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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 9rrata to pelure, in d 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 32X mijUni i iDyim ^(•^ '-- - -.-OKAiS^rtdi-Mpiirt ■■^mt^astUt y^'i^ THE AFFILIATION or THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGES. L BT JOHN CAUPBBLL, U.k.. Pnifimer of Chunk HUtory, /Vttbytertan CoUegt, Mmtnal. (i ;'# ^ n. ^ 13 1i)/9 ] \J0~t-Tf^'^ -.../n.." > i l i f W'i 7f ■"" ' w>''m> w » mi f^ C3 »«**iiTIW«iiiii«itaJirutf-^i^-t,.!AV**ii..'iaJi4*»rt«*visa_ . (From tkt Proi'Udingi o/tht Cawidian ImtituU). THE AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGES, . BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M.A., fitjmar (t^CAvrcA HUtory, PrubyltrUin Cellegt, Mmtnal. One of the modem scliools of philologists has not heeded the Boholaatic maxim concerning entia, but has shown itself ready to multiply origins indefinitely without cause. Catlin, the artist, who, however, was very far from l>eing a philologist, saw no necessity for showing how the Americana came to America, or that they ever came there at all. And at a conference on American subjects, bold some three years ago, the President of the Anthropological Society of Paris found a warm reception for the statement, that the tnie solution of the question concerning the peopling of America is that the Americans are neither Hindoos, nor Phcenicians, nor Chinese, nor Europeans — they are Americans. An exception has been almost universally made in favour of the Esquimaux families of the far north, whose relations, physical and ILiguistic, with the Aleutan islanders and the Asiatic Tchuktchi are too striking to permit denial. In order to maintain the independent origin of the American tribes, it has been found necessary to deny the existence of any true likeness between the languages of the Old World and those of the New. The peculiar agglutination or synthetical character of American grammar, which, from the Athabascan area of the north to tht f uegian in tlie south, presents innumerable shades and broad lines of difference, has been represented as without parallel on the Eastern continent. Yet there are synthetic languages in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and the Islands of the Sea. At one time the Indo-European and Semitic grammars were the only systems compared with those of other families of speech. To these the Ural-Altaic, comprising the Ugrian of Europe and the Tartar-Mongolian of Asia, and the Monosyllabic, repro- V f ■^' i y^;^t-^J,;ii!^=^*ri."tav-«^^T*'«^'"-'**>*^'^'''^'''*"*'' •^■"WiWW AFFILIATION OF THB ALGONQUIN LANOUAOBS. I Hented by the Chinese, have l)een added. But these do not exhaust the HyHtfliim of the Eaateru homiMphcre. Wild as have Ixsen the statomeutH made rexarding the construction of languages, they have not equalled in folly the hasty utterances on the subject of their vocabularies. MimsrH. Rivero and Tschudi, in their work on Peruvian Aritiquities, write as follows: "The analogy so much relied on between the words of tlui AmericHn languages and those of the ancient con- tinent have ind\tced us to make an approximate estiuiate, ai far at our meana would permit, of the numerical value of the idioms of both hemispheres ; and the result was that, from between eight and nine thousand American words, one only could be found analogous in sense and sound to a word of any idiom of the ancient continent." It is evident that these gentlemen, who deserve well for their services to ethnological science, never consulted even the im))erfect lists of the Mithridatos. and pursued their researches within such a naiTow field as to falsify the tloctrine of chances itself, Mr. Hubert H. Bancroft, to whom we owe a work of great value, "The Native Races of the Pacific States," allows himself to be led avay to somewhat similar conclusions ; but as he furnishes us with a list of so-called Darien numerals which are almost pure Gaelic, without noticing the pheno- menon, it is to be presumed that, while a diligent and successful collector, Mr. Bancroft is no philologist. Turning from philological to physical ethnology, we find that all the American families have been called Mongolian, and that nearly all attempts to affiliate the tribes of the Northern Continent have led inquirers to the Mongolian area in Eastern Asia. Even Dr. Latham, than whom there is no better authority on this subject, terms his large American class, American Mongolidse. Yet, after stating that the Esquimaux are essentially Mongols, he adds : " On the other hand, in his most typical form, the American Indian is not Mongol in physiognomy. With the same black straight hair, he has an aquiline nose, a prominent profile, and a skin more red or copper- coloured than either yellow or brown. Putting this along with other marked characteristics, moral as well as physical, it is not surprising that the American should Lave been taken as the type and sample of a variety in contrast with the Mongolian." It is not my intention in this paper to deal in a loose and general manner with the subject of American ethnology, but to confine myself to the connections of a single but ° large family of the aborigines of ;- ..&t ^i^-^tiix'-^iim ir*-* fc*;,-'..<>' '?J2..., :mM^a AFFIMAttOS oy TWe AiOoyQriX tANCllMOM. »•' lot exhaust e been the , they have 3ct of their )n Peruvian on between ancient con- e, a$ far a$ ioms of both jht and nine , ;ous in sense ■ ,ent." It is r services to lists of the narrow field H. Bancroft, Races of the whftt similar ailed Darien ig the pheuo- nd successful I find that all . 1 that nearly aent have led Dr. Latham, xt, terms his r stating that On the other 8 not Mongol ir, he has an •ed or copper- »ng with other lot surprising and sample of e and general confine myself I alMrigines of the Northern Coutiiient wltli the OKI World. Tlii.s is the extenhive Algoiinuiu fiiiiiily, roaolii«i»fioiii Newfomidland to the Rocky Moun- tains, and from th« I^brador Esijuiinaux and Hudson's Bay Atha. basoans to the Choctaw area in the Caroliuas. Tlieir collective name was Wapaiiaohki. or mm of the east, a term which still desigimtos the Abenaki tribe of Maine. Their trailitions universally refer to a migiutiou from tl)e far wo.st, and the Great Spirit whom they wor- shipped had his home in no forest, prairie or lake, but on an island in tlio diatant ocean. The principal tribe of this large family from the earliest period to which tniditions refer wua that of the Leiini Lenape, or Delawarea. C'losely allied to them in langnnf^e are the IllinoiB. includuig the Miniui, Piaukashaws and other clans. The vord Illinois, like the Le'ini of Lonni lionapo, sigriifies men. The Shawiioes, who have been removed from Kentucky to the We.stern Hoaervation, speak a .somewhat similar tongue, also using the word ilenni to desiiguato nutn, but favouring the lisping th in place of the «, and cognate letters of other tribes. The MiasLiaguas, wlio originally, held the site of Toronto and the coast of Lake Ontario down to its outlet in the St. Lawrence, were likewise liniieeh. North of these we find the Ojibbeway or Chippowa tribe, with whoso name, appear- ance and language, Canadians are most familiar. They make a sparing use of the letter I, and term man eneneh, replacing that letter by n. The Crees, who call theuiKoIves A'chctkowuck, and border on the Ojibl^eways to the west of Lake 3u])orior, thence spreading to the Esquimaux in the east and the Athabascans in the west, differ much among themselves in theii pronunciation of certain liquids. The Athabascan Crees in the west turn the Lenape I into r; the Wood Crees, into tfi; the Hudson's Bay Crees, into y; the Plain Crees into jt; while those of Labrador retain the Lenape form. At the same time the Cree has a tendency towards a species of alliteration in the .same word, repeating the characteristic letter in place of the consonant which follows it. Thus the ilenni of the Illinois and Bhawnoes becomes indeed inenew among the Plain Crees, ithinew among the Wood Crees, and eyitiew among those of Hudson's Bay; but at Moose Factory it is ililew, and eyiyew on the East Main coast. Passing over the Nipissings, Ot'awas and Algonquins proper, whose languages arc closely allied and resemble more or less the Ojibbeway, we meet with the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, ic, whose •peech connects with the, Lenape through the Abenaki, Etuhemin, 1 ^^ i*i'.,*fc]&4f. ^4Js4«*^»^»M|!^«>^ "■■!SJ^E3¥>>^1aa"''.K>=f*:.lF*,'5i'|WK.'^ i4H j^-^xtTt- '^ .^ .^I'-Jw iI ' MI" ; \ W-': AmMATroN OP thk awonquik tksdVAaet. Pftsaftmnquoddy und Pciioliscot of Miiino. Tliey also use tho form alnew for miiii. Miiiiy extinct trilH>H, Huch (w tlie MoliirniiH, Nurra- gansetfl, MiissacliuMrtts, ifcc, oiico iiihu)>it«d t)ie Novr Kn^lund Htxles. Other tribes, liito tlio MononiouicH and Potawiitoinies, dwell Koufh of LakeH Superior niul Micliii(im in tho WeHtoiu States. Four trihes have lately \n'im added to the A]/,'oii(iiiin family. (Jiie of these, the Botiiucks of Newfoundlaiul, is extinct. The others are the Blackfoota Oil tlio Haskiitfhowan, cxteiidinj^ west to tiio Ilocky Mr. liathain has HUf,'f^8ted a uoiiiK'ction of the Biackfoot with tho Hailtsa in the nrif^h- bourhood of Vancouver's Island, thus linkinj^ tho Algonijiiin witii the K(ia languages of the Pacific coast. It is hut a suggestion, however and I have not been able to verify the connection. Ihit there seem good reasons for finding Algonquin rosemblancos among tho Haha])tia pr Nez Vitrei tribes, whoso habitat lies farther south on the same side of tho Bocky Mountains, over against the Blackfoot and Shyenne country. lj«t this be catal)lished, and the Algonquin area extends across tho whola contiijent from the east to the extreme west. To tho Siiliaptiu relationship I make for the present no reference. Tiie Old World family of languiiges with which I have affiliated the Algonquin dialects is the Malay- Polynesian, a vast group extending from the Malayan peninsula to New Zealand, and from Madagascar to Easter Island. My vocabularies, while BulUciently extensive to indicate the relationship of the two families, are not sufficiently so to permit me to point out the particular divisions, Malay or Polynesia^^ Micronesian or Polynesian jn-oper.with which the Algonquins coincide. ITor do I imagino for a moment that tho Algonquins are tho only- American tribes whose course of migration is to be found in the line of Malay-Polynesian languages and inllucnce. In the tables which accompany this paper I have taken a selection of words, tliirty in all, representing nouns, adjectives and verbs, the most simple and charac- teristic, and thus least liable to suffer from foreign influences ; and, grouping them according to their varying Algonquin forms, have compared them witli analogous forma occurring within the Malay- Polynesian languages;. They will be found to present such close and widespread resemblances as, I think, to ronder difficult the task of the objector. At the same time, the very partial representation of the Malay-Polynesian languages which my materials have enabled me to give, leada to the belief that, with a more extensive stock of .ifil«llllni-|lMi - mm ii " i - tUo form H, Nfirr*- 1(1 HtHles. KOilth of )iir tiibes thtwp, the (lackt'oots liiis ; iind itliHiii haa ilio iifigh- , with the however^ lere seem I Siihnj>tia Bamo Hid© Shyenne la cxtendB west. To ice. iliatnd the extfluding ladiigiwcar teuHivc to Butly no to 'olyiiesiari, iH coincide, •e the only in the line liles which livty in all, ind charac- inces ; and, brms, have the Malay- h close and the task of entation of ive enabled ve stock of XTFILIATIOJJ OP THE ALOONQUtK lANQUAQEB. 7 Tooahularics, Htil) more Htrikin<'n obtiiiiiod. To tlio thirty woidn above inentioiH'id I hiivo added llio niuuei'iiU of tho Algoni|iiin laiigiiaj^eH u|> to (en, similarly conipariii^ them, but with results not quite bo favourable. Btill, even in tliia diificult field of couiiiiiriMon, ini|iortiint analoj,'ipH apptnir. To exhil)it tho negative side of th'it of the Algonquin languages. While far hom disparaging clie value of grammatical forms in such connections as that under consideration, I am as far from believing in their perma- nence. Words are tho bones of language, aiid we might as well take the whale and the bat out of tho Mammalia as to separate tongues I gi -~^ \i _^^j > ^jn\M*^^i l fim« r ■T»»" n m* i,t-: Iff i R AFFIMATION Of TUB AUlOMQl'fK LAirOITAOM. usin^ iiloiitioiil conitnon tortnn on account of minor tliflT'Tcncpii in gi-nniniiiticul I'Dinliination. Tlio n>H<-nililiiiu'»>n Iw-twcon the Al;{<)n(|tiin Hnlyi»CHia:i and i'. i Algoniniin. They agree in the alwonce of anything like true gender, and in theHiibstitution for itof a dintinction. of nonns into animate and inaniiiiato. The Algonquin langimgea, how( i'r, have a termination for tiio |iliual, while, as far aH 1 am aware, the Malay-Polynesian mark plurality l>y a pretixed article or particle, or by tho sutlix of a numeral adjective. The Algonquin n'uns have projierly Hpeaking no decleiiHlon, and tliis is true of the Malay-PolyneHiMii. Ji\«t when case is markcil in the hitter, it is hy forms of the article or by prefixed prepositions which frequently coalesce, wliile in the foriuer the locative is denoted by a Ruffix. The genitive also jirecedes the nominative in Algoiupiin, but follows it in the JIalay-Poiynesian. Tho Malay-Polynesian languages have pre- positions, and such are many of tho Algonquin particles ; but othem are postpositions. This ^vould seem, with other points of a similar character, to indicate the position of tlui Algonrpiin languages as ono niidway lietween the postponing I'uraniansof Asia and the jn-eposing Malay-Polynesians. The Athabascans, Iroquois, Dacotahs and Choc- taws, who suiTound the Algonfpiins on every side.all use jiost posit ions, niid their iniluence in this and other directions may have tended largely to render the Algoncjuin grammar somewhat Turanian. The substantive and tho verb are but feebly distingui.shed in tho two families under consideration, and in many eases tiot at all. In the formaticm of derivative nouns tho Malay employs a prefix as v/ell aa an at!ix, and has been contrasted with tho Algonquin, which makes use of tlio stitlix only. Thus from Malay tidor, to sleep, conies per- t'ldor-an, a bed ; while from Creo nipow, to sleep, is derived nipawin, a bed. The Polynesians do not follow the Malays in this respect, for the Tonga mohe, to sleep, gives us mohenga, a lied, in a form that is thoroughly AlgonqTiin. In both families tho adjective is invariable, but in the Malay-Polyuesian its place is generally after the noun, ii'iiV" iir^dfi r 'A .4t*^*'i«^. 'Mef^U^-LtMMi,- •■■ -^m&v^^wmsum*: mm •MMiiNllMliM ArFILIATIOM Of THE AI-OONQIIIX LANCHJAOES. 9 while in the Alj{oiiifcj^rf.i«4Jftw>'i&. « ' ' '' ^ ' ' i' i« "'' i ' %''' '' i"*''''«* i " > ""' *'f'°y* w 10 AFl'IUATION or TBE ALGONQUIN LANQUAQEK. iKsian is that botli employ the pronoun of the first person plural in AD iiicluaive auil in an oxclnsire form : Atgomium — ninawint, thry and I. kinawint, you and I. Tonga — mow, gimowoa, they and I. tow, gitowoa, yau and I. I mny also add that both families of language br.ve six?cial terms to denote elder and younger brother, sister, ic. Stich are the main point*! of agreement and diversity that have occaiTcd to me, agreo- monts which T Miink no more extended research can invalidate, and dilferences /i, if iiot dne to purely Americi^n influences derivecl from Noi-tlierii Asia in the manner alresidy indicated, may disappear in the progress of investigation. In any case the difficulties in the way o*" connecting the Malay-Polynesian and the A'jjonquin systems are far from insupoitible. One imiwrtant feature which the two clai«es }iossess in common, and by which they are distinguished from other familie'^, Asiatic and American, is the absence of harsh sounds — the softness, wl.ich has Iwen called the distinguishing characteristic of tlio Polynesian tongues, and whidi has attracted the attention of all who are in any Avay faruiliar with Algonquin speech. I have not had time to investigate the relations subsisting between the manners, customs, supei-stitions, »S:c., of the Algonquins on the one hand and of the Malay- Polynesians on the other. Some of these, as tree woi'ship, the use of totems and similar points, have been indicated by Sir John Lubbock. Dr. Pickering makes, I know not on what gi-ounds, but doubtless for very satisfactoiy reasons, tho following statement: "If any actual remnant of the Malay race exists in the eastern part of North America, it is probably to be looked for among the Chippeivas and tlie Cherokecs." The Chippewas or Ojib- beways are the Algonquins with whom it is likely the distinguished ethnologist was most familiar. Vhe long black straight hair, the prominent features, the practice of depilation, and even the copper colour of the American Indian in general, are found in Polynesia ; and the moral traits of the Algonquins find many analogies in the same region. The stage of culture attained by Iwth j^oples coincides. The maritime habits of the ]\Ialay-Polyne«ians have simply changed to the fluviatilo and lacustrine in the Algonquin, while they serve to indicato the means by which tho islander ••)ecame the inuabitant of a continent. Dr. Pickering testifies witli others to the long sea voyagea .^y-'- ii»-ft-itt>iwrawiii] AFFILIATION OF THE AI-OONQUIN IANO0AOE8. 11 plural in terras to the inuin ae, agree- (late, and « derived disappear ies in the n systems I the two Hhed from sonnds — racteristic tention of g between ns on the le of these, have been know not lasons, the race exists looked for as or Ojib- itinguished t hair, the the copper Polynesia ; jgies in the IS coincides. )ly changed ley serve to ibitant of a sea voyagea lof many Polynesians, and thus designates the point at which snch voyages might end on the American coast : *' The Polynesian groups *re everywhere separated from South America by a vast expanse of ocean, where rough waves and perpetually adverse winds and currents oppose access from the west. In attempting from any part of Poly- nesia to reach America, a canoe would naturally and almoat neces- sarily be conveyed to the nortliem extreme of California ; and this is the precijje limit where the second physical race of men makes its Appearance. So well understood is this course of navigation, that San Francisco, T am informed, is commonly regarded in Mexico as being on the i-oute to Manilla." Dr. Edkius, of Pekin, in "China's Place in Philology," says: "On the American continent, Turanian and Polynesian linguistic prin- ciples meet in the various Indian languages." And elsewhere he Affirms that " we are warranted by linguistic data in concluding that there was a Polynesian immigration from the Ocean, and a Turanian immigration by the Aleutan Islands, and by Iceland and Greenland, which united to form the population of the American continent." Yet, like maaij' other writers, Dr. Edkius seeks his Polynesians in Mexico and Peru, and would relegate the Algonquin origines to a Mongolian source. Mr. Wallace, in his " Malay Archii)elago," thus descnbes the pe^nliarities of Malay feature and cliaracter : " The colour of all these varied tribes is a light reddish brown, with more or less of an olive tinge, not varying in any impoi'tant degree over an extent of country as largo as all Southern Europe. The hair is equally constant, being invariably black and straight, and of a rather coai-se texture, so that any lighter tint, or any wave or curi in it, is an almost certain proof of the admixture of some foreign blood. The face is nearly destitute of beard, and limbs are free from hair. The statui-e is t lerably equal, and is always considerably below that of the average European; the body is robust, the breast well developed, the feet small, thick and short, the hands small and rather delicate. The face is a little broad and inclined to be flat ; the forehead is rather rovmded, the brows low, the eyes black and very slightly oblique; the nose is rather small, not prominent, but straight and well shaped, the apex a little rounded, the nostrils broad and slightly exposed ; the cheek lionea are rather prominent, the mouth large, the lips broad and well cut, but not protruding, the chin i-ound and well formed. i t ■: I i;)«»»-«>*«.-<**«'>4**jr **''!^ *' ' £iS,'^J ' 'S^jS 't ' . H^''''"'''''^' 't !' ' ^?^'' ' - '' "' ' J ' 'i' ' '-' ' -- * ' ' ' 'v.:v "*:'■'-:■ :-f fl9 AFFILIATION OP THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAOE9. : " In this description there seems little to object to on tho score of beauty, and yet, on the whole, the Malays are certainly not liandsome. In youth, however, they are often voiy good-looking, and many of the boys and gii4s up to twelve or fifteen yeai-s of ago are veiy pleasing, mnd some have countenances which arc in their way almost perfect. I am inclined to think they lose much of their good looks by bad habits and irregular living. At a very oarly age they chew betel and tobacco almost incessantly ; they suti'er much want and expasuro in their iisliing and other ejccursious ; their lives are often ]>a«sed in alternate starvation and feasting, idleness and excessive labour ; and this naturally protluces premature old jige and harshness of foatnres. "In character the Malay is impassive. Ho exhibits a reserve, diffidence, and even bashfulness, which is in some degi-eo attmctive, and loads the observer to think that tho ferocious and blootlthirsty character iniputeenly manifested, anil are probably not stixingly felt. He ia. Blow and delibeiute in speech, and circuitous in introducing the sub- ject he lias come expressly to discuss. These are tlie main fesitui-es of liis moral nature, and exhibit thoioBcivcs in every action of hia life. " Children sind women are tiniid, and scream and run at the unex- pected sight of a European. In tho company of men tliey ani silent, and are genorolly quiet and olvedient. When alone the Mxilay ia taciturn ; he neitlie'* talks nor sings to himself. When several are paddling in a canoe, they occasdonally chant a monotonous and plain- tive song. He is cautious of giving od'once to his etjuals. Practical joking is utterly x-epugJiiuit to his disjKisition, for he is jiarticuliirly Bensitive to bi-eaches tif eticpiotte, or any intt rferonce with the jiersonal liberty of himself or another. As an example, I may mention that I have often found it very difficult to get one Malay servant to waken another. He will cull as loud as lie con, but will liardly touch, much loss sli£..ke, his comrade. " The intellect of the Malay race seems i-ather deficient. They ar» incjiiMible of anything beyond the simplest combination of idea.s, and Lave little taste or energy for the acquiremout of knowledge. Their civilization, such a^ it is, duos not seem to bo indigenous, an it ia entirely couiiuod to those nations who h&vo been converted to the Mahometan or lii'akmiuical religions." » ».■ '..Mt: W.*i-j,.'- '■^i.tiv^iU^\^fi* AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGES. 13 score of inilsopie. y of the I'lOiising, jieri'ect. 8 by bad eiv betel oxpasuro juuisod ill our ; and foatnres. reserve, ittiw/tive, Kwl thirsty 1 He i» )r fear ar» ■t. He ia g the sub- u fwitm-es iou of his There is hardly a single i)articiilar in all the above description which is not equally applicable to the Ojibbeway oi- any other mem- bar of tlio Algonquin family. The piociso form Lenni Lenape I have not yet mot with in any Malay or Polynesian locality as a national or tribal designation, but the analogous forms Oi-an Bouua, Oi-aii Malaya, Oran Akkyo, suffi- ciently shew whence the Delawares derived their title. The Jiivanose and JMiiIiigasy fonus lancm and ulun, which take the place of tho Malay oran, help to make tho coincidence all but complete. As confirmatory evidence of tho connection which I have established, I add oomiKirisons of the peraonal pronouns and of a number of mis- cellaneous words in the two families related, comparisons which lyght be indefinitely extended. The pie|>iirati()u of this jviper ha\nng been made somewhat liurriedly in tho mi(Ut of many other engagements, in order to bring tho facts discovered as soon as jxjssiblo before the Institute, I crave the indulgence of its members for unavoidable imjwrfections, trusting that tlie results ol)taine(l may not bo witlit)ut value to students of Aracricau anti({uities and the scienoc of comparative philology. ; the unex- are silent, ► Malay is several are and plain- Pi-iictical jarticuliirly he })evsonal itiou that I t to waken ouch, much They are r ideals and Ige. Their >us, as it ia erted to the. Hi-rtMlWif>m|l>ii.iBM( ^■^^': f'!^■^^'ff^^ ' ?!!k^^iffiii^^■ ifM^M: '','j',ti jj- ' iKnta' * ■ " • ' 14 AFFILIATION OF THB ALaOXQUIH LANGUAOES. ':*••.:■ ,,K'ir ':/ ■3 P-S S Is t^ j-^ J3 C C^ < O "- ■S n afi.S « 9 « a S e c 5 ? a S'S'S » \f3 7 MRPimiii wmmm APPILIATION OP THE AI-OOJfQCIN LANQCAaES. 15 s Sf 1 a £ «.3-3 M i t! ?; c '•• Is a: SS.S f- »,-'''^ .s« ■1^3 11 ^3 *M a- 1 -.. . 'i-i en BB ** .^^■•~ CO C3 »-,a >«d B 5 S 5 I .2 e .S s 5 * -I ^-1 •^ v: - "m •2 i V 1 ^ i! %» -S •o § ? J U 2-5 is 3'^ §•2-5 -51:? iS II S 3 ^.1 ^a.2;S,-.5*. I. a ■i^ S ?=s Itbl J-j'S" J<.:l B.tadB^*^?«5 ci » c S.t: p OJ 1; O 4; ^ c B B a B « B -I ae(7'< ! M » --^ iS >J "^ ( I- 1^ . ■ ~»* l^-.i. >»> W» M n \ * ^j »l> * M'" i^ ,-gi». tHijp jiy i iyw^iii » yi i i i !i)| iw'w ! » ||i y | V ~''*>ll>l0»tllf^ 'tt II * a la AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANOUAOKB. 3 s ta.. 9 11 •3 a ^ ,j -^ tf- ». ^^a s i^ a e-^ w «- (- X - v: ii jj •a i 8 .2 s ! P l*=*S Is .° , ^ ^ ^ a »S S-5 e ztt trTo— r v: - o N 4 u 5 "13 f^ ?• ir PH 5- fe s ^ « 3 g « ; .e .= .5 5 « c c .= a S E ■< :: ^ >- i* I. ' ~ -^ §. S a 2 -S ; C -S' = ^ K S ^ 1 rib III ^ = = -^ 5 .= B >- 11 -Jill" S.2.6,5.a «2j5b o c a as.2 c^ s-m-^-^-hS i<^^^ « 1 1 t B -s s s tj 5 5 ■ - li ^ ^ ^ - .3 a a c s a s « •«»^ 'Ee^i-TS Fi*«M«t»b«>^'U AFFJUATION OF THE ALGOSQUIN LANWUAOKS. 17 I It ■i II 3 eg i J3 4 ^ s •n -4l * .-s^-^ . fl ; 3 -• -.1 5 J S o s a,:m^ m I i § to •2 '"^ "^ i B .? . --if »5 .S it^-3 S S B o -I i •S s a t 1 s a s a s s •-a If 1% ■n I* a 5 - - -^ 3 f'.?.;'..-?- llsUt 2 fc' s.":-! ^ -^ I c - :^ ^ .5 < «. 3- fe g - i 9i?oJaaS,ooa^^rij p g £ s a a 3. I I i <**■)■ J Wi-' ih-fti* * 4£> i - '* ■*<* -' M*a "MJ(Si,*w. — .•a ?3 3. ^PUPMMMMPPIPM ■mti AFFItlAflON or THE ALGONQUIS LAKOUAOKS. 19 i I I I 1^' I i^, 1 - -I' M 3 5) a" » ga-2'-^- I, ri= 5 5(J f?f, ' o -g . = p^ .- a SSS«-, rUS^M-iSS Usa «■§•-< S^SJ fl* 'S ■-* fr! iS i* S r"^ ^ '*" w A ,a A S S .d p. Qa e a A a 9 B g I .is » a ! S Ci « R fl I AfFJLIATlOJf OP THB AtnoJJQUlS LANOt'AOM. i 3 Hi II it I It If llf I H w < -a II 1 I t i .!• ! fe'< f'J ?j# .- 5. V = =1-' c S . - - Eg ►f^*- 1- , 3 ? ? ■fi: 5 C 3 14 N~ — •§5.? till « - ' ■£:.•= -E :rr a a ^ TT J, o e 5 3 e S ^^ « *!* Si r a^ Ht J- S.'i.-^- •Si''' - m- 15 ^^i ' u'z'^- ii 2 ^ c _5 !? Si fi d; 1^ 0) ;s5 15 sill Is ii^|555£lo SMS OSS' Hi i '^^llft0Ml^ififiiA^ii^^^ >yjMii(.iuijHi^ •J* I I It'.: 1 1 mim mmm ArriLiATioN or thk AUsosqniN LANGUAani. HiM *^Kte 31 1 i I ! i I 3 i . 1 jjti i3 5 ■a I -3 1 I .^ ^ ts 3 e i W 3 f 11 li >5Sj B g .~ a( = SKSa=53aaK,r. ■~^ 'f^ rt <«• ^4 ^4 «4 ^^ w •• n »,« =1 = 5 -a 1.4 II u - f -£. 2 li » & ? -S l3|'.is.l||-J.ls:-J is V .? §1 ltd h :2| Jig? ^1 , +J *a .ti 4) t! '' ^ ' ^ t-< <^ 4) £ -l I ^ n O S 2 I ii^a S u ^'-f»fi il^ ^A; > V J ^ ^ j | ^n%*» 4 J ■WW *■ 1 1 la's ? e .4 s 8.'Mt«Mi-^ mm u AFFILIATION OP THE ALGONQUIN LANQUAOES, 3 H.5 55 ill c4 d 3 s a a Si I t I. P»3 O. 111 Ill fi I' ^1? 'fl u ^ E-- 5"' lis. iBa it ■?■= * ■ e--y<'* y ^'- ' ' »^i^iw%!W'^ri^ '* 'W''^WM.'^- '*' - mrnrnp- AFFILIATION OF THE ALC'NQUIN LANOCAGES. I n 6 5 Z'Z 3 >■ -tit = II 1 1 a a ajz ills 5 I iiZ^.S^~ SBCJ* 1 E t'i-rif S 5 = = -^st ~ t: ^ At 5 5---^ .i=;jm^3p.,; 'E§a'i«i3>iS5?'5S5iS53i.= SJia u T I EEBbJ ^£i'^:-1- S»; . 5~ S>; 5--S 4 ; 3 1- ; H 5'i £=5 ill Ills a ;5 •*: .- *^ i ill?" It; 2 c? 1 .-. !• *- i £5 §3 k>^. ,>:s- - - 'I g r ■ '13 =■: ■■ * f E2 oit c H S a ac c c .-S ? ,. S i . u •S ^ ■= -5 .i >, g a ! -S a a == a •= - ~ "^ S 5 i'^ :SlaSSHaE2£5fS5§ 2 : - - -' - ffp" mmmffff AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGES. 27 - 5* SE 5 t ^ t3 «• S 3 1:1 36 £ S t5i g ^ ' i Wii'if jpgc, i.l ' W ' - ' " I I' ■*• *j ^ a *« 3 3 "S "Si - •^V ^ii tiH t¥ I 53 6 I •i ''M ■§ I = .? c a - i ST rt - rt = 'c 'So 1 ^ 5 "a- B. =* ^~ -• "3. Ms---' « a g: ti eeas — ~ .<• ; -3 >. s = e ; 2 v: C -0 E.2 IS "'~'— .-"*" ' S B ft J3 e e. .a- ;t0.is 'It? sea > cue: E o E, .J Ill's -05 »; = i ^ g° ^ * =5-e .el — 5 • s Si §> eg BQ.;;: n^** C p.5i« PhS^ PtP-c S ^ .5. ill «■& I 4£, 15 II 5; -o .'o . - -5 .S "^ = « J. r -- rt rt rl r: .• » *■ i = -. .§ III Hi f -:+Mrt^« f * iii 1 1 B^^ i ^ .ft 'j 4( M t; liiywM ' i w Wfj i* ^yj^fe ift^^- . 28 AFTltlATlON or THB AtOOSQPTN LANGDAOES. I •est sl| St. I 3 l.""l ■a ■a I- i- = ^ &2. 9 S- l?t S-3 n3 - -3 ■Cj a" S » 3 tc •S © 5 — ^ " -- £ e 3 i a «;"? ■2 5 2" i^^\ %%l r?t^ a ■3" a ^= a f3g ^ ^g «a •?• - - 3 5 bS- gJ.^-p'S 3iaS!2j J.a >» a- j. #abafe4«^~---l ! jM ~ i^i^J«=^^3 te3^ "j'-.v'-*-^^ ' • i'm^f*^'^*^' ' |^|f#MB!W!^^»M B !! V 1 S> a M a lis 6 I I it UU AFFILIATION OF THE ALaOM<)UIM LANOUAOES. 29 r I IS •s 83 o ;3 "S 3 V S o 2 a I o I V « i3 *) 2 Ill 5-2 <3 I . r.";' nils •2 s'5 T^-^ 5 - S ,2505 (3 Si e a;i>3 . £■< ^li:i|g*-.i^/ «c5 s n .-- ;- - -3 C^ 1^ ■3 a^^ -.2 S 3 J aaan = 3^.3 5 3 S III .n 3 fill 1 ! So. III. n J^i'.S-' : s a Fi a f- a a f I 5 I i o •3 V fi 52 I a :0 .0 3 a s s o B £3g ^ .3 » o ao Xi ^ ^^ i^ n tf q a n fl a Sis-* 3 -*'.* to J3 2 -^■•rfwa* >w >l p "« B - »i #BWi'i ^ *Bi' i^>' =**-»tWt^*' ' ' 'WWfc ^ ' "'*' » 10 AFflMATION OF THE ALQOSQUIN LANGUAaE8. Z^^^- 21 II I .J P Is .li:^ & : - 5 5 tc^ n jii •;?'D -5 13 .3 I g * £ : S ^ 5 .£ = £ c- 5 - .Si i- 2 = S K j: js ^ .2 .5 ?.^ ii ^ u ,« 4 tCU-.S-TS •s !£ ' . ; : : « t^ M i « 3 = ^ M4 II Eiil l! 6s^ c I 05 g..5SS o c . . '^- TZ "^ *-■ a V o = 5 " ^ a 1, • w -i ■■';-= i i " " •" .= ?5 I «9 gS5 5a^ a, •»'«''•=' R = 5^ !: = § j^|«-s|si=*. t s « 5 s P 13 P P X -K _ _^ - w; g rt S 3 C 'Ss'2 OB fi c .; ■« S 5 .5 n s e s s 1 -2 3 t !s .S 5 5 ' = ~ ?-5: Si. I .•^c: 5.2" e t^-i^i S J< e"^ - =-* 2 »•* *? .a i 2 a 5ii --2 £ oc b'cs'b s a B d 3 ti ? ? •-■ c = ., •■ i _: 3 S3 ■^ *K "«: — ■ "T (5 5 5 i^ f ■ 2 5 2 a a SgSSScSaSSaSpoOi -i-*r"« -_i- _^^^g^ ^ i'jjj>j g iHi r) | j»^ ,in«^i n; ig; i |»f . — = 1=1 2 Eri i"^ ^ 3 -3 «■« tea- 3. 9 •s I' " ■;'" . • to . p 2 _• = >o , •s2 a-s li^s .J3 ---T-/ - 0? - C 5 r- •- := •/: .5 tf 3 ^ £ ■? i» > W MU M » p- i winn w w AFFILIATION OF THE ALOONQUIU LANGUAaKS. § 8 s,- - ?= V a -je = ^- 3 " •1-3 I J-l ^ ill- .^ii I lfl.fi ill '1-3 B « a « M u.^ s M iff ■WMfPHBW"""*"" 81 ^«- 9< '1:2 •? ^ 1- s= ;^. p* • o to 115 il 5 r.5 o ._.i J. t_ - •g ;2 ~ ''■■'"> T! .i ^ rt ----- ^ 5? « )j .j< J s i s.; ||||4l:SBil.^l^ ^ c a| . N 2 lll^^ c'rt ?; -— ) J- ^ "C ^ (9 w — > tr .. J s4 ^ s^ n«lll%H. ■-to = rtf«l ^ e = ^ 01 « I 4) "; (^ <-3 ga. — .3 V." ^.sa-K^ie^ S s ■III ■ -.6 . ii3s tf: * 3' 2 9 c Pi P.A A «* «a a o a s S-S.2 3,jP^ . ^3, ,a:2 r "^ ■d' ' a BO u teg rt^^^ c3 3 15 5s: ■xii ■ ■£ > . V t:; ^ *j T *» '^ = 23 ■Si's j:a5 -^ '■nS'^ } I •s^f*- ' ' n^,' :'t" ' 4 ' ■,jj#jii;.» -tfci5i*'WK f^PW i 84 ArriUATioS of the ALr.OSQUIN LANaUAGEB. i 8. -S-^ , e 5 ^ &-IJ I c Ml 2 ^ -= 5 P S ?, >r i -S r? T rt 1 -"r«'-s5£? k£-^^ -iWgs^lj'^fei^J'S^S^i'ea^^Etesas*" iM^MM^iSHSl^ iPIMmpMMHMIifP ■WOTMIM AFFILIATION OF TIIK ALOONQt?IN LANOtrAOES. 35 i^ ■"■3 3' ;i-iiSS-i .t I 1^1 II till III! .1 . nil di 1,. Sil'^i Simla's ^^ slijl^ iJl^l J4 53 I. 3 3=, 2 9..- 5?^ 3, s'ti o a o (3 fee g d tS S 3 '»- i i -^^^^ ::,^j^ f*' . ,-„, — a^^b^e^p.t^fl.^'^.^m^^'toiv^t.e^^jtt^^.^tit^ g^ ^ J , ■T^'Tf?.''- 3G ArriUATlON or tub ALOONQUIN LANaUAOEU. 1 e I.I ! 1 5l I 12 ii V* a ^^0 II I a^ a 8 ? -sla §1 !«'■ 1 1 1 I n>i i*ru.im/iV);^|l' . '•>' > J-^ - i^ ,V^>4;;,JJiS^K^1j*f*¥Mi-(*S''->'*»<*'*»«^^ 8 \ii §1 ■S II £3 R » a Sis V &!> % p-t-*^* ■««P*i*' >«««MaPH|Haa««* PMHapfNPMn ArriLiATioN or the aloonquin lanouaobs 37 ^.l I i^jlllllliy rilllii I It I iU^mnu t 3 a Ii llltlUllllilflfllllMHIII I I 4 } 0IP**/^3«*W 'V-^ '»**'?" ' I i «^ immmmm» 38 AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGES. VOCABULARY III. Comparison of Pronouns. I Thou H* Wt 70a they befon below AUIONQUIN. n«y«, Cree keya, " ki, Delaware ; kee, Shawno ki, Qjibbeway noh, Ifatick; neha, Pelawart weya, Cree 00, Shaiono keyanow, Cree kcnawun, Matick mow, Micmac kistalmop, Blackfiot neyunow, Cree keyuwow, Cree kennau, r/alick ktnawa, OjWbeway nahoh, Natick winawa, Ojlbbevtay Malay-Polynimian. naak, Pelev kow, PeUw ; kowe, Ponafie koe New Zealand; coy, longa koai, Moiay na, " lya, Tagala, Malay aia, Ton.j70 cami, TagoJo ; kaml, Malay giinnwooa, Tonga mow, ronffO klta, i'omipe ; keete, «o!o« naie, Malagasy koc-ee-00, Malay kamo, Tagala ; kamu, Matov gimooa, Tonga now, '• ginowooa, Ton^ft Prepositions and Adverbs. behind near at against, about ) concerning, f amooya, Cree ^^.'.^.Zee: Uba,.iah. m^ay d^bao^ua.^^ U^Alaor^eare mutai, Crtt, ochkunne, Shawno wuakiwooae, Cree oot, Cree missole, Jlfioml eelo, Ottawa ; yoa, Qjibbevmy Iniwia, Blackfoot uchapo, Cree mechim, ayukoonow, CrM pummeh, Mohicnn totoah, C)/i!)&«iiHnai«*n Malay-Polynesian. inau, Tahiti be, Tonga kakM, Amblaw; osea, Cel«M» giiahow, Tonga pana, Mtiloy, Java dota, (imbay aptai, Bovrii ; aftulia, Sula kapok, Ualeln peekeeis, Pelew; bangou, Afola* togi, Tongn kisscein, Pelew ikiti, Bntiinuruh tarapat, Malay ada, Malay wutan, Jam ; butah, Baju motnt, Afysol koknatea, Amblaw m^^ wog, Oa-M; vaka, MarianM$, Tonga oti, ridore mallayae, Pelew aoh, JtfeTiodo ; awali, .fava inawallah, Saparua ; nanau Amblaw jobi-,|obl, Tidore ; djub, S«Jo raacinnan, Malay kannon, Biesnyan fafanga, Tonspi tetai, Malay ; toot, Pefew namo-bangou, Tidore pitek, Java (fowl) mauok, Java, *". "^'S*t-of"- gVtjg ii j j i 'i .•,/Attiiw , Tonga 'alay alay Malay Tonga , CtUhet ., Sula gou, Malay .Baju ariannt$, Tonga , Java ■ nanau, Amblav iub, Suia Pelew iWf»mijm< i im')m» "'I ' l. i,.|.M ' -- i .-4.i. i - '**'?■ brother blue break buU blanket buttertty brain bring broom brush clothes cold chew climb cloth comb crooked deer die dog deceit dlvialon dream dry earth end face father fear fleah flib forehead fatigue feather to fly finger forefinger flower flee fight grass rind grim hair heart heaven hot bouse hate hard AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANOUAOE8. 89 Aloonqdih. . thetha, Shaxvno netahcon, Mohimn sayin, Ottawa onuig, Ojibbeway kasqiitcn, Cree chepatuk, " pekoowayo, Cnc; pikocko.itZpon^tn elapao, Cret ukoop, " kwakwapisew, Cru ootip, " pachewcyao, " wapubikun, " siuiku tukuliikun, Cru equichtit,/)«Iowamewin,CrM; kebahwahnon, Qjtt. pasoo, Cret pockkl, Dekivmre Mwapewyoo, kiaepao, C're< Bisseguk, Abenaki mikwakun, Cru keeliiigeh, Miami ooh, Delaware ootawemow, Crtt meetungua, Penobscot; nootha,£Aaumo nlnnah, Bluekfoot koostaohew, Cree nuueohewln, " wlauthee, Shawno wonunya, Arrapaho ojoos, Delaware rigo, Ojibbeway Kinoosaa, Cru hakulu, Pennaylvania alaakoosew, Cne oopewal, " pimeyow, " yeyokicliichan, " kinoochichan, " itoohikun, " wapikwune, " tupuaew, " masekao, " mnakooBi.-, Cm; mUack, A^tqyin piu.pooyao, Cru liaaiB, Ojibbeway milach, Delaware neleethe, Shawno weehauknum, Jlfohioan entahhee, Miami nteh, Mohican heyring, Shawno [guoddy epekit, Mieaiac; keaipetai, Patiama- usiaoo, Cne opee, Shaumo rouyai, Blaekfoot pukwatao, Cret muskowisew, " MilLAT-lPoLYMESIAN. taeao, Tahiti tuakana, Sew Zealand tehina, Tonga fonao, " kotteetow, Peltw ma-bida, Menado fachi, Tonga; pata, Malay lomboo, Malay cafoo, Tonga kupukupu, Malay; kokop, Ttor . ooto, Tonga; outac, Malay baona, Malay sappoo, " aeecat, " caguee, Malay; kakahu, Niv) Zealand toetoe, Tahiti tijok, diguln, Malay iiiamah, Malay ; mamma, Tonga caca, Tonga gnatoo, cIsaarAf aJav bico, Tonga paiow, Baju pohi, Tahiti yem, Myeol anjing, Malay niuntoa, Bouton wahahee, /Sandwich kaka, Tonga vahe, " m^nimbce, Malay pan, fahiti bucblt, Malay ; ptlita, Rejang abio, Malay; hopea, Tahiti hihtka, Liang muka, Malay ; uwaka, Manila lugi, Sula nan, Baiu tamal, Tonga moduah, Sandwich; medua, Tahiti nama, Wahai coquet, Malav manuvache, Tonga waouti, Awaiya wamut, Myaol guai, Sanguir; ial, Baju, Ac. Tugo, Salayer; iko, Tonga kena, Sula; ikan, Malay, &c. alia, Malay lesaoo, Malay busbook, Pelew; bvdM, Malay boona, Tonga kakowana, Sula kaniuke, Mysol toohoo, Tonga bunca, Malay; kembang, Java Bweebuk, Peuiv mokamat, " moochie, Tonga tumboe, Malay low, Tonga uwoleihamo, Awaiya wultaftm, J'eor volundoha, Malagasy worko, Bolanghitam yanton, Malay Ati, Btigii harani. Sandwich aputu, Batamerah, ftc. aasatau, Tidore abi, Tonga umah, Java benkee, Malay maketihy , CeMiM, fto. -j'' ■^^^■;^ifi ^^^',!^^^ ,' '" \ " ' '»!'■ ' 40 AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGK8. Iron If iniect iiland journey kindle kntre lizard load (a canoe) loune love mat morning mosquito mother mountain mouse much neck name navel nail (finger) nut odooT oU open pinch pass partake (portion) paddle plenty ^ )rosperity o place pUun peel quiet nver ring rise rod rub reckon remnant road root sit serpent skin ■tar •rtima ■word Bing •moke ■Imp ■iSk ■ask Algonquin. pewapisk, Crte keapin, Crte niunichoos, Cm ministik, Cn» ; minnls, Ojibbeve, abd, Ojibbeway papi', Tahiti ; evi, Eaater ohkeah, Wackfoot akei, Memido orenpeoe, SovrUptou rami, Malngaey mataugiti, Tonga wind notin, Alyoniniln liwaunwee, Miami anguin, Malay well ^adverb) nieyoo, Cree lieliai, where tanewii. " deemaua, Malay workman ootutooskao, Cree toucan. write ojibiipe, OJibbewm) papai, Takiti wing work ootutukoon, Cree ihoti, Amboyna, Ac. aputisew. petnliiol, Mai. ; faatuba, Tongn walk etooniie, Blickfmt liabani, Tahiti a well walipayan, Cree lepa, Tonga xlay mton Xtl ■Jei , Tahiti Tehiti b«A*'.U««U'J(i*.»-J A'V^i^iii*^-''-'^- idaiii