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Beil^an ABRXDGniBMToftlie AMElnCAI^f ^EOtJRAPHY. 90 » T A I K I H 0, .«^ Aftronomicftl GiBo^raphy^-J^Kfcovery^nd « GemnI Dcfcription of ^a|cric«— General View of the United States-* Particalar AcoBdots of th%Thicteeii ITnited States of America^ in regard to tbehr Boandaifcsy ttxtent* Rivers, I^keSf M^n« tains, frodnaSon^Pppulation, ChaFa^ler^ Goverwaeot^ Tnde» JManiif«aurea» Coclctttiet, ilifto>]r,&6. .4 - * ^ , TO WHICH %% AOnSDi^ A Geographiqd Account of the EqM^piMi'Bettlefflentt in America,! tad of £nrope, Afia and Africa* f- ■' ■ . .: y "v^'v ■ - '■'■'■ ■;/ ■-» -"'.■■ dhiftrated WltK^Bi«HT 'litftt l^Af S «nd CUTS. Calculated particolfi^ for dtielTAi and Impro«eaiei(t of acMooi^' ia tlw Umitxj» i^ATlM.T , JUL. mr JEDtDI AH MORSE, a. k, Minlftct of tlie Congregation in Ch A«t|(aT«wK(|ieiir lloixol f.l ^ ' ifc.n ■! I i^riiigifc rt ifcii»iph y <, , ed Ky the Af^TnoB. ,- V. * . Thcktfisnotato ccrnlMtchJn c^i Ainoflg thofeSt\iidtt#i»1 Peopl%^ere are ft Giiii^rHY^ -*r^ AoAwbii #:i * i|%m t A j foil «^.^-^--3i^»i^^ ^ A-niii'^i-': (CI 'fim &-1 W ipt> w- «r #■ ..... V- *i? :t ;-« .-*;* «s ^^-s^wtrsa*" :#■.■ '^i 4 .*• ?« *'■ •^ m.*W, ;f«r« H , WMS ^^ *tO THE YovNo MASTERS and MISSES Throogiiout the Vnitid Stavis» Tlim toUomlng •. ■ *^' " I B IW &ir VX N t Jt O U G T 1 N ;^:'^|^VSKrVLf||Od^«irTSETA:ifr'«v r I E N^CE iT*^ G EaGH a F H t^ Compiled p9«tic«6b^1|l'llMf^ ini(p KTyk • '.Si vf -'■»? t*^' .%. ^.i,-!' 4n For iheSleirly liiriKirlslBift Jncmy Thiol tluke AtU make dMtetrti^ i>*Pl9> , I *" * M " < ,1 -'■ D I ftECT I aRS^ t^ m B O^I^I N O £ R i THE Mhip.yrilie>WoH#% t The SoUc Syftem fiicint Me sft % i**- ^!v-' ■' -^^%^'--^'.*'^- ■ H*^..- •# ■'■*»i "■4t' V^ ■» . » .j-m « ■;;fl. !^"s* : v;' » . ADVBIITISBMEKT. Nt 'na&6i0Xiwelrmdd \dft out h ftsjfi^eUti fitmyioimiig 'niMli to iHtOiH & tiSfrMi huitilkiigt of their own country, and"'^ Ui taHonsimmp, dlMtH ^fl/nkti'Amtrum; Jfyike/hedom^omrikmoiUrh^ Hck honottrrtmdpwUitko^iiii m not wl/imflto mjf JNft ok/s ^utOH.^ *f^ <^^^ "i*'^ '* ivhMeoor rtmk U ilue^kfonniLToii^^ '^MMMf'^nNRMMil^l mt^O^OI^tfOU9jft'40I^HItOtit'^OOmllfi' JMM, ^riMt^.: . Geography of Europe and Afia^ than mA thdt^, theif ownjtate and cot^ry. The want tf^ldt^t^ 'ho^iron^i^i fubje&i has been the camje, m$ hope the/elk m/i^^^4hia Jhameful defeS in our education,^ Till wi^iiAafewy^i^ toe haoe/eldom pretended to write, and haftU)f 40 think for ourjdves* We have humhfy received from Greai Britatn^ $ur lansf our manners, our books and our modes qfth^* A s iHi t' "R ■i. ■*.* ■■■■4 *>! ^•1 vi ■ ,# ■ ■- qfi^odi m itft^M^Mtki aut^m*ymail(> tf-Mtkfiittiii w^mfim fie thai iJ^ ^'im^it^'^itH^ Mi'M mjuiMtaiie with their MM ctimiiyf "md «» «l# Hm^ViUimr^viAi^ in thatfbfmi^jfirudM tjidtBoa, ipgh'ltpMliJIJtiheii^HMs to aaOnit J h m d^ ^rbpi ttf€ wii^* repniaiiM to ihmfehesi «iu(«ira %/^ ftbttfstoihmrcoiuUfyk >• T'hMt tkt l0ims^ of the Author mi^ k a hmeft to dk .y^^h of tHt^cmntrjf whkh he loots^mid which h$htufiAf> ■'4' ..4h> n j^ijun-jV, A;. !ii . td'-< ''■?'• • # ■ r ■ ^^■^V-«- •♦♦"■■■■ •'^^■^ CONTENTSi^ I...M '^.. i .VI '*4 m '■s:t ;■■ I NTRODUCTION - - ^-. Tlie Cometo—The Solar Syflem •, ,. M »i. The Ib^ Start -; j ^ ''''*>«illtt TW Atiaa0^nvWin£ Ac. • ^ ^ ■ !.*•.■ :v^^^<3v« '.Of-©'-||. A F M/y^^-i >'* gjWlftrwtioiiqCQMpiii^ -, V. t^ pifcoveryof Amaica - • - »a ^•MrarMbS&orAiwirkc i ?• ^ st GflBanri[}Sd^^tiOTo£ tha United SiiiM. |l» - ••' -• ^ •■■-# > I' • ^^ f npRit MaflachuMtti Province of MbIq Ithodetrtaiid^^ ik r New^" ViHfiirfhf Pennfylvania Delaware It^uylaiid . Virginia Kentucky North droWtui South Cairolina Georgia • '-' -• -• , .', .j.-. - ,*».til .Vermont - . , \- «« BRITISH AMfRiCA. v Not*-$cotUi'.,:^|' ■ - -■■■ M- '"'■-■ ■:3±^" ^Ite^^^I^ Baft &n4 Weft Florida « Ixniifiaiui # 19e«r Mexico and California. - WSi Mexico or Hew Spai» 'Jj I .-^. ^^^ # -gi.. wit* ' , • # * • ,-« « /. »^ J> tSTerfiFinna • - ; ax; *ChUJ ^- - . • ' •<♦ Sar . -*.• - ■ ;§ Aului»----AmMonfai * .• <» .4^ WdTlndUIflaiidl £ U R O P £• # rranod .• - Italy » . - Hungary « «• Oermany ** ' • She Ntthedanot ^ a**^ : olland I . • • . Pdland - *t " #|»g* • - ; • *v ^i^.a-M. < ^ftatmtaih and twland S^lir^^can Iflanda, Arc. • ^ 4lNiU.". • itk •7» •7J •71 877 •71 .ftfi at» •»5 A S I 'A. ^ ■' - 4 ' . - i' 30k ►. ••• • . « • i04 V • i- ■- ^ ■ - ■■■•.. 3«i( . ^^'^^wa"..." - . • .306 • • ■ 30^ Ifl«» - -: -. .. «3I»9' 5^*v ■ ^ :' ./ ' ^ ' . ""jit Rftmai^ .- > . w 31 j bftbeBsderalConftiCutioa » , 31^ . ienftt*IWI(gfcj;'nM- • ■. ■ - i,i>r'ii.*r'> h.-wr ?■■■-. ■•-■.-i.^.illi* IwlteofHoufissandlnlMbitaotBy Ac* ]ao m^f0H Of ASTROlfOMlCAL GEOGHAFHlr* ' . ■ .»' A COMPLETE kii0vladpe of C«r^» CM^ /\ be obtained %riUiOQt lome aoquabttuiee «M Aftreaomy. Thu C^utadiiMi» thekefiMie, wV^ i p tro diioed vnOk a flioft accoiMnti^f Miit IjfiMMt. ' ♦»■ '"-^ AftroficMhy treat* of 1^9 lM|wcnlyJM«M» mir^'\ Mn% their iBotioiii» timet, dilwacea and wleOMitPi The regularity and beauty of thde, and iAm/Vmmk iuiONkr in whtdi they move, (hew tl|i^MSrC«iNir «nd Pr^rver pc^fl(iM Ht&mf ^itAsm^^fvmM* ■.m I Ajbtmoaiy wu Erl^ attended ti| I liMi ine beautiful olaint of Egypt tnd cinplafyment ' led th^ to \»lit6inplaftr While dieiir flock*, in the 0enct ot tk MSy^M fyi*^ %«?fe» the jpengled yply invite, the ttteMxmm^m ^ 'obferva^onof the heavenly bolte ■infementh and «t the fiiine time affifted flKag in the night. Ailar guidadthe ii^ manger iwlwre our Uefled Savioor «ra* hStL m 19 ASTRONOMICAL GEOGVi/^Y. the, aid oF a lively imaginatioiii they diftribillA^I^ ftHltiifto a iiumb«rof tbllfti>J!ttlWor^Oitt(;^K^ whicb they gave the names of the anipiaU which they reprierented. ^«*» ' * Of the Planets Ji The fun is the center of the mo-^ wartdertng ftan, whoTe aiameters, diftancesand pfifr! o^MS«l . revolutions are exhibtted in the fSoUo^lii TiaLE. ■ ' * '--^ _ It y Spa and Plan- '«JS Sun © Mercury ^ Venus § Earth It* ^4 ter y um f> tfchel. ■Diamei^ mEiiig.inil. 890,000 ^,000 7.970 4»40o 78,000 jfi^oooji Diftancs from Jlnottal feriodi MondtlieSuo. 36,841,468 68,891,486 95»»73>ooo 145,014,148 907,956,130 iQOO|0OO y. d, hv o 87 23 224 17 < 1 00 t> 31^4 i# 29 »74 O' ^ ft* J? ^S^fttm piaiifet»iiMBtioiM^ ^#&lej»«i« cadlii ' uuyfkmttt'i fat be6dm thMs thevs we is* orimr les caXied jkandaryplanetSf moons-QxftOdtites^ wbich^ |-«i«^:|«i«l^ itnihd Iti^f pimMtieft^ fl«Mi» ##ft «i «a(h ^^n#« j^ 4mm tiiiM «N i»i«i«4 Ml0li^^ ' tlleiMfth htfione ffetrfKte, vife theMMHi yim^ifik 4 M^mm te wvokiliofi m a9'«l ( : y - ■■^^. . |§- •ri'i ^^''m. •-^'■n-rrr'i ^^^i^Oi^i ^STRONO^IOAIk GEOGhAPHY. if, The lately difcoViif«d pl0et Her/chel, was firflt o^- (erv6d in 1782, b]r that celebrated aftranomer WHUam Herichel, L.L.D«r.R^. In Great Britain it UcaUei ^torgiiim. Sidus ; ^ut in France and America it ha* ob- tained, theaaiicraf ^&r/£A«4 in Honbur to its. iearaed 4ifcoverqr^i^ . * CoiK^f J.3 Thk comets^re iaf|^ opaque bodies, which ] move in very eliptical orbits and in all poflible direct ' tioas. Some revoVveftxim weft to eft(U-4ome from ^fft to well«-oth£|;s frcMn fouth to north, or from nolO^ta . fotttb. Some have conj<;ftured that the comets wire , intended by the- All Wife Cieaior,^to cooaeft ririli;i|||| and that each of their jbversl orbitiincrudes tne TIej^,. and one of the fixed lUrs. the figures of the com^ ,^ - are very d^rent. Some of them emit beam& 00 alt ! {^4es^ like hair, and art failed haigr cpmeita, Qt hiave a long, fiery^ tran({»rei|t tJulipno^^^ng |r^^ pdurt !Mrhich is oppofite U| ^ fiiQ* l!hetr mMt^t^ atfo aie different. Some appear im> bjjggfn: thaii ilptrtL of the firft xnMWtu^i^^hen larger thao the i|B0Qa« , They ai« ih|MBu1)MH bodies^ and very denfe i : for nme<»C tfieS'4iiwetr iiireft appraach to Uie ltii^[ were heated, accoi^diog to Sir Ifaac Newton's calcDJb"/ tion, sooo tinesliotter than red hot iron ; a d #|1^ lie who)^ SMmber of (Urt ate iqdconed t| "^kt^^ti m^^pu^M^ f^ the phMtttir ' •.^v .¥." ►*>■•'' r dopM- »} and ceived. cvtff nftsit' lie tty^:. s.- " visSiJi i^^' > c" ■ v ^ i; ■ ri<7 \: ».*t A* , l3j e«; ■ tfe 1«. <;4., >»if*'^ Pt# /«^!#S|^^i^&^- ^t> y -^^^p^^^t: W' ,'- it P I *#— J9v>^MI# •."J 'ff^^ri ' Jir # riu if Yate the^ay| andj 'diamietei orbit^ tS' 197,987.^4! ^ th« ^mWrm to 6>uth. jfchis ic« in- the VVa^ety of the letlons. t j^ t»^ t^hich il moves, ^ ,,»uHy motion ii Ji2i7'mires, Wlterlfl^ times gre^iteir' |Cannon baH, which^ dlbving about ei^t m iinute, t/ould be as years and 228 days jFom this i^rth to the fun. ^^^ ^'^' yfe^ ^5/>i^ >^*lcis in circumference^litip b^ Jts rot|t>^lft'^^ ^^^' 9"^ *" ^4 hours from wjall to ' ca'uflMmtipual fucceflidh of day and l^t» fan a^mm motion of the heavenly bodies|t«iii . oln the e^qtatoV ifciearHed 1 040 mile| m ati bouTy tttd thofe who Uvi» in other parts of the eaiUBi art car- ried a diiiancele^ in proportion to thei^dHtancefroat «»pci[uttoi\ ; % .\^^± 'm qf^tH % »i %- % "■»'Vj,'*€'' nfilmtion' tha™ii i Thi^tlhe earth, or if evident : Fir/ty ^^r^^v^- fbape is l>e{l ^acfagted to mottoiu Secondk, Fropi ijgpt ap{MBaraince of its (hadowr. in, cclijpliBS of the m^Yr*!; ^yhich is always bounded lijfft'isllrcular Une« Thtraly,. From analogy ; all the other planeti^ being g^bbularv and Fourt^t,* from its haying been circumnavigateil; feveral timtf*** As many find it difficult to conceive how peopie ^an (^nd on th^ oppolite fide of the globe without/ ial^g off, their concjeplioii niay be affiHed by, fuppofing 5, ^1? • MegftlaH Tailed fnm SffvUlr in Spain, under tSe aufi-ices off Charles V, lo'h of Aucuff, 15(9 ; and having difcoverert the Ma<| guilanlc Streirghtl in Soi)th Am 'rka, he crofTied the P^ci/ick On' cf an, and arrived at ihirf^iiipBine i Aands, where he was poifoned*i Hit ihip retarned tr f ajr/af toe Cape of Good liope, Sth Scd« tem|cn 1522. ■ ■■■":'•■'■ ,';,$.,.._ ■ -^-l ^i^Wrancis Drah f)d||d fti«Mgiyinouth, j gth Decemher, 1 577 } . rntefc^ ifae Pacififlt Ocf an, anffHiertngrdtind America, returned ¥'?yl» hIjS*o« )|ie.wai4 man of great geqerofivjf. The* bborjhMilehhe tbok, and'evfn the wedges of gold c^ven him )» l^^mii for his prcfentlift^nipiiii xHi«(l,:£e divide^iik^juft propMr< ti«m*| jfharee with the Common far . 7ber,i7*40; doubled Ciipe Horn in |i %fv>'afoa } loft mtoft oF hit men by the fciu'vjp, andwtenr remaining fl)ip,the CenturJon, crojled th^ neajcPacidcib' a 9p9ttim on ia <*nly Ocean) ^hich is lOycdo miles over ; to6l: her paliage fi-oro Acapulco to Manilla, and liine. 1744. BjTDSs BovganwlUt a Fienchman, IVaKitt Avetyxireumuavigkted the globe, between 1769/ i , Ca^fdin Ctck in the^tif Sn4eaT«ur^ fail< aSth of Auglbil^ 176S, jiffd after a nM»$|a] tPurhed. the ijyft of^tipe, ijju He;4|<^"^' ^^ a lecoftd voj<^e, .the i^rh of fSbriiaihy, 1776} 'made nt^y {mpoirtant dlfcmerit^iV tinU wras'kilkd'bn tli'e ifland ot Owhyheeby ih^ narifeli,^he i^ajt of Fcbruarv, 1779. Hii. 'liips urdsr the ci>n:inaa49} ■■•4. fi^^ofing ^l t|i«r vat4i^||||f|es on the earth's fur^ face were of ivSnf and r very lar^. magnet wet« .placed at the center, then all bodies beingfatrivft- cd towards the ceil|j|ri|pf the magnet, 'they could not fall uiF, ,whu;h way toever the earth Hiould ^m. iJaw the at(ra61:ion of (gravitation pperHei on ail ho^f * ics a that of ma^netifm doei on iron -^iigr. , - It is now ten o'.clock in the morning,, and we now think we are Handing u{)ri[|^tonjLhe upper part, qil^tlie . earth,' "V^e Qiall, thinh .imp (ami af . ten o doc^ ItV* evifhing* wKen tjl>e eartl^ (hall have turned half noiind, bccai^e w|^fliaU then perceiye no difFereoce of pof- 'Mft,i w^ ^t| theii be ea;a(^y in' tlie. poiition of tifidfe peifops w}io hc^Wi^i^ ^pn t^e, opifc^fite ii<^f^f llweai^th. I Sitice they ai^as^^ngly attraifted to- ':^^s the cinli^rbr the,ea|!t^^ as wc^are, they cl^n^be 'in no more danger of filing dpwio^waupdf than ^^w ■: ^..^.^■||iReof tn^'^rcle. UittitiNks aii Irt^le with the ccpisilpr of K3 d. 00 m. and theiH>^ftt8 of their interfed« ^^ttte tailed eooinoaial points^ becaufe when the iliriiis In eithcfr of^thofe pointy ^e days and nights a£^ of «^al kngth in all paits of tth« gl6be$ riz, tin ffieh ..jjj,. m#|f Match and on the sift of , thelSi^ »* of whieh is catted the vertuil, and the' OI|lltBOX* Hhe ecKpti^l is divided into twelve taintng3o degrees^ The rign|are<;oiiij toelll, begiNAntng a^ the v, J i^y.^ :*: ■'ik ■'-'';.■ - k .# ,,i^P A1^1>I#IC|A|. OiOBfe. ^ JrflllaDfMSflr '" en 1 Ariet a Taurus 3 Gemini 4 Ca.^cer 6 Leo 6 Virgo ' 7 Libra 8 Scorpio 9 Sagittarius ?ur': ilie Ram ThfBuU TheTi ThcCrat The Lion The Virgin , The Scales^ The l^corpion The Archjcr lo Capricdrnus The'Cc^t . aiAauarlus The Water Qcarcr- ;s January .12 Pifcea TheTiOicA H reorwry ': . Zodiack,"] The zodiack i» cotnpreliended bctMr^ci|^ two ciydes drawn parallel to the«ecliptkk^ at the iiUllupper and k>t^er hemifpheres* It irdivided into four quaHers^ and the four qusirlslp> ing points, yjz. eafl, wcjft, norths and fouth, ai« eaUii cardinal pMnis, The. poles of the horizon. aie«tfaf«za« nith and m^ir ; the former direfily over ourlvtida^^nKi jthe latter dtre6ily under. ouvfcetv' ,; - :. : ;r . -4* ^ Colura,] Thefe circles divide the glebe iflt<^>9fiB)ur equal parts. : They both pa^fthroiiKh Uns north and fouth poles. One of them^ called ttUecj^tiMl^alco* lure, paflTes Ihrpugh the ecfuino^ital tpainfii»iAr2cs^u«d Lihfa, ai^' di^i* other, called the folftptiat coiMre^-^pisBb^ through t^^rfftitial points. Cancer aiul Capricoirni ;» , Tropkitam The tropicka are two cjulei^^ paralbl m the equatcmif the diftance 6fjis d^'glrm. onreaehjMe ibf 4t. 'The nam&is derived ifrom the Greek word Tjtvtf^to turni hectMSi when the ftxn arrives at the no||d^rh tropick he turns to the fdudriva^» and wh(^ lielilkesai^ the touched tir^pitk, he turns to the ^M^ ■• - Ba'-^-- * - nwtbward. ^ ■ Wy fr iS^ /Si •$$, ^ jixrir let At cta^i. northinid* When tht fiin it in the troptdi of Cipn- com, Hvhich it on the i»ft of Decenberr we have thv Ihorteft daf i and when he it in the tropieli of Can^r whiekli on (\^ sf ft of Juih^ we have the lonccft day» Folar Cmks,'\ The two^jpolar circlet MLip ddbibed found the gbbe at the diftanee wutiUf AeUmeteiiatrttdioftheearth'tfiirfiKecom- piebemtod between thee(|ualorandapaTancLoflatitude» •r be tw ee n tWo paraUelt of latitude, of fiieh a. breadiib that the length of the day^ on one fide of the Icaft be Iwdf an hour longer oa ihorter than on the other* There aie 30>cUautet ooeach'Me of >be equator,'ls ^be firft 04 of winch the day inereaAsi^ L«y half hourly lui^Mn the othea fin,, by^ monlhtb JMtudt.l The latitude of » place i»itt diftancL- ftoflu the equator north or (both. The greateft lati^ tude it at Uie pokt^ which are 90 dcgreetdiftant frohi- Ibee^tor. Zongittuki,"}' Thrkmfitudkofapleoeit-tfaediftanoe- •fitt meridian ffom the meridian of ibme other places and it ik. cafurecf on the equator either eaft or weiU. A degree of longitude-on the equator ia 60 geograph- ieal miles, but ^e length efa'degree of |^git£le d>- aiinifliet at 1^ approach eiAer pole iflmepolety. longitude it noniilg, or, the e^ter bcing%ppoted to proceed front its preient fituatibn ba the polet||«v3ll gradually coftti^a till it beeomet a mathemaiicf I point* ' In the latiHade of Sjrrjuinah, ardc»ree of lonfij^ide ia about 5a |;eogn«pM«:al milet ; lit Phibdc^l ^ 1^ and » wfi'^ , i3ov^ ^ .^.' ARTtlrtClAL OLi^MiL JIIU AlmMkmT 1 . » alniolBherc, ori foutuSa tbijMubt, u ab^ut i^mua i»h«iS|Bt. It ia Dm * medutaicinbuRd } br i«frMUn|llMifayaofU|ht, ab- jpOb tra rrmWicd vifiblet «vh^Bhr%ril^^1ltt»inwiiuiai ^ouldQOtlMfeeir. WuubJ] Wind ia air put in motbny.and it is caUod: a breeac, » galei or ai ftoroi, according to the ifpidily: of its motion. The trade winds, in the Atlanticll um Pacifick oeeaiiiat blow . n lanllvfrcNn north eaftands Ibutheafttowardii*' : ;» ' >n«m about ^3, degreea* •f latitude not tl^ndiiuih, Tida,'] The > '.-ih' 1 and i!bwing.of the fea, is caul^ ed by the ;.J i^.'Aion oi: tht; ftin and moon». but chiefly %y tnat o; '.'.■■ latter r fhe |>ovrer of the moon in thia- caifft, being 10 dxat of tbu fun, as 5 to r.v The moon 'm •ne revolution round the earth, produces two tides,. und their motion follows thft ^parent motion ofth^ moon, viz»fromeaft to weih Cloudsi'] Clouds ate colle^ons of vapours,. cxhal» td froov the earth by the attniAion of tht fun or oihe» vaufisa. .■ . ^„ EcUpfiii*'] An eclipfe is a ^tat or partial privaticMr '^'^ of the light Q§ the ftm or moon.. When tne moon* paffes between the earth and the fun, the latter ia% clipfed, and when the earth paflba between the tfimik and Um, the formed ia cdipicd.. '*. S* •.'J ■ GEOGRAmYr - '■ i'- •.."t-- q|:E O G R A P H Y. '^Q^-S€>V7^f900«ir;if^Hevedb^iln?r4y, anfLviiot without (bme seafon, .ihjiit'An^e^a wsis known ^bjt]ie ancients. Of tlvis, ''^yqit'et^^ Hplory allfbr^i no c<;rtaun eviidtehce. Wliit- 5|eVe^^U|6^;Qries maiy have been made in thi$ wejlern - V#lei^s,, are loft to ms^nkind. "the eaftern contiius^t was^ tl^ oiily (thf-atcr of hiftory from the creatioii df ' this wori4 to the year of our Lord 1492. ^ Ch^Mtopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, h^s defi^rvedly .the honour of falling fir^ difcover^ A- merica, From a long an cordingly belaid his flheme before thefenate of GKe^ noa, making bis native country the firft tender of his fervices, lltey rejdSled his propofal^as t|ie dream of a chimerical proje&or. ' He next appIiedH||^John II« king of i^ortugal, a monaixh of an. enterprmng genius, and no incompetent judge of naval affaigt. The king lillened to liim in the moft gracious manner^ arui re*i^> iejrred the connderation of his plan X,o a number:: p^ eminent cofmographcTSi^whora he wjis accufidztied to confuU^ti' 'matters of Was kind* Theie itiett, ^^ftidai^' • mean and intereiled view s, ftatted inn||iiiesstblef 'ci^t jc8:iom, and'afked many captious que^bns, pii*wp:«' pofc to betray Columbus into a full exi^anatfono£nfr^. lyflem. Having done Uiis, theyadvitied the kiti^iipfr dilbatch a veflel, fecreily, in order to attempt the^h»> potcd djfcovery, by following exaftly the ctfurfe. which ^ Columbus had pointed out. John; forgetting on this occaRon the fentiments becoming a monarchy mBanly adopted their perfidiouMSOunf'el. « Upon difcovering this difhQnourable tran(a£lbi|n| Columbus, with a^.indignztion naturaltoa nobli^ted- ingenuous tnind, qtiittcd th# kingdomf and landA:d in Spain in 14!%. ' 4* ' Here h« prmnted his fcheiiie, in perfon, to Fci^i* nandand Ifahella^ who at that thne governed the unitfd kingdoms i)fCafiile and Arra^n. J, They.ii^udiciouf- ? ly fubmiited it to thiilcxamination o^uijikiU'ur judges who, ignorant of the prirtciples odf^hkl^Columbua^. fowidcit^i* theory, i^jofted it i»s 0^^A, unpn the^ credit oHrmax'm und^r which the uAMBrpriufig, in i • : ■ ■ ' - -^ , ^ ■ ^-^ii^cry " •% *im^ ^ip^" S^' % ¥>:<:■ m # 14 DISCOVERY ^AMBarCA» every ag^ flkeher theiBfclvet» « Thaf it is prcftirti)> •« tuoot in any peiibn, to fiippofe that he alone poT^ <* le^es knowledge* fuperiouf to all the reft ofmta- <«ldndunttei*"; They «naintainecl» likewife, that i!^ .there wen| really any fuch countries as Columbus pn;> ttiuieci) they would nofliave remained lo long con* i^cxkd'i nor would the wifdom and fagacity of tormelr 3 ^s have left the glory of this difcovery to an obfcure enoele pilot. ♦ Meanwhile^ Galttoibus, who had experienced the uncertain iffue ofapplieaticns to kings, had taken tho- 'precaution of fending into England bis brother Bar- tholomew> to whom he had fully communicated hi« ideas^ to negociate the matter with Henry VII. On iu\ voyage^ England, he fcH into the hands of pi-* rates, who ftripped him of every thing, and detained him a prifonepiikveral years. At length he made his tfcapO) and arrived at London in ektre^e indigence^ where h^mplOyed himlelf fome time i^ felling maps^ With his gaitis he pnrohafed a decent drefs; and ill don pre^nted to the king ;^ propoials Which Kia ;her had^truflled to his management. Notwit^* Handing Henty 's excellive caution and parftmony, hO Teceived the propofals of Ct^umbuf with more ^pM piobiation than any monarch to wboni they had beeh |»efentedk * « '* . After feveral unfuccefsful applications to other Eu^ ropean powers of lefs note,. he was induced, by the in^ treaty^ndkinterpoiltiojiofPertei, a man of/zonfidera)- ble learning, and of fome cl^it with queen Ifabellay toippfy again to the court of Spain. This ap^Iica*> t|on, after. mtith warm' debate and ^veral mortifying tepulles, proved fuccefafisl ; not, however,, without the mofi vigorous and perfeveriiig eXertllns of Qv^- tanilla and Santangel, "two vigilant and dticerntng patrons of CoIumBu*, whofe meritorious zeal in pro- moting thjs grand defign, entitles their names to an honourable P^ce in hiftory. m was> however, to ^uecn Ifat^^llaf.the muniBfC^nt patronc(> of his nol>le I «id eeoerous de()|ns, that Colufnbu#vimmate|y owed *' faisfutcefsk -# #■ Having t ^ Hivmg Jhui.c^ined Owfffift^ m Yor twilve nnMit^Si jmd iiiniiJlhed with ninety m^iiidl toward i£e unift i^ind ais tbey prQ<^ed|||^is va^|mi| increi^BC^ iPbiBlnMr phonomenoh nlid Ihe h*H pamonav of iOolunito with, letiEQur. ' Nature ifftlf leimedito Jiav^elUlUbed a cbatige ; and the only gi&l« they had leit, to iKittit . tbem to a Sijfiq Jretreatftom an unboundediana' tracUe(k.oc^»n» was «t>out .to.ffiil them. ColumbiiB* wfth no If^s^uicWis th^ t^ge- nuity, afl^Q^-a gowlon J6r thia appeiiibeej ;^^» ibough Jt IdlEiot fati^5i|ltnrelf, ieemed^fo pl^ufiM^ to them, that ii^ difP^Ufid, th«itt.fears, oi? file9Qj^tt||tr ■murmuiti' ■':■ *^^,||?:r ', „ ,' "*' ■•^:-^^'- The,(^iJlB|^ atSR^A tbt^ d^UfB^jFcomMahd, t^yctal times mutifiiqd^ threatened b^l^^o/tbrow thcitjidm^al ovei^^r4^ repeatedly infilled on hishTet^b:i>iCii> C^ol.^)UhiwV)>H thefe trying ecca6on^dirplaj/M jtft|r|it*ci^ M^-* nUon, pmfence^fo^JBpgfiiJdt^ian^^li^neT^ I were 4^e(&ry *"— - ^--3*- --— -^j . l. i.r >*, yi. tthe.m(^^|e|fe; ^- ?*■*#;■ 4.i.'2 ^ pei^ er^ag^d m; ai, . lo th^ woiW idi^hy evep^ ■f'.': ■* "it- V « MW ''r; «6 piSCOVERY efJ^kKfCh. it waa on the 1 1 tK of 66^obcr; i ^t/at iusn 6'i^l)c1t In the evening, that Columbus, from the fofeeaftIi^dlef« iirie4 alight. AttwOi 9'clockj||pi!ct morning, Roderick ITriana ^ifcovered land. Tne joyful tiding! were quickly communicated to the other mips. The mom- ff^ light confirmed the report ; and the feveral crews immediately began Te Deuvtt as a hymn of thankfgiv- r tng. to God, and mingled their praifes with Jsara •£ joy, and tranfports of congratulation, ^^mb^is, richly drefled, At acrifif wheti all was given up for loft, Columbuil had prefenc« of mind enough to retire into fits eabinj hid to write upon parchment a Ihort account of hisi vc^age. This he wrapped in ah oiled clothji which rn^Lpfed in a cake of wax, putit into a ti^t caflc, andl thiiw it into the fea, in li^s that fome flo-tunate ac^ ^ent might preferve a depbfft of fo ini^h imj^rtanicfl H the world. He arrived at I^^psiQ S(»ift, whcncd he had failed^ the year? be fore, jwr^he i^tn of MarchJ 1 400. He Was welcomed with all At aaclamationil J which the populace a • ever ready t^li|l6w on^]grcal| Jifid glorious charaSei . ; and the court^receiVed hi "with mMik$ of the greatent re^jpe^. In September of%i$ yea||^493) Coliimbus faifd upon hi^ fecond voyage to i^eri^a ; durinjE the per Iprmanc^ ^pf Vhich, W dircbi||red . the iflands fl' Jbominica, Mingalante, Gaudaloiipe^ NN|^errat, An itiua, Porto Rico and j4ipaka*;Hd ttturiiedtd Sp » . In i4^ he fiuled % t^ixd time for AmeHcJi ; ami •n the ijpt of Auguft difopvered the CoNTiKliNt. He then coafled a^ong yireftwarhttn«cit-r» di^ov^^ the bajr pF Honduras ; thence farted aktii^ t||B main fliore eafterly aoo leagues, to Cape Graciaa aPios, Yeragua^ Porto Bello and the Gulrbf Dariw. The jealous and avaricious SpartardSv,nO|i«eiaie- diately recciving\horegc4denadvanta|ea which they had promifed, and loft to the fedihgs of humanitji^atKl gratitude, fviffered their cfteem aind admiration of Co- lumbus to degenerate into ignoble enyy. . The latter part of his life was made wretched ly the cruel perfeciitions of his enemies. .Queen IpMlla, his friend anct patconefs, was no lonntr alive to i|proKt him relief. He fou^t redrefs from Ferdinandf hut in vain. Diffi^ftisd with the ingratitude of a monancbt * whom bf^ ^i^ ^md with fo much fidelity and fuc- cefs, e^^hau&dw^^ hardships, and hmken with th« infirmities which thefe brought upon him, Coli^nbui ended his a£live and ufeful life at Vallbdolidft on the 80th of May, 1506, in the 59th year .of his age* Her died with a compofure of mind fuited to thttfagnm- nimity which diftinguifhed his charafter, and wi hi ientimei^is of piety ^coming thafilipreme refpeft for religioiff ^which he manifeftM in every occurn»ee of his^lj^. Ke was grave though courteous in bit de* portm^, circU|d[pea in his words and alUons^ iner proachableJn hUmorals, and exemplary m a)) the du^ lie^ of hisjpiigion. The court of Spain were fo jutt"* to hi$ mMibty, notwithfbnding 'their ingratitude tO|f^ wards him during his life, that they buried him mag- niHcently in the Cathedral of Sevpe, and creeled 9 tomb over him wlHthis inifripttoni. y» ' CoLVN^^s hasgtiien a Niw WoRLi> To the KTmco QMS of Castixb and t..i o Mr. / * ■dsf # (Sv. A 'i Dtfetii#f<^ jMpi.^Mtfi^ advetiMtor; t« Annrica ; and tutvtnf^ WS^m^.^tom^'o^^ Wf h^nevedtiifiui tU ecmntry began t^bff caHed alitor fll jfiihe ef itt fiippiofed ftrft ^*^^^u'''^^^ confeitt of all n** ^imA^ (ieW;^ii»riieir oftbejidbe it eaBed AutricA, ipe of Americvt hjis fupphfnt^ that of Coltmi'^ ^^I^K^MsM^Kifvtfar^ lefetb fegtet an adbflnj^fticci^ i^^T« tiMng been, fanftioned oy fiiQe* Ull^' ' - ■■ • ' ■ " mm I ii " I ■ . ' 'if iH-f i RAXDESCStF T 1 Q K ckwJdtb hiikk &ve zone^Rnd feels the h^at and cc^i^f jwo ■^* , • • I* %v »: BjUtAirTlOlf ff AMtRldil. Ji| . fbnmert aiid |wo winters in «veiy ycar» MoftoF • the animal and vegetable prdclu^liOns which the ea(V'^ em continent affor^||ue found here ; and matay iffk •re^culiar to AiiiiWRa, • - , ^» ii^n .] This continent it watered by ibme of the . largeft riven in the world. The principal of tjflfe^- ire Rio de la Plata, the Amazoln anaOronokftin Soujth Amq|ka.— The Mil&fippi and St. Lawrence in Norths f(neii|li. .^ Gulfs*'] The Gulf or Bay of Mexicot lying in tl^ jform of a bafon between North and South America^, and opening to the eafti, ii conjp6lured by iomei to> have been rormerly land; and that the conftant at* ttition of the waters of the Gulf Stream, has yrOfn it to its prefenf form. The water in the G ulf o£ Me«» ico, is laid to be many yards higher, than on the em fide of the continent in the Pacifick Ocean^ Gulf Stream,!. The Gulf Stream^ is* a rem| Current in the Ocean,.of a circular form,-begint the coaft of Africa^ ^ the- climales where tlu», wjnds blow wcfteiiy, thence runniM^acrofs iih#At- bintick,anct between the iflands of pttbst and.$OuUi America into the?^Bay ofrMe3Hco,.freiih which ^it£ixis a paifage between Cape l^lorlda and the Bahama If- Unds, and runsnoitii ea||^ly along the Anieiica^d coafl: to Newfoundland ; thenee to the jp^pean* coafl:, and along, the toafl: fouiherly till it, m|(^ t^ tr^ade winds.- Itis abou( 7^5 miles fror» tint, ihorct|)f tlie fdifflern ftatel.. The diftahce increafes as yq^ prapeeqr northward^ l^e width of the flream i» lahmiit^pt AOCTj ^ es, ^yidentng toward tlie.northf|nd< . ibi cofflBon ra||piy three mjles an hour.*— A no^l||||- ^ft: ^nd jj^rrows the ftreapn, renders it more rapi^l and dii^ it nearer the coail ; northweft and Wc$^ hW< Vrinds have a contrary effe^. 0axien»- ' 'ght 4>f ChimborazOi^ the moft eieH^ated pbint in this vfft- itliJi^O^^^^ 20,286 fe^ above ^ipoo feet lifj^rihan.ady othet mountain ji^he koowB world* # .'^■ # v. .!«lil* % . •s. »» ; m MtotaniftDiy nlgll'lBOiitilMni* ' ^Rijft|B0R'C0HMBtiMi^ ntt^fci tinnaikr a luEwef M ttvMBSf'fitattr tIii(iioa%' MVwt t^ vfobablf l9ie iune An|0y intemiptrd tr tltfftMf «ff MexicDb Itlisstecn^onieftiiMdthitfhKr^ ifli^f were formerly united with each ihimtd a part «f the consent, connefiing North ii Sooth America. Tliiirpreftlit;tdl49intealltiitti«iii -ftippbaid to YtK¥e helm occafioned ^ the #hW inhabit the United States. " « JHorilfirtes,'} The lehMaAeriBlieal ^§nkwnt^ of 'the fndiala tif Amerioaf:»e^ a very fmall'ilnvhead covered with hair '6em the ^Oremitiea tv the middle of the •fibMwt. They hive 4it*le hbili eyes, mjlb ni% agnail ^nd bendingtowardi^ upper fip^ vj^^amt^ lena&co^ broad ; the featMl coarfe ; the «' *^ ted ikr from the face ; thchr h^xjMttf hi iitodcoatfc^ fill Iraibsfmall UPrntreUtui , .^^ ^ifqdy tskll, ftrait, of a> copper coioui, amHaeU piopof- itidnied ; ftrcmgapd aftive,. but not fiUWil|iir mi|^ labour, ^heir fafes fmeoth and free from bea«d, -^wing to a cuftiin among them of puHingi| out by ■'%tt roots. Theif etbuntenance^^tlit tirft vie«ir, j^pear ^9i!ld and innocent, In^npolra eliticai i^feeftiotti'thoy -i^ifeover fomethia|wttd^ dHhuUftal and udlen. Thi^ iBM«i|ff I ! n ywHy -fcrip tbcanlMli 4MKJb* «f^^AMe»iai mtifmik MmMb, w/kmm- •fihotm tribe* of ifirMl*. and tl^ tlitij|> cwni toofalib ... .^^ii '^ ^ocie^ ainon§ faiiMigM^ i| cximoms^ vwIq. i^lEher hfiifvfmtimeai of t^ lawfitt wliicb «atuii» hm t^m^h of^ourfey |H»pottionftbl>k fmctt. It ' •nius of a Ckvage tb «u fowi tM uapulfik .pattMUL aibey* liaiieiieithvr ioff«6|ht nw di^^ 40 IvnniK^^idKnptialMicI ivsHiftiaanM with j^fMft' ll^ silNtrltmiMc^aQiya^;, 13li%»^!i^>wt1r«l^J•T«Ml»Jiidi»• «fcriMio ft»M4c»in ilMtr mfu|ii^:fle^ their Hat^dTliKtefy^.'wIiicViaKvds t^t^Aoy^ Ibi iM 4ii^l#3i«itherjS^eir limiir$r^,poli«t^aDili^ei.>^ la all their warlike emerprixestbi^ aie lied b^ peiAHiioii* •Hieir ioci«ty alkiN ot socempuUipiu Wlii|;oivili> 4ied .nations enfiiree upon thnp ,fii)Ma^ ^y cottipiji* 4ary m^ i mt, ihey oneft by Mfeir jdoqtienc^ i hanae . tte iMgdBtion 4a(^ofe)nAil^ o^oialpifr^ 4^whMiltve been aahibitadat their tieaties ; ibme of ithe moft iKOied piacas thai haveiMen- hf^ tl^moil Eminent aaejdlit or nodoQk €h4hetM>ravery and addal^v in war ditey hax'eipeM^ ^ ittusnidlMadprooCik No peopl^in die warldihav» hif^FiiotunMor mtlitsiiy hmiom;^ than tRe Ind^uw,^ The fortitude^ the «d[nmc&» andL. 'even axultati^ wehich they maidM wh^ IxaSut tha extreme^ -m-^ 'titfe^ts in part owii^ to thair^^nrage mftnfihility^ Ijut , »9«ore to th|ir enelted ideas oF «llil^Hy^lor]^^^ #iide notiiofis of fiErtura happina&jKkh thmdtelieve • |h# ibaU lorfdt by ^ liciEt Bii&tllfUtion ofg^ ■iT. SI':, >"i. «alf ^%.^^ V'tm L*^ ft DEBcftp. lOM (/kMtmbJV. •nctfineri, under their fufleringt* 'lUkcy :u« lincef^. kilheir friendfliips, but bitter an4 dBt^l^ioed in their VkCeninMntii aifd often' purfugilifeir enemies feveral liundred mile* through the woM^ furtbounting every di^culty, in orderaito be revenged. Inrihd|(|pubK Melt eouncilt thev obfe^ the greeted dfeeortNn. In Ae fbremoft rank fit the old men, who ere the #Dun* fiction, then the warriourt, and next the wora|i and ^hiMren. Atth^ keep narecords, it is the hiim^&^\ die women l^ notice every thing that paiTes, to trnpriiw it on their memories, anci lell it to their children. They are, in (hort, the records oF the council ; and ' with Curpriiing exrafhtefs, prcferve the ftipuUtion^ of ' treaties entered into a hundred years track. Their "* kindnefs and hofpvtality is fcarcely equalled by anjr -ciVfillDqd nation. Thisir politenefs in converfation :t •vMKCtifrted'to excefs, fince itdoes not allow them t« fontradid any thing that is aflertcd in th^ir pfefiMice. in fliort there appears to be much truth in'Pr. Frank- Kn^ obfervation, ** We. call them favages, «becaufo 'tti^Mr manners'difFer from ours, which .we think the iMerfeAion of civility ; they think the fame of theirs.^ The JirfifeopUng of America*^ h has long b:«n*A ^ueftion among the curious, how America was firib peopMli; ^ Various have been the theories and fpecu- • Mtions of ingenious men i^ion this fubjc^ Drt Rob- •rtfon* has recapitulHed ai)d canvaiTed themoft prob* able of thefe theories, tmdi^e reA^ is, c,^ \ I. That America was Act jieopled by ai^pliltti»h from the ancient continen|||K'hich had madis a^^n- iiderable pn^refs in civilization ; beraufe n^Rp'A- merica was ^(l difcovered, its inhabitants wer^e^lu- • acquainted with the n&eflary arts of life, which m •the firft^eflfays of the human mind tov^^|^prov«i* ment; anVl if they had ever been acquamted'wR^ them, for inftance, with the ploughj theloom, and th'e ibrgfe, their utility Would have been fo great and ob- vious, that it is impoflTible they fbould have been loft. ■ ' Therefore the ana|ildfs of the firft fettlersin Anreif^ wcre^civilizediipKi unacduatated with tht necefiaiife ittspfKfe. .7^^ * • 4J# .5liift.^4«srics. YoULp'tk ; ^ ih ■%. •«^ •Away frommmBmf6Mhfam1m»im%», dTtlM m^mk animal, ifiM or wiU» whl4||^9iopci|]^lM]lMiMl» W ^ltiii|ltffal» •ountiiaa^a|4h&r(| fetllcr«t a^V iipniKi «|A New Engknd,^tjbMi«Ht aval with lhMM>ii(HQ| ngbva oil titi «iAam ««•»;» fUMif)t,^tl? tt mofc tl^aa prbbalde tha^aU the origin^ At«eiFk»n ai^p^la wajft e£ th^h^vbi^^ ^.*'^i&f "^^^'^^^ eppfed>lTpJK ^noi^hM 'V ^?^^J|?cc the £(«[uiaiatm Indiana »i!a y !1&W^ %cier«f .iwn, d#ii»a,6oin,all ti ICu ^ AniiencanXo aid in Mitt. «l* in «■.* :#■ 4 . ^' .at ^ m 1H% ■*:■ T>'. m l«||»e^l bear fe ^ear tefemfaiUnce to ropeans, it it believd3 that; th^ *" era! clmtfiiftanee^ coniiriri'tn|P(^4| ypt , ^_^ .^ *^in* ^«n'Vyy» Ac N<>wegiaiMJiftovdiiiQ|ijcii- liita, and j^ted coIe||b8 iMtS. The^co^g^i^ ti«m iN^ilh that,countr)^fuir long, inter rupilpn^Vwaa tt^wed in the bft centuiy. Some Ltttlv^m, ay^l. jfloraviah mtilion^ries^ |>roinpted by ze^ ^<>%P^^INl gating the f||i^lop|E|^ fo. On the whole i|appear» rati^ere men of gl^^ an^ learning, and w<»b careful to preCcrvf aot' ^ * tecorda of fuch c -^^ their proceedings as illliaidy torciKng to fk>fterit|^ Thefe records afford- 1 d^uments for A||»rican hiftonans. ' Pci|^a iMr^^ ^ipron the gloWPl^ '♦' 4 ■^■m m-. 4 w !*., -M'i •# i ■ w/ fo iBuBi|»^e^irion, U the iq^abihi^t jofU vbphi] follovrt ^^ ^ Qii«ibeck> ' i6d8#i|theFtcttCb. Virwnip, ^tmc io, >% M t0r4 ^>e ta Waii »-v^ ■ :^, 'r'^ , Maryland, ^±S|i} i4 By theses ^i^^l^. n * c d 6y Capt. John EiidfeM By Lord BiailtiDa6r#|^ 1^33 a colon^ of ^Mm^ CatKbUck^ «^ By Mr. fctvwkki it B^ 1635 brook, near the -mduth ■ , of Cortncaicut river. j^P^r. ReuEer :^mtatea %$SiS ^Rihi»P|^ctit5dbrett^ y^ * Granted to the Duke of i^ * . Yorlt b^KiiiealL tod ^ ^v; madtadtftinft govern* ^^ nwM^ art4.i«tdei f^mie »n4i m JttKCIiaina,abduti7aS^^||iT»merit, feirtedjKi^ >». ■ >,■* f ,€ • *4 ^C ■'WH'- .„ * <#*■ '■ t^\ 1^%^^ ^'f m. ^:,_;*'^-f "^iPtsIs^?^ ;*; vr -»«. V '>.'■ 5+r. .^^^^*l^ *y« *«jp'* r"^ W^r^ -;-: -*:8j%-;,i V ■■Miiiii.ial*' y i«Hii .imH tli m H I 5-=vy«?KSS»"^.-'^' '*^'' '.^i' -a?" t Nif^ ^ 4 ,*hniide|f t^UNDED Nortli, by Canada and ilfcita Weft, by the river Miflifippt;' South, by £%ft an4 Weft Florida; Souihcaft and Eatt, by the 4t- "fiKiUck Ocean and.Nbva Scbtfa; frbm'^i^ it is r<$Ja. iafli^ by the rivjy: St. Crolir* 1^ , tcmiory bf . thfe tynited States contains al <^fii|aare miles, in t^fe^h are ^ 64o/>oo,ooo of acres. , Dcduftfbr^ler, ,^*5^i,oooijlpo * ' AcreSttflaifiiin the Unite<^^||ei 569,1)00,000 ^ Of this ^tienfive tiUS', t^o lm»4<'^ «nd twe^ millions olt acres hsive been transleped to the fe«l£jvrckci«tf«!|to P * iflands an4bentQfi»las« The l%ilted State«> and indl^d ^ tal^^^f^6f^!^th AnfiMc:ii/re(i^ •^ira^lMiir^pr the nioft.iq|imatd^ m^ th(/iuind|ppncas, North Anderica#9i|bt ht i^i^led into a ciufter of large ami fertift iflan^> li^unicatin^with cach.jBthci: v^^K jA,^*^! ) ^Sir many inlbnces wit^i0j^^%l the ^ nothing in cih^|>iirts :ii.the |aj^digiovla>'fl)a|l) of '*'t^ Tlftc vnff ED STATES* efafs in mag^ita^i are of 1bV|tr drcuit'than tlllifgcei*«- eft lake MKVhe iaftem contUient. i The prii^ijNd ^^^^ >>* <^c United States^ lire >t)ie JUitf ^ M« WaSifi it|' ihe^northiiirelV- corner^ of -the Unitevid«.«-ThenGe( y^u- paiTa" through fevcral fmall lakes into lake Suptriour,'^kaie laii^id: lake in> [h» world; being 1600 mUe#ii»Jti^ cumference* Theie are two large iilands in thlc Ukikr each of which has land enough, ilTuitable for tillage|. to form a considerable province. The Indiaiii 1^^ Yoibi\ie Gnat Spirit refiHi ilfli. .Storms ^fkiOt it a$ iiluch «if r)^ do < the Adanticli Ocean : The ivavda run af high f and' the navigation is as dangieirous. 'U dt£> <,' charges its jvaters from the ibutheaft comer, thtM^ the ilraiti^^f St. I^rie into ImH Huron, which' is- next in magnitude to Jb^fee Siiiperiour» being jibout »ooo miles in otreumfcrlnK^.. This &ketf|it itf^rth- iftll comer, eo^muhicates with Z^e MuMgan, whfcht is 900 miles in circumference, by thoflniit tut UNf^ETD STaVeS.* 4# eceanf>at ttKidijlanceoI in«rc than 2000 miltot from their foMriNi. For in their pafiaBe from this fpot t<»< the Gulf, of St. LawrcActf, eatt } to HUdfon's b^y^- north ; to the \fiv of A^nicari, weft, where the river Oregon isiuppoied to empty ; and to the Gulf of Mex- ico, Ibuthy each of them tifaverfea upwards of 80o»» miles. ' ', ■ , '^ The Ohio is ihfc i^oft'beautiful river on earth.. Jta gentle current it unbroken b)r rock* or rapids, cix|tpti in on: place., it it a mile wide at its entrance intc| the Mimflppi \ and a quarter of a mile at FortPitt^. which is 1188 miles from its mouth. At Fort Pitt the Ohio lol'es its namiB| and branches into the Mononx g^ela and Atkgany' rivers, l/hei MonongaHc^a^ it'dr 15 mile*. frbm ita moutbi receiyea Yoha;^^' river. . », . . . ^' . ■'./♦•^" '■"/'■ii^-t* The country watered'by the Miflirippt and i^^^>i^ em SrantKies, conftttut.es five eighths of the IJ^iteTl States ; two 6f which |aife occupied by t59g. ai« ml^ qf the Ph^fince w ' ■■■^' ■■"■'■■■ ^' iscom^ compveneiuied bet Cs#t:odiVt% are rocky, particulate^ N^w Ei^land, the north parts •f Niw York and New J^iieyj and a-broadf^ta^tlli- eluding thfe fevei^ ridgea of 'the long range of itibtil(»- liins which tua^lbuilHveilwird through Bennifj^^^pi* 4 w% UHITSD STA.T£S. iT nia, Virsmia, North Carolina, and parf of GeoT|jU^ iTividing^ke wateri which flow into the Atlantick* fitxn thofe which fall intq the Miflfifippi. 1 n the parts cjifl of the AUe^ny mountains in the fouthern {latr«« the country for fev^ral hundred pniles in length, and fixty or (evenly, and fometimca more, in breadth, is level and entirely free of dune. Mountains.'] In all parts of the. world, and particti- larly on this weflern continent, it isoblervable, that as you depart from the ocean, or from a river, the land gradually rifcs ; and the height of land, in common, is about equally diftant from the water on either fide. The Andes in South America form the height of land • between the Atlantick and Pacifick Oceans. That range of mountains, of whioh the Shining- mountains are a part, begins at-Mexico^ and continu-* ing northward on the eait of California, (epaut«i the waters of thole numerous rivers that fall into the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California^ Thence con- tinuing their courfe Hill north ward, between the fources of the Miflifippi and the rivers that run into the South Sea, they appear to end^in about 47 or 48 decrees of north latitude ; where a number of rivers nCt, and empty themfelves either into the South Sea, intoHud-^ ion's Bay, or into the waters that communicate be«^ tween thefe two feas.. The Highlands between the Province c^fMain and the Province of Quebecj^, divide the rivers which fait into the St. Lawrence north, and into the AtlantickT fouth. The Green Mountains, in Vermont, divide the waters wfuch flow eafterly into Conncflicut river, from thofe whieh«fall wefterly into Lake CiHMnplaiir and Hudfon's River.. Between the Atlantick, the Miifiirppi, and the Lakes,, runs a lone range SrT A *r E\ vidges which compofd thi& immenfe ranajHI^ mtnuir Uins, have dtiiei-ent names in dif^erent'i^^pEf The principal ridge is the Allegany, v/hich has been delcriptively called the back borie of the Unitidd States. The general name for thefe mountain$,taken cblfeiElive- ly, is the Allegany MoiiHtainsi fo called from the prin- cipal ridae or (he range. Thefe mpuhtatns are not confufcdiy fcattered aiid broken, rifitig here and there into high peaks overtopping each other, but rtrctch along in uniform ridges, fcarccly half a mile high*. They fpread as you proceed ibuth, and fomc of diem terminate in high perpendicular blufiFs. Othei J gradually fubfide into a level country, giving rife to ,the rivers which run fouthcrly into the Gulf of Mexico,. Soil andPrQ4uQions.'] The (bil of the United S(ate$^ if equal to that of any country in the world. Its pro- ciu£iions will be mentioned in the account of the par- ticular fiates. Animals,'] According toM.de Buffon' there are soofpecies of animalsonly exiftingon the earth. Oi)^ hundred of thefe are aboriginal of America. The following is a^ catalogue of the animals coni^ Qion to North America. ' » Marteb ' Minx Beaver M'uf()uaft': Otter FiOier Water lUt Mufk Rat Huufc Moufif Fteld Moufe Moles Q^ijckhatcbi Morfe ^ Porcuuine*- Seal. Thefe are divided into three claiTes; f Beafts of different genus from any known iti thcr old world ; of which are the Opolfum, theRacQo%^ theQuickha4cb|«iitc«^ < ■ ■ a. Belli- - .^Mammoth ^Buffalo Monax Grey Squirrel Panther CreyFoX'Sqyirrcl Black Squirrel Carcajou Wildcat Red Sq,uirrel ^ Bear Ground Sq.uirrel flk , Flyin' Squirrel White Bear Blacl. Fox Wolf Red fox Moofe Deer Grey Pox Stag Racoon Carrabou Woodchuck Fallow Beer Skunk Greenland Deer OpofftMll Rabbit PoieCac fiahitna Coney Weafle xme UtriTED STATESi 4r ti Braftijip the fame getius, but ^f diilerent fpeciet froii^le eaftem contineqti of which are ThePantber Failo'»De«r Ground Saairrd Wildcat GreyF4>x Elvinc Squiticl Buffalo Grey Squirrel Polecat Moofe Deer Gsey Fox Squtrrs! Vdrcvpinc, ftc* Stag Black Squirrel 3. Beads which are the -fame on both oenttnentSi vii^ '1 he Bear Otter Field Moulil White Bear Water Rat Mole Wolf Houfe Rat Morfe Weafle Mufic. Rtt Seal^ftc. Beater Haufe Moofe. ' The Mammoth is not found'inr thecrvilised parti of America. It is conje£lured, however, that he was carniverous, and that he flill exifts on the north of th« Lakes. Their tuflcs, grinders, and (keletons of un* common magnitude/ have been found at the fait licka^ on the Ohio, in New Jerley, and other pla«es. The Indians have a tradition handed down from their fath- ers refpeQing thefe animals, * That in ancient times a herd of them came to the Bigbone licks^and be^an an unfverfal dedruflion of the bears, deer, elks, buffaloes^ and other animals whkh had been created for the uf« of the Indians : That the Grcart Man above, looking down and feeing this, was fo enraged that he feizea his lightning, descended to the earth, feated himfelf up* en a neighbouring mountain, on a rock, on which his feat and the print of his feet are dill to be feen, and hurled his bolts among them till the whole were ilaughtered, except the big bull, who prcfenting his forehead to the (hafts, fhook them off as they fell ; but at length miffing one, it wounded him in the fide } whereon, fpringing round, he bounded over the OhiO| the Wabafh, the Illinois, and finally over the great lakes where he is living at this day.' The Opossum is an animql of a diftinft genus, and therefore has little refemblance to any other creature. It is about the fize of^a common cat, which it rcfem* blesin forae degree as to its body ; its legs are fhort, the feet are formed like thofe of a rat, as are.its cars; the fnout and head arc long like the hog's ; the teeth likiB0oleof adog,; itsbody it covered thinly witfar lon^ »*:* iv.4'' TUB U'NITED ^TATfeS> long briftly whitFfh hair ; its' tarl is ion^|||nped like that of a rat without H«ir. But what is nifdli' remark- able in this creature, and which diftinguiflit^ it from all others, is its falfe belly, which ia formed by a fkin or membrane, (inclcfing the dugs^) which it opens and clofes at will. In this faWis bcUy, the young arc con- ceakd in time of) dbnger* Though contrary to ,the Jaws of fiatute, it is believed by many, that thefi^ ani- mals are bred at the teats of their dams.- It is a faf)-, that the young oiics have been many times feen, not larger than the head of a large pin, (kft fixed and hang- ing to the teats in the falfe bslly« In thfs (late, their friembers are diftinftly vifiblc ; they appear like an embryo clinging to the teats.' Bycoiiftaht obfervation) they have been found to grow into a perfc£l fcetus ; and in proper time they drop off into the falfe belly, where they remain fecure, till they are capable of Broviding for thcmfelves. From thefe circumftanccs^ 3t feems that the Opoflbm is produced, in a manner^ out of the comrnon couHe of nature. But it appears irovn the difleftion of one of them by Dr. Tyfon, that their ftmAure is fuch astis* fitted for genei»tion, liko ^at of other animals ; and of ccnirie he fuppofes that they muft neccflariiy be bred and excluded m the fame way as other quadrupeds. But by what method the dam, after exclufion, fixes th«m on her teats, if this- be the manner of production, is a fecret yet unknown^ The Buffalo is larger than an ox ; high,^6n the Moulders ; and deep through thebreaft. Thdiflcfli pf this animal is equal in goodnefs to beef; its fkin-makes good leather, and its hair, vhich is of a wooHy k|ndV is manufaftured into a tolerable good cloth. \ » The Tycer of America refcmbles, in (hape, fiiofo of- Afia and Africa, but is confiderabiy fmaller ; nor ^oes it appear to be fo fierce and ravenous as they are. The colour of it is a dai;ki(h yellow, and is entirely free fromfpois. The Cat of the MtWNTAiN'tefemblesa' common cat, but is of a much larger fize. its hair is of a red* difh or orange colour, intcrfperfed with fpots'C^l^k. This animal is excccdIiJgly fierct, Ihotugh it^flNlfeU dom attack a man. Xjld 'od, eafy of digeftion, and very noun* idling. Its (kin^ as well as that of the elk, is valuable^ making when drcffcd, good leather. The Car R ABO u is forncthing like the moofe in (hape, though not nearly f'o • ' '. ' ts flefh iscxceedingly good, its tongue in particular ■; m high ellcein. Its 4kin, being (mooth and frce>iom veins, is valuable* The Carcajou is a crea^re of the cat kind, and i« H terrible enemy to the elk, and to the carrabou, as well ■us to the^ecr. He either comes upon them unper* ceived from fome concealment ; or -climbs up into a tree, and taking his ftationon fome of the branches^ waits till one of them t^kcs fhelter under it } vrhtn he faftens upon his neck,4ind opening ^thc jugular yeinf foon brings his prey to the ground. The only way of efcapel!rHen it is pnrfued. On fuch an occafion, it <|)ewl^6m befaisid aih^ail ftre«m of water, of fo fub« ■ '^'^ ■ - ■ ■ tie- ■m ^>-*fe' H TiiB UNITED STATES. tie a nature, atfd fo powerful a' fmdl, UtaB Iheiir h lainted with it to a f'urprifing diftance. -^li this ac- count the animal is called by the French Enfant du JOiabte, the Child of tb Devil, or MiU Puante, the Stinking Beaft. The v tier whkh this creature emit* in its defence, is generally fttppofed by naturalifts to ^ its urine; but Mr. Carver, who C^ot and dil^ levied many of them, declares that he found, near the urinal vefTds, a-fmall receptacle of water, totally i diilinil from>the bladder, ^ from which, he was fati^- fied, the horrid (lench proceeded. The fat of the ikunk, when externally apf>lied, is a powerful emol- lient, and its flefh, when dreflfed without being tain- ted by its foetid water, is'fweet and good. The Porcupine or Hedge Hoc is about the (ize ef a (mall dog. though it is neitherfo long nor fo tall. Its (hape refepfibles that of a fox, excepting its head* which IS fomething like the head of a-rabbit. Its body is covered with quills of aboutfour inches in length, moft cfwhichare, excepting at the point, of the thickne&of « draw. Thefe quills* the porcupine darts at his ene- my, and if they pierce the flefti in the lead degree, they will (ink quite thiough it, and ai'e not to be ex- tra^d without meifion. The Indians ufe thefe qutlU for boring their ears and no(es to inferi their jewels^ and aUdby wayof ornament to their (lockings, hair, Ac. The Wood Chuck is a ground animal of Uitfur kind, about iifteen inches long ; its body is rounds and its legs fhort ; its (ore paws are broad, and con- ilru6led for the purpofe of diggmg holeo in th^ ground| in which it burrows ; its (le(h is tolerable food. The Ra'icoon is an animal of a genus dlBerent from any krlbw^ on the eailern continent, lit head it much like a fux's, only its ears are ^(horter, more round, and more naked. It alfo refembles that ani- mal in its hair, which isthidk,longami foft ; and in iti body andlegs, excepting that thihfbrmer is larger, and the latterboth larger and- (horter. Acrofs its face rutit a broad ftripe including its eyes, which are1iM|i^ i4f ijfpat ishUik, and rouodifii atthe end lil^ W Jl « THt VflirED STATES. 49 dog } its tccti|>^iro are ftmilar to thofe of the doK, bolh in number jpa fliApi ; ihe tail is long and round., with annular (Iripes on it } the feet have five lung ilendex toes, armeH with fharpclaws, by which it is enabled to climb trees, and run to the extremities of the boughs. Its fore feet ierv« it inHead of hands, liice thofe of »he monkey. The iafl quadruped v/hfch fhall bc.paTticu>larIy def- cribed, ^s the Beaver. This is an amphibious ani- mal, which cannot livt for any lopg time in the water, and it is faid can exifl without it, provided it ha« the, convenience of fometimes bathing itfelf. The largeft ' beavers are nearly four feet in length, about fourteen , or fifteen inches in breadth over the haunches, and weigh fifty or fixty pounds. The head of ^is animal is large; its fnout long ; its eyes fmall ; its ears ibort, round, hairy on the outfide, and fmooth within ; of its teeth, which are long, broad, -ftrong and (harp, the under ones fland out of its mouth about the breadth of three fingers, and die upper about half a linger. Befidesthefe teeth, which are caAledinctfors, beavers have fixteen grinders, eight on each iide, four abov« and four below, dire&Iy oppofite to each other. With the form^ they are able to cut down trees of a coitfid-, erable fiize, with the latter tobrei^'v the hardeft fub- (lances. Their leg9 arc (hort, particularly t\\g fore legs, which are otuy four or five inches long. The toes of the fore feet are (eparate ; thofe of the hind feet havte membranes between them. In oonfequence of this they can walk, though but flowly, while they IWim as eafily as any aquatick animals. Their tailt ibmewhat refemble thofe of fifh, and thefe, and their hind feet, are the only jparts in which tliey do n two inches, gradually ihorterling towaj^a the head ^nd tail. Thie part is coarfe and of Hitlr ufe. The other part of it confifts of a very thick and fine down, ^f about three quarters of an inch long, fo foft that it fe« s like filk« and is that which is commonly manufac- tured. Caftor, fo ttf' 1 in medicine, is' produced from the body of the b» er It was formerly believed ■to be his teflicles, but ts.te diicoveries have (hewn that it is contained in four bags in the lower belly. Theingenuity of the beavers in building their cabinf, and in pro viding themfelves fubfiftence, is truly won* derful. When they are about to choofc a habitatiot^ .they affemble in companies, femetimes of two or three hundred, and after mature deliberation, iixonaplace where plenty of provilion*-. and all neceflaries are to ho found. Their houfes are always fituated in the water, an^ when they caniind neither lake nor pond convenient, they fupply the defe£l by flopping the current of fome brook or fmall river. For this pur- pofe they fele£l a number of trees, carefully taking thofe above the place where they intend to build, that they may fwim down with the current, ^nd placing themfelves by threes or fours round each tree,foon feu them.' By a continuation of the fame labour, they cut the trees into pt^oper lengths, a,nd rolling them into the water, navigate them to the place where they are to be ufed. After this they conflrufb a dam with as miich folidity and regularity as the mofl experienced workman could do. The fcM-mation of their cabins is no lefs remarkable; TheP ^abins are built either on piles in the middle of the pond they have formed, on the bank of a river, or at the extremity of fome point of land proje6ling into a UVc, Tlie figure of them is round or oval. Two thirds of each of them rifes above the water, atid this part is large enough to con- tain eight or ten inhabitants. They are contiguous fb each other, fo as to allow an eaiy communication. Each beaver has his place aihgned him, the floor of which he -curioufly flrews with leaves, rendering it clean and comfortable. The winter ne^yL^|i)nzes ■ tiKefe a^mals before their bufmefs is coHMMHTIiHr I- tKt UNITED STATES'. «» theif houRK&lire generally finifhed by the lafl of Sep- tember, ana their (lock of provifions laid in, whicli c6nf)(U oFfmall pieces of wood, difpofcd in fucli man- ner as to preferve its moifture. Upwards of one hundred and thirty American, bird* have been enumerated, and many of them defcribed by Catcfby, Jeffcrlbn, and Carver. The following catalogue is inferted to gratify the curious, to inform theinquifitive, and tc fliew the aftoniOiing variety ia this beautiful part of creation. The Blackbird Spoonbill do. . Crow Blackbird Razorbilled do. Summer do. Kingbird Baici more bird Tiaclcheaddo. Kingfiflier BaltardBlltimore Blue winged Shoveler Loon Blue bird Buzzard niae Jay Blue Groibeak Brown Bittern Creded Bittern Small Bittern Booby Great Booby Biae Peter Kulfinch Bald Coot Cut V/a:er Whitt Curlew Cat bird Cuclcbw- Crow Cowpen bird Little brown duck Sprijgtaili Whitefaced Teal Blue winged Teal Hied bill Dobchick Eaale Bald £agle Flamingo Fieldfare of Carolina Nuthatch or Robin Oyfter catcher Purole Finch Owl Bahama Finch Scretch Owl American Goldfinch American Partridge Lark . Large Lark Blue Linnet Mock bird Mow bird Purple Martia Nigrttlngale Noddy Painted Finch Creftcd Flycatcher Black cap do. Little brown do. Red eyed do ChatteringPlover Einch creeper or Kildee Sl^rm Finch Crane or blue ■« - " • H^ron Yellow breaded Chat Cormorant Hooping Crane Pine Creeper Yellow throated Creeper Dove Ground Dove puck llathira Duck or Q^ail Pheafant or Moun- tain Partridge Water Pheafanc Pelican Water Pelifcau ^ Pigeon of pallage Goet Sucker of Ca- White crowned pigeoit:. ' rolina Gull Laughina; Gull Gooi'e ^ Canada Goufe Hawk Filling Hawk Pigeon Hawk Night Hawk Swallow tailed do. Hangbird Heron crefteddo. Little white Heron h or Heath cock do. Hummingbird id do* Purple Jackdaw or Parrot of Paradile Paroquet of Carolina- Raven Rice bird Red bird ik Summer Red bird Swan f^^ Soree Snipe Red Start Red winged Starling SwaUow Chlronsy do* Snow brrd Little Sparrow BahamUlo* * ' The '%, 4'- '^ Tlit- UNITED STATES. TJm Stork RedThrufli. Turkey Fox coloured Wild Turkey Thrufli Tyrane Little ThruAi Creited Titmoufe Tropick biicl Yellow do. Bahama Tit- mcvie Hooded do* Yellow rurap Towbe bird Turtle of Carolloa Water wagtail Water ben Water witch. Waken bird Whetfaw Large tifliUebillfl** woodpecker Large red crrfted dbi^ Gold winged do* •> Red bellied dOr li»\ri do. Red headed dOr Yellow belHed do. Smalieft fpotttd do* Wren Catefby obferves, that the birds of America gene* rally exceed thofe of Europe in the beauty of thetr^ plunla]^, but are much inferiour to them in th<^ ir.clo* dy of theirnotes* The Watb r Pe 1 1 e a-h inhabits the Mifltfippi* Its pouch holds a peck. The La a K is a lofty bird, and fuars zs high as any of the inhabitant of l^e airy region : Hence the old proveib, «jWhen the iky falls we fhall catch Utks.* The Whip poor will, is remarkable for the flaintive melody of its notes. It acquires its name rom the noife it makes^ which to the people of the itates founds Whip poor will, to the Indians Muck a wi(s. A ftrikin^ proof how dtfferently the fame founds imprefs different perfons ! The Loon is a water fowl, of the fame Tpecies of ihe Dobchick. It is an exceedingly nimble bird, and ic expert at divmg, that it is with great difBcuUy killed* The Partr*d©e. In Ibme paiis of the country there are three or four different kinds cf P&rfridgcs, all of them larger than the Partridges of Europe. What is called the Quail in New England is denominated Partridge in the fouthern fUtes, where the true Part- ridge is qpt to be found* The War ON bird, which probably is of the fame (pecies with the bird of Paradife, receives its name fiom the ideas the Indians«have of its fuperieur' ex- cellence ; the Wakon bird being in their language the bird of the Great Spirit. It is nearly the fize of the fwallow, cf a brown colour, fhaded about thej^k with a bright green* The wings are pMS^^wB^ brown th.^n the body* Its tail is compofiuHdOSMPor TRx UNITED STATESi §§i five {eathebi which are three times as long as its body^ and which are beautifully Ihaded with green and pur« pie. It carries this fine length of plumage ih the fame manner as the peacock does his, but it is not kfidWn whether like htm it ever raifes it to an crtQ, pofition. The Wmstsaw is of the cuckow kind, being like that a folitary bird, and fcarcely ever feen. In the fumtner months it is heard in the groves, where it makes a noile like the filing of a faw, from which^ circumftance it has received its name. " ^'^'^ •' • > The Humming biro is thefmalleftofall the feath<* ered inhabitants of the air, Its plumage (urpaflTeft- dcfcription. On itsliead is a fmall t\ift of jetty black ;: its bread is red ; its billy white ; its back, wings and ■ tail of the finefl pale green ; fmall fpetks of gold are- fcattered over it with inexprefTible grace ; and to* crown the wholes an almoft imperceptible down foft- ens the feveral colours, and produces the moil pleaf** ing (hades. Of the Snakes which infed the United States, are t^i^ following, viz. Corn do. Hognofe do»- Hoqfe do. / Green do. Wampvfn -do. Glaftdo. Bead do. « Wall or Houfe Add«r Stiiped or Garter Snake- Water Snake Hifltng do. Thorn tailed Ad.- ' Speckled do. Ring do. . " Two headed do. TheTHORn tA«i. SwAKE is of a middld'^ze, and5 of a very venomous nature. It receives its name' fVom a thorn, like a dart, in its tail, with, W^ich it in* flifts its wounds; ' The Joint Snakk is a great curibfity, I|s. (kin li' s hard as parchment, and as fmooth its glals. It ii^ flreaked with blaf.k and #hite, Itisfo* fofew jomts, iiod thpfe fo unyielding»|. £a tb»t< The Rattle Snake Small Rattle Snake Yellow Rattle Snake Water Viper Black Viper Brown Viper Copper bellied Snake Bluiih green Snake Black Snake Ribbon do. Spotted Ribbon do. Chain do. Joint do. 6i'een fpotted do* Coachwhip do -e-' ■^ A .7<; .*#^', Ma ■':J. 411 Till UNIT£i> STATES. that it can hartlly bend itfelf into the forni of a lloop'r When it is ftruck, it breaks like a pipe item ; and you may, with a whip, break it from the tail to the bowels into pieces not an inch long, and not prodtice the leali tinaure of bloodt It is nol venomous. The Two HEADED Skarb, Whether this be a diftinil fpecies of I'nakes intended to propagate ita kind, or whether it be a monftrotis produAion, is tin', certain. The only ones I have known orlteard of in this country, are, one taken near Chainplain ia 1762, and one prefervcd in the Mufeum of Yale College, in New Haven. The ihakes are not (b numeratfl nor fo venomous in the northern as in the (buthorn ftales^ In the lat- ter, however, the inhabitants are furrrilhec! with » much greater variety of plants and herbs, which af- ford immniiatc relief to perfbns bitten by thcfe ven* omous creatures* It ia an obfervation worthy of per* petual and grateful remembrance, that whereever ven- omous animals are found, the Gob of Nature Haa H^l^dly provided fufiicient antidotes againfl. theit poifon. . Of the aflonldiing variety of ln(e£ls found in A» merica, we will mention,t im:. TbeGlowWornr Gnat Earth Worm Sheep Tick Leg orGuinea do> Louie Naked Snail Wood Loufe ShcU-Soail "Forty Legs or Cea- Tobacco Worn tipes Wood Worm Caterpillar Silk Wornv WaU Loufe o> Bo Sow hug HorD#ui| Flea 'I. Adder bole Cicada or Locuft Man gaaec Cork Roch« Cticket ' - Beetle Fire Fly or Bug Butter Fly Moth Aot Bee Humble Bee Black Wafp Yellow Wafj^ Hornet Fly Sand Fly Mufluta Spidier To theie may be added the infe6t, which of late years has prove^ fo clcltru^«><»'to ths wheat Ut. many '|>arts of the middle and New England filiates, com* monly, (ut erroneoufly, called the lieOLan Fly. The Allmator is a fpecies of the crocodiler^jmd in appearance oqp of the uglicft creatures mi '^t ..<* p. ■ 'm-' THi UNITEQ^ STATES. mt They are amphibious, and live in and about creeka» fwampt andjpondt of ftagnant water. They ate very fond of the fle(b of dost and hogs, which they -vora- eioufly devour when toey have opportunity. I'hey are alio very fond of fiib, and devour va/l quantiiica of thetn. When tired with fiftiing, they leave the water to balk themfelvea in the fun, and then appear more likelpgt of half rotton wood thrown alhore by the current, 'than living creatures ; but upon perceiv- ing any velTel or perfon aear them, they immediately throw themfelvei into the water. Some are of (o monflrous a fize as to exceed five yards in longthr During the time they lie balking on the fliore, they keep their huge moutha wide open, till filled witr» n^uiketoes, Aicit ^nd other infc6U, when they fudden- ly fliut their jawa and fwallow their ptry. The alligator is an oviparoua creature. The female makes a large hole in' the (Jand near the brink of a> river, and there depofita her eggs, which are as white as thofe^f a hen, but much larger and more folid* She generally lays about an hundred, c^tinuing in thi fame place till tney are til depofited, which is a day or two. She then covers them with the fand, and the better to coftceal them, rolls herfelf not only over her precious depojitutnt but to a confiderable distance. After this precaution, (he returns to the water and taiTie« until natural inftin£l informs her that it is time to deliver her young from their confinement ; Ihe then gQes to the (pot, attended by the male} and learit» ttp the fand, begins to break the eggs ; but A> careruUyt that fcarce a fingle one ia injui«djrand a wh^frMidnn of little alligators is feen crawiins; about. The female then takes them on her neck and back, in order to re- move them into the water ; but the watchful birds of prey make ufe of this opportunity to deprive her of feme, and even the male alh'gafor, who indeed comes for no other end, devours what he can, till the female h»s reached the water with the few remaiiHiig ; for att thofe which either fall from kerback) or dofioifwiro* ihe l^kl feats ; fo that of fucb a formtdaible biood^ baiMMliiiaeretlijm four or five efeape. '•X 't.- ■^ f: * ■ , ,^ TUB UNITID STAT£8. Vhefe alUgators are the gniat deftroyerl oF the fifh in the«nveri and creeks, it bein^ their moft I'afe and ccneml food ; nor are they wanting in addrefs to fatfa- Vf their defires* £iiht or ten, at it were By compaft} ' draw up at the mouth of a river or creek, where theY lie with their mouths open, whilft others go a tonfio* erable diflance up the river, and chace the fi(h down* ward, by which means none of any bignefs efcape them. The alligators being unable to eat under wa- ter, on feizing a filh, raife their heads above the fur- facr, and by degrees draw the fi(K from their jaws, and chewP'it for deglutition. Before the letting in of winter, it is faid, not with- out evidence to I'upport the aflertion, that they fwaU low a large number of pine knots, and theh creep in|0 their dens^ in the bank of fome creek or pond, where they lie in a torpid (late through the winter, without any other fuftenanre than the pine knots. The Guana, theGRSEN LisAitD of Carolina, the Bcut TAiLBD LizAao, and the Lion LiaARo, are Jbund in the fujthrrn ftates, and are thought to be ■ ijpecies of the iame genus with the crocodile ind alli- gator. In the little brookl and fwamps in the back parts of North Carolina, is caught a fmall amphibious lobiteri in the head of which is found the eye ftone* Population.^ From the bed accounts that can at prefent be obtained, there are, within the limits of the United States, three millions, eighty three thoufand, and itx hundred (onls. This number, which is rapid- ly increiftng both by emigrations from Europe, and I by natural population, is compoiied of people of almofi all nsltions, languages, charadlers and religions* The trcater part, however, are defcertded ftom the Eng- kih ; and, for the fak^ of diftinftion, are called Anglo Americans. ^- ' Government,'] Until the 4th of July, ^776^ the |MFefent Thirteen States were Britifh Colonies. On l||at memoritt>le'day the Representatives of the United ftatct in tucky will foon be received into the confederation* The Wedem Territory is a didinA g&vcvnmeatf un** der the Conflitution of the United States. ManufiUiiures.'] Among the articles manufafiured >n the United States are, meal of all kinds, (hips and boats, malt and diflilied liquors, potafh, gunpowder, cordage, loaf fugar, paileboard, . cards and paper of every kind, books in various languages, fnufr, tobac* CO4 (lurch, cannon, mufkets, anchors, nails, and very many other articles of iron, bricks, tiles, potters' war% mill (loncs, ^nd other flone work, cabinet work^ trunks and Windfor chairs, carriages and harnttfa of- all kinds, corn, fans, ploughs, and many other .ini*lL {>Iementsor hufbandry, faddlery and whips, (hoes^tiiidk )Oots, leather of various kinds, hofiery, hats.aiM^^ gloves, wearing apparel, coarfe linens and woolen^ and lome cotton goods, linfeed and (ifh oil, wares e£ gold, filver, tin, pewter, lead, brals and copfer, betf clocks and watches, wool and cotton canU* types, glafs and (lone ware, candle's, foap* and' oth n|ig jj bi|b le articles. Thefe are terming \^' pc^iil^Mi. and will foon be fold fo cheap as tore!! 6» TflR UNIT %D STATES. foreign goods of the fame kind entirely out of the market. Under this head I cannot omit to obferve the im.-^ policy, and I may add, the immorality of importing and confuming fuch amazing quantities of fpin'tuous liquors. They impair the eiUtes, debilitate the bod> ies, and occafion the ruin of the morals of thoulands of the citizens of America. They kill more people than any one difeafe, perhaps than all difcafes befides. It cannot be then but that they are ruinous to our cou^ltry. It appears frpm the bed calculations that can be obtainea, that in the courfe of the years 1785, 1786, and 1787, TWELVE millions of dollars were ex- pended by the United States, in purchafing Weft iV dia fpirituous liquors ; and. perhaps nearly half that fum for fpirits diililled at home. The expenditure of this immenfe fum, a fum which would well nigh cancel our whole national debt, fa far from benefiting us, has entailed difeafes> idlenefs, ^poverty, wretchedneis and debt, on thoufands, wha might other wile have been healthy, independent in their circumftances and happy. Experience has proved that fpirituous liquors, ex* cept ^or certain meoicinal ufes, are altogether unnecef* fary. . In the moderate ufe of wine, which is a gen- erous and cheering liquor, and may be plentifully pro- duced in our own country ; of beer, which ftrengjjb- ens the arm of the labourer without debauching him i- of cider, which is wholefome and palatable ; and of molafles and water, 'which has become a fashionable drink ; in the ufe of ihefe liquors, labourers, and other people who have made the experiment, have been fouiKl to enjoy more health and better fpirits than thofe who ha', j made only a moderate ufe of fpiritu- >_0as liquors. The reafon of this is made obvious by a tareful calculation lately made, from which it appears that malt liquors, and feveral of the imported wines, are much more noiH^ihing and eheaper than j^irits. ^n a pint of beer, or half a pint of Malaga ot Tene* ■iffi vice^ there is more flrength than in | qMrt of I ^ ■•«.!., «, THt UNITEJ]|| STATES. sPm Tutn. The beer and the wine abound with nouri/h« ment, whereas the rum has no more nouriftiment in it than a pound of si^r. Thefe confiderations point out th'fe utility, may I not add, the necellity of confinirtgourfelves to the ufc of our own home made liquors, that in this way we might encourage our own manufaftures, promote induftry, preferve the morals and lives of our citizens, and fave our country from the enormous annual expenfe of four millions of dollars. Military Jlrength.'^ ' The following eftimate may ferve until abetter out can be made. Suppofe the num- ber of inhabitants in the United States to be 3,o8§fboo« Dedu6); from this 560,000, the fuppofed number of negroes; the remainder will be 2,523,000, the num- ber of whites. Suppofe one fixth part of thefe capa- ble of bearing arms, it will be found that ihe number offencible men in the United States are 420,00a. This, it is conceived, is but a moderate eftimate. ^'t^*- Hijiory.'] America was originally peopled by urj- civihzed nations, which lived moftly by hunting and iidiing. The Europeans, who firit vifited thefe (hores, treating the natives as wild beads of the foreft, whiclf have no property in the woods where they roam^ planted the flandard of their reifpe6iive mailers where they fird landed, and in their names claimed the coun- try by right of difcovery,* Prior to any fettlement in North America numerous titles of this kind were ac- quired by the Englifli, French, Spanifh, and Dutch navigators, who came hither for the purpofes of filh- ing and trading with the natives. Shght as fuch titles were, they were afterwards the caufes of contcntioit betwefen the European nations. The fubjc6ls of dif- ferent princes often laid c^im to the fame tra6k of country, bccaufe both had difcovered the fame river or promontory ; or becaufe the extent of their re^eft* ive claims was indetermirtate, r -sif'* In proportion to the progreft of population, andths growth of the American trade, thejealoufies of the ^^'■'- nations, • As well may the N«w ZcffanddlP'f^^are not yet difcov- ered Earope, fit out a ihip, land on the CMAof Enaland orFranWc and^ finding no inhabitants but poor fiAieix&^n aiiapearanC4«ciaini ■the Ji^Aolc country by n|^6^ 0^ us fizes, whioh, intcrlocking*each other in e\|iry direfticn, and falling over the rcck« "in romatilick cafjcadesj^flow ||ieandcring into the riv- crs btlo^v. ^o counliy on the globe is better watered .than Ndi England, ^■ JRivirs ->■;. ■*. 1 ^^. .m NEW Z'jff G^ L A N D. i| . Rivers.'] Conneftlcut river is the lar^eft in New Eiic^land. It I'ifes in the highlands that fcpafate the United States from Canada. It falls into Long I Hand Sound between Say brook and Lyme. Its length, in a ftrajt line, is nearly 300 miles. Its courfe, fcveral de- grees weft of South. It is from 80 to 100 rods wide 130 miles from it$ mouth. Its banks are very fertile and well fettled. It is navigable 50 miles, to Hart- fbrd ; and the produce of the country for 200 mile* above is brought tl.cher in boats. From this river are employed three brigs of 180 tons each, in the Eu- ropean trade ; and about 60 fail, from 60 to 150 tons, in the Weft India trade ; befides a few fifhermen and 40 or 50 coafting veffels. •Ii^ * Population^ Military Stretigth^ MannerSf Cufioms and Diverfions,'\ New £lngland is the moft populous part of the United States. It contiains at leaft 823,600 fouls. One fifth of thefc are fenciblc men. New England then, fliould any fudden emergency require it, could furnifti an army of 164,600 men. The ^rei|t body of thefe are landholders and cultivators of tHe foil. The former attaches them to their country j the * "latter, by making them ftrong and healthy, enables- them to defend it. The boys arc early taught the ufe 'of arms, ^nd make the beftrof foldiers. Fev,* countries on earth, of equal extent and population, can furnifli a more formidable army than this part of the union. New England may, with propriety, be caUed a nurfery of men, \vhence are annually tranfplantcd« into other parts of the United States, thoufands of its natives; Vaft numbers of the New Enelanders, fincf g the war, have emigrated into the northern parts of New York, into Kentucky and the Weftcm Terri- tory, and into Georgia } and fome are fcattercd into every State, and evcry^lpwn of note ii^the union. The inhabitants of New England, are almoft uril- verfally of Englifh fiefcent ; and it is dNving to tliis cirdumtlahce, and to the great arid gcnCTll attention that has been p^.d to educatioii, that th«^|^iih lan- guage has been prelerved among (hem ^ !i^ of cor* Tuplion. ^ ■k ■ '^. ' The % «'«iw»i ' \" iif '?■'<, f '*', u NEW £ N G L A N' B* The Mew. Englanders are generally tall, flout, and well built. ' They glory, and perhaps whh judice, in poflefling that fpirlt cf freedom, v/hich induced thdr anceftbrs to leave their native c»>untry, and to brave the dangjsr&'Of the ocean and the harafiiips of fettling a- wildctncfs. Their edu(:<\tion, laws and fiLuation, , ferve to inlpire them with high notions oi Lberty, Their J9a1ou(y is awakened at the Brd motion toward an invafion of their rights, They aie indeed often jealous to excefs ; a circumflance v/hich is a fruitful Tource of imaginaiy grievances, and cf innumr rabie g;round!?:fs fufpicions, and unjufl complaints againil government. But thefeebuili'. ions of jealbufy, though cenfurab'e, and prod utHve of fome political eviisi ihcw that the efleivc of tnae libe ly exiils in Nev/ EhgUnd; f6r jealouiy i.^ iho guardian of liberty, and a charafleridicK of free rs-^ublicans. A law, reipefib- jhg the decent of eftatcs, .vhich are generally held ir^ fire fimple, which ior fubfbnce is the fame in all the Kew England Staies, is the chief foundation and pro- tcflion of this liberty. By this law, the poflefTions of the father are to be equally divided among all the chil- dren, excepting theeldefl fbn, who has a double por-' ti: in New £ng> Tandj and ovulated in almpfl every town and .village in the countrv. ^- /,_ _ A perfOaVf mature age, wno Itnnot both read alii VEite,iat<||irely,tobe*fbuttd., By means of this gener0 ' ciftabliffimeot #• .t* '■* \ ir E tV i iJ g l a fi li. 65 tfti*blif!»mcnt of fchools, the. cxtcniive vnlhip throughout the country, is furp- iiliccl v/ith ;'>•>• capable of conducing tlie aiFaiis of the/ to' 'p ..viiV' judgmentand difcrction. Thefe men are the channels of politicalinformation to the lower clafs of people ; if mch a clafs may be faid to cxifl in New Eftgland, where every man thinks himfelf at Isaft as grid ^r: his neighbour, and believes that all mank ind are, or ought to be equal. The people from ♦heir chiltlliood form habits of canvafling publick af- fairs, X. d commence politicians. This naturally leads them to be very inquifitive. It is with knowledge as with riches, the more a man has, the more he wifties to obtain ; his defire has no bound. This defire alter knowledge, in a greater or lefs degree, prevails through- put all cfalTes of people in New England*; and ftom their various modes or exprelTing it, fome of which are blunt and familiar, bordering on impertinence^ Grangers have been induced to mention imtertinent in* auifittvgnefs as a diflinguifhing chara6lerillick of Nevr England people. A very confiderable part of the people have either ioo little, or too much learning to make peaceablo fubjefls. They know enough, however, to think they >l(now a great deal, when in fa61: they know but little, t* A, little learning is a dangerous thing." . Each man has his independent fyflem of politicks ; and each af- fumes a dt£Utorial pmce. Hence originates that reu* lefs, litigious, complaining fpirit, which forms a dark ihfade in the character of New England m^n* This litigious temper is the genuine fruit of repub* licanifm— but it denotes a corruption of virtue, which is one of its eifential principles. Where a people have a great (hare of f|pedom, an equal (hare of vir- tue is neceflary to tjic peaceable enjoy|nent of it» Freedom, without viilue or honour, is liq^ntioufnefs. Before the late war, which introduced into New England a flood of corruptions^ with many improve- ments, the fabbath was i^bferved with great Q^riclnefs,; no unneceffafy travelling, no feculiir bufinefs, no l^« . F a^ vifiting, ■dP: '■"■■jr. ir .'%, 'i^. §^% NEW E N C L A N a vifitingi. no dlverfions were permitted on that AicKdf^. f^ day. riiey confldcrttl it as confecrated to divine worfhip, and were genei ally pun £lual and ferious in their attendance upon it. Their laws were drift in guarding the fabbath again ft every innovation. The fuppofed icverity with which thele laws were com- pofed and executed, together with Tome other traits tn Hreir religious charadler, hJive acquii^, for the Nev^ Englanders; the name of stfupcrftitious, bigotted peo- ple. Bat i'uperflrtion'and bigotry are ib indefinite in their fignifications, and fo vanoufly applied by perlbns of different principles and educations, that. it is not ■ . cafy to determine whether they ever deferved that charafter. Leaving every petibn to enjoy his own opinion in- regard to this matter, we will only obfervc, thitj Ance the war,' a catholick tolerant fpirit, occa« fioned by a more enlarged intercourie with mankindy hacgreatlf increafed, and is becoming univerCal ; and if they do not break the proper bOur>d,.and liberalize away all true religion, of which thire is much' dan« gery.they will counterad' that flrong.propenfity in hu« mannature, which leads men to vibrate from one ex<^ treme to its oppoflte. I^ere is one diflinguiihmg charafteriftick in the re* Rgious charaft^r of this people, which we mull hot omit ta mention ; and that' is, the cudom of annupH; celebrating Faftsand Thank fgivings. lA the fpr^ Aefeveral Govemours iflue their proclamations, p#inttng a day to be religioufly obfetved in iafting, nyliatrunand prayer throughout their refpeftive il>I^H| ^■which the predominating vices, thatparticuUrly oPi I humiliation, are enumerated. Iti autumn, a|||^^ rveft, thatglandlome era inthi hufBandman'siifeftlml Go#^mours again iifue their proclamations appointing a ^ayoF public k thankf^iving, enntnerating the pubticlc bkflings received in the courfrof the foregoing year. This pious cuftom originated with their venerable anceilors, the Hrdr fcttlcrs of New England ; and has been handed down as facred, thrbugh the fucceifive generations of theirpofterityi A cuftom fo rafional; and lb happily «?icullued'to xterifh in the mi nd» of the E«op4^ NEW ENGLAND 9r people a fenfe of their dependence on the oriat bk* N-srACTOK of the world for aH their bleifings, it \% l&oped will ever be facredly prefery«d. There i^a ctafs of people in New England of th« . bafer fort, who, averte to honeft induftry, have re- courfe to knavery for fubfidence. Skilled ia-ali the artsof difhonefty, with the aflumcd face and frank» nefs of integrity, they go about, like wolves in (heep's clothing, with a defign to defraud. Thefe people, en* terprizing from neceflity, have not connned their lcnavi(h tricks to New Englat d. Other ftates have felt the effeOls of their villany. Hence they have chara£l:eriz^d the New Englanders, as a knaviih, art- ful, and diihone^t peoplie. But that condu c which diflinguifhes only a fmall clafs of people in any nation or ilate, oujg;hc not to be indifcriniinatery afcribed tO' ;^11, or be iuifered to itamp their national chara^r* In New England, there is as great a proportil^n of honi- ed and ind'uftrious citizens, as in any of the United States. The jpeople of New £tngland, generally obtain theiir eflsttes my hafd and perfevering labour : They of con* fequence know their value, and fpend with frugality. \'et in ai^ country do the indigentand unfortunate '"^letter. Their taws oblige every town to provide hpetent maintenance for their poor ; and ihe ne- ftcus ftranger is prote£led, and relieved from- their me inAitutions. It may in truth he fatd, that in irt of «the world are the people happier, bettfr ifhed with the necefiaries and conveniences pj or morar in' ought to be, congenial to their employment, pltpn, fimple, and unpoliiiied. Strangers are received and entertained among- theat with a great de^- of artlefs fihcerity, and fl^iendl]% unformat holpitality. Their children, thofe iinifative creatures, to whofe education j^rticular attention i& paid, early imbibe the manners and habits of ^||pblcfe around them ; and the flr^^er, with plealure,. notices, tke honeft and decent rS^Qi that ^; ■■■ . ^- 68 NEW ENGLAND. 'm '^' that is paid him by the children as he pades throagh the country. As the people, by reprcfcntation, tnak^ their own laws aind appoint their own officers, they c«nnot be opprefled ; and living under governments, whfch have few lucrative places, they have few motives to bribery, corrupt can va flings or intrigue. Real abiji- ■ities ind a moral chani£ler uhblemiihed, are the quaU locations reauidre in the view of moft people, for of- ficers of publick trud. The cxprcflion of a wifh to be promoted, is the direft way to be difappointed. The inhabitants of New England, are generally Tond of the arts and fciences, and have ciilllvated • them with great fucccfs. Their colleges have flourilh- cd beyond any others in the United States. The il- luftrious chara^ers they have produced, who have idJftinguiCbed themfelves in politicks, law, divinity, the mathfcmaticks and philofophy, natural and civil hiftory, and in the fine arts, particularly in poetry, evince the truth of thefe oblervations. Many of the v/omch in New England are hapdfome. They generally have fair, frefh and healthful counte- nances, mingled with much female foftnefs and deli* cacy. Thote who have had the advantagefbf a j|p^ education (and they ar». confide rably numerous^'* genteel, ealy, and agreeable in their manners, am iprightly and fenfible in cohverfation. They are< ly taught to manage domeftick concerns vSflth. nes ' and economy. Ladies of the fir^t rank and fbi make it a part of their daily bufinefs to fuperini the affairs of the family. Employment at the nee in cookery, and at the fpinning wheel, with thet ht>nourable. Idlenefs, even in thofe of indepcnder fortunes, is. univerfally difreputable. The rvomen in the country manufacture the create fl part of the cloth- ing of their families. Tlieir finen and woollen cloths are ftrong and decent. Their butter and cheefe is not inferiour to any in the world. In the winter feafon, while the grouiid is covenjd Vrit^ fnow, which is commonly two o^ three months^, flei^liingis the general diveffi6x)« A great part of -fit- NEW ENGLAND. €9 the%Ynili>8 throughout the country are furnidMsd with horrcs and flei^hs. The young people coUe£l in par- ties and, with a great deal of Sociability, rcfort to a f>lace of rendezvous, where they regale themfclves or a few hours, with dancing atni a focial fupper, a«d then retire. Thefe dtvcrfions, as well as all otheri» are many times carried to excefs. To thefe exccflfiiff and a fudden expofureto extreme cold after theexer- cife of dancings phyficians have afcribed the confump- tions, which are fo frequent among the young people in New England. Hijiory,'] New England owes its firft fettlement to religious perfccution. Soon after the commencement of the reformation* in England, which was not until the year 1534, the Proteftants weie divided into two partiea, one the follov/ers of Luther, and the other of Calvin. The former had chofen gradually, and 9ir moll imperceptibly, to recede from the church of ^ Rome ; while the latter, more z&alous, and convinced of the importance of a thorough reformation, and at the * The reformation wai begun by Martin Lutber,% native o( 800* Mjr, born in the year 1483. He was educated in the Romaa Catholick religion, and wat an Auguftlo Friat, when, in ip7» hviing written ninety five Thefes againft the Pope's induigencicts' he exCibited them to pobliclc view on the charcb door %tWirttn- ^i^mft, in Saxoirff and thus began the reformation in Gtrwuty. la nlBi-the reformed religiQn was introduced into SwitatrUadhf ^Bmgliyt, (kca/amfat^usf and others. The year following, the Diet of the German Empire aflemUed ae 8^ and ifliKd a decree againft the reformation. Againft tidi e, the MUHaif of Saxany^ Georgef ,M*rquii of BrandnAurtt^ ^^ and Fraueuj i>uke 9f Lunenhurg, the Landgrmvt of. Jlt^» aiidlthe Count of Anbah, who were juined by feverai of the ciriesy MKDlickly read their PaoTiaT, and in this way, acquired*fbr fnemfelves and their fuccedbrs down to the prcfent time, thf aaaK of PaoTEsgrANTS. ed— entertained different ideas concerning fome of the great doc» trines of Chriftianity, and fet the Ptoteftant at a greater remove from the Roman Catholiclc religion. The followers of Luther have been diftinKuiihed by the name of Lvtmkrani } and the followers of Cious Mr. Robinton, till 1620, whAi a part of 'them came to America, anrl larided at a |rface, which^ ■in grateful com tremo ration of Plymouth in Encland, the lown which they lad loft in their native land» they called Plymouth. Thiu town was the firft that was ,- '/fettled by the Englifh in New England. ^. The whole company that landed cohfifted of but tot fouls. I^jlieir htuation was diftreflinc; and their . prbfpe£^s truly difmal and difcouragirig. Their heajr- ■ eft neighbours, except the natives, were a French let- tlement at Port Royal, and one of the. Englifh 3it yn-- jginia. The neareft of thefe w^s 500 miks from th|p)» and utterly incapable of affording them relief ij||^ a jf • time of famine or danger. Whcrecver they turned their eyes, diftrefs was before thehu Perfecuteafpr ; their religion in their native land ; grieved for the profanation of the holy fabbath, and other licentiouf- nefsin Holland; fatigued by^^eirlong and boifter* ous voyage ; difappointc-d, through the treachery of ■their commander, of their expeCled country ; forced .on a dangerous and unknown fhore, in the advance -Of a cold winter ; furrounded with hoftile barbarians, without any hope of humaniuccour ; denied the aid Of* favour ()f the court of England ; without a patent ; without •^ •* #. NEW ENGLAND. 7< <«\'HbButa publick promifc of the peaceable enjoyment of their religious liberties; worn out with toil and iufFcrings; without convenient (helter from the rig- ours of the weather— Such were the pioCpe^iSt and fuch the fituation of thefe pious, folitary cUri(li4ns*. To add to their didrcflcs, a general jind very morl9l,i . fickneCi prevailed amon^ them, which (^cpt ofFibrty fix of their number before the opening of the next I'pring. To fupport them under thefc trials^ they had .> need of all the aids and comforts which chnfttanityN^ aflPords ; and thcfo were fufljcicnt. The free and un-i) J molefted enjoyment of thcii^religionj reconciled theni>[ir to their humble and lonely fituation; ihey bore their hardfliips with unexampled patience, and pQifevered ■ ■■ in their pilgrimage of almofl unparalleled trials, witb ,; fuch rcfignation and calmnefs, as g^e proof of great piety and unconquerable virtue* , Ihe fxrfi dud in New England, was fought witn » fword andi dagger between two Cervants. Neither ofm'. them was killedi but both were wounded. For tliit difgraceful ofFencc« they wore formally tried before the whole company, and fentenced to have ".tneir ' heads and feet tied together, and fo to be twenty lour* . iiours without meat or drink.'* Such, howeves,M'af the painfulnefs of their fituation, and'their piteous in- T treaties to be releafedt that, upon proraiie of better be- , hcyiour in future, they were loon releafed by the Govf . , cniQur. Such was the origin, ^ and fuch,.! may almoil. venture to add, was the terminatidn of Ihe odioiHi prance of duelling in New England, for there have been very few duels fought there fmce. The true > method of preventing crimes is to rendef them di(^ graceful. Upon this principle, can there be inverUed.^f a punifhment better calculated to exterminate mif criminal praflice, than the one alrei^)^mentioned ? Such was the vafl: increafe of inhabitants in 14ev England by natural population., and particularly by emigrations from Great Britain, that in a few years» befidcs the fettlcmcnts in Plymouth and Maffachufettsf • . very flourifhmg colonies>^erp plaiited in Rhode I (U; i «ndf Connetlicut, NewHavexif and New H^mpfhire* The "^ • ■ ^*%^ ■'. ■ ' ■^nf ^- %. Vfi yr ■jm 72 NEW ENGLAND. I". *■ « . iv<. :#■ The clangers to which thefe colonies were expdfefl from the furrounding Indians, as well as from the Dutch, who, although very friendly to the infant colotiy at Plymouth, were now likely to prove trou* blefome neighbours, Hrft induced them to think of an aUiance and confvJeracy for their mutual defence. Accordingly in 1643, the four colonies of riymputh, Maifachuietts, Connedicut, and New Haven, agreed upon articles of confederation, whereby a Goncrefs . Was formed, coxi^ifling of two commiffioners frora Vach colony, who were chofen annually, and when met were confidered as th*?* reprefentatives of " The United Colonies 'of New England." The powers delegated to the commiflioners, were much the fame as thofe vefled in Congrefs by the articles of confed* eration, agreed up^ by the United States in t^y^, Thl^ colony of Rhode Ifland would. gladly have j6in« ed in this Confederacy, but.Mafiachufetts, forparticu-* lar reafons, refufed to admit their commiUioners., This union fubfifled, with fbme few alterations, until the year 16B6, when all the charters, except l4at of Conne6licut, were in efle£i vacated by a commiilion from James the II. , Three -years before the arrival of the PI y mouth' col- *%ny,.a very mo{|pl'1icknefs, fuppofed to have been the plague, raged with great violence among the Indians in the eaftem parts of 'Mew Etigland. Whole town# were cljcpopulated. The living were not able to buty thedeadi «nd their bones were found lying abovi ground, many- years after. The MaflTacbufetts i^ dians are faid to have been reduced from 30,000 to 300 fighting vien. In 1633, the fmall pox fwept off gr^t numbers of the Indians in Maflachufetts. In* 763, on the ifiand of Nantucket, in the fpace of four months, thtf Ifidians were reduced by a. mortal ficknefsi from 320 to 85 fouls. The hand of Provi- dence is noticeable in thefe "furprifmg infiances of inortality, among the Indians, to make room for ihe Engltfh. Comparatively few have periihed by w-ars.. Th^ wade and moulder away f^they, in aimanner un- ac^ountaUci-diiappeax:. ^ When , NEW ENGLAND. 73 When the £ngli(h firft arrived in America, the In- dians had no times nor places fet apart for religious worfliip. The firft fettlers in New England were at great pains to introduce among them the habits of civ- ilized life, and to inftruft them in the chriftian reli- gifti. A few years intercourfe with the (Indians, inf^ ducedthem to eft 'blifh feveral good and natural regu- lations. They oidained that if a man be idle a week » or at moft a fortnight, he (hall pay five (hillings. Every young man, not a lervant, mall be obliged to fet up a wigwam, and plant for himfelf. If an un- married man (hall lie with an unmarried woman, he (hall pay twenty (hillings. If any woman fliall not have her hair tied up, (he (hall pay five (hillings, &c. Concerning the religion of the v^taugbt natives of America, Mr. Braina^d, who was well acquainted with it, informs us that after the coming of the white people, the Indians in New Jerfey, who once held a plurality of £><;ities, fuppofed there were only three, becaufe they faw people of three kinds of complex- ions, viz. Engli(h, Negroes, and themfelves. It was a notion pretty generally prevailing among them, that it was not the (ame God made them who made us ; but that they were create4 ^fter the white people. And it is probable they fuppefe their God gained fome fpecial (kill by feeing the white people made, and fo made them better ; for it is certain they look upon tfv^mfelves, and their mothods of living, which they • . ♦heir God exprefsly prefcribed for them, vaftly ^\ - -rable to the white people, andi tlicir methods. With regard to a future (late of exiftenee, many of them imagine that the chkhung, i.e. the (hadow|tor what furvives the body, v?,ill, at death^O fouthl^ard, and in an unknown but curious*|Sl«e, will enjoy fome kind of happinefs, (uch as hunting, feifling, dancing, and the like. And what they fuppofe will contribute much to their happinefs in the next ftate. is, that they fhall never be weary of thofe entertain- nients. f ' •,^. * 4i m NEW w n »*: '^''- k^^^ y- NEW HAMPSHIRE. in-a nilV«. Length 180 7 i„^«,,„ S^°¥>' •"«> 4** *o' Eaft Lon^itule* ^B.r..dih 60 i u"*"" [42° 50' and 45° North Latftudc. nDOUNDEDNorth, by Quebcck ; Northcaft, ^y Sj the Province of Main ; Southcaft, by the At- lantick occyn ; South, by Maflachufctts ; \\'cfl and Northwcf\;^ by Conncfticut river, which divides it from \*crmont. The fhs-.'Cof New Ilampfliire, rc- iombles an open fan ; Connc£ticut river being the curve, the fouthcrn line the InortcAi and the caftcin line the longed fide, pivil Divi/ionx.'] New Hampfhire is divided into five counties, viz.* Counties. Chief Tcwns. Rockingham, Portfmouth and Exeter, Stafford, Dover and Durham, IlilHhorough, Amherfl, Chcfliire, Keencand Charlcfkkwr, Grafton, Haveril and Plymown. In 1776, there were 165 fettled townfhips in this ■flatc. Since that time the number has been greatly incrcafcd. Chief Tozcns,'] Portfmouth is much the largefl; town in this ftatc. It flands on the fcutheaft fids of Pif- cataqua river, about two miles from the fea, and con- tains about 6oo'houres, and 4400 inhabitants, 'lie town is handfbmely built, and plcafantly fituafcd. Its publick buildings are. a court houle, two churches for Congrcsationalifts, one for Epifcopalians, and one t)thrr hou/cfor publick worfhip, tfs hai^bnt' is one of the finefl on the continent, having a fufl%||^ depth of water for velTels of any burthen. It is^cfended againfl ftorms by the adja- centland, ir^fuch a manner, as tbat fliips may fecurely ride there in any fealbn of the year. Befides, tlic il»aibour is fo i«{cU fortified by nature, that veiy little ^rt will . be nectary io rcntifa' it impi;?gnable. Its vi- cinity to the fea renders it ^ry convenient for naval trade. ^Jighthoufc, with a finglc light, ^ands at \h9 •en^raq^ofihe haiboiu-, Ejc?tcr»>^ # »^«* ih* NEW HAMPSHIRE. n Exeter is a pretty town, fifteen miles Ibuthwcflcrly from Portfinouth, on the fouth fide of Exeter river. * Concord, fituatcd on the weft fide cf Merrimalc river, is a pl^afant flburifhing town, and will proba- bly, on accojtit of its central fitualioni foon be thd permanent feat of government, ^^ Riverst BaySi and Lakes.'] The Pifcataqua riv<^ has four branches, Berwick, Cochcchy, Exeter and- Durham, wliich arc all navigable for (mull vcfllls aiul boats, iomi fifteen, others twenty miles from the fca. Thcfc rivers unite about eight miles from' tlic mouth of the harbour, ani form one broad, deep, rapid ftrcam, navigable for fliips of the largcd burden. This river forms the only port of New Hampfhirc. The Merrimak bears that name from its mouth ta the confluence of PemisewalTet and WinnifipioKec rivers ; the latter has its fource in the lake of the fame name. In its courfe, it receives- numberlels fmall flreams ilTuing from ponds and fwamps in the vallies. I-t tumbles over two confiderable rails, Amalkacgi and' Pantucket great falls. From Havcril the river runs winding along, through a pleafant rich vale of meadow, and palling between Newbury Port andf SalilburyT'empties into the ocean. Great Bay, Ipreading out from Pifcataqua river, be- tween Portfmouth ant Exeter, is the only twie that dc- fcrves mentioning. There arc fcvsral remarkable ponds or lakes in thi? (late. Utn'ngog is a large lake, quite in the north- eaft corner of the ftatc. Winnififiokee lake is nearly in the center of the (late, and is about twenty miles Ion*, and from three to eight broad. Face oj tilt Country, \ The land i#xl generally low, but as you advance in; the land rifes into hills.' Some pii mountainous. M.ountdins.'\ TUc Unl'e h ountuids are the lugheft part of a rid.je, which extend?^ horthcaft and lijuth- \ve(l, to a longtli ndf yet afcerlained. The wholt cii^ cuit of them ii.not IcCs ^an fifty miles. The height of thefc mountaii^ «bwe an adjacent meadow," is , , # ,i - reckoned » the fca J3 courttry, the (late are -t <■**. /^G NEW HAMPSHIRE. reckoned to be about 5500 feet, and the meadow i» 3500 feet above the level of the fca. The fnow and ice cover them nine' or ten months in the year, during which time they exhibit that bright appearance from which they are denominated the White mountains, From this iummit, in clear weather, is exhibited a no- ble view, extending fixty or feventy miles in every di'-eftior. Although they arc more than leventy miles within land, they are (een many leagues off at fea, V! id appear like an exceeding bright cloud in the horizon. Thefe iramenfe heights, being coptoufly re- plen^'J -"?d with water, afford a variety of beautiful cafcadcs. Three oF the largeft rivers in New Eng- , land, receive a great part of their waters from thefe moun'ickius, Amanoofuck and lirael rivers, two prin- cipal branches of Connefticut, fall from their wedern fide. Peabody river, a branch of the Amarifcogen, falls from the northeaft fide, and almofl the whole of the Saco, deficends from the fouthern fide. The high- efl fummlt of theie mountains, is in about latitude 44°. The Monadnik is a very high mountain, in Chefhire county, in the fouthweftem part of the ftate. Climate.'] The air in New Hampfhire is ferene and heahhful. The wrjather is not fo fubjcft to change as in more fouthern climates. This ftate, embofoming a number of very high mountains, and lying in the neighbourhood of others, whofe towering fummits arc covered with fnow and ice three quarters of the year, is intenfely cold in the winter feafon. The heat of fumraer is great, but of (hort duration. The cold braces the conftitution, and renders the labouring peo- ple hcalthfui-andjobuft. Scd and ^uduaions.'] On th*'^ fea coaft, and many places inlan^l^ foil is fandy, but affords good paftur- agc. The inraNrills at *he foot of the mountains are greatly enriched by the frefhets, which bring down the foil upon them, forming a fine mould, and pro- lucing com, grain and herbage, in the moll luxuriant *ienty. The back lands, which have been cultivated^ generally very fertile, atid produce the various* kinds of grain, fruits and vegetacks, which are com- jHOn NEW HAMPSHIRE. n mon to the other parts of New England. The un- cultivated lands are covered with extcnfive forcfls of fir, cedar, oak, walnut, &c. This flate afibrds >inc, all the materials neceffary for fliip building. Population and CharaSler.'] No aaual cenfus of the in- habitants has been lately made. In tb^> Conventional Philadelphia, in 1787, they were reckoned at 102,000, There is no chara^leriftical difference between the inhabitants of this and the other New England States. The ancient inhabitants of New Hampfhire were emigrants from England. Their pofterity, mixed with emigrants from Maffachuletts, fill the lower and middle towns. Emigrants from Conncfticut compofc the largeft part of the inhabitants oft. ^ we ftern towns, adjoining Conncfticut river. Slaves there arc none. Ncgioes, who were never numerous in New Hamp- fhire, are all free by the firll article, of the bill of rights. Government.! Nearly the fame as Maffachufetts. Coll2ge and Schools.'] In the townlhip ot Hanover, in the wellern part of this flate, is Dartmouth College, fituated on a beautiful plain, about half a mile eall of Conncfticut river, in latitude 43'^ 33 '. It was named after the Right Honourable William Earl of Dart- mouth, who was one of its principal benefaftors. It was founded in 1769, for the education and inft ruc- tion of youth, of the Indian tiibes, in reading, wrrt- ing, and all parts of learning which Ihould appear ne- ceffary and expedient for civilizing and chrillianizinir the children of Pagans, as well as in all liberal arts and fciences, and alfo of Englifh youths and any others. Its fituation, in a frootier country, expoiSjd it during the late war, to many inconveniences which prevent- ed its rapid progrefs. It flourifhed, however, amidft all its embarraffments, 'and is no\»^wiuj of tlie moft growing feminaries in the United States. It has, in the four claffes, about 130 ftudents, under the direftion of a Prefident, two Profeffors, and two Tutors. It has twelve Truilees, who are body corporate, inverted with the powers ncteffary jr fuch a body. The )#» brary is elegant, containing a large coUctlion of the, G» mod ..„J.': *,'^ 7« NEW HAMPSHIRE. mod valuable books. Its apparatus confifts of a com- petent number of ufeful inftruments, for making math- cmaticnl and philofophical experiments. There are three buildings for the ufe of the ftudents. Such is the falubrity of the air, that no inflance of mortality has happened among the ftudents, fince the firfl ef- tablifliment o7 the College. At Exeter there is an Academy, at Portfmouth a Grammar School. All the towns are bound by law |B fupport fchooU ; but the grand jurors, whofe bufi- nefs It ^s to fee that thefe laws are executed, are not fo careful as they ought to be in prefenting fins of omiffton, Rei''giv:o2 The inhabitants of New Hamp(hirc are cliicny v-jngregationalifts. The other denomination! arc ^^"efbyterians, Baptifts, and Epifcopalians. . /fory.] The firft difcovery made oy the Englifh cf any p, ■»-t of New Hambflxire, was in 1614, by Capt. John SmiiLh, who ranged the (hore from Penobfcotto Cape Cod ; and in this route, difcovered the river Pifcataqua. On his return to England, he publifhed a defcription of the country, with a map of the coafl, which he prefented to Prince Charles, who gaveit the name of Nbw England. Th^ firfl fettlement was made in 1623. New Hampfliire was for many years under the ju- rifdi£tlon of the Governpur of IVlaflachufetts, yet they had a feparate legiHature. They ever bore a propor- tionable (hare ofthe expenfes and levies in all enter- prifes, expeditions and military exertions, whether planned by the colony or the crown. In every ftage of the oppofition that was made to the encroachments of the Britifh parliament, the peonle, who ever had a high fenfe of liberty, cheerfully -ore their part. At the commencement of hollilides, indeed, while ' .eir council was appointed by royal mandamust thcirpatri- otick ardour was checked by thefe crown omcers. But when freed from this rcftraint, they flew eagerly to the American ftandard, when the voice of their country declared for war, and their troops had a large iltare of the hazard and fatigue, as well as of the gloiy of accompliihing the late revolution. MASSACHUSETTS. \ ■ . ■ ■> 79 MASSACHUSETTS. milei. Length i 21 22 "4^ 6c M IC 3 rjofton. Eflax, 48,7*3 171,893 47,801 Salem, ipfwich and Newbury t>ort. MiiAilelex, 34»«a3 163,^:34 199.548 Caint)r.d-e and Concord, ''pringfield and Northampton- Plymouth. Hami'fhire, 43»«43 I4*'375 671,344 Plvmiiith, 25,016 q2.Si3 129,191 Batiiit.ibto, >3.3Vi 39, ra . 4 5.7* i'.! -ftahle. Dukes ( (land) 3, no i8,i()« 12,17:'. E'*gart. i ilbur\ . Nantucket (an ifland) 4,169 16,092 ».43i I S3 Sherburne. Briftnl, 25,640 97,360 1 •^0,767 Taunton. ' York, 20,509 66,142 a64i93' y ik.Bi.lvierd. Worceller, 47,614 207,4T 510 a^r A^i.rceft'-.r. Cumlierland, J4.714 t;3,S65 2fiO,hq-^ Portbrt**'* * Lincoln, 15,270 45,803 799970 ;*owiii*lbort>ugh, Waldoborougli am) HjllnwTl. B*"r:{(hiie, a4>S44 87,028 a-Jd . tv, L,<-I)'>X. Total 357,51 1 1,087 J70I3 1X5,857 35 S 1 Literary and Humane Socifti"':."]. The literary, hu- mane and charitable inftitutions in MafTuchufetts, ex- hibit a fair trait in the charaftcr of the inhabitants. Among the firft literary inditutions in this ftate, is the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in- corporated May. 4th, 1780. The defign of the infti- tution, is to promote and encourage the knowledge of the antiquities of America, and of the natural hiftory of the country ; to promote and encourage medical difcoveries^ • This county has lately been divided into thiee, viz. Lincoln^ * WaHiingt -.1, and Hancock* %. * I 89 MASSACHUSETTS. dtfcoverics, mathematical difr tiiitiona, philofuphical inauiiies and experiments, all moroical, mctcoK log- ical and geographical obCcrvutionf ; improvcmcntb in agriculture, arts, manufaflui'Ct commerce, and the cultivation of every (cicncc that may tend to advanc6 a free, independent, and virtuous people. Be fides this, arc the Mf/mhu/tUs ChnritMc Sodety, the Bojiim F.pifiopal Chsritubte SwUty^ the MujjachuJtUs ^lediciil Soiifty^ the Humane Soriftyt and ihc Soiiety Jor prctafi^atum thtGoft>fl among the Indians* . Next to Penniylvania, this ilatc has the grcatcft number of iociches for the promotion of ufcful knowl- edge and human happincfs ; and ui they arc founded im the broad bafis o\' hinivolemc and charity, they can- not fail lo prolpcr. Thefc inflilutions, which arc faft- increafing in aimed every itate in the union, are fo many evidences of the advanced and advancing (late of civilization and improvement in this country. They prove likcwifc that a free, republican govern- ment, like ours, is,, of all others, the mod happily cal- culated to promote a general diffufion of ufeful knowl- edge, and the moil favouri'b7« to the benevolent and humane feelings of the human hrarf*. JLiterature, Collc^ifSt Ac. unn- ■, £?t.] According to the laMnp of this c^mmon\vc«\hh, every town having lifty houfeholders or upwari', is to be conflantJy pro- vickd with a fvhooIm<\f^er to teach children and youth tt) read and write ; and where any town has loo fam* iiies, there is alfo to be a grammar ichool. Next in importance to the grammar fchocU, are tho academics^of which thcie are the following, viz. DtrMMER AcADKMY, at Ncwbury, which wag founded many years fince, and incorporalvtl in 1782, Phillips's Academy, at Andover, incorporated Oc- tober 4, 1780. Lkicester Academy, in the town- fliip of Leiccfler, incorporated" in 1784. At Will- iamftown, in fierkn\ire county, is another Academy, which is yet in its infancy. Thefc Academies have very handfome funds, and are flourifhing. The v-lefigns of the truflees are, to diiTcminatc virtue and ixue piety, to promote the ed- ucation* % ■It MASSACHUSETTS. H vraticn of yout^ In the Englifh, I.aiin, Grcrk, and French iangna,;cs, to encourage llicir inflrudtion irt writing, aritUn.etick, on'Diy, g'ograjiliy, practical gcomeriyj logick, uhiiolbphy, and i'uch other of the liberal arts and fcicncc5, or languages, as may b« thoiigl't expedient. \ IiAHVARD Cot.Lf.cK takes its date from the year 1638. Two years bei<>n\ the general court cave four hundred pounds for the lupport ofa publick fchool at Ncwto'.vn, which liasiince been called Cambridge. 'J his year (i^\'3B) the Rev, Mr, John Harvaid, a \\ orthy minillcr rcfiding in Ch ailcftuvvn, died, and left a ilonatii n 0(^779 for the ule of the fotcmcntioned publick lch.)ol. In honour to the memory offo H- iicral a bene/aftor, the general court the fame year, or- dered that the khool ihould take the name of Har- VARn CoM.EGE, Cambridge, in which the college is (ifuated, is % plcafant village, four miles wefhvard from HoPon, conlainijig a number of gentlemen's feats which arc ■neat and well built. The univcrllty confifts of four elegant brick cdiHccs, handfomcly cnclofed. They iUnd on a bcauiiful green which fprcads to the norj vefl, and cxhi ■ ■ ' The names Hall, Maflachi Chapel, Harvard Hall is divided into fix apart- ments ; one of which ii appropiatcd for the library, one for the mufcum, two for the philofophical appara- tus, one is ufcd for a chapel, and the other for a din- ing ball. The library, in 1787, confifted of 12,000 volumes ; and will be continually increafing from the intereft of permanent funds, as well as from cafual 'bencfaftions. The philolbphical apparatits belong- ing to this univeffity, coft between 1400 and /'i. 500 'lawM money, and is the moft elegant and complete of ?.ny in America. ^ Agiceably to the prefent conflitution of Maflachti- f etts, his Excellency the Governour, Lieutenant Gov- ernour, the council and'fcnate, the prefident of the univerGty, and thc>minifters of the congregational churches edihccs, handlomely cnclofed. They iuiiful green which fprcads to the norUi- hibita plcafmg view. ^^ m s of the fcvcral buildings are, IPirvailL hufetts Hall, Hollis Hall, ancflUilden # IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 4^^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 bilM 125 m "^ MM mm M22 S! 1^ |2.0 U 14 ^ «1UU ^^#^% ^ ^ 11 •?: ¥1-^ '* PhotografJiic Sdences Corporation 33 WBT MAIN STREIT WIBSTER.N.Y. 14SS0 (716) S72-4S03 o 4^ "S || MASSACHUSETTS^ iliTches in th^ towns of fiofton, Charle(town, Cam- f, AVatertown, Roxbury, and Dorchefter, are, tl^isjkiiSi overfeers^f the UniVeritty. ■i The corporation ia a diftinft body, confiftinj; of ffcven members, in whom is vefted ^e property oAhlb Imiverfity. The inftruAors in the univerfitv, arp a prefident, Holliiian profdTor of divinity, Hollifian profeifor of the i^athematicks and natural philofophy, Hancock profeiTor of oriental lanffuages, profeflbr of anatoi^y lind fui^eiy, jprofeifor ofthe theory and pra8:ice of phvfick, proleflbr of chymiftiy and materia medica^ luid four tStors* This univeriiteas t6 its library, philofophical ap- paratus and prohBubrlhips, is at preient the firft Ike- nry inftitutton on this continent;. Since its iiic^ eftab- lifliment, ^146 iludents have received honourary de- grees from its fucceifive officers, loo* of whom have €een ordained to the work of the gofpel minlftry. It lias generally ^m labto 150 lludents. Cnitfpanu.'l Boston is the capital, not only of Maffiichufetts, out of New England. It is built on a JPeninfida of an irr^lar form, at the bottom of Maf- tts Bay. The neck or ifthmps 'Which joins Tula to the continent, is af^e fouthend of t||Pft, itid leads tp Roxbury. The length of the town, Including the neck, is about three ^miles; the "^own itfelf is not quite two miles. Its bteadth is va- tious. At the entrance fronqt RcMcbury, it is narrov^. Th^ l^reateft breadth is one mile and 139 yards. The ^Iniikdmgs in the town cover abM^H)oo acre». It con- .tains about aooo dwelling hoiflcs, and ^5,000 ihhab* itants* The principal n^harfextends^ooyardi into the fca, Jindis covered on the north fide with large and con- . venient liores. It. far exceeds any other whatf in the United States. m» - > In Bofton are fixteen houfes ^^r publick worQ^ip ; 4^if which nine are for connegationaltfts, thjt^fji^r e- pfifcopalians, twoforbaptiftft, one for the friei]i||| 2^<^ ■ /. . . • ' ' * . i ._ , ^ The town next to Bdfton, in poinfe^of nun^btfis-iiitl commertial imporeatijee, is Salkm. It it tbe^ blde^k town in the ItiCe, "except Plymouth. Ih i7.(K4 ft contained 646 dwellinc; houfes, and 6700 inhiyibnt*^. In this town a^five churches for congtrgat^iliAi^f one for epiicopalia|is, and a minting houie for^e' friends. Salem is fifteen miks northeafhvat^vif 4^)IV ton, aiid'is conftdered as the^etfopblkof th«i«adth, and contains 4$o dwellitii^'hotifes, and 4113 naKir^l inv habitants. It hit on«^ ^iAropal, one prd(bytintaiiy aiid tw^t «of)|iigittonlrr chufches. The buiu^c. of \ ftnp bmldtnt 18 lai|eiy c»riied on here* ?1te%D»wii|L > with Mmmfadi Ckktejet or CaHAtn, end B0b«r^ ^ ^I^IH^ »ery, whitli ftir^s the princSU tij#tfef feportadon fhw MaakchMfetts. , H WoRCBtTXA ■r-r ^Wt: ^ MASSACHUSETTS. Worcester is one of the lai^eft^inland towns in New £ingland. It is the ihire town of Worcefter county, and is about forty feven miles weilward of Bofton. On Connefticut riycr, in the county of Hampthirc* are a numjber of very pleafant towns. Or ; thefe Springfield is the oldeft and largeft. ' - Noxth^niptori, Hatfield, and Deerfield, «re all pleaf- ant, flouriming towns, fucceeding each other as you travel northerly on the weft fide of the river. Conjitution,'] The conftitution of the common* Tvealth of Maliachufetts eftablifliedin 17.80, contains a declaration of rights and a fr^me of government. By*the frame of ^^vernment, the power of legiflation >i lodged in a genliA court, confiftmg of two brainches, viz. a ienateand a houfe of reprefentatives, each hav- ing? negative upon the other* They meet annually on (be la/h'Tucfdjiy in May. No aft can be pafled wlthcMit the approbation of the Governour, unlefs twr ^.hird^ of bothbranches are .in favour of it. Sen- ators are'chofen by difirifts, of which there canpot be lefs than thirteen. The number of counfellors and fenatots, for the, whqle commonwealth, is forty ; the nunyber of each difbrift is in proportion to their pub- lick taxes ; but no^ftrid: fhall be ib large as to have n^ore than fix. Sixteen fen ators make a quorum, "^Che repr^lcDtatives are chofen l>y the feveraf (owns, Bccof ding to their number of rateable polls. For 1 50 polls one is elefted ; and for every addition of 225, an additional one. The fupreme executive |iuthority k veiled in 9 Govetnour, who ijselefted annually by the people, and has a council confifting of the Lieutenant fcovernour, and nine gentlemen clv:>fen out of the for- ty, who are returne4 for counsellors an4 fenators. Official qualifications are as follows; For a voter* twenty one years age, one year% i-efidence, a free- liold of three pounds annual value,, or ftxty pounds of "any other eftatei for a reprefentative,£',ioo freehokl or £'^S^ other eftate, and one year's refidtnce ;n the town ; for a fenator, £*.30o freehold, or £.600 oAor «(Ute injiiie coxnmDnwealtb, and iive yecar 1638, was rendered* faiemorable by' a vci^ grea t eart]R[uake throughout N&w Engjanjd, . ' ... ' ■ ' . "-'^ ' ' 1)0. r ¥ v^.^^-. i."*^ "r : ^^ te A S S A C H U S ife T T 1 % tn 1640, the i^]f»6iUtron of Tettfeifs cea^ iTh^ toiotivts foremri^rating to Hew EngUnd were remov* ed by a cHahj;e in the ailairs of En^and. Tliey who tiien brofeffed to givJB the bed account, (ay that in 298 mips, which were the wh(^e number from thN '^' ^ fl MASSACHUSETTS. • ♦■■ • * . The. icruDulgurnefft of the people appears to have trifen to its height an 1649, and was indeed ridicu* lous. The cuKom of wearing long hair, * after the manner of rulHans and barbarous Indians,' as theV germed it, was deemed contrary to-the w6rd of Goa, * ill^ch fays it is a fhame for a man to wear Ions hair/ 1^^ expreflion of the Apoftle Paul, induced thefo .WM^ people to think this cuftom cnminal in all ages MM nations. Hn a clergyman it was peculiarly of* • fenfive, as they were required in an efpecial manner to go patentibus auriius, wjth open ears, Theufe of tobacco was prohibited under a penalty ; and the fmoke of it, in fome manufcripts,is compared to tiie fmoke of the bottomleOi pit. The ficknets fre* quently produced by fmoking tobacco was eonfider- ed as a (peci^s of drunkennefs, and hence what we now term fmoking, was then often called < drinking tobacco.*^ At length fome of the clergy fell into ther j>ra6lice of fmoking, and tobacco, by an a6i of gov* otnment, » was fet at liberty.' hf t6^&J)egan what has been generally called the perfeciitotm of the Quakers. The fit ft who openly^ profeflffithe principles of thisfe^St in this colony, were MargpRhpr and Ann Aultin, who came from Bar- l>»d^^in'July of this year. A few weeks after, nine others arrived in the (nip Speedwell from London. On the 8th of September they were Wought before the court of AfTiftants. It feems they- had before af- firmed that %iey were fent by God to reprove the people for their fins ; they were accordinglyq|ieftioned howlhey c^uld make it appear that Gbdfent them 7 ■ After paufing, they anfwered that they had the fame call tha^ Abmiam had to go out of his country. To othef queflions they gave rude and contemptuous an- fwers, which is the reafon afTigned for commiUine them to prlfon. A great number of their bpoks, which fkey had brought over with intent to fcaiter them aM>ut the country, were feized and referved for the fire. 'Severe laws were ena^d agamftthe QuakeH, a* mong which were the following : — Any Quiiker, after "" '^s.m^ %-^': MASSACHOSETTS. f| tke firft convidiooi if a man, wai to Iqtc one car, an*^' lor the fecond offence, the other — a woman to be eacb -• time fevereljr whipoed— and the third time, whether man or woman» to have tkeir tongact bored througb with a red hot iron. The perfecution of any religious feffc ever-^s and ever will have a tendency to increafe their r ber. Mankind are companionate beingi.; and ■a- piincipleof pi^ they will often- advocate a caul which their judgment difowns.- Thua it was in the cafe of the Quakers ; the fpeftators comMflionated their fuffcrings, and then adopted their lentiments* Their growing numbers induced the legiflature, in their c5£lober feHion, to pafs a law to puniih with death all Quakers who ihould return into the jurif- di£lion after banifhment. Under this impolitick at well as uniuft law, four perfons only fuffered death, and thefe had, in the lace of prudence as^^U as of law, .returned after having been banifhed. That fom« provifion was neceflary agaioft theie people fo far af^^ they were difliurbers of civil peace and ord^r, ev^^ one will allow ; but fuch fanguinary laws agai^part ticular do^lrines or tenets in religion are not to|^ de- JTended. The mofl: that can be faid for our ahceftoH is that they tried gentler means at firft, which they found utterly inefiieflual^ and that they followed thtf examples' of tke authorities in moA other ftates and in* mofl ages of the workl^ who with the lilc^ abfurdity have fuppofed. every perfon could and ought to thinlc as they did,, and with the like cruelty have puni&ied fuch as appearedto differ from them. We may add that it was with relu£lance that thcfe unnatural, laws were carried into execution* The laws in England at this time were very feverer againlt the Qt^akers; and though none were a6biaUy put to death t)y publick execution,, yet many vt^&rd^ confined in prifon, where they died in conlcqueilce of the rigour of the law. King Chao'Les the lecond alio, in' a letter to the colony of Maflachufetts, appmv- ed of their. feverity* The condudo( the (^akcrf, at I'everai » ; : •■ '■ i .* m Massachusetts^ " veral tioies, #aft fuch as renderej theni proper fub^ jefts of a mad houfe, or a houre of cort^Aion ; and it II to be lamented that ever any greater Teverities were dfedt I will mention on^ or two infUncei oftheit ' f 4|Dndu£b, which clearly manifeft a fpecies of madhefiK. ft^f hotnal Newhoufe Wfcnt into the meeting houfe at ' 1mS3I9'^ ^^^^ * couple of glafs bottles^ and broke them /^^IPIIre the congregation, and threatened, Tkus will thi T^drd brti^ ifou tn pieces. Another time M. firewftef came in with her race fmeared as black as a coal. Deb* orah Wiifon went through the ftreets of Salem, naked BS the was born.' While we condemn the feverity with which the Quakers were treated on th^ one part, we cannot, at the fame time, avoid c^nfurin^ * their imprudenti indelicate and infatuated condu6t on the other. . ^ . In tfga, the fpirit of infatuation refpe£ling witch- craft was again revived in New England, and raged ^ with uncommon vkAinet, Several hundreds were ^^ #ecufed, many were condemned, and fome executed* . vWipus have been the opinions refpefting the delu-^ lion ^ich occaHoned this tragedy. Some piouif people, have believed there was fomething fupernat- uralvl^ it, and that it was not all the effe6l of frattd and impbttiife. Many are willing to fij|[ppore the accuiera to nave been under bodily diforders which affefled ll«eir imaginations. This i) kind and charitabfe, but fcarcely projbable. tf is very poiTible that the whole was a fcone of fraud and iinpoflure, began by young girls, wbo at firft p^rhipi thought of nothing more thain exciting pity and indulgence, and continued by^ ddult perfons, who were afraid of being accufed them4 felves. The ond and tbe other, rather than :olifi6rs their fraud, fufiered the llv^s of fo many innocents to be taken away, through ^ credulity of judges and If "That tb6 odium of tbis tragi^k condu^ m^ight not Deft upon the New Engbnders alone, it ou|^t here to beobterved, thatttht fame infatuation wasaf thiatimo eithcnt in Bngland. The law. by which witches w«i« cotKktMedi wit* copy of tbt statute in Bng- land I :# PROVINCE OF MAIl^. «» * knd ; and the prance of the courts mms regulaled bff- precedents there afforded. Some late indances prove Ihat England is not entirely cured of that delufion. In i/aii the frnall pox "ttiade great havock in Bof* ton and the adjacent towns. Of 5889 who took it ifb> ^ " Bodon, 844 died. Inoculation was irvtroiiuced 1^^ this occafion, contrary however tathe minds of. th#^j inhabitants in general. Or. C.Mather, one of-l^jr *^ principal miniiiers of Bofton, had obfcrved) in tnt philotophical tranfa6lions, a letter from Timonious from Conflantinople, giving, a favourable account of the operation. lie recommended it to the phylicians of Bofton to make the experiment, but all declined but Dr, Boylflon. To fhew his confidence of fuccefs^ he began with his own children and (ervants. Many * pious people were flruck with hotrour at the idesi and v/ere of <^inion that if any of his patients fliq|dd die, he ought to be treated as a murderer. All orders of men in a greater pr lefs degree, con* ^ ^ demned a pra£lice which is now univerfally apprbtrElS North, by the Province of Qiebeck^;^ Eafl, by the river St. Croix, and a line dnt%iFii due north from its fource to the high lands, which d|» yides this territory from Nova Scotia; Southeaft|]>}r the Atlantick ocean \ Weft, by New HampfBii^et^ V Civ^divi^nJ^ The whole Province of Main,] |ft4| the territory to the eaft of it as far as the , >ifieAMM' l>oundary of Nova Scotia, were foimerly in omc^qTiu^ ty,, by tike name of Yorkfhire. In xjSt^ this extfn- jG^^ county was divided into three; coiintics., JThe^ # 'f4 PROVINCE or MAIN. cafternmoft, called Lincoln,* contains all lands eafl of Sagadahok, and feme part of Main. A great part of tliiscounty is yet in a (late of nature. It is however rapidly fettling. The frontier inhabit- , antson each fide of the Canada linCf are but a few .miles apart. Next to LIncolnisCuMBiRLAND county, of which Portland is the county town, and capital of the whole territory. This county contains nearly half the Old Province of Main. The reft of the Province of Main is included in York county. Thefe three counties are fubdivided into ninety four townfhips, of which ■I'incoln contains fifty three, Cumberland twenty, and York twenty one. Thefe counties in 1778, had fiJc •vegiments of militia. Rivirj,'] St. Croik, Kennebeck, Sa^adahek or Amerafcoggin, and Saco, befides fmaller nvers. Bays and Capa*'] The fea coaft is itidentied with innumerable bays. Thoft worth noticing are ?cnob> icot bay, at the mouth of Penobfcot river, which is •kmg and capacious.. Cafoo Bay is between Cape £iiza|)eth and Cape Small Point. It is twenty five miles wide, and aoout fourteen in length. It is a mbft'beautiful b^y, interfperfed with fmall iflands, and foniM theeiitranoe into Sagadahok. It has a fumcient -depth of Water for veflels of any burden. Wells bay Jiies between CafM Neddik,and Cape Porpoife. CkufTou>H.2 Portland, which (lands on a pe- ninfula, and ' was formerly pa rt of Falnjouth . In July ^ . 1786, l}ie combaQ; part of tne town, and the poVt, were incorporated by the name of Portland. It has an e^- 'ctllent, fafe and capatious harbOiir, but incapable of djuftnte, except by a navy, and carries on a foreign trade, ktidthe fim^ry, ahd buildis fottie (hips. The town is growing, and cajpable of trreat improvements* Th«'old town of Falmouth, which included Portland^ <«eontained ihore than 700 ^nnilies, in Aourifli'irig cir- ':«uiliftaiices, when the Britiih troops burnt it in 1773* 4 It if now chiefly rebuilt. '^frUt cootity, as has lieroreb^eh oKfenred, hat laM]^ tbeil'tfl- videii into LliiCoIn, WaihioKtoa aod Hancock coaatiei. ~ PROVINCE.OF MAIN. gg. Climatt.'] The heat in fuinmer is intenre, and the cold in. winter equally extreme. All frefli water lakes, ponds and rivera are ufually paflfable on ice, from Chriflmas, until the middle of Mt^ph^ The longed day is fifteen hours and fixteen minutes, and the (hc'^til ei^ht hours and forty four nunutes. The climate 1 ^ery healthful. Many of the inhabitinti live ninety years. Fac€ of the Country^ Soil and Produce,"] The face of the country, in regard to evennefs or roughnefs, is fim- ilar to the reft of the New England States. Through- out this country, there is a greater proportion of dead fwamps than in any other part of New England* The fea coaft is generally barren. In many towns the land is good for srazing. WelU and Scarborough have large tra£ls of fait marfh. The inland parts of Main are fertile, but newly and thinly fettled. The low^ fwamps are ufelefs. The grain raifed here is principally Indian com—* little or no wheat—fome rye, barley, oats and peat. I'he inhabitants raife excellent potatoes, in larse quaa- tities, which are frequently ufed inftead of bread* Their butter has the preference to any in New Eng- land, owing to the goodnefs of the grafs, which it < very fwcet and juicy. Apples, pears, plumbs, peach- es and cherries grow here very well* Plenty of cy- der, and fome perry, is made in the foutherp and welt- er n parts of M!ain. The perry is made from choak pears, and is an aareeable liquor, having fomething of ' the harfhnefs- of claret wine, joined with thefweetncfa lOf metheglin. Tradei ManufaSmres, &C.3 From the firft fettle- . •ment of Main until tha year 1774 or 1775, '^® inhab- itants generally follo^Am|^ lumber trade to the n^le6b of agriculture. This^ffiArded an immediate profit. Large quantities of com and -other grain vfwfi annual* ly imported from fio(k)n and other places, withoiit^»i|gr which it was fiippofed the inhabitants could not have 7^ fubfifted. But the late War, by rendering llu;^' re- sources prerted from Quam- pheebn in Berwick, Saco falls in BidSeford and Pep- perilborough, . Prefumfcut falls in Falmouth, and Anierafcoggln falls in Brunfwick. The rivers abound with falmon in- the Spring feafon. On the fea ccaft lifli of various kinds are caught in plenty. Of thefe the cod fifti are the principal. Dried mh furniflies a capital article of expdrt. CCharaffer and Religion.'] The inhabitants are a hardy, robuH fet of people. The males are early taught the ufe of the rouiket, and from their frequent uie of it an ^fowUng^ are «xpert markfmen. The people in gcneraLare humans and benevolent. The common people ought, by law, to have the advantage of a fchooL-eaucation ; but there is here, as in other parts of 'N«w<-£ngland, too vifible a neglejE^. .As to religion, the people are moderate Calvinifls. ' Notwithftanding Epifcopacy was eflabliihed by their former charter, the churches are principally on the Congregational plan^ but are candid, catholick and t<^rant towards thofe of other perfuafions. In 1 785, they had'i*ev.cnty two religious aiTemblies, to fupply which were thirty four minifters.^ mifioryJ] The firll attempt to fetttle this country was made m 1*607, ^^ ^^^ v/t^ fide of Sagadahok, near the fea* No permanent iisttlement however was at this time effeded. 1 1 does not appear that any fur- ther attempts were made until between the y^ars t6ao and 1630. In 1635, Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained a grant fk-om the council at Plymouth, of the tra£fc of counHy ll0illPe«i3L the rivers Pilcataqua and Sagadahok, which l|l|brilioutli of Kennebeck ; and up JKenndyck fo - far RHODE UPLAND. n lur as to form a fquare of i20 miles. It is fuj^pofed that Sir Ferdinand £ril infiituted government in this Provincej Ai In 16^9, (Gorges obtained from the crdPh a charter of the foil and jurifdiition, containing as ample pow- •crs perhaps as the King of England «vef granted to any fubjecl. Government was adminiftered in this form until 165 S) when this inhabitants fubmitted to the MafTa- chufetts, who, by a new conftruAion of their charter which was given "tb RoflWell and others, in 16281 ■claimed the Toil and iurifdi6^ion of the Province oif Main as far as the middle of Cafco Bay. Main then fir (I took the name of Ybrkfhire *, and county courli were held m the number they were in MalTachufetts, and the towns hid liberty to (end their deputies to the general court at Bofton. This country, from its firfl fetdement, has beeii greatly harradfed by the Indians. In 1675, all ikp lettlements were in a manner broken up and deflroy- •«d. From about i^gt until about 1 70S, was one con* tinned fcene of killing, burning and deftroying. I1i^ inhabitants fulfered much i'oj feveral years preceding and following the year 1724. And fo late as 1744 «nd 1748, perfons Ivere killed and captivated by tnt Indians in many of the towns next the fea. Sincd this period, the inhabitants have lived in peace, ium| have increafed to upwards of 50,000 fouls. . ; grant mtry rhich ikfo far RHODE ISLAND. nnei. _^ ■ . Length 68 7 t„^^.„ Si *^i 4** Eaft Longitude. i Breadth 40 } between | Jjo ^nd ^o Norih Latitude. ! BOUNDED North. and Eaft, by the Commofk. wealth of MafTachufetts ; South, by the, Atlikntv ick ; Weft^ by Conneflicut. Thefe limiti comproi hend what hai been called Rhodelfland andProvil d«ace Plantations. ..; | 1 a^ M ■-es RHODE *I S L A W D. Civil Divifions and Population. cd'into five counties, which are townfliipsi^ follows : J This{lateisdivi^9^ ■ w O w V vn»#t •a a ^ to ^ li"3".'2 0^^0 - — "» « ; ^ 2!J< «2 o*= ul •"^ C torn V s !«(*. . .S.Sc{$S ■— «^ tjvo 3 U •Of* ^ The RHODE I S L A N The inhabitanta arq chiefly of EngUfh cxt«a£lion. The orig^inal fettlers inigrated from Maflachufelts. Bays and Ifiands.'] Narraganfet Bay^makcs- up from fouth to north', between tke main%nd on ths ead and v\rell. It embofoms many fertile iflands, the principal of which are Rhode Ifland, Conannicut, Prurience, Patience, Hope, Dyer's and Hog iflands. Rhode Ifland is thirteen miles long from north to fouth, and four miles wide, and is divided into three townfhips, Newport, Pottfraouth,:and Middlctown. It is a noted refort for invalids fiomfuuthern climater. I'he ifland is eHceedingly pleafant and healthful ; ai^til is celebrated for its fine wom'cn. Travellers, with- propriety, call it the Eden of America. It fuifcrefl much by the- late war. Some of its mofl: ornaments^ country (:»ts were dellroyed, and their fine groves,- orchards, and fruit trees, wantonly cut down. Tlip foil is of a fuperiour quality.. . .^ Rivers.^ Providence and Taunton rivers both fair into Narraganfet Bay ; the former is navigable as far as Providence, thirty miles fi om the fea ; the latter is navigable for fmall veflels to Taunton. . tiimate' ] R hode I fland. is as healthful a country as any part, of North America.- The winters, in the maritime parts of the Hate, are milder than in the in- land country ; the air being foftened by a fea vapour,, which alfo enriches the foil; The fummers are d^- hghtfal, efpedally on Rhode Ifland, where the ex- treme heats, which prevail in other parts of Americaf. are allayed, by. cool and ^efrelhing breezes from the fea.. Soil and P'roduQions.'] This (late, generally fpeah- ing, is a country l\>r pafliure, and not for grain. It however produces corn, rye, barley, oats and flax, and culipary plants and roots in great variety and abund- ance. Its natural growth is the fame afs in the other .New England ftates. The weftcrn and nortbweflern parts of the (late are but thinly inhabited, and are b«r- wn and rocky. In the Narraganfet country the laodi is fi-n* for grazing. The people are generally farflaers,. and) raife great numbers of the finelt aiid largeft nf«ci eattle. i*m •¥■ lid 4t H d E I ^ L A I^ 1^. ^ttle in America ; f'otne of them iveighing from tS to 1800 weight. They keep l»rge dairies, and make butter aridcheefe of the bed quality, imd in targe quantities Irh* exportation. Narraganfet is famed for mn excellent breed of pacing horfes. They are ftrong, And remarkable for their fpeed^ and for their excel* lency in enduring the fatigues of a long journey. Trade.2 ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^* ^^^ merchants in Khode Ifland imported from Great Britaiti, dry goods ; from Holland, money ; from Africa, flaves ; from thte Weft Ind'es, fugats, coffee and.molafles ; and froiQ ^e neighbouring colonies, lumber and provificns. The prefent exports from the ftate, are flax feed, lumber, horfes, cattle, fifti, poultry, onions, dieefe and Wley. The imports, confifting of European and Weft India goods, and logwood from the Bay of Hon- iiuras, exceed the exports. Abbui 60b veflels enter and clear ani^ually at the difierent ports in this ftate. • C/lt«/ T9wns,2 Newport and Providence are the two principal towtis in the ftate. Newport lies in , ht. 4>*> 35'. its harbour, which is one of the fineft in the world, fpi^ads wcftward before the town* The entrance iseafy wtid fafe, and a lai;g^ fteet may an- chor in Jt and ride m perfeft fecurity. The town lies north and fouthupon a gradual afcent as you proceed eaftwa^d from the water, >ilid exhibits a beautiful view* ifrom the harbour, and from the neighbottring hiUs whkch lie weftward upon the Main. Newport con- tains about 1000 houfcsj built chiefly of ^ood, and /^|53o inhabitaots. It haS nine houfes for puolick .worfhip : Three for the Baptifts, two for .Coqgrcga- ^onalifls, one for Epifcopalians, one for Quakers, cne ffor Mbravians, and a fynagogud for the Jews. The other publtck buildings arc, a ftate houfe, and an «di- Hce for the publick library. The fituaticn, fomvand «rchite6lure of the ffca^e houfe, give it the prcfcfcnce to moft publick biilldings in America. It ftands fuf- ilcietitly elevated,' arid ai long wharf at«i paved parade ijiead up to it frdrfi the harbour. ^rovidericfe is fitUated on PrOyidihce rivci*, about iStaxff nates north weft of Newport, in latitutfe 41^5*1 ' north. ICH'O D B IS LAN D, torn nortK. 'it is at prefent by far the rood flourifliing^*: town in the ftatc. It contains 70ohoureii, and up- wards of 4300 inhabitants. I ts pubUck4>uildings arc, a college, an elegant church tor Baptift^^ two for Congregationallftsr befides others for other denomina- tions. This town carries on > a large foreign trader- and an exCeniive and gainful. traffick with the fur^ rounding country. The town is fituated on both fides of the river, and isxonne&cd by a commodious • bi:idi;e.' Fiflies,'] In the rivers and bays are plenty of fifh» , to tHe amount of more than feventy different kinds,, fo that in the feafonsof fifh. the markets are alive with ■ them. Travellers are agreed that Newport furnilheji > the bed fiRi market iin the world.'. u-u ReUgunu'] The conftitution of the .ftiteSimits of' no religious eftabiilh^ients, any further than dependl upon the voluntary choice of individuals. All men profefling one Supreme Being, . are equally prote6lei . by the laws, and no particular fe^k can claim preemi* nence. This unlimited liberty inreligion, is one prin* • cipal caufe why there is fuch -a variety of religious fe£bs iti Rhode liland.>. The bapiiflsare the molt nu- merous of any denomination in the (late. They, as . well as the other baptifts in New Eneland, are chiefly upon the Calviniftick jplan as to doarine% and ind&> • pendents in regard to church government. . The bapt- - ills in general.refufe to communicate with other d< nominations; for they hold thatimmerfion isnecefla to baptifm, and ihat-baptifm is neceflaity to commu ion. Therefore theyfuppofe it inconfiflent for themT ■to admlt.unbaptiled perfons (as others are in their - view) to join with them in this ordinance. . The num- • ber of their congregations in N^w England, in 1784, . was 155. Of thele, feventy one were in MaflTachia-- fetts ; twenty five in New Hampfhire ; thirty in t Rhode Ifland, and twenty .nine in Conne^cut.- Thc other religious denomin-itions in Rhode Ifland 4 are congrcgationalifts, friends or quakfers, epifcopak ians, rooravians^ and jews. Beficfes thcfe, there ismt •oafiderable number of the people who.caa.be red^i*^. 1a- ciL %f» RHODE I S L A If a •d to no pai!ticular denomination, and arcj at ta relig^ ion, ftri^ly Nothingarians* ' Literature.']' The literature of tkit ftate is confined principailjr to the towns of Newport and ProvideiKe. There are men of learning and abilities fcattcred through other towns,, but they are rate. Tlie bulk of the inhabitants in other parts of the ftate, are involved in greater ignorance perhaps than in any other part of New EdQgland* An unpaitiai kiftory of their tranf- SkAions fince the peace, would evince the truth of the i^>ove obfervations. At Provideq.ce, is Rhode Ifbnd college. The char- ^ ter for founding this Seminaiy of Learning, was granted by the ^eral affembly of the flatr, in 1764. ThiSj^ftitutton was firft founded at Warren, in 1759* mid in the year 1770, the colUge was remov- ed to Providence^ whece a large, degant building w»s ere^od for itt accommodation, by the generous dona- tions of individuals, molUv h-om the town of Provi- dence. It is fituated on a bill to the eaft of the town ; and while its elevated fituation renders it deKghifiil, by commanding an extenfive, variegated prol'pe£l, it luinilhes'it wtthapure^fadubriousair.^ The edifice is of brick, four ftories high, 150 feet long, and 46 wide, with a projeAion of ten feet each fide* It has* an' en- try lengthwife, with rooms on each fide« There are forty, eight rooms< for the accommodation of fiudents, ^ and eight larger ones for publick ufcs. Thorcof is m. ^povercd with flate, ^i This inftitution is under the inftru£lion of a prefi- . dent, a profeflor of natural aiKi experimental phiiofo- phy, aprofefforof mathematicks and ailronomy, a profeflor of natural hiftory, and three tutors. The feveral claffes are inflniAed in the learned languages, and the various arts and ficiences. Theinflttution has 9i library of between twoand three thoufiind volumes, containing a valuable collection of aneieni and mod- . ern authons; Alfo a iaiall, h\A valuable philofophical , apparatus. Nearly all the funds of the college a'-e at intereft in the treafury of thei ftate, and amaount t» «U|)Diil!MO thoufimd pounds* -' * • CurioJUiesm'] A* \ .W RHODE I S L A ^r 0. toi$ CurioJitUs*'] In PawtucHet river, four milct ftotn Providence, is a beautiful fall of water, dire6lly oV«r which a bridge has been bu'lr, which divides the com- monwealih of Nfaflachufetts from the ftate <»f Rhode Iftand. The fall, in its whole lengrh, k upwards of fifty feet. The water paifes through feveral ehafms in a rock which runs diametrically acrofs the bed of the ftreara, and ferves as a dam to the WMer, Sev- eral mills have beenere£led upon thtffe fa*!s ; and the fpouts and channdy which have been cenftrufled to condufl the (ireams to their refpeftive wheels, and the brid^i^j have taken Very much from the beauty and grandeur of the fcene ; which would dtherwife have been indefcriba^ly charming and romantiek. ConJlUntiaH*'] The conftitution of this ftate is founded on the charter granted- by Charles II. in thfe fourteenth year of his reign ; and the frame of Gov- ernment was not eflentially altered- by ^e revolution. The legiftature of the ftate confifts of two branches ; a iisnatd or upper houfe, corapofed of ten members, called in the charter djij^antstt and a houfe of repre- fentatives, cpmpofied of deputies from the feverai towns. The members of the hgxf^^iart are chofen' twice *year ; and there are two Jeflions of this bcwly annually, viz. on the firlk Wedn^ayof May, and the laft Wednefday in O6^ober. Hi/lory.'] This State was lirft fettled from Mafla- chufetts. "Motives of the fame kind with thole whicli are well known to have occafioned. the fettlement of mod of the other United States, gave birth to this?. The emigrants from England who came to Mafla- chufetts, though they did not perfe6):Iy agree ifi relig- ious fentiments^ had beeh tolerably united by their common zeal againfl the ceremonies of the church of England. But as f6on as they were removed from eecTefiaflical courts, and polTefled of a patent allow- ing liberty of confcience, they fbll tnto difputes and contentions among themfelv^s; And' m)t\Vithftand- inf ail their ftiflerings andcompiarnts in'England', ex- cited by the principle of umfbrmity (Rich is hti- iQin nature) themajority hens vrer^ -'island' of t|N princiyl If v«P4 RHO-DE ISLAN.D; Srinciple, as thofc from whofe perfccution they had' cd. The trae ground* of religious liberty were nof em* braced or underftood at this time by any> (e£h While all disclaimed perlecution for the fakn of confcience', a regard for the publick peace, and for the prefervation of the church of Chriu from infe£lion| together with theobflinacy of the hereticks, was urgei inju(liE» cation of thaly which, ftripped of all its difguiles, the light of nature and the laws of Chrift, in the mofl. folemn manner condemn. Mr. Roger Williams, a mi'nifter, who came over te Salem in 1630, was charged with holding a variety of errours, and was at length baniibed Fr<>m the thea colony of Maflachufetts, and afterwards from Plym-- outh, as a dijlurbtr of the ptacs of the Church and Con> nonufeaith; and, as he fays, * a bull of excommunica- tion was fent after him.' He had fevcral treaties with • Myantonomo and Canonicus^ the Narraganfet Sa- chems, in 1634 and 1635 ; whoaiFur/ed him he fliculd not want for land. And in 1634-5 he and twevity others, his followers,, who were voluntary exiles, came to a place calkd^by the Indians MooihafUfuck, and ':>yhim Providence*. Here th^y fettled, and though fejcured from the Indians by the terrour of the Eng- lifh, they for a confiderable time, greatly fufFercd: through fatigue and want. As the original inhabitants of this State were perr fecuted, at leaftin their own opinion^ for the fake of co'ifcience, a mod liberal and free toleration was ef- tal liihed by them. So little has the civil authority to • do with religion here, that, as has been already hinted, no contr^fl between a minifler and a focicty (unlefs incorporated for that purpofe) is of any force. It is Erobably for thefe realons that fo many. different feds ave ever been found here ; and that the Sabbath and all religious, inllitutions, have been more tiegle^led in this, than in any other of the New England States. Mr. Williams is faid to have become a fiaptift in a few years after his fettling at Providence, and to hav« : liroicd a church of that perluafion. . ^ Through* #' Tht Great ifeded gallant tlic fe< B" on CONNECTICUT. tos Through the whole of the late unnatur^ war with Great Britain, the inhabitants of (his State have marv* ifefled a patriotick fpirit ; their troops have behaved gallantly, and they are honoured in naving produced tiic i'econd general in tlie field** * General Greene* BBJH CONNECTICUT. HiBcr. Length 92 1 k.»„.„- J 41 ° and azO % » North Latitude. Breadth 57 J «>'«*«" I , o 50' aiiJ 30 20' Eaft Longit««Je. BOUNDED North, by Maffachufetts ; Eaft, hj Rhode Ifland 1 South, by the found, which di- vides it from Long Ifland ; W-eili by die fUte of New York. Rivers,'] The principal rivers in this ftatc arc Con- ne£licut, tioufatonik, the Thames, and their branches. The Houfatonick* pafles through a number of plcar* ant towns, atHl empties into the found betweeri otrat- ford and Milford. It is navigable twelve miles, to Derby. I n this ri vcr^ between Saliibury ai^d Canaai?, is a catara£l) where the water of the whole riyef*, which is 150 yards wide, falls about fixty feet per- pendicularly, in 3k perfe&ly white (heet. A copious mifl: aiifes, in which floating rainbows are fcen in. va- rious places at the^ faine time, exhibiting a fcciie ex- ceedingly grand and beautiful. The Thaines empties^into l^ong Iflapd found at N^w London. It is navigable fourteen tpiles, to Norwich Landing. Here it lofes its liame^ and brai)ches into Shctucket, on the eaft, and Norwich or Little river, on the weft. The ci^ of Norwich ftands on the tongue of land between -thefc rivers, iiittle river, about a raile from its moutji* has,. a reiliiarjt^bie^a^d very romantick catarad:. A rock ten or twelve ft^t in perpendicular height, extends quite acrofs the chat)- nel of the river. Over this the whole river pitche^^ in one entire fticet upon a bed of rocks below. Here the river is comprefled into f. very narrow channel %- tweeir ,* "An Indian name, fignlfying Ovsr tie MauntaiH, *M- I 93 io6 CONNECTICUT. ?*■: tween two craggy cliffs, one of which towers to a eon- fiderable ficight. The channel defccnds gradually, is very crooked and covered with pointed rock). Up- on thefe the water fwiftly tumbles, foaming with the mofl violent acitation, fifleen or twenty rods, into a broad bafon which fprcads before it. At the bottom of the perpendicular falls, the rocks are curioufly ex- cavated by the conflant pouring of the water. Seme o^the cavities, which' are all of a circular form, are ve or fix feet deep. The fmoothnefs of the water above its defccnt — the regularity and beauty of the perpendicular fall — the tremendous roughnefs of the other, and the craggy, towering cliff which impends the whole, prefent to the view of the fpe£lator a fcene indefcribahly delightful and majeflick. On this river are fome of the fihell mill feats in New England. Harbours.'] The two principal harbours arc at New I.oridon and New Haven. Thfe former opens to the fouth. From the light houfe, Which (lands at the mouth of the harbour, to the town, is about three miles ; the breadth is three buarters of a mile, and in fome places more. The harbour has from five to fix fathoms water— a clear bottom — tough ooze, and as far as one mile above tht towh is entirely fecure^ and commodious for large fliips^ New Haven harbour is greatly inferiour to that of New London. It is a 'bay which (ets up northerly from the found, about four miles. Its entrance is about half a mile wide. It has very good anchorage, and two and an half fathoms at low Water, and three fathoms and four feet at common tides. Climate, Soil and Productions.'] Connefticut,' though fubje6t to the extremes of heat and cold in their (eaf- ons, and iq frequent fudden changes, is very health- ful. As many as one in forty fix of the inhabitants of Connefticut, who Wfcre living in 1774, Were up- wards of feventy years old. From accurate calcula- tion it is found that about one in eight live to the age of feventy years and upwards, one in thirteen, to the age of eighty yearS} and one in about thirty to the a(|[c: .«f ninety. Conne£ii.ct;u^ CONNECTICUT. lo; '- ulation, &c. of this flate in 1 789. SiiKe this time the counties of 'Middlefcx and Tolland have l)een confti- • tuted, and a number of new townlhip* have impoU itickly been incorporated. GOVMTIBS. New Haven. New Londoa. FairiieM. Towns where the Coura are held. Hartford, Hardbrd. JMiddhtown,* Tolland.* New Haven. Nev London, Norwich. Fairfirld, Danbury. Windhain.4ft Windham. e S S6H ■* "- o 21 10 Litctifidd. LlrhfieM. i ' it«-» Total. 12 >9 :79 10,815 4»77« 5,884 5»755 5»36» "55 5S.«47 »5,C9» *9»7*» >8,i85 ^>t97 39*388 33»i*7 201,^77 It • • i3ac <9V 1134 4&5 525 6*73 n 8!! 'AX j * Conne^iAt^ • Mlddletown affd TsJ^iTic^ trt "af- c}' (hire .vwat ci Middl?- •fex and ToKand counties. C jt*«i a. A; i»ir»lle]J $ " ?IK»d4slll>^^l|i«il if the iMklf fltiretowaof Mitirliei'c:^ ountf* , -; CONNECTICUT, t«| Conne&icuCiis the moft populous, in proportion im its extent, of any of the thirteen ftatei. U u Uid out in fmall 'arms trom fifty to three or four hundred acre« each, which are held by the farmers in fee fiinple. The whole ftate refembles « well •cultivated garden^ which, with that degree of induftiy that is noceflary to happinefs, produces the noceflanes and conveniai- cies oflife in great^lenty.. CharaSer, Manners^ T' 'ti addition to wliat hu been already faid r tuv c 7. Oculars, under Ne«r England, it may be ohl'ervcd, t»»at the people of Con- nefticut arc ren^rkabiy .id of having an their dif- putes, even th i- f the moft trivial kind, Jeitled ac- cording toiaw. i he prevalence of this litigious fpirit, aflords employment and fupport for a numerous body •of la wyers. The tiumbcr of aClions entered annually upon the feveral dockets in the ftate, juftifies the above oofervations. That party fpirit, ho%v«ver, whidi i« 'the bane of political happinefs, bas not rated witk fuch violence in this ftate as in Maflfachuietts and Rhode Ifland. Publick proceedings have been con- -duAed, generally, and efpecially of late, with muth calmnefs and catidour. Tne people are well informed in regard to their rights, and judicious in the methoda tliey adopt to focure themi The ft«te was. never in .greater political tranquillity than atprefent. ReU^ten,'] The beft in the wond, pei'haps, 'for c repubhcan government. As to the mode of exercif- ing church government -and diicipliAe, it might not improperly be cilled a republican religion. Each church is a feparate jurifdraion, and claims authority; to choofe their own nrinifter, to exercife govern- TAtr.if and enjoy gofpel ordinances within hUit, The ditrches, h' ' 'ver,inJenot independent of each other ; 4ti-y are aflbciated'for mutual benefit anjiconvenience. The aflbciations liave power to licenfe anH baptifts. The epifcopalian churches are rclpeflable, , It was nam-* cd after Govemour Yale, who was one of it^ principal iNsnefaflors.. The buildings are, Conne6iicut Hall,^ aoo feet long and 40 wide, with ga convenient tooms^ a Chapel,.in which are the Library and Mufeum, and » lajrgc and convenient dining half, ali built of brick* The college library confifls of 2500 vofumes. Th» |>hilofophical' appavatu» confifla of the principal ma*> chtns&neceilary for exhibiting, tsoft of the experiment^ lA CONN E CT I C U T. i»3? in the whole couife of experimental philofophy. An addition of j^*300 worth is (hortly to be. added to it. . The regulation of the college is committedi by charter, to eleven minifters of the gofpel, who are a corporate body» and hold eflates, appoint officers, confer degrees^ &c. The prefent officers of the college are, a rrcli- • dent, who is alfo a Prpfeflfor of Eccleftaftical Hiillory ; a Profeflbr of Divinity, and three Tutors. Upwards . of 2000 have received the honours of this univerfity ; of whom about 640,!iave been ordained to the work . of the miniftry. As many as five fixths of thofe who have been xducated St this college, were natives of Conne£iicut. r Covemment.'] This ftate has no other conflitution than what originated from the charter of Charles IJ^ granted in 1662. Agreeably to this charter, the legii* lative authority is veflcd in a GovemouT, Deputy Governour, twelve counfellors, and the leprefenta* lives of the people, (not exceeding two from each to'vn) ftyled the Genera! AJimhly, This aflTembly is divided into two branches, called the upper stnd lower houfes ; the former is compofed of the Govemoursi and counfellors, who are chofen annually in May; the latter of the reprefentatives^ who are chofen twice a year, to attend the two annual feffians on the fecond Thurfdays of May and Ofluber. The qualifications of freemen, who eleft all the members of the General AlTembly, are maturity of years, quiet and pcaceabte behaviour, a civil conversation, and fdrty ihiliings freehold, or forty pounds perlohal eftate. Hijlory.'] The firft Englifh fettlements in Connec- ticut, were made in the fall of 1635, by emigrants fi^pm Newtown, Dorchefler, and Water town, in MafTacbuv fetts. The firfl court held in Conneflicut, was at Hartford, April 26th, 1636. About the year 1644, a war broke out between the Mohegan and Narraganfet Indians. A perfonal quar- rel between Myantonomo, fachem of the Narragao- fets, and Uncas fachem of tdie Mohegans, was the foundation of the war. , K a J^yantonomo -^ m et4 CO BTKEcrr ctrr» Myantonomo raifed an army of 900'Warriouny anil marcned towards the Mohegan country* Uncas^ by his fbies, received timely notice of their aoproachw .His (eat of vefidenee waa in fome part of Norwich^ He quickfyec^fted 600 of hisbraveft warrioars, and- told them, ** The Narraganfets muft not come into our tdwn, we muft Bieetthem." THey aceot-dingly mMrch-' cd about three milte to a large pkin, where the two armies met, and halted within bow &ot of each other.- A parley was propofed by Uncas, and agreed to by Myantonomo* The £schems met, and Uncas addreflP* edhis enemy as follows : « Yotl have a great many brave men^— ^fo have I ; you and I have quamlled, but thefe warriours, what have they done ? Shall they die to avenge a private parrel bettveen us ? No. Come like a brave man, as you pretend to be, and let us fight. If you kUl me, my men fhall be yours, ifl kill you, youvmcn fhall be mine." Myantonomo re> pliea,- ** My men came to fight,- and they fhaU fight." Uncas,like an experienced warriour,awaTe of Uie lefulf of the conference from the fuperiour force of his ene- my^ had previoufly (ignified to his men, that if Myan- tonomo refilled to fi^hthimin fingle combat,.he would immediately fall, which was to be th^ fignal for them to^^ begin the attack. As foon therefore as Myantonomo had finifhed his laconick ipeceh, Uncas dropped, ki» . Bien inflantly obeyed the fignal^ and poured in a fhow- er of arrows upon the unfuTpe^ing Narraganfets, and- ruChing on with their horrid yells and lavage fierce- nefSf put them to dight. Many were killed on the fpot ; the reft; were clolely purfued,- and fome were precipitately driven down craggy precipices, and dafli- ed in pieces. At a place caued, from this event, Sa- %chem's> Plain, Uncas overtook and feiaed Myantono- mo by the (hould the ihoulder of hit- flaughtered enemy, broiled and ate it, faying, withan- air of favage triumph, « It isthe fweeten meat I evev ate ; it makefr me hafie a ftout heart." His body was' afterwards buried, and a pillar erefiied over it,'ther«>r mains of which are vifible to diis day. » The hiftory of Ck>nne£licut is marked^ with traces* ef the fame (pirity which has been mentioned aaehai^ a^eriftick oJT the MaflEichufetts, in" difiRerent ftages of their hiftory. Indeed, as MafFachufetts was the ihofh whence Connediicut proceeded, this ia to be expe£^ed» Thercolony of Connedicutexprei&d their ditappre* ^tion of the uTe of tobacco, in an a£l of their general afilembly at Hartfor^ in ^647, wherein it was ordered* ** That no perfon under the age of twen^ yaars» nor any other that hath already accuAomed him&lf to the nfe thereof, (hall take any tobacco, until he (hall have- brought a certificate from under the handof fome who are approved for knowlec^ and (kill in nhyfick, that k is u(eful for him ; and alfo that he hatn received a ' Ucenfe from the court for the (ame. AH o^rs who had addidfed themfelves to the ufe of tobacco,^ were^F by the fame court, prohibited taking it in any compa- ny, or at their labouny or on their travels, unlefs they were ten miles at leaft from any houfe, or more Uiam once a day, though not in company, on pain of a fia|| ef ^ peme for each time ; to be proved by one fulw ftantial evidence. The conftable in each town to make prefentment of &ch tran%reflions to thepartioa- lar court, and upon eoavidion)- the fine to be paid without gatnfayingr Nor were the Conne£bicut (etders behind thpr Wetbcea in MaSachu&tts Id reg.afd to^^ ^ir foverityv againli iiS CONNECTICUT. aga^nll the Quakers ; and they have the fame apoIjcCls. But thefe people,^ who have been fo much ceaTure^ and ridiculed, had perhaps as many viaues as their pofterity ; aiid bad they an advocate to defend their caufe, he no doubt might find as broad a field for ridt* cule, and as juft a foundation for cenfure, in the fudr- vey of modem manners, «s has be(m aftorded in any period fince the fistdement of America. It would hie wile then in themodenis» who ftand elevated iq>on the (houldera of their anceftors, with the book oftheiw experience fprtad before theaa^ , to improve ibsAt vir- tues and veil their ^Milts. In >672, the law» of tlie colony were revifed* and the general court ordered them to be printed ; and^. aUb, that <* every fismily fhould buy one of the laut books. Suck as pay in (Uvei) to have ai book fof twelve pence ; fueh as pay in wheats to pay a peck and a half a book ; ana ^h as pay in peafe, to fVf two fhilKngs a book, the peafe at three {hillings tmr buihel.'* Perhaps it is owuig to this early and unir* verlal fpread of law books,, that the people of Goimec* ticut are, to this day^ fo fond" of the iavc> ConnefHcut has ever made rapid advances in pmmt ktion. There has been more emigra/tione Irom tnis» than from any of the other itktes, and yet ilris at- pre(1^ ent full of inhabitants. This increaie^ under the dX* vine benedidnon, may be afcribcd to Cbverat caules* The bulk of the inhabitants are induftrious, fagaciouA- hufbandnienv Their farms fumilh them< with all the fieceflaries, moil of the conveniencies, and bul few of the luxuries of life. They of courfe mud be generall^r teOipefiUe^ and if tbey choole^ can. fubfift with as mucb independence- fi8 CONNECTICUT. independence as is confident with happinefs. TFie fubfidence of the farmer is fublUntial, and does not depend on incidental circumftances, like that of moll . other profeflions# Thcrr is no ncceflity of ferving an apprenticcfhip to the bufmeff, nor of a large (lock of money to commence it to advantage. Farmers, who deal much in barter, have lefs need of money than any other clafs of people. The eafe with which a com- fortabk fubfiftenre isr obtained, induces the hufband- man to marry young. The cultivations of his farm makes him flrrong and healthful. He toils cheerfully through the day ; eats the fruit of his own labour with a gladfome heart ; at night, devoutly thanks his boun- teous God for his daily bleflings, retires to reft, and his fleep is fweet. Such circumftances as thefe have greatly contributed to the amazing increafe of inhabit- ants in this ftate. Be fides, the people live under a free government, and have no fear of a tyrant. There are no over-^ grown eftates, with rich and ambitions landlords, tot have an undue and pernicious influence in the elec- tion of civil officers. Properly is equally enough di- ' vided, and muft continue to be fo, as long as eftateir deicend as they now do« No peffon is prohibited from voting, or from being ele6l«d into office, on ac- count of his poverty. He who has the moft merit, not he who has the moft money, is generally chofcn into publick office. As inftances of this, it is to be obferved, that many x>f the citizens of Conneflicut, from the humble walks of life, have arifen to the firft offices in the ftate, and filled them with dignity and' reputation. That bafe bufinefs of ele£lioneering, which is Co direflly calculated to introduce wicked and dc^ iigning men into office, is yet but little known in Con- ne6licut. A man who wiihesto be chofien into cffice, a£ls wifely, for that cndy when he keeps his defires to kimfelf. The revolution^ which fo eflfentially affefted the govemnwnts of moft of the colonies, produced no very perceptible alteration in the government of Conne6li- cut. While under the jurifdidlion of Great; Bridun^ they NEW YORK. 119 they defied their own Governour: and all fub^^rdi- Hatc civil officers, and mad-; their ownla.vs, in the lame manner, and with as little control as they now do. Connefticut has ever been a renublick, and per- haps as pcrfeft and as haopy a republick as has ever, cxided. While other (lates, more monarchical in their government and manners, have been under a neccITity of undertaking thedifHcult tafk of altering their old, or forming new, conftitutions, and of chang- ing their monarchical for republican manners, Con- ne£licut has .uninterruptedly proceeded in her old track, both as to government and manners ; and, by- thefe means, has avoided thofe convulfions which have rent other dates into violent parties. • N E W Y O R K. milfi. Xeng^h 350 1 i,,t^„_ 740° 40' and450 V/rt!i LatltuJe. Breadth 300 i «>«*"n j ^o vVeft and i" 30' fail Longitu !e. BOUNDED Southcaftwardly, by the Ailanticki ocean ; Eafl, by Connetlicut, MafTachufetts and Vermont ; North, by the 45th degr<»e of latitude, which divides it from Canada ; Northwcftwardly, by the river Iroquois, or St. Lawrence, and the Lakes, Ontario and f^rie ; Southwell and South, by Penn- Cylvania and New Jerfey. The whole ftate contains about 44,000 Iquare miles, equal to 28,160.000 acres. Rivers,'] Hud/bn*s river is one of the larged and fined rivers in the United States. It riles in the moun-. t^inous country between the Lakes Ontario and Champlain. Its length is about 250 miles. The courfe of the river from Lake George to New York, where it emptie^ into York bay, is veiy uniformly Ibuth, 1 2 or 1 5° wed. From Albany to Lake George is fixty five miles. This didance, the river is navi- gable only for batteau^, and has two pottages, occa- fioned by falls, of half a mile each. Th(; tidie flows a few miles above Albany, which is 160 miles fromi New York. It is navigable for Hoops HmMiMMMIimiWnMi ■««-«• u •. ^mj iao NEW YORK. iloops of 80 tons to Albany, and for (hips to Hudfoa. About 60 miles ab9ve New York, the water becomM frefli. The river St. Lawrence divides this (late from Can- ada. It rifea in Lake Ontario, runs northeaftwardf embofoms Montreal, which ftands upon an illandt ^afles by Quebeck, and empties by a broad mouth into •the bay of St. Lawrence. Onondago river nfes in the lake of the fame name, runs weftwardly into Lake Ontario at Ofwego. Mohawks river lifes to the northward of Fort Stan- wtx, and runs fouthwardly to the fort, then eaftward « 10 miles, into the Hudlon. The Cohoez, in this j-iver, are a great cuiiofity. Theyare about two miles from its entrance into the Hudfon. The river is about >&oo yards wide ; the rock over which it pours, as over a milLdam* extends almoft in aline from one (ide ^of the river to the other, and is about thirty feet per- pendicular height. Including the defcent above, the fall is as much as {ixty>or feventy feet. The rocks be- lowf in fome places, are worn manyiret deep by the conftant friftion of the water. The view of this tre- mendous! cataraft is diminifhed 1>y the height of the shanks on each fide of the river. Tyoga river rifes in the Allegany mountains, runs eaftwardly, and empties in t^e Suiquehannahat Tyo- ga point, it is boatable about fifty miles. Seneca river rifes in the Seneca country, and emp- >ttes into the Onondago river, a little above the falls. Ht is hoatable from tht lakes downwards. 'Ghene(lee river rifes near the fource of the Tyoga, and runstiorthwardli) by the Chene(reecaftleand flats, and empties into LakeOntario»eighty miles eaft of Ni- agara fort. Thefettlements aheady madein this (late, are chief- ly upon two narrow oblongs, extending from the city of New York, eaft and north. The one eaft, is Long Ifland, which is 140 miles longhand narrow, and fur- rounded b"^ the fea. TTie one extending north is about forty miles in breadth, and bifefled by the Hud- (bn. And Xuch is the iatarfcfUKi-^ the whole (UtO) >I E W Y O R X. tn ■by the branches of the Hudfon, ttie Delaware, the Sufquchannahf and other rivers which have been mentioned, that there are few places throughout its wlfi^le extent, that are more than fifteen or t%i'enty milw from feme boaiableor navigable dream* Bays and Lakes.'] York 1)ay, whwJh is nine miles loiTg and four bioad, Tpreads to the fouthward be/bro the city of New York. It is formed by the conflu- ence of the Ead and Hudfon's rivers, and etnbofoms feveral fmall iflands, of which Governour's ifland is the principal. It communicates with the ocean through the Narrows ^ between 'Stattfn and Long iflandsy which are fcarceJy two miles wide. The paflage uj» to New '.,'ork, from Sandy Hook, the point of land that extends fax theft into the fea, isfafe, and not above twenty miles in length. The common navigation is between the eaft and weft banks, inaboul twenty two feet water. There is a light houfe at Sandy Hook, oa Jerfey fhore. South bay is the Touthern braiKh or head o'f Lake Champlain. It commences at the falls of a creek, which is navigable Tevcral miles into the country, and tfbrms moft cxoellent meadows, from the 'falls to Ticonderoga, is thiily miles. The "bay is generally half a mile wide near t'le head, but in feveral places t)elow, a mile. Its 1>anks are ft^p hills or clifFs of rocks, generally inacceflible. At Ticonderoga, this "bay unites with Lalce George, which comes from the fouthweft, towards the HudTcn, and is about thirty . "five miles long, and one mile broad. After their u- nion, they are corrtra£ttd to a fmall breadth, between Ticonderoga, on the wefty and Mount Independence,^ on the eaft. They -then open into Lake Champlatti before deferibed. Oneida Lake l\t% about twenty miles weft of Foit Stanwix, and extends wdftward about 25 miles. Salt Lake is fmall, and empties irtto Seneca river. Toon after its junflion wifli the Onondago river. This lake is ftron^ly impregnated with faline particles, which circumftance^avc rife to its name. The In* •"dians uake their fait froiaii. ' 4. . jL«4e -4*4 , ^.,.,^ .. .^. isa NEW YORK. /Me Ot/egOf at the head of Sufquchannah river, *j . st^out nine mites long, ar.d narrow. Caniaderago Lake is nearly as large as Lake Otfcgo, and fix miles wefl of it. A dream, by the namepf Oaks Creek, ifTues from it, and falls into the Sufque- hannah river, about five miles below Otftgo. The bell cheefc in the (late of New York is made upon this creek. Ciiatoque Lake is the fource of Coruiwongo river, which empties into the Allegany. From the nonh- wcfl part of this lake to Lake Eric, is nine miles, and was once a communication ufed by the French. Face of the Country ^ Soil and P roduSlions.j The (late, to fpcak generally, is interfcfted by ridges of moun- tains nmning in a northcafl.and fouthweft dirc6lion. Beyond the Allc;gany mountains, however, ihecoun- tiy is a dead level, of a fine, rich foil, covered in its natural Aate, with maple, beach, birch, cherr)', black walnut, locud, hickory, and fome mulberry trees. On the banks of Lake Erie, are a few chefnut and oak ridges. Hemlock fwamps are interfpcrfcd thinly thio* the country. All the creclcs that empty into Lake Eric, have falls, which aiford many excellent mill feats. Eafl of the Allegany mountainfi, the country is brok- en into hills with rich intervening vallies. The hills are clothed thick with timber, and when cleared, af- ford fine pafture ; the vallies, when cultivated, produce wheat, hemp, flax, peafe, grafs, oats, Indian corn. Of the commodities produced from culture, wheat is the ftaple, of which immenfe quantities are railed, and exported. Ird"an corn and pcafe are likewife raifcd for exportation ; and rye^ oats, bailey, &c. for home confumption. The bell lands in this flatc, lie along the Mohawks river, and weft of ihc Allegany mountains, ^ndare y»t in a flatc of nature, or are juft beginning to be fettled. Civil DivifonSf Population, £?c.] This Hate, agreea- bly to an aft of their Icgiflaturc, paffed in March 1788, is divided into fixtecn couhties ; which, by another afl paiTed at the fame time, were divided into town- fiiipss, as in the following T A B L jB, CjQUNTI£«« \* NEW Y O R K. 123 CoUntiei. Chief Tcwn*. TotJNo. (it" rihal,i'.'ti. « •Apportion- inf It of a H« tit ;^ 24,CC0 t ■ 'S 8 ; 6 .6 4 New York, New York, City, »3,6ii 2103 jC-fiioo Albany, Albany, 72,360 4f)9c 106? 2550 Suft'ilk, Haft Hampton, Huntington, 13.793 13,084 2COO Queens, Jimaha, 2183 »3'7 2CCO Kinj), Flaiijufh, Brooklyn, 3.98" 900 Richmond, Richnnond, 3.'$» ^3 45° WeftCbefter, Bedford, WhitcpUins, ao,554 1250 1700 21 OrangCf Ga/hen, Orange* 14,062 858 laoo 6 Ul.ler, ICingftan, Poughkeepfie, 22,143 266a 1700 Dutchefi, i*,6l( 1645 2550 Columbia,* HuJfon, KinJcrhiok, ■ 1250 Waihington, Salem, AAS^ IS 40c Clinton,* Piattiburgh, < Montgomery, Jphnftown, '5.0S7 405 8co • I2C Cumbeilandf Gloucefter,|| 238,897 Total Tixtren. 18,889 z MSravians, i eftant (out >z CalvJnifts, J of repair) > The government of the city (which was incorpo<^ fated in 1696) is now in the hands of a Mayor, Al- dermen and Common Council. This • The immigrants from France, who were Proteftaots, came •vcr after the unjuft revocation of the eJift of Nantz, in i68c. It is remarkable that amoag the defccndanti of thefe Frencit Proteftants, there have been three PreHdents cf C^ngrefs, viz. the Honourable Henry Laurens, Elias Boudinoc^nid John Tav* Efquires. Mr. Laurens and Mr* Jay have been Ambafiaduurs at foreign courti— Mr. Jay it now Chief Juftice of the Unite* States, and Mr. Boudino^.|^.Reprefetttat*iw||^Gongrefs. ss6 MEW Y O It Kr Thi$ city i»eft:eetned the mofl eligible (ituation Cor ttomoierce iti the United States. It almoft neceflarily commands the trade of one half New Jerfey, mod of that of Connedicut, and part of that ofMafUchufettsi befides the whole fertile interiour country, which is- penetrated by one of the largeft rivers in America, This city imports moft of the goods con fumed betweenf a line of thirty miles eaft' of Conne^cut river, and twenty miles wefl of the Hudfbn, which is i«> miles, and between the ocean and confines of Canada, about 350 miles ; a confiderable portion of which is the beflf peopled of any part of the United States, and the • whole territory contains atteaA half a million people,. €r one fixth of the inhabitants of the union. A want of good water is a. great ineonvenience to the citizens ; there being few wells of good water in the city. Mod of the people are fupplied every day with frefh water, conveyed to their doors in caik% from a pump near the head of Queen ffrcet. New York is the gayefl place in America. The ladies, in the richnefe and brilliancy of their dreff?, are not equalled in any city in the United States. They, however, are not folely employed in attentions to drefs. There are many who are ftudious to add to their brilliant external accomplifhments, the more brilliant and lading accomplinimeA|»*^of the mind*^ Nor have they been unfuccefsful ; mt New York can boad of great numbers of refined tade, whofe mind» are highly improved, and whofe converfation is as inviting as their perfonal charms. Tih6lured with a Dutch education, they manage their families with good economy and fingular neatnefs. An inquirer, who would, wifh to acquaint himfelf %vith the true date oFthe peo|^e of New York, their manners and government, would naturally afk the cit- izens for their focieties for the encouragement of fci- encrs, arts, manufactures, &c, ? For their publickU- braries ? F^ the patrons of literature ? Their well regulated wnlemies ? For their female academy for indru6lin|Bfbung tadtof^in geography, hidory, belles iettres, &c. (t4j|||H|!'^[uirics jfe^ht be made with pro* NEW YORK. iij priety} but could not, at prefent, be anfwered fatisfac- torily. New York conUinrd, in 1786, 3d4i||||ufe^ and about 23,900 inhabitants. "^\ -^ The city of Albany is fttuated i^n the wed fi^de of Hudfon'S' rivcTj 160 miles north of the city of New York. It contains about 6no houies» buik m ^Ak Old Dutch Gothick ftile, with the gable end to the (Ireet, which cuflom' the firil fettlers brought with them from Holland. The city contains about 4000 inhabitants^ cfiUefted from almoft all parts of the nortliern world. As great a variety of languages are fpoken in Albany^ as in any town in the United States. Adventurers, in purfuit of wealthi are led here by the advantages for trade which this place affords. Situated on one of the (meft rivers in the world, at the head of (loop navigation, furrounded with a rich and extenfive back country, and the (lore houfe of the trade to and from Canada and the Lakesyit muft flouriin, and the inhab-- itants cannot but grow rich. Hudfon, however, is^ their rival.' GFther rivals may faring up. ' The city o/iiiutlfon has had the moft rapid growth of any place in America, if we es^cept Baitimore, in Maryland. It i« fituated on the eafl ftde of Hudfon's river, 130 miles north of New York, and thirty mile» feuth of Albany. It is furrounded by an extenfive and fertile backjcountryj and in proportion to its fize and popuIationH^arries on a large trade. Trade*'] The fituation of New York, with refpe£l^ to foreign markets,, has decidedly the preferonce ta any of the ftates. It has at aiU feafonswof the year, a ihort and eafy accefs to the ocean. We have alread^r mentioned that it commands the trade of a great pro- portion of the be ft fettled^ and beft cultivated parts of the United States. Their exports to the Weft Indies are^bifcuit, pea&r Indian corn, applies, onions, boards, ftaves, horfes, {heep, butter, cheefe, pickled oyfter s, beef and pork, J^ut wheat is the ftaple commodity of the ftate, of which no lefs than 677,700 bulhels weipiiBxported in the year 1775j beftdes 2,555 ^<>^ of bre^p^and 2,828 tomof^o^r. Infpe6brs of ficMafve appointed tio , , • ^ *-o. •*!* '■\^ prevent ,"*' % if8 NEW V p R K. Tirev e^jtim pofitions, and to fee that none is exported uixt tnHp^hich is deemed by them merchantable, fie- fides me above mentioned articles, are export»"d flax feed, cotton wool, farfaparilla, coffee, indigo, rice, pig^ iron, bar iron, pot aih, pearl afh, furs, deer fkins, log. wood, fuflick, mahogrny, bees wax, oil, Madeira wine» rum, tar, pitch, turpentine, whale fins, fifh, fugars, mo- lalTeSjfalt, tobacco, lard, &c. but mofl of th'&fe artic !es are imported for re-exportation. In the year 1774, there* were employed, in the trade of this flate, 1075 vcfirelsi- whofe tonnage amounted to 40,81 5. Medicinal springs.'] The moft noted fprings in this' ftate are thofe of Saratoga. They are eight or nine in number, fituated in the margin of a marih, formed by a branch of Kayadaroflbra Creek, about tv;elvtf miles weft from the confluence cf' Fifh Creek and Hudfon*s River. They are furrounded by a rock of a peculiar kind and nature, formed by the petrefaftion of the wat6r. One of them rifes above the furface of the earth five or fix feet, in the form of a pyramid. The effe£l5 which the wat^r produces upon the human body are various ; the natural operation of it^ when taken, is cathartick, in. fome in ftances an emetick . As it is drank, it produces an agreeable fenfation in pair- ing over the organs of tafle, but as foon as it is fwal-' lowed, there fucceeds an unpleaf(in| ta^le, and the? eru£lations v/hich take place afterwards caufe a pun- gency very limilar to thatproduced by a draught of cider or beer, in a ftate of fermefntation. ' The following curious experiitients made on thcfe waters, were extrafted from Dr. Mitchell's Journal, < A young turkey held a few inches above the wa- ffcr in the crater of the lower fpring, was thrown into convulfions in tefs than half a minute, and, gafpingV Ifccwed figns of approaching death ; but on removal from that place, and expofure fo the frefh air, revived',; and became lively. On jmmcrfion again for a min- ute in the gas, the biru was taken out languid znd^ tnotionlefs. t < A fmall^og put into the fame cavity, and made to breathe the contsUied air, was, iu lefs than one min* «» J*^ utc. -s, N E W V O R K. ta^ ufc, thrown into convulfivc mottons— made to pant for breath, and laftly to lofe entirely the powetlp crv or move ; when taken out, he was too x^|^ak tdnandy but foon, in the common air, ac quired flrength enough to rife and ftagger away. « A trout, recently caught, and briikly fwimming in a pail of brook water, was carefully put into a vcflTel ju!l filled from the fpring ; the filh was inftantly agi- tated with violent convulfions, gradually loft the capacity to move and poife itfelf, grew ftupid and in- fenfible, and in a few minutes was dead. * A candle repeatedly lighted and let down near the furface of the water, was fuddcnly extinguifhed, and not a veftigr oflight or fire remained on the wick.* Literature.'] Sance the revolution the literature of the ftate has engaged the attention of the Icgiflature. In one of their Tate (eflions an 3t8t pafled confiitutinv twenty ons gentlemen (of whom the govemour and lieutenant govemour, for the time, being, are members- tx ojkiis) a body corporate and politick, by the name and^ftile of * The regents of the univerfity of the ftate of New York.* Thejr are entrufted with the care of Iherature in general m the ftate, and have power to grant charters of incorporation for ere£lthg; colleges and academies throughout the ftate — are to vifit thefe in- ftitutions as often as they (hall think proper, and re» port their ftate tc^thc legiflature once a year. All d«?» Srees above that of mafter of arts are to be GOnGsrred y the regents. Kings college, which was founded in 1754, is nou* called CoLVMBTA Collkcs. This college, oy an »ft of the legiflature pafled in the (pringof 1787, wais puC under the care of twenty four gentlemen, who are 9 body corporate, by the name ani ftile of * llie truft^^e^ of Columbia college, in the city of New York.* This body pofljfles all the pov/crs vefted in the governours of Kings college, before the revolution, or in the re- gents of the univerlity irnce the revolution, (bfara* their power refpeft this inftitutiort. The library and mufcum were dcftr<^ed during the war. The philofophical apparatus coft about 30a gfiineas.. 130 NEW YORK. guineas. Until the revolution the college did not flouraft. The plan upon which it was originally founded, WcTs contrafled, and its fituat ion unfavour- able. The former ohjeftion is removed, but the liaf- ter mufl remain. ^.It has between thirty and forty Audcnts, in four clafles. Tht number for feveral years has been increafing. The ofHcers of in{lru£lio^ and immediate government are, a prefident, profeffor of languages, profeflbr of mathematicks, profefTor of logick and rhetorick, profeflbr of natural philofophy, profeflbr of geography, and a profeflbr of moral phi- lofophy. There are many other profeflbrs belonging to the univerfily, but their profeflbr&ips are merely honoiu-ary. There are feveral acadiemies in the ftate. One is at Flatbufh, a pleafant, healthy village, in Kings coun- ty on Long I Hand, called Erafmus Hall. Another at £aR H"nptori, on the caft end of Long Ifland, by the name o!! Clinton Academy. There are other acad-* emies, or more properly grammar Ibhools, in different parts of the ftate. JReligion,'] The various religious denominations in this ftate, with the number of their refpe£tive congre- gations are as follows. ' _ '' VcMtniMtioD*. No. coat. Engriih Prefryterian, 87 Dutch Reformed, 66 (Including fix of thcGcrnnaa language.) Baptins, 30 XpifcopaHaii*, 26 Friends or Quakeri, 20 OeaominttisM. German Lutheran^ Moravians, Methodifts, Roman Caiholicky . Jews, Shakers, unknown. Ko. Cm|. 12 2 I I Confiitution,'] The fupreme Icgiflativc powers of the ftate arc vefted in two branches, a Senate and yj/^ Jembly, The members of the fenate are elefted by the freeholders of the ftate, who poflefs freehold eftates to the value of £*.ioo, clear of debts. For the purpolc of ele6ling fenators, the ftate is divided into four great diftri6i:s, each of which choofes a certain number. The aitembly of the ftate is compofed of reprefcn- tatives froDi the feveral counties, chofen annually in May. * .. Every NEW Y O R K.. V3» Every mule inhabitant of full age, who ]»as refjded in fhe (tatc (ix months preceding the day of cle6^ion, * and pofTcffing a frceliold to fhe value of twenty pounds, in the county where he is to give his vote; or has rented a tenement therein of the yearly value of forty fliiUings. and has been rated and aftually paid taxes, is entitled to vote for reprefentatives in afl'cmbly. The number of reprefentatives is Hmiled to three hundred. The prefcnt number is fixty five. The fupreme executive power of the ftate is veftcd in a govcrnour, chofen once in three years by the free- men of the ftate. The lieutenant govcrnour is, by his office, prefidcnt of the fenate ; and, upon an equal divifion of voices, has a cafting vote ; but has no voice on other occafions. The govcrnour has not a feat in^ ihe legiflature ; but ss a member of the council of re- vifion and council of appointment, he has a vaft in- fluence in the ftate. The council of revifion is com- pofed of the chancellor, the judges of the fupreme court or any of them, and the govcrnour. There are three Islands of note belonging to this ftate ; viz. York IJland, which has already been de- fcribed, Long IJland and Staten I/land^ Lon^ JJlund CKten^s from the city of New York eafl-, 140 miles, and terminates with Montauk point. It is not more than ten miles in breadth, on a medium, atid is feparated from Conne6ticut by Long I (land founa. The ifland is divided into three counties : King's, Queen's and Suffolk, The fouth fide of the ifland is flat land, of a light fandy foil, bordered on the fea coaft with large tra£Wi' - of fait meadow, extending from the weft point of the . illand to Southampton. This foil, however, is well calculated for raifing grain, efpecially Indian corn. The north lidc of the ifland is hilly, and bf a ftrong foil, adapted to the culture of grain, hay and frutt. A ridge of hills extends from Jamaica to Southhold. Large herds of cattle feed upon Hampftead plain, and on the fait marfhes upon the fouth (ida of the ifland. Hampftead plain, in Queen's county, is a curioltty. U is Qxteen miles in j^ngth, eaft and weft^ and feven or '^* J,-,. «3» NEW YORK. t>r eight miles wide. The foil is black, and to appear- ance tich, and yet it was never known to have any natural growth, but a kind of wild grafs, and a few (hrubs. It i$ frequented by varft numbers of plover« Rye grows tolerably well on Ibme parts of the plairu The mofl of it lies common for cattle, horfcs and Iheep. As there is nothing to impede the profpe£l in the whole length of this plain, it has a curious but tirefome cffc€t upon the eye, not unlike that of the ocean. The ifland contains 30,863 inhabitants. Staien Ifland lies nine miles fouthweft of the city of New York, and forms Richmond county. It is about eighteen miles in length, and, at a medium, fix or feven in breadth, and contains 3152 inhabitants. On the fouth Ade is a confiderable traA of level, good land ; but the ifland in general is rough, and the hilU high. Richmond is the only town of any note on the ifland, and that is a poor, inconfiderable place. The inhabitants are principally Dutch and Freixch. Hiftory.'] Hudfon's river was firft difcovered in 1608, by Heitry Hudfon, an £ngli(hman, who Told his claim to the Dutch* In 1614, the States General granted a patent to fev- cral merchants, tor an excludve trade on the river Hudfon. The fame year this company built a fort on the weft (ide of the river, near Albany, and named it Fort Orange. In 1614, (^i^ptain Argall, under Sir Thomas Dale, Govemour of Virginia, vifitedthe Dutch on Hudfon's river, "who being unable to refifl: him, prudently fub- mitted for the prefent, to the King of England, and under him to the Governour of Virginia. Determin- ed won the fettlement of a colony, the States General, in 16a 1, granted the country' to the Weft India com- pimy ; and in the year 1629, Wouter Van Twiiler arrived at Fort Amfterdam, now New York, and took upon himfelf the government. In Auguft'27, 1664, Govemour Stuyveiant furren- •dered the colony to Colonel Nicolls, who- had arrived in the bay a few days before, with three or four fliips aid about 300 foldieca, having a commiffion from King NEW YORK. «3S jCing Charles the II. to reduce the place, which theit was called New Am{lerdam, but was changed to New York, as was Fort Orange to Albany, in honour oHiis Royal Mighneis James Duke of York and Albany. Very few of the inhabitants thought proper to remove out of the country ; and their numerous dclccndants are ftill in many parts of this ftate, and New Jerfey. In 1667, at the peace of Breda, New York was con- firmed to the Engiifh, who in exchange, ceded Suri- nam to the Dutch. The Engiifh kept peaceable poflcflion of the coun- try until the year 1073, when it was taken by the Dutch, but was rciiorcd to the Engiifh the following year. The French, in 1689, inordor to detach the fix na- tions from the Britifh inlerefl, fent out feveral parties againfl the Engiifh colonies. One of the parties, con- filling of about 200 French, and fome of the Caghnu- aga Indians, commanded by D'Ailldebout, De Mantel and Le Moyne, was intended for fncrouy. A traveller, in pafling the common road from New York to Philadelphia, croGTes three confidcrable rivers, viz. the Hakkenjak and Pofuik between Bergen and Newark, and the Raritan by Brunfwick. The catarafl in Pofuik river, is one of the greatcfl natiiral curiofities in the ftate. The river is about forty yards wide, and moves in a (Tow gentle currenty- until coming within a (hort diftance of a deep cleft in ?• rock, which crofles the channel, it defcendi and falls above feventy feet perpendicularly, in one entire (heet. One end of the cleft, which was evidently made by fomt violent convulfion in nature, k clofed *, at the other, the water ru(hes out with incredible fwiftnefs,. forming an acute angle with its former dire£lion, and* is received into a largebafon, whence it takes a wind- ing courfe through the rocks, and fprt^dsinto a broady. fmooth ftream. The cleft is from four to twelve feet broad. The falling of the wat;er occafionsacloud of va« pour to arife, which, by floating amidft the fun beams, prefents to the view rainbows, that add beauty to the tremendous fcene. The weftenr bank of this river, bstween Newark and the faUs, afFords one of the* pleafanteft roads for a party of pleafure in New Jerfey. The bank being high, gives the traveller an elevated and cxtenfive view of the oppolite (hore, which i8< low and fertile, forming a landfcape pi6lurefque and beautiful. Many handfotne country feats adorn the fides of this river ; and there are elegant fituations for more. Gentlemen of fortune might here difplay their tafte to advantage. The fifh of various kinds with which this river abounds, while they would furnilH the table with an agieeable repaft, would afford the fportfman an ii\nocent and manly amufement. Civil Divifionst Populationy ^c] New Jerfey is di- vided into 13 counties, which are fulxlivided into t^ fownlhips or pr«cin6ls, as in the following T AB L^. Counties* »s*» NEW JERSEY. ii o elf C0U1«TI£S. Ci^iC May, Cumbcilaml, Salem. Is Gloucefler, BurlingtODi Hunterdnn, .Suflex, Bergen, Eflex, I Middlefex, Monmouth, r Somerfet, i Morris, i'rlnclpal towni. None, Bfidprtown. SJem. Wondbury and Glouccfter. riurlingtvn and Burdentdwn. Trenton. Newtown. Uakkcnfak. Newark and Elizabettuown^ Amboy and Brunt wick* Shrewsbury and Frcchi ury ai lofd. Boundbrook. Morriftdwn. Acrei of mprovcd land. 36,16c 84.582 1 19,297 156,979 194,60c 267,193 240^55 130,84? 109^17 166,14s 197,065 »73.»a4 X ^6,8cc Totat 2,032,587 Do. un- improv- ed. • U 'i. c . Z q |i .X Z 2«,C23 74.543 36.5^- 9 410 1200 "34.C49 9 11 IC 12 3 a6co 55.4*5 , i£,ii6 29,628 14.398 9,418 10,79a 7 6 1 J 94 1 1 42,868 2,763 30.42? 4^4.954 In- 1784) » cenfus of the Inhabitants was made by •Tder uf the kgifl^ture, when they tkmountcd to i>40,435, of which 10,501 were blacks. OF thcfe lliacks, 1939 only were flavcs; fo that tlie proporti«>n afflaves to the whole of the inhabitant* in the (tatc, Ma«oneto fevcnty fix. The populatign for evcty fquare mile is eighteen. In 1738, the number of inhabitants in New Jcrfcy was 47.3t'9 ; of which 3981 were flaves. In 1745, there were 61,403 inhabitants in the colony, of which. 4|6q6 were Haves* The average annual increafe cf in» hdl>itant& » > ■ NEW JERSEY. J37 » u oa •» a <£ c liJ ,c un- S i»^ "O o ov- --« • o Z MM» 5*3 J 4'20 — -~ ' 543 / I zoo ■— — ■ J-2 9 — "" :49 9 — — r— ^S 11 26co ^^ r— i6 i8 9* 7 6£ f made by in ted to ^f thcfe [>porti«>n he flate, >r evciy V Jerfcy t which, fe cl in- itaiUs. habitants in New Jerfcy fince the year 17381 has been ta 19, exclufivc o^ emigrations. Faceofthe Country, Soiland Produdions,"] The coun- ties uF Sulfcx, Murrii, and the northern part of fier* gen, are mountainous. As much as five eighths of mod of the fouthem counties, or one fourth of the whole (hitei is a fandy barren, unfit for cuhivation. The land on the fca coad in this, like that in the mofc fouthcrn Hates, has every appearance of made vround* The foil is generally a light land ; and by diggmg, on an average, about fifty feet below the I'urfacc, (which can be done, even at the didance of twenty or thirty miles from the fea, without any impediment from rocks or dones) you come to fait marlli. This date has all the varieties of foil from the word to the bed kind. It has a greater proportion of barrens than any of the dates. The barrens produce little clfe but (hrub oaks and white and yellow pines. In the hilly and mountainous parts of the date, which are not too rocky for cultivation, the foil is of a dronger kind, and covered in its natural date with dately oaks, hicko- ries, chefnuts, &c. &c, and when cultivated, produce* wheat, rye, Indian com, buck wheat, oats, barley, dax, and fruits of all kinds common to the climate. The land in this hilly country is good for grazing. »n4. the farmers feed great numbers of cattle for New York and Philadelphia markets ; and many of %)\em keep large dairies. The orchards in many parts of the date equal any in the United States, and their cyder is i^id, and not without reafon, to be the bed in the world. The markets of New York and Philadelphia receive a very confiderable proportion of their (upplies from the contiguous parts of New Jerfcy. And it is wor- thy of reitiark that thefe contiguous parts are exceed- ingly well calculated, as to the nature and fertility of their foils, td adbrd thefe fupplies ; and the interven- tion of a great number of navigable rivers and ci^eks renders it very convenient to market their produce* Thefe fupplies confid of vegetables of many kinds, apples, pairs, peaches, pluml^, ftrawberries, cherriesi M a and 138 NEW jersey; vnd other fruits *, cyder in large quantities and oftficr bed quulity, butter, cheefei beef, pork, mutton, and the I'efler meats. Trade»J • The trade of this (late is carried on almofE £olely with and from thofe two great commercial cit" ies, New York on one fide, arul Philadelphia on the other ; though it wants not good ports of its own. The articles exported, behdcs thofe already men- tioned, are wheat, flour, horfes, hve cattle, hams, which are celebrated as being the bell in the world, lumber, flax feed, leather, iron, in great quantities, in pigs and bars, and formerly copper ore was reckoned among their moil valuable exports ; but the mines have not. been worked fince the commencement oi the late war* Manufactures, "] Moft' oF the famtltcs in the c6unt. try, and many in the populous tovvns, are clothed in ilrong, decent homefpun ; and it is a happy circum- itance for our country, that this plain Ame r ican drefs is every day growing more fafhionable, not only in this, but in all the eadern and middle flates. The iron manufafture is tiie greateft fource of wealth to the ftate. Iron- works are ereftcd in Glou- celler, Burlington, Morris andother counties. The mountains in the county of Morris^ give rife to a num- ber of dreams neceffary axid convenient' for thefe works, and at the fame time furnifli a copious fupply of woodand ore of a fuperio^»r .juality. . In this coun- ty alone are no lefs than fever rich iron mines, from which might be taken ore fufficient to fupply the U- nited States ; and to work it into iron are two fur- jlaces, two rolling and flitting mills, and about thirty forges, containitYg from two to feur fire« each. Thefe works produce artnualty about 540 tons of bar iron, »8oo tons of pigs, befides large quantities of hollow ware, flieet iron, and naiF rodSi In the whole ftate, it is fuppofed there is yearly made about 1200 tons of bar iron, 1200 do. of pigs, 80 do. of nail rods, ex- clu(|ie of hollow ware, and various: other cafling^ o£ which vaft qiiantities are made^ * > «"*■* ' Alihougjii *r* fTEW JERSEY. n9 Although the bulk oF the inhabitants in this (late are farmers, yet agriculture has not been improved (a few in fiances excepted) to that degree which from long experience, we might rationally expc6t, anc> which the fertility of the foil in many pieces, feems to encourage. A great part of the inhabitants are Dutch's who, although they are in general neat and induftrious farmers, have very littte enterprize, and feldom adopC any new improvements in huftwindry, becaufe, thro' habits and want of education to expand and liberalize rheir minds, they think their old modes of tilling the bed. Indeed this is the cale with the gveat body of the common people, and proves almoft an infurmount*- able obftacle to agricultural improvements. Mim.t.'^ This flftte embofoms vad quantities of iron and copper ore. Caves.'] In the townfhip of Shrewfbury, in Mow- mouth county, on the fide of a branch of Naveftnk river, is a remarkable cave, in- which there arc three rooms. The cave is about thirty feet long, and fif- teen feet broad. Each of the rooms is arched. The center of the arch is about five feet from the bottom of the cave ; the (ides not more than two and an half. The mouth of the cave is ImaU ; the bottom is>a loofe fend ; and the arch is formed in a foft rock, through the pores of which the moifture is (lowly exm|||lta^ and falls in drops on the fand below. CharaSkr, Manners and Cu/hmsi] Many circumf^ fiances concur to render the(e various in different parts «)f the (late. The inhabitants are a-colle£lion of I.ow Dutch, Germans, Englifh, ScOtch» Irifh, and New Englanders, or dieir defcendants* National attach* ment and mutual convenience have generally induced thefe feveral kinds of people to fetde together in a body ; and in this way their peculiar national man- ners, cudoms, and chara£ler, are (llill preferved, clbec- ially among the lower clafs of people, who have tiVSH intercourfe with any but thofe of their own nation* Religion, although its tendency is to unite people in thofe things that are effential to happinefs, ^ladons wide dii£erence5 as to manixerS; cultoms, nReve« chai^flerv- ■ # - '* 1^ N E W J E R S E Y. chara£ler. The Prefbyterian, the Quaker, the £pif« copalian, the Baptift, the Gennan and Low Dutch Calviqi(i, the Methodift, and the Moravian, havo each their difting>^i^i>^g charafierifticks, either in their worfhip, their difcipline, or their drefs. There is'ftill another very perceptible charafleriftical difFer- cnce, diilin6l from either of the othevs, which arifes from the intercourfe of the inhabitants with different ftates. The people in Weft Jeriey trade to Philadel* phia, and of courfe imitate their fafhions, and imbibe .their manners. The inhabitants of Eaft Jerfey trade to New York, and regulate their fafhions and mannera according to thofe of New York. So that the differ- ence in regard to fafhions an'ri manners between £a-{l and Wefl: Jerfey, is nearly as great as between New York and Philadelphia. The people of New Jerfey are generally induftrious, frugal and hofpitable. There are, comparatively, but few men of learning in the ftate, nor can it be faid that the people in general have a tafte for the fcienceSr The lower clafs, in which may be included three fifths of the inhabitants of the ^vhole flate, are ignorant, and are criminally negleflfui in the education of their children. There are, how> ever, a number of gentlemen of the firlt rank in abili- ties and learning in the civil offices of the flate, and in tht^fiurfraUearncd profelTions. In^ not the byfinefs of a geographer to compliment the ladies ; nor would we be thought to do it when "we fay, that there is at leafl as great a number of in- duflrious, difcreet, amiable, genteel, and handfome women in New Jerfey, in proportion to the number of inhabitants, as in any of the thirteen ftates. Wheth- er an.adequate degree of folid mental improvement, anfwering to the perfonal and other ufeful qualities we have mentioned, is, .to be found among the fair of this jlate, is a more weighty concern. Perhaps it may be ftid with juflice, that in general, though there is.not the fame univerfal tafle for knowledge, difcernable aitiong the ladies here, as in fome other of the ftates, owin^p a great meafure to the ftate of foci^y, and ihe nflfts of improvement i there are^ however, many 4 H^^ » NEW JERSEY. f4t ftgnal inftances of improved talents among them, not furpafled by thofe of their fiUers in any of the othev itates. Religion.'] TTicre are, in this ftate, about 50 Prcf- byterlan congregations, ftibje6fc to the care of three Prefljyteiics, viz. that of New York, of New Brunfi- wick, and Philadelphia ; 40 congregations of the Friends ; 30 of the Baptills ; 25 of Epifcopalians ; 23 of the Dutch, befides a few Moravians and Meth- odifls. Colleges^ Academies and Schools*'^ There are two col- leges in New Jerfey ; one at Princeton, called Naffau JJall; the other at fintruwick, called Queens college* The college at Princeton was firfl founded about the year 1738, and enlarged by Governour Belcher in ] 747. It has an annual income of about /'•900 cur- rency ; of which £'.200 arifes fr'-n funded publick fecurities and lands, and the reft ^ ' le fees of the ftudents. The preltdent of the «:ol ^ - ^ alfo profefibr of eloquence, criticifm, and chronology. The vice preftdent is alfo profeiTor of divinity and moral phi- iofophy. Tliere is' alfo a profeflbr of mathcmaticks and natural philofophy, and two mailers of languages* The four clafles in college contain about feventy itu- dents. There is a grammar fcho<4 of about thirty, fcholars, conne£led with the college, under the fupf r4 intendence of the prefident, and taught by two matters. Before the war |his coUege was fumifhed with » philofophical apparatus, worth /".soo, which (except the elegant Orrery conftructed by Mr. Rittenhouie) was almoil entirely deflroyed by the Britiib arpiy in the late War, as' was alfo the library, which now coil* lifts pf between 2 and 3000 volumes. The college ediike is handlbmely built with {h>ne, and is 180 feet in length, 54 in breadth,, and 4 ftories high ; and is divided into forty two convenient cham- bers for the accommodation of the ftudents, befides ^ dining hall, chapel room, and a room for the library. Its fituation is exceedingly pleafant and healthful? The view from the college balcony is extenftii^and charming. w This. *P «4S NEW JERSJETY. This college has been under the care of a fucceflion of Prtfidents eminent for piety and learning ; and has furnifhed a number of civilians, divines, and phyficians of the fi:ft rank in America. It is remarkable, that all the Preiidents of this oUege, except Dr. Wither- fpoon, who is now Pietident, were removed by death very foon after their eleflion into office.* The charter for Queens college,, at Brunswick, was granted jufl before the war, in confeq\ience of an ap- plication from a body of the Dutch church. Its funds, raifed wholly by free donations, amounted, foou after its cilablilhment, to four thoufand pounds ; bui ihey were conliderably diminifhed by the war. The ftudents are under the care of a Piefident. This college has lately increafed both ir\ numbers and reputation. liiere are a number of flourilhing academies in thii ftate. One at Trenton, another in Hakkenfak, others at Orangedale, Freehold, Eliaabethtown, Burlington, Newark, Springfield, Morriftown, Bordentown, and Amboy. There are no regular eilablifliments for common fchools in the date. The ufual mode of ed- ucation is for the inhabitants of a village or neighbour- hood to join in affording a temporary fupport for a ichoolmafler, upon fuch tem^s mS is mutually agreeable. But the encouragement which thefe occaiional {each* crs meet with, is generally fuch, as that no perfon of abilitie:; adecjuate to the bufinefs, will undertake it y and of courte, little advantage is derived from thefe fchools. The improvement in thefe common fchools is generally in proportion to the wages of the teacher. Chief Towns.J There are a number of towns in this ftate, nearly of^ e<],ual fize and importance, and none that has more than two hundred houfes, compa6Uy liuilt. TaENTON is the largeft town in New Jerfey. This town, with Lamberton, which joins it on the: fouth, * AcitJfuSt Srifidenti. Exiuu M 1746, Rey« Jonathan Dickinfon, '7?|7*' 1748, Rev. Aaron Burr, '7^* _jj f^% Rev. Jonathan Edwards, i7$o» 1!l^-wkf^% Rev. Samuel Davie*, J 760,. I.701, Rev. Samuel Finley, D. D#. J760. J767,. Rev. John WJthertpoon, D» D. \ NEW J E E S E Y. X4I r»uth, contains two hundred houfes, and about fifteen hundred inhabitants. Here the Icgiflature meets, the fupreme court fits, and the publick offices arc all kept, except the fecretary'*s, which is at Burlington. On 4hefe accounts it isconfidered as the capital of the ftate. Burlington fckyj Hands on the eaft fide of the Delaware, twenty miles above Philadelphia by water, and fevcntccn by land. ' T'he ifland, which is the moll toopulous part of the city, is a mile and a quarter in length, and three quarters of a mile in breadth. On the ifland are 160 houfes. 900 white and 100 black inhabitants. There arc tw r^ houfes for publick wor- fliip in the town, one for the Friends or Quakers, who are the mo(i numerous, and one for Epifcopal* ians. The Other publick buildings are two market houies, a court houfe, and the be ft gaol in the ft ate. Befides thefe, there is an academy, a tree fchool, a nail manufaftory, and an excellent diftiUery, if that can be called excellent, which produces a poifon both of health and morals. Perth Amboy fcity) ftands on a iTcck of land in- cluded between Raritan river and Arthur KuU found. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and has one of the beft harbours en the continent. Veflels from fea may en- ter it in one tide, in almoft any weather. Brunswick (city) was incoroorav^d in 1784, and is fituatcd on the fouthweft fiae of Raritan river, -twelve miles above Amboy. It c6ntains about two hundred houfes, and fixteen hundred inhabitants, one half of which are Dutch. Its fituation is low and un- pleafant^ being on the bank of the river, and under a "high hill which rifesback of the town. Princeton is apleafant, healthy village, of about fighty houfes, fifty two miles from New York, and lorty three from Philadelohia. Eli zabethtown and Newark are pleafant towns; the former is fifteen, and the latter nine miles fronw New York. Newark is famed for its good cyder. ConJ^I^Uion,'] The government of this ftate is veft* ed in tuovemour, legiflative council, and general «£• rembly« The Govemour is chofen annusdly ll|fr dnr council t44 NEW J E Jt S E Y. council and aflembly jointly. The legiflative council is compofcd of one member from each county, cholen annually by the people. The general aflembly is com- poicd of three members from each county, chofeu by the (re mco. The council i^ufp one c? "heir members to be Vice Prefident, who, when the avcrnpur is abfent from the ftate, poflcfles the fupre. .e executive power. The council may originate any bills, excepting preparing and altering any money bill, which is the fole prerog- ative of the aflembly. Hijtory.'] The firfl; fettkrs of New Jerfey were a number of Dutch emigrants from New York, who came over between the years 1614 and 1620, and fet- tled in the county of Bergen. Next after thefe, in 1627, came ovef a colony of & /edes and Finns, and fettled on the river Delaware. The Dutch and Swedes, tho\^gh nut in harmony wHh each other, kept pofleflion of the country many years. In Match, 1034, Charles II. granted all the territory called by the Dutch New Netherlands, to his brother the Duke of York. And in June, 1664, the Duke grant- ed that part now called New Jerley, to Lord Berkley of Strattqn, and Sir George Carteret, jointly ; who, in 1665, agreed upon certain conceflions with the people for the government of the province, and appointed Philip Carteret, Efq. their Covernour. The Dutch reduced the country in 1672 ; but it was rcfliored by the peace of Weflminiler, February 9t,h, 1-674. This.ftate was the feat of war tor feveial years, dur- ing the bloody conted between Great Britain and A- merica. Her lofles, both of men and property, in proportion to the population and wealth of the ilate, was greater than of any other of the thi-rteen ilates. When General Wafhington was retreating through the Jeriies, almoft forfaken by all others, her militia were at all times obedient to his orders ; andior a con- fiderable length of timC) compoled the ftrengthjof bis army. There is hardly a town in th& flAte th^ay in tlHrjIlogrefsof ihe Britilh annyi that wasnot rendered r iignal ♦'. P E N N S Y L V A N I A. . 145 dgnal by fome enterprize or exploit* At Trenton the enemy recetved a check, which may be Cuid vtlth J uftice to hav« turned the tide of the vf ar. Af Prince- ton, the feat of the mufes, they refceived another, whichi united, oblwed them to retire with precipita- tion, and to take refuge in dirgracel'ul winter quarters. But whatever honour this ftate might derive irom the relation, it is not our bufinefs to give a particular de- fer! ption of battles cr fteges ; we leave this, to the pen of tne hiftorian, and ohly /^bferve in general, that the many military atchievcroents peffofmeffby'the Jcrfey ft)ldiGm, g^ve this (late one of the '^l^.|:anks among her fifters in a military vie w^ and entijtle her to a (hare of praife that bears no p-6pcrtion to 'her "fize, in the accompUfhment of the late glorious revolution. . P E N N S y L V A ,N I A, nitet. Breadth is« f wwecn ^ ^q l^r^iAjl^ui ^o ^/^ Longitude. BOUN:DED End, by Delaware r^vcr ; North, by the parand of 42P north latitude, which divides it from thie ftate €>F- New Vork v Souihyb^ Delawar^, Maryland^ and- Virginia; Weft, by ijpartof VfrgifiiOi and the Wcftem Territory (fo called) *nd from" a tra jk of UmcL^enty- mil«fi i^xivee, which ^ttacconfinned^O Conneracut by Congrefs. The nqr^hwcft corner of Penhfylvania extends about one mile lahH ah halfinto Lake Eric, and is aboartwenty mrles v/eft of the old French for t at' Ptefque Ifle. iTjie ft«iteires in the f9rnt of a parsdklogram, and contains aboul 44,90^ fqu^ire miles, CQukl to about ftS^SoojOOoa^rts. ' ■ > r-,^Cml Divijans.'] PcRnrylvania is divided Ihio twcnt^comt^iics, which, with their county towns, fit- ^atiqcp&c. wcjpcntionedin the (pllowing TABtE* N ■■'■Pfif" NTfESt m >*^ .* i' i^46 ^- PEI^NSYLVANIA. Mootgomeryt CoVMTIBS. Fhiladelph..ft..;v;| Chefter, Philadelphia, ttucks, Laocafter, Dauphin, Berks, Northampton, Luzerne, iJta.' York, Cumberland, Northumberland, Franklin, 3edC9td« ■ ' . —I . ■ Huntingdon. Weflmoreland,. ^ayette. -«— *• Wwthington^ Aiy^ f'"y- , , County Towns.' Situation. Philadelphia, WeftCheftrf, On Delaware R. Philadelphia,. tVcwt ;on. Norrifton, Lancafler, Louiiburg, Reading, Eafton, Wilkfborough, York, CarliOe, Sunburyj Chamberflown, Pedfor4» Huntingdon, ' Ore^i^urgf Union, Wafltingtpn, Pi>:lburg. On Siifqueb* R- Qn Delaware R. On Delaware R. OnSchuylk. Jk On Sufqueh. R. On Sufqueh. R. On Schuylk. R. On Delaware R. On Sufqueh. R On Sulqueh. II. On Sufqueh. R. Pn w. branch S. On Sufqueh. R. On Jiiniatta R. On Juniatca R. t i' - ii 1 1 11 1 J .1 On AUegany II. On'Monongahe. S.W. cor. hate, On Allegany R. Minea, Arc. !ron ore. Iron ore. Iron ore. Iron ore, ^1 ■-.. Coalm.&c. Iron ore. Coalmines* Iron ore. Lead m.&c iron m«&c. CoaI'minest Coalmines* Fivers.'] There arc fix confiderable river?, which, wkb their ftumerous bt-anches,. peninfulate the whole flate ; viz. the Delaware, Scho^dkillj Sufquehannab, Yohogjiny, Monongabela, and Allegany. From the tnouth of Delaware bay, v^here Deljtwattet^ivet' Emp- ties into the ocean, to Philadelphia, is reckomed 1 18 'wiles. So far there is a fufficient is called mountainous; particularly the ^unties of Bedford, Huntingdon, Cumberland, part of Franklirl, Dauphipv and p^of Bucks and Northampton, through which pafs, unacr various names, the numerous. ridges and fpurs, which coUe£livcly form what we chufe to call, for the fake of clearnefs, the g&^at kamge of aL" L£GAMY MOUNTAIKI. ^ ^ r There is ». remarkable difference iietween the coun« try on the eall and wefl fide of the range of mountains we havQ jull been defcribing. Between thefe moun* tains and the lower falls of the rivers which run into= the Atl^ntick, not only in this, bu: in ^11 thz fouthern ilatesj.are fcveriji ranges of flonej, fand, earths and minerals, which lie in the u^ft confufion. B^ of ^*^l ^ • .% ^4^ P E N I^ S Y L V A It 1 A. of ftcipic, of vafl extent, particularly of lime ftone, have their Icvcral l?)xrs broken in pieces, and the fragments thrown confufedly in every dire£)ien. Between thefe lower falls and the ocean, ts a. very extenfivc colIc£lion of fand) clay, mud aod (hells, partly thrown up by the waves of the fca, partly brougnt dowrliby floods from the upper county, and partly produced by the decay of vegetable fubflances. Tiie country weftward of the Allegany mountains, in Ihefc relpefts, is totally different. It is very irregular, broken and variegatecl, but there are no mountains ; and when viewed from the moft weftfern ridge of the Allegany, it appears to be j» vaft extended plain. All the various ftrata of Jlohc Appear to have lain undiRurbed in the fitualton wherein the)' were firft formed. The layers of clay, fand andcoal) are nearly horizontal. Scarcely a fin* Jle inAanee is to be found to the contrary. Every ppearance, iifi fliorf, tend* to confirm thyopinio'ir, ♦hat the origfnal cruft, in which the ftone Was formed, has never been broken im on the weft fidt of thb mountains, as it evidently has been eaftwaiid bf them. Th^ foil is 6f the various kinf48 ; m (ort}6 parts it t» barren ; a gn;at proportion of th6 ilatc is g66d larv^; aiid her Jnconfiderahle part ii very good, l^erhaps the proportion of firfl ratt land i^ riot greater iii any of^hethiiteen flates. The richefl part of the ftate Ihit is fcttlted is Lancaftcr county. The richett that is unfcttlcdi is between Allcj^any river and Lake Eric, in the north W:cfl corner oF the ftate. ; The pwdtice frofm culture confifts of wheaiH Xvhich 5s the ftapic critnm^dtty of the flate, fome rye, Indian cor^l buck' tvheaf, oats, fptelz, barley, which is now raifed in gVtaier quantities than formerly, Occafioncd by the vaft confuraption ©f it by the breweries in Philadelphia,' hemp, fla* and vfegeiibles of aU the va- iious kinds common to the cittnatc. Pennfylvania is a good grazing <^'ountry, ''and great numbers bf cattle arc fed, an^ large dairies are kept, but their be^f, pork and chcefe^are hot reckoned fogoodasfHbfetofCon- •neflicut and the' ot,her parts of N^ Engliiid j but iheir butter has bectillf|pofcd (bpcriflur. » Climatti 1^ m. ■^- PENNSYLVANIA. 149 r. Climatet Lengevityt (Sc"] Nothing different from that ofi^onnel^cut ; except, that on the wed fide of the mountains, the weather is much more regular. The inhabitatus never feel thofe quick trantitions from cold to hfpt, by a change of the wind from north to foalh, as thofe fo freciuently experience, who live cadward of the mountams, and near the fea. The hot fouthwardly winds get chilled by palling over the long chain of AUeganv mountains. This (late, having been fettled but little more than a hundred years, is not fufHciently old to determine from fads the (iate pf longevity. Among the people called Quakers, who aj:e the oldeft fettlers, theretare indances of longevity, occafioned by their living in the old, cultivated counties, and the temperance im- ofed on them by their religion. There are fewer .ong liv4^ people kmong the Germans, than among- other nations, occafioned by their excefs of labour and low diet. They live chiefly upon vegetables apd wa- tery food, that affords too little nouriOiment to'; repair the wade of their drfngth by hard labour. Nearly one half of the children bom in Philadel- phia, die under two years of age, and chiefly with a difeafe in the domach and-bowels. Very fe^ die at this a^e in the country.- Populatiorty CharaiUrt MannersyCScJ] In 1787, tlio inhabitants in Pennfylvania, were reckoned iSit 360,000. It is probable they are now more numerous ; perhaps 400,oop. If we fix them' at this, the population for every fquare mile will be only nine *, by which it ap- pears that Pennfylvania is only one fifth as populous as Connc;6licut. But Conne6ticut was fettled nearly half a century before Pennfylvania ; fo that in order to do judice to Pennfylvania in the comparifon, we mud anticipate her probable population fifty years hence* The inhabitants pf Pennfylvania confid of migrants froth Enghind, Ireland, Germany and Scotland, The Fiiends and ^ifcopalians are chiefly of Englifh ex- tra3:ion, and compofe abou|||pe third of the inhabit- ant*. They live principally m the city of Philadel- N» ♦phia, # f> 150 P "E N N S V L V A 1^ I A. phia, and in th« eounties of Ghcfler, Philtdcl jhia, Bucki arid'M we may ^enture to mfention induftry, frugality^ bor- dering in Tomfe inftanceii on parfimony, enterprise, a tafte and ability ftjr improvements in mcchanieks, in manufa6hires, ih agriculture, in cbthWercB and in- the liberal fcientes ; temperance, plainnefs aillt fimplfcity in drefs and manners ; jgride and humility in their ex- tremes ; inofFenfivcntlphd intrigUe *, ih regard to re- ligion,' variety and barihony j libera^ and its oppo* 0. PE^NSYLV^ANIA. t^t fitoSf fuperftition and bigotry j and in poltticki an un- happy jargon* Such appear to be the dtftinguifhlng traits in the colleilive Pennlylvanian chandler. Rei^ioi^*! Of the great variety of vdigiout denom- i nations in 'Wnnfy I vania, the Fribn^i or Qi^AKimf are the moft numerous. They were the ftrii fetlUra of Pennfylvania in t68a, under WtlUam Pciin, and have ever Hnce flourilhed in the free enjoyment of their leligion. They neither give titles, nor ufe corn* pliments in their converUtion or writings, beheving that whatjoeoer is more thanytut yta, and nay, nay, cimutk of tvii* They conicientiouAy avoiilt as unlaw fid, kneeling) bowing, or uncovering the head to any per- ibn. They difcard all fuperfluitics indreieoi equipagei all games, fports and plays, as unbect>ming the thrifts ian. * Swear not at all,' is jjn article of their creed, literally eiiferved in its utmofi extent. Thev believe it unlawful to fight in jvny cafe whatever ; and think that if their tncmy /mite thm on the om (keek, ihey^ufkt to turn t» him the other alfo* They are generaUy hontft^ pun6lual, and even p^lilious in their dealings ; prov- ident fot the neceflities of their poor; iriends to hu* tnanity, and of courfe enemies to Qavery j ^p tra^io^i^ now in this fiate ; all of whom have one or more congregations under their cave ; and many of them preadHin fplendid and expeniive churches; and yet the firft Lutheran minifter, who arrived in Penn- fylvania about forty years agoipiyas »tiv Of this religion there are about 1300 fouls in Pen^ytyi^'* nia» viz. between 500 and 600 in Bethlehem, 4^0 in Nazareth, and upwards of 300 at Litiz, in Lancafter county. They call themfelves the * United Brethren of the Proteftant £pifcopal church,* They are called Moravians, becaufe the hrft fettlers in the Englifli do- minions were chiefly migrants from Moravia. As to their do£binal tenets, and the piadlical inferences thence deduced, they appear to be effcntiaUy right, and fuch as v/ill not be excepted again (I by any candid and liberal pcrfon who haj made himfelf acquainted with them. They profels toJive in flri£l obedience to the ordinances ofiCbnil, {och asi the ohfervatifp of the fabbath, infant baptifm, and the Lord's Supper ; and in addition to thele, they pra£iice * The Foot wafhing, the Ki(s of Love, and the ufe of th<; Lot ;' for which their, reafons, if not conclufive. Are yet plaudble. They were introduced intp America by Count ZindMndorf, and fettled at Bethlehem» whicn is their princiPU fettlement in America, as early as 1741. The TvNKERsare (o called in dcriuon, from the word tuTiktHi to put a morfd infauce. The ^ngHHi word that conveys the proper meaning of Tw^ers is Sops or Dipptrs* They are alfo called Tumblers, from the manver in wluch they perform baptifm, which is by putting tiie perfbn, while kneeling, head fird un- der water, lo as to refemble the motion of the bo^y'^n the a£Uon of tumbling. The Germans found the let- ters t and b like d and p \ hence the words Tunkers and Tumblers have been torruptly writtei) Dunkers smd Di^plers. Tht; f>r{l appearing of thefe people in America, was in the fall of the year i7i|||[, when about twenty families landed in Philadelphiay and dif> perfed themfelves in various parts^of Hmnfylvania. /They ufe great plainnefs of drefs and language, and .will neither fwear, n9|, fight, nor go to law, por take intetCft for the money they lead.^hey commonly . ^ ■ %.^ W" % wear #*■ ■JV P E HN S Y L VAN I A. 153 Tvear their beards— keep the firft day Saboath, except one congregation— have the Lord's Supper with Its ancient attendants of Love feads, with wafhing of feet,. kifs of charity, and right hand of fellowfhip. They anoiBJIthe fick with oil ibr their recovery, and ufe the triiKrallnerrion, with laying on of hands and prayer, even while the perfon baptifed is in the water. On the whole, notwithflandifig their peculiarities, they appear to be humble, welt meaning chriftians> and have acquired the chara£ler of the harmUfs Tunkers. Their principal fettlement is at Ephrata, fometimes called Tutikers towrt, in Latitfa fler county, fixty miles vveftward of Philadelphia. The brethren have adopt« cd the White Friar's drefs, with fomc alterations ; the fiders, that of the nuns ; and both, Iik6 them, have taken the vow of celibacy. All however, do not keep the vow. When they qiarry, (hey leave theit cells and gD am6ng the married people. *• The Mbnnonists derive theirnamefttnuMemia Simon, a native of Witmars iti Geninany, a man of ka rnrng^ born in the year 1 ^05, in the time of tlio reformafioh bj^ Lutlier and €alvth. Me #a»^fkifl:^i}s Rotnan Catholick preacher till abdut thcycar 1531^ when he becathe k Baptift. Sopte of Hiii d^Htmcn cahie into Pennfylvaniiuom NcW Yoi-fci ttndMled at Germantown^ as eariy as 1692. Thii is at |irefent thei r pri n cipal congregation, and tlie mothei^ ' of the reft. They m moft refpeas refeitiA)!^ the Tuoktr^ They call themfelves the Harttikft dil^tlli^n^ fte* Vengelefs chriftians, and Wfeapohlfcft «!h¥iftiatti'": ' JLitirary^ ' Himaneidridcthe^ u^^ui SbcitH&^J\' * Thef* arcv fbore numerous and flourifhing ih H^nfylvania than in any of the Thineen States;' 'tht names of thefe improving inftitutiohs follow. * — ir. TfieAfniritan PhUofopkicaiSotittyf'ftcH&t PhtU" de.lphiayjar promoting ufeful kiioioUdge. 2. The Society f&r promUing political enquiries, g. The College 'ofP'ky* ficidtns, 4. The Union Library Compa'ty vf FhilAde/jphia* 5'. The Peni^haiia Hojpital 6; f he Philadelphia Di/- penfaryyfor the tnedital relief of the poor, f<. The Ptnn^ Jylvanjia Socitty for promoting the Abolition of Slavery , and »'t- 154. PENNSYLVANIA. the reiief of Free Negroes unlawfully held in bondage, 8» The Society oj the United Brethren for propagating the go/pelatnong the heathens, 9. Ihe Pennfylvania Society jot the encouragement oJ nianuf&Uures and vfeful arts, 10. The Society for aileviating the tniferiesofpri/ons, 11. The Humane Society, for recovering and reJiori^djoMfe. the bodies of drowned perfons ; befides i'everal others. Colleges, Academies and Schools,^ In Philadelphia is- a University, founded during the war. Its funds were partly given by the ftate, and partly taken from tlie old college of Philadelphia. A medical fchool, which was founded in 1 765^ is attached to the uni- verflty ; and has profelTors in all the branches of med- icine, who prepare the (ludents (whofe number, year- ly« is 5P or 60) for degrees in that fcience. Dickinson College^ at Carlifle, 120 miles wefl- ward of Philadelphia, M^as founded in 1783, and has a principal-^three profeflbrs— a philofophical appa- ratus— >a library confiding of nearly 3000 vblumes-i. four thoufand pounds in funded certificates, anfl io,ooo< acres of land; the lail the donation of the fiate. la i787,th);ro werpieighty (IndenU, belonging to this col^ lege. This number is annus^y increaftng. It was namcdafter his e,xcellency John Dickinfon, formerly prefideitt of this ilate. In S767, a coJlege was founded at Lancafter, 66 miles fr9«i^;PHil'■■ si56 P E N N S Y L Y AN I A. «a€h» one at each comer of the city, rriginatly referv> ed for publick and common ufes. And in the center of the <:ity, where Broad ftreet and Market ftreet in- terfefl each other, is a fquare of ten acres, referved in like manner, to be planted withTows ..■■: trees for pub- lick walks. .'f. Philadelphia was founded in 168 >i, by thcicdebrat- cd William Penn, who, in Oftober, 1701, granted a €harter,^ncorpoTating the town with city privileges. Philadelphia npw contains about 5000 houfes ; in general, handfomeiy built of brick ; i|nd 40,000 in- habitants, compoled of a!r;ic-ft all nations and relij ions. Their places for religious worlhip are .as lows. - 4. TLe Friends or Quakers, have 5 • The Sweififli tutherans^ 'Ug- fof. The Prelbyterians, The £4)ircopaliap$, 3 The German Luftlirrans, 'a The 'German Calvinifts, i jThc Catholjcks, The Moravrans, The Baptifts, * The Univerfa! Baptlfts, The Methodifts, , 3 f The Jewt, * The other pubh'ck buildings in the city, befides the univerfity, academies, &c already mtntioned, Arc, tlic 'following, viz. *,f*'' A houfe of .co'creftion, ' >A publick faiftory of linen| cot- toll ^tid Wboleo, A publick obfervatorv, Tiiree brick market noufet^ A fifh market, ^v A publick gaol. A ftate houfe and o(Bce8| A city court houfe, A county court houfe, ^ carpeoter's halj, A philofophic^l-fociei^^s hail, A difpt'nfary, • A holpitxl and eiBc««« #. .An aimi houfe* In Market 'ftreet, between Front and Fourth llrcets, is the principal market, built of brick, and is 1500 feet in length. This market, in refpe£l to the (Quantity, the' variety aiMJlpeatne^ of theprovifipns, >s note- quailed in America, and perlii^ps npt' exceeded in the world. ■'.',.■■:; The PhJladelphHins are not To focial, nor perhaps fo liofpitable as the people in Bofton,*Cliai'lefton and 'New York. Vario«f$:caulie8lfi4v« contributed talhis '^ifierence, -Among wluch the moft operative«has been the prevaleoce or party fpirit, yrhich hi« been and is xarriol to greater lengths iii this « ity, tha?i in-tny rOthor a* ^»R \'t P'ENNSYLVANIA. »5? in America ; yet no city can boaftof ib many ufeful improvements in manufa6lures, in the mechanical arts, i^ the art of healing, and particularly in the fci* encc of luimanity. In (hort, whether we confider the convenient local fituation, the ftze, the beauty, the va- riety and utility bf the improvements, in mechanicks, in agriculture and manufactures, or. the induliry, the enterprize, the humanity and the abilities, of the in- habitants of th(5-city of Philadelphia, it merits to be viewed as the capital of the Hourifliing £\rriRE of United AMKRiCA. Lancaster is the largell inland town in America, .1^ is 66 miles weft from Philadelphia. It contains about 900 houfes, belides a mod elegant court houfe, a number of handfome churches and other publick buildings, and about 4,500 fouls. Carcisle is the featof juftice in Cumberland coun- Jy, and is 120 miles weflward of Philadelphia. It contains upwards of 1500 inhabitants, who live in near 300 fione houfes, and worllnp in three churches. They have alfo a court houfe and a college. Thirty four years ago, thisi fpot was a wlldemcfs, and inhab- ited by Irvdians and wild beafts. A like inftance of the rapid progrefsof th&^rtsof.civilized life isfcaice- ly to be found in hiftory. PiTTSBURGjH, on the weftem fidc of the Alleganv mountains, is 320 m«les weftward of Philadelphia, is beautifully fituatedon apoirt ollland between the Al- legany and Monongahela rivers, and about a quarter ©fa mile above theirconiluence, in lat. 40° 26' north. It contained in 1787, 140 houfes, and 700 inhabitants, who are Preibyterians and Epifcopalians. The fur- ] ounding country- is very, hilly bu||iertile, and well Ibored with excellent coal. « This town is laid out on Penri's plan, and is a thor- oughfare for the incredible number of travellers from the eaftem and*middle ftates, to the fettlcments on the Ohio, anJ increafes with aftonilhing rapidity. Curious Springs. 1 In the neighbourhocd of Read- ing, is a fpnng ab^at fourteen feet deep, arul about ;iQO feet Iquare. A full mill ftream ilTues from it. . . O The #^ .h. If'lBf ' ■• 158 P E N N S Y T, V A' N I A. The v/aters are clear and full of fifhes. From ap- pearances it is probable that thisfpring is' the opening or outlet of a very confiderablr; river, Tvhich, a mile and an half or two miles above this place, finks into the earth, and is conVeiyed to this outlet' in a iubtcr- ranean channel. . * In the northern parts of Pcnnfylvania there h a creek callv<;d Oil creek, which empties ihio the Alle- gany river. It iffues from a fpnn^, on ilvs top ot which floats an cH, fimilar to that called Barbitdoes tar ; and from which one man may gather Teveral gallons in a day. The troops lent to guaiu the weft- cm pofts, halfrd at this fpring, coiicflcd fomc of the oil, and bathed their joints. relief from the. rhc which thev were aflefted. great This gave Iherh comp'iints with vUh it. o-vntiek The vvi'ters, o*^ which the troops drank freely, operated as . gentle purge. RcmarkabU Caves.'] There are three remarkable grottcs or cave? in thss fiate ; one near Carlifle, in Cumberland county ; one in the townfhip of Durham, in Beck's county, «,nd the other at Swetard, in Lan- tafter county. Of the two former 1 Ijave received no parti ihr defcriptions. The latter is on the caft bank of bu etara river, about two miles abbVe its con- fluence with the Sufquehannah. Its entrance is fpa- cious, and del ^-^nds fo much as that the furface of the river is rather iugherthan the bottom of the cave. The vault of this cavils of iblid lime done rock, per- haps twenty feet thick. It contains (cveral apart- xnentSj foinc of them very high and fpacious. The water is inceffantly percolating through the roof, and falls in drops to U^ bottom of the cave. Thefe drops petrify as they jp|^' and have gradually formed fotid pillars, which appear as jfl^pports to the roof. Thirty years ago there were ten fui^h pillars, each fix inches in diameter, and fix feet high ;/all fo ranged that the place they cnclofed refemblcd a fanftilary in a Roman church. No royal throne ever exhibited more gran- deur than this lufus natunti The refemblances of ieveral ftionuments are found indented in the walls on the fides of the cave, which appear like the tombs of , departed PENNSYLVANIA. 159 CT>artevl httroes. Sufpended from the roof is * the Sov^'i o? ihe i v ;6Htes are 'hi a colour like fugar tihndy, ^id othcnv refemhle loaf fagar ; but their beau> iy is much defaced by the country people. Thf. wa- ter, which per9pUtcs through the root, fo much of it as v not petrified 'n its courfe, runs down the declivi- ty, and IS bv'th pleafant and wholefome to diink* There are fevcral holes in the bottom of the cave, dc- fccndlni. t, vrpendicularly, perhaps into an abyfs below, which renders ii dangerous to walk without a light. At the end of the cave is a pretty brook, which, after a (hort courfe, lolies itfelf among the rocks. Beyond this brook is an outlet from the cave b^r a,very narrow aperture. Through this the vapours continually pats outwards with a ftrong current of air, and afcend, rc- fembling, at night, the fmoke of a furnace. Part of thefe vapours and fogs appear, on afcending, to be con- denfed at the head of this great alembick, and the more volatilt parts to be carried off, throug)x the aperture commuoicating with the exteriour air ^^fore mentioned, by the force of the air in its paflage. Con^ifytUon^l By the prefent conditution of Penn- fylvania, which was eflablifhed in September, 1776^ all IsgiOatiye pcuyer^ are lc>dg||L in a (ingle body ,qx mtTO^ whicii is ftiled * The gen^l affembly of repre- r<$Ota^vf th« fatac month. The :f- liio PENNSYLVANIA, The fuprcmc executive pdwer is lodged in a prcfi- dent, and a council confiding of a member from each county. The prelident is eleitied annually by the joint ballot of the auembly and council, and from the mem- bers of council. A vice preftdent is chofen at the .iame time. The counfellors are chofen by the freemen, every third year, and having fervcd three years, they arc in- eligible far the four fucceeding years. The appoint- ments of pne third only of the members expire every year, by which rotation no more than one third can be new members. New Inventions.'] Thcfe have been numerous and ufcful. Among^^dicrs are the following : A new model of the praiiAiry worlds, by Mr. Rittenhoufei commonly, but improperly called an orrery— a quad- rant, by IVIr, Godrrey, called by the pbgiary name of lladlcy's quadrant — a fleam boat, fo conllru^ed, as that by the aflifbmce of fleam, operating on certain tnachinery within the beat, it moves with confidcr- ablc rapidity againft the flream, without the aid of hands> MefTieurs Fitch and Rumfay contend with each other for the honour of this invention. A new printing prefs, lately invented and conflru£led in Phil- adelphia, worked by one perfon alone, who performs three fourths as much work in a da/ as two perfons at a common prefs. ^ B^jjlples thefc there have been in- vented many manufacturing machines, for carding, fpinning, winnowing, &c. which perform an-immenfe deal of work with very little manual afli (lance. Hijlory,'] PennfylVania was granted by KingCharles ir« to Mr. Willk|i| Penn, fbn of the famous admiral Penn, in confidfflRion oF^iis father's fervices to the crown. Mr. Penn*s petition for the grant was pre- fentcd to the King in 1680 ; and after confiderable de- lays, occafioned by Lord Baltimore's agent, who ap- prehended it might interfere with the Mai y land pat- ent, the charter of Pennfylvania received the royal fignatur<5^on the 4th of March, i'68i. By the favourable terms which Mr. Penn-ofT^red to fettlers, and an unlimited toleralioxf of all religimis * ' denominationS| . D E L A W A Ry' E. t6t denominations, the population of the province was ex- tremely rapid. Notwith (landing the attempts of tho proprietary or hisgovemours to extend his own pow- er, and accumulate property by procuring grants from the people, and exempting his lands from taxation, the government was generally mild« tnd the burdens of the people by no means oppreflive. The lelfiiH defigns of the proprietaries were vigoroufly and conftantly oppofed by the aflfembly, whcfe firmneff preferved the charter rights of th.. province. At the revolution, the ffovemment was abolifhed. The proprietaries were abfent, and the people by their reprefentatives formed a new conftitution on repub-* lican principles. The proprietaries were ei.cluded from all (hare in the government, and the legiflature offered them one hundred and thirty thoufand pounds in lieu of all quit rents, which was finally accepted. The proprietaries, however, ftill poUipfs in Pennfyl- vania many large tra£b of excellent land* D E L A W A R E. mllf*. Length pa ) i„^^„._ S 3*° 3o' *n^ 4®° North Latitude. Breadth i6 j *"**«*" i ^0° 4n4 I ° 45' Weft Longit^de. BOUNDED North, by Pennfylvania ; Eaft, by Delaware River and Bawjn^ South, by a due eaf): and weft line, from Cape Hcmopen, in lat. ^8° 3a' to the middle of the peninfula, which line divides the ftate frtwn Worceiler county in Maryland ; Weft, by Maryland. Civil Divifions,'] The Delaw^MI ftate is divided into three counties, viz. * Chief Towns. Wilmington and Newcaftle, Dover. Milford and Lewiftown. Counties. Newcaftle, Kent, Sufiex, Rivers*'] Choptank, Nanticok and Pocomoke, all have their fources in this ftate, and are navigable for veifeh of ^o or 60 tons, 20 or 30 miles into the coun- 02^ try. IDS D B^ L A W A R Ev try. They all run a wcdwardly courfe into Ghcfa* peek Bay. The eaftcm fide oi the (late, along Dela> ware bay and river, is indented with a great number of (mall creeksj but none conQdcrabie enough to merit a dcfcription. Soil and ProduSlitnsJ] The fouth part of the ftale is a lo V, flat country, and a conrtderablc portion of it lies in forell. What is under cultivation is chiefly barren, except in Indian corn, of which it produces ,; Ane crops. In (bmc places rye and ilax may be raiJl« ^ ed, but wheat is a foreigner in thefe. parts. Where nature is deficient in one rcfuurcc, (lie is generally bountiful in another. This i.s verified in the tMily thick forefls of pines which are manufii6iured Into boards, and exported in large quantities into every fcaport in the three adjoining ilates. As you proceed norths the foil is more fertile, and produces wheat in large quantities, which is the Ilaple commodity of the fb'c. They faife all the otlier kinds of grain commoii' tc Pennfylvania. Cliitf TownsC] Dover, in the county of Ken f, is the feat of government. Ii Itands on Jones* creek, a few miles from Delaware river, snd confi/ls of about lOO houfes', principally of bi" ^k. Four Ilreets inter- feft each other at right angles, in the center of the town, whole incidencies form a fpacious parade, on the eall iide of which j|,an elegant ilate houfe of brick. The town has a lively appearance, and drives on a conliderable trade with Philadelphia; Wheat is the principal article of export. The landing is five or TiX miles from the town of Dover. Newcastle i^^ miles below Philadelphiaj on the wed bank of Deliware river. It was firfl fettled by the Swedes, about the year 1627, and called Stock- helm. It was afterwar-ds^taken by the Dutch, and called New Amflerdam. When it fell into the hands of the Englilh, it was called by its prefenl name. It contains about 60 houfes, which have the afpetlof decay, and was formerly the fea of government. — This is the lirft town that was fettled on Delaware nver. WlLMlli'GTON ■a" D E L A W A- R*^s 1^3 WiiMiNGTOM is fituated a mile and a half wed of- DcUware liver, on Chniliana creek, 28 miles IbuHi- wafd frovn Philadelphia. It is much the largeli and f)leafantc(l town in Uie iiatey containing about 400 lOuCes, which are hindlomely buiU upon a gentle ar'- cent of an eminence, and fhovv to ||roat advantage as you fail up the Delaware. Befides other publick buildings, there is a flouridi- ing academy of about 40 or 50 fcholars, who arc tauaht the languages, and fome of the fcienccs, by an able in- ltru6lor. This academy, in proper time, is intended to be erc61%d into a college. Thure is another acade- my at Newark, in this county, which was incorporat- ed in 1769, and then had 1 4 truftees. MiLt'ORo, the little emporium ot Suflex county, is fituatcd at the fource of a fmall river, 15 miles from Delaware bay, and 150 fouthward of Philadelphia. This town, wliich contains about 80 houfcs, has been built, except one houfe, (ince the revolution. It is laid out with much tafte, and is by no means difagrcc- able. The inhabitants are Epifcopalians,^ Quakers and Methodifls* Duck Creek, is 12 miles north weft from Dover, and has about 60 houfes, which Hand on one llrcet. It carries on a confiderable trade with Philadelphia^ and certainly merits a more pompous name. A milo fouth from this is fituated Goveniiour Colhns' planta- tion. His houfe, which is large and elegant, flands a Quarter of a rpile from the road, and has a pleaiing cf- left upon the eye of the traveller. Trade.^ The trade of this (late, which is inconfid- erable, is carried on principally withpjPhiladelphia, in boats and (hallops^ The articles exported are princi- pally wheat, corn, lumber and hay. Rdigwn.'] There aic, in this ftate, 21 Prefbyterian congregations, belonging to the Synod of Philadelphia; feven Epifcopal churches ; fix congregations of Bap- tifts, containing about 218 fouls ; four congregations of the people called Quakers ; bcfidesa Swediflb church at Wilmington, which is one of the oldeft churches in the United States j and a nuijiber of Methodifls. AU ^j*,' thcfe ",'iv^ I 164 ^t L A W A R E, thefe denominations have free toleration by the con- ilitution, and live together in harmony. Population and Chara^er,'] In the convention held at Philadelphia, in the fummer of 1787, the inhabit- ants of this ftate were reckoned at 37,000, which is about a6 for every iquare mile. There is no obvious chara£leri(lical difference between the inhabitants of this ftate and the Pennfylvanians. Conjlitution.^ At the revolution, the three lower counties on Delaware became independent by the name of The Delaware State, Under their pi efent con- ititution, which was eftablifhed in September, 1 776* the legiflature is divided into two dihinfl: branches, which together are ftiled The General AJfembly of Dek' ware. One branch, called the Houje of AJemblyf con- fifts of fevcn reprefentatives from each of the three counties^ chbfen annually by the freeholders. The other branch, called the CoMRrt/, confifti of nine mem- bers, three for a county, who mu.i be more than twen- ty five years of age, choTen likr.wife by the freehold- ers. A rotation of members is eftabliflied by difplac- ing one member for a county at the end of every year. A prefident or chief magiftrate is chofeQ by the joint ballot of both houfes, and continues in office three years*, at the expiration of which period, he is fael- igible the three fuctfeeding years. A privy council, confiding of four members, two from each houfe, chofen by ballot, is coilllituted to aflift the chief mag- iftrate in the adminiftration of the government. The three juftices of the fupreme court, a judge of admiralty, and lour jufflces of the common pleas and orphans courts are appointed by the joint ballot of the prelident and general affemblyjjind commidioned by the prefident — to hold their ofmes during good be- haviour. The prefident and priv^ council appoint tiie fecretary^ the attorney general, regifters for the probate of wills, regiftters in chancery, clerks of the common pleas and orphans courts, and clerks of the peace, who hold their offices during five years, unlefs iboner removed for malcondu£l» Th© !^ % >ff M A R Y L A J4 r6.? The Court of Appeals confifts of fcvcn pcrfuna— Ums prefuienr, who is a member, and prefidesby virtue of (lis o^Hce, and fix otheri, three to-be chol'en by the Ic- gidalive council, and three by the houfu oFalFcmblv. 'J o this court appeals lie from the fmircme court, in M matters of law and equity. In 1674, Charles II. granted to his brother, Duke of York, all that country called by the Dutch New Ncth" erlanis of which the three counties of No \vcafl.le, Kent and SufTcx were a part. In 1683, the Duke of' York, by deed, dated Auguft 24th» lold to William Pcnn the town of Newcaftle, with the diflrifl: of is miles round the (ame *, and by another deed, of the fame date, granted to liim the re- mainder of the territory^ which, till the revolution, was calbd the "fhree Lotuer CounlieSf and has fince been called the Deb ware State. ..Till 1776, thefe three counties were oftifidered as a part of Pennfylvania in matters of government. The fame Covernour pre- fided over Bath, but thdalTembly and courts of judi- cature were difllerent ; different as to their conftituent members, but in form nearly the fame. 4 'M(«"i MARY LA N D. nIM. Length 134? u,.u,„„ S 37" 56' and 39O u' North La Breadth 110 J *'"'^"" I o^ and 40 30'' Weft Lungicud Lztktwde, e. BOUNDED North, by Pennfylvania ; Eaft, by tho Delaware Hate i Southeaft and South, by the At- lantick Ocean, and a line drawn from the ocean over the pehinfula (dividing it from Accomack county Jn Virginia) to the mouth of Patornak river ; thence up the Patornak to its firft'fbuntain ;' thence by a due north line till it interfe£l5th#fouthern boundary of Pennfyl- vania^ in lat 39° 41' 18'', fo that it haS' Virginia on the fouth, foutliwed and weft. It contains about 14,000 fquare miles, of which about one fixth i&water. ft Ciyil Divifions.'] Maryland is divided into i&coun- ties, 10 of which are on the weftern, and 8 on die eaft- «rn fhofc of Chefapcek Bay, Thefe, with their pop- ulaiiott in^i7P2, areasfollows; CouNtiEs, ^ ■#* >»• ■*>, ■ '■*--- »»•' ( • 166, iitA""R Y L ' A Nr D# Cqumtixi. — ^ Fre- males above lb years of age* Nanoberof white inhabitants. w ■ "•• ^ #• M «^ m 5 c4 » „ w J 00 St. Mary's, Somerfet,* Calvert, Montgomery, Wafliington, Queen Ann's,* Caroline,* Kent,* Charles, Talbot,* ' . Dorchefter,* Baltimore, , Ann Arundel) Worcefter,* ' Harford, CoBCil,* Frederick, Prince George's. i,J73 1,^98 894 2,i6c 2.579 1, 74* 1,293 »>394 2, lie *,47| 1, 1^8 3,165 2,2Zr. 733 «,243 a,ooo 3,785 2,259 8,459 7.787 4,01a. 10,011 11,488 7,767 6,23c 6,165 9,8c< 6,744 , 9,377 7,745 20,495 9,864 - 00 <- ^tt •5S SS ^2 2>^ •:'s ^l .2-a^s: JO ifl ^ fli « a I SPo* S?o' «• 9* S5 .. * • Total 3s,268li70,68«| \W N. B. Thofe counties marked (*) : are on the ealt, the reft are on the weft fide of the Chefapeek Bay. Each df the countioB fend& four repxtfcntativ^s to* lutt Houfe ofDelegateS) betides which the city of An- napolis, and town of Baltimore fend each two, mak- ing in the whole 76 members. ' Ciimate.l Generally mild and agreeable, fuited to agricultural produ£iions,. and a great varietVjpf fl^iit trees. In the interiour billy country the inmkbitanfs Hjgf healthy ; but in the flat coimtry, in the neighbour- hood ofsthe marflies and ftagnant wacerSj they are, as in the other fouthom ftates) iuhjeft to intermittents. Bays ami Rivers,'j Chefap^ Bay, as we have al- , ready hinted, divides this ilate ifto the eaftern and weftern divitions. ^ This Bay, which is th^ largeft.in the United States,wasparticu?arly defcribf.d, page 42. It affords feveral good< niheries ; and. in a commerd^l view, is of immenle advantage ..to the flate, ^li re- ceives a number of tlic large'l rivers in the Unjted , States. '#■ .- *-', .#3 M ,.A R Y L M^-S m± ^^^ "States. From the caf tern fliore ifiliar^Mi#liinong other fmallcr ones, it receives Pokomoke, Choptank, Chefter and Elk rivers. From the north the rapid "Sufquchannah ; and from the weft Patapfco, Severn^ Patuxent and Patomal;, half of which is in Maryland, and. half in Virginia. Except the Sufquehannah and Patomak) thefe are fmall rivers. * Face of the Countrj , Soil and ProduSlions,~\ Eaft of the blue ridge of mountains, which ftretches acrofs the weftern part of this ftatc, the land, like that in all the fouthern ftates, is generally level and free of ftones. Wheat and tobacco arc the ftaple commodities of Ma- ryland. In the interiour country, on the uplands, confiderable quantities of hemp and flax are raifed. Population and Chara6ler.'\ The population of thi« ilate IS exhibited in the foregoing table, hy that it appears that the number of inhabitants in the (late in- cluding the negroes, is 254,050 ; which is 18 for every fquare mile. Tbe inhabitants, except in the populous towns, li^e on their plantations, often fev- cral miles di#ant from each other. To an inhabit- ant of the middle, and-efpecially of the eaftcrn ftates, which are tRickly populated, they appear to live very retired and unfocial li^es. The effefts of this com- parative iolit^de are vifible in the countenances as well as in the manners and drefs ol^ the countn^ people. You obferve very little of that cheerful fprightlinefs of Ioo'k and aftton which is the invariable and genuine offspring of fo ; ntercourfe. Nor do you find thjit^ attentionpaid v ' :fs, which is common, and whiqfr • decent of their time in populous towns, or otherwiTc min^ gling with the wotld. And with thele limitations I hey will equally apply to. all the fouthern flates.. The inhabitants of thft populous towns, and thofe from the country who have intetcourfc with them, are in their manners and cufloms like the people of the other dates in like fituaticns. That pride which grows on flavcry and is habitual ^ thofe, who, from their infancy, are taught to believe and to feel their fuperiorily, isavifible charafteriflitk of the inhabitants of Maryland. But with this cha- jafteriftick we mud not fail to conneft that of hofpi- iality to ftrangers, which is equally univerfal and ob- vious, and is, perhaps, in part the offspring of it. The inhabitants are made up of various nations of many ■different religious fcntiments,, ,^. Chief Towns.'] Annapolis {"ckyj is the capital of Maryland, ardfthe wcalthieft town of»its fize in A- .nierica. It is fituated juft'Stt the mouth of Severn riv- er, 30 miles Ibuth of Baltimore. It is a place of little note in the commercial world. The houfes, about 260 in number, are generally large and elegant, indic- ative of;Jreat wealth.* The Stadt Houfe is the ncbled .building of the kind in America. Baltimore has had themoff rapid growth of any town on the continent, and is the fourth in fize and the fifth in trade in the United States. It lies in lat. ^j^cf 21 ', on the north fide of Patapfco riv<*jiBround what is called the Bafon. The. fituation of the town if low. The houfes were nymbered in 1787, and iound to be 1955 ; about, 1200 of which were in the town, and the reft at Fell's point. The number of llores was 152, and of churchts nine ; which belong to Getmai Calvinids and Lutherans, EpifcopaUans,, Prefbyterians, Roman Catholicks, Baptifts. Method- ifts, Quakers, Nicolites, or New Quaker^. The num- hcr of inhabitants is between 10 and 1 1,000. There .Aie many yery rcfpeftablefamilics in J3altimf?rf*who M "^A R Y live genteely, -are hofpttable tdnpHmgflVfmWPPinam- tain a friendly and invprovtng inleicourfe with each other ; but the buMc of the inhabitar>t8, recently col- lefted from almoft all quarters of the world, bent on the purfuit of wealth, varying in their habits, their manners and their religions, if thcv have any, arc un- . {bcial, unimproved and inhcfpitable. North and eaft of the town ibA land rifes, and af- fords a fine profpeft of the town and bay. Heividera, the feat of Colonel. Howard, exhibits one of the fineft landfcapes in nature. The town, the point, the {hip- ping, both in the bafon and at Fell's pdint, the bay as fer as the eye can reach, rifmg ground on the right and left of the harbour, a grove of trees on the dsciivity at the right, a ftream of water breaking ov«r the rocks at the foot of the hill on the left^ aU confpire to com- plete Ihe beauty and grandeur of the profpcft. Trade.'] ^»|^he trade of Maryland is principally car- ried on from Baltimore, with the othelUlaies, with the Wefl Indies, and with fome parts of Europe. To thefc places they lend «nnually, about 30,000 hog{- heads of tobacco, befides large quantities of wheat, flour, pig iron, lumber and ^orn— ^beans, pork aiid flax feed in fmaller quantities ; and receive in return, clothing for themfelves and negroes, and other dry goods, wines, fpirits^ fugars, and other Weft India commodities. The balance is generally in their fa- '-Vo'ir. ^ RcUi]ion.'^ The Roman Catholicks, who were the •-firft fettlers in Maryland, are the moft numerous rellg- ious ipi. Befides thefe there ate Profeftant Epifcvigton CoU^ge, at Cherftertown, inflituted in 1782, •St.j^ohns College, at Annjfpolis, founded in i7»4, *Oii^hry College, at Abingdoa, inftituted by the Mcth- -^-' ^ P xjdifts Wi f *>»«w 4- ^yo Y L A N O. ndifls ittfH^. ^^^ ^ college founded by the Ro- man Catholicks- at G eorgetown. There are a few other literary inflitutions, of inferi- our note, in different p4rls of the ftatc, and provifion is made for free fchools in moft of" the counties ; though fome are entirely negletled, and very few carried on with any fuccefs ; fo that a great propoition of the lower ciafs of people are ignorant ; and there are not a iew who rannot write their names. But the revo- liition, among other happy effefts-, has roufed the fpirit of education which is faft fpreading its falufary influ- ences over tiiis ?nci the ether fouthern flates. Coijfiitui'on.'] I'he legiflature is compofed of two diflinft brnn'-hes, a Senate and Houfe of Delegates, and fliled The Central Ajfembly of Maryland. The Sen- ate confifls of 15 members, chcfcn every five years. Nine of thefc muft be refidents on the weflern fhore, and fix on the eaftern } they muft be moseihan twen- ty five years c# age ; mufl have refided in the flate more than three years next preceding the election, and ]«ve real and perfonal property above the value of a thoulaftd pounds. The houfe of delegate, is com- pofed of four members £r)r each county, chofen annu- ally on the fir ft Monday in Oftober. The city of Annapolis and tov/n of Baltimore fend each two del- egates. The qualifications of a delegate, are, full age, fnie year's refidence in th3 county where he is chofen, and real or perfonal property above the value of five hundred pounds. The qualifications of a freeman, are, full age, a free- hold eftate of fifty acres of land, and aftual rclillfence in the coun'y where he offers to vote — property to the value of tairty pounds in any part of the flate — and a year's refidence in the county where he offers to vole. On the fecond Mofi^ay in November, annually, a Crovernour Is appointed by tae joint ballot of both l.oufcs. The Governour cannot continue in office longer than three years fuccefTivelVj nor be eleftcd until the expiration of four years after he* has been out of oiBice. The qualifications for the chief magif- U acy, are,.tvventy,five years of age, five years rcfidcncSi f U A R: t L Mt %i#. 171 in the flate, next preceding the elcition, ati^ teal and jicrfonal edate above the value of five thoufand pounds, one thoufand oF which muft be freehold cftatc. , This conliitutron was edablilhed by a conventioa of delegates, at Annapolis, Auguft 14, 1776. HiJiory.'\ Maryland was granted by King Charles I. to Cecilius Calvert, Baron of Bahimorc, in Ireland, June 20, 1632, The government of the province, was, by charter, vefled m the proprieJary ; but it ap- pears that he either never exerrifed thcfe powers alone, or but for a fhort time. The Hon. Leonard Calver'., Elq. Lord Baltimore's brother, was the firft Governour, or I 'eutenant Gen- eral. In 1638, a law was paOTedi conftituting the firll regular Houfe of Ajfemhly^ which was to confift of fuch icprefentatives, called Burgcjfes, as (hould be eleftcd purfuant to^rits iiTued by the Governour. Thefe burgelTes ptjll:{red all the powers of the perfons eleBfn^ than ; but by any other freemen, who did not adent to the eleftion, might take their (eats in pcifon.— . Ttodve burgefles or freemen, with the Lieutenant General and fecretary, conftituted the affembly or le- giflature. This affembly fat at St. Mary's, one of the fouthern counties, which was the firil fettled part of Maryland, . In 1689, the government was taken out of the hands of Lord Baltimore by the grand convention of England. Mr. Copley was appointed Governour by commiffion from William and Maiy, in 1692, when the Protejlant religion was ellablifhed by law. In 1716, the government of this province was re- ftored 10 the proprietary- and continued in his hands till the late revolution ; when, being an abientee, his propertv in the lands was confifcateu, and the govern- ment affir.ned by the freemen of the piovince, who formed the conftitution now exlfling. At the clofe of the war, Henry Harford, Efq. the natural fon and heir of Lcyd Baltimore, p^bitioned the legillature of Maryland for his eftate : ut his petition was not granted. Mr. Haiford c flimated his lois of quit rents, at 20 years purchafe, and including arrears, at £.259,-488 ; i7« VIRGINIA. ,^ £'.259,488 : 5 : () — dollars at 'jJS \ and the value of hji> manors and rclcrvcd lands at £'.327,441 of the fama money. Y I R G I N I A. and 14^ ^ fV ^^tit ( 3^'° 3^)' and 4cO North Latitude* tLk '.T» I between \ The Meridian of Philadclihia, treadth224i ( Well LongltuJe. BOUN: yED Eafl, by ihe Atlantitk ocean ; North, by PennCylvania and the river Ohio ; Weft, by the MifTiiii^i^i ; South, by Norih Carolina.. ■ '! :i"^i' boundaries include an area fomewhat trian- gulav V ,121,525 miles, whereof 79,650 lie wcftwari of the i-'-llc"aiiy mountains, and 57,034 wrllward of the meriili, > of the mouth of the Great Kanhaway. This ftate is therefore one third laiger thin the iflan^s «f Great Britain and Ireland, whidi are reckoned at 88,357 fquare miles. Rivers.'] The principal rivers in Virginia;, are, Roanokti Jama rivers which receives the Rivanna, Apparnattox, Chitkahominy, Namemond and Eliza- be Jis rivers, York river, which is forn'.ed by the junc- * liontjft'amultky and Mattapony rivers, Rappahannok, and Paiotnak. Of thefe rivers the Patomak demands a particular defcription, not only bccaufe of its fize and importance to r.avig;»Mon, but efpecialiy on acrouvit of . the noble and f xpcnfive works that are carrying on >ipon it under tlic particular dirc£lion and patronage •r the illuftrious PreGdent of the United States. The diftance from the Capcsof \'irginia to the ter- aninat-ion of the tide water in this river is above 30'^ miles ; and navigable for (hips of the greatpft burtheij, nearly ro that place. From tbcnce this river, ob- llrufted by fi)ur confulerable falls, extends through a vaft trad of inhabited country towards its fou.ce. Thefe falls are, ift, the Lit ik Falls ^ three miles above tidewater, in which diflance there is a fall of 36 feet; 2d, the Great Falls^ fix miles higher, where is a fall of 76 icct ia one mil'i anda qwarter.; 3d, the Seneca Falcj^ fix. VIRGINIA. >73 . fix miles above the former, which form fhort, irregu- lar rapids, with a fall of about lo feet ; and 4th, the Shitiandozh Fallsr, 60 miles from the Senecoj Vihcro^ is a fall of about 30 feet in three miles ; From which • laft, Fort Cuviicrland is about 120 miles diflant. Tlic obftruflions, which are oppofed to the navigation above and between thefe falls, are of little confeauence. Early in the year 17.85, the Icgi.latures of Virginia and Maryland paflfed a6ls to encourage opening the navigation of this river. U was edimated that the expenfe of the works would amount to ^.50,000 ftcrling, and ten years were allowed for their compic- ' tio;. At prcfent the pref dent and diretlors of the in- corporated company fuppofe that £'.4^5,000 will be^, adequate to the operation, and that it will be accorn- plifhcd in a Ihor'er period than u as flipulated. Their calculations are founded on the progrels already made, and the fummary mode lately edablilhed for enforcing the colle£lion of the dividends, as the money may be- come neceffary. On each fhare of £*. 100, the pay- ment cf only £^.40 has )(et been demanded. According to the opinion of the prefidcnt and di- refturs, f^chs will be neceffary at no more than two places, the Great and the Little Falls : Itk at tne form- er, and three at the latter. At the latter nothing has yet been attempted. At the Great Falls, where the difiicuUies were judged by many to be inhirmountable, the work is nearly completed, except finking the loch feats and infcrting the frames. At the Seneca Falls the laborious part of the bufinc.'s is entirely accomplifhed, by removing the obflacles and graduating the def'cenf : f{) that nothing remains but to finifii tho channel for this gentle current in a w6rkmanlike manner. At the Shmafidoah, where the river breaks through the Blue Ridge, tliough a prodigious quantity of labour has been bsflowed, yet much is Hill to be done before tJie pai- fage «vill oe perfefted. Such proficiency has been made, however, that it was expcfted, if the fummer had not proved uncommonly rainy, and the rivcr Un- commonly high, an avenue for a partial navigation would have been opened by the firii of January, 1 789, Pa " from »74 V I R 6 I N I Av from Fort Cumberland to the Great Fall*, which are within nine miles of a (hipping port. As it has hap- pened, it may roquirca conftdcidblc pait of this year lor its accomplifhinent. As foon as the proprietors (hall begin to receive toll, they will doubtlefs find an ample compcnfation for their pecuniary advances. By an elliniate madv-v many years ago, it was calculated that the amount, in the commencement, would be at the rate of /\u,^'75v Virginia currency, per annum. The toll mufl every year become more produftive ; as the (Quantity of arti- cles for exportation will be augmented in a rapid ratio, with the increafe of population and the cxtcntion of fetdements. In ihe mean time the effect will tc im- mediately fcen*n the agriculture of die interiour coun- t»^' ; for th^ multitude of horfes now employed in canying produce to market, will then be ufcd alto- gether lor the purpofes of tillage. But, in order to form juft conceptions of the utility of this inland nav- igation, it would be requihte to notice the long rivers which empty into the Patom^tk, and even to take a fur- vey of the geographical pofition of the IVe/lern Waters, The She>ianJjah, which difembogucs. juft above (he Blue Mountains, may, according' ro report, be made navigable, at a trifling expenii?, more than 1 50 miles. Irom Its confluence with the Patomak ; and will rc- t:cive and bear the produce of the richeft part cf the ilate. The Scnth Branch, ftill higher, is navigable in its aflual condition nearly or quite loaniiles, through exceedingly fertile lands. Between thefe, on the Vir- ginia fide, are fcveral Imalkr rivers, that may with fa- cility be improved, fo as to afford a paflagc for boats. On the Maryland fide are the Monocafy, Antieiair, and Conegochea«ue, fome cf which pafs through the ftate •f Maryland, and have their fources in Pennfylvania.. From Fort Cuml^rland (or Wilh* creel/, one or two good waggon roads may be had (where the difta-ic e is faid by fome to be 35 aod by others 40 miles) to the Yohngany, a large and navigable branch of the Mo- jifmgahela ; which laft forms a jwnftion with the Al- legany at Fort Pitt ; from whence the river takes the, name VIRGINIA^. *7J rmnt of Ohio, until U loofcs itscjrrentand name in the Mi/t/ippL But, by palling farther up the Patomak than Fort Cumbciiaml, which may veiy cafily be done, a port- age by a g<*od waggon road to the Cheat river, another hr;5c branch of the Monongahcia, can he obtained- tiroagh a f^jace which fome iay is 20, others 22, others- 5,5, and none more than 30 miles. When we have arriv^ed at either of thefe weftera' waters, the navigation through ihat'imnvcnfe region is.. opened in a thoufand din-dions, and to the lake* in fiveral places by portages of Icf.i tlian ten miles ;• and by one portage,, it is aderied, of not more than a- fingle mile. Noiwithftanding it was fneeringly faid by fbme for- eigners, at ihe beginning of this undertaking, that thef Americans were fond of engaging in fplendid projctU- wliich they could never accomplilh ; yet it is hoped> the fucccfs of this firfl eflay towards improving thcic* inland navigation, will, in fome degree, rcfcuc ihem from the reproach intended to have been fixed upon their national chara6ler, by the unmerited imputation. The Great Kanhaway \sz river of confiderable note for the fertility of its lands, and ftill more, as leading, towards the head waters of James river. The Little Kanka,Ljay\s 150 yards wide at the mouth.. It yields^ navigation of 10 miles only. Perhaps its- northern branch, called Junius* creek, which inter- locks with the vveflern w.aters of Monrmgahela, may one day admit a fliorter palfage from the latter into the Ohio. MownicLins.~\ It is worthy notice, that the mcun- tains are not folitary and fcattered con fuf^dly over the face oF the country ; but that fhey commence at about 150 miles from the fca coalt, are diCpofcd in. ridges one behind anothery running nearly parallel with the foa coafl, though rather approaching it as they advance northeaflwardly. To the fouthwell, as the traft of country between the lea coall and the MifTifippi be- cornes narrower, the mountains converge into a (ingle ridge, which, as !.t approaches the Gulph-of Mexico^ fubfides m \v 176 VIRGINIA. fiibfidc^intojilain counfiy, and givrs rife to fomc of the waters of ihat Gulph, and particularly to a livcr called the Apalachicola, probably from the Apalachies, an Indian nation (ormcrly reliding on it. In the fame dire£lion generally are the veins of lime flone, coal - anct other minerals hitherto difcovercd ; and fo range ^ the falls of the great rivers. But the ccuilcs of the oreat rivers are at right angles with thefe. Jarpes and Fatomak penetrate through all the ridges of mountains eaftward of the Allegany ; that h broken by no water courfe. It is in faft the fpinc of the coiintiy between thfe Atlantick on one fide, and the Miflifippi and St. Lawrence on the other. The pallage of the Pafomak through the Blue Ridge is perhaps one of the mo ft ftupendous fcenes in nature. You ftand on a very iJ^gh point qf land. On your right comes up the She- nandoah, having ranged along the foot cf the moun- tain an hundred miles to feek a vent. On your left approaches the Patomak, in qucft of a paffage alio. In the moment of their jun/IU n they rufli together againft the mountain, rend it aiuoder, and pafs off to the fea. The firlt glance >f th s fcene hurries our fcnfes into the opinion, tr rr this earth has been created in time, that the mountains wt \x formed firft, that the rivers began to flow afterwards, that in this place par- ticularly they have been dammed up by the Blue Ridge of mountains, and have formed an ocean wMch filled the whole valley ; that continuing to rife they Have at length broken ever at this fpot, and have torn the rhountain down from its fummit to its bale. The Siles of rock on each hand, but particularly ^ n the hcnandoah, the evident marks of their difruption and avulfion from their beds by the mqft powerful agents of nature, corroborate the imprelllon. But the diP- taut finifhing which nature has given to the pifture is of a very different charailer. It is a true contrail to the foreground. It is as placid and delightful, as that is wild and tremendous. For the mountain being cloven afunder, it prefenis to your eye, through the cleft, a fmall catch of frnooth blue horizon, at an in- finite diilance in the plain country, inviting you, as it ; wetOi 'h «•■■■ m -j^^^ VIRGIN A. 177 \t'":, from tlic riot and ttimult roaring around, to paft I'jrcyugh the breach an I partirlpatc of the calm below. Here the eye ultinntcly compiles itfclf ; and that way too the roal happens aftailiy to lead. You crofi tine Patoma'.c above Ilicjundion, pifi along its fide through the bafj of the moantairt for three nxilcs, its torrible precipices hanging in frao ncnts over you^and witliin about 20 miles reach Freder; Ic town and the firwi • cointry round that. This fccne is '.vorth a voyage ik^rofi t!ie Atlant'Lk. Yet here, as in the neigliboui*- hood of the natural bridge, are pc i'»lc w ho have ] afTod their live: wltliin half a do/cn miles, and have never been to fuvvr/ thefe monuments of a war between rivers and mountains, which muil have (l^uken the eai'h itfclf to its center. Cafrada and Caverns. ~\ The or»ly remaikable ca^ cade in this country, is that of the Falling Spring, i# Augu^i. Il is a water oF James river, where it is called Jackfon'i river, rifing in the warm fpring moun-* tains about 20 miles fouth A^eft of the warm Ipring^ and flowing into that valley. About three quarters of a mile from its fource, it falls over a rock zoo feet into the valley below. The (hect of wafer is broken in its breadth by the rock in two or three places, but not at all in its height. Between the fhcet and rock, at tlie bottom, you may walk acrofa dry. This cataraft will bear no comparilon with that of Niagara, as to th© quantity of wafer compofiTig it ; the (lieet being only 12 or 15 feet wide above, and lomewhat more fpread below ; but it is half a& high again, the Utter oeing only 156 feet. In the lime flone country,, there are many raverns of very confiderabie extent. The mofl noted is called, Madifon's cave, and is on the north frde of the Blue Ridgr?, near the interfettion of the Rockingham and AuiTudaline with the fijuth fflirk of the fouthcrn river of Shenandoah. It is in a hill of about 200 Ibet per- pendicular height, the afcent of which, on one fidej IS fo lleep, that you may pitch a bifcuit from ifS'fum- rait into the river which wafhes its bafe. The en- trance of the cave is, in. this fid 2, ahout tw-othird* oIp ♦ tlie tef A^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .1.0 Eri^ I I.I 11.25 '^ 116 i Ul lili IIS la u 140 ]23 2.2 — 6" U 11.6 *^ ^.V I '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRICT WIBSTIR.N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 k ty9 V I K G I N I A, > J^ way up. it extends into the earth about ^ao Teefr branchi|ig,int9 fubordinate caverns, fonifctimes afcend* '^ ingtflitUef but more generally defeending, and at liBOglLh terminate in two difterent placer, ^ ba(ons of watcf of unknown extent. The vault of this cave is of i(B^d, lime ftone, from ioto 4o5r 5^ ftet high, Ihrough which water is continually percolating« V Thist ^ridding down the ftdes of the cave, nas tncruft- cd them over in the form, of elegant drapery ; and dripping from the top of the vault generates on that^ and on the ba& below, (bladites of a cenica) fornir fome of which have met and formed maflive columns. ' Anotherofthefe caves is oear the North Mountain, in the county of Frederick, on the lands of Mr. Zaaet The entrance into this is on the top of an extenfive lidge. Youdeicend 30 or 40 feet, tt intoaweUr JBbm whence the cave then extends, nearly hon'son- tally, 4oo€Bet into the earth, preferving a oreadth of •frpm 20 to 50^eet, and a height of /loni 5 to it feet. At the Panther gapi in the ridge which divides the ' waters of the Cow and the Gait pafture, is what it calte^ the ifi/caitM Cave* It is in the fide of a hill, it of about 10a feefaiametev, and emits confttntly a cur*' M^ of air of Joth ft>rce, as to keep th^ weeds prof* tratd to the diftance 61 twenty yards bef arch, is many times longer than the tranfverfe* Tho' "f the fides of this bridge are provided in feme piarts witht a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few men have reiblutt^'' . to walk to them and look over into thc'abyfs. Yoa' involuntarily fall on your hands and feet, creep to the Sarapet ai)d peep over it. ., X^ooking down from this eight about a minute, gave me a violeht head ach. If .'' the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that frpm below is delightful in an equal extreme. It i«^ impollible for the emotions ariling from the fubliif>e, ta^» be felt beyond what they are here ; fo beautiful an arch, fo elevated, fo light, and fpringing as it ^ were' up t^ Heaven, the rapture of the fpedator it really indt- fcribable ! The ftflure continuing narrow, deep, ahiS ilraight for a confidorable diflance above and below, the- bridge, opens a ihort but very pleaong view of ihd - iCorth Mountain on one fide, and Blue Ridge on the other, at the {Jiftance each of them 6f about five miles. This bnidgc is in the county of' Rockbridge, to which it has given name, and affords a publick and commo- dipus paflage over a valley* which cannot be croflfed eUewhire t Counties* Lincoln Jeft'erfon Fayette ' Ohio Monongalia Wafbington Montgomery Green 'Briar Hannpfhire nerkie^ Frederick Shcnando RoOkingbam Augufl^a Rockbridge Botetourt Loudoun Fauc^uier Culpepper • Spctfylvania Orange Louiia Goochland Flyvanna Albcmatle AmherR Buckinghah: Bedford Henry PittfylTxnla rialifsx Chatlott* Prin. Edwrarc' Cumberland Powhatan Amelia Lunenburg Mecklenburg Biu^fwirk Militia. Situation. Count'ei. a. SiJ « Si's P4«S ~ Ortenefviiia Dinwiddle Chefterfield Prince George Surry Suffex '■ SoLthampton i(Teo£>\i|ht 'Vanfenond Norfolk Princcfs Ajim Henrico HanoTer New Kent Charles City James City Williatniburg York Warwick Elizabeth Cit\ Caroline King William Kioe fc Queen Eflex Middlefex Cloucefter Fairfax Prin. William Stafford King Geqrge Richmond Weftnuuiatand ^IcrthuniJbcir. Lancailer ' Accomack North amf ton Mtirtie. • 500 •750 655 381 380 •7C0 m •fee •883 ♦594 61 -79' •418 186 »35 *244 •ico i8e 805 436 f 1780 and an afteriflc. V I R • O I N I A. «ft HI un Id 7C0 874 *6aa «^ •S94 : I'i- 619 .790 •41 » i m »35 ff '^ **44 •ico ''t> 182 ■> iTi eaual fize aod. population . Of thefe 35 are on theTi^e Wat«rS| or in that paralld ; sa are in the Midlan4% between the Tide Waters and Blue Ridge of mountaint^ 8 between the Blue Ridge and Allegany i and 8 we^ ward of the Allegjiny* The ftate, by another divifion, is formed into par- ifhssi many o/. which are com«en(urate with the counties ; but fometimes a county comprehends more than one parrftt, and fometimesa parifh more than mouth, Hampton, Suffolk, SmithM^, WiUiam^ui||f» Peter(bupg, Richmond the feat of government, Man- chefter, Charlottefville, New London* On Yatk River and its watery fYork, Newcaftle^ Hanover. On RappahoKno^, Urbanna, Port Royal, f leder* ickfbnrg, Falmouth. ' ; . Oa Patotiuk and its waters, DumfHes, Qokheftec^ Alexandria, Winchefter, Staunton. » There are other places at which, like foiar of tli0 foregoing, tht laws nave Taid there ihali be towns; but nature has &id there (hall no^ and they remain unworthy of enumeration. Norjdk will probably be the emporium for. all the trade of the Chinapeek Bay and its i/^aters ; and a canal of 8 or »o, miles wUl iM^ing it to aU that of Albemarle fodnd and its watcrtt. . Sec- ondary to tbispiace, are the towns at the head of the Ude Waters, towif, Peferfburgon Appama!ttoXjRich« tnond on James River, NewCa^le on York Rifver» Alexandria * i-» s- ■ iU VlRGtlflA, Alexandria on Patomak, and Baltimore on the Patap<* fco. From thefe the dtft'ribution will be to fubor(^ natefituttioni of the country. Accidental circum- ftances however may control the indications of na- ture, and in no inftanccs do they do it more- frequent- ly than in the rife- and fall of towns. To the foregoing general account, we add the fol- Wwing more particular defcriptions* AtBXi^Noiii A (fands on thfc fouth bank of Patomak river. Its fituation is elevated and pleafant. The foil is clay ; and the water fo bad, that the inhabitants are obliged to fend nearly a mile for that which is drinkable. The original fettlers, anticipating its fu- ture growth and importance, laid out the (Ireetls upon the plan of l*htUdelphia. It contains upwards of 300 houfes, many of which are handromely1>uilt. This town, upon tne opening of the navigation of Patomak river, wiil^ probably be one of the mod thriving com- nercial places on the continent. Mount V»rnon, the celebrated feat of General Washington, is pleafantly fituated on the Virgirtii bank of the river Patomak, where it is nearly two miles wide, and is about 280 miles from the Tea. It is 9 miles below Alexandria, and 4 above the beautiful feat of the late Col. Fairfax, called Bellevoir. The area of the mount is 20a feet above the furfaee of the river, and, after f umiihing a lawn of five acres tii front, and' about the famein rear of the buildings, falls offra^'her abruptly on thofe two quarters. On tht north end it fuhndeS gradually into extenftve pafture grounds ; while on the fouth it Hopes more fleeply, in a fhortet diflfance, and terminates with the coach houfe, ftables, vineyard and nurferies. On either wtng is a thick grove of diflerent, flowering foreft trees. Parallel with them, on the land fide, are two fpacious gardens, into which ore is led by two ferpen- tine gravel walks, planted with weeping wiDown and fhady fbrubs. The Man/ton ffoit^ ittelf jthough taiiich emb^Aifhed by, yet not perfe£lly fatisfaftory to the chafte tafte of the prefentpofieffor) appears venerable and convenient. Toe fupcrb banqueting room has becft - finifl^ed the Patap« to fuborcfe> I cincum- bns of na- r frequent- id the foN Patomak int. The ihabitants which it ngiti fu^ vetli upon rds of 300 ilt. Thi« Patomak zing com- ' Generrf Virgiftii early two e Tea. It ! beautiful iir. The »cc of tlie s acres in ings, falls On th« epafture ^cply, in le coach 'n either g foreft are two jferpen- :>wsand ;h hfiuch ' to the ^nerable ^bee» iihed V I R GT I If I a: 1% fiiiiflied finoe he returned home from the itrny, A lofiy portif the falls, and contains iabout 300 houfes ; part'of whicl| are built upon the margin ot (he river, convenient for budnefs ;^the'reftare uponahill which Overlooks the lower.paFtoftheU)wn, and commands an extehHve profpeB: of the river and adjacent; countiy*. The new houfes are well built. A large and elegit itate h oufe or capitot, ha)t latfely been eiY£led on the Ifill. The lower part of the town is divided by a ci€ek, ovct in^ch is a bridge, thait^ for Virginia, ii^lisgatff. A hinjjfomeand expenfive bridge, betWewh 3 and 40P' yards in length, conftru^ed on boats, h»s lately bee^ Q z thrown t<6 VIRGINIA. thrown acrott James river, at the foot of tlie fallti hf Col. John Mayo, a wealthy and refpe^ble planter, whole feat ia about a mile from Richmond. This bridge connect Richmond with Manohefter t and as the paffeneers pay toll, it produces a handlbme reve- s)ue to Cell Mayo, who is the (ole proprietor.^ The falls, above the bndge, are 7 miles in length. A canal is cutting ou the north fide of the river, by a company, who have calculated the cxpenfe at 30,000 pounds, Virginia money. PaTiasBuac, ag miles, fouthward of Richmond, fianda on the fouth fide of Appamattox nver, and con- tains nearly 300 houCss, in two divifions ; one is up- on a cUy, cold foil and is very dirty— the other upon a plainof fand or loam.^ There is no regularity, and very little elegance in Peter(burg. It is merely a place of bufifefs. It is very^ unhealthy* About- aseo bosf- heads of tobacco are infpc£led here annually. The celebrated Indian Queen, Pocahonta, from whom defcended the Randolph and Bowling families, for- merly refided at this place^ Williamsburg is 60 miles eaflward of Riehmond^ fituated between two creeks ; ^ne falling into James, the other into York riverr It confifts of ubout soa houfes, going fad to decay, and not more than 900 or 1000 fouls. It is regularly ^^id out in parallel (treetS) with a liuiare ir» the center, through which nins the principal ilreet, £. andW. about a mile in length, and raone than too firat wide. ; At the ^pds of this ilreet are two publick buildings, the college and capit(^» Betides thefie there is an Epiicopal churchr a priion, a ' boipital for lunaticks, and the palace ; all of them ex- tremely indi|Ferent. In the capitol is a large marble flatue, in the likenefs of Narbone Berkley, Lord Bo- tetourt, a msm di^nguifhed for .his love of piety, lit- erature and good government, and; formerly Gcvi*iv nour of Virginia* It was ere^d sit th^ expcnfe of the ftate, fmce the year 177 1.» The capitol is little bet- ter tlian in ruins^ and this, elegant (latue I'sexpoffqd to JKe rudenefs of xiegroc;$ uid boys, and is {hamefulUf, , Every * y 1 R G r N 1 A. i%7 fivety thtiw in WiHiamibui^ appears duU> forfak'^rr «nd fiKlMich«y--4M trade—no atmirements, but the infamoua one of gaming— >«io incluAry, and vtry little aippearance of religion* The unprofperoiia lute o( the college, but principally the removal of the feat of government, haVe contributed much to the decline of this city. YoR RTOWN, 1 3 miles eaftward from Williamihur^^ is a place of about lOO houfes^ fttuatcd on the fouth fide of York river. It was rendered famous by the capture of Lord Comwallis and his army, on the 19th of 06lober, 1781, by the united forces of France and America. CoUgeesi Academies^ ^c,~\ The college of William and M^ry is the only publi^k feminary of learning in this ftate. It was founded in the time of King Wil- liam and Queen Mary^ who granted to it 20,000 acres of land, «nd » penny a pound duty on certain tobac- eoes exported from Virginia and Maryland. The af> fembly alfo gave it, by temporary laws, a doty on liq« ours imported, and ikins and furs exported. From thefe tefources it received upwards o^ /*«3ooo com- muniius anni't» The buildings are of brick, fuflicienc for an indifferent accommodation of perhaps 100 ftu- dents.. By its charter it was to be under tne govern^ ment of 20 vifitors, who were to be its le^flators, and to have a prefident and fix profeirorfhips, which at frefent ftand thus :— A Profeflbrfhip for Law and olice—Anatomy and Medicine — Natural Philofophy Itnd Mathematicks— Moral Philofophr, rhe Law of ■Nature and Nations, the Fire Arts— Modern Laoi-^ guages«— For the Braffertbn. The college edifice is a huge, misfhapen pile, * whicl^ but that it has a roof^ would be taken for a brick kiln.' In 17B7, there were about 30 young gentlemen mem> bers of this college, a ^rge proportion of which wctb law iludents. There are a number of flourifning academies in Virginia-— one in Prince Edward county— one at Alcx^ andf ia— one at Norfolk — one at Hanover, and othew in other places. 1 . ' Heligkon,'] i88 V I R c I N r ^. ReligioH.2 The firft (ettlen in this coantry wtte emigrwt* fnm England, of the Englifli church, iuft at a pant of time when it wai flufhed wikh complete vtAonr over the rel^iont of all other periuauoni* Pofleftedi at they hecame, of the powers of making, adUninifteriag, and execuitiig tbe laws, they ihewed equal intolerance in this country 'with their Prefby- terian brethren, who had emigrated to the northern government. The noor Quakers were flying from perfecution in England. They caft their eyes on thefe new countries, as afylums of civil and religious freedom ; but they found them free only for the reign- ing fe£l;. Several a£U of the Virginia afTembty of i^9> i66a, and 1693, had made it penal in parents to refufeto have their children baptized ; bad prohib- ited the unlawful aflembling of Quakers ; had made it penal for any mafter of a veffelto bring a Quaker into the ftate ; had ordered thofe already here, and fuch as ihould come thereafter, to be imprifoned till tbey fliould abjure the country ; provided a milder punifliment for their firftand fecond return, but death for their third ; had inhibited all perfons from fuffer- ing their meeting* in or near their houles, entertain- ing them individually, or difpofing of books which fupported their tenets^ If no capital execution toqk place here, 'as did in New England, it was not owing to the moderation of the church, or foiiit of the Icgifla- ture, as may be inferred from the taw itfelf ; but to hiftorical circumftances which have not been handed down to us. The Anglicans retained full poileflioil ^ of the country about a century. Other opinions be- gan then to creep in, and the great care of tbe govern- The prefcnt d(enotnination« of Chriftians in Virginia are, Prrfbyterinnf, who are (he mod numeroui, and mhabit the weflern parts of the (late ; Eptfcoualiant, who are the mod ancient fettlersi and occupy tne eaR- em and firfl fettled parts of the (late. Intermingled with thefe are great numbers of Bapttfts and Method- ifls. The bulic of thefjB la(t mentioned religious fe6U are of the poorer fort of people, and many of them are very ignorant, fas is indeed the cafe with the oth- er denominations) but they are generally a moral, well meaning fet of pec^le. They exhibit much zeal in their worfhip, whtth appears to be compofed of th« mingled ettufiona of piety, enthufiafm and fuper- ftition. CharaiUr^ Manners and CuAcms.Ji Virginia has pro* duced Ibme of the mod didinguithed and influential men that have been a£iive in ciFe£ling the two lat« grand and important revolutions in America. Her political and military chara^r will rank amons the firft in the page of hiftery. But it is to be obferved that this charaaer has been obtained for the Virginians by a few eminent men, who have taken the lead in all their publick tranfadtons, and who, in ihort, govern Vir- ginia ; for the great body of the people do not con- ccrn themfelves with politicks — fo that their govern- ment, though nominally republican, is in fa£l, oli- garchal or ariftocratical. The Virginians, who are rich, are in general fenfi- blc» polite and hofpitable, and of an independent fptrit. ')rhe poor are ignorant and abje£l — ana all are of an inquihtive turn, and in many other refpcCls, v^ry much fefemble the people in the eaftern ftates. They differ from them, however, in their morals ; the forn\<>k er being much addifted to gaming, drinking, fweav^ ing, horle racing, cock fighting, and moft kinds of dif- fipatibn. There .is a miich greater difparity between the rich and the poor, in Virginia, than in any of the northern ftates. A fpirit for literary inquiries, if not altogether con- > fined to a few, is, atnong the body of the people, evi- dently fubordinate to a ^irit of gaming and barbarous ^ « '.J fports* i^ VIRGINIA. fports. At alinoA; ev^ry tavern or ordinary^ on the publick road» thcrp is a billiard table, a back gammon table, cards and other implementti for varioijs g»nied. To thefe publick houfes the gamblkig gentry in the neighbourhood iefi>rt to kUl time, which hangs heavily upon them ; and at this bufinefs they are extremely expert, having been accuftomed to it. from their.e^r- lieft youth. The paflion foricock 6|htlng, a diverfion not only inhumanly barbarous, but infinitely beneath the dignity of a man of fenle, is fo predominant that they even advertife their matches in the publiek newf- papers.- This diffipation of manners is the fruit of indolence and luxury^ which are the fmit of Che Afric^ an flavery. - Confiitution, Courts and Latos,'] The executive pbv- tn arp lodged in the hands of a Govemour, chpfeit annually, and incapable of zGting more than three years in feven. He is aflifted by a council of eight naembers. The judiciary powers are divided amort^ feveral courts, as will Be hertafter explained. Legit* lation is exercifedi by two houfes of aUembiyy the otic called the Houie of Delegates, comppfed of two mem- bers from each cotinty, eholen annually by the citizens noflefling an eftate for life in loo acres of uninhabited land, or 25 acres with a houfe on it, or in a houfe or lot in fome town : Tlie other called the Senate, con- fining of 24 members, chofen quadrennially by the fame eleftors, who for this purpoie are diftributed into ft4 diftrifb. The concurrence of both houfes is necet- fary to the pafTage of a law. They have the ap- pointment of^the Govemour and council, the judges of the fuperiour courts, auditors, attorney general, treafurer, regifter of the land office, and delegates to Congiefs, In On£lober, 178% an a£l was pafled by tl\e af- fembly prohifcnting the importation of flaves into the commonwealth, upon penalty of the forfeiture of the fum of jT.tooo for eveiy flave. And every flave imported contrary to tlie. true istent and meaning (!)f this a£t, becomes free. ■ •*' ■ , Comnerce.J VIRGINIA. t^ Cortmene.2 Before the prefent war was exported from this ftate, communihus annis, nearly as follows : Articieiy 55,000 hhHi. of locolt). 8ov>|Ooo buihets. |6oo,poo bulhe.'i. Tobacco^ ' Wheat, Indian' corn, Ship|iina, Myalls, pTan1cs,fli-int1ing>fh!ngIeS| ftaves, Tar, pitch, ttirpcntinC) Foco, Virginia money , or 60 7,14a guineas. Qa-ntity, jo,oeo barrels. 180 hhdi. of 6oolh. 4,000 barrels* 5,000 bufliels* 1,000 barrels* Hifiory,'] In the year 1,584, two patents were granted by Queen Elizabeth, one to Adrain Gilbert, (Feb. 6) the other to Sir Walter Raleigh, for lands not poffelTed by any Chriftian Prince. By the direc-^ tion of Sir Walter, two (hips were fitted and fent out, under the .command of Philip Amidas, 9nd Arthur Barlow.^ In July the)!^ arrived on the coa(l, and an- chored in a harbour feven leagues wefl of the Roan^ oke. , On the 13th of July, they, in a formal manner^ took polTeflion of the country, and, in honour of their virgin Queen Elizabeth, they called it Virginia. Till this time the country was known by the general name of Florida. After this Virginia became the common name for all Notth America. In the year 1587, Manteo was baptized in Virdhiai He was the firft native Indiati who received that or- dinance in that part of America. On the 1 8th of Au- guft, Mrs. Dare was delivered of a daughter, whbtn iKc called Virqinia. She was the firft EngUlh child that Wia bom in North Amenta. ? ' . In the fprin^ of the year 1.606, Jaijnss I. by patentj, divic^ y|p3tnia: into two colonies. The Jouthern in« •^y^^* ML. eluded n\ VIRGIN! A, <^uded all lands between the 34th and 41(1 degrees of north latitude. This was ftiled the /rft colony^ under the name of South Virginia, and was granted to the London Company. 1 he norM^rn, railed the fecond colony, and known by the general name of North Virginia, included all lands between the 38th and 45th degrees north latitude, and was granted to thft Plymouth Company. Each of Hhefe colonies had a council of thirteen men to govern ihein. To preverit difputes about tenitory, the colonies were prohibited to plant within an hundred miles oF each other. There appears to bean inconfiflency in thefe grants, as the lands lying between the 3Bth and 4ili degrees, are covered by both patents. Both the London and Plymouth companies enter- prized i'ettlements within the limits of their refpe£live grants, but with ill fuccel's, for no efFe6lual fettlements were made by the former till i6io, and by the latter not till 1620. Lord Delaware, in 1610, came over to Virginia with a frefh fupply of fcltters and provif- ions, which revived the droopmg fpitits of the former company, and gave permanency and lefpeflabiliiy to' the lettlemcnt. In April 1613, Mr. John Rolfc, a worthy young fentleman, was married to Pocahontas, the daughter of ^omhatan, the famous Indian chief. This connexion, whidh was very agreeable both to the EngUfh and In- dians, was the foundation of a friendly and advan- tagcous commerce between them. In 1616, Mr. Rolfe, with his wife Pccahonta?, vif- ited England, where (he Was treated with that atten- tion and refpetl which (he had merited by her impor- tant fer C'Tccs tO(the colony in Virginia, She died the year following at Gravefend, in the 22d year of her age, jufl: as {he was about to embark for Americ?* She had embraced the Chiriflian religion ; and in her life and death evidenced the fincerity of her profeflicn. She left a little fon, who, having received, his educa- tion in England, came ovei;to Virginia, where heliv- (d and died in affiuence and iionour, leaving b^jnd '*:•■,. Vj I R G MIA. *9S liiman on^y daughtier. Her ^Sfl^ndants are among the mofl: refpeflable families in Virginia. TomocomOi a fenfible Indian, brother in 4a w to Pd» cahontas, accompanied her to England ; and was di- re£led by Powhatan to bring him an exalurality o| voices j was fplit into two houfes, by which the !f; *94 V .1 R G I N I A. Ihe council obtainecni feparate negative on their l^'wu Appeals from their fupreme courl, which had been iixed by law in their general aiTembly, were arbitrari- •ly rievoked to England, to be there heard before the King and council. Inftead of 400 miles on the Tea «m&, they were reduced, in the fpace of 30 years, to ibout 1^00 miles. Their trade 'with foreigneis was to- tally fuppreffed, and when carried to arois. They declared themfelves independent flates. 'jElley confederated together into one great republick -; '^ilhus fecuring to every ilate the benefit of an union of ^heir whole force. They fought— >they conquered— and obtained a gjkirious rsA££« kenHjckV, >95 KENTUCKY. (Belonging, at prefent, to the State of Virginia*/ Length 250 Breadth which iollow : ChlefTowm. LoVISVILLBy LXXINOTON* Har#odftowiiy- Baidftowm Ceuntiec* Fayette, Bourbony- 41 Mercer, Nelfon, Maddifon^. Lincoln* * • Jtft«rj.J The river Oiiid waffies the northw< fide of Kentucky, in its whole ^tent. Its ftrinci^ branches, which water this fertiletraftcf coiinti|(yi art Sandy, Licking, Keiituckv, Salt, Green and Cuinber* hod rivers. Thefe again branch in various dire£ti6ns^ into rivulets Of diffinvnt magnitudes, fertilizin|^ the country in all its parts. Spnngs,2 There are Hve noted fait fprings c^ Kck^^ in this country, viz. the higher and lowa^^Hue Springs, on Licking rivei^ from (ome of which, 1^ \a faid, ilTue ftreams of brinifli water ; the Bis Bone lick, Drennon's ^icks ; and Bullefs lick, at Satlfburg. ^rted to the Illinois country. The method of pro* ''4^^4;V ^ " curing- •■ J 19^ KENTUCKY. caring water from thefe licksi is by finking wells from 30 to 4P feet deep. The WHter drawn from thefe wells is more ftrongly impregnated with fait than the water from the fea. Faieoftfu Countryy Scif and Produce.'] This whole country, as far as has yet been diicovcredf lies upon a bed of lime ftone, which in general is about fix feet below the furface, except in the vallies, where the foil h much thiner. A trad of about aa miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hillyj broken landj inter- fperfed with many fertile fyots. The rell of the coun- try is agreeably uneven, gently afcending anddefcend- ing at no great diftances. No country will admit of being thicker fettled with jRirmers, who confine themfelves 4o agriculture, than this. But large ftocks of cattle, excqpt in the neigh- bourhoed of barrens, cannot be raifed. This country in general is well tiaiheredk Of the natural g«owth which is peculiar to this country, we may reckon the fuear, cWee, papaw, and cucumber trees. The two laff are a foft wood, and be^r a fruit ef the fhape and fize bf a cucumber. The coffee tree refembles the black oak, and bearsa pod,which enclofes (ood coffee. Befides thefe there is the honey locuft,^ plack mulberry, wild cherry, of a large fize, buckeye, exceedingly foft wood, the magnolia, which bears a beautiful bloflbm of a rich and exquifite fragrance, 5uch is the variety and beauty of the flowering fkrubi and plants which grow fpontaneoufly in thia country^ that in the proper feafon the wildernefs- appear^ in bloflbm. The accounts- of the fertility of the foil in this coun* try,- have, in feme in (lances, exceeded belief ; and probably have been exaggerated. That fome parts of Kentucky, particularly uie h!ghground's,.are remark- ably- good,r all accounts agree. Ine lands of the firfl rate are too rich for wheat, and will produce 50, an4 60, and in fome inftances^ it is a^rmed, I'oa Qufhtels of good corn, an acre. In common^ the ^nff yfi\i .produce 30 bufhels ofwheat or rye an acre. Barl'cryt oats^ cotton, flax, hemp, and vegetables of alt kiatk commOfQ. . '%.. KENTUCKY. 197 « common in this climate, yield abundandy. The old Virginia planters fay, that if the climate doet not prove too moift, lew foiU knowoi will yield more ana bet^ ter tobacco. Clmatc^J Healthy and delightful, fomo few placet in the neighbourhood of ponda and low grounds ex- cepted. The inhabitznts do not experience the ex- tremes of heat and cold. Snow (eldom falls deep, or lies long. The wjnter, which begins about Chriftmasi is never longer than three tnontlu, and is commonly bul two, and is fo mild as that cattle can fubfifl with* out fodder. Chief Town.'] Lbxingtor, which Hands oh the head waters of Elkhom river, is reckoned the capiul of Kentucky. Here the courts are held; and buunefa - regularly conduced. In 1786, it c(mtained about 109 houfes, and fev6ral (lores, with a good aflbftment of dry goc^s. It muft have greatlj^ tncleafed (ince. Population and CharaQtr^ It is impoffible to af- certatn, with any d^ree ofUccoracy, the prefent num- ber of inhabitants ; owing to the numerous accefliona which are made alinoft every month; In 1783, in the county of Lincoln only, there were, on the miK- tia rolls, 3.5^0 men^ chiefly emigrants from the lowet parts of Virginia.- In 1784^ the number of inhabit* ants were reckoned at upwards of 30,000. From tl^ . accounts of their aftonifliiing increafs fince, we .may now fafely eftimate them at 100,006. It is afTertra that at lead 20^000 migrated here in the year 1787. Thefe people, coUefled from different ftateSi^ di0ei^- ent manners, cuftoms, religions, and politi^ fenti- ments, have not been long enough together to form & uniform and diftinguiihing chara6ler. Athoi^g the* fetders< there are many gei^lemen of abilities, and ma- ny genteel families, f rom feveral of the ilatea, who give dignity and refpeftability to the fettlcment. They are in general more orderly, perhaps, than any people who have fettled a new country. RdigionJ] The Baptifts are the moft numerous religious fe£l in Kentucky. In 1787 they had 16' .fbqwfaea eftablifhed, beiides feveral ccngreffationn . ■- ;: R a wnew" J'" *?i 198 KENTUCKY. where churches were nof conllituted. Thefe wert fuppUed with upwards of 30 mitnifters or teacfaierii. There ftre feveraf large congregations of Prelbyteiians^ and fome few of ciher denominations. Govemnune.J The (ame as Virginian But they ex- pe£l foon to be admitted int» the union- as an mde* pendent ftate. i iteratuTcand Imprnenunts*'\ The^legilhture of Vir- ginia have made provifion for a college in K«ntuckyi and have endowed it with very conuderable landed funds. The^eir. John Todd hasgiven-a very hand^ fome library for its ufe. Schools are eflablifhed in the feveial townS} and, in generalj regul»riy and hand- fomely fupported. They; have a printing office, and 'publiR^ a weekly- Gazette^ They have>^eie£led a pa*> per mill, an oilr mill) fuUine m»lls^ faw mills^ and a great pumbsr of valuable grift mills. Their fait works arc more than fuificient to fupptv all the inhabitants^ at a low price. They m|Jcecon^derablequantities of fugar from the fugar trees.- Iiabcurers, particularly tradcfmen, are exceedingly warned here. Curiofities.'^ The- banks, of rather precipices, of Kentuclcy and Dick's rivers, are to ht recRoned among the natural curioftties of' this country. Here the 9h Honifhcd eye beholds 3 or 400 foet of folid perpendicu- lar rock, in fome parts of the lime ftone kind, and in others of fine wj^ite marble, curioufly checkered with ftrata of adonifhing regularity. Thefe riven» have the appearance of deep, artificial canals. Theirbanl^ are lelil and covered with red cedar groves. Uijiory.'] The firft white man who difcovered thi« province, was one James M»Bride, in the year 1754* From this period it remained unexploredtiH about the year 1767, when one John Finley and fome -others, trading with the Indians, fortunately travelled over the fertile region, now called Kenfuck-yj tiien but known to the Indians, by- the name «»f the Dark atid Hloody Grounds, and fometimcs the Middle Ground. This country greatly engaged Mr. Finley V attcntioni and he communicated his difco very to Colond Daniel Boon, and a few more, who^ conceiving it to be aa intereftiiij KENTUCKY. n9 lefe wert (eachterf. >ytetians^ they ex- an mde* A TofVir- cntuckyi e landed ry hand^ iflied in nd hand- ice, and cd a pa*. It work) abitants^ ^titles of icuhrlf ►ices, of 1 among the ai. •endicu- I and in ed with 'tt have rbank^ red this ■1754* out the sthersy i over m but k atid ound. ntiony )anid be aa tnterefting ^bje6l, agreed, in the year 1769, tp under* take* a journcfV in oraer to explore it. After a loi^ fa^ tiguing inarch, over a mountainous wildemefa^ m a weilw4id direftion, they at length arrived upon its borders ; and from tlie top of an eminence, with joy and wonder, defcried the beautiful landlcape of Ktxih tucky. Here they encamped, aixi tome went to hunt provifions, which were readily procured, there, being plenty of game, while Colonel Boon and-John Finlejr made a tour through the country, which they found far exceeding, their expef^ations^. and returning to . camp,, intcrmedr their companiopi of theiidifcoveries* But m until the year 1771^, whenhe returned, home* Colonel Henderfon, of North Csyolina, beins in- formed of this country by Colonel Boon, he, and fome other gentlemen, held a treaty with the Cherokee In- dians, at Wataga, in March, 1 775t wnd then purchafed from them the laods: lying on the fouth fide of. Ken- tucky river, for goods, at valuable rates, to the amount of /'.6000 fpccie. ' Soon after this purchafe, the ftate of Vir^nla took the alarm, agreed to pay the mQiiey Colonel Donald- fon had contra£led' for,, and then Afputed' Colonel Henderfon's right of purchafe, as a -private gentleman , of another (late, in behalf of himfelf. Ho^^rever, f6r his eminent fervices to this country ,^ and for having been inftrumental in making fo valuable an acouiiition to Virginia, that (late was pTeaTed to rewardhim with a tradt of land, at the mouth of Green rivei^ to the amount of 200,00a acres *, and the (late of North Car- olina gave him the like quantity in Powel'sValle^. This region was formerly claimed by various tribes of Indians ; whofe title, if they had any^ originated in fuch a manner, as to render it doubtful which ought to .polfefs it. Hence this fertile (pot became an objefi ^fcontention,, a theater of w^ from < which it was ,^. . properly TOO NORTH CAROLINA. properly denominated the Bloody Groundf* Their cdrttentions not bcins likely to decide the right to any particular tribe^ at ioon at Mr. Henderfoa and hit friendy propofed to purchafe) the Indiana agreed to fell } and notwithftandinj^ the valuable conmeration they riseeived, have continued ever fince troufakrotne acif^hboura to the new lettkn. The pi^ogreitin improvements and cultivation which h^s been made in this country, almoir exceeds be- lief. ' Eleven years ago Kentucky lay in fbreft, almoft uninhabited, but by wild beads. Now, notwithftand- ing the united oppofition of all the weftem Ipdiftns, ihe exhibits an extenfive fetdement, divided into fev- en large and populous counties, in which are a num- ber of flourifliing little t0wn3 ; containing more in- habitants than ftre in Georgia, Delaware or Rhode ilfland ftatet } and nearly or quite as many as in New Hampfhire. An inftance of the like kind, Where a fettkment has had fo lam and fo rapid a growth^ can fcarcely be produced in hiftory. NORTH CAROLINA. nllM. Length 75* I Breadth i lo 5 TIOUN ).<» and 36° 'Oand 16° 30' Nortjh LatUuds. Wef ^#R>"l't« and 16° Weft Longitude. ith, by Virginia; Eaft, by the Atlantick ocean ; South, by South Carolina and Georgia. Weft, by the Miflifippi, , . Rivets,"] Chowan river is formed by the confluence •f three rivers, vie. the Meherrin, Nottaway and' Black rivers ; all of which rife in Virginia; It falls into the northweft corner of Albemarle found. Roanoke h a long rapid river, formed by two prin- cipal branches, Staunton river, which rifes in Vir- finia, and Dan river which rifes in North Carolina, t empties, by feveral. mouths, into the ibothweft end of Aloemarle tbund. FamUco or Tar river opens into Pamlico found. Neus river empties into Paodico found below Ne v* bern* ^'^ NORTH CAROLIN'A. sot Trent river, from the fouthwreft, falls into the Neu» at Newbem. Ail the rivers in Korth Carolina, and* it may be addedi in South Carolina, Georgia, and the Florida!, which empty into the Atlantick ocean, are ntfvigabls by any vcflfcl that can pafs the bar at their moUtltf; White the water courfes continue broad enous^ f^t vefTels to turn r^nd^ there is generally a fumcient depth or water for them to proceed. ^ Cape Fear river opens into the Tea at Cape Feift*. As you afcend it, you pafs Brunfwick on the left, and Wilmington on the right. The river then divides in- to nortXedJi and nortktoefi branches, as thry are caliv^d. This river affords the bed navigation in North Carolint, PeUfon^ Holftcin, Noley, Chuckeyt and Frank rivers, are all branches of the broad Tcnnejee, which fallf into the Ohio. Sounds, Capes, Swamps, (ic,"] Pamlico Sound is a kind of lake or inland lea, from lo to so mile^ broad« and nearly loo miles in length. It is feparated from the fea, iii its whole lengt4i, by a beach ot (and hardly a mile wide, generally covered with fmall trees or bufhes. North of Pamlico fbund, and communicating with it, is jUbematrU found, 60 miles in length, and from 8 to 1 a in bupadth. Core Sound lies fouth of Pamlico, and communicates witti^ it. Thefe founds are To large, when compared wtthlheirinlets from the fca, that no tide can be perceived in any of the rivers which empty into them ; nor is the water fait even in the moutns of thefe rivers. Cape Hatteras is in lat. 35*^15'. This cape hat been dreaded by mariners failing fouthward when they have been in large veflels ; for if they comie within ao miles of the land at the cape, it is in fome places too (hoal for them } if they ftand further oiF, they are in danger of falling into the Gulf Stream, which would fel them 3 or 4 miles an hour northward. It is obfervable that violent ftorms of rain and gu(b o^ wind, are uncommonly^frequent around this oape. Cajpe Lookout is fouth of Cape Hatteras, oppofile Core fipund, and has had an exeellent harbour entire- ly filled up with land (ince the year 1 yji* Capt m •oi NORTH CAROLINA. Cap€ Fear ti rcmarlcabic for a dangerous fhoal tall- cd| from hi form, the Frying pan, DiJmU Swamp fpreadi over tlie whole tra£l ofcoun- try which liea between Pamlico and Albemaile founds, and needa no other defcription than i« conveyed by ita luune. There it another large fwamp north of Xdenton, which lies partly in this flate and partly in ▼iratnta. This fwamp is owned by two companies*; the Virginia company, of which Gefteral Wafliington il a member, hold 100,000 acres ; and the North Car- olina company, who hold about 40,000 acres. It is in contemplation to cut a canal through this fwamp^ from the head of Pafqiietank to the head of Elizabeth .river, in Virginia, 1 a or 14 miles in length. CiiuUDivifronj*'] This ftate is divided into 8 diilri£iS) ,wbich are fubdivided into 58 countieit at fbllowi : DyiriSu BJentoR, 9 conatlw* WiliriaitoBf t couadci* fChvWan, Currituck, Ctmbden, Pafquetaiik, Perquimioti Oatea» Hertford, B«rt]«, ^yrril, Tf cw Hanover, BrttfllWick, Cpakirhuid. ^ Duplin, 9cadeDy Waync^ .Moore* , rCravcn, iBeaiffort, } Cartei«t, I Pitt, > Dobbi. Hyde, "offCf, The ai'ove three diftriAa n/e on the r* a coaft, extendinft from ' Newbern, 8 counttei. I?' ,rf the V'r«5iftia line for>thweft tuth C'Tolina* ^ Oitvidfooj \ Summer* JDjfiriai, Halifax, 7 couatiea* HillAoroogli 9t counties* Saliftury, 8 Cottotiee Morgan, 7 counties Cmatia* ^Halifax, Novthamptsa*, Msrtin, Edfflconby Warren, Franktfa^ 8 aft. ran|«, (';hatMi, OraBvillc,» lohnffon, * < Cafwell, WaSe, Oailftird, 'RovNin, Mecklenhnrg, Rock' t Ham,. J iyrry, ^''' "** *. Wilket, Richmond* urk. Green, Ratherlerd, Waftington, Sullivan, Lincoln, Hawklat* IV f^Oil tall. I ofcoun- Ic founds, '•eyed by north of partly in wpanies'; afbington orth Car- «s. It if •» fw»m^ EHsabetb didriaii owa: rtia, n. ItM, owHe,. Bffofl, [PfWH lAwd. e»y nond. r srfcrd, iogton, r'» NO vTH CAROLINA, to) 1 hcfe five Jtftri6lt, beginning on the Vit^inia linr» rover the whole (Ute well of the three maritime Ml- tricts before mentioned ; and the greater part of them extend auite acrofs the (bktt from north to fouth. Principal Tountt.'] Newbern, Edenton, Wiiming- tont Halifax, Hillfborough and Fayetteville, ^h in their turns have heei conAdered as the capital of the (lai«. A* n. • ■ n. they have no capital. Theconvejll> tion wb'ch nic. o «.>nftder the new confHtution, fixeid on a place in Wal'-e county to be the feat of goverp- ncpt, but . town it not yet built. y WBERN ii the largefl town in the (late. Itftandl on a flat, fandy point of land, formed by the confluence of the rivtrs Neus on the north, and Trent on th« fouth. The town contains about ^fio houfes, all built of wood, excepting the palace, the church, the goail and two dwelling houfes, which are of brick. £oiNTON is ntuated on- the north fide of Albe* marie found ; and has about 150 indifferent wood houfes, and a few handfome buildings. 1 1 has a foriclc church for Epifcopalians^ which for many years has been much neglcfted, and ferves only to (hew that the people once had a regard, at leaOt, for the externals of religioa. lt» local fituation is advantageous for tradci but not for health. WiLMXNOTON i4 a towo of about i8o houfes, fif* uated on the eaft fide of the eaftern branch of Cape Fear river, 34 miles from the l^a. Face of the Country, Soil and ProduHions,"] North Carolina, in its whole width, for 60 miles from the fea, is a dead level. A great proportion of this tra£l lici in fcreft, and is barren. On the banks of fome . " the rivers, particularly of the Roanoke, the land is fertile and good. Interfperfed through the other f»art% are glades of rich fwamp, and ridges of oak and, of a black, fertile foil. Sixty and 80 miles from the lea, the counti y rifes into hill.s and mountains, as defcribed in South Csrollna and Georgia. • That part of North Carolina which lies well Of the mountains, a tra£t about 500 miles in length^ <^ft and Hvcft, and upi wards of too in breadth, (exceupt the Cumberland Ik M4 NORTH CAROLINA. Cumberland barrens, and fome brokeri lands) is ^ £ne fertile country, watered by the broad Tenneflee, and abounds with oaks, locuft trees of feveral kinds, waU ■ nut, elm, linn and cherry trees, Ibme of which are three feet in diameter. Wheat, rye, barley, oats and flax gsow well in the back hilly country. Indian corn " d pulfe of all kinds in all parts. Cotton is aU fo con nderably cultivated here, and might be raifed in much greater plenty. It is planted yearly : The Ilalk dies with the £rcil. Tradi.'j The fouthcm interionr counties carry their produce to Charlef^on ; and the northern to Peterfburg m Virginia. The exports from the lower parts of the iiate are, tar, pitch, turpentine, rohn, Indian corn, lumber, furs, tobai^o, pork, &c. Their trade is chief- ly with the Wefl Indies, and the northern flates. Climate, Di/eafes, &c.] In the flat country near the fea coaft, the inhabitants, during the fummer and au- tumn, are fubje£l to intermitting fevers, which often prove fatal, at billious or nervous fymptoms prevaiL The inhabitants have very little of the bloom and frefhnefs of the people in the northern ilates. The weftem hilly parts of the llate are as healthy as any of the United States. That country is fertile, full of fprings and rivulets of pure wat%r* The air there is lerene a great part of the year, and the inhab- itants live to old age, which cannot be laid of the in- habitants of the flat country. The winters are ib mild in fome yearsi, that autumn may be laid to continue till fpring. ReUgion,^ The weftern parts of this Hate, which have been Icttled within the laft 35 years, are .chiefly inhabited by Preibyterians from Pennfylvania, the defcendants of people from the North of Ireland, and are exceedingly ftUached to the do£lrines, difcipline and ufages of the chucch of Scotland. They are a regular induftrlous people. Almofi: all the inhabit- ants between the Catawba and Yadkin rivers, are of this denomination, and they are in general well fup- plied with a fenfible and learned miniflry. 7 here are interceded fome fettlemeots of .Getman^ both Luther- "N OR T H i^ A R O L I N A. 205 :%«!« and CalviniflSf but they have vf ty few ipinifteis. The Moravians have fcvcral fiouTinnng iettlemcnts in this flate. The Friends or Quakers Ivive a feUlemcnt in Newr Garden, in Giiilforcl county, and ievcral con^^regations at Pcrquimins and Pafquetank. I'hc Melhod|i|ls and Bsiptilts ar^ numerous and iocrcafing. Bc(racs the denomination& already mentioned, there is a very nu- merous body of people, in this, and in all thefouihern fiateS) who cen not properly be clalTed with any i'e6i of Chriilians, having never made any proi'cIT^on of chriflianity, and are literally, as to religion, not»inc> AAIARS. Colleges and Acadeitties.^ There is no univerfity or college in the ftate. In the ori,'^inal conftitutiun it is declared that *> There fhall be one more or ieminaries of learning maintained at the publick expenie." But the legi(lature« hitherto, have not confldered ihatclaufe as binding. Probably they do not like it. Academies are eftjtbliiZied at Newbcrn, Salifbui)* and ' Hilil- borough. Fopuiatiofit CharaBer, Manners and Cu{ioms.~\ The inhabitants of this (late are reckoned at 270,000, of which 60,000 are negroes. The North Carolinians are moiily planters» and live from half a mile to 3 and 4 miles from each othei', on their plantations. They have a plentiful countr}'— -no ready market for th^ir produce— little intercourfe with flrangers, and a nat' . ural fandncfs for fjcicly, which induce them to be Itufpltable to travellers. In the lower didrids the in- habitants have \txy few places for pUblick and week- ly worfhip of any kind; audthcle hw, being dedi- tute of miniHers, are fuffercd to fland ncgledted. Tha fabbath of £ourfe, which, in mod civilized countries^ is at lead profelTicnally nnd exiernally regatdcd as holy tin. :, and which, confidered merely in a civil view, is an excellent e^abli^hment for the promotion f>f cleanlinefs, friend(hip, harmony and all the fecial virtues, is here generally dilregardcd, or diftinguifhed by the convivial vifitings of the white inhabitants, and the noify di verfions of the ncgrccs. The women, ' S cjtcept if,-: ta6 NORTH' 'C ^6 L IN A. £xreptiiiTomfc of the populous towtis,- have very kit- tle intercourfe with each other, and are almoft entrie- ly deftitute of the hloom and vivacity of the tiorth. The general topifcks ofconverfatton among the men, when cards, tijiie buttle, and occurrences of the day do not ii)m|rene, arc negroes, the prices of indigo, rice, tobacei^ &c. They appear to have as little tallc for the iciences as for religion. Political itxjuirfes, and philol'ophical difquiiitions, are attended to but by a fcvr men of genius and induflry, and are too laborious for the indolent minds of the people at large. Lefs at- tention and refpeA ate paid to the women here, thitn in thofe parts of th^ United States where the inhabit- ants have made greater progrel's in the arts of civiliz- ed life. Indeed, it is a truth, confirmed by obferva- tion, thjit in proportibn to the advancement of civil- ization, in the fame proportion will refpeft for the ^ women be increafed ; fo that the progrefs of civiliza- tion in countries, in ftates, in towns and in families, may be marked by the degree of attetition which is paid by hufbands to their wives, ^ and by the young men to the youiig women. Thecitizensof North Carolina, who are not better employed, fpend their time in drinking, or gaming at cards or aice, in cock fighting or horfc racing. Many of the interludes are filled up with a bojdng match ; and thrfc matches frequently become memorable ^by ♦feats of gouging,* In a cyuntry that pretends to any degree of civiliza- tion, one would hardly expeft to find a prevailing cuflom of putting out the eyes of each other. Yet this more than barbarous cullom'is prevalent in both iho Carolinas, and in Georgia, among the lower clafs «f[eople. Of the origin of this cullom we are not informed. * The dellrflte ind rrferMtn'mg Akterjion^ with propriety called ffoug'mg, 5s thus i-ci formed. >Vtien two t.xers aie worried with fl^hting and bruifing each other, thry come, as it ij calied, tty tiojfe quarters, and each endeuvour!> to t\rift his forefingers in the ear locks of his untagontft. When thefe are fall clinched, the tliumhs are exicmieii each way to the iiofe, and the eyes gentljf tmneu out of their fozlteis. The vi£lor, for his expertnefir,- re- ceives (houts of appiauf; frcin the fportivc thicrg, wl)ilf his poor, sydejt ant3ii«>nift is lau^i'iJil at fox his nusfortune. informed. We prefume there are few rxjpcti£9r» for the honour of having originated it ; and eaually as few who, arc, 9j;i vipus of the pleajur^ pf thofc wnp have the A->and ii'Om ^he neighbouring ocean—- and the profui'e peri'piralidn of vegetables of ^Ucinds, which cover the grouncf, fill :tSe air with jHtf^re. This moifture falls in frequent rains an^^i^iotis dews. From a6lual ofofervation it was found that the average annual fall of rain for ten years was 42 inch- es ; without regarding the moif^e that fell in fogs and dews. The great heat of* the day relaxes the body, and the agreeable codlnefs of the .evening in- vites to an expbiut^to thefe heavy de Vs. But a I'ec- ond, and probably a more o|)erative caufe iit prcduc- ing difeafcs) is the indolerKe of the inhabitants. On this, phydcians fay, more than on any unavoidably injurious qualities in the sir, are chargeable the dif- eaies fo common ^ir this country. The upper coun- try, (ituated in themedium, between heat and cold, is as healthful as arty part of the United Stales; 1 . i Rivcrsr^ This ftate.is watered by four large, nav- igable rivers, befides a great numbbr of fmaUer ones, which are pkHable in boatd. The Tiver Savannah wafhes it in its whole lextgth from northweft to fouth> ead. T'h^ffidijio rifeain tWo braiiachies (Vom a re- markable ridge^ in the' anteriour part of thje ' (late, Theie branches unites a Httie below Orangeburgh, which Hands on- the North F^rkjaod form Edifto riv- cf, which, having paflfedtjackfoniburgh, brashes and embraces £diflo:ifland. Santee is the kasgcH and. lotHgefl: river in- this ftate. It emptiesinto the kdifto, St. Helena, Ladies Ifland, Paris ifland, the Hunting I flands, and Hilton Head ^p^d* The foil and natural growth of thefe iflands ire net noticeably different from the adjacent main land* Tliey art vx general favourable tor the culture of indigo., * Civil Divifions*'] . The proprietors who firft fent fettlers tb'CarGliha,. divided it into sounues and par- iihes. The ':ountie9 were generally named after the proprietors. N o county courts, however, were eflab- liflied, and this diviflon,*thotigh for a long time kept up in the province, becamein a great meafure obfo- lete, previous to the- revolution. $iivce the levolu- tion, county courts have been eft^^blifhed, and the jflate is now divided into dift rifts and counties— and the counties are fubdivided^ \tl the lower country, into pariflie£~and in the upper country, into fmaller or voting didrids. SOUTH ^fiJ^ R O L I K A. sm Sis? 5 w a Hilton^ Lincoln^ GninvUIey Shrewftxiry. Cwnt'uu i| M O o 5 lo a a M S gt S'S s < MS CharUftonr Wafliiagtoo, Marioiii, Berkele/» Colletffn, Bardiolomew. V — k <* <• S lid o S B 8 I Winyafei WlUiamAurj;, Liberia* 4,g|g|Abbe.U!e,. ?«'? 2 2 I Edgefield, Newbury, Laurent, Spartanbiirgh,' .GrecnviUe* < o ». • {Marlborough, Chefterfield,, Darlington* .t Chief «i9 SOJJT« OAkOLiKA, Chief Totons,! Charleston it the only confidcr* able town in South Carolina. It is fituated on the tongue of lafid which is formed by the confluence of Afliley and Cooper rivers, which ara lai^e and navi- ^ fable* Thefe rivers mingle their waters immediately elovlli^e town, and form a Tpacious and convenient harbour, which communicates with the ocean at Sulli- van's iiland, {even miles foutheaft of tbe town. Charle^on is more healthy than any part of the low country in the fouthern ftates. On tnis account it is the refort of great nu^nbers of gentlemen, invalids from the Wed India iflands, and of the rich pl->ntcr« from the country, who come here to fpcnd the fickly months, as they are called, in queft of health and of the focial enjoyments which the city affords. And in no part of America are the focial bleflings enjoyed more ra> tionally and liberally thaii in Charleflon. Unaifefled hofpitality, affability, cafe in manners and addrefs, and a difjpofition to make their guefts welcome, eafy and pleated with themfelves, are charaderillicks of ^e re- ipe£lable people in Charl'efton. .^*' ' '' The land on which the town is built is flat and low, and the water bracki/h and unvv'holefottie. The in- habitants are obliged to raife banks of earth as barriers to defend themfelves agaihfl the higher fkpds Of the fca. The flreeta troih eafl to wefl extend from* river to river, and running in a ftraight line, not only open beautiful profpe£U each way, but afford excellent op- portunities, b^' meani of fubtitrdhean drams, for re- moving all nuifances ind keeping the city clean and healthy. Thefe fliHjets are inteifefted by others, near- ly at right angles, and throw the town itito a number of fquares, with dwelling houfes in ftt)ht, and of- fice houfe^ and little gardens behind. The houfes, which have been lately built, are brick, with tiled roofs. Some of the buildlings in Chadeflon are ele- gant, and mofl of them arc neat, airy «nd well furnifh- ed. The publick buildings are, an exchan^, fbt« houfc, armoury, poor houfe, two large churches foF Spifcopalians, twoforCbhgregationalifls or Independ- ents, one for Scotch Prcfbyterians^ two for the Bapt- iifcsy SO' TH Gr^ROLI^A. sm$ ifkif one (or the German Lutherani, one for the Meth- odifts, one for French Proteftants, be fide* a meeting houfe for Quakers, and two Jewifli fynagogues, one for the Portuguefe, the other for the Geraian Jewi. There are upwards-of a thoufand Roman Catholicks in CharleftoiY, but they have no publick build^ for worihip. In 1787, there were i6oohoufesin this city, and 9600 white inhabitants, and 5400 negroes ; and what evinces the Jiealthinefs of the place, upwards of 200 of the white inhabitants were above 60 years^f aae. Beaufort, on Port Royal 'ifland, is a pleafanf, thriving little town, of about 50 or 60 houfes, and aoo inhabitants, who are diftingurihed for their hofpitality and politeneff. Georgetown ftands on a fpot of land near th« jun£lion of a number of rivers, which, when united in one broad Aream, by the name of Pedee, fall into the ocean 12 miles below the town. General Face of the Country,'] The whole ilate, to the diftance of Bo miles from the fea, is level, and al- mofl without a ftone. In this diftance, by a gradual afccnt from the fea coaft, the land rifes about 190 feet. Here commences a curioufly uneven country, "ii^he traveller is jonftantly alcending or defcending little fand hills, wliich nature feems to have difunited in a frolick. If a pretty high fea were fuddenly arrefted, and transformed into fand hills, in the very form the waves exif^ed at the moment of transformation, it would prefent the eye with juft fuch » view as is here to be feen. Some little herbage, and a few fmall pines, grow even on this foil. The inhabitants arc few, and have but a fcanty fubfiftence on corn and fweet pota- toes, which grow here tolerably well. This curious country continues for 60 miles, till you arrive at a place called The Ridge, 140 miles from Charlefton. This ridge is a remarkable tra£l of high ground, as you approach it from the fea, but level as you advance northweft from its fummit. It is a fine high, healthy belt of land, well watered and of a good foil, and ex- tends from the Savannah to Broad river, in about 6^ 30' ' ,tf4 «qUTH q^ROLINA. 30' w«fti longitude (rom l^ikuklphta. Beyond tfirs yidgCi commences a country exa£lly rcfcmbimg the fkorihem dates. Here hills and dales, with all their verdure and variegated beauty, prefent themielvcs to the eye. Wlieat fields, which are rare in the low coviitify, begin to, gipw eoirtnoii. Here Heaven has beftowed its bleflings with a mofl bounteous hand* The air is much more temperate and healthtul, than nearer to the lea. The hills are covered with valua* ble woods, the vallies watered w^lh bcauliful rivers, and. the futility of the foil is equal tovvery vegetable produflion. iThis, by way of di(lin£tion, is called the upper coimtry, wh«tf are different modes ^nd differ- ^ent articles of cultivation ; where the manners of the people, and even their language, have a different; tone The land Aill rifes by a gradual afcent ; each fucceed- ing1>iU oveclooks that which immediately proceeds it^ till, having. advanced 220 miles in a north weft direc- tion from Charle.ilon) the elevation of the land above the fca coaft is foqnd, by menfuration, to be about 80Q leet. Here commences a mountain( i-t, countiy, which continues riAng to the weAera terncinating . pomt of thia ftate. ^. i\S(filand Prodit&ieHs»l The foil may. be divided into four kinds* lirO-, the Pins Barren, which is valuable only lor its timber. Int«rfperfed among the pine bar- len) are tra£liof lan^ free of timber, and of every kind of growth but that of grafs. Thefe tra£ls are called Savannast conftituting a fecond kind of ft}i), good for grazing* The third kind is that of the Jwan^s and ioru grounds on the rivers, which is a mixture of black loam and fat clay, producing naturally canes in great plenty, cyprefs, bays, &c. In thel^ fwamps rice is cultivated, which conftitutes the ftaple commodity of .the ftatc. The Ai^A ^m£f J commonly known by the name of oak and nickoiy lands> conftitutc the fourth kind oi foil. - The natural growth 23 oak, hickory, walnut, pine aT)d locuft. On thefe lands, in the low country, Indian com is cultivated, principally ; and in the back country, they raife tobacco inr large quanti- ties, wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, cotton and iilk. It SOUTH C^fiROLINA. ai$ ft \i (iiirious to obferve the gradations from the Tea coaft to the upper country, with rclpe6i to the prod* uce, 'the mode of cultivation, and the cultivaton. On the iQandf upon the iiea coaft, and for 40 or 50 miles batk, (attd on the rivers much farther) the cul- tivators are Al flavei. No white man, to fpeak«-gen- crally, ever thinks ot fettling a fAmv,and iraprovingit k)rhimie\i\ without negroes, if he has no negroes, he hires liimfelf as overf'cer, to fome rich planter, (who has more than he can or will attend to) till he can jpurchafe for himlclfr The articles cultivated, Are com and potatoes, which are food for the negroes ; rico and indigo for exportation. The foil is cultivated al- mofl wholly by manual labour. The plough, till fince > the peace, was fcarcely ufed, and prejudices dill exifb againft it. In the middle fettlements negroes are not fo numerous. The mafter attends peribnalty to hit, own bufinefs, and is glad to ufu the plough to afliib his negroes, or himfelfwhen he has no negroes. I'ho foil is not rich dnough for rice< It produces moder«*. ately gdtd indigo weed ; iio tobacco is raifed for ex- portation. The farmer is contented to raiie corn, po- tatoes, oats, poultry, and a little wheat. I'n the upper countr}', many men have a few nogroes, and a few , have many ; but generally speaking, the farmers h.wc none, and depend:* like the inhabitants of the northern ftates, upon the labour of themfelves and families, for fubftftence. The plough is uied almoil wholly. In- dian corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, &c. arc raifed for foodt and large quantities of tobacco, and fome wheat and indigo for exportation. Conjlitaiion.'] By the conftitution of this ftate, ih6 legiftative authority is vefted in a general affembly, to confid of two di{lin6i bodies, a tenate and houlis of reprefentatives. Thele t^vs^o bodies, jointly, by ballot, at their every firft meeting, choofe a Governour and Lieutenant GovcrnouT, both to continue for two years, and a privy council, (to confift of the Lieutenant Cov- et nOur and eight other perfons) all of the protcftant religion. The Goverftour and Lieutenant Governour muft luv.e been refidents in the Hate, For ten years, and the member^ '\ in6 SO-UTH CAROLINA. members of the privy council 6ve years, preceding their clcdiun, and polteCs a freehold in (he iUie of the value of at Icali ten thoufand pounds currency, clear of debt. I'he Governour iscligibic but two years in ftx yearsi and is. veiled with the executive authority of the (late. The fenate are chofen by ballot, biennially, on the lali Monday in November ; thirteen n>ake a quorum. A fenator mud be of the protefiant religion ; mult have attained the age of 30 years ; mufl have been a reftdcnt in the flate at Icalt five years ; and muft pof* fefs a freehold in the pariAi or diflri£t for which he is ele6lcd, of at lead two thoufand pounds currency, clear of debt. The lad Monday in November, biennially, two hundred and two perfons are to be chofen in different parts of the date, (equally proportioned) to reprelent the freemen of the dale in the general aflembly^ who are to meet with the ienate, annually, at the feat of jrovernment, on the fiid Monday in January. All free white men of 21 years or age, of ot\| year'i itefidence in the date, and puflefTing freeholds of 50 acres of land each, or what fliall be deemed equal thereto, afo qualified to ele£l repretentatives. Every fourteen years the reprcfentation of the whole date is to be proportioned in the \nod equal and jud manner, according to the particular and comparative drength and taxable property of tlie-difTerent parts of the fame. State oj Littr'ature.'] Gentlemen of fortune, before the late war, fcnt their funs to Europe for education, Duting the war and fmce, they have generally fent them to the middle and northern flates, Thufe who have been at this exper.fc in educating their fbns, have been butrOmparativcly few in number, lo that the lit- , erature of the itate is at a low ebb. Since the peace, however, it has be^un lo flourifh. I'here are (everal flourishing academies in Charlciton — one at Beaufort, on Port Rojial ifland — and fcveral others in diflerent parts of the date. Three coHegcs have lately been in- corporated by law— roneat Chailedon, which is areie- -#■ SOUTH CAROLIl^A. mf ily nominal—one mt Winn (borough, in the dfftrift of Camden— the other at ( ambridge, in the diitrtft of Ninety Six. The publtck and private donations for the (upport of theie three colleges, were originalty in- tcndea to have been appropriated jointly, for the .ere6iing and fupporting of one rcfprSabfe fioUege. The divifion of tnefe donalionf hat fruftrated this Ao- fign. The Mount Sion college, &t Winn(boroughi ia fupported by a reljpieflable (bciety of gentlemen, who have long been incorporated. Thia inAitution ilouiw ifhet, and bida fair v;^-'1■'^.'^''U* ^t" Religion,'] 8ince the, resolution, by which all de- rominations were put on an equal footing, there havie been no difputes between different religious foci^tief. They all agree to difler* f • ; h,?';* * • r* > t^i *^ The uppor parts of .this ftate are fettled chiefly by Preibyterians, Bap tills and Methodifts. From- ihe mod probable calcuiatiqtts, it is fuppoled that the re- ligious denominations of this (late, as to numbers, may be ranked as follows : Prtibylerians, including the Congregational and Independent: churches, Epifcopal- ians, Baptifts, Methodiflr. &c. Population and CharaQeu'] ThebefteftimSveof the inhabitants in this ftate which , has been made, fijiwt their number at &>,ooo white people^ and as many negroes ; fbme fay there is 1 20,000 negroes in thi« Aatc ; but no a€lual een Ais has lately been made^ On the fea eoaft there are many mone wives than freonen* The bulk of the white population is in^the vycAeifiv partrof the^ftate. There i« no peculiarity in the maiir iieij)4)l' thttiiu^ahitaii^ftpf tjiis ilale^ except what^rilM ti8 SOUTH CAROLINA. from the mifchicvous influtrce of flavciy ; and m this, indeed, they do not difier from the inhabitants of the other iouthern ftiites. Jjlavery, by exempting great numbers from the necellitics.of labour, leads to luxury, difTipation and extravagance. I'he abfolute authority which is exercifed over their fluves, too much favours a haughty fupercilious behaviour. A difpofition to obey the Chriftian precept, «* To do to others as we would that others fliould do unto us," is rot cherifhed by a daily exhibition of many made for one. The Carolinians fooner arrive at maturity, both in their bodies and minds, than the natives of colder climates. They poflefs a natural quicknefs and vivac- ity of genius, fuperiour to the inhabitants of the north ; but too generally want that entei^rize and pcrfever- ance, which are neceflfaty'for the higheft attainments in the arts and fciences. The^ have, indeed, few mo- tives to enterprise. Inhabiting a fertile country, which by the labour of the flaves, produces plentifully, and creates aftlbence ; in a clihiate which favours in- dulgence, eafe, and a difpofition for convivial pleaf- tires, they too generally reft contented with barely knowledge enough to tranfa£l the common affairs ot •life. There arc not a few inllances, however, in this ftate, in \vhich genius has been united with applica- tion, and ik/ie efle£ls of their union have been happily experienced, not only by this (late, but by the United States. The wealth produced by the labour of the flaves, furnifhes their proprietors with the means of hofpi^* tality ; and no people in the world ufie thefe means with more liberality. Many of the inhabitants ^are no p|ins nor expenfe in giving the higheft polifli of 'education to their children, by enabling them to travel, and by other means unattainable by ihcife who have ^ut moderate foi'tunes. The Carolinians are generally affable and eafy in their manners, and polite and attentive to ftrtngers. The ladies want the bloom of the north, but have an eligaging fcftnefs and delicacy in theit' appearance and miHttiers, and minny of thiem poiTdii the polite and ele- gaiit tdcoznpliihments* Commerce.J SOUTH CAROLINA. it^ Commerce.'] The. little attention that is paid to man- ufa6lure») occafions a vail confumption ot foreign im« ported articles ; but the quantities and value of their exports, generally leave a balance in favour of the flate, except when there are large importations of nc- groes. The amount of the exports in ilerling money, has been eftimated at £'•505,279 : 191: 5. In the molt fucccfsful feaCons there have been as many as 1 40,000 barrels of rice, and 1,300,000 .pounds of indigo, ex- ported in one year. Hijiory,'] Na fuccefsful attempts were made to flant a colony in this quarter, till, the reign of Charles I. of England* Mention is, however, made of Sir Robert Heath's having obtained a grant of Carolina, from Charles I. in 1630 \ but no fettlements were made in confequence of this grant. In 1602, after the reftoration of Charles II* Ed- ward, JBarl of Clarendon, and feven others, obtained a grant of all lands lying between the 3 ill and 36th degrees of north latitude* A fecond charter, given two years after, enlarged their boundarief, and comprehended all that province, territory, &c. extending eaft ward as far as the norths «nd of Currotuck inlet, upon a flraisht line weflcrl/ to Wyonoke creek, which lies withui or about lati« tude 36° 30' ; and io weft, in a direO: Ime as far a» the South fea ; and fouth and weflward as far as 29^ north latitude, incluftve, and fo well in direA lines ta> the South fea. Of this large territory, the King con- ftituted thefe eight perfons wfolutcLordsProprietors— invefting them with all neceifary powers to fettle and govern the fame. Nothin|( was fuccefsfuUy done towards the fettle* tnent of this country till 1609* At this time, the pro« Bfietors, in virtue of their powen^, engaged th« famous Mr. Locke to framo, for them, a conllitution and body of laws. This conftitution, confiftingof 120 articles, was ariftocratical, and though ingenious in theory, could nevoc JDO fuccnTsfully reduced to prac- tice. Threes if tso SOUTH CAROLINA^ Three claffcs of nobility were to be eflablifhed, vfz, barons, cafliques and landgraves. The fivil to poflfeff twelve— the lecond twenty four-^the third forty eight thoufand acres of land, which was to be unalienable. During the continuance of the proprietary govern- ment, a period of 50 years (reckoning from 1669 to 1719) the colony was involved in perpetual quarrels. Oftentiines they were harraflfed by the Indians ; fome- times infefled with pfrates ; frequently invaded by the" Firench and Spanifh fleets ; conftantly uneafy under their injudicious government ; and quarrelling witl^ their Governours. — But their moft bitter diflbnfionS were refpefting religion* The epifcopaiians, being more numerous than the diiTenters, attempted to ex<^ etude the latter from a feat in the legiflature. Thefb attempts were fo farfucceeded, as that the church of England, by a majority of votesj was eftablifhed hy law. This ilHberal aft threw the coteny into the ut* moft confufion^ and was followed by a train of evil confcqucnccs, which- proved to be the principal caufe of the revolution. Notwithftanding the aft eftabliih- ing the church of England was repealed^ tranquillity -w«is not reftored to the colony, A change of gov* ernmeritwas generally defi red by the colonifls. They Ibund that they were not fu^ciently jprotefted by their proprietory conflitution, and-eflefted a rtvolu^ tion about the year 17^9} and the government b»> came rcgaU In 1728, the proprietors accepted/* 122,500 fterliitg 'fhjfrtthe crown, for the property and jurifdiftaorv 4ixcept Lord Granville, whoreferved his 8th of the property, *whtch had never yet been formally given up. At this time the conftitution was new modelled^ tnd the territory, Kmitcd by the original charter, was ^vided into North and South Carolinas. From this period the colony began to flourifh. It was protcfted by a government", formed on the plan of the Engliih conftitution. Urider the foftering care of the mother country, its growth was aftbnifhingly rapid. Between the years 1 763 and 1 775, the num- ber of inhabitants was more than doubled. No one indulged id, vfz, poffefj y eight nable. C £ O K G I A. ttt indulged a wifli for a change in their political confli- tution, till the memorable ftamp a^ pafled in 1 765. During the vigorous conteit for independence^ this- ftate was a great fufFerer. For three years it was the lef*t of the war. It feels and laments the lofs of many of its noble citizens. Since the peace, it has been- emerging from that melancholy confufton .and pover- ty, in which it was generally involved by the de- vaflations of a relentlds enemy* The inhabitants are faft multiplying by immigrations from other ftates; the agricultural interells of the ftate are reviving ; com-^ merce is flouriihing ; economy is becoming more faftiionable ; and fcienoe begins to fpread her falutary influences among the citizens.— ^nd Ihould the po- litical difficulties, which have for feveral years pal):, unhappily divided the inhabitants, fubfide, as ishopedy upon the operation of the new government, this (tatey from her natural commercial an4 agricultural advan- tages, and the abilities of her leading chara£Urs, prom-- iies to become one of the richeft in the union. G E o R G I A. mlHt. Length 600 1 i„h-«« f 31° and 35° Nirth Latitude. Breadth 250 i >«**«" ( 50 and 16° Weft Longitude. BOUNDED Eaft, by the Atlantick ocean ; Souths by Eaft and Weft Fioridas; Weft, by the river MilRfiPPi ; Nortfa,by North Carolina ; Nt>rtheaft, by^' South Carolina.' # Civil Diviftons,J[ That part of the ftate which ha*- lieen laid out in counties, is divided as follows :• Princlpfil 76wnu Savannah, lat. 32^5'. Ebenezer. Wayncfborougb and Lau>ivi!|Le. AVGUtTA.. "WaAington.- Sunbury. Brunfwick. St. Patrick's. Golphinton. Greenlburg. Chatham, Ifiinghaai,'. Burke. Richmond. Wilkes, Liberty, Glynn, Camden, Wafhington, Greene, Eraaklin, T2 - ^0:£/^ taa G E a R G I A^ Chief Towns.'] The prefcnt feat of government :nr this (late is Augusta.. It is fitoated on the foutbweft bank of Savannah river, about 134 miles from the fea, and 117 northweft of Savannah* The town, 'which contains not far from coo houfes, is on a fine large plain ; and as it enjoys the bed foil, and the ad- vantage of a central fituation between the upper and lower counties, is rifmg fafl into importance. Savannah, the former capital of Georgia, ftands on a high fandy bluff, on the fouth fide of the river of the fame name, and 17 miles from its mouth. The town is regularly built in the form of a parallellogramy and, including its fuburbs, contains 22;^ dwelling houfes, one £pifcQ|pl church, a German Lutheran church, a Prelbytenjhi church, a 3ynagogue and Court houfe. The numbiir of its inhabitants, exclufive of tiie blacks, amount to about 830, feventy of whom are Jews. In Savannah, and within a circumference of about 10 miles from it, there were, in. the fummer of 1787, a'3out.23oo inhabitants. Of thefe 192 were above ^.o years of ag^, and all in good health. The ages of a lady j^d'^her fix children,- then living in the town, amounted to 385 years. This computation, which was a£^ually made, ferves to fhew that Savannah is not really fo ujihealthy as has been commonly rep- rcfented. SuNBURY is a fea port town, favoured with a fafc and' very convenient harbour. It is a very pleafant) healthy town, and is the rWbrt of ^he planters fromt the- adjacent places of Midway and Newport, during. the fickly months. It was burnt by the Britilh in the late/.var, but is now recovering its former popu- loufnefs and importance. , The town of Louisville, which is deiigned as the future feat of governroent in this flats, has lately been, laid out on the bank of Ogeechee river, about 70 miles from its mouth, but is not yet built, Rivcrs.~\ Savdpnah river forms a part of the divif- ional line, which feparates this flate from South Car*^ olina. It is formed priueipally of two branohes, b|p^ th« G E O R I A. »2^ the names of Tugulo and Keowee, which fpring from the mountains* Ogeechee river, about 18 miles fouth of the Savan<^ SMb, is a fmaller river, and nearly- parallel with it in its courfe. Atatamaha, about 60 miles fouth of Savannah river, is.- formed by the jun6lion of the Okonee and Okemulgecr hranches. It is a noble river, but of difficult entrance. Like the Nile it difcharges itfelf by feveral mouths in'- to the fea. Befides thefe there is Turtle river. Little Sitilla, Great Sitilia, Crooked river, and St, Mary's, which form » part of the fouthem boundary of the United States. The rivers in the middle andtireiiem parts of this< ftate are, Apalachiola, which itf^ibrmed by the Chat* ahouchee and Flint rivers, Mbfafie, Pafcagoula and Pearl rivers. All thcfe running ibuthwardly,- empty into the Gult of Mexico. Climate, Difeajes, &c/]^ The fame a»in South Car-, •lina. Face of the Country,'] Like that of South Carolina. Soil and ProduSiions*] Similar to thofe in 4hc ftate' laft deicribed. i ^*. Remarkable Springs.'] In the county of WflkeSf, within a mile and an haWof the town of WaAiington^ is a medicinal -fpring, which rifes from a hollow^tree^ four or five feet in length. Theinfide of the tree ii covered with a coat of nitre an inch thick, and the leaves around the fpring arc incrufted with a fubflance as white as fnow. It is flW to be a fovereign reme- sly for-the fcurvy, fcrofulous diforders, confumptions, gouts, and e\'ery other difeafe arifing from humours ir* the blood. A perfon, who had a fevcre rhcumatifm in his right arm, having, in the fpace of ten minutes^ drank two quarts of the water, experienced a moment* ary chill, and was then thrown into a perfpiration^ which, in a few hours, left him entirely free from' pain,, and in perfeQ: health. This fpring, fituatcd in a fine, healthy part of the ftate, in the neighbourhood of Walliington, where ate excellent accommodations) will no doubt prove a pleafant m 914 GEORGIA. pfeafant and falutary place of refort for invalids from the maritime and uniieaUhy parts of this and the neigh^i bouring ftatei. Curicfties,'] ASjout 90 miles from the fea, as you advance towards the mountains, is a very remarkable bank of oyfter (hells, of an uncommon fize. They xtin in a dire£)Hon nearly parallel with the fea coaft, in three diflip£l ridges near each other, which togeth- er occupy a fpace w feven miles in breadth. The ridges commence aC Savannah river, and have been traced to the northern branches of the Altamaha, Thefe (hells are an inexhauftiblc fource of wealth and convenience to the neighbouring inhabitants, as from them they make thei||ltme for building, and for the making of indigo, inlRiich it is indiijpen(ibly neceffarv. \ Commerce^ ManuBlAlltits and Agrumure.2 The chief articles of export irc^ this ftate are rice, tobacco, in- digo, fago, lumber of various kinds, naval (lores^ leather, deer (kins, inake root, myrtle, bees wax, corn, live (h)ck, &c. Tiie value of the exports from this (^te in 1772, was £^.t 21,677 (lierling. The num- ber |K^^ employed this year, was 217, whofe ■'^PtfUmiwnt CAaraSlerj Manners, ^c.J In the grand- convention at Philadelphia, in 1787, the inhabitants of this (late were reckoned at 90,000, including three- fifths of 20,000 negroes. But (rom the number of the militia, which has been afcertained with a conHd- erable degree of accuracy^there cannot be at mpflf, more than half that numblK No general chara6);er will apply to the inhabitahts^ at large. Colle3:ed from different parts of the world, at intered, nect(rity or inclination led them, their chara£te| and manners muft of courfe partake of all' the varieties which di(lingui(h the feveral (lates and Icingdoms from whence tliey came. There is fo little uniformity, that it is difficult to trace any governing principles among them. An avertion to labour is toa- predominant, owing in part to the relaxing heat of the climate, and partly to the want of necefTity to excite iaduftry. An opeivanii friendly hofpitality,: partiln* larly GEORGIA. ft^ Ur\y to ilrangers, is an ornamental charaderiflick %f a great part of this people. Rdigion.l In regard to religion, politicks and liter- ature, this Itate is yet in its infancy. In Savannah is an Epifcopal church, a Prefbytcrian church, a Syna- gogue, and a German Lutheran church, fupplied oc- caltonally by a German minifler from Lbcnezer. where there is a large convenient (lone church, and a fettlement of fober induftrious Germans of the Lutheran religion i In Augufta they have an £pif» copal church. In Midway is a fociety of Chrifl;ian% cftabliftied on the congregational plan. Their an-^ ccftors emigrated in a colony from Dorchefter, nea» !ettled at a placft fouthwefl: , of 75«, for thenke '^moftthe whole y. They, as as Bofton, about the year 1 700, an named Dorchefter, about 26 Chadeflon, South Carolina* of a better climate, and more lai fociety removed and fettled at people, retain, in a great meafure that fimplicity of mat>^ jiers, that unafFe6led piety and brotherly love, which characterized their anceftors, the Hrft fettlers of New England. The upper counties are fup]>lied» jMKtty generally, by Baptift and Mclhodift mmifl""^ the greater part of the ft^is not luppli^ ters of any denomination^ CortjHitution*] The numeiOTiS defe£ls in the lats conftitution of this ftate, induced the citis^ns, pretty univerfally, to petition for a revifion of it. It was accorditigly revifed, or rather a new one was formedt in the courfe of the lafl: yeac* nearly upon the plan oP the conftitution of the United States, which has lately been adopted by the ftate. x The State of Literature.'] The literature of thi« ftate, which i& yet in its infancy, is commencing on a plan whicii affords the moll flattering profpefbk The charter containing their prefent fyftem of^ educiition». was pafled in the year 1 785. A college, with ani{4<^ and liberal endowments, is inftituted in Louifville^ '%. high and healthy part of the country, near the center of the ftate. There is alfo provifton made for the in- ilitufton of an academy, in each county in the flate> - to ''1 ita Q E O R G I A. to be fupported from the fame funds >nd confidered as parts and members of the fame inftitution, under the general fuperintendence and dire£tion of a preii- cient i^nd board of trufteeS} appointed, for their liter- ary accomplifhments, from the d liferents parts of the •Aate,and invefled with the cuftomary powersof corpo- rations. Tlie inditution thus compuleaiis denominated « The Univerfity of Georgia." The funds for the fupport of their inftitution, are principally in lands, amounting in the whole to about nfty thoufand acres, a great part of which is of the beft quality, and at prefent very valuable. There are «lfo nearly fix thoufand pounds fterling in bonds ' lioures and town publick proper couihty) nas beei lind fumilhinff originally defism fcouiis, are chiefly the town of Augulla. Other le amount of ;£*.tooo, in each, )art for the purpofes of building live academies. The funds the fupport of the orphan ice plantations and negroes. As the Countefs of Huntingdon has not, fince the revo- lutioti, exprefled her intention concerning them, they l iftiyip retent in a very unprodu6Hve fituation» "^ ~ Thewhplecoaft is bordered with iflandty. lith few interruotionS) an inland naviga- river SavannRi to St.. Mary's* The principal iflands areSkidaway, WafTaw, OfTabaw, St. Catharines, Sapelo, Frederica, Jekyl,^Cumberlandand Amelia. Indians.'] The Muskcgib or Cm sk Indians in- iMbit the middle parts of this ftate, and are the mod numerous tribe of In^ianief any within the limits of the United States. Their whole number is i)!,a8o» of which 5,860, are fighting men. Their principal towna . itude32°and longitude ix** ao' from Phila* They are fettleoin a hilly but not moun- ^ ^country. The fo*i is fruitful in a high degree, feU watered, abounding in creeks and rivulets, whence they are called the Creek Indians, . M Semi NO LAS, a divifion of the creek nation, in- "^liabit a level, flat country mi the Apalachicoht and TliiU rivers, fertile i^ii well watered* O R A. ••r if nation have been {htikig men. >ny between the ^as moditated iin ition of poor ped- * for the further The Chac TAWS, or flat heads, inhnbit a very iine «nd extcnlive tra£): of hilly (outit.^, vviih large and fertile plains intervening, between the Alabaaia and MiiUfippi riveri, in the wellem part ol tins ftate. This nation have 43 towns and villages, in three di- vifiuns, containing 12,123 ibuiti, of which 4041 are fighting men. The Chicasaws are fettled on the head branches of the Tombeckbe, Mobile and Yazoo rivers, in the north- wcfl; corner of the ftate. Their country is an extenf- xve plain, tolerably well watered from fpring«,andof a pretty good foil. They have 7 towns, the central one of which is in latitude 34° 23', and longitude 14° 30' weft. The number of foultnn "' ' ' ' ' reckoned at 1725, of which 575 1 HiftoryJ] The fettlement o^ rivers Savannah and Alat Ei^land in 1 732, for the accc pie in Great Britain and Irelai iecurity of Carolina. Private compaiTion and pub- lick fpirit confpired to promote the benevf>lent deltgn. Humane and opulent men fuggefted a plan of trajif- • porting a number of indigent families, to t^'' ^"^ '"^ America, free of expe qjij^ For this pur] plied to the King, Gedifl the 11.^ and htm letters patent, beauingdate Jonegth, 1732," legally dirrying into execution what they had gerier- oufly projeded. They called the new province les of fpecuUtiQi connoitering the country, marked the fpot on which , Savannah now ilands, as the fitted to begin their fet- tlement. Here they accordmgly began and built a (mall fc* ; a number of i'mall hut* for their defence and accommodation. Such of the fettlers as were able to bear arms, were embodied} and well appoint- ed with officers, arms and ammunition. A treaty of friendihip was concluded between the fettlers and their neighbours and the Creek Indians, and every thing wore the afpedt of peace and future profperity. But the fundamental regulations eftabliflied oy the truftees of Georgia were illy adapted te the ciicum- ilances and fituation of the poor iettlers, and of per- nicious confequem^to file proi'perity of the province. ~ leesweregreatly miflaken, with llettlement, it mud be acknow- snerous. Like other dillant their regulations upon princi- sy were liable to many errours and miftakes, and however good their defign, their rules were found impiropcr arid impra£licable. T^hefa injudicious regulations and redri^tions— the ^hich they were involved with the Spaniards i6---and the frequu^iit infurreftions among tW»f Ihr6w tlmk Their c^preffed fituation wa^reprefented to Ih^ trudees by ^cppeated complaiatts ; till at length, finding ihat the province languiifafed under their care, and weary with the complaints of the people, they, in the i|rear i75i,»fi4n«ndered'theb chatter toth^ King, and it was made a roya) government.^ , In the. year 1740,1 the Rev, George Whitofield . foiin^y^ Ml orphan houfe academy in Georgia, about la i^Mfrom Savannah. M&: Wbitefieid died at NaiiHJIf Port, in New England, in O^ober, 1770, i^|K|Otji f ^ar of his age^ and W^ bittied tinder the « Hniyteriai) church iptha^ •^rrom the time Georgia i:ic;dime a royatgovemtnent^ iW 1^52, tin ttie peace ofP^ris, ia lyb^t "ic- dfugg^^d tiiidermahy difficiilt«»||u^g from the wantof c^ THE WESTERN TERRIT-ORY, ••f over run by the ere obli^d to flee Thciuffcrings in proporiioj^ any of the Rates, jpopubtton pf this Xu4{rowth in im- from iriends, and the frsquent 'moleftations of ene- mies. The good eft'c6isul ihe peace were ieniibtf felt in the province of Qcor^ia. 1*1010 this time it began to flouiifli, under ihe fatherly care ot Govern* our Wright. To form a judjjnicnt uf tKe rapid growth of the colonyt we need only attend to its exports. In the year 1763, the exports of Georgia confided of 7500 barrels oi rice, 9633 pounds of imligo, 1 250 bufhels of Indian coin, which, together with deer and beaver Ikins, naval (lores, paoviftons, timber, &c* &• mounted to no more than /*. 27,021 lleiiing. Ten years afterwards, in tyyjii it cxpoited commodities to the value of ^'.j 21,67.7 t^erling. Djring the late war, Georgia Britiih troops, and the inhabitai into the neighbouring dates for j and loiTes o? her citizens, wet lo their numbers and wealth, JSince the price, the progrefs (late has been a (loniihingly rapid, {irovementaad poQulation,hasDi((pn checked by.the hof* tile irruptions of the Creek Indians, wliich b^^^ been frequent, and very di(lie(ring tothe fronhert|l|^>iMiQts fur theft; g yearspaft. This formidable nation C^li4i«fl» headed by oneAlsGillivlfay, an inhabitant of Georgia^ who Cxded with the Britiih m the late war, (lill ci^ntinlie to harrafs the frontiers of this (late. Treaties have been lield, and a,ce(ration of hoRilities agreed tohetweet^ the parties ; but all have hiterto pi;oved ineiFe^iAl >tcit Ihe accomplilhment oF.a peace. Much was expci&ed from the late treaty held by the CoimnKfioners froni Congrefs on the one part, and the Indians on the oth- er ; but the extravagarit demands of the: Indians pre> vented the defired paci(id( iOue ; and H is feare^ the cQnfequence will be ^n open war, *' ^ |j'^ , ' •THE WESrtERIflTERRltOiSSf^ . . ( ' . )" i'" " > .• .: ; ■ I r-m UNDER this name is'ompiehendcdall 3,b40,ouo acres ; from which, if we dedu6t 43,040,000 acres for water, thet-e will remain ;t2o,ooo,ooo of acres, belonging to the fedei-al govern* ment, to be fold lor the dilcharge of the national debt ; except a narrow ftrip of land, bordering on the fouth of Lake Erie, and (Iretching 120 miles wed of the weftern limit of Pennfylvania, which belongs to Con- jiefticut. Rivers.2 The principal rivers in this extcnfiv« country, are, Muflcingum, Hokhokitig, Sioto, Little Miam), Great Mianu. and the Wabafh rivers, which iall into the Ohio ^pi the north ; and the rivers A Vafe, Kafkafkias, MivlUinbis, which fall into the Mil*- Afippi from the «iii|^' rcj>ulation.'] Itwiltipoflible to tell the exa6l pop- ulation of this tovtttfry. They have been eftimaied at about 6000 fOolai,'eKclnriVe of Indians. This number is made ufi of Fienck, £ngli/h etmgrants irom the o- t^inal (Utes, and negroes, JF^tf ih£ Country f Soil and ProdvMions,^ The un- ^tHK)flr|(di(h«d terms of adminMion, that are commonly itfcd in fpeaiking of the natural fertility of the country 6ti tht Weftem Waters of the United States, would rcn- Her St difficult, without accurate attention in the fur- l^eyil to afcribe i preference to any^rtidilar part ; or ib give a jufl defcription oif the territory under con- lideratibn, without the hazard, of beir^ fufpedied of «xaegeratiort. But in this w§J«fev« the united, opinion of tnc geographer, the furveyors, and every traveller that has been intimately ariu^ainted wfth the country, And matked every natural abjt^ lA'ith the it!6fl fcru- puloui Jlxadnefs, that nd part bf the fedenil territdry unitef w mfviy, ^dvanug^ in poin^ of health, fertility, y«iMy of j^rodiillion, and foivign i^tercbtefi^ as that inEt which ftretchcs fmm the Mnikingum to the Sioto j«4 the C peat Miami livers The country on the Ohio is every wliere ^eafMiti with Usg« level fpot^f rich Uhdry atid remadttbly ^' theaft [cord* equ»l tedua rmain ►vern- |d(4}t; fouth )f the Con- Tiit WESTERN TERRITORY. ^ fiealUiy. One general remark pf thia nature wffl £crvo for the whole truEt of the globe comprehended between the wedern fkirta of the Allegany njouqtaina ; thence runiung Ibuthweilwardly to Uie dtftanue of 500 milet to the Ohio falls ; then croITing them northerly to the Heads &f the rivers that empty themfelvei into the O- hio; thence eafl along the ruke tha^ fcpanUes th« lakes and Ohio's dreams, to French creek. This country may, from a proper knowledge, be affirmed to be the mod liealthy, the mod pleafant, the moQ: com- modious and mod fertile fpot of earth, known to the Anglo Americans* It is a happy circumdance, that the Ohio Company ar^ about to commence the fettliisineflt of tbii country in k» regular and judicioas % n»aiMJ|l* It will CervA^f s a wife model for the fuCui« fettltnMtt of all the federal- lands ) at the fi|me time, thalv kf beginning fo ne|tr the weflern limit of Pennfylvenijiy it will be a contin- uation of the old (etilemenis, leaving vacant no landf * expoied to be feize^ by fuch lawlels banditti as ufually HMsfHhe froRttera of countries dlftant from thf ieat of government* 1 1 ,■ i, . ^ . The dcfign of Congrefs and 61 the fettlers, is, that le Settlements flkall pmied regularly; fdown.therO-' 10; and northward m Lake Rnh, And it ia probn- Me that not many iMart will elapfe, before the whole country above Mi—w will bo broug^ht to that de^ee of cultivation, wKidl will exhibit ad its latent bcauue^ and iufttly thiafedtfcriptMns of traveUen whidbhave fo often made il the garden of thewoehd, the (eat of weidtb, and the oenler of a fnsat empire. Animls»(ii:,J Nocoyntry is better flocked with wild game of every k ind* Inniunerable herds '>f de^r, elk, buffalo, and l>ear, are meltjered in the groves, and fed in the exten^ye bottom? thaj every whcr^ ai>oimd ; an uiMUWdioiMible^COOJf W'tlie grisat fertility of the Ibil., Turkies* gecre» ducks, Evan's, tc^l, phcJfJ^ht^ partridiges, 4be. are, from Qbfervatjoh^ believed to wm Kfie^tfr plenty here, than t^e tamp poultry are i|i any ~ ~ ^ Qjf the old fcttlcments inAmenca. ^ G(nnrnmentA t :fi!;,...S^~ •ara THTt WESTERN' TERRfTORY. GQwrnment, (Be'] By an ordinance of Cdngref!r» palled on the 13th of July, 1787, this country, tor the purpofet of temporary government, was ere^ed into onedifi'rii^, fubje£^, however, ttrtk divifion, when cir- cumfUnces (ball make it expedient. In the f&me ordinance it ir provided, that CongreAi fliall appqin t a Goverftour, Sec re tary , attd three Judge». The Gov^rnour and Judges are authorized to adopt and publifli in'thediifri6i, mch hws of the original ilates, criminal and' civile as may be ncceflary and beft ■ ftiited to the ciTCuin (lances- of the di(lri£l, and report them to Congrefs, and if approved, they (hall contin* nein force, till the organization of the general afTembly of the di(lri6l, who^^U have authority to alter them'. 60 foon as there miil be 5000 free male inhabitants •f flill age^ in the dlApHIA, they (hall receive authority l4tleft reprefbnt»filr0S,-'«one for every 500 free male inhabitants, to reprdiittt them in the general aflembly ; ^e reprefentatit>n to inereale prMre(fively with the number of free male inhabitants, «ni there be 25 rep* refentatives ; after jwhich the nussber and projpdttioa ^ of th« rep^e^sntatives (hall be tegulated by the kgiil# mitt: - ■■ ;i •' - -i P :. ' . : ■■■ ...ku ■ ' ^Sh0 geneialafiembfar, orkgTflstfurs, (hall confili ftS tlicGovcrAOur, legiHative council, and hou(e of repce^ lentativeK The Icgiihtive council (haUccuUiftogf fivt members, to continue in office five ymt'S} ti&lcft foonec jvmov^ by Congrefs* '.« ' > Iit^^iie 'ordinance of Cong refs, for the^govemment «fl)us territory, itispnovided, thaibaftertbe (aid terri- tory acquirqs « certein ^gree of populationy it ihallhie jdiyided .into(Utesv The.eaftern (iate, that is ,thu« provided to be made, is bounded on the Great Miami t will' bed accommodate every part; it is the oioft plea&at, aqtd probably the moil healthful. In this conne£lion we mud not omit to add| thai « Ibttlemerift; is commencing, with advantageous prof- pe^, on the weftern fide of the= Mi®fippi» oppofit* the mouth of the Ohio. The fpot on which the tity is to b«kbuilt, is called Naw MAt>aio, after the capital of Spain. This fetdement, w hich is without the ika- its of the United States, in the Spanith dominions, is eondu&ing by Colonel Morgan, under the patronage of the Spanim King. '^ The fettlers are lo form their f^nconllftution, make their own laws, ( provided th e y iKd not countera£i the laws of Spain) choofe their o«vi»'inagi{lrates and civil officers, and are to enjoy free deration in religioit. They «re, however, to be futye^of the King of ^pakh As an encouragement to fettlers» thev are to be il^ - dulffcd yf'nh fotne peculiar corameivial p^ivileKctf,'- Sew^ Madrid, from its local fituation i^ii4 advoatip tious privileges, is in '|)rQfpe^ of ' being the gieat enof^ porium of the weft^rn country, imlefs the free nayiga« tion of. the Ntiififippifhould be opened to the Urrittd Slates. And levcn^lhouLd this definsd event take place, vy'lkich probably will iiot without a rupture with Spain, this!'ma(i be a place of great trade. For here will as|ti^ra11y center, the immenfe quantities ^fprod^ uce th^t w||^ be borne dosim the Illinois, the MilTifippi, the Ohio, and theirvajrlous branches^ and iJF the car- rier* can ^nd as gpod a market for their cargo<^s here, as at New Orleans or the Weft Indies^ and can pr07 cure the articles the^ delire, they will sladly fa ve them- felves the difficulties and dangers of navigating the long MiiTifippi. , - It has been fuppofed hy fome that aU fettleri -wh,o fO bey of lijlTrni 9^ the United State;^ They will carry along *■ m ^- 1^4 THE WESTERN rEKRitORY. witlf'^iir their maimtfi and'cuftotn% A«ir habits eft government, religion and education ; and a^^tliey are td%e indulged wi^ rerTgiidavmM6kf be cberiflied. If fo^ they will be Americans in Mai fltough nominaUy the futneas ef^'Spain. ' -^P*^^<^v*«tvrr;(. - rr-" r.s.'in'u i -.,■■ x ■ HU ttue Sj»ain' w^ll dt«W a te ventie from tfcwi, but in teturti ttf^y will injoy jkctiliar coitrmercial advan- tages, the benefit of which will be experienced iby the United States, und perhaps be in ampteeompenlatien • for the lo& of fo many citiz^ris as may ro%riite (hither. In (hortj this fettlem«ai^«ottdua«l with judgment and prudence, may^ mutually ferviceable both to Spain andthe Unitad Elates. Itinay prevent jealouf> ie% teffen national piil|iili£ifcs^ promote idigious tolerK' ti ¥ft ettpfr^ tl^r >fVer exiffied; Elevated VviHi thele 'plo^eas, Whiiih aric niorr merely th^^vifiorts of fancy, we c4nnot*But ahtieipate the period, as notfar diftant, when the AMitTtJAW Eiai'iins will comprehend mill^ ions 6f fouh^ weft of the Miffifippi. Judging upon probabB grotindSi the Miflif^i was never defigncfii^ the V E R M O NT. m iht weibBtn boundary of tha Anierkaircinp»r«« ^ 1^ God o( nature never intended «iiiat. fomo of the. boft pert of Kit catthi)iouldbeUth»bitedrby ihc-Afb^i^oi a monaurch, 40Q0 mile* fro«tttli«n^ . And miny^wwnoi ventuxe to preiK^ tbat^ when Aiecifhta^f ntankiil4 fluUr be more fully known, and tbe knawledgt of tbfSIK is faft increafing both in Europe and Aoierica» ^tha power of European potentates will be confined to £u» rope, and their prefent America dominions, becoiqe, like the United States^ free>i0vereign■"■■■ :■..:, 1 .•■-:.».... - ■length iSSt L*-- » r«»*^^'-lw«#ii* North Lstitadet BO EI> lilorth, ivy €aiNrtf»t Eaft'by Comiec« i.ua. riv^j Which diirkief ft frott New Hampt- fhire ; South, by Maflacltufistif t Weftj by New Yorki Civil Divifidns.J 'Vemiont il divided into tbefeyen foUoWin^cOuihties :. Benhim- t^redi and affcnds the heft ef paf^ufage for cattle. On the hanks of - Ihe lake*) jrivers and riyule^Sy are man^ fine tri^ of rich interval )and..i T^P heavy grow ^ of limber, which i^* eofomon ^roughoutthe %te« evince ll|a ftrength and fertility of the foil. ^ CkmatiA None in the world more healthy; Snow falsginsto fdl commonly in the beginning of I*«ovembery atid is generally gone by the middle of April.' Durmg thk feafon, the inhabitants generai^Iy cnj^ si ferene iky, and a keen e»^ld air. Militiaf Population and Chara^^.'] Thejpf are uji* wards of 17,000 men upon the militia ro^Js of thia iUte. Thefe confift of two divifions, ope qti the weft, the other on the eail fide of the mguntain. In thefe two diviliQ|t%^;s fev.en brigades^ which are made up of 2 1 regiments. From the number of mjlilia, reckon- ing. fiweifor dnc, ./we may cftiipfttc ibq ijumbcr^of in- habitants in the flatc at 8^5,000. Others, ^ho reckon fifrforone, eHnmat'; them at > 00,000, The bulk oiF the inhabi^nt# art lemigrants fro'tn Conne&icut and Maibchuletts^tMii their defcendants. ThePB is one fettlement of Scotdl people, which are ahnoft the only- foreigners ill the ftate. As to. the charjii^ter, the maa- iiers} the cuftoms, the laws, the policy^ and the relig- ion of tKe people in Vermont, it is (ufiicient to i^y they are N«w England men* ^ '^ Curiofiiies»2 V E 'R« MO U T. W CuricJUiet*] In theiownlhip of Tiniiiouth, on Uio fide of a IVnaU hUl« iif at^ory ci'*! > '»v ^ At the end of tliis caVe is a circufif hole, i.^ leel' deep, apparently heWn OUf, in a cOiifcat'^^m, en1at|^ ir>i«r^4a^5is3[cx|^f8^d. inTttt foifijW a"{u^r loaf. At the bottom is a ^ring of freih M^ater, in con- tinual motion, Ipte tBe)^nin|^ of a pot. |tt.depth has never been ftundedt *,.y''..nt, to N chofcn annv^ «Uy by the freemen oii the fifft Tuefday in September, •n ' o meet the fecond Thu{fday of the fucceeding C' V r ; this body it veftcd with all the powers nee* cftury fior the legiflature of a fre^ (Uie 1 two thirds of the whole number of reprefentativei cleilsd) mal^e » quorum. ' Eftch inhaUted town throughout the (late, has % right to fend one reprefentative to the ^flenibly. '' The fupreme executive power is^ veiled' in a Gov* /eraour, i.ieutenant Governour, and twelve counff U kffSt to bjjB «bo(si) iMHAiAaliy4n lh« fame manner, anci veiled with the l^me powers as in Connefticut» - Chief Tovn>^ Bknnimgi'on i&th!p.principal town in Vermont. It i§ fituated in the fot^hw^ft eorner 4>f the ft) re, nedr. ^H* foot of the Green Mountain* hi pubJIck buildings are a ehurg^h ior congregation* tUtts, a couet honilf and g«(d* U has a number pf «)cgaot biauiti^ and if a Aouvtfliing town. Hearths itciKer oCihe town is Mtmni Anthanvt which nfes very hi^ ia ihp &irm of a -li^i;ar iiaaf* Th» aSemhiy ^mr nonty hokd th^r fefikmt U Wiit^for» . .^t 4:*'M^/htyJj TW hiftory of Veifbont is involved w tan much' Fontroveriy to admit of ^ing gtvfia vfl/i)^ that coneiCefioft which a wor^ of this h'md re^wea < yii^ therefore leave it to the profeQed hillorian. ' *k > u i i|im ' ■ .-, ■"> fin. ' , . ■ r*- ' I . ,.i ' ,. . . 1 .. ^^f4^ iwi»% ^^^wpreHpniJefjtai} M twft jMcdy (]aUe44hf;-#ARim»^^M()try^4pdi4(}ii}g ]^^^ 4ior,^.«OM||i^oi;th apid ^QMtb ^(^,) .4>4 ^^ ^J A. ^"«p > from Cond. North ijAtitudt. ROUNDED North, by Mew Britain ; Eafl^by tht Bay of St. Lawreiteei' South, by Nova Scotia ind ifc^Uhited States | Weft, by unknowm lands. '/.■ Rivej»i^ The ptineip a t ' are, the Outtauais, St» ' Johii's, Segoinft, Defpratriet an4. Trots ovicres, which arc large, bold and ^ep« a^nd are all fwallowed up by the rivor St. Lawvolce, whtoh falls into the otteaa at Cape Rdtfieres, by a mouth 90 miles broad. *x Chi^Tcoms.} Qu&^/ ck i»tht tapilalof-Canidl^. It is built t>n the bank of St. Lawtetice rivetr, • they amoiltMed to «i 9^'' Englifli'aAd FVen6h, '«»diifiv^'olfh^ LofaliftsiH^vho Iia vd lately%IUed in 4^ Uj^r. pkrte of ftai^ra^ineiiy to Che nuniber, it u l^id, Or iO,4^. ' > ' < « €oTkfilMi^.\ TlM^ ieonftitfftion^er ^^ province is ^istmM on iw 14th of i&eofse thte ilU called Hie * ; Quebeck -*?. K\ ■(•■A ft4« ' 9RITIJSH AMERICA. Qucbeck hi\h* By thU bill ^ l^gMI«|tiv« |>5>war. it ji3l^ MfVifid in tlie G^veniQur aod lc(^flativ^ ccHipdl. The coiDM^ ii comppled of Ih^ l^ieutexiant Jp ovomour, f^ie|ju)£Ice and iqcmsry for the time being, and u^^enlv other iQcmhecp, ncatlv. one half af whom arc Ikd^ Thc^ are ap|)oint9d by 4h^ uo^;n. 7^^'')' Jbc aiiFkQi4it of the <;Kport« frpm the pipvihcc of Qqcbeck io tlie year 17,8^6, wa» jC.d4d>a62 ]Q/. 6 amount of imports in thf faine year ^s £^2^,it6, X^^cxDQrU <:onfifte(i of whe^it, iloui, bitouit, flax fecfj^lumbqr of yario^w )up4ftfi|^.i p<>Ufli, eily^iofenc an4 oihe/mdl^iiialnKlfia b^^ pfin<;ipally of furs andpelttiestlo (hefinf;MU|tt0f/:,s^9^72*^ The imports confiftedjg^^ium, j>nindy> molafl^ coffee, fugar, winesi tobacco^ lall, cJbpcoIate, provifions for Che troops, and dry^ooiU, ,. V Mifl^rjf'J Thia country was difcovowd by the Englifh, as eaily asaibout; «497,. «nid fett)fji jby tke |J»rw:hm*(k)8^^w^o^efitJ^iptji^o^9l,il lijl ni^t grhen, afpr a Wg ai^^lSjidy war^, it M into J^ hands oftheiSntifh^to wh««i?|ti^af cycf fp^ftfeflpolf d. OVW SCt>Tl A, ntllM. 67 o Weft ](.<;qg. frqa» I^ndoa* 11 OIU^DI^P Weft,|>y theeaaern b<»mdar)i3af the JTj United States ; north, by tbfea coafl, ■on the AUantick oc^an, In i7S4,.tbiSipiovince was .lUvidcd inJo Jw9 govf f nm^ntfc Ooei3^ A'tw Brurifwfk, and lies bordenitt on l^e Uni«^ %t«|| ilH^ptberit^iSe^^^ the oame Qr^(^• '/Havers 4Pd Jlkji0>i v1>e riycrs Ri%oiiche and Nip* Mgwt iMa|F4»9i,Wfl^^>foiBal^,8^ ifairinta.l|ieBay of M iA^KMMR^e-v . S^ JoJw'#, J||0aroag|Dadi, j«d St. Croix, run from north to %u^ into t|«B JBa^ of ^Fundy, or the ii^al, Nova Scotia is in^eii^, wiib numerous bays, which a^ord many ci)inBiodk)|i$,|«Id M '^(h ^ *i BRITISH AMERICA. f4t kttbours. The Bay of Fundy isthe'largeft of the the«oi hays, and exrends 54 tfeagues into the tioikgry. tlie ebb and How of tne tide is from 45' lo to t into the «oite|ry. lleie from 45' lo TO teet. Climate, Soil, ProduSions and Trade.] Duri ng a treat 'part of the year tifc-atniofphere is douded with thick log, which renders it unheahhy for the tnhibitantt ; •and four or five months it isintenfelyjBold. iMgreat part of this country lies in foreft, and die (oil, in rooft parts, is thin and barren. On the banlcsof the rivers, iind Tome other parts, the foil is good; matw of the bays, and titt water rivers, and/(bme parts of the ]e. Chief Towns."] Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia, and ftands on Ohebufto Bay. It has a good liarbour, fufiidently large and fade to (helter-a fquad- ron of (hips through the winter. Ak napo lis Hands on the ea(t (ideof the B«ytn that of Georgia. Soil and ProduHions.'] There arc, in this country, a r MciKicanarivcr, emptying into the Gulfcf Mexico. • CapitaL"] New Orleans. It (lands on the e^il 6dD ol the Miffifippi, 105 miles from it^ mouth, in m* 3«*^ s' nortii. in the beginning of the laft year iti contimed about f9oo houfes, feven eights of wKich. ' wore confamed by fire, in the fpace of five hours, on the iqth of March, 1 788; It is now fall rebuilding. Its advantages for trade are very great. Situated on • nc»ble river, in a fertile and healthy country', ^with- in two weeks fail of Mexico by fea, and ftill ncawr to the Britifb, French and Spani(h Well India ifland«» with a moral certainty of- its becoming the general let ' c seoua proda6Mon of thia delight Ad ctMntry. - * hifimy*!^ The Miflifippi, on which the fine couir* tty of Louiftana is ittualed, was fidt discovered by Ferdinand de Soto, in i54>. Monficurde la Salte .was the ftrd who tmverfed it. He, in the vear i63^,. liaving pjifiGBd-down to the mouth of the M\fiftmpK and* furveyed the adjacent country, returned to (Kb- ada^ from w hence he took 'paif«ige to France. ^ * From the' flattering accounts which he gave of the fountry, and the cor^uential advantages that would MCiru* from feltKng a colony ii\^tho(e parts, Louis XIV. was induced ta eftablifli m, fompany for the purpofc. Accordingly a fquadron of four yeflelff, amply provided with men ahd provisions, under the command of Monficur do k SmUc, embarkcdy^witli ' ' an:#. •n .i A ^ SPANISH AMERICA. 945 wt\ intention to fettle pear the mouths of the Miflifip- pt; But he uninte|)tionally failed 100 Icaffuei to Vm veftward of.it» where he Mten^pted to<^ftaDli(h t col" ony ; but througli^he unfavourahrenefiof theclimatei mofl of hia men miferably periOipd, and he himlclf yfM villanoufly murdered^ not long after, liy two of his own incn. Monfieur Ibbervillolttceeded him in his laudable attempts. He, after twoTucccl'sfui voy- ages, died while pitbparing for a third. Crozat fuc<^ ceeded him ; and in 171a, the King gave hir. Lou« ifiana. This grant continued but a fliort time afteff> the death of Louis XIV. In 1763 JLouifiana 'was ceded to the King of Spain, to whom it now bclr igs«- NEW MEXICO Ann CALIFORNIA. * milM. Length acco? ..^^^_ fsti^tnii 126^ Weft Long, from London. ■ Breadth i6co I •««»««" [ajo ^^i 43° North Latitude. BOUNDED North, by unknown lands ; EaO, by Louifiana ; South, by Old Mexico and the Pa* cifick Ocean i WeA, by the fame ocean. l^drdieaft iivifion, Southeaft divifion,. Soiith divl(ton, V^tt divifion, StMHyknt. Chief Tomtit, New MeWco Proper, { ,^^0. n. Lat. jo'. Apachcira# St. Antonio. Sbnort'/ Tuape. \ CaliAv. a peninAila, St. Juan*- >< « CHmattt Sinland Pfodu&iotu.'] The climate bf thi» ^tlountry, if we may judge ffom its fituatron, -uft be very agreeable, Towards theclofe of the lak century, the Jcfuits, who had great merit iviescnloring th^ neg- le£bed {province of California, and in civilizing its rude ^ ii^Mlbitants, feem ftudioufly to have depreciated this dBUntry, for political reafons,-by reprelenting the cli- mate as fo difagreeable and unwholefome, and the foil as fo barren^Jhat nothing but their zealous endeavours - to convert the natives, could have induced thcth "f^ fettle there.f The** wifehood of this rcprcfcntation,. however, has frncc been detc£led, and a very favour- able account has been given of the cliinate and foil. A valuable pearl fifherar has-been found on its coafti^ ^ \V2 and. '-'■ ,'•1 I'* «46' SPA^^iSH AlifERIcA. an^ mines of gold have beeh difcovered of a very plomihng appearance*. Irr (Mf ft^ta, ^ere falls in the morning. % great (Quantity of dew, whiirh, fettling on the rofc Itaves, candies, and becomes hard like manna, having all the fwcetneft of refined fii^ar, with- out its whitciu|||^There ii i\to atnotHer' Very fingu* lar natural prafKtion. ^ the heart of* the country there are plains of fair, ^utte firm aild clraV as cr^ltal, which, con (idering the va(l quantities of fi(h found on its coafts, might render it «Kn invaluable acquifition to ah induflrious riu^on^ Hijtory. ^ Cortes, the great conqueror t)f Mexico^ dtfcovered the extenfive pcninfuh of Crii^smia iti the year 1536, after enduring incredible hardfliips, and encountering dangers of almoft every fpecies. During a long penOd if C^ohtinudd to be lb little ffe- quentod) that even ils form' was unknown, and irS mod maps it was reprefented as an ifliind. Sir Francis* Drake wa« the Jirll who took ppQeffioo of it in 1578, and his right was confirmed by the piinclpal king ot chief in the whole country. OLI> MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN* ^ t i. *.,■■■■■■"■ f . ^>" - ■ *■ ■n.lkj. , ^. ■/'-« i(if»gih acco? i^».„..„ C83O and i4«» Weft Long, from LqfWon. ffeadth 6co J '**^"" I 8° and 30° North LaritOde. BOUNDED North, by New MexictJ } Nortbeaft^ by the Gulf of MeKi€0> Southeaft, by Terra Ftrma ; Southwell, by the Pacifick ocean i divided into the three following audiences, viz. Calicia o; Guadalajarra, Guadalajarra*- ' r Mesico, N.iat. i^* S4'« < Acapuico, ( Vera Crut, Ouatimata*' Mexico PtofV, Gcatimala, • Climate, Soil and ProdnCHons.'] Mexico, lying win- cipally in the torrid zone, is cxceflivCly hot. This country is mountainous in the interiour piriMSi but along the caflern fliore, it is flat and marlhy, "Ind is overflowed in the rainy feafons, which renders 1 vnhealt ■$m w^ \ ;*'t j« ^m^ V'i are nere in great pkaty and perfe^on. ^ "» The chief mines of gold are in Veragua and New Grenada^ bordering upon Darien and Terra Firma*. Thofe of filver, which ate much move rich, as wdl a j numerous, are found in feveral parts^ particuU|hr ill thepiovince of Mexico* , - r? i The mines of both kinds are always found in thf moil barren and mountainous parts of the country ; nature making amcads in oae re(pe£l for defc6ls iyi, another. Of the gold and filVer which ihc mines-cf- Mexico afford, grea| things have been fudv Xhofe w ho have inquired moft into this (ubje£fc comptm-the revenuea at twenty four millions of money ; and this account, is probably jufl, iince it is well known that this, with the other Spanifli proVtrfeHis in South America, fupr ply the M^le wond with (ilver. The Spaniih commerce in the article of cocoa is im* menle. It fpows on a tree of a middling liac, whid| beals a pod about the fixe of a cucumber, eontainir^ the cocoa. It is faid that a faiall garden of cocoMp, produces to the owner twenty thouumd erowns a year. ' Inhaiitanis, ChitrdUer and GwemmetUi'] The p/ef- cnt inhabitants of Mexico, may be divided into whites, Indians and negroes. The whites are bom in Old S{M^n, or they are Creoles, that, is, natives of Spaniih- America. The former are chiefly employed in gov- ernment and trade,- nnd have nearly the iame charac- ter with the Stpaniardiin Europe.; only aUrgcr (hane efpude; for they confider them fclves as entitled tp^ evtiy hifh diilm£iiou as natives of Europe, and look •riPMlitner inhabitants as many degi*eefi beneath them* boles have all the bad Qualities of- the Spaniards, fkom they are de£cendcd, without that coura j^c, liimneis ' M .^MF »4t af P A N I S H AiM E R r C Jt fijrmirie&Jiiid patience, which make die praifeworthy ''fart of the Spanifh chat a£ler. Natunlty we^k and ei^nfinate, they dedicate the giMitcib part Qfitbeir Uvti to loitering, and ina6live pieafurei. Luxuiiom ivith- out variety or elegance, andi expeniive vHlh great pstrade, and little oonvemeneer their ^YanmSiitr is nath" Ing more th^Hllignive, fpeciou^ infigaififince* Fn^n idlenefs and conuitution, their whole bMinefsisjiniOur iindinitrigue ; their ladies, oF cpnfequence, are not dif- difk^njifhed for their challity or domeiiick virtues. Tht Indtans, who, notwithftanding ^e^evaflation^ of tKb firft invaders, remain in great numbers, are be- conjt, by continual ojgpreilion and indignity, adeje£^ '^, timorous and abiferable i-ace of mortals. The bracks here, like thofe m other parts of the > i|^orld, ire ftubborn, robuft^and hardy,. and as welt Adapted for the grofs and inhuman flavery they en* dure, as amy humart beings, - IRiis may ferve for the general ehara£bsr, not only of the Mexicans, bpt for She greater ^arrof the Spfuiiflk colonies in South A- uaemrai *' ■>♦■■.■ vv';>Hi»;v^*v,- .< '■■ The civil covcmraent of Meafico is administered by , tribunals, cafled atidiences. In thefe courts the Vice- toy of the Kinc of Spain prefides. His employment ■^ thegreateft truft and power his CatholickMajefty ^ at his difpolal^ and is perhaps the rithe/l goviBr,n- jnt cntrufted to any fubj«ft in the world. "The ^f^iceroy continues -in office but three years. ?^* The clergy arc extremely numerous in Mexico. The priefls, monks and nuns of all orders^ make a fifth part df the white inhabitants, both here and in other parts of bpanifh America. ChiefTowHs.'] Me x f co, the capital of thisplace, is -fiiuated on a large plain, icnvironed by mountains <)f 'ftich heleht, tfiat, though within the torrid zone, the temp«rarait! of its climate is milid and l^Uhful. ' All the buildings are convenient ; and the publick edifices, efpecially the churches, are magnificfnt. The revenue of the grand cathedral amountai|fii ivsar j£'.8o,ooo flerlinga year^ of which thrf archbid^dp has £*^5fi0Of befides vaft funas arifing from *^ * Spanish AM« RICA. 849 The inhabitanu are reckoned at 150,000, who dra«iii^ aonually from llu^ mtnea above ten millions of nioney^^- excluTive of the vaft fiuns fecreted, an4 applied to private ufes ; yet with thefe almoft incredible treafuresy the p co y | j i iiMtti^sof dollars, in return foi;40ie goods ihe brings thither, and for the payment ol^a^ Spanifh garrifons in the Fhillippine ifles. ^ Hi/tery,'] The empire of Mexico was fiJi|ji9«^ bit Cortca in the year 1521. Montezuma Was a||(^^^ time Smperour of Mexi<;6* In the courfe ofthe Wa^. he was treacheroully taken by Cortes, and- held as ij| prilboer. DoringlhilimpritonnMnt of Ii4j|n^ztfqaa| Cortes and his army had made repeated at<#li^9^c»> Htt lubje^, but without fuccefc. Cortes%iMknow dtte^, mined, as hit laft refource, to try what eflwft the sillei| portion of Montezuma miglit have to fiEnthe or ovei^ awe his ftibjeds. This t^#>rtunate~ Prince, at th# mer<^ of :|l|e.4teacherous Spaniardis, and reduced t«i thellii.1^cfltty of becoming the inftrument of ^ ' ownllifgrac^ and of the flavrry of his fubje%' vancied to the batUcments in his royal robes, vH the pomp in which he uTcd to appear on folemnjlH lions. At fight ^f their foveilngn, ^whom they ha long been accuft«lped lo^ionour, and almoft tp x4^ vere as a God, t^jfrppons dropj^d^jp tii<;;i|r|ipn4|» every tongue wai filent, all bowed iheif heaa$« Jim many proftratedtbifcinfelveson thegrouhd. Mcmt^ zuma addreflnl^h^ iHthfiyer^ aiguiiient that couM mitigate th^trrage, or peirfUad«^^t)yeii| :V> ceafe from hoRilities.. When lj|^cn^^ }»» .dlilourre^ a i'ullen murmur o^difapprobation ran through thc^ciowd^^ to this fucceeded reproachefi and threats ; and their ifury ^'iSngijpi a moment, they violently poured, in whple flights 6f arrows, and voUies of ftones, upon their un* hapm| i^jonarch j two of the arnaw^ftruck him in the MmgL^ ' * '^": body. ■■«W •59 5PANI«H AMERLC Ai r ¥ body, Jt ythkhf with the blow ol a (lone on his tlcnDpIe^ •;^t an end to hi& life. GuatiiiuMilti .^cceeded Mon> tezutna, and maintained a vigplnlus oppofitiou a^aind the aflaults ui Cortes. But he, 4i)ie his predeccfTor^ jaftei* a nob'e defence, wa$ forced t6 rubinit4<aa )nc by laying him Of) WnsiiM^f 5«ief the refi^Q^cLcrL.'e^ty of ami L viiih i^hc LrkviQcible for(iti£ie''' or- into the paving ,ure,rwhich } Bin: he bore ^ CftiSors co^ld ^n 4>^cf<<*f1^ our. One) 9I; %ik- chifsf ^ favoQMiesi ^kis jfplibw ing ovcrtiMae by the vioteoceof t;he aigulih, jc^edeye tow^r49hl&mafter^ whiclifeein- e his ]MKi|ii(Bpiv%ir nfwr ( ^od fuifenag^. < Cott^s. jdi^in Spfti«i4 in i^e 6eid yeacof hift agi^ £nvied ( fnmki and ill .te<|uit^ by the cc^ Whas b«eiii>«4iivt^i^d ceWbi^lBd ages. . fityhif own deliieiie was cafi and bi^ied ttkere. ;'V ~/ 'Va ^.GkV^tm 4^rf|^'|^A, khmua ol^riep, ai^ ParaguijorLaPlata. cmft Pa|ag«at«» ¥§1, Iro, St. Scbaff^in, Buennbs Ajxts, St. Jago, tiaei^ca bi follows :1 Spain» D«ccb, Purtu^at^ Spain,' Spain> The naclvei. TERRilt. *5*'ljfc, j^' w "'^y"^^ ; ' V . "t ' * 4 "paving ;,:which he bore rs co|ild eri4«t|' guifli, tneiur* t fa to t^^».A ' : M »*■ .If <*^ ^. ,■»-*?! «*-*',«.<^^ *tbe itthftbiragts, is fflmoH: a Cjbntinual iucceflioli of thunder, rain amd tempefb ; the clouds precipitatfing the rsnns with iuch impei^uoftty, that the IdW lindfl cxhib|| the. appearance <|if an ocean. Greait ^zMM' the arnmiy is of confcquehce alraoil continually fleibd ed ^"vnd this, togethelr^iwlth the exjcetCive heat, (o inw pregnaies the air w^tW'Vapours, that in mafiy prov- inces, particularly about ropayan and Porto Beilo, it is extremely unwholefome. The foil oFthis^^ritry is very different, the .inland parts being exceedi'ogly rich and fertile, and the eoails iandy ajVd barren. It is impofilbtletfi^vlcw wi^libut admiration, the perpetual veq^iure |>f the woodf, the luxuriincy of the plainly ar^t^<} towering he^ht of ^the mountaits. ^Tl# cot^iV produces corn, fugarji tobacco and ff^^j M. all finds; the moft 'remarkable is that of the m^pM^ nillottee. It beiirs a fruit refembling an ajSpIi which,^ under thtt fjl^cious appearantc, contain! fhi tnoil'Tiibtile poif0|>. The bean of Qrrdiagenafi the ktxit of a fMciei'i^^lorr libout (he l^heu bf # bean« ^d is ah £:^cdQ|»it «nd' never failing ifemedy fc^t" the bite t>f the m6^eilyage. to this conti- nent. It was fubduod and fettled by the Spaniards about the years 51 4, after defiro^^ng,^ with greaf in- , humanity, icveral T:iill ions of (he-natives. This coun- try was called iTeria Firma, on account of its being the hrft part -of the continent which was difcovered^ all ithe .lands diicovered previous to this being ifl«^«"> J The Equator and 25° igltude. % L«(tirjde« ^"ttOUNDED North, by Terra Firma ; Eaft, lay the 4)cean. Andes ; South, by Chili ; Well, by tlie Pacifick Rivers,'] A prodigious number of rivers rife in the Andes, and run through this .country, amocg which aie the Grenada or CafHa|finSk Orinoco and ^inazon. The bft liasjts Cburceifi: Peru, and after fYunnirg eaRward upwa?d& ^f three t^uland miles, iallsinto the Atlantic^ ocean. Thiis nver, like all ^4Dther tropical rivers, annualEpoverflows its banks. ClimatCi Soil and Produ&ions.'] Though Peru lies within the torrid zone, yet, having the Paci£ck ocean 4)n the weft, and the Andes on the caft, the air is not 4b ftiUry^ as is ulual in tcopical countt^s. The Iky is * gt»esia% m SPANISH AMER.ICA. n$ ^generally cloudy, fo that the inhabitants are fliielded rrom the dtrefk nya of the fun ; but what is extreme- ly lingular, it never rains in Peiii, This defe£i, how* 'CveVf IS fufficiently fupplied 'by a foft ^\d sentle dew^ tvhich falls every night on the ground, and fo refre(h« es the plants ana grafs, as to produce m many places •the ereateft fertility. In -the inland ^arts of Peru, and by the banks of the riversi the foil is generally very fertile. Kut along the fea coaft it is a barren fand. The producHons of this country are, Indian com, whe^t, balfam, fugar, wine, cotton, cat'Ie, deer, poultry, par- rots, wild fowls, lions, bears, monkeys, &c. Their (heep are large, and York as beads of burden. An- other extraordinary animal here is the victunna, or Indian goat, in which is found the bekoar ftone, cel- ebrated for expelling poifons. The province of Qaitoi, abounds with cedar, cocoa, palm trees, and the king- uenna, which affords the P^uvian or Jefuit's bark ; aHo the ftorax, guiacum, and feveral other gums and drugs. Gold and filver mines are found in every provincej but thofe of Potod are the richeft. The mountain of Potofi alone, is faid to have yielded to the Spaniards the firft fofty yeirs they were in poffeffioii of it, two thoufand millions of pieces of eight. Oovernment*'] Peru is governed by a viceroy, who is ablblute ; but it being impomble for him to fuper- inteaid the whole extent of his government, he» ac^ gates a part of his authority to the feveral audien^el and courts, eftablifhed at different places throughout his dominions. * ^ Chief TowHsJ\ Lima, the capital of Peru, and.ref* idence of the Viceroy, is large, magnificent and pop-' ulous ; and for lUe fplendour of its inhabitants, the grandeur of its publick feftitn^ls, the extent of its com* merce,'and tl^^deiightfulnefsof its climate, is fupe« riour to all cities'in Sc^th America, Theie etninent' advantages are,, however, considerably overbalanced My the dreadful ^rthquakes which fr^^uendy lyi^en liere. In the year 1747 a mod tremendous earth- ^{uake laid three fourths of this city level with the jroundi and entirely demolifhed' Caiwo, the port town ■^i' X beloi^ing n. SPANISH AMERICA. belonging to it Never was any deAruflipn mora complete or terrible ; but one, of 3000 inhabitants, being left to record this dreadful calaroityi and he by a, providenc; the mod Angular and extraordinary ima||inable. . Lima contains 60)0oo inhabitantf» of whom th9 whites amount to a fixth part. All travellers fpeak with amazement of the deco- ration of the churches with gold, (ilver and precious fiooes, which load and ornament even the walls* Quito is next to Lima in populoufnefs. Jtiifiory,J The Spaniards 6rfl vi filed Peru in 1 526. Fizarro, with an army of about 160 men, after a icries of treacherous and cruel a£ls, made a conquefl of the ^whole country, for the King of Spain, in 1533, to whom it has ever fincc been fubje6t. The natives have frequently attempted to regain their liberty, but have hitherto been unlucceCsful. Some late infur- redions have happened, but the confequences are not y«;t particularly known. H I L I. niln. Length iico3 K.i*««n 5"*5** ••"* 45° South Latitude. Breaath 500) ""**" i 6s<» and 850 Weft Longitude. BOUNDED North, by Peru ; Eaft, by La Pbta; South, by Patagonia \ Weft, by the Pacifick ocean* Clmatet Soil and FroduHions.^ The air of Chiliy though in a hot climate, is remarkably temperate, oc- cafioned.by the refrcfhing breezes from the fea, and the cool winds from the top; of the Andes, which are ccaitinually covered with fnow. This country is free frpra lightning, and although thunder is frequently heard, tt is far up in the mountain* Spring begins here dbo\xt the middle of Augiift, and continues till l^ovember. It 'n fummer from November till Feb- ruary, . Autumii contiaqcf till May ; aiKl winter till Auguli. It rarely fnows in the vallies, thpugh the mountains ai« always covered. This country isen- ^nely kofiiwm «^kin()s of ravenous beafta^ poifoqous aniin|J» SPANISH AMERICA. 959 animals and vermin ; not even fo anuch as a fly is to be found here. The foil is extremely fertile, being ^watered with numberlefs little rivukttfrom the inoun-< tains. It produces, in the greateft abundance, apple«t pears, plumbs, peaches, quinces, apricotSf almondv-, olives, grapes, cocoa nuts, figs, &c. It abounds in gold, filver and lead mines, and the rivers themfelves roll on golden fands. But their ftaple commodity i» cattle ; they have them in fuch abundance} as freauent- ly to caii the fle(h into the rivers, referving the nidesi^ tallow and tongues for exportation. Hijtoryy InhabitantSi £?c, J The Spaniards made fev- cral attempts to reduce this country, but with no great fuccefs till the y«;ar 1541, when they built the capital &. Jagpy no'^v the refidence of the Spanifli Govemour, and a Bifbop's fee ; and afterwards Coo^uimbo, Coh> ception, and Baldivia. The natives are remarkable for wit, fortitude and patience ; and the Spaniards to this day have never been able: to fubdue them \ they continue dill mailers of part of 'ihe irUand eeuntiy. Tjiere have lately been iome ibrmidat^ infurrefiaona againil the Spaniards by the natives, which haw greatly alarmed the Spantih court. ^k:r*' PARAGUA OR LA PLATA, nritflt* ' Leotth 1500 7 K-^-^._ f IS** tad J7® 8o»th Lititadcir -> j^ . Breadth 1060 \ «»«***«" J y,o gnd 75» Weft Unpitude. . * BOUNDED North, by Amasessa ; Eaft, by Bi«- ail; South, by Patagonia; Weft, by Pert; 'm^ ChUiw ' Rivers and hiouniains*'] Thi« country, beficv'S ms. infinite immber of fmail rivers, is watered by three principal ones, which united near the fisa, form the famous Rio de la Plata,, or Plate rivei*, and which »i- nually overflow their banka, and, on their reeefs, leave them enriched with a flime, thatpiroduces great pknty of whatever is committed to it. This river, whcrf it unites with the ocean, is 150 miles broad. At 100 Kilei from its mouth, a (hip in the^niddle of the chan- "^4 ■«lf •^ SPANISH AMERICA. net} cannot be fecn from either fhore ; and at Buenot Ayres, too miles Hill further back, one cannot dtTcciii Ihc oppoftte fhore. There are no mountains of con* fequence here, excepting that remarkable chain which ciivides South America, called the Andc;^. Climate, Soil and Produce."] This country confide of extcnfive plains, 300 leagues over, except oi> the caft, where it is feparated by high moimtains from Brazil* La^Plata it a mod defirable climate, and one of the mofl fruitful countries in the worM. The cot- ton and tobacco produced here, with the herb called Paragua, which n peculiar to this country, would elone be fufiicient to form a flourifhing commerce^^ There arc here alfo feveral gold and fiWcr mines. ' ' '^ Chief Towns,'] Bvlnos Ayr e», the capital of La Plata, }» the moft confiderable iSea port town in South America. It is fituated on the fouth fide of the river la Plata, aoe miles from the mouth of itr The tiver is upwards of so mile». broad at this place. From .this town a great pa,rt of the treafuie cf ChiU and Pe- ^lu is exported to Old Spain. The natives of Tacu- .nan are faid to have wooden houfes built on wheelii which they draw from place to place as occafion .wquires. JJifiory and KtUpon*] The Spaniards firft difcov- cred this country m the year 15159 and founded the town of Buenos Ayres in 1535* Moft of the coun« try is ftill Inhabitated by the native Ameticans. The Jefuits have been indefatigable in their endeavours U> convert the Indians to the belief of their religion, and 10 introduce among them the arts of civilised life, and liave met with furprizing fuccefs. It is faid that above ^40,600 fiimilies, lisver^ years ego, were fabje£t to the'Jeluits, living tn^ obedience and an »we^ bordering «a adoration, yet procured without any violence or conilraint. In 1767, the' Jefuits were lent out of America, by royal authority, and their fubjeCls were fiut upoa the fiune fbotin^^with' the reft of the couiw PORTUGUESH ?*r: 1 fa Pi ^t li< m >>' of this country is 'Kot, but healthy, and the foil exceedingly fertile in^ mai|e, millet, rice, fruits, faffron, balfam of capivi, ginger, indigo, tmber, rofin, train oil| cotton, the beft of tobacco^ line fugar, brazil wood, &c. Here alfo are mines of gold, filver and diamonds, and a great quantity of excellent oyital andj^(pei;. Thiacoun- try alfo abounds in cattle, apes, parrots, and beautiful birds. The rivers and lakes aie ilored with fifli> and' there is a whale fiihery on the coaft. InhabUants, Reiigion, £^.] The coait of this large country is only known ; the luitives ilill poffefstne inland parts ; whereof thufe towards the north m called lapayers, and thofe in the fouth Tppinamboys. Thefe natives feem to have little religion, and no teftvr|(|, pie or place for publick werlhip ^ mit yet are faift to believe a future ftate, and have lulbe notion c^ r^* wards and punilhments after this life. Hi/lory f ISt,"] The Portuguese difcovered thlttouilN- try in tKe year 1500, but did-flbc plant it till the year 1549* ^hcn they took poflefllon of All Saints 0ayr and built the city of St. Salvador, which is now the Hefidence of the Viceroy and Archbifhop. The Dutch invaded Brazil in 1623, and fubdoed the northern - pinpvinces ; but the Portuguefe agreed, in i66i, to pay the Dutch eight tons of gold, to leKnquifli their iriterefl in this country, which was accepted, and the Kostuguefe remained in peaceable poflfeflion of aH Xa Brazit^ stsfi GUIANA.— AMAZONIA. Brazil till about the end of 1 762, when the Spanifli Governour of Buenos Ayres, hearing of a war be- % tWeen Portugal and Spain, took, after a month's fiegCy the Portuguefe frontier fortrefs} called Sti Sacrament ; but by the treaty of peace it was reftored» ~G U I A N A, (Belonging to th« FrtHcb and Dutch) IS divided into Cayenne, which belongs to 'the French; and into Surinam, whiph is a Dutch |>roVince. Cayenne extends 240 miles along the coaft of Gui- ana, and near 300 within land. It is bounded North, by Surinam ; Eaft, by the Atlantick j South, by Am- azonia i Weft, by Guiana. Ail the coaft is very low, bi^t within land there arc fine Jiills, very proper for fettlentents. The commodities aie fimilar to tbofe of the Weft India I flands. • Surinam is one of the richeft and moft valuable coU onics belonging to the United Provinces. The chief trade of Surinam confrfts in fugar, cotton, cofSce of an excellent kind, tobacco, flax, fkins, and fbme vaU uable dying drugs. They trade with the United Stlites, of* whom they receive horfes, live cattle, and pfOvifionS) and give in exchange large quantities of snolaflfes; The Torporifick Eel is found m the rivers «' of Guiana, which, when touched either by the hand, or by a rod of irj^f gold, copper, or by a ftick ©f fbmd particular Wmds of heavy wood, communicates a ftiQCK. perfc6lly like that of" eleftricity. There is an immenlc number and variety of fnakes in this coun- , try, which form o^ oFits principal meonveniences. A M A Z O N I A. ' ' : »' ' Length laco—— Breadth 560 miles. BiGUNDED North, by Terra Firma and Guiaim ; !■ Eaft, by the Atlantick ocean and Brazil; South,, ^y d; l>Ua J atid Weft, by Peru. "^'■' ■ ■■ - . _ . OC( an( ^ AM A Z O N I A. «» ^^^ I Arv^/.l The Amazon} whkh is cae of the larseft tt<'er» in the world, runs a courfe from weft to ea« of about 3000 milc«, and receives near 200 other rivers, nany of which have a courfe of 5 or 600 leagui^Sj and ibme of them not inferiour to . die Hudfbn and the Delaware; The breadth of this riv^r at its mouthy where it difcharges itfelf by feveral channels into the ocean, almofl: under the equator, is- 150'miles; and- 1500 miles from its mouth it is 3^0 or 40 fathoms deep; In the rainy fdafon it overflows its banks, and waters-, and fertilizes the adjacent country. Climate, Soil and Produce.^ The fair (^afon here is about the time of th^ folftices, and the wet or rainy iisaron, at the time of the equinoxes. The trees, fields and plants, are verdant all the yesr round. The foil is extremely iicb,.producing corn, grain, and fruits of all kinds, tobacco, fugar canes, cotton, caffavi root, po* tatoes, yams, iarfaparilla, gums, raifins, balfams of va- rious kinds, pine apples, guavas, bonanas, &c. The forefts are ftored with wild honey, deer, wild fowls and parrots. The rivers at^d lakes abound with fi(h of all forts ; but are much infefled with crACodiles, al- ligators and *./ater ferpents. InJkabitants.'] The Indian nations inhabiting this wide country are very numerous ; the banks of «dmofll every river are inhabited by a different people, who are governed by 0etty iovereigns, called Caciques, who are diftinguifhea from , their fubje£l:s by "coronets of beautiful feathers. They arc idola^»|l|, and worfhip the images of ihcir ancient heroes. <«|p |heir expeUi« tions they carry their gods along with them. Hiflory,'] The firft difcovcry of this country was made by f rancifco Orellana, about the year 4580, who coming from Peru, failed down the river Amazon to the Atlantick ocean. He obferved on the banks of this river, companies of women in arms, and from thence called the country Amazonia, or the land of the . Amazons ; and gave the name of Amazon to the river, whiib formerly had been called Maragon. The Spafa iards made feveral attempts to plant tliis country, ^|«£ al\!ra}'^ met with fo Boany diinculties and difafters'fl^ ,', .♦ icndercd '^^^ V- .• '# % t6b PATAGONIA. icndeivd all their defigns abortive. The Portuguefe h«v« fotne fmall fettlemejats on that part of the coaft which lies betwixt Cape North and the mouth of the river Amazon ; but this excepted, the natives are in the fole poiTeffion of all the country. # # ♦• PATAGONIA, Is a. tra£l of country, 7 or 800 miles long, and 2 or 300 broad, al thefouthern extremity orthcAmerf ican continent CUmate, Soil and ProduStiom.'] This country is full of high mountains, which are covered with fnow moil of the year. The ftorms of, windj rain and fnow here are terrible. The foil is very barren,^ and has never been cultivated. » Inhabitants, Charaiter, ii'c.l The natives li^c in thatched huts, and wear no clothes, notwithftanding the rigour of the climate. They live chiefly on Bfh and game, and what the earth fyontapeoufly produces. They are of a tawny complexion, have black hair, and are a gigantick, brave, hardyj a£tive race. Their arms are bows and arrows headed with Rxnts^ We know nothing of their government or religion. Hi/lory.'] Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguefe, in the fervice of Spain, firft difcoveted this country ; at leafl he was the ^rflkJ|at failed through the ftraitscallend by his name. JMlpllan paffed thefe flrtits j^ib^ yhat 1519. The continent is often called Tetri S(l'4Mran- ica ; and the largefl of the neighbouring «ii^-'^m a volcano ilk it, is called Terra del Fuegcf^^Kj^dpoibli foutherly point of which is called Cape'' ^^Kf(^' \l Upon thjM^'ft difcovery oj^he Straits bf^fl^Aism\ the Spaniards l>uilt forts and rent fome co^P^S thith- er; but moft of the people perifticd yft^ lobid and hunger; Jthce which time no fettle tn ents ^ KiVc^MBiiBn Itttmptcd hel-e by any European^* '^{"^-wF^ . »^^f^ 26l are in )m a loft WEST INDIA ISLANDS. (Thefe belong to Great Britain, Spain, France, Holland^ and Denmark* J * TO Great Britain belong, Bermudas, the Ba- hama iflands, Jamaica, Barbadoes, Antigua, St. Chriftopher's, Grenada, and the Grenadines, Nevis» Montferrat, Barbuda, Dominica, St. V|ncent, Angu- illa ; to which we may add thieir northern iHands, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and St. John's. Jamai- ca, the largeft-of the Weft India iQaivds, is computed to produce annually 70,000 tons of fugar, upwards of 4,000,000 gallons of rum, befidet coffee, cocoa, indigo and pepper* To Spain belong, the ifland of Cuba, one half of St. Domingo, Porto Rico, Trinidad, Margaretta, Tor- tuga. Virgin iflands, to which we may add the ifland ' of Juan Femandes, which lies 300 miles weft of Chtli« in the Pacifick Ocean, famous for having ^iven rife to the celebrated romance of Robinfon Crufbe. The ftory is this : One Alex. Selki^, a Scotchrt^^^^-, was left afliore in this folitary place, where he liveii federal years, till he was taken up by Cant. Rogers, 1709 ; he had almoft forgotten his native lasigua^, feeminj^ to rpeak his words by halves. Durinj his refidenee on uie ifland, he had killed 500 goatl^y ninning them down, and he. had marked as many more on the ear which he had let go. Upon his return to England he was advifed to publUh an account of his life and ad- ▼enturefi; in his little kingdom. For this purpofe he gave his papers into the hands of one De/oe, to ^'>r^^ pare them for publication* But the wKfer, by ttiv. help of thefe papers, transformed Alexander Selkirk into Robinfon Crufoc. %r ']%the French belong, the largefl part of the ifl- andof St. Domingo, the iflands of Martinique, Gua- deloupe, St. Lucia, Mari^ Galante, Tobago, St. Bar- r - tholomew s€a L U R O P E. tholomew and Defeada, and the North American ifl- ands St. Pierre and Miquelon. Thefe, with their Af- rican and Afiatick pofleflions, and their fettlemcnts at Guiana and Cayenne, contain, according to Mr. Neck- ^o inhabitant s. vt *'/ :o rfiStLANT) betehgpfte iflands of St. Eu^tiay labgpnd Gurrmm, ■....'» # 1 To Denmark beloQg, the iflands of 3f, Cruix,:St. Thomas, and St. Jcho. In tKefe iflgnds tlie Moit^vi- aushave ufeful e/tabli(hmenti» 1 ^ 1 i i j , ||l > ■■■n ' jii n i E V R O P E. vt."' ..■lii'iir I iiii lond. % ^ Uif th 3000*7 u-»i«^ f IP** W. and 6|f £• I^MW. from rBrfhdth «5oo i •«»»««« J^^fio and 7,0 NortliJitirMde. . ^ ff^^U N D^SilNordi, by the Froawn ocean ; taft» |XJ bf Aruri £k>ud^)ly the:M$dite)rrahean fea, w3)ich Nfiiirtdeak from Afrkm j Weil, iy the Atlantick ocean, nrKich fisparatcs i^ f;^ Atneiica. Containing * J^iviftonsy Pv^ f-» # "^^ f w Sf ^■ rti ll ..hi- Grand ■m lerican ifl- [htheir Af- "lemcnts at Mr. Neck. [t. Euftatia, m Croix, -St. fie Morivi. J tude. fca» wfcich «k ocean, Untuning n* of th© } an4rc4 IJ?vr, !■■■■■!■■ -M-acaKJC: 9 I ■^.Y^^ •/^ (yevvrv/t/ut ^«^Z'»'<'/^;*«^^lf>5Sr* vv^iar (yev^Tyt/ift t-**^ -__^«*«K ■^i^*^ >l!!L.. ;-' r 7>--- ^ gH u ROPE. i6s 0«n^divifion.fA'"»^^«^"^ of Europe. Ruflia, (Euro.) Sweden^ Denmark, Poland and Li' thuaniay . ftates in ( h*blt- Population. 4»SJh' 30,000,000 3,000,000 2,aoo,ooo fquarc mOe. PublickRev. enue in fter- ling moneys 8,500,000 »»,»44 163,200 lo^ixo 100,928 26,000,600 1,500,000 24,800,000 2,360,000 20 H 12 ^3 T3S 236 £.5,800,000 1,300,000 1,000,000 f •^ 3,6cojooo Jd I l,0O0,OCC J 5,296 • 1,480,000 Italy, Portugal, Hungary iha Tranfylvania, Spain, Turkey, 90,000 27,376 92,112 188,44^ 182,562 Total 2.712.114. 2,800,000 16,000,000 r,«oo ^170,000 ■ »*'< io,ooo,co6 7,000,000 109 "7 136 lio S6 i8,coo,ooo 4,000)000 ►14,500,000 68 3« 144,130,000 \ i^y ) 1,800,000 f 5,000,000 5,000,000 « Excluiive of Ifdand. f Of IMi Spain ihnte, - « ' .' Military itnd Marine Sinn^,'] The land forces of the European ilates, in the year 1 785, \v«re a» follows : . France 300^000 Prufiia -rc^ooo Aullria 282,000 Turkey, (210,000 Ruffia( 450,000 in In alH in £ure^ 170,00a . tUj in Eiuops S9O1OOQ Spain (incUmilk.) 60,000 Denmark ^ t .»'• Denmark Great Britain (in eluding militia) Sweden Sat^nia IlbUand E U R O ^ fi. 72,000 Elefto. of Bavaiia and the Palatinate 24,000 58,000 HeflfeCaflel 1 5*000 50,000 Hanover 20,000 40,000 Poland 15,000 37,000 Venice 8,000 Naples and Sicily 30,000 Wurtcmburg 6,000 £le6bo. of Saxony 26,000 The Ecclefiafl:* ftate 5,000 Portugal 2o,ooo lufcatiy 3,000 Including the parts of Europe omitted in this cal- culation, the armies of all the 'Countdes of Europe, a- mlpni to two millions of men ; (o tha^^t fuppofing one hundred and forty millions of inhabitants m Europe^ no more than y\ ox the whole population are foldiers. Number of Ships of the Line, f r'.gatei, Cutters, Sloops, ts^ England 465 Turkey 50 France s66 RuIIia 63 Spain 130 Sardinia 32 Holland ^ 95 Venice 30 Sweden 85 Skily S5 Denmark 60 Portugal 24 Total 1325 Rdi^fi*'] The reltgioni of Europe are the Chrifl- ian, the Jewifh, and the Mahomtttan. The twafirll itre fpread aU over Europe ; the firft andiaft are the only eilablifhed dnes, the jewiih being merely toler- ated. The chief divifions of the Chriftian) are the Greek, the Roman Catholick, and the Proteftant. The Greek religion is efiabliflied only in Ruflia, and tolerated in (bme parts of the Auftrian dominions, in Poland, and chieny in Turkey ; (iibdivifions of the Greek church, -lip the Armenien aad Neftorian church. @f the^oman Catholick chuich, Janfenifm is a fubdi V ifion. The Proteftant religfo n is fubdi vided into the Lutlieran and Calviniffc, or refcrmed religion ; of the forraer the Epifcopal churdi of England and Ireland is a branch ; of the latter the Prcfbytertan church of Scotland. Hicre are, bcfides, many feda aiiaptcd to tjie different; degrees of theological knOw4- n P O R TUG A L. iBs rope, a- I.: 3 M :l edge, or to the different warmth of imaginatton of thofe that adhere to them. The principal of thefe fe£U are Arminians, Mennoniiis, Socinians, Unitaii- ams, Moravian Brethren, Quakers and .Meti^odifts« The portion of the furface of thexountriei, in whkh the Froteftant.religion is cftablil^ed, to thofe in w^ich the Roman Catholick rcHgion prevaiU, is neaily as three to ^our. The number of Roman Catholic k$, according to tlie bed calculations, is about 90,000,000 ; the number of ProteAants only 24,000,000, which ia a. proportion of nearly .4 to 4« P O R T U GAL. mllM. Length 300 7 l-.„„„ J 37** and 42° North L«titude. Breadth 100 i "«"*««" { 70 ,nd 10" Weft Longitude. BOUNDED Worth and Eaft, by Spain ; Sout!^* and Weft, by the Atlantick ocean. Containing 19 towns, 527 villages, 3343 parities. Rivers,^ Every brOok in Portugal is called a river. Its rivers rife in Spain and run wei( through Porlugal^ into the Atlantick. The mod noted is the Tagus. Capital.^ Lisbon, at the mouth^of the Tagus,.con« taining about 150,000 inhabitants. In .1755, it was laid level with the ground by a tremendous earth- quake, which was lucceeded by a general conflagra- t4on, in whic^ cataRrophe upwards of 10,000 people loft their livest a Climate, ProduHions and Commtrct^ jfortugal, fitu- ated in a gjenial climate, abounds ioMieellent natural prpdu£lions, and is well wateVedl^p po^cITes very rich provinces tn» and upon the coflf of nTia, Africa and Amenca. It i«, however, rwt proportionably powerful ; its inhabitants are indigent, and the balance of trade is againil it. It is even obliged Reimport the •neceflaries of life, chiefly corn, from other countries. Portugal produces wine, w;;v of the courts of juftice are flow and arbitrary, sn\i.\ U;C number of lawyers and law ofHcers is excecd" The imtt of religion in Portugal is the fame as in SpJSin. The Portugueiis clergy confift of one Patri- arch,, a dignity granted to the c;hurch of Portugal in the year 1710, of 3 Archbiftiops and 15 Bifhops, The whole number of Eccleftafticks is 200,000 : go,ooo of which, and fome fay 60,000 are monks and nuns. The number of convents is 745. The num- ber of clerical perfons to that of tht laymen is as t to 11. jajfory."] Portugal was anciently called Luiitjinia, and inhabited ilfl|r:. tribes of wandering people, till it became fulMe^-lo' the Cartha«nians and Phoenicians, %vho were difpoltefled by the Romans 25O years before Chrift. In the fifth .century it fell under the y ake of the Sue vi and Vandals, who were driven out by the 'Goths of Sptin, in the year 589 ; but when the Moors of Africa made themfelves mafters of thegreateft part t)f Spain, in the beginning of the eighth century, they f>enetrated into Lufuanid j there they eiUWAied G«y«i ernoursr^ 4 ^ P A I N. 667 emours, ^vho made themtelves Kings. It became ii ije£l to Spain in 1580; but in 1640, the people re- belled, (hooK ofF the Spanifh yoke, and ele£ked fcMP their King the Duke of Braganza, who took the name of John IV. in whife family it has ever fince renuin- ed indef^endent of Spain. Her prefent Majelty'i na'^e is Mary Frances Ifabclla, who ; eded lb the throne in the year 1777. I {'t: and 44° North LatStucte, and 10° Eaft Longitude. BOUNDED W«ft, by Portugal and the Atlantick ; North) by the Bay of Bifcay and the Pyrenean mountains, which divid' it from France; Eafl and South, by the Mediterranean Tea, and the Suaits of Gibraltar. Spain it divided into t4drn:rtd8, in which are 139 towns, and 21,083 villages and boroughs. RivtrsJ] The Deuro, the Tagus, the Guadiana, the' Guadalquiver, all which fall into the Atlantick oc€an» and the £bro, the ancient Ibcriis, which fal is iiito the ' Mediterranean. Capital,'] Madrid, fituated on a branch of Ihc viver Tagus, containing 140,000 inhabitants. CadiZi fiituated on the Atlantick, a littlu to the northward of the Straits of Gibraltar, is the great emporium of Spain, and contains 80,000 inhabitants. Weakh and Commerce. 2 The adyanjbages of Spain,- »a$ fb climate, foil, natural productions, rivers, navi- gfttion and foreign pofleflions, which Jin^immenfely rich, ought to raife this monarchy high wov% all othr 4iF powers of Europe. • Yet ihe reverfe is the cafo : Spain is but thinly peopled-— has but little commerce •—few maauBi^ures — and what commerce k has, is almoft entirely in the hands of ftrangerf) notwitb- ftandimg-the impediments thrown in their way by the Spain IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^|2£ 125 US 2.2 mm I 1.1 1.25 lit lit u 140 I 2.0 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WKT MAIN STRiET WnSTIR,N.Y. MSSO (716) •72-4503 '^ Al>il,#rQol, filkf hemp, flax, Ac. which, with ]^r%er indhifttv', miBht bcr exported to aa amazing Mlloinii 'And yet all the exports oi Spain, moft ar> ticles of which no other country can fupply, we efti'- aiated at pnly £»^tZ3B^$B^ fterling. Spain does not |lroduce coj^n enouih for its own confumption, and is imHer the neceflity of importing large quantities. ^ Gwirnnunt.'l Spain is an ablblute monarchy. The provinces of Navarre, Bifcav and Arragon, have, pre- Mrved'ibme of ^eir aincient privities. The King'f Qdi6b mud be regiftered in the cpurt of Carlifli^ J^* isre they acquirer therlbrce of m^K Th^ crdwl^ it hereditary both in the Unale and female line. By a l^w made in tf^s* ^Bmafes heirs eannoC fucceed till ^fter the whole male line is extinOs Re^onA The RomaA Cstholick religion, !» the ^ilttmm of alkothers) is th6 religion of the Spanifli ittonarchy ; and it is, in thefe countries, c^ Ae moft ikoited; fuperftltlous and tyrannical charaCler. All 4il«rdenomihati«iit 6f Chriftians, «s weS as Jews, arer eaepoiHi 10 all- the ^verities of perfecttHoA. The pow> cr of the court of Inquidtion, eftabli&ed in Spun in T4|i7l|i hatbeen«dimini(hied, in (bme refpefis, by the iliteifeienee of the ctvii<'ip^er, 11 is fuppofed thaft «h6 elenrgy 6f this Idntllbiii amount t^ 900,006, hlAf of iNiltO^'aife monks amt nuns, diftributird in 3^ c6ih^ vents, ithe revenue of thei Archbilhop of^oledo fs ^-^i0bd dtilfaife There are in the kiiigdom ^f ^'^ * ircMiilli P% wtioSi ^fg^* ^t^ a^ltfieiv yfaabcfow QW*^ >t »)pfca|ne jfeW^ to the Roman*, tiU ^he y^r 409, i^rh^ tbf Q^Uii, Yiim, dalf^ f uevi, Alapt 9fi4 9(U^«gi| ouC^fiftfotw^iM^i^ drawing hif fo^pcfi fe^im thai l^ing^qm to t|i« <^ m- ya<|c4 '% 9n4 divijcl^ \t i^moQift ^mCply^; Uif- vm Goths in ^ Uttl« lin)^^ vfci* lyt ii^%ri|pf t) ^ij»d«?; t^ir King AjpAaica. I. vrh<) f^wiM Mvb Sj^nlAt moparclut. After 9 ^i^r ,fij^^e{|bi| of mooarchii^ wo ^ooafT^ th^ Ifte l^iQg Chahlii* lU* whp afccnd*^ ^ ffl tl)c throng vpon th? dfalh o| 1|^ |ui|i t>cp^r fl^i* piHAKA Vlnn thf y«ar;^769f' ff*= aoEt: F JRi- A NT' C £« ©ROUNDED Nprllirljy thff ?i^ilii|ch^^^ ai|f JjI thjl Nethf rUmis ; tA% by 9^*^^^* $iri^r* |an4 ^nd IiaW ; ^puth, by jftif M!e#t«?r?j^n «p^ Spain i Weft, by the Bay or ]^l¥^iy« Qop^ining 40^ €iti<^ ^S^W^fiPwilcr *piv*% 4a»fPP |anaeii>WJ|poQ ^t^iii a v#iy »U4cUjPir«i l«f Win i|!0tt|»?rt«5a vfciy fipfMl^i 8 H IP bpwdw*. by b»# rMf? faip9i tbp lopwfBr bf?i9chps of vhm <:iic^l'lM C(9:?ter partbf ibf MlPSdPini i^ 0ol^\|i^y ^^fidp wU lai^ rivers, foch at the Rhone^ the Loifocy tl^ (Js lj|^iie,^he Si^ii^ #«* tat|>tt»WH»ii|Jpf WP w^wju Il9vi|abl$ ; apd i* it (WFitigwpli* to Isvfo^ocptm y^ pB^ af}yiQ^0M repd«r |hi« l^n^ or^ of .#kh«ft co»»tri(i#of K^rop^bptll ym'jeSf^ t0|»al* nna produ^uVM wd (cpmo^rce, W"*e »# *^pw «p«ito«4)ty #f Fraivp, Op^ iptUip9 $|r htin^nd thopTaiNl M^r*$ Pf Krowi|i) aM|J|aid OhI in y incyai^df ; IMfl ^ net p^it Mqn Wwn,|mdidr tteir Weft a ^flefliohi, whidh a«e adMiriri>!y oUttvated ind ^ vemc^jafe the richeft. Befk»e tlw laUr American war^the bailee ofeommo^in fiitrblir of#rance waa eftimated at 7Q,oop,»filtlMa»W»dli^ fince been dimtniihed. 'k--:'-^'¥^^-. (kfvefimi^i*^ . Vnftide41 ^ «oft lo^^orlaM^and glorious feyoiutipn in favour of civil and rtlifiibui lijt* *f^ it hoW aifcdnipltfhinffliii F^nicls. ' '' ^ In Frattice there are 18 Archbifl!^M,'ltt B^lki^j^ ,^s€6.bo6 clergymen, 5400 cohven^ieoottinfo^ perldn^ devoted to mohaftick lif6. JLearninMi] The fciencet have ailifen t f*^ great Height in this kingdomi and thi* natioii ... iK»aft of having^nxUi^d ^t^l«^yftct^Oi«^l^^moft ev- ery' braiicn of fcienttfick tknowletif^ ^d' elegant li^ eratiire.'^Tbere arc 20 Ufniverfitk^ •^- Firance* ^ The aoyaiaciademies of ifciehce^ of-tKeFieivcb kmgi^e» arid of-IMiriptiohs and antiquiliet at^M^ are jmiy J0or^t France watibrigihally the county Of the - antHent'Oiuts,. and was conquered by^^e H^ans 't\venty five years befoiteChri ft. ThI 6olhS| ^^diV ' Alans ai^ Sue^i, and a^rwards the- Burgundi^ d^- ' vidid if ainongft them from A. Di 400 to 47^!wfaen '^lie Fratlki^ another ftt of German eihlgrinil| ^'lia had fcttI^t)#weenti||B Rhine and the Maine, c^^m* >lcte(i the foundation of the prefeht kingdom binder ^a» It was con^uered^except ntitfh^ EdWi^ """ •' . •■■ , * 1II«„ '. I T A L r. •7t III. of ]£ti|landt bstuPMii %^% and 1]UQ. In 1410 in entiM oonqueft WM nuMle oy Htnij v^ who ^H appoiiitod rettoK, durbg tho Uie of Charity VI. ic« linOiiitledgipidlieir to the crown of Fitncct* wk hom*' 3c paid to him accordingly. The Engltih Iproiirll lo^' \ ita pofleffiona ki Frpnce during the lelgii of Hbniy VI. between 14114^ fndfiM. * The prtfenk King of Ihtt pofent mnpire. it tewilr XVI. fhe friend of Amerfea, and the protecbr of th|i^ tight! of mankind, who wi^ hern Augull a|» 17^4^ ^ snarried Jl aiw Antoniedi of KvXoniu^lixv^iPi 1770. 1 acceded Id the throne i^wn the d^^ or hta' fiml ^ fatfierXewif XV. May'sO| t774 v ^ ww ctoWned ^ •tRhein^June t8»i775, t i i»< 't « I T A L Y. ■MiMi a- i, , LcBftti «o 1 fc*---^ J 3t<^ M* 47** Hortk Litltiat^ ITALV M a hfgep(eimiAil% ^ue4^f ^^ «^ .^r; and iaVoin)ded,Nvr^« Dy#« Al);^ il^hic^ divide it from France and Switzter»nd \ 'XmI^ by t)ie Gulf of Venice, or Adriatiek Se* ; Soudi and We&i|Hjr |he Mediternmean Sea. ^ ' The whole of the Italw^mcoiMW' dM uyUi|f Corfiea and iS^idinii, ate , 4iBl« Ifttloog loMbt, MontMmtf , AlefliuDdiiDe, isardiSlaia* TodiekludomfNiBlst, , •f 8«pla„ I SicUy ifM. . r Milan, vTo tn Imper. \ Mratoc^ C Mixftu4«l«* .Bopetdonialoas. {rr«fpfA*i/Pam l%e Iialiant ^e|l in cobit jplaiftoti ^tei &f r»m. tho ^i^v^Mimimhi Th« inauiilWo* here is little more than a founds In Njp^theie ens wAtm^tfii toy j|^9pi ; Jn f^ $ Ar«hbi(h« ops, arid mWim99* M^*f fear i^s iHene ntn in ^ „ Roiit^ohee«i€f" / Rioir$*'\ The pir«()cipal riven «re the Rbin^ and Rhmte^JKiilf ^f wmch rife in the Alps^ iftrr ^mm ^^<'^'»0 '^h** coqntry is fbH of npunti^i^^m the topaof lome of them tbi ftiow «e« mattit tile yiariound { theairofcon(e<)ucneolsk9^ and ih% &ofts fevere. In die fummet- the ipe^ality oJTthe fimiendein th^ fame pnmnce vc|y unc3<>*^ in iia|Mtfo9S» On one fide of thUlioutit jM» caued the i^»^ tlie^^ iiihali^iftnu are often r«»ping,whil^^i^ * ^ (owmg ## »w ^WITZERI^AND. iowing on tl^e other. The vallies, however, are warm, fruitful and well cultivated. The water of Switzerland t» excelleivt, defcending from tho inoun- laina in beautiful caurajStii which have amoft pleafiy and delightful effe£l. It9 productions are^ iheep, e ariilo^t* ical, democratieal or mixed, a general %ki( «f Itherty pervadet and a£biatet the f'sveial cen%iMiii. The real inictrefts «f ihepreple ap|>.*ar to iplipiM t9> 1^ ^b^y eiti# a dBgiee of happi«4ffi» ool iibi|e«pilk* ed in ddjpoi^ fovemmevti, ^i^J The old inhabiiaoteof thia country il«re emn Hthfm ; Oi^ere deftiated by JiiUua Caifafi $7 ycain befoxe Qjhni^JMKl^ m^m^m»ilfli^sSH TURKEY. *75 jeft to tlw Romans, ttU^ was conquered by the Alc- itians, German emiffinnts, A.O^ 9^5 ; who were ex« pdled by Clovts, King of France, m 496. It under- went another revohition in 869, being made part of tm kiiKEdom of Borstindy. In io3t, it Wfs given, by the mh King of Bufgumiy, to Conrad 11. Emp«« ^ tor of Germany ; from which time it was heM as part ^ of the empire, titl the ) ear 1307, when a very finger Tar revolt delivered the Swifs cantons from the Ger* man yoke. Grifler, Govemour of thefe provincei fbr mt Emperour Albert, having ordered iWW>i*l Mi %J1Sa ^j '»•"»«'» BObfldEP Kofth, hjr Raffia, Pbiand and Sclavs. nia V Eaft; by Cirdiffiti» fte Bl3it:k fea, the Fhu ^ntis, Hi^fleipont and Atdiiftdago ; SiMt, by^the |(edlterraman fea ; Weft, by thitf fiun^rfta, and the Venetiaaa «iid Ait£riaa temtoiiei* t76 T U R K B Y. Soiif Air 'and PvoduQions,'^ Nar pi her blcfliugs upon the ihhabii Narure ha* been lavifli iianu of Turkey in Ihele, particuJari. ' The foil, though untmprovect through the indolence of the Turki, it luxuriant hi- yond deficrijption. The air it falubriout and friendHjjj^ |o the imaytnationi unleft corrupted hy the neighbour* ing couotnett Of through the unclcafihnefs ofitt inhab- itanlt. The liealiDns here are regular and .pkaljupt» and have been celebrated from the remoicii timet of an- tiquity. The Turkt are invited to frequent batbingi, by the purity and wholefoneneit of the water, in ev- ery part of their dominioot. Raw filk, cotton, oil, leather, tfijbacco, uke foap, Jioney, wax, manna, and yar tout iNiiti and drugt, arc liere produced in plenty. Chief Cities,'] 9^m«taiitino^jlx, the capital of thit empire, ftandt on the weft lidle of the Boiphorui, iiiUhe ptovince of Romania, watiebuilt by tnip £m- perour Conftantine in the fourth century, who trani- icrred hither the feat of the Roman government ; up- on his death it obtained thetiame of Condantlnopfe. It it of a triangular ihsi^pe, waihed by the fea cm, two fidet, and rifing gradually from theihbre, in the foini of an amphitheater. Xhe^iew of it from the harbour St confeiledl^ the jfincft in the world. The city is forrounded by .a wall about twelve milet in circum- ]fetence,Jmd the fuburbt ajte very extenfive. I^ con- taint 4,000,000 fotiU, of which 200,000 arc Greckj^ 40,000 Anneniant, and 6o»ooo Jewt. . ^ ^dipon*'\ The ejllabliihed reliuon in thit empire It the MahooMtan, of the Te^ the Sunnitca. All oth- er religions are tolerated on paying a certain capita- 60CU A Among theChriftians r^sditu; inTjurkeyfttnole of the orthodox Gred t arctheMnoft 4ium<(a-oiit, and theyenj<^, among other fMiiFiI%et, that of being ad- vanced to digniMet ?nd poiU of truft and pro^t. The Turk.i(h iqlergy are pumerom, being compw't^ of all ,^f jear n(p(| ia theempi^ and a^e the v^y teachers of the law, apjd mi^ be (potii(i4te(i 19 aU im,pipilaat cafet. CewmmenL']. The Ti^ikifh £mperciui|^ who it .ufually. cali^ the Gr^d Seigniot, hai atji, itfilimited j^wer over the livet and (^itunet of Jiitiuljie^. But * ihii r- nlayilh proved lant b^ friendf ighbour- rt inhab- fiupt»and sft of an- MUbingi, fi inev« ton, oiI« nna, and I plenty, apital of >lphorui« U!ip£in- ^o trans- tent ; up- mtlnopfci '• acm.two the forai 5 harbour le city is I circum- I( con- e Greekj^ lis empire AUothp in capita- keyitnole tons, and being ad- e»$t« The Xt^ofall sachersof timt caret. c yih& is Ufilimited bas. five Ihij n u n G A 16 T, mt^ cbitBy-twwAidi his.nHrafterB;Bad oIL 4Mcra>QfAiM. Their tows In MMral am equitaUfb4l duly f!3(teuied, but juiUce it -iiequeatljf^ hoiight liidk Xttdb ^ Jhfttm\ The g^ H iw ffi Mi|pii:i^ •r fe t ewigl y df" the TitiMk)enpii%. i»— t ^ w Mi dt QtitSMmv^s b^Oikrmmh upon Uwrtait&diAiviMi^df tlwen- pifo •( ih# ■>tewi' Cj Pitlw in thoyear 4909y wib» wM) InocflBded bfn vmm i^jit^mott wwriilwPraicet tktt .aco ffMonbd itkhiaoty^ IJIm TttrtBtOi throiio it h«* vodiUfy im tk» < ; Jtl i; R O A H y^ ' ' ■ i^aaia* IMUmXMU) NodH, hy FoUmd ; M9>S^hfTm^ 13 vaaiaaiKLWaladiia.} $aiiihf,by(^ci4vsoiil#{ >Wa£W l^ Awftiia; aod.Moimiiia* Divided' into 4/j||ter Mv9h^ gm^i QorilMi^tliatOairtAifr t UMi^Zmifr J^baj^to^iisNick «f thaPaiiidm iuu] SaatiMt'ar^sopm 4M/ 4iiii I^MiiM^ Tha^ aw^ia file fouthem pat«|4»fi U i i > gwy #? «ef)i unheiiU;^ enrfaistot iag>n <«at«d u M i e ia a»: Iritcajaad Wiiilhat* Thesiif in^tha •naHlttti piina^ i i fia a iu. fame and Meaidiy^ HhmkSi 'mr^ammfHUfB ia:«ai? fmi|ei4»d' p#BdiMpft ahapft «y* r4(iBi'iif Mtii ' ^fkm Kiareia fine^i^ ol Menfo raaMeh eaieinedtw sHUtaaiy dIBaavfc- JUfifiiMN} Tha«fi«Milit»^ ^MffMMtMtfif %,tha^ute4. *■ #? siJMl HUN G A R Y. <^rpultd. AU that it infifted on U, that the heir of the houfe of Aiiftria (hall br eleCted at ofteo at a va- caiMiy happens.' The rnalia of Hungaty, eoAflfting of the crown and ((tepler of 3t. Stephen, tne firft Kihg, art depofitcd in Frelbuf^. Thefe are carefully fecum by feven locks, thekeysof which aie kept b^ the fimie number «f Nwngarian noblemen. No pnnee is held by the pop- ulace as lecally their fpveicign, till he be crowned with the diadem of King Stephen } and they have a notion that the fate of their nation depends upon this crown's remaining in their poOeflton i it baa therefore been alwawsremoved in times of danger, to places of the areateinaleiy. CnU/Towns,'] PiutiBuao, in Upper Hungary, is the capital of the whole kingdom. It is well built on the Danube, and, like Vienna, has (uburlps more mag- jnific^t than itfelf. In this city the ftates of Hilo'gary hold their aflfemblies, and iA the cathedral church the fOiVereign is crowned. . mjl^tl This kinadom is the' ancient Pannonia. Julius (Viar was the hrft Roman that attacked Hun- gary, «nd Tiberius fubdued it. The GotKs aftei wards lOCMt it f and in the year 376, k became a prey to the- Htins and Uofnbards. It- was annexed to the empire dfCeMiuiny -under Cbai;leaBange,-ln|tbeceme aninde-, pend^n^kingdoin \n 920. It was the feat of bloody wars between the Tu^ks and \9erfnins,, from i5i|0,to *189r ^hen,,by the^featy offielgnKie, it was ceded 10 the ntter, and is now annexed to the Ceirman cihpire. Formerly it was an aifemblage ol' djlferent ftates, and ^teohes was the firft who aflumed^the title of fting,' hi Qte year 907* He was diftinguiflicd witlji the ap- peUatiofi-pf &%imt, becliiCie he firft introduce chrilU lanity into this country ^^ Thie prefent lovereign ""is JMas iaTiie a KiA, whofucceedea her fatherCHAa t st VI. Fdbruaryi a« 1736^. She piairied Francis Stephen, firand Duke of Loraine, cbofen Emperour Septem- ber 1745 ; who died in Aueuft, 17051 by wbotai Iho 4h4 the prcieiit £lnpe^^^r Jofeph II. '''- r^ ' ^ CERMANt, >*.. r4j«4'M4u«4o'N9ftliL«itt«4««' firMiih s*o J ******* ls« and lyV^ES Lm|{i«4«. BOUNDED North, by the German oceuii Den* mark, and the fialtiek ; Eaft, by Poland and Hun- gaiy ; South, by Switaerland and tnc Alpa, which di- vide it from Italy ; Weft, by the domihioni of Fmnee and the Low Coutitrtet* from which it is ieiwraGod by* iihe RftWe, Mdrelle, ind Che Meafe^ DiviJiMs,^ The German em^liv ir ^vided inl» 'illtn circles, via. "' Cktbu Vfiu SasoBfi LMNrJasoBf^ lUM Pefi$f0tiui, a,iflO|^iOO aijoo»99o l(OO0^CO9 Grtftt' Pftktkn* Burtwif m^W^^0^^K^M FriiM»BU> ' i«Mo,mo $waUa Bavaria , \^ Attftria ^xU^to timt UhlAf ' i,ioeioo0 I Beridcf thcie ten circles there belong aUb to thi Omnan emj^r^y f Th«kta|4omortt«l)caiIa.il«14«4lBlei«4licl«a« a,aM,OQo , TM Mimulfal* of Mtravia, ia J clfdca, 1,137,000 Tk« Mii^iiiAM of IhiibtU^ (b«l^|i«| CO dtf ) Bicftor of Sasooy) j . SUoio, (Wk>»gfi^ » tha RoeiaB tn^Ka) - Produ^iims tu^'Cmmerce,'} Frdm the advanta|raiie fitdHictn ind thiB jpreat otteot of OenDany^,'fiOBi tlui yarioda'iMPeaniAcib m die toA^ the number of its motilt- talns, forefts aiidJii^ riv^r^ we fhould be led to^»> pe£ti Vhat^we a£hiwuy.^d, a great variety and pl^ty of tiytdfibdii^bfif. Thi nortliem, and chiefly^tbo fiorlheaftecn'pii^s^ fnmilh dlan^' foite of peltry, l^a (kini^ktxeL\k9ni woti^^ iqnirrels, lynxe^ w%l oats, bb#ct, Jke. .The ibuthftm pam produce iexc^- lent wines and. f mitt i and the iftiddle provEneepgniM plenty of corn, etitde and minerals. Salt is found in ^eirmanjr ici ({reater abimdimce and purity than in jnoft odiefi countries. . GooenmaitJ « The German ^pbre,- which till tffe year.849,fir9a^^conneAe(|with France,, now forms a ^ ftate G E It M A K Y. %Ute by-iHelfy t>r may be confidered as tt couAitoMttt •f upwarils of 900 foverei^ntiesytndependetat of cacb other, but compofing one political body under an eieii- ive head, called the £inperour of Germany, or the RomsRi Emperoqr* All other feveieigns allow him the fir'fl rank among the £uropean monarchs. Eight Frtfices of dfe empire} caDiod Elcdors, have the lisht •f ek£Ung the Bmperour.^ The electors we divided into eccfejiaftical and tsmponil. The King or lEIcftor offio-^ S^ TkcSk^oFOfnAiPaVMbM' ^ TbeAcohbiAMpefMcBtt,;} r pf3av»rM, . g Ttie-ArchhlAiopof Tre«ci»^5^ Th-i TlHArcltWfliopo/ColotB*.) S Tto Ilcftor of Jmsiai-r % S bun, . r ^ ThefleaorofBiaiiffdcfc, M tHMover.) J ReUgion,'] Sinee the year ^£5^^ the RoUMn CmIh oUok, the Lutheran, and the Gj^'inift, generally caUed the Rfjfbrmed Religion, have been the eftaMimed m- iigionsofflQeriBaav. The ficft prevails in theioutb of Germany, the Lutheran in the noBt]lii»iaDd tlM»R#- fbmed near the Rhine. €afiuf^2 Vi-BwNAi-onthe Baonoeg is tfie -capital •T Aiiftru , aadof the wrhole Gerisaa .empire ; v^d i» ]d)e refidence of tht Emperour* me umakmtaaS v&hi^covtnmimi amreadoaa marts ••uiiaienceadbn«iviadhBr£wopBaBinalMn^ l^etf jpve itfac ibosKNir or ittiMating the Aot «f FnaliB^ dbottt titt year i^go. ■■■ ■ i, H^orvr ^0 GhaiienuiBge* «r diaries the pBMiur^ ana, 1 764. la 4 765, he waaetcdod £ii^eBOMv upoa ihe deatih of his father Franeis K The dSenaaa empire, when confidered as jone^&ig^ pOMWT'Or fiatc^ wtlh the Emperour at its bsadi isof b9 great political confequence in Eunope^ iKcauftv ^'om the inequality and weak -connexion o!! ila parts, and the difierent nature of their government, ficom &a i fignificancy mk tfETHCRXitNOS. ^g figftti«attcy of its ill compofed anny,^ tnd abdv« allT from the dfifiesant view* md tmtroai of iti atit Aeiri^ it it ni^t«o impoffible its iQtmA^vAdhtxmHoi, com**^ pMftUnd ^^ 1 » ii « »ii> nt ii .^M- ■§' tv >iad4MlBi*«aiaMa««nd 70 E«ft Longitwle. . BOITM D^t) l^drth, ^iloUaid ; fiaft, by Cer-. « many ; South aliJtfwijMii'«r.l ! Their pranctpa^ ttunaftftoMs ire» . fine iawm, camorickt, lace and tapeftry, with Wbi^h tliev ean^ im « t<^i^*dv4iitagb' bom ftndthflf«ipitai< of Flanders.^ Heh^ the beft tami bldtaaie mallet '^ mtoft of the fine iiocs^ wbitdkaii^ i|«ii»iii«vi8iyrpiirtof tlMiA^odd«A < '^^ ,/tiis;. ia. J5^*«7-] * ^ii HO L L AND. \ NiJMy,'] Flanders, originally the «:ountry oF^the ■mcient Bdgae, was conquered by JuKus Caelar, forty feven jreats before Chrift ; |>aflcd into the hands oF Frante A,D, 41a ; and was governed by its Eorlsy fuibjeft $0 that crown, from 864 to 1369. By mar- riage it then came into the houle of Auftria ; but was yieued to Spain aki 1556* Shook off the Spfanifll yoke 1572, and in the year 2735, by the treaty of Vi» en'na, was annexed to the German empire. ■ I -I I ^ . 1 I r i . 1 I » III I ■ ) . — HOLI^AND, OR THE UNITED ;;t;»r PROVINCES. , «•,' Length 180/ m5 t^miWiln,. Breadth ] between BOlJ>^0£Pv£:#ft„ by Germany ; South, Ity this r Auftrian and French Nethenands; Weft and North by the German ocean*. Containing i43tQwns^ 1400 villages., 1* ' '; Divided into feven provinces r- • PromiiKtu Chu/TstiMU*. ' JiiitA. delitTp. , Nimwegiten, ia,oca HolUnd^ Air.fterdanBy. 2JZ,cco Ut«eche,. * . ' Wttetht, . jo,oco Zcclead,. Middieborg,!^ t4kOco , K(ieA»D4» I»euwMden.; P^ttyffelt Desenter. • Oroeaigfcii, Groei»?»t». • ' Country of Qitnthe, under the proteftion of 4he United Provinces. i- ^y-Lmda-of the Generality, commonly mlled Dutch jfinibant.. "i ^ IFeoOA aml€MimeK&,'j The feven UniDed Provioee* 'ilf&rda ftriking prff that unwenMcd.an^Berfever^ thg. tnduiftr y is capable of conquering «\'cry >di fadvant tage of climltte and fiti^on. The air and water «re h»dy the foil naturatli^mxinces fcaroely any thing btit turf ; and the poifepion of ihia ioi),. pooi;«8 it is^ is dH^uted by the ocean, which, rtfing conitderably above the level of thmland| can only W^fiisvttntedliy ■'u-V^'^ s^ ib'^ng, VA H O L X A R K f»» ftroaiMid expcnAve dy kes* fron oveiflowing i fyo^ which feenuto be RjoUn from ii» naUirali 4oiiuiim« Hotwithftanding thefe dtffic«4des, which might bem iafiinnounuble to a leHt ioduiUioui people, the per{e» ycringlabounof the patient Dutchmen have rendered this (mall, and feemingly infigniMcantterritory» one of iht richeft (pots in ^rope, MMh withra^eft tomspu- lation and propaty. In other oountries, whien are poiTefled of a variety of natural prodi^iom, we are not furprifed to find manufiiftures employed in mul* tiplying the riches which the bounty of the foil be- ftows; bill tO' fee, in a coii^ntry like Holland, large woolen manufkAures, where there are (carcely any flocks ; numberlefs alttfts employed in metals> where there is no mine ; thJcni£u¥lft4>f law mills, where there is fcarcely any foreft ; an immenfe quantity of com exported f|om a country where there is not agricul- ture enough to Aipport one half of its inhabitants, mufl ftrikt every db(erV«r with^^ admiration* Among the moft valuable pradu^lfions of ihis country rnvr be reckoned theii^ exceUent cattle; They export large Quantities of madder, a vegetable much ui'ed in dyingi 'heir fiiheries yltld* clear' profit of many millions of florins. The trade of HoUand extends to almoft evBinky of vtty great wealth and greater creditt • Gavemmentiy Sivce the great confederation of U- •.trecht, made in tiie year i$79» the (even United Proy* inces mtii^ be looked upon as one pc^tical body,.unit- ed for the prefieivalion of the whole, ot which each fmgk province is govemod by its. own laws> and ex- ereifes moft of the ri^^it9M0f£;aioy eseign ftate* I n con- fcquei^ce of the unim, the ievcn provinces guarantee tS«ach other's rights, diey make war and peace, they vkvy tAxes, &c. in their joint capacity ; but a» to in- A„. . ternal «i4 R O L L A N O. tfa» otur ^rovincety and of tbe Aipteae power of tfa» iepiibltdc» The {ii»vtikcfli T»nk m the mtiet Ikw »m mentioned. Tlwy fenddiBputiea, dboAn out or li« ptDviactallbtfli, to thcl^caictal flfieknbly, odkd dm QkdttiGmumli whidi. it tnvcftcd wii& tbe « cral of the United I^ovincea^ waa mada hereditary in the Poiicoof Chranga'afcifeilyf BOtcM^ting iamatea^ ■ 1 i •■ *i , r-:,) . .i.vJ>.^*.4fc4^'^4*' POLAN0 P iSS t\«<, n iif iiiiiin>i.nii *mmm^ etsastt: notLiyuiL ANi» urmjAtiiA. :*U BfcAdth US] Itetwew 5 *^** «Ba 3i«*i«ii i*!ig*tttie» BElOllE dw cietfaordinairy pMptittdn «filhis«iuiH try bv t)i« King of Praffit, aided -by itter Wmpt" rear and £mpre& Quoen, »id li» Empms-tX Riifite, ^bidi -event nappeiwd linee theTcnr 1771 > the king- •dom «lf PoUnd* with the dulchy4»f Lith«niis.«nfwxed» . wsboQndod North* by Livonift, Miifeovy «nd ibe ' Bakidci £aft, by MiJtovy { hyjm, ^ C The «r»t 4u|9by pf X*itbv?^9i4» ¥rbi axon every year] peUry, timber, me|al«, mamia, wax, honey, &c. the value of them in tihe year i777» amounted to near- ly 30 millioni of dc^rs. The importi, confiftiiig chiefly in wine, clath* Hlk, hard ware, gold, filvfr, £a(( and Weft Indiagoods, were fuppofed to amount to no left than 47 millioni of dollars* Ccvintmfnti^J Since the late revoltition,^ Hie goV" ■ cmrafent !of Poland is ariftocratical. Its nominal head is an eleficive King, fo limited, that in publick a^ he is often called only the firft order of the republirk. On being ele&ed he is obti^ed immediately to fign the J*a^ ConvetUa of Poland* The fovereign power is .veftedin the hands of the thi:eA orders of tlie ftatci the King, the fenateand dtenobiiilyi ^R£H^n,J The eftabli/hed religion is the Roman. .GitholiclU PrOteftants, to whqm the name of dtffi- (tents is lipw confiiyed, are tolerated. The power of ithe pope and of the ^riefts is very great. CafntaiJ] Warsawj fituated on^the river Viftuli^ -in the oenter of Poland^ eontaiintng 50,000 inhabitants. ' \BiJf9iy,2 Pblaiid w4s aiiciently the country 6f the 'Vaiiaals, who emigiiat^ fro^ it to invade the KO|nan 'tmpUt^ It vHtt ier^aied iMo a dutchy. of ll^hich Le- clnis Was tfii fitft Duki^, i^. D. %4. lb his tlnve thd nfe of Mia litalfllvei' wis unknown to his fubjejfts* their coml^eree Wng cftrrted obi only by eJcchahge ot |(K)ds. It became a xibgdom in tl^e year 1000 ; Otho III. Emperour of Germany, cohf^rrhis the title of Xin^on Bbleflaus i; Red RUlBa wit added to this kinj^m 1^ Boleflaus 11. who married the heirefs ol that counti^, A. D. 1 059. BIfmemberfcd by the Em- perour of Uermany, the Bmprefs. of Riiffia, and the King of Pniflla^ who, by apardtien treaty, feized the mdft valuable territories, 1 772. >)*-■ PRUSSIA. utj' PRUSSIA. T?HE countries belonging to this monarchy, are fcatteicd, and without any natural connexion. The kingdom of PruiBa is bounded North, by part ot* Samogitia; ^outh, by Poland Proper and Maibvia*, Eaft, by part of Lithuania i Weft, by PoUlh PruOia and the Baltick; 160. milps in length» and t%z in breadth* Its capital is Komingsberg, containing. j^4,ooQ inhabitants. Frulfia extends to 55° north la|i- itude, and is divided yaXo : papvlttiQa. Cipitak TDim. The countriet which are independ- 7 g I Bft l in, I 570 • «iit of the Oerman empire, jo,too,cooi 145,136' j The couotries which are aepeadcnt 6^400,0001 iiihdbi(. I^'C 'WeoUh and Commercf,^ The different provinces of the Pruflian monarchy are by no means ec^qal to one' another! ivith '^e£^ to fertilHy and the articles of their produce. The kingdom of.Pru0ia, being the mod northern part of the monarchy, is rich in corn, timber, manna grafs, flax and ««ltly of all f«rts, and expartfi thefe aitin, doth, filk, linen, leatheri cotton, porcdaine, hard ware, glafs, paper and their other principal manufaQures, employ upwards of 165,000 hanos, and the produce ot their induftry ii eftimated at upwards of 36 millions of dollars. .* Government and Religion.'] The Pruflian monarchy ttfembtes a vety complicated machine, which, 4>y irs ingenioc^ and admirable conftruftion, produi[|ts the gr^tefteffiBds with the greatedeafei but inilhich tli» * - yielding lift P R U S* S I A. yielding of a %v4)cel, or the relaxation of » fF'|"|S> ^*^ Aopthe motion qf the whole. ' The united efieCls of flouriihing Enances, of prudent economy, of accuracy and difpatch in eVery branch of adminiltratlon, and of a fbraudable military ftrength, have given fuch coa* fequence to the Pruifian monarchy, that the tranquil lily and fecurity, not only of Germany, but of aU £u- rope, depend in a great meaAiif on thApoltticlcs of its cabinet. The adminiftration of juftice if likeWile adimirably (imj^fied, and executed with unparaUekd qutckneft; Under the reign ofthe-late-Rtng, Frederick theGieat» all profeflions »f faith lived peaceiMy toge th er^ bo- c|iufe the eflabliflied religion, which la.the nfbrmedf had no power to opprefs uibfe of a different perfuafion. Roaaa Cathbljcks and Jews are veiy nunerous in rbePniUUn domini«n« ; tbey^ enjoy the 9io& pprf(t4fc freedpin in the ^eicifii of their veligipii., Jf£fi(ny,2^ BmSE» ws^a. 9Q(ie!ii% t«hal»tcd by a» if|p)ati'out:an4 Cfuel peopl«» lihebarbaiFity and rav- sigeit they were continuiilly niMuVtng upon their neighs bours^ wliged Con? adi Mat of MafiivJa, about th» i;iid4)eoftbf tbirtieeii^«Nitvry« tadU te,hi<4i&A-^ an/f§ tbQ KnjghjtSi 9f ^e. TeutAnick order, wbo weie j&iStv«tunifMlii!oniibeb^rUnd,, XbefelUightJi^Qfo m Qiond Mailer, 4it^c|ie4 tbpfe people witH iUefeft^ «nfliaf|Q& Ik Uoodv* v»r o^% y^ara re4mo<(i th^tt to «he4ieiifl^f «n4 oMige^ thcqn to embeace.Uifi^Uaniiy^ Tb(^ nmtn^ained their. coiM|uefli till igjiSi when AJ- bpif „ Margica,ve ■ of dlandenburja;^ their bift, 'Gjpand Mikllir« biviiig ma^o KimfeU malter o£«\l PraJai^,,ced^ «ed tbipi^eftein part to the^lCi^g of PoteiR4». «ndi wa% .^fkiMKiiile^C!^ Uiujkeoif O^e ea(|ern Barti but te4^bel4 9» a cd arCo^j^rmiPLtioii of ^i«Mrl of PmiV fiato Miiiaiul,bi3.hie»lF«f;frce frQi^wMK^Up^ »o4 in, i^fit^< be waa declared independent and ft»tiU| 1,70^, wben Fa«dei^ fkets of ccuracy 1, and of ich cott* :nmquiU faUfiu- iticK* of anUckd heri b«- efonDcdy rfuafioiu eraus in kF«»rff4t d by a» 3(01»C the iho wf I© i4U?nity^ ^.Pokwi «roftM R tJ » S I Ai ti| •of the l9te Ring, raife^ the dtitchy of Pruflia to a king- iAbttif lirld on Jkiliiaiy it, 1701, in k (bl<^mn adbmbitr of tMAs'ftate* of the empire, plaoNi the crowri With his own hanidf upon hit head ; foon after whkib he was «ckndwlMgkia M King of PrufQit by ill this oth^r £u- ropein powers, t^iederi^k III. died Auguft 17, ^766. and Was fticceeded by hiknepheW, Frederick William, who wan ^rii 4 7^4. k U S S I A. MMM between C 44* 40* aad t*" North tat. I %%<* ud 6a* £aft Longitude; |:]4>»8o,ooo THIS is the lar^eft empire in the world, extending froni the Balttck and Sweden on the Weft; to *Ramtr<;hatka,a'nd the eaftem ocean ; and on the'Noxth, Yroni the frozen ocean to the 44th degree of latitude* ' Divifiotis.J Rifffia is at prefent divided into 42 gov- ern merits, , which are comprehended again under 19 'ny that have never been dcfcribed. It has the greateft variety of the fineftfun. In 1781, tficce were cxr ported from Petetfburs alcmt, 438^77 ikins of harei» 36,904 of grey fquirrds, 1,954 of Dears, b,oi8 of er- mine, 5*639 ^' foxttf 300 of wild cats, befidcs thofo of wolves and of Htvtjufiick (a beautiful animal of the rat kind) exdufive of the exportation of the lame ar- ticles from Archangel, Riga and the Cafpian Tea. In one year there were exported from Archangel 783,000 pud of tallow ( a pud is equal to 40 lb.) 8,6o8 pud of candles, and toa pud of butter. In 1781 from Pc- terflnirg, 148,099 pud of red leather, 10,885 pud of leather for foles, 530,646 pud of candles, 50,000 pud of fcap, 27,416 pod of ox bones, 090 calve ikms. The fimeries belonging to Ruflta are very ptodu£Uve. The forefts of fir trees are immenfely valuable. Oaks and beeches do not grow to a ufeful fixe beyond the 60th degree of north latitude. They export timber, pitch, tar and potafh to a vaft amount. Rye, wheat, tobacco, hemp, flax, (ail doth, tinfeed oil, flax feed, iron, filver^ copper, lalt, jafoer, marble, granit, &c. « are among the produ^ions oTRuflia. The whole of the exports of Rultia amounted in 178^ to near 13 . millions of rubles or dollars ; the iinpofts did not Inuch exceed the fum of 1 a millions. The imports cbnfift chiefly of wine, fpices, fruits, liiie cloth and other manufaQured commodities and articlea of luxury, Thene are at prefent no more than 4S4 manufaClure^s •in the whole empire. Govcmmerd,'] The Emp^rour or Autocratof of .l^uflla, (the prefent Emprefs ftyles herfelf Autociatrix) is abfolute. He muft be of tlie Greek church by the andpnt cuftora of the empire. The only writteti jfim- damental law exiiltng is that of Peter thefif^ by which the right of fuccefnon to the 'throne d!%x9nds entirely on tpe choice of the reigning mona|€J|| ^hip '^'' v.i R U S S t A. agt hit untimited authority over the lives and projperty ofaUhii fubieftf. The management of publick af* hAn if entrufted cvftveral departraenti. At the head of all thofe concerned in the regulation of internal af* feira(lheacclerullical Synod excepted) ia thefenate, under theprefidencjr of a Chancellor and Vice Chan- cellor. Tne tbverdpi nominates the members of this fu2>reme court, which is divided into 6 chambersr 4 at Peteriburg and a at Mofcow. The provinces- are rul- ed by Govemours appointed by the fovereign. Religion^] The r«igfon eiubliftied in the Ruflian empire is the Greek. The moft eflential point in which their profeflion of faith difSsrafrom that of the Latin church, is thedoCtrine, that the Holy Ghoft pro- ceeds from the Father tytdy. Their worlhip is aa much overloaded with ceremonies as the Roman Cath* olick. Saints are held in veneration, and painted im- ages of them, but no ftatues, are fuiFere/4 in the church- es. The church has been governed, fince the time of Peter the Great, by a national council called the Holy Synod. Marriaie ta ioibidden to the Archfanfliops and Bifliops, but is allowed to the inferiour^^ergy. Thcie are 479 convents for men^ 74 for women, in which are about 70,000 perfons. Above 900,000 pea&nit belong to the eftales in poilbflion of ^e clergy. IKJioiy,'] The earlieft authenttck account we have* of R^ffia is A^ 0. 86a, when Rurick was Grand Duke of Novogorod in this country. In the year 061, Woliaimcr was the fifft Chttftian King. I^^e^ |feles. cOn<]uered it about 1058, but it is uncertain |Cb^ long ,they kept it. Andrey I. began his teign 1158, and laid the foundation of Mofcow. About 1 200 of the Jl^ungis Tartars conquered it, and held it fubjcft to tn^^ till 1540, when John Bafilowitz reflored it to iiKlepehdency. About the middle of the fixteendi century, the Ruffians difcovered abid conduered Si- ,i!fri||. It becamp an empire 173^, when Peter I. af- lumod the titles olFEmperour of all the Ruflias, which was adniitted by the powers of Europe to be c^fcrvcd In.^ture hegociations with the court of Petcriburg. ■ t q The *■ •$• S W E D B K. The reign of Eli«abeth» in the courfe of U« pcefeat century, it remaikahlsy on account of her abcailhing %\\6 uf« Af torture, and governing h^ ful^c£U Sot twen- ty yeaff without inflicting a finglp capital puniAiment* , The prefant Emprclii ia aftually employed in found- ing a number oF fcooolii for the educaiion of tht.low- cr cla(ftt of her iub^i, throughout the heft inhabit- ed parts of the empire ; an inftitution of the moft ben- eficicial tendency. Which, if rightly exccutfdt will en- title the great Catharine, more than any of her prcdt* •cellbri, to the gratitude of the Ruffian nation. SWEDEN. KilM. ^■^ 'Xength 1300 1 1..^... f JO® and 70* Vt*h LitlMd*. breadth 6co ] W^r"" \ tt<^ aiid jo* Eaft Unjltudt. BOUMDED North, by the Fi^sc«rWean ; E«ft,by RuflU; South, by Denmark d»l the Baltick ; Weft, by Norway.' The whole kingd6m of Sweden contains t o^ towni, 8o,i!5«i> villageayahd laooeftatM of the nobihty. Fepuhu Diinfiont. Sf.Mikl I Swtden Rroper, 1 ml. % QptbiMd, M' *» 3 Nurdland, '4 Ciiptand, i Finland, Swedifli PomertB. 7 In the Weft Indies, Sweden 1785, the ifluid of Baithcletiii. ,000 .9 5>47* 4«»78o 1,440 2,I0p,0C.0 150,000 <}a4,ooo {Stockholm. 8oiQOoiahabSt»t«i iiund. Abo. "• Bergen. obtaiued from France, in the yi Climate, Exports and h^orts."} Sweden h-." an in- hofpitable climate, and ihr: greater part o) lUt^ km^ ^s ^barticn ; upwards of 1 10,000 fquare miles ic o^i uh' ■ vated. Yet the indttftry of the inhabitants in urci and a^t^riculture, has raifed it to the rank of a Secondary Europein power. Sweden impiirts 300,0^ tons of cov n, and 4,535 hogfheadvof ipirttuoui h'^uor^ be- -fidcj i-vfinp, »ax, fait, wine, be^f,' filk, pftpe^, leather, snd >I*iV^r^ W* r. Indf* g<^ds* Thteirtrporti rf S'j^ ^dT confift cb'tfly of Wood, pitch, tar, fifh, fiir^ coupetj irvmi fome gold and filver, and other ^ner;ri% t W E E N. •#3 t6 the amount, in the year 1768, of upvir»i4$ of » 3 milliontof doUan ; and their impot ts in the fame year amounted to little more than 10 millioni of doUara. The Swedes trade to all parte of Europe, to the Levante, the Eaft and wdl Imiieiii to Africa 1 ^d China. % C« ' "u *"] Since the memorable revolution in ; 7 jt«, 3wci^ sn may be calM,a monarchy. The fen- ^. J ^ ') claim fome (hare in the adminrftration, but ite memben are chofen by tKs King. The King hat the abfolute difpofal of the army, and hat the oower of calling tnd of diflfotving the affembly of the ftatet ; but he c«nnot impofe any new taat, without confuiting tho diet. The fenate it the. bkheft court or council in ' the kingdom, and it compowd of 17 ffnatort, or fu- preme counMlort. Theprovineea ate under Cover* nourt, called provincial CapUtnt.- KeHgidH.} The rellgiofr eftaUifhed in Sweden is the Lutheran, whieh the fovereign mull profeft, and it engaged to maii^tain in the kmgdbm. Calvinifttt Roman Cathblickt ind* Jewt< ate tolerated. The fu« periour clergy of Sweden have pre ferved the dignities 431 the Roman Catholiclt i^hurch ; i^ it compofed of -. '^ infbrjjOiUr cl p^ent $ biH was made anabft^ute monarchy by4h» l^feat King, in 177a, < , i :■•■■ A;a a im |.-r 294, *ik Possessions of DENMARK in EtJRQPE. ;^ *■.. . , 1- " 1 1 — X ' w the Danifh provinces contain 1 32,400 fquam JtjL t'^iiles, and| including the colonies, 2,500,000. .Mihabitants. ' ChUf^owns, Inbatm CorsKMAexM, Divifiont, f Denmark Prop er, ont^eBal > I3»oqq tick fea, J 2 Dutchy of HoU ) ttein in Oti- > a,9oo many, J 3 Norway,wh{ch | hat the Atlan- > ( U,ooo tick weft, J 4 Faifoe iflandf, -— — 5 Iceland, 46,400 Sf*m}ltt. Ptfttiat, i,iz5,oco 310,000 7a3,i4x 46, ,000 toi Oiwkfladt^ Bergen, Skalhott. M83 l8,C09 The whole of Dexraiark contains 68 towns, 22 bor- oughs, ^5 eatldpms, 16 baronies, 932 eltatfcs of (he in>^ lenour nobility, 7000 villages. Norway contains only 18 towns, twoearldoms, and 27 eftates OJF the other nobility. The D^nes have (ettlements at Coromandel in Alia, on the coad ot Cuinea and other places in Africa, iind in Greenland, in American Gieenland is divid- td into Bail and Weft Greenland, a very extenfivft 4»untry, but thinly iAhabi|ted. Crantf reckons only 957 ft^^cd, and 7000 wjandering inhabitants in Weft Greenland. The JDanesl»are the only nation who have fettlements in Weft Greenland ; where, undei their protefitton, the Moravian brethren have miiTion- arie% and very ufeful eftablimments. ■■--' W^Uhtmd Ccimtrct.'] If Aie cold atld barren kingr dom of Norway did not require large fupplies of corn fimn Denmark, the latter could expOr4i a cobfiderabhs ^tuMitity of it. Slefwick, Jutland, Seelahd and Iie^ laii<^, are very rich coi ti «ountrtes, and abound in black caule. The chief produce pf Norway is wood, timber, and a great variety of peltry. The mines of l!lbrw|y 9re veiy vahiablei as well ^s it» fi(heriesV » , , ■ Only . ■i^* 4». GREAT BRITAIN anv IRBLAHP« 194 Only one fourteenth part of it it fit foragrtcuUure. The balance of ^rade la in favour' of Noffwuyi an4 againfl Denmark. TThe .whole of the exports of Def^mark an^ l^olfteini amountedt in 1768, t9 s>38^t68.t rtx 4oUar;S ; the imporU ^> 1,97^^800^. T]|« cxpolrU of Norway, to > ,7 1 1 1369, : and tbti impoctjM^ 1, 338,884 dolUrs* , MaiMiMuies dp not thrive^ itf Denmark* ^-^'h^-^-^j^ ' MeUgien,'] llie (ame as in Sweden. ; GouernmeiiU'^ Denmark is an hereditary kingdom^ and governed in »a i^folute manner ; bu: 'he Danifli Kings are legal fovereigiis, and perhaps the ooly legal fovereigns in the world; for the fenat<»s# npbility, (clergy and commons, divefte^ithemldves of their right,, as well as power in the year k66k, and made a formal furrender of their liberties to the then King Frederick III. . , . , Hifioryf"] Denmark, the ancient kingdom of the Goths, was. little krrawn till theyeat 714 when Gor- mo was King. . Chriftian VII. is the pieft nt fQver«' eign ; he yifited England in 1 7^. His Queen, th^ youngefl fiflsr of George UI. King of Great Britain, was Uiddenly feiaed, confined in a caftie aa a ftate prifoner, and afterwards baniihed the kin|[dom« This Coynts Struen(ee and Brandt (the firll prime intr>iftei^ and the Queen's phyfician) were fldized at the fanie time, January 1772, and bdieaded the fame year. Bartholinus, celebrated lor his knowledge of iinatOf my, and Tico Brache, the famousaftronomer, were natives of this country. --.-t^- GRE AT BRITAIN and IgJgL AND. Lie between 49^ and 58^ $0' North Latitude, and x^ £(kft and 6^ 20' Weft Longitude. EDhUfoHS, NGL AND* Wales Scotland, Jwilaad, Cttrntiis. I ^gUnd Is diTide(ft i6e,cco' EdiribHrgi DubUtt, CoMatitu Scotland 31 and 2 ftewardlbiplh. IlKlaiid }x.ia4p*ovinctt. The f. W^" m^ 1^ CR£ATfiRfTAIM AKD ICELAND. The Bbglifli poITers the Fortrefs of Gibraltar, ind H valuable fettlements in Afia, Africa ancl America, ' * WeitUk and Commerce:} Thetwodivtfidnsbf Gi^t Britain^ England, and ScdRand, differ ividdy' with K irdpea to their niiaiA fertility, ^tid to the wsal& of dbJBvrihhabitatits. South Britiinj or Enj^^nd, abounds With all the ufefiil pvodu€Hons^of (Hoitf couiitries of Europe, which are in parallel latitudes, wine, !Uk, and iome wild animals excepted; Agriculture, gar- dening, the Cultivation of all thofe plants whidh are mod ufisful for fiseding ckttle^ and breeding horfes and iheep, are carried on in England to an aftohifhing heignt. Of kbout 42,c^|i0ob acres, which England contains, only B,5Qii^dw^oduce com ; .the reft is either covered with w6od,X)r laid dut in tneadbws, galtlens, parks, &c. and a conliderable part is ftill wafte land. Yet out of the crops obtained from the fifth part of the lands, there have been exported, <)urw in| the fpace of five years, from i y^ to 1750, quan- tities of ^ corn to the value of £'.7,600,000 iierline* Tlie net ptdduce of the English com latid is eftimateu ^ at £'.9,oooi00o fterling. ' The rents of paifture ground, meadows, ^c.at/'^7,oc«,ooo. The number of peo- ple engaged in, and maintained by farming, is fuppofed to be 2|^900,oop; England abounds in feiccellent cac^ tie and flieep. ■ In the beginning of the prefen^ cen** tury, there were fuppofed to be 1 2,oi0o,ooo of (heep^ and their number has fmCe been increaiitlg. In the years 1 769, 1 770 and 1 77 1 , the value of the woolens» exported from England, includitig thofe of Yorklhirq amounted to upwards of£*. 13,500,000 fterling. Copper| tifT| lead and iron are found in great abund«> an^ m Creal' Britain, ^wli^ere thereis made every year CO— >6o,ooo tons of pig iron, and 20—30,000 tons of bar iron. England poffefles a great treafure in its ihexhauftible coal mines, which are worked chiefly in the nortUkrh counti^l; Whence the coal is conveyed by fea, aiid by the'lnland canals to every part of the kingdom. The mines of Northumberland alone, fen^every yt^^ wards of 600,009 chaldensof coals to Vondom^mt GREAT BRITAIK ah» IRELAND. 29^. $jSpo vefl^ls «re emplpyed in carrying thoQ ibng ibp eaftern coaft of ^nglarnl. ' . , ScQ^LANB^^'s natural produftiant are gnratly iiiferi- our^^ thole of EaglsMij* W>tji Mrith rd^Bt to plen^ and y^ety. It produces chie^X^ flax> heai|^ cc»Ifi» (pme iron andmi^ch lead. , l!he,txsule.f^ thticnia^^ conj^fU chiefly in l}n^n» thn^^i fnd coals ; they liiaire latefyj begun to miinufaaurR cloth^ ^jpetSi fi;^» iRXj^ANois, m molt of Its prQyinca[|} notinnsnoi^ in f ei:tiiity to Anglandr but very far behind it in poiqit of cmli«atk>n jind ind^ftiy Thii injtenority mi|ft be pardy ai^rilM;ttc;d to the iflJ^ne^^knoii^e^Qd opprejT- J|pf| of Its inhabij^ants ; vad^m to tl^e eommeecial jl^a^afly of the Britiiii kpilatio^froni iyhi(^ '(>'eUn4 hai at length been emancipated. The ehieitarticlje^ of its pr^uce are catde, (neep, bogs and fiax.; la^f^ qt^antitles of excellent iaUedpork^ b^f and butter^»r« aniiuaily exported. , The In(h wool is very fine. The prinqipaL roant^ f^6bxn.of ifreland i^ that of Ijnenr whicbt jg Pf«#|ir 1^ a, very- valuable article of exportation. ..it^9^f0\ Hun- jji^ed perloM are employed io the filk maiiii^^|^^,|it liu^l'n. . - ,/;. ■■"'■ ,.^,-,'t , , With the increaie of hoerty, and indpftry^ thUkmg- dovk will foon rife to the cpinmercial cpnfe^uence ta |i/^idb it is intitlet^ by its fertility arid fituatioi^, ^ .The total value pf the exports froo^ Irelfind to fJreat.ftntain, in 1279 and.i7$a, atai? average, w?ij» /'.a,30o,oQo, The bidance is greatly in favour *of Ireland. , . i . The ntati^fa^res in l^ngland are eo^&fledfy, mkh very few exceptions, fuperiour to thofe of other, eiisliep tries. For this fuperionty they are nearly equally in* debted to national chara^er, to the (ituation of theiir country, and to their excellent confti(ution« l^he £ngli^ governnaent, favourable to liberty and to every exertion of genius, has l^videdrby m^i^ an4 equitable laws, for the lecuiet enjoymentof proprty mired by ingenuity and labour, and h^s removed bIcs to induftry* by^pr<^itisig Uie imporlatio^ ■■■>■■ •■ 'of iif. %8 GREAT BRITAIN Awo lUELANp. of fuch^articles from abroad whicli could be manufac* tured at home* The Brittih iibnda, among other advanei|ei for navigations have coa76o, (24 years before) by upwards of 4oo,ooi» tons. The vahae of the cargoes exported in 1784, a* mounted to upwards pf /*. 15,000,060 fterling » and the net cuftoms pallifdl^them into the exchequer were upwards ipf ^.3,000^000 (Urltng $ and evw *his fum wias Exceeded the following year, 1785, by upwards of j£*a ,000,000 fterlinj. The balance of ttade in fa* viStirof England is eftimated at j^'.jtOOOjOOO. The inland trade is valued at £^.42,000,060 fterling. The ftfheries of Great Britain are numerous and very pro- dufilfVe^i The privileged trading companies^ of whith thi Eaft India Compa.iy, chartered in the reign df ^GJiilttElisabeth, is theprincips}, carry on Uie moft MlfH^fpint /oreign commerce. ■fjfejwWtj' iii i M r i i^] The government of Great Britain ^y ^called a limited monarchy. It is a happy com* binatioi^ of a monarchical and populai^ govemment* The King has only the executive power ; the legifla* tive is (hared by him and the parliament, or more Eroperly by the people. The crown is hereditary i Dth male and female defcendents are capable of {uc- ceSoh^ The King muift pirdfefs the ProtSftant re- Jldieian.'] The eftablilhed religion in th;^ part of Great Britam, called' England, is the Epifcopa! church of England, of which the King, without any fpiritual S>Wer, is the head. The revenues of Uie church of ngland are TuppofA to be about jA3,oo6,ode fteri- ih|P AH other dSenominations of^Uhriftians, called DiflTenters, and' Jews, are tolerated. « Four fifdiu # the people of Ireland afe Roman CatlK^icks, and alp • coolec|uentiy ir H « ISLANDS, SB AS, Ac. «onfequendy excluded from all place* of trafl; axA" proBt. Their detigy ait nwQierous. The Scotch ace Prefbyteriana, an^ are flri^iy Calvinfds ii^ do^rine ^ and form of eccfeiiaftical government. The other mod cpnfiderable religtout u£it& in £ngland are Uni^ tarians, |^>tifts, Quaker^ (60,000), Methodifts, ikoiki- an Catholicl^s (60|Ooo}, 18,000 families of Jcwa, «n| French and German Lutherans and Calvini11$. ., ? .> iJifieuy*'] Britain was firft inhabited by a tribe gof Cauls. Fifth two .years before the birth qf Chr^, Julius Cxfar iubje^ed them to (be Roman empire. The Romans remained mailers of Britain .goaycurSf till they were called homp in defence of their native country againft the; invam>iis 0,t the Goths, and Vah« ^Is. The Pi^s, ^cots and iS^oij^ then took poflfef- iion of the ifiand, l|i 106$, Wiiuam Dulie of Nor* mandy, obtained acom^piete victory over Harold King -of England, which is allied the Norman ConaueCb. Magna Chat ta was figned by John, 1246. This^is called the bulwark f)l>£ngli1)i liberty. In 1485, the houfesof York anifLancafter were united in BenVy Vil» after a long and^ioody «oi|teft. T^ ufui^iifMK of Cromwell took, place in 1647. Tlic^fevolgtic^ (f# • nottt gofpd wu carried* with amatinf ffa|»idity« mt« all the iurroundtng aa«ioni l^Mt difciblet lyul follow- c •n. 'Hiit was, intAioft, the Uieater of ahnoft cv«ry; aftton recorded i»4he Holy' Sctapturra. Thift vifttraa of land waa, aa the eatlieft aget,|o^ enied i^4ho AArrianti^Medety JMiamaiMl Cidfla. ' Upon the extin£kion off thele MMre% thi^ ^imiaa, cartied their «niia 'Ovon .beyd||i|^Mli Ctangea, till at . length the Mahomeiaaa, or ot ^^ nm vMly tailed S|iieins» fprced4idrdevalUtloiaiiEWni'lhM«oBtin0l^ t dettroying aH ita ancient fplendour» and tcnderioa the aaoft populoHs and fertile Ijpolt of Afii» ^iidld Wn ndkt It hbIPh wad i|ge»in hnndUi f ooo^pn^ndilifi befidt* llkidi^ ' Pirdt, • UiiK Of tiM Uofia Bapiob Arabia, BOUIIl3£0 fiorth, by the Froscn. ocean ; $9^ br <1« P«il»fiiib 1 So«th, by Chinat Indli, Ferlfia, and thn Otfpian fen j Wi^ by Ruffia ; 9000 milei long, atj^ broad. . . The nonhim fittlt nie ciMtffiye^lM «fHi haiien, to the Ibiithem more tenperaiewi Isrttlr. The fib coutitiy ■• ^ -^A. y>« C H r K A. couritt7> abounds with unwliolefotne label andiiMiHh- e«, moun|»in» and fandy^ dtCnttu Their oonmoditMW^ are chiefly (kins of foxes^ fables, ermine, lynxes -and: other furs^ aliO) flax, onifk) rfaubMrb and dfnunBoti. The Tftitam are chncAy Pagan«y ^dlifaoalelans or Cbridians ; the fir ft are ntoft nueierouf «- T^ufcoy ite Tartavy i» fid^ea tD tlie Emomfcof RbC- fie ; Chtnere T«Ttary»to>th« £isipc«oiirof Chin») otiier pwts of Tattary hitvo theif owir Pfinceij or Ckams^ and fopie arokiDJe£t fQ Perfla andiheigseat Mogal. 1'he Tai tars are in-gtfiierat ftroMMeinade, ftout nen- ; «retne>atie< boneft and hi^tftfate^ oOvcrsilHuttiMxia'ead^ live by plunderimr. Tm^'bitmAj of the GincaiSMiii women IS »kind of ftb4>Ie>BOinntodftyiii that ccaintiry i for parents there m^ke no fcruple of felHngi their ttrii to reerait tfafe (fen^ioTs of the gMM intii crf^tidc- cy and' FerAa. Thejr atoid alMabmir ae.th«frtaiteft fkveryi. Thtlr only emfiiiymcinl is tendings tlieir flockti huntincr and managing theif ' hdlRfess a lUe^ aabouL 1 400, andfoFemaih; .4 «|i HI i.ll II i »«lil iCll ilf ij I t j:#- dzs 3fi! H N A. -m '»'''.•'> Aiiwav; CtyNA is bisunded ontbe N^yth, l^ par^of Tar* UtyVEafti by the PitcificlcVctftr; SODtb, by pairt of the IndTah oc'e^h ; Wct!^ Fv Tndiai without tbe Ganges; 1450 nrilfcislori^) ifsfbbfdaid^ " ' The prtneipal riVert are, tli* Yati«9u«v Afg^««< ttU lbw< river and the t^y. ; bisftdes a'|y»odffMtas liutobep of navigabile canals, which ar.e vtti^ tOMI^enient. d«a& numbers ^(hetCfaifiefeUxtetcciiAinfly on (he waters' in ibdfeimais*- ' -/.'i^^i .C0ntoMf44C>o walkdciliet:; Oift^ chief «it \vkick arcsi Fektn, iStte o»|iital, Madfiin md ' Canton. Pekin ii rotkoned tO'COfntain a,iChiaa,rtban China toT^tary/^ceall the weaiih sof ihe United J^ippore oentefs in -Chatia, and llavuu'y ss no iinaU nddition to its -ftrength. r Matiud teligwm, ;aa itM^aiitad by their telehraied 'ifdrilefopIierCon&dui, :ili.the1dftabH0icM religion <3i China; ;3«t4he^featec^it«f the nsople mt'^groA idoktfon« «and *^e tnoft inuatere^ fell: are thofe who «Mr(licp iheiddl Bohi, wbich^wiai^bixN^frmn Tihrt, ibdil alttrthe 4s«llil>i«iiT Savioinw TheiKlbiboMictv asis have haen toleaaled n| CStiaa Ibr (SiyrTaaiyMi^ and th0 JcMTs much {oaoM^ a l^ 1^4 I 19 D A. led when they are young, to give them that Mrem* £li(hmcnt ; To that when they grow. up, they may be tid' to totter rather than to walk. The air ol Chinaris generally temperate and |Ood, though fometimes very hot in the fbuthem provmceii, and veiy cold in the northern. It ia one of the mofl; frjutful countries in the world ; the moiintaina thenw fel^g being cultivated to the top. The piincipal pio- du£lioni of China are fiUct, cottor, precioua ftonei, |A>rcelain or China ware,, ^ickfilver, tt9^ which is peculf# to tbit country, giriger, camphire, japaced works, gold^ fiWer, coppes^ Arc. ^* One of the greateft curiofititaof China, k *d pei^ haps in the world, if Aat- IbjpendoUs wall, (bparating Cliin» from Tartary, to prevent the incuHions of the Tartars^ kia-foppofed to' extend 1500 miles, and )• carried over meuntalna and vaUics, from aoto 15 feet high) and hroad enough at the top Ibt fix horfeattea to travel abreall with eaiW. The Chtnefe hovs upwardrf of ao,ooo fetters or charalkrs ill their laMUage* : This tfmptre' ia ' reported to havo beeik KMifided by fbbi, wh<» is laid to have baen the Noah mehliooed m the Kbie, about aijo years bcffere Chrtft. U i$ MOW merniMby the Eanpciioura of the Oynafty of t^ &l^dieiir Tatters, who con^artedit^ A. J^. tP45* S=3B s=c i Jt ft i;^ JNCIliiltAL. r».''>^"-'.>ii.» •*■ BOUM OED North, bv Tartary ; EaA^ by Cl^iaa and tbeChinefefea} South, by the Itid^n ocean ; We^ by the fame ocean and Perlhi; length 4ooei miles, breadth i^oott < The eepiiil tiiliai «f the Mogul's empire, are Agri ^ In > the nonhtnr pert! of India thcr air is temperafe 1 but very hot in th^ fouthem; The heats^ howieverj^' >are moderated by refreihing breeaes from the fea, and from the rains that fall continually from the end of June fandv9 to the end of O6kober. Some pacta of India, e^cullyi the nortbcra pro^^^OiMp^f ^^ Mogul's emptrt, are frui the ^ r.i 1 N I A. W Ij) mountainous and barren; but m general th« oil M fertile, producing plenty pf coiVt •nw|he fineft fruiti. It i» well watered wuh riven, the chief pre the Ganges and the Indw* Their commoditiet are ^iKs^^tona. calUoMi, aaiidin^ fimm^ ttOetieiv o«f« petf, foid,. ulvAT, dMOPndi, peaiMi fiorctUi«» t#c«^ ginger^ amlHi!,,pepptr» /^itimmsm. ?ad ? gnat v4iM()f( • oF medicinal drugs* * \ The |Q|«^ MqgMl ii an fMc^utf poaatch \ hMt4«ni ^ are Tome Princea in his.domiaioiMt 44M M»ha« who maiatain their indepieiMtiicy, , X^fKher lunga. an4 Priapei<9f ladM|ir« Uk^Mrifip iii»rol^if» ^ foiM f^,^^iributar.y» tha wffiMr AQ t|»e nHMPt,pf)wtrf«*l» ^ Thjj Mwr* or ^«ilib who mn « nunlurt of TaiHt t»r4, r^ftdins, Arat>#i Ac. ifp MidMHmtmM} Wt ih« iVMiyca pf |n4i«» wU»^i W |ir thunioft ^ufifrtM* ♦ are ^hfcily jIVg«9fc winil^^mi' idol# •! variMti qiasaii mJHny Chi^MliMin* ^ fiHt]^#« ihdiipail. i In 1^x4 i>^^>v4»^^m, i#gMB«iu#,i» «rt% f ivii. ^ ar»AMri^ ftil4«^ettv j|ai^iii^|halr4eaUra*; fl«^ are of aTwanhy conipleiMOn,' others are blafic as jf4^ ^ th«y mairy v^vy ?$m^ ihe ms^ h#forc »4^ fnenlca "" aUoffM*! Ani»^MJ»»ar of the w}|piU«f ilviCRMailry was jeiwhis ^\n}k^ V TM>tari^% Prince! Who died A. X>. 1 22b. In i399^. Tinn ii fi J>iili |P by eo nqueftf became q^r•^MffgliL T4»Pyskaat«ow«^'/^^ lb«.Mofulff» earned «way immenie utafores fpom Delhi t and^nee • tha|;,€iriqiit mw^j «f th« R ^fb l f i f i ' >faboba» hmn - 3iiad«4lt>A(fiv««i«depcodtnM^iy^.<^^}^4^ v \ I , •»f/^ )&r: Bb» JPERSIA. f"t %^ ^ p E as r A^ BOUNDED N ' • >^; ^^^ nt Th#^bief «ity and refideh««^ «r %ii^lbV«rel|kt^ i^^Jf- ptthan^iinefpaciouitdwn.' ' ^ ' f-: '' ^Vhetiorrti tnd eaft'^aitt of Perfia are mountainous md-toidt titef t^ovinctsto thift^mtfieiift ar6 fatidy aniif de&tt ; thbfe on th^ feutb iind Weft Itire Very fertile; The air in the fonth is ejctremely hot in fommdr, and irery ^wholeibme. l'h«>e is fcarcely any ctimir^ thiit has move mouMaim -and fen^ riv^fsi ' The froi duaiohs of PMrfi« alt^ finifiair tb thit>fe bf Iridic* ' ' The Perfians arr a braVe, poUW and ^t^genitis j^dy^ pie ; koneft in their dealin|^ ind ^ivil to' ftranger». Their great Jbible ftems to be bfteittatidh in uuHt «quioage4;' ^^-■'^ '--■ " ■ ■' '*^ Tk^Perfiansin |cVi«i^,%re ftria rollowe^sbr'Ma^^ liomet's doarineV but diier confiderably frbm the Tutk^^ Thieie are many Cfartftisns in Perfta', an^si fed who worfhip foe, tM followi^ Of ^or^fter^ - QiHia is f^emed by> an abfolute tnonairch, called Shab or King, and frequently So^phf* 7hb cfbwn it hereditary, but femrib^afeejtcluded.* '' 11ife A R A B I A. m. '■ IIQUNDED North, by Jmkcf » ^»St{^m ifjf. Q ulfs of Ferfta and Qcmuf » Soudi, by 4he St^i ji pt Babelmandel and tbe,lndi«n.ocean ; Waft) by^thc ked fea. Lengt!i 1300, breadth laook^ : v Inthat part ofiAraUjk,«aU«d the Holv Land* the inhabttanU enjoy a pure and healthful aur,^ «n4a< fer* lUafoU. Themiddlef caUodAnibia^efeifla, ts>cNlcr- for0ad with barren B(i«^ntainC)i^oc|L« and/andy defertib But the louthef n pai:t% deTavvedly called ^ Haf^y^ . although the air ia hot.fnd unwholefome, is ble^d with an excel)icat« rand very lertiie ibil, producing baUn of Gileadi,nani|a«^myrrh, cafl^afsaloetiirankiiv- cenfe, fpikenard and other valuable guan»; ciniianion» peop^rH^rac^eSssleoions, .&c TIm: Aiabiansi bke meat of the^$atick||,,UigiM« IIhs foil ii calcidated 40 prodUoe afi the nee* ^8iiane«i a|rcca^ec) and «ven lusunics «f life. The Grand ^igniorls ^ memoiy/ Near Jiemfaletii h^kc Ukt Ajhikdttitn] bx the Dead 5e«, being the place Whete^bdmH ttnd'€#- vorrah ftobd. Irt l^ttfcMMitattiia, betweon libe i^ l^hrtftes and the TigHy, it ftlp{jb4nfr t>o remaiht of the tower of BiAieU <»r the city of ^ittfykM, ^mtk tht place where they ftood exa^ly fcnOWi^. OWI3 f}6«r dwell there, and wild beads and dragons in their pleaf- ant places (Jfaiah xiii. 2o, ^c,)^ Nineveh too, O^cq the capital of the Aflyrian empire, is now known bil- ly 1»y^Ul tjiMi ASIATICS ♦ .| 4. % »^ A5IATICK ISLES, THE Japan Ifl«nds, forming an empire governed by a moil deApoUck King, lie abcvtit I150 mttes eaft of China. The ipil ana produfiUons^nf ^d«. iiiandtare much the f»me as thoie of Chiniu The Ji«panefe are the grolTedidolaleiii, and irraooncileahlc to ChriCkianity. They are of a yellow eog^iplexi^p^' narrow eyea, (hort nofes, black hair« .^•ItilMMiAr^f drefs prevails thrpugh tha whole enmre^'iKOiii tlie £mpftrour to the p«alant* The> firft . 4impUnl«nt •£* lered to^ailfaqgeria their honfiMi i« a4Mh of tea, »iid a.pipe^jq|tobaca>. Ohedifiace toforenta, and rc^peft to iup^rioarf, charaA«aa«lhe natioiu Their pjaiial laws 9re very fevers, bu| puniflimea|##^leIdoai ioQi^ cd^ The inhabit^nra haiee oMde ^raai progrtlit im commerce and agricuUure. ; r} i Ep'rmpf^ U a, fine ^M eaft of. Gbioat ahoiwadtng m all the ne^eCTarieSiOf life. r ue.i^?4■ '^ iSW^PPfH?*! MOO m nuiR^r, lying tpofmilet foutheaft of Chma, ^>elonf ing to $p#««».ait>firtiitTu^ all the iieeeflariea ^yLKI^wrbcau^ui ;to the eye* Thev are hoWev^, |A*^k# <9 eiithq^lj^ thunoer and lighiniiigy venaauH^ ^cakHU and nqouous her^ whofe poifon kills kiiUpti^eoutty. Th^ are ^ulb}<#. . to the j^ahi^ govenuoent lint jSiilua of Miftdaw » isa',Manoinetan. ;., ,■ <•-?,■ ,^:i : ..«;m> . . v|.- fiarMpb8pomil«»I J* : Sumatra, welt o| Borneo, pixxlaccs fo much gol%,^ that it isthoy^t tc^-faf the Ophir. mentioned in thf ■■ Serif ture.i> '.'$.'■ Ceylon belonit to the Uutch, and is faid tohe hy^ nitore the richeft and ftoefttdand in ths world. Tho *^nadvescall it, wiih fome Oiewiof rea(on,;the~ terreftriad jparadife. Thsy are A fober, inoffbnfive people ; but idolaters. This ifland is noted for the cinnamon ti«e* f.i. •a.. 4W' ICA. « i **.-»- k -^^p C"^ * A F R I C A. 4if lat m u m I |i| I > * Mm FftICA »4ituatadfouth ef £ui>«pei«ndfiirroi«^ _ «l(^n 41fi^le»by itke feiy^jccept ««Mrrdw iMck 4if laiMl4^beut i^d(M j^ ^^^ ^l^6ty ai hisA«oi»rt. Hole vms 'a Barl)»ry^ €€tfiiepta» f <|-1S«i# nv HieOdblti 7 The aprican HhMldK. ataWi i.iiii i . I Bii I I ')! ..;5 61^ b)^ the itca i^j^nil ^IHiwiHi of Suez; We^» by Barcaj Nonb*^ 4faAl'le4t rfwiii'.ir:/.'' Jr.. .*#!#: ■■■■. u^"' ;-J*?i^./f .■ ' "" tiesn^bdM^crld, and a place«if ipeift triitpniK:fiwpfi»» lli^rief Cg)fpt is lor 1^ nodftntiveil^iMii 9lid * "^eiMwc i i^^ iinl n exeoedisiriv i#ititfiil,«»«# carioned% the antiuItovern6$1^g%f m4^ ^InMitt-fiitlefiiffig-aiBiebaliiod k. ?liofi^. j^t^ uot •vierflov^dliy tbe NHt aiie wvcuHivaiod, -fiiidy end ; barMR.-^ JEgypt piodocet eocn, rice, iugar, fiax»Jli^i^^ fidt, &l rivfR- NIleHSAkstHalld fbw fm i«rtilH|i%iMpKl«ttOfi% aiid fortiM feitkri vt»a dowiy»tfae»lifietelF ifrift In ttocoui^ of their 400 yd^piOBdiipi «»ilii^ ibgjrpiiMMi KbiirMol0f0emc i6ine|»giw|ot thatjezebel nade life of (H. KiiM^ iir. ^od) '^to paiat her ^eet thewotds in the original l^itily'itii^ .that (be let off Jier eyes wiik thepewikr ^Tle^doi^ Mahcmetaaifmiio liaivorllfflfntH prevail! threlidigli- cm the ftates of Baibaryw The fimj^itoitr o^$tbroc- co is an arbitrvy Brince. Algiers is' governed by » .Frla^,.i;aU«d;lfaejaey, eleOcd by the ann^; The ^PM#ffiiiM^of Tnnieand Tiipo)M|cslled Beys^ are not JllllQdependBiilaa the ibroMr^ .•Tbefe4hrc«'fiateiinriy be IpolM^ MiMn as Upu Mi c fc e - ^f^fokliera aSdef Hihe proteaiMi .pf jQnt Gnuid Seignidtk Algiers Wkii^f^ to the Spaniards!. and it a neft of )>iriteai OVi' tKts liijpaft ftqod thtr favous city of Carthage, which %vai iml Jby^ihe ^Banana^ r AmeiM| the i^t min ^ pf«duced^^are iWtttllfaiPCypran^ Jolkt ius» Arndgaus) JjiaiDtit^tAt Sli Au^n, m % laf ^f ich«rcb. >l^>%^l«idiii^ erTwMb ^Itl fcify^ai^uiifaiilaiiMifiiiM^' A (i^ ase Terence an4 Apideiua. ^ ^Jy^ saefse Z A^AlRA, joi^^ ME mESEMT. , . . J, t i mi ii— wii i , e. , i|rf>rt^f lhit^'^ H and - <*•/ T?4 NEGROLAND.-.KTHIOPIA. 31$ «Bd igBMant« TlMy have .« number of petty Princei, but for the moft past have few rigiiiot,ar^.go,vern- vent at all. The Mahomeun relii^ioa isprotefled throughout the country. N E GR Q L A N D. 'T7%1^S cM|ldi - iOiaves* elephants' teeth, bees wax, and ibme dfl^ There is a «^11 here, '¥4iofe water -is as iwpet as ordinary fugar* The idegroes -are an Unci v- ilized, jjno^nuit, crafty, robuft people. Their colour is ddwlilai^kf their hair fliort^ likewool^ flat nofes, ihicli lipsi ihd ^hias, eveit teethi Th« M^6es ar# fioveroed by t number of abfolute Princes. ^ 'The iih>' habitats are moftly Paians ami Kiolaters. GoijasA liei iiauth «t Negroland) 1 800 miles tong^ 600 broad. iWfeil ia pMwxableto that of'ffstto- Iand« Th^ inhabitants are oone couneous and fen- iible ; i6 othtf refpefta tbe difievenfic is immaterial; T|^> gfipMir pait of. the poor Nc|n>es in the«Weft todiea asd jthe fouthon .iUtep» ^mrvrn brought fro^r; uefe twaiPQuntriei. ^ isss II T H 1 O P I A. - " ^ iiMMiiiiiii*t ii ibfokrte, todied m'llie4iand«-»f ii;^ imt mttfter^frln^M, thefilaiiVMiM«ie tMMarft^tlm 4(Mter. lilt, fiilihoh l il te wJ >>gif feligium f rt»i H tn Ethiopia. AF lll are ^ttoemtd thc'hblk in tBe WoiVI. 8aiUiis 4BifiiAHlo«pt]|W9i^ we 4k^iibc {o .iWI()a|id • Ma^agaleirt orLawr^nc*, aboundii^ in 'cattlo iail qoni, and moft ofth^nwdlaritt of lifie, tmt noTiif- •liGliatoiffKlaBdise t04a4uA9 'j&MVOpBsps to fiit||e cqI* OMM ; 4l kat /eycralf etty«fav^t§f .Kip^s cif 'Itti; own* bfi^ Arabt-'amd . Hftfumof^ ^o. n^l^ng war o^ ^^ch .4)«lRMrt kHii their -if^od^cs for |k>«^' to t^ ^i^!9f <^|daiGb««UvlR«i, takMlc cJqOmi VlfW «Mi Oth^ ^i^ ; ^:ettinni»m»nm> ■ v^^ ■ ■ .-,»<-. ' ^' Near ita»-4iM.li»ilr^C4iaMttA«iaM,-iw4ic^ %ia|^«ie^rifcdlanhtolkfa»BOrliM^ andiOeirthtte ikv^lt «reiKh tflaiidGBiiiii^oa $ «lid>i HtHor^jdiMr liMfioc 4or,ed^tA>h^ikm Dmitk, filhonfifa fbu^d ^ Q^ttSftt iKepftiiim w«l!a ^dti9^ «ii4i fupccftitiioi}». «si^ ^u^isM^: i' «hflifi^SUi^iV»; q6 the i«hahk$mt%. off ^he Tasi»r r^ce, cbBiprehc: 4|i# Japaaafiii fittrma ^4^T , ■ . . i* ■ * » ■ > Tha pateat Sua hiafetf Sctou o'er tU» ««vM o# H^m ta tjrrannlaa f And, with ofpMfflrc njf the roftMe hUoa • > ' Ofbetaty Uaftinfcttvb th« gtoonly htttf, ''^^ And featarei froft t or «rorft,^ ntthkfi dbtd% '^ , ; M^djcaioMr^, hnadri||e»«n^r)d|nf^^ ThtitJbrvid fifir^c §(>•. Love jAartUi aiK ^^ The foft vegerdir the Midfnicfi ef Kfc, ffhc hesK iked ttar^'th* iaefebiedellfht'*' OfiiMiitheiinnity < thHe cetttt the beam Of mlfdte eliinei r in Mtth flerce d«firt« " And' tbc wild fury of Yol^ptaeof fcaff » ^ 4 jl j| ^ tbtr»<»ft» ^b*fwkr»rtt«ret«loa.t4era .»;;'. " jllii* f ige f artalcci, at* h«r at with liorrM im , ^^ , r . Iflk^ Negroes of A frica conftitute the feuirt]fftriktri| INifkt^iia the human (jpacies: But they dfffief wnleljr Irom each other ; tho^^af Guinea, for itiJwice, are 4xtr^||i^ly ug,Iy, and have an infupportably ofknCivtt kmu^ white niofedf Mofambique are reckoned tctti« tifuli and in untiin«cd with wny dilaf^kble fmdl. The hfcgroes are, in general, q| a MlltK cdlckik*'; jpd^ Jhe d^ny ibfmeni or hair, wliich irowa upon^e fliin, | riy aa Te fmoothrieft ^ it, lefembKng ^at of Vel^ ier. The hair of their heads is woolly, fhort an^ black } butrthiir beards often turn f rey^ and foinetitiN^ ivhite* Their nofes are fla»^and (kort, their lini thieM% ind tumid, and their teeth of an ivory nrhittnifti Tke -»•• •Jfti- i ent^ c«nfig|ie But how art) 1^ (Rocked io U%t«4/ iai% |h|ir thi* ia{einat «dmmci«e !• carriecl on 4>y m haniane, the naXifhed, the ehriftian inhabitant* of BaMMM ( Tia3r Wen by EnglUfamen, wboCs'anceftort have bled in the caolif of 1ibmy« Und wAcjIk faireaftll ftili glow widrHie fiihie gc^i^oot iame 1 1 cannot u vb ybu a more ibfikin* «rbof of ihA'Ideit of horrOur« Which the captivd If^roet entertain of' the h^ of fervitude the» are ,^6 Uiidergo, thBnhy retaM^DS thelbli^ ldwingiebiwi|ir SI rope under the arm. ^tt^HiTkl let -down into mk vt^ %j, ter* ' When the poor creature was thus plui%ii^ ^^ imd, ahpMt half way dQwn, (he, was he;»H lo give a tenpi i;tfo)e^r«k»,which at firll Mna'afcnbed to her ^a| of 4i'0 wiling i bujt foon after, the water app«aii4 re4 - around her, fl^e w^a drawn up, and it was ibun^.tdlat^ a'fharkt which had fi^lowcti the ihipi had bittet hef ' off from the mi(id^>' "^ ^ tlie native inhabitants of Amerlpi make a fifth racer ' Qoneo. Th^ am of a copper coh>ur, have black» t^ick, ftAighThair» iUtooies^ high check bpnesymd' $aall eyes. They paint the body 9nd face of variout ^ijqloprs, and eradicate thehair of their beards and other ' parts, SMS |i dtf^rmity. Their limbs are.not (u large ^M j^dm&i'M Ihofe of the £urope»ns* T^ey endure hun«' '...^. • "li'. ft| GENERAL REMARKS. yti th i rft , an d p ^ i a^MiU> '^fla■ tfi ^^ lg€nnaefr«iliyl^ }Mimm% and, thQii|h cffuel to|h|«ir«mpufikt^4mr/aff The £uro{HiM)t tpaiy teig:0iifiddecl>iii the taft vari« fty of themiman^%incl. They enjoy finnilar ad^H^ tagea from the fumefa ol their oooiplextdnl.- t^ lace of the African bkck, dr of thcr olive oM^^ Afiaticky ia- sr very imperfe^ indtx of the iliiM« aifii^ preferyea thefiioie ifet(fe4 ibadcf in joy and ibtto#| eonfidcnce and iiam^ anger acftl defpair, fibkiicifi^ aikd healths The EngUfb afe UkAwht of the &ii«ft of tiie Europeam; and we ii|r||^thc;iMore prelbme, that their coiwtecaneea heft e»mff «t}«l virisitiona bf th% palfiont and ip^tflitudca of diftafti -. But the intellcft^ nal and moral chapaflertftieka (^ toe different kiM!ioni| irhich,compoilli^ti^ gmdually left dticemible, «• Mhtoni Icanxin^- and> f.. :.i '. ^ ^iiJi •^' ^RATIFICATIOH * « :%• .'-■'-■■■ • ' .' CONCTltUtmN. ^ '- ~ JaMi«S|Va^i^uiMin!iiioufly, ^tlnCarplffiai Mai^-i^ VyrgMiia, .^m»$K, Hejfir York» , » ufy «e^t>lT6ff .; M9 to TSf 7^ to 40 ~ SIS' io.79t>Mi to* go to 25 ^ .-arrr l " ! »l * I' M 1 1 l l I I XUA. mihA ' FE DERAIL MONfiilS^ Virginia, ''•"' North C^^ina, South Carolim, 1 . ii.^>.<^.»*' IN' New England a ^dollar is I?: if. S/7 Geoi;gisr| 4/»' #■■■■ New York, New Jerfcy, 1 Pennfylvania, I .ptlaware, i • Maryland, J In 1 786, Congrefs relblved tHat'iliemeney of ae* llf (B6unt in the United States fbould proceed in a decimal: vattftj as fbllQws : . loMiHs \ 3 rCent, fo Cents r vrj Dime, so Dimes f 2 VDoUar, 10 Dollars J 9 ^JSagle. P Sothatinftead of reckoning in farthings, pence, iiillin^s and pounds, as we now do,' we (hall, whetr the above mentioned i^efolution is earthed intoeffcQi lecfcon ia.BuUsy cents, dimes, dollars and'eag)es. ^t lluicisft i' ..:, :» T •.i*. ^^^IP^^K ii-i«ij THE fdllowi^Kii^tcltof tJie number- of hbj|^^ ai»d w}M gpy* ^M^^lpder ^#m «l|i^^if,^ populoMmi^t,^ Wh^il MietPwi^r of mhab^iiiilf to li«n, t# fo\Mt9 be neariy fl|fe[4»fC«ige nuinldilA j , i3- K-^* 4 yM^ewbiirfp«rt, Newport^ : Hartlordi >- Norwich) |ifew London^ • ^iddletown, aJ f New Yoiii^ . m^ lilW 'S^ 1006' ff» ^bfny,- Ifudfoti,' M49 ^,»?- ^ iWlCi ^,1 Trenton, ' ifia jB |^BuriiR^<>^^,... ^4s |JCtrK%, fi^i Betblehem». €9 A,i^j!?i,t* i ri4- 'o lA.. ; ^5- ^^' :^i3d WA:> * Tb« Avdior will be much obliged to tny Mntleiata who irill «H|il|il4ftff»»^alMiim«atMA. f-^ f/« >ti H X /C ; t %v . I: r atif mmgt 0bvbvt Niewr C^t, Frederickftowtif ■^-^■^. 400 too jj WUliamfburg, fppk, T> P*tcrfburg "ijbo f-, » i'.Mk,( before the ^^ • 'f rNbwberh, f4 WitmingtoOy I £cienton. ''■^^: IJRBfir* theif wii| be i 88*min()Dns of fqutyiii t^niH^'X- liC' .A ; whidlis almoft at many ar thcfe are ^t jireA €pp in all £W^* An4 yben we cofifi^r theprob- al^acqtiiltt^ of people by foreign itnmigratilonf, and that the ihterioii||no unftHled parts of Amerfta- are mflgiy fiifficien£^ prd^ti^ for thtv ti\MlibM>«L ^ Pne* J|uDi|ioh it ftrong tha^ tbif eftimate wSHi nukd\Sbtr <»it£^tty'froiifthJe.eveciiii. ' ^..-.-^-^^^ , Xt i#ipmputcd that .liCte are, it l^efcnt* in t^ofoilr ')(§Bmkn§ of Ibe globe, 9^-iiiUliont of i|ibabitjn}ti^.vi^». «^ In America*, 150 Europe^ .150 Ana, , 5oo> * I ; iRi|tta,95oi9auoijiift // f If tb^we reckon tbfft a generation. Ulfta, tJ^ii^T^ ml [Wfap» wObat fpace s^ millioi*^^ 'pc;a||}i|: witt t^ rllT <##% • ^»o««»i every ^4>y ; a«^^«>;f(](r Wf 1 1^ ^ j 'Ctwy a9tiiiier«>3doneitievciyfECOii^ f ''•if * A " «^ S^' 'fj^ Ei?l.r%^'. . ;■*, •t «« x^jff.v'^^'^^^iv ' - ,4.- ■ft« , »*'--f J'. ami. -^TWfl •■ . * ■ ill If V 4f| »■ ^ij ■■■ 6 , >'' *^^ra THIS BOOl MAY NOT i,m TAKBN THfTtlBRAr- ?4^ 1 41 ■«i' f- . ^ ■ f;^^i ftl mMr