.,f* back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated Impression. Les exemplaires originaux doni la couverture en papier est imprimis sont film6s en commen9ant par le premier plat et en termlnant soit par la dernlire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon ie cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiimis en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — >»■ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^signifie "A SUIVRE", le ■ymbole V signlfle "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmAs A des taux de reduction diffArent.s. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, II est fllmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I THJ5 / [ NewMM. in- JAHES P. HOWLEY, F.Q.s. I isys. -^ " KVEXfNC TELEGRAM T, St. JOHN'.S, NF. >«J^«^I^^S^3^^«^f?^Q»a^,^^ „^^^^ 'u^f f . Page 3.— 2 IS — 17 — 17 — 24 — 24— I 43-- 32— I! 45— : *' EVENI] ' '■T /.if /^ THE f ERRATA. •^■'i.e;*' 3--- 2nd line from bottom, read //'sf for " least." 15.— 3rd line from bottom, read vu^^A for " vaiigh." 17.— 7th line from top, read con/am for " containi " 17.— ist line of foot note, read ^e for " he." 24- — 5th line from top, j 24.— 13th line from top, i read vup-/is for " viies ' 43.— 8th line from bottom, ) ' 32.— i2th line from bottom, read across for " cross " 45-— 7th line from bottom, read 100,000 for " 10,000." 1892. - — $-o-« — -^ EVENING TELEGRAM" PRINT, ST. JOHN'S, N.F. MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEWFOUNDLAND. ^ BY JAMBS P. HOW/IvKY, K.G.S., DIRECTOR OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. St. John's, N.F., May, 1892. As a mineral producing country, Newfoundland has only sprung into notoriety within the past quarter of a century. Previous to that date, in fact, from its very earliest history, there appears to have been a vague suspicion of its containing rich mineral treasures, for we find that Sir Humprey Gilbert, who took pos- session of the island in the name of Queen Elizabeth, in 1583, had with him a mining expert, a native of Saxony, whom Sir Humphrey despatched upon a mining exploration along the coast. He is said to have gathered many specimens of ore, supposed to be rich in copper, iron, lead, silver, &c. To quote from the narrative of the voyage : "One Daniel, a native of Saxony, a very expert miner and assayer, brought to the General a piece of ore, of which he said that he would stake his life that it contained a considerable quantity of silver." Sir Humphrey was greatly elated at the prospect of rich mineral wealth in his newly-acquired posses- sion; but fearing least the numerous Basque and Portuguese fishermen present should get wind of the find, he ordered all the specimens to be concealed on board ship till they were again at sea, when he would cause assays to be made. ** So confident was he of the value of this ore, that he boasted to his friends that on the credit of the mine, he did not doubt of obtaining from Queen Elizabeth the loan of ten thousand pounds to defray the expense of another similar enterprise."* But the mines of the waters laving the shores of Newfoundland, which were pronounced by Sir Francis Bacon, in 1610, to contain "richer treasure than all the mines of Mexico and Peru," and whose inexhaustible stores of wealth continues to this day as productive as ever, soon completely eclipsed all other enterprises, and obliterated even the very recollection of the island's more problematical mineral resources. A few desultory attempts at mining were, however, made from time to time, where indications of various minerals presented themselves in the sea cliffs. The most noted of these was ?t a place called Shoal Bay, twelve miles south of St. John's, where a copper mine "was opened up more than a century since, or about 1778. What the result was, cannot now be ascer- tained, but I believe operations ceased owing to the scarcity of the ore. It was, however, re-opened by Captain Sir James Pearl, R.N., in 1839, and worked for a short time. No records of the shipments, if any, are extant. Quite recently I have seen very good specimens of grey copper ore from this same locality. Other attempts at mining of much more recent date were made at various points on the Peninsula of *The poor mining expert, with most of the crew, and all his precious ores, was afterwards lost in the Delight, one of Sir Humphrey's ships, on Sable Island. 1 5 Avalon upon small veins, both of copper and galena, but in most cases they were attended with but poor success. The ores, especially those of copper, were usually of a very rich quality, being chiefly variegated, such as erubescite, bornite, covelline, &c., and gene- rally contained in quartz veins, but sometimes in broken killas rock, filling small cracks or fissures. The galena, also, frequently occurred in quartz, but more usually in calcareous spar ; the La Manche lead mine, Placcntia Bay, being a good example. In 1864, the present Geological Survey of the Island was established, coincident with the opening up of the Union Copper Mine, Tilt Cove. The labors of the one, and success of the other, soon created a lively interest in mining enterprises, which at one time reached to fever heat, and then again gradually subsided. At the present time, mining has settled down to a sober, steady industry, slowly but surely advancing in importance with the growth of the coun- try, and increase of our knowledge of its resources, It is not at all chimerical to look forward to a time when mining and th manufacture of metals, &c., will rank second to no other industrial pursuit in this island. As a pre]imin?.-y to entering more into detail of the various mineral substances now known to exist in the Island, I presume a short general description of its principal geological features will not be out of place. The appellation of '* Terra Nova," oi New Land, given to this Island by the early navigators is one of the most ridiculous misnomers conceivable — at least, in a geological sense. It is in reality a very old land, and had an existence, in large part as dry land, when but one small rock in the North-cast corner of Great Britain represented that island. The 42,200 square miles comprising the total area of Newfoundland, are made up chiefly of the oldest known geological for- mations, beginning with the Laurentian and ending with the Carboniferous. Not one of the higher or more recent Mesozoic systems, known to geologists, have any existence here, always excepting the super- ficial drift, chiefly made up of glacial debris, river- silt and ordinary clays, derived from disintegration of the rock surfaces. Much vegetable matter, in the form of peat, is found to occupy a large portion of the surface, especially over the less wooded areas of the interior. The great Laurentian system, so largely devel- oped in Canada and on the Labrador, occupies a very extensive portion of Newfoundland. The south- ern coast line of the island, from Bay d'Espoir to Cape Ray, presents one bold front, 1 50 miles in extent, consisting of granites, syenites, mica, schists, &c., all referable to this period. *rhey extend inland for many miles, and then branching out from the base into several great tongues, stretch across the island, forming the chief elevated ridges of the interior. One of those tongues or belts, commencing at the head of Fortune Bay, strikes in a northeasterly direction and comes out to the shore again on the north side of Bonavista Bay, forming most of the coast line between the latter anc| Gander Bay, in the great bay of Notre Dame. It also constitutes nearly all the numerous outlying islands, rocks and reefs, lying off this portion of the coast. The Funk Islands, a group of small granitic rocks, forty miles from the land, form the 'extreme north-east outlyer of this tongue. A second great ridge of granitoid and gneissoid rocks trending in the same direction strikes away from the base on the westward of Bay d'Espoir, and forms the height of land between the two great valleys of the Gander and Exploits Rivers, narrowing towards the north-east and terminating in a point near the shores of Dildo Reach, Notre Dame Bay. The third and most extensive belt of Laurentian trends away north- easterly from Cape Ray, and passes between the Exploits and Humber Valleys, being split up in the latter valley, where it is overlaid by the central Car- boniferous trough of the island. One branch of this latter ridge runs out towards the extremity of the peninsula separating Notre Dame from White Bay, while the other continues northward through the Northern Peninsula, or " Petit Nord" of the French, nearly to the extreme north point of the island. This ridge is termed the Long Range Mountains, and is in reality the backbone of the entire structure of the is- land. One small isolated patch of the same system forms the nucleus of the Peninsula of Avalon. Sur- rounding this nucleus on the extreme eastern sea- board, and the shores of Conception and St. Mary's Bays, we have a set of ancient sedimentary strata consisting of: (a) Diorites and quartzites, with jaspery bands. (d) Slate conglomerate. (c) Greenish, purplish, pinkish or red slates, often approaching in hardness jasper or chert. These have sometimes been called feldsite slates, or horn- stone. (ci) Dark brown or bluish black slates, with thin layers of hard fine grained sandstones toward the top. This has been named the St. John's slate, or 8 1 Aspidrlla slate, from the occurrence in it of an ob- scure fossil organism peculiar to these rocks' in Newfoundland. It has been named. Aspidclla Tcrra- novica. There is also another obscure form Arcnico- litcSy which appears to be almost identical with ArcnicoHtcs Spiralis, a fossil occurring in Sweden in a formation lower than M. Barrande's Primordial, i^c) Greenish and greyish, very hard quartzose sandstones or whinrock, in massive beds. (y) Dark red fine grained sandstone, nearly as hard as preceding, passing into a fine conglomerate towards the top. (^) Heavy beds of coarse, reddish, conglomer- ate or pudding stone. This formation has been hitherto designated Huronian, from its striking lithological resemblance to a similar series of strata, in about the same horizon, known by that name in Canada. It forms the greater portion of the Peninsula of Avalon, also the two long projections between Trinity and Bonavista, and Placentia and Fortune Bays, while much of the coun-, try stretching inland from the heads of these great indentations is underlaid by tno same series. In Conception, Placentia, St. Mary's, Trinity and For- tune Bays extensive patches of a more recent and unconformable formation fringe the shores on either side, resting upon both the Laurentian nucleus and the various members of the preceding Huronian. The three islands in the first-named bay, also Random Is- land in Trinity Bay, and the Island of Langley, off the entrance to Fortune Bay, are occupied by this same formation. Some of its strata, more particularly the slaty and calcarious beds, are crowded with fossil organisms. Red sandstones, conglomerates and quart- zites predominate at the base. Red, purple and greenish slates, with limestone beds, form the central portion, and towards the top dark colored shales and grey sandstones are the prevailing rocks. The chief organisms are trilobites, near the base, and lingula zoo- phites and worm tracks, &c., towards the summit. It has been named Primordial Silurian and Lower Cam- brian ; but the latter name is that by which it is more generally recognized now. Sir William Dawson,. K.C.M.G., the great authority on Acadian Geology, considers this series tiic equivalent of his "Acadian Group," and also of the Longmynd, Mcnevian, and Lower Lingula flag groups of Britain. Large tracts of country on the eastern, northern and southern side of the island are occupied by a great variety of metamorphosed rocks, exhibiting a vast amount of disturbance. These rocks are twisted, distorted, upheaved and faulted, penetrated by numer- ous dykes and masses of nitrusive trappean, granitic and other disrupting elements, and have undergone so much change as entirely to lose their original char- acter. Ouartzites, diorites, feldsites, porphyries, &c., form a large portion of the mass, while chloritic, tal- cose and plumbaginous slates and shales are not in- frequent. Innumerable quartz, calcareous and other vein rocks, penetrate all alike, running in every con- ceivable direction, most of them holding some or other metallic substance. That some portion of these metamorphic rocks are referable to either or uoth the preceding Huronian and Lower Cambrian series,, there can be little doubt. Again, in the Bay of Notre Dame, the principal Cuperiferous district of the island, another great set of meUmorphosed forma*-ions occurs. These are characterised by large patches of steatitic,. 10 serpcntinous and dolomitic bands, while felspathic ashes, with a very considerable portion of chloritic slates, diorites, quartzites and red jaspery bands, besides a variety of other more or less altered strata, constitute the bulk of the series. Similar rocks occupy very extensive areas of the Northern Peninsula and the western side of the island, being especially well displayed over the country lying between Bonne Bay and the Bay of Islands, and the latter bay, Port- au-Port and St. George's Bay. Another very exten- sive tract in the interior, lying between the head waters of the Gander and Bay d'East River, exhibits all the characteristics belonging to the same horizon.* This series of metamorphic deposits has obtained the name of the metalliferous zone of North America, owing to its highly mineralized character throughout its entire range. Here in Newfoundland it has been proven well deserving that title. The great Silurian series of formations are all represented here in greater or less volume. The valleys of the Exploits and Gander Rivers are chiefly underlaid by Lower Silurian slates and sandstones, &c. Middle Silurian organisms are abundant on some of the islands of Notre Dame Bay, and still more so on the Port-au-Port Peninsula, on the western side of the island. Lower, Middle and Upper Silurian strata frequently crop out along the Northern Peninsula, and on the shores of White Bay. In this latter bay, alst), occurs the first appearance, so far as yet known, of the succeeding Devonian or Old Red Sandstone series. The two small projec- tions or peninsulas of Cape Fox and Cape Rouge, and a portion of Groais Island, near the north-east *The Quebec group of Sir 'William Logan. II extremity of the l^'ind, are the only other points at which this latter formation exhibits itself in New- foundland. The Carboniferous series occupies two extensive areas of country, one bordering on the West Coast surrounding the Bay of St. George, the other in the valley of the Humber River. As this series is more particularly referred to under the head of Coal, it is needless to enter into any details here. 12 METALS AND THEIR ORES. Prccioii$i ITIctals— Gold. Rumors of the existence of gold in several parts of the island had been long circulated, but up till about ten years since, no bona fide find of this noble metal, that could be thoroughly relied upon, came to our knowledge. Previous to that date, traces of gold were detected by analyses in specimens of quartz from Humber Arm, Bay of Islands, and also in an arsenical iron ore from Bonavista Bay. In 1880, some genuine specimens of free gold were discovered in quartz veins in the vicinity of Brigus, Conception Bay. Upon an investigation by the Geological Sur- vey into the geological and mineralogical character- istics of the district, it was found that the quartz usually occurred in small irregular patches, or veins of segregation, cutting bands of hard fclsitic slate and whin-rock, near the base of the so-called Huronian, or Lov/er Cambrian formation. Though a few larger veins of a more persistent character were met with in the same neighborhood, the gold appeared to be con- fined entirely to the smaller patches of quartz, which reticulated through the hard slate rock. The investi- gation resulted in the finding of several promising sights of free gold, in the form of small isolated nug- gets, frequently deposited in little drusy cavities, surrounded by decomposed feldspar. On removing this soft material, the gold would fall out, being unat- tached to the quartz. In some cases, however, it was 13 attached to, or disseminated through, the quarts itself and accompanying chlorite, which frequently com- posed a large part of the lode rock. It was found, however, on further investigation, that very few of the numerous small veins of quartz contained the gold, and that the body of the rock showed no gold, not even a trace, on being subjected to the usual tests. The veins, or patches of quarts, containing the metal were rarely of any extent, and a few blasts not infre- quently resulted in the disappearance of the lode rock. Some considerable prospecting, and an attempt at minfng, by crushing and washing the quartz, was entered upon, but failed in bringing to light any more promising indications. About the same time, gold was discovered in two other localities far removed from each other, and from the former. Some free gold was obtained in quartz veins at Bay of Islands, where it had previously been detected by analysis ; but by far the most promising specimens yet dis- covered, were obtained at a place called Ming's Bight, on the north-east side of the island, situated on the peninsula of land separating Notre Dame Bay from White Bay. The proprietors of the Bett's Cove Copper Mine had commenced mining here on a cop- per deposit, and when about thirty or forty feet down, came across some thin veins of quartz and bitter spar penetrating the chlorite rock of the lode, which were found to be well charged with gold. I am unable to say what quantity of gold was extracted from this mine, but have been informed that quite sufficient to prove it a rich lead was taken out ; at least, one nug- get of several ounces in weight was obtained. A specimen now in the Museum is about two inches square. It consists mainly of bitter spar, very much I 1 ! i 14 cleaved and jointed. One side of it has a dull leaden hue, and contains a mineral, supposed to be Tellu- rium. The gold is profusely distributed through the central part of the specimen in thin plates, surround- ing the crystals of dolomite on all sides. It presents the appearance of being electroplated. It is seen to penetrate the cleavages of the stone, often showing through the thin transparent crystals. It also runs into the grey metal on one side, while on the oppo- site side there are numerous small crystals, of arsen- ical pyrites or mispickel. No returns have ever been made, either of the quantity of gold or copper yielded by this mine. Work thereon was suspended in a short time, owing, it is said, to some litigation and theinter- ference of the French ships of war — the mine being sftuated on what has been called the French Shore of Newfoundland, or that portion over which the French nation exercises certain treaty rights. The presence of gold in most of the copper ores of Notre Dame Bay, had been detected by the color of the flame in smelting the ores several years since. More recently, quite an appreciable quantity of the precious metal was ascertained to exist in the low grade ore from the Union Mine, Tilt Cove, and it has lately transpired that gold to the value of ;^ 10,000 stg. was extracted from this ore, in the process of refining, during the past twelve months. I am also informed, that free gold in small quantities has been met with in thin quartz veins cutting the lode rock. So promising has this yield proven, that orders have been given the manager of the mine to carefully examine all the re- fuse slag, &c., in the dumps, with the result that paying quantities of gold have been found therein. Several specimens of mispickel (ansenical pyrites), 15 11 leaden 2 Tellu- ugh the jrround- presents seen to showing so runs e oppo- i arsen- er been yielded a short heinter- le being shore of French resence : Dame ame in 2cently, metal 'om the nspired tracted ng the at free in thin ing has en the the re- It that herein, mtes), from the same bay, have yielded, on analysis, a greater or less percentage of the precions metal. Though the above is sufficient to indicate the actual presence of gold on three sides of the island, it, per- haps, hardly warrants us in calling it an auriferous country. Still, its presence at all, and the fact that the nearest neighboring province — Nova Scotia — has proven eminently auriferous, leads us to hope that, upon further development of this island, and a more systematic search for the precious metal, gold dis- coveries of more importance may result therefrom. This hope is strengthened by the fact that the Pre- Cambrian, Cambrian and Cambro-Silurian formations, (the same which hold most of the gold of the Globe) are so largely developed here, and in an unusually disturbed, altered and mineralized condition. It has not, I think, been definitely decided as yet whether the Nova Scotian gold-bearing rocks are of Pre- Cambrian (Huronian) or Lower Cambrian age; but it is pretty certain, whichever they may eventually prove to be, their equivalents are to be found on the eastern seaboard of Newfoundland. Silver. Many years since, a deposit of galena, in a gangue of greenish and pinkish flourspar, was dis- covered at a place called Lawn, situated on the extremity of that long, narrow peninsula separating Placentia from Fortune Bays. Mining operations were commenced here by a local company, and under the management of a Cornish mining captain. In following the lode at one point near the shore, they struck a small vaugh or cavity, filled with what ap- peared to the miners to be a dirty sand or gravel. It was shovelled out and thrown on one side, where it i6 I ii ,:1| became washed by the rain-water, when several kimps and strings of dark-colored metal appeared, which proved to be native silver, mixed with other ores un- known to the miners. Specimens were saved and brought to tl\e notice of chemists, who pronounced them to be chloride of silver (horn silver) , native silver, and ruby silver, or rather what would appear more to resemble proustite (light red silver ore). As soon as the miners became cognizant of the value of the ore, it is said they appropriated most of it and sold it to jewellers and others of St. John's and St. Pierre. That there is some truth in the latter part of the story, would appear, from the fact that I have been shown specimens in one of those shops, purporting to have come from the locality in question. From some cause I am not sufficiently acquainted with, the mine was abandoned after a short while. It may be that the galena, for which it was worked, proved very sparsely disseminated through the gangue, or the fact that they did not succeed in finding a second vugh containing those rich silver ores. I understand, also, a large portion of the cliff had foundered, completely burying up the workings. All this occurred long be- fore the institution of the present Geological Survey. Shortly after my predecessor, the late Alexander Murray, C.M.G., taking this work in hand, he pro- cured a specimen of this ore from one of the original proprietors of the Lawn Mine and sent it to Canada, where it was analyzed by the then chemist of the Canadian Survey, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, who pronounc- ed it a sulph-arseniuret of silver (ruby silver?), yieldfng 65.28 per cent, of metal. It was encrusted with chloride of silver (horn silver). A recent at- ,tempt was made to re-open this mine, which failed, 17 viigh also, Ictely g be- ll rvey. ander pro- riginal nada, f the ounc- /er?), listed ■it at- ailed, as I presume, from want of sufficient capital. Native silver, in thm films or plates, was found encrusting the cleavage planes of a mineralized slate, on the Fortune Bay side of the same peninsula. An attempt was made at mining here, but soon abandoned as un- remunerative. Nearl/ all the galena ores occurring on every side of the i'iland containi a greater or less percentage of silver. One deposit at Little Placentia, in Placentia Bay, yielded specimens showing as high as 356 ozs. to the ton of ore, thus proving it an emi- nently argentiferous galena. A mine was opened here, known as the Silver Cliff Mine, and worked vigorously for a few years, but subsequently aban- donded. The ore did not prove so abundant or rich in silver throughout as the work progressed ; but there is reason to believe, from certain facts ascer- tained, that the true or mother lode of this property was never discovered, and that the small veins actu- ally opened up are but leaders or stringers to a more important deposit. This supposition is borne out by the finding of large blocks of prill ore,[several hundred pounds in weight, unearthed amongst the loose gravel near the surface, while costeaning for the lode. No such blocks as these were found in the actual work- ings.* The same specimens of quartz from Bay of Islands, mentioned as containing traces of gold, also showed a small percentage of silver. None of the other noble metals have yet been detected in the island. ."R.T.a *What appears to he the main lode has recently been discovered, and speciniens from it look very finCj^and contain a large percentage of ore. i8 ORDINARY riETALS AND flETALLIC ORES, &c. t 1 . i i ! ! Rutilc. Rutile occurs in large embedded crystals, in a vitrious quartz, at White Bay. Tin. 1.20 per cent, oxide of tin was found to be con- tained in a specimen of Columbite, from Labrador. [See Analysis, No. ii]. inolybdcnite. This is a mineral which occurs in many places around the shores of this island and in the interior. Quite a considerable deposit was found, a few years ago, in Fortune Bay ; but the demand for the sub- stance being so very limited, no attempt has been made at mining the ore. Good specimens have also been exhibited from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. Tellurium. (!) Already mentioned as occurring with gold, in bitterspar, from Ming's Bight. Bismuth. Traces of, in galena, from Little Lawn. [See Analysis, No. i]. Antiuionite (Stibnite). This mineral occurs at one or two localities, chiefly in the great Bay of Notre Dame. A deposit, which gives promise of developing into a paying mine, occurs at a place called Moreton's Harbor, on New World Island, in that bay. Some desultory mining 19 [See has been carried on here, for some years back, with fair prospects. Not having seen the deposit, I cannot speak of it, except from specimens exhibited, which look very favorable. Other specimens were procured on an island called Duck Island, near Badger Bay, Notre Dame Bay. The Customs Returns, appended to this paper, show a small export of this ore during the past two years. Iron Ores. Ores of iron are very common in many parts of the island, and comprise nearly all th^ usual varieties : magnetite, hematite, specular iron ore, limonite, ilme- nite, chromite, siderite. vivianite, clay ironstone, brown and yellow ochre, iron pyrites, pyrrhotine, mispickel, &c. Of these, magnetite, hematite, chromite, clay ironstone and pyrites are the most abundant ores. The former occurs in large masses, in the vicinity of some of the copper mines, notably the Union Mine, Tilt Cove. An immense body of magnetite was dis- covered a few years since in the Laurentian Range, near St. George's Bay, on the West Coast. It was found on analysis, however, to contain a large per- centage of titanic acid, which greatly militated against Its usefulness. That there is an abundance of a simi- lar ore in the same range, is indicated by the large quantity of debris found in the beds of most of the streams issuing from the Long Range Mountains. Magnetic iron sand is of very common occurrence, both in this island and along the Labrador coast. Hematite occurs with the magnetite at Tilt Cove and elsewhere. Chromite is found, generally, associated with the serpentine group of rock wherever displayed in the island ; and there would appear, from the loose debris scattered about, to be a considerable deposit 20 ill i i ' - i of this ore in the vicinity of Pipe Stone Pond, on the head of the Bay d'East river. The cla" Ironstones are confined to the coal measures of Bay St. George and the Grand Lake region. In the latter, extensive beds were come across during the past season ( 1 89 1 ) , consisting of irregular nodular or lenticular masses, arranged in layers of stratification, with also some solid bands of from two to three feet thick. The common yellow pyrites (mundic) occurs all over the island, and is found, more or less, disseminated through every formation that goes to constitute its rock crust, but its chief value consists in the immense massive deposits associated with the copper ores in Notre Dame Bay and elsewhere. At the Terra Nova Mine, Bay Verte (not at present in operation), Mr. Murray, in 1867, speaks of the deposit as consisting of "an enormous mass of iron pyrites, with an occa- sional admixture of yellow sulphuret of copper." Again, at the Union Mine, Tilt Cove, a mass of this, ore, said to be over 200 feet thick, was driven through a few years since, on the east of the original copper workings. It is very hard and compact, with a close, even texture, and contains, on an average, about two to four per cent, of copper. At the Tilt Cove, Bett's Cove and Little Bay copper mines, large quantities of this same ore have been mined with the copper; probably one-third of the bulk of ore raised, most of which was thrown aside in the dressing. Another immense deposit is now being extensively mined at Pilley's Island, Notre Dame Bay. The lode is said to average sixty feet in width, and contains 52 per cent, of sulphur.* This mine is now in a flourishing con- . Prof. Holloway has obtained as high. as. 55 per cent, from some specimens submitted to bim. fot analysis.. 21 Mr. dition, employing some hundreds of men, and shipping large quantities of the ore each year to market, principally to the United States, to be used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, copperas, &c. It has been ascertained, within the past year or two, that the refusp cinder left after the extraction of the •ulphur is of a very superior quality for the manufac- ture of certain classes of Bessemer. The quantity of ore shipped from Pilley's Island mine, as taken from the Customs Returns, will be found in the tabular statement. Quite recently, the enterprising proprie- tors of this mine have introduced the electric light underground, which enables them to work continu- ously night and day. This is the first instance in which this light has been employed in miningin New- foundland. Columbitc. Obtained from the Labrador coast. [See An- alysis, No. 1 1]. ITIanK^anese. Ores of manganese have been observed in several localities, but, as a rule, not of a rich quality. One massive black oxide comes from the south side of Conception Bay, where quite an extensive deposit occurs as a contact lode. It contains about 5 1 yd ^er cent, oxide of manganese, the residue being chiefly iron and earthy impurities. Wad, or bog manganese, is a very common ore, found as a surface deposit in many localities. A carbonate of manganese of a pure white colo**. probably a variety of rhodochro- site of rare occurrence, is found in the heighborhood of St. John's, usually as an incrustation on decomposed slate rock. It appears to be a rare variety, as I do not see it described in any work on mineralogy. II III;! ijljlill m\ 22 Chrome. Besides the chromic iron already alluded to, I have seen chromate of lead from the west side of the island. The presence of chromium is also indicated by the frequent stains of green oxyd of chromium, either on the surfaces or impregnating many of the rorks of the magnesian series, especially some of the dolomitic or bitterspar bands. Nickel. Nickel has been detected by analysis in several of the serpentine and dolomitic rocks of the island. Quite an extensive deposit, consisting of several varieties of the ore, viz. : copper-nickel, cloanthije, millerite and gersdorflfite, were found in a vein of dol- c»nite, or bitterspar, intersecting *he chloritic Iv^de rock of the Union Copper Mine at Tilt Cove. Be- tween the years 1869 and 1876, both inclusive, 411 tons of nickel were shipped from Tilt Cove, valued at $32,740. Since that date, no returns of any ore having been shipped are on record. Cobalt. Cobalt occurs, sparingly associated with the nickel ore, at Tilt Cove. Cobalt bloom was observed at one or two places, as a stain or incrustation on the rocks. Zinc. Ores of zinc, including most of the more common varieties, viz. : blende, zincite, and calamine, occur in several localities, as at Tilt Cove, Placentia and Lawn. Nowhere, however, as yet, has it been found in any considerable quantity, such as to render it worth mining for itself alone. Red oxide of zinc, from the Lawn mine, yielded on analysis, traces of bismuth and cadmium. 23 .CadmiiiHi. Traces of, in zinc blende, from Little Lawn. [Analysis, No. 5]. Ijead. The ores, of lead, chiefly galena, are disseminated throughout almost every rock formation in the island, generally in quartz and calcspar veins. Numerous small quartz veins containing this ore occur on the Peninsula of Avalon, especially in the Huronian for- mation. Several attempts at working these ores were made many years ago, but in most instances with but poor success. The most promising and best conduct- ed mine yet opened is situated at a place named La Manche, at the head of Placentia Bay, the property of the Telegraph Land Company, noAv the Newfound- land and Canadian Trust Company. Operations were commenced here in 1857, and for a time the mine was vigorously worked. It changed hands two or three times. Finally, the work began to languish, and the mine was closed about 1870. Recently, the original owners have re-commenced operations here, and are now getting it in working order. From 1857 to 1868, some 2,375 to"s of galena were extracted altogether from excavations, amounting to about 1,000 cubic fathoms, equalling an average of 2.37 tons per cubic fathom. The vein stuff consists chiefly of calcspar, with a mixtuie of quartz, sulphate of barytes and a little flporspar. It averages about three feet thick, but often widens out to six or seven feet. It is a regular well-defined lode, filling a fissure in the slate rock. It is in a nearly vertical attitude, and runs very straight, with great persistency, for a long distance. The country rock consists chiefly of a set of greenish, very hard and brittle, compact cherty or !i ill 24 jaspery slates (Division C of Huronian Section), which cleave exactly with the bedding. The vein material is frequently tinged with a pale purplish color, and beautiful amethystine quartz crystals are often found linmg the sides of small vugs or cavities in the lode rock. The ore is distributed irregularly through the whole thickness of the vein, in patches and isolated crystals, but there appeared to be a pretty regula. and continuous string of ore near the middle, of from one to four or five inches in thickness. Large quantities of what the miners term "prill ore," in blocks of many pounds weight, were found in the vugs and pockets at intervals throughout the work- ings. The only other lead mine which gave promise of considerable value, was the Silver Cliff Mine, at Little Placentia Sound, already referred to under the head of Silver Ores. Assays of this ore gave over 70 per cent, of metal. A very peculiar deposit of galena occurs in Port-au-Port Bay, on the West Coast. The matrix of the lode consists chiefly of crushed Lower Carboniferous limestone, filled witl s charac- teristic fossil shells in great profusion and well preserved. It would appear to have fallen into a (jssure, or rather colla^ sed, by the undermining and crumbling away of the subjacent Lower Silurian lime- stone, masses of which, containing its characteristic fossils, are caught up in, and confusedly blended with, the Carboniferous. In the broken, crushed rock, much calcspar occurs, in which the galena is thickly dis- seminated. An attempt at mining this ore here, which gave much promise, was stopped some eight or ten years since by the interference of the French fishery protection squadron, on the ground that it would clash with their fishing privileges. Numer- 25 ous other indications of galena are reported, and many specimens of beautiful, clean ore exhibited from this western side of the island, chiefly from Silurian rocks. A pale, yellow chromate of lead has also been exhibited from that side. The oxyd of lead is only found as an incrustation, resulting from decomposition of galena in some of these localities, while I have never yet seen phosphate of lead in the island. Nearly all the galena ores contain more or less silver, and sometimes traces of other metals. Galena also is shown as a product of the Labrador, but merely as specimens, so far as yet known. Copper. Perhaps of all the mineral substances known to the island, copper ranks first in point of importance, and certainly does in development. It is, at least, a century since the first attempt at mining this ore was made at a place called Shoal Bay, near St. John's. The ore found was chiefly yellow sulphuret, mixed with a little green carbonate, but the deposit consist- ed merely of a few small strings and nests of ore, in a very hard sandstone or whin-rock. The work was soon abandoned, as there was not sufficient ore to render it remunerative. Quite recently, some very rich specimens of grey copper, tetrahedrite, have been procured in the same neighborhood. Beautiful rich variegated ores, including several varieties, such as erubescite, or bornite, copper glance, covelline, red copper ore, malachite, &c., have been found in a great many places, especially in the Peninsula of Avalon, and several attempts to mine these richer ores were made from time to time, attended with varying suc- cess. Generally, the hard intractable nature of the enclosing rock, and the character of the vein material 26 — usually quartz — rendered the extraction of the ores difficult and expensive. The discovery of the deposit at Tilt Cove, in Notre Dame Bay, in 1857, since named the Union Mine, gave a new impetus to copper mining in the country, though mining operations were not actually prosecuted there till 1864. The deposit consisted chiefly of yellow sulphuret of copper and iron, averaging about 12 per cent, of copper, though it has reached as high as 30 per cent. Tilt Cove soon sprung into notoriety from the enormous deposit of ore laid bare in the various openings. The Mine Bluff, as it was termed, or real lode rock, con- sisted chiefly of a compact chlorite slate, very ferruginous, containing thin seams and threads of serpentine, and having enclosed huge intercalated masses of hard, compact, gray and greenish crystal- line rock, probably dolomite. This rock is slightly calcareous, and weathering on the surface a pale yellowish color. The lower part of the lode rock is chiefly of a soft steatitic character, which occasionally contains masses of serpentine and soap-stone, mag- netic iron being disseminated through it in grains and crystals. Overlying, and in front of the mineralized band, is a mass of hard gray diorite, or trap, proba- bly intrusive, containing epidote in strings and patches, and scattered through it are minute crystals of bitter- spar. A great body of serpentine succeeds this rock on the north. Underlying the lode the rocks consists chiefly of diorites, black and dark green slates, quartz- ites, bands of led jasper, and jaspery iron ore, patches of dolomite and serpentine, all confusedly jumbled up together, still preserving a rude arrangement resemb- ling layers of stratification. Such is the general character of the country in the immediate vicinity of 27 Tilt Cove — a description of which will apply generally' to all the other localities in the Bay of Notre Dame, where copper has been mined. In almost all cases the lode rock is more or less chloritic, and diorites are pre- sent, either in the lode or over and underlying it ; but in some instances the stcatitic and serpentinous strata are not present, except, perhaps, as mere threads and strings, or in small patches. The Union mine continued in active operations up to a few years since, when the decline in copper took place, and a change of ownership caused the working to languish for a while. It is now in the hands of an energetic mining company,* who are pushing on the work vigorously, and have raised a large quantity of ore during the past year. The mine is situate on the north side of Notre Dame Bay, about ten miles from Cape St. John, which forms the ex- treme north point of the great bay. In 1^75 the Bett's Cove mine was opened. It lays further in the bay, on the same side ; distant from the former eight miles. This mine was worked with extraordinary activity for *en years, during which period 130,682 tons of ore and regulus were exported therefrom, besides 2,450 tons of iron pyrites. The ore, as at Tilt Cove, occurs in a mass of mixed chlo- ritic slate and diorite. In the course of the excavating some enormous pockets of ore were come across. Work was suspended on this mine about 1885, owing to the great depreciation in value of copper, and from the caving in of the mine-bluff — a great boss of min- eralized rock capping the mine — which had been completely honey-combed by the excavations. It is *The Cape Copper Mining and Smelting Company. \ 28 thought the ore was far from being exh usted at the time. Several other copper mines were opened up •during this period, and more or less ore derived from each. The principal localities which gave most pro- :misG were Burton's Pond, the Colchester mine, S. W. Arm, Shoal Arm, Little Bay, Lady's Pond, Whale's Back, Hall's Bay, Sunday Cove Island, Rabbitt's Arm, and Thimble Tickle, Seal Bay — all within the great bay of Notre Dame. But the most celebrated of all the copper mines yet developed in this region is the Little Bay mine, which has been in constant and active operation since 1878, though it has, during that period, changed its ownership. Operations were only commenced here in August of the above year, yet, before the end of the season, some 10,000 tons of ore were raised and shipped to Swansea. Between 1880 and 1885, 61,796 tons were shipped from this mine, and since that date to the end of last year, over 40,000 tons of ore, regulus and ingots of copper are given in the Customs Returns. Between 1880 and 1882, the South-West Arm mines yielded 490 tons; Hall's Bay, 240 tons, while Rabbitt's Arm mine — which was only worked for one year — yielded i ,260 tons of ore, averaging 28 per cent, copper. This latter mine forms rather an exception to the others. While chloritic slate is the prevailing rock, containing strings and nests of ore, with at least one solid band, most of the copper was derived from a set of large parallel bands of quartz, varying from three to five feet wide, richly impregnated with ore of a higher per- centage than ordinary. Grey copper, containing a •considerable percentage of silver, is sometimes asso- 'Ciated with the other ores in this mine. At Lady ^'ond mine the ore is a rich yellow sulphuret, with a \ 29 at the ned up ed from >st pro- ^ S. W. Whale's abbitt's hin the ebrated region lonstant , during ns were /e year, DO tons between )m this ar, over iper are 80 and tons ; mine — i 1,260 . This others, itaining d band, f large to five ler per- ining a ;s asso- rt Lady with a large proportion of beautiful purple and bluish erubes- cite, generally occurring in pockets. Some of the- copper deposits in this bay, notably those of Sunday Cove Island, consist of wide bands of fine, soft, shelley chloritic slate, impregnated with iron and copper pyrites, and containing bands of yellow copper ore, varying from mere strings to layers of several inches thick. Here, also, very beautiful arborescent filaments, of native copper are found on the cleavage plains of the lode rock. Metallic copper occurs at the Union Mine, Tilt Cove, in thin sheets or plates, lining the walls of cracks or slips in the lode rock. It has been found on the west side of the island, in Port-au-Port and Bay of Islands. In the latter in- stance it forms strings, nests a I small pockets, scattered through an amygdaloidal trap, but more especially confined to small veins of bitterspar, inter- secting the same rock. The other localities where ores of copper have been found are too numerous to mention. It will be sufficient to state that the indi- cations of these ores occur on all sides of the island, and in every one of the great bays at hundreds of localities. During the past six months a new dis- covery of copper has been made at South-West Arm, Green Bay, near the old Colchester mine. This lode is said to average six or seven feet wide, with two feet of solid ore. Labrador — of which we know but little mineralo- gically — is, in all probability, a cuperiferous region also ; many rich specimens of copper ores have been brought from various parts of the coast, and a mine was actually worked there, at Black Island, several years ago, with what success I am not in a positiont to say. 30 I i.;'i It' I! EARTHY MINERALS. Coal. There are two distinct carboniferous basins in 'this island — on its western side. The first is known ;as the St. George's Bay trough. It occupies a fringe of the south side of that bay, about sixty-eight miles long by tweleve wide, comprising an area of about 8 1 6 square miles. Other small outlying patches on the north side of the same bay, and again in Port-au- Port Bay, would probably bring the total area up to 900 square miles. The second, called the central carboniferous trough, is situated in the valley of the Humber River, which flows into the Bay of Islands, at the head of the Humber Arm. Although laying in a direct line from each other, and corresponding with the general trend of the physical features of the .country, the two areas are separated by between sixty and seventy miles of distance, though they were at one time probably connected. The central basin comprises a superficial area of about 500 square miles. By far the greater portion of both basins is occupied by the lower and unproductive portions of the series, especially the carboniferous limestone and millstone- grit formations. The entire southern side of St. 31 basins in is known 3 a fringe jht miles bout8i6 is on the Port-au- ea up to ; central :y of the Islands, [h laying sponding es of the een sixty were at al basin ire miles, occupied le series, lillstone- 2 of St. George's Bay exhibits the above strata, frequently broken by faults, and repeated again and again. One great anticlinal fold running parallel with the shore, extends up and down the coast, with a westerly dip on the outside, towards the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and an opposite dip inland, where the strata which hold the coast are repeated, and at a distance of some six or seven miles from the shore, the middle or true coal measures are exposed on the surface. A long, narrow trough, of some three or four miles wide, is here brought in, which holds several fairly good seams of coal. The lower measures come again to the surface on the inner side of the trough, where they finally rest against the Laurentian Mountain Range in the rear. What the longitudinal extent of this coal trough may be, has not yet been definitely ascertained, and it can only be determined ■with certainty by the use of the boring-rod. Coal was known to exist in this region for a long time ; but the difficulty of exploring it thoroughly, and the large display of the lower formations, barren of coal, on the coast, seemed to convey the general impression that no coal of any consequence existed here. In 1889 a more thorough investigation by the officers of the Geological Survey, resulted in the jfinding of several seams of good coal, which were uncovered at their outcrops, and traced for some distance, so as to ob- tain accurate and reliable measurements, and good average specimens of the quality of the mineral. Referring to the report of that year, it shows that, altogether, fourteen seams of coal, of a varying thick- ness, from a few inches up to six feet, were uncovered on one small brook ; three seams on another, two miles distant, and four small seams on a third brook, ■ ; !■ 32 still further eastward some two and a half miles. Of these, the following are the best and most promising : Average thickness of coal. ft. in. Juke's seam 4, 6. Cleary seam 2, 2. 1 8-inch seam i, 6. Slaty seam i , 4. Clay seam i , 8. Rocky seam i , 5 . Murray seam 5, 4. Howley seam 4, 2. Shears seam i , 2. These, with some smaller ones, aggregate a thick- ness of twenty-seven feet of coal in the section, which is repeated by being brought again to the surface on the other side of the synclinal trough. There is reason to believe that these do not represent all the seams in this section. In the central carboniferous trough, which was the object of special investigation last season, several seams of coal were found in the region of the Grand Lake, occupying another long, narrow, synclinal trough. Two sections cross this trough, and at two miles distant from each other on the strike, were measured,, with the result that, in the first one, sixteen outcrops- of coal were observed, and in the second, twenty-eight outcrops. These are not separate and distinct seams, but the same seams repeated by the doubling up of the strata. So sharp is this trough in one case, that twenty-four of those outcrops are crowded into a horizontal distance of 600 feeL None of the seams are large ; only a few averaging three feet of coal each. Many of the smaller seams of good coal are so close together, being divided only by five or six feet of 33 loose, shaly strata, and all in vertical position — that I believe several of these could be worked as one seam by a single drift along the strike. All the coal as yet discovered in this island is of the soft bituminous variety ; some of it approaches cannel coal. One scam in St. George's Bay, " the Shear's seam," has a very clear, shining black lustre, and hardness approaching the softer kind of anthracite. A few tests of the Bay St. George coal have been made, showing a good average coal ; but, up to the present time, the result of specimens sent home from Grand Lake is not known.* Neither of these coal areas have been thoroughly explored, as yet ; and the difificulty of carrying out a close investigation, where so much of the surface is covered with loose debris, renders the use of the boring-rod absolutely necessary to further prove the character and extent of these coal deposits. Ornphitc (Pliiiiibag;o.t) Graphitic, or plumbaginous slates and shales, are common to several formations, particularly the Cam- brian and Cambro-Silurian. Impure deposits of plumbaginous clay, or pulverized slate, filling fissures, frequently occur in these rocks, and the material has. been used by the inhabitants in the neighborhood as stove polish. Much purer specimens of graphite come from the Laurentian formations, on the south side of the island, and in the Long Range Mountains. Bitumen, Petroleum, &.c, A small piece of black, hard, glistening bitumen,, apparently identical with the New Brunswick Albert- *The analyses of these were received since the publication of this, paper, and some of them proved fairly good, considering they were only surface specimens. tPlumbago should more properly come under the head of Refrac- tory Materials. 34 1 1 i ■\ i ;i itc, was found in the gravel in Bay St. George, near the Murray coal seam. Bituminous shales and lime- stones occur both in the Lower Silurian, or Cambrian, and Lower Carboniferous formations, on the western side of the island. In Port-au-Port Bay, and at Parsons' Pond, Sandy Bay, crude petroleum is fre- quently found floating on the surface of the water, and collected in little cavities in the rocks. An attempt to bore for oil was at one time made near Cow Head, West Coast, but was unsuccessful — it is supposed from not having pierced the true oil bearing strata. The bituminous shales in the Lower Carboniferous series on the Humber River, after being exposed to sufficient heat, ignite and burn freely, with a yellow flame, giving off a strong smell of petroleum. Shin- ing black crystalline bitumen, resembling jet, occurs in small quantities, in amygdaloidal trap rock, in Port-au-Port Bay. Salt and Brine Springs. Brine springs are quite common in the vicinity of the gypsiferous dept its of the Carboniferous series in St. George's Bay, and the rocks are frequently found coated with deposits of fine white salt. It is not at all improbable that these indicate here, as elsewhere in the same series, underlying beds or masses of rock salt. mineral Fertilizers. Limestones suitable for the manufacture of lime are abundant in many parts of the island. Shell marls occur in a few places in St. George's Bay. While gypsum is one of the most extensive and abundant products of the Carboniferous formation in the same region. Besides its use as a fertilizer, much of this gypsum is of the snow white variety, admir- 35 ably adapted for stucco-work. Only last season was the first attempt made to work and ship to market this crude material. An American Company, which uses large quantities of the finer qualities of gypsum, for such purposes as dressing the surfaces of writing paper — giving it a fine white gloss — and the adulter- ation of flour in the manufacture of confectionery, &c. where only the very purest snow-white gypsum would be applicable, have leased one of the gigantic masses which appear near the shore, and are working it vigorously since then. Veins of beautiful selenite — alabaster — frequently penetrate the masses of gypsum, and m Codroy Valley considerable quantities of it are found. The presence of phosphate of lime. Apatite, has as yet only been recognized as mere specimens ; there is good reason to suspect its occurrence in more pronounced deposits, amongst the Laurentian series of formations, so extensively distributed in this island. Specimens indicating its presence on the Labrador, are to be seen in the Museum. mineral Pigments. Barite, both white and of a pink shade, is a pretty abundant mineral, being found accompanying other vein stuff in many of the localities where galena and zinc occur. It also occurs in distinct veins free from other minerals, but usually discolored. Large blocks of pure white sulphate of baryta come from Labrador. Earthy materials, such as yellow, red, brown and various other shades of ochres, are abundant through- out the lower carboniferous deposits. These, mixed with oil, make fairly good substitutes for paints, and are often used by the inhabitants. Red ochres, re- sulting from the decomposition of iron ores, are met with on every side of the island ; and it is this material i 36 the aboriginal inhabitants (The Red Indians of New- foundland), made such extensive use of, and from which they derived their appellation. Not only their persons and clothing, but every implement, weapon, culinary utensil, or ornament they possessed, was smeared with a mixture of oil or grease and ochre, odenict as they termed it. Besides the red and brownish clays and marls, I have frequently seen very fine clays of bluish and drab colors, which would, I have no doubt, make excellent pigments. Whiting could easily be obtained from the deposits of shell marl mentioned above. I have seen a deposit of fine white gypsum in a plastic state, which, when taken out and moulded, then dried in the sun, become quite hard. This material should, I think, be very applicable for whitewashing or liming purpos«";s. Refractory ITIatcrials. Graphite and plumbago have already been men- tioned. Very pure steatite, talc, soapstone, and other varieties of rocks, suitable for furnace lining, are abundant. Good specimens of these are to be seen at the Museum here, as also ground steatite, applic- able as a lubricant. No bona fide attempts at work- ing any of these materials have yet been made. Mica is quite a common mineral throughout the Laurentian Series, but nowhere in Newfoundland, so far as I am aware, has it yet been come across in plates large enough to be of much economic importance. It is, however, known to occur in abundance, and in large sheets, on the Newfoundland portion of Labrador; good specimens of which are in our Museum. Steatite, also, comes from tiie same region, and a very good variety of potstone. Asbestos, or chrysotile, deserves special mention, as it is likely to prove of very con- 17 siderable ercnumic importance ere long. This mineral has beeii recognized amongst the serpentine deposits of the island in many localities. It occurs in strings and threads of fine silky texture, traversing the masses of serpentine in all directions. Not until quite recently, however, was the attention of capitalists called to its existence here, and fairly enlisted in its development. The comparative scarcity of good material in America, and the not distant prospect of the Canadian deposits of this valuable material giving out, led to the large manufacturing firms of Chalmers, Spence & Co., of Boston, and the John's Company, of New York, in sending persons to prospect in this country. Certain properties known to contain asbes- tos, in the vicinity of Port-au-port and Bay of Islands, were leased by them, and operations commenced by costeaning the surface, laying bare the deposits, and running open cuts into the side of the serpentine ridge. A good deal of excellent fibre was obtained thereby, though the deposit is exceedingly irregular. The fibre varies from less than half to about five inches in length, averaging about two inches. So far as quality goes, it is, I believe, all that is requisite for ordinary use. Other parties opened up deposits of serpentine nearer the shore, showing abundance of short fibre, in numerous small veins. Some of this is two to two and a half inches long, and is of a beautiful fine and silky texture, approachingamianthus in purity. It is believed the coming season will witness great ac- tivety in exploration for this mineral substance, as its greatly enhanced value of late years, and its compara- tive scarcity in the market, render it an object much sought after. Serpentines and their associated rocks, identical in character with those holding the material 38 in Canada, occur abundantly in many parts of New- foundland, which is already regarded in Canada as, in all probability, " Quebec's greatest rival" in the near future, in the production of this valuable commodity. Other varieties of this mineral, not considered just now of any commercial value, are found accompany- ing the former, such as actinolite, tremolite, pyroxene, horn-blende, &c. Fire clays are abundant in the coal measures, both as distinct deposits and forming the floors of many of the coal seams. Their adaptability to the manufacture of fire-brick has not yet been tested. But a small specimen sent to the copper smelting works at Little Bay, has just been pronounc- ed of excellent quality. JTlatei'ia^ls for <-riGi<- i a. i • Total values of Orei, &c., exported. $ $ $ % 1,240 $ 112,980 24,772 10,446 2,970 2 028 2,ri5o.o? 313-5 5-0 4 2 90,000 15.036 240 8 4 slate 31,000 do., tons 50 do., tons 101,000 600 2,020 600 110,104 176,352 45.720 591,120 197,955 132.312 378,865 619,324 1,265,396 822,706 555.790 441,680 547,020 468,576 256,796 106,817 102,420 246,150 117.304 853,686 420,370 300,307 624,750 9,120 700 2,560 3,600 4.704 5.520 2,800 do. 6,000 do. 6,000 120 120 130.0 95-0 38.0 lO.O 2.0 6,240 4,560 1,824 1,392 100 10? 950? 72 7,600 lO.O 400 410 1,850 7.530 8,670 19.150 8,200 37,000 64,000 72,315 57,900 mica, lbs. 12 240 • • • • antimony do 1,200 1,000 119,804 29,604 2,853.11 38,570 247,087 slates 114,000 6,540 9,594,717 \^''^\ 5<5 .5 J ANALYSES. No. I. Galena, Little Lawn. Sulphuret of Lead P. b. S. Analysis Lead and Sulphur. Copper — nil. Silver — nil. Bismuth — traces. Cryst.==I. Cleavage on cube H=2-5 Sp. G.=7-2. By Richard Colb't Hennessey. No. 2. G. LENA, Lawn.-" Sulphuret of Lead . P. b. S. Analysis Lead and Sulphur. Copper — nil. Silver — nil. Cadmium — traces. Cryst.= L Cleavage on cube H = 2-5 Sp. G.=7-2. Gangue fluorspar. By R. C. Hennessey. No. 3. Galena Bay D'Espoir. Sulphuret of Lead P. b. S. Analysis Lead and Sulphur. Silver — none. By R. C. Hennessey. No. 4. Galena, ? Sulphuret of Lead Analysis Lead and Sulphur. Silver — none. H=2-5 cryst. I Cleavage on cube. By R. C. Hennessey. No. 5. ZiNciTE. Little Lawn. Sulphuret of Iron Zinc, Cadmium. Analysis Iron. Zinc. ' Cadmium. Cryst. K I. H=3-5— 4. Sp. G. 3-9— 4-2. By R. C. Hennessey. No. 6. MoRETON's Harbor Ores. S.G., 4.5. Blende. •. . -Tia. Mu ..lie. Mispicel. Manganese. Sulphide. By Barclay. tmmammimemm 51 No* 7' Magnetic Pyrites Sulphuret of Iron. (Fe. S.) Analysis Sulphur. Iron. Copper — none. Silver — none. Cobalt — none. Nickel — none. H.— 4, Sp. G.=:4-4, Cryst. IV., magnetic. By R. C. Hennessey. No. 8. Iron Pyrites. Sulphuret of Iron. Iron. Sulphur. Copper — none. ^ Silver — none. Cryst. I., 11=6-5, Sp. G.=5. By R. C. Hennessey. J^O' 9« Arsenical Pyrites. Round Pond, Bay d'East River. Sulphuret of Iron and Arsenuret of Iron. Fe. S2 X Fe. As2. No Nickel. No. Cobalt. By R. C. Hennessey. No. 10. Hematite. Tilt Cove. Si O2 per cent. .33 Fe2 O3 99.16 S ,17 1*2 OS 99.66 By Barclay. No. li. Coi.uMBiTE. Labrador. Oxide of Columbium 76.85 Wolfram y. Oxide of Tin j ,20 Oxide of Iron 1 7.34 Oxide of Manganese .. 4.62 = 100.83 No. 12. ViVIANITE. HiRKEEN, ST. MaRY'S BaY. 6 (P 05 Fe3 03x3 H2 O) X P 05 Fe3 O3 x 8 H2O.) Phosphate of Iron and Water. Analysis Phosphorus. Iron. Water. Silver — none. Copper — none, Cryst.«=VSpG=2.66 11 = 1.5—2. By R. C. Hennessey, 52 No. 13. Chromic Iron Ore. Pipestone Pond. (Fe O Mg O) Ch2 O3 AI2 O3.) Chromatc and Aluminate of Iron and Magnesia. Analysis Iron. Magnesia. Chromium. Alumina. Cryst. I Sp 0=4.3—45 H=55 Streak brown. By R. C. HENNESSEY, No, 14. White Nickel Ore. Tilt Cove. As2 (NiCo Fe.) Arseniuret of Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, Analysis Cobalt, 8— 12 per cent. Nickel, 28— 32 per cent. Cryst. cube H=55, 0=6.9—7. By R. C, Hennessey. No, 15. (i) Oersdorfite (yellow) Tilt Cove. (2) White Nickel Ore (blue). (3) Copper Nickel (red). (i) Nickel, Arsenic, and Sulpnur. (2) Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, Arsenic. Nickel, 28 per cent.— 30 per cent.; Cobalt 10 per cent. — 12 ner cent. (3) Arsenic, Antimony, Nickel, Cobalt and Iron. Nickel, 38 per cent.; Cobalt, 46 percent. . By R. C. Hennessey. By An 53 Analyses of Coal from three Seams, Bay St. Qeorge. No. i6. Clear Y Seam. Juke's Ssam. HowLEY Seam. Water Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon.. Sulphur Ash 3-548 30.897 55-229 3-946 6.380 3-036 30-344 60.142 1.963 4.515 2.784 29.271 54-468 3-047 10.430 100.000 100.000 100.000 No. 17. Fireclay, From Coal Measures, Grand Lake. Analysis: (Silica) S2 O2 81.86 per cent. (Iron and Alumina) Fe2 Os & AI2 O3, 8.42 (Lime) Ca. O 0.31 (Sulphur) S 0.25 (Combined moisture) Combined H2 O 9.00 99.84 Arsenical Iron Pyrite?.. Bonavista Bay. Silica . . . •Iron . . . Arsenic. Copper., Lime • . . ■ 5.0 .39.0 •33-0 . 0.8 . i.o Sulphur 20.0 Silver 2.72 oz. to the ton. Gold a trace Analyses of Coal Specimens from Grand Lake, or Central Carboniferous Area. By Wm. H. Fitton,F.G.S., F.S.Sc, Mining Engineer, England. Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. I. Moisture Volatile Matter. Fixed Carbon • . • Ash Sulphur No. ?o S';am. . 7.41 30.73 53.49 7.71 .66 100,00 Coke (in closed vessel) 61.86 per cent. Colour of Ash light pink. 54 Aldery Brook, Grani Lake. Analysis No. II. No. 15 Seam Moisture j e yg Volatile Matter 30.30 Fixed Carbon Ai\n A*-- ;1J Sulphur e - 100.00 Coke (in closed vessel) 53.92 per cent. Colour of Ash light grey. Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. III. No. 16 Seam. Moisture e g2 Volatile Matter 33^62 Fixed Carbon cc'-jS Ash 55-2« Sulphur ^.49 100.00 Coke (in closed vessel) 60.56 per cent. Colour of Ash brown. Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No IV. Nq. 6. Seam. Moisture e go Volatile Matter .' 31^. Fixed Carbon <7 86 Ash '^.os Sulphur 82 100.00 Coke (in closed vessel) 62.76 per cent. Colour of Ash light pink. Coal Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. V. No. 4 Seam. Moisture t 02 Volatile Matter ' 3 j ^35 Fixed Carbon ca m Ash.. ^tel Sulphur 104 100.00 Coke (in closed yessel) 63.73 per cent. Colour of Ash light red. w 55 Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. VI. No. 17 Seanl. Moisture 4,32 Volatile Matter 16.84 Fixed Carbon 72.66 Ash 5.33 Sulphur .... • • • • 85 lOO.OO Coke (in closed vessel) • . • - 78.84 per cent. Colour of Ash light brown. Coal Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. VII. No- 3 Seam. Moisture 9.93 Volatile Matter 24.01 Fixed Carbon 49- 1 5 Ash 16. 14 Sulphur 77 100.00 Coke (in closed vessel) 66.06 per cent. Colour of Ash grey- Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. VIII. No. 7 Seam. Moisture 10.77 Volatile Matter 16.55 Fixed Carbon 33-89 Ash 37.86 Sulphur 93 100,00 Coke (in closed vessel) 72.68 per cent. . Colour of Ash grey. Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. IX. No. 2 Seam. Moisture 10.22 Volatile Matter 24.39 Fixed Carbon 48.5 1 Ash 15.72 Sulphur 1.16 100.00 Coke (in closed vessel) 65.39 per cent. Colour of Ash light pink. 'a 56 Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. X. No. 9 Seami Moisture I3-7I Volatile Matter 26.83 Fixed Carbon 51 .06 Ash 7.56 Sulphur 84 100.00 Coke, (in closed vessel) SQ-S^ per cent. Colour of Ash light grey. Aldery Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. XL No. 23 Seam. Moisture 12.11 Volatile Matter 19-53 Fixed Carbon 44-70 Ash 22.33 Sulphur. 1.33 100.00 Coke (in closed vessel) 18.36 per cent. Colour of Ash • grey. Little Brook, Grand Lake. Analysis No. XIL No. i Seam. Moisture 8.44 Volatile Matter 28.54 Fixed Carbon S0.07 Ash 11.53 Sulphur 1 .42 , 100.00 Coke (in closed vessel) 63.92 per cent. Colour of Ash red. 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