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 Technical and Bibliographic HotH I Notes tachniquts at hihliographiquas 
 
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 Wcstbpumc Count^ in J 858* 
 
 Mr. IlaiTv \ouU' llin(l savM' of tlus OuniitVy.:— *' 'llir 
 prairicj drained by : White Mud River .(now WeBtbourne 
 River) is second only in beauty and fertility to the valley of 
 the Rapid River (Little Saskatchewan River). Not only is 
 the herbage of surprising luxuriance, but th|tty:ees in the 
 river bottoms are of very Urge (ITniensions/ahw consist Ot*/ 
 oak, elm, ash, maple, aspefi land poplar. The woods frii)^- 
 ing the river at th# crossing place are very impoi^tant, 
 ..The oak and elm are of ^le largest size— 2 ft. to 2 ft. 6 in. 
 in* diameter— with talT/ cleian trunks. .The hop and vine 
 twine around tha underbfush, and give -^ very attractive 
 appearance to the b^it of MTOods." 
 
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 As will be «een by the aGcompanying map, the County 
 of Wostboiirne occupies a very central positiou in the l*ro: 
 viuce of Manitoba. It is iniine(liat(?iy adjoining the Portage 
 Plains, a district well known all over the Dominion as hay- \ 
 ing produced for the last twenty years magnificent cr^ps of 
 wheat. This county is bounded on the; east by Lake Mani- „ 
 toba, and the presence of so large a body of Water has ren- 
 dered it practically free froih damage by either early ot'Iate 
 frosts. ■ ■■ : ■ ' ..'• .■,.■; . "; .- '•.:*■ '''''' 
 
 The land varies from black loaiii to sandy loam. The 
 bulk of it is high and dry and docs not need any expenditure 
 whatever fpr clearing or drainage. Some parcels have more . 
 scrub and poplar wood than others, but there is not a claim 
 ottere<l that has not frcto fifty to a hundred acres of l^nd 
 that is open prairie that willreciuire no (Expense in, bringing 
 under cultivation, exjpept breaking and back-setting. The 
 whole country i* level land, but there are no large stretches 
 of prairie without any trees or brush, and there are some por- 
 tions which are somewhat heavily timbered : so thiat a settler 
 \& not at any time more than a few miles distant from where 
 he can obtain a supply of wood. Moat of this is poplar,^ but 
 there L- along the banks of the Westbourne river a consider- 
 able amount of oak, ash and elm. Along the shores of Lake 
 Manitoba there is an abundant supply of wild hay, and there 
 are many sections of land throughout the county where a 
 supply of hay can be obtained, especially if the season is wet. 
 
 Water has always been easily obtained in the County at 
 a depth of from twelve to forty feet. 
 
 The County is essentially adapted for mixed farming. 
 Large mmibers of cattle have been shipped annually for sev- 
 eral vears to eastern markets, from 5 to 15 c-ars having been 
 loaded at AVestbourne at one time during the shipping season. 
 Dairying interests are gradually securing more atterition. 
 One creamerv has been established near Gladstone that is d(?4^ 
 ing w e ll, and others, no doubt , will follow in due courrie.'^ 
 
 
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 Up to the prc-ent, no rhtv«c* has h<oii iiiu(l<' in rfic County 
 on am- largo scale, nor lias win,tor <lairying been followed, 
 but no tlonbt a^ the settr(!nicnt inereascH au<l prospers,, com- . 
 MTOiliovH Htone .<tables will be eret'iod ami more attention 
 yiven t« this. ~ "^ ^i - 
 
 The Manitcma iV North we-ttern liai I way pusses throngh 
 tln' connty in a n<)rthwo&^ern direction, having a tri-weokly , 
 inail and passenger, serviee ; and the Lake l)anpli|« ttoad, * 
 which rnns frtmi ( JIadstone, the eonnty town, to T/tke Dau- 
 phin. alsx> passes throiigh this Con nty 'over its ow:i and the' 
 M. A- N. W. line, twice a week, affording adtlitionartriiin ser - : 
 vice Wostboixrnc river is bridged at five diflferont points in 
 the County, once between Westbourne and the lake, twice 
 between Westbourne and Woodside, on^e at Woodside, and 
 once at Gladstone, and there are bridges erected on all th<' 
 main travMled roads pvv»r the s (nailer streams. 
 
 There* is an English Episcopal Church at Westbourne, 
 and a pnblii^ hall, where the Methodists and Presbyterians 
 hold services alternately ; several general stores, a postoffice, 
 . blacksmith shop, l|g||ter, Tiarnessmaker, and a eonifortable 
 stopping-place or 3^erancc Imtel. There is also a new^^^^^^^^^^ •. 
 school house just erected at this point, with stone basement 
 and heated with f umacej and at convenient ])oints through- ^ 
 out the County where there are suflficieht (children, school 
 houses have been erected. The system adopted is, that wher- 
 ever there are a number of families together and sufficient 
 children lo make up a sehooh a new district is organized. 
 The regulations of the Local Ooverninent regarding educa- 
 tional matters are very liberal and progressive, seeing that 
 suitable teachers are provided arid the schools regularly in^ 
 spectcd ; but here, -as elsewhere, th^^ local schoaV is largely 
 what the people in the neighborhood make it^ 
 
 The price at which this land is held varies very much ac- >^ 
 
 cording to the quality of the land and its freedom from 
 Ixrush, and its location with reference to the railway. A ^ 
 good quarter secti<>n, or 240-aere lot, can he imrchased within f 
 five or six mile* of either Woodside or AVestbourne for $5.00 j 
 p^r ar»rft. At Woodside at the present n omen t there is noth- 
 
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 in^ JDUt tlu! railway siBction lions*' uiul »»ik' Hinuii huildiiiji 
 iigftl UH u griieral ntoro. Tim writi'r <'jin rcinciubcr wliciin 
 'fi w yeiirs a;;<) \V<'stl)oiit-iu' wai* in fxattly flic same coinlition. 
 Kifty families scttlin^i; in this iliiniodiair nciirlihurhood woiil 1 
 mean a 1)lncksiiiitli'.s shop, a clinrcl), postotKci' and school 
 tlu-re iinni<<4liar('ly,.and viiiiil«' ii i»ii important ^hipping point 
 in the ronrsc .it- 11 vcrv frw year*. , ^ 
 
 III regaiVl t<»roHt of making a start on a farm in this 
 Coii'iity, X\m will. vary very muoli iici-fmliii^ t<» tho circum- 
 stani-es aiKtwuiiin'iiK'ntx of the individual. Tliero is a saw 
 aiul planiiig niilj mi r ho river ;i iiulo and n half b^low \\>4;— 
 Ixiuriio, at which all kinds of rohgh and dicsstMl Inmbt-r can , 
 U- pui'cha>*<'d at" prices varyinu from. $1.'> to $;3a per thousand. 
 Avouiignian, who is hatching it, can hnild a shanty, douhh'- 
 hoarded, v^ith tai* paper between, in which he can make him*. 
 si'lf (M»mfortal>lf fV»r a couple of years, for an eNpenditure of 
 from $.50 to $7.'. ; and many of tlu^ rti)r)st siiceessful farmers 
 in Manitoba pur in their first two or three years in just such 
 places; .\ cnnifortnhle house can be built all the way from 
 $500 to $1,000. A perc-entage of from 10 to 25 per cent can 
 T»e added to the' price paid W a similar building ^ various 
 jiarCt of Ontiivio, as hardware costs a little more, as also labor 
 an'l Vnaterial. Tn erecting buildings we would ^troingty a^l- 
 viae tlV^ :> st<»nefounfliti<m.w!vU. should b(^ lai^l en th^priiirlc 
 snd,and the sills laid On this st«>ne, as it ^is Found tlielsbllsTr<»t 
 very quickly if laid on the sod \vitl><>"t «"«'!' protWtion, anl 
 builders will find tjl»<'y are aniplfrepaiit for this little addi- 
 tional cost. Stone is to be had withi i reasonable distmcry 
 ill any part Of the Countv. not <piaiTied stone hut surface, 
 lime stone. Lime \\'iis at om' time burned alonu- the river 
 banks, but this tias been given up. as the stone.s are not suf 
 ticicTitly plentiful. Lirhe can be purchased, nnd coats from 
 10c. to 50e. per hush eL la id down at Weatboume. , ,, 
 
 * A special rate is given by the 0. P. TJ. for settlers* effects, 
 and new-comers should brina- Avitli them ev('TVthing that i« 
 of any value, as a great many old articles tbat have been in 
 use a good many years anddiave little value to sell in Ontario, 
 will fflke^t^e plac<vof moro evpen'»ive new articlea^ere, Tbc. 
 cost of bringing them in is trifling, , ,. 
 
 
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 CoWx art" gohicv'liat higlur in pi-ic^^ U«'r«' tlum in OntariM. 
 Ct^tiiiM troiii $20 fo .$4o. a«<'»>nliiiji to i|Ualitv. Horses run 
 
 " 168. or lnoiu'iio.-«, art! to Ix- )<n<l fur vory 'lirtU' money, $10 tn 
 
 ..• $.")(>, anti lire viry UMcfiil for litlin^^ or <lrivitrg» and the larj^er • 
 
 I . unif will do eoi»Bideral)le liglit W.-rk, heyii; strong in pro- 
 " [lorfi'tn to their size; and entlni'in^. \ ' 
 
 '. . The eo^t of ini|>lenieiirs in vory BiuiihtrUKM-e lo ()ntjp». 
 
 Brciilsin^ |)h>\vs, of whieh l»ni f<\v axe no\v«, M)hl, eost altoiit . 
 
 $1S. A plow, with both hreiikiufi and stufibU' n»oM hoar«l, 
 l which iw more jfi nerally piirehafi-d. ea-^t!^ .I^'li ; harrows*, :Vi; 
 1 section, $1.'V; imnver* $')<); lioi'se rake, $2.*^, lo $2|'> ; self 
 
 hinder, for three horscB, $185 ; wagon, $07i$p. 
 
 Intending >etilers are eaiitiuned aj^ainst expeeting too 
 / mn<di dujiuj; the Hi-st two or thnc years in this country. Itv 
 iornvor \e.\H a great nnuiy poophv uioved to Manitoba, e\- 
 pl»ting to make their fnriunes out of whv-at-raising in four 
 .ir five yeiirs, and then t-oidsewhere and s|)end tiM'irnumey. 
 These lu!V(',.almoHt without eve( ption, been gricvo'jisly dis- ' 
 appoi)it.e<], No uiali lued <rome here to take up land who ex- 
 le-tst" make luoney rapidly. Hy steady work ^nd <*arefnl 
 living he will in a few years liiivea good farm with romfort 
 ab'o surroundings and clear of all debt, but he uiiist be prei»ar. 
 . <d,dmingt'ie first two or three years, for i-oniciuconvonienees 
 .md disiiiip'i'itments, and must not expect 16 be able to eome 
 up and buy a nicee of land for $1.") an acre where he can ph.w 
 . .„ ai;d back-set two acres a day. put in liis Hrst <rop, sell the 
 (iroeeeds for more than the cost of his land and labor, and 
 leave hiui a handsome surplus in the bank. Su<'h records 
 ■ have boeii .made by specially good uuui on imrticularly good 
 |) faru!8, luit we would like it deHiiitoly understood thatall this 
 
 ^ kind of laud has been tiiken up hm!»; ago, and there never was 
 
 a very mnch of it X' ^^onier tieed ex'|)eot to break more 
 
 jj than froni n half to cme acre per day, and it will cost him 
 
 some little effort to learn to do that properly : alvd o<;)nsi)Eler- 
 ing the many things that will enyage his time dm iv^g^liArfirst 
 few montlrs^ if he bi-eaks up tliiWy acres thi; fi'"^*' >'|^ ""** 
 v forty the se-ond, he is doing well. TTo^hould lu-^-eparod ; 
 
 :'■;.' to buy three or four cows the first fall, amr he lias^^put up a 
 
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 stable and got sufficient hay for the winter. If his (;apital is 
 limited, he will probably find a span of oxen will do his 
 breaking- and require very much leas care and attention than 
 liorees, although oxen are not Used anything like so freely 
 *in this country as they were at a time when horses were-more. 
 expensive. If working with horses, one must be prepared to 
 give them reasonable car^ attention, and feed. 
 
 Families moving to the Northwest can always obtain ex- 
 act rates for passengors and freight from the nearest agent 
 of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The eniigTant rate fi'om 
 Toronto to any point within 125 mile,- of AVinnipeg is $21 to 
 $i>S for adults ; children under twelve are taken at half . 
 rates, and children under six are carried free. (It is extra- 
 ordinary the number of children under .«ix years of ag> that 
 have landed in tlj^ country.) For a car of emigrant's x'f- 
 feets, the rate frorti Toronto to any point within 125 miles 
 of Winnipeg is $72 to $78, and if two are not able to join 
 together in a carload, then the emigrant's effects will cost 
 72c. to 78c. per 100 lbs. 
 
 As an indication of the general quality and style of land 
 which is being offered, tlie following quotations from the 
 reports of the Government Surveyors who originally sur- 
 veyed this land into townships and sections before it was 
 occupied, will be interesting to intending settlers. The book 
 from whici these extracts an' taken is a Government Report 
 voij Township Sui-veys in Manitoba and the Nortliwest Ter- 
 ritories, published by tlie Minister of the Interior in 1884 : 
 
 Township 14, Range 1).—" This township is well-suited 
 for agricultural purposes. The timber is chiefly small poplar, 
 through which frequent fires have passed. It is, .in general, 
 valuable only for roofing houses and firewood^;^ut towards 
 the- north there is some fit for lumber." / 
 
 V lo^hship 15, Range 9.—'' Lies on the. western shore of 
 Lake Manitoba. A deep marsh with reeds and rushes bord- 
 ers the lake. The remainder of .|lie township is timbered 
 - with poplar and willows. The soil appears^to be mixed with 
 shale and gravel. Along the Big Grass Marsh there is a 
 large quantity of good hay lands.** . ; , V 
 
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 Township 14^ Range 10.—" This township offers great 
 inchicements to the settler. Its sbil is in the most placef a 
 very rii^h and deep black mould, resting on hard marl sub- 
 soil. There is plenty ot wood for fencing and fuel. For 
 building purposes, good poplar and oak timber may be ob- 
 tained alon§ the banks oT the White Mud river. 
 
 Township 15, Itangc 10.~" The western part is broken 
 by the Big Grass Marsh. The remainder is land of second- 
 class quality, near the maM^being alternate ridges of gravel 
 and long narrow muskegs, ^^o the eastward- it is better, but, 
 however, not tirst-class for farming purposes. Near the 
 northwest corner tJiere is soijae fine poplar timber," 
 
 „ Township 14, Range il.— " It is well suited for settle-* 
 ,uieiit. The soil is- excellent. Water is abundant and good. 
 Tiinber is plentiful and distributed in belts and groves all 
 through the townsliip. The White Mud river passes |jlo|ig 
 the northern part of the township. A chain of small lak^% 
 the water of which is good, stretches along the southern 
 
 pa^.^'"-' V,V.-,, ^ ,. „■ '.. w -^ •.:. :■■/ v':.: :;' ;i::;.v 
 
 Township 15, Range ll.-r-"Is well adapted for agricul- 
 tural purposes, having excellent hay land. Portions of thie 
 groimd are covered with clumps of willow bushes and 
 poplars." 
 
 Terms of Sale.— This land will be offered in parcels to 
 suit the settler, varying from eighty to two hundred and 
 forty acres ; land suitable for gi-azing and hay purposes only» 
 as low as $3 per acre ; land suitable for .cultivation and mixed 
 fanning, from $5 to $10. 
 
 The terms of payment for the land will be nilide to^uit 
 the purchaser so far as possible. In all cases/a payment 
 do\vn is preferred and would be insisted on wherever the pur- 
 chaser does not take immediate possession, but whenever pos- 
 session is taken at once and the purchaser proceeds t:> erect 
 buildings and break land^ no payment down will be required 
 and no interest will be charged until the commencement of 
 *he third year, that is, imtil a certain amount of land has been 
 broken, during say the season of 1898 and cropped in 1899y 
 
 ■ / 
 
 / ■■> 
 
8 
 
 All payments wiU date from the Ist of November, so that a 
 Iniyer purchasing land next spring would not be charged in- 
 tircst until thf Ist Xovfember, lS9i), and this payment wouhl 
 be due on the 1st Novenrtber, 1900. From this on, pay 
 men ts would b^ niade in ten annual instalments, witli interesi 
 at the ratt) of 7 per cent per annum. By this means the pur- 
 chaser will have taken off two crops before anything what^ 
 ever has been paid on either in„terest or princi))al. In such 
 casta th«^ purchaser will be rjijuircd during' the first tliro*! 
 years to erect biiildiiigs to a value of not less than $500 in 
 .all, and break and croj) not loss than fifteen acres per year 
 tor the- first five years, or seventy-five acres in all. A man 
 Who has no ambition to do even better than this has no place 
 in this country. 
 
 Thif! is a grand opportunity for farmers of limited means, 
 or who desire to start farming in the N^orthwcst, and it especi- 
 ally meets the wants of the Ontario farmers wlio wish to 
 start one or more sons on farms of their own. 
 
 For further information, address The W. t.. Sanford 
 Manufacturing Go. Ld., Hamilton, Out , or R. T. Tfiloy, AV. 
 E. iSanford Manufacturing Go., Winnipeg, Man. 
 
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