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w 
 
MIRAMICHI 
 
 WILD FLOWERS 
 
 BY 
 
 R. MACKENZIE. 
 
 "In Nati rr's [ni'initk Mook oh Skcrf.cy a i.n ilk T can kkad." 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 PUBLISH RI) BY JOHN LOVELL & SON. 
 
 1887. 
 
I 
 
 TO 
 
 mt m^tmiM itttuat liieit0ttj ^0tM% 
 
 BY PERMISSION, 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED. 
 
3 I 
 
 & 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 99 
 
 But a few words are necessary as introductory to this 
 work. It must not be looked upon as a guide to Botany, 
 for it is simply a list of the flora collected by me during a 
 five years' stay in Miramicbi, consequently it is to be 
 regarded merely as a book which, with a slight knowledge 
 of Botany, any one could make use of without the aid of a 
 glossary. The time of year and locality are given, with 
 a description of each plant. The sedges, mosses, ferns, 
 lichens and fungi, unfortunately, are only given in an 
 elementary form— this could not be avoided, as my absence 
 prevented me from taking up any one of them singly ; how- 
 ever, I earnestly hope some one may be induced to finish 
 w^hat I have commenced, and in this way make an excellent 
 addition to the flora of the Province. More time has been 
 devoted to the flowering plants, so-called, and probably 
 others will be able to make several additions to these, 
 for all the work was performed during the intervals of 
 business, and several places unvisited might unfold some 
 new \arieties. I thank all my friends in Miramichi for 
 their kindness at all times in furthering my weak efforts to 
 
 complete this small work. 
 
 E. MACKENZIE. 
 

 I 
 

 MIRAMICHI 
 
 WILD FLOWERS- 
 
 RANTJN0ULA05; (Crowfoot Family). 
 
 CLEMATIS VERTICILLARIS (Virgin's Bower). 
 
 A climbing plant with blue flowers, appearing early 
 in June. I have only seen it at the mouth of Mill Cove, 
 Newcastle, 
 
 CLEMATIS VIEMNIANA (Common Virgin's 
 
 Bower). 
 
 Common up the Little South-west Branch of the 
 Miramichi. White flowers in clusters chmbing over shrubs- 
 August. 
 
 ANEMONE NEMOEOSA (Wind Flower). 
 
 Common on the margin of woods, abundant up the 
 Miramichi river above Newcastle towards the end of May. 
 
8 MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 THALICTRUM CORNUTI (Tall Meadow Eue). 
 
 Common along wet meadows and rivers during month 
 of August. Flowers white. 
 
 RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS (Common White 
 
 Water Crowfoot). 
 
 To be found up Mill Cove stream, Newcastle, during 
 month of July. 
 
 RANUNCULUS PLAMMULA, VAR. REPTANS, 
 
 (Creeping Spearwort). 
 
 Small, slender plant, with creeping stems rooting at 
 the joints. I have found it at Littleton. August. 
 
 RANUNCULUS CYMBALARIA (Seaside Crowfoot). 
 
 A plant spreading by long runners over muddy shores. 
 Common opposite Newcastle, by Ferry Landing. Flowers 
 yellow. July. 
 
 RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS (Small Flowered 
 
 Crowfoot). 
 
 A plant from one to two feet high, the pale yellow 
 flower small in proportion. Common in shady woods about 
 Miramichi during months of June and July. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 if 
 
MIUAMICHI WILD FLOWEKS. 
 
 4 
 
 1^ 
 
 RANUNCULUS EECURVATUS (Hooked Crow- 
 foot). 
 
 A plant about two feet high, witli yellowish flowers in 
 a globular head. Common up Mill Cove, Newcastle. June, 
 
 RANUNCULUS PENNSYLVANICUS [Bristly 
 
 Crowfoot). 
 
 A coarse plant with yellow flowers, stem short. Com- 
 mon in wet places during the month of June. 
 
 RANUNCULUS PASCICULARIS (Early Crowfoot). 
 
 The bright yellow flowers, about an inch broad, appear- 
 ing in dry places in May. 
 
 RANUNCULUS ACRIS (Tall Crowfoot or Butter- 
 cups). 
 
 Quite common, and well known by everyone. 
 
 CALTHA PALUSTRIS (Marsh Marigold). 
 
 One of our earliest Spring flowers. Common ; abun- 
 dant up Mill Cove, Newcastle, early in May. Kesembling 
 large buttercups. 
 
 COPTIS TRIFOLIA (Three-leaved Gold-thread). 
 
 Small whitish flowers, very common in shady woods, 
 during months of May and June, everywhere. 
 
^^ MIKAMICHl WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 ACTiE SPICATA, VAE, EUBEA, (Red Bane- 
 
 berr^). 
 
 Found in rich woods everywhere during the month of 
 June. Flowers white. Berries red. 
 
 ACTiE ALBA (White Baneberry). 
 
 Not so common ; also found in rich woods. Flowers 
 white. Berries white. 
 
 • ^ ^ /- y^ y r /• > 
 
 ' ■^■^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ;|.H 
 
 Mi' 
 
 If* 
 
 
 NYMPHiEAGE iE (Water -Lily FamUy). 
 
 NUPHAR ADVENA (Common Yellow Water-Lily). 
 
 Quite common in stagnant watw. Found at Bay du 
 
 Vin and Little South Branch of the Miramichi durino- t>ie 
 month cf July. ° 
 
 SARRAOENI AOE^ (Pi tcher-Plants). 
 
 SARRACENIA PURPUREA (Pitcher-Plant. In- 
 dian Cups). 
 
 Found in peat bogs. Nodding flower. PurpUsh, 
 appearing in June. A plant well-known by its curious- 
 shaped leaves, half-filled with water and drowned insects. 
 Found in the vicinity of Newcastle and Chatham. 
 
I 
 
 MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 PAPAVERAOEH (Poppy Family) 
 
 11 
 
 SANGUINAEIA CANADENSIS (Blood Root). 
 
 A pretty white flower found on the Islands up the 
 North West Miramichi River, above Redbank, about the 
 middle of May. Name derived from the color of the juice 
 of the plant. 
 
 ^v-v-V-'./' -^v-v-^^--^ >--^-^-^ >■-*-' 
 
 FUMARIACEJE (Fumitory Family). 
 
 DICENTRA CUCULLARIA (Dutchman's 
 
 Breeches). 
 
 Have only seen this interesting little plant up Mill 
 Cove Htream, Newcastle. White flowers, appearing early 
 in June. 
 
 C0RYDALI8 aLAUCA (Pale Corydalis). 
 
 Usually found in waste places from June till xVugust. 
 Purplish yellow flowers. Quite common about Newcastle. 
 
i\ 
 
 ^^ MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 ORUOIFERJE (Mustard Family). 
 
 CAPSELLA BURSA PASTORIS (Shepherd's 
 
 Purse). 
 
 A very common weed found almost everywhere. 
 Flowers white. 
 
 RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM (Wild Radish). 
 
 A weed found in most places about dwelHngs. Flowers 
 jellowish. 
 
 '^^^^^^^ 
 
 VIOLACEiE (Violet Family). 
 
 VIOLA CUCULLATA (Common Blue Violet). 
 
 WeU known. Common about Chatham and Newcastle. 
 
 VIOLA BLANDA (Sweet White Violet). 
 
 In wet places almost everywhere. 
 
 CISTAOEiE (Eock Eose Family). 
 
 HUDSONIA TOMENTOSA (Hudsonia). 
 
 Found on the Islands at the mouth of the Miramichi 
 Biver. Heath4ike plants with yellow flowers that last but 
 one day. Sometimes called by the inhabitants " Heather." 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 DROOEEACEJE (Sundew Family). 
 
 1.^ 
 
 DROSEBA ROTUNBIFOLTA (Round-leaved Sun- 
 dew). 
 
 Commonly known as the insect plant. Flowers white.. 
 Foundin bogs and wet places everywhere. 
 
 HTPERIOACEJE (St. Joha's-wort Family). 
 
 ■; 
 
 HTPERICTTM PERFORATUM (Common St. John's- 
 
 wort). 
 
 Bright yellow flowers, found in different parts of Mira- 
 michi. Numbers of them by the snowshed on the railway 
 track, close to Newcastle. Flowering in August. 
 
 HTPERICUM CANADEKSE (St. John's-wort)r 
 
 Found in wet soil. Yellow flowers. Numbers of 
 them on the Chaplain Island road back of Newcastle. 
 
 HYPERICUM ELLIPTICUM (St. John's-wort). 
 
 Flowers yellow. Common in wet places during the 
 months of July and August. 
 
14 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 ELODES VIROINICA (Marsh St. John's-wort). 
 
 Quite common in swampy places, with flesh-colored 
 flowers, appearing in July. Numbers of them back of 
 Chatham. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLACEJE (PiDk Family). 
 
 SILENE INFLATA (Bladder Campion). 
 
 Have only seen this flower in the fields between New- 
 castle and Mill Cove. Well known by the inflated calyx. 
 
 ABENABIA LATEBIFLOBA (Sandwort). 
 
 A small white flower which is quite common on the 
 islands at the mouth of the Miramichi Eiver during the 
 month of June. 
 
 ABENABIA FEPLOIDES (Sandwort). 
 
 Also found on the islands at the mouth of the Mira- 
 michi River during the month of June. Flowers sessile in 
 the axils of the fleshy leaves. 
 
 STELLABIA MEDIA (Common Chiekweed). 
 
 Abundant everywhere. White flowers appearing in 
 June. 
 
 i 
 
MIKAMICHl WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 15 
 
 m 
 
 STELLABIA LONOIFOLIA (Longleaved Stitch- 
 wort). 
 
 Found in shady places; have seen it between Mill 
 Cove and Newcastle about the month of July. 
 
 STELLARIA BOREALIS (Northern Stitchwort). 
 
 Flowers very small. White. Common in moist places 
 early in July. To be found in the vicinity of Newcastle. 
 
 CERASTIUM VISCOSIUM (Larger Mouse-ear- 
 
 Chickweed). 
 
 Found in fields and on roadsides everywhere during 
 the summer. Flowers white. Stems hairy. June — July, 
 
 CERASTIUM ARVENSE (Field Chickweed). 
 
 Differing from the last in being perfectly smooth j 
 Flowers white. Common everywhere during the summer. 
 
 SPEROULA ARVENSI8 (Corn Spurry). 
 
 A very common white flower in grain fields every . 
 where about Miramichi. 
 
If 
 
 16 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 POETTJLAOACEiE (Pursalane Family). 
 
 CLATTONIA CABOLINIANA. 
 
 Very pretty flowers that bloom about middle of May. 
 I have only found them at Indiantown. 
 
 MALVACEJE (Mallow FamUy). 
 
 MALVA ROTUNDIPOLIA (Common Mallow). 
 
 Have only seen it on K. P. Call's Wharf at Newcastle. 
 
 : i 
 
 ,1 
 
 !• 
 
 GEflANIAOEJE (Geranium Family). 
 
 aERANIUM ROBERTIANUM (Herb Robert). 
 
 Flowers pui-ple, that bloom from June to September. 
 I have only seen it at Mill Cove, Newcastle. 
 
 IMPATIENS PULVA (Spotted Touch-me-not). 
 
 Common in moist places along rivulets, during month 
 of August. Name from the sudden bursting of the pods 
 when touched, whence the popular appellation " Touch- 
 me-not," or Snapweed. 
 
MIRAMICni WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 17 
 
 OXALIS ACETOSELLA (Common Wood Sorrel). 
 
 A pretty little flower, in woods about the month of 
 June. White flowers with reddish veins. 
 
 OXALIS STRICTA (Yellow Wood Sorrel). 
 
 Common everywhere in tlie vicinity of wet places and 
 cultivated grounds, from June to September. 
 
 ANAOARDIACEi; (Cashew Family). 
 
 RHUS TYPHINA (Staghorn Sumach). 
 
 A large shrub, common in vicinity of Newcastle, 
 growing usually on hillsides. Leaves turning very red in 
 autumn. 
 
 SAPINDAOEJE (Soapberry Family). 
 
 ACER PENNSYLVANICUM (Striped Maple). 
 
 A small, slender tree with light green bark and very 
 common on Mill Cove Hill, Newcastle. Pretty greenish 
 flowers in June. 
 
w 
 
 18 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 'ill' 
 
 ACER SPICATUM (Mountain Maple). 
 
 Usually found on border of moist woods. A tall 
 shrub, flowering during month of June. 
 
 ACER SACCHARINUM (Sugar or Rock Maple). 
 
 A tree well known in the woods. Found up the 
 Miramichi Kiver. 
 
 ACER RUBRUM (Red or Swamp Maple). 
 
 Tree with reddish twigs, blossoming in early spring. 
 Flowers scarlet, sometimes yellowish. Common on the 
 Miramichi Eiver. 
 
 LEGUMINOSJE (Pulse Family;. 
 
 TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE (Red Clover). 
 
 Abundant everywhere, and very well known. 
 
 TRIFOLIUM REPENS (White Clover). 
 
 Common in fields almost everywhere. 
 
 TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS (Low Hop Clover). 
 
 I have found these flowers in the suburbs of Chatham 
 and Newcastle. Flowers small ; yellow. June. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 19 
 
 i 
 
 VICIA SATIVA, VAR, ANOUSTIFOLIA (Common 
 
 Vetch). 
 
 Quite common in cultivated fields about month of 
 July, llowers blue. 
 
 LATHYRUS MARITIMUS (Beach Pea). 
 
 Numbers of these flowers on the islands at the mouth 
 of the Miramichi Eiver from June to September. 
 
 LATHYRUS PA LUST a 18 rMarsh Vetchling). 
 
 Smaller than the last. Flowers bluish-purple. I 
 have found th':m, by ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle. 
 
 LATHYRUS MYRTIFOLIUS (Vetchling). 
 
 Very like the last. Flowers purple. Have only seen 
 them up the Little South-west Kiver of the Miramichi 
 during month of July. 
 
 %/-_~--^----^^ 
 
 EOSAOEJE (Rose Family). 
 
 PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA (Wild Eed Cherry). 
 
 A small tree in dry woods. Flowers white in June. 
 Fruit small, red. 
 
r 
 
 20 
 
 MIltAMICIII WIIJ; FLOWKIiS. 
 
 iji'i 
 
 I I 
 
 
 PRUNU3 VIROINIANA (Choke Cherry). 
 
 A tall slirulj on the Ijorder of stroam.s. Flowers white 
 in June. Fruit dark red. 
 
 PRUNTIS SEROTINA [Wild Black Cherry). 
 
 Found in the woods below Chatham. Fruit purplish 
 black. 
 
 SFIRJEA SALICIFOLIA (Common Meadowsweet). 
 
 Tall shrub, about three feet higli, with pretty white 
 flowers. Quite common in wet grounds during month of 
 July. 
 
 SPIRJEA TOMENTOSA (Hardback). 
 
 Numbers of these rose-colored flowers on one of the 
 cross-roads back of Chatham. Damp grounds. Early in 
 August. 
 
 OEUM VIRMNIANUM (Avens). 
 
 A small white flower I have only seen on the border 
 of the woods back of the poor-house, Chatham. July. 
 
 POTENTILLA ANSERINA (Silverweed). 
 
 Quite common on islands at the mouth of the Mira- 
 michi Kiver. Leaves silvery-white. Yellow, solitary 
 flowers on long peduncles. From June to September. 
 
MIllAMKJIII WIM) FLOWEKS. 
 
 21 
 
 POTENTILLA. CANADENSIS (Common Cinque- 
 foil). 
 
 Low or dwarf i)l{inl, silky, luiiry, stems prostrate or 
 creeping. Flowers yellow. I have found tliis phnit close 
 by the jjoor-house, Chatham. July. 
 
 POTENTILLA SIMPLEX (Common Five-Finger). 
 
 Producing summer runners, not cr('e])ing. T have 
 only found tliem in the woods close by tlie snowshed on 
 railway track, Newcastle. July. 
 
 POTENTILLA PALUSTRIS (Marsh Five-Finger). 
 
 Purj)lish flowers which may be found in numbers by 
 Newcastle Ferry Landing, close to Sargeant's Mill, during 
 months of July and August. 
 
 FRAGARIA VIRQINIANA (Strawberry) 
 
 Common everywhere and well known. 
 
 FRAGARIA VESCA (Strawberry). 
 
 Not common, but occasionally seen in rocky woods. 
 Flowers and fruit very like the ordinary strawberry. 
 
 DALIBARDA REPENNS (Dalibarda). 
 
 A pretty white flower, resembling a violet, and appear- 
 ing late in August or beginning of September. 
 
I 
 
 22 
 
 MIKAMICIir WILD FLOWEKH. 
 
 1 1 
 
 V 
 
 RUBUS CHAM^MORUS (Cloud Berry). 
 
 I have only seon tliis jilaiit on Escuminac barren 
 wliere it is quite common. Flowers white. Fruit amber- 
 colored. Edible. June. 
 
 RUBUS TRIFLORUS (Dwarf Raspberry). 
 
 Found on hillsides, common everywhere. June, 
 
 RUBUS STRiaOSUS (Red Raspberry). 
 
 Very common and well known. 
 
 RUBUS VILLOSUS (Common Blackberry— 
 
 Thimbleberry). 
 
 Numbers on the road to Oak l»oint and vicinity. 
 Well known. 
 
 RUBUS CANADENSIS (Dewberry). 
 
 Flowers white. Fruit dark red. Quite common in 
 copses everywhere. June. 
 
 ROSA CAROLINA (Swamp Rose). 
 
 I have found numbers of these plants in the woods by 
 ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle, during months of July 
 and August. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWKHS, 
 
 PYRUS ARBUTIPOLIA (Choke Berry) 
 
 23 
 
 A small shrub with white flowers tinged with purple. 
 Fruit small, black. There are numbers of tluau on Beau- 
 bere Island. 
 
 PYRUS AMERICANA (American Mountain Ash- 
 Rowan Tree). 
 
 A rather handsome tree which is not uncommon in 
 the woods about Miramichi. Prized for its clusters of 
 bright red benies in autumn. 
 
 AMELANCHIER (June Berry). 
 
 There are quite a number of varieties of this plant, 
 some low shrubs, others trees. White flowers appearing 
 in May or June. Fruit purplish ; edible. 
 
 ^^'^^'^-^^^^ • 
 
 SAXIFRAaAOEiE (Saxifrage Family)- 
 
 RIBES LACUSTRE (Wild Gooseberry). 
 
 Flowers greenish ; stems clothed with prickles. Fruit 
 bristly. Common in woods about Miramichi. June. 
 
 RIBES PROSTRATUM (Fetid Currant). 
 
 Found in damp woods. Fruit red, bristly. 
 

 jilt 
 
 24 
 
 
 ii'j, 
 
 i-t ' 
 
 :t 'I 
 
 MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS- 
 
 EIBES PLORIDUM (Wild Black Currant). 
 
 Very like the black currant in gardens. Flowers 
 whitish. In woods about Miramichi. June. 
 
 RIBES RUBRUM (Red Currant). 
 
 Common in damp woods. Very like cultivated species. 
 Flowering early in June. 
 
 SAXIPRAGA VIRGINIENSIS (Early Saxifrage). 
 
 I have seen numbers of these flowers up the Mira- 
 michi Eiver, on border of woods by Eedbank and vicinity. 
 White flowers in June. 
 
 MITELLA NUDA (Bishop's Cap). 
 
 A delicate little plant growing in moss in wet woods. 
 Common about Miramichi. June. 
 
 HAMAMELAOEiE (Witch Hazel FamUy). 
 
 HAMAMELIS VIEGINICA (Witch Hazel). 
 
 A shrub with yellow flowers that blossoms late in 
 autumn. Found at Mill Cove, Newcastle. 
 
MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 25 
 
 CRASSULAOEJE (Orpine Family). 
 
 SEDUM TELEPHIUM (Live-for-ever). 
 
 A plant that may be found in stray places about 
 Miramiclii, Mill Cove and this side of Black Brook* 
 Purplish flowers in a naked cyme or cluster. August. 
 
 ONAGMOEJE (Evening Primrose Family)^ 
 
 CIRC^A ALPINA (Enchanter's Nightshade). 
 
 A small, delicate plant, common in wet woods. 
 White flowers. July. 
 
 EPILOBIUM ANaUSTIPOLIUM (Great Willow 
 
 Herb.) 
 
 A tall plant with pink purple flowers, which are very 
 showy, usually seen in newly-cleared land during the 
 mont\ of August. Numerous on the railway track not 
 far from Newcastle, and also back of Chatham. 
 
 EPILOBIUM PALUSTRE. 
 " LINEARE. 
 
 " CALORATUM. 
 
 

 ,if"| « 
 
 
 L'i '! 
 
 !' 
 
 26 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 I have found these varieties on the Miramichi Rive:, 
 between Chatham and Newcastle, in wet places. Flowers 
 small, purplish and white. August. 
 
 <ENOTHERA BIENNIS (Common Evening Prim- 
 
 rose). 
 
 Stout plants with odorous yellow flowers. Numerous 
 on railway track not far from Newcastle. Common during 
 month of July. 
 
 <ENOTHERA PUMILA (Common Evening Prim- 
 
 rose). 
 
 Quite common in fields about Miramichi. Yellow 
 flowers. July. 
 
 LUDWIGIA PALUSTRIS (Water Purslane). 
 
 A small plant with miuute reddish petals, and usually 
 found in ditches. Quite common about Mill Cove, New- 
 castle, early in June. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 UMBELLIFERi; (Parsley Family). 
 
 27 
 
 HYDROCOTYLE AMERICANA (Water Penny- 
 
 wort). 
 
 Small creeping plant, witli roundish leaves, thin and 
 smooth. Minute greenish flowers. Numerous on border 
 of the woods by ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle. 
 
 HERACLEUM LANATUM (Cow Parsnip). 
 
 A strong-scented plant, growing in moist ground. Tall, 
 with umbels of white flowers, during month of June. 
 Found at Mill Cove, Newcastle. 
 
 SIUM CICUTJEPOLIUM (Water Parsnip). 
 
 Common in wet places everywhere during month of 
 July. 
 
 ARCHANOELICA ATROPURPUREA (Great 
 
 Angelica). 
 
 A stout plant with dark purple stem, hollow, and 
 strong-scented. I have found this plant on the Islands at 
 the mouth of the Miramichi Eiver. 
 
 CIOUTA BULBIPERA (Water Hemlock). 
 
 To be found in swamps. Common about Chatham 
 and Newcastle. Arorust. 
 
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 I' Hi 
 
 III 
 
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 IF'' 
 i' 
 
 28 MIUAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 AEALIAOEJE (Ginseng Family). 
 
 ARALIA HISPIDA (Bristly Sarsaparilla-Wild 
 
 Elder). 
 
 Quite common along the railway track by Newcastle. 
 Flowers greenish ; fruit black. June. 
 
 ARALIA NUDICAULIS (Wild Sarsaparilla), 
 
 Stem scarcely rising out of the ground, bearing a long 
 stalked leaf, and naked scape rising separately from the 
 ground. Common in woods. June. 
 
 ■w 
 
 
 OORNACEJE (Dogwood Family). 
 
 CORNUS CANADENSIS (Dwarf Cornel-Bunch 
 
 Berry). 
 
 Very abundant in woods everywhere, during summer 
 months. Well known by common name of Pigeon Berry. 
 
 CORNUS STOLONIPERA (Red Osier Dogwood). 
 
 A tall shrub, well-known by the bright red-purple 
 branches and white colored fruit. Wet places ; flowering 
 in the latter part of tlie month of June. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 29 
 
 CORNUS ALTERNIPOLIA (Alternate leaved 
 
 Cornel). 
 
 A pretty flowering shrub to be found almost every- 
 where in cold woods during the month of May. White 
 flowers. Fruit deep blue. 
 
 CAPRIFOLIAOEJE (Honeysuckle Family). 
 
 LINN(EA BOREALIS (Linnoea-Twin-flower). 
 
 A very pretty and interesting flower, dedicated to 
 Linnoeus. Numbers in the woods everywhere during the 
 latter portion of June. Creeping little evergreen with 
 pink-purple flowers. 
 
 LONICERA CILIATA (Fly Honeysuckle;. 
 
 A shrub common in woods, flowering usually in the 
 month of May. Yellowish. Berries red. 
 
 DIERVILLA TRIPIDA (Bush Honeysuckle). 
 
 Common on rocky places on the Miramichi Eiver. 
 Flowering in the month of July. Flowers honey-color. 
 
' K 
 
 -( * 
 
 30 
 
 MIRAMICin WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 I '' '■■■ 
 
 ("I «. 
 
 |L'i '■ 
 
 SAMBUCaS CANADEiVSIS (Common Elder). 
 
 Shrubby plants with whitish flowers, appearing early 
 in June. Fruit black-purple. Numbers in vicinity of 
 Newcastle. 
 
 VIBURNUM NUDUM (Withe-Rod), 
 
 A. shrub usually found in damp woods, flowering in 
 June. I have seen it on the Miramichi River between 
 Newcastle and Mill Cove. 
 
 ''-'^^'"^ 
 
 ■ r' 
 I' 
 
 RUBIAOEiE ( V[adder Family). 
 
 GALIUM ASPRELLUM (Rough Bedstraw). 
 
 Quite common in the woods. Trailing plants with 
 hooked prickles ; leaves in whorls of 6-4. Flowers, greenish. 
 June. 
 
 GALIUM TRIFIDUM (Small Bedstraw). 
 
 There are several varieties of this plant. A very 
 common form appearing on the borders of swamps, ascend- 
 ing on bushes — the stems very rough. Flowers white and 
 small. June to July. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 31 
 
 GALIUM TRIFLORUM (Sweet-Scented Bed- 
 straw). 
 
 I have found several of these plants in the woods- 
 back of Chatham. Flowers greenish. Fruit bur-like. 
 Sweet-scented in drying. 
 
 MITCHELLA REPENS (Partridge Berry). 
 
 A very jjretty and interesting plant, creeping about 
 
 the foot of trees. Common in the woods. Fragrant flowers 
 
 white, tinged with purple, appearing- late in July. Fruit 
 red, berry-like. 
 
 '■---'^'--"s. ^-^ . 
 
 COMPOSITiE (Composite Family). 
 
 EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM (Thoroughwort)- 
 
 A stout hairy plant, to be found in waste places dur- 
 ing the month of August, about Miramichi. 
 
 EUPATORIUM AGERATOIDES (White Snake 
 
 Root). 
 
 I have found this plant in the woods, by the ferry 
 Landing, opposite Newcastle. Flowers white. August. 
 
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 I". ,. 
 
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 32 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 
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 ASTER CORDIFOLIUS (Aster). 
 
 A much-branched plant, about two feet high, with 
 pale blue flowers, appearing on the borders of woods, dur- 
 ing month of August. 
 
 ASTER SIMPLEX (Aster). 
 Small pale-bluish flowers, appearing during the month 
 of August. Common in moist places. 
 
 ASTER ACUMINATUS (Aster). 
 
 Heads of flowers small pale-blue, and found in wood- 
 lands, almost everywhere, during the months of August and 
 .September. 
 
 ERIOERON CANADENSE (Horse Weed-Butter 
 
 Weed.) 
 
 Quite common, and found in waste places. Abundant 
 in fields not far from ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle- 
 August. 
 
 SOLIDAOO ALTISSIMA (Golden Rod). 
 
 Very abundant during months of August and Sep- 
 tember. Found usually along fences and roadsides. Flowers 
 yellowish. 
 
MniAMICIII WILD FLOWKRS. 
 
 33 
 
 SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS (Golden Eod). 
 
 Full and stout stem, lieads of flowers small, yellow. 
 Common on borders of thickets and fields. August. 
 
 RUDBECKIA HIRTA (Cone Flower). 
 
 Bright, large, yellow flowers. Oftentimes may be 
 seen m cultivated fields. There are numbers by snowshed 
 on railway track, at Newcastle, and in fields back of 
 Chatham. August. 
 
 BIDENS PRONDOSA (Common Beggar Ticks). 
 
 A coarse common weed, found about dwellings, well 
 known by the seeds that cling to one's clothes. Flowering 
 late in July and August. 
 
 BIDENS CERNUA (Smaller Bur-Marigold). 
 
 Quite coiumon in wet places. Flowers yellowish- 
 appearing during month of August. 
 
 MARUTA COTULA (Common May Weed). 
 
 Very common about roadsides. A strongly-scented 
 plant, with finely divided leaves, flowjrs, white. June 
 to late in autumn. 
 
 c 
 
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 34 
 
 MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWKIJS. 
 
 is 
 
 i«i • 
 
 
 
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 ii* 
 
 LEUCANTHEMUM VOLGARE (Ox-Eye-WMte 
 
 Daisy), 
 
 Yery Avell known in fields and meadows everywhere* 
 July and An gust. 
 
 LEUCANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM (Fever Few), 
 
 Stray flowers found about roadsides, not far from 
 Chatham or Newcastle. A smaller variety than the white 
 daisy. 
 
 TiiNACETUM VULGABE (Common Tansy), 
 
 A very strongly-scented herb. Flowers, yellowish. 
 Numbers about the Mill Cove, Newcastle. July. 
 
 GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM (Low Cud Weed). 
 
 Quite numerous on the roadside, near Chatham and 
 Newcastle. White, wooly, and much-branched plants, 
 flow^ering during August. 
 
 ANTENNARIA MARGARITAC.E (Pearly Ever- 
 lasting). 
 
 White wooly plants, found anywhere on dry sandy 
 grounds. Flowers white, appearing in August. 
 
MIUAMICIII WUA) KLOWKKS. 
 
 35 
 
 
 ANTENNAEU PLANTAMNIFOLU (Plantain- 
 Leaved Everlasting). 
 
 Flowering during tlio ]a«t portion of Muy. Quite 
 common in tl.o vicinily „f Cliatliani and Newcastle. 
 
 ERECHTHITES HIERACIFOLIA (Fire Weed). 
 
 A tall plant which is to be found in recent clearings, 
 or where the ground has been burned over. August. 
 
 SENECIO JACOBiEUS (Common Ragwort- 
 Groundsel). 
 
 Tlie coarse weed, Mith yellow flowers ^v■hicll has 
 spread so rajiidly aljout Newcastle. July. 
 
 SENECIO AUREUS (Golden Ragwort - Squaw 
 
 Weed). 
 
 I have not found very many of these plants. Stray 
 flowers in wet places, in vicinity of Mitchell's farm; alsa 
 back of Chatham. Plant about a foot higli. Flowers, 
 whitish. May. 
 
 CENTAUREA NIGRA (Knapweed). 
 
 I have found this plant in the vicinity of Newcastle. 
 Leaves rough. Flowers, purple. August. 
 

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 I 
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 36 
 
 MIKAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 'ij ill 
 1 » 
 
 I! 1^ 
 t ■' 
 
 CIRSIUM LANCEOLATUM (Common Thistle). 
 
 Flowers purple, prickly. Very coinnion along the 
 roadsides. Numbers in tlie vicinity of Cliatluun, close by 
 the Poor-house. July to October. 
 
 CIRSIUM MUTICUM (Swamp Thistle). 
 
 Very like the last in general appearance. Flowers 
 purple. Leaves, not so many. Found at Mill Oove, New- 
 castle. July. 
 
 CIRSIUM ARVENSES (Canada Thistle). 
 
 Heads of rose-purple, Hcjwers small, and plant not so 
 prickly. Found on roadsides in Miramichi everywhere, 
 during months July, August and September. 
 
 LEONTODON AUTUMNALE ^Fall Dandelion- 
 
 Hawkbit). 
 
 Very like the common Dandelion, appearing in July 
 and blossoming till late in autumn. Common in meadows 
 almost everywhere. 
 
 NABALUS ALBUS (White Lettuce— Rattlesnake 
 
 Root). 
 
 Found in rich soil. I have seen it in different parts 
 of Miramichi. Stem purplish and light yellow flowers; 
 August. 
 
MIUAMIcm Wll.l) 1' LOW Kits. 
 
 37 
 
 NABALUS ALTISSmuS (Tall White Lettuce). 
 
 Tall and .slo.i.lcr ,,lant,s; generally alna.t live feet ia 
 licigl.t. Loose elM.stei-,s of greeni.sh-whi(c flowers. C.n, 
 mon. Nnniber,s on railway track, close to Xeweastle. 
 
 TARAXACUM DENS-LEONIS (Common Dande- 
 
 lion). 
 
 Quite iibimJant everywhere, and well known. 
 
 LACrUCA CANADENSIS (Wild Lettuce). 
 
 Very tall and leafy. Stem with large toothed leave, 
 and bnght yellow flowers. Usnally found in thickets 
 August. 
 
 MULGEDIUM LEUCOPHAEUM (False or Blue 
 
 Lettuce.) 
 
 Very tall plants, from two to twelve feet in heioj.t 
 very leafy and .smallish bine flowers. I'lant well kno^wn 
 by the milky jnice al ont it. Abundant on Miramiehi 
 Kiver, close to the mouth of Mill Cove, Newcastle. 
 
 OAMPANULAOE^CCampanula Family). 
 
 CAMPANULA ROTUNDIPOLIA (Hare Bell). 
 
 Very abundant on the banks of the Miramiehi Eiver. 
 
 
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 I. ' ii 
 
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 11 
 
 
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 38 
 
 MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 A very pretty plant, with bluish flowers, appearing from 
 July until late in autumn. 
 
 ERICACE^ (Heath Family), 
 
 GAYLUSSACIA RE3IN0SA (Black Huckleberry). 
 
 A shrub wliich is quite common on the islands at the 
 mouth of the i\[iramiehi Jiiver; also found near Mill Cove, 
 Newcastle. Fruit ])lack— edible. 
 
 VACCINIUM OXYCOCCUS (Small Cranberry). 
 
 Very slender stems and leaves, with revolute margins. 
 Found on the barrens almost anywhere. Berry often 
 speckled with white when young. 
 
 VACCINIUM MACROCARPON (Large American 
 
 Cranberry). 
 
 Numliers in the l)arrens at the moutli of the jMiramichi 
 Eiver. Leaves not so revolute as last-mentioned, and taller. 
 Flower, rose color. June. 
 
 VACCINIUM VITIS ID^A (Cowberry). 
 
 Quite common on Beaubere Island, and other portions 
 of ^liramichi River. Very like the Cranbeny, and sold in 
 the market under that name. Flowering in June. 
 
' 
 
 MIR.VMICIir WILD FLOWERS. 39 
 
 VACCINIUM PENNSYLVANICUM (Dwarf Blue- 
 berry). 
 
 The common blueberry found on dry hills everywhere. 
 Berries blue — abundant. Another variety has black berries, 
 and sweeter to the taste. 
 
 CHIOGENES HISPIDULA (Creepii)^ Snowberry). 
 
 Very common in mossy woods trailing over fallen 
 trees. Flowers very small and solitary- whitish. Plant 
 often called Maiden Hair. 
 
 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA URSI (Bearberry). 
 
 I have found this plant on Fox Island. Trailing — 
 white flowers. Fruit, a dry red berry. June. 
 
 EPIG^A REPENS (Trailing Arbutus— May 
 
 Flower). 
 
 Abundant in the vicinity of Newcastle, and all along 
 the river to Bartibogue. One of our earliest spring flowers. 
 Very fragrant. 
 

 
 
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 ^^ MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS (Creeping Winter- 
 green). 
 
 Very common in exposed i)laces ; flowering in August. 
 Color white. Bright red berries, having the taste of sweet 
 birch. Oftentimes called teaberry. 
 
 CASSANDRA CALYCULATA (Leather Leaf). 
 
 Low shrubs, with one-sided leafy racemes. Growing 
 on barrens everywhere during tlie month of May. Flowers 
 whitish. 
 
 KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA (Sheep Laurel-Lamb- 
 
 kill). 
 
 Very abundant about Miramichi, more especially on 
 the barrens. A shrub about two feet high. Crimson 
 flowers, appearing in June. 
 
 KALMIA GLAUCA (Pale Laurel). 
 
 Small shrubs, growing in bogs everywhere, about a 
 foot high, with lilac-purple flowers ai)pearing early in 
 June. 
 
 RHODORA CANADENSIS (Rhodora;. 
 
 A showy shrub, with rose-purple flowers, appearing 
 before the leaves, early in June. Quite common on road- 
 sides and border of woods. 
 
MIKAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 41 
 
 LEDUM LATIFOLIUM (Labrador Tea). 
 
 Shrubs with thick leaves, clotlicd with rusty wool 
 underneath. White flowers. In swamps almost every- 
 
 where during the month of June. 
 
 PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA (Round-Leaved 
 
 Pyrola). 
 
 A low shrub with simple naked stem and orbicular 
 leaves at the root. Raceme of white nodding flowers that 
 may be found in damp woods anywhere. Abundant on 
 cross-roads back of Chatham. July. 
 
 PYROLA ASARirOLIA (Round-Leaved Pyrola). 
 
 Very like the kst; difference being the round reni-,. 
 form leaves. 
 
 PYROLA ELLIPTICA (Shin Leaf). 
 
 Very like the preceding, only the leaves are much 
 thinner and more oval-shape. Flowers greenish- white m 
 cold woods. July. 
 
 PYROLA CHLORANTHA (Shin Leaf). 
 
 Leaves small, thick and roundish. Not many flowers^ 
 Greenish-white. Common at Mill Cove, Newcastle. July^ 
 
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 42 
 
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 MIHAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 PYROLA SECUNDA (One-sided Pyrola). 
 
 Differing from the last in having the greenish-white 
 flowers all turned to one side. About six inches high. 
 Leaves tliin. Found in rich woods during month of 
 July. 
 
 MONESES UNIPLORA (0n9-flowered Pyrola). 
 
 A verj pretty single, fragrant, white flower, growing in 
 cold woods, often under evergreens. Numbers in woods 
 hy cross-roads back of Chatliam, and in woods by Ferry 
 Landing, opposite Newcastle. July. 
 
 CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA (Prince's Pine- 
 
 Pipsissewa). 
 
 Abundant ou Mill Cove Hill, Newcastle, and in other 
 portions of Miramichi, in dry woods. Low plants with 
 running shoots and pretty flesh-color flowers. Fragrant. 
 July. 
 
 MONOTROPA UNIFLORA (Indian Pipe-Corpse 
 
 Plant). 
 
 Waxy-white flowers, sometimes reddish; furnished 
 with scales instead of leaves. Common in rich woods 
 -everywhere. Plant turns black in dying. July and 
 August, 
 
of 
 
 MIRAMICIir WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 43 
 
 MONOTROPA HIPOPITYS (Pine Sap -False 
 
 Beech Drops). 
 
 I have only seen this plant on the Mill Cove Hill, 
 Newcastle. Flowers whitisli ; fragrant. The nppcr flowers 
 have five petals, the remaimhn' only four. July and 
 
 Angnst. 
 
 AQUIFOLIACEiE (Holly Family). 
 
 ILEX VERTICILLATA (Black Alder -Winter- 
 berry). 
 
 A shrub with white flowers, growing in sessile clusters. 
 Fruit briglit red, remaining after leaves have fallen. Have 
 seen it by Ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle ; also Xappan 
 and Tabusintac beaches. 
 
 PLANTAGINAOEiE (Plantain Family). 
 
 PLANT AGO MAJOR (Common Plantain -Rib 
 
 Grass) 
 
 Very common about dweUings everywhere. Flowers 
 greenish, in a sjjike. Leaves rather large, heart-shaped. 
 June to October. 
 
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 44 
 
 MIliAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 PLANTAIN MARITIMA (Plantain). 
 
 Abundant on the islands at mouth of tlie Miraniichi 
 Kiver. Leaves linear; spikes more slender than last. July. 
 
 PRIMULAOEi; (Primrose Family). 
 
 TRIENTALIS AMERICANA (Star Flower). 
 
 Very common in woods everywhere, early in June. 
 A delicate white, star-shaped flower. 
 
 LYSIMACHIA STRICTA (Loosestrife). 
 
 A much-branched plant, about two feet high, with 
 yellow flowers, streaked with dark lines, which are very 
 common in swamps during the montli of July. 
 
 LYSIMACHIA CJLIATA (Loosestrife). 
 
 A taller plant than the last. Flowers yellow; not 
 streaked or dotted. Common in thickets. Numerous in 
 woods by Nelson. July. 
 
 SAMOLUS AMERICANUS (Water Pimpernel- 
 Brook Weed). 
 
 Small whitish flowers. Alternate leaves ; leaves obo- 
 vote. Have seen the flowers in swampy places on the 
 islands at mouth of Miramichi Eiver. July. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 45 
 
 SOROPflULARIAOEJE (Figwort Family). 
 
 VERBASCUM THAPSUS (Common Mullein). 
 
 Tall and stout stem. Woolly. Flowers yellow, in a 
 dense spike. Common along the railway track and waste 
 places; July. 
 
 LINARIA CANADENSIS (Wild Toad-Flax). 
 
 I have found this plant on the roadside, close by the 
 
 poor-liouse, Chatham. Leaves linear, slender stem. Small 
 blue flowers during the month of July. 
 
 LINARIA VULGARIS (Toad-Flax-Butter-and- 
 
 Eggs). 
 
 Very common about Newcastle. Flowers yellow. A 
 showy plant during month of July. 
 
 CHELONE GLABRA (Turtle Head— Snake Head). 
 
 Flowers white. Often to be found in swamps. Com- 
 mon at Mill Cove, Newcastle. So called from a resemblance 
 to a reptile. August. 
 
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 '^^ MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 ILYSANTHES GRATI0L9IDES (False Pirn- 
 
 pernel). 
 
 I have seen this plant on some of tJie roadsides, back 
 of Chatham. Low pknts witl) purplish flowers, appearing 
 early in August. 
 
 VERONICA AMERICANA (American Brook 
 
 Lime). 
 
 Pale l)lue flowers. Very common in brooks and 
 ditches alxjut Miramichi, everywhere, during month of 
 July. 
 
 VERONICA SnUTELLATA (Marsh Speedwell). 
 
 Common in wet places everywhere. Pale blue flowers, 
 during month of July. 
 
 VERONICA SERPYLLIPOLIA (Thyme-leaved 
 
 Speedwell). 
 
 A small plant with whitish or pale-blue flowers, 
 usually seen along the roadsides and fields during the 
 summer months. 
 
 RHINANTHCJS CRIST A-GALLI (Common Yellow 
 
 Rattle). 
 
 Not scarce in cultivated fields. Have seen it about 
 Nelson during month of July. Flowers yellow. 
 
MIPvAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 4T 
 
 MELAMPYRUM AMERICANUM (Cow Wheat). 
 
 Very common in open woods. A small plant with 
 lanceolate leaves and pale greenisli-yellow Howera, during 
 summer months. 
 
 •^^^j-^-. 
 
 VERBENACE^ (Vervain Family), 
 
 VERBENA HASTATA (Blue Vervain). 
 
 I have found tliis plant on the ballast hoap, this side 
 of the poor-house, Chatham. Tall spikes, densely flowered, 
 July and August, 
 
 LABIATiE (Mint Family). 
 
 MENTHA CANADENSIS (Wild Mint). 
 
 Quite common about the mouth of the Mill Cove, 
 Newcastle. Small flowers, white and purplish, in close 
 axillary clusters. August. 
 
 NEPETA CATARIA (Catnip). 
 
 Quite common about dwellings everywhere, 
 whitish-purple during summer months. 
 
 Flowers 
 
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 ■^^ MIRAMICin WILD FLOWEliS. 
 
 BRUNELLA VULGARIS (Common Self-Heal). 
 
 Leaves haiiy or smootliish. Flowers flesh-color, some- 
 times white. On borders of woods and in fields. Com- 
 mon, June to September. 
 
 SCUTELLARIA OALERICULATA (Skullcap). 
 
 Stem erect, leaves ovate, slightly heart-shaped. Wet, 
 shady places. Common. 
 
 SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA (Skullcap). 
 
 Flowers bluish. Stem much-branched. Leaves 
 coarsely semite. Wet places. Common during summer 
 
 GALEOPSIS TFTRAHIT (Common Hemp Nettle]. 
 
 Flowers purplish; lower lip yellowish ; stems coarsely 
 bairy. Leaves ovate serrate. Common in waste places. 
 August. 
 
 BOERAGINAOiE (Borage FamUy). 
 
 SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE (Common Comfrey). 
 
 A hairy, coarse plant. Flowers yellowish. I have 
 
 only found it in the vicinity of l^ewcastle, during month of 
 July. 
 
MIUAMICIII WILD FLOWKKS. 
 
 49 
 
 ^^ 
 
 MYOSOTIS LAXA (Forget-me-not.) 
 
 Flowers small, blue. I have found them on the road- 
 side, close to the Poor-house, Chatham. July. 
 
 CONVOLVULACEiE (Convolvulus Family.) 
 
 CALYSTEGIA SEPIUM (Hedge Bind-weed). 
 
 Common on the islands at the mouth of the Miramichi 
 River ; also close to Sargeant's Mill, Nelson. Very like 
 the Morning Glory in appearance. June to August. 
 
 SALANAOEiE (Nightshade Family). 
 
 SOLANUM DU^OAMAEA (Bittersweet). 
 
 A shrub with heart-shaped leaves and blue flowers ; 
 berries red. I have seen it by the river bank, between 
 Mill Cove and Newcastle. June. 
 
 HYOSCTAMUS NIGER (Black Henbane). 
 
 Very common by Eitchie's Mill, Newcastle, Plant 
 about two feet in height, with yellowish flowers. July. 
 
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 50 MIR.VMICm WILD FLOWKRS. 
 
 GENTIANACEiE (Gentian Family). 
 
 MENTANTHES TRIFOLIATA (Buekbean). 
 
 A very pretty white flower, which grows abundantly 
 in the swamp by the Ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle. 
 A thickish root-stock with a naked scafe, growing in wet 
 places during month of June. 
 
 "i 
 id. 
 
 APOOYNAOEJE (Dogbane Family). 
 
 AFOCTNUM ANDBOSAENIFOLIUM (Spreading 
 
 Dogbane). 
 
 Quite common on border of thickets and along fencest 
 Abundant in vicinity of Newcastle. Plant very smooth, 
 milky, with pretty rose-color flowers. July. 
 
 i;, 
 
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 i •■, 
 
 OLEAOEiE (Olive Family). 
 
 FBAXINUS AMERICANA (White Ash). 
 
 A large tree with grey bark in woods up the Miia- 
 michi Eiver and vicinity. Flowering in May. 
 
51 
 
 MIUAMICIII WILD rLOWEliS. 
 
 OHENOPODIAOEiE (Goosefoot Family). 
 
 CHENOPODIUM ALBUM (Lamb's Quarters- 
 
 Pig-weed). 
 
 Very common in waste grounds everywhere. Plant 
 from one to three feet liigh. Chisters of greenish flowers 
 in a spike. Flowering from July until late in autumn. 
 
 POLTGONAOEiG (Buckwheat Family). 
 
 POLYGONUM PERSICARIA (Lady's Thumb). 
 
 Flowers greenish-purple. Low plants. Very common 
 in damp places. July to September. 
 
 POLYGONUM AVICULARE (Goose Grass-Door- 
 
 weed). 
 
 Abundant in yards and waste places everywhere. 
 Plant prostrate and spreading. Flowers greenish-white. 
 July to September. 
 
 POLYGONUM ARIPOLIUM (Halberd-leaved 
 
 Tear-thumb). 
 
 Common in wet grounds everywhere. July and 
 August. 
 
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 52 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 POLYGONUM SAOITTATUM (Arrow-leaved 
 
 Tear-thumb). 
 
 Leaves arrow-shaped. Stem armed with sharp saw- 
 toothed prickles. Common in wet places everywhere. 
 August. 
 
 POLYGONUM SCANDENS (Climbing False Buck- 
 wheat). 
 
 Twining over bushes. Common in moist places. 
 
 July 
 
 EUMEX CRISPUS (Curled Book). 
 
 Very common in cultivated and waste grounds during 
 the summer months. 
 
 EUMEX SANGUINEUS (Bloody-Veined Dock). 
 
 Veins of the leaf sometimes red. Leaves lanceolate. 
 Common in waste places. 
 
 EUMEX AOETOSELLA (Field or Sheep Sorrel). 
 
 Very weU known. Common in fields during summer 
 months. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 ULMACE^ (Elm Family). 
 
 53 
 
 ULMUS AMERICANA (American or White 
 
 Elm). 
 
 A tree very well known. Numbers on Little South 
 West Branch of the Miramichi, and on rich intervales. 
 Flowering in May. 
 
 UETICA &RACILIS (Nettle). 
 
 Common on waste places and roadsides, 
 greenish, during summer months. 
 
 Flowers 
 
 LAPORTEA CANADENSIS (Wood Nettle) 
 
 I have found this plant up the Little South West 
 Branch of the Miramichi Eiver. Plant about three feet 
 high. Flowers whitish. July. 
 
 OUPULIFERJE (Oak FamUy). 
 
 PAOUS FERRU&INEA (American Beech). 
 
 A tree very common in the woods on dry land. May. 
 
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 15' 
 
 54 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 COBTLUS BOSTBATA (Beaked Hazel Nut). 
 
 Shrub about four feet high, and usually to be found 
 on the bank of streams. Abundant about mouth of Mill 
 Cove, Newcastle. 
 
 OSTBYA VIBOINICA (American Hop— Horn- 
 beam— Lever-wood). 
 
 I have seen a few trees in the woods up the North 
 West Branch of the Miramichi Eiver. Slender trees with 
 tough bark. Fruit like the hop. August. 
 
 
 MTRIOAOEJE (Sweet Gale Family). 
 
 MTBICA GALE (Sweet Gale). 
 
 A shrub with scented leaves. Flowers in catkins in 
 May. Nuts in heads. Quite common in the swamps, 
 close to the Ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle ; and on 
 the islands at the mouth of the Miramichi Eiver. 
 
 MTBICA CEBIFEBA (Bayberry— Wax Mjrrtle). 
 
 A shrub from three to eight feet high, with fragrant 
 leaves, appearing before the flowers in catkins. Nuts 
 naked, incrusted with white wax. Called also the Candle 
 Berry. Common on the islands at the mouth of the Mira- 
 michi Eiver. 
 
MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 55 
 
 COMPTONIA ASPLENIPOLIA (Sweet Pern). 
 
 A shrub with sweet-scented fern-like leaves, appearing 
 later than the flowers, in bur-like catkins. Abundant in 
 barren places. Common in fields, close to Newcastle and 
 Chatham, in vicinity of the Eifle Eange. 
 
 BETULOEJE (Birch Family). 
 
 BETULA LENTA (Cherry Birch-Sweet or Black 
 
 Birch). 
 
 Bark of the tree brown. Very sweet and aromatic. 
 Common about Miramichi. Catkins oblong, cylindrical, 
 about an inch long. 
 
 BETULA LUTEA (Yellow or Gray Birch). 
 
 Bark of the tree yellowish or silvery-grey. In woods 
 about Miramichi, Catkins oblong, ovoid, thickish, about 
 an inch in length. 
 
 BETULA ALBA (American White Birch). 
 
 A slender tree, found on the bank of streams, 
 with chalky white bark. Leaves very long-pointed. 
 Catkins cylindrical. 
 
 I 
 
56 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 
 RM 
 
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 ill* 
 
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 BETULA PAPYRACEA (Paper or Canoe Birch). 
 
 A large tree with white bark splitting freely into 
 layers. Common and well known. 
 
 BETULA PUMILA (Low Birch). 
 
 A shrub with brownish bark from two to ten feet high. 
 To be found in bogs about Miramichi. 
 
 ALNUS VIRIDIS (Green or Mountain Alder). 
 
 Tall shrub, usually found along streams. Flowers 
 developed in spring with the leaves. Fruit, a wing, like 
 the birch. 
 
 ALNUS INCANA (Speckled or Hoary Alder). 
 
 Very common. Forming thickets in wet places. 
 Flowers developed in spring before the leaves. 
 
 SALIOAOEJE (Willow Family\ 
 
 SALIX HUMILIS (Prairie Willow). 
 
 A tall shrub, from three to ten feet high. Leaves 
 grayish, woolly underneath. Catkins appearing before the 
 leaves in May. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 SALIX DISCOLOR (Glaucous Willow) 
 
 57 
 
 One of the earliest flowering willows.. Leaves glaucous 
 and smooth underneath. On the banks of streams and wet 
 lands. May. 
 
 SALIX LIVIDA (Livid Willow). 
 
 A shrub from two to ten feet high. Catkins appear- 
 ing with the leaves, late in May. Common in moist 
 ground. 
 
 SALIX LUCIJA (Shining Willow). 
 
 One of our mo^t beautiful willows ; greenish-yellow. 
 Catkins long and loose. Common along streams durincr 
 May and June. 
 
 SALIX MYETILL0IDE3 (Myrtle Willow). 
 
 A small willow, or tree, often found in bogs. June. 
 
 POPULUS TREMULOIDES (American Aspen). 
 
 Common in the woods. Tree from twenty to fifty feet 
 high, with smooth greenish bark. Leaves roundish. Cat- 
 kins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. 
 May. 
 
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 58 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 ill 
 
 1 1 I 
 
 'Mil 
 
 ;:* 
 
 ! » I 
 
 POPULUS ORANDIDENTATA (Large Toothed 
 
 Aspen). 
 
 Common in Miramichi woods. Large tree with round- 
 ish leaves and irregular sinuate teeth, densely covered with 
 silky wool when young. 
 
 POPULUS BALSAMIFERA (Balsam Poplar). 
 
 Leaves pointed and sinuate; smoothish both sides, 
 whitish underneath. Large buds varnished with copious 
 fragrant resinous matter. Common in woods. 
 
 POPULUS DILATATA (Lombardy Poplar). 
 
 An ornamental tree, to be seen about Miramichi, 
 evidently introduced, probably, by French settlers. 
 
 OONIFEEiE (Pine Family). 
 
 PINUS BANKSIANA (Gray or Northern Scrub 
 
 Pine). 
 
 Very common on rocky banks. Abundant about 
 Newcastle. Straggling low tree. Cones oblong, curved. 
 Fascicled leaves in threes. 
 
 , I! 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWEKS. 
 
 59^ 
 
 PINUS BESINOSA (Bed Fine). 
 
 Tall tree, from fifty to one hundred feet in height^ 
 with reddish bark. Cones ovate. Fascicled leaves in 
 twos. 
 
 PINUS STROBUS (White Pine). 
 
 Common in the woods. Leaves very slender, in fives. 
 Cones narrow, long, and nodding. 
 
 ABIES NIOBA (Black or Double Spruce). 
 
 Cones ovate ; abou^- an inch long. Leaves short- 
 Common in Miramichi woods. 
 
 ABIES ALBA (White Spruce). 
 
 Cones cylindrical ; nodding ; about two inches long.. 
 Common. 
 
 ABIES C&NADENSIS (Hemlock Spruce). 
 
 Cones oval, small. Leaves short, linear. A large tree 
 with delicate foliage, silvery underneath. 
 
 ABIES BALSAMEA (Balsam Fir). 
 
 Cones erect, cylindrical, large, from two to four inches 
 long ; violet colored. Leaves flat, with the mid-rib promi- 
 nent. Bark of the tree with balsam-bearing vesicles. 
 

 
 •i i i 
 
 * ■ 
 
 • I 
 
 ^^ MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 XARIX AMERICANA (American Laroh-Tama- 
 
 rack). 
 
 Cones ovoid, small. Leaves short, needle-shaped, 
 deciduous. A slender tree, common in wet places. 
 
 THUJA OCCIDENTALIS (American Arbour Vite 
 
 —White Cedar). 
 
 The common cedar of the north. Abundant in swamps 
 and rocky banks. 
 
 TAXUS BACCATA VAR. CANADENSIS (American 
 
 Jew— Ground Hemlock). 
 
 A low, straggling, prostrate bush, which I have seen 
 at Mill Cove, Newcastle. 
 
 
 
 ARAOEiE (Arum Family). 
 
 ARISiEMA TRIPHTLLUM (Indian Turnip). 
 
 Found up the North West Branch of the Miramichi 
 Eiver. Flowering early in June. Spathe hooded at 
 summit. 
 
MmAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 61 
 
 CALL A PALDSTRIS (Water Arum). 
 
 Solitary flowers, growing in cold bogs. A low herb, 
 with heart-shaped leaves. Have only seen it back of 
 Chatham. 
 
 ACORUS CALAMUS (Sweet Flag— Calamus). 
 
 A very pungent, aromatic plant, with sword-like leaves, 
 growing on margin of swamps. May be found by Ferry 
 Landing, opposite Newcastle. 
 
 TYPHACEiE (Cat-tail Family). 
 
 TYPHA LATIPOLIA (Cat-tail-Reed Mace). 
 
 Quite common in wet places. Leaves long, fiat, 
 thickish. Flowers in a spike. Fruit brown, club-shaped. 
 Well known. Abundant in wet places. 
 
 NAIADACEJE (Pondweed Family). 
 
 ZOSTERA MARINA (Grass Wrack-Eelgrass). 
 
 Abundant in the Miramichi River during months of 
 July and August. 
 
n 
 
 III: 
 
 V 
 
 €2 
 
 MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 POTAMOOETON CLAYT0NI4 (Pondweed). 
 
 Have seen this plant in sluggish waters, back of 
 -Chatham. Small plants, floating on the water duirng 
 months of August and September. 
 
 POTAMOOETON PRAELONOUS (Pondweed). 
 
 I have found this plant in swamp by Ferry Landing, 
 opposite Newcastle. August. 
 
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 ALISMAOEJE (Water-Plantain Family;. 
 
 ALISMA PLANTAOO VAR. AMERICANUM 
 
 (Water Plantain). 
 
 Common in shallow water, and about brooks, during 
 summer months. Flowers bluish. 
 
 SAOITTARIA VARIABILIS (Arrow Head). 
 
 Abundant by the Ferry Landing, opposite Newcastle. 
 Flowers white. July. So called from the form of the 
 leaves. 
 
 SAOITTARIA ORAMINEA (Arrow Head). 
 
 I have found this plant in same locality as the pre- 
 ceding one. Flowers smaller and plant taller. 
 
MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 OROHIDACEJE (Orchis Family). 
 
 63 
 
 HABENARIA TRIDENTATA (Rein Orchis). 
 
 Flowers greenish, very small, stem slender, with 
 single leaf below. Abundant back of Chatham, not far 
 from the railway station. July. 
 
 HABENARIA DILATATA (Rein Orchis). 
 
 Leafy, slender, from one to three feet in height. 
 White fragrant flowers. Cold bogs. Abundant at Mill 
 Cove, Newcastle. June. 
 
 HABENARIA ORBICULATA (Rein Orchis). 
 
 Two leaves, very large, orbicular, spreading flat on the 
 ground. Scape, greenish ; flowers, in a raceme. Common 
 on Beaubere Island. June. 
 
 HABENARIA BLEPHARIOLOTTIS (White- 
 fringed Orchis). 
 
 Flowers white. I'etals cut or toothed at the aj^ix. 
 Leaves lanceolate. Found at Bay du Vin Kiver. July. 
 
It 
 
 
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 Ni 
 
 
 64 MIllAMICin WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 HABENABIA FSTCODES (Purple-fringed 
 
 Orchis). 
 
 Flowers purple, rather handsome, densely flowered. 
 Leaves oblong. Spreading lip, many cleft into a short 
 fringe. Common up the Little South West River. July. 
 
 SFIRANTHES BOMANZOVIANA (Ladies 
 
 Tresses). 
 
 Leaves varying from oblong to grass-like. Spike 
 densely flowered, very fragrant, whitish. Found usually 
 in damp places. July. 
 
 CALOPOaON PULCHELLUS (Calopogon). 
 
 Scape from a solid bulb, grass-like leaf, naked above, 
 bearing several beautiful pink-purple flowers. Lip of 
 flower bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped 
 hairs. I have found it in bogs back of Chatham. July. 
 
 MICR0ST7LIS MONOPHTLLOS (Adder's Mouth). 
 
 Little herbs from solid bulbs, and a raceme of small 
 greenish flowers. Common on border of woods in vicinity 
 of Chatham and Newcastle. July and August. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWEUS. 65 
 
 COEALLORHIZA INNATA (Coral Root). 
 
 Slender plant, without leaves, brownish and yellowish. 
 Lip of flowers small. Common at Mill Cove, Newcastle. 
 
 June. 
 
 COEALLORHIZA MULTIFLORA (Coral Root). 
 
 TaUer than the last, plant purplish, l)eaiiag many 
 flowers. Lip larger. Common in woods al)out Mill Cove, 
 Newcastle, during summer months. 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS (Larger Yellow 
 
 Lady's Slipper). 
 
 Flowers pale-yellow, scented. Stem about two feet 
 high, with ovate plaited leaves, appearing early in June. 
 Found in swamp by the Mill Cove, Newcastle, and oppo- 
 site Chatham. June. 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE (Stemless Lady's 
 Slipper— Moccason Flower). 
 
 Flowers of different colors. Yellow, white, and rose- 
 purple; lip drooping. Naked scafe, two-leaved at the 
 base, and one flowered. Common in dry woods everywhere. 
 June. 
 
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 66 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 IRIDAOEiE (Iris Family). 
 
 IRIS VERSICOLOR (Larger Blue Flag). 
 
 Common in wet places everywhere during June and 
 July. Stem stout, leaves sword-shaped. Flowers violet- 
 blue, variegated with other colors. 
 
 SiSYRINCHIUffi BERMUDIANA (Blue-eyed 
 
 G-rass). 
 
 Flowers small, delicate-blue. Leaves grass-like. 
 Among grass everywhere, only opening during sunshine. 
 June to August. 
 
 U 
 
 
 LILIAOEJE (Lily Family). 
 
 TRILLIUM ERYTHROOARPUM (Painted 
 
 Trillium). 
 
 A plant with a simple naked stem, bearing at summit 
 a whorl of three ovate lea^^es, and a terminal white flower, 
 with purple stripes. Common in damp woods everywhere. 
 Abundant on Beaubere Island. June. 
 
 M£DEOLA VIROINICA (Indian Cucumber Root). 
 
 A plant with a simple slender stem, clothed with 
 deciduous wool, with a white tuberous root-stock, and to- 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 67 
 
 wards the summit a whorl of leaves subtending an umbel 
 of small greenish-yellow flowers. Mill Cove, Newcastl;.^ 
 June. 
 
 VERATRUM VIRIDE (American! White Helle- 
 bore—Indian Poke), 
 
 Stem stout, and very leafy to the top. Leaves broadly 
 oval and jilaited, with dense spike-like racemes of small 
 yellowish green flowers. I have seen it up the Little 
 South West Branch of the Miramichi, also at Indiantown. 
 July. 
 
 UVULARIA SESSILIFOLIA (Bell wort). 
 
 Solitary yellow drooping flowers from a rather low 
 stem, naked at the base, with oblong sessile leaves. Com- 
 mon in the woods clo,^; to North West Bridge, and in one 
 of the coves on opposite .^ide of Chatham. June. 
 
 CLINTONIA BOREALIS (Clintonia). 
 
 Quite comm(m in damp woods. "Plant with very lily- 
 like flowers ; yellowish, with a naked scape, and at the 
 base broad leaves. Berries blue. June. 
 
m 
 
 I!' 
 
 68 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 
 
 SMILAGINA STELLATA (False Solomon's Seal). 
 
 Abundant on the islands at the mouth of the Mira- 
 michi Kiver during the month of June. Plant about a 
 foot high, with whitish flowers. Berries blackish. 
 
 SMILAGINA TRIPOLI A (False Solomon's Seal). 
 
 Plant not so high as the last. Leaves, three-oblong. 
 Flowers white, berries red. Found in cold bogs. Mill 
 Cove, Newcastle, and below Chatham, by Eifle Eange. 
 June. 
 
 SMILAGINA BIFOLIA (False Solomon's Seal). 
 
 Very common everywhere in woods about Miramichi. 
 Plant about three to live inches in height. Leaves, mostly 
 two, sometimes one. Berries red. 
 
 STREPTOPUS ROSEUS (Twisted Stalk). 
 
 Plant about one to two feet high, with small nodding 
 rose-purple flowers. Ovate, oblong leaves. Abundant 
 about Mill Cove, Newcastle. June. 
 
 STREPTOPUS AMPLEXIFOLIUS (Twisted 
 
 Stalk). 
 
 Taller than the last. Leaves very smooth, flowers 
 greenish- white. I have only seen it it Mill Cove, New- 
 castle. July. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 69 
 
 LILIUM CANADENSE (Wild Yellow Lily). 
 
 Yellow flowers, large, bell-shaped and nodding; usually 
 about five feet high. Meadows up the North West Branch 
 of the MiraniK'hi. July. 
 
 ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM (Yellow 
 
 Adder's Tongue). 
 
 I have only found this flower in vicinity of Indian- 
 town. Leaves, lanceolate; pale green, mottled. Flowers 
 light yellow. 
 
 JUNCACEJE (Eush Family). 
 
 JUNCUS EPFUSUS ^Common or Soft Rush). 
 
 Very common in marsTiy ground. Scape soft ; about 
 three feet high. Flowers numerous. Greenish. 
 
 JUNGUS COITGLOMERATUS (Common or Soft 
 
 Rush). 
 
 Another variety, very like the last, but scape more 
 
 grooved. 
 
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 70 
 
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 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 OYPERAOEJE (Sedge Family). 
 
 CAREX POLYTRICHOIDES (Carex). 
 Culm hairy. Spike very small ; few-flowered. Leaves 
 very narrow; shorter than the culm. In bogs common 
 back of Chatham. 
 
 ELEOCHABIS OBTUSA (Spike Bush). 
 
 Culms nearly round spikes globose, ovoid. Scales 
 very numerous (80 to 130), crowded in many ranks. Fruit 
 smooth. Common in muddy j)laces. 
 
 ELEOCHAEIS FTaMJEA (Spike Rush). 
 
 Culms bristle-like, grooved, spike ovate. Scales 
 ovate, smooth. Fruit ovoid, tipped witli a minute tubercle, 
 
 SCRIFUS MABITIICUS (Sea Club Rush). 
 
 Very common oa. the islands at the mouth of the 
 Miramichi Eiver. Spikes large, several in a cluster. 
 Culm stout ; from one to three feet high. Fruit orbicular, 
 flat on one side. 
 
 SCRIFUS ERIOPHORUM (Wool Grass). 
 
 Culm nearly round, very leafy, from two to four feet 
 high. Leaves linear, spikes numerous, ovate, woolly at 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 71 
 
 maturity. Fruit short pointed. Found in swamps almost 
 everywhere about Miramichi. 
 
 ERIPHOEUM VAaiNATUM (Cotton Grass). 
 
 Culms in tufts about a foot high, leafy at base. Fruit 
 forming dense cotton heads ; in peat bogs almost everywhere. 
 June. 
 
 GRAMmE^; (Grass Family). 
 
 SETARIA GLAUCA (Pox Tail-Bottle Grass). 
 
 Has a dense yellow bristly spike. Common about 
 dwellings. 
 
 TRITICUM REPENS (Couch Grass-Quick 
 
 Grass). 
 
 Multiplying by running root-stocks, flowering all sum- 
 mer. Very troublesome in cultivated grounds. Leaves 
 flat and roughish. Spikelets four to eight flowered. 
 Varies greatly. 
 
 AGROSTIS SCABRA (Hair Grass). 
 
 Culms very slender; atout two feet high. Leaves 
 very short and narrow. Panicle loose, purplish, whorled 
 with minute bristles. Common in dry places. June. 
 
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 72 
 
 MIKAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 iii 
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 Hi 
 
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 AOROSTIS CANINA (Brown Bent Grass). 
 
 Culms from one to two feet high. Spikelets brownish 
 or purplish. Common in meadows during July. 
 
 CALAMAaROSTIS CANADENSIS (Blue Joint 
 
 Grass). 
 
 Culms tall, from three to five feet. Leaves flat, 
 panicle oblong, copious iiairs around the flower. Common 
 in wet places. July. 
 
 SPARTINA STRICTA (Salt Marsh Orass). 
 
 Culm from one to four feet high, leafy spikes ; few 
 spikelets crowded. Coarse- looking plant, and quite com- 
 mon on the islands at the mouth of the Miramichi Eiver. 
 
 POA ANNUA (Low Spear Grass). 
 
 Culm about six inches high, panicle often one-sided ; 
 spikelets crowded, three to seven flowered. Common in 
 cultivated and waste grounds everywhere. 
 
 ELYMUS MOLLIS (Lyme Grass-Wild Rye). 
 
 Culm about three feet high. Spike thick, erect; 
 spikelets five to eight flowered. Common on islands at 
 mouth of Miramichi Eiver. 
 
MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 73 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM ORDORATUM (Sweet Vernal 
 
 Grass). 
 
 A pretty grass that flowers early in June. S])ikelets 
 three-flowered, brownish or tinged with green. Glumes 
 very thin ; sweet-scented in drying. Found in meadows. 
 
 PANICUM CRUS GALLI (Barn Yard Grass). 
 
 Culms stout, from one to four feet high. Leaves 
 lanceolate, rough-margined. Spikes crowded in a dense 
 panicle ; varies greatly. Common in ditches. August. 
 
 EQUISETAOEJE (Horse-tail Family). 
 
 EftUISETUM ARVENSE (Common Horse-tail). 
 
 Brownish fertile stem, about a foot IukIi, fruiting in 
 spring. The sterile slender, with four angular branches ; 
 their teeth four. Very common in fields. 
 
 EQUISETUM LIMOSUM. 
 
 Fruiting in summer ; stems of all one kind, three feet 
 high, smooth, with 10 to 22 dark-brown short teeth. 
 
 EQUISETUM SYLVATICUM (Common Horse- 
 tail). 
 
 Stems producing compound racemed branches, with 
 8 to 14 blunt teeth. Wet places. June. 
 
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 74 
 
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 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 FILIOES (Fernb). 
 
 POLYPODIUM VULOARE (Polypody). 
 
 Small ferns growing in the crevices of rocks about 
 Miramichi. Eoot-stock creeping, fronds smooth and dark- 
 green, deeply piunatified. Fruit dots round on the back 
 of the frond. 
 
 PTEBIS AQUILANA (Common Brake). 
 
 Abundant everywhere, more especially m clearings 
 and burnt places. Frond dull-green, two to three feet wide, 
 Spreading branches twice pinnate. Fruit dots on back of 
 he frond alojig the margin. 
 
 ASPLENIUM FELIX F(EMINA (Spleenwort). 
 
 A very variable fern, and quite common in damp 
 woods. Fronds ovate, twice pinnate, fruit dots short and 
 curved on back of fern during month of July. 
 
 PHE&OPTERIS POLYPODOIDES (Beech Pern). 
 
 A fern about a foot high, with triangular fronds* 
 Stipe naked, continuous with creeping root-stocks. Fruit 
 dots round, small, on back of the fern. July. 
 
MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 75 
 
 PHEOOPTERIS DRYOPTERIS (Beech Fern). 
 
 A pretty little fern growing in moist woods every- 
 where. Fronds triangular. Fruit dots near the margin. 
 
 ASPIDIUM THELTPTERIS (Shield Pern-Wood 
 
 Pern). 
 
 Fronds lanceolate in outline. Fruit dots near the 
 middle of the frond. Stalk about two feet high. Wet 
 places. Common. August. 
 
 ASPIDIUM SPINULOSUM (Wood Fern). 
 
 Common fern in woods, remaining green through the 
 winter. About two feet high. Fronds twice pinnate, with 
 toothed pinnules. July. 
 
 ASPIDIUM CRISTATUM (Wood Fern). 
 
 Usually found in cwamps ; about two feet high. 
 Fronds once pinnate. Fruit dots not many, but large, and 
 not near the margin. July. 
 
 CTSTOPTERIS FRAOILIS (Bladder Fern). 
 
 A small delicate fern found growing in crevices of 
 rocks on Mixamichi Eiver during month of July. 
 
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 76 
 
 MIHAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 ¥ 
 
 I* 
 
 r;il 
 
 DICKSONIA PUNCTILOBULA (Dicksonia). 
 
 Fern about two feet higli, slightly hairy ; fronds lan- 
 ceolate in outline, pale green, very thin. Fruit dots minute, 
 each on eacli toothed pinnule. Found usually along road- 
 sides rnd shady places. 
 
 OSMUND A REGALIS (Flowering Fern). 
 
 Very smooth fern ; pale green, fronds twice pinnate, 
 fertile at the top ; about three to five feet high. Found in 
 wet places, N'a2)pan Eiver, and by Ferry Landing, opposite 
 Newcastle. 
 
 OSMUNDA CLAYTONIA (Flowering Fern). 
 
 Sterile fronds, once pinnate, fertile pinnae near the 
 middle of the stipe, greenish, turning brown. About three 
 feet high. Common in wet places almost everywhere. 
 June. 
 
 OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA (Cinnamon Fern). 
 
 Very common fern in swamps, gi'owing in large clnmps 
 from three to five feet in height. Clothed with rusty wool 
 when young. Fructification is cinnamon-colored and in the 
 middle. June. 
 
MIRAMICIII WILD FLOWERS. 7T 
 
 LYOOPODIAOEJE (Olub Moss Family). 
 
 LYCOPODIUM INUNDATUM (Club Moss). 
 
 A dwarf little plant, growing in wet, sandy places. 
 Leaves lanceolate, spike thick, short. Numbers on road- 
 sides, back of Chatham. 
 
 LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM (Club Moss). 
 
 Much-branched. Stems prostrate, and creeping over 
 roots and among leaves in dry woods. Spikes sessile, 
 solitary and thick. Common in dry wu(jds during month 
 August. 
 
 LYCOPODiCJM DENDROIPEUM (Ground Pine). 
 
 Stems upright from a creeping root-stock, resembles a 
 small tree, six to nine inches high. Common in moist 
 woods. Spike cylindrical. Several on each plant. August. 
 
 LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM (Common Club Moss). 
 
 Stems creeping extensively. Cnnimonly called " Bear 
 Vine." Short and very leafy branches. Spikes two to 
 three on each plant. Very common in woods. August. 
 
I, 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 MIUAMICIII WILD FLOVVEKS. 
 
 
 i: 
 
 i: 
 
 LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM (Common Club 
 
 Moss). 
 
 Creeping stems and spreading frji-like branches, 
 clothed with awl-shaped leaves, with tooth-like tips — pe- 
 duncle slender, bearing two to four spikes. Common in 
 woods. 
 
 MUSOI (Mosses). 
 
 SPHAGN[JM ACUTIFOLIUM (Bog Moss). 
 
 There are several varieties of these mosses grow in 
 peat bogs and swamps everywhere. The leaves are pale 
 green, and when dried turn white. Branches are drooping 
 and slender. 
 
 POLYTRICHUM COMMUNE (Hair Moss). 
 
 A few inches in height, and grows in tufts or cusliions, 
 erect stem, linear, awl-shaped leaves. The four sided 
 sporangium is covered with a dense hairy calyptra. 
 
 HYPNdMCRISTA CASTRENSIS-HYPNUM 
 SPLENDENS (Ostrich Feather Moss). 
 
 Beautiful feather moss which is found in the woods, 
 growing on fallen trees, stumps, and in damp places. 
 Foliage is pale green. 
 
MIRAMICIil WILD FLOWKKS. 79 
 
 DICRANUM SCOPARIUM (Brown Moss). 
 
 The capsule is long, cemuous, rarely erect. Leaves 
 are linear, turned. Common in our woods. 
 
 BRYUM C^SPITICIUM (Tufted Bryum). 
 
 One of our earliest mosses, known by its drooping 
 egg-shaped sporangiii. 
 
 CLIMACIUM DENDROIDES (Tree Moss). 
 
 Found in shady places. May ho readily known by 
 its prostrate stems and bushy upright brandies. 
 
 ORTHOTRICHUM CRISPUM (Hair Moss). 
 
 Found on the bark of trees, linear leaves, yellowish 
 green, twisted when dry, calyptra hairy. 
 
 PUNARIA HYGROMETRICA (Cord Moss). 
 
 Has twisted-like fruit, grapestone like sporangia 
 overhanging the stalks. Usually found where there has 
 been a fire. 
 
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 80 
 
 MIRAMICHI WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 LICHENS. 
 
 GRAPHIS SCEIPr\ (Letter Lichen). 
 
 Common on bark of beech trees. Eesemblance to 
 Hebrew letters. 
 
 PARMELIA PARIETINA (Wall Lichen). 
 
 Abundant on old stone walls or roofs of houses. 
 Covered with circular shields or saucer-like discs. 
 
 PARMELIA SAXATILIS (Stone Lichen). 
 
 A common grey smooth I'.chen, with shields or cups 
 visible on its upper surface. 
 
 CLADONIA RANGIFERINA (Reindeer Mesa.) 
 
 Very common in woods. Shrubby, few inches in 
 height, of a white color, and resembling a minature tree 
 deprived of its leaves. 
 
 CLADONIA PYRIDATA (Cup Lichen). 
 
 Branches of the lichen at the apex forn little cups. 
 Found usually on decayed stumps and fallen trees, and 
 are all colors, scarlet, pink, and green. 
 
 USNEA BARBATA (Beard Lichen). 
 
 Commonly called " Old Man's Beard." Hanging from 
 the branches of old trees, especially in winter. Common. 
 
MIRAMKJHI WirJ) Fr.OWF.US. 
 
 <S1 
 
 FUNGI. 
 
 ce to 
 
 3use8. 
 
 ' cups 
 
 38.) 
 
 lies in 
 
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 3 cups. 
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 amon. 
 
 [1 iiicrcly JiiM u descriptive list of tlio tatnilies of this anUv of 
 pluiits. Altl»ouah tliorc- arc qiiito a variety in Miraiulclii, it is not 
 very coiivrnicni to localize tlicin. TIhtc arc immhcrs at tlie foot 
 of Jcaiibcrc Island in aiiLunm, and Mill Co\c, Newcastle.] 
 
 HYMENOMYCETES (Agaries, Pore-Bearing, 
 Teeth-Bearing, Club-Bearing, 
 Gelatinous Fungi). 
 
 Ilyjiieiiiuni or s[)(jr('-l)uarin,n" suiiacc cxposi-d. Sj^jorus 
 j^v.iierally in lours. 
 
 GASTEROMYCETES (Peridiate, Subterranean, 
 
 Puff-Bali Fungi), 
 
 Ilynu'iiiuni or sjjorc-lioariii;^' siirfa,0(' (Miclosed in a 
 puridiuni. S[)orL's geiunally in fours. 
 
 CONIOMYCETES (Dust-like Fungi). 
 
 Sjtores single; the tin'cad of tlu? first olisoh^iu, or 
 nearly so. 
 
 HYPHONEYCETES (Thready Fungi). 
 
 Spuri's nakt'(l, oflrn with divisions. 
 
 F 
 
^^^^^m^^^^^m 
 
 
 
 82 MIUAMICHI WILD FLOWERy. 
 
 PHYSOMYCETES (Mucoraceous Fungi). 
 
 Spores surmounted ])y a veil, and contained in l)ags. 
 
 ASCOMYCETES (Sporidiferous Fungi). 
 
 Spores generally eiglit looether, contained in a case. 
 
 s 
 
 i* >.l 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Alisma('k.i<; (Wator-Pliintain Family).. 
 
 ANACAiiDiACPLi: (('iisliow Family) 
 
 Aquifoliace;*: (Holly Family) 
 
 Apocynace^I': (Dogbano Family) 
 
 AiiAC'K.i.: (Anim Family) 
 
 Araliace.i-: (Gin-^cng Family) 
 
 Betulce.k (Birch Family) 
 
 Bohuaginacce (Borage Family) .. 
 
 Cami'anulace.i: (Cami>anula Family).... 
 CaimukoliaciwE (Ilotioysuckle Family) .. 
 
 CARYOPuvLLACEyE (Piiik Family) 
 
 CiiENuPoDiACE.K (Gooscfoot Family).... 
 
 CiSTACKyE (Rock Rusc Family) 
 
 C(jMi'osiTi'i; (('omposite Family) 
 
 CoNiFER.E (Pine Family) 
 
 CoNVOLVULACEiK (Coiivulvulus Family). 
 
 (JoRNACEiJ-; (Dogwood Family) 
 
 Ckassulace^e (Orpine Family) 
 
 CrucifeRvE (Mustard Family) 
 
 CuPULiFER^-; (Oak Family) 
 
 Cyperace.I': (Sedge Family) 
 
 DROCERACEiE (Suiidew Family) 
 
 EquisetacevK (Horse-tail Family) 
 
 Ericaceae (Heath Family) 
 
 FiLicES (Fern?) 
 
 Fumariace^I'; (Fumitory Family) 
 
 FUNfM 
 
 Gi'ntiaxace.e (Gentian Family). 
 Geraniace.e (Geranium Family). 
 GnAMiXK.E (Grass Family) 
 
 PA(i 
 
 t)U 
 '2H 
 ;")") 
 
 ,8 
 
 :!7 
 
 14 
 
 •Jl 
 
 12 
 M 
 
 5^ 
 •19 
 '2S 
 25 
 12 
 
 r)3 
 
 TO 
 
 i:5 
 
 T-i 
 
 ?.s 
 
 74 
 11 
 
 S] 
 
 :.() 
 i(> 
 
 71 
 
ITip' 
 
 mmm 
 
 m -i 
 
 M* 
 
 
 IV 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 hi 
 
 
 hi 
 
 
 
 IlAMAMEi-ACKy>: (VViicli Iliizel Family) 24 
 
 Hypkricack/K (St. John's-vvort Family) 13 
 
 IiUDACE^E (fris Family) 60 
 
 JaxNCACK;i<: (Rush Family) 69 
 
 Labiat/K (.Mint Family) 47 
 
 LEOUMiNoSyK (Pulse Family) 18 
 
 Lichens ,. 80 
 
 LiLiACE^i (Lily Family) GG 
 
 Lyc()i*odiace;e (^Club Moss Family) 77 
 
 i\Ialvace;e (Mallow Family) IG 
 
 Musci (Mosses) 78 
 
 Myricace^ (Sweet Gnle Family) 54 
 
 Naiai)ack/k (Pondweed Family) Gl 
 
 XYMi'i[yEACE^: (Water-Lily Family) 10 
 
 Oleace^ (Olive Fainily) 50 
 
 ONAGUACEiK (Evening Primrose Family) 
 
 Oi{Ciiidace;j<; (Orchis Family) 63 
 
 Papavkuaceve (Poppy Family) 11 
 
 Planta(sinace/K (Plantain Family) 43 
 
 P()LYgonace^<: (Buckwheat Family) 51 
 
 PoRTULACACKiii (Pursalaue Family) 16 
 
 Primulacevk (Primrose Family) 44 
 
 Ranunculac^e (Crowfoot Family) 7 
 
 RosACEyK (Rose Family) 19 
 
 RuRiACEyi<: (Madder Family) 30 
 
 SALANACEit: (Nightshade Family) 49 
 
 Salicacbv*: (Willow Family) 56 
 
 Sapindace^: (Soapberry Family) 17 
 
 SARRACEMACEji (Pitcher-Plants) 10 
 
 SaxifragacjvE (Saxifrage Family) 23 
 
 StMiopHULARiACEyE (Figwort Family) 45 
 
 Tvph\Ce;i<j (Cat-tail Family) Gl 
 
 Ulmace.e (Film Family) fv^ 
 
 Umbkllifkr/E (Parsley Family) 2V 
 
 Vehrknace^; (Vervain Family) 47 
 
 VioLACK/ii: (Violet Family).... 12 
 
 Stir 
 
... 24 
 
 ... 13 
 
 ... QG 
 
 ... 69 
 
 ... 47 
 
 ... 18 
 
 ... 80 
 
 ... CG 
 
 ... 77 
 
 ... 10 
 
 .... 78 
 
 ... 54 
 
 .... Gl 
 
 .... 10 
 
 .... ^>f> 
 
 .... 63 
 
 .... 11 
 
 43 
 
 51 
 
 16 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 30 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 ... .. 45 
 
 hi 
 
 5.^s 
 
 2V 
 
 47 
 
 12 
 
 
 i: 
 
 11 RATA. 
 
 
 J'AG K 
 
 
 
 10. 
 
 Actjis shcm 
 
 Id he 
 
 Aetata. 
 
 15. 
 
 Viscoi^iniii, 
 
 ti 
 
 VisfUSUIM. 
 
 IG. 
 
 PurfialaiK', 
 
 t( 
 
 Purshuu'. 
 
 21. 
 
 Repeims, 
 
 t( 
 
 Repcns. 
 
 3G. 
 
 Arvenses, 
 
 (( 
 
 Arvense. 
 
 42. 
 
 Dying, 
 
 <t 
 
 Drying. 
 
 48. 
 
 Borraginacie 
 
 a 
 
 Rorragiiuict'.i'. 
 
 50. 
 
 Scafe, 
 
 (( 
 
 Scape. 
 
 50. 
 
 Amlrosaenifoliuni, 
 
 t( 
 
 AndrosHesnitolinnt 
 
 55. 
 
 Betiilceai, 
 
 (C 
 
 Bttnlacci'. 
 
 62. 
 
 Clay ton ia, 
 
 it 
 
 Claytonii. 
 
 62. 
 
 Graminea, 
 
 t( 
 
 Variabilis. 
 
 65. 
 
 Scat'e, 
 
 tc 
 
 Scape. 
 
 74. 
 
 Aquilana, 
 
 (t 
 
 Aquilinu. 
 
 74. 
 
 Polypodoidt's, 
 
 tt 
 
 Poly pod ioide.«J. 
 
 76. 
 
 Clayton ia, 
 
 t( 
 
 Clavtoniana. 
 
 •- 
 
 81. 
 
 Jeanbere, 
 
 K 
 
 Beauberc. 
 
 81. 
 
 Agaries, 
 
 <( 
 
 Airaric.'^. 
 
 81. 
 
 Hyphoneycete?, 
 
 (( 
 
 Hyphomycetes. 
 
 20. 
 
 Geunj Virgiiiiaimiii, 
 
 ('( 
 
 G('un» Albiun 
 
 36. 
 
 xVfter Poor-House, 
 
 read 
 
 Carciuns Nntan,-. 
 
 64. 
 
 MicroHtylis Monophyllos, 
 
 should be M 
 
 icro^tyiiB Opliiogloseoidee