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T 
 
NoRTIIKHN OUTCUOP, (rMHKHLAXI) CdAL IIKLDS— (ill.PIN. *^S7 
 
 the clianiiin<ir July sun tempts yon, you ijivc way for tlic iiioiith 
 of till' liasin, wlit'io tlie linger bouldt'is of traps stem tlic Hny of 
 Fundy tides, licajdiiji; jL^reat sand heaelies at tlieir liases. Your 
 canoe ^rits upon Indian heacli, v<»" run it up amidst dozens of 
 otlier Indian canoes, and scan lialf way up the roeky hairit-r a 
 sljad\' spot for vour l»ivouac. Ileie your Indian builds his tire, 
 two parallel lines of stones eii.ditee!i inches hi;,d!, with a trench 
 between, picks ami cleans his biids, and cuttin*,' branches from 
 the nearest tree, impales a bird on every twig, restini,' the whole 
 branch ')Ver his fire, (iravely ht> hamls to each i,'nest a branch 
 with its roasted fruit, who, holding the 'uanch in one han<I pulls 
 with the other the birds from the twiu^s. To one who ha>> eaten 
 of this Abyssinian ban<juet there is no ncccl to tell ot" Lln'ir tt-n- 
 (lerness and juicy flelicacy. The riijor mortis has not yet still*"- 
 ened tin; deatl birds. This comes on after a few bonis and then 
 passes off' after a day or tw(j. If you cook thc^ i^rouse shot upon 
 your tramp for your niijjht's stipper, yon are sui'prised how touLjh 
 thty are, but if you liani,' them in your camp for a day or two 
 you find them tender. The Indian, like the Abyssinian, chooses 
 the almost livin;^' flesh for his feast. 
 
 Article IX. — "The N()Htmei{n Oitcrop hk the CrMiuiu- 
 LAxi) Coal Field." By Ei>wln (jIlpin, a. m., 
 
 F. (i. S., F. It. S. ('., LT<". 
 
 (Heii.l M.iy Sili, ISSJ.) 
 
 Mv object this evenin<; is to lav befoi-e you a lirief summary 
 of the work which has been tlone on the northern outcrops of tlie 
 seams of the Cumberland Coal Field. Scjme of the int'ormation 
 i.s new and of importance, }»nt foi* much of the work <lone at an 
 early dat*' I have liad recourse to othcial .sources. 
 
 The (Cumberland coal field was for many years an unknown 
 and unpi'omisini,' district. It was accessible by water at the .!( i^- 
 gins only, to allow competition with the coals of Sydney and 
 Pictou. The presence of coal seams was known at several other 
 points, but the want of any means of transportation forbade an 
 attempt to open them. 
 
388 NOUTHEHN OUTCIlOl', (UMnKULAND COAL FIKLDS— (JILPIN. 
 
 '4T 
 ■I. 
 
 Uiuler the iriHiU'iuM' of a tempi^rary (U'liumd for coal in the 
 United States, xevoral mines were opened lietween Macean and 
 the Joj:j;,'ins ; l»nt th«>v wt're ahandoned as soon as tlie necessity 
 ceaseil that ( ille<l them into o[)(ration. 
 
 When, hov.'over, tli<' lon;,^ dreamt of Intercohmial Railway 
 wasopeiu'd throu^^di tlie centre of tlie field, a fresh and more last inj^j 
 jnipi'tus wasj^iven to the coal trade. A lai'^^e and Hourishin;^ ndne 
 was oj)en«Ml at Sprinj^hill, throii^di the ener^^y of s me merchants 
 of St. .Fohn, who have been well rewanh'd for their enterprise in 
 takini,^ h(tl<l of a property which was rejecte(l hy the ]M'oj)le of 
 Halifax. The demand for fuel at the liondonderrv iron works 
 has led to the openin;^ of another colliery, and other pi-o]ieities 
 are heinjif prepared to meet the revival of business in tlu' ndiieral 
 we are now considerinjjf. 
 
 In view of this encouraifini; state of affairs, it may not prove 
 uninteresting to you to learn not only what pro;.;ress in d«'veloj)- 
 ment has been already eflrcted, hut to consider what additional 
 stores of mineial wealth may he contained in the <listrict treated 
 of in this paper. 
 
 The key to thi' general stiucture of the Cumherland coal field 
 is found at tln' Jo^^iiins, presented in a beautiful and unbroken 
 section of the various divisions of the carboniferous system. This 
 has been carefully studied and mimitely described by Dr. Dawson 
 and the late Sir Charles Lvell, and I shall n'fer to it so far as 
 may be necessary to show its bearin;j^ on the distribution of the 
 prcductive measures over a district 25 niiles in len^dh. On re- 
 ferriii'^ to Dawson's " Acadian (Jnolouv," we will find the .b)mfins 
 coal-m'>asures l>ounded above (ijeologically speakinj^) by a .set of 
 massive sandstones (th" upper coal measures), and below by a 
 sei'ies of sandstones, urits an<l coni,domeratos (the Millston*' *xrii). 
 These nn.ssive covers, like the pastelioard of the book-binder's 
 art, serve not to hide, but to preserve the material contained be- 
 tween them. The followin<.>- sunnnary, in descending,' order, will 
 show tlie relative tliickness of these gi*eat layers of setliments : 
 
 riM'EU COAL iMEAKUHES. 
 
 Upper part ()5() feet. 
 
 Lower " lh()7 " 
 
 22G7 feet. 
 
M in the 
 icrnn and 
 \nvc('ssity 
 
 i'''('Iiant.s 
 Jrjjiisc in 
 
 |"'<'|>I<' of 
 
 "I woj-ks 
 
 "I'l'itics 
 
 niiiicra) 
 
 I>1<)V«.' 
 Vcloj). 
 
 •'itioiial 
 treated 
 
 )al field 
 ddolvoii 
 ". This 
 Mwson 
 
 ^'ai- as 
 *>f the 
 
 )u re- 
 
 set of 
 hy a 
 
 iider's 
 
 d be- 
 
 wiJl 
 
 ts: 
 
 ^ 
 
 w 
 
 NOUTHKKN OUTCUOI', (irMUKHLAXD COAL FIELIKS — (JILIMN. .SHO 
 
 i»ROi>r('TlVE <'OAL MKASrUES. 
 
 Upper part 21.'J4 feet. 
 
 1 
 
 jower 
 
 MlMvSTONE nUIT. 
 
 2(;2:J 
 
 47.")7 feot. 
 
 TTppcr part 2()()() feet. 
 
 Middl.' " 
 
 jower 
 
 :J24() 
 
 ")SSO feet. 
 
 The lower part of t]»e UpiwrCor.! Measures is exposed at Raijj- 
 
 d Reef, wli 
 
 ih 
 
 A'U'Hy of hard and 
 
 av 
 
 t. 
 
 massive 
 and wlnte samlstones, witli occasional l)e(is or a ivaili.sh colour, ana 
 rofl and <^n*ay shales. 
 
 Tile upper part of the Pro(hictive (\ni\ Mt'asures ooniprise.s 
 about lOOO feet of <^i-av san<lstone,and nearly the siinie thicknes.s 
 »^f <;rav and reddish shale and tire clays. Jt contains 22 coal beds. 
 all of which are thin and of poor «piality as exj>osed on the shuj-e, 
 and will not Ik; apiin referre«l to in this pa]>"i'. 
 
 The lower part of the l^vwluctive Measures, hoMini,' all the 
 workable seams yet known on the shores, is characterised by 
 I'ray saii<lstones, and Lfi'^y and dark coloured shales. 
 
 The Millstone (Jrit series foi-msan abrupt ehanj^e in a|)j)earance 
 to the measuies holdini,^ the coal beds. It consists of reddish 
 shales and red and .Ljray san«lstones, the latter passin^r into Hue 
 grits anil conijlomeiates. It is, moreover, destitute of coal, and 
 shows very few fossils beyond a few drifttxl pieces of wood. 
 
 The followin^j s«>ction of thf lower part of the Productive 
 Measures shows the }>rinei{Mil eoiil Im«;1s and their relative posi- 
 trons : — 
 
 fcrt. In. Fi'ct. I v. 
 
 Strata :j:}9 7 — _ 
 
 Main Seam — 7 7 
 
 Strata 7') — — 
 
 Queo" Seam — 4 10 
 
 Sti-ata ()().S _ _ 
 
 C\)al be<l — — _ 4 
 
 Strata 18 — — — 
 
 NewMineSeam. . . . — 3 
 
 Strata ll(JQ — — — 
 
390 XOUTIFFHS' OUTCROP, (M'MHKRf.AKD COAL FIKLDS— (JILIMN. 
 
 Only two (»f the ultijvc srains, luiiin'I y, tlio iiuiin ami lU'W iiiinr. 
 at*o coiisiilcrc*! workaltic jit the JoLT^iiis. We tlu'ift'oif have this 
 vast tlnckiK'ss uf strata, compiisin^f 47 ')7 I'rt't, yicliliiiji; in its 
 uppci* lialt' IK) sraiiis worth iiifiitioiiiii^', and in its lownr part only 
 four IkmIs nu'ritin'' the mintrr's attention.. 
 
 In considei'in;^' this j^n-cat mass of si'dinu'nts, with its altornat- 
 hv^ lay«rs of coal, clay, sandstones and limestones, it nnist lie 
 hoiiie in mind that tin; various ehan^res chronicle<l at the Jo«'<dns 
 <lid not necessarily extend (tver the whole of the ( 'umherlan*! 
 coal field. Ihit, as Dr. Dawson remarks, had we visited the dis- 
 trict during,' the coal period, we mi;;ht, l»y chan;;in<,' our jiosition 
 a few miles, have passed fi'()m a sandy shore to a peaty swamp 
 or the niui'^dn of a lagoon. The evidence of similar districts at 
 the present "lay, and the sections (jf their coal tields, sliow that, 
 nlthou;^!! these changes would he visihle in passing over the 
 ground, still the horizons of de])osition, wliether of v<'<^f(;tal)le mat- 
 h'l' or of .saiidstone, etc., \ary very little, an<l that the persistence 
 and iCLiulji^ritv of the coal heds is <rreatei- than tlwit of the associ- 
 nted mi'asures. \\\' thus find in Cape Hicton coal seams ])reserv- 
 in;4 over consideiahh> areas a uniform .size and relative position 
 while markt'd variations are ohsei-vecl in the thickness of tlie 
 containiuLj heds. Had we visited tlie district we are considering 
 at a period coincidinj^ with the formation of one of the coaly 
 heds, we would have seen on all sides vast swanq»y plains covered 
 with dense forests of stranj^a' shapi's and unkn(»wn hues; calam- 
 ite hrakes and ijeatv Iki'Ts, traversi'd hy sluu<;ish streams an<l 
 slmllow laijjoons, impeded and changi'd in their course l)y the 
 lu.\uriant and encroachiuLT vej^etation. Attain, a visit at the time 
 of deposition of some of the ^'reat heds of harren sandstones 
 would have sliown us a wide and shall(»w sea filled with sandhars 
 and low islands, on which ^nvw strai^j^ding calamites, fij^htint,^ for 
 an e.Kistenci! amid the shiftin^^ sands. 
 
 We ntay now hiiefly pass in review the sections of the seams 
 presented at the various mines which luive been opened on the 
 i*astern extt;nsion of these strata. 
 
 Near the shore the Joj^i^ins main seam presents the following 
 section recently measured bv myself; — 
 
J1M»1N. 
 
 now niinr, 
 I' liavc this 
 lin;4' in its 
 r purt only 
 
 s »ilti'niat- 
 it must Im' 
 he J()<f<riiis 
 tin)iK>ilMn<l 
 
 '<! the tlis- 
 
 iir })()sitioii 
 by swaiiip 
 listricts ut 
 sliow tliat, 
 over t}i(' 
 tn\)\v mat- 
 lersistoncc 
 blio associ- 
 H pivscrv- 
 
 i)ositioii 
 3SS of thr 
 )nsi(U'riii<,' 
 
 tile coaly 
 IS covertMl 
 s; calani- 
 eanis an<l 
 50 by tin* 
 'j the tillH' 
 andstoncs 
 
 1 sandbars 
 ;htint; for 
 
 ho seams 
 d on tile 
 
 foil 
 
 owin^' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 NOUTHKUN r,UT(.'IU)P, CUMllKllLANP CoAL FIKI.DS— (JILPIN. ^d\ 
 
 FM. In. 
 
 Coal I >!! 
 
 ( 'oal and slmle (holin«;) 'J •' 
 
 2 <> 
 
 I 10 
 
 Shal. 
 
 Coal _ __ 
 
 Total 7 7 
 
 At the fa(v of the most easterly workin,«,'M, the ^lartin-- has 
 diminished to 4 inches. 
 
 Tho New MitK-seam presents the followini,' section : 
 
 Fi'ct. lit. 
 
 (^oal ^ * 
 
 C:oal and shale <^ * 
 
 Coal * \ 
 
 Fireclay <> * 
 
 Coal _^ ^ 
 
 Total -^ -^ 
 
 At the Victoria Colliery, a s(>ction is presente.l which .loes not 
 Htrreo with any seen on tho shore three miles distant, viz :— 
 ■^ Feet. III. 
 
 No. 1 (V'al 1 
 
 Strata ^•' 
 
 No. 2 Coal .'^ 
 
 Strata ^ -'^^ 
 
 /Ve^ III. 
 
 /Coal <i\ 
 
 Shale I -t 
 
 No. :] Coal' Coal 1 2 ... 5 2 
 
 Shale H) 
 
 VCoal 1 47 
 
 A nnne is behij.; opened by th<> MijUKlie Coal (%nnpany, on a 
 seam umh'rlyin.t,' those worked at tlu' Victoria Colliery by about 
 
 MOO feet This seam presents the followin.i; section :— 
 
 Ferf. IV. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 C^)al . 
 Shale 
 Coal. 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 T(»tal 4. 4 
 
 This seam is apparently the same as that sh.nvn in the pnre.l 
 in- section, intervening between tlw' Queen and New Minc^ seams 
 
lit 
 
 ??!)2 NoRTiir.us oiTTruop, crMnKUT.AKD coal fields— oilptn". 
 
 At tho next c'<)llit'ry, tlio Lawrcncr, tluTo aro two scaiiiM, eacl» 
 2 fcrt (j inches tliick, sopurati'd l»y 20 f«'i't of strata. 
 
 At tlu; Maccan Colliery there are three seuais, presenting t)ir 
 following section : — * 
 
 Feet. I)h 
 feet. In. 
 
 No. 1 Seam|[>j>^"^7- ? ;;!-.. 2 4 
 
 ( Coal, gooa. . ..I 8 j 
 
 Strata 100 
 
 No. 2 Si-an^ 1 8 
 
 Strata 300 
 
 Feel. In. 
 
 /Coal, good.. . 2^ 
 
 Shale, ... 4 
 
 No. ;}Seanr( (\)al, "... 10 V . . 4 
 
 Shale, ... 1 
 
 VCoal, "... 1 2, 
 
 At the Scotia mine two seams have been worked. The upper one 
 is 2 feet 9 inches thick. The lower one, separated from the other 
 Ht the slope by 10 feet of rock, presents the following section :- 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Coal (Impuri!) 1 3 
 
 Coal 11 
 
 Shale H 
 
 Coal 1 5" 
 
 Shale U 
 
 Coal iT 
 
 Total 5 
 
 This parting of ten feet rapidly diminishes to the eastward. 
 
 and the seams unite on the Chignecto area. 
 
 At the Chignecto mine, now being opened by the Steel Coui- 
 
 |)any of Canada, the satne seam presents the following section :•— 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Shale 2 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Shale 1 
 
 Coal 6 
 
 Shale 1 
 
 Coal 3 
 
5-OlLPlN'. 
 
 'o Hcains, each 
 a. 
 
 )iesciiti!»g tilt- 
 ed. In, 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 Phe upper onr 
 
 roin the other 
 
 ing HGction : — 
 
 . In. 
 3 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 6 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 
 the eastwanl. 
 
 e Steel Coui- 
 ng section :-— 
 
 't In. 
 [ 
 > 2 
 
 I 1 
 ) 6 
 I 1 
 I 3 
 
 KOUTHKIIN Ot'TCHOP, CUMnKllLAND COAl- KlKLDS— OIIPlN. ^9t^ 
 
 Shah' 1 
 
 Coal I n 
 
 Shale a 
 
 (\)al 2 I 
 
 Shale :\ 
 
 Coal I 2 
 
 Total {> n 
 
 At the St. George mine the same seam presents a somewhat 
 siniiiar section, viz;— 
 
 Ft. Tn. 
 
 Coal (several l^hin partings) i\ <l 
 
 Shale 2 
 
 ( 'oal 3 
 
 Shale I i 
 
 Coal 1 a 
 
 Shale 2 
 
 Coal 1 9 
 
 Shale 1 10 
 
 Coal n 
 
 Total. 11 0.1 
 
 At the Styles' mine the following section of .steams has been 
 
 proved in ascending order, and is from information given me by 
 
 Mr. James Hickman : — 
 
 l.st Seam 2 
 
 Strata 12 
 
 Ft. In. 
 f Coal . . 1 10 ) 
 
 2nd Seam-^ Shale . .0 ^^ ]■ 3 6 
 
 ( Coal . . 1 2 ) 
 
 Strata IS 
 
 rCoal . .3 (>) 
 
 3rd Seam Shale . .0 10 fi 
 
 ( Coal . . 1 H) 
 
 Strata 30 
 
 C Coal . . 2 ) 
 
 4th Seam \ Shale . . 8 - 3 6 
 
 (Coal ., 10 j 
 
 Strata 8 
 
 5th Seam 1 10 
 
 This aection represents the seams extending from the Styles; 
 
.*194- XOIITIIKIIX fUTCROP, (M'MUi:ilI,ANr> (OAF, KIKT-ns— f;n,l'IV. 
 
 hio(»l< to th«' St. (J('«>r«n' iiiiiu', H ilistrict aliout five inih-s in h'lijfth. 
 This «'n<l of tin' coal tiiM will, from its proximity to tin* railway, 
 and the li'i^ularity of tlu' strata, prove an important futurr source 
 of coal. 
 
 Tlw'sr sections difier widely, and in addition to tliis tln-n' arc* 
 numerous faults known on the iliver Herbert areas. A heavy fault 
 is also rej)orted on tlie west line of tlie Styles area. We thus find 
 that the seams cannot with anv show of reason h<* corn-lat«'d 
 with either of the coal-heds worked at the .lo'';chis. so far as their 
 sections are concerned, and the presence of lieavy faults pn-vrnts 
 a satisfactory comparison hetween those of areas separated hy a 
 sliort distance. 
 
 Dr. Dawson considers tlie seams at the Victoria Collier}' (al- 
 ready referred to) as repiesentinj,' the Nisw Mine .seam, the coal 
 hud («^ivcn in the section) lyinj.^ eij^hte- n feet above it, and ano- 
 ther coal bed *i.') feet below it, containi»i<,^ three feet of coal and 
 shalt! as represented in the Jo^^irins section, lie also compares 
 the ('hi'Miecto .seam with the be<i Ivin*; ei'diteen feet above the 
 New Mine .seam, ami he further su;,'gests that tlie eijuivah-nt of 
 the n>nin seauj is yet to bo found in the eastern part of the di.s- 
 tiict. 
 
 The work of the Geoloi;ical survev has brouirht out n<'W facts, 
 which suppoit his opinion as to the probabhi position of the 
 .lou^^ins main seam, while they oppose his correlation of the 
 seams already j^iven. 
 
 On app»-oachin<f the Styles ndne from tht^ north a band of fine 
 •grained con<^domeiate is met, composed lai<,'ely of .syenitic, «piartz- 
 ite, and slate pebbles, the whole having a ^freenish and red colour. 
 The thickness of this conglomerat*; and some associatetl betls of 
 red shale is about 1,. ")()() feet, and it is underlaid iiy about 1,000 
 feet of chocolate coloured shales and .sandstones. 
 
 This beMl of conglomerate has been traced from a point several 
 miles east of the Styles mine nearly to the Maccan River, and 
 throughout tlds tlistanee it pre.serves the same characteristics, and 
 appears to form the summit of the Millstone Grit. There is also, 
 as mentioned by Mr. McOuat, another point supporting thi- 
 view, that is, the underlving chocolate coloured .shales arc .selJoDi 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 NORTH KUN OUTCUnJ', CITMBERLAND COAL FIELDS — OILPIN. 395 
 
 expose<l, and Imvo been erode (1 into a (leprossion to the north of 
 the con;,'lotnerato, recallinj,' tli'» j^rcat mass of soft strata lying 
 Ix'tweon the upper part of th<; Millstone Orit and that section of 
 it which furnishes the; .Jo^'gins ^MJndstones. 
 
 Tlu' Styhss. St. (leor^e, (^lii<;iucto and Scotia seams all occur 
 at a vertical distanc*' al«>ve this con<;lonu'ratt! of 4.')0 to 'lOO fe*'t. 
 We thus find ourst'lv»'s provided with a clue at each «'nd of this 
 coal Held, and the conclusions to Im* drawn from the facts I have 
 ^•ndeavoured to ^ive you in the briefest possible manner, are of 
 considerable inip(n'tance in their iM-arin^' on tin* coal value^i of tlu- 
 district. 
 
 On referrin<jj to tlit^ section of thr Pro«luctivc Measures, it will 
 be noticcMl that the New Miiu* si'am, which l)r. Dawson considered 
 on the same horizon as the Victoria and Chi,^necto seams, is 1,100 
 feet above the Millstone ;jjrit. The •'([uivah-nts, therefore, of the 
 srams found at the Styles and otluT eastern mines must be 
 soUfrht for in the Jo^'<,dn section, half way between the N(;w Mine 
 sram and the Millstono (Jrit. 
 
 There is a coal bed found at the Joj^gins 520 feet above the 
 Millstone Grit, presenting the following section, viz : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Coal 4 
 
 Shale 1 () 
 
 Coal 6 
 
 Shale 1 3 
 
 Coal 1 
 
 Total 3 8 
 
 This may, so far as our data extend, Iw considere<l the ec^uivalent 
 of the eastt'rn seams. It would tlu-n appear, tliat, if the condi- 
 tions necessary for the formation of coal V)eds were as favourable 
 in the eastern part of the district as they were at the Joggins, 
 workable coal beds wouhl Im expected to exist on the horizons of 
 the New Mine and main seams, respectively 1 1 HO and 2289 feet 
 alK)ve the Millstone Grit. Judging from the thickness of the 
 seams known in the district east of the Maccan River, th(;se con- 
 ditions have been more favorable than at the Joggins; and there 
 would, as the thickness of the measures and their characteristics 
 
m 
 
 396 NORTHERN OUTCROP, CUMBERLAND COAL FIELDS — GILPIN. 
 
 remain practically unaltered, be reasonable ground for expecting 
 to find the different seams better adapted for the miner's work 
 than at the Joggins. 
 
 I have already spoken of the Kagged Reef sandstones forming 
 the upper cover of the Productive Measures. This sandstone, 
 occurring in massive beds, overlaid by red and gray shales and 
 sandstones, has been traced into the eastern district. From the re- 
 port of Mr. McOuat, already quoted, it appears that it crosses the 
 Maccan River below Athol, and strikes the Little Forks River 
 about a mile below the Styles Brook, and follows the course of 
 the river to a point about a mile beyond the post road. 
 
 The vertical thickness of Productive Measures between the base 
 of this sandstone and the Millstone Grit is, at the Joggins, 4757 
 feet ; at the Styles Brook, 4500 feet, equivalent at the latter 
 place to an interval of about a laile, measured horizontally. From 
 the course of the conglomerate, which turns to the south about 
 three miles beyond the Styles mine, it would at no great distance 
 run under the sandstone. This is accounted for by the officers 
 of ihe Survey on the supposition of a great fault, an upthrow to 
 the cast, probably of several thousand feet. There are other me- 
 thods by which this apparent obliteration of the Productive 
 Measure can be explained, but the discussion would make this 
 paper too long. 
 
 This district affords a apital illustration of tlie principle that 
 Nature never yields her secrets to the efforts of individuals con- 
 fined to limited districts. Explorations had been carried on for 
 years in ignorance of the fact that to the north of the Productive 
 Measures the line of the Millstone Grit had been drawn clearly 
 and distinctly ; and that to the south an equally distinct barrier 
 defined the area in which the prospector would legitimately exer- 
 cise his skill and perseverance. 
 
 The work of the Geological Survey in this coal field, for some 
 unexplained reason, was left incomplete, but so far as it has been 
 carried in the Northern district, useful hints have been given to 
 the prospector, which I have endeavored to place plainly be- 
 fore you. 
 
 We have seen that at the Joggins, the workable seamb and the 
 
 I 
 
)ecting 
 work 
 
 I 
 
 NCRTHERN OUTCROP, CUMBERLAND COAL FIELDS — GILPIN. 397 
 
 most promising joal beds are confined to the lower part of the 
 Productive Measures ; while the upper half lying immediately 
 below the Ragged Reef sandstones appears to be worthless. So 
 far as I am aware, this set of rocks has not been systematically 
 explored, and its coal contents east of the Joggins are problemati- 
 cal. However, as we have seen that the coal values of a certain 
 horizon in the lower portion have improved to the east, we may 
 anticipate that it is quite within the bounds of possibilities that 
 conditions favorable to the accumulation of workable seams of 
 coal have occurred through this long stretch of coal measures. 
 
 Having thus briefly discussed the known seams, and the possi- 
 ble future greatly enhanced value of the district, it remains for 
 me to draw attention to the qualities and transportation facilities 
 of the seams already noticed, with the proviso that any seams 
 found in the future will be more favourably situated for outlet 
 than those now proved. 
 
 The distance from the Intercolonial Railway to the furthest 
 east point yet proved in the district is 3 miles. This distance gra- 
 dually diminishes until the Railway enters the productive belt, 
 and traverses it for a distance of about 1^ mile. By this road a 
 ready outlet is furnished to shipping at Dorchester, 29 miles from 
 Maccan. 
 
 The Maccan and Herbert Rivers furnish good shipping faci- 
 lities for vessels tip to 300 tons burden, and at the Joggins coal is 
 loaded into vessels directly from the mines. 
 
 I regret to say that at the time I prepared for the Newcastle 
 Institute of Mining Engineers, ray paper on " Canadian Coals," 
 I was unable to procure a set of samples of these coals for ana- 
 lysis. I give the following from Dr. Dawson's " Acadian Geo- 
 logy" and other sources, which show the general character of the 
 seams : — 
 
 JOGGINS. 
 
 Moisture 250 
 
 Volatile Combustible Matter 86-30 
 
 Fixed Carbon 5600 
 
 Ash 5-20 
 
398 NORTHERN OUTCROP, CUMBERLAND COAL FIELDS — GILPIN. 
 
 MACCAN. 
 
 Volatile Matter 3700 
 
 Fixed Carbon 5918 
 
 Ash 3.82 
 
 STYLES. 
 
 Fast coking. Slow cok'iv(/. 
 
 Moisture 405 405 
 
 Volatile Combustible Matter 3372 381 8 
 
 Fixed Carbon 5583 51 37 
 
 Ash 6-40 0-40 
 
 The Dominion Government have made arranifoments for sur- 
 veying a line of raihvay from Maccan to Barnes' Creek, on the 
 river Herbert, and thence to the Joggins, a total distance of about 
 nine miles. This line of road would prove a valuable feeder to 
 the Intercolonial Railway, and an important outlet to the whole 
 Cumberland coal district. It passes across and skirts the 
 productive belt nearly the whole way. By it, in winter, 
 the Joggins, Minudie and other mines would find an outlet 
 to New Brunswick and the Upper Provinces. In summer, 
 the Maccan, and Springhill, and other mines, would find by thi^ 
 road an outlet to a shipping port much nearer than Dorchester 
 and Parrsboro', and open for a longer portion of the year. 
 
 The Joggins coal, I presume almost unknown in Halifax, is 
 when carefully prepared a good steam coal. During this year the 
 company have contracted to supply coal for a line of steamers 
 calling at St. John. I am not in possession of any data as to its 
 qualifications for gas and coke making. 
 
 The coal from the Scotia and Chignecto seauis has found a 
 ready market as a good lasting house coal, and its adaptability 
 for that important use, iron making and working, is shown b\'^ 
 the selection of the Chignecto property by the Steel Company 
 of Canada as a fuel supply. The coal from the Styles seam is 
 also well adapted for domestic use, while from tiials made on 
 the Intercolonial Railway, it would appear to be a good .,:eain 
 coal. From its actioTi while burning it should also possess good 
 
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NORTHERN OUTCROP, ri'MHKRLANl) (X)AL FIELDS — OILPIN. 'WJ 
 
 cooking' qualities. This point liowever can be settled satis- 
 factorily only l»y practical tests. 
 
 I do not know that there is more that I can add to this brief 
 .sketch of an important, ))ut still almost unknown district, hut 
 will feel .satisfied if I have been able to convey to you, and ulti- 
 mately to the general public, any information which will serve 
 to draw attention to the resoui-ces of our Province, and to place 
 on record data which may possibly be utilized by future ex- 
 plorers