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 OPENING ADDRESS 
 
 SOCIETY OF 
 
 ;/ 
 
 rCOMPARATlVE PSYCHOLOGY 
 
 I . ■ 
 
 I (IN CONNECTION WITH THE MONTREAL VETERINARY COLLEGE) 
 
 BY 
 
 D. McEACHRAN, F.R.CV.S. 
 
 pi'Bl.isHEn BV Kiryi-psT "f 
 THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION OF CRUF.LTV TO ANIMALS, MONTREAL. 
 
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 MONTR EA.L: 
 
 GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY 
 
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CAN ANIMALS REASON? 
 
 i 
 
 FACTS ADDDCSD TO PROVE THAT THEY CAN AND DO. 
 
 A PLICA FOR KINDNESS 
 
 III the Tr<'nfiii<>iit' mill t'ure of Man*H 
 Diiiult K<>rvil4»rK. 
 
 "Wliy every stmloiit nf Vctciinaiy medicine 
 shmiM Ktiidy Psy( Imlogy" was the title- of 
 tlie inauf^iiral addrest; by Mr. D. Jii Eai liran, 
 K.ILC.V.S., at the iiieeiiTiir of tlie Society for 
 the stiidy of C^oiiiparative IVyi hoh)try in con- 
 iieetiou witli the Montn^ul Viterinnry Col- 
 lege. I'riufiiial McKai hran spoke a.s follows. 
 
 Mr. Chainnati and Gentlemen, — Your 
 worthy i)resi(l(iit has invited mc to say a 
 few words to you to-ni}rht (.n this your (list 
 meeting for the present session, on tin; ini- 
 portanee of the stndy ot psycholofiry in con- 
 nection with the practice of your profexsion. 
 '• IVychology is the science of mind based 
 upon the facts of consciousness.' Tliis 
 science was first brought to public notice by 
 (lock'nins Ifjltl, Init it is only of very recent 
 date that scientific men- were bold enough 
 to break down the barrier whidi would sliut 
 up the truth, and to come forward to declare 
 that reasoning powers were not confined to 
 man alone, but existed in degrees through- 
 out the animal creation. Few men, I say, 
 have been found bold enough to declare 
 that reason <\n(] consciousness ari; attributes 
 alike of maidximl and tlie brute creation, and 
 that the extraordiiuiry evidences of intelli- 
 gence which we arc constantly witnessing 
 are not due to instinct, but without dt>ubt to 
 that developcment of the mental faculties 
 
 which is notlung short of reasoning power, 
 ami which exists in liitVerent degrees, in 
 din(ucMt animals. As one of your teachers, 
 I feed proud that my friend and colleague, 
 Dr. Mills, has the honor of being the iirst 
 to step out of the ranks ot those who 
 still attribute every evidence of reason to 
 instinct; iin<l in advan(eof his fellows he 
 has Ibumled this society, which, though it 
 nmy have a small beginning, and may even 
 be subject to tht^ covert jeer and winking 
 scoff froTu those whose narrow-minded and 
 short-sighted intellects are incapable of 
 grasping the importance of such 
 a study, is sure to prosper. What more enno- 
 bling than the study of comparative psy- 
 chology? Who < an be crmd to the dumb 
 companions ol our eaithly pilgriiuage, 
 after he has act ustomiul himself to look 
 with interested attention on tht; evidences 
 of reason and consciousness constantly ex- 
 hibited by them '.' Who Las studied the 
 ctnious and intidligent actions of tliese dumb 
 friends and has not been convinced that the 
 difference between them and ourselves is 
 one of degree only? I cannot do better 
 here than quote for your edification fr^m the 
 late Dr. Chalmers, who in discussing the 
 subject says : — 
 
 •' The beasts of Die Held are not so many 
 autoinatu without .-ieiLsatlon, and Just socon- 
 s(ru<'ic(l as to give I'orth all tlie natural signs 
 and expressions of it. Nature luis not prac- 
 ticed this \iniversal ileception upon our 
 species. 
 
 "These poor animalsjust look, and treinl)Ie 
 and give forth every Indication of sulIerinK 
 as we do. Tlieirs Is the distinct cry of 
 pain— theirs ts Hie uno<|Uiv(M'ai ptiyslc)g- 
 nomy of pair.. They put on the 
 same aspect of terror on the doiiionstration 
 of a menacid Mow. They exlilbU. the same 
 distortion of a^ony after the Infliction of it. 
 
 # 
 
2 
 
 m 
 
 Thfl briilHe, or the burn, or the frftcture, or the 
 deep Inc^lNldi), or the florce (•ncoiiiitor with 
 ono of iHiiml or Hiipi^rlor HtrciiKMi, Just atl'cctK 
 tliom Hlinllnrly to ourHt'lvi's. Tht Ir liloodolr- 
 culaUiH an ourH ; they Jiave piilHallotiH In VBr- 
 loiiN partN of thi' hoily llko oursclvrs; th«!y 
 Kickcn anil grow fci-ble with aK«. 'tnil finally 
 they dlo JunI as we do. They poHNesN the name 
 feel in>?N, anil what <!X|)osi'H them to llko Huf- 
 nrlngilrom another (juarter— they poHseKS the 
 Hame Inntlnct with our own Nper-les. The lion- 
 ess robbed other whelpsi-auNeK the wlldernpSH 
 to ring aloud wlt.i the prw.lanuillon of her 
 wroMifN, or the little bird whoso hnuHehold 
 has iM^en slolnn fills and saddouN all the Krovo 
 with melodies of the deepest patbos. All this 
 iH palpable to the t;cneral and nnlearnod eye, 
 r.nd when the physlolOKist lays open the re- 
 cessi's of their system by means ofthatsoal- 
 pol under whose operation theyjust shrlnk.nnd 
 are convulsed as any living onjeet of our own 
 speeles, there stands forth to view the same 
 nenllent apparatus, furnished with I Im same 
 conductors for the transmission ol leellng to 
 every minutest pore upon the surfacif. There 
 is unmixed and unmltlt;ated pain; tbeaKonles 
 of martyrdom, without the aileviatlon of 
 the hopes and sentiments whereof Ihey 
 art> Incapable. The attention does not 
 llRhten their distres.sas ltd(H>sthat of man. 
 by carrying oft his spirit from that exlNtint; 
 pungency and pressnre which mli;ht else be 
 overwhelmlnji,-. There is but room In their 
 mysterious ecMinomy f(»r ono inmate, aix' that 
 Is the absorbing sense of their own slngb? and 
 concehfrat*'d auKUlsh,and so on tliiitbedof 
 torment, wlusreon the wounded animal lin- 
 gers and expires, there Is an unexpbiredileplh 
 and Intensity of suffering wlileli the poor 
 dumb animal Itself cannot tell and against 
 which It can ofl'er no remonstrance, and an 
 untold, an unknown amount of wretchedness, 
 of which no articulate voice ia;lves utterance. 
 But there Is an eloquence In Its silence, and 
 the very shroud which disguises It only serves 
 to aggravate Us horrors. '• 
 
 What noble seutiment.-* are hero incnl- 
 ciited V)y this great and good man! Who 
 among us docs not feel moved Ijy the deep 
 pathos of his portrayal of the suffering ani- 
 mal? Gentlemen, at tho outset of your | 
 careers, it is well that yon should keep the ; 
 facts ever before you, that you t. i assuming j 
 Tcry important and, in a moral sense, re- \ 
 sponsible positions when you become minis- 
 ters to the 8ii:k and suflering animals who 
 hav<! not powers of communicative intelli- 
 gence ; and it is nnquestionably your dut]^ 
 to study well the degree of intelligence 
 and capability of oompreliensioB possessed by 
 those dumb and patient animals which are j 
 the objects of your care. If the subject is 
 new to you — if you have not yet had your 
 thoughts directed to the observation of 
 
 EVIPENCES OP RKA80NINU POWERS 
 
 in animals, pray lose no time in beginning. 
 Every day will open up new evidences of 
 intelligence and consciousness under cir- 
 oumsbinces which preclude the idea of their 
 
 being dut) to instinct alone, from the fact 
 that the circumHtances calling forth these 
 evidences are entirely new to the animal. 
 1 will give you a single illustration from dif- 
 ferent species. Take for Inst^mce tho case 
 of the martin, which was related to me re- 
 cently by a particular friend. Mr. Hugh I'aton, 
 and which occurred at his cotintry house, ten 
 miles from Montreal, a year ago. Tho wooil- 
 work to which a martin had attached h(^r nest 
 having to be removed, left the bird homeless 
 at II time when she was just about to lay lipr 
 eggs, causing great disappointment to the 
 pair of birds, which was plainly expressed 
 by the commotion they made. A little 
 grey-bird which had for several years built 
 her nest in an adjoining hedge was sitting 
 on four little eggs. The martin finding her 
 own nest gone and having to deposit her 
 eggs somewhere, bethought herself of her 
 little neighbor and urobablv asked her con- 
 sent to allow her lo deposit h(^r egg in her 
 nest. Whetlier the consent was given or 
 not, tho martin was seen to take possesbion. 
 Sht< ejected one of the smaller bird's eggs 
 to make room for her own large one. Then 
 she left her neighbor in peace. We can 
 hardly suppose that the little bird was un- 
 conscious of tho change. Yet she did nt>t 
 retaliate ; she continued her sitting till she 
 hatched her own as well as the martin's 
 young one, and we can underst<ind how her 
 troubles increased. If the egg was too 
 large for the nest, how must tho young bird 
 have filled it ? Yet, strange to say, by one 
 means and another she not only managed to 
 house the foster child, but to feed it too. 
 Now, we know that the food on which she 
 feeds herself and her young ones is very 
 different from that on whicli tlu; martin 
 feeds, and no doubt like a good mother she 
 would feed her family proportionate to their 
 requirements. But would not the big fellow 
 starve on what would feed the little ones ? 
 Yet wo find that she not only gave him the 
 right kind of food, but in sufficient quantity ; 
 for we are told that he developed into a full- 
 fledged martin, and no doubt is to-day form- 
 ing an important member of a community 
 of martins. 
 
 WAS IT INSTINCT 
 
 that caused that martin to betake herself to 
 the friendly nest of her housekeeping neigh- 
 bor ? I think not. It was clearly a train of 
 thought in consciousness. The egg had to 
 be laid. Her own nest was gone ; she had 
 no time to build another. She may have 
 tried her own tribe, but they would allow 
 
8 
 
 orm- 
 iiiity 
 
 of no intruRion. She arKUod'therofore : I| 
 will try Mrs. Gi«yl>ird ; if sho refiiHCH mo I | 
 iiiu Htroiigcr than hIio and I tan take forcible j 
 |)OHiieHHiun, and acted nocordingly. Wo can 
 well iiniiKino how the poor little greybird | 
 would pn/.zlo her luuul to a<( onnt for the ; 
 • tiormouH size of her young one, and wonder | 
 more at IiIk apparently enorniouH appetite, i 
 and then attain she rauxt have tried variouH i 
 kiiuU of food before alio hit upon the right I 
 one. 
 
 THK CAT. 
 
 WnR it iiistinct that prompted the cat to 
 call in the aRHiRtnnce of her older kitten in 
 file I aHc related to mo by ProfesHor OHler ? 
 The cat belonged to a member of his family, 
 and he w«h '.vitncMB to the extraordinary evi- 
 dence of reaHoning. She had three little 
 kitteuH about a week old, when Hht^ diuap- 
 peared, and was gone for two daye — evident- 
 ly had been nhut up somewhere. When 8he 
 nturned thu mammary glandK and nipples 
 were nwolltn hard, and the little kittens 
 tried in vain to extract their nouriMliment 
 from them. In the houne was a half-grown 
 kitUMi of a (V)nner littt^r, and the mother was 
 seen to coax and i)erKUade it to suckle, which 
 it did to the mother's intiuite relief, and the 
 Kwellintt and hardness thus removed, she re- 
 turned to the starving little family once 
 more, and again dismissed the older kitten. 
 Was it instinct, I ask, that led to the train 
 of thought which determined the cat 
 on the action ? Was it not the re- 
 flection — the thinking back and the 
 sefiueme of the argument — that led her 
 to do that whi. Ii was not instinctive, wbiih 
 was not the effect of generations of instinc- 
 tive action, but which was simply a very 
 wise suggestion arising from intelligent 
 ( onsideraiion. 
 
 TUK l)0(J. 
 
 Evidences of reasoning powers in dogs are 
 so constantly occurring in our own experi- 
 i^nce, and so frequently related by others 
 that I need scarcely wait to illustrate them 
 in dogs. You need not go further than the 
 <'ollege hospital, where the little terrier dog 
 " Major" frequently gives evidence of rea- 
 soning powers whicli cannot he doubted. v\s 
 some ot you are aware, whenever a horse 
 happen.s to get loose in the night this dog 
 will not only drive him back and keep him 
 in his stall, but will keep up an 
 incessant barking under the grooms' 
 rooms until he is obliged to get 
 nj) and secure the horse. And this 
 onco done ho retires quietly, satisfied that 
 
 all is right I On one occaHion, (ividently 
 without his knowledge, owing to the stable 
 being fnll,a horse had been tied and bedilod 
 down in the passage way of the stable, 
 shortly after it was closed up. This 
 irregularity was discovered by " Major," and 
 he at once summoned the groom, who had 
 to show the doj{ thdt the horse was tied 
 and tell him that it was all right ; and be- 
 ing thus satisfied he retired to rest and made 
 no further alarm that night. What instinct 
 could produce such trains of thought 
 as are hero illustrated ? Does this 
 dog not know by his intelligent fa- 
 culties, in other words is he not ctmscious 
 that a horse occupying a stall should be tied; 
 that he should at least not be free to roam 
 around the stable? We find that betakes 
 no notice of a horse untied when in a loose 
 box; he is evidently conscious of the differ- 
 ence between a stall and a loost; box. He 
 has learned from ir>bservation, a chain of 
 reasoning in fact, that the groom is the 
 l)erson whose duty it is to tie up Ihc loose 
 horse. Hence he calls him, and 
 seeing the halter reailjusted and 
 securely tied, he argues that every- 
 thing is all right and he can go to sleep. 
 
 TUK cow. 
 
 In the domestic condition the bovine 
 species are not permitted that degree of free- 
 dom which usually calls forth the evidences 
 of reasoning powers which in the wild or 
 semi-wild condition they constantly (jxliibit. 
 Take, tor insUiUce. a cow with a young calf 
 on the trail fwm Montana to Alberta whicli 
 was discovered one morning, as the herd 
 was being started, with a broken leg. The 
 mother, with that strong maternal attach- 
 ment which these cattle usually possess, 
 could not be induced to leave it. Yet, wild 
 and undomesticated as she was. she remain- 
 ed behind the herd, a restlesH and anxious 
 sinectntor of our manipulations in the act of 
 applying splints and 1,'indages lemp()rized 
 on the prairie, to the fiacturcMl uictjicarpal 
 bones of her calf. After being lKiii(la;;c<l it 
 was allowed to sui kic, and be caressed by the 
 mother, who ofVered less rt:sistan( o 
 when it was again caught and lilted 
 into the calf-waggon, in which were others 
 tcH) young to travel with thi-ir mothers. 
 After seeing ii thus satisfactorily cared for, 
 she willingly allowed herself to be driven 
 forwar<l to the herd and compcjrti'd herself 
 as if freed froiii all aiixiety for her young 
 one, till the noon halt was made, when she 
 at once came bellowing back to the waggon, 
 
attracted in a nicnRure, no doubt, by the bel- 
 lowintr of tlie calf; iind there kIiu niiinifcHted 
 the greiitoBt sollcitiide for the little crippli'. 
 WhcMi the time <Mini<* for another tttart nhe 
 ni.iduno olijection tu it8 being (might and 
 lifted into the waggon,and again weiit<|nietly 
 on with the herd. And thux she 
 romportcd herHtlf to the end of the 
 journey, never uttianptiiig to allure the 
 calf away, as otherH whoHc ciiI/oh were not 
 cripplefi would ilo; hut patiently and will- 
 ingly allowed it to be placed in the waggon. 
 The little follow hiniself, after a few dayH, 
 Beemed to understand and appreciate the 
 Berviee, ami wht!n the time came that he 
 could diMpense with the waggon-ride whe 
 continued to care for him in a manner 
 plaiidy tdiowing that hIic understood hix in- 
 capacity for fatigue. Was it instinct thai 
 taught that cow that she could leave her 
 diuablcd calf without anxiety after being de- 
 posited in the waggon, and taught her to re- 
 frain from the savage attack which 
 thcHe wild cattle aro ajit to make in 
 defence of their young ? Did she not reason 
 and derluce conclusions '! Did she not 
 argue ? Was hhe not conscious that her 
 calf was disabled and could not follow her ? 
 Was not her alarm decreased and gradually 
 removed when by obHervati»)n she hiarned 
 to understand that it was assisted by our 
 efforts, and was not hift behind but being 
 carried forward in the waggon '! And did 
 she not feel satisfied by these leflections that 
 when feeding time came she would only 
 hav(? to look for that particular waggon 
 (there being three similar ones on thedrive) 
 and there she would find her cherished little 
 one? 1 am convinced, too, from •bservatioTi, 
 thiit in them memory is an important factor 
 in tlieir psychological dcvelopmcTit. TJiis 
 is plainly seen in tlie difleience ot the de- 
 portment of a young cow when her lirst 
 calf is caught to be branded, as compared 
 with the cow advanced in years who has 
 witnessed the operation repeatidly. She 
 has learned by experience that resistance is 
 vain, and that her calf will be restored to 
 her. 
 
 TUK UOHSB. 
 
 Who amongst you cannot call to mind 
 evidences of reasoning powers in horses. 
 Perhaps no faculty is mor-! fully developed 
 in them than memory. Every day of our 
 lives we have their powers of memory — re- 
 membering things — brought before our not- 
 ice. Drive a horse once to a place by a 
 special road, and he will remember both the 
 road and the place for a very long time 
 
 afterwards Over and over again I havo 
 observeil the mare which 1 iiave been driv- 
 ing for a number of years, show the utmost 
 intelligence In following the round of vixits. 
 I have often been struck with what could 
 be nothing else Imt reasoning, when for 
 some cause or other I would drive up to the 
 ofHce door before Ijer usual time of being 
 unharneHsed and fed ; she would manifest 
 no desire to go to her stable, but when the 
 feeding hour had arrive<l she had only to bo 
 headed towards it to rush impetuously, thus 
 showing the utmost impatience to get into 
 the stable. Does not the mare keep 
 count of the tinje in some way — else how 
 would she know the exact time fur feeding? 
 It is not due to hunger, for I rememlier well 
 when tlriving on the prairie, in !HH4, a friend 
 and myself going north from Montana into 
 Alberta, picketed our horses every night 
 close to our tent, and evry morning at 
 4 o'clock these horses would come to the tent 
 door, as near as the ijicket would allow 
 them, and would neigh rejjeatedly till we 
 got up to feed and water them. 'It was not 
 himger, for they were invariably on the 
 finest of grass and were full to repletion. If 
 you teach a horse a good habit he will never 
 forget it. On the other hand, teach him a 
 Iwid one and it is the same? Do a 
 horse a service and he is ever 
 grateful; do him a wanton, cruel injury, 
 and be not surpiised if he nev<!r forgets and 
 is never satisfiid till he is fully revenged. 
 That service nuiy not be unattended by jniin 
 if followed by relief, as in tlie instjince 
 of a horse on which I once performed the 
 operation of lithotomy. Before the operation 
 his suffering was intense, his tiMuper irrit- 
 able ; in fact he was vicious and dangerous 
 to approach. After the f)peration, which 
 was su"ces8ful, the relief was immediate, 
 and the gratitude of that horse was almost 
 human in its demonstration lie became 
 docile as a dog and never offered the least 
 resistiince t« us when subsequently dressing 
 him. 
 
 CONSCmi'SNKKM OK TIIKIII OWN IIKI,Pr.E.4S.NKSS 
 
 under certain circumstanci's is clearly nnini- 
 fested. For insUince, only within a few 
 weeks a carriage horse on being driven to 
 the races shied and dropi)ed into an excava- 
 tion about two feet wide and six feet dec^p, 
 in which he was wedged by a protruding 
 rock, sitting on his haunchep like a dog with 
 his head and fore feet up on the road. 
 Numerous carriages and tramways passing 
 and repassing, which almost touched his 
 head and feet, yet his patience, and his 
 
 con 
 
 ma 
 
 stri 
 
 shi 
 
 oft 
 
 puri 
 
 whi 
 
consciuu'jneRB of hi8 own helpleniineRS, wure 
 niHiiifeHt to every onlooker, ami in 
 HtrikinK contraHt to thu HenHcleHS 
 Hhouting Hn<! imprat'tiral HiiggcHtionH 
 of the crowd iLut Hurr()und(!(i liini. For the 
 purpone of freeing his leg from the rock 
 which wedged him iu ho whh pulled back 
 und turu<ul on hia bark on two inclined 
 plankf, a poHition moHt iinnatiinil und un- 
 comfortable. Yet that horHu conducted hiui- 
 Helf with a jMitience and ii conHciouRneHR 
 which could not be called inHtinct. It wur 
 reaHon; and uh I ntood there waiting the ar- 
 rival of a derrick, by meann of which he was 
 hdirtted up, I could not help remarking that 
 the |M)or dumb brute down in th«! hole, hclp- 
 IcRH and mute, exhibited fur more intelli- 
 gence than the unieasonable and unreaHou- 
 ing specinieuH of humanity which for the 
 moHt j)art ^iurrounded him ! Was not that 
 horne conbciouH of hin helplesHucRH ? Did 
 he not rettHon within himself : It in useleHs 
 for me to attempt it ; I cannot get out of 
 this ; I niUHt wait ]>aticntly till I am aHsifited 
 out? And he did. Take the chang- 
 ing of a ho^RC from one stable to 
 another; for instance, my own horHes had for 
 vearH been accustomed to go to my staide in 
 rear of my house ; in fact, they knew no 
 other and recognized it as their home. 
 They would, if headed in that direction, or 
 turned loose, go directly there ; but, I re- 
 moved to another house on another street 
 and within a few days they had learned that 
 tliiR new place was tiieir home, and they no 
 longer desired or tried to go to the former 
 jilttce. Was that instinct or reason? D' 
 they not argue within themselves that t'. 
 former stable was nn lontrer their home, but 
 that all their friends had moved to the new 
 place and that was their home too? 
 
 AKVA.NTAOKH TO STi;0KNT8. 
 
 Qentlemon, I might multiply instances ot 
 reason in horses, but time forbids. I niust 
 now proceed to the second part of the sub- 
 ject — th(! advantages to you as students 
 and practitioners of veterinary medicine to 
 be derived from a study of the psychology 
 of those aninuds on which you practiic 
 We will take, for instance, your (anine 
 patients, which are usually domestic petR, 
 fondled and talked to, nay, treated like 
 children, thereby prcMhicing iu them a very 
 pro!iounced psy( hological development, 
 'i'imiil and sensitive to a degree, a cross 
 look, a loudly-spoken word, a rough or un- 
 warned approach, will throw the little sensi- 
 tive creature into a state of nervous excite- 
 
 ment painful to behold. On the 6ther hand, 
 approach him quietly or confidently, with a 
 mild tone, ircnfly carcRs him, with patience 
 you will overcome hiii timidity. Sit <lown 
 quietly beside the owner; engage in a con- 
 versation in an ordinary tone, and in few 
 minutes you will be able to read thu true 
 manifestAtioii of nymptoms fn-e from 
 the changes which excitement will pro- 
 duce. Few perHouB or animals show m >re 
 consciousnesH under surgical treatment. 
 Vou must all havi noticed flow (piietly a dog 
 with a broken leg will submit to have it put 
 up in splints. Duiiiig the past summer a 
 Newfoimdiand <log wa.s sent here to have a 
 fractured tibia bandaged. He was brought 
 by a cabman, who was in the habit Of 
 driving the owner for many years. He in- 
 formed me that the dog was an uncontrol- 
 abiy vK ions one ; that even the ownc^ at 
 times coidd not fondle bim ; yet to his 
 surprise, this dog, feeling his helpless 
 condition, was conscious that we were 
 trying to relieve Idni, and never during the 
 putting up of the leg, nor after it was done 
 did he exhibit anything but gratitude by 
 those bright, dark intelligent eyes of his. 
 Never cause imnecessary pain to a dog. lie 
 will bear necessary pain ; will submit him- 
 self willingly to a surgical operation, but It 
 ii- seldom that he will forget or forgive an 
 injury wantonly and unnecessarily in- 
 flicted. As the humane |>hysician must ap- 
 proach his child jjatieni gently and kindly, 
 so should you your intelligent sensitive 
 canine patients. As the parent would and 
 should resent any rutle or liarsh treatment 
 of the child by the medical attendant, so 
 should the owner of the dunb patient 
 interfere on his behalf with any member of 
 the profession who would not treat them 
 kindly. Again, in them the sense of taste 
 is acute, and they enjoy swctets und i)alatable 
 morsels as we do ; therefore you should 
 always bear this in mind when prescribing 
 for them, never to nauseate them by mmseous 
 prescriptions. Make it a rule for pet dogs 
 to taste the mixture arid think wliether or 
 not you yotirsidf lould swallow it without 
 nausea The dog is very subject to voniitinjr, 
 and an uiipiilatable compound m.iy <lo him 
 harm instead of good ; if vomited certainly 
 its therapeutic action ib lost. Members of 
 our profession are too apt to forget the 
 necessity for prescribing mixtures which are 
 swallowed voluntarily. 
 
 IN nKALINCi WITH HOItRES 
 
 never forget that you arc dealing with intel- 
 
ligent anitualM — HiiimalH with feelingH akin 
 t<> uur own, ut( tnr an tliuir conHcioiiHUOHR hai) 
 been cittv<>ini>LMi. Of courHo unimalH, like 
 uiun, tiiflur In ttu! <lcgreo uf tluvoiopment of 
 tlu) HttribiitoH of rationality. Tlic tli<<roiigh- 
 brud liorHu, and tbc trotter, the liuiy'ri Hnddlu 
 liorHe, and the funiiiy pet, nr» ull more in- 
 telligent, owImk' to being bettur educated, 
 than the coarmNbred drudge ; yet all have 
 have rcuHun — all think. DoubtleHH they 
 connect ideaH and draw inferenccB, 
 form attachments, exhibit groat uifcc' 
 tion, and have their likes and diHlikex, 
 according an they are well or ill-treated. 
 You muHt, if you would be a Huccessful prac- 
 titioner gain the confidence of your patient, 
 just as the children'H physician must by 
 kindnoHs gain theirs. You can Hee this il. 
 luH^atcd daily. A person who is not a horse- 
 man goes up to a horse in such a way a-i to 
 frighten him, because he has not learned the 
 meaning which horsts attach to certain 
 motions. Let a hoi seman go up t<> the sanio 
 horse witli a contident manner, using u 
 lively, oncoiiniging expression, putting his 
 hand confidently on his neck, and 
 the horse at once recognijies in this stranger 
 wh<)ni he has never seen before 
 a person in whom he can place confidence. 
 A man who is imaccustomed to horses goes 
 up to a strange horse in a stall, usually with 
 his mouth shut lioldiii;; his breath — and his 
 hands extended — witli the result probably 
 of being kicked in pure self-defence by the 
 startled animal Never approach an animal 
 without first warning him by a friendly 
 whoa ; satisfy him that you mean no harm ; 
 show confidence in him — and he will Judge 
 you correctly, and will trust you. Show 
 fear and want of confidence and ho is quick 
 to read your thoughts This you will see 
 daily in the administration of medicine 
 and performance of operations on Imrses. 
 The expert, confident practitioner will have 
 no trouble in administering medicines, 
 whereas the timid non-confident man will 
 meet with all sorts of difficulty by the want 
 of confidence felt by the intelligent horse 
 who is quick to ruud and know his inexpe- 
 rience. 
 
 HOUSES ARK CnKATIHKS OF OIIIOUMSTANCKS. 
 
 Look at that little colt, the pet and dar- 
 ling of the whole family, fondled and potted 
 by them all — the object of ceaseless care and 
 attention, in whose future the head of the 
 htmse counts for achievements which will 
 give him pleasure and profit. He has a 
 comfortable, happy home, til' on trial he is 
 
 found too slow, and so he is said for a 
 small price. Fie passes into a cruel heart- 
 less trainer's hands, who is bound to "tttkc 
 out w^iat's in him.' No more fondling now; 
 nothing but hard work, the free use of the 
 whip and spur. Sore in body, dejec'ted In 
 spirit, lame<l from over-work, he is again 
 sold. He passes into the hands of one after 
 another, till he is doomed tc < nd his miser- 
 able life as a drudge in a night cab or |ied- 
 lar's waggon. Do you not think that that poor 
 animal, in whom memory is so prominent 
 a faculty, thinks ofteit of former Iiappy days 
 in (.'olthood's pleasant hours when he knew 
 nothing but joy and gladness I think he 
 does, and often heaves a sigh when he 
 thinks of his now miserable fate. Uontle- 
 men, let me urge you to treat all your pa- 
 tients kindly. Never wantonly intlict even 
 the least pain, either by medicinal agonts 
 or surgical o))eration. Many of our profes- 
 sion, nnthinkin<;ly no doubt, cause hours 
 or days of unntt(!ruble, at b'ast unuttered, an- 
 guish by blisters. Some ))ractitioner8 order 
 a blister to the throat, sides or legp with as 
 little hesitation us they would ( <»I<1 woter. 
 Ucntlemen, let each of you who have not 
 experienced the pain, the hours or days of 
 suttering caused by a blister, apply one to 
 your own body to-night, and yoti will have a 
 fuller conception of the sufl'eriiig they cause, 
 and you will ever aft (M- hesitate before applying 
 them empirically and unnecessarily, as is 
 so often done. St), too, with other remedies, 
 such as firing and blistering, and many opera- 
 tions, necessary and unnecessary. The ap- 
 plication of a hot iron, the tutting with a 
 sharp knife, all jause pain. The very inflic- 
 tion of these tortures is often acc(mi|)anied 
 by violence which terrifies the poor animal. 
 Imagine a timid young person, roughly 
 caught, bound and burned with a hot iron. 
 Which do you think would uflect him most, 
 the mental stra-n or the bodily painV 
 Such a shock to a nervous sys- 
 tem might dethrone reason and leave 
 the person a wreck for life. 
 Now the same occurg in a minor degree in 
 your patients. Very often the shock to the 
 nervous system is more severe to a horse 
 than even the cruel operation. In nil your 
 operations on horses never forget their high- 
 ly developed nervous system and their sense 
 of feeling. Do unto them as you would wish 
 to be done to, or ns you would act to a 
 hunian friend. Never speak harshly 
 to an intelligent horse, or other 
 animal, much less apply the cruel 
 lash which bruises the skin, causing 
 
jmin whli^h contiuuoH for hoiirH. If the Iiiw ' 
 roiild bit ■«) nltei'flil iiH to i iml)lu lash foi' liinli ] 
 to 1)0 iiittiott'd on tliu iiiliiiiiiiiii wrotch wlio 
 tli>XH n poor intolliKont, Httnriitivu hoi'Hu, tho j 
 |irii('tici) would Hddii fciwi). Ni'vcr ohuho \ 
 piiin or ilitooinforl, by thi> tiso of iinnucuH- 
 Kiiry reHtrHiritM, hiuIi »h the bouriiig reins, 
 liarticulurly 
 
 WHAT IS CALMiD THK OVRIlDrtAWN CIIKOK, 
 
 vvhit'li ii< n (liHgriicti to iikkIciq c ivili/.iition, 
 iiid u«)itlicr ornamenttti nor UHefiil iu mor« ; 
 than one vhhg in ii thousand. Uitntlcniun, 
 in conclusion, lut mo bog of you uh future 
 practitioniirrt of vi'torinary Bcioncd to 
 think deeply of the intelligence}, the 
 seuKe and tho roasonini; faonlticK 
 which exist in all lower aninialH, and in 
 them aH in men in varying dot,'i'o«*H- Never i 
 lioconie 8o careless or callf)us as to deal with 
 tiiem as if they liud no ft'elinj^s, no lik<s and 
 dislikes, which you can, at least, avoid out- 
 raging without detriment to youi operiitiun. 
 Nay, on tho contrary, learn from the first to 
 ^'uin the conftdenct? of your patients, as well 
 as your clients. Tlio hitter will come as a 
 so(|uel of tho former. Never do or allow to 
 h(! done, if in your power to prevent, a cruel 
 thing to a dumb animal, which you would 
 resent wore it inflicted on yourself or your 
 loved OU08. I may have digressed from i 
 
 psychology and murgo<I into the prevention 
 'f criielty, but gentlemen who can l>o cruel 
 to a rational being possessed of attributeR of 
 mind and body aimilar U^, though less high- 
 ly developed, to our own, yet who has not 
 the language to expresH it? 
 
 "Will none Ijefrlnnd that poor duml> brute 7 
 
 Will no man rescue htm? 
 
 With weaker oftorl,uaHt>lni{ mute, 
 
 He strains In every iTmli. 
 
 Hniire hlni, O spare, he feels, lie feeU 
 
 ItlK t^iara roll from nts eyes ; 
 
 Another crushing blow ; he reels, 
 
 StaxKors, and Talfs, and dies. 
 
 Poor Jiwled horse, the blood runs cold. 
 
 Thy tculltlcMs wrongs to we ; 
 
 To heaven, O starved one, lame and old, 
 
 Thy dumb eye pleads for thee. 
 
 Thou, loo, () dog. whose faithful 7.eal 
 
 Fawns on some rnfllan srlin, 
 
 Ho stripes thy sidn with many a weal, 
 
 And yet thou lovesi hlni. 
 
 Hliame, that ofall the loving chain 
 
 That links crealUm's plan, 
 
 Tliere is but one delights In pain, 
 
 Tlii« savage nionureh— man. 
 
 o cruelty 1 wlio could rolioarse 
 
 Thy inllllon dismal deedi*, 
 
 Or track the workings of the curse 
 
 Hy which all nature bleeds ? 
 
 Tliou meaiiusi erinio ! thou coward Hln ! 
 
 Thou base, lllnt-heartt'd vice I 
 
 .Heorploii! tr> stlni{ thy heart within 
 
 Thyself Khalt all snlllce. 
 
 The merciless Is doubly curst, 
 
 As nierey Is twice l)lest ! 
 
 Vengeance, though slow, shall come— but first 
 
 The vengeance ot the breast." 
 
 — Moncton Milnca.