of tiie f'ojj;- sii,nial I)uildiny:s. To tlie northwest of tlie point the siiore runs nearly \vest for -i miles, then with a sweeinn}; curve to the north for one mile to I'oint Hejer, tlience N. by \V. for nearly .'3 miles to Point Heals. On the south of the point the blullf shore runs l>f miles sonthuesicrly, in a receding curve to I'oint I'iner. . I'nderthe south side of Pdiiit Meyer is a broad open biy;ht (tailed Tramp Harbor, with a very low shore on tlm southern paTt and neaily roimected with the head of (Juarte.rmaster's Harbor. In lliisbiyjlit tliere is am hoiajft'. in 1.1 to bS fathoms of water over line K'^'.v >oint. On the south face of the point the shore rises .iiiadually and irrcfjulariy in exposed white clay dills from LM to L'lMl feet iiif;li within ^ mile from the point. There is very deep watei' 1(M» yanls otf the point. Dash Point. — The low po'at 1^ miles N. .'}(i^ K. of i'oint lirown is Dash Point, sli^ihtly breakin yards offshore, 'i'iiis anehorafte is well sheltered from all but tlie sontlieasters o( winter. The eildy currents are so vei'y irrej;iilar in (yommencemeut ll.iy that courses to steer by in thick weather are almost iisi'lcss. There is a pe- (!idiar film of whitish water on the snrfac.' of the Itay (lurini.r tin' ebb titles and lirst (juarter of the Hood tides; tiiis raiclv leaves the bay ami is said to come from the f;lacial waters brou,uht down b\- the I'uyalb/p Iti\er. Whi'ii in or oifthe entrantte to this bay the snow-covered sum- mit of the massive Mount K'ainier shows wondeifidly distinct over the low inidfUe jxrotind at the head of thi' Iciy. Tacoma. on the southwestein sid(^ of the ttay, is the terminus of the Northern I'acilic, Itailroad. Its juiucipal trade is in wheal, coal, and bind)er. Supplies of all kinds may be obtained. Vessels (!oal from aloujiside ot wiiarves. ColvoS Passage. — ISefore the ,t;eiieral use of steam tu^s oii these waters aiid Itefore the development of Tacoma as the terminus of a transcontiiientai railroad, this passage was the almost invariably used ship (!haiim'] Ibr vessels to and from Tujict Sound. It is formed by the western siM)re of Vaslion isiami and the eastern shore of the (ireat Peinnsula. It is 11 A mih's \in\ix and nearly strai.ulit on a course S. by W., and has a very rejiular width of oiu' mile, with hi!;li blurt shores, \aried by nutnerotis small low sand points makinj;' ont a sinu't distam-e (rom the face of ihe blnlf ami all ha\in,u' \ ery deei) watei' olV then). The mid-cliannel depths are from "•(• to <>(> talhoms over tim' ;;ray sand and {ifravel. A vessel may anchor anywiiere umler either slior*' if she iuis room to swin,;,'. The l)est amdnjiatic is under the (fast- ern sluue, near the north «'ntraiice, about \.\ miles ii:"-;Ie of I'oint \'aslion. There is here a slight reeediny and breakinj;' down of tln^ blutfanda \cssel will fiml excellent anchoraui' in o ro 10 fathoms li slo))inf;- bluff covered with trees to the beaeii without any bright exposed part. There is a very narrow beaeh at hi,i;h water. Dalco Passage. — The passajj^e between Xeill Point and i'oint Deti- iince is known as Dalco Passa.i,^'. The currents in it are \ery vaiial)le. The NarroAVS. — There is a relatively narrow passu^c leadini; from tlic more expaiisi\(' channels of the Admiralty Inlet propi-r to tlie n;ir- rower l)ut <;reiirly rainili'Nl inlets of Pnjjet Sound. Tiiron<;h it piss all the waters of I'ujict S( and. Tliis passaj;:e is calleil The Nariows, at tile enti-ance it is one mile wide; for '2 miles llie coui'se is 8. L'T'J K., curving: gradually with a slijjhtly decieased width to S. L'.S'^ W. for •> ndles, when the wati'rs of the sound open to the si)ulliward and west- Wiird. The aveiaj^e width of The Narrows is .ibout ■] mile; the shores are hifih, bold, and in some phuies roiUy. The sununitof the clilfs is wooded. Tile deplh of water through the mid-channel ranji'es from .')U to -40 fathoms, with deep water close under the slnaes. I'he eastern shore is the bohler, having 'iO falhoinsol water within L'Od yards of file clilfs; the .'Malliom line is close under the sliorc. Midway thr«mgli The Narrows the hiyh lon^j ronndinu point on the west side is Point ICvans, and close under it is a sunken rock with kelp around ii and in other jiatirlies alonj;- the shore. This danger is called {'Ivans l\o(!k. and lies about I.JO yards olf the shore, and is Just a litlle VNlvof Point I'lvans. It has about iS feel of water up(m it at extreme low tidef, and the pilots of (he steamboats have spec-ial marks and laii^jes for i,s location 'vlicn passin;;' close to il. It is locall\ known as the " llowlder.'' At the exireme low tides of the year, about dune, this ro(rk sliov.s just above the water for a tew minnies at the .stand. The Currents in The Narrows. — In mid-cliaimel the reniilar llood and eb!» cikii iits are always Ibund to run from \ to one Imnr atler the rise or 1 ill of the iide. There are <;(Mierally considerable cuiTcnt rip-i, especially at (he spring- tides, with strong swirls, whuih make the water very ronj;li and danjjerous for small Ixiats, more particularly when the winds are contrary to tlie^auients. On the east side of The Nariows and smith of I'oint Delianee a strong eddy ciirrenl is Ibund on the tlnod tide from about abreast of Point l"iVans to Point I)eliaiic(\ This eddy is much used by small steamers, but ^reateare must be exercised wiien close to I'oiut Defiaiuic, if boiiml tlirouiih the Dalco Passage to Tac'oma, to haul mit gr.uliially to meet 44 PUOET SOUND. the stroiiji Hood nt the point either bow on or (]iiiirteriiiij on tiio .star- board bow, instead of rnnnin;ij into it almost at ri^^ht angles. The line bet'.vet'ii tlie th)od and the o(hly i.s well marked by the rip, and as l>oth fatli- oms of water alongside, and at 70 yards otf 10 fathoms over rocky bot- tom. A\)ove this rocky ledge there is a rise of 40 feet, a slope reaching .lO feet iiigher, and a third rise of 100 feet, above whicl. the head is denseiy woodt'd, and the ground rises gradually inland. The lace of the clitf is too steep for trees, and is a bright yellow color. The north face of the point looks directly into Colvos Passage. On the east side of the point the trees come down to the beach, which is very tnirntw and covered at high water. Tliere is very bohl water close under the point, and the currents and strong eddies exist around the point on the flood. Gig Harbor.~On the western side of The Narrow.s, at the north entrance, and dire is applieil in its origiind meaidngfor the sake of snlxlividing these waters. Up tt) the Nai'rows the channel had been broad, ojien, imd nearly straight; south of the Narrows the shore line of the sound and of the islands in it amounts to li80 miles, with "«l weather, hut in tliick and fojr^'y weather it re(iuiies a full lotial knowledife of the curreiils and tlie l)eculiaiities of the t'clioes from all points jjjissed by the stcand»oats. With a knowlei'oe of the tides and currents the (•a])tain.s am! jtilots run in fofif^y or thick smoky weatht>r by (ionrses and lime-dishuutes, and when approacliinn' any point tiu-y ascertain its distance and bcarin;;' by the eclio of their steai'i whistle si of the local kiH)wl<'djjc and experience of the pilots, and senoral directions are only su^'uestive in ii'oinl weather, for the chart is the best ;.'iiide. Fox Island is 1;^ miles lonj; NW. by X. and SB. Ity S., with an av- erage width of one mile. The ])i'.S8aKe l)etween it and the mainhnnl to the north is over a mile wide at the eastern entrance, abreast of Day Island, and i mile wide at the western entrance, where it is known ii.h Hale's rassa;;e. Tiiere is deep water and m) known datujers throufjh the wlioh^ of this passay;e. The noitlieasternmost part of the island is a brif^'iif, yellow clitf, estimated to be 70 feet hi{j;h, and covered with ()re^( n I'lne to the edfj'e. WhoUochet Bay. — This is a moderately wide buy, openiiiR into the north side of llnle's Passage, opjiosite the middle of the north shore ot Vi)\ Island, ami one mile west of Point Fosdick, at the south entiaiice oi the Nari'ows. The immediate shores of this bay are low, risin;;' to wooded hi.u'li land. It (tarries deep water for lA miles, wlien S fathoms is found. The ."> fathom cnrv(! is inner more than 'JhO yards from the sln)n's. for ^ mile tht^ bay runs to the northward, and then curves {iradimlly to the X\V., ami affords a yood and sheltered anchorage. Toliva Shoal. — This danjicr lies directly in line of the southern entrance to tlie Xarrows. it is om- mile (rom (libson I'oint at the south- east i»att of Fox Island, one mile from tlm eastern nmin shore, and 14 miles trom Hteilacoom. N'essels hound up the souiul to Hteilacoom or direct to or from Olympia by Halch's Passage must beware of this shoal. Tiit> extent within the .'J fathom curve is about loit yards, and there are two spot.s on it (•<> yards apart in lini^ with the point of Fox Islainl, wlii(;ii have 14 feet of water upon them. OiU' of these shoai i)at(tlies is (!() yards in extent to the .'{-fathom limit, fhe bottom of the sin)al ami around it is foul and marked by a i)atch of kelp. (,)ntsi(h> of it the water is very deep, the li(( fathom curve coming clo.se up to and around it. Fn ni the west side of the shoal this 20-fathom curve reaches nearly to Point (libsiMi, on I''ox Islainl. The (turrent ri|) upon the shoal is very gieat, and with a little wind it raises a confused short swell sulhcient to swamp a smaii boat. 46 in;OKT SOUND. This (laiificris now iiiarkcil l»y a hiioy; it is pliUiod in 1^7 loct of water at tlie ci'i'tor of tiic shoal ami may Ite jtiissiMl on eitlicr hand by jfivinj;' it a <;()o miles south from I'oint Deliance, is the town of Steilacooni, sifiatetl upon a risinj^ blnllf. The gronnd rises to l.")!! f«^et antl is patcjiied with trees; behind the ciest, on the level land, is the Orej^on pine. There is a wharf for the steandtoat landing, and in approaehinj;' in tliiek weather the eeho ■of the \essers steam whistle is very ;;'ood. Vessels approachinj;- this trom the northward keep alonj; under the eastern shoie; when abreast the south entianee to the Narrows a broad pa.ssage opens to the west, with the southeastern end of Fox Island fornduff tlie western shore of the main eliannel into the sound. This main (dianuel is here about I mile wide. The shores of the mainland mid of the island are bold, high, and of nearly uniform elevation, and (;overed with trees. A vessel keejis the eastern shore close aboanl to avoid Toliva Shoal, and if liound for Steilacooni, anchors ot!' the town ill 15 fathoms of water over hard bottom about 4(M( yards oft' the shore. The eurrent rip in the eliannel abreast of the town is frequently sufli- <:ient, with a little wind, to swami) a small boat. Steilacooni River is a small stream enii)tyin};' into the sound one mile north of the town, but is now locally known as ('hanibers (Jreek. Ketron Island. — This is a narrow island 1| miles loiijj, lyinjn' paral- k»l with the main shore, a mile south of Steihieoom, with \ mile wide pa.s.sage on the east side called the (Jorinorant I'ass, carryiiiR' 2o fathoms of water over muddy bottom, and the .sound on the west side, 1.^ miles wide towards Anderson Island. This main passage has 7.j fathoms o water over tine gray sand and mud. The island is from CO to 100 feet high, with steep sides, and is covered with tall Oregon pine. Oil the south end of the island the 3-fatlioin curve reaches out I'lO yards;()ff the north end of the island there is kelp for \ mile, but the ;Matlioni (Miivc i-< only L'OO yards from the point. There is a narrow beach around the island at low water. McNeil Island. — The island is about ^ miles in its lonijer diameler east ami west and L", miles north and south, lietween its north side ami the south side of Fox Island there is a channel IS miles wide run- ning for some miles into (Jarr Inlet. Between the south side of the island and the north side of Anderson Island there is a comparatively narrow channel, known as Malch's I*assage. McNeil Island is high and wooded, with high blutl shores broken at the east end. Anderson Island is moderately high and wooded, with deep water around the shores and no known dangers. It is a little over .'i miles from Steihujoom and is 1 miles long, north and south, and about LM miles broatl. The southern end reaches well down into the .southern part of the sound opposite the mouth of the Nisiiually Uiver, only '{ iidlefrom the Nis(iually Flats. There are good passages all around the island, with Nl.SCil'ALLY KKACll — UKVILS ilKAD. 47 llic bi'oiiiU'sf loujiids Ni;(|iiiilly, turiniiiu llif Nis(|ii;illy Kcacli. mid llio iiiiirowest towiiids AI(;Ncil l.sliiiid, lliis hittci' loniiiDji I'alcirs I'asf^iifje. Id till' soiitlit'iist .side of Aiidfrsoii Isliind tlniv is a dt'i'|) iiidciitatiini 1)1 i' mill', and nearly mic iiiil*^ wide hctwi'cii tlic jioiiit.s ot ciitiaiict'. Tlii' line of . sounding's aci'oss tliH t'iitraiic(^ is '2') latlionis, with jjjood water close, to eitlier point, but deeper under tlie sonfli point. The .'i fathom line reaches nearly .\ mile into the hay, with nin(ld,\' hotloin. Caution. — In ronndinjjr the sonth [loiiit of Anderson Island, jiixeita v:iHHl berth, as fonl bottom exists tlieie. Nisqually Reach. — Metweeii the south end (d' Anderson Island and Nis(]iially l''lats the jiassaf"!' is known as the Nis(|nally Keach. It is one Hide wide, with a depth of IL' fathoms \ mile off the eilp' of tiie bank, where HI fathoms is found. The south end of Anderson Island opposite the bank i^s called Tui kn I'oint, or Lyle Point; a lonji, rounding;, moder- ately low point, with trees eominj;; down to the liijjth water mark. There is a depth of 10 fathoms ot watei' for U.IO yards to the SSIO. of the jioint; and ninU'r the west side tlieie is a sli;;lit indentation called Thompson Ooxc, with ani^hora^c in 't and (J fathoms of water. OH' furkii Point there aie stion;;' current rips on the Hood. Nisqually Flats. — These extensive tiats lie in the broad southern bend of till' siMind smith of Anderson Islanil. They are ;>.] miles in extent NVSW. and HXI-]., and about -f mile wide. They lie off the broad, low, marshy valley throu-ili which the Nisipially Hiver and its ramifications reach tln^ sound. There is very deep water alonjj the nortliern edf;e of the tiats, but especially towards the eastern limit. Nisqually. — This place is o miles soutli of Steilacoom, on the same side ol tlii^ sound. It is at the month of a small stream and at the eastern edjje of the extensive Inskip Paiik or Xis W. by \V. and NE. by E. for 2 miles. The eastern shore is indented and moderately low, but covered with Ore- gon lir; the western shore is formed by the south side of Ilartstene island and is higher than the eastern shore. There are very strong (mrrents during si)riiig tides in this passage. 'J'here is foul bottom close to Brisco Point and liii! cdgt' of the channel is steei)to. Brisco Point is a sharp narrow point (iO feet higli o;i the westward side of Dana's Passage, and nearly 2 miles W.SW. of Itsaini Shoal. It is wooded and has good water close to it (mi the east side, but the 3- f.ithom line extends .'500 yards smitli Irom the point, with a fringe of kelp in -1 faliioms of wati-r and witli a narrow, htw neck on the north. The cliannel immediately on the west side of the point is Peale's Pass age, h mile wide, and with 12 to 1.'! fathoms in it; it leads to the N\V" eoiiiplctely aiMUiid Ilartstene Island. Dofilemyer Point is low and (.leared on the north witii clids 80 feet higli to tlu' soutlnvard. The .'i-fathom curve is close to it, but lies 300 yaids outside of deal's Point, J mile to the NE. Point Cooper, at the western side of the entrance to Budd's Inlet, projects to the northward; it is low and sharp and rises to SO feet in ^ mile towards the south. It «livides liudd's Inlet from Eld Inlet and the .'{ tathom curve spreads out 300 yards from the point and narrows the entrance to Eld Inlet. BUDD'S INLKT — OLYMPIA. 49 Budd's Inlet — This long arm at the head of the sound is '^ mile wide ;it tlie entrance, one mile wide inside, and then gradually narrows to f mile at the head. It is G miles long, and its general direction is south. For 1^ miles before reaching Olympia the bay or inlet is occupied by an enormous mud dat, of which one-fourth is bare at low water, and this shoal within the 3-fathom line extends from the head of the bay for 1^ miles to the northward, and then continues under the east shore for 2 miles towards Wepusec Inlet. Tlu' hhitts on the west shore average about GO feet higli, are steep, and generally covered with Oregon j)ine. The bluffs on the east shore are higher for the first mile, and then de- crease towards tlie iiead. The average depth of the water is 6 fatiioms, and is quite uniform over a l)ottom of mud. There is only one danger inside the inlet, and that is 3^ miles south of Cooper Point, under the western shore. It is a stony patch, in part bare at low water, and surrounded by hard bottom in one to 3 fathoms of water. The total area of this shoal spot is 100 yards north and south and 300 east and west, and it lies a little over i mile from the western shore, abreast the GO-foot bluff '^ mile north of Butler's Cove. There is a good channel carrying 8 and 9 fathoms on the west side of it, and a broader channel on the east carry- ing 8 to 4 (iithoms of water. This shoal is marked by a buoy. There is good water on either side of the buoy, but less than halfway from it, towards the eastern shore, the 3 fathom lino is reached. A depth of 3 fathoms can be carried one mile farther u}) the inlet than the buoy by keeping close under the western shore. Large vessels pass this shoal and anchor nearly a mile 8. by E. of it in 3^ fathoms of water. Many vessels go to the wharf at Olympia at high water and lie there in the soft mud at low water. Steamboats run up to the wharves at high water, but if intending to move during the time of low water they must lie nearly a mile to the NNW., under the west shore, where there is a wiiarf, and whence there is a good road along the shore to Olympia. Olympia is the county seat and also the capital of Washington. The United States land otlices and the oflice of the United States collector of internal revenue are located here. It has large private educational institutions, manufacturing establishments, sawmills, etc. The lumber output of the country is large. Extensive deposits of coal have been discovered and located. Olympia Wharf. — A new wharf has been projected northward from the town of Olympia, through the middle of the great Hats, § mile be- yond the old wharf. It reacihes 3 or 4 feet of water at the lowest tides, Tumwater is a village about one mile south of Olympia, on the Des ('hutes River, where the water-power of the falls is utilized by mills tor various products of manufacture. Olympia — Directions. — It would be almost useless to attempt to describe the route between Olympia and Steilacoom, because a pilot or a chart is absolutely necessary to make the passage. The mid-chau- 1420G— No. 9G 4 50 PUGKT SOUND. uel coiirso from wliiirf to wliiirf is 21 miles in leiifjtli, and the width of the passivf^e from 4 to lA miles. In tine clear weather a stranger would see nothinf^ but land close around him, as if' he were in au irregularly shai)ed lake wish arms leading in every direction. lu foggy weather, or in the dense smoUy weather of a dry summer, it is impossible to see a ship's length ahead, with irregular currents to add to the difliculty. The chart is tiien almost useless, and a thorough local knowledge of every mark on the beaches and of the peculiarities of the echo of the steam-whistle I'rom every clitf and point are nec- essary to enable the i)ilot to make his trii)s. Steamboats and tows do not take the luoader channel from Steilacoom between Jvetron and Anderson Islands through the Nis()nally Reach, but the first course is through IJalch's J'assage. The entrance to this passage is nearly -i miles from SteilacoiTm, and the passage itself L' miles long and A mile wide for the middle jiart of the pass. There is plenty of water in this iiassage and tlie shores are steep too. Midway in the liass is a Kiiiall rocky islet known as Hagle Island; it is nearer the south shore, but tliere is good water on either side of it. The island is only L'SO yards long north and south and l()(t yards wide. It is about 10 feet above high water and covered with Oregon pine 70 feet high. The ;5 fathom curve is 100 yards off the eastern side, where kelp is found out to 1 and ') fathoms. The Eagle Island shoal, withir. tho 3-fafhom line, extends J- mile to the NVV, parallel to the shore of the passage, It is marked by plenty of kelp. A «leptli of 5 to 6 fathoms can be cariiod tiirough the southern channel between Eagle Island and Anderson Island, key S. for 4(( miles, with an average width of lA miles. In latitude 47'^ lil' N. the cainil makes an abrupt turn ami runs 12 miles nearly NM, where it heads within 2 miles of the head of Case's Inlet, in Puget SouikI. At 15 miles from Port Gamble there is a slight crook in the line of the canal, and at 17 miles another broad arm stretches to the N. by \V. for 10 miles, with a peninsula IS miles in width between it and the canal. This is the Toandos Peninsula. The shore line of the canal amounts to l!t2 miles. The shores of the canal are bold, high, and wooded, rising to much greater heights than anywhere el.se on the inlet or sound. This is i)ar- ticularly so on the western shore, where the west shore of the Dabop Bay attains an elevation of 2,GU0 feet in less than 2 miles from the water. The.se high flanking mountains of the Olympus Kange are called Jupiter UilLs. Southward from Point Mi.sery, at Seabeck Harbor, the canal runs in nearly a straight line S. 31° \V. for 21 miles, with a nearly uniform and average width of 1] mile.s. It has bold, rocky shores on either side, the eastern land of the Great Peninsula being of moderate height ; the western land rising boldly and rapidly to 7,(IU()feet at the eastern jjcaks of the Olymi>ns Kange. "The Brothers" aud Mount Ellinor, witli elevations over (;,((()() feet, lying only 7 or 8 miles to the westward, and Mount Constance 10.^ miles, but reaching 7,777 feet elevation. The water is very «leep close under the shores, except where streams make out, and through mid-channel the depths range from more than i>(> to 50 fathoms. The bottom is mud throughout. Hood's Head. — This is the islandlike mass on the western side of Hood's Canal, 3 miles in.side of Fonlweather Bluft". It is about ^ of a mile long N. by E. and S. by W., and ^ of a mile wide. It is Joined to 62 I100D8 CANAL. the western iiiaiii .shore by a low narrow strip of Hand)' i)each ^ a mile loiifj. wliicli lias iiioderately deep water on the north side and a eon- traeted shallow eove on tiie south. A vessel may anchor to the north- westward of the iicad in !"» tathonis of water over muddy bottom at ^ of a mile from the shore. The north facie of the head is a very steep bare clill", nearly 9 mile fronta{;e east and west, and the soutli face is a rouinliuH, high, bare clitt". All behind the ciilfs is covered with pine. At the N K. point of the head, a low sandy point makes out .'500 yards and terminates in a very sharp point; towards the hit;lier jioint tlu' };round is marshy. This is I'oint Ilannon, and otl it deep water is found with stronj; swirliiifj currents. Port Gamble is a laiuMocki'd bay -\ miles lonj; north and south, with a lu'arly uniform width of ;^' mile. It narrows at the entrance between two low lirassy sand spits only .{00 yards apart, an, the northward after leaving Marrowstone Point pass Nodule Point,*) miles from Koulweather Bluff, on a S. 59° W. course, steering for Hood's Head if it is recognized. This cour.se passes more than a mile to the westward of Foulweather Hlutt' and nearly haUway between l-'onlweather Blurt' buoy and Colvos Kock buoy. After passing Foulweather Bluff keep closer to the eastern shore than the western to avoid the strong ami irregular current passing arouiul the low point which makes out 27o yards eastward from Hood's Head. Then run for the sawmill plainly in sight on the west side of the en- trance, and when within a mile of it, approach the eastern shore within if mile. When it is foggj^ or smoky steamboats get their distance froii'. the shore by the echo of their whistles. Outside of this entrance the bottom is sticky out to l~) fathoms ; beyond that it falls off rapidly. A vessel may anchor in 8 fathoms with the mill bearing south, distant '^ mile and the eastern shore distant | mile. When a vessel is going in she must have either good local knowledge of the chenuel and natural ranges, or must keep the lead going smartly. In s .uar the wind gen- erally blows into the harbor lightly ; in the winter l 8E. gales prevail niRECTIONH PORT OAMHLK SQUAMISH HAUIIOR. r,3 ami draw directly out. When i',iiteiit\K niidcr sail tlu* \ x'shi'I must drop in witli llu^ (^arly Hood. Loaded vt'sscls arc, towed in and out l>,v tlio tu}{; when witlionr tlie tujj; tlu'.v must warp out in summer with llie last of the «bl) or trust to a lij,dit soutliorly air in the moruinjf, with au ebb cnrreut. None but small, smartly workirif; vessels can beat out, aiul very few of them have done so within channel limits. Wiicuu small ve.ssel is beatiii^j^ out she should no out on the ebb. Inside the sawmill and Indian Viilafje points there is ;;i)od water in mid-channel lor ancihorap;. On the western side there was formerly a < lib ill '6\ fathoms of water, around wiiich a siioal has formed with only 10 to l.") feet ; between this crib an northeast Hank of Mount <'nnstain'e by tw(j tributaries, and a tnird tributary comes from a large lake midway to Port DiH(;overy and nearly reaches (Jrocker Lake, whirh empties into Por* I)is(i)v<'rv. Dusewallips River. — Al)reast of Oak llead, on the west side of Daiiop l>ay, the river empties and has formed a Ha! delta and a broad shoal in front. This shoal is 2 miles long ami .4 mile wulo with deep water close uji to it. Between this shoal and Tskids' > QUATSAl" POINT (.LU'TON. 55 I'oint, tlie nearest i)art of the Toaiuloa Feniiisiila. the width of tho liay is IJ miles and tho dei»th of tiie water is 80 fathoms over muddy bottom. On either side of this river the mountains rise to 540 feet ,111(1 to 2,:500 feet within U miles. Quatsap Point — Four miles WSW. of Oak Head and on m- west side of the canal is a moderately low head, under the south side of which is a broad open hay one mile wide with an extensive flat extend. injj out of the line of the northeast and southwest iwints. This bay receives the Du-^kabus River, which brings down much detritus. Hamahama River. — This stream empties on the west side of the oanal 12 miles S. 48- \V. of Oak Head. Ic is marked by a broad tlat one mile long and ^ mile wide in front of it with 15 fathoms of water close outside; but the 20 fathom curve reaches out to mid-channel to the southeastward. This river drains a large lake 4 or 5 miles behind the liigli mouTitains over the shore and into this lake a large stream comes trom the Olympus range. The Q-reat Bend of Hood's Canal is 22i miles by the mid-chauu?! course from I'oint Misery. Here the breadth of the oanal expands to 2 miles for the same distance and thence runs nearly 15 miles to tlie head in a general northeast directiou, decreasing in width to ^ mile at Sister's I'Dint on the north side. The shores are bohler on the port hand going up; the depth of water continues large to within 2.J miles of the head where there is a depth of ;{ fathoms only. The head has mud flats and the width decreases to ^ mile. Annas Bay. — This is the southernmost part of Hood's Oanal at tho (ireaf Hend ami it I'eceives the vaterof ihc iSkokomish River, which has l>iought down so much sediiinat tliat a sipiare mile of the bay is a great sand Jiud mud flat with southcin cntriinco to this now iini)ortaut and extensive series of broad deep ciiannels lie between Possession Point, the southernmost point of Whidbey Ishind, and the main shore op])osite, uninarived by any special projection or object. Scatchet Jlead and I'ossession Point liave already been desenlted. The northern en- trance to this sound is the intricate, narrow, and deep l)ecei)tion Pass. The sound is formed by the irrej^Milarly shaped Whidbey Island on the west and the main shore on the east, with (iedney and Camano Ishinds between them. The sound receives sever.il important water courses, the Snohomish River in the southeast, the Stillaf,niamisli Kiver .'bout the middle, with the iSicajjit River in the northeast. It also conueets at the north by the Swinomish Slough with I'adiila Bay, and thence with Guemes Channel and Bellin^iham Bay. The depth of water throuf;hoHt the sound is great, e.vcejtt at the deltas of the rivers, wlii(,'li bringdown an immense amount of alluvial material whicii forms mud flats. That from the S(pu)namisl) Rivei has nearly (llled m across the sound and reduced the ciiannel to \ mile wide with only 4 to (i fathoms of water. Tliere are numerous villagt'S and towns on the livei's and shores and sound, and beside the traflic in sailinj;' \essels, regular communication is ke))t up by steamer fioin Seattle with all the towns and settlements. The shores present the general features of Piiget Sound, but the chan- nels are narrower, averaging about 2 miles in width, and the depth of water inside the soutliern entrant^e, teaches (i.* fathoms. There* aie no known dangers iu the chanmds. The shores of the deltas of the rivers are low and muddy, and behind them there is a dense forest and under growth. Fort Q-ardner. — The southern part of the sound runs almost north from Possession Point for '.iS miles to abreast Point Elliot on the east, when it widens out into a nearly circiihir basin ~>\ miles in diameter, with 'Jedney Island in the middle; this basin is locally known as Port firmrAwr, although the chart restricts that nanu^ to the southeast part. The *bores are high and liold and wooded on the summit of the tiat mesaJjike lamls. ThiM'e is dee|) water ami no dangers close umler *Jtlier «il»«»«>. This port receives the Snohomish River in the northeast ytipt. TIk" Hver in its lower course comes throu;;h a marshy valley 2 miles wide. Keliind Point ICllioi is the town of Mnckilteo; and 1 miles farther along t'le shore to the northeast is the town of Port (lardner. In the NW. part of the |»ort the high SK. point of Camano Island, (■alWil Po'.ut Allen, divides PortCiardnei into two clianm-ls, leading to tin* VW ho one to the east, U miles wide, leads to Port Susan and StillagiiaiHi»«li River; the one to tiie west is the Saratoga Pa.s.sage, and leadi< by ,i lln<' deep bioad rhannel !•") or 1(> miles l(»iig, between the west side ot' Camaini Island and the east side of WliidJ.ey Island, to tiie north end of tt^'' toniM'r. Point Allen, at the south end of Oamano Island, and y^iMi, point on Whidbey Islaml, I'r! miles scnilli of the former, are the entranre points to Saratoga I'assage. at long of Si a lo\ Ther show ward level the Oil (IKDNEV ISLAND .SARATOGA PASSAGE. 57 O-sdney Island, l,viiit of the island towanls Allen Toint or Ca..';^!'/ i-Iead. Around the so, Hi sliori^ there is a lejith of 10 latliouis nearly ^ mile off; and on the pro on;j:ation of the a'ds to the SI'], of the SE. point there is a ahoal, wh eh exte!ids<>ut a little more than A mile, with adeptli of only ;5i fathomsi t liie eml. Outside of those tJM' depths iiKirease to as much as (i."> fatlioi is. Tulalip lies on tlu' main shore nearly ab.cast of Allen I'oint, at the entrance to Port Susan. The west poi'.i of the entrance has a lui^iht ])alch of Idnlf with pim's n])on it: the bluff is about 40 feet hiyh and 00 yauls Ion;;. The 810. point has a bbilf with trees, an ' a low ne<;k of land towardvs the luiildinjis of the Sisters of Charity. The li.iy is protected li.\ two points, and sominviiat restricted by a siioal making out from the X\V. point to tlie middle of the opeidng. The entiance IS i>|icii to the S\N'., and the two points aic abont :\ mile apart. Tulalip Bay Buoys. — Two buoys have been phteed to mark the entr.mce to this ancliyrage. Tlie one is a bl.ick spar bno.v and the ot'ior is a red spai' buoy. Stillaguamish Slough Buoy. — Two sjiai' buoys have been placed otf the MO. shore of Camano Island to mark the (ihannel into Stilla- guamish Slonuli, at the north end of Port Susan. Davis Slough Buoys. — Six spar buoys have iieen placed to mark the channel leading into I>avis Shuigh, one of the iiKUitlis of the Sno- IkmimsIi Kiver. Saratoga Passage. — This is the line, broad, deep strait, leading from I'ort (iardnei' to I he northwestward between Caiiiano isl.nid on the east ind Wliidbey I.sland on the west. This strait, from <"aniaiio Head to he Mills of LU'valaily is fS miles lonu. The eastern slmre i> continuous, whereas into the weslcin shore penetrate Holmes llaibor, Penn"s<'ove, Oak Harbor, and Duncan's I'ay. 'I'hc strait a\eragcs •_' miles in width: • lie shores are l)lutfs c(»\<'re.i witii Oicgon pine, luit not so denselv .is Ixlbre the sawmills depleted the forests. 'I'liere are pr.iirie openings on either side. The channel is from 'J't to .'»0 fathoms deep, with good water clo.se under the shores. No steamboat navigation could be bet- ter in good weather. Ill smoky and in fogg.v weather the steamboats r)8 POSSESSION SOUND. .mil by courses and time, iic('or(liiif>' to tlic, currents, ami use the echo of the steani-wliistle to deterinino their i»roxiinit,v to tlie land. Allen Point. — This is the south end of ("aiiiano Ishiiid, and forms the north point of the entrance to Saratojja Tassa^^e. It rises inland to the toi)s of the trees, whieli are, esiinuited at KiO feet above the water. A fjreat landslide has taken place here, and 3 or 4 acres of the point have slid away, leaving a low outer white cliff with a few trees upon it; then the surface falls back to the base of the second or inner white-clay clitt', which rises to about 100 feet above the water, and is covered on the suuimit with high pine trees. There is deep water ott" Point Allen. This point is known to steamboat caiitains as Oainano Head. Sandy Point, on VVhidbey Island, abreast of Allen Point, and form- ing the south i)art of the entrance to Saratoga Passage, is moderately long, low, and has no bushes. The blutl' liehind it rises by three steps, with straggling trees. There is a house at the inner or western end of the low beach of the point, with a cleared sjiace on the sloping, rising ground, and a wliite house in the upper part of the clearing. There is bold water close under this point. It is locally known as Joe Brown's Point. East Point is on the west side of Saratoga Passage, miles from Sandy Point. The jioint on the opposite side of the channel, distant IJ miles, is Point Ijowell, on Camano Island. Kast Point is a short, low, grassy spit, backed by a high liluif well wooded. The tops of the trees are estimated to be loO feet above the water. There is very deep water off the point. Point Lowell has very deep water oil' it. One and one-third miles west of East I'oiiit is Rocky Point, the turning point into Holmes Harbor, which runs south for4i miles; it is U miles wide, and has L'O fathoms of water to the head, which is only one mile from Mutiny Hay. Rocky Point is low at the water's edge and rises gradually to 80 feet. The trees have been cut away and scrub now covers it. About 100 yards olVthe jioint is a rocky islet covered with s(;rul>. It is about 50 yards in extent at low water, and is then conne(!ced with the point. Watsak Point lies on the west side of the Saratoga Passage, and 9i miles N. .'J.T^ vV. of East INiint, wliere the passage widens to t or ."> miles. Towards the west, around point Watsak, is the beautiful harbor of Penn's Cove,3iJ| miles long and one mile wide, with l.j to ~ fathoms of water, and heading within U miles of Point Partridge; towards tise north are the i>roat bejond point Demock, is Utsalady. There is deep water along all these shores except oil' Point Watsak, where a narrow shoal runs io the northwurd for fully A mile, with fully '2\ fathoms of water on tiie east side and l(i fathonis on tlie west side. . Watfak Point Buoy. — At the extremity of Point Watsak there is a buoy [)!,iced in 4 fathoms of water aliont .'>0 yards oil the end of the spit, whu-h has only one fathom upon it at low water. This point is locallv known as Snakeland Point. POINT POLNELL — VANCOUVER ISLAND. 59 Point Polneli is on Wliidbey Island, and (ornis tl»e eastern boundary of Duncan's Bivy ; it lies 4 miles N. 39° E. of Watsak Point. Between it and Utsalady the broad Saratoga Passage maybe said to end attbe turn around point Demool , the NW. point of Camano Island. Point I'jinell is a long narrow point Jutting out to the soufaward from the rounding shore behind it. When seen from the southward it looks like ;i blurt-faced islet. Locally this point is known as Miller Point. Utsalady. — This is the most, important place on Possession Sound. It lies on the north side of Caniaiu> Island, 27 miles i)y midchannel course from the southern entrance of Possession Sound. The channel to it through Saratoga Passage averages lunirly 2 miles wide; the water is deep, the shores are bold, and tl.ere are no known dangers. The ohart is a good guide for a vessel, but vessels are usually towed either way. Oak Harbor and Duncan Bay are two bays on Whulbey Island, in the NW. part of Saratoga Passage. There is the town of Oak Harbor at the head of the former. Forbes Poiiit is a broad ptninsula l.^ miles long, lying between the two bays. Around this broad point is shoal water, and buoys have been placed to enable the steamboats to avoid it in foggy ami smoky weather. Skagit Bay. — The entrance to Skagit Uiver is marked by buoys as is also La Conner, at the south entrance of Swinomish Slough. VANCOUVER ISLAND. North Shore of Juan de Fuca Stiait. — Prom Point Honilla to Owen Point the shore luns 10 nules S. l'J.° E, It is nearly straight, rocky, and bluff, with high mountains rising immediately behind it, all heavily ...,.„. 1,,, J ,ii.nr,»f. San Juan ^Whistling buoy established.- The Oana d an Go ern nent lusgnen nothv that an automatic whistling buov poirhan Juan, Vancouver island. The buoy is painted ,xm\ wd is moorwi in 14 fathoms of water Approx. position: Lat. 48° .'H' 4(i" A., Long. 124° 2!)' W W. than '-!<>(( yards from it a low flat rock, named Uwi,. „ „ la^ ^ high water. Observatory Rocks, off the <*ast»'rn eutiance point, are high pin- nacles, with two )r three tre«'s growing on them and some smaller rocks 011, the outermost of which lit»s30(> yanls from the shore. At 800 yards within these rocks and 3n<) yards frotm the shore is another reef, i)artly out of water, name«l Ilatmnond Uo. The port rnus nearly straight ff« 3.J miles, aiul carries its breadth almost io its head, which tei - in a round beach, eoini>osed of muddy sand. (I >rdon River t ■. the iwit through thi> north eml of this beach, aud Cooper Inlet (ieuetrates its southern ; very small coast- ers may enter them towards high water, and t'nd depth and shelter withio. 58 POSSESSION SOUND. mil by courses and time, accsordiuf;? to tlu^ currents, and use the eclioof tlie steain-wliistlc to detonnino their proximity to tlie land. Allen Point. — This is the south end of (Jamano Ishmd, and forms tlie nortii point of the entrance to Sarato^'a I'ns.sajije. It rises iidand to tiie tops of tlie trees, \vhi(!h an; esi imated at lOO feet above tlie water. A great landslide has taken place here, and .'3 or 4 acres ol the point have slid away, leavinj,' a low outer white cliU" with a few trees upon it; then the surface falls back to the base of the second or inner white-clay clitt', which rises to about 100 feet above the water, and is covered on the summit with hijjli pine trees. There is deep wattir off Point Allen. This point is known to steamboat ca[)taiiis as Camano Head. Sandy Point, on VVhidbey Island, abreast of Allen Point, and form- ing the south i)art of the entrance to Saratoga I'assage, is moderately long, low, and has no bushes. Tlie bluff behind it rises by three steps, with straggling trees. There is a house at the innev or western end of the low beach of the point, with a cleared space on the sloping, rising ground, and a white hou-se in the ui>per part of the clearing. There is bold water close under this point. It is locally known as Joe Brown's Point. East Point is on the west side of Saratoga Passage, fi miles from Sandy Point. The jioint on :he opposite side of the channel, distant Ifs miles, is Point Lowell, on Camano Island. Kast Point is a short, low, grassy spit, backed by a high bluff well wooded. The tops of the trees are estimated to be ir»() feet above the water. There is very deep water off the point. Point Lowell has very deep water off it. One and one-third miles west of Kast Point is Kocky Point, the turning point into Holmes Harbor, which runs south for4A miles; it is l.;V miles wide, jjmj ' " ■' ** — -fc^« *-„ t-l,rt I,, A*.. I .1.1. ^ol. :.. rtt.IiT rvtiti inilfi fl'OIii -Muti R( feet. 100; o(» y V !)iV miles ^\. .>.)^ vv. of Kast Point, where the passage widens to i or r> miles. Towards the west, around point Watsak, is the beautiful harbor of Peiin's ('ove,;iA miles long and one ini!e wide, with l."> to 7 fathoms of water, and heading within l.i miles of Point Partridge; towards the north are the broad bays of Oak I[ari)i)i' and Duncian's Bay; to the northwestward, ju.it beyond point l)(miock, is Utsalady. There is deep water along all these shores except off Point Watsek, where a narrow shoal runs to the northward ftir full> A mile, with fully '2\ fathoms of wait'i' lin tilt' t'Mst side and 10 fathoms on the west side. • Watsak Point Buoy. — At the extremity of Point Watsak there is a buoy [diieed in 4 fathoms of water aliout 50 yards off the end of the spit, which has onh one fathoni upon it at low water. This point is locally known as i^uakelaiid Point. POINT POLNELL — VANCOUVER ISLAND. 59 Point Poluell is on VVliidluiy Island, and fornis tliecasterii boundary (if DuiKian's Bay; it lies 4 miles N. 39° E. of Watsak Point, lietweeu it and Utsalady tUe broad Saratoga Passage may be said to end at the turn around point Deinock, the NW. point of Oamano Island. Point I'ulnell is a long narrow point Jutting out to the southward from the rounding sliore behind it. When seen from the southward it looks like II blutf-faced islet. Locally this point is known as Miller Point. Utsalady. — This is the most important |)laceon Possession Sound, it lies on the north side of Camano Island, li7 miles i>y mid channel course from the southern entrance of Possession Sound. The channel to it through Saratoga Passage averages nearly 2 miles wide; the water is deep, the shores are bold, and there are no known dangers. The jliart is a good guide for a vessel, but vessels are usually towed either way. Oak Harbor and Duncan Bay are two bays on Whidbey Island, in the N \V. part of Saratoga Passage. There is the town of Oak Harbor at the heatl of th«' former. Forbes Point is a broad |)eninsula l.J miles long, lying between the two bays. Arouii we^ither. Skagit Bay. — The entrance to Skagit Rivtr is marked by buoys as is also La Conner, at the south entrance of Swinomish Slough. VANCOUVEK rsl.AND. North Shore of Juan de Fuca Strait. — From Point Bonilla to Owen Point the shore runs 10 nnles S. I'J." E. It iis nearly straight, rocky, and blutT', with high mountains lising immetliately behind it. all heavily wooded. Vessels are apt to lose much of their wind close to the shore. Port San Juan is the lirsi inichorage on the northern shore within the entran(;e ot Fuea Strait. The opening, which i. remarkable from seawai'd, is seen for a considera-ble distance, and makes as a det'i» tf^P between two mountain ranges. O^ven Point, at the western entrance to the pwl, has at alitth- more than 'i(K) yards from it a low Hat rock, named Owwn island, aw.-jsh at high water. Observatory Rocks, oil' the eastern entranr-t point, are high jtiu- naeles, wiili two oi iliree trees growing on tliem and some smaller rocks olt', the outermost of which lies3tM) yards frmii the shore. At 800 yards within these rocks and .'?0() yams from the shore is another reef, jiartly out of watei', n:imed llammond Kocks. The port runs nearly straiglit for .'5J miles, and carries its breadth almost to its head, which terrnimites in a round bi>ach, (Minpo.sed of minldy sand, (lordon Kiverenlers the port through ihe north end of this beach, and Cooper Inlet penetrates its southern ; very small coast- ers may enter them lowanls high water, and find depth and IShelter within. (io STRAIT OF JUAN DK VVV\. Oil tlie iiortli side of tlio port .soiiit' nicks and broken {ground extiiid for one mile witliin Owiu I'oiiit iiiid nearly ■lOO yurds I'roin the shore; one roek, awash, lies SOO yards N. 7(P H. of Owen Island, and is distant 550 yards from the shore. Anchorage. — The i)ort is entirely open to SW, winds, and a lieavy sea rolls in when a moderate gale is blowing from that direction ; and though it is possible that a vessel with good ground tackle would ride out a gale if anchored in the most sheltered i)art, it is l)y no means recommended to remain with any iiidJ(!ation of such weather, but to weigh immediately, and if outward bmuid seek shelter in Neeah bay. There is a convenient depth of water all over I'ort San Juan, from (J to It fathoms, the bottom fine muddy sand; when witliin :l mile of tie head it shoals to 4 fathoms, and here in heavy gales the sea breaks; u Hat luys off (KM) yards from the head. Jii the outer part of the i)ort there is generally a swell. Good anchorage will be found about 1^ miles from the head, Nvitli Owen Island bearing S. 1)7'^ W., anil Adze Head S. 1.")^ K., in 7 fathoms. The hill named I'andora Peak does not show as a [leak within the l)ort. The Coast. — From Poit ISau Juan the shore is thickly wooded, and the laud rises to a considerable elevation. Providence Oove, fit for boats, lies .1 mileseastwardof San Juan ; at the distance of altoutlmiles farther east, in a small bight, is a stream named Sombrio Kiver. Tlie Eiver Jordan, a considerable stream, is 5A miles wi^stward of Sherring- ham Point. Eastward of Sherriugham Point the shore makes a bight, and at the distance of 4A n)iles is Otter Point. Tlie points on this side the strait are not remarkable nor easily distinguished unless close in shore. Vessels running or working up the strait at night should be careful not to get so near the northern shore as to shut in itace Island light by Beechey IJeaular rocUy nature ot the bottom. A case may arise, however, when veasels overtak-iii by a strong SK. wind ■would do better to run tiirouf,'ii than risk w( itlieriuK the (ireat Race, '.)y less tlian a mile; it' so the Hentinck Island shore siiould be kei)t aboard at a distance of 400 yards, or Just outside the kelp; for the northernmost rock, wiiicti forms tlu^ southern side ol the passajje, is covered at hijih wati-r, and the strony'est tides and eddies are found in its neighborhood. Tlie i)assa^e inside nentin(!k Island is clioked with rocks and should iie\'er be taken. Bentinck Island, lyinijj close off the southeastern point of Vancou- ver Ishiiid, is irregularly shaped, beiii},' almost divided in the center by anarrowneck. It is about 100 feet liiKh. and, lik(' the adja(!ent land, covered with pine trees; .ts southern and eastern sides are frinjjed with kelp, outside which there are no daufjers beyonil those described in the Iface ("Imimel. lictween it and the maiidand is a boat channel, and coasters accpiainied with the lo(!ality lind shelter at its eastern en- trance; there are some settlers' houses in the neij;iil)orhood. Between lientinck Islam! and Ks;iy should he kept aboaid, if possible, where f^ood anehonifje may be had in moderate weatluM' and witli all westerly winds, less than a mile from tlie shore in 10 fatiioms. By night, when Fisj;ard lifjht bears N. lli^ K., a vessel may steer for it. Kemeniber to keep thi' irhitc light in full view; should it be- come dim or shade. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I in 12.5 1^ 1^ i 22 1.8 1.25 \M. JA ■* 6" ► V] 71 7. y w Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. I4S80 (716) S72-4503 >>• w^ Viy gJJ "'•'RAIT nv iiTAXT t,,i ,-.T.«. aud 1 may woul by Ic aboa iiortl cove: its u TL nevt B( ver '. H uai cove . ., .- .......u^in aim eastern sides are friugi with kelp, outside which there are no dangers beyond those described ill the Race Cliaiinel. Between it and the inainhmd is a boat channel, and coasters acijuainted witli the locality find shelter at its eastern en- trance; there are some settlers' houses in the nei}j;hborhood. Between Beiitinck Island and Esqninialt Harbor tiie coast is indented by several bays, and anchorage may be obtained in 8 to 10 fathoms anyv"here within a .niic of the shore, excei»t immediately oft' William and Albert Heads ; the unl.v dangers are a reef lying about 200 yards ott" Albert Head, and Ooghlan Hock in Royal Bay, lying 700 yards north of the same head. Fodder Bay, the first ot these indentations, has its entrance imme- diately northward of Bentinck Island, between Cape Calver and William Head, where its breadth is 5 mile. The bay, ^ mile within, is only fit for small craft, which may find good shelter at its head. Vessels of any size may anchor in the entrance, but though the holding ground is good, it is open to all winds from NE. round east to south, and with a SE. gale would neither be a desirable nor safe anchorage. The tides are irregular. Parry Bay, immediately northward of William Head, attbrds good anchoruge with all westerly winds. Vessels bound to sea and meeting with a strong wind from this quarter are recommended to return here. With a southeast wind there is ample room to weigh, which vessels shouhl immediately do, and if not able to round the Race Islands and proceed to sea, r in for Esiiuimalt Harbor. Albert Head, the northern point of the bay, is moderately high, slojiiiig to the sea, bare of trees at its extreme, but wooded iminel'. ately behind; a reef lies 200 yards off it. William Head somewhat resembles it, but is lower. The water is too deep for anchorage imme- diately off these heads. Royal Bay or Roads, of which Albert Head is the southern point, and rhe entrance of Esilot dues are cliarged ; and tnere are sick mariners' dues of 2 cents a ton register three times a year on vessels of 100 tons and upwards, ami once a year on vessels under 100 tons. There is a quar- antine station for persons att'ected with infectious diseases; and a hos- ])ital for seamen wiio are recommended for admission by masters of ves.sels that have paid sick mariners' dues. At tiie entrance of the harbor, on the south side of Shoal I'oint, there is a wharf which is used by the ISan Francisco steamers, The pier is GOO feet in length and has a depth of 2{ at low water. Along the east- ern side of the harbor in front of the town there are about 400 yards of fair wharfage, with a depth of from 10 to 1(5 feet at low-water spring tides. Between Songhies and Limit Toiuts, on the opposite side of the harbor, is a small slip capable of receiving vessels of about 200 tons burden; larger vessels, however, may hi ave down alongside the wharves. A submarine telegraph cable crosses the Htrait of Georgia at Nanaimo and connects the city with the mainland of British Columbia, and an- other crosses Juan de Fuca Strait to Washington. There is direct mail communication with San Francisco every week, a triweekly service to the east coast of Vancouver Island, aiul a daily service to Port Moody, except o» Mondays; and steamers run daily, except on Sundays, to the ports in Paget Sound. There is daily com- muuicatiou with Nauaimo by rail. f VICTOiUA ANCHORAGE PILOTS. 67 ( Buoys. — The channel is marked by black buoys with otUl numbers on the northern side, and red buoys with even numbers on the southern side. The buoys marking; the northeiii odf,'o of the shoal extending from Siioal Point, as al.soCiiannel Uock (iyinfj 100 yar.is southwest of Pelly Island), are of ]>yraniidal sha]>e, surmounted by a bail. Supplies. — I'rovisions of all kinds, and of an exwllent quality, may be procured, and water is to be had from a (ioatin;; tank cajtable of 05, a fixed ml electric litrht consisting of two 16-candlepower incandescent electric lamps sus- pended in a. red globe, will be exhibited at a height of 25 feet above high water from a pole standing on the bare rock at high watermark on the extremity of Laurel point, southern side of Victoria harbor! Vancouver island. The light should lje visible 1 mile from all points of approach by water. ^ Approx. position: Lat. 48° 2W 22" N.. Long. 123° 23' 02" W wiien Dad wearner nuiy ue lowufu lui »ii/ii iiii.«^ ...i.in. Pilots. — There are pilots attaclied to the port, who kee)> af-uun'iuuB. out for vessels ott' the entrance. IMiotajxe is compidsorv to all merchant vessels, except coasters. The rates same as at Ksiiuimalt. Pilots are seldom met witii below the Hace Uocks ; but between .January and .lulj', in moderate weather, vessels approaching the Strait of Juan de Fuca and requiring a pilot, may obtain a nmn con.petent to take them to Royal Koads or Port Townsend from the schooners en;,Mged in the seal tishery oft' the coast, between Cape Heaie and Clayoquot Sound, at a distance of from 5 to 20 miles from the land. Sometimes in Ne6ah Hay a pilot may be had if a gun is tired twice in (juick succession. Guns are used by the sealing schooners in foggy weather, but only once in 10 or 15 minutes, so that a gun tired twice in quick succession would not be mistaken. Harbor dues on vessels under 500 tons, $4 ; over 500 tons, 85. Tug- secondJi. ^ ^^^ weather, one stroke every ten . bell it« operation «u, be temSl v resLSl '"^^^'"""^ ^° '"^ Whenever the electricity is shut oflfor any cause it will Im, imnn« sible to opemle either alarm. , J ' "® ""?«**• (N. M.84.1906.) ■» ii 66 STRAIT OF JUAN 1)K FUCA. Miornin^r, when either a calm orlij^ht hind wind may be expected; there is little strength of tide in the harbor, or for some distanee outside, and it sets fairly in and out. Victoria Harbor has its entrance between Ogden ami McLaughlin Points. Macanlay I'oint, a remarkable projection nearly midway be- tween the two harbors, is a bare Hat point about 30 feet his;h, showing as a yellow clay dirt, worn by the action of the sea aiul weather into a rounded knob at the exti'eme. The coast for one mile on either side of this ])oint is fringed with suidien rocks, and is dangerous for boats iu bad weather, many fatal accidents having occurred. The entrance to the harbor is shoal, narrow, and intricate, and with yW. or SK. irah's a heavy rolling swell sets on the coast, which rendew the anchorage oulsidn iiiiu-*"" "•'■=• shelter may, n shi])s d tides. Victt portant coasting accord in but is IK ., iu,()(K>. Victoria has excellent educational iustitutii,.!.-., iiosi)itals, and library, and the streets are lighted by the electric light. Harbor and pilot dues are charged ; and there are sick mariners' dues of 2 cents a ton register three times a year on vessels of 100 tons and upwards, and (»nce a year on vessels under 100 tons. There is a (piar- antine station for i>ersoiis affected with infectious diseases; and a hos- pital for seamen who are recommended for admission by masters of vessels that have paid sick mariners' dues. At th'! entrance of the harbor, on the south side of Shoal Point, there is a wharf which is used by the San Franciisco steamers. The pier is GOO feet in length and has a depth of 2i at low water. Along the east- ern side of the harbor in front of the town there are about 400 yards of fair" ■ ' '^'- '••»'•■—« iof,i ir'.fwphnt low-water spring tides. is a larg A and otht t; a tri ,« ser\ exc( muuicatiou with JNanaimo uy ran. ____ VICTORIA — ANCHORAGE — PILOTS. 67 dues Buoys. — The channel it* msirked by blacU biio,v.s with otbl iiuinber.s on the nortiiiMn Hide, and red biio,v8 with even nuiuberson the8uutiiern side. The buoyH marking the northern edffe of the shoal extending from iSiioal I'oint, as also (^iiannel Hock (l.vinK 100 yanis southwest of Pelly Island), arc of pyramidal Hha])c, sunnountod by a ball. Supplies. — Provisions < "all kinds, and of an excellent ([uality, may be procured, and water is lo be had from a lloatin^' tank capable of {roiiifj outside the harbor. Supjilics for rclittiiifr and rejiairin;,' vessels, except timber, are scante and expensive, but of fair (juality. Ordinary repairs to machinery of steamers can Uo eHVcfed. r'oal can be obtained at tli" jnice of #0 per ton, but a hn}ie«inantity is not kept in store. Vessels can coal alon^'side the wharves in the luir- bor, and iUho from the wharf on the south side of Shoal Point. Anchorage. — Vessels auchoriuf? outside the harbor to wait for the tide, or from other causes, should not come witiiiu a line between 0}j;den and MacLauf,ddiu Points, the former bearing 8. t>2'3 E., the latter X. (i^o W., midway between, or \ mile from either; this is a good stopping l)lace with otVsliore winds or line weather, but is by no means recom- mended as a. safe aiuihorage for sailing vessels during the winter nu)nth8, when baiick succession. Guns are used by the sealing schooners in foggy weather, but only once in 10 or 15 miiiHtes, so that a gun fired twice in quick succession would not be mistaken. Harbor dues on vessels under 500 tons, $4; over 500 tons, $5. Tug- boat charges from Royal Roads, $50. Discharging cargo or ballast, 50 cents per ton. Labor per day, $J.50. The average price of stores is, for fresh beef 7 cents per pound : salted in barrels of 200 pounds, $10 per barrel. Pork, S18 to $24 per barrel. Ship bread, 5 cents per pound. Vegetables are always obtainable at from cme to 2 cents i)er pound. The Unitkd States is represented by consul and vice-consul. Brotchy Ledge is in the fair way of vessels entering Victoria Harbor from the eastward ; it has only 5 feet water on its shoalest part, is covered with kelp, and about 200 yards in extent within the 5-fathom line. There are fathoms water between the ledge and the shore. Buoy. — Tills shoal is marked by a pyramidal buoy, colored red and 68 .STRAIT OF JUAN I)E KUCA. black in hoiixontal Htripi's and .siitiiioiintiMl by a ca^c, moored 300 yards S. (»7^ \V. of the slioal of o I'l-t't. The buoy is occaHionally washed away diiriiifj; tlie heavy winter ^ales. Fi^^ai'd Ishind li};'lit-iioiise, iiortli part of Brothers Ishmd, and Macau- lay I'oint in line bearinj; N. o!)^, W., leads 20(> yards nortliward of the ledjjie in !) fathoms, between it and the shore ; and Fisgard Island light- lionse, just open southward of Hrothers Island bearing N. 53° VV., leads 400 yards southward of tiu- ledge in 2\ fatlioms water. Directions. — Tlie channel is buoyed, but it is necessary for a stranger to take a pilot, and the s)>ace is .so conlined and tortuous that a long ship has considerable dilliculty in making the necessary turn ; u largo percentage of vessels entering tiie port, .small as well as large, con- stantly run aground frctm these causes, or from trying to enter at an improi»er time of lide. or negle(!tiiig to takt^ a pilot. Such accidents, however, are seldom attended with more than delay and inconvenience, as the shoalest any this route the smooth water and strong tide will be of great assistance. On the southward trip this route should also be followed when the tide is ebb. With adverse tides the usual route is through the main channel of Haro Strait and the Gulf of Georgia. The Coast from Victoria Harbor trends in a southeasterly direction to Clover Point, and isfor the nu)st part failed by whitesandycliffs, varying iu height from 10 to 80 feet ; a sandy beach extends along the whole way, and at 200 yards' distance oil' in many phuics are rocks ami foul ground. Four hundred yards east of UoUand Point, and 200 yards off shore, are the Glimpse reefs, which cover at three-quarters flood. TRIAL ISLANDS — KNTEIII'HISK CHANNKL. 69 Beacon Hill, » geiitlu vine of iIh; laiitl, 400 yarft if waiting lor the tide. Foul Bay, nearly one mile to the eastward of CIovt Point, is of small extent and tilled with rocka. Otl'its entnince are the 'lemplar Uocks, about 4 feet under water, and marked by kelp. Foul Point, on tlu^ eastern side of the i)ay, is rocky, but has not less than I fathoms at 200 yards distance ; the lanil at the back of the i)oint rises to a height of 'SM feet, forming,' a rocky ridge or summit, known as (ionzales Hill. Trial Islands, nearly 1-J miles eastward of Clover Point, on the .south- ern side of Enterprise Channel, are two in number, bare and rocky, but generally appear as one. The southern or largest island is .so feet high, and steepto at ''s outer end ; the northern one is low, and from it foul ground extends some distance. Strong tide rips prevail oil the.soiitheru islaiul, especially during the Hood, wiiich runs nearly 6 knots at springs Just outside it. Inner Channels. — The inner channels leading from Juan de Fnca Strait into the llaro Strait are the Knterprise, Mouatt, INIayoi', and llaynes Channels, and Hecate and Plum]>er Passages. Enterprise Channel, bi-tween Trial lslanf N. IJ7^ K. tliu vossi'l will be well east of tli(> reef, ami should alter eonrso to tlie nortliward to avoid the Hrodie Kocrk, proceeding; np tliroii<;li any of tliu inner uliannels. Brodie Rock, a |>ateli of .1 fatlioms least water, marked by kelp, lies nearly one mile N. (Jo^ K. of tli»' summit of the south Trial Island. The north ]K>int of small Trial Island in line with Foul Point bear- ing west, lends north of Hntdie Koi^k. Poul Point seen between the Trial Islands bearing N. 70° W. leads south of the rock. Cadboro Point in liiu' with the east extreme of Great Chain Island bearing N. lli^ K, leads eastward of the iock. Qonzales Point forms the sonth.iastern extremity of Vancouver Island. It is a low salient ]u)int, r(>cky, bare of troe.s, and steep-to on the east side. Oak Bay. — From (Jonzales Point, the Vancouver shore trends to the northward, and at (die iniie from the jxiiiit forms a f-audy bay which is somewhat le.ss than oiu^ mile in extent, and atlords fair anchorage near its north part in trom '^ to I fathoms. The best anchorage is to tlie northward of Mary Todd Islet in the south i)arr of the bay. This islet is hare, and about .'50 feet high ; east of it, is Kmily Islet, 4 feet above high water, and south of Kuiily Islet lies the Itobson Heef, which uncovers at low water. Cadboro Bay, to the northward of Oak Itay, is about i mile in ex- tent, ami oi)eii to the s< utherist ; no sea rises within it, and there is good anchorage in from 3 to 4 fathoms near the entrance. The Vancouver shore from Gonzales Point to this bay is low and lightly timbered with tlwarf oak and pine trees; to the northward of Oak Bay it is clear of danger at 20i» yards distance. Mayor Channel is to the eastward of Gonzales Point, and west of Chain Islets. The channel is bounded on the western side by Thames Shoal, Harris Island, and Fiddle Reef, and abreast the latter on its op- l)08ite side lies the Lewis Heef. The tide seldom runs more than 3 knots through this channel, and it is the one generally used. Thames Shoal has 2 fathonis water over it, is of small extent, and marked by kelp; it lies nearly i mile N. 4.P E. of Gonzales Point, at the southwestern jiart of the Mayor Uhaiuiel. Channel Point in line with west side of Great Chain Islet bearing N. .'J(P E. leads east of the shoal and the highest ))art of Trial Island in line with Gonzales Point bearing S. JJP W. leads west of it. Mouatt Channel— Lee Rock, which only uncovers at low water springs, lies 300 yards northwestward ')f Thames Shoal; it is marked by kelp and steep-to on the eastern side. Hetween this rock and Thames Shoal is Mouatt Channel, L'OO yards wide. The highest pait of Trial Island in line with Gonzales Point, 8. 31° I'lUULK KKKF — TIIK CHATHAM ISLANDS n W., Inuls iiiitiway butween TliaiiicH Slioal »iul LeK Uock ; also tliroii^li tlie t'liirvviiy of the iiortliuni part of Mayor Cliaiiiiel, between Fiddle and LewJH HofCs. Fiddle Reef, at the nortlierii extreme of Mayor Clianiiul, and up- wards of a mile from OonzaleH Point, is of Hmall extent, and awash at iii^h water Hpring tides ; it may be approaulied elose to on tii*^ east- ern side. Beacon. — A beacon, consisting,' of a wliife conical strnctiire 41 feet hijiU, Hurinonnted by a black pole and cage 10 feet lii);h, lia.s i on erected on Kiddle Ueef. Todd Rock, at ■'{(>() yards NW. of Fiddle Ueef, in the entrance fo Oak I5ay, covers at two thirds Hood, and is marked by kelp. Lewis Reef, at tiie northeastern ]inrt of Mayor (Jhanne) ' ^m SOU yanis 8. M'^ B. of T ildle liaet', covers at high water, an junction of the Ilaro and Fuca Straits. It is wooded, about '^ mile in extent, and its shores on all sides are bordered by rocks, extending in some places move than tOO yards. Kudlin I5ay, on its southeastern side, is lilled witi. rocks, and should not be used by any vessel. The Chatham Islands, to tiie northwest of Discovery I.sia :d, and separated from it by a narrow boat i)ass, are of small extent, forming an irregular groui), low, wooded, ami almost connected with each other at low water. Their western side is steep-to, and the tide ruslies with great strength through the passages between them. 72 STRAIT OP SAN JUAN DE FUCA Leading Point, at the soutli western extreme, ia a bare rocky isle*^ at high water. To the eastward of it is a small boat cove. Channel Point, their western extreme, is also bare and steep to. The tide runs Ptrongly past it. Strong Tide Islet, the northwestern of these islands, is rocky, about 60 feet hijjli, and woodeil. Its uorthwesteni side is steep to. The ebb tide runs very strongly past it, nearly li knots at springs. Refuge Cove, on the nortiicastern side of the Chatham Islands, is small, and has H fathoms in the center; coasters or small craft en- tangled among these islets may find shelter in it. Alpha Islet, the easternmost of the group, is bare, 10 feet above high water, and steep- to on the eastern side. Hoats only ought to go westward, or inside it. Fulford Reef, (iOO yards northward of the Chatham Islands, is about 200 yards in extent, and covers at three-quarters tlood. Vessels using the Baynes Ciiannel should keep well to the westward to avoid this reef, as the tide sets iiivguhirly in its vicinity. Hecate and Plumper Passages. — Discovery Island is separated from the Chain Islets liy a i)assage A mile wide in the narrowest part, forming an ap|>arently clear and wide channel. Near the middle of the southern part lies Center Ko(!k, which has only ;} feet over it, and though marked by kelp, this from the strength of the tides is often run under and sehloni seen. There is deep passage on either siile of tiiis dan- ger, the one to the westward being called Hecate, and the eastern one Plumper Passage. The latter is wider and better adapted for large steamers, but the tide sets very strongly through both of them. Cadboro Point, open west of Channel Point N. 7^ \V'., leads through Hecate Passage in mid-channel, west of Center Rock. Cadboro Point, well shut in, north of Leading Point, N. 15° \V., leads through Pliimi)er Passage in midchannel, east of Center Hock. Baynes Channel, between Cadboro Point an0 feet high, rocky itud bare of trees. A small islet lies just off It, also a reef which covers; when i)assing do not approacih the islet within 400 yards. The coast west from Cadboro Point to Cadlmro Hay is low, very much broken, aiul there are some off-lying rocks. JEMMY JONES ISLET — CONSTANCE BANK. w fcs " i^enuny Jones Islet, which is bare and 15 feet above high water, lies " -" '^-lunrn Point; foul md lall not less ble. iier- fter line ilet, )rth oal, 'rial that ddle tak- "ive- itch. and rong Idom ? the lead )etter using el, or them el be- Iboro Tides. — me mjin i»,mi .^v ., iniicU iniliienced by i)revailing win la; the greatest rise and fall of tide at Dist'overy Islrnid is li' feet. During snnitner tnontlis in tliesc cliannel.s the Hood stream couiii'.euce.s at 11. i") a. ni., running with great .strength till nearly .'J p. ni., after wiiicli but little tide i.s felt till 4 a. ni. on the following day, when the ebb coininences and runs strong till nearly 11 a. ni., the tinn^ of low water by the .shoie. ConstanueBank, lying in the Fnea Strait, nearly inile.s 8. ;5P E. of Fisgard Lightlionse. is upwards of one jnile in extent with depth.s of from y to 14 tathonis, but a ves.sel should not anchor on it, a« tlie bot- tom is rooky. 72 STRAIT OF SAN JUAN DE FUCA (253) BRITISH OOLUnBIA-WASHINQTON - Submarine tele- phone cable laid between Vancouver island and the mainland.— Through the courtesy of Mr. William P. Anderson, Chief Engineer, Department of Marine anil Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, the following advance proof of Canadian Notice to Mariners No. 7 of 1905 is pub- lished for the benefit of mariners: A submarine telephone cable has recently been laid across the several channels between Vancouver island, British Columbia, and the mainland ii^ Wiishington, United States of America. The parts cross the channels follows: From a point in Telegraph cove near the southeast extreme of Van- couver island, in latitude 48° 27' 55" N., longitude 123° 17' U" W., across Haro stiait on a course N. 45° E. true (NNE. mag. ), 8.45 miles, to a point in Andrews bay, in latitude 48° 32' 30" N., longitude 123° 10' 00" W., on the west shore of San Juan island. From a point on the east shore of San Juan island, north of Friday harbor, in latitude 48° 33' 03" N., longitude 123° 01' 00" W., across San Juan channel on a course N. 77° E. true (NE. | E. E'ly mag.), 1.21 miles, to a point on the southwest shore of Shaw island, in lati- tude 48° 33' 15" N., longitude 122° 59' 28" W. From a point on the northeast shore of Shaw island, in latitude 48° 35' 03" N., longitude 122° 55' 23" W., across Harney channel on a course N. 1° W. true (NNW. j^W. mag.), 0.542 mile, to a point on the south shore of Orcas island, in latitude 48° 35' 31" N., long'tude 122° 55' 23" W. From Lawrence point the easternmost point of Orcas island, in latitude 48° .39' 40" N., longitude 122° 45' 00" W., across Kosario strait on a course N. 48° E. true (NNE. | E. mag.), 3.62 miles, to a point on the west shore of Lummi island, in latitude 48° 41' 43" N., longitude 122° 41' 28" W. From a point on the east shore of Lummi island, in latitude 48° 42' 17"N., longitude 122° 40' 30" W. across Hale passsige on a course N. 57° B. true (NE. byN. mag.), 0.915 mile, to a point on the mainland, in latitude 48° 42' 47" N., longitude 122° 39' 28" W., in Lummi Indian Reservation, Washington, and 7 miles from Whatcom. The geographical positions and bearings given are approximate. Each landing is designated by a white monument sign 12 inches wide by 66 inches long, with the word "Cable" in black painted +''ereon. Mariners are instructed not to anchor in the vicinity of I aese cables. (N. M. 7, 1905.) marked by keli). Nearly 200 yards N. 23° \V. of it is another .slioal •with only 104 feet water on it, and extendinj,' about 83 yards north and south and .")(> yards east and west. To avi id it a vessel sliould keep a little over on eitiier side of inideliannel. Cadboro Point, on the Vancouver shore, at tiie termination of tlio inner cliaiincls, is nearly 3 miles NNE. of (Jonzales Point, and 'f mile N. 23^3 W., of tlie Chatliam Islands. It is about 50 feetiiiKh, rocky anil bare of trees. A small islet lies Just oil' it, also a reef which covers; when |>assing do not approach the islel witlim 4(tO yards. The coast west from Cadboro Point to (iadboro IJay is low, very much broken, and there are some ort'-lyiny: rocks. JEMMY JONES ISLET — CONSTANCE UANK. 73 Jemmy Jones Islet, which is bare and 15 feet above high water, lies GOO yards off shore, and 000 yards B, 33^ VV. of Cadboro Point ; foul ground extends around it (or upwards of 200 yards in some parts, and though there is deep water between it and the shore, none except small craft should go through that passage. Directions. — Though these inner channels are deep, they should not be used except by steamers of moderate size or by small craft, unless in cases of necessity, and a knowledge of the tide i^ indispensable. Coasters and small steamers, when taking advantage of them, gener- ally proceed through the Mayor Channel. If using this channel, after passing Gonzales Point keep the west side of (Ireat Chain Islet in line with Channel Point bearing N. 37'^ E. till within 400 yards of the islet, when the north end of "Shwy Todil Island will be in line with the north point of Harris Island and the vessel will be clear of the Thames Shoal, after which steer to the northwest, bringing the higliest part of Trial Island in line with Gonzales Point bearing S. 3P W., and with that mark on astern, steer N. 31^ E., which will lead between the Fiddle and Lewis lleefs, and on through Haynes Channel, to Ilaro Strait, tak- ing care, however, to avoid the patch of Ifi.^ feet lying close to the Five- latliom Shoal, as this mark leads only 100 yards westward of the i>atch. When past Lewis and Fiddle lleefs, a vessel may steer N. iS*^ E. and pass out of Baynes Channel between Five-fathom Shoal and Strong Tide Islet, but the tides are much stronger this side of the channel, Going through Mouatt Channel, which is very narrow and seldom used, after rounding Gonzales Point at liOO yards distance, bring the highest part of Trial Island in line ivith the point bearing S. 3P \V., and keeping this mark on astern, and steering N. 31° E., will lead through clear of danger. The Hecate and Plumper Passages are nearly straight, and better adapted for large steamers than those west of the Chain Islets. If using either of them, after passing eitiier through Enteri)rise Channel, or southward of Trial Islamls, bring the leading marks on, and keep them so till northward of the Center Kock, when steer u|) in mid-channel be- tween Chain Islets and Chatham Islands, X. 34'^ VV^., towards Cadboro Bay. and through Haynes Channel into Ilaro Strait. Tides. — Tlie high water at full and change is Irregular and much inlliieniied by prevailing winls; the greatest rise and fail of tide at Discovery Island is 12 leet. During summer months in these clnuinels the flood stream commences at 11.1.") a. m., running with great strength till nearly 3 p. n)., after which but little tide is felt till 4 a. m. on the following : .covery Island. Beacon. — A whitewashed beacon, |)yrami(lal in shape, ; 50 feet high, surmounted by a pole and frame, resembling an obelisk, 20 feet iiigli, also colored white, has been erected on Zero Hock. A Rocky Patch, part of which nearly uncovers at low water springs, lies 700 yards N. 5° \V. of Zero Uo(!k. Discovery Island Light Is obscuretl in the direction of Zero Rock, and westward of it. 75 74 STRAIT OK SAN JUAN DE FUCA. Middle Bank, l.vinjj in the southern entrance of Ilaro Strait, 4 miles S. Ty^ E. of Discovery Island, and almost in mid-ciiannel, ia a rocky (1063) WASHINGTON— Juan de Puca stralt-Hein bank -Buoy changed In position.— Keferrin{>; to Notice to Mariners No. 25 (923) of 1904, further notice is given by the lighthouse inspector that Hein Bank buoy, a red and black horizontally striped nun, was moved on June 10, 1904, about 1,300 feet to the southward in 35 feet of water, and is now (approximately) 50 feet N. 16° E. true (N. f W. mag.) from a pinnacle rock or bowlder having but 14^ feet over it at mean low water, on the following bearings: Smith Island lighthouse, 8. 75° E. true (E. f N. N'ly mag.). New Dungeneas liglithouse, S. 14° W. true (S. i E. mag.). Discovery Island lighthouse (Canadian), N. 60° W. tr-e (W. | N. L/Jkhl. ji lo ciuunL IT III lie 111 icii^i.11, viiitj ,.., .v.. J;?! •. ^J *?J A "*''*• ) high. A large kelp patch extends for nearly l.i miles from the west- ern extreme, and should be avoided. From the eastern end a sand spit extends for 'l mile and is partially covered at high water. On the north side of the spit andiorage may be had in 5 fathoms, about i mile from shore, but no vessel should lie here with any aiipearance of bad weather- Beacon. — A bcaon has been erected on Minor Island at the extremity of the spit extending from the eastern end of Smith or lilunt island. Partridge Bank, 3 miles S. 31° W. of the light-house on Smith's Island istlie northwestern jioint of this bank within 1(» fatlu)ms of water. Inside this depth the bank is 3 miles long and lA in idth. The bottom is generally sand, gravel, and bowlders, except near the shoalest spot, where it is rocky and thickly covered with kelp. This dangerous rock is covered by 14 feet water at lowest tides, and lies on the mirthern side of the bank, 3;^ miles from the nearest shore of Whidbey Island. A considerable part of the bank is covered with kelp, which ic much underrun by strong currents. The currents over the bank are irregular, except under the eastern extremity, when they set strongly from the north and NW. at flood and ebb tides. Tliere are curient rips on all the banks in the straits, which split the moving volumes of water, and these rips are heavier in westerly winds. Hassler Bank lies N. 38^ W. of New Dungeness light-house, on a line nearly mitlway to Victoria. This is a 20-fathoni bank, 2 miles long and jV mile wide, with as little as 1.5 fatlioms of w;,;er over it. IFABO STRAIT, THE WESTERN CHANNELS AND ISLANDS TO NANAIMO UARBOR AND DEPARTURE DAY. Haro Strait, the wcstermnost of tlic three channels leading from Fiica strait into the strait of Georgia, trends in a N. by W. direction for IS miles; it then tarns sharply to the ENE. round Turn Point of Stu- art Island, for a farther distance of 12 miles, leaving Saturna Island to the westward, and Waldron and Patos Islands to the eastward, wiieu it enters the Strait of Georgia between Saturna and Patos islands. It is for the most part a broad, and for its whole extent a deep navi- gable ship clmnnel, but on account of the reefs which exist in certain parts, the general absence of steady winds, tli<^ scarcity of anchorages, and above all, the strength and varying direction of the tides, much care and vigilance is necessary in its navigation, and it is far more adapted to steam than to sailing vessels. Besides the main channel of the Ilaro Strait thus described, there are several snmller channels and passages branching froni it by which ves- sels may enter the Strait of Georgia; thus the Swanson Channel leads into the strait by Active Pass, and the Triucoinalie and Stuart Chan- nels by the Portier Pass, or the Dodd Narrows. These channels may be again entered by smaller ones: thus Sidney and Cordova Channels, on the western side of Haro Strait, lead by Moresby, Colbourne, and Shate Passages into the Swanson, Satellite, and Stuart Channels, and finally into the Strait of Georgia. These channels are essentially adapted to steam navigation, or to coasting vessels; they afford smooth water, atul many of them anchorages. Zero Rock, one of the principiil dangers in the southern part of Ilaro Strait, lies on the western side of the strait, is about KK) yards in ex- tent, covers at three quarters flood, and its vicinity is nnirkcd by kelp; it lies OA miles N. L'2^ W. of the east point of Discovery Island. Beacon. — A whitewashed beacon, jiyramidal in shape, iSOfeet high, surmounted by a pole and frame, resembling an obelisk, 20 feet high, also colored white, has been .uected on Zero Ilock. A Rocky Patch, part of which nearly uncovers at low water springs, lies 7«M» yards N. 5° W. of Zero Kock. Discovery Island Light is obscured in the direction of Zero Rock, and westward of it. 74 STRAIT OK SAN JUAN I)K FUCA. Middle Bank, l.vin<; in tlio soiitliera entrance of Ilaro Strait, 4 miles S. 79° B. of Discovery Island, and almost in niidcliannol, is a rocky (lor>3) WASHINGTON— Juan de Fuca stralt-Hein bank-Baoy changed In position.— Referring to Notice to Mariners No. 25 (923) of 1904, further notice is given by the lighthouse inspector that Hein Bank buov. a red and blnck liorlzontsillv Kfrinpd mm woo nio-nri «« (790) WASHINaTON— Juan de Fuca strait— Hein bank— Buoy established.— May lO, 1904, a lir.st chuss nun buoy, painted black and red in horizontal strii)es, wsis established on Hein liaiik, .Inan de Fuca strait, to mark the bank. (N. M. 21, 1904.; Smith Island lighthouse, .S. 75° E. true (E. f N. N'ly mag.). New Dungeness lighthouse, S. 14° W. true (8. i E. mag.). Discovery Island lighthouse (Canadian), N. 60° W. true (W. ^ N. '"*«;^.-. .,...2""-'"— »-M— -v (N. M, 29, 1904.) high. A large kelp patch extends for nearly li miles from the west- ern extreme, and should be avoided. From the eastern end a sand spit extends for -^ mile and is partially covered at high water. On the north side of the spit anchorage m.iy be had in 5 fathoms, about ^ mile from shore, but no vessel should lie here with any ai)j)earance of bad weather. Beacon. — A beacon hiis been erected on Minor Island at the extremity of the spit extending from the eastern end of Smith or Blunt island. Partridge Bank, 3 miles S. 31° W. of the light-house on Smith's Island is the northwestern point of tliis bank within 10 fathoms of water. Inside this depth the bank is 3 miles long and 1^ in width. The bottom is generally sand, gravel, and bowlders, excejit near tlic shoalest spot, where it is rocky and thickly covered with kelp. This dangerous rock is covered by 14 feet water at lowest tides, and lies on the northern side of the bank, 3.^ miles from the nearest shore of Whidbey Island. A considerable part of the bank is covered with kelp, which is much underrun by strong currents. The currents over the bank are irregular, except under the eastern extremity, when they set strongly from the north and NW. at flood and eb'> tides. There are curi ent rips on all the banks in the straits, which split the moving volumes of water, and these rips are heavier in westerly winds. Hassler Bank lies N. 38° W. of New Dungeness lighthouse, on a line nearly midway to Victoria. This is a20-fathom bank, 2 miles long and i mile wide, with as little as 15 fathoms of water over it. CPI AFTER II. IIABO STRAIT, THE WESTERN CHANNELS AND ISLANDS TO NANAIMO HARBOR AND DEPARTURE RAY. Haro Strait, the westermnost of tlio three cbamiels leading: from Fuca strait into the strait ol' (leorgia, trends in a N. by W. direction for 18 miles; it then turns sharply to the ENE. round Turn Point of Stu- art Island, for a farther distance of 12 miles, leaving Saturna Island to the westward, and Waldron and Patos Islands to the eastward, wiien it eiiteru the Strait of Georgia between Saturna and Patos Islands. It is for the most part a broad, and for its whole extent a deep navi- gable ship clmnnel; but on account of the reefs which exist in certain parts, the general absence of steady winds, the scarcity of anchorages, and above all, the strength and varying direction of the tides, much care and vigilance is necessary in its navigation, and it is far more adapted to steam than to sailing vessels. Besides the main channel of the Haro Strait thus described, there are several smaller channels and passages branching from it by which ves- sels may enter the Strait of Georgia; thus the Swanson Channel leads into the strait by Active Pass, and the Trincomalie and Stuart Chan- nels by the Portier Pass, or the Dodd Narrows. These channels may be again entered by smaller ones ; thus Sidney and Cordova Channels, on the western side of Haro Strait, load by Moresby, Colbourne, and Shute Passages into the Swanson, Satellite, and Stuart Channels, and finally into the Strait of Georgia. These channels are essentially adapted to steam navigation, or to coasting vessels; they afford smooth water, and many of them anchorages. Zero Rock, one of the principal dangers in the southern part of Ilaro Strait, lies on the western side of the strait, is about 100 yards in ex- tent, covers at three quarters flood, and its vicinity is mai-ked by kelp; it lies <>i miles N. Ii2^ W. of the east point of Discovery Island. Beacon. — A whitewashed beacon, pyramidal in siiape, 30 feet high, surmounted by a i>ole and frame, resembling an obelisk, 20 feet higl', also colored white, has been erected on Zero Hock. A Rocky Patch, part of which nearly uncovers at low water springs, lies 700 yards N. 5° W. of Zero Hock. Discovery Island Light is obscured in the direction of Zero Rock, and westward of it. 76 HARO 8TKA1T. The Kelp Reefs, i^ mile in extent, lie alino-st in the center of Haro Strait, 7 miles north from the east point of Discovery Island. They uncover at low 8i>rings, and are well marked by kelp, which extends in detached patches to Darcy Island. A black spur buoy is moored in G fathoms water otl" the easternmost patch of the Kelj) Reefs. The buoy is liable to drift. The Unit Rock lies i| mile eastward of the south point of Darcy Island, and uncovers 3 feet at low tides. Bare Island well open north of Sidney Island, bearing N. ^jo W,, leads east of Kelp Ueefs and Unit Hocks. Directions. — Vessels passinjj u[) Haro Strait to avoid the above dangers, after rounding Discovery Island at the distance of one mile, should steer north, or for Kellett Blurt' of Henry Island, a remarkable steep rocky headland. This course will lead clear to the eastward of Kelp Reefs. In working up, >vhen standing westward, a vessel should tack when the X W. extreme of Low Island comes in line with the SE. point of Sidney Island, wiiich will give the ZtTo Rock a good berth; but when approaching the Kelp Reefs, Bare Island must be kept well open to the eastward of the same point to avoid them. The eastern or San Juan shore is steep dose-to. When abreast Kellett Blurt, at from i to one mile distant, a N. 11^ W. course will pass the same distance from Turn Point of Stuart Island. There are no dangers olf tiiis point; but whirling eddies and tide rips, caused by tiie meetings of the streams from so many channels, are generally met witii, particularly on the ebb. A vessel may reach this point with a fresh southerly wind, but will almost invariably lose it here, until having opened out the middle channel eastward of San Juan. After rounding Turn I'oiiit, a N. 02^ E. course for 10 miles will lead to the northern entrance of Haro Strait, between the east point of Sa- turna and Patos Islands. Tiiis passage is 2i miles in breadth, but is subject to heavy tide rips and eddies; vessels when possible should pass through the center of it, steering for the white cliffs of Point Rob- erts (Orcas Xob, Orcas Island, well open east of Waldron Island bear- ing S. 3° E. leads through in inid-channel), and should not bear away to the westward until the .south end of Sucia is shut in with south end of I'atos Island. At night, after passing between Saturna and Patos Islands, they should maintain a northerly course for about 2 or 3 miles, and then if the light on (ieorgina Point, at the entrance to Active Pass, is not visible, steer N. ioo \\\ until it is sighted ; remembering that \'iis light becomes obscured when it bears to the westward of N. 72° \v''., and as whilst it is in view all dangers on the southern shores of the strait will be avoidcJ, they should be careful to keep it in sight and by no means stand to the southward of the above line of bearing. The rtood from the Bosario Strait, which is met with as soon as the passage between Orcas and Sucia Island is open, is apt to set a vessel HARO STRAIT DIRKCTIONS — TIDES. 77 IdWiirds the east point of 3ati»riia, oil' wliicli mid Tiiiiibo Island tlioieis inimli luiovon and broken Rionnd, witli In-avy tide races. Tliis jjoint slionld bo (jiven a bertli of IS miles; talking care to avoid a danyerons nuik l.viii;: ^ mile N. 4")° K. of Kaee I'oint. The ebb sets to tiie eastwanl even Itefore the Strait of Georjjia is well (i|)en, and a vessel flndinfj herself not likely to weather I'atos should pass between it and Sneia, where there is a tjood clear passage of above one mile in breadth ; if tliis passage is taken, the I'atos Island shore siionld be kept ratlier aboard. iJeware of the IMiirnper and Clements Keefs ; the former lies l\ miles S. alP W. of the northwest blulf of Sncia Island, and has 1(» feet water on it; the latter the same distance N. 02° H. of the same bluff, and has !t feet water over it. Entering the strait and having passed to the northward of Patos Island, if the ebb is running a vessel is extremely liable, unless with a commanding breeze, to be set to the eastward and down the Uosario (Channel. The northern shore of Sucia Island should by all means be avoided. If Alden Hank can be fetched it offers a good anchorage while waiting for a tide. Alden I'oint, the western j)oiiit of I'atos Island, in one with Monarch head, a bold cliffy bluff' bearing S. 74^ \V., leads over the northern edge of this bank in from (5 to 9 fathoms. When Mount Con- •''titution is in line with the center of Matia Island, bearing S. 3^ B., 9 fathoms may be expected, and vessels should not anchor in much less than this depth, as in the shoaler i)arts rocky ground is found. The least water on the bank is 2^ fathoms. With a foul wind and ebb tide vessels should always work up on the eastern shore; there are no dangers, little tide when eastward of a line between Roberts Point and Alden Hank, and anchorage maj' always be had within a mile of the shore if necessary. Hirch and Semiahmoo Hays otter good anchorage, and are easy of access. In working ui> the Strait of Georgia the western slvore should never be approached within a mile, for the tides sweep strongly along this shore, and there arc several outlying reefs between East I'oint and Active Pass. As soon as the strait is entered from the southward, lloberts Point will show its eastern part as a bold white-taced clitf, its western as a low shingle ])oint. Its summit is covered with trees, and it wcmld at first sight be taken for an island in consequerce of the land on its northern side falling rapidly in elevation. After passing northward of this point, its low water extreme, or the trees just within it, must not be brought to bear southward of S. (52^ E. to avoid lloberts Hank, which extends Ci miles off" the Eraser River entrance, is steep-to, and shoals sudtlenly from 25 to 2 fathoms. Tides. — The stream of tide runs fairly through the main channel of Ilaro Strait, outside the Kelp Reefs, from 3 to knots, and inside them through the Cordova and Sidney Channels. Passing outside the Kelp Reefs, and eastward of Sidney Island a part of the flood stream will be 78 HARO STRAIT. foiind to branch ott" to tliu castwurd, between Sail Jiiaii ami Stuart IslaiiiKs, and tlierc, inei>tiii>( tlio Hood from tlie Middle Cliaiinel, cause . heavy races ami eddies, .so that althoiijjh there are deep water channels between tlieso islands, they are not recoinniended for sailing vessels. In like niaiiiicr the Ihtod runs to the NW. between the group of islands, northward of Sidney Island, and through Shuteand Moresby Passages, though the main stream will be found to run fairly between Stuart and Moresby Islands. Johnstone Reef midway between Cadboro Point and Gordon Head, is marked by kelp, and is of small extent. Three Shoal Patches, witli from to 12 feet on them, lie one to 1^ miles distiint from Zero KoeU. There is but little stream of tide in Cormorant Hay when within the Zero Rock, and the holding ground is good. Cormorant Bay, i>etween (iordon and C'owitcliin Heads, on the we- ern side of Haro Strait, is a good stopping place, easy of acces.s un r most cireumstanees. Mount Douglas, a remarkable hill 000 feet high, with its Bummit bare of trees, rises immediately over the coast at the head of the bay. Directions. — To enter Cormorant Hay southward of Zero Rock, com- ing from the northward, bring Mount Dough.s to bear S. (»2° W. and steer for it; when the western points of Discovery and Chatham Islands are well shut in by Cadboro Point, a vessel will be westward of Zero Rock and can take up a berth in 5) or 10 fathoms water, at one mile ott' shore, with Mount Douglas bearing S. ;{P \V. To enter this bay northward of Zero Rock, the Kelj) Reefs must be avoided. The positions of both rock and reefs will generally be easily distinguished from a vessel's deck one mile off. By steering for Cow- itchiu Head (a very remarkable high white cliff at the northern end of Cormorant l>ay), on a N. T.'V^ \V. bearing, will lead in mid-channel, and a good anchorage wdl be found in 8 to 10 fathoms water, at from one to 2 miles off shore with the head on that bearing. This anchorage is more exposed to SK. winds than the one last men- tioned, but a vessel with good ground tackle will always be perfectly sak'. Anchorages. — Although there are many harbors among the archi- pelago which form the Haro Strait and its tributary channels, yet the number eligible for sailing vessels overtaken by darkness or an adverse tide is comparatively small. Between Cormorant Bay and the northern entrance of Haro Strait, Plumper Sound and Cowlitz Bay are i-he only eligible stopping places for a sailing vessel seeking shelter. Stuart Island has two fair l-arbors, and Ilocho Harbor at the north- west eiul of San Juan Island is a suitable anchorage for steamers or small coasters, but no sailing vessel of moderate tonnage could enter either under ordinary circumstances without great loss of time, as well as risk. SAN JUAN ISLAND — ItOCHi: HARMOU. 79 San Juan Island, tlio wcHturn coast of wliicli foriiiH for hoiik; .S() feet. The eastern side of the island falls in a more (gentle shtpe. Towards the southern end, and vis- il)le from seaward, are some white bnililin;;s, the farming' establishment (if the lliulson Itay (.'ompanj ; the southeastern extrcMiie, whit-h forms one of the entrance points of the middle channel, terminates in a white (lay clilV, over which rises .Mount Finlayson to a heijih* of .ViO feet, re- markable as bein^j entirely clear of trees on itssontheiii side, while it is thickly wooiled on the northern. Tlien^ is a clean ^jravel beach under Mount Kinlaysou where boats can {generally land. Henry Island lies off the NW. eiul of San .Juan, beiiifj only separated from it by a narrow (ihannel called Mosquito l'as.sa},'e. The island would lie taken as a part ot San .loan, the passajj;e appearinj-' merely as an 'ii- deuta'ion in the latter. Kellett blulf, the southwestern j)oint of lleniy Island, makes as tlif most |)romineiit headland on the eastern side of llaro Strait, when fcii from the southward. Immediately eastward of it is Open Hay, which has more the appearance of a channel than the true one, Mosquito l'assa<(e. There is no shelter either in the bay, or anchora;-" in the i»assa;;e, tor anything beyond coasters. Mosquito Passage is studded with numerous reefs, which are marked by kelj). When a nule within the passage, Westcott Ccicek, an indent- ation in San Juan branches olf to the KNE., and allords a haven for coasters. There is a L'-fathom channel through the i)assage and into this creek. The oidy directions necessary are to avoid the kelp patches. The tide runs strongly through it. Roche Harbor. — At the northern entrance of Mosquito Passage, the space betweeu San Juan and Ilenry Islands opens out considerably, and the depth of water increases. This space forms Koche Harbor, which must be entered from the northward by vessels of burden. Its entrance is somewhat confined but not difficult of access, and it affords good shelter when within. Roche Harbor to Port Townsend.— With strong /ood tide the fol- lowing route is recommended : S|)ieden Channel, President Channel, leave Barnes Island to the east- ward, Kosario Straits. With ebb tide and clear weather use Spieden and San Juan Channels. Morse Island, a small, tlat, cliffy island, about .30 feet high, lies J mile westward of the north point of Henry Island ; and the entrance of Koche Harbor is h mile eastward of the former. Directions. — To enter, pass as near as couvenient northward of Morse Island, as there are no dangers outside it. The entrance will then open out between Henry Island and the western point of Pearl Island, which is wooded and lies in the center of the passage. Off the northern side 80 HARO STRAIT. of Pearl is iv small island conuecfced with it at low water. The breadth of the entrance is 400 yards, but the navigable chan'',el is contracted to litile over 100 yards by shoal water, which extends off both shores- Scout Patch, a danfcerous siiit projecting' from the western shore just south of Iiimau Point, has only a depth of 17 feet on it at low water; and althouf'h there is a depth of 5 fathoms in mid (ibannel, jjreat care must be exercised to avoid this i)atch by vessels drawing over 14 feet. Vessels of less draft may approach the shores on either side to within 150 yards; immediately within Pearl Island the harbor opens out to a considerable breadth. Anchorage. — A good ancliorage is in fathons, with the west end of Pearl Island bearing N. 22° W., distant abont J mile, and the north part of Heniy Islmd just open of it.. If working in, remember that a shoal of 1'> fee. lies .'?00 yards northward of Bare Islet, and that fair anchorage may l)e had in 9 fathoms off the entrance ; but a vessel should get in far cnougii to be out of the tides of Spieden Channel. Small vessels leaving iiociie Harbor, and bound southward, may take the Mosquito Passage. Stuart Island, lying 3 miles northwestward of the northern i)art of the island of San Juan, is of an irregular shape ami 042 feet high, the summits of the hills i»artially bare of trees; Turn Point, it.*-: noith- western extreme, a bold cliffy bluff, forms the salient angle of the Llaro Strait, where it changes its direction suddenly from N. 12^ W. to N. 08° E. before entering the Strait of Georgia. There are two anchorages in Stuart Island, Peid Harbor on its southern side and Prevost Harbor on its northern, but both are small and intricate for sailing vessels above the .size of coasters. Reid Harbor. — To enter l?eiil Harbor from the southward, beware of being drawn l)y the Hood into the channel between San Juan and Stuart Islands, where there are several dangers, and the tides most ir- regular in their direction. The southwestern side of Stur.rt Island should therefore be iirst closed; it is hold and free from danger. The harbor bears X. 22° W. one mile from Sjtieden Bluff, a remarkable bare grassy point, geneially of a yellow color, the western extreme of the island of the same name, (iossip Island, from which a shoal extends ."{00 yards N. oC^ W., lies in the entrance; leave it on the right hand in entering. The breadth of the channel is .'500 yards, the depth from 4 to 5 fathoms, and no daiigers !)ut whiit are visible. The best anchorage is .J mile withi'! the entrance. Prevost Harbor, on the northern side of Stuart Island, 1^ miles east ,trd from 'I'nrn P'.int, has James Islainl lying in the center of it. The entrance is to the westward of this island, bi-tween it and Charles Point, aiitl is ai)out400 yards in breadth, the harbor extending south for a short distamie, and then taking an easterly direction. Anchor in 6 fathoms as soon as the eastern arm opens out, or if desired run up the arm into 4^ fathoms; here it is narrow, but perfectly sheltered. The JOHNS ISLAND — SPIKDEN CHANXKL. 81 passage to tlie eastward of James Island is a blind one, but a vessel may anchor, if necessary, at its entrance in 10 or 12 fathoms water. Johns Island, with its nnmorous oft'-lying reefs, lies to the south- eastward of Stuart Tsland, and is sei)arated from it by a navigable chaunel of 10 fathoms, but it is narrow and not recommended except for coasters acquainted with the locality. Several islets and rocks, all above water, extend :| mile southward and eastward of the southeastern end of Johns Island ; the most southern of these are called Cactus Islands, between which and Spieden Island is the east entrance to New Channel. G-uU Reef, 2 feet above high water, lies ^ mile N. 59^ W. of Cactus Islands ; rocks extend from it in a southeasterly direction for more than 200 yards. Spieden Island, lying between Sun Juan and Stuart Islands, is 2^ miles long and very narrow; its soutnern side grassy and bare of trees, its summit and northern side thickly wooded ; Green Point, its eastern extreme, is a sloping grassy point. There is a channel on both sides of Spieden Island ; New Channel to the northward, and Spieden Chaunel to the southward. It may some- times beconvenient tO take either of these channels when passing from the Middle Channei to llaro Strait, or vice versa, as the distance round Stuart Islaiul will be saved. IJut from the strength and irregularity of the tides, and the number of hidden dangers which exist in certain parts of them, tluy can not be recommended for sailii-.g vessels, nor indeed to any vessel without a pilot. Ne^w Channel, to the northward of Spieden Island, though narrower than Spiedc i, is deep, more free from danger, and the navigation of it more simple. 'l"he northern shore of Spieden Island is bold and steep, and should be kept aboard; the narrowest part of the channel is .^ miie wide between Spieden and C;";tus Islands, and care should be taken not to get entangled among the reefs to the northward of the latter. The flood tide sets to the northeastward among them; but it also sets fiiirly through New Channel, anff by keeping the S|)ieden Island shore aboard there will be no danger .)f being set to Hie northward ; the ebb tide runs to the soiithwestward between Johns and Spieden Islands. Spieden Channel, between the island of that inimo and San Juan, has a general east and west direction. Its eastern entrance, between Green Point and the iiorMieastern point of San Juan, is jj mile wide, and for 2 miles the water is deep and clear of dangers. The meeting of the flood tide, however, from llaro Strait, with that from the Middle Channel, causes heavy rips and irregular eddies. These, together with the general absence of steady winds, render the navigation always tedious and dangerous fo." sailing vessels. Its western entrance iaencum- bered with numerous reefs and shoals with irregilar soundings. Sentinel Island stands in the western eiitranee of this chaunel. It is small, bare ou its southern side, and about loO feet high. The pas- 14205— No. 00 (I 82 HARO STRAIT. sage between it and Spiedi'n Island is more than 200 /ards wide. Ves- sels iisiiiji (lie Sjtieden Channel are recommended to keep uio Spiedeu Island shore aboard, and to pass between it and Sentinel Island. There is much less tide here than in the center of the chaniiel or on the Ban Juan shore. Sentinel Kock lies iOO yards west of the island, the pas- sage between being foul. Center Reef is a dangerous i)atch, awash at low water, and almost in the center of the channel. It bears from Sentinel Island S. 62^ W. nearly 4 mile. Kelp will geiieridly be seen around the reef, but it is sometimes run under. Both the dood from Haro Strait and the ebb through Spieden Channel set on to the reef. When Hearing it the Sau Juan shore should be kept aboard, avoiding the shoal 300 yards north of Bare Islet. Danger Shoal is also at the western entrance. It is marked by kelp, though not always to be distinguished. It lies about a mile from Morse Island, N. 12o H. Bare Islet is a rock about 15 feet high, lying in the southern part of the channel S. SJ'^ E. one mile from Morse Island. There is a shoal ))atch of 15 feet nearly 300 yards north of it. This patch is always covered with kelp, and is the last danger known in the channel. Directions. — Vessels bound from Uaro Strait to the eastward through the Spiedeu Cliannel should pass about J mile to the northward of Morse Island and then steer N. 85° E. for Green Point until Sentinel Island bears north ; the dangers in the western entrance will then be passed and a straight course may be steered through, bearing in mind that less tide will be found near Spieden Island shore. Bound westward through this channel, if the passage between Spie- deu and Sentinel Islands is not taken, the shore of Spiedeu Island should be kept aboard to avoid the tide races. If Center Reef is awash, or the kelp on it is seen, pass { mile south of it and steer to pass the same distance northward of Morse Island. If Center Reef is not seen, take care not to bring Morse Island to bear to the southward of S. 680 w. nntil Bare Islet bears S. 22° E. Waldron Island lies in the northern entrance of the Middle Chan- nel, and its anchorages are frequently availa ble for vessels passing to or from Haro Strait. The island is thickly wooded, moderately high, and clifty on its south- ern and eastern sides, but falling to the northward, where it terminates in low sandy jjoints. Disney Point, its southern extreme, is a remark- ably high stratified blutt". Cowlitz Bay m the western side of Waldron, between Disney and Sandy Points, .. ords good anchorage with all winds, the depth of water from 5 to 8 fathoms, and the holding ground stiff mud ; it may be some- times more desirable for sailing vessels to anchor here than to work up into Plumper Sound, particularly for those coming up Middle Channel. If entering from the northward or westward, Sandy Point may be passed NORTH HAY FLUMPEtt SOUND. 83 at a distance of |r of a mile, and standing into the bay anchor on the line between it and Disney Point in 5 or 6 fathoms. If a southeaster is blowing, a vessel may stand far enough in to get smooth water under shelter of Disney Point ; no sea, however, to aft'ect a vessel's safety gets up in this bay witii any wind. Tiie only danger in the bay is Mouatt Reef with a depth of only 3 feet on it; it lies J mile X. 17^ W. of Dis- ney Point witii deei) water between it and the shore. If entering from the southward, Disney Point should be kept within less than ^ mile, particularly with the ebb, for as soon as Douglas Glian- nel is opened out, which is the continuation of Middle Channel and through which the tide runs sometimes 5 knots, vessels are apt to be set down on Danger Rock. North Bay, on the northwestern side of the isiland, affords anchorage about ^ mile oft'shore, but it is not by any means such a desirable place as Cowlitz Bay, the bank being rather steep and the tide felt more strongly. White Rock is 35 feet above high water and lies S. 60° W., 1| miles from Disney Point. There is a reef extending 500 yards N. 39° W. I'rom it. Danger Rock, a dangerous reef with only u feet on it, and on which kelp is rarely seen, lies S. 40^ E., ff mile from White Rock. Caution. — It is particularly recommended to give these rocks a wide berth, as with strong tides the water is too deep for anchorage in case of getting entangled amongst them in light winds. Plumper Sound. — If from any cause it should be found necessary to auchor in that bend of the Haro Strait between Stuart Island and the east point of Saturna Island, this sound is recommended as a safe and convenient harbor, easy of access with the wind from any quarter. It is formed between Pender and Saturna Islands. Blunden Island, about 400 yards in length, and close to the shore, forms the western entrance point, and Monarch Head, a high, bold, rocky headland, the eastern. There is anchorage in a moderate depth of water in most parts of it, as well as several bays or harbors if preferred. There are no dangers at the entrance, and but little tide is felt. A rocky patch lies about N. 56° W., distant 550 yards from Croker Point, in a spot whe-e the charts indics^e 13 fathoms. It is of small extent and steep-to, except on its northern edge, where it shoals gradually from 3 fathoms. Between this patch and Saturna Island the soundings are irregular, varying from 8 to 20 fathoms. In coming from the southward, the western extremity of Fane Island in line with the northeastern extreme of Pender Island clears this patch, and Lizard Islet open of Elliott Bluff clears its western edge. The most convenient anchorage is off the entrance of Port Browning, on the western side of the sound, in 8 fatiioms, J mile from the shore. Above Port Browning tiie oidy danger is I'erry Rock, witii (> feet on it, marked by kelp. It is 401) yards from the shore and N. 11° W., J mile from Razor Point, the northern point of the port. 84 HARO STKAIT. Port Browning is on the western side of Plumper Sound. Tlie best anchorii<;:c is in the center, Just above Shark Cove, which is a conven- ient creek witli 4 fathoms in it, on the sontliern side of tlie harbor, ^ mile within the entrance; here a ship might beach and repair on a sandy spit. The cove is separateil by a narrow neck of land loO yards wide from Bedwell Harbor, on the south coast of Pender Island. Lyall Harbor lies on the eastern side of Plumper Sound, and is an indentation in the northwestern end of Saturna Island. The King Islets, two low, rugged islets, with a reef extending nearly 200 yards oft" their western end, form the northern entr.Mice. The harbor termi- nates in a sandy beach, with a good stream of fresh water at its head. Crispin Rock, with G feet on it at low water, decreases its value as a harbor for sailing vessels. This rock is a mere pinnacle, nearly ^ mile within the entrance ; there is no kelp to give warning of its position, and it lies exactly in the middle of the harbor. There is a clear pas- sage on either side of it 300 yards wide, and vessels anchoring witiiin it should drop their anchor in 5 fathoms, i mile from the beach at the head of the harbor. Boot Cove, on the southern side of the harbor, J mile within the soutiiern point, has 3 fathoms water, and is a con- venient spot for rei»airing a vessel. A small islet lies oft' its western entrance jmint. Samuel Island, between Saturna and Mayne Islands, is almost con- nected with both, but leaving two passages by which boats or even small coasters may pass into the Strait of (loorgia at proi)er times of tide. This island is indented on its southern side by several bays. Winter Cove is formed between the southern side of Samuel Island and the northwestern point of Saturna, and is only i mile northward of Lyall Harbor. The dei)th of water in the cove being only frotn 2 to 3 fathoms, is only lit for small vessels. The outlet to the Strait of Georgia is not over 90 feet in brendth and the tides rush through with great rapidity. Water is easily obtainable, during the winter or rainy months, from streams in almost any part of Plumper Sound. At the head of Lyall Harbor or Port Drowning, constantly in the former, a certain quantity may be procured during the driest manths of summer, from June to August. Navy Channel is a c(Mitinuation of the western part of Plumper Sound, and leads, between Pender and Mayne Islands, into the Triu- comalie Channel. Independently therefore of its value as an anchorage. Plumper Sound becomes a high road for vessels bound into tho Strait of Georgia or Prazer River, by the Active Pass, or to Naualmo, or any of the north- western i)orts of Vancouver Island. Conconi and Enterprise Reefs. — Conconi Reef lies about midway through Navy Channel, l'{ miles from Fane Island, ami nearly 400 yards oS' the northern shore, and narrows the strait at that part to i mile. NAVY CHANNKL DIRECTION'S— liKDWELL HAHbOR. 85 It is a ledge of rocks extenf mile from the north western end of B:ire Island. After passing this island a course shonld be steered between Sidney Si)itand Jonos Island. Having passed to the northward of .Sidney Island, either by Cordova, Sidney, or Miners Channels, the Shute or Moresby Passages may be taken as ciiMveiiient; if bound for Saanich, Cowirchin, or through Stuart Channel, the former is ]>referable, while the latter offers a more direct course through the Swansoii or Trincomalie Channels, or to Eraser River by Active Pass. Shute Passage. — To enter this passage, after leaving Sidney S|>it pass between Jones Island and the Little Group, then eastward of Coal and Pym Islands, and bi'tween Piers and Portland Islands, when the Satellite Channel will be enteied, which leads directly to Saanich, Cowitchin, and the western ports of Vancouver Islan '. This is a good 88 HAI?<) STKAIT — WESTKRN CHANNELS. clear cliiiiiiiol, iiiul with the assistance of the chart may be used with much facility. Jones Island lies N. 22^ E. of Sidney Si)it,!-; mile, with a dear passage between ; shoal rocky ground extemlsL'OO yards westward of the north- western i)oint of Jones Island, and the tides set with considerable strength, from -' too knots round this point; dettiihed rocks extend 40U yards off the southeastern end of the island and '.AY the northeastern side. Tree, Hill, Domville, Comet, and Qooch Islands, which lie in the fairway between Sidney and iMoresby Islands, are moderately low and wooded. The passages between them are not recommended. Reefs. — North Cod Reef covers at one-quarter Hood, and lies 800 yards S. 17^ W. of the western <'ndof (loocli Island. South Cod Keef has only feet on it at low water; it lies 1,400 yards S. 17° W. of the western end of Gooch Island. Both reefs are marked bj- kelp. A patch of 2 fathoms, marked by kelj), lies nearly midway between the southern end of Jones and Domville Islands; the passage between Gooeii and Comet Islands is lilled with kelp. The Little Group lie 'i mile N. r,6^ W. of Jones Island. They consist of four rocky islets, ;V mile in extent east and west, bare of trees» and connected by reefs; there is a good i)assage between them and Jones Island, and their eastern side may be jtassed at 200 yards. Birdlslet, lyingou the eastern side of Shu te Pas.sage, and 5 niile nurth of the north point of Jones Island, is about feet above high water; and has a cluster of reefs around it almost 200 yards iu extent, mar'od bj' kelp; between it and Coal Island there is a clear passage one luile wide. Coal Island, which heli)s to form the western side of Shute Passage, lies immediately at the entrance of Shoal Harbor; it is one mile in extent and thickly wooded, and its eastern and northern shores are free from danger. When working up the passage between Bird Islet and Coal Island, a vessel should not stand to the westward of a line joining the east end of Little Group to the east point of Coal Islanll, as a rock which covers atonequarter Hood lies nearly ij mile south of the east pointof the island. Reefs. — A small patch with 4 fathoms water over it, and probably less, and marked by kelp, lies one mile X. 70° E. of the east point of Coal Island. When abreast the east point of Coal Lsland, and distant ^ mile, a X. 45^ W, course will lead through Shute Passage iu mid-chau- uel, passing eastward of Pym Island, off the eastern side of which a reef, which uncovers, extends a little more than 200 yards length. Patches of kelp have been seen extending some distance off the south end of Pym Lsland. Celia Reef has .S feet of water on it. It is marked by kelp and lies N. 22° E., § mile from the northern point of Pym Island. KNAPP ANIJ PYM ISLANDS — CANOE ROCKS. 89 Knapp and Fym Islands are .small and wooded, lying between Piers and Coal Islands. The passajjo between Piers and Portland Lslands is above a mile in breadth, with no danj^ers which are not vLsible ; oil" the eastern .side of the former, abont liOD yards, is a rock always nncovered. flavinp passed westward between the.se i.slands a vessel is fairly in Satellite Channel. Moresby Passage. — After leaving the northern end of Sidney Island, the directions for Moresby Passage are the .same as those already given for Shute Passage, until abreast the eastern point of Coal Island. From abont iV mile off this point, the direct course throiigii the passage is N. 17° E. for L'.^ miles, or until near its northern entrance, which lies between Portland and Moresby Island.s. TurnbuU lieef and Canoe Eoek.s, which extend off both these i.slands, narrow the channel at its northern entrance to little over j\ mile. The Sisters. — Otf the eastern point of Portland Island are three rocky islets, the Sisters, wliicli extend to a distance of nearly 4b(l yards. They are abont 25 feet high, have a i\j\v stnnttd cedar trees on their sum- mits, are joined by reefs, and will be immediately recognized either from the northward or southward. Turnbull Reef. — Eastward from the Sisters, at a distance of more than ;\ mile, extends the Turnbull Reef in a semicircular direction to- wards the NW. point of Portland Islaml, and almost joining it ; 2 fath- oms is the least water found on its outer edge, and it is^narked by a heavy bank of kelp, which, however, is not always visible until close to it, on account of the tide. Canoe Rocks form a dangerous ledge, extending N. (15^ W. nearly J mile from Keef Point, the northwestern point of Moresby Island. The outer rock of this ledge covers a little after half flood, and is not marked bj' kelp, though kelp grows between the point and the rock. Beacon. — A stone beacon 25 feet high, surmounted by a cross, is erected on Canoe llocks. A buoy has been bolted to the rock at the western extremity of the reef otf Reef Point. Between the buoy and the point there is a rock with only 1.^ feet over it. The channel between this rock and the point is 75 feet wide. Vessels using this channel should keep close alongside the point. Directions. — When the beacon is visible, the passage is very ea.sy, as the dangers maybe jias.sed as close as convenient; but when not seen, it is desirable in coming from the southward to borrow on th*^ Moresby Island shore. i)a.ssing Seymour Point, the western cliffy point of the i.sland, at the distance of 4(K) yards. From this jtoint the Canoe Rocks bear N. 22° W., nearly a mile, and from a berth 400 yards oft' it, a X. 17° W. course direct for Beaver Point, the sloping bare southeastern point of Admiral Island, will lead almost in mid-cliannel. When Chads Island, just off' the northwestern point of Portland Island, comes open of that point, then vessels will be well to the northward of both rock and reef. 90 HAKO STRAIT WKSTERN (.'HAN'NELS, If coining from the nortliwanl, iiiidiiitoiidiiitj to take .More-iUy Passiige, by keeping' Meaver I'oiiit astern witli the easternmost (3haiiiiel Islaiul in (lan<,'es Harbor toneliin;; it, or Just shut in by it, tiie Canoe Hooks will be cleared. The western Ciiannel Island Just tonehin^ Beaver point leads on to the rock. Prevost Passage lies l)etween Moresby Island and the firoiip of smaller islands to the southward ot it, and leads by theShuteor .Moresby Passajjesinto Satellite Channel. To vessels passin^^- up the main stream of ITaro Strait and bound for the Swaiison Channel, the easiest and most direct r^iute is between Stuiirt and Moresby Islands; but circiimstaneos of wind or tide may render it convenient to take the Prevost Passajje ; for instance, with light winds they may bo set into the passajje by the Hood, or, if near to Moresby Island, by the ebb tide from the ui>per part of Ilaro Strait, which runs here, as it does in all other i)arts of the channel, from two and one-half to three hours after low water by the shore, and sets to the westward among the small islaiuls, and down the ^liners and Sidney Channels. Arachne Reef. — The dangers to be avoided in Prevost Passage are Ara«jhne and Cooi»er Reefs. Arachne Heef lies nearly in the center of the passage, in a direct line between Fairfax Point and the east point of Gooch Island. This reef covers at one-ciuarter Hood, and has a good deal of kelp ion its northwestern edge, which, however, is frequently run under by the tide. Cooper Reef, lying ^ mile N. 13° W. of Tom Point, is marked by kelp, ami uncovers at half ebb ; there is a passage one mile wide between it and Arachne Reef, the channel being about the same width between the latter and Moresby Island, with deep water. There are no dangers ott" the southern or western sides of Moresby Island. Tom Point, in line with the southeast point of Sidney Island, bear- ing S. '6'^ E., leads only just clear to the eastward of Cooper Heef. North part of Portland Island, in line with south aide of Moresby Island, bearing N. 47^ W., leads to the northward of Cooper and Arachne Reefs. Yellow Islet, a snnill bare islet 8 feet high, lies 1;\ miles S. 7iP W. of Fairfax Point, and should be passed on the north side to clear the shoal of ,'i fathoms which extends nearly 400 yards westward from the islet, and to avoid the small i)atch of 4 fathoms (probably shoaler) marked with kel|( lying .\ mile S. 08^ W. of it; having passed west- ward of this island either the Sliute or Moresby Passage may be taken as convenit'Mt. Satellite Channel is formed by Admiral Island on the north, and Moresby, Poitlaii'l, any the Sansnm Narrows to Stuart Channel. It is a good, deep passage with but fewdaugers, which are not always visible; among these SIIUTE RKEF — COLE BAY. 91 iiri' Sliiite l{et't' ami I'atey Rode. The yoiieral breiultli of the cliniinel is oni' mile, with (Icptlis of from .'{(> to 10 fiitlioms, ami the strength of tide from line to '2 Uiiots, ami somt>timt's ,'i knots. Shute Reef is a ii-dfie i«'ss than 10(( vanlsin extent, witli two rockH, onoofwhicli is »!overe SAXSOM NARROWS — STUART CIIANXEL. 98 yari'.ssages which wasli die eastern side of Vancouver Island. The princii)i(l dangers are the Nortii and Escape Reefs, White Bock, and Dange* Keef. On the western or Vancouver Island siiore tliere are some good har. bors, viz, Osborn Buy, Horseshoe Bay, Oyster Harbor, and Chemainos Bay; on the eastern side there are also some aiichoi:iges ; Telegraph and Preedy Harbors on the western, n:id 01am Bay ou the eastern side of Tiietis L-,iand. Oaborn Bay, the southernmost anchorage on of Oyster Harbor, and about the same distance westward of Ileef ?oint, the ?:\ '',' . point of Tlietis Island. Anchorage may be had in 8 fathoms at ^ mile from its head, on a YELLOW POINT — ALARM ROCK. 96 side of the 1 little over i Narrows, iiug winds s with the It, and the Uorse-shoe ^ mile from distance, rkable Hat passages dries 400 arly J mile harp puint entrance. uill on the horns, and 200 yards ranee, and iiterveuing vide at the lorthward, e no other ds dry for ward from ) i mile iu md at 200 shore; ou » far up as nd at low nile inside [ of Long Is bearing d bottom, iig Island t>'*'^ li. of Cht,ter , the ::s '^ • . lead, on a bank which projects from the southern shore, with Deer Point at the northern entrance of the bay bearing N. OS'^ E., and the southern trend of the coast bearing S. 33° E. It is open and can not be recommended, unless in fine weather, or with ortshore winds. There are no dangers in working into it. Yellow Point, bare and grassy at its extreme, is the northern jioiut of Cheaiainos Bay; theuce to Kouud Island, at the southern eiitrauce of Dodd Narrows, the coast is moderately bold and free from diuiger. At li miles southward of Round Island is a boat harbor, at the en- trance of which a vessel may drop an anchor in 8 to 10 fathoms if wait- ing for the tide, though there is equally good anchorage nearer to the narrows. North Reef. — From the northern entrance of Sansum Narrows, on the eastern side, to No''tu iloef, there are no dangers, and both shores ma^- be api)roached boldly in wcr'-l"a' up, except, as before observed, the coast of Vancouver Island from the S'loal Islands to Bare Point of Horseshoe Bay, which should be given a berth of ^ mile. North Reef is a sandstone ledge running in a iiorthwesterlj and southeasterly direction, as all the reefs in this channel do. It bears from the SB. point of Tent Island S. 0° W., i mile. It is just awash at high water, and therefore easily avoided ; its shoal part extends in a NW., direction for i mile, steep on its northern and southern sides. Tent Island lies off the southern extreme of Kuper Island; 200 yards oiic' its southeastern end are two remarkable worn sandstone rocks 8 t»- ;<' fact above water ; the breadth of the passage between them and N n,ii (.'ief is ff mile. Eastward nearly 400 yards from the southeast- M^ •) i ;' jf Tent, is a rock which uncovers 2 feet. In passing eastward o.'-.S) BRITISH COLUMBIA— Vancouver Island-East coast— ^tiuavt channel -Escape reef— Beacon established.— A pynunidal )0, surmounted by a staff canving a latticework drum 8 feet ligh and 8 feet in diameter, the whole i)ainte(l wliite, and slu.win,' 20 feet above high wat<^rmark, has been erected by the Goveinmciit of Canad i on Escape reef, Stuart channel. Api>rox. position: Lat. 18 ,^(»' Iti' N., Lo ig. 123° 39' 40" W. The reef covers 4 fe«,'t at high ^.lUn: The beacon stands on a bed of concrete 2 feet deep. (N. M. 44, 1904.) Xioading mark. — Yellow Point, just open westward of Scott Island, jS Preedy Harbor, bearing N. 25"^ VV., leads COO yards westward of the Alwvti, Rock is scarcely in the track of vessels working up Stuart Channel. It lies 200 yards S. 34^ W. of the SE, point of Hudson Island, tiic southeasternmost ol the group of islands, which lie off the western sides of Kuper and Thetis Islands, facing Preedy and Telegraph Har- bors. It just covers at high water, and is connected by a ledge with Hudson Island. 94 HARO STRAIT — WESTERN CHANNELS. water by reefs and uiud banks, aud which form the northern side of the bay; the soiithei, stern most of these ishiuds lies N. 33^ W., a little over 2 miles from the northwestern entrance jmint of Sansnm Narrows. The bay affords good anchorage, sheltered from the prevailing winds from the westward and southeast. The best anchorage is with the southeasternniost Shoal Island, in one with Sonthey Point, and the southern trend of the coast S. oO^ E. The coast m 'p*' -stward of Osborn Bay, between it aud Horse-shoe Bay, is shoal for »») vance off, deepening suddenly when ^ mile from the shore, and vess: jiiouUl not approach it within that distance. The north ;rn point of the Xorth Shoal Island has a remarkable Hat sandy spit, on which is built an Indian village; there are no passages between the small islands northward of this, ami the bank dries 400 yards at low water. A rock awash at high water lies nearly J mile north of the southeasternmost Shoal Island. Hors6-Bhoe Bay will be known by a rather remarkable sharp point (Bare Point) bare at its extreme, which forms its eastern entrance. There is convenient anchorage for small vessels off the sawmill on the west side of tlie bay or within J mile of its head in 8 fathoms, and within this distance it shoals suddenly from 5 to li fathoms. Bird R^ef, a rooky ledge uncovering at half tide, extends 200 yards from the shore, northwestward of the western point of entrance, and bears from Bare Point N. 79° W., ^ mile. Oyster Harbor is 4 miles from Horse shoe Bay, the intervening coast being free from danger ; the harbor is nearly one mile wide at the entrance, narrowing gradually within. Entering from the northward. Coffin Islet should be given a berth of 400 yards ; there are no other danger 400 yar AR( the Twi width ; yards o the wes the NV water. Anchorage. — A good anchorage for a large vessel is one mile inside the entrance in 9 fathoms, mud bottom, with the SE. end of Long Island bearing N. 37° W., and eastern extreme of Twin Islands bearing N. 22° E. ; good anchorage may also be had in G fathoms, mud bottom, nearly '^ mile farther up the harbor, with the Sl'^. end of Long Island bearing N. 28° W., and west end of Twin Islands bearing N. 02° E. Chemainos Bay 's 2i miles northward of the entrance of Oyster Harbor, and about the same distance westward of Ileef Point, the NW. point of Thetis Island. Anchorage may be had in 8 fathoms at ^ mile from its head, on a YELLOW POINT — ALARM ROCK. 95 bank which projects from the southern shore, with l^eer Point at the northern entrance of the baj- bearing N. U8° E., and the southern trend of the coast bearing 8. 33° E. It is open and can not be recommended, unless in line weatlier, or with ott'shore winds. Tliere are no dangers in 1 orking into it. Yello'w Point, bare and grassy at its extreme, is the northern point of Ciiemainos Bay, thence to Round Island, at the southern entrance of Dodd Narrows, the coast is moucrately bold and free from danger. At li miles southward of Round Island is a boat harbor, at the en- trance of which a vessel may drop an anchor in 8 to 10 fathoms if wait- ing for the tide, though tliere is equally good anchorage nearer to the narrows. North Reef. — From the northern entrance of Sansum Narrows, on the eastern side, to North Reef, there are no dangers, and both shores may be ap[)roached boldly in working up, except, as before observed, the coast of Vancouver Island from the Shoal Islands to Bare Poi;it ol Horseshoe Bay, which should be given a berth of i mile. North Reef is a sandstone ledge running in a northwesterly and 80utheast*^rly direction, as all the reefs in this channel do. Il bears from the SK. point of Tent Island S. 0° W., i mile. It is just awash at high water, and therefore easily avoided ; its shoal part extends in a NW., direction for ^ mile, steep on its northern and southern sides. Tent Island lies off the southern extreme of Kuper Island; 200 yards off its southeastern end are two remarkable worn sandstone rocks 8 or 10 feet above water ; the breadth of the passage between them and North Reef is ^ mile. Eastward nearly 400 yards from the southeast- ern end of Tent, is a rock which uncovers 2 feet. lu passing eastward of Tent, its eastern shore should be given a berth ol ^ mile, as some rocky ledges extend off it. There is no ship passage between Tent and Kuper Islands, being only one fathom deep at low water. Escape Reef at 2 miles N. 36° W. of North Reef, is a dangerous patch, which covers at quarter Hood, and has uo kelp to mark its posi- tion. It lies nearly ^ mile from the western shore of Kuper Island, with Josling Point, its southern point, bearing S. 70° E., 1^ miles. There is a deep channel J mile wide between it and Kuper Island. The two entrance points of Sansum Narrows, just touching lead on to the reef. Leading mark. — Yellow Point, just opeu westward of Scott Island, oft" Preedy Harbor, bearing N. 25° W., leads OOO y ^rds westward of the reef. Alarm Rock is scarcely in the track of vessels working up Stuart Channel. It lies 200 yards S. 34° W. of the SE. point of Hudson Island, the southeasternmost ot the group of islands, which lie off the western sides of Kuper and Thetis Islands, facing Preedy and Telegraph Har- bors. It just covers at high water, and is connected by a ledge with Hudson Island. 96 HARO STRAIT WESTERN CHANNELS. False Reef lies 700 yards X. 50° W. of Scott Islaiul, the norlliwest- ward of the {iToiip Just nieiitioiicd, and a loiiji; ^ mile S. 02'^ W. of Cres- cent Point, the NE. point of Treedy Harbor; it covers at half tiood. White Rock, about 30 yards long', and 15 feet above hi{i;h water, lies one mile north of Reef Poin*^, tiie nortli western extreme of Thetis Island ; a bank having from 2 to 5 fathoms water on it extends 400 yards north- westward from the rock. This rock lias a whitish ajipearance, and is readily distinguished from a vessel's deck at a distance of 2 or 3 miles. It should not be passed within 400 yards, and there is a good jiassago between it and Thetis Island, giving Reef Point a berth of 4 mile to avoid a rocky ledge extending nearly that distance northwestward from it. Ragged Island, a low rocky islet, with a few trees on it, lies J mile N. 45° W. of Pilkey Point, the north end of Thetis Island, with a passage of 12 fathoms water between them. There are no dangers 200 yards from the islet. Danger Reef, lying one mile N. 17° \Y. of White Rock, and li miles N. 56° E. of Yellow Point, covers a space of i uiile almost in the center of the channel. A small portion of it is generally awash at high water, at wiiich time it is difticult to make out until within ashort distance of it. Directions. — Wlien i)assing through 8tuart Channel there is a dear ])assage one iiiilt' in breadth between Danger Keef and tlie Vancouver Island shore, and going itlier up or down the channel. White Rock kept in line witli the NE. extreme of Thetis Island, bearing S. 45° E., leads to the westwartl of the reef. Bound southward tlirougli Stuart Chan- nel from Dodd Narrows, pass at from 200 to 400 yards eastward of Round Island, and steer for the westernmost ragged tree summit of Thetis Island, S. 30^ E.; this course leads in mid channel and over 4 mile west- ward of Danger Reef and Wiiite Itock ; when the latter bears S. 07° E., alter course to south for iStuart Channel, avoiding shoal water north of Keef Point. Vesuvius Bay, on the western side of Admiral Island, immediately opposite Osborii Bay, has deep water, but shoals suddenly at its head. There is anchorage inside Idol Islet, in Houston Passage. This islat is S. 80° E. about one mile from the southern end of Tent Island, and is 600 yards from Admiral island; with the islet bearing N. 56° W. mid- way between it and the shore, there is anchorage in fathoms. , Grappler Reef, on the eastern side of Houston Passage, is 200 yards in extent and uncovers at very low water. It lies \ mile olf the north- western end of Admiral Island. Passing through Houston Passage, the eastern jxiiiit of Sansuiii Narrows kept well open of the points of Admiral Island to the northward of it, leads westward of the reef, and wlien the southern ])()int of Secretary Island is open of Southey Point, it is cleared to the northward. Telegraph Harbor, on the west side of Knper Island, is a siuig anchor- age, and its entrance is between Hudson Island and Active Point, which are ^ mile apart. Entering from the southward, if passing inside Escape PREEDY IIARnOR — CECIL ROCK. 97 Reef, the shore of the island should be kept aboard withiu J mile ; if outside or westward, keep Yellow Point just open westward of Scott Island until Upright Clifl'of Kuper Island bears N. 68° E., when a vessel will be well to the northward of it, and may steer for the entrance of the liarbor, which is free from danger, with the exception of Alarm Kock, extending from the southeastern point of Hudson Island. There is good anchorage in 8 fathoms with the NW. end of Hudson Island bearing west and distant about ^ mile. Freedy Harbor is separated from the one just described by a group of small islands and reefs; iis entrance is to the northward of them be- tween Scott Island and Crescent Point of Thetis Islaiul, and is ^ mile in breadth. When entering, the Thetis Island sliore should be kept aboard tn Qirf.iM IJinK-." W""P " «-*--i. — 1----» - -■ tt and 3aring Island tward ) east, tween lorgia. iinsoQ ;h and them, anges uarbor on Its eastern side. Over Burgoyne Bay, on the western side. Mount Baynes rises to an elevation of 1,953 feet, and is very remarkable, its southern face being a perpendicular precipice, visible a long distance from the southward or eastward. Tiie Otter range, of somewhat less elevation, rises northward of Mount Baynes, from whence the island slopes away in a wedge-shape, its northern termiiation, Southey Point, being a sharp extreme. The ishuul is for the .nost part thickly wooded, but there is a considerable extent of partia.ly clear laud both in the valley at the head of Fulford Harbor and at the northern end. Fulford Harbor penetrates the southeastern side of Admiral Island in a northwesterly direction for li4 miles. At its entrance is Russell Island, between which and Isabella Point, the western point of the har- bor, is the best passage in. Cecil Rock, with one fathom on it, lies S.42o E.,^ mile from the south- ern point of Russell Island. The breadth of the southern eatrance is g mile, with a depth of 20 fathoms until abreast North Rock ; here the harbor narrows, and carries a general breadth almost to its head of some- thing less than ^ mile. 14205— No. 9G 7 96 HARO STRAIT WESTi:RN CHANNELS. False Reef lies 700 yards X. 50° W. of ScDtt Isliind, the norlliwest- wai'd of the {^roiH) Just ineiitioned, iiiid a lonjr A mile S. (52^ W. of Cres- cent Point, the Xl'i. point of I'reedy Barbor ; it covers at half Hood. White Rock, about 30 yards loiij;-, and 15 feet above high water, lies one mile north of Reef Point, the northwestern extreme of Thetis Island ; a bank having from 2 to 5 fatiioms water on it extends 400 yards north- westward from the rock. This rock has a whitish appearance, and is readily distinguished from a vessel's deck at a distance of 2 or 3 miles. It should not be passed within 400 yards, and there is a good i>as8ago between it and Thetis Island, giving Keef Point a berth of ^ mile to avoid a rocky ledge extending nearly that distance northwestward from it. Ragged Island, a low rocky islet, with a few trees on it, lies ^ mile N. 4" \V. of Pilkev Point, the north end of Thetis Island, with a uassaee of (1559) BRITISH COLUMBIA— Vancouver island -East coast- Stuart channel— Danger reef-Light on beacon. - Referring to Notice to Mariners No. 22 (1100) of 190.3, the Canadian (Jovernraent hasgiven further notice that in consetpience of the threatened collapse of the wreck of the steamer Miomi, the light shown therefrom wiis, on October 1, 1904, discontinued, and has been replaced by a similar light shown from the summit of a small wooden tower, painted white, standing on a wooden framework foundation, painted black. The light is shown from a .31-day Wighara lamp fixed inside the framework of the wooden beacon. Approx. position: Lat. 49° 03' 42" N., Long. 123° 42' 43" W. The light is a fixed white light, elevated about 24 feet above high watermark and should be vi-sible 9 miles from all points of approach by water. The illuminating apparatus consists of a pressed glass lens. The light is uuwatched. When passing to southward, it should be eiven a berth of at- least 600 yards. (N. M. 44, 1904.) alter course to south for Stuart Channel, avoiding shoal water north of Reef Point. Vesuvius Bay, on the western side of Admiral Island, immediately opposite Oshorn Bay, has deep water, but shoals suddenly 'it its head. There is anchorage inside Idol Islet, in IIou.ston Pa.ssage, This islet is S. 80^ E. about one mile from the .southern end of Tent Island, and is 600 yards from Admiral Island; with the islet bearing N. 56° W. mid- way between it and the shore, there is anchorage in fathoms. , Grappler Reef, on the eastern side of Houston Passage, is 200 yards in extent and uncovers at very low water. It lies \ mile otf the north- western end of Admiral Island. Passing through Ilouston Passage, the eastern i)oint of Sansum Narrow.s kept well open of the points of Admiral Island to the northward of it, leads westward of the reef, and when the soutliern point of Secretary Island is open of Southey Point, it is cleared to the northward. Telegraph HarLor, on the west side of Kuper Island, is a snug anchor- age, and its entrance is between Hudson Island and Active Point, which are ^ mile apart. Entering from th. southward, if passing inside Escape PREEDY HAUnOR — CECIL ROCK. 97 lleef, the shore of the island should be kept aboard within J mile ; if outside or westward, keep Yellow Point just open westward of Scott Island until Upright Clittof Kuper Islaud bears N. 08° 13., when a vessel will be well to the northward of it, and may steer for the entrance of the harbor, which is free from danger, with the exception of Alarm Kock, extending from the southeastern point of Hudson Island. There is good anchorage in 8 fathoms with the NW. end of Hudson Island bearing west and distant about ^ mile. Preedy Harbor is separated from the one just described by a group of small islands and reefs; its entrance is to the northward of thom be- tween Scott Islaud and Crescent Point of Thetis Island, and is j^ mile in breadth. When entering, the Thetis Islaud shore should be kept aboard to avoid False Reef, a patch which cover.s at half tide. Shoal water extends for 300 yards oflf the northern sides of Scott and Dayman Islands. Anchorage will be found in 7 fathoms, with Crescent Point bearing N. 46° W., distant nearly J mile, and east point of Dayman Island bearing 8. 34° W. Swanson Channel leads from the Haro Strait to tho northwestward between Admiral Island on the west and Pender Island on the east. Passing eastward of Prevost Island it enters the Active Pass between Galiano and Alayue Islands and thence into the Strait of Georgia. Northward of Active Pass it connects with Triucomalie Channel. Admiral Island, separating Stuart from Trincomalie and Swanson Channels, is of considerable extent, being nearly 15 miles in length and varying in breadth from 2 miles at its northern end to 6 at its southern. It has two good ports — Fulford Harbor on its southeastern and Ganges Harbor on its eastern side. Over Burgoyue Bay, on the western side. Mount Baynes rises to an elevation of 1,953 feet, and is verj' remarkable, its southern face being a perpendicular [)recipice, visible a long distance from the southward or eastward. The Otter range, of somewhat less elevation, rises northward of ]\Iount Baynes, from whence the island slopes away in a wedge-shape, its nortiiern termination, Southey Point, being a sharp extreme. The island is for the most part thickly wooded, but there is a considerable extent of partially clear laud both in the valley at the head of Fulford Harbor and at the northern end. Fulford Harbor i)i'uetrates the southeastern side of Admiral Island in a northwesterly direction for lii miles. At its entrance is Kussell Islaud, between which and Isabella Point, the western point of the har- bor, is the best passage in. Cecil Rock, with one fathom on it, lies 8.42° E,,;^ mile from the south- ern point of llussell Island. The breadth of the southern entrance is § mile, with a dei)th of 20 fathoms until abreast North Rock; here the harbor narrows, and carries a general breadth almost to its head of some- thing less than | mile. 14205— No. 9G 7 98 IIAUO STRAIT — WKSTKRN CHANNKLH. North Rock is ii «iiiiill rooky islet lying close off the nortlicrn side of the hailior; ;i lock which covers at ([iiarter llooil lies westward of it, aiul more tiiaii 3W) yards offshore, so tliat strangers entering should keep rather to the westward of niidelninnel until past it. Mount I'.aynes appears very remarkable from the harltor, rising immediately over its head almost as uperpeiidienlar crliff. Immediately ovt^r the northern side of the harbor is Iteginald liill, a stony elevation between 700 and 800 feet high ; with this hill bearing oast there is good anchorage in 10 fathoms in tiie center of the harbor; at the head of the harbor is a con- siderable fresh-water stream, from which siioal water extends for (iOt> yards. The northern passage into the harbor between llussell Island and Eleanor Point, though in places not more than i mile in breadth, is a safe channel. Louisa Rock, with only one fathom on it, is the oidy danger ; it lies 400 yards from the northern or Admiral Island shore, with the western end of Kussell Island bearing S. 17° E., 800 yards, and North Kock west the same distance ; with a leading wind the Kussell Island shore should be kei)t rather aboard. Ganges Harbor is a safe and commodious port for vessels of any descri])tion or size. Its southern entrance in the Swausoji Channel lies between Admiral and Prevost Islands, and has no dangers which are not visible. TiieChannel Islets may be passed on either side, but to the northward is by far the widest passage ; they are two small wooded islands, l.J miles within Beaver Point. Liddell Point, the southeastern extreme of Prevost Island, and the northern entrance point of the harbor, has a reef which '.s covered at half rtood extending 100 yards southeastward from it. The Acland Islands, two in number, lie to the iu)rthwestward of Liddell Point along the shore of Prevost Island, between which and them there is no ship eiiannel. Directions. — The fair eiiannel into tlie harbor, between tiie Channel and Acland Islands, is nearly A mile wide; having pa^;sed these islands, th<' harbor is nearly li miles wide, and tiie general depth for 1' miles is from 20 to I'.i fathoms. There are but few dangers in working into the harbor, and they are easily avoided. A rocky i)atch with one fathom water on it lies 550 yards N. 05° W. of the west point of the westernmost Acland Island, and the same distance off" shore. There is another one fathom patch which is more in the track of vessels . it lies nearly 2 miles N. 50^ W. of the southernmost Channel Islet, and is S mile from the Admiral Island side of the harbor; there is a clear passage GOO yards wide, the depth being 14 fathoms, southward of the patch; to the northward of it the jiassage is =f mile wide, with dei)ths of from 13 to 21 fathoms. The Chain Islands are a group of or 7 low narrow islets connected by reefs, extending from the head of the harbor in a SE. direction for CHAIN ISLAND ANCIIORAOK — KLLKN HAY, on U miloH. To tlie soutliwanl of tliese islands tlie ground is clear, but to tlio iiortliward of tlioin aro scattered reefs, and vessels are not recom- mended to iUKilior on that side above tlie outermost island. Anchorage. — A vessel may anchor as soon as a dei)tli of 10 or 12 fathoms is found ; a good berth is in U fatlioins water with I'eile Point, and the two entrance points of Long Harbor nearly in line bearing N. noo I'j., and the easternmost (Jhiiiu Island \. 45° W. if desirable, an- chorage may be had in (i fathoms, mud, midway between the Chain Islands and the south shore, the easternmost island bearing east, or in a still snugger berth one mile above, off the sandy spit on Admiral Island, in 4 or '> fathoms. This latter berth is recommended for vessels of mod- erate size intending to make any stay. Captain Passage also leads into Ganges Ilarlmr, to the northward of Prevost Island. It is a clear deej) passage, ^ mile wide ; vessels from the northward intending to enter the harbor should always use it- There is only one danger, which is well inside Ganges Harbor, and which is almost equally in the track of vessels working up by the southern liassage ; it is a small patch of 2 fathoms lying 700 yards S. 79° W. of the western entrance point of Long Harbor. Entering by Captain Passage, Peile Point should not be shut in by the entrance points of Long Har- bor until the opening between Prevost and Acland Islands is shut in, when this reef will be well cleared. When working up by the southern channel, a vessel should not stand so far to the eastward, when in the neighborhood of this patch, as to open out the passage between Acland and Prevost Islands. Long Harbor may be almost consi